- -..., aeijfie ALCOVE, LIBRARY OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. BIOLOGY LIBRARY G CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, DESIGNED FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES AND OTHER SEMINARIES. IN TWO PARTS. PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE. PART II. THE NATURAL ORDERS. ILLUSTRATED BT A FLORA OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE AND WESTERN STATES. PARTICULARLY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. 3Sp. Br ALPHONSO WOOD, A. M., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, &C., IN OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE, AND IN THE FARMERS' OOLLBGB, X'tf?? Q-- ' And he ipake of trees, from the cedar i| Le^fft*eft jrnj> Ore hyjtoop thai sprin ? eth out of the wall. I King, 4 : :vi Consider th lilies of the field : evijn SoIBnlon in'afniM' gfory was not (Arrayed like one of the**. Matt. 6 : -^. > TROY, N. Y.: MOORE AND NIMS. NEW YORK: A. S. BARNES AND CO. BIOLOGY LIBRARY G KntoiVI according to Act of Congress, in the j'ear .M6. BY ALPIIONSO WOOD, la tfe s-W* i,ino of the District Court of the District of Me TO THE REV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D., iFESSOR 0V NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE BERKSHIRE AND OTHER MEDICA" .NST1TUTIONS, ACTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOUS PLANTS OK MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH OH THE CARICES, ETC. ETC. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE AUTHOR 111904 * * PREFACE. THE science of botany is as eminently progressive as it is delightful and ennobling. By recent discoveries it has been established on the basis of inductive philosophy, and elevated almost to the rank of an exact science. The theory of the lloral structure which refers each organ to the principle of the leaf, now enters into almost every department of botany, and gives a new aspect to the whole ; revealing more clearly than any other discov- ery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of the plan on which Creative Power is exerted in the production of the countless forms of vegetable existence. The present treatise contains, first, the Elements of Botany, according to the latest authorities, written in the form of simple propositions, briefly illustrated, and broken into short paragraphs, witli direct reference to the convenience of the learner. Brief as it is, it is hoped that it will be found to embody all the established principles of the science contained in former school treatises, together with those newly discovered principles in Organ- ography and Physiology, by which botany has been really enriched and advanced.* The Flora is adapted particularly to that section of the United States which lies north of the Capitol, that is, of the 39th parallel, including essentially the States lying north of the Ohio river and Maryland.f It comprehends all the PhaBnogamia, or flowering plants, with the Ferns, &c. which have hitherto been discovered and described as indigenous in these States, together with the naturalized exotics, and those which are more generally cultivated either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions are * The student who aims at the highest attainments will hy no means rest satisfied with mere outlines, such as our limits here admit of. It affords us pleasure to be able to recommend to all such as would advance beyond first principles, the full and elaborate " Text Book " of Dr. Asa Gray, an American work of the highest merit. 1 With some exceptions, therefore, this Flora will answer for the adjacent States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and the Canada*. I* 4 PREFACE. as extended and minute as appeared to the author necessary for the com- plete recognition of the plants, and for imparting a knowledge of whatever is peculiar or interesting in their habit, culture, or use. With regard to the sources of information from which this part of the work has been prepared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years been engaged in the collection of materials, during which I have made extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country which this Flora represents, and have had access to numerous arid exten- sive herbaria. By these means, I have been able to draw the description of about nine tenths of the species mentioned from the living or dried specimen. For additional information, I have availed myself of the best authorities within my reach, among which are the botanical works of Bigelow, Eaton, Wright, Pursh, Michaux, Smith, Nuttall, Torrey, Beck, Loudon, Elliott, Darlington, Dewey, Barton, Hooker, D.ecandolle, and Torrey and Gray. With few exceptions, I have adopted, for our native and naturalized plants, the nomenclature of the " North American Flora " of the two last distinguished authors ; and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of the " Prodromus " of Decandolle, (that is, so far as these floras at present extend,) regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. The present Flora is accompanied with numerous Analytical Tables, de- signed to facilitate the hitherto tedious process of botanical analysis. The object aimed at in their construction is to exhibit at one view the most striking characteristics of each gjjpup to which they respectively relate, so arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiating point to any de- sired genus contained in the volume. That we have fully realized this plan, or that the tables are free from error, is not to be expected ; yet we do hope that they will afford facilities for analysis greater than any system hitherto available. To Dr. EDWARD E. PIIELPS, Lecturer on Medical Botany, &c. in Dartmouth College, I am indebted for many highly valuable suggestions, particularly in regard to the tables above mentioned. In this department of the work, I would gratefully acknowledge his aid. A few tables under the Natural Orders were originally of his construction, although necessarily much altered in this edition, by the admission of additional genera. He has also granted me free access to his botanical books and specimens. To the Rev. Professor CHESTER DEWEY, to whom I am permitted to dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which re- lates to the difficult yet deeply interesting family of the Carices. He has not only granted me access to his former excellent monograph of that genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own hand. 'PREFACE. ' ' - -.;'* ' f ' . - It gives me pleasure to be able also to introduce in this connection the name of Dr. JAMES W. KOBBINS, a name long since enrolled among American botanists. Our Flora has been recently in part reviewed by him ; and he has communicated to me, in relation to this work, the results of his extensive and accurate observations, as will be seen by the frequent recurrence of his name in the following pages. Grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. JOSEPH BARRATT. He lias kindly communicated his unequalled monograph of the willows, " Sali- ces American* ;" also that of the " Eupatoria verticillata ;" both of which, abridged, I have adopted in this work. Among other friends and correspondents, from whom I have received specimens and highly valuable information, and ,whose kindness will be held by me in most grateful remembrance, are the following : viz. Dr. AL- BERT G. SKINNER and Dr. JOHN PLUMMER, Indiana; Dr. SAMUEL B. MEAD and Rev. E. JENNEY, Illinois; Mr. WM. S. SULLIVANT, Professor LOCKE, and Mr. JOSEPH CLARK, Ohio; Dr. I. A. LAPHAM, Wisconsin ; Dr. WM. DARLINGTON, Pennsylvania; President HITCHCOCK, Professor ASA GRAY, and Dr. AUGUSTUS A, GOULD, Massachusetts; Mr. TRU- MAN RICKARD, New Hampshire; Dr. SARTWELL and Mr. BROWNNE, New York; Mr. S. T. OLNEY, Rhode Island; &c. &c. In the -present edition, a chapter on the principles of Agricultural Chemistry has been added to the " Elements," and some important altera- tions introduced. The Flora has been to a great extent rewritten, and enlarged, not only by the addition of such plants as were necessary to adapt it to a wider section of country, as mentioned above, but by many ^plants recently discovered within our former limits. At the end is appended a synoptical view of the lower orders of the Cryptogamia, with their gen- era ; and the whole is now illustrated with numerous engravings. Finally, the present work is again submitted to the public with the assur- ance that, on the part of the author, it shall still be his constant care to detect and rectify its imperfections in future editions ; and with the earnest hope that his labors may serve to awaken in the minds of others as deep an interest in this branch of the study of Nature as they have done in his own. The author still solicits communications from his numerous readers concern- ing their difficulties or discoveries in this pursuit, and is always especially grateful for notices of new or rare species, or for specimens of such, wherever found. Please address him at Ohio Female Colkge, College Hill, (near Cincin- nati^ O. THE GREEK ALPHABET, &c Large. Small. Rom. letters. Names. Numerals. A a a Alpha. B ft b Beta. 1. t, povaf. r y g Gamma. 2. dvu, dif. A 6 d Delta. 3. rpac. E 6 Epsilon. 4. reaaapef, Tt Z c z Zeta. 5. KEVTS. H 9 e Eta. 6. f. e 41 th Theta. 7. cirra. i t i Iota. 8. o/crw. K K c(k) Kappa. 9. EVVEd. A A 1 Lambda. 10. i5e/ca. M A* m Ma. 11. V(5i7ia. N V n Nu. 12. fxjocna. $ X Xi. 20. Ci/COfTd. o 5 Omikron. Many, rr(^i*f. n 7T, P h Phi. Upon, ew. X X ch CM. Around, irepi. * + ps Psi. Under, imo. P a 6 Omega. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diph- thongs. 2. The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two sylla- bles. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is ac- cented ; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may have, also, a secondary accent, &c. 3. A vowel before another vowel, or the letter h, or marked with this ( w ) char- acter, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a double consonant, or the letter j, or marked with this (~) character, is long in quantity. 4. A vowel has its short, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable; otherwise its long sound, without regard to quantity: a at the end of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia. 5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult and final syllables, is joined to the latter ; in other cases, the vowel of the accented syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the rowels a, e and o, before two vowels, the first of which is e or t ; when it takes the former only. 6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted ; ch like k; ci, ti, si, before a vow- el, like sh ; ce, a, like e ; qu like kw ; gu, su, before a vowel in the same syllable, like gw, sw. CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Page 13. 1, BOTANY defined. 2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiol- ogy. 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man ultimate aim. V^lts merits and claims. *8, Natural world its divisions, a, mutual relations. 9, Mineral defined. 10, Plant defined. 11, Animal defined, a, the three king- doms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal, a, effects of light upon it and heat, , elevation above the sea Peak of Teneriffe, e, soil, d, moisture, , extremes of heat illustrations, /, extremes of cold illustrations, g, light illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, a, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, 16, Cabbage, c., for illustration. 17, Species dependent ou cultivation, a, conclusion. CHAPTER H. PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. -18. 18, Embryo. 19, Axis, ascending descending. 20, Bud, its development, &c. 21, Axillary buds, universal. 22, Bud a distinct individual, a, illustra- tion. 23, Branches, a, plant compound, b, reproductive. 24, Flower, origin of, 25, its nature and end, a, illustration. 26, Decay, a, a leaf the elemen- tary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the tissues organic bases, a, illustration. 29, Cellular tissue parenchyma, a, pith of elder, , c, cellular tissue how colored, d, size of cells, , they become solid, /, Raphides. 30, Woody tissue its design, a, illustration. 31, Glandu- lar fibre fossil coal. 32, Vasiform tissue, a, articulated continuous, b, illus- tration. 33, Vascular tissue, a, spiral vessels, 6, spiral thread, c, its size, d, situation of spiral vessels, e, what they contain, /, ducts, g, closed annu- lar reticulated the office of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue, a, size, &c. 35, Epidermis where it is not found. 36, Structure, a, illustration. 37, Stomata. 38, Form. 39, Position, a, size. 40, Surface. 41 , Hairs simple branched, a, position downy pubescent hirsute rough tomentose arachnoid se- riceous velvety ciliate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands .- sessile im- bedded, o, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion. < + CHAPTER HI. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 26. 46, Phaenogamia Cryptogamia, 47, their distinctions of tissue, 48, of cotyle- dons. 49, Further distinctions. 50, A species, a, illustration number of species known. 51, Varieties, a, where they occur. 52, A genus, a, illustration, 6 t summary. CHAPTER IV. OF THE FLOWER. 1. OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 28. 53, Parts of the flower enumerated, a, essential organs perfect flower, 3, im perfect flower sterile fertile neutral. 54, Perianth consists of calyx co- rolla achlamydeous flowers. 55, Calyx defined sepals. 56, Corolla defined petals. 57, Stamens definition of office andrcecium. 58, Pistils office of gynoecium. 59, Receptacle order of the organs upon it. 60, Specimens. 61, A complete and regular flower, a, theoretical number of the parts, 6, their 8 CONTENTS AND theoretical position, r, summary correspondence between a flower and a. leafy branch. 62, Apparent exceptions examples of symmetrical flowers. 63, , First cause of deviation, the development of one or more additional whorls exam- ples. , Second cause, the suppression of entire whorls examples. c, Third cause, the suppression of parts of whorls examples. d, Fourth cause, the union of parts of the same whorl examples. e, Fifth cause, the union of organs of differ- ent whorls examples. /, Sixth cause, unequal development of similar organs examples. g, Seventh cause, reconversion of organs examples. A, Eighth cause, development of axis examples. CHAPTER V. OF THE FLOWER.- $2. STAMENS AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 34. 64, The stamens, basis of a classification why. 65, Definition 66, parts which essential. 67, Filament. 68, Anther when sessile connectile anal- ogy, a, cells dehiscence, b, connectile, c, stamen abortive. 69, Modes of attachment of anther to filament, 1st, innate ; 2d, adnate ; 3d, versatile ; 4th, in- trorse extrorse. 70, Pollen forms, a, structure molecules. 71, Physio- logical structure of the filament connectile anther pollen. 72, Theoretical structure proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils examples. 73, Cir- cumstances in which stamens varv twentv-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number, Etymology of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, llth. 2nd, Position. 12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length, 14th, 15th, 4th, Connection, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th. 5th, Absence, 21st, 22d, 23d, 24th. CHAPTER VI. THE FLOWER. 3. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 39. 75, The pistil, its position structure. 76, Ovary ovules. 77, Ovary simple compound carpels. 78, The style number connection. 79, Stigma sim- ple compound. 80, Number of styles, orders founded upon. Order 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, llth, 12th. Note, Orders of the class Didyna- min Tetradynamia Orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes. Orders of Syngenesia, Equhlis Superflua Frustranea Necessaria Segre gata. Orders or Polygamia, Monoecia Dioecia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81, Ovules. 82, Placenta structure direction. 83, Physiological structure of the ovary style stigma without epidermis. 84, Theoretical structure explained, sutures ventral dorsal, a, illustration, *, c, illustrations continued. 85, Pro- positions, first second third fourth. 86, These propositions when true. 87, Central placenta, parietal placenta. 88, Free central placenta, explanation. a, Ovules proved to be analogous to buds. 89, Ovules enclosed naked, a , erect ascending pendulous suspended. 90, Foramen primine secundine nu- cleus a, illustration. 91, Funiculus chalaza. f 4- OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 44. 92, Their specific'office how accomplished, a, illustrations, tulip Kalmia, &c. 93, Action of pollen upon the stigma tubes. 94, Molecules their destina- tion. CHAPTER VII. THE FLOWER. J5. OF THE CALYX. 45. 95, Calyx etymology color. 96, Sepals monosepalous polysepalous. 97, Calyx inferior superior, 98, caducous deciduous persistent, 99, re- duced wanting a, Pappus pilose plumose setose paleaceous. |6. OF THE COROLLA. 46. 100, The corolla etymology. 101, Petals polypetalous monopetalous. 102, Claw lamina, 103, tube limb, 104, regular irregular. 1, Corolla campami- late. 2, Infundibuliform. 3, Hypocratiriform. 4, Rotate. 5, Labiate ringent personate galea. 105, Forms of polypetalous corollas, 1, Cruciform. 2, Rosa- ceous. 3, Liliaceous. 4. Caryophyllaceous. 5, Papilionaceous vexillum alas jarinse. 106, Physiological structure colors. ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 9 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 49. 107, Definition, #, Nectary labellum spur, 1>, Disk hypogynous epi gynous, c, true character. 8. OF AESTIVATION. 50. 108, Definition vernation, #, illustration. 1, ./Estivation valvate, 2, Convo lute, 3, Quincuncial, 4, Contorted, 5, Alternate, 6, Vexillary, 7, Indnpli cate, 8, Supervolute. CHAPTER Vm. THE FRUIT. 51. 109, Its importance design, a, utility. 6, in respect to time defined. 110 Analogous to ovary changes, a, examples. 1. OF THE PERICARP. 52. Ill, Fruit consists of, a, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined epicarp sai cocarp, a. illustration. 113, Physiology of growth, 114, of ripening, a, acidi- fication, 0, maturity. 115, Deniscence indehiscent valves, 1, Dehiscence loculicidal, 2, Septicidal, 3, Septifragal, 4, Sutural, 5, Circumscissile. 116, Forms of pericarp. 1, Capsule, a, cells columella. 2, Silique. 3, Silicic. 4, Legume. 5, Follicle. 6, Drupe. 7, Nut. 8, Caryopsis. 9, Achenium. 10, Samara. 11, Pyxis. 12, Pome. 13, Pepo. 14, Berry strawberry black berry. 15, Strobile. CHAPTER IX. THE FRUIT. 57. 2. OF THE SEED. 117, The seed defined, a, its parts, 118, integuments testa mesosperm endopleura, a, Testa, its substance surface form appendages, 6, Coma distinguished. 119, Aril. 120, Hilum. 121, Seed orthotropous anatropous. 122, Albumen where most abundant where wanting. 123, Embryo 124, its parts, &, radicle, , plumule its direction. 125, Cotvledon, , the number, &c. 126, Monocotyledons endogens. 127, Dicotyledons exogens distin guished. 128, Cotyledons many none. 129, Embryos, number of. Spores J3. OF GERMINATION. 60. 130, The embryo, its importance, a, germination defined, 131, the process ex plained. 132, The cotyledons. 133, Conditions of gennmation, a, heat i, water e, oxygen d, darkness. 134, Duration of the vitality of seeds. Note, Two examples of. $4- OF DISSEMINATION. 61. 135, Kemark examples, Erigeron a, Wings, hooks , Impatiens Streams and oceans Squirrels, birds. CHAPTER X. THE ROOT. 62. 136, Its definition origin, #, divisions. 137, Prone direction, a, horizontal direction. 138, Number and extent. 139, How distinguished from stems. 140, Ex- ceptions adventitious buds subterranean stems. 141, Collum a, stationary. 142, Parts of the root, a, caudex , fibres r, sppngioles. 143, Forms of roots. 144, Ramose a, analogous to branches illustration, i, further illustration, c, extent of roots. 145, Fusiform root forked tap root premorse napiform. 146, Fibrous, a, fasciculated. 147, Tuberous, a, palmate , granulated. 148, Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Epiphytes parasites. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT. 66 151, Internal structure. 152, Fibril^ structure function. 153, Growth of root, 154, Its most obvious function most important one a, illustration. 155, Activity of absorption dependent on. 156, .Part which absorbs, &c. - some artificial characters yet necessary. 345, The first two grand divisions Phjenogamia its characters, Cryptogamia characters, 346, uncertainty of these characters, approximation of groups. 347, Sporogens. 348, Subdivision of Phaenogamia txogens characters Endogens characters. 349, Classes, six Exogens divided into two Angiosperms characters Gymosperms characters. 350, Endogens divided into two Aglumaceous, characters Glumaceous, characters. 351, Cryptogamia divided into two Acrogens, characters Thallogens, charac ters. 352, Affinities of the classes. 354, Sub-classes Polypetalse, characters Monopetalae, characters Apetalse, characters. 355, Orders 356, how formed. 357, Alliances, groups, &c. 358, Extent of the orders. 359, Summary. CHAPTER XVIL 1. NOMENCLATURE, &c. 118. 360, Names of the orders Latin adjectives derivation, a, exceptions. 361, Etymology of generic names. 362, Of specific names, 363, derivation rules. 2. BOTANIC ANALYSIS. 364, defined, 365, proper state of plants for, 366, im- portance of. 367, Process, 368, with the learner. Analytical tables. 3. COL LECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369, Importance of, a, hortus siccus. 370, Apparatus. 371, Directions for gathering, 372, pressing, 373, changing. J74, Arrangement of the specimens. 375, Genera arranged how preserved. J76, Fruit, seed, and wood, how preserved. BOTANY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. BOTANY is the science which treats of the Vegetable Kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the habits, structure, and uses of plants, together with their nomenclature and classi- fication. 2. Like its kindred sciences, it is resolved into distinct depart- ments, according to the nature of the subjects to which it relates. That part which investigates the organic structure of vegetables, is called ORGANOGRAniY, corresponding to Anatomy, in the science of Zoology. 3. That part of botany which relates to the phenomena of the vital functions of plants, is called VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY ; in- cluding the consideration of their germination, growth, and reproduction. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the labors of husbandry, in the propagation and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 4. Another department, of essential importance, is GLOSS- OLOGY, which relates to the explanation and application of botanical terms, whether nouns or adjectives, by which the organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are desig- nated. 5. A fourth department, called SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, arises from the consideration of plants, in relation to each other, their mutual affinities, and their endless diversities, whereby the 100,000 species, supposed to exist, may be arranged, classified, and designated, by distinctive characters and names. 14 INTRODUCTION 6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also, the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other depart- ments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is, the development of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and enjoyment ; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation of our wants and woes. 7. This extensive department of Natural History, therefore, justly claims a large share of the attention of every individual, not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the employments of rural life, and to the healing art, but also for the intellectual and moral culture, xvhich, among other kindred sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree. a. No science more effectually combines pleasure with improvement, than Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure of spring, and the bloom of summer; to the charming retreats of Nature, in her wild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. 8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is divided into three great departments, commonly called the MINERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMS. a. Vegetables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and minerals: while they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinct of the former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle, whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter; they constitute the ultimate nourishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the other. 9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential characters of the original body, so that each fragment will still be a stone. 10. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is essential to the completeness of its being. A geranium is com- posed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi- THE DIFFUSION OF VEGETATION. 15 nitely, but no one of the fragments, alone, will still be a complete plant. 11. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies, endowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is com- plete in itself; but they are raised above either plants or min- erals, by the power of perception. a. These distinctions, long since suggested by the immortal Linnaeus, are per- fectly obvious and definite, in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; but, in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual and constant approach, in both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other; so that, in the lowest forms of life, all traces of organization disappear, and the three, great kingdoms of nature, like three converging radii, meet, and blend in a common centre. 12. Vegetation, in some of its forms, appears to be coexten sive with the surface of the earth. It springs up, not only from the sunny soil, moistened with rain and dew, but even from the naked rock, amidst the arid sands of the desert, in thermal and sulphurous springs, in arctic and alpine snows, and from the beds of seas and oceans. a. Among the multitude of natural causes which affect the growth of vegeta- tion, the action of the sun, through the light and heat which it imparts, is the most efficient This is most powerful at the equator, and gradually diminishes in in- tensity, as we proceed from thence towards either pole. Vegetation, therefore, arrives at its highest degree of luxuriance at the equator, and within the tropics. In the temperate zones it is less remarkable for the beauty and variety of its flowers, and the deliciousness of its fruits, than in the torrid ; yet it is believed to be no less adapted to promote the arts of civilized life, and the well-being of man in general. In still higher latitudes, plants become few, and of stinted growth, until finally, within the arctic circles, they apparently, but not absolutely, cease to vegetate. 6. Since climate is affected by elevation above the level of the sea, in the same manner as by increase of latitude, we find a similar diminution of vegetable activity, in ascending high mountains. Thus, the peak of Teneriffe, situated on a fertile island, within the tropics, is clothed, at different elevations, with plants peculiar to every latitude, in succession, from the ton-id to the frigid zones, while the summit, being always covered with snow, is as barren as the region of the poles. So also the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, exhibit upon their summits a vegetation similar to that of Labrador, or even Greenland. c. One of the first requisites for the growth of plants, is a soil, from which, by means of roots, they may derive their proper nutriment and support. But numer- ous species of lichens and mosses find their most congenial habitations upon the bare rock. The coral island no sooner arises to the surface, than it arrests the 2* 16 INTRODUCTION. floating germs of vegetation, which soon clotha the rough rock with verdure of <* humbler kind, and ultimately, by the growth and decay of successive generations, form a soil for the sustenance of the higher forms of vegetable life. d. Another important requisite is moisture. But the arid sands of the great .African desert are not absolutely destitute of vegetable life. Even there, certain species of Stapelia are said to nourish, and those dreary regions, where neither rain nor dew ever falls, are occasionally enlivened by spots of verdure, like islands in the ocean, composed of these and kindred plants. e. Extremes of heat are not always fatal to vegetation. In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara has been found, in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring at the Island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187, has plants groAving in it and on its borders. But the most extraordinary case. of all, is one recorded by Sir J. Staunton. 'At the Island of Amsterdam a spring was found, the mud of which, far hotter than boiling water, gave birth to a species of liverwort.' Other similar instances are on record. /. Nor are the extremes of cold fatal to every form of vegetation. The rein deer lichen, of Lapland, grows in vast quantities among almost perpetual snows And far in the arctic regions, the eternal snows -are often reddened, for miles in extent, by a minute vegetable of the Algas tribe, called red snow, of a structure the simplest that has yet been observed, consisting of a single round cell contain- ing a fluid. g. Light is also a highly important agent in vegetation ; yet there arc plants capable of flourishing in situations where it would seem that no ray of it ever entered. Mushrooms, and even plants of higher orders, have been found growing amidst the perpetual midnight of deep caverns and mines. Sea weeds of a bright green color have been drawn up from the bed of the ocean, from depths of more than 100 fathoms-. 13. The vegetable kingdom is no less remarkable for its rich and boundless variety, than for its wide diffusion. Plants differ from each other in respect to form, size, color, habits, structure, and properties, to an unlimited degree, so that it would be diffi- cult, indeed, to find two individuals, even of the same species, which should perfectly coincide in all these points. a. Yet this variety is never abrupt, never capricious; but here, as in other departments of nature, uniform resemblances are so blended with it, as to lay an adequate foundation for Systematic Botany. 14. The same causes which affect the general increase of plants, exercise, also, an important influence in determining their character. Hence, every climate has not only its own peculiar degree of vegetable activity, but also its peculiar species. a. Other causes, besides temperature, are efficient in determining the species of GERMINATION 17 any given locality, such as the qualities of the soil, the degree of moisture both of the earth and skies, the inclination of surface, rocks, shades, and winds, the cojn- bined action of which often becomes an exceedingly complicated matter. Now to each of these innumerable combinations of circumstances, the Creator has adapted the constitution of certain species of plants, so that each given locality may be expected to produce its own appropriate kinds. But since some species are also endowed with the power of accommodating themselves to a wide range of circumstances, these are found more extensively diffused, while others, without this power, are comparatively rare. 15. Vegetation is susceptible of important changes by culti- vation. Many plants are improved, in every desirable quality, by accommodating themselves to the conditions of soils enriched and enlivened by art. Examples are seen in almost every cul- tivated species. 16. The cabbage, in its wild state, is slender, branching herb, with no appear- ance of a head. The potatoe, in its native wilds of tropical America, is a rank, running vine, with scarcely a tuber upon its roots. All the rich and delicate varieties of the apple have sprung, by artificial means, from an austere forest- fruit. The numerous and splendid varieties of the Dahlia are the descendants of a coarse Mexican plant, with an ordinary yellow flower, of a single circle of colored leaves. The tulip and the geranium afford similar examples. 17. Changes, not only in the qualities of vegetation, are ef- fected by culture, but also in the species themselves, through the substitution of the useful or the ornamental for the native pro- ducts of the soil. Thus, in agricultural districts, almost the u aole face of nature is transformed, by human skill and industry, from the wilderness to the fruitful field. a. Hence it appears that there is scarcely a spot on earth which is not caused, by the quickening energy of the Creator, to teem with vegetable existence, in some of its numberless forms, while his goodness is conspicuous in rendering those tribes which are most subservient to the wants of man capable of the widest dif- fusion. * 18 PLAN OF VEGETATION. CHAPTER II. PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 18. THE earliest and simplest state of the plant is an embryo contained in a seed. This consists essentially of two parts, the radicle and plumule ; the former about to be developed into the root, the latter, into the ascending plant with its appendages. 19. As soon as the process of germination commences, the radicle begins to extend itself downwards in the direction of the earth's centre, constantly avoiding the air and the light, forming the descending axis, or root The plumule, taking the opposite direction, extends itself upwards, always seeking the light, and expanding itself, to the utmost extent of its power, to the influ- ence of the atmosphere. This constitutes the ascending axis, or trunk, around which the leaves and their modifications are arranged. 20. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is merely a bud, that is, a growing point, enveloped in rudimen- tary leaves, or scales, for its protection. As this growing point advances, the enveloping scales expand into leaves below, while new ones are constantly appearing, in succession, above. Thus the axis is always terminated by a bud. 21. By this process the axis is elongated, simply in one direc- tion. But, besides this, there is also a bud (or buds), either visible, or in a rudimentary state, formed in the axil of each leaf. a. These axillary buds are generally visible, either before or after the leaf has fallen. In some plants, however, they seldom appear; but their existence is inferred from the fact, that even in such cases, they are occasionally developed in extraordinary circumstances. 22. Each bud is a distinct individual, capable of an independ- ent existence, in favorable circumstances, although severed from the parent stock. a. The common practice of propagation by layers, offsets, engrafting, and budding, is both a result and a proof of this principle. A plant may be, and FORMATION OF THE FLOWER. 1 i often is, in this manner, multiplied indefinitely, by the dissevered parts of itself, as well as by the seed. 23. But, remaining connected with the parent stock, axillary buds, a part or all of them, according to circumstances, are de- veloped into branches, each of which may again generate buds and branchlets in the axils of its own leaves, in the same manner. a. Thus, by the repetition of this simple process, the vegetable fabric is reared from the earth, a compound being, formed of as many united individuals as there are buds, and as many buds as there are branches and leaves, ever advancing in the direction of the growing points, by the deposition of matter derived from the cellular tissue, clothing itself with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diam etcr of its axis by the deposition of matter elaborated by, and descending from, the leaves already developed, until it reaches the limits of the existence assigned it by its Creator. b. Bat the plant, reared by this process alone, would consist only of those parts requisite to its own individual existence, without reference to the continuance of its species beyond its own dissolution. It would be simply an axis, expanded into branches and leaves. But the Divine command, which first caused the tribes of vegetation, in their diversified beauty, to spring from the earth, required that each plant should have its ' seed within itself,' for the perpetuation of its kind. 24. At certain periods of its vegetation, therefore, a change is observed to occur in the plant, in regard to the development of some of its buds. From the diminished or altered supply of sap, received from the vessels below, the growing point ceases to lengthen in the direction of the axis, but expands its leaves in ^crowded and concentric whorls; each successive whorl, pro- ceeding from the outer to the inner, undergoing a gradual trans formation from the original type (a leaf), according to the purpose it is destined to fulfil in the production of the seed. Thus, instead of a leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of a bud, a flower is the result. 25. A flower may, therefore, be considered as a transformed branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-devel- opment of the axis, and moulded into more delicate structures, and tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adorn and beautify the face of nature, but to fulfil the important office ok reproduction. . In the common peony, for example, as the leaves approach the summit of the stem, they gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and, at length, just 20 PLAN OF VEGETATION. below the flower, become simple bracts, still retaining every essential mark of a leaf. Next, by an easy gradation, they appear in the sepals of the calyx, the outer envelope of the flower, still essentially the same. Then, by a transition rather more abrupt, they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla, retaining still the form and organization of the leaf. To the petals next succeed those slender organs called stamens, known to be undeveloped leaves from the fact of their being often converted into petals. Lastly, those two central organs, termed pistils, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the midrib and the united edges being yet discernible. 26. When the flower has accomplished its brief but impor- tant office in reproduction, its deciduous parts fall away, and the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the devel- opment of the germ into the perfect fruit This being accom- plished, the whole plant speedily perishes, if it be an annual, or, if not, it continues to put forth new branches, from other growing points, which, in their turn, are to be terminated by flowers and fruit the following year. a. Such is a very brief outline of the plan of vegetation, or the process of nature in the germination, growth, fructification, and decay of plants. And it is impos- sible to contemplate it, without admiring that simplicity of design in the midst of the most diversified results which every where characterizes the works of God. Every part of the vegetable fabric may be ultimately traced to one elementary organic form, of which the leaf is the type. The lamina, or blade, in various stages of transition, constitutes the several organs of fructification, while the united bases of all the leaves constitute the axis itself. 27. When we more minutely examine the internal organization of plants, we find their different parts, however various in appearance, all constructed of the same materials. The leaf, for example, consists of a foot-stalk prolonged into a framework of veins, a fleshy substance filling up the interstices, and a cuticle, or skin, covering the whole. Now this framework is composed of woody fibre, aque- ducts, and air-vessels, all of which may be traced through the foot-stalk into the stem, where they equally exist, this part of the leaf being only a prolongation of the stem. The fleshy substance is of the same nature with the pith of the stem, or the pulp of the fruit ; and, finally, the cuticle corresponds exactly to the thin covering of the newly formed branches, of the various parts of the flower, and even of the roots. a. These several kinds of structure, of which the various organs are corrfposed, are called the elementary tissues. They are five in number ; cellular tissue, woody tissue, vasiform tissue, vascular tissue, and laticiferous tissue. $8. The chemical basis of the vegetable tissues is proved by CELLULAR TISSUE. 21 analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, with an occasional addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal substances. The organic basis is simple membrane and fbre Of one, or both, of these two forms, ah 1 the tissues are con- structed. a. If the fleshy portion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the fruit he closely examined, they will he found composed of numerou& vesicles of extreme minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders,' consist of a delicate membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls ojtthe cells or vesicles, is one of the elementary forms of vegetable tissue. Again, if t!he stalk of a strawberry or geranium leaf be cut aroimd but not through, and the two parts be thus pulled asunder for a short space, a number of glistening fibrek will be seen running from one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, par- tially straitened by being thus drawn out from the membranous tubes in which they were lying coiled up. Thus are we able to distinguish the elementary mem- brane and fibre^ of which the various forms of vegetable tissue are composed. 29. CELLULAR TISSUE is so called, from its being composed of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. This kind of tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many being entirely composed of it. The form of the little cells which compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped, but afterwards, being flattened at their si& r s, by their mutual pressure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided, the cross-section being six-sided; each cell assuming a form more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted upon it by those adjacent It is'also called PARENCHYMA. a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembling those of "a honey- comb. (Fig. 1. a.) b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores. c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the brilliant hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter con- tained within the cells. d. The vesicles of this tissue are extremely variable in size. They are usually about -jnrfy of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from 377 to Tnnror of an inch. e. Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes "acquires con- siderable hardness by the deposition of solid instead of fluid matter in the cells. 22 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. This occurs in the prickles of the rose, the stones of the plum, peach, &c., and in the albumen of seeds. /. In some plants, as in the Turkey rhubarb, &c., little bundles of crystals called raphides (from the Gr. pac&iJef, sewing needles,) are formed in the cells. FIG. 1. Forms of tissue ; a, cutting of elder pith cellular; b, cells from the gritty centre of the pear; c, from the stone of the plum both strengthened by solid matter; c/, woody fibre ; e, spiral vessel with a single fibre partly drawn out ; f t vessel with a quadruple fibre. 30. WOODY TISSUE, called also FIBRE, consists of slender, transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point each way, and adhering together by their sides, the end of one tube ex- tending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous threads. It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater strength, and, at the same time, the greater tenuity, of its membrane. It seems de- signed for the transmission of fluid, as well as for giving firm- ness to those parts which need support. (Fig. 1, d.) a. Tissue of this form constitutes the fibre of flax, hemp, These tubes are very irregular in form, direction, and position. They expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the other tissues, and, proceed- ing from the inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Their average diameter is about r?Vir of an inch. They are largest in plants which have a milky latex, or juice. 35. The EPIDERMIS, or skin, is a form of cellular tissue exter- nally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed to the air, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those parts which habitually live under water. And, where the bark of the stem is rugged with seams and furrows, this organ is not distinguishable. 36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures, filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant, is, to check the evaporation of its moisture. a. The delicate membrane, which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorless, and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure. 37. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues be- neath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain aper- tures, called STOMATA (mouths), which open or close under the influence of the light. (Fig. 2-) 38. Stomata are usually of an oval form, bounded by a pair of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes they are round, and bounded by several cells. Many other varieties of form have been noticed EPIDERMIS. 25 39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate with, the intercellular passages, that is, the spaces between the cells of the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are most abundant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young shoots, and the parts of the flower. a. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them have been counted within the space of a square inch. The largest known are about g.^.^ of an inch in length. Their function is intimately connected with respira- tion. FIG. 3. Hairs and glands ; a, c, simple hairs ; b, branched hair of the mullein ; d, gland surmounted by a hair ; e, gland at the top of a hair ; /, prickles of the rose. 40. The surface of the epidermis is either smooth, or furnished with numerous processes, originating from itself, or from the cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes, namely, glands, hairs, prickles, stings, &c. 41. HAIRS are minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of cells, placed end to end, containing air. They are simple or branched. (Fig. 3.J a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give various names to the surface, to which they are appended, according to their nature and appearance ; thus it is said to be downy, or pubescent, when clothed with soft, short hairs; hirsute, with longer hairs; rough, with short, stiff hairs ; tomentose, when they are entangled and matted ; arachnoid, when like cobwebs; sericeous, when silky; velvety, when they are short, soft, and dense ; ciliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelash. 42. STINGS are tubular and acute hairs, fixed upon minute glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the 26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC. slightest pressure this fluid is injected through the tube into the wound made by its point Ex. nettle. 43. PRICKLES (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis, consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appen- ded to the cuticle alone, and are stripped off with it. Unlike the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.) 44. GLANDS (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situ- ated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous, saccharine, acrid, &c. a. They are either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the passion flower ; or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear pwictate, as in the leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair, either at its base or its summit. Such arc called glandular hairs. 45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cel- lular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam is stored up in large reservoirs of tin's kind. CHAPTER III. PBIMAEY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 46. THE vegetable kingdom has long been considered by botanists under two great natural divisions, namely, PH.ENOGA- MIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS, and CRYPTOGAMIA, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distin- guished by their structure. The Phaenogamia abound with the ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist more generally of the cellular. Henr^ * w Burner are also called VASCULARES, and the latter CELLULAR*,*. SPECIES GENUS. 27 48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons (125) and embryo, while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called spores, having no such distinction of parts. Thus the Phaenogamia are also called COTYLEDONOUS and the Cryptogamia ACOTYLEDO- NOUS plants. 49. Lastly, we find in the Phsenogamia, a system of com- pound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a determinate plan (18-26), while in the Cryp- togamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without sym- metry or proportion. a. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the compound organs of FLOWEBING PLANTS ; and since, in our descriptions of these organs, frequent references will be made to particular species and genera, for illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice of these fundamental divisions also. 50. A SPECIES embraces all such individuals as may have originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an es- sential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. a. Thus the white clover, ( Trifolium repens) is a species, embracing thousands of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. The innumerable multitudes of individual plants which clothe the earth, are, so far as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species. 51. To this law of resemblance in plants of a common origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form. Such differences are called VARIETIES. They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to their original type. a. Varieties occur chiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, tulip, Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and culture, to which they OKO subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to multiply spontaneously from seed, in their own proper soil. 52 A GENUS is an assemblage of species, with more points of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling each other than they resemble any species of other groups. 3* 28 THE FLOWER. a. For example, the genus Trifolium includes the species T. repens, T. pratense, &c., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that the most hasty observer would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate to include the white pine and the pitch pine (P. strobus and P. rigida), any more than he would fail to observe their differences. b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious characters, distributed into species, and the species, by truly nat- ural affinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by natural or artificial methods. #*# To,the admirer of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of atten- tion^ as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty, even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. * Yet, as objects of science, they merit a still higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed in their construction, or their important agency in the reproduction of the plant- But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is one of his first requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs in classification. CHAPTER IV. THE FLOWER. 1. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members : 1. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, called, collectively, the PERIANTH, (neQi, around, av&os, a flower) ; 2. The STAMENS ; 3. The PISTILS ; and, 4. The RECEPTACLE, or TORUS. a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils are regarded in science as essential parts. These, together with the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect floiver, even when one or all other parts are wanting ; because these two organs alone are sufficient for the perfection of the seed. In a popular sense, however, a per- fect flower must possess all the organs above mentioned. 6. If the stamens or the pistils, either or both, be wanting, the flower is said to be imperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile^ having pistils only, or neutral, having neither organs complete. PISTILS. 29 43 1 2 FIG. 4. No. 1, Lily (Liliura Japonicum) ; 2, pink (Dianthus) ; 3, a stamen ; 4, a pistil. 54. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, or PERIANTH, consist of one o* more circles or whorls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. The outer of these whorls is called the calyx, and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If nei- ther of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamyde- ous (, privative, and x^ v s, a cloak). 55. The CALYX (xaAt^, a cup), therefore, is the external en- velope, the cup, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves, with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called SEPALS. 56. The COROLLA (Lat. corolla, diminutive of corona, crown) is the interior envelope of the flower, consisting of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by their edges, usually of some other color than green, and of a more delicate structure than the calyx. Its leaves are called PETALS 57. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, situated just within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred, Jbut the most common number is five. Their office is, the fertilization of the seed. They are collectively called the andr&cium (avdges,* stamens, 01x05, a house). * The plural of *vg, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnaeus, in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term yuVM, woman, is, on the same grounds, applied to the pistil 30 THE FLOWER. j|f 58. The PISTILS occupy the centre of the flower. They are sometimes numerous, but often only one. They are destined to bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gynacium (ywrj, pistil, oixog, a house). 59. The RECEPTACLE is the summit of the flower-stalk, out of which the floral organs grow, and upon which they stand in concentric whorls, the gynozcium in the centre, the androzcium encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing the whole. 60. The principal parts of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &c.), or better by specimens, with which, both here and throughout the work, the student should always be provided. The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1), are the stamens, sur- rounding the pistil b ; c is the perianth, consisting of two similar whorls, the outer one a calyx of three sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, surrounding or enveloping the stamens and pistil ; at d is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the inner envelope, the corolla ; at b is the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup ; at c, below the calyx, are certain leafy appendages called bracteoles or bracts. a. Let the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowers, whose parts are well developed, until he becomes familial- with the appearance of each organ, and can instantly apply its name. 61. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of four sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. In regard to the number and position of the individual organs composing these whorls, it is important to observe, a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same num- ber of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils ; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals, 3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c. - * b. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals alternate with the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. c. Thus, in a word, the normal structure of the truly symmetrical flower, divested of all irregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those of the other whorls (Fig. 5; 1). This structural arrangement, as Avill hereafter be reen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 31 theory of the ' transformation of the leaves into the floral organs,' * to which allu- sion has already been made ( 25). When the bud is developed into a branch, instead of a flower, the leaves are usually arranged in a simple spiral line. This spire may be broken up into equal circles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter explained. In either case the leaves of one spire, or circle, do not issue from the stem at points exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the inter- vals between them. 62. This simple normal structure of the flower is, however, subject to many apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly conformable to it. Of these few the order Linaceae affords good examples. In the flax (Linum) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each with 5 double carpels), all alternating with each other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5 ; 1 ). FIG. 5. Plan of flowers ; 1, oi'a regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum) ; 2, of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens ; 3, of the primrose, showing the position of the suppressed row of stamens; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive stamens; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-nettle (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one carpel is wanting ; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed. 63. If, with tliis adopted standard, we compare the numerous * This theory was first suggested by Linnaeus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub- sequently by Wolff and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at length been revived by modern writers of the highest merit, and shown to be perfectly coin- cident with facts. ' The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to botany, and rendered it one of the most philosophical and inductive of the natural sciences.' See Gray's Bot. Text-Book, Chap VIII, where this theory is clearly stated, and richly illus tratfld. 82 THE FLOWER. forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to {race out the features of the general plan, even among the widest de- viations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations. Some of them are the following.. a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim- erous (r^w, three, and f*s$os, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur to the student. b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5 ; 3, 4). c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatse but one stamen is wanting (Fig. 5 ; 5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbelliferae, the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. Thus the sepals may be united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals may be thus united, as in the morning glory : or the stamens, as in the mallows tribe ; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior. Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to grow out of them; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla. In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. /. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. This is the case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip). g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence /among cultivated plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, .&c., the stamens have been reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend tpwards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 33 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the leaves. h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not effectually checked in its growth by the development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose. Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) k. This mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc tive. but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The intelligent student will be able to extend the above illustrations by an examina tion of almost any flower, with reference to its deviations from the normal plan. FIG. 6. 1, From Lindley, a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch ; 2. he drawn from a living specimen, a tulip, ft, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the pot, tion, form, and color (in part) of a sepal ; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, a rose (ft. damascena) with the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. **# In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to the perfection of the seed THE FLOWER. CHAPTER V. THE FLOWER. J 2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 64. THE stamens and pistils are situated within the floral envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every species, at least, of the PhsBnogamous .plants, they were seized upon by LinnsBus* as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, called the Artificial System. 10 12 14 17 IS FIG. 7. Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rho- dodendron Lapponicum), in their natural position ; a, stigma, 6, anthers, e, style, rf, filaments, , ovary, /, calyx and receptacle ; 2, stamen of ginger ; 3, sage ; 4, Berberis ; 5, Vaccinium amcenum, with the terminal pores; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther; 7, Polygonum ; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically ; 9, lily ; 10 Magnolia ; 17, a four-celled anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 18, 13, 14, 15, 16, various magnified) forms of pollen-grains. * Carl Von Linn6, or Linnaeus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergy- nan, born in 1707, at Rhoeshult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year vhile a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, vnd in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobiliiy. He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted *> him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contri- uted to its general diffusion. In his ' immortal work,' Species Hantarum, he enriched the language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the tech- nology of plants, for their more accurate description. POLLEN. 35 65. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, seen in the midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the corolla, or the calyx, constituting the aiidroecium. 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distinct parts ; namely, the filament, a ; the anther, b ; and the pollen, c. The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter .are essen- tial. 67. The FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, sup- porting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting, the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be sessile. 68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, con- nected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being trans- formed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the dekiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament terminating, not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. 69. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament, we find the following variations ; the anthers are said to be, 1. Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 2. jldnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appear lateral ; as in the Anemone, water-lily. 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they lightly swing ; as in the grasses. 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so that the line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples of the former are seen in the violet ; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc- tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. 70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, con- tained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a micro- scope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 4 36 THE FLOWER. usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others triangu lar, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form in the same species. (Fig. 7.) a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed to moisture, it swells arid bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle of delicate ligneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf. The pollen consists of disintegrated bladders of the same tissue. 72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is evident, as we have already seen, that however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of sta- mens into petals, as seen injhe water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modi- fied leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). FIG. 8. Stamens of the water-lily gradually passing into petals. 73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in re- spect to their number, position, relative length, connection, and presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens, the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL CLASSES of Linna3us are founded. 74. 1st Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon the number of the stamens the stamens being also free (63, c.), and of equal length. Their names arc derived from the Greek numerals combined with avdyeg (57, note), as follows : Class I, MONANDRIA (povog, solitary,) includes all genera (52) of plants with one stamen to each flower. LINNEAN CLASSES. 37 Class II, DIANDRIA (dig, twice), with two stamens to each flower. III, TRIANDRIA (TQig, thrice), with three stamens. IV, TETRANDRIA (TSTQCX, four times), with four stamens. V, PENTANDRIA (nevtB y five), with five stamens. VI, HEXANDRIA (e', six), with six stamens. VII, HEPTANDRIA (ema, seven), with seven stamens. VIII, OCTANDRIA (OXTW, eight), with eight stamens. IX, ENNEANDRIA (ewea, nine), with nine stamens. X, DECANDRIA (<5exa, ten), with ten stamens. XI, DODECANDRIA (dudsxa, twelve), with twelve stamens. 2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the posi- tion of the stamens, the stamens being free and equal. XII, ICOSANDRIA (etxoat, twenty), includes those genera of plants which have twenty or more stamens to the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous). XIII, POLYANDRIA (nolvg, many), twenty or more stamens, seated on the receptacle (hypogynous). 3d. Relative length. The two following classes are founded upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their number. XIV, DIDYNAMIA (dig, twice, Svw, two, vrjfMx, a filament), includes plants with four stamens, of which two are long, and two are short. XV, TETRADYNAMIA (rer^a, four times, dvu, vr^a), with six stamens, of which four are long, and two are short. 4th. Connection. The five succeeding classes depend upon the connection of the stamens, in various ways. XVI, MONADELPHIA (porog, adelcpog, a. brother), includes plants with the filaments united into one set or fraternity. XVII, DIADELPHIA (duw, adelcpog), into two sets or fraternities. XVIII, POLYADELPHIA (nolvg, adsAqpoc), into many sets or fra- ternities. XIX, SYNGENESIA, (r rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equals the number of carpels : but when the carpels are closely united, the styles may be united also, into a single compound column, or they may even then remain distinct. 79. The STIGMA is the upper portion, or extremity, of the style, extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is com- pound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels. 80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders, into which the first thirteen classes of Linnaeus are subdivided. They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the ter- mination gynia, (YVVTJ, 57, Note,) as follows. Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of plants in either of the first thirteen classes, with one style to the flower. 2. Digynia, with two styles to the flower. 3. Trigyiiia, with three styles. 4. Tetragynia, with four styles. 5. Pentagynia, with five styles. 6. Hexagynia, with six styles. 7. Heptagynia, with seven styles. 8. Octogynia, with eight styles. 9. Enneagynia, with nine styles. 10. Decagynia, with ten styles. 11. Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles. 12. Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.* * The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depend- ing upon the pistil, and are as follows : The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two ; 1. Gymnospermia, with seeds apparently naked. 2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp.' THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41 81. The OVULES are certain little globular bodies, produced in the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the matured fruit (Fig. 10; 1.) 82. The PLACENTA is that part of the ovary from which the ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a line, or fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direc- tion is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth. (Fig. 10; l,d.) 83. Physiological structure. The ovary and style are com- posed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbed- ded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the placenta through the centre of the style. It is the only part of the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35). 84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modifica- tion of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each carpel has its own style and stigma, and is formed of a leaf folded together in such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards the The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished by the form of the pod : 1. Siliculosa, the fruit a silicic, or short pod. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod. The orders of the 15th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 2lst, and 22d classes are of. the same name and character as the first 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded upon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus : Order 1, Monandria, includes all Monadelphous plants, Diadelphous plants, &c. with one stamen to each flower. 2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on. The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five : Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the head all perfect. 2. Superflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistil- late r the rest perfect. 3. Frustranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect. 4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest staminate and sterile. 5. Segregata (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx. The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters as the two preceding classes : 1. Moncecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same individual. 2. Dioecia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals. The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orderi of this grand division, as Filices, the ferns, Musci, the mosses, &c 42 THE FLOWER. axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the united margins, the ventral. a. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary leaf(T?ig. 10 ; 9) stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex. b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no doubt can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous. c. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Eanunculus, &c. exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the blade of a leaf; the style, the lengthened apex ; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the leaf. 85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel, the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many propositions like the following. a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary leaves, their united edges all meeting in the- centre, and the cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9). b. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels. c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dis- sepiments (dissepio, to separate,) must each be double; they must be vertical ; they must be equal in number to the carpels, and alternate with the stigma, which is also double. d. Again, the single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious Ex. flax (Fig. 11). 86. These propositions are true only when each carpellary leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two ed^es mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11 ; 1, 2, 3).' In this case there will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course, become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana. OVULES. 43 87. The placentae are developed at each of the two edges of the carpeilary leaf. If these edges be in their normal condi- tions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate, there will necessarily be two placentae to each carpel, the one to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and style. They are then said to be parietal (paries, a wall). FIG. 11. 1, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentae, the dissepiments partially obliterated ; 2, dissepiments wholly obliterated ; 3, dissepiments obliterated, showing a free central placenta; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments, as in the flax; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placentae ; 6, with free central pla- centas ; 7, an arnphitropous ovule ; 8, vertical section of the same ; a, funiculus ; 6, raphe ; c, chalaza ; d, nucleus ; e, secundine ; f, primine ; g, micropyle ; 9, anatropous ovules at- tached to the ovary. 88. But the placentas are sometimes^ found in the common centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3,6). This anomaly, which is called a free cent?' il placenta, is thus ex- plained. The dissepiments were at fLst actually formed in the usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the shell, they were torn away and obliterated. a. As the ovules are always developed by the placentae, they, of course, grow out of the margins of the carpeilary leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10; 8), and in the mign ionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. 89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe, Coniferae, entirely so, the carpeilary leaf being open or wanting THE FLOWER. a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovary ascending, when it grows from a little above the base ; pendulous, when it hangs from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below the summit 90. In their early state, the ovriles are quite soft, consisting of two sacks or integuments, containing a pulpy mass, and open only at their apex, where there is a passage left through both, called the foramen. The outer integument is called the primine, the other the secundine, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus. (Fig. 11; 8.) a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed, which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18). 91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the pla- centa, is called the funiculus, and its point of attachment to the nucleus of the* ovule, the chalaza. Through these the ovule receives its nourishment from the placenta. ( Fig. 11; 8, 9. ) f 4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. 92. The specific use of the stamens and pistils is the fertilization of the seed (57, 58). This ap- pears to be effected in the following manner. At the proper season, the anthers discharge the pollen con- tained in their cavities through their dehiscence FIG. 12. 1, Section of the upper part of the style Or pores, into the air. Some of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down Q f j t ^ us f^Jg U p On the between the cells ; 2, 3, 4, 5, various forms of pollen, showing the tubes ; G, pollen of the CEnothera biennis, Stigma, one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style. o. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip, and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain CALYX. 45 % laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by the elasticity of the filaments. In Monoecious and Dioecious plants, where the sta- mens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often con- veyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey. 93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat of each granule bursts (70, a) at one or more points, allowing the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and passes down between the loose cells of the style, extending itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of con- siderable length. When these tubes reach the ovary, they direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and enter the foramen, which at this time is turned towards the base of the style, and brought in contact with its conducting tissue (83). 94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjec- tured that the molecules which they contai v (69, a) are conveyed by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing them- selves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule shortly after the pollen tube enters it. CHAPTER VII. THE FLOWER {5. OF THE CALYX. 95. THE term calyx comes from the Greek, and signifies a cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in reference to its common form and position. It is generally green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other coloi than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more delicate organs of the flower in aestivation (in the bud). 96. The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are 46 THE FLOWER. sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges, to a greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as in the pink. The calyx is th n said to be monosepalous, a term which must never be literally applied, since no true calyx can consist of merely a single sepal ; when the sepals are not united in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. 1 2 3 97. If the calyx is free, thai is, distinct from the ovary, as in the pink, it is said to be in- ferior, while the ovary is supe- rior; but if the calyx be adhe- rent to the sides of the ovary, so as to appear to grow out of its summit, as in the rose, it is said to be superior. (Fig. 13 ; FIG. 13. 3, Ovary, with adherent (superior), ]_ 3 \ persistent calyx; 1, vertical section of the same, showing the epigynous (Gr. upon the pistil) sin- 98. In respect to duration, mens ; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- it j caducom when it 'f alls o ff nous (Gr. under the pistil)] 4, stamens on the calyx, that is, perigynous ( Gr. arowwd the pistil); as SOOU as the flower is CX- 5, stamens on the corolla (perigynous) ; 6, sta- panc led, Ex. poppy I dcdduOUS, men with the connectile continued beyond the A , L * rj anther, when it tails on as the nower decays, Ex. water lily; and persistent, when it remains upon the germ after the corolla has fallen ; Ex. rose, apple. 99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and some- times, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting (54). a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is pecu- liar to the Compositae, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus con- sists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose ; if the hairs are feathery, plumose; if they are stiff, like bristles, setose; if dilated, so as to become chaffy, paleaceous. 6. OF THE COROLLA. 100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or MONOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47 crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the noral envelopes situated between the calyx and the stamens, upon the delicate texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the flower. 101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the sepals of the calyx, they are either distinct, or united by theii adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypet- alous; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly mis- applied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true corolla can consist simply of a single petal. 102. A petal consists of two parts; the claw, which is the narrow part at the base, answering to the stalk of a leaf, and the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf. The claw is some- times very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the rose. 103. 'When the petals are confluent into a monopetalous corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of it, which is called the limb or border. Both of these parts are exhibited in the Phlox. 104. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and irregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as follows : 1. Campanulate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and swelling abruptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Cam- panula) 2. Infundibuliform (funnel-form), tubular at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory, tobacco. 3. Hypocrateriform (salver- form), the tube ending abruptly in a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox. 4. Rotate (wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading, with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein. 5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft 5 48 THE FLOWER. into two irregular segments, called the upper and -lower lip. If the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo, to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are pressed together, personate (persona, a mask) ; Ex. snap dragon. If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally char- acterizes the plants of the large and important natural order Labiatas. FIG. 14. Forms of corollas ; 1, Campanula rotundifolia ; 2, tobacco ; 3, Convolvulus ; 4, Veronica ; 5, sage ; 6, Gaultheria procumbens ; 7, Phlox ; 8, cabbage ; 9, rose ; 10, Lathyrus. 105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also re- ceived appropriate names, and are described as follows. The last only is irregular. 1. Cruciform (crux, a cross), consisting of four petals spread- ing at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla con- stitute the large natural order Cracifera3, which corresponds to the 15th class in the artificial arrangement. Of this land is the mustard (Sinapis). 2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple. \ .- 3. Liliaceous, like the lily. The Perianth consists of six. parts each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resem- ble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4). NECTARY. 49 4. Caryophyllaceous, like the pink. This corolla consists o( five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex. pink, cockle (Fig. 4). 5. Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped. This corolla consists of five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows ; the upper and largest is called the banner (vexillum) ; the two lateral ones beneath this, the wings (alee) ; and the two lower ones cohering by then* lower margins, the keel (carina). Exam- ples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla consti tute the greater part of the Leguminosse, one of the most extensive and useful of the natural families. 106. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. The floral envelopes are found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expan- sions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of delicate spiral vessels, all covered with an epidermis often having stomata. Their various colors are produced by secretions contained in the little bladders of the cellular tissue. 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 107. These are terms which have been applied to certain anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in structure and position. a. The NECTARY (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secretion of honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal. In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectaries are merely abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady's slipper and other Orchida- ceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or lip. b. The DISK is a term applied to certain little projections situated between the bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is, hypogynous (virZ, under, J-WH, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (nrt, upon, >z/v), as in the Cornus. c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary state, as it is sometimes separated into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the true stamens. 50 THE FLOWER. $8. OF AESTIVATION. 108. ^ESTIVATION (czstivus, of summer) is a term used by botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is the same to the flower-bud as VERNATION (vernus, of the spring) is to the leaf-bud. a. The different modes of aestivation may be best observed in sections of the bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common varieties are the following. 1. Valvate; applied to each other by the margins only; as the petals of the Umbelliferae, the valves of a capsule, &c. 2. Convolute ; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the petals of the wall-flower. 3. Quincuncial; when the pieces are five in number, of which two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the ex- terior, as in Rosa. 4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and over- Inpping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin being, in like manner, overlapped by that which stands next it, as the corolla of Apocynum. 5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner is covered by the outer in such a way that each of the exterior rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the LiliaceJB. FIG. 15. ^Estivation of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiraiithus ; 3, Rose (single); 4, Oxalis ; 5, Lilium ; 6, Pisum ; 7, Lysimachia ; 8, Solanum ; 9, calyx of the Rose. The lat form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricate. THE FRUIT. 51 6. Vexillary; when one piece is much larger than the others, and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in papilionaceous flowers. 7. Induplicate; having the margins bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these edges applied to each other with- out any twisting ; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis. 8. Supervolute; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is en- veloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction ; as the leaves of the apricot. Of these forms of aestivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are fre- quently designated by the general term imbricate, that is, edge overlapping edge. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT. 109. THE fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable organization ; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases, the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the fruit, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly said to be ' the termination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new.' a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it does not, like the flower, serve to adorn the face of nature by the beauty of its form and color, yet, besides its own peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life, it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man. 6. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen fro*m the anthers, the pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary brought to perfection. 110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with nrnch accuracy, by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, how- ever, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary, as to disguise its real structure ; so that an early examination would be even more safe in its results than a late one. a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and six ovules. The change is produced by 5* 52 THE FRUIT. the non-development of five of the ovules, while the sixth grows so rapidly as to obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change also takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the birch is two-celled and two- ovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes one- celled, 1. OF THE PERICARP. 111. The FRUIT consists of the pericarp and the seed; the former may be wanting, but the latter is essential. a. Truly naked seeds are found in few plants, except the Coniferse, where the pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The seeds of the sage and the borage, with their respective tribes, generally said to be naked, are not so in fact, for each, seed being the product of an ovary with one ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp. 112. The PERICARP (neQi, around, xagnog, fruit) is the covering or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (em, upon) is the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (evdov, within) called also putamen or shell, is the inner coat, and the sarco- carp (cr>, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance. a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sarcocarp, and the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the glazed lining of the cells, the epicarp the epidermis, and the sarcocarp the inter- vening pulp. 1 13. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which still perform the functions of true leaves. Thus these parts become gradually- distended into the form and dimensions of the fruit. 114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical changes, effected by the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular and ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37). a. Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour by absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin ciple. b. Lastly, when the fruit lias attained its full growth, the pulp becomes gradu ally sweetened and softened, by the formation of sugar at the expense of the acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard. These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, c., where the greater portion of nutritive matter is stored up in the pericarp ; but in the fruit of CAPSULE. 53 the oak, chestnut, some of the grasses, &c., it is chiefly or entirely deposked in the seed. FIG. 16. Modes of dehiscence ; 1, LocuJcidal ; 2, Septicidal ; 3, Septifragal. The straight lines represent the dissepiments. 115. Dehiscence. "When the pericarp has arrived at maturity, it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular de- hiscence is always vertical, and is called, 1. Loculicidal (loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when it takes place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel directly into the cell. Ex. lily. 2. Septicidal (septum, a wall, and cczdo), when it takes place through the dissepiments (which are doubled, $ 85, c). Ex. mallows. 3. Septif/agal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the axis. Ex. Convolvulus. 4. Sutural (sutura, a seam), when it takes place at one or both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscisdle (circurnscindo, to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., where the top of the pericarp falls off like a lid. (Fig. 18 ; 16.) 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties are generally described in elementary works. 1. CAPSULE (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a com- pound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or some- times by pores only. a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 64 THE FRUIT. by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or substance formed by the united placentae is called the coin- mella. To this the seeds are generally attached. The seed- vessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot (San- guinaria), are capsules. FIG. 17. Forms of fruit : 1, capsule of Rhododendron ; 2, Nicotiana ; 3, Colcliicum ; 4, CEnothera ; 5, silique of Rapliunus ; 6, silicle of Capsella; 7, legume of the pea ; 8, jointed legume (loment) of Desmodium ; 9, follicle of Apocynum; 10, nut of oak; 11, drupe of Cerasus. 2. SILIQUE (a pod). This is a long, narrow pericarp of two valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by the extended placenta?. The seeds are attached to the edges of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. mustard, wallflower, and other Crucifersc. 3. SILICLE (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd's purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are peculiar to plants with cruciform corollas. 4. LEGUME (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the silique. It bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately, along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of the great natural order LeguminoscC. The legume, therefor?;, accompanies the papilionaceous corolla. 5. FOLLICLE (a bag) is a pericarp with one valve and one PEPO. 55 m cell, opening by a sutural dehiscence on the inner side, and bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, col- umbine, silk-weed. 6. DRUPE (stone-fruit) is one-celled, one or two seeded, inde- hiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also includes those fruits which have a fibro-neshy, or even coria- ceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are called drupaceous. 7. The NUT is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from an ovary which is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled (110, a). It differs from the Dnipe, in wanting the soft, succulent cover- ing. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involu- cre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 8. CARYOPSIS (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled peri- carp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is called a utricle, as in the pig-weed ( Chenopodium). 9. An ACHENIUM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, dis- tinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranun- culus, Aster, and the Composite generally. 10. SAMARA (winged fruit). It consists of a dry, indeliiscent, one-seeded pericarp, with a wing-like appendage. Ex. birch, maple. 11. A PYXIS (box) is a capsule which opens by a circum- sessile dehiscence ( 115 ; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with a lid. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 12. POME (apple). This is a fleshy, indeliiscent pericarp, formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, quince. 13. The PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceed- ing from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft THE FRUIT. mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon an- swer this definition, and are therefore berries. FIG. 18. Forms of fruit ; 13, naked achema of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, fleshy receptacle ; 14, drupaceous achetnia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle ; 15, samara of Acer ; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear); 18, berry of Ribes (gooseberry) ; 19, section of the same enlarged ; 20, strobile of Pinus ; 21, cremocarp of the Umbelliferae, as Couium. a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an en- larged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the Rubus, is an aggre- gate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Etaeria, by Mirbel. (Fig. 18; 13,14.) 15. STROBILE (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their inner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is on this account called Coniferae. HILU.M. 57 CHAPTER IX. THE FRUIT. 2. OF THE SEED. 117. THE seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and con- tains the rudiments' of a new plant, similar in all respects to the original. a. The seed consists of three principal parts; the INTEGU- MENTS, the ALBUMEN, and the EMBRYO. 1 18. The INTEGUMENTS, or coverings, invest the seed immedi- ately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appro- priate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, is the TESTA; the second, the MESOSPERM; the third, the ENDO- PLEURA, corresponding with the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. a. The testa is either papery (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), horny (cnis- taceous), bony, fleshy, or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, as in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hairs at one end, called cona, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. 6. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (99, a), which is a modi- fication of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composite. 119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when the funiculus is wanting) either partially or wholly investing the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often it is wanting. 120. The HILUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus (stalk). It is commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. 11; 8, a.) 121. The liilum of the seed sometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the 58 THE -FRUIT. ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. can- dleberry (Myrica). More generally, hbwever, the funiculus (91) extends beyond the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the ana- tropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11 ; No's 8 and 9.) 122. The ALBUMEN. Next within the integuments, there is a white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly of starch. It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, rye, and serves to nourish the embryo in its nascent state. It abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The albumen in some seeds is entirely wanting, particularly in the bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the cotyledon. 123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiments of the young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth of this all other parts of the seed are subservient. In some seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus. 124. The embryo is divided into three parts ; the radicle, the plumule, and cotyledon. a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points towards the foramen. b. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the rudiment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually directed towards the chalaza. 125. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porous, and farinaceous part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons are conspicuous in rising above the ground. a. The number of cotyledons is variable ; and upon this cir- cumstance is founded the most important and distinct division of the PH^NOGAMIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS. 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon, SPORES. 59 or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called ENDOGENS (Way, inside, ytwfji.*.i, to originate or grow), because their stems increase by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliacese, c., whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons These are also called EXOGENS (t^ outside), because their stems increase by external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, &c. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, which are reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like network. FIG. 19. Structure of seeds and germination ; 1, seed of a garden bean ; 2, the same after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified) ; a, fungons chalaza, 6, raphe, c, hilum ; 4, embryo ; a, cotyledon, 6, radicle, c, fissure, beneath which lies the plumule ; 5, vertical section of the same ; d, .the radicle seen beneath the fissure ; 6, germinating seed of Alisma ; a, cotyledon, 6, plumule, c, radicle ; 7, seed of Canna lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, 6, embryo ; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commence- ment of germination, the embryo protruding the radicle ; 9, the same, having thrown off the pericarp and become a young plant; 10, germinating seed of Calla ^Ethiopica; a, seed, 5, first leaf of plumule, c, radicle ; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base ; 12, the same after germination has commenced ; 13, the germination completed, and the young plant formed ; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons ; 15, the same after germination has commenced ; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to three cotyledons, while the dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no coty- ledon, 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferse, &c., occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the CRYPTOGAMIA, or flowerless plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from SPORES, (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. 60 THE FRUIT. 3. OF GERMINATION. 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protec- tion and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. a. GERMINATION is a term denoting the first stages of vital action in the seed; the process is briefly described as follows : 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften, and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines with the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh con- verted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, wliich now begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to the air and the light* (See Fig. 19, explanations.) 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground al the centre of motion, as' in all Monocotyledonous plants and in the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise above the surface with the ascending axis, become green, and perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves, for the nourishment of the young plant. 133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, * The phenomena of germination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting ex- periment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float- ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravity is a law in vegetation, as uni- versal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror reflecting the solar rays upwards ; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicularly, the axis of each plant was inclined at an angle of 45, or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with the combined action of the centrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 must be obtained from without. Different degrees of heat are required by dif- ferent plants, but a temperature from 50 to 80 is most favorable to those of the temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by the sun. b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in showers of rain and dew. c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar ; a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is supplied by the water and by the air. d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is through the influence of light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, decompose it, retain the carbon itself, and give back the oxygen only. Light would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it. Hence the seed should be buried in the soil. 134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspberry and beach plum after many centuries.* 4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting ; and when attentively consid- ered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus, already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, are wafted by winds to considerable distances, across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadense, a weed now common on both sides the Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from Canada, of which country it is native. a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are pro- vided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are thus scattered far and wide. b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams, and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to * No instance of the .ongevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by Dr. Lindley. 'I have before me,' says he, ' three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface of the earth. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.' Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some -men, in dig- ging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, ami placed it by itself. A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. 62 THE ROOT. country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages, without injury to their vitality. Squir- rels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same im- portant end. CHAPTER X. THE EOOT. 136. THE ROOT is the basis of the plant, and the principal source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the seed ; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is gener- ally immersed in the soil. a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever extending and multiplying, until ,the vegetable has attained its full growth. 137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by (heir avidity for moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. a. Although the primary direction of the roots is do wr ward, they are not known to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain dis- tance beneath the surface, they extend themselves hoi i /ontally, keeping at about a uniform depth, however great the irregularities of t ne surface. 138. The number and extent of the roo* must always correspond to the demands of the vegetable, both for affordiim it nourishment, and for maintaining it in its erect position. It follows, the efore, that for every expanding leaf, or extending twig, there must be a cor esponding increment of the roots and fibres beneath the soil. 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, ano^ by the absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 140. To all these characteristics there are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment SPONGIOLES. 63 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious. On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described .by modern writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the bulb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to the ascending axis, is designated as the collum, or neck. a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlarge- ment that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the air, while all below it descends into the earth. \ 142. The parts of the root which require especial notice, are the caudex, fibrils, and spongioles. a. The CAITDEX (stock) is the main body of the root. b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off from the caudex. These are the true roots. c. The SPONGIOLES are the tender and delicate extremities of the fibrils; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions made to these extremities, these are their growing points. 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinct- ive names, are the following : 144. Ramose (branching). This root consists of ramifications sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and shrubs. (Fig. 20.) a. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other; that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus inverted without injuring their vitality. b. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, cither by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root and flourish. Other trees, as the mulberry (Moras) may be multiplied by layers. A branch is bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. c. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances. This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much greater. Those of the elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, fi* 64 THE ROOT. 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less firmly rooted than those in open situations. 145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, up- wards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. FIG. 20. 10, Orchis. Forms of the root ; 7, branching roots of a tree ; 8, root of Daucus ; 9, Oxalis j a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be forked. When it tapers from the collum downwards its whole length, it is called a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the b. Premorse, in which the caudex terminates abruptly below, as if it had been bitten off (praemorsus). This is due to the fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa. c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) root is another variety of the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diame- ter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 146. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divis- ions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- ingly in a ligjit sandy soil. a. A fasciculated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, Dahlia, &c. 147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, 01 ROOTS. 65 tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis. This root must be distinguished from the tuber, which, Like the potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems. a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is separated below into short, thickened pro- cesses, as in some species of the Orchis. b. A granulated root consists of many small tubercular knobs, connected by fibres, as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some writers call this variety moniliform (monile, a necklace). FIG. 21. Forms of the root; 1, Raphanus; 2, Brassica rapa; 3, Scabiosa; 4, Poa; 5, Paeonia ; 6, Dahlia. 148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reser- voirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant, is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for the time of flowering. a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, which are remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soiL 149. The floating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, Callitriche. The latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in the mud, and there ripens its seeds. 150. Aerial roots are those which, instead of originating from portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are pro- duced from some portion in the open ah*. Of these roots, seve ral varieties are remarkable. 1st, Those which are sent forth 66 THE ROOT. from the joints of creeping or prostrate plants ; as the ground- ivy, and the twin-flower (Linnsea). 2d, The roots of certain erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose aerial roots are often several feet in length before reaching the earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the common maize (Zea). b. A third class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epiphytes (em, upon, (pvwr, a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment chiefly from the air. Such are the long moss (Tillandsia), pen- dent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidaceae at the south. 4th, The roots of parasites are usually aerial. These are not only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues, they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuscuta and Mistletoe are examples. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT 151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case it is always destitute of a pith. 152. The fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue (32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the ex- tremities (35), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceed- ingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property of powerfully absorbing water. 153. The growth of the root does not take place by the ex pansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the extremities, and by the formation of new layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with which it penetrates the crevices of the soil, and forces its way into the hardest earth. 154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely mechanical one of fixing the plant in the earth, and maintaining ABSORPTION. 67 its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture which its growth absolutely requires. a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially to the sun, the water will disappear from the glass more rapidly than could be expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled through the leaves (a process called EXHALATION), only a small part of it, together with the salts which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant. 155. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon the activity of exhalation ; and since the latter is dependent upon the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption will, in general, be more active by day than by night. 156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface, indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epider- mis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue of the fibril to the vessels of the main root, and immediately carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant. a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the curved body of the root be immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will soon be again revived, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged. b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to preserve, uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres. 157. The force with which- plants absorb fluids by their roots is very great, as is proved by experiment a. If the stem of a vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury, or 13 Ibs. to the square inch. 158. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction ; but, unfortunately for this theory, there are no capillary tubes in the vegetable structure, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous walls of which the fluids must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon 68 fHE ROOT. in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resem- blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex- plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows : a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other EXOSMOSE (flow- ing outwards). 159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septwm, or partition. Wherever these conditions exist, the current exists also. a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep- tum ; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must be the counter current, the exosmose, also. That this is actually the case, is proved by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in wliich it is. im- mersed. 160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the intro- duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min- eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part of its food. a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer- tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explainefl. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid parts of its stem ; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. 6. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, the rootlets, being deep in the ground, below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu- lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. HERB 69 CHAPTER XI. THE STEM, OB ASCENDING AXIS. 161. THAT part of the plant which originates with the plum- ule (124, b), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to the influence of the air and the light, is called the ASCENDING AXIS or STEM. a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is supposed to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. 162. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is verti- cal, there are many plants in which it does not continue so, but extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect. When it grows horizontally upon the surface, it is said to be procumbent, creeping, trailing, &c. When it arises obliquely it is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried bejieath the soil it is a subterranean stem. a. The subterranean stem, and some varieties of the creeping, have usually been described as roots. 163. In regard to duration, the stem, like the root, is said to be an n ual when it lives but one season, afterwards dying, at least down to the root, and perennial when its existence is con- tinued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time. 164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs. a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk, which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above the ground. Ex. elm, palm. b. A SHRUB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, hav- ing a perennial, -woody stem, which divides into branches at 01 near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is termed an under shrub. Ex. whortleberry. c. An HERB is a plant with an annual or perennial root, pro- TO THE STEM. ducing stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein. 165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the forma tion and development of BUDS. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is itself a bud. 166. BUDS are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-bud, containing the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the flower-bud, containing the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for the purposes of reproduction. 167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, growing point of cellular tissue, originating with the pith, surrounded and pro- tected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. (Fig. 22; 1.) 168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the rudimentary leaves of the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by the frosts and scanty nutriment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (.^Esculus) be examined, when swollen in spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scaks to the evident leaves within. a. It is an interesting illustration of designing "Wisdom, that buds are furnished with scales only in wintry climates. In the ton-id zone, or in hot-houses, where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develope their buds into foliage immediately after their formation, without clothing them in scales. In annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the .winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture, an office which they effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds, and their insoluble coat of resin. * 169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first developed into a simple stem, and being itself continually repro- duced, is always borne at the termination of that stem ; that is, the axis is always terminated by a bud. a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is, at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however, * In many trees the scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid and aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be eparated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. NODE AND INTERNODES. 71 some or all of them are developed, forming leafy divisions of the axis, \\hu-h thus becomes branched. b. Buds are said to be adventitious when they are neither terminal nor axillary. Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maim- ing or disease, and may be formed in the internodes, or upon the roots (140), or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum. 170. A BIIANCH, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced by the development of an axillary bud. 171. A THORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed, woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for self- defence. Ex. Cratsegus, locust. a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the im- perfect development of the growing point only, while its leafy coverings perish. Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by cultivation. In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to produce branches instead of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, gooseberry. b. The thorn is distinguished from the prickle (43) by its woody structure, and its connection with the wood of the stem, while the prickle, as of the rose, consists of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only. 172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillary bud, is produced, is called the NODE, and the spaces between them the INTERNODES. a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres being sent off later- ally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence, also, each internode contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards. 173. Since the branches arise from axillary buds, their ar- rangement upon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves, which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great symmetry and order. 174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and indeed of all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads of a screw. a. But this arrangement is often so much disguised by disturbing causes that it can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular, which is readily explained. The spiral line is formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the grow- ing plant by the advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be 7 72 THE STEM. interrupted from any cause, a circular arrangement is the consequence, an arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, a, 6, c), and in the leaves of the Stellatse, and other plants. 175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right angles to the adjacent pairs. When three or more arise at each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said to be verticillate; or whorled. 176. In like manner, the arrangement of the branches, when divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be SPIRAL ; that is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &c., or verticillate in the pine, &c. FIG. 22. 1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes ; 2, the scaly the lily, showing its analogy to the bud ; 3, vertical section of the same. bulb of a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in form, size, position, and struc- ture, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has already been stated, that although its tendency is at first upwards, it does not always arise above the surface. Hence the primary division of this organ into subterranean and aerial. 177. The SUBTERRANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the ear- lier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only were called acaulescent or stemless, terms still in use, denoting merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifica- tions are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper. TUBER. 73 178. The BULB partakes of the nature of the bud. It consists of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst, and roots from the base or collum (141). a. Bulbs are said to be twiicated when they consist of concentric layers, each entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of tliickened concave scales, connected to gether at the base, as the lily, tulip. b. The bulb is renewed annually, at the approach of winter, by the develop- ment of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old. c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves upon the stem, which, when matured, fall to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect plant The tiger-lily (Lilium bulbiferum) is an example, also several species of the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous. 1 ^ FIG. 23. Forms of the stem ; 1, Allium ; 2, Arum; 3, Solanum tuberosum; 4, San- guinaria ; 5, a spinous branch. 179. The CORM is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem, resembling the bulb in form and position, but differing in struc- ture, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without dis- tinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a solid bulb. Ex. Arum, or Indian turnip. 180. The TUBER is an annual, thickened portion of a subter- ranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the develop- ment of buds, and the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The pota- toe is an example. 74 THE STEM. 181. The RHIZOMA, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often cov- ered with scales, which are the rudiments of leaves, or marked with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the thickened, horizontal portion of the blood-root ( Sanguinaria), sweet flag (Calamus), and the bramble (Rubus). 182. The CREEPER differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions, and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches at intervals. The witch -grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. a. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They fre- quently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind down and secure against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below the level of the sea. To protect it from inundation, dikes of earth have been built, with immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a thick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex are- naria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which they are enabled to resist the washing of the waves 183. To AERIAL STEMS belong the following varieties; caulis, runner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon. 184. CAULIS (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aerial stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis, or aerial stem. 185. RUNNER. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, ex- tending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant, soon putting forth new runners in its turn. Ex strawberry. 186. The SCAPE is a stem which springs from the summit of the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant, but not its foliage. Ex. Sarracenia, daffodil, several species of the Orchis, &c. The foliage of such plants is usually radu al, that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem. TRUNK. 75 a. CULM (culmus) is a term by which the peculiar stems of the grasses, and similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, however, an unnecessary distinction. 187. VINE. This is a term denoting those stems which, being too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any conven- ient support, and do not throw out roots like the runner. The vine sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe ( Cucurbita- cea?); the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called climbers. a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch ; or an appendage growing out of the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf. Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacese and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosae), where it is appended to the leaves. 1 88. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its windings is always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left ; nor can any artificial training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 189. TRUNK. This is the name given to the peculiar stems of trees. It is the central collum, or axis, which supports their branching tops, and withstands 4;he assaults of the wind by means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligne- ous tissue in which it abounds. a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a branch for more than two thirds its length.* ' . * At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree on the island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Sene- gal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and consequently near 200 feet circumference. 76 THE STEM. b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a fe\v years and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees is beyond the age of man, and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 190. The SUCKER is a branch proceeding from the stem, or root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. Ex. rose, raspberry. 191. An OFFSET is a short, lateral branch, terminated by a cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum). 192. A STOLON is a branch which proceeds from an elevated part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not below it. FIG. 24. Forms of the stern ; 1, Fragaria; 2, Vitis ; ft, tendrils ; 3, cirrhose leaf of Pisum ; 4, Pyrola ; 5, sucker. 193. A plurality of stems, or trunks, is observed in a few spe- cies of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan ( Ficus * It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years; a sycamore in Palestine, 1050 years ; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years ; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the 11 garden of Gethsemane," some of the olives which witnessed our Saviour's passion ; and at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to haye existed since the age of Pliny. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. 77 Indica), and the black Mangrove (Rhizopliora mangle) are men- tioned as examples of this singular conformation. a. The former originally arises with- a single trunk. From the principal hranches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional sup- port, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth, they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other trunks to descend, until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 3000 trunks, and to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of the West Indies. The new trunks of this tree are said to be formed from the seeds which germinate without becoming det&ehed from the branches, sending down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. 1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGESiOUS STEM 194. The substance of herbaceous stems is soft and succu- lent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longi- tudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the leaves. 195. This is essentially the structure of the first year's growth of perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the frame- work of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. a. Plants differ in respect to the arrangement of these fibres and vessels, and in the mode of their increase ; on this difference is based that first grand distinction of Phanogamous plants into Exogens and Endogens, to which allusion has already been made (126 7). 196. The division of EXOGENS (outside growers) includ r J all the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate cli- mates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made externally to the part already formed. 197. The division of ENDOGENS (inside growers), including the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accre- tions of the stem being made within the portions already formed. 198. In the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith, wood, and bark. 76 THE STEM. 199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable only in the earlier stages of growth. It is- then pervaded by fluids ; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being filled with air only, and much diminished in volume. FIG. 25. Exogens, oak, fir, &c. ; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c. 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the MEDULLARY SHEATH, which is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue (33), sending off a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and veins of each leaf. This, with the leaves, is the only part of exogenous stems which usually contains- spiral vessels. 201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers, pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant ; hence the whole ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN. 79 number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous fibre, vasi- form tissue, and ducts (33, f). The first gives strength and solid- ity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This cir- cumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section of the stem. c c c c dc dc bcdcdcd e FIG. 26. Sections of wood ; 1, 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one year's growth ; a, pith, 6, bark, c, medullary rays, d, woody bundles of fibre and vessels ; 2, stem of three years' growth, a, pith, e, bark, 6, c, rf, successive annual layers ; 4, a, pith, b, spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark ; 3, Endogen- ous stem, exhibiting the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed in the cellular tissue ; 5, o, cellular tissue, 6, spiral vessels on inner side of c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark. 203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the ALBUR- NUM (albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone, that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until they can no longer allow the passage of fluids through them. Thus the DURAMEN (durus, hard), or heart- wood is formed, the texture of which is firm and durable. It is only the dura men which is useful in the arts. 80 THE STEM. 204. The MEDULLARY RAYS are those fine lines which appear in a cross section of the stern, radiating from the pith to the bark, intersecting all the intervening layers. They consist of thin, firm plates of cellular tissue ; being, like the pith, the remains of that tissue, which at the first constituted the whole of the stem. a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain. 205. The BARK is the external covering of the stem, consisting of several integuments, of which the outer is the epidermis (35), that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liber. 206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and woody. The cellular integument is very thick in Quercus suber, and constitutes that useful substance cork. The liber (Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it was manufactured into parchment) is usually thin, delicate, and strong, and has been often applied to useful purposes, as in those trees of Poly- nesia from which cloth, mats, and sails are made. 207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transformed into a viscid, glutinous matter called cambium, is deposited between the liber and the wood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon afterwards, the new layers are pervaded by woody tubes and fibres, which com- mence at the leaves and grow downwards. Thus the number of layers formed in the bark and wood will always be equal. a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows that the older layers must be carried outwards and continually expanded. Thus, although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough, with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off, as in the hem- lock, spruce, walnut, &c. Not unfrcquently, however, the older layers are ex- tended in horizontal grains, or fibres, encircling the stem, as in the white birch (Betula papyracea). b. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark rather than in the wood ; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dyes, tannin, &c. c. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, serving for the circula- tion of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the form of a complete network of vessels, through which the sap moves in all directions. $ 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 208. We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to convey the sap from the roots to the opposite extremities of the plant. ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81 209 That portion of the stem which serves this important purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres the sap is elevated to the leaves, with the vessels of which they communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it de- scends by the laticiferous tissues of the liber. Of this descend- ing sap a part is carried inicard from the bark by the medullary rays, and thus diffused through the whole stem ; the remainder descends to the roots, and is in the same manner diffused through their substance, both for their nourishment, and for the purpose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose (159, a). 3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 210. In the endogenous stem there is no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, nor does a cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of annual layers. (Fig. 26; 3, 5.) 211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that of the exogen, that is, of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral ves- sels, and ducts ; the first existing equally in all parts of the stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles. 212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral vessels adjoining their inner side next the centre of the stem, and woody fibres on their outer side, as in the exogen. a. A new set of these bundles is-formed annually, or oftener, proceeding from the leaves and passing downwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cel- lular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner, they turn outwards, and interlace themselves with those which were previously formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the palms, and other endogeus, become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the stroke of the axe. 6. The age of most endogenous trees, as the palms, would seem to be limited by this peculiarity of growth. The stem at length becomes incapable of further increase in diameter, and the lower portions of it so densely filled with the de- scending fibres as to become impervious to all succeeding ones, and the tree languishes and dies. c Endogenous stems, both herbaceous and woody, are often hollow, with solid joints ; as in the grasses and bamboo. t V OF 82 THE LEAF. CHAPTER XII. ^ THE LEAP. 213. THE leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 214. The leaf is" characterized by a thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and in- crease of the plant. 215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, which of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, . orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, and splendor of coloring, . which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass. a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or grains, called chlorophyll (green leaf ), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, and composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation. As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve by day, an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green first to yellow, then to orange, red, and crimson successively, according to the quantity absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids. b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alka- lies in the cells. U. VERNATION. 216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves, folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called VER- NATION. ARRANGEMENT. 83 o. The vernation of the leaf is exhibited in a most interesting manner, by making, with a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state* just before its expansion ; or it may be well observed by removing the scales. . 217. The forms of vernation are mostly similar to those of aestivation (108), and are expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following: 1. Equitant, overlapping each other in a parallel manner, with- out any involution, as in the leaves of the Iris. 2. Obvolute, one of the margins of each leaf interior and the other exterior to the margin of the leaf opposite. Ex. sage. FIG. -27. Forms of vernation. The numbers agree 3. Involute, having the edgeh with the corresponding paragraphs. rolled inwards. Ex. apple, violet 4. Eevolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. willow, rosemary 5. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. 6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan. Ex. vine, birch. 7. Circinate, when rolled downwards from the apex. Ex. sundew, fern. 2. ARRANGEMENT. 218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the arrange ment of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circnlai, but by the- development of the axis, this arrangement is modi- fied in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be 1. Scattered, or irregular, as in the potatoe. 2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea 3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172). Ex. Hydrangia. 4. Verticillate, or whoiied, more than two in a circle at each node. Ex. meadow lily. 5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex Callitriche. 219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, that, in general, when the leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive observer, to be strictly, though perhaps irregularly, spiral; always so in the annual shoot. a. Thus in the potato-vine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the next and so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem, 8 84 THE LEAF. describing one turn of an elongated spire, so that each sixth leaf only ib ced exactly above the first. b. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one corny -to, turn on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which the first is in- serted, so that several turns must be made before we arrive at one which is exactly in that line. c. The opposite, or whorled, arrangement may be referred to the non-develop ment of some of the internodes ; but a better theory is that which supposes seve ral coordinate spires arising side by side : two, when the leaves are opposite, and three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above their intervening spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals with the sepals, &c. (61, b). 220. In regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the sur- face of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots ; can- line, when they grow from the stem, and ramial (ramus, a branch) when from the branches. 3. ORGANO GRAPH Y. ' 221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to the stem by a foot-stalk called the PETIOLE. 222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petals (102), it is not an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cylin- dric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It is said to be 1. Compressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so that it is agitated by the slightest breath of air, as in the aspen (Populus). 2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded later- ally into a border. - Ex. orange. 3. Amplexicaul (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Urn- belliferse. VEINS. 85 223. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longei than wide, with equal sides but unequal ends. It is, however, subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the apex. 224. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided ; and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above men- tioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the lamina itself is, of course, parenchyma (29). These vessels are collectively called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 226. The manner in which the veins are divided and distrib- uted is termed venation. The organs of venation, differing from each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein, veins, veinlets, and vemulets. ( The old terms midrib and nerves, being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.) 227. The midvein is the principal prolongation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina to the apex ; as in the leaf of the birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately termed the veins; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, five- veined, &c. Ex. maple. 228. The primary branches sent off from the midvein or the veins we may term the veinlets; and the secondary branches, or those sent off from the veinlets, are the veinulets. 229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in general, char acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom. 1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogcns. The petiole is prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midvein, or several pri- mary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again, and by their frequent inosculations form a kind of network. Ex. maple, bean. 2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. In this kind of vena- tion the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the mid vein, and 86 THE LEAF. are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grasi. lily. 1 234 FIG. 28 Forms of venation. 1, 2, Exogens ; 3, Endogen ; 4, acrogen. 3d. Forked-veined, as in the Cryptogamia, when the veins divide and subdivide by forked divisions which do not unite again. Ex. ferns. 230. Of the first kind of venation, the reticulate, there are two varieties which deserve the most careful attention. The feather-veined and the radiate-veined. 1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation con- sists of a midvein, giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 2. In the radiate-veintd, the venation consists of several veins ( $ 227) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets and veimilets. Ex. maple, crow-foot. 3. In parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of the Orchis, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c. H- FORM OR FIGURE. 231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will be the greatest extension of outline where the veins are largest and most numer- ous. Consequently, the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening tissue. For this interesting theory we are indebted to Alphonse De Candolle. VEINS. 99 a. Ill our description of individual forms, we shall select only the most remark- able, leaving others for .explanation in the Glossary. The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes of the veining ; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise to the same outline. 232. Of FEATHER-VEINED leaves, the following forms depend on the length of the veinlets in relation to each other, and to tin mid vein If the middle veinlets are longer than the rest, the leaf will be 1 , Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrola rotundifolia. FIG. 29. Figures of feather-veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraphs, a. ddtate e;.l u!' i'opulus. 2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespedeza prostrata; or 3. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Arenaria lateriflora. If the lower veinlets are longer than the rest,the leaf will be 4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the Mitchella repens, or 5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), narrow, and tapering to each end. Ex. sweet-william. When the veins are most developed towards the summit of the leaf, it becomes 6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or 7. Spathulate (shaped lifoa a spathula), as in the daisy. Again, if the lowest veinlets are longest, sending offveinuleta backwards, the leaf will he 8. Cordate (heart-shaped), like the ovate fcrm, with a hollow (sinus) at the base, as in the lilac. 9. Auriculatc, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex.- sage. q* 38 THE LEAF. 10. Hastate (halbert-shaped), hollowed out at the base and sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet. 11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes at base. Ex. Polygonum sagittatum ; Sagittaria ; kc. 12. Reniform (kidney -shaped), broad, rounded at the apex, and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense. a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of the veinlets than on the imperfect development of the tissue between them. 16 17 FIG. 30. 12 16, figures of feather- veined leaves, the remainder of radiate-veined. 13. Runcinate (re-uncinate), having the margin extended at the veins into pointed segments, which curve backwards. Ex. Taraxacum. 14. Lyrate (lyre- shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses, occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veinlets ; water-cress (Sisymbrium). 15. Pinnatifid (feather- cleft), with deep sinuses between the veinlets, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, par- allel segments. Ex. Lepidium. 16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the veinlets, seen in the leaves of the white oak. 233. RADIATE-VEINED leaves .assume many forms, depending upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the inter- vening tissue. Some of them are the following. 17. Palmate (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many veins (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower. PARALLEL-VEINED LEAVES. 89 18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper segments than the palmate, as in the hemp. 19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the peony and passion-flower. 20. Laciniate (gashed), the veins and veinlets separate, as iJ the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus. 21. Peltate (shield-like), the veins radiating in all directions, and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllum peltatum, Tropeolum, Brasenia. 22. Reniform, broad-ovate, broad-cordate, &c., may also result from the radiate veining. 234. The form of PARALLEL-VEINED leaves is less diversified than that of the preceding classes, being 23. Linear, when the veins (and fibres) are straight, as in the grasses. This form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf by an equal development of all the veinlets as in Linarfa vul garis, &c. a 4 \r 6 " 10 FIG. 31. 23, 24, 25, figures of leaves with parallel veins ; 2 10, margins of leaves. 24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the veins are curved, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, &c., or it may be 25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are curved back- wards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate, when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagit- taria. 90 THE LEAF. 26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is little or no distinc- tion of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine. 5. MARGIN. 235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the same causes which affect the form. It is said to be 1. Entire, when even-edged. This may result from the full development of the tissue, or from a vein running parallel with the margin. Ex. lilac, lily. 2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges, pointing outwards from the centre. Ex. hawkweed. If the teeth are very fine, the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is doubly dentate. 3. Serrate, having sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw Ex Rosa. If the serratures are very small, it is serrulate. If they are themselves serrate, it is doubly serrate. 4. Crenate, notched with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such notches are very small, it is cremdate. 5. Erose (gnawed), having the margin irregularly toothed, or jagged, as if bitten by animals. 6. Undulate, (wavy), the margin rising and falling like waves. Ex. Amaranthus. 7. Spinous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and the opposite corresponding term is wnarmed. 8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions. 9. Ladniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes. 10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tissue, as in the mallows. 11. Repand, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins. Ex. Solanum nigrum. 6. APEX. 236. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is said to be 1. Acute, when it ends with an acute angle. 2. Obtuse, when it ends with a segment of a circle. 3. Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point. 4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. 5. Retuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 6. Mucronate, abruptly terminated by a short, hard, bristly point, &c. $7. SURFACE. 237. The following terms are employed in descriptive botany, chiefly to denote the modifications of the surface (epidermis) LEAFLETS. 91 of the leaf. They are, however, equally applicable to the sur- face of any other organs. (41, a.) 1. Glabrous, smooth; denoting the absence of all hairs or bristles. Hydrangea. 2. Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum. 3. Rough, with hard, short, even points. Borago offichialis. 4. Pilose-, with short, weak, thin hairs. Prunella vulgaris. 5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphalium. 6. Vittose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissima. 7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein. 8. Tomentose, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa. 9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabun dance. Sage. 10. Punctate, dotted with pellucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punctatum. JS. COMPOUND LEAVES. FIG. 32. Compound leaves 4, Trifoliate leaves ; a, pinnately, as of the bean ; b, pai- mately, clover 238. When a simple leaf becomes a compound one, the divis- ion takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an entire leaf into segments, lobes, arid teeth, namely, from a defi- ciency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the leaflets will therefore, in like manner, depend upon the mode of veining. 239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS, and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &c., occur in them as in simple leaves. In the truly compound leaf, each leaflet 92 THE LEAF. (wliich is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated (articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from it in decay. 240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the following forms of compound leaves : 1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (mid vein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, generally equal in^ number and oppo- site, as in the Acacia. 2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendril, as the Cassia Marilandica, and unequally pinnate when it is terminated by an odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter case the leaf is called cirrhose. 3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately small and large, as in the potato, avens. 4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or trifoliate, as in the ash ; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the non- development of the pinna (pairs) reduced to a single terminal leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole. 5. A bipinnatc leaf (twice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- lets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fuma- ria officinalis. 6. A tripinnate leaf (thrice pinnate), is formed when the leaf- lets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In the leaf of the honey-locust (Gleditschia), we sometimes find al] these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate, and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual tran- sition of the simple to the most compound leaf. 7. A Alternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of the ternate leaf become themselves ternate, as in Fumaria lutea. 8. A triternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a biteniate leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia. 241. The following forms of compound leaves may result from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, biternate , &c., already mentioned ; ASCID1A, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93 9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea. 10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same point in the petiole, and so on. 242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be 1. Amplexicaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem. 124 35 FIG. 33. Modes of insertion. 2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the leaf. 3. Decurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run doicmcards (Lat. decurro). 4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united. 5. Stellate, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are arranged around the stem at the same node. 243. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two or more of the. terms above mentioned, to express some intermediate figure or quality ; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c. a. The Latin preposition sub (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly ses- sile, subs&rate, somewhat serrate, &c. 9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild pine of South America, there are hollows at the point of union between the leaf- stalk and the stem, capable of holding a considerable amount of water. The midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, are channeled out in such a manner as to convey water to the axil. ' "V" " 245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are hollowed out into the form of pitchers, called asridia. a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are evidently formed by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete vase, with a broad expansion at the top, which may be regarded as the true leaf U4 THE LEAF. Hie ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are drowned, being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 246. The Nepenthes is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are ses- sile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex, -like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hol- low vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which ex- pands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cup is open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry weather to prevent its evaporation. FIG. 34. Ascidia. 1, Sarracenia purpurea ; 2, Nepenthes distillatoria ; 3, Dischidia Raf- flesiana. 247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from the earth. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with its edges rolled towards each other, and adherent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive whatever moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considerable quantity. But the greatest marvel in its structure is yet to be described. Several bundles of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, 6), are sent out from the nearest parts of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread themselves through the cavity. The design of this apparatus scarcely needs be mentioned. 248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Dionaea muscipula), native at the south, is also of a very curious construction. At the extremity of each leaf are two lobes, bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive to insects. But when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 249. STIPULES are certain leaf-like expansions situated on each side of the petiole, at its base. They are membranous, leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in each plar* of the same natural order Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor. 250. Stipules are generally supposed to be accessory leaves, although their INVOLUCRE. 90 nature is certainly obscure. They are subject to the same laws of venation and form, perform the same functions, and are sometimes almost uadistinguishable from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils. a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as rudimentary leaves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common, they are the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the rose. 251. When leaves are furnished with stipules they are said to be stipulate, and when without them they are exstipulate. The stipules which are situated at the base of leaflets are called stipcls. FIG. 35. Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass ; 2, 6, of rose ; 3, e, bract of Tilia 4, d, of a Campanula ; 5, Sium, a, involucre, c, ihvolucel; 6, Cornus Canadensis, a, colored involucre, c, flowers ; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix. 252. BRACTS, called also floral leaves, are leaf-like append- ages, intermediate between leaves and the floral organs. From leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placeJ near the flower, their smaller size, their difference in form, and often in color. 253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so gradual is the transition between them that no absolute limits can be assigned. That they have a common origin with the sepals of the calyx also, is equally evi dent, so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bracts; affording one of the strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis. a. Bracts have received different names, according to their arrangement and situation. They constitute an 254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and su* round several flowers. In the Phlox, and generally, it is green, 9 96 THE LEAF. but sometimes, as in the Cornus, it is colored like petals. Situ- ated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial invo- lucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferse. 255. In the Compositse the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in several whorls surrounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. 256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk or chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikclet of flowers, are called the glume, corresponding to the involucre. Those situated at the base of each separate flower are palea, answering to the calyx, 01 corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two) are called valves. 10. DURATION. 257. Leaves, although so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a great ma- jority < -f cases flourish but a single season, at the end of which they perish, although the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To mark their duration more accurately, leaves are said to be 1. Fugacious, when they fall off early, before the end of summer. 2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn. 3; Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their color until the neAv leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to be DECIDUOUS, or EVERGREEN. 258. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn, and marks an important era in the year. The first symptoms of decay are seen in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. These gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the com- mon color of the faded leaf. 259. Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several causes. During the latter part of the summer, the vessels become clogged by the deposition of earthy and solid matter contained in the sap, until they can no lon- ger admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. The whole structure consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast off at the point of articulation, as a dead part is from the living body of an animal. 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent portion of the medullary sheath (200), it must consist essentially of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by woody fibre, that is, fibro -vascular tissue. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 97 a. The tissue of the lamina, in like manner, must essentially correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it is but an extension. That peculiar form of cellular tissue of which it is composed is called parenchyma. 261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced (221) In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure ; but in those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not mate- rially differ. a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed with the epi- dermis. 262. The internal structure of the parenchyma is more complicated than would be at first supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination. Let an exceedingly thin paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of leaves in general. e e FIG. 36. 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the lily; 2, of the epidermis withjstomata. 263. The upper surface (a, a) is thus seen to consist of the flattened cells of the epidermis, arranged in a single layer. Just beneath this (b, b) is the more com- pact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a position that their longer axis is perpendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below we meet with the parenchyma of the lower surface (c, c), composed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis (d, d) of the under surface with stomata (P, e),. opening into air-chambers. a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls, the green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parenchyma, dark 98 THE LEAF. green above, where it is more compact ; but paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate with the external air by means of the stomata (37 39), which are generally found only in the lower surface. In those leaves, however, whose position is nat- urally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfaces. In other leaves, as in the Nymphasa, they are found upon the upper surface alone, the lower being in contact with the surface of the water. 265. The vessels of the latex '(34) are distributed through the under layer of the parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having reached the edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pei-vade the lower sur face, and are again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally returned into the bark. 266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very compact, and there are few if any stomata on the lower surface, then* places being supplied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aper- ture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the conditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flourishes. The hairs absorb moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epider- mis effectually restrains its evaporation. 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES 267. These are exhalation, absorption, respiration, and diges- tion, and the result of their combined action is the conversion of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the plant, with its various products. 268. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the previously formed secretions, which it meets with on its way. 269. EXHALATION is the process by which the superabundant water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the re- maining sap is reduced, as it were, by concentration, and con- tains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to perspiration in animals. 270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation; the latter depending solely upon heat and the state of the air, and being, in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis. 271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata RESPIRATION. 99 alone. But since these are opened by the influence of the Lght and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed only in the presence of the light (155). a. If a plate of glass be held near the wider surface of an active leaf of the Hydrangea, in a still air, it will soon be covered with dew ; but if the experiment be repeated by holding the glass over the upper surface, it- will remain dry. Again, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature ; and if the stomata be then examined they will be found dosed. 272. That exhalation and absorption by the roots are mutually dependent upon each other, has already been stated (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been confirmed by experiment. A sunflower 3^ feet high, was ascertained by Hales to transpire from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c. Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains, absorbed and exhaled its own weight of water in 6 hours. 273. ABSORPTION is primarily the office of the roots (154), but in certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also. a. When tho roots are imperfect, or wanting, or serve merely to fix the plant in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidaceae, it is evident that the plant must derive its nourishment chiefly from the absorption performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in general are capable of this function. Every one knows how plants, when parched and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their roots, but only moistens their leaves. 274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorp- tion. This is readily shown by experiment. Leaves with then 1 lower surfaces in contact with the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, with the upper surface only in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted as many months. 275. RESPIRATION in plants is analogous to respiration, or breathing, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also, even by the roots. 276. Respiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid. a. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a con trary nature, treated of under the head of digestion. 9* 100 . THE LEAF 277. Respiration appears to be going 011 constantly, by day and by night, during the life of the plant, even while it is act- ively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of car- bon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous portion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleteri- ous acid is removed from the blood of animals by breathing. 278. Let a few healthy plants be placed under a bell-glass containing air from which all the carbonic acid has been previously removed. After a few hours let the air be tested by shaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced, whether the bell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness. 279. Respiration is carried on with peculiar activity during the two periods of germination and flowering. a. In germination pure oxygen is absorbed, either from the air or water, or both, in the absence of light (133, d), and returned to the ah 1 combined with the superfluous carbon of the starch, which thus is converted into sugar for the nour- ishment of the young plant. b. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By this process it seems that the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle- (59), is changed into saccharine matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70,81), the superfluous portion flowing off in the form of honey. And it has been ascer- tained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the devel- opment of the disk, f 280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it be surrounded by an atmosphere with too great a proportion of carbonic acid, or in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and cx- cluded from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily perishes. \ 281. DIGESTION, in plants, consists properly of all those changes effected by the leaves in rendering the crude sap fit for the purposes of nutrition. But that process which is more par- * Carbonic acid is composed of 6 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts oi oxygen. t Thus Saussure found that the flower of the Arum, while in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its own volume of oxygen in 24 hours ; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times, and during its withering, 5 times. When the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times their own bulk. CARBON. 101 liculariy described under the head of digestion, consists in the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of the leaves, under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon, and the evolution of pure oxygen. 282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable structure. The chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of ani- mals, from the earth, &c. a. ' Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air charged with 7 or 8 per cent, of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of the carbonic acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light. Ac- cordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the want of the proper supply of carbon, on which their green color depends. 283. We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and evolved by the latter, there can be no reasonable doubt ; for when we consider how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too, derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with this are the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently shown, that ' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long as it continues healthy.' 284. Thus are the two great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subser- vient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animals require an atmosphere comparatively pure, although, by their respiration and decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases. Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the res- toration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases, the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, affording the highest proof of wis- 'lom and design. $ Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained ; viz. that it is not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspension of vital action. During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by day is lost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorted to recombine with .some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the origi- nal design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it. 102 INFLORESCENCE. CHAPTER XIII. INFLORESCENCE. 285. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of i he flowers upon a stem or branch. 286. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, like the leaf-bud, of which we have shown it to be a modifica- tion, is either terminal or axillary. a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanacese)', situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, ad- heres to the intcrnode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 287. The PEDUNCLE (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on which the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to be sessile. 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a sin- gle flower, are called PEDICELS. 289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- ranean 'stem, in such plants as are called stemless (177). Ex, Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of which it is a modification, it is leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 290. The RACHIS (gu/ic, the spine) is the axis of the inflores- cence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, grape, and grasses. 291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists of a single terminal flower, as in Erytlironium, or when but a single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petu- nia, Convolvulus. CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 102 292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that, is, the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, bota- nists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from axillary, and the other from terminal flowers. 293. In CENTRIPETAL inflorescence the evolution (blossoming) of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as in the UmbeUiferae and the Cruciferse. a. The student will readily perceive that the cv-cumference of a depressed (flat- tened, inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axi.*, 01 rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leav- ing the circumference at the base. 294. In CENTRIFUGAL inflorescence the blossoming com- mences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe. a. ' This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a soli- tary flower seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches saccessively produced at the node next below the primary flower. This is bcatdfalry illustrated in Spergula. FIG. 37. Modes of inflorescence ; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maxi mum ; 2, fascicle ; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb) ; 4, spike. 295. Sometimes we find these two modep. of inflorescence combined in the same plant. In the Composite, as Dr. Gray remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial inflores- 104 INFLORESCENCE. cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri- fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiates the partial inflorescences (verticilas- .ters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is centripetal. 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, panicle, and thyrse. 297. The SPIKE is an inflorescence consisting of several ses- sile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (rachis). Ex. Plantago, Verbascum. 298. The RACEME is the same as the spike, but having the flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme may be either erecj, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in the currant and black cherry. 299. The AMENT, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are cov- ered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and fall off together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. Ex. Salix, Betula. 300. The SPADIX is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Aram, Calla. 301. The CORYMB is the same . as the raceme, having the lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (Cratasgus). 302. An UMBEL resembles the corymb, but the pedicels are of nearly equal length, and- all arise from the same point in the common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia hispida, 'onion. 303. A HEAD or CAPITULUM is similar to an umbel, but the flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the pedun- cle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). a. But the more common kind of capitulum is that where the summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk (re- ceptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the Compositae, and is equivalent to the compound flowers of the earlier botanists. b. In the rtipttulum there is a general resemblance to the simple flower, the CYME. 105 rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are called florets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central portions, florets of the disk. 304. The PANICLE is a compound inflorescence, formed by an irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, Poa, and many other grasses. 305. The THYRSE is the same as the panicle, having the lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut. a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes itself an umbel, as in most of the UmbellifersB. In these cases the secondary umbels are called UMBELLETS, and sometimes partial umbels. See $ 254. By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound raceme, a corymb a compound corymb, &c. FI-G. 33. Modes of inflorescence ; 1, raceme ; 2, ament ; 3, spadix ; 4, head ; 5, panicle 6, verticillaster; 7, thyrse. 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties are described; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster. 307. CYME. This inflorescence has the general aspect of tho corymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifu gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked and 3-forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, chick weed. a. The cyme is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc ture and development are as follow* The terminal flower, which is the first to 106 INFLORESCENCE. ^ be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course, transverse to each other (219, c). From one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or multinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiary peduncles, each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and so on. b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be occasioned by the absence of other parts. 308. FASCICLE. This is a modification of the cyme, in which the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet william, and other species of Dianthus. 309. VERTICILLASTER or VERTICIL, called also, though improp- erly, ivhorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are peculiar to the Labiataj, where two such cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of leaves. a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of producing flowers , is changed into a ten- dril, as in the vine. CHAPTER XIV. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters, that plants consist chiefly of four simple organic elements; viz. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The first mentioned exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of the others. These four elements constitute about 94 per cent of all vegetable matter. 311. CARBON (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled Dy heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. NITROGEN, although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable products ; as gluten, legumine, albumen. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 107 312. Besides these four universal elements, many other sub- stances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species: thus forest trees and most other inland plants contain potassa ; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c. ; the grasses, silex -and phosphate of lime; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime ; the Leguminosse, carbonate of lime. Now all these ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential elements in the foo na, num ; as Erica Linncana, Linnaius's heath ; Rosa Lawrcnciana, Miss Lawrence's rose. In these cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter. $2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 364. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c. is called botanical analysis. 365. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examina- tion plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with- PRESERVING PLANTS. 119 ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the flower. 366. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by com- mitting to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown fa- miliar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 367. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by tie aid of authors, a pointimmedi- ately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs. 368. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, we are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTICAL TABLES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost im- mediately, to the object of their research. See the directions. 3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering at- tention to the collection and preservation of specimens of as many species of plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections, either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more thorough examination at one's leisure, are such as will afford an abundant com- pensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them. a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an HERBARIUM, or by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden). 370. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, 1st, a close tin box, 20 inches in length, and of a portable form ; 2d, a portable press } consisting of two boards of light material 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is a good substitute) ; 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a dozen or more quires of printing paper) ; 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size as the paper ; 5th, a small screw-press, or several lead weights of various sizes, from 1 5 to 30 pounds each. 11 120 NOMENCLATURE. 371. In gathering plants for tins purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the smaller and herbaceous plants should be taken up with a portion of the roots, while from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete represen- tations of the leaves and flowers. They may be preserved for several days, with- out withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thick- nesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable that they be gathered in a dry day ; if not, they should be freed from dampness before being committed to the paper and press. 372. In drying the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible, between 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the boards. The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush their parts, and may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights used. Cotton batting may be used to equalize the pressure. 373. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to fresh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are ready to be transferred to the cabinet. The true secret of preserving specimens with oil their colors is to extract the moisture from them by pressure in an abund- ance of dry, bibulous paper as soon as possible. 374. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens. For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper, about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or they may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper, with the name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, time of gather- ing, habits, &c. 375. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a different color from that which en- folds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on the outside. Thus arranged, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge satu- rated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept dry, and well ventilated. 376. Fruits and seeds which are too large to be pressed with the plants, ano also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. * The figures refer to paragraphs. A ; (, privative) in composition signifies without. Abortion; an imperfect development of any organ. Abbreviations, 128. Absorption, 157, 15S, 272, 273, 274. Acaulescent, 184. Accessory ; something added to the usual parts. Accretion ; the growing of one thing to another. Accumbent; lying upon. In the Cru- ciferje it denotes the radicle lying upon the edges of the cotyledons. Acerose, 234, 26. Achenium, 116, 9. Achlamydeous, 54. Aciculaf ; needle-shaped. Acine ; a separate grain or carpel of a col- lective fruit. Acotyledonous, 48. Acrogens, 351. Aculeate ; armed with prickles. Acuminate, 236, 3. Acute, 236, 1. Adherent, 97. Adnate ; growing to or upon, 69, 2. Estivation, 108. Aggregate ; assembled closely together. ' Aglumaceous, 350. Alse, 105, 5. Alburnum, 203. Albumen, 122. Alternative, 108, 5. Alveolate ; with partitions like a honey- comb. Ament, 299. Amplexicaul, 222, 3. Anastomosing; the uniting of vessels; inosculating. Anatropous, 121. Ancipital; two-edged. Androecium, 57, 65. Androgynous; with both stamens and pistils. Angiosperms, 349. Anthelmintic ; expelling or killing worms Animal, definition of, 11. Antiseptic ; efficacious against putrefac tion. Anther, 68. Apetalae, 354. Apetalous, without petals. Appressed; pressed closely upon some- thing else. Apterous ; without wings (or margins). Aquatics; growing in or belonging to the water. Arachnoid; 41, a. Arboreous; tree-like. Arborescent ; belonging to a tree. Areolae ; having the surface divided into little spaces, or areas. Ariditv; dryness. Aril, il9. * Aristate; bearded, as in the glumes of barley. Armed, 235, 7. Aroma ; the spicy quality of a thing. Articulation; a joint; the place where one thing is joined to another. Artificial Classes, 73. Artificial Orders, 80. Ascidia, 245. Ascending; arising pbliquelv, assurgent Assurgent; arising in an oblique direc- tion. Attenuate ; rendered slender or thin. Auriculate, 232, 9. Awn, 256. Axil (arm-pit); the angle between the petiole and branch, on the upper side Axillary ; growing out of the axils. Axis, ascending, 19. Axis, descending, 19. r 122 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Baccate ; berry-like, covered with pulp. Banner, 105, 5. Bark, 205. Beak ; a hard, short point, like the beak of a bird. Bearded ; with long awns or hairs. Berry, 116, 14. Bicuspidate ; with two points. Bidentate ; with two teeth. Biennial ; of two years' duration. Bifid; two-cleft. Bifoliate ; with two leaves. Bilabiate ; two-lipped. Bifurcate ; two-forked. Binate ; growing two together. Bipinnate, 240, 5. Bipinnatifid ; twice pinnatifid. Bisaccate ; with two tumors or sacks. Biternate, 240, 7. Bivalved ; two-valved. Botany defined, 1. Braclnate; with opposite spreading branches (arms). Bracteate ; having bracts.^ Bracteolse ; little bracts. Bracts, 252. Branchlets ; small branches. Branch, 170. Bristles ; rigid hairs. Bud, 20, 22. 165169. Bulb, 173. Bulbiferous, 178, c. Bulblets, 178, c. Bulbous ; having bulbs. Caducous, 98. Caespitose ; turfy, growing in tufts. Calycine ; of a calyx. Calculated; having bracteoles resem- bling an external or additional calyx. Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to the cover of the theca of some mosses. Calyx, 55, 95. Cambium, 207. Campanulate, 104, 1. Campylotropous ; denotes that the ovule is curved upon itself. Canaliculate ; channelled, or furrowed. Canescent ; hoary, approaching to white. Capillary ; very slender, hair-like. Capitate ; growing in a head. Capsule, 116, 1. Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped. Caryopsis ; a small, 1 -celled, indehiscent pericarp, adhering to the seed which it encloses, as in the grasses. 116,8. Carpels, 77. Carpophore ; the axis of the fruit in the UmbelUferce. Cartilaginous; gristly. Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4. Cathartic; purgative. Catkin, 299: Caudate ; with a tail-like appendage. Caudex, 142, a. Caulescent, 184. Cauline, 220. Caulis, 184. Cellular ; composed of cells. Cellular tissue, 29. Cellulares, 47. Ceniuous; nodding. Chaffy ; with chaff like processes. Chalaza, 91. Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 28. Chlorophyll, 215, a. Chromulas ; green coloring-matter or par tides. Cilise ; hairs like those of the eyelash. Ciliate, 41, a. Circinate, 217, 7. Circumscissile, 115, 5. Cirrhose, 240, 2. Clavate; club-shaped. Claw, 102. Climbers, 187. Cochleate; resembling the shell of a snail. Cohering; connected. Collum, 141. Columella, 116, a. Colored ; not green. Columnar ; formed like columns. Column; the consolidated stamens and pistils of Orchidaceae. Coma, 118, a. Commissure ; the inner face of the car pels of Umbelliferse. Compound leaves, 238. Comose ; a kind of inflorescence, having a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it. Compound leaves; consisting of several leaflets. Compressed, 222, 1. Concave ; hollow. Concentric ; points or lines at equal dis- tance from a common centre. Concrete; hardened, or formed into one Confluent ; running into one another. Conjugate ; joined in pairs. Connate; joined together at the base, 242, 4. Connectile, 68, b. Connivent; converging. Conoid ; like a cone. Contorted ; 108, 4, twisted. Convolute, 108, 2. Convex ; rising spherically. Coral Islands, 12, c. Cordate, 234, 25. Coriaceous ; leathery, thick, and tough. Corm, 179. Cornute; horned. Corolla, 56, 100. Corona (a crown); the expanded cup like disk of the Narcissus, &c. Corymb, 301. Corymbose ; arranged like a corymb Costate; ribbed. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 12b Cotyledon, 125. Ootyledonous plants, 48. Creeper, 1S2. Crenate, 235, 4. Crenulate, 235, 4. Crisped, 235, 10. Cruciform, 105, 1. Cryptogamia, 345. Cucullate ; hooded, cowled. Culm, 186, a. Cultivation, effects of, 15. Cuneate ; wedge-shaped. Cupule; the cup, or involucre, of the acorn, and of all amentaceous plants. Cuspidate ; like the point of a spear. A leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con- tracted to a point. Cuticle ; the epidermis ; scarf-skin. Cyathiform; cup-shaped; concave. Cylindraceous ; like a cylinder in fonn. Cyme, 307. Cymose, like a cyme. Cyanic, of the blue series ; i. e. white, red, blue,any color saVe yellow or ochroleuc. Decandrous ; with 10 stamens. Deciduous, 98. Declinate ; turned towards one side. Decompound ; more than once compoun- ded, as bipinnate, &c. Decumbent; lying down, or leaning on the ground. Decurrent, 242, 3. Decussate; crossing each other at right angles. Deflexed ; bent downwards. Defoliation, 259. Dehiscence, 68, a, 115. Deltoid ; shaped like the Greek letter A. Dentate, 235, 2. Denticulate, 235, 2. Depressed ; pressed inward or flattened from above. Diandrous ; with two stamens. Diadelphous ; having the stamens united in 2 sets. Diaphanous ; transparent. Dichotomous; branching by two equal divisions; forked. Diclinous ; (stamens and pistils) in sepa- rate flowers. Dicotyledonous plants, 127. Didymous ; two united. Didynamous ; having two long stamens and two short ones in the same flower. Diffuse; wide-spread, scattered. -Digestion, 2S1. Digitate, 233, 18. Digynous ; with two pistils. Dioecious ; bearing staminate flowers on one individual, and pistillate on another. Discoid; in the Composite, when the flowers are all tubular in the same head. Disk, 107, b ; also, the centre of a head in the Composite. Dissected ; cut into 2 parts. 11* Dissepiment; the partitions by which the cells of the pericarp are separated. Dissemination of seeds, 135. Distichous ; leaves or flowers in two op- posite rows. Distinct, 63, e. Divaricate; spreading in a straggling manner. Dodecandrous ; having twelve stamens. Dorsal, 84 (on the back). Drupe, 116, 6. Ducts, 33, /. Duramen, 203. Echinate ; beset with prickles. Elernentarv organs, 29, &c. Elliptical, 232, 2. Elongated ; exceeding the common length Emarginate, 236, 4. Embryo, 123, 124, 130. Emollient ; softening. Endocarp, 112. Endogenous structure 210, 211. Endogens, 126, 197, 348. Endopleura, 118. Endosmose, 158, a. Endostome ; inner mouth or perforation. Ensiform ; sword-shaped, two-edged. Entire, 235, 1. Epicarp, 112. Epidermis, 35. Epigvnous, 107, 6. Epiphytes, 150, b. Equitant, 217, 1. Erose, 235, 5. Esculent; eatable. Etiolated ; blanched or whitened. Exhalation, 269, 271. Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c. Exogens, 127, 196, 348. Excsmose, 158, a. Exotic ; foreign ; not native. Exserted ; projecting or extending out of the flower or sheath. Exsiccated ; dried up. Exstipulate, 251. Extrorse, 68, 4. Fsecula ; the nutritious part of wheat and other fruits. Falcate ; sickle-shaped ; linear and curved Farinaceous ; mealy. Fascicle, 308. Fasciculated, 146, a. Fastigiate ; having a flat or level top. Favose ; deeply pitted. Feather-veined, 230, 1. Febrifuge ; efficacious against fever. Fecundation ; the act of making fruitful. Ferruginous ; iron-colored ; rusty. Fibrils, 142, b, 152. Fibro-vascular tissue, 260. Fibrous, 146. Filament, 67. Filiform ; shaped like a thread. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Fimbriate; fringed. Fistular or fistulous ; tubular. Flabelliform ; fan-shaped. Flexuous ; bent in an undulating manner. Floating root, 149. . Floral envelopes, or perianth, 54. Floral leaves, 252. Florets, 303, b. Flosculous; consisting of many tubular monopetalous flowers, or florets. Flower, origin of, 24. consists of, 53. " physiological structure of, 106. " normal structure of, 61, c. Flower-bud, 166. Foliaceous ; having the form of leaves. Follicle, 116, 5. Foot-stalks ; the stalks of either flowers or leaves. Foramen, 90. Fork-veined, 229, 3. Free, 97. Free central placenta, 88. Fringed ; having a border like a fringe. Frond ; the leaves of the ferns, palms, &c. have been generally so called. Fruit, 109, 110. " growth of, 113. " ripening of, 114. " consists of, 111. Frutescent; shrubby. Fugacious, 257, 1. Fungous ; of the substance of the Fungi. Funiculus, 91. Furcate ; forked. Fusiform, 145. Galea ; (104, 5) the arched upper lip of a labiate flower. Geminate; doubled. Genus, 52. Germ ; the old name of the ovary. Germination, 130 133. Gibbous ; swelled out, protuberant. Glabrous, 237, 1. Glands, 44. Glandular fibre or tissue, 31. Glaucous; sea green; pale bluish green with a powder or bloom. Globose ; round or spherical. Glossology, 4. Glumacece, 350. Glume, 256. Granular ; 147, 6 } formed of grains or cov- ered with grains. Gregarious ; herding together. Grooved ; furrowed or channelled. Groups, 357. Gymnosperms, 349. Gynandrous; having the stamens and styles combined in one body. Gynoecium, 5S. Hairs, 41. Hastate 232, 10. Habit ; the general aspect or external features of a plant, by which it ia known at sight. Head, 303. Helmet or Galea, 104, 5. Herb, 164, c. Herbarium, 369, 370. Heterogamous ; flowers not all perfect, some being neutral or pistillate. Hexandrous ; having six stamens. Hilum, 120. Hirsute, 41, a. Hispid ; rough, with stiff hairs. Hoary, 237, 5. Homogamous; flowers all tubular, simi- lar and perfect, as in some of the Com- positse. Homogeneous ; having a uniform nature or composition. Hooded ; curved or hollowed at the end into the form of a hood. Hot springs, 12, e. Hyaline ; crystalline, transparent. Hybrid ; partaking of the nature of two species. Hypocrateriform, 104, 3. Hypogynous, 107, b. Imbricate ; placed one over another, like the tiles upon a roof, 108, 8. [noised, 235, 8. Incrassated; becoming thicker by de- grees. [ndehiscent, 115. [ndigenous ; native of. [nduplicate, 108, 7. [ncumbent; lying against or across. In the Cruciferas it denotes that the radi cle is applied to the back of one of the cotyledons. [ndusium ; the membrane that encloses the theca of ferns. fnferior, 97. Inflated; tumid and hollow, blown up like a bladder. [nflexed ; bending inward. Inflorescence, 285, &c. " centripetal, 293. centrifugal, 294. [nfundibuliform, 104, 2. tnnate, 68, 1. [nserted into ; growing out of. [ntegument, 118. [ntercellular passages, 39. [nternode, 172. [ntrorse, 69, 4. [nvolucel, 254. tnvolucre, 254. tnvolute, 217, 3. [rregular ; unequal in size or figure Keel, 105, 5. Kidney-shaped, 232, 12 (reniform). Labellum, 107, a. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 125 Labiate, 104, 5. Laciniate, 233, 20. Lactescent ; milky or juicy. Lamina, 102. Lanate; woolly. Lanceolate, 232, 5. Lateral ; relating to the side. Latex, 265. Laticiierous tissue, 34, 207, c. Leaf consists of, 27. form of, 231. color of, 215. margin of, 235. surface of, 237. functions of, 267. duration of, 257. Leaf-bud, 167. Leaflets, 239. Leaves, arrangement of, 218. Legume, 116, 4. Leguminous ; having legumes. Lenticular ; lens-shaped. Liber, 205, 206. Ligneous ; woody. Ligula, or ligule ; the membrane at the top of the sheath of grasses, &c. Ligulate; strap-shaped. Liliaceous, 105, 3. Limb, 103. Linear, 234, 23. Linnean Classes, 73, 74. Linnean Orders, 80. Loculicidal, 115, 1. Loment ; a jointed legume. Lunate ; crescent-shaped. Lyrate, 232, 14. Marescent ; withering on the plant. Marginal ; on the margin. Medulla; pith. Medullary rays, 204. Medullary sheath, 200. Membranous, or membranaceous ; with the texture of membrane. Mericarp; half-fruit. Mesosperm, 118. Midrib, 226. Midvein, 226. Mineral denned, 9. Monadelphous ; stamens all united. Monandrous ; with one stamen. Moniliform, 147, b. Monocotyledonous plants, 126. Monoecious ; stamens and pistils apart, in separate flowers on the same plant. Monopetalce, 354. Monopetalous, 101. Monosepalous, 96. Mucronate, 236, 6. Multifid ; many-cleft. Muricate ; with hard short points. Naked ovules, or seeds, 111, a. Napiform, 145, e. ^ Narcotic ; producing sleep or torpor. Natural System, 341. Nectariferous ; producing honey. Nectary, 107, a. Nerves, 227. Net-veined, *9. Nodding ; in a drooping position. Node, 172. Normal ; regular, according to rule. Normal structure of plants, 61. " causes of deviation from, 63. Nucleus, 90. Nut, 116, 7. Nutrition, principles of, 310. Ob, in composition implies inversion, as obovate, inversely-ovate, &c. Oblong, 232, 3. Obovate, 232, 6. Obvolute ; 217, 2. Obsolete ; indistinct, as if worn out. Obtuse ; blunt. Ochroleucous, yellowish Octandrous ; with eight stamens.; [white. Octogynous ; with eight styles. Officinal: used in or belonging to tha shops. Offset, 191. Oleaginous, oily. Operculum ; the lid to a pyxis, &c. Opposite, 218, 3. Orbicular, 232, 1. Orders, 355. " names of, 360. Ordinal ; relating to tlu Orders. Organic bases, 28. Organography, 2. Orthotropous, 121. Oval, 234. 24. Ovary, 76, 77. Ovate ; egg-shaped (surface), *s a leaf Ovoid ; egg-formed (solid), as a fruit. Ovules, 81, 89. Paleacious, 99, a. Palese, 256. Palmate, 147, a. Panduriform; fiddle-shaped, rounded at the ends, narrow in the middle. Panicle, 304. Papilionaceous, 105, 5. Papillose ; producing small glandular ex- crescences. Pappus, 99, a. Parasitic ; growing upon or nourished by another. Parallel-veined, 229, 2. Parenchyma, 29, 261. Parietal placentas, Pectinate ; comb-like, with long, narrow segments. Pedate; when the palmate leaf has the two lateral lobes cut into two or more segments. Pedicel, 288. Pedicellate ; furnished with a pedicel. Peduncle, 287, 288. Pellucid ; transparent. Peltate, 233, 21. 126 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Pendulous; drooping, hanging down. Pentagonal ; with 5 sides and 5 angles. Pentandrous ; with 5 stan,ens. Pepo, 116, 13. Perennial ; enduring three years or more. Perfoliate, 242, 2. Perianth, 54. Pericarp, 112. Perigynous ; inserted into the calyx. \ Peristome ; the rim or border surrounding the orifice of the theca of a moss. Permanent ; same as persistent. Persistent, 98. Personate, 104, 5. Petal, 101. Petaloid ; resembling petals. Petiolate, 221. Petiole, 221, 222. Phasnogamia, 46, 345. Pilose, 99, a. Pinnae ; (wings) the segments of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate, 240, 1. Pinnatifid, 232, 15. Pistil, 58, 75. " physiological structure of, 83. " theoretical structure of, 84. Pistillate ; bearing pistils. Pith, 199. Placenta, 87. Plaited, 217, 6. Plant defined, 10. Plicate ; folded like a fan. Plumose, 99, a. Plumule, 124, b. Pod ; legumes, siliques, &c. Pollen, 70. Polyandrous ; with many stamens. Polyadelphous ; stamens united in seve- ral sets. Polygamous 5 having staminate or pistil- late and perfect flowers on the same tree. Polygynous ; with many pistils. Polypetalse, 354. Polypetalous, 101. Polysepalous, 93. Polyspermous ; many-seeded. Pome, 116, 12. Pores; apertures of perspiration in the cuticle. Premorse, 145, b. Prickles, 43. Primine, 90. Prismatic ; formed like a prism, with 3 or more angles. Procumbent ; trailing on the ground. Proliferous ; forming young plants about the roots. Prostrate ; trailing fiat on the ground. Pubescent, 41, a. Pulp ; the soft, juicy, cellular substance found in berries and other fruits. Pulverulent ; powdery. Pnnctate, 237, 10. Pungent ; stinging or pricking. Putamen, 112. Pyriform ; pear-shaped. Pyxis, 116, 11. Quinate, 241, 9. Quincuncial, 108, 3. Raceme, 298. Racemose ; resembling a raceme. Rachis, 290. Radiate ; when the outer flowers of an in- florescence are largest, or furnished with rays. Radiate-veined, 230, 2. Radical, 220. Radicle, 124, a. Ramial, 220. Ramose, 144. Raphe, 121. Raphides, 29 / Receptacle, 59. Recurved ; bent or curved backwards. Reflexed ; curved backwards and down- wards. Reniform, 232, 12. Repand, 235, 11. Respiration, 275 280. Resupinate ; inverted. Reticulate, 229, 1. Retrorse ; bent backwards. Retuse, 236, 5. Revolute, 217, 4. Rhizoma, 181. Rhomboid ; oval and angular in the mid- dle. Rib [costa] ; ridge caused by projecting veins, &c. Ringent, 104, 5. Root, 136 160. " growth of, 153. " forms of, 143, &c. " use of, 154. " physiological structure of, 151. Rosaceous, 105, 2. Rostrate ; with a beak. Rosulate ; arranged in a radiant manner like the petals of a double rose. Rotate, 104, 4. Rugose, 237, 9. Runcinate, 232, 13. Runner, 185. Saccate ; with a bag or sack. Sagittate, 232, 11. Samara, 116, 10. Sap, 268. Sapwood, 203. Sarcocarp, 112. Scabrous ; rough. Scale ; the bracts of the Compositse. Scape, 186, 289. "Scarious ; drv, colorless, membranaceous. Scorpoid ; when racemes are revolute be- fore expansion, as Drosera,,&c. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 127 Scattered, 218, 1. Secund ; turned to one side. Secundine, 90. Scrobiculate ; pitted or furrowed. Seed, 117, &c. " vitality of, 134. Segments ; parts or divisions. Seminal ; of the seed. Sepals, 96. SepticidaJ, 115, 2. Septifragal, 115, 3. Septinate, 241, 10. Septum ; a partition. Sericeous, 41, a. Serrate, 235, 3. Serrulate, 235, 3. Sessile, 221. Setaceous, or setose ; bristly. Setose, 99, a. Sheath ; the lower part of the leaf or leaf- stalk which surrounds the stem. Shrub. 164, b. Signs, 128. Silicic, 116. 3. Silique, 116, 2. Sinuate, 232, 16. Sinus ; the recesses formed by the lobes of leaves, &c. Soporific ; inducing sleep. Sori ; the patches of fructification on the back of the fronds of ferns. Spadix, 300. Spathe ; the sheath surrounding a spadix or a single flower. Spathulate ; obovate, with the lower end much narrowed and tapering. Species, 50. Specific names, 362. Spermoderm ; skin of a seed. Spike, 297. Spines, 171. Spinous, 235, 7. Spiral vessels, 33, a. Spongioles, 142, c. Spores, 129. Sporogens, 347 Sporules or spores, 129. Spur, 107, a. Stamens, 57, 65, 73. " consist of, 66. " and pistils, use of, 92. S laminate ; with stamens only, barren. Standard ; same as vexiUum or banner. Stellate, 242, 5. Stem, 161. " functions of, 208, 209. Sterile ; barren, unfruitful. Sternutatory ; exciting to sneezing. " Stigma, 79. Stings, 42. Stipe ; the stalk of a pod, of a fungus, &c. Stipels, 251. Stipitate, borne on a stipe. Stipules, 249. Stipulate, 251. Stolon, 192. Stoloniferous ; bearing stolons. Stomata, 37, 38, 39. Straight-veined ; where the principal veins pass direct to the margin. Striae ; small streaks, channels or furrows. Striate ; with striae, slightly furrowed, &c. Strigose ; clothed with short, stiff, and appressed hairs. Strobile, 116, 15. Style, 78. Stylopodium ; a kind of disk which is epigynoul and confluent with the style. Sub ; in composition, it denotes a lower degree of the quality, as sub-sessile, nearly sessile, &c. Submersed ; under water. Subulate; awl-shaped. Succulent ; thick, juicy, and fleshy. Suffrutescent ; somewhat shrubby. Suffruticose ; same as the last. Sulcate ; furrowed or grooved. Superior, 97. Suture, 84. Symmetrical, 61, c. Syncarpous ; when the fruit consists of united carpels. Syngenesious ; when the anthers are uni tea into a tube, as in Composite. Systematic botany, 330. Tap root, 145, c. Tendril, 187, a. Terete ; rounded or cylindric. Terminal ; borne at tne summit. Ternate, 240. 4. Testa, 118. Tetradynamous ; with 2 short and 4 long stamens. Tetragynous ; with 4 pistils. Tetrandrous ; with 4 stamens. Thallogens, 351. Thallus; that part of Lichens which bears the fructification. Theca; the vessels which contain the sporules of the Cryptogamia. Thorn, 171. Throat; the orifice of the tube of the corolla. Thyrse, 305. Tomentose, 41, a. Toothed; dentate. Torose ; uneven or undulating on the sui- face. Torus ; receptacle, 59. Trailing ; creeping or lying on the ground . Transverse; cross-wise. Tree, 164, a. Triandrous ; with 3 stamens. Tricuspidate ; having three points. Tridentate; three-toothed. Trifid; three-cleft. Tripinnate, 239, 6. Triternate, 239, 8. Truncate ; blunt, as if cut square off. Trunk, 189. 128 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Tube, 103. Tuber, ISO. Tuberiferous ; bearing tubers. Tuberous, 147. Tubular, 103. Tunicated, 178, a. Turbinate ; shaped like a top. Turgid; swollen. Umbel, 302, a. Umbellet, 305, a. Umbilicate ; depressed in the centre. Unarmed, 235, 7. Uncinate ; hooked at the end. Undulate; wavy. Unquis ; the claw, as of a petal. Unilateral; one-sided. Utricle, 116, 8. Valvate, 108, 1. Valves, 115. Varieties, 51. Vascular tissue, 33. Vasculares, 47. Vasiform tissue, 32. Vegetable physiology, 3. Vegetable kingdom, variety of, 13. Vegetation, its din usiou, 14. a. Veins, 228. Veinlets, 228. Veinulets, 228. Velvety ; clothed with a dense, soft pub escence. Venation, 2Q6. Ventral, 84. Vernation, 216. Verticillaster, 309. Verticillate, 218, 4. Vescicular; bladdery. Vexillary, 108, 6. Vexillum, 105, 5. Villose ; villous ; clothed with long hairs. Vine, 187. Viscid ; clammy, sticky. Vittae ; receptacles or secretion in the seed of Umbelliferse. Whorled, 175. Winged, 222, 2. Wood, 201, 202. Woody tissue, or fibre, 30. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, OFTEN USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. ach. achenia. test, estivation. alter, alternate. amplex. amplexicaul. anth. anther. axilL axillary. cal. calyx. caps, capsule. cor, corolla. decid. deciduous. diam. diameter. ellip. elliptical. emarg. emarginate. epig. epigynous. / or ft. feet. fl. filaments. fl. flower ; fls. flowers. fr. fruit. lid. head ; hds. heads. hyp. hypogynous. imbr. imbricate. inf. inferior. invol. involucre. irreg. irregular. leg. legume. If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. Ifts. leaflets. lorn, loment. opp. opposite. ova. ovary. ped. peduncle. pet. petals. perig. perigynous. perig. perigynium. recep. receptacle. reg. regular. rkiz. rhizoma. rt. root. ' sds. seeds. seg. segments. sep. sepals. st. stem. sta. stamens. stig. stigmas. sty. styles. The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, ana always in the same manner as in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Mass. Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York ; la. or Ind., Indiana, &c. The following Signs are also in general use: An annual plant. . A biennial plant. 1| A perennial herb. h A plant with a woody stem. d 1 A staminate flower or plant. 9 A pistillate flower or plant. ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 129 Used only in the Cruciferae. 5 A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 8 Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. $cf Dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. V $ cf Polygamous ; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. Wanting or none. 00 Indefinite, or numerous. 0= Cotyledons accumbent. || Cotyledons incumbent. 0>> Cotyledons conduplicate. $ A naturalized plant. f A plant cultivated for ornament. j A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of'longth, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work : f (without the period) A fboQM ' (a single accent) An inch. " {a double accent) A line (one twelfth of). ! The note of exclamation, now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation ('?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal obset - vation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that place." Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affir- mation is used only where the fact stated or implied is . somewhat new, or might otherwise have been regarded as doubtful. Authors' names, when of more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by writing the first syllable and the next following or last consonant. The following are nearly all the names thus abridged in this work : Adans. Adanson. Agh. Agardh. Ait. Aiton. Arn. Arnott. Bart. Barton. Benth. Bentham. Berl. Berlandier. Bernh. Bernhardi. Brongn. Brongniart. Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. Boehm. Boehmer. Bong. Bongard. Br. Brown. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Darl. Darlington. DC. De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines. Desv. Desvaux. Dew. Dewey. Duh. Duhamel. Endl. Endlicher. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Ell. Elliot. Engel. Engelman. Forsk. Forskahl. Froal. Froelich. Gsert. Gaertner. Ging. Gingins. Gmel. Gmelin. Gron. Gronovius. Hedw. Hedwig. Hoffm. Hoffmann. Hook. Hooker. Juss. Jussieu. Lam. Lamark. Lee. Le Conte. Lindl. Lindley. Linn.* Linnaeus. Lk. Link. Lehm. Lehmann. Mart. Martins. Mentz. Mentzel. Michx. Michaux. Mill. Miller. Mirb. Mirbel. Moench. Mcenchausen. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Nutt. Nuttall. Pcrs. Persoon. Pall. Pallas. Pav. Pavon. Poir. Poiret. Ph. Pursh. R. Br. Robert Brown. Raf. Rafinesque. Rich. Richard. Schw. Schwenitz. Scop. Scopoli. Ser. Seringe. Schk. Schkuhr. Sm. Smith. Spr. Sprengel. Sw. Swartz. T. & G. Torrey & Gray Torr. Torrey. Tourn. Tournefort. Traut. Trautvetter. Willd. Willdenow. Walt. Walter. ANALYTICAL TABLES. The object of scientific tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical ; to ex- hibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to which they relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast. Second, practical; to aid the student in his researches by affording him an abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter; viz. * In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Linn, is to he understood. 130 ANALYTICAL TABLES. as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists of a simple series tf dilemmas or alternatives ; the decision being, in almost all cases, to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These (decisions or dilemmas being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satis- factory conclusion. In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that they are drawn from leaves, fruity jflower, or any portion of the plant which suited our convenience, our only inquiry being after those whfch appear to us the most obvious and constant. It should 'be remarked, however, that in many instances these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work ; that is, found in the United States, north of lat. 3S|. In our choice of terms we have always, of necessity, studied the utmost brevity of expression, but have used none but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be ob- vious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions and illustrations. We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora, in other words to analyze. To this end, he first determines to which of the six great classes of the natural 'sys- tem it belongs, either by his previous knowledge of their characters, which should be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical view, page 131. Thus he inquires, 1. Is the plant a flowering or fiowerless one ? Ans. Flowering. It belongs there- fore to Pltaenogamia. Turn next to the 2d couplet. 2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or parallel-veined, &c. 1 Ans. Net-veined, and the flowers are not completely 3-parted ; that is, the petals, sepals and stamens may be in 3 's, but the pistilis single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogens. Turn next to the 3d couplet. 3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. 1 Ans. Stigmas present. The plant, therefore, belongs to Class I. Angiosperms. Next ascertain to which of the sub- classes it belongs, by consulting the Gth triplet. 6. Corolla with distinct petals, united petals, or wanting 1 Ans. Distinct. The plant will therefore be found among the Polypetalous Exogens. Now turn to the 7th couplet, and inquire, 7. Is the plant an herb, or a shrub, &Q. 1 Ans. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 48th. 48. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate 1 Ans. Alternate. Turn to 58. 58. Oligandrous, or polyandrous 1 Ans. Oligandrous. C3. 63. Ovary free, E. LV. 31 Styles 2, forming a 2-partible, dry fruit. - - - UMBELLIFER^E. LXVII. 31 Styles 3 or 4 (rarely 2), forming a berry or drupe, - ^ARALIACEJE. LXV1II. 32 Flowers both regular and perfect. ... 33 32 Flowers either irregular or monoecious. ... 34 33 Stamens 00, united into a column with the 5 styles. MALVACE^S. XXXVII. 33 Stamens 10, united only at base, free from the styles. OXALIDACEJE. XXX.I 33 Stamens many or few, distinct, perigynous. - - - ROSACEJE. XLVIII. 34 Ovary free, 3-celled, forming a capsule. VIOLACE.E. XVII. 34 Ovary free, 1-celled, forming a legume. LEGUMINOS.K. XLVII. 34 Ovary adherent, 3-celled. Flowers monoecious. - - - BEGONIACE.E. LVIII. 35 Leaves furnished with (either large or small) stipules. ... 36 35 Leaves destitute of stipules. ... 37 36 Petals 5, twisted in the bud, larger than the sepals. - GERANIACEAS. XXVII. 36 Petals 5, not twisted in the bud, very small. - - - ILLECEDRACE^E. XXII. 36 Petals 2 or 3, not twisted. - - ELATINACEJE. XXV. 37 Flowers very irregular. TOLYGALACE.E. XVI. 37 Flowers regular, or but slightly unequal. ... 33 38 Ovary or ovaries superior free from the calyx. ... 39 38 Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx tube. ... 40 38 Ovary adhering to the calyx tube by the angles only. - MELASTOMACEJB. LI. 39 Ovaries many, distinct, simple, caudate. ----- RANUNCULACE.E. I. 39 Ovary 1, simple. Leaves 2 only in Podophyllmn. - BERBERIDACE.E. VI. 39 Ovary compound. ... 41 40 Involucre 4-leaved, white, subtending the small cyme. - CORNACE^E. LXIX. 40 Involucre none. Leaves numerous, simple. ONAGRACE^E. LV. 40 Involucre none. Leaves 3 only, compound. Panajc. ARALIACE.E. LXV1II. 41 Sepals 2, fewer than the petals. PORTULACACE.S. XXIV 41 Sepals 35. Style and s,tigma 1. ... 42 41 Sepals 35. Styles and stigmas several. ... 43 42 Sepals equal, combined into a tube. - - LYTHRACEJE. LII 42 Sepals unequal, nearly distinct. CISTACE.E. XIX 43 Stamens hypogynous on the receptacle. ... 44 43 Stamens perigynous on the calyx. ... 45 44 Stem tumid at the nodes. Leaves not punctate. - CARYOPIIYLLAC-E.E. XXIII. 44 Stem often ancipital. Lvs. with pellucid and black dots. HYPERICACE.S. XX. 45 Stanfens 20 or more, indefinite. Exotic. - - - MESEMBRYACE.E. LXI1. 45 Stamens fewer than 20, definite. ... 46 46 Pistils (follicles) distinct, as many as the sepals. - - CRASSULACE.K. LXIV. 46 Pistils 25, partly or completely united. ... 47 47 Styles 3 5. Embryo coiled. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. XXIII. 47 Styles 2. Embryo straight. SAXIFRAGACE^S. LXV. 48 Leaves opposite. ... 49 48 Leaves alternate- ... 58 49 Flowers irregular. -- HIPPOCASTANACEJJ. XLII1. 49 Flowers regular. ... 50 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 133 50 Stamens 4, as many as -the sepals and petals. ... 57 50 Stamens 5, as many as the sepals and petals. ... 55 50 Stamens 6 100, more than the sepals and petals. ... 51 51 Ovary free (or half-free and 4-carpelled). ... 52 51 Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. ... 56 52 Stamens "perigynous. Stigmas 2 or 4. . . . 54 52 Stamens hypogynous. Stigmas 1 or 3. ... 53 53 Stigmas distinct. Leaves not punctate. CISTACEJS. XIX. 53 Stamens polyadelphous. Leaves purretate. - - - HYPERICACEJE. XX 54 Leaves palmate-veined (or compound). Fruit a samara. ACERACE.E. XL1J 54 Leaves feather- veined, simple. Fruit a capsule. - - SAXIFRAGACE. LXV 55 Stamens opposite to the petals. Vines with tendrils. - - VITACEJE. XLI 55 Stamens alternate with the sepals. -Tendrils none. CELASTRACE.E. XLV. 56 Sepals, petals and stamens 00. - - - -^fck - CALYCANTHACE.E. XLIX. 56 Sepals and petals 4, stamens 8. fuchsia. E&- - - - ONAGRACE^E. LV. 56 Sepals and petals 5, stamens 00. - - - ^ - - - - - MYRTACE^E. L. 57 Flowers in cymes. Large shrubs or treeSH^ - - CORNACE^. LXIX. 57 Flowers in spikes or fasc:cles. Small parasites. LORANTHACE^:. LXX. 58 Oligandrous stamens few and definite. ... 63 58 Poiyandrous stamens 20 or more. ... 59 59 Sepals 5 (rarely more), as many as the petals. ... 61 59 Sepals 3, petals 69 60 60 Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules membranaceous. - MAGNOLIACE^E. II. 60 Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. ------ ANONIACE.E. IV. 61 Filaments united into a tube. MALVACE.E. XXXVII. 61 Filaments distinct, perigynous. ------- ROSACE.E. XL VIII. 61 Filaments distinct, hypogynous. ... 62 62 Leaves with stipules, dotless, cordate. Flowers small. TIUACE^E. XXXVIII. 62 Leaves without stipules, dotless. Flowers large. TEUNSTRCEMIACE^E. XXXVI. 62 Leaves without stipules, pellucid-punctate. - - - - AURANTIACE.E. XXXV 63 Ovary free from the calyx superior. ... 64 63 Ovary adherent to the calyx inferior. (Flowers symmetrical). ... 68 64 Corolla more or less irregular. Fruit a pod (legume). LEGUMINOS^E. XL VII. 64 Corolla regular. Fruit not leguminous. ... 65 65 Climbing without tendrils. Stamens 12 13. - - MENISPERMACE^E. V 65 Climbing without tendrils. Stamens 5. - - - - CELASTRACE.E. XLV. 65 Climbing with tendrils. Stamens 5, with a crown. PASSIFLORACE.E. LVII. 65 Erect shrubs or trees. ... 66 66 Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals. -\ ------ RHAMNACE.E. XLVI. 66 Stamens 6, opposite the petals. --------- BERBERIDACE.E. VI. 66 Stamens 2 10, alternate with the petals if the same in number. ... 67 67 Lvs. pinnate, punctate. Ov. separate or 2-celled. ZANTHOXYLACEJE. XXXII. 67 Lvs. (mostly) pinnate, dotless. Ov l-celled,with 3 slyles.ANACARD. XXXIII. 67 Leaves simple. Seeds 4 or 5. Ncmopantties. ... 81 - - - (LXXIX). 67 Leaves simple. Seeds 8 12. ESCA^I-IONE^E. LXV. 68 Flowers (in late autumn) 4-parted : petals linear. - - HAMAMELACE^. LXVJ. 63 Flowers (in June) 4-parted : petals lanceolate. - - - CORNACE.E. LXIX. 63 Flowers 5-parted. Styles 2. GROSSULACE.E. LX. 68 Flowers 5-parted. Styles 5. ARALIACEJE. LXV1I1. 3. Orders of the Monopetalous Exogens. 69 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. ... 70 69 Stamens 6 12, more numerous tjian the lobes of the corolla. ... 87 69 Stamens 2 4, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. ... 88 70 Flowers in dense heads (compound) surrounded by an involucre. . . 71 70 Flowers separate, or not furnished with an involucre. ... 72 71 Stamens 4, distinct. DIPSACE.E. LXXIV. 71 Stamens 5, united by the anthers. COMPOSITE. LXXV. 72 Calyx superior adherent to the ovary. ... 73 72 Calyx inferior free from the ovary. ... 76 73 Stamens cohering by the anthers. ... 74 73 Stamens distinct. . . . 75 74 Flowers regular. Vines with tendrils. CUCURBITACEJE. LIX 74 Flowers irregular. Tendrils none. LOBELIACEJE. LXXVJ 134 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. "i Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted. - - CAMPANULACEJB. LXXVII. i'j Leaves opposite. Flowers 5-parted. - - - - CAPRIFOLIACEJE. LXXI. 75 Leaves opposite. Flowers 4-parted. RUBIACE^E. LXXI1, 76 Plants with a milky juice. Ovaries 2, follicular. ... 86 76 Plants with a watery juice. Ovaries not follicular. . . 77 77 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla .... 78 77 Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla. ... 79 78 Ovary with 5 styles and but one seed. - - - PLUMBAGINACEJE. LXXXV. 78 Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. PRIMULACEJE. LXXXII 79 Shrubs, trees or under-shrubs. ... 80 79 Herbs. Leaves opposite or all radical. ... 82 79 Herbs. Leaves alternate, cauline 84 79 Herbs (vines) leafless. CUSCUTINE.E. XCVIII. 80 Stamens hypogynous or slightly cohering to the base of the corolla. ... 81 80 Stamens inserted on the corolla tube inside. - - - - SOLANACE.K. XCIX. SO Stamens inserted on the summit of the corolla tube. DIAPENSIACEJE. XCVII. 81 Ovary forming a dry, many-seeded capsule. - - ERICACE.E. LXXVIII. 81 Ovary forming a fleshy, 4 6-seeded drupe. - AQUIFOLIACE.E. LXXIX. 82 Leaves with stipules. Corolla bud valvate. ... - RUBIACE.E. LXXII. 82 Leaves without stipules. ... 83 83 Ovary 1-celled, opening by a lid. Lvs. radical. PLANTAGINACEJE. LXXXIV. 83 Ovary 1-celled, opening by 2 valves. Leaves cauline. GENTIANACE.E. C. 83 Ovary 3-celled, opening by 3 valves. Lvs. cauline. POLEMONIACE^E. XCVI. 84 Ovary 4-parted, separating into 4 achenia. - - - - BORRAGINACE.E. XCIV. 84 Ovary compound, not separating, 1-celled. - - - HYDROPHYLLACE^E. XGV. 84 Ovary compound, not separating, 2- or 3-celled. ... 85 85 Cor. bud tyisted-irnbricaterEmbryo less than albumen. POLEMON. XCVI. 85 Cor. bud twisted-plicate. Embryo farger than albumen. CONVOLV. XCVIII. 85 Corolla bud imbricated, not twisted. Verbascum. SCROPHULARIACEJE. XCI. 85 Corolla bud plicate or induplicate-valvate. - - - - SOLANACE.E. XCIX. 86 Flowers (in umbels) with a 5-lobed corona. .... ASCLEPIADACEJE. CII. 86 Flowers (in cymes, &c.) with no corona. APOCYNACE^E. CI. 87 Stamens distinct. Style 1. ERICACEAE. LXXVIIJ. 87 Stamens distinct. Styles 4. -------- EBENACEJE. LXXX. 87 Stamens united, all into one set. ------ STYRACACE.E. LXXXI. 87 Stamens united into 2 equal sets (3 & 3). ... 18 (XII.) 87 Stamens united into 2 unequal sets (9 & 1). ... 34 - - - - (XL VII.) 88 Herbs. Calyx adherent to the ovary. . . 89 88 Herbs. Calyx free from the ovary. ... 90 88 Shrubs or trees. Calyx free from the ovary. ... 94 89 Stamens 4. Linncea. --------- CAPRIPOLIACE.E. LXXI. 89 Stamens 3. VALERIANACEJE. LXXI1I. 90 Plants brown, leafless. OROBANCHACE^. LXXXVII. 90 Plants verdant, leafy. ... 91 91 Leaves all radical and the corolla spurred. - LENTIBULACEJE. LXXXVI. 91 Leaves cauline, or if radical the corolla spurless . 92 92 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming 4 achenia. LABIATE. XCIII. 92 Ovary entire, but splitting into 14 little nuts. - - - VERBENACE.E. XCII. 92 Ovary entire, capsular, 2-carpeled. ... 93 93 Corolla bud valvate. Capsule (falsely) 4-celled. PEDALIACE^. LXXXIX. 93 Corolla bud convolute. Capsule 2-celled. - - - - ACANTHACE^E. XC. 93 Corolla bud imbricate. Capsule 2-celled. - - SCROPHULARIACE^E. XCI. 94 Flowers regular, diandrous. ... 96 94 Flowers irregular. ... 95 95 Shrub climbing or tree diandrous. - - - BIGNONIACEJE. LXXXVIII. 95 Tree tetradynarnous. Paulownia. - - - - SCROPHULARIACE.E. XCI. 96 Corolla imbricated and twisted in the bud. JASMINACE.E. CHI. 96 Corolla valvate in the bud. ------- OLEACE^E. CIV. 4. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 97 Herbs with alternate leaves, or leafless. ... 98 97 Herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves. . . . 106 97 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. . . . 115 97 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. . . . 125 98 Stipules sheathing the stem. Lvs. simple, entire. - - POLYGOVACEJE. CX. 98 Stipules not sheathing, serrate. Leaves pinnate. ... 15 - - - (XL VIII.) 98 Stipules 0, or if any, not sheathing or serrate. ... 99 99 Flowers with a regular calyx or an involucre. . . . 100 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 136 99 Flowers with no calyx or involucre.* . . 105 100 Calyx adherent to the o'vary. Stamens 612. - - ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. CV. 100 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stamens 5. - - - - SANTALACEJE. CXI1I. 100 C.ilyx frej from the ovary. . . . 101. 101 Pistils entirely distinct. Stamens 00. ... 14 (I.) 101 Pistils united into a compound ovary. . . . 102 102 Ovary 1-celled with 1 seed 103 102 Ovary 3-ce!!ed with 3 seeds. EUPHORBIACE*. CXXI. 102 Ovary 5-celIed with 00 seeds 29 (LXIV.) 10J Ovary 6 10-celled with 6 10 seeds. PHYTOLACCACI.E. CXI. 103 Pistil 1. Embryo straight. URTICACE.E. CXXX. 103 Pistils 25. Embryo coiled. . . . 104. 104 Calyx and imbricated bracts dry and scarious. - -' AMARANTACEJE. CVIII. 1G4 Calyx (and bracts also if any) green. - ^k- - CHENOPODIACE.*:. CVI. 105 Flowers on a spadix with a spnthe. ^^fc- - - - - (CXXXIV.) 105 No spadix or spathe. Stamens 6 or TJH - - SAURACES:. CXVli. 105 No spadix or spathe. Stamens 2 or ^ I PODOSTEMIACEJE. CXX. lOd Calyx adherent to the ovary. ... 30 - - -^H^ (LV.) 106 Calyx (or involucre) free. . ." . . 107 106 Calyx 0. Involucre 0. Aquatic. ------ CALLITRICHACE.E. CXIX. 107 Leaves verticiilate. -------- CERATOPHYLLACEJE. CXVIII. 107 Leaves opposite. . . . 103 103 Herbs with a milky juice. Fruit 3-seeded. - - - EUPHORBIACE.E. CXXI. 103 Herbs with a watery juice. ... 109 109 Stipules present. Leaves lobed or compound. CANNABINE^E. CXXX. 109 Stipules present. Leaves simple, entire. ... 36 (XXI.) 109 Stipules none. ... 110 110 Stamens 00. several times more than the sepals. ... 14 (I.) 110 Stamens 810, tvvica more than the sepals Ill 110 Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. . . . 112 111 Calyx tubular, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. - SCLERANTHACE^E. CVII. Ill Calyx spreading; capsule OO-s.-eded 30 (LV.) 112 Calyx large, colored, funnel-form, limb entire. - - NYCTAGINACE^E. CIX. 112 Calyx small or minute, 3 5-lobed. ... 113 113 Calyx and imbricated bract? dry and scarious. - AMARANTACE^E. CVIII. 113 Calyx not scarious nor brae ted. ... 114 114 Stamens alternate with the sepals. Flowers perfect. ... 78 - (LXXTSII.) 4 Stamens opposite to the sepals. Flowers perfect. ... 44 - - - (XXIII.) 114 Stamens opposite to the sepals. Flowers dioecious. - URTICACE.E. CXXX. 115 Flowers not in aments, with a calyx and mostly perfect. ... 116 115 Flowers imperfect, the sterile only in aments. . . . 120 115 Flowers imperfect, both the steri e and fertile in aments. . . . 121 116 Stamens alternate with the sepals, of the same number 117 116 Stamens opposite to the serials, or more numerous. ... 118 117 Leaves serrate 66' (XLVI.) 117 Leaves entire, covered with whitish scurf. - - - ELEAGNACEJE. CXV. 117 Leaves entire, smooth, evergreen. EMPETRACEJE. CXXII. 18 Sepals 3, with 6 stamens. Avine. ------ ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. CV. 118 Sepals 4, with 8 stamens. Erect shrubs. - - - - THYMELACE^E. CXIV. 118 Sepals 6, with 9 stamens in 3 rows. LAURACE.K. CXII. 113 Sepals 5 9, with 5 9 stamens in one row. ... 119 119 Leaves pinnately compound, punctate 67 (XXXII.) 119 Leaves simple. Calyx adherent to the ovary. - - SANTALACE^E. CXIII. 119 Leaves simple. Calyx free from the ovary. - - - ULMACEJE. CXVI. 120 Leaves simple. Nut or nuts in a cup or burr. - - CUPULIFERJE. CXXIV. 120 Leaves pinnate. Nut naked. ------- JUGLANDACEJE. CXX1II. 121 Plants with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy. - - - - MORE.E. CXXX. 121. Plants with a watery juice. Fruit dry. . . . 122 122 Amenta globular, pendulous 123 122 Aments cylindrical, or oval. . . . 124 123 Aments racemed. Nutlet 2-celled, several seeded. BALSAMIFLTLE. CXXVIII. 123 Aments solitary. Nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded. - PLATANACEJE. CXX1X. 124 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded in fruit. - - - - MYHICACE*. CXXV1. 124 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovaled, 1-seeded in fruit. - - - - BETULACE^E. CXXV. 124 Ovary manv-ovuled, many-seeded in fruit. - - - SALICACE.E. CXXVI1. 125 Calyx 3- or 4-parted. ... 126 125 Calyx 5-parted : fruit a double-samara. ... 54 (XL1I.- '26 Stamens 2. Fruit n ainirle samara. ..,96--------- (CIV.) 13G SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM 126 Stamens 4. Shrub evergreen, in soil. Buxus. - EUPHORBIACK.K. ('XXI 126 Stamens 4. Parasite on trees, evergreen. ... 57 (LXX.) 126 Stamens 8. Shrubs with scurfy leaves. ELEAGNACE.E. CXV. 5. Orders of the Aglumaceous Eiidogens. 127 Shrubs (climbing) 140 127 Herbs. ... 128 128 Perianth complete, of 6 parts (or 4, white), never on a spadix. . . . 132 128 Perianth complete, but obscured in a small roundish head. . . . 146 128 Perianth none or incomplete, mostly on a spadix. . . . 129 129 Plants terrestrial (or on a thick scape). . . . 130 129 Plants growing in water. ... 131 130 Spadix with a spathe, or on ascape. ARACEJB. CXXXIV. 130 Spadix? with no spatheaj^fcto a leafy stem. - - TVPHACEJE. CXXXVI 131 Root floating in w.iter, plant on the surface. - - LEMNACE.E. CXXXV 131 Root fixed in the rfl^^ftnt submersed. - NAIADACEJE. CXXX VII 132 Perianth adhering to t^H ^B^i n the perfect flowers). . . . 133 132 Perianth free from the dVHP. . 138 133 Fls. mono3cious or dicKious. Aquatic. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. CXXXIX 133 Flowers perfect. Plants terrestrial. . . . 134 134 Flowers irregular. . . . 135 134 Flowers regular. . . . 136 135 Stamens 1 or 2, adhering to the pistil (gynandrous). ORCHIDACEJE. CXL 135 Stamens 1, free from, the pistil. Indiana-hot. - - CANNACE^E. CXLIV 135 Stamens 3, anthers extrorse. ------- IRIDACE.E. CXLIX 136 Stamens 3 137 136 Stamens 6. AMARYLLIDACEJE. CXLVI1 137 Anthers introrse. Perianth woolly outside. HJEMODORACE^:. CXLVIIJ 137 Anthers extrorse. Perianth smooth outside. - - IUIDACE.E. CXLIX 138 Petals and sepals similarly colored. ... 139 138 Petals arm sepals dissimilarly colored. . . . 145 139 Styles and stigmas 3, distinct. ... 141 139 Styles or sessile stigmas united into 1. ... 142 140 Flowers in spikes or panicles. Capsule 3-cornered. - - DIOSCOREACEJE. CL. 140 Flowers in umbels. Berry globose. ) p,, , ^ 141 Leaves net-veined, petiolate. Fruit a berry. ] " MILACACEJE. ULI. 141 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 00-seeded. - - MELANTHACE^E. CLV. 141 Lvs. rush-like. Fruit splitting into 1 or 2-seeded parts. ALISM. CXXXVIII. 142 Perianth colored, juicy and withering. . . . 143 14-2 Perianth dry, green ; or if colored, scarious. - - - - JUNCACEA.. CLVI. 143 Flowers regular, hexand.-ous. . . . 144 143 Flowers irregular or triandrous. Aquatic. - PONTIDERIACE.E. CLIV. 144 Perianth woolly or scurfy outsfcle, tubular. - - H.EMODORACEJE. CXL VIII. 144 Perianth smooth outside, mostly 6-parted. LILIACE^E. CLIII. 145 Styles or stigmas' 3. Leaves net-veined. - - - - TRILLIACE^E. CLII. 145 Style and stigma 1. Leaves parallel-veined. - COMMELINACE.E. CLVII. 145 Styles many. Leaves somewhat net-veined. ALISMACEJE. CXXXVIII. 146 Petals conspicuous, yellow. --------- XYRIDACE^E. CLV III. 146 Petals inconspicuous, white. -------- ERIOCAULONACE^E, CLIX. G. Orders of the- Glumaceous Endogeiis. 147 Stems mostly solid. Sheaths of the leaves entire. - CYPERACEJE. CLX. 147 Stems hollow. Sheaths split to the joints. - - - GRAMINEJS. CLX1 7. Orders of the Cryptogamia. 148 Plants consisting of woody and vascular tissue. . . . 149 148 Plants consisting of cellular tissue only. . . . 150 149 Fruit terminal, cone-like. Leaves sheath-like. - - EQUISETACE.E. CLXII 149 Fruit axillary or in spikes. Leaves 1-veined. - LYCOPODIACE^E. CLXII1 149 Fruit borne on the veiny, often contracted leaves. - - FILICES. CLXIV 149 Fruit radical or nearly so, of two kinds. - - - - MARSILEACE.*:. CI.XV 150 Leaves veinles. j , distinct from each other and from the axis. Musci. 150 Leaves veiny, mostly confluent into one expansion. HEPATIC.E 151 Plants with no distinct axis of growth. . . . 152 151 Plants having a distinct ;ixis with whoried branches. CHARACETE. CLXVl 152 Aerial, dry, crustaceous. on trees, rocks, &c. LICHENS. 152 Aeri;il, succulent, often ephemeral, never green. FUNGI. 152 Aquatic;, consisting of simple vesicles or lobed fronds A*<3M, FIRST GRAND DIVISION, PILENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants consisting of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages compcsed, of a cellular ', vascular I^B uyieous structure; developing flowers and pryUmg seeds. SUBDIVISION FIRST. EXOGENS, OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. STEM composed of distinct bark and pith, with an intervening layei of woody fibre and vessifs.^ GROWTH by annual, concentric, exter- nal zones or layers. LEAVES mostly with reticulated veins, and fall- ing off by an articulation. SEPALS and PETALS in 5s and 4s much oftener than in 3s. EMBRYO with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. CLrASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. OVULES produced within an OVARY and fertilized by the pollen through the medium of the PISTIL, 'becoming SEEDS enclosed in a PERICARP. EMBRYO with two opposite cotyledons. SUBCLASS I. POLYPETAL.E. Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals. ORDER I. RANUNCULACEJE. CROWFOOTS. Herbs, with an acrid, colorless juice. Leaves mostly alternate and much divided, with half-clasping petioles. Calyx. Sepals mostly 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6, mostly deciduous, andimbricated in aestivation. Coroila. Petals 315, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or 0. Stamens 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers, adnate or innate. Ovaries 00, rarely solitary or few, distinct, seated on the torus. Fruit either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular. Embryo minute, at the base of horny or fleshy albumen. Genera 41, specios about 1000 (Lindley), mostly natives of cold, damp climates. Europe is supposed to contain one fifth of the species, North America one-seventh. India one-twenty-fifth, South America one-seventeenth, Africa very few, and New Holland but 18. Properties. Almost all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. They also lose their poisonous qualities in drying. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated plants. 138 I. RANUNCULACE^E. CLEMATIS. FIG. 39. 1. Ranunculus buJbosus. 2. A petal with the nectariferous scale. 3. A carpel with its beak 4. Vertical section, showing the erect ovule. 5. Aquilegia Cunajlensis. 6. Torus, with the_stamens and pistils, and a petal attached. 7. Follicle. 8. Seed. 9. Its vertical section, showing the funiculus and minute embryo. 10. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of the 5 ovaries, the 20 stamens in 4 series, &c. Conspectus of the Genera. <, Pet. l-ljpped. TroUiiis. f Flowers (cauline. Pct. 2-lipped. Ile.llebonis. 1 solitary, \ radical. ( white. fPet small. L Flowers racemose, dark purple t Calyx white. { Petals 0. d Calyx bright yellow. . (Sepals \ plane , 3-lobed. . equal. . . . L Petals conspicuous, c all spurred behind. < ^ upper one large, vaulted. I Sepals ^ colored, . . Supper one spurred behind. . 'follicidar. C unequal, .. {green and fou'aceous. Petals plane. ( palmate. J Leaves alternate, ( 2 3-ternate C Invol. 0. . . ? Leaves opposite. Mostly climbe Petals 0, or < Involucre calyx-like, near the flower, inconspicu. ( Involucre leaf-like, remote from flower. . ( with no nectary, scarlet. < wilh nectariferous, tubular claw acheniate. Petals conspicuous, . . . ( with a nectariferous scale at base solitary, many-seeded. Flowers racemose. . .baccate, numerous,! 2-seeded. Flowers solitary. . Coptis 9 Cimicifuga. 15 Zanthorhiza. 19 Isopyruin. 10 Caltha. 6 Nige.Ha. 22 AquilegM. 1 1 Aconitum. 13 Delphinium. 12 Paxmia. 21 Trautvetteria ifl Thalictrum. 17 s. Clematis. 1 Hepatica. 3 Anemone. 2 Adonis. 4 . Myosurtis. 18 . Ranunculus 5 Actcca. 14 Hydrastis. 20 ,'arpels 1. CLEMATIS. Gr. K\ripa, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles instead. Calyx 4-(rarely 5, 6 or 8-) sepaled, colored, pubescent; corolla 0, or smaller than the calyx; filaments 00, shorter than the sepals; ovaries 4 20; styles longer than the stamens ; achenia caudate with the long, plumose, permanent style. ^ Mostly climbing. Leaves mostly compound and opposite. ANEMONE. I. RANUNCULACEJ3. 13y Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. ATRAGENE. DC. 1. C. VERTICILLARIS. DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower. Climbing; Ivs. in 4s., verticillate, ternate; Ifts. cordate, nearly entire; ped. 1-flowered ; sepals very large, acute. A handsome climber in highland woods, Vt., (Dr. PMps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem ascending trees 15f by means of its twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl of four 3-foliate leaves, and 2 large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1 2' by | I'. Sepals thick, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals 1) dilated, spatulate tipped with imperfect anthers. May, Jn. Petals 0. CLEMATIS proper. 2. C. VIRGINIANA. Virgin's Dower. St. climbing; Ivs. ternate ; Ifts., ovate, cordate, acuminate, lobed and cut dentate ; fls. oftenQ^, paniculate. A common, hardy climber in hedges am thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 815 f. in" length, supporting itsell on fences and brushwood by means of the long' petioles. Leaflets 2 3' bj 1| 2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oval-oblong, obtuse. Sta- mens 28 36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with long, plumose tails (caudae), appearing in large, downy lulls. Aug. f 3. C. VIORNA. Leatlier Flower^ St. climbing ; Irs. pinnately divided ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or 3-lobed ; fls. solitary, campanulate ; sep. thick and leathery, acumi- nate. In woods, Penn. to 111. (Jenmj) and Ga. Stem 10 15f in length, cyl- indrical, striate. Leaves opposite, decompound, consisting of 9 12 leaflets, Flowers axillary, purple, large, nodding. Peduncle 3 G' long, with a pair of smalL simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with long, plumose tails, Jn. Jl. f 4. C. OCHROLEUCA. Ait. (C. sericea. Michx.} Erect Clematis. St. herbaceous, erect, simple, silky-pubescent; Ivs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath ; Jls. pedunculate, terminal, solitary, iifclined to one side ; cal. silky outside. Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. An erect species, 12- 18' high. Leaves subsessile, 2 4' long, two-thirds as wide, with prominent veips, upper surface becoming glabrous. Flowers yellowish white (ochroleucous), camuanulate in form. May, Jn. 5. C. CRISPA. Crisp-flowered Clematis. St. climbing ; Ivs. pinnate and ternate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute. 3-lobed or entire ; fls. solitary ; sep. acuminate, revolute, thick, with undulate and crisped margins. Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6 -8f long. Flowers a third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia with naked (not plumose) candae. Jl. f 6. C. FLAMMULA. Sweet Virgin's Bower. DCS. pinnate; Ifts. smooth, entire, orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute. From France. A fine climber foi arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. Jl. Oct. f 7. C. FLORIDA. Large-flowered Virgin's Bower. Lvs. 2-foliate and decom- pound; segments ovate, acute, entire"; sep. acuminate, glabrous ; involucre Q.' From Japan. Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn. -Septf 8. C. VITICELLA. Lvs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire ; sep. obovate. From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often double-flowered. Vine 20f long. Flowers purple, f Observation. All the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a common soil and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed. 2. ANEMONE. G>'. aiT/ioff, winrl ; most of the species grow in elevated or v/indy places. Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves ; calyx regu- lar, of 5 15 colored sepals ;. corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals : ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or ova] 140 1. RANUNCULACE^E. ANEMONE. head ; achenia 00, mucronate. ^ Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaf- like involucres. 1. A. NEMOROSA (and quinquefolia. Linn.'). Wood Anemone. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 2-parted, incisely dentate ; invol. similar to the leaves, petiolate ; st. 1-flowered. -A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and some- times in open fields. Root creeping. Stem 69' high, erect. The involucre consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut- toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flovrer, purplish outside^Apr. May. 2. A. CYLINDRICA. Gray. Whole plant pubescent; Ivs. ternatc, lateral Ifts. 2-parted to the base, middle one deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and loted at apex; lvs>. ofinvol. petiolatS"; ped. 2 6, rarely 1, all naked; sep. 5; ach. woolly, in a long, cylindric head. Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to la. Not common. Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2 3' wide, and similar in their divisions to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8 10' long, umbellate, but little diverging. Flowers large,, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse. Heads of fruit !' long. May, Jn. 3. A. VIRGINIANA. Virginian Anemone. Lvs. ternate ; Ifts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate, lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed ; invol. foliaceous, petiolate ; fr. in oblong heads. A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2 3 f. high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long, parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involueel of 2 bracts. Leaves 23' by 3 4', on radical petioles 6 10' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fruit woolly, in heads 1' long. July. 13. alba. Oakes. Fig. larger ; sep. white. Ledges, Vt. Dr. Robbins. 4. A. HUDSONIANA. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and 1st edit.) Hairy ; Ivs. 3 5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate , scape 1, 2 or 3-flowered ; invol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles; sep. 58, oval, obtuse. On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester and Burlington, Vt. Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare. Scape 6 10' high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5 segments distinct to the base, about 1' diam., each segment \' long, in 3 linear lobes, petioles 1 2' long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of fruit oval or globose. Jn. 5. A. PENNSYLVANIA. (A. aconitifolia. Michx. A. dichotoma. Linn.} St. dichotomous ; Ivs. 3 5-parted and incisely dentate ; invol. and involucels leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate ; sep. 5 ; fr. in globose heads. Shores and rocky places, Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare. Scape 15 20' high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles, ihe middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involueel, the involu- 2re at their base. Flowers white, 12 14" diam. Carpels hairy, compressed, as long as the curved style. Jn. Jl. 6. A. PATENS. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.} Silky-villous; Ivs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and incised, lobes lance-linear; invol. subulately dissected ; sep. 5 6, erect. Dry hills, 111. ! W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6 10' high. Leaves smoothish above, seg- ments 1 3' long, 1 2" wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped. Sepals 1' long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2' long. 7. A. CORONARIA. Poppy-leaved Anemone. Lvs. ternate, with multifid seg- ments and linear, mucronate lobes ; sep. 6, oval, close. From Levant. A hardy, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. -f 8. A. HORTENSIS. Star Anemone. Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate .obes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10 12, oblong. RANUNCULUS. 1. RANUNCULACE^E. 141 From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white and blue flowers. May. f Observation. Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They aJ prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 3. HEPATICA. Dill. Or. fiirariKos, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower ; calyx of 5 9 petaloid sepals, dis- posed in 2 or 3 rows ; corolla ; achenia awnless. H TRILOBA. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. Linn.} Liverwort. Lvs. trilobate, the lobes entire ; scape 1 -flowered, hairy. Woods, Can. to Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow- bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, ou long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes, which suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3 4' long, solitary, numer- ous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cul- tivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two varieties : a. obt^lsa, lobes obtuse, rounded. Prefers the south side of hills. 8. acuta, lobes acute. Prefers the north side of hills. 4. ADONIS. Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar. Sepals 5, appressed ; petals 5 15, with naked claws ; achenia in a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. A. AUTUMNALIS. PheosanVs Eye. St. branching ; fls. 5 8-petaled ; carpels crowned with a very short style, and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head ; pet. longer than the calyx. A. fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem" thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers crimson, !' diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil, f 5. RANUNCtJLUS. Lat. rana, a frog ; from the aquatic habitat of some species. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals ; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside ; filaments 00. much shorter than the petals ; achenia 00, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. Herbs mostly *2J., with yellow floivers. *Lcaves all undivided. 1. R. FLAMMULA. Small Spearwort. Si. declinate ; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones petiolate; ped. opposite the leaves. An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps, Can. to N. Car. W. to 111. ! Root fibrous. Stem 6 18' long, more or less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3 6' in length, J 1' wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yel low, on peduncles as long as the leaves. It abounds in a very acrid juice Jn. Aug. 2. R. REPTANS. Creeping Crowfoot. Very small, smooth; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting; nodes 1-flowered ; Ivs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote. A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., (Mr. T. Rickard,} W. to Oregon. Stem 6 10' long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6 12" in length, mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary covered by a scale. Achenia very smooth. Jl. 0. irvalis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 10. 14-2 1. RANUNCULACE^E. RANUNCULUS, y. filiformis. DC. (R. filiformis. Michx.} St. filiform, very long, with linear leaves and small flowers. 3. R. PUSIL.LUS. Poir. /?. muticus. T. & G. Puny Crowfoot. Erect; Ivs. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate ; pel,, mostly but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth, in small globose heads. In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender, weak, G 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, J !' long, J as wide, petioles 1-^-3" long, upper ones 1 1" long, \ as wide, with minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May. 4. R. CYMBALARIA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot. Very small, smooth ; si. filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints ; Ivs. reni- form-cordate, crenate-dentate \jped. solitary, mostly 2-flowered; pet. spatulate; ach. oblong. In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radi- cal, --]/ diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2 G' high, each with 2 or 3 small, bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn. * * Leaves divided. 5. R. ABORTlvus. Round-leaved Crowfoot. Smooth; radical Ivs. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; cauhnt Ivs. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, upper ones sessile; cal. a little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 16' high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8 18" diam., quite regularly margined with crenate divisions, and on petioles 2 5' long. Lower stem leaves pedate, with a pentangular outline; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yellow Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn. G. R. SCELERATUS. Ph. Celcnj Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. G38. Smooth ; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subincised ; stem Ivs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, upper ones simple, lanceolate, entire ; carpels in an oblong head. -"Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1 lf high. Lower petioles 3 5' long, with rather large, palmately 3 5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyk dcflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters upon the skin. Jn. Jl. 7. R. RECURVATUS. Wood Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs ; Ivs. 3-parted. hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones2-lobed; cal. recurved; pet. linear-lanceolate ; ach. uncinate. About 1 f. high, in damp woods, Lab. to Ga., pale green, 1 branching above. Leaves 1 2' long, 2 3i' wide, on peti- oles 36' long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped with minute, hooked beaks. May. Jl. 8. R. ACRIS. Butter-cups. Crowfoot. Yellow Weed. SI. erect, many flowered ; Ivs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the seg- ments laciniate, upper ones with linear segments ; ped. round ; cal. hairy, spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved. This is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson's Bay, in meadows an/3 pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem 1 2f high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear segments. Flowers large, golden yellow. Jn. Sept. /(?. FLs. double, the pet. excessively multiplied. Gardens. 9. R. BULBOSUS. Bulbous Crowfoot. (Fig. 39.) Hairy ; st. erect, bulbous at the base ; radical Ivs. ternate, Ifts. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed. This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands ; &c. Root fleshy. Stem leafy, furrowed, 6 18' high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort cf bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, and its furrowed -. ; . / J. RANUNCULACE^. 115 peduncles. Tlie lobes of the root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at apex. May, Jn. $ 10. R. FASCICULARIS. Muhl. Early Crowfoot. St. erect, branched; Ivs. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3- cleft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed ; cal. villous, spreading, shorter than the petals. Rocky woods and hills, Penn. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3 8' long, so divided as to appear almost pinnate ; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at base as broad a* the transparent claw. Apr. May. 11. R. PENNSYLVANICUS. (R. hispidus. Ph.) Bristly Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs ; Ivs. vil- lous, ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cal. reflexed. rather longer than the roundish petals ; carpels tipped with a short, straight style. A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem H 3f high. Leaves 2 3' diam. ; leaflets strongly veined and with spreading seg- ments. Flowers numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cy- lindrical heads. Jn. Aug. 12. R. REPENS. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.) ^.branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints; Ivs. trifo- liate, Ifts. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate ; ped. furrowed ; cal. spreading ; carpels with a broad, not recurved point. In moist or shady places, Can. and U. S. Stems 1 3 or 4f long, generally nairy at base, the early flowering branches erect. Petioles hairy, long. Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. Ma*y Jl. /?. linearilobus. DC. St. very long, floriferous; lobes of Ivs. very narrow. y. Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and petioles densely hirsute with soil hairs ; Ifts. distinctly petiolulate. 13. R. PURSHII. Richardson. Floating Crowfoot. Floating; st. long; submerged Ivs. cleft into numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sep. reflexed, half as long as the petals ; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style; hds. globose. Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy places, Can., U. S. Stem I 2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, } !' diam., those below most finely divided ; , petioles 2' in length. Flowers bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. /?. (R. fluviatilis. Bw. R. lacustris. Beck.) , DCS. all capillaceous-multi- fid ; fls. as large as in R. acris. 14. R. AQ.UATILIS. /?. capillace^ls. River Crowfoot. St. floating ; submersed Ivs. filiformly dissected ; pet. obovate, larger tha n the calyx, white; carpels transversely rugose. Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to S. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1 2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and J 1' diam. Peduncles thick, I lj' long. Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except the yellow claws. Jl. Aug. Observation. Several of the above mentioned species are double-flowared in cultivation, as Nos. 8, 9, and 12. Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers varying to every hue, and R. aconitifolius, with white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in our gardens. 6. CALTHA. Gr. ica\a$o$, a goblet ; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup. Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals ; corolla U ; stamens 00, shorter than the sepals; follicles 5 10, oblong, com- pressed, erect, many-seeded. 1\. Aquatic and very glabrous. C. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. St. erect : Ivs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate. Wet meadows, Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about If high, hollou round, 13 144 1. ItANUNCULACE^E. COPTIS dichotomous. Lower leaves 2 M wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny ana smooth. Flowers ol a golden yellow in all their parts, 1%' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row of filaments clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in ^reat request in spring, for greens. May. 0. integerrima. (C. integerrima. PA.) Lvs. entire ; scp. obovate, obtuse. y. plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 7. TROLLIUS. Germ, trol or trollen, globular ; alluding to the form of the flowers. Sepals 5 10 15, roundish ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5 25, small, linear, tubular at base ; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals ; follicles 00, subcyjindric, sessile, many-seeded. 1\. Smooth, with palmate leaves. 1. T. LAXUS. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.} American Globe Flower. Sep. 5, oblong, spreading ; pet. 15 25, shorter than the stamens. In swamps, Can. to Penn. Not common. About If high. Leaves deeply cleit into 5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yellow, resembling petals, 4 5" long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn. 2. E. EUROPJEUS. European Globe Flower. Erect, branched, leafy; Ivs. deeply cleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisely lobed and toothed ; fls. solitary, erect, large, globular ; ped. long, naked ; sep. closely converging ; pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.-f 3. T. ASIATICUS. Asiatic Globe Flower. Erect; Ivs. deeply divided into 5 broad segments ; segments laciniately lobed and toothed ; fls. terminal, soli- tary, pedunculate ; sep. spreading ; pet. longer than the stamens. Native of Asia. Plant about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-color- ed flowers yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.f 8. HELLEBO RUS. Adans. EAetv, to cause death ; /3opa, food ; the poisonous qualities are well Known. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped ; stamens 00; stigmas 3 10, orbicular; follicles cohering at base, many-seeded. '*! Lvs. coriaceous, divided. Fls. large, nodding. H. VIRIDIS. Green Hellebme. Glabrous ; radical Ivs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, ser- rate ; cauline Ivs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs ; sep. roundish ovate, acute, green. A European plant, <\ on Long Island. Stem 23 f. high, thick. Apr.f 9. C O P T I S .Salisb. Gr. KOTTTM, to cut ; from the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepals 5 6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous ; petals 5 6 small, cucullate, obconic ; stamens 20 25 ; follicles 5 10, stipitate. rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4 6-seeded. Low herbs with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. C. TRIFOLIA. Goldthread? L/vs. 3-foliate ; scape 1-flowered ; pet. much smaller than the sepals. Penn N. to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, ver) bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 48" long, crenate-mu cronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 2' long. Peduncles 3 4 high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white star- like flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among the white stamens. May. Medicinal DELPHINIUM. 1. RANUNCULACE^E. 145 10. ISOPfRUM. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0; stamens 10 40; ovaries 3 20; follicles subsessile, acuminate with the style, 2-several-seeded. Delicate herbs, with haves 2 3-ter- nate, segments 2 %-lobed. Fls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. I. BITEB.NATUM. Torr. and Gray. (Enemion. /?/".) Low, erect, glabrous ; petioles auricled at base ; Iv s. membranaceous ; pet. : carpels 36, broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds. obovat a long delicate funiculus. An order consisting of 11 genera and 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and the Indies contain a few . Properties. The bark of 'the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which ia ionic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers. Genera. Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous Magnolia. \ Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous. Liriodendron. 2 1. MAGNOLIA. In honor of Pierre Magnol,a French botanist, author of ' Botanicum Montpeliense,' &c. Sepals 5, often or petaloid ; petals 6 12, caducous; carpels *v\\ov , a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles. Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous ; petals 6 9, obovate, concave; stamens 9 18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, 1 -celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. TL Low, rather poisonous herbs. Lvs. 2. Fl. solitary. P. PELTATUM. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N. Eng. Height about If. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower-. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5 7 lobes, each lobe 6' long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedun- culate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Petals curiously netted with veins. Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science. Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8, spreading, incurved ; sta- mens 8, with linear anthers ; stigma peltate ; capsule obovate, stipi- tate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Scape simple, l-Jlowered. Lvs. 2-parted or binate J. DIPHYLLA. Barton. A singular plant. 8 14' high, Middle and Western States. Rhizoma horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous NELUMBIUM. VIII. NELUMB1ACEA1. 153 beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, white. The capsule opens only halt' round, and has therefore a persistent lid. Apr. This plant has in Ohio the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodie, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 4. LEONTlCE. Gr. Xecuv, a lion ; the leaf is likened to a lion's foot-track. Oalyx free from the ovary, of 3 6 green sepals ; corolla of 6 petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within ; sta- mens 6 ; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge ; pericarp membrana- ceous (caducous), 2- 4-seeded ; seeds erect, globose. L. THALICTROIDES. (Caulophyllum. Michx.) Poppoose Root. Smooth ; Ivs. biternate and triternate ; Ifts. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed, the terminal one equally 3-lobed. A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can. to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1 2f high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets paler beneath, 2 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. ORDER VII. CABOMBACE^. WATERSHIELDS. Herbs aquatic, with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves. F/s. -axillary, solitary, small. Sep. 34, colored inside. Cor. Petals 34, alternate.with the sepals. Sta. hypogynous, either 6, or more than 1". Anth. adnate. Ova. 2 or more. Stig. simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Scb. globular, pendulous. Embryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species 3. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England. Property Slightly astringent. BRASENIA. Schreb. Calyx of 3 4 sepals, colored within, persistent ; corolla of 3 4 petals; stamens 18 36; ovaries 6 18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by abortion l-)seeded. *2|. Aquatic. The stem, peduncles, and under sur face of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. B. PELTATA. Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea. Mr.) Water Target. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water-lilj Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 23' by 1 H', witij the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, OL long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. July. ORDER VIII. NELUMBIACE^. WATER-BEANS. Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical Ivs. Rhizama prostrate. Fls. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. 4 5. Cor. Petals 00, in many rows, arising from without the disk. Sta. 00, in several rows ; filaments petaloid ; anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. 00. separate, each with a simple style and stigma. Fr. Nuts generally 1-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus. Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo. This order comprises butasingle genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropics. regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all the other parts of the plant. NELUMBIUM. Juss. Characters of the genus the same as those of the order. N. LCTEUM. DCS. peltate, orbicular, entire ; anth. with a linear appendage. A magnin- *ent flowering plant, peculiar to the stagnant waters of the south and west' 154- IX. NYMPH JEAUEJE. NUPHAU out occasionally rnei with in Ct. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6 f. . From this arise the simple scapes and petioles to the surface. Leaves 10 18' diam., the petioles inserted on one side of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata, and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and are used for food by the Indians. June. ORDER IX. NYMPHJEACE^]. WATER LILIES. Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma. Fls. large, showy, often sweet-scented. Cal. \ Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Cor. ( Pet. inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. Sta. numerous, in several rows upon the disk. Fil. petaloid. Anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. Sds. attached to the spongy placentae, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. Genera 5, species 50, inhabiting- the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of an endoeen. out they have two foliaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphsea contain a powerful astringent princi- ple, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used for food. Genera, Flowers white or rose-color, Nymphtza. 1 Flowers yellow, . Nrtphar. 2 1. NYMPHAEA. The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters. Sepals 4 5 ; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base ; stamens gradually transformed into petals ; stigma surrounded with rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. ^ Aquatic, N. ODORATA. Water Lily. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath ; cat. 4-se- paled, equaling the petals; stig. 15 20-rayed. One of the loveliest of flowers, possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and slug- gish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. . Rhizoma thick, in mud where the -water is of 3 8 or lOf in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5 6' diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, If 2' long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged with purple. Filaments yellow, dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into petals. ( 72.) July. p. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass. 2. NUPHAR. Smith. Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, truncated, linear stamens on the torus ; stigma discoid, with promi- nent rays ; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. 1}. Aquatic. 1. N. ADVENA. Ait. (Nymphaea Adv. MX.) Yellow' Pond Lily. Lvs. oval, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base ; sep. 6 ; net. 00; stig. 12 15-rayed, margin crcnate. Very common in sluggish streams ind muddy lakes, Can. to Ga. W. to Oreg. A well looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog lily. The rhizoma is large, creeping* extensively. Leaves large, dark green, shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. Jl. 0. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomeic to** beneath. SANGUINARU. XI. PAPAVERACE^l. 155 2. KALMIANA. Ait. (Nymphaea Kalmiana. Michx. Nuphar iutea. 0. Kalmiana. T. fy G.\ Kalm's Pond Lily. "Floating ITS. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate ; submersed Zfs.membra- naceous, reniform-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse ; " stig. 8 12-rayed, somewhat crenate. A smaller species, with small yellow flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States. Dr. Robbins, from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. Iutea, Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 23' long \\ 2j' wide, lower leaves 34' diam. Jl. ORDER X. SARRACENIACE^E. WATER PITCHERS. Herbs aquatic, perennial in bogs, with fibrous roots. Z.rs. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit. Fis. large, solitary, or several on scapes. Cal Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. Jtet. imbricate. Gw. Petals 5, unguiculate.hyuogynous, concave. Sta. 00, hypogynous. Anth. oblong, adnate, introrse. Ova. 5-celled, placentae central. Sty. single. Stiff, dilated, peltate, 5-angled. FV. capsular, 5-celled, 5-valved, crowned with the oroad persistent stigma. Sds. 00, minute. An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana,; and 7 species. SARRACENIA. Tourn. In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus. Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bracts at base ; petals 5, deciduous; stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and sta- mens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. S. PURPUREA. Side-saddle Flower. Z/w.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth,winged on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lanrna. One of the most curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes, Lab. to Flor. Leaves 6 9' long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole (1) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, from \ 1' wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a lamina (1), covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a wine-glass,' and they ar generally full of water with drowned insects. Scape 14 20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. 0. heterophytta. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Eaton.} Scape rather shorter; iep. yellowish-green; pet. yellow. Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. Wright I Leaves scarcely different. ORDER XI. PAP AVERAGES. POPPYWORTS. Plants herbaceous, genera|ly with a colored juice. Lvs. alternate, simple or divided, without stipules. F/#. solitary, on Ions peduncles, never blue. Cal. Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in aestivation. Cor. Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6. hyposynous. Sta. often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Anth. innate. Ova. solitary. Sty. short or 0. Stig: 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. Fr. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentae, or capsular with several. Sds. 00, minute, Embryo minute, at the base of oily albumen. An order consisting of 18 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The seeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental in cultivation. Conspectus of the Genera. \ Stigmas concave. ; . . Argemone. { Leaves armed with prickly teeth. ( Stigmas convex. . k . . Mecorwpsis. ( yellow. < Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline Chelidonium. I orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete Sanguinaria. } white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose Papaver. Juice tcolorleis. Leaves multifid with linear segments. Capsule terete. . . Esctischoltzia. 1. SANGUINARIA. Lat. sangTiis, blood ; all parts abound in a red juice. Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8, in 2 series, those of the outer series 150 XI. PAPAVERACE^E. MECONOPSIS. longer ; stamens 00 ; stigma 1 2-lobed, sessile ; capsule pod-like, oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. 1\. Juice orange red. S. CANADENSIS. Blood-root. An interesting flower of woods, groves, &c., appearing in early spring Rhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root- stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr. May. 2. CHELIDONIUM. [ite departure. Gr. Xt\iSa)v, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with Sepals 2, suborbicular ; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base ; stamens 24 32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1, small, sessile, bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1 -celled ; seeds crested. % with yellow juice. C. MA jus. Celandine. Lvs. pinnate ; Ifis. lobed, segments rounded ; fls. in umbels. A pale green, fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1 2f high. Leaves smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2 i pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Leaflets Ifc 2J' long, f as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par- tial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals ellip- tical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. May. Oct. $ 3. ARGEMONE. Gr. apyc^a, a disease of the eye, which this plant was sapposed to cure. Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous ; petals 6, roundish, larger than the sepals ; stamens 00, as short as the calyx ; stigma sessile, capitate, 6-lobed ; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by valves. GO Herbs with yellow juice, A. MEXICAN A. Horn Poppy. Lvs. repand-sinuate or pmnatifid, with spiny teeth ; fl. solitaiy, erect, axillary ; cal. prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved. A weed-like plant, native at the south and west, at the north. Stem 2 3f high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves 57' or 8'* long, sessile, spinose on the margin and veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, about 2' diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July. 8. Fls. ochroleucous. y. Fls. larger, white. 4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier. Gr. prjKMv, a poppy; oi//t, resemblance. Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 00 ; style distinct ; stigmas 4 6. radiating, convex, free ; capsule obovate, 1 -celled, opening by 4 valves at apex. %Herbs with a yellow juice. M. DIPHYLLA. DC. (Chelidonium. Michx. Stylophorum. Nittt.) Lvs. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5 7, ovate-oblong, sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate; ped. aggregated, terminal; caps. 4-valved, echinate-setose. Woods, Western States ! Plant 12 18' high. Leaves large 8' by 6', on petioles about the same length ; terminal segments somewhat con- fluent. Peduncle about 3' long. Petals deep yellow. May. XII. FUMARIACE^E. 157 5. PAPAVER. Celtic, -pupa, pap ; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c; Sepals 2, caducous; petals 4 ; stamens 00; capsule 1 -celled, open- ing by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly , with ivhite juice abounding in opium. 1. P. SOMNIFERUM. Opium Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. clasping, incised and dentate; sep. glabrous; cap. globose. A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in cultiva- tion. StenxH 3f high. Leaves 48' by 23', with rather obtuse dentures. Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully narcotic, and which when hardened in the sun, forms the opium of the shops. For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn. Jl.f 2. P. DTJBIUM. Dubious Poppy. Caulescent; st. hispid with spreading hairs ; Ivs. pinnately parted, seg- ments incised; ped. clothed with appressed hairs; sep. hairy: caps, obovoid- oblong, glabrous. Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. Jl. $ 3. P. RHJEAS. Common Red Poppy. St. many-flowered, hairy, Ivs. incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly globose. Distinguished from the last spe- cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 2 f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less dou- ble. Jn. Jl.f 4. P. ORIENTALS. Oriental Poppy. St. 1-flowered, rough ; Ivs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; capsules smooth. Native of Levant. Stem 3 f high. Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. Jn. f 6. ESCHSCHOLTZ1A. Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches in California. Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens 00, adhering to the claws of the petals ; stigmas 4 7, sessile, 2 3 of them abortive ; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many- seeded. (D Leaves pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the. odor of hydrochloric acid. 1. E. DOUGLASII. Hook. (Chryseis Californica, ol Lindl. and ol 1st edit.) St. branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; cal. ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acu- mination ; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. A very showy annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Flowers 2' broad, f 2. E. CALIFORNICA. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.} St. branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much dilated limb ; cal. obconic, with a long acumination; fls. orange-yellow. From California. Leaves and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddish- orange hue. f ORDER XII. FUMARIACE^. FUMEWORTS. Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice. Lvs. usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. Fls. irregular, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. Petals 4. hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohenng.at apex. Sta. 6, diadelphous ; JiL dilated ; anth. adnate, extrorse, 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ova. superior, l -celled ; sty. filiform ; stig. with one or more points. Fr. either an indehiscent nut l 2-seeded, or-a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. Albumen fleshy. Genera 15, species HO, some of them beautiful and delicate, inhabiting thickets in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere They possess no remarkable action upon the animai economy li* XII. FUMARIACE^.. CORYDALIS. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Fruit a pod-shaped capsule. . . florydalia. 2 ^ only 1 of the outer, sacc. or spurred. (Fruit a subglobose nut . . . Fumario.. 4 J distinct, 2 outer equally saccate or spurred Dielytra. 1 Petals I united, base bigibbous, apex 4-lobed. Climbing herbs. Adiumia. 2 1.D1ELYTRA. Borkhausen. Gr. Jiff, double ; e\vrpov, wing-case ; in allusion to the two spurs. Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous at the base ; stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. TJ.. 1. D. CUCULLARIA. DC. (Corydalis Cucullaria. Pers.) Dutchman's Breeches. Rt. bulbiferous ; roc. 4 10-flowered, secund ; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight. Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizoma bearing triangular, small, pale-red bulbs under ground. Leaves radical, mul- tifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender, 6 10' high. Flowers scentless nodding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, ant: with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. April, May. 2. D. CANADENSIS. DC. (D. eximia. Beck. Corydalis Canadensis. Goldie.} Squirrel Corn. Dutchman's BreecJies. St. subterranean, tuberiferous ; tubers globose ; roc. simple, secund, 4 6- flowered ; spurs short, rounded, obtuse, slightly incurved. A smooth, pretty plant, common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizoma bears a number of roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright-yellow color. Leaves radical, subglaucous, biternate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, segments linear- oblong, obtuse, 5 8" long. Scape 6 8' high, bearing a few odd-looking flowers. Corolla white, tipped with yellow, 5" long. Calyx minute. Sta- mens 3 on each lip. May, Jn. 3. D. EXIMIA. DC. (Corydalis formosa. PA.) C/urice Didytra. /?Ai.20wi#scaly-bulbiferous; Ivs. numerous; rac. compound, the branches cymose ; spurs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex. A fine species, on rocks, &c., found by Dr. Sartwell^ in Yates Co., N. Y. (S. to N. Car.) Leaves radical, 10 15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pin- natifid segments, but quite variable. Scape 8 12' high, with several (48) cymes, each with 6 10 purplish, nodding flowers. Corolla 8 10" long, broad at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn. Sept. f 2. ADLUMIA. Raf. Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C., a cultivator of the vine. Sepals 2, minute ; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous corolla, persistent, uigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex ; stamens united in 2 equal sets; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. (D Climbing. A CIRRHOSA. Raf. (Fumaria iungosa. Willd. Corydalis. Pers.} Moun- tain Fringe. A delicate climbing vine, native of rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. Stem stri- ate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous, cymose clusters, pale-pink. Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering upwards, 2-lipped. Fine foi arbors. Jn. Aug.f 3. CORYDAHS. DC. Greek name of the Fumitory, from which genui this was taken. Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base ; XI11. OKUCHl'R.E. 15? stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compressed, many seeded. Lvs. cauline. Pedicels racemose, braclltss. 1. C. GLAUCA. Ph. (Fumaria glauca. Curtis.) Glaucous Corydalis. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, segments cuneate-obovate, 3- lobed ; pods linear, as long as the pedicels. (g). A smooth, delicate plant, in mountainous woods, Can. to N. Car., covered with a glaucous bloom. Root fusilorm. Stem 1 4f high. Leaflets nearly 1' long and ' wide, cut into 3 obtuse lobes. Flowers terminal, on the subpaniculate branches. Calyx of 2, ovate, acuminate sepals, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the cylindrical, ringent corolla, beautifully colored with alternating shades of red and yellow. May Aug. 2. C. AUREA. Willd. (Fumaria aurea. MuM.) Golden Corydcdis. Si. branching, diffuse; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, lobed, the lobes oblong- linear, acute ; bracts linear-lanceolate, dentate, 3 times as long as the peduncle; roc. secund, opposite the leaves and terminal ; pod terete, torulose. (J) In rocky shades, Can. to Mo. S. to Ga. Stem 8 12' high, with finely divided leaves. Flowers bright yellow, about half as long as the torulose pods which succeed them. May Aug. 4. FUMARIA. Lat. fum.ua, smoke ; from its disagreeable amcIL Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them spuned at the base, filaments in 2 sets each with 3 anthers ; nut ovoid or globose, I -seeded and valveless. Lvs. cauline, finely dissected. F. OFFICINALIS. Fumitory. St. suberect, branched, and spreading ; Ivs. bipinnate; Ifte. lanceolate, cm into linear segments; roc. loose; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the globose, retuse nut. A small, handsome plant, in sandy fields and about gardens, introduced from Europe. Stem 10 1JV high, smooth as well as the leaves. Leaflets cut into segments dilated upwards. Flowers small, ro->e- colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long LS the bracts. July, Aug. ORDER XIII. CRUCIFER^E. CRUCIFERS. Plants herbaceous, very rarely suffruticose, with alternate leaves. Fis. yellow or white, rarely purple, without bracts, generally in racemes. CaL Sepals 4, deciduous. [across. Cor. of 4 regular petals, their claws inserted into the receptacle, and their limbs spreading in the formol Sta. 6, 2 of them upon opposite sides, shorter than the pther 4. [sepiment, stiff, two. Ovu. cpmposed of two united carpels, with two parietal placenta? united by a membranous false dis- Fr. h silique or silicle usually 2-celled. Sds. attached in a single row to each side of the placentae ; albumen 0. Linbrya, with the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Genera 173, species 1600. This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. Properties. The Cruciferse as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several alimen- tary articles' which are very nutricious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower; several others are used aa condiments ; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. They are also remarkable i'or ntain:a<,' more nitrogen than other vegetables, for which reason ammonia is generally evolved in thair putrefaction, hi medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, althougl very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria affords a blue coloring matter. 14* 160 \ XIII. CRUCIFERjE. FIG. 40. 1. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 2. The stamens (4 long and 2 short) and pistil. 3. Plan of the flower, stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 4. A silique, 5, partly open, showing the septum with seeds attached. e.Cross section of a seed, cotyledons conduplicate (0>. 7. Flower (enlarged) and leal of Capsella. 8. A silicle, 9, open, showing 1 the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed, cotyledons incumbent (0 U). 11. Section of a winged seed of Arabis Canadensis, cotyledons accumbent II. Conspectus of the Genera. * Ornamental exotics not culinary. Fruit silic Fruit siliq Flowers cyanic. Flowers yellow. (Silicle (Some of the stamens toothed. . . Alysswn. 8 < 2-celled . ( Stamens all toothless Lunaria. 9 Seeds flat(0i= ). (_ Stigmas cornute Matthiola. 22 ** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary ex < 4 OO-seeded. (ovate and < emarginate, { 2-seeded. otics. . TMaspi. l . Lepidium. 3 4 ovoid or \ Leaves cauline. C Silicle globose. ? Leaves radical. Fruit >). . ^ oblong or somewhat terete i.Friut siliculose, . . obovoid or subglobose . Cochlearia. 5 . Subularia. 6 . Capsella. 1 . Cakile. 25 . Cardamine. 16 . Sisynibrium. 19 . Cheiranthus. 21 . Dentaria. 17 . Nasturtium, 12 . Turritfe. 14 . Arabis. 15 . Raphanus. 20 . Brassica. 24 ;. . Raphantis. 25 . Barbarea. IS 3d. Erysimum. 20 . Turritis. 14 . Sisymbrium. 19 . Sinapis. 23 . Nasturtium. 12 . Camelina. 7 SECTION I. SILICULOSE. ($ 80, note.} I. THLASPI. Dill. Gr. j^Xaco, to compress ; on account of the compressed or flattened silicles. Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; silicle short, flat, emarginatc ut the apex, many-seeded ; valves carinate, often winged on the back; cotyledons accumbent (0.-). Lvs. undivided. Fls. white. 1. T. ARVENSE. Penny Cress. Lrs. oblong, coarsely dentate, smooth; silicle roundish-obovate, shorter than the pedicel ; slig. subsessile. In cultivated, stony fields,Can. and Northern States. The whole plant smooth, 8 12' high, branched. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide, the cauline slightly arrow-shaped with small obtuse auricles, wavy and toothed LEPIDIUM. XIII. CRUCIFERjE. 161 at margin. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. Siliclos large, flat, with dilated wings. The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. June. 2. T. ALLIACEUM. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, somewhat dentate, upper ones sagittate- amplexicaul, _with acute auricles; silicles ovate- ventricose ; stig. subsessile. In cultivated "fields, Western States, not common. -Stems 6 10' high. Lower leaves petio- late. Flowers smaller than, in T. arvense, in terminal racemes. This also savors of garlic. May Jl. 3. T. TUBEROSUM. Nutt. Rt. tuberiferous and fibrous ; st. pubescent, simple, short ; Ivs. rhomboid- ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile, radical ones petiolate ; silicle sub- orbicular, If Penn. Stem not more than 4 5' high. Flowers rather large, rose-colored. Apr. May. 2. CAPSELLA. Yent. Diminutive from capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to the fruit. Calyx equal at base ; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, compressed laterally; valves carin ate, not winged on the back; septum subliuear ; style short; seeds 00; oblong, small, 0||. Fls. white. A troublesome weed. C. BURSA-PASTORIS. Msench. (Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. Linn) SkepTierd's purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and roadsides. Stem 6 8 12' high, nearly smooth in the upper part, hirsute below, striate, branching. Root-leaves rosulate, 2 5 8' long, as wide, cut-lobed, on margined petioles ; segments about 13. These lelaves are sometimes wanting, (when the weed is crowded,) or only dentate. Stem-leaves much smaller, very narrow, with two small, acute auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 3 12' long. Silicle smooth, triangular, emarginate at the end, and tipped with the style. April Sept. 3. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. Gr. Aen-i?, a scale ; from the resemblance of the silicle. Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; silicles oval-orbicular, emar- ginate ; septum very narrow, crossing the greater diameter; valves connate, dehiscent ; cells 1-seeded, 0|| or 0=. Fls. white. 1. L. VIRGINICUM. Wild Pepper-grass. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, smooth ; st. paniculately branched above ; sta. 2 4 ; silicles orbicular, emarginate ; seeds 0==. In dry fields and road-sides, U. S. Stem rigid, round, smooth, If high. Leaves 1 1' by 1 3", acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones sessile, lower pinnatifidly cut. Flowers and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of racemes. Fls. very small, mostly diandrous; silicles lens-.shaped, 1" diarn., with a notch at the end. Ta&te pungent, like that of the garden pepper-grass. Ja Oct. 2. L. CAMPESTRE, R. Br. (Thlaspi campestris. Linn.) Yellow Seed. Cauline Ivs. sagittate, denticulate ; silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly, punctate. In waste places and dry fields, especially among flax. Stem strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6 10' high, branching. Leaves 1' long, as wide, acute, with 2 lobes at base, upper one clasping the stem, all minutely velvety. Flowers small. Silicles 1J" long, numerous, in long racemes. Jn. Jl. 3. L. RUDERALE. Lvs. cauline, incised, those of the branches linear, entire ; fls. apetalous, and with but 2 stamens ; silicles broadly oval or suborbicular, emarginate, wing- less ; cotyl. |. Dry fields, Mich., la., Mo. Stem 10 15' high. Racemes many. Flowers remarkable for wanting the petals, which are always present in our other species. 4. L. SATivuif. Peppergrass. Lvs. variously divided and cut ; branches with- out spines; silicles orbicular, winged. Native of the East. Stems 1 31 16*2 XIII. CRUCIFER^E. DUABA. high, very branching. Silicles 2 '3" broad, very numerous. A well known garden salad. July. $ 4. DRAB A. Gr. dpaffi], acrid, biting ; from the taste of the plant. Calyx equal at base ; petals equal ; filaments without teeth ; silicle oval-oblong, entire, the valves flat or convex ; cells 2, many-seeded ; seeds not margined. 1. D. VERNA. (Eriophila vulgaris. DC.) Whitlow Grass. Scape naked ; IKS. oblong, acute, subserrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ; silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. A little early-flowering plant in grassy fields, Can. to Va. Leaves all radical, lanceolate, !{' long, | as wide, with a few teeth towards the end. Scape a few inches high, with a raceme of 5 15 small, white flowers. Calyx spreading. Petals cleft half way down. Silicles about a line wide and 3 4" long, with deciduous valves. Apr. May. 2. D. ARABlsANs. Michx. (Arabis. PA.) St. leafy, somewhat branched and pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acutely den- tate ; silicle oblong-lanceolate, smooth, longer than the pedicel ; sty. very short. Lake shores, among rocks, Vt., N. Y., Mich. Stems several from the same root, 6 8' high. Radical leaves I' or more in length, attenuate at base, with a few slender, spreading teeth ; cauline leaves somewhat clasping. Flowers white, in a short raceme. Silicle elongated (!' long), acuminate, contorted, and might be called a silique. May. 3. D. CAROLINIANA. Walt. (D. hispidula. 'Michx.} St. leafy at base, hispid, naked and smooth at the top ; ivs. ovate-roundish, entire, hispid ; silides linear, smooth, longer than the pedicels, corymbose. () Sandy fields, Conn., Dr. Bobbins, R. L, Mr. G. Hunt, S. to Ga. Stem 13' high, very hairy. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. Petals white, twice as long as the sepals. Silicle ' long, lance-linear, many- seeded. Stigma subsessile. Apr. Jn. 4. D. RAMOSISSIMA. Desv. (Alyssum dentatum. Nutt.) Minutely pubescent ; sts. numerous ; fas. linear-lanceolate, with remote and slender teeth, upper ones entire ; roc. corymbosely paniculate ; silicle lanceo- late, about the length of the pedicel, and tipped with the style i as long. 7J. On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., west to Ky. Slems slender, 4 10' long, with tufted leaves at top. Leaves about 1' long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side. Flowers white. Silicles 3 5" in length, ascending. Apr. May. 5. D. NEMORALIS. Ehrh. St. pubescent, branched ; Ivs. oval, hirsute, cauline lanceolate, toothed ; pet. emarginate ; silicks oblong-elliptical, the length of the pedicels ; sds. nearly 30. Ij. Mich. Mo. Plant slender, 810' high. Stem with few branches. Leaves mostly radical. Racemes much elongated in fruit, with very long pedicels. Flowers minute, yellowish white. May. 6. D. CUNEIFOLIA. Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent ; st. branching and leafy below ; Ivs. sparingly toothed, radical spatulate-oblong, cauline few, oblong, ovate, somewhat attenuate at base; rac. rather elongated in fruit; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedicels ; pet. emarginate. T. fy G. %. Grassy places about St. Louis, &c., Nuttall. Plant 3 8' high. Flowers much larger than in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice longer than the sepals. Silicles about ' long and 30-seeded. March, Apr. 7. D. BRACIIYCARPA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent; radical Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate ; cauline oblong or linear, slightly dentate or entire ; rac. many flowered, straight, elongated in fruit; pet. obovate, entire; silicle oval, glabrous, about as long as the pedicels, 10 12-seeded. -^Grassy places near St. Louis. . Stem much branched and leafy. Silicles 23" long, March, Apr. ALTSSUM. XIII. CRUCIFER^ lf,b 5. COCHLEARIA. Tourn. Lat. cochlear, a spoon ; rcfering to the concave leaves. Calyx equal at base, spreading ; petals entire ; stamens without teeth ; silicle sessile, oblong or ovoid-globose, with ventricose valves ; seeds many, not margined ; 0=. Fls. white. 1. C. ARMORACIA. Horse Radish. Radical Ivs. oblong, cvenate : cauli7ie\edous linear, curved. CD Aquatic^ acaulescent herbs. S. AQUATICA. Aiclwort. A small plant growing on the muddy shores of ponds in Maine, Nult. t ..nd near the White Mts., Pickering. Leaves all radical, entire, subulate, an . ach in length. Scape 2 3' high, racemose, with a few minute, white flowers, on slender pedicels only 2" in length. Jl. 7. CAMELlNA. Crantz. Gr. xapat, dwarf; Xtvov, flax. Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; silicle obovate or subglobose, with ventricose valves and .many-seeded cells ; styles filiform, persis- tent ; seeds oblong, striate, not margined, j| . C. SATIVA. Crantz. (Myagrum. Linn.} Gold-of -pleasure. False Flax. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire ; silicle obovate-pyriform, mar- gined, tipped with the pointed style. (D In cultivated fields. Stem 1J 2j f. high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves roughish, 1 2' long, clasping the stem with their acute, arrow-shaped lobes. Flowers small, yellow, in panicu- lated racemes. Silicles 2 3" long, on pedicels 23 times as long. Said to be cultivated in Germany for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. Jn.$ 8. ALYSSUM. Gr. a. privative ; Xvo-cra, rage ; supposed by the ancients to allay anger. Calyx equal at base ; petals entire ; some of the stamens with teeth ; silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the cen- tre ; seeds 1 4 in each cell. 1. A. SAXATILE. Rock Alijssum. Madwort. St. suffruticose at base, subco- ymbose; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, downy ; silicle ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded; sds. margined. An early-flowering garden perennial, native ot Candia. Stem If high, with numerous yellow flowers in close corymbose bunches. Apr. May.-f 2. A. MARITIMUM. Lam. Sweet Alyssum. St. suffruticose and procumbent at base ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat hoary ; pods oval, smooth. Tj A sweet-scented garden plant, with fine leaves and small white flowers. Stem a foot in length. Flowers from Jn. to Oct. All the species of Alyssum are of easy culture in common loamy soils, f 161 XIII. CRUCIFERjE. NASTURTIUM 9. LUNARIA. Lat. luna, the moon ; from the broad, round silicles. Sepals somewhat bisaccate at base ; petals nearly entire ; stamens without teeth ; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate, with flat valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment. 1. L. REDivIVA. Perennial Satin Flower or Honesty, St. erect, branching; Ivs. ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate ; silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. Tj. From Germany. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers light purple. Jn. f 2. L. BIENNIS. DC. Honesty. St. erect; tos. with obtuse teeth ; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends. These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany'. Stems 3 if high. Leaves cordate. Flowers lilac-colored. The broad, round, silvery silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Jn. f 10. IBERIS. Most of the species are native of Iberia, now Spain. The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner ; silicles compressed truncate, emarginate, the cells 1 -seeded. None of the species are N. American. 1. 1. UMBELLATA. Purple Candy-tuft. Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lan- ceolate, acuminate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. This and the following species are very popular garden annuals, very pretty in borders, and of very easy culture. I. umbellata is from S. Europe. Stem If high. Flowers purple, terminal, in simple umbels, and like the rest of the genus remarkable tor having the 2 outer petals larger than the 2 inner ones. Jn. Jl. f 2. I. AMARA. Bitter Candy-tuft. Herbaceous ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, some- what toothed ; Jls. corymbed, becoming racemed ; silicles obcordate, narrowly emarginate. () Native of England. Stem If high. Flowers white. Jn. Jl.f 3. 1. FINN ATA. Winged-leaved Candy-tuft. Herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. pin- natifid ; roc. corymbose, but little elongated after flowering. From S. Eu- rope. Plant If high. Flowers white. Jn. Aug. j- 4. I. SAXATILIS. Rock Candy-tuft. Shrubby; Ivs. linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate ; fls. in corymbs. From S. Europe. Nearly If high. Flowers white. Apr. Jn. f Obs. Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are equally ornamen- tal with those above mentioned. 11. ISATIS. Gr. t, to make equal ; supposed to remove roughness from the skin. Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dissepiment obliterated), 1-seeded, with carinate, navicular valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. None of the species are N. American. I. TINCTORIA. Woad. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatu- late at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. (I) The Woad is native of England. It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that may be substituted for indigo. The plant grows about 4 f. high, with large leaves clasping the stem with their broad bases. Flowers vellow, large, in terminal racemes. May Jl. SECTION 2. SILco, to appear from its rapid growth Calyx erect; petals obovate, unguiculate; siliques terete, torose, not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells; seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, . 15* 172 XIV. CAPPARIDACE^E. POLANISIA 1, R. RAPHANISTRUM. Wild Radhh. Las. lyrate; silique terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style.-- Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides, but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1 2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, den- tate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they de- cay. Jn. Jl. 2. R. SATIVA. Garden Radish. Lower Ivs. lyrate, petiolate ; silique torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. Petals 5, ( minute. Delicate shrubs , Hudsonia. > Petals 3, linear-lanceolate Lecfiea. , " t 1. LECHEA. In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute ; petals 3, lanceolate, small ; stamens 3 12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; pla- centae nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1 2-seeded. *2| Su/ruticose, branching plants. Stipules 0. HUDSONIA. XIX. CISTACE^E. 181 1. L. MAJOR. Michx. (L. villosa. Ell. L. minor. Z/*?m.) Larger Pinweed. Erect, hairy; brandies villous, radical ones prostrate; caulinelvs. ellipti- cal, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minute; Jls. small, nu- merous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sided. In dry woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 1 2f high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched. Leaves of the stem about 1' long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous. Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. Jl. Aug. 2. L. MINOR. Lam. Smaller Pinweed. Erect, smoothish, branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle leafy, its branches elongated 5/5. in nearly simple racemes ; caps, rather large. Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 12' high, often decumbent at base. Stem leaves, 610" by 2 3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish purple, cohering at apex. Cap- sule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn. Sept. 3. L. THYMIPOLIA. Ph. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. Frutescent ; sts. decumbent at base, hoary with appressed hairs, very branching and leafy ; root Ivs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, ellipti- cal, very small; cauline Ivs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts, Mass. ! to N. J. Stem about If high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about 1' long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. Jl. Sep. 2. HELIANTHEMUM. Gr. JyXtoy , the sun, avSos , a flower. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller ; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes abortive ; stamens 00 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule triangu- lar, 3-valved, opening at top ; seeds angular. Fls. yellow. l.H. CANADENSE. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Willd.} Frost Plant. Rock Rose. St. ascending ; branches erect, pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, without stipules, ^anceolate, acute, hairy; petaliferoiis jls. few, large, terminal, apetalous ones late- ral, solitary or racemose. In dry fields ^and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about If high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves 8 12" long, i as wide, entire, sub- sessile. Flowers with large bright yellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta- mens declinate. Capsule smooth, shining, those of the apet. fls. not larger than a pin's head. Seeds few, brown. Jn. Sep. 2. H. CORYMBOSUM. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.) St. branching, canescent, erect ; Ivs. lance-oblong, canescently tomentose beneath ; jls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous-canescent, outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute. Sterile sands, N. J. to Ga. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary flowers about 1' diam. Secondary ones small, apeta- lous. Jn. Aug. 3. HUDSONIA. In honor of Win. Hudson, author of " Flora Anglica." Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase ; pe- tals 5 ; Stamens 9 30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule 1 -celled, 3- valved, many-seeded. Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute exstipulate Ivs. 1. H. TOMENTOSA. Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. Hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter than the intervals of the stem ; Jls. subsessile ; pet. obtuse. Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J to N. H. ! and Wise., &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending 18^ XX. HYPERICACE^E. HYPERICUM. stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Leaves about 1 2" in length, closely appressed to the stem. Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May. 2. H. ERicolDES. Heath-like Hudsonia. Hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. acerose-subulate ; ped. longer than the leaves, fili- form, hairy ; sep. acutish. A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass. to Va. Stem f high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2 4" long. Flowers yellow, shorter than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May. ORDER XX. HYPEKICACEJE. ST. JOHN'S-WORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches. Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Stip. 0. Fit. perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. Cal. Sepals 45, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted. Cor. Petals 45, hypogynous, aestivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted. Sta. hypogynous, indefinite, in 3 or more parcels. Anthers versatile. Ova. single, superior. Style slender. Stigma simple. Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute. Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very great variety in habit, and flourish- ing in all kinds of localities. The juice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal. Conspectus of the Genera. $ o Hypericwm. 2. $5. Hypogynous glands {3 Elodea. 3. Petals and sepals ( 4. Hypogynous glands Ascyrum. 1. 1. ASCYRUM. Gr. a, privative, aicvpos, roughness; i. e., a smooth plant. Sepals 4, the 2 outer usually larger ; petals 4 ; filaments slightly united at base into several parcels ; styles 2 4, mostly distinct ; cap- sule 1 -celled. Plants su/rulicose. Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. yellow, 1 3, terminal on each branch. Pedicels bibracteolate. 1. A. CRUX- ANDREW. (A. multicaule, Michx.} St. Peter's-wort. St. much branched at base ; branches suberect, ancipital above ; Ivs. obo- vate or linear-oblong, obtuse ; inner sep. minute, roundish ; pet. linear-oblong ; sty. 1 2. Sandy woods, N. J. to La. Stem about If high, thickly clothed with leaves w.hich are J 1J' long, of very variable width. Flowers pale-yel- low, on very short pedicels, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx. Petals ex- ceeding the sepals and stamens. July. 2. A. STANS. Michx. (A. hypericoides. Linn.} St. straight, erect, ancipital or winged, branched above ; Ivs. oblong, ob- tuse, sessile ; outer sep. cordate, orbicular, longer than the 2 lanceolate, interior ones; sty. 3. Swamps in pine barrens, N. J. to La. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 1 If long, | as wide, somewhat glaucous. Flowers usually 3 together, much larger than in the preceding. Yellow. Jl. Aug. 2. HYPERlCUM. Sepals 5, connected at base, subequal, leaf-like ; petals 5, oblique ; Stamens 00 (sometimes few) united at base into 3 5 parcels, with no glands between them ; styles 3 5, distinct or united at base, per- sistent. Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate, with pellucid dots, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymose panicles, yellow. * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Herbs. 1. H. PYRAMIDATUM. Ait. (H. ascyroides. Willd.} Giant Hypericum. St. branching, somewhat quadrangular ; Ivs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, smooth ; sty. as long as the stamens. 7J. A large flowering species, found on dry hills, also on river banks, Ohio and Penn. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, scarce- ly angular, smooth, rigid, herbaceous. Branches corymbose and erect, or late- HYPERICUM. XX. HYTERICACE^E. 183 oal, axillary, opposite. Leaves acute, not acuminate, those of the stem 2 5' long, i as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. Flowers IV diam. Petals obovate, ' wide. Stamens capillary, 100 or more. Capsules 1' long, ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Seeds 00. Jl. Aug. 2. H. PERFORATUM. Common St. John's-wort. St. 2-edged, branched; Ivs. elliptical, with pellucid dots; sep. lanceolate, half as long as the petals. 7J. A hardy plant, prevailing in pastures and dry soils, Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. Stem 1 2f high, braehiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the nodes. Leaves 6 10" long, as wide, ramial ones much smaller, all obtuse, the dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Flowers numerous, deep yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sepals bordered with fine dark color- ed glands. Jn. Jl. 3. H. CORYMBOSUM. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.} Spotted St. John's. St. erect, round, smooth, branching ; Ivs. clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black dots; cymes terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered, corymbose sep. ovate, acute. 7J. In wet meadows and damp woods, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 1 \ 2f high. Leaves 12' long, nearly J as wide, with pellucid punctures be- sides the black dots. Flowers small, numerous, pale-yellow, petals nearly 3 times as long as the sepals, with oblong black dots. Stigmas orange-red, on distinct styles. Jn. Jl. 4. H. ANGULOSUM. Michx. St. simple below, corymbosely branched above, sharply 4-angled ; Ivs. somewhat ovate, closely sessile, scarcely punctate ; cymes leafless, compound ; fis. alternate, solitary on the ultimate branches; sep. lanceolate, acute, half as long as the petals. 7|_ Cedar swamps, N. J. to Flor. Stem nearly 2f high. Leaves nearly 1' long, | as wide, rather distant. Petals obovate, brownish-red, with a single lateral tooth near the apex. Jn. Aug. 5. H. ELUPTICUM. Hook. (H sphserocarpon. Bart.~) St. quadrangular, simple, cymose at summit ; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, some- what clasping, pellucid-punctate; cyme pedunculate ; sep. unequal; sty. united at base. % Low grounds, Uxbridge, Ms., Rickard! R. I. Olney, to N. Y. and Penn. Stem 8 1G' high, slender, colored at base. Leaves 813" by 24", somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen flowers, generally 1 2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central flowers sub- sessile. Petals acutish, orange-yellow, 2 3" long ; sepals shorter. Stigmas minute. July. * * Stamens 20 100, polyadelphous. Shrubs. 6. H. KALMIANUM. Kalm's St. John's-wort. St. corymbosely branched ; branches somewhat 4-sided, two of the angles slightly winged; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse, attenuate at base; cymes 3 7-flowered,fastigiate; sep. half as long as petals. Rocks below Niagara Falls ! &c. A shrubby species a foot or more in height. LeaveS an inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and thickly punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate. Flowers yellow. Stamens very numerous. Aug. 7. H. PROLIFICUM. Branching ; branches ancipital, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge ; cymes compound, leafy ; sep. un- equal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate ; pet. obovate, a little larger than sepals ; sty. at length distinct. A highly ornamental shrub, 2 4f high, prairies and creek shores, Mid. and West. States ! Leaves 2 2J' long, 4 6" wide. Flowers f diam., orange-yellow, in an elongated inflorescence. Stamens 00. Jl. Aug. f 0. T. & G. Lvs. much smaller ; capsule attenuate at summit. H. H. ADPRESSUM. Barton. St. shrubby at base, 2- winged above ; Ivs. oblong-linear, sessile, with pellucid punctures ; fis. 15 20, in a leafless cyme ; sep. unequal, half as long as the oblong-obovate petals; sty. united; caps. 3-celled. Swamp*, R. I.! Pa. 16* 184 XX. HYPERICACEJE. ELODEA. to Aik. About 2f high. Leaves 1 2' by 2 4", often somewhat lance-shaped. Flowers about 6" diam., with very numerous stamens. Aug Sept, 9. H. AU'REUM. Bertram. (H. amonmm. P/t.) Golden Hypericum. Branches spreading, ancipital ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base, glaucous beneath ; Jls. .few together, subsessile ; pet. coriaceous, reflexed ; sty. 3, connate, persistent on the ovoid- conic capsule. A beautiful shrub, 2 4f high, native of S. Car. and Ga. Flowers large, orange-yellow. Stamens 100 or more. Capsule red. Jn. Aug. 10. H. NUDIFLORUM. Michx. SI. shrubby at base ; branchts winged ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse ; cymes leafless, pedunculate; central Jls. shortly pedicellate; pet. obovate, longer han the linear sepals ; sty. united. Wet grounds, Penn. to La. Plant 1 2f high, with numerous 4-sided branches. Leaves thin, about 2' long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small and rather loose in the cyme. Aug. f * * * Stamens 5 20, distinct. 11. H. MUTILUM. (H. quinquenervium. Wall.') Small St. John's-wort. St. erect, usually much branched, often subsimple, quadrangular ; Ivs. obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5- veined, minutely punctate ; cymes leafy ; pet. shorter than the sepals ; sta 6 12. Damp, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. W. to la ! Stem 3 6 9' high. Leaves closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 8" by 2 5", outer veins obscure. Flowers minute. Jl. Aug. 12. H. CANADENSE. Canadian St. John's-wort. St. quadrangular, branched; ITS. linear, attenuated to the base, with pel- lucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; sep. lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals ; sta. 510. Wet, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. Stem 815' high, slightly 4- winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Leaves about 1' by 1 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. Flowers small, orange-colored. Ovary longer than the styles. Capsule red, longer than the sepals. Jl. Aug. 13. H. SAROTHRA. Michx. (Sarothra gentianoides. Linn.} St. and brandies filiform, quadrangular ; Ivs. very minute, subulate ; Jls. sessile. Dry fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem 4 8' high, branched above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches, apparently leaf- less, from the minuteness of the leaves. Flowers very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical, brown capsule which is twice the length of the sep. Jl. Aug. 14. H. DRUMMONDII. Torr. & Gray. (Sarothra. Grev. fy Hook.} Branches alternate, square above ; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer than the intern odes; Jls. pedicellate; sta. 10 20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovate capsule. Near St. Louis, &c; Plant more robust than the last, nearly If high, very branching. Leaves \' long. Flowers about 4" diam. 3. ELODEA. Adans. .^-.,; Gr. cXcoJ^j, marshy; from the habitat of the plants. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base ; petals 5, deciduous, equilateral ; stamens triad elprious, the parcels alternating with 3 hy- pogynous glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled. % Herbs with pellucid-punctate leaves, the axils leafless. 1. E. VIRGINICA. Nutt. (E. campanulata. PA. Hypericum. Linn.) St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching ; Ivs. oblong, amplexicaul ; sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Swamps and ditches, U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 20' high. Leaves 1| 2j- long, | as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, glaucous beneath. Cymes terminal and axillary. Flowers 5" diam., orange- yellow. Petals about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange- colo r ed. Capsules ovoid-oblong, acutish. Jl. Sept. 2. E. PETIOLATA. Pursh. (Hypericum. Walt.) Lrs. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole; Jls. mostly in 3s, axillary, SPERGULA. XXli. ILLECEBRACE^E. 185 nearly sessile ; fil. united above the middle ; capsules oblong, much longer than the sepals. Swamps, N. J. to Ky. Stem about 2f high. Leaves 13' long, rounded-obtuse. Flowers smaller than in the last, of a dull orange-color, Aug. Sept. ORDER XXII. ILLECEBRACE^]. KNOTWORTS. Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, branching. Lvs. sessile, entire. Stipules and bracts scarious. Fls. minute. Col. Sepals 5, distinct or coherent at base, persistent. Cor. Petals minute, inserted between the sepals, often wanting, Sta. equal in number to the sepals (sometimes less or more) inserted into the pengynous disk. Ova. superior, 1-oelled. Sty. 2$, either partially or wholly combined. Fr. a utricle, sd. solitary, attached to base of cell ; or a many-seeded capsule. Genera 24, species 100, found mostly around the Mediterranean. Seven of the genera have been foun in N. America. A slight astringency is their only known property. Conspectus of the Genera. 1 ( or sterile filaments none Anychia. 1 < minute, resembling sterile filaments Paronychia. 2 Petals ( conspicuous, white or rose-colored Spergula, 3 1. ANYCHIA. Michx. Gr. ovt)|, the fingernail j a supposed remedy for the maladies of that organ. Calyx of 5, ovate-oblong, connivent sepals, callous, subsaccate at the apex ; corolla ; filaments 2 5, distinct ; stigma subcapitate ; utri- cle enclosed in the sepals. Small herbs, with dichotomous branches, Lvs. stipulate. A. DICHOTOMA. Michx. (dueria Canadensis. Linn.) Forked Chickweed. St. at length much branched, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline ones oppo- site, ramial ones alternate ; fls. about as long as the stipules, terminal ones subfasciculate. Dry woods and hills, Can. and N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 4 10. high, round, slender, pubescent above, with dichotomous, filiform branches. Leaves 2 8" by J 2", acute or obtuse, with ovate-acuminate, scarious stipules at base situated at each fork of the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in ter- minal clusters o!3 or more, very small, white. Jn. Aug. /?. capillacea. Torr. Smooth ; brandies capillary ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, cunei- form at base. la. ! 111. ! 2. PARONYCHIA. Tourn. Etymology similar to the foregoing. Sepals united at base, acuminate cuspidate at apex, the lining membrane colored and cucullate or saccate at summit ; petals (sterile fil. ?) very narrow and scale-like ; stamens 5 ; styles more or less united ; stigmas 2 ; utricle 1 -seeded included in the calyx. 1. P. JAMES ii. Torr. & Gray. Caespitose, much branched; Ivs. linear- subulate, scabrous ; ^s. few, in small, dense, dichotomous cymes, the central ones sessile ; pet. (or setae) alter- nate with the fertile filaments; sep. linear, with a minute -cusp. Prairies, Mason Co., 111. Mead. R. Mts. James. Nutt. Stems about f long. Flowers small. 2. P. DICHOTOMA. Nutt. (Achyranthes. Linn.) Csespitose, densely branching ; Ivs. acerose-mucronate, glabrous, 2-grooved each, side; cymes compound, diffuse, without central fls.; seta much shortei than the stamens. Rocks, Harper's Ferry. Stems 6 12' high. Leaves 1' by J", crowded. Style bifid i its length. JL Nov. 3. SPERGtfLA. Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds. Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire ; stamens 5 10; styles 3 5 ; capsules superior, ovate, 3 5-valved, many-seeded. Herbs with flowers in loose cymes. Lvs. stipulate. 186 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 1. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Spurry. L-vs. verticillate, linear-subulate ; sta. 10 ; sty. 5 ; ped. reflexed in fruit ; ids. reniform, angular, rough. A common weed in cultivated grounds, Can. to Ga. Root small. Stem round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with copious whorled leaves, somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice as long. Seeds many, with a membranous margin. May Aug. 2. S. RUBRA. T. & G. (Arenaria rubra. Linn.} St. decumbent, much branched ; Ivs. linear, slightly mucronate ; stipules ovate, membranous, cleft ; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins ; pet. red or rose-color ; sty. 3 ; sds. compressed, angular, roughish. A common and varia- ble species, found in sandy fields ! Can. to Flor. &c. Stems a few inches in length, slender, smooih, spreading on the ground, with small, narrow leaves and dry, sheathing stipules. Flowers small, on hairy stalks. May Oct. ORDER XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. CLOVEWORTS. Herbs, wi*h the stems swelling at the nodes. Lvs. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Fls. regular. Cat. Sepals 4 5, distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent. Cor. Petals 45, (sometimes noneXeither unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few ; anthers introrse. Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner surface. FT. a 1-celled capsule or imperfectly 2 5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are stigmas. Seeds numerous. Genera 53, species 1055. Eleven of the genera are North American, the remainder are found in the temperate and frigid climates of the Eastern Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable rhiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species. FIG. 41. 1. Lychnis diurna. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the 1-celled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bind lamina, and its 2-toothed crown. 4. Cross sec- tion of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. 6. A flower enlarged calyx not tubular. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Sepals partly united. . . . Adenariwn. $ entire. ( Sepals entirely distinct Arenaria. $ Petals 5, 1 bifid Stcllaria. ( Styles 3. { Petals Mollugo. fnot \ Styles 4. Petals 4-5 or 0, entire Sagina. tubular. ( Styles 5. Petals 5, bifid Ccrasttum. $ Calyx calyculate with 24 scales at base Dianthus. ( Styles 2. { Calyx without scales at the base Saponaria. les 3 Bilene. Calyx tubular. s Lychnis. CERASTIUM. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 187 TRIBE 1. ALSINEJE. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk. 1. STELLARIA. Lat. stella, a star : from the stellate or star like flowers. Sepals 5, connected at base ; petals 5. 2-parted ; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Small grass-like herbs, in moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes. 1. S. MEDIA. Smith. (Alsine. Linn.} CMckweed. Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; sta. 3 5 or 10. A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched, brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, white. The seeds are eaten by poultry and the birds. 2. S. LONGIPOLIA. Muhl. (S. graminea. BW.} Lvs. linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious bracts ; col. 3-veined, about equal to the petals. U. S., N. to Arc. Circ. The steins are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. Three acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. Jl. 3. S. PUBERA. Michx. St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines ; Ivs. ob- long-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate ; fts. on short, filiform, recurved pedi- cels. % In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. to Ga. Stem 6 12' long, often dif- fusely spreading. Leaves 1 2J' by 4 10", with minute, scattered hairs. Flowers ' diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. Apr. Jn. 4. S. LONGIPES. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pers.) Smooth and shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending branches ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute ; peduncles and pedicels filiform, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base ; sep. with membran- ous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals. Tj. Lake shores, N. Y. ! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn. Aug. 5. S. BOREALIS. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.) St. weak, smooth ; Ivs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute ; ped. at length axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; pet. 2-parted (sometimes wanting), about equal to the veinless sepals. (J) Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artie Am. A spread- ing flaccid plant. Stem 6 12 15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and axillary. Leaves 8 15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the calyx. Jn. Jl. 6. S. AQUATICA. Pollich. (S. borealis. Darl^ Nearly glabrous ; st. slender, decumbent ; Ivs. oblong, acute, with mani- fest veinlets ; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid petals ; caps, ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; sty. 3. 1\. Swampy springs, Penn. Dr. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbins. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 6 12' long, with inconspicuous flowers. Leaves 6" by 2 3". May. 2. CERASTIUM. Linn. Gr. icspas , a horn ; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species. Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals ; corolla of 5 bifid petals ; stamens l*> XX111. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. AUKN-KIA 10. sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5 ; capsule superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed; seeds numerous. * Petals scarcely longer tlian tlie calyx. 1. C. VULGATUM. Mouse-ear Cfiickweed. Hairy, pale green, csespitose; Ivs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obo- vats-obtuse ; Jls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. when young, longer than the pedi- eels, Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flcwering all summer. Sterns 6 12 7 long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5 8" by 3 5", mostly ,-ery obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clus- ters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green, i little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 2. C. VISCOSUM. (and C. semidecandrum. Linn.} Sticky Chickweed. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; Jls. in loose cymes ; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedicels. Tj. Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant more deeply green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dichotomously-cymose. Leaves 5 9" long, | | as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn. Aug. 0. semidecandrum. T. & G. Stamens 5. Mass, to la. ! ** Petah much longer than the calyx. 3. C. ARVENSE. (C. tenuifolium. PA.) Field Chickweed. Pubescent, somewhat caespitose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer than the internodes ; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, few flowered ; pet. more than twice longer than the calyx ; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals. Rocky hills. Stems 410' high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9 15" long, 1 2" wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than the calyx. May Aug. 4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM. Torr. (C. villosum. MuU.} Villose, viscid above; st. erect or declined; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, most- ly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes ; Jls. numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals; cap. about twice as long as the calyx. 1\. Rocky places. Stems 6 10' high, thick. Leaves 9 12" by 3 5", tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the fore- going, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr. Jn. 5. C. NUTANS. Raf. Viscid and pubescent ; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, narrow, shorter than the internodes ; fis. many, diffusely cymose, on* long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx. Low grounds, Vt. to 111. ! and La. Pale green and very clammy. Stems 8 15' high, branched from the base. Leaves- 1 2' long, i as wide. Flowers white. Cap- sules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May. 3. ARENARIA. Lat. arena, sand ; in which most species grow. Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3 ; capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Fls. terminal. Sty. rarely 2 or 4. 1. A. SQARROSA. Michx. Caespitose; st. few'-flowered ; lower Ivs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth ; pet. obovate, three times longer than the obtuse, veinless sepals. % In sandy barrens, N. Y. Bobbins, to Ga. Stems 6 10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches. Leaves about ' long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes. Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr. Sept. 2. A. STRICTA. Michx. Straight Sandwort. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the base; Ivs. subulate-linear, erect; pet. much longer than the calyx j sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined ; cymes SAUINA. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLAGE^E, 189 few-flo\vered. with spreading branches. Tj. Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car. Stem 8 10' high. Leaves 5 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veined, much iasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the sepals, white. May, Jn. 3. A. GREENLANDICA. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bin.} Greenland Sandwort. Glabrous; sts. numerous, low, filiform, suberect; Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, spreading; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate, obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals. 1\. Summits of high mountains, N. H ! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, con- sisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over with large (8" diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug. 4. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. St. dichotomous, spreading; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate; cal. acute 5 sub- striate ; pet. shorter than the calyx ; caps, ovate, 6-toothed. By roadsides, and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, a few inches in length. Leaves 2 3" long, \ as wide. Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3 5-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn. 5. A. LATERIFLORA. Side-flowering Sandwort. Erect., slightly pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral, 2 3-flowered. 7|_ A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and Brit. Am. Stem 6 10' high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at each end, 6 10" long, J -as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal and lateial, 2 3' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4" diam., white. Petals more than twice as long as sepals. Jn. 3. ADENARIUM. Raf. Sepals 5, united at base ; petals 5, unguiculate, entire ; stamens 10, inserted into a glandular disk ; styles 3 5 ; capsule 3 5-valved. many-seeded. Herbs of the sea-coast, with fleshy leaves. A. PEPLolDEs. DC. (Arenaria. Linn. Honckenya. EArA. and 1st. edit.} Sea Ckickweed.Very fleshy ; $t. creeping, with erect, subsimple branches ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, reinless, exceeding the petals. Abundant on the Atlantic coast ! N. J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5 7 10" long, as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes. Flowers small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. Jl. 5. SAGlNA. Lat. sagina, any kind of food or nourishment, Sepals 4 5, united at base ; petals entire, 4 or 5, or ; stamens 4 10 ; styles 4 5 ; capsule 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Fls. solitary. 1. S. PROCUMBENS. Creeping Pearlwort. St. procumbent ; glabrous ; pet. very short ; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5.{g) A small weed, with slender, creeping stems 3 or 4' long, found in damp places, R. I. ! N. Y. to S. Car., W. to Oregon. Leaves very small, linear, mucronate- pointed, connate or opposite. Flowers white and green, axilla*y, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Jn. 2. S. DECUMBENS. T. & G. (Spergula saginoides. Linn.} Pearlwort. St. decumbent, ascending, mostly glabrous ; Ivs. linear-subulate, very acute ; ped. much longer than the leaves ; pet. and sep. 5 ; sta. 10. Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Stem 2 3' long. Flowers axillary and terminal. Pe- tals white, hardly as large as the sepals. Jl. Apparently a variety of S. pro- cumbens. 1 3. S. APETALA. Erect and pubescent ; Ivs. linear-subulate ; ped. elongated, ascending in fruit ; sep. and sta. 4 ; pet. very minute or 0. (J) Sandy fields, N. J., Penn. 100 XXI11. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. SILENE Stems numerous, filiform, 2 4' high. Sepals acute, shorter than the capsule May Jn. 6. MOLLtf GO. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside ; corolla 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; filaments setaceous, shorter than, and opposite to the sepals ; anthers simple ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; seeds reniform. Lvs. at length apparently vertidllate, each whorl consisting of 1 or 2 large, substipulate leaves, with several axillary, smalkr ones. M. VERTICILLATA. Carpet-toeed. Lvs. cuneiform, acute ; st. depressed, branched ; pedicels 1-flowered, sub- umbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. A small, prostrate plant, in dry places through- out N. Am. Stems slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground. At every joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually five in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk which is very slender and shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, white. Jl. Sep. TRIBE 2. SIL.ENEJ3. Sepals united into a cylindrical tube. Petals clawed, inserted with the stamens upon the stipe of the ovary. 7. SILENE. Silenus was a drunken divinity of the Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion. Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed ; petals 5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2-cleft ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. * Calyx vesicular, inflated ; petals scarcely crowned. 1. S. ACAULIS. Stemkss Campion. Low and densely caespitose ; Ivs. linear, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary, short, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate, slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned. 7J. A little turfy plant, 1 3' high, on the White Mts., N. H., and throughout Arctic Am. Stems scarcely any. Leaves numerous, ' long. Flowers purple. 2. S. STELLATA. Ait. (Cucubalus stellatus. Linn.) Stellate Campion. Erect, pubescent ; Ivs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; cal. loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. 7|_ An elegant plant, woods and prairies, Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! and Ark. Stem 2 3f high, paniculately cymose. Leaves 2 3' long, % as wide, tapering to a long point, sessile. Calyx pale-green, with more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed at base. Jl. 3. S. NIVEA. DC. (Cucubalus niveus. Nutt.} Snowy Campion.- Minutely puberulent, erect, simple or dichotomous above ; Ivs. oblong- lanceolate, acuminate ; fls. few, terminal ; cal. inflated, with short and obtuse teeth ; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown ; caps, stiped. 1\. in moist places, Penn., Ohio, near Cincinnati, (Clark !) 111. Stem slender, leafy. H 3f high, generally forked near the top. Leaves 2 3' by \ f ', tapering to a very slender point, floral ones lance-ovate. Flowers 1 3. Calyx reticulated. Petals white. 4.' S. INFLATA. Smith. (Cucubalus Behen. Linn.) Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in cymose panicles, drooping; cal. ovoid-globular, reticulated with veins. 1\. in pastures about fences, Charlestown, Ms. ! &c. Stem erect, about 2f high. Leaves 1| 3' long, t as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half-way down. Calyx re- marKably inflated, and reticulated with pale purple veins. Jl. The young shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for asparagus. ** Calyx not inflated. Petals crowned. 5. S. ANTIRRH!NA. Snap-dragon Catch-fly. Nearly smooth ; st. erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, sub-ciliate ; ped. trifid. LVCHNIS. XXIII. CAIIY.OPHYLLACEJ2. 191 3-flowered; pet. emargmate ; cal. orate.- 1\. Road-sides and dry soils, Can. and U. S. Stem slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height. Leaves about 2' long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile and scabrous on the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Jl. 6. S. NOCTURNA. Nocturnal Catch-fly. St. branching, hairy below ; Ivs. pubescent, with long ciliae at base, low- er owts spatulate, upper lance-linear; fls. appressed to the stem, in a dense one- sided spike ; cal. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins ; pet. narrow, 2-parted. Near New Haven, Ct., Robbiiis. to Penn. Va. Flowers white, greenish beneath. Jl. ()f 7. S. NOCTIFLORA. Night-flowering Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; lower Ivs. spatulate, upper linear , cal. cylindrical, ventricose, the alternate veins veinleted ; teeth subulate, very long ; pet. 2-parted. From Europe, introduced into our cultivated grounds ! Flowers rather large, white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy weather. f 8. S. PENNSYLVANIA. Michx. Pennsylvanian Cakh-fly. Viscid-pubescent ; sis. numerous ; Ivs. from the root spatulate or cuneate, of the stem, lanceolate ; cyme few-flowered ; pet. slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. 7|. Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng. ! to Ky. and Ga. Stem decumbent at base, near- ly If high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flow- ers. Calyx long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped, red or purplish. Jn. 9. S. VIRGINICA. Virginian Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent ; st. procumbent or erect, branching ; fls. large, cymose ; cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. Tj. Gardens and fields, Penn. to to Ga. Stem 1 2f high, often procumbent at base. Leaves oblong, a little rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Stamens and pistils exserted. Petals red, large. Jn. f 10. S. REGIA. Sims. Splendid Catch-fly. Scabrous, somewhat viscid ; st. rigid, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; cyme paniculate ; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end ; sta. and stig. exserted. *4 A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio, Sullivant! to La. Stems 3 4f high. Leaves 2 3', by 8 15". Flowers very large, numerous. Calyx tubular, 10-striate, I' long. Petals bright-scarlet, crowned. Jn. Jl.f 11. S. ARMERIA. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glutinous below each node ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in corymbose cymes ; pet. obcordate, crowned ; cal. cla- vate, 10-striate. Introduced from Europe. A popular garden flower. Stem 1 1 if high, many-flowered. Leaves 1| 2' long, J as wide; internodes elon- gated. Calyx f ' long, a little enlarged above. Petals purple, laminae half as long as calyx. Jl. Sept. ()f 8. LYCHNIS. Gr. Xo^i/oj. a lamp . some cottony species having been used as lamp-wicks. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, ovoid or cylindrical ; scales ; petals 5, unguiculate, limb slightly cleft; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1- celled, or 5-celled at the base, with a 5-toothed dehiscence. Corolla somd'unes crowned. 1. L. GITHAGO. Lam. (Agrostemma Githago. Linn.') Corn Cockle. Hairy ; st. dichotomous ; pcd. elongated ; Ivs. linear ; cal. longer than the corolla ; pet. entire, without the corona. A well known handsome weed, growing in fields of wheat, or other grains, and of a pale green color. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves 3 5' by \ ', fringed with long hairs. Flowers few, large, of a dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Seeds roundish, angular, purplish Mack. Jl. $ 17 ft' XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE./E. DIANTHUS. 'J. L. CHALCEDONICA. Scarlet Lychnis or Sweet William. Smoolhish ; fls. fas- ciculate; ctiL cylindric, clavate, ribbed; pet. 2-lobed. 1|_ A fine garden-flower, native of Russia. Stem 1 2f high, with dark-green, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate leaves, and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers. It has varieties with white flowers, and also with double. Jn. Jl. f 3. L. FLOSCUCULI. Ragged Bobbin. Smoothish ; st. ascending, dichotomous at summit ; fls. fascicled ; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed ; pet. in i deep, linear segments. % Native of Europe. Stem 1 2f high, rough-angled, viscic above. JJeaves lanceolate, smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angu- lar, smooth calyx. Capsule roundish, 1-celled. Jl. Sept. f 4. L. CORONATA. Chinese Lychnis. Smooth ; fls. terminal and axillary, 1 3 ; cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed ; pet. laciniate. Native of China. Stem I 2f high. Petals of lively red, remarkable lor their large size. There are varieties with double red, and double white flowers, f 5. L. DIURNA. St. dichotomous-paniculate ; fls. $ 9 > P 6 *" half-bind, lobes narrow, diverging ; caps, ovoid-globose. Native of Britain, almost naturalized ! Stems about 2f high, pubescent. Leaves 1 3' long, elliptic-ovate, acute. Flowers light-purple, middle size. Jl. Sep.f 6. L. CORONARIA. DC. (Agrostemma coronaria. Linn.) Muttein Pink. Rose Campion. Villose ; st. dichotomous ; peel, long, 1-flowered ; cal. campanu- late, veined. \ Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense woA Stem 2f high. Flowers purple, large. Varieties are whUe-flowered, red-d iible-flow* eredj &c. f Obi. Other species rarely found in collections are L. fulgtns with scarlet flowers j L. acarla, with pink flowers ; L. alpina, low, with pink flowers, &c. 9. SAPONAR1A. " t Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucilaginous juice is said to make soap. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales ; petals 5, ungui* uiate ; sta- mens 10 ; styles 2 ; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often crowned. 1. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Soap-wort. Lvs. lanceolote, inclining to elliptical ; fls. in paniculate fasicles ; cal. cylindrical ; crown of the petals linear. 7J. By roadsides, New Eng. to Ga. A hardy, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pink-like flowers. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 2 3' long, i or more as wide, very acute. Flowers many, flesh- colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, with a saponaceous juice. Jl. Aug. \ 2. S. VACCARIA. Fly-trap. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile; fls. in paniculate cymes; cal. pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous, aeut- . (i) Gardens and cultivated grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Leaves broadest at base. | 2' long, i as wide, tapering to an acute apex. Flowers on long stalk, , pale- rod. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds globose, black. Jl. Aug. f 10. DIANTHUS. Gr. Aiof avbos , the flower of Jove, alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance. Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imbricated scales at base ; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched ; stamens 1 ; styles 2, tapering, with tapering, revolute stigmas; capsule cylindric, 1-celled. 1. D. ARMERIA. Wild Pink. Lvs. linear-subulate, hairy ; fls. aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx lanceolate, subulate, as long as the tube. Our only native species of the pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass, to N. J. ! Stem erect, 1 2f high, branching. Leaves erect, 1 2' long, 1 3" wide at the clasping base, taper- ing to a subulate point. Flowers inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more. FOHTLI.AI-A. XXIV. PORTULACACE^. 193 Calyx and its scales f long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with white, crenate. Aug. 2. D. BARBATUS. Sweet William or Bunch Pink. Lvs. lanceolate ; fls. aggre- gate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube. % An ornamental flower stilf valued as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beauty to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure." Stems IJf high, thick. Leaves 3 5' by 1', narrowed to the clasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May. Jl. f 3 D. CHINENSIS. China Pink. St. branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; Jl. solitary; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube. (g) Native of China. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like the other spe- cies, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer, f 4. D. PLUMARIUS. Single Pink. Pheasant' s-eye. Glaucous; st. 2 3-flow- ered; fls. solitary j calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; Ivs. linear; rough at the edge; pet. many-cleft, hairy at the throat. %. Native of Europe. From this species probably originated those beautiful pinks called pheasant's eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties. Flowers white and purple. Jn. Aug. f 5. D. CARYOPHYLLUS. Carnation. Bizarres, Picotecs, Makes, fyc. Li's. linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous ; _/fo. solitary; scales very short, ovate; pel. very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 2 3f high, branched. Flowers white and crimson; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of ail the splendid varieties of the carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes, and angles. 6. D. SUPERBUS. Superb Pink. Las. linear-subulate; fls. fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; pet. pinnate. 7J. A singularly beautiful pink, native of Europe. Stem 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. Jl. Sept. Obs. Other species of this admirable genus are occasionally cultivated, but the varieties of Nos. 4 and 5 are by far the most common. The " Monthly Pink" common in house cultivation, with bright green, channeled, linear leaves, short, csspitose stems, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a variety of D. Carthusianorum. \ ORDER XXIV. PORTULACACEJE. PURSLANES. Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves and no stipules. Cal. Sepals 2, united at base. Cor. Petals 5. sometimes more or less, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. variable in number. Filaments distinct. Anthers versatile or introrse. Oca. superior 1-celled. Sty. several, stigmatose along the inner surface. Fr. a pyxis, dehiscing by a lid or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. Genera 12, species 184, inhabiting dry placee in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarks ble properties. Conspectus of the Genera. \ Capsule 3-valved , TaHmvm. 3 <, 820. < Pyxis dehiscing transversely Portulacu. l Stamens 5, opposite the petals Claytonia. a 1. PORTULACA. Tourn. Sepals 2, the upper portion deciduous ; petals 5 (4* 6), equal ; stamens 8 20 ; styles 3 6-cleft or parted ; pyxis subglobose, dehis- cing near the middle, many-seeded. Low, herbaceous^ fleshy. Fls. expanding only in sunshine. 1. P. OLERACEA. Purslane. Las. cuneate ; fls. sessile. (p A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common in our gardens than desirable. Stem thick and succulent, much branched, and spreading, smooth. Leaves fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Flowers yellow. The herbage of the plant is of a reddish-green color. Sometimes used as a pot- herb. Jn. Aug. $ 11)4 XXV. ELATINACE^E. 2. P. PILOSA, 0. Scarlet-flowered Purslane. Sts. ascending, much branched ; branches suberect, enlarged upwards; Ivs. linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long, woolly hairs; fls. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of wool; pet. obovate ; sta. about 15. A very delicate plant, with purple stems, and large, bright purple flowers. P. australis, with broader leaves and scarlet fls. is also popular in house cul- tivation. The species are mostly natives of S. Africa, f 2. CLAYTONIA. In memory of John Clay ton, a botanist of Virginia. Sepals 2, ovate or roundish ; petals 5, emarginate or obtuse ; sta- mens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals ; stigmas 3-cleft ; capsule 3-valved, 2 5-seeded. Small, fleshy, delicate, early -flowering plants. . 1. C. CAROLINIANA. Michx. Spring Beauty. Dos. ovate-lanceolate ; scp. and 1 pet. obtuse ; rt. tuberous. 1\ A delicate little plant, flowering in April, common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. W. to the Miss. Root a compressed, brown tubercle, buried at a depth in the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-leaves very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 2 3' high, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up, which are 1 2' by i f ' , entire, tapering at base into the petiole. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white, Avith a slight tinge of red, and beautifully penciled with purple lines. Apr. May. 2. C. VIRGINICA. Virginian Spring Beauty. LVK. linear, or lance-linear; scp. rather acute; pet. obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse ; pcd. slender, nodding. 1\. In low, moist grounds, Mid. and S. States. W. to Mo., Everett ! rare in N. Eng. Tubercle or cormus as .arge as a hazelnut, deep in the ground. Stem (! -10' long, weak, with a pair of opposite, very narrow leaves 3 5' long. Flowers 5 10, rose-colored, with deeper colored veins, in a terminal cluster. Sepals acute or obtuse. Petal? often elliptical, subacute. Apr. May. 3. TALI NUM. Adans. Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous ; petals 5, sessile ; stamens 10 20, inserted with the petals into the torus ; style trifid ; capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded. 1. T. TERETIFOLIUM. St. simple or branched, short and thick ; Ivs. terete, subulate, crowded at the summit of the stem, on short branches; ped. elongated; fls. in a dichoto- mous cyme; pet. purple. 1}. An interesting little plant, on rocks, Penn. Dr. Darlington! to Ark. Rhizoma or peiennial stem firm and fleshy, with fibrous roots. Branches 1 3' long. Leaves I 2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovate- ianceolate, minute. Peduncles 58' high. Flowers small, ephemeral. Sta- mens about 20. Jn. Aug. 2. T. PATKNS. SpreaMng-flawered Talinnm. St. erect or decumbent at base slmder; Ivs. ovate, flat, fleshy; panicle terminal, with spreading, dichotomous peduncles. 7|_ Native in S. America. A handsome plant, sometimes cultivat- ed. Stem 1 2f high, round, purple, terminating in a naked, spreading pani cle of small purple flowers. Leaves 23' long, tapering to the base. Aug. Oct ORDER XXV. ELATINACEA WATER PEPPERS. Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranaceoua stipules. Fla. minute, axillary. CaL Sepals 26. distinct or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Cor. Petals hypo^ynous, as many as the sepals. Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse. Ova. a 6-celled. Stigmas 2 5, capitate ; placentae in the axis. Fr. capsular. Seeds numerous. Genera 6, species 22, found in every part of the globe, growing in marshes. The following is the onlj northern genus : LJNUM. XXVI. LINAGES. 195 ELATINE. Gr. cXar?;, fir; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some species. Stigmas sessile, minute. E. AMERICANA. Am. (Crypta minima. Nutt. Peplys Americana. PA.) Mud Pursla.7ie.-St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, with assurgent branches; Ivs. cuneate-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; sty. 0; ep. t pct., sta. and stig. 23, as well as the cells and valves of the capsule ; slip. very minute. A small mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers ! U. S. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Corolla minute, closed. Jl. Sep. ORDER XXVI. LINACEJE. FLAXWORTS. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. entire, sessile, alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, without stipules. Fis. terminal, usually in Corymbs or panicles, regular and symmetrical. Cal Sepals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, or more or less united ; estivation strongly imbricated Cor. Petals equal in number to sepals, hypogyn&us, unguiculate ; aestivation twisted. Sta. 3, 4 or 5, united at base into a hypogynous ring, which U often toothed, opposite the petais. Ova. of as many cells as sepaLs or styles. Stig. capitate. Sets, solitary in each ceil, compressed, suspended. Albumen 0. Genera 3, species 90. A very important order in the arts. The Linum has a very tenacious fibre in its bsrk, which is wrought into thread and cloth, forming the linen of commerce. Some species are cathartic, and yield from their seeds a fine mucilage. Only one genus need be mentioned here, viz. : LINUM. Celtic II in, a thread ; hence \ivov, Eng. linen, flax. Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 5, the latter rarely 3 ; capsules 5-celled ; cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment. (Fig. 11., No. 4.) 1. L. RIGIDTJM. Stiff-leaved Flax. St. angular, branching ; Ivs. alternate, rigid, linear, acute ; fls. panicled ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and with the bracts, glandularly fimbriate- serrate on the margins; caps, globose, shorter than the calyx. Near New Haven, Conn., Robbins! R. I., found by the Prov. Bot. Assoc. Stem 10 16' high, erect, with many suberect branches above. Leaves 4 7" by J 1", sca- orous on the margin. Sepals 3-veined. Flowers 6 8" diam., sulphur-yellow. 2. L. VIRGINIANUM. Virginian Flax. St. branching above, erect ; Ivs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, those of the oot oblong, upper ones acuj| ; panicles corymbose, terminal, with the flowers acemose on the branches ; sep. broad-ovate, mucronate ; caps, depressed, scarce- >.y longer than the calyx. Woods, hills, &c., U. S. and Can. Stem about 2f high, slender, leafy, terete, glabrous. Leaves 6 10" by 1 2", v ith one distinct vein. Flowers 4 6" diam., yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1- veined. Jl. 0.7 diffusum. Wood. St. angular, diffusely branched ; branches and lanceolate hs. spreading; fls. very small (scarcely 2" diam.) Wet prairies, la.! duite different in habit and may prove a new species. 3. L. USITATISSIMUM. Common Flax. St. branching above ; Ivs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle corymbose; sep. ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base, membranaceous on the mar- n ; pet. crenate. (I) Introduced and somewhat naturalized in fields. Stem 1 2f high, with 3-veined leaves, and many large, handsome, blue flowers. Jn. Jl. This important plant has been cultivated from remote antiquity, (see Gen. xli. 42 ) for the strong fibres of the bark, which are manufactured into linen. The seeds yield linseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printers* ink, &c. They are also medicinal. $ $ 4. L. PERENNE. Perennial Flax. Glabrous, with virgate branches ; Ivs. linear, acute, scattered ; fls. supra-axillary and terminal ; sepals oval, margins mem- branaceous, shorter than the globose capsule ; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals. 1\. Native West of the Miss, (perhaps not within the 17* 196 XXVII. GERANIACE.E. m GERANIUM. limits of this Flora), also of Europe and Asia. Not uncommon in gardens. Flowers large, blue. ( ORDER XXVII. GERANIACE^E. GERANIA. Stems herbaceous or suffrutescent, tumid and separable at the nodes. Lvs. opposite, (at least the lower ones,) mostly stipulate, petiolate, palmately veined. Fis. Peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves, sometimes axillary. Co/. Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base. Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous or perigynous, unguiculate ; aestivation twisted. Sta. usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or thrice as many as the petals. Oca. t of 3 united carpels, 2-ovuled, alternate with sepals, upon an elongated axis, from which they sepa- Pr. ? rate in fruit, curving upwards on the persistent style. Genera 4, species 500. The Cape of Good Hope is the favorite habitation of some of the most impor- tan. genera. Most species of the beautiful Pelargonia are native of that region alone. Conspectus of the Genera. (all perfect Geranium. l < 5 perfect, with 5 shorter and imperfect Erodium. 2 Stamens 10, ( 7 perfect ; corolla irregular Pelargonium 3 1. GERANIUM. Gr. yepavos, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembles a crane's bill. Sepals and petals 5, regular ; stamens 1 0, all perfect, the 5 alter- nate ones longer, and each with a nectariferous gland at its base ; fruit rostrate, at length separating into 5 long-styled, 1 -seeded car- pels ; styles smooth inside, at length recurved from the base upwards and adhering by the point to the summit of the axis. Herbaceous, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 1, 2 or c $-jlowered. 1. G. MACULATTJM. Spotted Geranium. St. erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely pubescent ; Ivs. 3 5-parted, lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radical ones on long petioles, upper ones opposite, on short petioles; pet. entire; sep. mucronate- awned. Woods, &c., U. S. and Can., but rare in N. Eng. A fine species, worthy a place among the parlor " geraniums." Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 2 3' diam., cleft | way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in pairs, on unequal pedicels, often somewhat umbeled on the ends of the long peduncles. Root powerfully astringent. Apr. Jn. 2. G. ROBERTIANUM. Herb Robert. St. diffuse, hairy ; Ivs. 3 5-parted to the base, the segments pinnatifid, and the pinnae incisely toothed ; sep. mucronate-awned, half the length of the entire petals. 7J. Smaller and less interesting than the preceding, in dry, rocky places, Can. to Va. and Ky. It has a reddish stem, with long, diffuse, weak branches. Leaves on long petioles, somewhat hairy, outline 1 3' diam, with pinnatifid segments. Flowers small, pale purple. Capsules small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth. The plant has a strong disagreeable smell. May. Sept. 3. G. PUSILLUM. Weak Cranes-bill. St. prcfcumbent ; Ivs. reniform or roundish, deeply 5 7-parted, lobes 3-cleft, linear; sep. hairy, acuminate, about as long as the emarginate petals. A delicate, spreading species, growing in waste grounds, pastures, &c., L. I. and Western N. Y. Torr. Stem weak, If long, branching, covered with short, deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base into 5 or 7 lobes, these again variously cut. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers in Jn. and Jl. 4. G. CAROLINIANUM. Carolinian Crane's-bill. St. diffusely branched ; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes incisely toothed ; ped. rather short and clustered on the ends of the branches ; sep. mucronate-awned, as long as the emarginate petals. (T) Fields and hills throughout Can. and U. S. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 15' long, swelling at the joints. 3 Leaves f li ; diam., hairy. Flowers small, rose-colored, in pairs, and somewhat fas- ciculate. Seeds minutely reticulated, reddish brown, I in each hairy, beaked carpel. Jl. Perhaps too near the following species. ^ XXVII. GERANIACE^. 197 5. G. DISSECTUM. Willd. Wood Crane's-bill. St. diffuse, pubescent; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes 3-cleft, incisely dentate ; ped. dichotomous ; pedicels hairy ; scp. rnucronately awned, scarcely as long as the emarginate petals ; beak hairy ; carp, rugose. rocky places, N. Sts. ! A small spreading plant, 8 12' long. Leaves pentagonal in outline, 1 2' diam., divisions and their segments oblong-linear, submucronate. Peduncles 6 10" long, with 4 bracts at the fork. Pedicels 610" long. Sepals 3-veined. Petals purplish, deeply notched, a little longer than the sepals. Jn. Jl. 6. G. SANGUINEUM. Bloody Geranium. St. erect, diffusely branched; ped. longer than the petioles ; Ivs. opposite, 5-parted, orbicular in outline, lobes trifid, with linear segments; carpels bristly at top. A beautiful species native of Europe, deemed worthy of culture by many a florist. Grows about a foot high. Leaves orbicular, deeply divided into 5 or 7, 3-fid lobes. Flowers large, round, of a deep red or blood-color, f 2. ERODIUM. L'Her. Gr. cpcjjioj, a heron ; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the heron's bill. Calyx 5-leaved ; petals 5 ; scales 5, alternate with the filaments and nectariferous glands at the base of the stamens; filaments 10, the 5 alternate ones abortive ; fruit rostrate, of 5 aggregate capsules, each tipped with the long, spiral style, bearded inside. 1. E. MOSCHATUM. L'Heritier. (Geranium moschatum. Ljinn.} Musk Gera- nium. St. procumbent ; Ivs. pinnated with stalked, ovate, unequally serrated segments ; ped. downy, glandular ; pet. equaling the calyx. (J) Native of Eng- land. Sometimes cultivated for the strong, musky scent of its herbage. A foot high. Leaves large. Flowers small, purple. May Jl. 2. E. CICONIUM. L'Her. (G. ciconium. Linn.) Heron's-bill Geranium. St. ascending ; Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. pinnatifid, toothed ; ped. many-flowered ; pet. ob- long, obtuse. (I) From S. Europe. Stem about If high. Flowers purple. 3. PELARGONIUM. L'Her. Gr. ir\apyo j, a stork ; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the stork's bill. Sepalls 5, the upper one ending in, a nectariferous tube extending down the peduncle with which it is connected; pet. 5, irregular, longer than the sepals; filaments 10, 3 of them sterile. A large genus of shrubby or herbaceous plants, embracing more than 300 species and innumerable varieties, nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Lower Ivs. (in plants raised from the seed) opposite, upper ones alternate. * Stem, scarcely any. Root tuberous. 1. P. FLAVUM. Carrot-leaved Geranium. St. very simple; Ivs. decompound, /aciniate, hairy, segments linear; umbel many-flowered. Flowers brownish- yellow. From the Cape of Good Hope, as well as the other species. 2. P. TRISTE. Mourning Geranium. Dvs. hairy, pinnate ; Ifts. bipinnatifid, divisions linear, acute. A foot high. Flowers dark green, in simple umbels. * * Stem elongated, Jierbateous or svffruticose. 3. P. ODORATISSIMUM. Nutmeg-scented Geranium. St. short, fleshy; Ivs. roundish, cordate, very soft; branches, herbaceous, long, diffuse. Valued chiefl" for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being small, whitish". 4. P. ALCHEMILLOIDES. Lady' 's-mantle Geranium. St. villous; Ivs. cordate, villous, 5-lobed, palmate; ped. few-flowered; stiff, sessile. Stem 6' high, dif- fuse, very hairy, with deflexed bristles. Flowers pink-colored. 5. P. TRICOLOR. Three-colored Geranium. St. suffruticose, erect; Ivs. lance- olate, villous, cut-dentate, trifid; vpper pet. glandular af base. Stem lf high. This species is distinguished for its beautifully variegated flowers. Petals roundish and nearly uniform in shape, but very different in color; the 3 lower 198 XXVII. GERANJACE/fc:. ^ PELARGONICM, ones are white, slightly veined, the 2 upper of a rich purple, almost black at base. 6. P. CORIANDRIFOLIUM. Coriander-leaved Geranium. St. herbaceous, bien- nial, somewhat downy; Irs. bipinnate, smooth, lobes linear, subpinnatifid. Stem diffuse, If high. Distinguished by the finely divided leaves and large flowers. The 2 upper petals much the largest, obovate, veined with purple , the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often wanting, are narrow and of a pure white. * * * Leaves neither divided nor angular; stem fruticose. 7. P. GLAUCUM. Glaucous-leaved Geranium. Very smooth and glaucous; Irs. lanceolate, entire, acuminate; ped. 1 2-flowered. Stems 3f high, shrubby and branched. The plant is remarkably distinguished by its leaves. Pedun- cles axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers. Petals obovate, of a delicate blush- color, with red veins. 8. P. BETULINUM. Birch-leaved Geranium. Lvs. ovate, uwqually serrate, smoothish; stip. ovate-lanceolate; ped. 2 4-flowered. Stem shrubby, 3f high. The plant is well named for its leaves. Flowers pale-pink, with deep red veins. 9. P. ACETOSUM. Sorrel-kaved Geranium. Lvs. very smooth, obovate, crenate, somewhat fleshy; ped. few-flowered; pet. linear. Stem shrubby, 3f high. Named for the acid flavor of the leaves. Flowers pink. * * * * Leaves either angular or palmately lobed; stem fruticose. 10. P. ZONALE. Horse-shoe Geranium. Lrs. cordate-orbicular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone. Stem thick, shrubby, _ 2 3f high. One of the most popular of all the species. Leaves always marked with a dark concentric stripe of various shades. The flowers are of a bright scarlet, umbeled, on long peduncles. It has many varieties, of which the most remarkable is /?. marginale; silver-edged, the leaves of which are bordered with white. 11. P. INQUINANS. Scarlet Geranium. Lvs. round- reniform, scarcely divided, crenate, viscid ; umbeh many-flowered ; pet. obovate, cuneate. Justly admired for the vivid scarlet of its numerous flqwers. The name alludes to the reddish, clammy moisture which stains the fingers in handling the soft, downy branches. 12. P. PELTATUM. Ivy-leaved Geranium. Lvs. 5-lobed, entire, fleshy, smooth, more or less peltate ; umbels few-flowered. Stem climbing, several feet in length. Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species, with umbels of very handsome purplish flowers. 13. P. TETRAGONUM. Square-stalked Geranium. Branches 4-cornered, fleshy ; Irs. cordate, bluntly lobed, somewhat toothed ; pet. 4, the upper ones pale-pink, with crimson veins, the 2 lower small, white. Leaves small, rounded, notched, with scattered hairs. 14. P. GRANDIFLORUM. Large-flowered Geranium. Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. 5-lobed, palmated, cordate at base, the lobes dentate towards the end ; pet. three times as long as the calyx. Distinguished for the size and beauty of the flowers, which are white, the 2 upper ones elegantly veined, and tinged with red, larger than the rest. 15. P. GRAVEOLENS. Rose-scented Geranium. Lvs. palmately 7-lobed, lobes oblong, bluntly toothed, revolute, and very rough at the edge ; umbels many- flowered, capitate. Nectaiy about half as long as calyx. Leaves very fra- grant. Flowers purple. 16. P. RADULA. Rasp-leaved Geranium. Lvs. palmate, rough; lobes narrow, pinnatifid, revolute at edge, with linear segments; umbels few-flowered; nec- tary nearly as long as the calyx. Distinguished for its large rough leaves deeply divided into linear segments, and with a mint-like fragrance. Flowers purple. 17. P. QUERCIFOLIUM. Oak-leaved Geranium. Lvs. cordate, pinnatifid, with toimded recesses, lobes obtusely crenate; branches and petioles hispid. Leaves rough, often spotted. Flowers purplish. XXIX. TROP^OLACE^. 19U Obs. The above are among the more distinguished and popular species of this vast and favorite genus. Innumerable varieties produced from seeds and propagated by cuttings are equally common and oilen of superior beauty. No genus seems to be regarded with such universal favor for green-house plants as this. " The species and their multitudes of hybrid creations, produced by modern ingenuity, are cultivated with assiduous attention by neajly every family which makes the least pretensions to taste through- out the civilized world. ORDER XXVIII. BALSAMINACE^E. JEWEL WEEDS. Herbs annual, with succulent stems and a watery juice. Lvs. simple, without stipules. F!S. very irregular and unsymmetrical. Col. Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous. Cor. Petals 4, hypogynous, united by pairs, or rarely 5, distinct Sfa. 5, hypogynous. Filaments subulate. Antiiers 2-celled. Ova. 5-clled, compound. Stigiras sessile. FT. capsular, 5-celled, bursting elastically by 5 valves. Srfs. several in each cell. Embryo straight Genera 2, species 110. With regard to its properties and uses, this order is of no importance, but some of its species are highly ornamental. 1. IMPATIENS. Impatient, with respect to the irritable capsules. Sepals colored, apparently but 4, the 2 upper being united, the lowest gibbous and spurred ; petals apparently 2, each of the lower being united to the 2 lateral ones ; anthers cohering at the apex : capsule often 1 -celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, - ri- valed, bursting elastically. Stems smooth, succulent, Under, sub-pellu- cid, with tumid joints. 1. I. PAL.LIDA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. Michx.) Toucli-me-noL Lvs. oblongrovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate; ped. 2 4-flowered, elongated ; lower gibbous sep. dilated-conical, broader than long, with a very short, recurved spur; fls. pale yellow, sparingly maculate. (D Wet, shady places, U. S. ! and Can. Stem 2 4f high, branched. Leaves 2 5' long, f as wide, with large, obtuse teeth, each tipped with a very short mucro. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale green, callous- pointed, the rest pale yellow, the lower produced into a conic nectary, ending in a spur ?' long. Capsules oblong-cylindric, 1' long, bursting at the slightest touch when mature, and scattering the seed. Aug. 2. I. FULVA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. 0. Michx.) Jewel-weed. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, obtusish, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucro- nate ; ped. 2 4-flowered, short ; lower gibbous sep. acutely conical, longer than broad, with an elongated, recurved spur ;fls. deep orange, maculate with many brown spots. In wet, shady grounds, Can. to Ga., more common than the last, somewhat glaucous. Stem ! 3f high. Leaves 1 3' long, J as wide, having like the last, a few filiform teeth at the base. Flowers about 1' in length, the recurved spur of the lower sepal ' long. Capsule as in the last. Aug. 3. I. BALSAMINA. Garden Balsamine. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; ped. clustered; spur shorter than the flower. From the E. Indies. I" is one of the most beautiful of garden annuals', forming a showy pyramid of finely variegated, carnation-like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals are red and white, but the former varies in every possible shade c f crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color. The flowers are often double. t ORDER XXIX. TROP^OLACE^]. TROPHYWORIS. Plants herbaceous, smooth, climbing or twining, with a pungent, watery juice.' Lvs. peltate or palmate. Fis. irregular. Cat. Sepals 5. colored, united, the lower one spurred. Cor. Petals 5, the three lower ones stalked, the 2 upper inserted on the calyx. Sta. 8, distinct, unequal. Ova. of 3 united carpels. Style I. StisrmasB. Fr. separating into 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nuts. Sds. large. Albumen 0. Genera 3, species 40, natives of S. America. They possess the same antiscorbutic properties as t) Crucifera. The fruit of the following species is pick'cd and used as a substitute for capers. 200 XXXI. OXALIDACEvE. OXALIS TROP^EOLUM. Let. tropccum, a trophy; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. Character essentially the same as of the order. T. MAJUS. Nasturtwn. Indian Cress. Lrs. peltate, roundish, repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a little one side of the centre ; pet. ob- tuse, the two upper distant from the 3 lower, which are 1 fimbriate at base, and contracted into long claws. (J) Native of Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles several feet. Leaves a fine example of the peltate form, about 2' diam. Flowers large and showy, orange-colored, with blotches of deeper shade. They are eaten for salad. June Oct. ORDER XXX. LIMNANTHACE^). Herbs annual, with an acrid, watery juice. Lvs. alternate, pinnatifid. Stipules 0. Flowers regular. CaL Sepals 35, united at base, persistent, valvate in estivation. Cor. Petals 35, marescent, inserted upon an hypogynous disk. Sta. twice as many as petals and inserted with them. FilaHients opposite the sepals, with a small pro Ova. of 2 5 distinct carpels. SAT. united. Stig. simple. [cess outside the base. Fr. 25 achenia, rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. Genera 2, species 3, mostly natives of the temperate parts of North America. They have no very remarkable properties. Flcerkea is the only northern genus. FLCERKEA. Willd. Named in honor of Fkerke, a German botanist. Sepals 3, longer than 1 the 3 petals ; stamens 6 ; ovaries 3, tuber- culate, style 2-cleft. (D small, aquatic, with pinnately divided leaves. F. FROSERPiNAColDEs. Lindl. (F. uliginosa. Mukl.} False Mermaid. Grows in marshes and on river and lake shores, Vt. to Penn. W. to Mo. Stems decumbent, less than a foot in length, weak and slender. Leaves alter- nate, upper ones, or those above the water, pinnately 5-parted, lower or sub- mersed ones mostly 3-parted, all on slender petioles 1 3' in length. Flowers axillary, pedunculate. Petals white, small, about half as long as the sepals. Achenia large, 2 or 1, roundish. ORDER XXXI. OXALIDACE^E. WOOD SORRELS. St. low, herbaceous, with an acid juice, and alternate, compound leaves. Blip, rarely present. Fls. regular and symmetrical. CaL Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes slightly cohering at the base. Cor. Petals 5, hypogynous, e<]ual, unguiculate, deciduous, twisted in aestivation. Bta. 10, hyposrynous, more or less monadcli'hous, those opposite the petals longest Ova. Carpels 5, united, opposite the petals. Fr. capsular, usually membranous, 5-lobed and 5-celled. Genera 6, species 325, inhabiting hot and temperate regions. The stem and leaves generally contaii free oxalic acid. The order is represented in the Northern States by the following genus only. OX A LIS. Gr. ovs, sour; from the acid taste of most species. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base ; petals much longer than the calyx ; styles 5, capitate ; capsule oblong or subglobose ; carpels 5, 1 several-seeded. Mostly j. with trifoliate leaves. 1. O. ACETOCELLA. Common Wood Sorrel. Acaulescent; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered ; Ifts. broad-obcur- date, with rounded lobes ; sty. as long as the inner stamens; rt. dentate, scaly. Woods and shady places, Can. and Northern States. Leaves palmately 3-foli- ate, on long, weak stalks, purplish beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves, each with a nodding scentless flower whose petals are white, yellowish at the base, delicately veined with purple. The whole plant has an agreeable, acid taste. Jn. PTELEA. XXXII. ZANTHOXYLAOKAl. 20j 2. (X VIOLACEA. Violet Wood Sorrel. Acaulescent, smooth; scape umbelliferous; pedicels subpubescent ; Jt-s. nodding; tips of the cal. fleshy; sty. shorter than the outer stamens. An elegant species, in rocky woods, &c.," throughout the U. S. Bulb scaly. Scape nearly twice taller than the leaves, 58' high. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, sometimes none ; leaflets nearly twice as wide as long, with a very shallow sinus at the very broad apex. Umbel of 3 9 drooping flowers. Petals large, violet-colored, striate. May. 3. O. STRICTA. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Caulescent; st. branching, erect ; ped. umbelliferous, longer than petioles; sty. as long as the inner stamens. Fields, U. S. and Can. The plant varies in height, from 3 8'- or more, according to the soil. Stem leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves palmately 3-ibliate, numerous, scattered on long stalks. Umbels on long, axillary stalks, about the length of the petioles. Flowers small, yellow, appearing all summer. Capsules sparingly hirsute, with spread- ing hairs. 4. O." CORNICULATA. Ladies' Wood Sorrel. Caulescent ; st. creeping, radicating, diffusely branching ; Ifts. pubescent ; ped. 2 or more-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; pet. cuneiform, erose at the apex; sti/. long as the inner stamens. Grows in cultivated grounds, U. S. and Can. Resembles the last, but "is undoubtedly distinct." Robbing. Stems leafy, prostrate, a foot or more in length. Sepals pubescent, half as long as the emar- ginate, yellow petals. Capsules densely and closely pubescent. May, and after. ORDER XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACE^S. Trees or shrubs, without stipules. Lvs. alternate or opposite, pinnate, rarejy simple, with pellucid dots. Fls. regular, polygamous, gray, green, or pink. Sep. 39, small, cohering at the base. Cor. Petals longer than the sepals, of the same number or 0. Sta. alternate with petals, of the same number, seldom twice as many; in the pistillate flowers either wanting or imperfect. Anthers introrse. Ova. usually of the same number as sepals, stipitate, distinct or united. Fr. baccate, membranaceous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. Genera 20, species 110, chiefly of tropical America, only 2 genera being native in the United States. Properties. Bitter, aromatic and stimulant ; p roperies residing chiefly in the bark. Conspectus of the Genera. Urecs, with 21 4l-foliate leaves Ailanthus. 3 Unarmed ( shrubs, with 3-foliate leaves Ptelea. S Prickly shrubs Zanthosylum. \ 1. ZANTHOX^LUM. CrT. ai&0f, yellow, |vXof, wood; from the color of the wood. $ v Calyx inferior. 5-parted ; corolla ; stamens 3 6 ; pistils 3 5 carpels 3 5, 1 -seeded; 9 like the but wanting the stamens; c? like the $ but wanting the pistils. Leaves pinnately 3 5-foliale. Z. AMERICANUM. Miller. (Z. fraxineum. Wittd.) Prickly Ask. Prickly ; Ifts. ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at the base ; umbels axillary. A shrub 10 or I2f high, found in woods in most parts of the U. S. The branches are armed with strong, conical, brown prickles with a broad base. Leaflets about 5 pairs with an odd one, smooth above, downy beneath ; common petioles with or without prickles. Flowers in sma'l dense umbels, axillary, greenish, appearing before the leaves. The perfect and the staminate ones grow upon the same tree, and the pistillate upon a separate tree'. The bark is bitter, aro- matic and stimulant, used for rheumatism and to alleviate the tooth-ache. Apr. May. 2. PTELEA. 9 $ c7 Sepals 3 6, mostly 4, much shorter than the spreading petals ; d* stamens longer than the petals and alternate with them, very short and imperfect in 9 ; ovary of 2 united carpels ; styles 202 XXXIII. ANACARDIACE^E. RHUS. united, short or ; stigmas 2 ; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded sam arse, with a broad, orbicular margin. Shrubs with 3 5-foliatc leaves. Fls. cymose. P. TRIFOLIATA. Scrubby Trefoil. Lvs. 3-foliate, Ifts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones inequila- teral, terminal ones cuneate at base ; cymes corymbose ; sta. mostly 4 ; sty. short.- An ornamental shrub, 6 8f higli, Western States! rare in Western N. Y. Leaflets 3 , to flow ; because used in haemorrhage. Calyx of 3 sepals united at base ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 3, stigmas capitate ; fruit a small, l-seeded, subglobose, dry drupe. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers often by abortion 9 cT or 9 $ cT. * Leaves pinnate. 1. R. GI/ABRA. Smooth Sumach. Lvs. and brandies glabrous; Ifts. 6 15 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish, beneath;//, red, with crimson hairs. Thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Shrub 6 15f high, consisting of many strag- gling branches, smooth, except its fruit. Leaflets about 3' long, \ as wide, sessile except sometimes the terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, greenish-red, 9 greenish Drupes acid. Jl. /?. leajlets coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. Barratt. 4. R. VENENATA. DC. (R. vernix. Linn.') Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous ; Ifts. 3 b pairs, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, pedunculate; drupes greenish-yellow, smooth. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk seve- ral inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6 10' long. Leaflets about 3' long, nearly as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Panicles axillary, 9 c?> those of the barren tree more diffuse. Flowers very small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn. The whole plant is very poison- ous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium. * * Leaves ternate. 5. R. TOXICODEXDRON. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect or decumbent; Ivs. pubescent; Ifts. broadly oval, acuminate, entire or sinuate-dentate ; Jls. in racemose, axillary, subsessile panicles ; drupes smooth, roundish. Can. and U. S. A small shrub, 1- 3f high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Leaflets 2 &- long, as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 4 5' long. Flowers small, 9 cf Drupes pale brown. Poisonous, but less so than the last. /?. radicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, and of 1st edit.) Poison Ivy. St. climbing 3 20 or 50f ! by myriads of radicating tendrils. It seems now gen- erally conceded that this is but a variety. Certainly, if so, it is a very remark- able one. In damp, shady places. Poisonous. 6. R. AROMATICA. Ait. Siccet Sumac. Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath, lateral ones ovate, ter- minal one rhomboid; Jls. in close aments, preceding the leaves; drupe globose, villous. A small, aromatic shrub, 2 6f high, in hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Leaflets 1 2' long, as wide, sessile, the common petiole an inch 01 two in length. Flowers yellowish, with a.5-lobed, glandular disk. Drupe* red, acid. May. * * * Leaves simple. 7. R. Corlxus. Venetian Sumac. Lvs. obovate, entire; Jls. mostly abor- tive ; pedicels finally elongated and clothed with long hairs. A small shrub, til high, native in Ark. according to Nuttall, remarkable chiefly for the very sin- gular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery fruit-stalks, shelving in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of smoke. Flowers small, in terminal, compound panicles. Leaves smooth, entire, much rounded at the end. In Italy the plant is used for tanning, f 18 20.4 XXXV. AURANTIACEjE; CITRUS ORDER XXXIV. RUTACEJ3. RUEWORTS. Herbs, or generally shrubs and trees, with punctate Ivs. and no stipules. Fls. perfect. Sep. 45. Pet. 45, rarely 0. Sla. as many, or twice or thrice as many as petals, inserted on the outside of a cup-like disk. Ova. 3 5-lobed, 3 5-celled ; styles united or distinct only at base. Fr. usually separating into its component, few-seeded carpels. Genera 47, species 400, usually inhabiting the warmer parts of the temperate zone on the Eastern con- tinent, and the equatorial parts of S. America. They are characterized by a powerful odor and intense bitterness, often febrifugal and anthelmintic. Dictamnus abounds in a volatile oil, diffusing an inflam- mable gas. Genera. Sepals permanent. Petals equal Rttfa. I Sepals deciduous. Petals unequal Dictamnus. 2 I. RUT A. Calyx of 4 /5 sepals united at base ; petals 4 5, concave, obo- vate, distinct; torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores; stamens 10; capsule lobed. ij- Herbaceous or shrubby, mostly European. R. GRAVEOLENS. Common Rue. Suffruticose, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. 2 and 3- pinnately divided, segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all entire or irregularly cleft ; fls. terminal, corymbose ; pet. entire. Native of S! Europe. Stem branched, 3 4f high. Leaflets 6 10" by 2 4", conspicuously dotted. Corolla yellow, 6" diam. Jn. Sept. 2. DICTAMNUS. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals ; petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; fila- ments declinate, with glandular dots ; capsules 5, slightly united. ^ Herbs, native of Germany. D. ALBUS. Willd. (and D. Fraxinella. Link.} Fraxinella. St. simple; Ivs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, terminal, erect pan- icle. In gardens. Stems 1 2f high. Flowers showy, white, varying to rose- color and purple. The whole plant emits a lemon-scented, aromatic, volatile oil, which is so abundant in hot weather as to render the air around it inflam- mable, f 8. rubra. Flowers purple ; rachis of the leaves winged, f ORDER XXXV. AUKANTIACE^. ORANGES. Trees or shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of volatile oil. Lvs. alternate, articulated with the petiole which is frequently winged. Cal. Sepals 35, united into a short, urceolate or campanulate cup. Cor. Petals 35. Sta. as many as the petals, or some multiple of their number, in a single row, hypogynous. Ova. compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. Pr. A berry (orange), many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Sds. attached to the inner angle of each carpel. Albumen 0. Genera 20, species 95, nearly all natives of tropical Asia, and are naturalized throughout ail tropical regions, and cultivated in all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers and fruit. Properties. These fruits contain free citric and malic acid, and their pulp is grateful to the taste. The rind contains an aromatic, volatile oil, which is tonic and stomachic. The rind of the lime yields the oil of Serga/not, and the flower of the orange the oil of Neroli. CITRUS. Gr. Kirpia, the citron; the fruit of one of the species. Sepals and petals in 5s ; anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple of 5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament ; filaments dilated at base, polyadelphous ; berry 9 18-celled. A no- ble genus of trees and shrubs, all tropical, combining in its species, beaut u of form, with shining, ever-green foliage, odoriferous flowers, and fragrant and delicious fruit. 1. C. LIMONUM. Lemon Tree. Petioles somewhat winged, articulated with the lamina (which is thus shown to be the terminal or odd leaflet of a reduced CAMELLIA. XXXVI. TERNSTRGEMIACE^E. 205 compound leaf) ; Ift. oblong, acute, dentate ; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, with a thin rind and very acid pulp. A tree about 15f in height, which, when laden vith its golden fruit, suspended amon<* its dark green leaves, makes a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of tropical regions, and is easily cultivat- ed in our climate if protected during winter, f ' 2. C. LIMETA. Lime Tree. Petioles not winged ; leaf (leaflet) ovate-orbicu- lar, serrate ; sta. 30 ; fr. globose, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. This like most other species, is native of Asia. Height about 8f, with a crook- ed trunk, diffuse branches with prickles. Berry !' diam., of a greenish-yellow, shining surface, f 3. C. AURANTIUM. Sweet Orange Tree. Petiole winged ; leaf (leaflet} oblong, acute, crenulate ; sta. 20 ; fr. globose, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. A mid- dle-sized evergreen tree, with a greenish-brown bark. When filled with its large, round, golden fruit (sometimes to the number of 20,000, Lindley), it is one of the most beautiful objects in nature. It is easily cultivated in the green house, f 4. C. MEDICA. Citron Tree. Pet ioles not winged; leaf (leaflet} oblong, acute; sta. 40 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, rugose, with an acid pulp. Commonly about 8f high. Fruit 6' in length, very fragrant. f 5. C. DECUMANA. Shaddock Tree. Petioles winged; leaf (leaflet) obtuse, emarginate ; fr. very large, with a thick rind. A tree 15f in height. Wings of the petioles as broad as the leaves. Fruit grows to the diameter of 7 8', weighs 14 pounds, and is of a yellowish-green color, f Obs. In a splendid work entitled " The Natural History of Oranges," written in French by Risso of Nice in 1818, there are described 169 varieties, and 105 of them figured. They are arranged as Sweet Oran- ges, of which there are described 42 varieties ; Bitter and Sour Oranges, 32 ; Bergatnots, 5 ; Limes 8 ; Sfiad- docks, 6; Lumes, 12; Lemons, 46; Citrons, 17. The most successful methods of cultivation are by ORDER XXXVI. TERNSTRCEMIACEA TEAWORTS. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Fls. axillary or terminal, white, rarely red or pink. Ca/. Sepals 5 or 7, concave, coriaceous, deciduous, the inner often the largest. Cor. Petals 5, 6 or 9, not equal in number to the sepals. Sta. 00, hypogynous. Filaments distinct, or united into one or more sets. Ova. superior, with several cells. Styles 3 7, more or less combined. Fr. 2 7-celled, capsular. Sds. large, few, attached to the axis. Genera 33, species 130. Beautiful flowering plants, 60 or 70 of them natives of S. America, 4 of N America, the remainder of China and E. Indies. Their properties are in general little known. The tea BO extensively used as a beverage in the civilized world is the leaf of 2 or 3 species of Thea. It con- tains a peculiar extractive matter and a stimulating, essential oil, which becomes narcotic in some hot climates. Genera. 45, equal. Trees. , ............. Gordtmia 1 Sepals 1 5 7, unequal, the inner ones largest. (Shrubs.) ....... Canif.llia.Z 1. GORDONIA. In honor of James Gordon, a distinguished nurseryman of London. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly imbricated ; petals 5 ; styles united into one ; capsule woody, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; seeds winged. Trees with large, while flowers. G. PUBESCENS. L'Her. (Franklinia Americana. Marsh.} Franklinia. IMS. serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining above, canescent beneath ; scp. and pet. silky outside. A tree 30 50f high in Ga. and Flor., or an ornamental shrub iii cultivation at the north, admired for its large, white flowers, with yel- low stamens and rich fragrance. May Aug. 2. CAMELLIA. In honor of G. J. Kamel, a Jesuit, author of some botanical works. Sepals imbricated, the inner ones larger ; petals sometimes adher- ing at base, filaments 00, shorter than the corolla, united at base ; styles united; stigmas 3 5, acute Ornamental shrubs, native of China and Japan. 206 XXXVII. MALVACEAE. MALTA. C. JAPONICA. Tea Plant. Japan Rose. Dvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely ser- rate, glabrous and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles; fls. terminal and mostly solitary ; pet. obovate, of a firm texture ; sta. about 50, mostly changed to petals in cultivation ; stig. unequally 5-cleft. A lofty tree in Japan, its native country, a splendid flowering shrub with us, of difficult culti- vation, requiring protection in our climale. Flowers varying from white to red, resembling the rose but wanting its fragrance. Over 300 varieties are enumerated. ORDER XXXVII. MALVACEAE. MALLOWS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves. Hairs stellate or none. Fls. axillary, showy, regular, often with an involucel at the base. Cal. Sepals generally 5, more or less united at base, valvate in aestivation. Cor. Petals equal in number to the sepals, hypogynous. Sta. indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled, bursting transversely. Ova. of several carpels arranged in one or more rows around a common axis. Sty. as many as the carpels, either united or distinct. Fr. capsular or baccate ; carpels one or more-seeded, united or distinct. Sds. sometimes (as in Gossypium) hairy. Embryo curved. Genera 37, species 1000. A somewhat important class of plants, forming about one-fiftieth of all tha flowering plants of tropical valleys. But few are natives of the temperate, and none of the frigi'l zone. In the Northern States they are all herbs. The most important product of the order is cotton. Properties. Generally abounding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleterious qualities. FIG 41. l. Hibiscus Trionum. 2. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 3. Cross section of the 5-celled capsule. 4. Capsule open by its 6 valves. 5. Malva sylvestris. 6. Its fruit consisting of 10 carpels arranged in a circle. 7. Section of one of the carpels showing the curved embryo. Conspectus of the Genera. are nearly distinct Malva. l are united Lavatera. 3 Capsule 3 5-celled Gossypiu/jn. 2 Carpels 00, distinct Malope. 6 united , Althcca. 4 nearly distinct Hibiscus. 5 Cells 3 6-seeded. Abutilon. 7 Cells l-seeded Sida. 8 ("of 3 oblong bracteoles which I of 3 cordate bracteoles. I of 615 bracteoles which are In trolucel ^ wanting. Carpels united. 1. MALVA. G/T. [ia\a%q, soft ; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel mostly 3-leaved ; carpels 00 ; 1-celled, l-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 1. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Low Mallow. St. prostrate; Ivs. roundish, cordate, obtusely 5-1 obed ; ped. in fruit re- flexed ; cor. twice as long as the calyx. ij. Common in cultivated grounds. Root fusiform. Stems numerous, a foot or more long. Leaves of a fine, deli- cate texture, somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5 7 shallow lobes, and on long, hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched. Fruit depressed-globose, composed of the numerous carpels arranged circularly. The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very naturally suggests. Jn. Oct. $ 2. M. SYLVESTRIS. High, Mallow. (Fig. 41, 5.) St. erect ; Ivs. 5 7-lobed, labcs ratker acute ; ped. and petioles hairy. ALTHJU. XXX VII. MALVACEAE. 207 plant, especially the root, abounds in -mucilage. Jn. Oct. $ f 3. M. HOUGHTONII. Torr. & Gray. Hmightori's Malva. St. erect, hirsute; Ivs. strigose, ovate, truncate at the base, lower ones cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate ; panicle terminal, diffuse, many-flow- ered ; pet. purple ; carpels 10 15. Prairies and bottoms, 111. Mead ! &c. A handsome but rather rough species, 2 3f high. Root fusiform. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2', on long, hairy petioles, thick. Flowers nearly as large (!' diam.) as those of M. sylvestris. Jl. Aug. 4. M. MAURITIANA. fry-leaved Mallow. St. erect ; Ivs. 5-lobed, obtuse ; peti- oles and pedicels smoothish, or downy on the upper side. (J) From S. Europe. A tall species, 4 6f high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored veins, f 5. M. MOSCHATA. Musk Mallow. St. erect; radical Ivs. reniform, incised, cauline ones many-parted, the segments linear; ped. and cal. hairy. Native oi Britain. Stems 2f high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored. The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. Jl. 6. M. CRISPA. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow. St. erect ; Ivs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; fls, axillary, sessile. (I) A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5 6f high. Leaves large, roundish, margins abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers white, not conspicuous. Jn. Aug. f 2. GOSSYPIUM. A word said to be from the Arabic, goz, a silky substance. Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed : capsule 3 5-celled ; seeds in- volved in cotton. Fls. yellow. 1. G. IIERBACEUM. Common Cotton Plant. Lvs. 5-lobed, with a single gland below, lobes mucronate; cotton white. This is the species commonly culti- vated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5f high. The flowers like those of all the other species are yellow. Leaves cut half way down into 3 large and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the mid vein at its back, half an inch from the base. Jl. j- 2. G. BARBADENSE. Sea Island Cotton Plant. Lvs. 5-lobed with 3 glands icneath, upper ones 3-lobed; seeds black; cotton white. (g) Native and cuhi- 'ated in the W. Indies. A larger plant than the foregoing. Sown in Sept. ind Oct. An acre yields an average product of 270 pounds of this cotton. These plants are ornamental in cultivation, f 3. LAVATERA. Named in honor of the two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich. Calyx surrounded at base with a 3-cleft involucel ; carpels 00, 1 celled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly.. 1. L. ARBOREA. Tree Mallow. L/vs. 7-angled, downy, plicate; pedicels axii lary, l-flowered, clustered, much shorter than the petiole. @ A splendid plant for borders or shrubberies, trom Europe. Height about 6f. Flowers purple. Sept. Oct. f 2. .L. THURINGIACA. Gay MaUmv. Lvs. somewhat downy ; lower ones angu- lar, upper ones 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. 7J. From Germany. Height 4f. Flowers light blue. Sept. 4. ALTHAEA. Gr. aA^o), to cure ; the mucilaginous root is highly esteemed in medicine. Calyx surrounded at base by a 6 9-cleft involucel ; carpels 00, 1- soeded, indehiscent. arranged circularly around the axis. IS* 208 XXXVII. MALVACKM. HIBISCUS 1. A. OFFICINALIS. Marsh Mall,ow. Lvs. soft-4owny on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 3-lobed, all entire ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. Tj. A European plant, naturalized on the borders of our salt marshes. Stem 3f high, erect, firm, covered with thick, woolly down, with alternate, velvet-like leaves. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. The root, as well as the other parts of the plant, abounds in mucilage, and in medicine is often used as an emollient to promote suppuration. Sept. ;j. 2. A. ROSEA. Cav. (Alcea rosea. Linn.) Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. cordate, 5 7-angled, rugose ; fls. axillary, sessile. () Native of China 1 A tall plant, very commonly cultivated in gardens. Numerous varieties have been noticed, with single, double, and semi-double flowers, of various shades of coloring, as white, rose-colored, flesh-colored, dark red, and even a purplish black, purple, yellow, straw-color, &c. f 3. A. FICIFOLIA. Cav. (Alcea ficifolia. Linn.) Fig-leaved Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, an- gularly toothed. Native of Levant. Stem tali as the above. Flowers orange- colored t .-f 5. HIBISCUS. Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel ; stigmas 5 ; capsule 5-celled ; cells several-seeded. 1. H. MOSCHEUTOS. T. & G. (H. Moscheutos and palustris. Linn.) Marsh Hibiscus. Herbaceous, simple, erect; Ivs. ovate, obtusely dentate, hoary-tomen- tose beneath; pcd. long, axillary, or connected with the petiole. 7J. A tall, showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea or near salt springs, and on wet prairies, U. S. and Can. Stem round, downy, 4 6f high. Leaves 4 6' by 3 4', often with two lateral lobes. Flowers larger than those of the holly- hock, rose-colored, purple in the centre. Peduncles usually distinct from the petiole, often some of them united with it, and jointed above the middle Styles 1' longer than the stamens. Aug. /?. (H. incanus, Wcndll) Fls. larger; pet. (4 5' long) of a light sulphur- yellow with a purple base. Marshes, Indiana ! 2. H. VIRGINICUS. Virginian Hibiscus. Lvs. acuminate, cordate-ovate, serrate-dentate, upper and lower ones un- divided, middle ones 3-lobed ; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nod- ding ; pistils declinate. Tj. Marshes near the sea. L. I. to Ga. The whole plant scabrous-tomentose, about 3f high. Leaves 2 2V by !', some of them some- what 3-lobed. Flowers 2 3' diam., red or rose-color. Capsule hispid, acute- angled. Aug. 3. H. MILITARIS. Cav. Halbcrl-leaved Hibiscus. Glabrous ; Ivs. hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; cor. tubular- campanulate ; caps, smooth, ovoid-acuminate. Middle and Western States. Stem 3 4f high. Leaves cordate at base, 4 or 5' long, rendered somewhat hastate by a small lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish base, 2 3' long. Peduncles with the joint above the middle. Jl. Aug. 4. S H. MANIHOT. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. Not prickly ; Ivs. palmately divided into 5 7 linear, acuminate, coarse- ly dentate lobes; ped. and involucel hispid; bracts of the involucel 5 7, ovate or lanceolate, acutish, persistent, entire; cal. split on one side; capsule densely hirsute, acuminate. 1\. Western States. A beautiful herb, 4 5f high. Leaves cordate, lobes 6 10' long, J !' wide, separated to near the base, about as lo;,g as the petioles. Teeth largest near the summit. The flowers are of an ex- ceedingly rich sulphur-yellow ; purple in the centre. Petals 3 4' long. Jl. Aug. 5. H. COCCINEUS. Walt. (H. speciosus. Ait. and 1st. edit.} Scarlet Hibis- cus. Very smooth ; Ivs. palmate, 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remote- ly serrate above; w. expanding; cap. smooth, ovoid. 1\. A splendid flower, native of damp soils, in. Georgia, &c., and is raised from seeds in our gardens. SIDA. XXX VII. MALVACE^. 20i) Root perennial. .Stem herbaceous, 5 9f high. Segments of the leaves 6' long, very acuminate. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4 5' long. Column still longer, slender and terete. Jl. Oct.f 6. H. GRANDIFLORUS. Michx. Grcdi-floicering Hibiscus. Dvs. cordate, 3- lobed, coriaceous, tomentose, hoary beneath ; cor. expanding; caps, tomentose, truncated. % Southern States. Steins 5 7f high. Leaves and flowers very large, the latter, when expanded, nearly a foot in diameter. Petals flesh-color- ed, red at the base. Jl. Oct. f 7. H. SYRIA cus. Syrian Hibiscus. Lvs. cuneiform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate ; pedicels scarcely longer than the petiole ; involucel about 8-leaved. A beauti- ful, hardy, free-flowering shrub, from Syria, 5 lOf high. Flowers purple. There are varieties with v/aite, red and striped flowers, both single and double, j 8. H. TRIONTM. Flower of an Hour. Dos. dentate, lower undivided, uppei 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, middle one very long ; col. inflated, membranaceous, veined. () From Italy. An exceedingly beautiful flower, branching, 1 2f high. Flowers large, numerous, but soon withering. Petals of a rich chlorine yellow, the base of a deep brown, f (Fig. 41, 1.) 9. H. ESCULENTDS. Edible Hibiscus or Okro. Dvs. cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, dentate ; petiole longer than the flower ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. Na- tive of W. Indies. Plant herbaceous, 2 3f high, nearly glabrous. Petiole with a hairy line on the upper side, nearly If in length. Lamina 8 10' broad. The flowers 1 2' long, on a short peduncle. Petals greenish-yellow. The large, mucilaginous pods are used for pickles, cr served uptiath butter. 6. MAL6PE. Calyx surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel ; carpels irregularly ag- gregated, 1 -seeded. M. MALAC01DES. " Dvs. ovate, crenate ; slip, oblong-linear ped. axillary, 1-flowered. (J) Penn. Muhl. Stem 1 lf high, sparingly branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, nearly glabrous above. Petioles 1' long. Bracteoles setaceous. Carpels hispid, in a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow." Torrey <$ Gray suppose it may prove a species of Malva. 7. ABUTfLON. Dill. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular ; ovaries 5, many- seeded ; styles many-cleft ; capsule of 5 or more carpels, arranged circularly, each I -celled, 1 3-seeded. A. AVICENNJE. (Sida Abutilon. Dinn.) Indian Mallow. Dvs. roundish-cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose ; ped. shorter than the petiole, solitary ; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked. (1) Native in both Indies and naturalized in most of the states, inhabiting waste places, &c. Stem branched, 3 4f high. Leaves 4 6' diam., deeply cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at surface. Flowers yellow, near 1' broad. Jl. 8. SIDA. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. ovary 5 many-celled ; cap sule of 5 or more 1 -seeded carpels ; radicle superior. 1. S. SPINOSA. St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with a spinose tubercle at the base "of the petiole; slip, setaceous; fls. axillary; carpels birostrate. (T) Sandy fields and roadsides, Middle, Southern and West- ern States ! Plant bushy, 8 16' high. Leaves 9 15" long, $ as wide, most- ly obtuse at each end. Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration. Jl. Aug. 2. S. NAPJEA. Cav. (Napsea laevis. Dinn.} St. slender, glabrous ; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes ob- long-linear, acuminate, coarsely toothed; ped. many-flowered; carpels 10, acu 210 XXXViil. TILIACE^E. minate. 1(. Shady places, Penn. to Ohio ! Stems angular, 3 5f high. Leave* on short petioles, cordate, lobes 2 4' long, i f ' wide, floral leaves much smal- ler. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat leafy, '-he divisions 1 4-flowered Flowers 4 5" diam. Petals white, twice as long as the calyx. Aug. 3. S. DIOICA. Cav. (Napaea dioica and scabra. Linn.} Lvs. palmately 7 9-lobed, scabrous, lobes lanceolate, incisely dentate ped. many-flowered, bracteate, somewhat corymbose ; fls. 9 J ; carpels 8 10 pointless, in a roundish, depressed head. Tj. Va., Penn. Muhlenberg. Flower) small, white, in a crowded head. Aug. ORDER XXXVIII. TILIACEJE. LINDENBLOOMS. Trees or shrubs, (very rarely herbs,) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate leaves. Fls. axillary, usually perfect. Cal. Sepals 45, deciduous, valvate in estivation. Cor. Petals 45, hypogynous, glands 45, at their base. Sta. 00, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers versatile. Ova. Carpels 210, united. Style I, compound. Stigmas as many as carpels. Fr. capsular, 25 celled, with numerous seeds. Cotyledons leafy. Genera 35, species 350, native in all regions, but especially within the tropics. These plants abound in a wholesome, mucilaginous juice. The inner bark is remarkable for toughness, and is useful for various purposes, as fishing-lines, nets, rice-bags, &c. TILIA. Calyx of 5 united sepals, colored ; corolla of 5 oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex ; stamens 00, somewhat polyadelphous, each set in the N. American species with a petaloid scale (nectary, Linn., trans- formed stamen, T. fy G.) attached at base; ovary superior, 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; capsules globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1 2-seeded. Trees. Lvs. cordate. Fls. cymose, with the peduncle adnate to the mid- vein of a large, leaf -like bract. 1. T. AMERICANA. Linden or Lime Tree. Bass-wood. Pumpkin-wood. Lvs. alternate, diffuse, broad-cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely serrate, coriaceous, smooth ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex. A common forest tree in the Northern and Middle States. It often grows to the height of 80f, the trunk straight and naked more than half this height, and 2 3f diam. Leaves 4 5' by 3 4', those of the young shoots often twice these dimensions. Bract yel- lowish, linear-oblong. Petals yellowish-white, larger than the scales at their base. Fruit woody, greenish, of the size of peas. Jn. The inner bark is very strong and is manufactured into ropes. The wood is white, soft and clear, much used in cabinet work and in the panneling of carriages. 2. T. HETEROPHYLLA. Vent. Various-leaved Linden. Lvs. obliquely subcordate, very white and velvety beneath, with darker veins, glabrous, shining and dark green above, coarsely and mucronately ser- rate ; pet. obtuse, crenulate ; transformed stamens or scales spatulate ; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals. Banks of the Ohio and Miss. Pursh. Not common. Tree 20 30f high. Leaves very oblique at base, 5 8' diam., well distinguished by the white surface beneath, contrasted with the purplish veins. Torr. <$ Gray. 3. T. ALBA. Michx. White Lime or Linden. Lvs. obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent beneath, with veins of the same hue, glabrous above, acuminately serrate; pet. emarginate ; scales spatulate ; sty. nearly glabrous. Woods, Middle and West- ern States ! Trunk 30 40f high, 1 Iff mam., branches with a smooth, sLvery bark. Leaves 3 5' diam., slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers larger and whiter than in the other species. Jn. 4. T. MICROPHYLLA. (T. intermedia. Hayne.} European Lime-tree.-^- Lvs. cordate, scarcely oblique, acuminate, glabrous both sides, twice as long as the oetioles; axih of itie veins bearded beneath; xtaminaie scale 0; fr. membrana- VITIS. XL1. VITACE.E. 211 ceous, oblong, unequal, 2-seeded. Native of Northern Europe. Trunk 401 high, with a pyramidal head. Jn. Aug. -f ORDER XLI. VITACE^E. GRAPE-VINES. Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with tumid, separable joints. Lva. simple or compound, the loweroppqsite, upper alternate. Fis. racemose, often polygamous or dioecious. Ceil, minute, nearly entire or 5-toothed. land caducous. Cor. Petals 45, inserted on the outside of the disk, val vate and innexed m ffist., often cohering above Sta. 45, opposite the petals, inserted on the disk. Ova. superior, 2-celled. Style 1, very short. Fruit a berry, globose, pulpy. Seeds bony. Genera 7, species 260, natives of the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The grape fruit is the only important production of this order The acid of the grape is tartaric. It contains a sugar which diflers from the common sugar in containing a smaller quantity of carbon. Genera, Torus elevated into a ring surrounding the ovary. Leaves cordate, &c Vitis. 1 Torus without a ring. Leavei digitately 5-foliate Ampelopste. 2 1. VITIS. Celtic gwyd, a tree or shrub. Petals deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading ; ovary partly enclosed within the torus, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; stigma sessile, capitate ; berry 1 -celled, 1 4-seeded. -Fed. often changed into tendrils. 1. V. LABRUSCA. Lvs. broad cordate, angular-lobed, tomentose beneath. This vine is na tive through the U. S., growing in woods and groves. Like most of the N. American species, the flowers are dkEcious. Stem woody, rough-barked, ascending trees often to a great height, and hanging like cables suspended from the branches. Leaves very large, somewhat 3-lobed, at first white-downy be- neath. Flowers small, green, in panicles with a leaf opposite. Fruit large, purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for its deep shade in summer arbors, and its fruit which is pleasant in taste. The Isabella, and other sorts known in gardens, are varieties of this species. 2. V. CORDIFOLIA. MX. (V. vulpina. Linn.) Frost Grape. Winter Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, smooth on both sides ; roc. loose, many-flowered ; berries small. Grows in thickets, by rivers, &c., ascending shrubs and trees to the height of 10 20f. Leaves large, mem- branous, often 3-lobed, with pubescent veins when young, and with a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid, but well fla- vored after frosts of November. Jn. 3. V. .ESTIVALIS. Lvs. broadly cordate, 3 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate, with scattered, ferruginous hairs beneath ; fertile rac. long, panicled; berries small. Grows in woods, by rivers, &c. Stem very long, slender, climbing, with very large leaves, which are sometimes with deep, rounded sinuses, clothed beneath when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Ten- drils from the peduncles which are dense flowered, and with a leaf opposite. Petals cohering at summit. Berries deep blue, well flavored, but small, ripe in September. Flowers in June. 4. V. RIPARIA. Michx. Winter Grape. Lvs. incisely dentate, somewhat 3-lobed; the petioles, veins and margins pubescent ; berries small, in loose racemes. Grows in thickets, on river banks, &c., Can. to Va., W. to Ark. .Vine 15 30f long. Leaves large, as long as wide, with coarse, unequal, acuminate teeth. Fruit dark-purple. 5. V. VINIFERA. Common Wine Grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, glabrous or tomentose \fls. all $ . Naturalized in nearly all temperate climates, but supposed not to be indigenous to this country. No plant in the vegetable kingdom possesses more interesting attributes, is cultivated with greater care, or, let me add, has been worse perverted or abused by mankind, than the com- 212 XLIi. ACER ACE ^E. ACER. mon vine. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differing in the form, color, size, and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its consti- tution. In N. England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden and as a dessert fruit ; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western States, for the production of wine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Va- rieties without end may be raised from the seed, which will bear fruit the fourth or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for 200 years. 2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. Gr. a/iTreAoff, a vine, oi//tf, appearance; from its resemblance. Calyx entire ; petals 5, distinct, spreading ; ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; style very short ; berry 2-celled, cells 1 2-seeded. A. Q.UINQUEFOLIA. Lvs. quinate, digitate ; I/is, oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth. A vigorous climber, found wild in woods and thickets. It has long been cul- tivated as a covering for walls, and is best known by the name of Woodbine. By means of its radicating tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon trees, ascend- ing to the height of 50f. In the same manner it ascends and overspreads walls and buildings. The large, quinate leaves constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark, glossy green. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotomous clusters. Ber- ries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Jl. ORDER XLII. ACERACE^E, MAPLES. Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple and palmate-veined leaves. Stipules 0. Fls. often polygamous, in axillary corymbs or racemes. Ca/. Sepals 5, rarely 49, more or less united, colored, imbricate in aestivation. Cor. Petals 5, rarely 4 9, hypogynous ; sometimes 0. Sta. hypogynous, 3 12, usually 8. Anthers introrseor versatile. Ova. 2-lobed, compounded of 2 united carpels. Fr. a double samara with opposite wings, thickened at the lower edges. Genera 3, species 60. Tne sap of several species of the Maple yields sugar by evaporation. . . Genera. Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple Acer. 1 Flowers dioecious. Leaves compound, pinnate. **.....,... Negundo. 2 1. ACER. Moench. Lat. acer, sharp, vigorous ; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-petaled or 0; stamens 8 ; styles 2; sama- rce 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded. Lvs. simple. Flowers corymbose, $c. Trees. 1. A. RUBRUM. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. * Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally and incisely toothed, the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; fix. aggregate, about 5 together, on rather long pedicels ; ova. smooth. The red maple is a common tenant of low woods and swamps throughout the Atlantic States. It is a tree somewhat above the middle size. The trunk is x covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becoming dark with age. In spring, the appearance of the tree is remarkable for the deep crimson flowers with which it is thickly clothed. Each bud produces a fascicle of about 5 flowers. Stamens much exserted. The fer- tile flowers are succeeded by a red fruit, furnished with a pair of wings resem- bling those of some insect. The wood is hard and compact, and is much used in cabinet work, particularly that well-known and handsome variety called curled maple. Mar. Apr. 2. A. DASYCARPUM. Ehrh. (A. eriocarpum. Me.) White Maple. I JDS. palmately 5-lobed, truncated at base, unequally and incisly toothed, with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. in crowded, simple umbels, with short pedicels and downy ovaries. This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and 'the winged fruit is also larger than that of the. red maple or of any of the following species. It is a tall tree, 50f in height, noi uncommon in the N. England forests. The flowers are of a yellowish green NEQUNDO. XLI1. ACERACE^E. 213 color, as also the fruit. The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that of other snecies. The sap yields sugar in smaller proportion than the sugar maple. 3. A. sACCHARlNUM. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, subcordate at base, acuminate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; fls. pedunculate, pendu- lous. This fine tree is found throughout U. S., but most abundant in the primi- tive soils of N. England, constituting the greater part of some of its forests. It is a tree of lofty proportions, 70f in height, with a trunk 3f diam. The bark is of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. The branches become numerous and finely ramified in open situations, and in summer are clothed with a foliage of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more extensively cultivated as a shade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and favorite elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly the product of this species. An ordinary tree will yield 5 10 pounds in a sea- son. The wood is very strong and compact, and makes the best of fuel. It is sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents that beautiful ar- rangement of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is highly esteemed in cabinet- work. The flowers are exceedingly abundant, and, suspended on long, thread- like pedicels, are most delicately beautiful. Apr. 4. A. NIGRUM. Mich. f. Slack Maple. Sugar Tree. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate r with the sinus closed, lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and petioles pubescent ; fls. corymbose, on long, slender pedicels ; fr. glabrous, turgid at base, the wings diverging. A large tree, in mountainous situations, Vt. to la. ! Resembles the last, but is distinct. Bobbins., Tally. Trunk 3050f high, with a shaggy bark. Leaves 3 5' diam., dark-green above, the 2 inferior lobes much smaller. Flowers pendulous, on long peduncles, yellowish. Fruit with wings 1' in length, pale-yellow, and more diverging than in A. saccharinum. The sap, like the last mentioned tree, yields sugar abundantly. Apr. Flowers in racemes. Mostly shrubs. 5. A. PENNSYLVANICUM. (A. striatum. Lam.) Striped Maple. Whistle-wood. Lvs. with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; rac, simple, pendulous. A small tree or shrub 10 15f high, Can. to Ga., and Ky., but most abundant in our northern wodds. The bark is smooth, and beau- tifully striped length-wise with green and black. Flowers large, yellowish- green, succeeded by long clusters of fruit, with pale-green wings. The smaller branches are straight and smooth, easily separated from the bark in spring, and are often manufactured by the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it is called whistle-wood. In Europe it is prized in ornamental gardening. May. 6. A. SPJCATUM. Lam. Mountain Maple Busk. Lvs. about 5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; rar.. erect, com- pound. A shrub of smaller stature than the last, found in mountain or hilly woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Leaves small, rough, divided into 3 or 5 lobes, which are somewhat pointed, with large, sharp teeth, and more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and minute, in cylindric, oblong, close, branched clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged fruit. Jn. 7. A. PSEUDO-PLATANUS. Sycamore. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, segments or lobes acute, unequally dentate ; fls. in long, pendulous racemes; samara glabrous. Native -of Northern Europe. An orna- mental tree, 40 50f high, with very large, dark green leaves. A beautiful variety with striped leaves is also cultivated. Apr. May. f 2. NEGUNDO. Moench. Flowers 9 cP ; corolla ; 9 flowers racerned, c? fascicled ; calyx, stamens and fruit as in the last genus. Leaves compound, pinnately 35-foliate. 214 XLlil. HIPPOCASTANACE^E. MBCVLVB. N. ACEROIDES. Moench. (Acer Negundo. Linn.} As/i-kavcd Maple. Box Elder. Lvs. ternate and 5-pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and une- qually dentate ; 9 racemes long and pendulous, barren fis. corymbose ; fr. ob- long, with large wings dilated upwards. A handsome tree, 20 30f in height, with irregular, spreading branches, groAving in woods. The trunk is a foot or more in diameter, and when young, covered with a smooth, yellowish-green bark. Leaflets serrated above the middle, petiolate, the terminal one largest, all slightly pubescent. Wings of the samara approximate, broadest towards the end. Apr. ORDER XLIIL HIPPOCASTANACE^B. BUCKEYES. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, compound, without stipules. Fls. showy, with the pedicels articulated. Cal. campanulate,of5 united sepals. Cor. Petals 5, (one of them sometimes abortive,) unequal, hypogynous. Sta. 68, distinct, unequal, inserted upon a disk with the petals. Ova. roundish, 3-cornered, 3-celled, crowned with a single, filiiorm, conical styta. Fr. roundish, coriaceous, with 13 large, roundish, smooth seeds. Genera 3, native of N. America and Northern India. The species are generally ornamental trees, with astringent properties residing in the bark. The seeds contain much starch, and are nutritive but bitter. Only the following genus is found in the Northern States, and even this is not indigenous in N. Eng. ^SCtJLUS. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed ; corolla irregular, 4 5- petaled ; stamens, ovary and fruit, as expressed in the order. Trees, with palmately 5 7 -foliate leaves. Flowers in thyrse-like panicles. 1. M. GLABRA. Willd. (Pavia pallida. Spach. P. Ohiensis. Michx.) Ohio Buckeye. Lifts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate; fls. in lax, thyr- soid panicles ; cor. 4-petaled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx ; s,ta. longer than the corolla ; fr. echinate. A small, ill-scented tree, along the banks of the Ohio and its tributaries. Leaflets 3 6' long, as wide, subsessile, or abruptly contracted at base to short stalks. Flowers yellowish-white, small, slightly irregular. Fruit about f ' diam. 2. M. FLAVA. Ait. (Pavia flava. DC.} Big Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5 7, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles, about 6 on each division of the peduncle ; cal. campanulate, not hall' the length of the corolla ; pet. very unequal, connivent, longer than the stamens ; fr. unarmed. A large tree, 30 70f high, common in the Western and Southern States. Leaflets 47', by 1 3'. Flowers pale yellow. Fruit globose, uneven on the surface, but not prickly, 2 2' diam, with 1 or 2 large brown seeds. Apr. May. 3. M. PAVIA. (Pavia rubra. Lam.} Small Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oblong-lan- ceolate, cuneate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, finely serrate ; fls. very irregular, in a lax, thyrsoid raceme, pet. 4, erect, as long as the stamens. A beautiful shrub, G lOf high, native of the Southern States. Flowers large, red, glabrous. Apr. May. f 4. M. PARVIFLORA, Walt. (uE.machrostachya. Michx.} native at the South, a beautiful shrub, with numerous small, white flowers, in a long, slender, thyr- soid raceme, is rarely cultivated. 5. JE. HIPPOCASTANUM. Horse Chestnut. Lvs. digitate, of 7 obovate leaflets ; pet. 5 ; spreading ; fr. prickly. A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic proportions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is a frequent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains the height of 40 or 50f.- In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or thyrses of flowers, of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of its massy foliage. The leaves are digitate, with 7 obovate. acute, serrate leaf- lets. The fruit is large, mahogany-colored, and eaten only by deer. CELASTRUS. XLV. CELASTRACE^E. 215 ORDER XLIV. SAPINDACEJE. SOAPWORTS. Trees, shrubs or lierbs, the latter furnished with tendrils. Lvs. alternate, usually compound and without stipules. Flu. small, usually polygamous. Sep. 45, distinct, imbricated in aestivation. Cor. Petals as many as the sepals, sometimes 1 less, (or rarely wanting,) inserted outside the hypogy- Sra. 8 or 10 ; Jll. distinct ; anth. introrse. I nous disk which lies at the bottom of the calyx. Ova. of 3 united carpels ; sty. partly or completely united. *V. a 3-celled capsule or samara, or often fleshy and inclehiscent. fids 13 in each cell, usually arilled, without albumen. CARDIOSPERMUM. Gr. Kapcia, heart, ffrrcp^a, seed; the globose seeds marked with a large, cordate hHum. Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest ; petals 4, each with an emarginate scale above the base ; the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their scales crested ; glands of the disk 2, opposite the lower petals ; sta- mens 8, unequal ; style trifid ; capsule membranous, inflated. Climb- ing' herbs with biternate leaves. Lower pair of pedicels changed to tendrils. C. HAI.IACABUM. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. Plant nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and den- tate; fruit pyrifbrtn-globose, large, bladder-] ike. Native on the Missouri and its branches. Turr. fy Gr. Naturalized in the W. States. Mead. A curious vine, 4 6f in length, with remarkably large, inflated, membranous capsules. Jl. f ORDER XLV. CELASTEACB^B. STAFF-TREES. Shrubs, or rarely trees, with opposite or alternate leaves. Fla. not always perfect. Cat. Sepals 45, united at base, imbricated. [which surrounds the ovary. Cor. Petals as many as sepals, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the flat, expanded disk Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ova. superior, immersed in and adhering to the disk. Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds either with or without an arillus. Genera 27, species 274, chiefiy native of the temperate zone of both hemispheres. They possess acrid and bitter properties, sometimes emetic and stimulant. Genera. $ compound (ternate) Staphylea. 1 \ opposite, {simple Euonymus. 3 shrubs with leaves (alternate, simple Celastrus. 2 TRIBE 1. STAPHYLEJ3. Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds not ariled. Cotyledons thick. 1. STAPHYLEA. A Greek word, meaning a cluster of grapes ; from the form of the fructification. Fls. $ ; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 3 ; capsules 2 3, membranous and inflated. S. TRIFOLIA. Bladder-nid. Lvs. ternate ; roc. pendulous ; pet. ciliate below ; Jr. ovate. A handsome shrub, 6 8f high, in moist woods and thickets. Can. to Car. and Tenn. Leaf- lets oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Flowers white, in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, containing several hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May TRIBE 2. ^EUONYME^E. Leaves simple. Seeds usually ariled. Cotyledons leafy. 2. CELASTRUS. Flowers sometimes polygamous ; calyx flat, of 5 united sepals ; co- rolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule subglobose, or 3-angled, 3-celled; seeds with an arillus, 1 2 in each cell. Climbing shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and minute, deciduous stipules. C. SCANDENS. Staff-tree. Unarmed; st. woody, twining; fas. oblong, acuminate, serrate; roc. ter 216 XLVI. RHAMNACEjE. RHAMNTO. minal; fls. dioecious. A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems twining "about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenish- white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. 3. EUONYMUS. Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals ; corolla flat, in- serted on the outer margin of a glandular disk ; stamens 5, with short filaments ; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds ariled. Shrubs, erect or trailing, with opposite leaves. 1. E. ATROPURPUREUS. Jacq. Spindle Tree. Burning Bush. Branches smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulenl beneath ; ped. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually pentamerous. A smooth shrub, 4 lOf high, in shady woods, U. S. E. of the Miss. Leaves 2 5' long, as wide, mostly acute at base, on petioles % \' long. Peduncles op- posite, slender, 1 2|' long, each wifck a cyme of 3 6 flowers. Corolla dark- purple, about 2i" diam. Capsule crimson, smooth. Seeds covered in a bright red aril. Jn. 2. E. AMERICANUS. Burning Bush. Branches smooth, 4-angled ; Ivs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire at margin, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth ; ped. round, about 3-flow- ered; fls. mostly pentamerous. Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with small leaves, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Leaves 2' long, % as wide, coriaceous. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2, 3, or 4-flowered. Flowers a little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts in 3s, 4s or 5s. Capsule dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Jn. 3. E. EUROP.KOS. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; ped. com- pressed, 3-flowered ; fls. usually tetrandrous. Native of Europe. A handsome shrub, 4 12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not su- perior in elegance to E. Americanus. May Jl. ORDER XLVI. RHAMNACE^]. BJCKTHORNS. ShTubs or trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate. Stipules minute or 0. Fls. small, axillary or terminal, greenish, sometimes dioecious. Cal. Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in aestivation. Cor. Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, sometimes 0. Sta. opposite the petals, 4 or 5. Ova. superior, or half siq^rior, with an erect ovale in eaeh cell. Fr. a capsule, drupe or berry. Genera 42, species 250, distributed throughout all countries, except those in the frigid zones. Many are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America, Poperties.The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zizyphus Jujuba, yields the well-known jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a sub- stitute for tea. Genera. Calyx free from the ovary ; petals plane; flowers minute Rhamnus. \ Ha lyx adherent to the ovary at base; petals unguiculate Ceanothus.Z 1. RHAMNUS. Calyx urceolate, 4 5-cleft ; petals 4 5, emarginate, inserted upon the calyx ; ovary free, 2 4-celled ; styles 2 4, more or less united ; fruit drupaceous. 3 4-seeded. SmaU trees or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. Fls. minute. \. R. CATHARTICUS. Buckthorn. Shrub erect, with thorny branches ; Lvs. ovate, doubly serrate ; fls. tetran- drous, 9 $ r on 228 XLVIl. LEGUMINOSvE. MEDICAGO. less pubescent, striate, 3 10' long, often suberect. Leaflets 4 8" long, | equally as wide, lateraj ones placed 1 2" below the terminal 'one, petiole li' long. Heads about 2*0-flowered, 2 3" diam., on slender peduncles !' long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jn. Jl. 9. T. AGRARruM. Field or Hop Trefoil. Yellow Clover. St. ascending or erect ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, or oblong-cuneate, denticu- late, all subsessile ; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole; Ms. ovoid-elliptic, on long peduncles ; 2 upper cat. segments shorter; cor. yellow'; sty. about equaling the 1-seeded legume. (I) Sandy fields, N; Eng i Stems 6 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Leaflets 510"' by 1 3". Common petiole 3 10" long, the upper ones shorter than their stipules. Heads of flowers twice larger than in the last, on peduncles 1J' long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jl. Aug. 19. M ELI LOT US. Tourn. "$ Lat. tnel, honey, and lotus ; in drying it exlrales a sweet odor. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla deciduous, keel pe- tals completely united, shorter than the aloe or vexillum ; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); legume rugose, longer than calyx, 1 few- seeded. Genus taken from Trifolium. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate, veins of the leaflets simple or forked. Fls. in racemes. 1. M. OFFICINALIS. Willd. (M. vulgaris. Ea.) Yellow Melilot. St. erect, with spreading branches ; Ifts. obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate ; roc. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the yellow corolla. ; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. Alluvial meadows. Stem sulcate, about 3f high. Leaf- lets smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Flowers in long, 1-sided, slender racemes. Petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. 2. M. LEUCANTHA. Koch. (Trifolium officinale, /?. Linn. M. officinalis, 0. alba, Nutt. and of 1st. edit.) White Melilot. Sweet-scented Clover. St. erect, branched; Ifts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stip. setaceous ; cal. less than half as long as the white corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. (g) Alluvial soils. Stem robust, very branching, sulcate, 4 Gf high. Leaflets 1 2' long, more obtuse at the apex than at base, mucronately serrate. Flowers numerous, the racemes more loose and longei than in the last. Petals unequal, banner longer than wings or keel. Very fra- grant when dried. Jl. Aug. f 20. MEDICAGO. Name derived from Medea, its native country? Calyx 5-cleft, subcylindric ; keel of the corolla deflexed from the vexillum by the falcate or spirally coiled legume. Herbs ivith pal- mately trifoliate leaves. 1. M. LUPULINA. None-such. Spikes ovate ; leg. reniform, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose ; sts. procumbent. (1) Common in fields and road-sides, Can. to Flor. Stems angular, leafy, 6 16' long. Leaves resembling those of clover.. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucro- nate. Spikes small, of yellow flowersT Pods somewhat spiral, a form which characterizes the genus. May Oct. 2. M. SATIVA. Lucerne Medick. Ped. racemed ; leg. smooth, spirally twisted ; stip. entire ; Ifts. oblong, toothed. 1\. A deep-rooting plant, sending up numerous, tall and slender clover- like shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Native of Europe, where it is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been naturalized and cultivated to some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. J 3. M. INTERTEXTA. Hedge-hog. Ped. about 2-flowered ; leg. cochlea te, oval, with downy, setaceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles ; Ifts. rhomboidal, toothed. Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curi- osity of its pods. About a foot in height. Flowers yellow. Jn. Aug. f STYLOSANTHES. XLVli. LEGUMINOS^E. 229 4. M. SCUTELLATA. Snail. Ped. 2-flowered; kg. unarmed, cochleate, or- bicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds. Native of S. -Europe. Cultivated among flowers for the curiosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July, f Obs. -Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens. 21. ASTRAGALUS. Calyx 5-toothed ; keel of the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelphous V J 9 & 1) ; legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. Herbaceous or suffruticose, with wicqually pinnate leaves. " Hairs often fixed by the middle." (T. $ G.) 1. A. CANADENSIS. Canadian Milk Vetch. Canescent, erect, diffuse ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; Ifts. about 10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse ; ped. about as long as the leaves, when in fruit shorter ; spikes oblong ; As. spread- ing, somewhat reflexed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style. 1J. River banks, &c., Can to Flor. At the ferry, Niagara Falls ! Stem bushy, about 31 high, very leafy. Flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods ' in length, leathery. Jl. Aug. 2. A. OBCORDATUS. Ell. 1 Nearly smooth, procumbent, branched; Ifts. 8 12 pairs, obcordate or oblong-obovate ; ped. about as long as the leaves ; roc. 6 12 flowered, round- ish; leg. oblong, triangular, a little curved, acute at each end, the lower suture sulcate. Prairies and bottoms, 111. Me^-dl N. Car. to Flor. Baldwin. Plant but 4 6' long, branched at base. Leaves about 3' in length. Leaflets 3 6" by 1 1", lower ones roundish. Flowers blue, 4 5" long, fruit about 1'. 22. PHACA. Gr. (paKi), lentil, derived from ^ayo), to eat. Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; legume continuous, turgid, 1 -celled; placenta swelling, several-seeded. '2J- Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in axillary, pedunculate racemes. 1. P. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Erect, branching, nearly smoo'th ; Ifls. elliptical, 8 13 pairs (5 9, T. & G.); stip. minute; roc. many-flowered, rather loose; leg. sessile, smooth, round- ish-ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. By streams and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wiscon. Lapham! Plant resembling Astragalus Canadensis, but more slender ana* delicate. Stem 1 2f high, terete. Leaflets 9 15" by 3 5", minutely puberulent beneath. Flowers white, 1020 in a raceme. Pods about ' long, with many small seeds. Jn. Jl. 2. P. ROBBINSII. Oakes. St. erect, simple, striate ; Ifts. 5 11, elliptical, very obtuse, terminal one largest ; stip. triangular-ovate ; ped. long, erect, each with a short, ovate or ob- long raceme; cor. horizontal, twice as long as the calyx; keel obtuse, shorter than the other petals ; leg. tipped with the recurved, persistent style. Ledges, banks of Onion River, Vt. Robbins ! Plant nearly smooth. Stem slender, 8 14' high. Leaves remote, 2 4' long. Leaflets 4 8" by 1 J 3", petiolulate. Racemes surpassing the stem, on peduncles 5 10' long, 12 18-flowered. Corollas white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4 8-seeded. May, Jn. 23. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz. Gr. o-ruXog, a style, aj/Soj, a flower, i. e. a flower with a conspicuous style. Flowers of two kinds, c? Calyx somewhat bilabiate, bibracteolate at base, the tube very long and slender, with the corolla inserted on its throat; vexillum very broad ; stamens 10, monadelphous ; ovary always sterile, with a very long style. 9 Calyx and corolla : ovary 230 XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. HEDYSARUM between 2 bracteoies ; legume 1 2-jointed, uncinate with tlie short, persistent style. Lvs. pinnatdy trifoliate. S. ELATIOR. Swartz. (Trifblium biflorum. Linn.'} Pencil Flower. St. pubescent on one side; Ifts. lanceolate, smooth, acute at each end; bracts lanceolate, ciliate; spikes 3 4-flowered ; lament 1 -seeded (lower joint abortive). 7J. Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Flor. and Ark. Stem mostly erect, branched, If in height, remarkable for being densely pubescent on that side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the other side is smooth. Leaves on short stalks, leaflets 1' or more in length. Bracts fringed with yellow bristles. Flowers yellow. Jl. Aug. 24. CORONILLA. Lat. corona, a crown ; from the resemblance of the inflorescence. Calyx bilabiate ; petals unguiculate ; loment somewhat terete, jointed ; seeds mostly cylindrical. Mostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in simple, pedunculate umbels. 1. C. EMERUS. Scorpion Senna. St. woody, angular ; ped. about 3-flowered ; daws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. A beautiful, free-flowering shrub from France. Stem about 3f high, square, with opposite branches. Leaf- lets about 7, broadly obcordate. Flowers rose-colored, collected in little tufts on the ends of the subaxillary peduncles. Apr. Jn. f 2. G. VARIA. Purple Coronilla. St. herbaceous, erect, smooth, branching; Ivs. sessile, smooth; Ifts. 11 19, all subsessile, oblong, obtuse; umbels long- pedunculate, 10 15-flowered ; Jls. pale purple. An elegant European species. 2 4f high, crowned with many hemispherical umbels 1' diam. Jl. Sept. .f 25. ^ESCHYNOMfiNE. Gr. aia^vvofiai, to be modest; alluding to its sensitive property. Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower trifid ; vexil- lum roundish ; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base ; stamens diadelphous, 5 in each set ; legume exserted, composed of several truncated, separable, 1 -seeded joints. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. semi- sagittate. Rac. axillary. JE,. HISPIDA. Willd. (Hedysarum Virgin icum. Linn.) St. erect, scabrous-pubescent, as well as the petioles, peduncles, and legumes ; Ifts. very smooth and numerous (often as many as 49, NiM.), linear, obtuse ; slip, ovate, acuminate ; rac. 3 5-flowered ; loment compressed, 6 9- jointed. () Marshes, Penn. to Flor. Stem 2 3f high. Leaflets about f long. Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, reddish outside. Legume 2' long, sinuate on one side. Aug. 26. HEDYSARUM. Gr. r}6vs, sweet, apoj^a, smell; some of the species are fragrant. Calyx cleft into 5, linear-subulate, subequal segments ; keel ob- liquely truncate, longer than the wings ; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ), and with the style abruptly bent near the summit ; legume (loment) of several 1 -seeded joints connected by their middle. ^ Mostly herba- ceous. Lvs. unequally pinnate. H. EOREALE. Nutt. Northern Hedi/sarutn. St. erect ; Ivs. subsessile, of 6 10 pairs of oblong, smoothish leaflets ; stip. united, sheathing, with subulate points ; rac. spicate, on long peduncles ; Jls. numerous, deflexed j cal. teetfi short, the lowest longest; keel longer -than the banner or wings ; joints of tlie legume 1 4, flat, suborbicuter, rugose-reticu- late. On the precipitous sides of Willoughby Mt. Westmore, Vt. 500f above the lake below ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem rigid, 1 2f high, very leafy. Leaf- lets 5 8" by 2 4", obtuse-mucronulate. Racemes 2 4' long, on rigid pedun- cles 3 5'. Flowers large and handsome, violet-purple. Jn. Jl. DESMODIUM XLVII. LEGUMINOS^E. 281 27. DESMODIUM. DC. G-r. (Jeoy/off, a bond ; in reference to the slightly connected joints of the loment? Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base ; vexillum roundish; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), sometimes .monadelphous ; legume (loment) compressed, composed of several 1 -seeded, separable joints. Genus taken from Hedysarum. % Her- baceous or sujfruticose. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. * Stamens all connected. Calyx toothed or entire. 1. D. NUDIFLORUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.} Lfts. roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly glaucous beneath; scape radical, panicled, smooth; joints of the loment obtusely triangular Common in woods, U. S. and Can. It is remarkably distinguished by having its leaves and flow- ers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Stem 8 10' high, with several ternate, long-stalked, smoothish, terminal leaves. Scape 2 3f long, slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with many small, purple flowers. Aug. 2. D. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.} Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at top ; Ifis. ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle. Common in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 8 12' high, ending in a slender panicle 1 or 2f long. Leaves at the top of the stem and below the panicle. Terminal leaflet roundish, 3'diam., lateral leaflets smaller, all of them covered with scattered, appressed hairs and conspicuously pointed. Flowers small, flesh-colored. Pod of about 3 triangular joints. July. Aug. 3. D. PAUCIFLORUM. DC. (H. pauciflorum. Nutt.} St. assurgent, simple, or slightly branched, retrorsely hairy; Ifts. mem- branaceous, pale beneath, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal, lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute, or subacuminate; roc. termi- nal, few-flowered ; fls. in pairs; pet. all distinct! spreading. Woods, Penn. to 111. and La. Root creeping, tubercular. Stems often clustered, If high. Petioles 2 3' long. Leaflets 1 3' long, f f as wide. Flowers 2 6, white or purplish. Legume of 2 3 obtusely triangular joints. JI. Aug. * * Stamens diadelphous or the tenth stamen nearly free. 4. D. CANADENSE. DC. (Hedysartfm Canadense. Linn.} Bush Trefoil. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, nearly smooth; stip. filiform; bracts, ovate, long- acuminate ; fls. racemed; joints of the loment obtusely triangular, hispid. Rath- er common in woods, Can. to Penn. and la. A handsome plant about 3f in height. Stem upright, striate. Leaflets 3' long, broadest at base, pointed, near- ly smooth. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes with conspicuous bracts. Pods about 5-jointed. Jl. 5. D. CANESCENS. DC. (D. Aikinianum. Beck. H. canesc. L.} St. erect, branched, striate, scabrous; Ifts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, soft-villous beneath ; slip, large, oblique, acuminate; pan. terminal, very long, densely canescent, naked; joints of the loment triangular; upper lip of the calyx nearly entire. Woods, N. Eng. to Flor. An upright, branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers greenish externally, purple within. Stem 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed. Aug. 6. D. DILLENII. Darl. (D. Marilandicum. DC. H. Maril. Willd.} Dilknius' Dcsmodium. Plant erect, branching, hairy ; Ifts. oblong, villose beneath ; stip. subu- late; rac. panicled .; joints of the lomcnt'%, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy Moist soils, Northern and Western States. Stem sulcate, scabrous, 2 3f high. Leaflets 2 3' by 1 2', smooth above. Panicle large, terminal, naked Flowers purple. Jl. 7. D. CL-SPIDATUM. T. & G. (D. bracteosum. DC. H. bract. MX.} Plant erect, smooth; Ifts. oblong-oval or ovate, acuminate; stip. lanceo- late-subulate ; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scattered flowers ; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth; joints of the loment suboval. A larger spc- 20* 332 XLV11. LEGUMINOS^:. DESMODIUM. cies than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem branch- ing, erect, 4 5f high. Leaflets 3' long, widest at base, smooth, entire, pointed. Stipules of the leaves ovate, long-acuminate, of the leaflets awl-shaped. Flow- ers large, purple, with conspicuous bracts. Pods in about six joints, long, pen- dulous, rough. Aug. :-.>^-;= 8. D. MARILANDICUM. Boott. (D. obtusum. DC. H. Marilandicum. Linn.) Plant erect, branching, hairy ; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base ; stip. subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of the lament roundish, reticulate, hispid. Woods, N. States to Flor. Stem 2 3f high. Leaflets 1'long, f as wide. Flowers violet-purple, small. Loment 1 3-jointed. Aug. 9. D. CILIARK. DC. (H. ciliare. Willd.) Fringed Desmodium. Plant erect, slender, subpubescent ; Ivs. crowded, on short, hairy petioles ; Ifts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the margin ; slip. filiform, caducous ; panicle terminal, the lower branches much longer ; jointe of the lament 2 or 3, half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Woods, N. Eng. to La. Height 2f. Flowers purple. Aug. 10. D. RIGIDUM. DC. (H. rigidum. Ml.) Erect, branching, rough-pubescent; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse, terminal one the longest ; petiole short, hairy ; stip. acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; roc. paniculate, very long ; leg. with 2 3 semi-oval or semi-obovate joints. Hills and woods, Mass, to La. Stem 2 3f high, often with numerous, long, erect, rigid branches. Leaflets 1 3' long, as wide, rather coriaceous, reticulatelj veined. Flowers violet-purple. Aug. 11. D. PANICULATUM. DC. (H. paniculatum. Linn.) Plant erect, smooth ; Ifts. thin, oblong-lanceolate ; stip. subulate ; panicle. terminal, with long and slender pedicels ; bracts lanceolate ; joints of the lament rhomboidal. A handsome species, near 3f in height, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, striate. Leaves of 3, smooth, narrow leaflets, broadest at the base, tapering to an obtuse point, about 3' in length, with subulate, decidu- ous bracts. Pods 4 5 jointed, large. Flowers purple, numerous. Jl. Aug. 12. D. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. DC. (H. rotundifolium. Linn.) St. prostrate, hairy; Ifts. suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate ; roc. few-flowered ; joints of the lament subrhomboidal. A hairy, prostrate plant, 2 3f in length, found in rocky woods throughout the U. S. Leaves of 3 roundish leaflets, pale beneath, 1 2' diam., on hairy stalks. Stipules cordate l reflexed, hairy. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug. 13. D. HUMIFUSUM. Beck. (H. humifusum. Muhl.) Prostrate Desmodium. St. procumbent, striate, nearly smooth ; Ifts. oval, sub-pubescent ; stip. persistent ; rac. axillary and terminal ; leg. of 2 4 obtusely 4-angled joints. Woods, Waltham, Mass. Rigclow, Penn. Muhl. A species much resembling the last, but the whole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower bracts. Stem 2 Sflong, Xeaflets oval or ovate, subacute. Aug. 14. D. VIRIDIFLORUM. Beck. (Hedys. virid. Linn.) St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above ; Ifts. ovate, mostly ob- tuse, scabrous above, soitly villous beneath; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, caducous ; panicle very long, leafless ; cal. very hairy, upper lip bifid ; leg. of 3 4 triangular joints. Alluvial soils, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3 4f high, rigid, branched. Leaflets 2 3' long. Corolla violet, turning green in withering. Legume 1 2' long. 15. D. L-asviQATUM 1 DC. (H. laevigatum. Nutt.) Glabrous ; st. simple, erect ; Ivs. on long petioles ; Ifts. ovate or oblong- ovate, rather obtuse; stip. subulate, minute and deciduous; panicle terminal, nearly simple ; fls. in pairs, on elongated pcfiicels ; bracts ovate, very small ; upper lip of calyx emarginate, segments of the lower lip lanceolate, lowest one acuminate, half as long as the corolla. Woods, N. J. Nutt. Harper's Ferry I The smoothest of our Desmodia, 2 3f high. Leaflets rather coriaceous, 1 2' long, f If wide. Pedicels 5 8" long. ' Flowers purple. Sept. My speci- mens, as well as those of Nuttall, are without fruit. LESPEDEZA. XLVI1. LEGUMTNOS^E. 233 16. D. sEssiLiFOLiuM. Torr. & Gray. (H. sessilifolium. Torr.} St. erect, tomentose-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile ; Lfts. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly torn en tbse beneath; slip, subulate; panicle of spicate roc. very long; bracts minute; leg. small, hispid, of 2 3 semi- orbicular joints. Woods, Western States and Texas. Stem 2 3f high. Leaf- lets about 2' by $'. Flowers small, numerous and crowded. Aug. 17. D. STRICTUM. DC. (H. strictum. Pursh.} Erect, slender, nearly glabrous and simple ; Ivs. petiolate ; Ifts linear, elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate ; stip. subulate ; pani- cles slender, few-flowered; leg. hispid, incurved, of 1 3 lunately triangular joints with a filiform isthmus. Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. and La. Stem about 3f high. Leaflets 23' by 23", longer than the petioles. Flowers small, purple, on very slender pedicels. Aug. 28. LESPEDEZA. Michx. In honor of Lespedez, governor of Florida, who prelected Michaux in his travels there. Calyx 5-parted, bibracteolate, segments nearly equal ; keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender claws ; legume (loineftt) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. Genus taken from Hedysarum. % Lvs. palmatdy trifoliate, reticulate-veined. Flowers all complete and fertile, in dense spikes. Corolla ocliroleucous or white, with a purple spot on the vexillum, scarcely longer tJian the calyx. 1. L. CAPITATA. MX. (L. frutescens. Ell. Hedysarum frutescens. Willd.}Bush Clover. Lfts. elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent ; stip. subulate ; fascicles of fls. o\ r ate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; laments hairy, shorter than the villous calyx. An erect, hairy, half-shrubby plant, in dry soils, Can. to Car. Stem nearly simple, villous, 2 4f high. Leaves numerous, on short petioles, consisting of 3 coriaceous leaflets. Leaflets 1 !' by 36", nearly smooth above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug. Sept. 8. angustifolia. Ph. (L. angustifolia. Ell.) Lfts. linear, smooth above. 2. L. HIRTA. Ell. (Hedysarum hirtum. Linn.} Villous and pubescent ; Ifts. roundish-elliptic ; roc. capitate, axillary, ob- long, longer than the leaves ; cor. and lament about as long as the calyx. Plant 2 4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branching and very hairy. Leaves less numerous than in the last, on very short stalks, consisting of 3 oval leaflets hairy beneath. Peduncle hairy, becoming longer than the raceme. Flowers reddish-white, crowded. Aug. Sept. Flowers of two kinds, complete and apetalous, the latter chiejly bear- ing the fruit. Corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx LESPEDEZARIA. T. & G. 3. L. PROCUMBENS. Michx. (Hedysarum repens. Willd.} St. procumbent, villose ; Ifts. oval, upper surface smooth ; roc. short, on very long, setaceous peduncles ; laments roundish, pubescent. Dry woods and sandy fields, Mass, to La. Plant pubescent in all its parts. Stems several from the same root, slender, 2 3f long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong 01 roundish leaflets, on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in short, raceme-like hsads, axillary, the lower ones apetalous, and on short, the upper on very long, thread-like peduncles. Aug. 4. L. REPENS. Torr. & Gray. (H. repens. Linn.} Creeping Lespr.deza. >Stf.. prostrate, diffuse, nearly smooth ; Ifts. oval or obovate-elliptical. smooth above, on very short petioles ; ped. axillary, filiform, simple, few-flowered, lower ones bearing apetalous flowers ; leg. suborbicular, subpubescent. --Dry soils, Can., Hooker, N. J. and Southern States ! Probably it will yet be found in N. Y. Stems very slender, numerous. Leaflets 5 9" by 3 5", obtuse. Peduncles 2 3' long. Aug. Sept 5. L. VIOLACEA. Pers. (H. violaceum. Linn.} Violet Lespedeza. Erect or diffuse, branching; Ifts. elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emar- 234 XLVII. LEGUMLNOS^E. CROTALARIA ginate, about equaling the petiole, more or less pubescent beneath ; roc. axillary, subumbellate, lower ones with apetalous flowers ; As. in pairs ; leg. ovate, smooth- ish, much longer than the calyx. Dry woods, Can. and U. S. Root creeping and woody. Stems clustered, slender, 8 14' long. Apetalous flowers few, the complete ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 6 12" by 4 8". Petioles 9 18" long. Corollas small, violet, pedicellate. Legume rhomboidal. Jl. Aug. /?. divergent. (L. divergens. PA.) Ped. filiform, divergent, much longer than the leaves, mostly unfruitful ; leg. reticulate. Leaflets ovate. 6. L. SESSILIFLORA. Michx. (L. violacea, /?. T. fy G.} St. erect, branching, puberulent; Ifts. small, oblong-oval, obtuse, mucio- nate, longer than the petioles ; fls. glomerate, on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, those at the base apetalous and fertile ; lower segment of the calyx in the complete flowers much longer than the others ; leg. orbicular-ovate, reticu- lated, smooth, much longer than the calyx. Woods, Can. ! to Flor., Ohio ! and La. Stem rigid, slender, 1 2f high, with numerous, crowded, small leaves. Leaflets rigid, 36 or 8" by 1 2". Flowers numerous, mostly apetalous. Legume about 2" diam. Aug. Sept. 7. L. RETICULATA. Pers. (Li. violacea, y. T. fy Cr.) St. erect, rigid, simple, glabrous; petioles nearly erect; Ifts. sublinear, strigose-pubescent beneath, strongly reticulated and mucronate ; fls. fasciculate on short, axillary peduncles ; segments of the calyx of nearly equal length ; kg. strongly reticulated, acute. N. J. ! to 111. ! and La. Stem 2f or more high, slen- der, rarely branched. Leaflets 10 18" by 1 3", a little broadest in the mid- dle, acute at each end, upper ones smaller. Flowers all complete in some speci- mens, all apetalous in others. Corolla violet. Legume 1J" diam. Aug. 8. L. STUVEI. Nutt. Erect, branched, tomontose-pubescent ; Ifts. oval or roundish, longer than the petiole ; roc. axillary, many-flowered, equaling or exceeding the leaves in length; apetalous fls. few; leg. hairy, ovate, acuminate, longer than the subulate calyx teeth. Dry soils, N. Y. to La. A variable plant, 2 3f high. Leaves always hairy beneath, generally so above. Corollas purple, much longer than the calyx. Aug. Sept. 29. GENISTA. Celtic gen, Fr. genet ; a small shrub. Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lower 3-toothed ; vexil- lum oblong ; keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens and style ; stigma involute ; stamens monadelphous. Shrubby plants with sim- ple leaves and yellow flowers. G. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Broom. Wood-waxen. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth; kg. smooth. 7J. A naturalized species, found occasionally in dry, hilly grounds. Stems or branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creep- ing roots. Leaves sessile, alternate. Flowers bright yellow, axillary, sessile, or nearly so, solitary. The whole plant dyes yellow, and with woad, green. Aug. 30. CRO TALARI A. Gr. KporaXov, a rattle ; from the rattling of the loose seeds in the pods. Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat bilabiate ; vexillum cordate, large ; keel acu- minate ; sta. 10, monadelphous ; filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side ; legume pedicellate, turgid. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. often simple. C. SAGITTALIS. Rattle-box. Plant erect, branching, hairy ; Ivs. simple, lanceolate ; slip, opposite, acuminate, decurrent; roc. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves; cor. shorter than the calyx. (1) Plant about a foot high, with a hairy aspect, and inflated pods, in woods and sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. Stem herbaceous, rigid. Leaves al- leviate, entire, nearly sessile, rounded' at the base. The plant is best distin- guished by its opposite, united, decurrent stipules, so situated that each pair ap- pears inversely sagittate. Sepals long, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Seeds tew, rattling in the turgid pod. Jl. DAPTI&IA. XLVI1. LEGUMINOSjE. 235 31. LUPlNUS. Tourn. Lat. lupus, a wolf; because it overruns the field and favours its fertility. (Doubtful.) Calyx deeply bilabiate, upper lip 2- cleft, lower entire or 3- toothed ; wings united towards the summit ; keel acuminate ; stamens mona- delphous, the filamentous sheath entire ; anthers alternately oblong and globose ; legume coriaceous and torulose. Herbs. Lvs. palmate- ly 5 \5-foliate.. 1. L. PERENNIS. Common Lupine. Rl. creeping, perennial ; If Is. 7 9, oblanceolate, mucronate ; /Is. alternate ; cal. without appendages, upper lip eraarginate, lower entire. '7|. Grows wild abundantly in sandy woocU and hills, Lake Champlain to Wis. Lapham ! S. to Ga. It is a beautiful plant, much cultivated in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night. Stem erect) soft, smoothish, a foot high. Leaves -soft, downy, on long stalks. Lfts. 1 2' by 4 6", lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flowers blue, varying to white, in a terminal spike or raceme. May, June. 2. L. POLYPHYLLUS. Lmdl. Many-leaved Lupine. Tall ; Ifts. 1 1 15, lanceo- late, sericeous beneath;^, alternate, in a very long raceme; pedicels longer than the lanceolate, deciduous bracts ; cal. ebracteolate, both lips subentire ; leg. densely hairy. ^ A splendid ornamenc of the garden, from Oregon. Stem 3 5f high. Racemes a foot or more long. Flowers scattered (subverticillate in'/?, grandifolius, Lindl.), white, purple or yellow in different varieties, f 3. L. NOOTKATENSIS. Donn. Nootka Sound Lupine, St. villous, with long, spreading hairs; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, attenuate at base, sericeous beneath ; cal. very hairy, both lips nearly entire ; bracts linear, hairy, longer than the calyx. A handsome species, from the N. W. Coast, 2 31' high, in gardens. Leaflets about 7. Flowers purple, f 4. L. ARBOREUS. Tree Lupine. Fruticose ; fis. in whorls'; cal. appendaged, lips acute, entire. A handsome exotic shrub, Of high, with large yellow flowers, -f Obs Several annual species are occasionally sown in gardens, as L. atbu-s, with white flowers ; L. pi- losus, with rose-colored flowers ; L. luteus, with yellow flowers, and L. hirsutus, with blue flowers, and an appendaged calyx. 32. LABURNUM. Benth. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; upper lip 2, lower 3-toothed ; vexil- lum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings ; filaments diadelphous (9 & 1) ; legume continuous, tapering to the base, several-seeded. Ori- ental thornless shrubs or trees. Lvs. palmately trifoliate. FLs. mostly yellow. 1. L. VULGARE. (Cytisus Laburnum. ' Linn.} Golden Chain. Arborescent; If's. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acuminate ; roc. simple, elongated, pendulous; leg. hirsute. A small, ornamental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. Flowers numerous, large, in racemes If long, -f 2. L. ALPlNUM. (Cytisus alpinus. Linn.} Scotch Laburnum. Arborescent; If Is. oblong-ovate, rounded at base ; roc. long, simple, pendulous ; leg. glabrous. '-A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of various alpine regions of Europe. Like he former, it develops numerous, brilliant yellow flowers, in long, drooping clus- ters. There are varieties with ochroleucous, white, and even purple flowers, f 33. BAPTISIA. Vent. Gr. /?ection showing the seed and funiculus. 6. Vertical section of a flower of Fragaria, showing the I pyious stamens, the ovaries, &c. 7. Enlarged carpel. 8. Fruit, consisting of the enlarged receptacle \v ith the achenia external. 9. Perirynous stamens of Rubus Idams. 10. Fruit, the fleshy carpels age.-e- ved vary, ng the pen- rated. 11. Section of the fruit. 12" Flower of the apple tree tlie distinct carpels in the calyx tube. Conspectus of the Genera. 13. Vertical section of a rose, showing $Sta. 5. Sibbaldia. 24 ( Leaves s cauhne. ( Sta. 00. Potentilla. "f r naked, r 1 jllbutenc 1 adherent to tha calyx tu \ uccLvoa i ixiuiiuc. ( out. uu. mi&riiuia. I* (not (comp.. (all radical. . Waldsteinia. 16 1 caudate. ' Leaves simple. . * . Dalibarda. 15 Con a dry i and caudate with ( Petals 8 or 9. Dryaa. 25 ! receptacle 1 the persistent style. Petals 5. . Geurn. 17 on a juicy ( which is swoet and eatable in . Fragaria, 14 receptacle ( but insipid ,,. AnielanthicT 9 21 240 XLVI1I. ROSACE^E. CERASUS. SUBORDER I. A MYGDALEJ3. Ovary solitary. Fruit a drupe. Seeds mostly solitary. Calyx deciduous. 1. CERlS US. Juss. Name from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden chorry. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens 15 30 ; drupe globose, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a glau- cous bloom ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. con- duplicate in estivation. * Flowers in racemes. 1. C. SEROTINA. DC. (C. Virginiana. Michx. Primus. Ehrh.} Black or Wild Cherry. Lvs. deciduous, oval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth, shining above ; petioles with 2 4 glands ; roc. spreading, elongated. A large forest tree, throughout the U. S. Trunk 50 80f high, of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 30f, 2 4f diam. Bark black and rough. Leaves 3 5' long, as wide, with 12 pairs of reddish glands at base. In May and June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white flowers. Fruit nearly black when mature, bitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured by birds. The wood, extensively used in cabinet-work, is compact, fine-grained, and receives a high polish. The bark has a strong, bitter taste, and has been used in medicine as a tonic. 2. C. VIRGINIANA. DC. (C.serotina. Hook. Prunus. Linn.} Choice Cherry. Lvs. smooth, sharply serrate, oval, deciduous, the lower serratures glandu- lar, veins bearded- on each side towards the base ; petiole with 2 glands ; roc. lax, short, spreading ; pet. orbicular. A small tree or shrub, 5 20f high, in woods and hedges. Bark grayish. Leaves 2 3' long, as wide, with a short, abrupt acumination, and spreading, subulate serratures. Flowers white, ap- pearing in May. The fruit (cherries) is abundant, of a dark red color, very astringent to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable. * * Flowers subumbellate or solitary, 3. C. PENNSYLVANIA. Ait. (Prunus borealis. Ph.} Wild Red Cherry. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, membranous, smooth ; umbels corymbose, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small, ovoid-subglobose. A small tree, common in woods and thickets in the Northern States. The trunk rarely exceeds 25f in height, with a diameter of 6 8'. Bark smooth, reddish-brown. Leaves 2 5' long, as wide, the fine teeth mostly glandular, apex tapering to a long acumination. Flowers white, on long (2') slender pedicels collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. This tree is of rapid growth, and quickly succeeds a forest-clearing if neglected. May. 4. C. PUMILA. Michx. (Prunus depressa. Ph.} Sand Cherry. Lvs. lanceolate, oval or obovate, acute, subserrate, smooth, paler beneath ; umbels few-flowered, sessile ; drupe ovoid. A small, trailing shrub, in gravelly soils, Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, 1 2f high. Leaves 2 3' long, $ as wide, very acute at each end. Flowers white, 3, 4 or 5 in each umbel, the pedicels smooth, 1' in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but agreeable to the taste. May. 5. C. AVIUM. Moench. (Prunus. Linn.} Duke Cherry. Ox-heart. English Cherry. JBigareau, <$*c., fyc. Branches erect or ascending; li's. oblong-obovate, acuminate, hairy beneath ; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels ; drupe ovoid- globose, subcordate at base. Cultivated in gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk 20 50f in height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. Leaves 36' long, i as wide, on petioles 1 2' long, often with 2 glands. Flowers expanding with the leaves, white. Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. May. The fruit is well known and appreciated. About 75 varieties are published in American catalogues. G. C. VULGARIS. Mill. (Prunus Cerasus. Linn.} Sour Cherry. Large Red Cherry. Morello, <$*c. Branches spreading ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; umbels subsessile, with short pedicels ; drupes PRUNUS. XL VIII. ROSACE M. 241 globose. A smaller tree than the preceding, much cultivated. Trunk 15 20f high, with a roundish, compact head. Branches slender. Leaves 2 3' long, } as wide, unequally seriate, on petioles J as long, with 2 glands. Flowers white, expanding sooner than the leaves, 2 or 3 from each bud. on pedicels l' long. Fruit large, various shades of red, acid or subacid. Apr. In Prince's Catalogue, 1844, these two species are transposed (perhaps by mistake). About \25 varieties are there published, of which 50 belong to the present species. 2. PRUNUS. Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous ; petals much spreading ; stamens 15 30 ; ovary 2-ovuled ; drupe ovate, fleshy, smooth, generally cov- ered with a glaucous bloom ; nucleus compressed, smooth. Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. convolute in vernation. 1. P. AMERICANA. Marsh. (Cerasus nigra. Lolsel.} Red Plum. Yellow Plum. Somewhat thorny ; Ivs. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate; drupes roundish -oval, reddish-orange, with a thick, coriaceous skin. Hedges and low woods, U. S. and Can., often cultivated for its sweet, pleasant fruit, which is about the size of the damson. Shrub 10 15f high. Leaves 2 3' long, | as wide, petioles ' long, mostly with 2 glands at the summit. Flowers preceding the leaves, 3- 4 in each of the numerous um- bels, white. Drupes nearly destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. } 2. P. INSITITM. Wild Bullace Tree. bus. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate, pubescent-villous beneath ; branches somewhat spiny ; fls. naked, generally in pairs ; col. segments entire, obtuse ; pet. obovate ; fruit globular. A European shrub or small tree, 15 20f high, naturalized " on the banks of Charles River, in Cambridge, road-sides at Cohasset, and other places in the vicinity of Bos- ton." Emerson, Rep. trees and shrubs of Mass. The leaves and flowers are from separate, but adjacent buds, the former 1 If long, with short petioles. Petals white. Fruit black, covered with a yellowish bloom. 3. P. MARITIMA. Wang. (P. littoralis. Bw.} Beach Plum, Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands ; umbels few-flowered ; pedicels short, pubescent ; /;. nearly round. A small shrub, abundant on the sea-beach, particularly on Plum Island! at the mouth of Merrimac river. Very branching. Leaves 1 3' long, downy-canes- cent beneath when young, becoming at length nearly smooth. Flowers white, 2 5 in each of the numerous umbels. Fruit globular, eatable, red or purple, little inferior in size to the common garden plum, ripe in Aug., Sept. Fl. in May. 4. P. SPINOSA. Black Thorn. Sloe. Branches thorny ; fls. solitary ; col. cam- panulate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; tof. pubescent beneath, obovate- eiyptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; drupe globose. Hedge- rows and cultivated grounds, Penn. Pursh. A thorny shrub, 12 : 15f high, na- tive of Europe. 5. P. CHICASA. Michx. (Cerasus. Z>C.) Chickasaw Plum. Branches spi- nose ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular-serrulate, acute, nearly smooth ; umbels 2 3-flowered, pedicels short, smooth ; drupe globose. A fine fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, &c., often cultivated. Height 8 12f, with a bushy head. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide, petioles about ' long. Flowers small, white, expanding with the leaves, in Apr. Fruit red, or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July. There are several varieties. J 6. P. DQMESTICA. Common Garden Plum. Damson PL Branches unarmed ; Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid.r- This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Leaves quite variable in form, 1 3' iOng, as wide, sometimes obtuse, on petioles about 1' in length. Flowers white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the leaves are but ha.f grown, in Apr. and May. Fruit black, varying through many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. About 150 varieties are pub- lished in the catalogues of American gardeners. J 242 XLVI11. ROSACES. AMYQDALUS 3. ARMENlACA. Tourn. Named from Armenia, its native Country. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe succulent, pubescent ; nucleus compressed, smooth, margins sulcate, one obtuse and the other acute. Small trees. JLvs. convolute in (estivation. 1. A. VULGARIS. Lam. (Primus Armeniaca. Willd.} Common Apricot. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordatc at base, denticulate ; slip, palmate ; jls. sessile, subsolitary, preceding the leaves; drupe somewhat compressed, subglo- bose, large. Occasionally cultivated in gardens, &c. Tree 10 15f high. Leaves 23' long, f as wide, smooth, petioles nearly 2' long, with several glands. Flowers white, Apr. Fruit purplish-yellow, &c., 1 2' diam., ripe Jl. Aug. There are about 20 varieties, j: 2. A. DASYCARPA. DC. (Prunus. EhrJi.) Black Apricot. Lvs. ovate, acumi- nate, doubly serrate; petioles with 1 or 2 glands; Jls. pedicellate; drupe, subglo- bose. This species is from Siberia. The tree or shrub is about the size of the last, hardy and thrifty. Loaves smooth above, pubescent on the veins be- neath, 2 3' long, $ as wide, on petioles near 1' long. Flowers white, preced- ing the leaves, distinctly pedicellate. Fruit dark purple when mature, in July. Fls. Apr. J Neither species is yet common. 4. P E R S I C A. Tourn. Named from Persia, ts native country. Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe fleshy, tomen- tose or smooth ; nucleus somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the surface. Small trees. Lvs. condupli- cate in estivation. 1. P. VULGARIS. Mill. (Amygdalus Persica. Willd.) Common Peach. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; jls. solitary, subsessile, pre- ceding the leaves ; drupe tomentose. Tree or shrub, 8 15f high. Leaves 35' long, i as wide, smooth, petioles short, with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color, with the odor of Prussic acid. Fruit large, 1 2i'diam., yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. About 200 varieties of this delicious fruit are now named and described in the catalogues of American nurserymen. In order to attain its proper flavor in the Northern States, the peach requires protection in the spring months. The double-flowered peach is a highly ornamental variety, blossoming in May. J 2. P. L-KVIS. (Arnygdalus Persica. Willd.) Nectarine. Lvs. lajnceolate, ser- rate, the serratures all acute ; Jls. solitary, subsessile, appearing before the leaves ; drupe glabrous. Closely resembles the peach tree in Ibrm, foliage and flowers. The fruit is 1 3' diam., smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Of its numerous (about 25) varieties, about a fourth are clingstones, flesh adhering to the stone, and the remainder freestones or clearstories, flesh free, or separating from the stone.}; 5. AMYGDALUS. Willd. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, deciduous ; petals 5 ; drupe not fleshy, compressed ; nucleus perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad-obtuse. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. condupli- cate in estivation. 1. A. COMMUNIS. Willd. Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandular; Jls. sessile, in pairs, appearing before the leaves. From Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in this country for the fruit, which we receive mostly from S. Europe. A double-flowered variety is highly ornamental in shrubberies, j- ii. A. NANA. Dwarf single-Jlowering Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, simflv and finely serrate; Jls. subsessile, appearing before the leaves. A very ornamental shrub, from Russia. Height about 3f, branching. Leaves 3 b' long, \ as wide, smooth, acuminate at each end. Flowers numerous. Petals oblong, obtuse, rose-colored, often double. May, Jn. -J- CRATJEQUS. XLVIII. ROSACE^E. 343 3. A. PUMILA. Dwarf double-flowering Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly ser- rate; fls. pedicellate. Native of China. A low shrub, highly ornamental, common in cultivation. Stems 2 31' high, branching. Leaves 3 5' by J 1', acute at each end, smooth. Flowers very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in their roseate hue, while the leaves arc yet small. May, Jn. f SUBORDER 2. P O M E M . Ovaries 2 5 (rarely l,j cohering with the sides of the persistent calyx and with each other. Fruit a pome. 6. CRAT^GUS. Gr. xparoS; strengths on account of the iirmncM of the wood. Caly* urceolate, limb 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 00 ; ovaries 1 5, with as many styles ; pome fleshy, containing 1 5 bony, 1 -seeded car- pels, and crowned at the summit by the persistent calyx and disk. Trees or shrubs, armed w'th thorns, Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous. Fls. corymbose. 1. C. COCCINEA. (C. Crus-galli. lite. C. glandulosa. Wittd.) Crimson- fruited T/wrn. White Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate and sub (9)-lobed, thin and smooth, subacurninate, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slen- der, and (with the calyx) smooth and subgluiulular ; sty. 35. A thorny shrub or small tree, 10 20f high, in thickets, by streams, &c., Can. and U. S. Branches crooked and spreading, branchlets and thorns whitish. Thorns stout, rigid, sharp, a little recurved, about !' long. Leaves 1J 2j' long, \ as wide, lobed, or (rather) coarsely, doubly acuminate-serrate. Petioles very slender, .} as long as the lamina. Flowers white, in paniculate, lateral corymbs of about 12. FruitS 5" diam., bright purple, eatable in Sept. Fls. May. 2. C. CRUS-GAM,!. (Mespilus. Lam. very numerous ; carpels 3 5, very smooth. On the Catskill Mts., N. V. to Ga. Torrey <$ Gray. Stem 4 6f high, branching. Flowers very small, white, in numerous, slender racemes, forming a large, compound panicle. Jn. J 1. 0. Fls. in very long, virgate racemes. Georgetown, D. C. Bobbins. 4. S. CORYMBOSA. Raf. (S. chamcedrifolia. PA.) Corymbose Spiraea. Li's, ovate or oblong-oval, incisely and unequally serrate near the apex, whitish with minute tomentum beneath ; corymbs large, terminal, pedunculate, fastigiate, compound, dense, often leafy ; sty. and carpels 3 5. Mountains, Penn. Fauquier Co., Va. Dr. Robbins, to Ky. S. to Flor. Stem slightly pu- bescent, reddish, 1 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth above, entire towards the base, 2 3' by f If. Flowers innumerable, white or rose-colored, in a co- rymb 4 6' broad. May, Jn. f 5. S. HYPERICIFOLIA St. Peter's Wreath. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, ta- pering at base to a petiole, entire or slightly dentate, nearly smooth ; fls. in pedunculate corymbs or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or pubescent ; segments of the calyx ascending. Cultivated in gardens and shrubberies. Shrub 3 5f high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Flowers white, in numerous umbels, ter- minating the short, lateral branches. Pedicels as long as the leaves. May. f * * Leaves accompanied with stipules. 6. S. SORBIFOLIA. Sorb-leaved Spircea. Shrub stout, with straggling branches and rough bark ; Ivs. unequally pinnate ; lateral Ifts. oblong-lanceolate; termi- nal one larger, irregularly lobed, all acuminate, sessile and doubly serrate ; fl*. in thyrsoid panicles, large, numerous, white. In shrubberies. Height 4 Gr'. May.f S. 7. OPULIFOLIA. Nine-bark. Nearly glabrous ; Ivs. roundish, 3-lobed, petiolate, doubly-serrate ; corymbs pedunculate ; carpels 3 5, exceeding the calyx in fruit. A beautiful shrub, 3 5f. high, on the banks of streams, Caw. la. ! Mo. S. to Ga., rare. Bark loose, outer layers deciduous. Leaves 1 2' long, nearly as wide, sometimes cordate at base, with 3 obtuse lobes above, petioles 6 9" long. Corymbs re- sembling simple umbels, hemispherical, 1 2i' diam. Flowers wMte, often tinged with purple. Follicles diverging, smooth, shining, purple, 2-seeded. Jn.f 8. S. LOBATA. Siberian Red Spiraa. Herbaceous; Ivs. pinnately 3 7 foliate, often with smaller leaflets inter- posed, lateral Ifts. of 3, lanceolate lobes, cuneate at base, terminal one large, pedately 7 9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate; slip, reniform; panicle large, cvmosely branched; fls. large, deep rose-color; carpels 6 8. An herb of ex- KERRIA. XLV1I1. KOSACE^. 257 qaisite beauty, in meadows and prairies, Mich. la. ! to Car. Stem 4 8f high. Flowers numerous and exceedingly delicate. Jn. Jl. f 9. S. FILIPENDULA. Pride of the Meadow. Herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. inter- uptedly pinnate ; If is. pinnatifidly serrate, 9 21, with many minute ones in- terposed; slip, large, senucordate, serrate; corymb on a long, terminal pedun- cle. A very delicate herb, often cultivated. Stems 1 3f high. Leaves 3 6' long, leaflets 1 2' long, linear, the serratures tipped with short bristles. Flow- ers white, 4 or 5" diam. Petals oblong-obovate. Jn. 10. S. ULMARIA. Double Meado-w-sweet. Herbaceous; hs. 3 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral If is. ovate-lanceolate; terminal one much larger, palmately 5 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and whitish- tomentose beneath ; slip, renifbrm, serrate ; panicle corymbose, long-pedunculate. In gardens, where the numerous white flowers are mostly double. Jl. f Other species of this beautiful genus are sometimes cultivated. 22. GILLENIA. Mocnch. Gr. ytXao), to laugh ; on account of its exhilarating qualities. Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft ; pe- tals 5, linear-lanceolate, very long, unequal : stamens 10 15, very short ; carpels 5, connate at base ; styles terminal, follicles 2-valved, 2 4-seeded. % Herbs with trifoliate, doubly serrate leaves. 1. G. TRIFOLIATA. Moeiich. (Spiraea. Linn.') Indian Physic. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; slip, linear-setaceous, entire ; fls. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbose panicles. In woods, western N. Y. to Ga. A handsome shrub, 2 3f high, slender and nearly smooth. Lower leaves pe- tiolate, leaflets 24' long, as wide, pubescent beneath, subsessile. Floweis axillary and terminal. Petals rose-color or nearly white, 8" by 2". Seeds brown, bitter. Jn. Jl. Root said to be emetic, cathartic or tonic, according to the dose. 2. G. STIPULACEA. Nutt. (Spirea. Ph.} Bowman's Root. Lfts. lanceolate, deeply incised ; radical Ivs. pinnatifid ; stip. leafy, ovate, doubly'incised, clasping; fls. large, in loose panicles. Western N. Y. to Ala. Readily distinguished from the former by the large, clasping stipules. Flow- ers fewer, rose-colored. Jn. Properties of the root like the former. 23. KERRIA. DC. In honor of Wm. Ker, a botanical collector, who sent plants from China. Calyx of 5 acuminate, nearly distinct sepals ; corolla of 5 orbicu- lar petals ; ovaries 5 8, smooth, globose ; ovules solitary ; styles filiform ; achenia globose. A slender shrub, native of Japan. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly serrUte, without stipules. Fls. terminal on the branches, solitary ^r few together, orange-yellow. K. JAPONICA. DC. (Corchorus Japonica. Willd.} Japan Globe Flower. Common in gardens, &c. Stems numerous, 5 8f high, with a smooth bark. Leaves minutely pubescent, 2 3' by 1 1|', with a very sharp, slender point. Petioles 3 5" long, Flowers double in cultivation, and abortive, globose, nez-r I' diam. f 24. SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS. Linn. Mts. of Vt. Pursh. Also Can. to Greenland. 25. DRY AS INTEGRIFOLIA. Vahl White Mts., N. H. Pursh. Also N. to Greenland. 20. ALCHEMILLA ALPINA. Linn. White Mts., N. H., Green Mts., Vt., and Greenland, according to Pursh. These three species, whose leading characters are indicated in the " Conspectus of the Genera," have never, to my knowledge, been attributed to N. Eng. by any botanist except on the authority of Pursh, which in this case, Drs. Torrey & Gray (p. 432) think to be"" ex- tremely doubtful." 258 L. MYRTACE^E. PUNICA. ORDER XLIX. CALYCANTHACEJE. CALYCANTHS. Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axes of growth surrounding the central one. Lvs. opposite, entire, simple, without stipules. Fls. solitary, axillary. Cal. { Sepals numerous, colored, in several rows, confounded with the petals, all united below into a Cor. I fleshy tube or cup. Sta. 00, inserted into the fleshy rim of the calyx ; inner row sterile. Ova. indefinite, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. Fr. Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx tube as in genus Rosa. The order consists of but 2 genera, Calycanthus, American, and Chimonanthus of Japan. The species are 6. The flowers are highly aromatic, and the same quality resides in the bark. CALYCANTHUS. Gr. KO\V, calyx, avSos, a flower; from the character. Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous and fleshy, colored ; stamens unequal, about 12 outer ones fertile ; anthers extrorse. The bark and leaves exhale the odor of cam- phor. Fls. of a lurid purple. C. FLORIDUS. Carolina Allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub. Lvs. oval, mostly acute or acuminate, tomentose beneath ; branches spread- ing ; flowers nearly sessile. Fertile soils along streams, Va. and all the S. States. Not uncommon in gardens farther north. The species of Willdenow and Elliot are all referred to this of Linnaeus, by Torrey and Gray, as follows : /?. (C. laevigatus Willd.}Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or gradually acute, glabrous ; branches erect, f y. (C. glaucus Willd.} Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous and glabrous beneath ; branches spreading, f J. (C. inodorus. Ell.) Lvs. lanceolate, scabrous and shining above, smooth below ; branches spreading. ORDER L. MYRTACEJE. MYRTLEBLOOMS. Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Lvs. opposite entire, punctate, usually with a vein running close to the margin. Cal. adherent below to the compound ovary, the limb 4 6-cleft. valvate. Cor. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx. Sta. indefinite. Anthers introrse. Style and stigma simple. Fr. with many seeds. A fine order, of 45 genera and 1300 species, native of warm or torrid countries, especially of S. America and the E. Indies. ca Cajeputi, native of the E. Indies. A kind of gum kino is obtained from Eucalyptus resinifera, also a native of India. The root of the Pomegranate yields an extract which is an excellent vermifuge. All the genera are exotic with us. Many of them are highly ornamental in culture. Genera. Fruit 2 3-celled. Leaves evergreen, with a marginal vein. Myrtus. 1 Fruit many-celled. Leaves deciduous, without the marginal vein Punica. 2 1. MYRTUS. Tourn. Gr. pvpov, perfume. Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; berry 2 3-celled : radicle and cotyle- lons distinct. Shrubs with evergreen leaves. M. COMMUNIS. Common Myrtle. Lvs. oblong-ovate, with a marginal vein ; fts. solitary; invol. 2-leaved. This popular shrub is a native of S. Europe. In our climate it is reared only in houses and conservatories. Among the ancients it was a great favorite for its elegance of form, and its fragrant, evergreen leaves. It was sacred to Venus. The brows of bloodless victors were adorned with myrtle wreaths, and at Athens it was an emblem of civic ai^hority. Leaves about 1' by J'. Flowers white. Jl. Aug.f 2. PUNICA. Lat. Punica, Carthagcnian, or, of Carthage, where it first grew. Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; berry many-celled, many-seeded ; seeds baccate ; placenta parietal. Deciduous trees and shrubs. LI1. LY'l'HRACE^. 259 P. GRANATUM. Pomegranate. Arborescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, with no margin- al vein. A thorny bush when wild, from S. Europe, where it is sometimes used for hedges like the hawthorn. Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth, 2 3' by 5 10", obtuse. The flowers are scarlet, large, and make a fine appearance. The fruit is large, highly ornamental and of a fine flavor. Much care is requi- site for its cultivation. It requires a rich loam, a sunny situation, protected bj glass. In this way double flowers of great beauty may be produced, f P. NANA. Dwarf Pomegranate. Shrubby; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute. Na> live of the W. Indies, where it is used as a hedge plant. Shrub 4 6f high, witl smaller purple flowers, often double, f ORDER LI. MELASTOMACE^E. MELASTOMES. Trees, shrubs or herbs with square branches, and usually exstipulate. Lvs. opposite, entire and undivided, without dots and with several veins. Cal. Sepals 4 , united, persistent, the tube urceolate, cohering with only the angles of the ovary. Car. Petals as many a the segments of the calyx, twisted in aestivation. Sta. twice as many as the petals, sometimes of the same number, the filaments inflexed in aestivation. Anth. before flowering contained in the cavity between the cal. and the sides of ova, FT. capsularor baccate. Genera 118, species 1200. The order is represented in the United States by a single genus, the remain der being natives chiefly of India and tropical America. No plant of this order is poisonous. All are slightly astringent RHEXIA. Gr. /$c|tf , a rupture ; some of the species are good vulnerariea. Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base ; petals 4 ; stamens 8, 1 -celled ; style declined ; capsule 4-celled, nearly free from the investing calyx tube ; placentae prominent ; seeds numerous. % Lvs. opposite, exstipu* late^ 3-veined. 1. R. VIRCHNICA. Meadow Beauty. Deer Grass. St. with 4- winged angles ; Ivs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, and with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; cal. hispid. Grows in wel grounds, Mass, to 111. ! and La. Stem If or more high, often 3-forked above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent veins, ] 3' long, about J as wide, acute. Flowers large, in corymbose cymes. Petals bright purple, obovate, his. pid beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooke^l, golden yellow above with a purple line beneath. Style somewhat longer than the stamens, a little declined. Jl. Aug. 2. R. MARIANA. Maryland Deer Grass. *^ . St. nearly terete, covered with bristly hairs ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, atten- uate at base into a very short petiole and, with the calyx, clothed with scattered hairs. In sandy bogs, N. J. to Flor. The whole plant is hispid, even the pe- tals externally. Stem 1 2f high, slender, and generally without branches. Leaves often narrowly oblong, serrate-ciliate. Petals large, obovate, purple. Jn. Sept. ORDER LIT. LYTHRACE^E. LOOSESTRIFES. llfrbs, rarely shrubs, frequently with 4-cornered branches. Lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, entire, with neither stipules nor glands. Cal. tubular, the limb 4 7 lobed, sometimes with as many intermediate teeth. Cor. Petals inserted into the calyx between the lobes, very deciduous, or 0. Sta. equal in number to the petals, or 24 times as many, inserted into the calyx. Ova. superior, enclosed in the calyx-tube, 2 4-celled. Sty. united into one. Fr. Capsule membranous, enveloped in the calyx, usually by abortion 1-celled. Sds. small, 00, attached to a central placenta. Albumen 0. Genera 35, species 300. Some of the species are found in temperate climes, but most of them are tro- pical- Lythrum salicaria, native of Europe, N. Holland and U. S., is used for tanning where it abounds. All the species are astringent. Conspectus of the Genera. $0 horns. Petals 0. . . . *,..,. Hypobrichia. 5 ( with 4 teeth and f 4 short horns. Ammannia. 1 ( carnpanulate, ( with 5 teeth and 5 long horns Decodon. 3 < cylindrical, with minute, intermediate horns. Lythrum. 3 Calyx ( ventricose, gibbous at base, intermediate horna Cuphca 4 J60 Lli. LYTHRACE^E. LYTHRUM. 1. AMMANNIA. Named in honor of John Ammann, native of Siberia, prof, of hot. St. Petersburg. Calyx campanulate. 4 5-toothed or lobed, generally with as many tarn-like processes alternating with the lobes ; petals 4 or 5, often ; stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes ; capsule 2 4-celled, many-seeded. In wet places. Sts. square and Ivs. oppo- site, entire. Fls. axillary. 1. A. HUMILIS. Michx. ("A. ramnsior. Linn.) Low Ammannia. St. branched from the base, ascending ; Ivs. linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole ; fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the parts in 4s ; sty. very short. An obscure and humble plant in wet places, Ct. to Ga. W. to Oregon. Stems square, procumbent at base, 6 10' high. Flowers minute, one in the axil of each leaf, with 4 purplish, caducous petals. Calyx with 4 short, horn-like processes, alternating with the 4 short lobes of the limb. Aug. Sept. /?. (T. & G. A. ramosior. Michx.} Lvs. subsessile, cordate-sagittate at base ; fls. about 3 in each of the lower axils, solitary above. In N. J., where, it is said by T. & G., to grow with and pass into the other variety. 2. A. LATIFOLIA. (A. ramosior. Linn.} St. erect, branching; Irs. linear-lanceolate, dilated and auriculated at the sessile base ; fls. crowded and apparently verticillate, upper subsolitary and pedunculate; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned; sep., pet., sta. and cells of capsule 4. Wet prairies, Western States. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 2 5". Flowers purple. Jl. Sept. 2. LYTHRUM. Gr. \v$pov, black blood ; referring to the color of the flower. Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 4 6-toothed, with as many inter- mediate, minute processes ; petals 4 6, equal ; stamens as many, or twice as many as the petals, inserted into the calyx ; style filiform ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Mostly Q, with entire leaves. 1. L. HYSSOPIFOLIA. (L. hyssopifolium. Bw. and 1st edit.) Grass-poly. Glabrous, erect, branching ; Ivs. alternate or opposite, linear or oblong- lanceolate, obtui^ ; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessile ; pet. and sta. 5 or 6. (I) A slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dried beds of ponds, &c., Mass, and N. Y., near the coast, rare. Plant 6 10' high, with spreading, square branches. Leaves sessile, acute at base, pale green, each with a single small flower sessile in its axil. Petals pale purple. Calyx obscurely striate, with short lobes. Jl. 2. L. ALATUM. Ph. Wing-stem Lythrurri. Glabrous, erect, branched; st. winged below; Ivs. lance-ovate, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite; fls. axillary, solitary. Damp grounds, Southern and Western Spates, common ! Stem 1 2f high, striate, the wings narrow. Leaves 1 2' long, $ as wide. Calyx tube 12-striate, 12-toothed, alter- nate teeth cornute. Corolla purple, wavy, 6-petaled. Stamens 6, included. Jn. Jl. 3. L. LJNEARE. Linear-leaved Lythrum. St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above ; Ivs. linear, mostly oppo- site and obtuse ; fls. nearly sessile ; pet. and sta. 6. Swamps, near the coast, N. J. to Flor. Stem 2 4f high, the angle sometimes slightly winged. Leaves 1 2' by 2 4", rather fleshy. Flowers small, nearly white. 4. L. SALICARIA.. Loose-strife. More or less pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate at base ; fls. nearly ses- sile, In a long, somewhat verticillate, interrupted spike; pet. 6 or 7; sta. twice as many as the petals. 7|_ An ornamental plant, native in wet meadows, Can. and N. Eng., rare. Stem 2 5f high, branching. Leaves 3 6' long, as wide, gradually acuminate, entire, on a short petiole, opposite, or in verticils of 3, upper ones reduced to sessile bracts. Flowers large, numerous and showy! Petals purple. Jl. Aug. f LV. ONAGRACE^E. 26J 5 L. VIRGATUM. Austrian Lythrum. St. erect, branched, virgt *; Jw. lan- ceolate, acute at each end, floral ones small ; fls. about 3 in each a: il of th" vir- gate raceme; sta. 12. A fine species for the garden, native of Au uia. b te \n 3 Ifhigh. Flowers purple. Jn. Sept. f 3. DECODON. Gmel. G-r. StKa, ten, oSovs, a tooth; from the horn-like teeth of the calyx. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect teeth, und 5 elon gated, spreading, horn-like processes ; stamens 10, alternate ones very long ; style filiform ; capsule globose, included, many-seeded, ^ Lvs opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, purple. D. VERTICILLATUM. Ell. (Lytlirum. Linn. Nesasa. Kunth.} Swamps throughout the u . S. and Can. Stem woody at ba.se, often pros- trate, and rooting at the summit, 3 8f in length, or erect and 2 3f high, 46 angled. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short ,)etioles, acute at base, 3 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. FlVvers in axil- lary, subsessile umbels of 3 or more, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a fine purple. Jl. Aug. a. pubescens. St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent. R. Island. /?. IcEvigatum. Glabrous and bright green. -Most common in H. Eng. 4. CUPHEA. Gr. KV<}>OS, curved or gibbous ; in reference to the capsule. Calyx tubular, ventricose, with 6 erect teeth, and often as many intermediate processes; petals 6 7, unequal; stamens 11 14, rarely 6 7, unequal ; style filiform ; capsule membranaceous, 1 2- celled, few-seeded. Herbaceous or sujfruticose. Lvs. opposite, entire. Fls. axillary and terminal. C. VISCOSISSIMA. Jacq. (Lythrum petiolatum. Linn.) Herbaceous, viscid-pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, scabrous } fls. on short peduncles; col. gibbous at base on the upper side, Ji?- veined, 6-toothed, very viscid. (I) Wet grounds, Pittsfield, Mass., J9&airaJL Cam- bridge, N. Y., Stevenson, to Ga. and Ark. Stem 9 18' high, with alternate branches. Leaves somewhat repand, 1 2' long, | as wide, on petiolos as long. Flowers solitary, one in each axil, irregular. Calyx often purple, ven- tricose. Petals violet, obovate. Stamens included. Capsule bursting length- wise before the seeds are ripe. Aug. 5. HYPOBRICHIA. Curtis. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth ; petals ; stamens 2 4 ; ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile ; capsule globose, bursting irregularly, many-seeded. A submersed aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite^ crowded, linear. Fls. axillary ', sessile, minute. H. NUTTALLII. Curt. (Peplis diandra. Nutt.) A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams, 111., Mead, Buckley, to Mo. and La. Its habit is similar to a Callitriche. Stem mostly submersed, 10 20' long. Leaves 10 15" by 1 2", very numerous. Jn. Aug. ORDER LV. ONAGRACEJE. ONAGRADS. Plants herbaceous, sometimes shrubby, with alternate or opposite leaves. Fls. axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Col. Sepals 4, (26) united below into a tube, the lobes valvate in estivation. Cor. { Petals 4, (26) inserted with the 4 or 8 (1238) stamens into the throat of the calyx. Pollen Sta. ( triangular, often cohering by threads. Ova. coherent with the tube of the calyx ; placenta in the axis. Fr. baccate or capsular, 24 celled, many-seeded. Albumen none. Genera 86, species 520, particularly abundant throughout America, more rare in the Old World They LV. ONAGRACEJS. EPILOBIUM. i>osst ss no remarkable properties. Many genera are ornamental, and ene, the well known Fuchsia, is so to a high degree. To this order is appended the suborder Ho,lorageJt Epilobium. Plant clothed with a dense, soft, velvet-like pubescence ; st. terete, straight, erect, branching above ; Ivs. opposite (alternate above), crowded, sessile, mostly entire and oblong-linear, obtusish ; pet. deeply emarginate, twice longer than the calyx ; stig. large, turbinate ; caps, elongated, subsessile. Swamps, Mass, to N. J., rare. Stem 1 2f high Leaves numerous, 815" by 1 4". Flow- ers rose-color. Capsules 3' long. Sept. 5. E. ALPlNUM. Alpine Epilobium. .^ St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flowered ; Ivs. opposite, oblong-ovate, subentire, obtuse, sessile or subpetiolate, smooth; stig. undivided ; caps, mostly pedicellate. Mountains, Northern States to Artie Am. Stem 6 12' high. 'Leaves often slightly petiolate and denticulate, lower ob- tuse, middle acute, and upper acuminate. Flowers smaller than in E. molle, reddish- white. /?. natans. Hornem. St. large, nodding at the summit ; Ivs. oblong, denticulate. 2. CENOTHERA. Gr. oivos, wine, S^pcj, to hunt; the root is said to cause a thirst for wine. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, segments 4. reflexed ; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the tube ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ; seeds many, naked. Herbs with alternate leaves. 1. CE. BIENNIS. Common Evening Primrose. Scabish. (Fig. 45.) St. erect, hirsute; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; fls. sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike ; calyx tube 2 or 3 times longer than the ovary; sta. shorter than petals ; caps, oblong, obtusely 4-angled. (I) and (g) Common in fields and waste places, U. S. and British "Am. Stem mostly simple, 2 5f high, with whitish, scattered hairs. Leaves 3 6' by It 7 , roughly pubes- cent, slightly toothed, sessile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole. Flowers numerous, opening by night and continuing but a single day. Petals large, roundish, obcordate. Seeds very numerous, 2 rows in each cell. Jn. Aug. /?. muricata. ((E. muricata. Ph.) St. muricate or strigosely hirsute, red; pet. scarcely longer than the stamens. Stem 1 2f high. y. grandiflora. (CE. grandiflora. Ait.) Pet. much longer than the stamens, rather deeply obcordate. Stem branched, j- 2. CE. FRUTICOSA: Perennial Evening Primrose. St. pubescent or hirsute ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rat,. leafy, or naked below, corymbed ; caps, oblong-clavate, 4-angled, pedicellate. 1\. In sterile soils, Mass., Ct., N. Y. to Flor. and Western States. Stem hard, rigid, (not shrubby) branched, purple, 1 3f high. Leaves variable in pubes- cence, form and size., 1 3' by 3 8", sessile, minutely punctate. Flowers few or many, li' diam. in a terminal, bracteate, mostly pedunculate raceme. Caly I tube longer than the ovary. Petals broad-obcordate> yellow. Jn. Aug. (3. ambigua. Lvs. membranaceous ; pet. longer than broad. H. CE. PUMILA (& CE. pusilla 1 ? Michx.) Dwarf Evening Primrose. Low, pubescent ; st. ascending ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, obtuse, attenuate at base ; spike loose, leafy, naked below : calyx tube shorter than the subsessile, oblong-clavate, angular ovary. (g) A small, half-erect plant, common in grass lands, Can. to S. Car. Stem 6 10' long, round, slender, simple. Leaves 1 It' by 2 3", radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, 6" diam., open- ing in succession 1 or 2 at a lime. Jn. Aug. 23 264 LV. ONAGRACE^E. CLARKIA 4. CE. CHRYSANTHA. Michx. Golden Evening Primrose. St. ascending, slender ; Jls. small, crowded, spicate ; calyx tube equal io length to the ovary, longer than the segments ; pet. broadly obovate, emarginate, longer than the stamens; caps, smooth, pedicellate, clavate, the alternate angles slightly winged. (g) Western N. Y. to Mich. Stem 12 18' long, purple. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, denticulate, radical ones spatulate. Flowers 5" diam., orange-yellow. Jn. Jl. 5. CE. LINEARIS. Michx. St. slender, often decumbent at base, much branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, obtuse, somewhat denticulate ; Jls. large, in terminal corymbs ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; pet. longer than the stamens ; caps, canescent, with slightly winged angles, tapering at base. 7J. Montauk Point, L. I. Torrey, to Flor. ! and La., rare. Stem 1 2f high. Flowers yellow, 1' diam. Capsules obovoid, tapering to a slender pedicel. May Jl. 6. CE. SINUATA. St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, assurgent ; Ivs. pubescent, oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate or incised; Jls. axillary, solitary, sessile; cat. vil- lous, the tube longer than the ovary; caps, prismatic. (I) Fields, N. J. to La. Stems 3 8' high. Leaves often 'pinnatifid. Flowers about ' diam., terminal, yellow. 0. minima. Nutt. (CE. minima. Ph.) Low, simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. nearly entire. Pine barrens, N. J., &c. 7. CE. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent, mostly erect and branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base, lower ones petiolate ; Jls.^ large, in a long, loose spike ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; caps, obovoid-clavate, pedicel- late. Tj. From Ark. and Tex. Stem 2 3f high. Flowers white or rose-colored, fragrant, f 8. CE. RIPARIA. Nutt. Nearly smooth ; st. erect and virgately branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obscurely and remotely denticulate, somewhat petiolate ; Jls. in a long raceme ; calyx tube much longer than the ovary ; caps, oblong-ovoid, 8-grooved ; valves dorsally ridged. Swamps, diiaker Bridge, N. J., &c. Stem 2 3f high, slen- der, and often with virgate branches. Leaves 24' by 2 4", almost entire, thick, obtuse. Flowers l' diam., yellow, scentless. 9. CE. MISSOURIENSIS. Sims. Simple, decumbent ; Ivs. coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, or short-acumi- nate, petiolate, subentire, downy-canescent when young ; Jls. very large, axilla- ry ; calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary ; caps, very large, oval, de- pressed, with 4 winged margins. Dry hills, Mo. ! Remarkable for the mag' nitude of its flowers and fruit. Petals yellow, 2 3' long. Calyx tube 4 T long ! Capsule 2' long. Seeds large, crested, in one row in each cell. Jl. Oct. -f 3. CLARKIA. Ph. In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mountains. Calyx (deciduous) tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-parted ; petals 4, uuguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws with 2 mi- nu f c teeth ; stamens 8; style 1, filiform; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule largest at base. 4-eelled, 4-valved ; many seeded. Annual herbs (from Oregon and California) with showy , axillary flowers. 1. C. PULCHELLA. Ph. Beautiful Clarkia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. large, broadly cuneiform, tapering into a slender claw, with 2 reflexed teeth, limb with 3 spreading lobes ; alternate sta. abortive ; caps, pedicellate. Gar- dens. A handsome annual, with lilac-purple or white flowers, of easy culture, f 2. C. ELEGA-NS. Lindl. Elegant Clarkia. Jjvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticu- late, on short petioles; pet. undivided, rhombic or triangular-ovate, with a toothless claw ; sta. all fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each ; stig. hairy ; caps, subsessile, hairy. Gardens. Flowers smaller than in the last. Pe- nls and stigma purple. Hairs at base of stamens red. f LUDWIGIA. LV. OWAGRACE^. 265 4. FUCHSIA. In honor of Leonard Fuchs, an excellent German botanist of the 15th century. Calyx tubular-infundibuliform, colored, d'eciduous ; limb 4-lobed ; petals 4, in the throat of the calyx, alternate with its segments ; disk glandular, 8-furrowed ; baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sided. Mostly shrubby. S. American plants of great beauty, I F. COCCINEA. Ait. (F. Magellanica. Lam.} Ladies' Ear-drop. Branches smooth ; hs. opposite and in verticils of 3s, ovate, acute, denticulate, on short petioles ; fls. axillary, nodding ; sep. oblong, acute ; pet. convolute, half as long as calyx. Native of Chili. A very delicate and beautiful green-house shrub, 1 6f high. Flowers on long, filiform pedicels. Calyx scarlet, much longer than the included, violet-purple petals. Stamens crimson, much exsert- ed. Berry purple. 2. F. GRACILIS. Lindl. St. suffruticose, often simple; Ivs. opposite, ovate, petiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-dentate ; fls. opposite, solitary, pendu- lous, longer than the leaves ; pet. nearly as long as the sepals and much broad- er. Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. Stem 2 3f high, thick. Flowers larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx and crim- son corolla, f 5. GAURA. Gr. yavpoj, superb; a term characteristic of the flowers. Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary, cylindric ; limb 4- cleft ; petals 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal, inserted into the tube; stamens 8, declinate, alternate ones a little shorter ; ovary ob- long, 4-celled, one only proving fruitful ; nut usually by abortion 1 -celled, 1 4-seeded. Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate. Fls. white and red, rarely trimerous. 1. G. BIENNIS. Biennial Gaura. St. branched, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely dentate ; Sjrike crowded ; calyx tube as long as the segments ; pet. rather declinate and shorter than sepals ; fr. subsessile, 8-ribbed, alternate ribs minute. A beautiful biennial, on the dry banks of streams, *Can. to Ga. rare. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves sessile, pale green, acute at each end. Flowers numerous, sessile. Calyx reddish. Corol- la at first rose-color, changing to deep red. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit rarely ma- turing more than 1 seed. Aug. 2. G. FILIPES. Spach. Slender-stalked Gaura. St. pubescent, paniculate and naked above ; Ivs. linear-oblong, repand-den- tate, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; branches of the panicle very slender, naked, with tufted leaves at their base ; calyx canescent, longer than the petals. Dry grounds, S. and W. States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f high, very leafy just below the panicle. Leaves 1 3' long, 26" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong- spatulate, rose-color, or white. July, Aug. 6. LUDWIGIA. In honor of C. D. Ludwig, prof, of botany at Leipsic, about 1750. Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent ; petals 4, equal, obcordate, often minute or ; stamens 4, opposite the sepals ; style short ; capsule short often perforated at top, 4-cclled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. 1\. Herbs, in wet grounds. Lvs. entire. 1. L. ALTERNIFOLIA. Seed-box. Bastard Loosestrife. Erect, branched, nearly or quite smooth ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, sessile, pale beneath ; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle ; p*d. scarcely as large as the spreading, acuminate sepals ; caps, large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. Shady swamps. Stem 1 3f J866 LV. ONAGRACEJE. Cmc2GA. high, round, with a strong bark and several branches. Leaves with margin- al veins, 2 3' long, 1' wide. Capsule convex at apex, the angles conspic- uously winged. Sepals large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy. Jl. Aug. 2. L. HIRTELLA. Raf. (L. hirsuta. PA.) Hairy, erect, sparingly branched ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-oblong, sessile, ob- tuse ; Jl. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, with two bracteoles below it ; scp. nearly as long as the petals ; cap. subglobose, 4 angled and winged. Moist soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 1 Sfhigh. Leaves numerous, hairy both sides, If by 2 8". Flowers yellow, about f ' diam. Calyx spreading, and, with the cap- sule, villous. Jn. Sept. 3. L. LINEARIS. Walt. (Isnardia. DC.) Glabrous, slender, with angular branches ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute at each end ; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile ; pet. obovate-oblong, slightly longer than the sepals, but much shorter than the elongated, obovoid-clavate, 4-sided capsules. Swamps, N. J. and S. States. An erect, smooth plant, 1 2f high, often send- ing out runners at the base with obovate leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous. Jl._ Sept. 4. L. SPH.KROCARPA. Ell. (Isnardia. DC.} Erect; smooth or nearly so ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate, acute, attenuate at base ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very short pedicels ; pet. minute or wanting, as well as the bracteoles ; sep. as long as the small, subglobose capsule. In water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, near Boston, Ms. Stem 2 3f high, branching, angular. Margin of the leaves rough, sometimes remotely and obscurely denticulate. Fls. greenish, inconspicuous. Jl. Sept. 5. L. POLYCARPA. Short & Peter. Glabrous, erect, much branched and often stoloniferous ; Ivs. lance-linear, gradually acute at each end ; fls. apetalous, axillary, solitary, with two subu- late bracteoles at base; caps. 4-angled, truncated above, tapering below, crown- ed with the 4-lobed stylopodium. Swamps, Western States ! Stem 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' by 2 4", ten times longer than the flowers. Aug. Oct. 6. L. PALUSTRIS. Ell. (Isnardia. Linn.') Water Purselain. Prostrate and creeping, smooth and slightly succulent; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acute, tapering at base into a petiole; fls. sessile, axillary, solitary; pet. 0, or very small. In U. S. and -Can., creeping in muddy places, or floating in water. Stem round, reddish, 10 18' long, often sparingly branched. Leaves, including their slender petioles, about H' by ', ovate-spatulate. Calyx lobes and style very short. Petals when present, flesh-color. Capsule 1 2" long, abrupt at each end, with 4 green angles. Jn. Sept. TRIBE 2. CIRCJEE^EJ. Flower regular, all its parts in 2s. 7. CIRC^EA. Circe was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments. Calyx slightly produced above the ovary,.deciduous, limb 2-parted ; petals 2, obcordate ; stamens 2, opposite the sepals ; capsule obo- void. uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; styles united. ^ Lvs. opposite. 1. C. LUTETIANA. Larger Enchanters-Nightshade. (Fig. 45.) St. erect, pubescent above; Ivs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, slightly re- pand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles; bracts none ; fr. reflexed, hispid- uncinate. Damp shades and thickets, Can. to Car. W. to 111. ! Stem 1 2f high, 'sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark green, smooth or slightly pubescent, 2^4' long, as wide, petiole 8 15" long. Flowers small, rose-color, in long, terminal and axillary racemes. Fruit obcordate, with con- spicuous hooks. Jn. Jl. 2. C. ALPlNA. Alpine Enchanter's- Nightshade. Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; Ivs. broad-cordate, membranaceous > dentate, as long as the petioles ; bracts setaceous ; capsule pubescent. A small, MYRIOPHYLLUM. LV. ONAGRACE^E. 267 delicate plant, common in wet, rocky Woodlands in mountainous districts, N. Eng., Brit. Am. W. to Or. Stem diaphanous, juicy, 5 10' high. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, r*mote teeth, pale green and shining. Flowers white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. Jl. SUBORDER, H AL.ORAGEJB. Plants small, aquatic. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile. Calyx entire, or b 4-lobcd. Petals 3 4, often 0. Stamens 1 8, inserted with the petals into the summit of the calyx. Ovary inferior, 1 4-celled. Fruit dry, indehisent, 1 4-celled. Seed pendulous, 1 in each cell. 8. PROSERPINACA. Lat. Proserpina, a Roman goddess ; from some fancied resemblance. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted > pet* Is ; stamens 3 : stigmas 3 ; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, .crowned with the permanent calyx. ^ Aquatic. Lvs. alternate. 1. P. PALUSTRIS. Spear-leaved Mermaid-weed. Las. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those below (,.\H'/, liMilll! lllllllllMH IlltllU lltllll.il> I' 1 ' l''l.i .'.' , ,' i '.('p. il: in In. ill. n t'olomd 111-'' llu- |M-| (.I H, Intl. lill-.T pot, obluiig, mm to j Hl-w, combined in iv column; until, in a gloooMC lirJI.I ',' S.'I'illM ll, l;lln vol.ilr l.u ,..;,- r Hi u, ill,- ' |M-|.I|.. , fil.i;-; |,,|MM ,, hiiinil, oroot ; (wpn, wlugH unotjunl ; plaountu) double, or two in , i, 1 1 <-ii|lt-JbVi/'/fT .1 /.t, nliilc-colurtMl in ull lln^lr |uirlrt ,. .-pi iii. ^uMcti yellow iinlhrrH mid iUfm&i| 9 Iftrgtwthan tlo ^T |l i>'l " ptdunoKHi twice JIM long, Fr LIX. OUOURB1TAOBJB, OVOUWWTI, |i|JI III' I'llllllilllM ll) 1 lotltlllU- li'l) \i iMPi), l /',y iiiunii'.'liiii in lnilv(JHIt>tMI. nt'Vl'l lillltv MI iiilior Mini (Ktiivrlni to Ini nilyXi v>rv Mllumri itruiwly ihi'iinn in it mil* 4KIA vciv IIHIH mill \vuvy in twilMlUi i iVInUlv millnl \\lll linol, muni uiiniiiiillv riilii'iiiw hi ;i *i>l \nfii MM I. .!. M.M, i i ill, , i iiu i iin, i >i \.\ i, , MI,,, iiiim ullinu DIM , , ll > " i-' PI. i mi'iiil.iinmiH M,)i'il ili.i. \viih mi itllnnin'n, ulli'ii uiili wiib ' "rt, |iiHiin VMI. nutlvi'n ui liui'li'ul rt>Mlun, Only u ti>w hi>inu Dmnil in iln- tdlAIMmtii WH.M l " .......... i vmoiliMt A hlulih iiui'i'ii'.ni iislei M| I'liuiU. n Ilin ilniH muiui ill Ilin iuui lI i" ........... I InilU A I'llim, liiMillvii i u i lillhi. nl I" .. M.I, I II,, .., || . , M.llr.. ,1 |>t, i I ihimlio ,n ,1 II, ..: I'liuil*. iilllinliiiM BI.UIII nl MIK inn' I. ! i , ,
  • i Mm i;iiiii|., \v III, Ii In BII onil"DllllMll'.l in u l, Mn uni'|ii \\lllt M lluni'tni., "ii Hi ,n H|. , ^ Hucil* Ililn til pil:n. Uinlt)|ilMiHMtt, J HIIIJ U iiiii'K ill iiituw, \ I'| nil n I'i'i'ii 1 ili'lilor^liiu i'lnllrnllv tin mitt '.!, Itt, Kloworn t f, ft I,..>I|I.M|, t IH|M r>, iinii.-.l at Imxo into a oam- |..i mil 1 1 .- .-.-i .-i I i ; Itltl M, , Iht* uni'li'iil 1)111)10 ol' Uni (1ul % yx A*iouth or at lonfjMli tritdolphoui J .inili.-r. oouturtod, imiiuiH( i H, ANimi.&TUH. PiiHjflfiWtl ( -VWWMiPr, sV, bNUEMhilfi httlry i /*, WUntlWi, oonlttto with nn ohliimi NJntiM, ui M>linil, lol^* Mi'uuiiunl^, dtMidtMdttto ; , nuiflt Niiudlnr limn ll>o ( f, Onn, iiml U.W, AW4ik}Oltnbinf Vind| with lonw, Hjilrul, I'i'mu'Mutf muli-lli*. l..-.i\.-, 'I -4* lu'tuul, ttlttM'imtn, on lon^ NtullvM, RoW^fV whitish, nuirldMl with liiH 1 '-, lli' IXUTOM onoH iu lony. utHluntMilnl\< rtirr'nirs. l-'ruil 4' lon.^, ovalr, IIOUH, H U) lnjillrr in n orowutd cltiNtrr, tnirh with ouo l.u ;, .-.,v,i. .11 8, ROHIWOCYHTIH, Torr, Adrny, f?T. l^it*k, >nvliln, vrru', Uliultlvri ivllutliuu u lli |>tn,v, InUttlpd lYwIt, Kloworw niouwolouH, Nttribfi OuJyx of (i fllifonu-Huhttliito .Miwtis vhortor thuu tho oorollu; |o(ul.H o, unittul ut basu into a rotato- oun>pnul*t ooroilft; lUiuou* U, diadolphoud, /)///.',- // lld. uud CUCOMU. MX ('I1CHHI!I'1'A<'I ,1. J7| cor :i;i :I!MI\C :ilu,rli\c III '.',, >ol{ift ; potalrt 5, iinifcod at bano ; Ntiiinorm 5, iriadolphouH. S } Calyx and corolla aH in ilio KII. , lonRltudinnlly toruloNc, Q) Native of Aia, w^tiun it wax rtrwt bfoufbftoEBf* land in lf70, Generally cultivated lor the juicy, yellowish, dellcaudy flitvorwl flcwh ol'thu mutuni fruli, Jn. Jl. Varieties numrroui. 873 LIX. CUCURBITACE^E. CUCURBITA. 3. C. ANGURIA. Prickly Cucumber. St. prostrate, slender, hispid; tendrils simple ; Ivs. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base ; Jr. oval-ovoid or subglobose, echinate. Native of Jamaica. Cultivated for the green fruit, which is about the size of a hen's egg, and used for pickles. Jl. Aug. 4. C. CITRULLUS. Ser. (Cucurbita. Linn.') Water Melon. St. prostrate, slen- der, hairy; tendrils branching; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, very glaucous beneath, lobes mostly sihuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; Jts. solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base ; //. elliptical, smooth, discolored. Native of Africa and India. Generally cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. Jn. Aug. 5. C. COLOCYNTHIS. Colocyiith. St. prostrate, subhispid ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath; tendrils short ;Jls. axillary, pedunculate; O with a globose, hispid calyx tube and campanulate limb, with small petals ; Jr. globose, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange, and intolerably bitter. The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but medicinal. From Japan. 6. LAGENARIA. Ser. Gr. \aycvos, a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. Flowers . roundish elliptic, or clavate, often elongated and incurved at base. (T) Men tioned by Nu trail as long cultivated by the Indians west of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens, with numerous well known varieties of the fruit. Jl. 4. C. OVIPERA. Egg Squash. Lvs. cordate, angular, 5-lobed, denticulate, pubescent; col. obovate, with a short neck, limb deciduous after flowering; fr, obovate, striped with lines lengthwise. Native of Astrakan. Herbage an**, llowers similar to those of C. pepo but less scabrous. RIBES. LX. GROSSULACE^E. 273 ORDER LX. GROSSULACE^E. CURRANTS. i*hrj?js ether unarmed or spiny. Lvs. alternate, lobed, plaited in vernation. Fls 'n a? 'llary racemes, with bracts at their base. Ce-l Svcerior, 4 5-cleft, regular, colored, marescent. imbricate in aestivation. ('t . Prtals inserted in the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, as many as sepal*. Sf as r-oany as petals and alternate with them, very short; anthers introrse. CHjjr. l-celled, with 2 parietal placenta ; ovules numerous ; styles 2. Fr. a l-celled berry (the cell rilled with pulp) crowned with the remains of the flower. Sds. anjitropous, the embryo minute, radicle next the micropyle. Genera 1, species 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone of both con- tinents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemisphere, except S. America. Proper ties. The berries contain a sweet, mucilaginous pulp, together with^palic or citric acid. Thef are alwa/s wholesome and usually esculent RIBES. Character the same as that of the Order. * Stems unarmed. CURRANTS. 1. R. PLORIDUM. L'Her. Wild Black Currant. fas. subcordate, 3 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resin- ous rk cs ; rac. many-flowered, pendulous, pubescent; cal. cylindrical; bracts Imear longer than the pedicels fr. obovoid, smooth, black. A handsome shrub n woods and badges, Can. to Ky. common, 3 4f high. Leaves 1 2' onng. Petals white. Fruit purple, delicious, resembling the garden gooseberry. May. 8. R. LACUSTRE. Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. St. covered with prickles; subaxillary spines several ; Ivs. deeply 3 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised ; roc. 5 8-flowered, pilose ; cal. rotate ; berries small, hispid. In swamps, Northern States, and British Am. Shrub 3 4f high. Stems reddish from the numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Leaves shining above, 1 2' diam. Petioles ciliate, hispid, longer than the leaves. Flowers green. Fruit covered with long prick les, dark-purple, disagreeable. May. The older stems are unarmed, save with a few spines. 9. R. HIRTKLLUM. Michx. (R. triflorum. Bw. R. saxosum. Hook.} St. unarmed, rarely prickly ; subaxillary spines short, solitary, or nearly so; Ivs. roundish, cordate, 3 5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath; ped. .short, 1 2-flowered ; calyx tube smooth, campanulate : segments twice longer than the petals ; sta. longer than either ; sty. hairy, 2-cleft ; fr. smooth. In rocky woods, N. H. and Mass, to Wisconsin, N. to Hudson's Bay. Leaves 9 18" diam., generally cleft half way to the middle. Flowers nodding, greenish. Fruit purple. May, Jn. 10. R. UVA-CRISPA. (R. Grossularia. Willd. and 1st edit.} English or Gar- den Gooseberry. St. prickly ; Ivs. roundish, 3 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short, hairy petioles ; ped. hairy, 1-flowered ; cat. campanulate; sly. and ova. hairy; fr. smooth or hairy, globose. Native in England, and long cultivated until there are several hundred varieties, with red, white, green and amber fruit, often weighing an ounce or more each. Apr. ORDER LXI. CACTACEJE. INDIAN FIGS. St. succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2 edged. Lvs. almost always wanting, when present, fleshy, smooth and entire. Fls. sessile, usually showy and of short duration. Cal. ^ Sepals and petals numerous, often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from Cor. the surface, and the petals from the summit of ovary. Bta. indefinite. Fil. long and filiform. Anth. ovate, versatile. Ova. inferior, fleshy, 1-celled, with parietal placenta*. Sty. single, filiform, with several anthers in a star-like cluster. Fr. succulent, l-celled, many-seeded. Sds. without albumen, with thick, foliaceous cotyledons, or often with scarcely any. Genera 16, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other quarter of the globe. They are chiefly confined within the tropics, only two or three species having been found beyond them. The prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north as New York. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Axis cylindric Cereus. a (tubular-campanulate, rose-colored, &c. ( Axis globose Melocactus. 3 Flowers ( somewhat rotate, yellow Opuntia. 1 1. OPUNTIA. Tourn. Opuntiana was a country near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized. Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube above it ; stamens 00, shorter than the petals ; style with numerous, thick, erect stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, titbercu- late ; cotyledons semiterete. Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles regularly arranged upon the surface. LXI. CACTACE^E. 275 O. VULGARIS. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Linn.) Prickly Pear. Prostrate, creeping; joints ovate; prickles numerous in each fascicle, of- ten with several subulate spines ; fls. yellow. A curious, fleshy plant, native .a rocky and sandy places, Mass, to Flor. W. to la. ! It is often cultivated. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4 6' long, f as wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-col- ored spines The flowers come forth from the edge of the joints, large, bright- yeilow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit, f 2. CEREUS. DC. Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary, and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner pe- taloid ; stamens 00, coherent with the tube : style filiform, with many stigmas ; berry scaly, with the remains of the sepals ; cotyledons none ? Fleshy shrubs, with woody, cylindrical, grooved axes, armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. 1. C. PHYLLANTFTUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Spleenwart. Blanches ensiform, compressed, serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the limb of the petals. From S. America. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and trav- ersed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Flowers white, 9 12' loiig, expanding by night, fragrant. f 3. C. PHYLLANTHOIDES. DC. .(Cactus. Linn.) Branches ensiform, com- prssed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral crenatures of the branches ; tube shorter than the limb of the petals. From Mexico. A splendid flowerer, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each G 10' long, 1 2' wide. Flowers rose-colored, 4' in length, expanding by day.f 3. C. TRDNCATUS. (Cactus. Linn.'} Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate at the summit ; Jis. arising from the summit of the joints ; sty. longer than the stamens or reflexed petals. From Brazil. A very distinct spe- cies, a foot or more high. Joints 23' long, 1 1J' wide, leaf-like. Flowers 2 3' long, p ink-colored, f 4. C. GRANDIFLORUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Creeping, rooting; st. with about 5 angles; fls. terminal and lateral,, very large, nocturnal; pet. spreading, shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals. From the W. Indies. Stems cylin- dric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Flowers expand- ing by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8 12' diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within ; petals white. A magnificent flower, but of difficult culture, -f 5. C. FLAGELLIFORMIS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Snake Cactus. St. creeping, with about 10 angles, hispid ; fs. lateral, diurnal ; tube slender, longer than the limb of the petals. From S. America. Stem about the size of the little finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2 5flong. Flowers of a lively pink color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days.f Obs. Many other species of this curious genus are occasionally reared in the parlor or the green-house so many that to notice them individually would transcend our limits. 3. MELOCACTUS. Compounded of melon and cactus ; from its form. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 6, petaloid ; petals as many as sepals, united with them into a long cylindric tube ; stamens and style filiform ; stigma 5-rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla. Su/ruticose, fleshy, leafless. Spadix sivi- ple, crowning the globular, deeply furrowed axis. Flowers terminal. M. COMMUNIS. Turk's Cap. Melon Thistle. Axis ovate-subglobose, dark green, 12 18-angled; ribs straight ; spines fasciculate, subequal. Native of the Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon, with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juir* It is surmounted 24 270 LX1V. CHABSULACEJE. SKDUM with n Hpiuiix fri'phnlimn), which is cylindric, tubcrculate, densely lumenttse, bearing 'he reel flowers at summit. f Onm:ii LXII. MESKMBHYAOE^B, Ficon* I'tiiH'ii Ili-Hliy, ol HhiKiiliir mill varioim liirmN, yet. olirn bountiful. l.i'-i. mOltly OPPOI (tO, HiirK nml inlillv > I,,,|M ,l [tion. /v, Nuiiiiiiv. iisiiiinv nihi urminal, renwrkabU for their proftuton, munornuii, brilliant, mi.i i i,,i,,- : dura- ( ',// ; icpnU varying limn I hi M, Iml iiNiinlly n, Nomnwhal OOOMOMd lit Imxu. < 'HI'. retain in.lHiiille. rolotnd. III IIIMIIV row*, N/. indannltg, dlntlnot, imm lioin thtwuyx, ni mi, I or nrarly nnprnor, many rnllnd. ttifttirt* MiiinorouH. Cn/ii IIIMIIV relleil. upnillllU ill M HlolfalO IllUllllor lit lllO llpllX. Nit*, morn i-oniinonly ludnfltilla, iitliinhud to ihn inner nii(rlo of I ho Colin. Utiimrn n, HtmrloM ;i70, chlnlly mi liven of tho arid, laiuly plain* of I ho Cap* of Good Hopo. The ipor.iei I"' 1 mil' li i iilliv.'ili'il lor 111 11:11111 nl MKS1SMBRYANTHEMUM. (if. iiratin/'piH) mid-ilny, avSof J flownin cximndinu nf mlddny. iiu'(l bc'tionth. A popular house nlaiit, Iroin Urocce. It IIRH n crci'i)!!)^ Nlcin, 1C or more in Le&ffta, and, with the leaves, IH covered over wilh frost-like, warty protuberances, tflvin^ the plant n very singul&rupect. Flowers while, appearing all summer, f 8. M. coitniKoi.itiM. llc.art-ka.md frc-/>fn/i.f. Procumbent, spreading ; Ivs. netiolale, onposite, eordate-ovate; ctil. 4-elelt, i2-horned. '/{. An intere.stinj[ plant in hmw cultivation, from Cape Hood Nope. The, whole plant Meshy and sue- enlent lilce others ol its kind. Flowers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines. -\ OIIDKK LXI.V. OBASSULAOK^B, HOUBKLRKKB. rtu>it* lioilwivoii'i or nhi uliliy , micouleilt. Lvi. entii'o or pliiimtlllil. Htlp, 0. F/. NIltM. iitunlly in ryiuoii, Cttl. flopnU !l 'JO, iiioio or Mil united nt DIM, ptnUttnt <'n'' 1'i'luln UN ninny n the HO|HI|M, duttQOti nirrly OpntnBfi sin. it* ninny UN Hut p*UU mid nlicinulo \\iili ilinn, or twica n* many. ( lew DM IIIMIIV UN Ihn pt'laU and OpDOuM i linn. /'//. dintinct. Axlli. 9-OtUM, DUnttnf URfthwiMt IV, FoluOlM IIM mnny M . n,. ovarlon, iMirh oi'nniiiK by thn vnilrul miliirn, maiiy-^oodcil. Unncrii ii/ititt;in/i/s. /,r.. '/'/"'"''''' T. HIMIM.KX. Null, (T. niHcendens. Katon..) Pi#mi/-Wffd. St. aseendinp or erect, rooting at the lower joints; lw. connate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy ; fh, axillary, solitary, sub8essile, their parts in 4>; jiet. oval or oblong; carpU H 10-seeded. Near East Rpck, New Haven, Ct. (Dr. ItMinfy and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. Stem 1 8' high. Leaves JJ 3" lontf. Flowers as lar^e as n pin's, head. IVials oval, ll;il, :tciii\ iwier as lonjf a the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens nnd (Vuit, and of a greenish- white color. Jl.- Sept, ". SI', I) It M. I ..it ,v. ,-,.-. I, .MI . il,,- pl.tnl .. ,-:: ,un, ; ,iu l,.ur ,,-!, .. I.M.I, MM ,i MMlni- Ihcic Sepals 4 5, united at base; petals 4 5, distinct ; stamons q BRYOPHTU.UM. LXIT. ORASSULACE2B. 977 10 ; carpels 4 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymose. Fls. mostly pentamcroux. . 1. S. TKi.Ki'iiiuloKfl. Michx. />.<. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at bnsc, subdcntate, smooth; cyme* dense;, corymbose; sta. 10. the petals, sepals andearpeliln6i.--Foundon rocks, lake and river HhorcM, N. Y., N. J., Harper*! Ferry, Va. I &c. Ktem a loot high. Leaves 1 2' lon^:, | an wide. Flower* numerous, purple, in a terminal, branching cyme, Jn. Aug. Like the other pcciet, very tenacious of life. My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper's Ferry, are h ill grow- ing in the dry papers. 2. S. TKKNATUM. Michx. Sterne-crop. Lrs. ternately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikwtjll. iecund, the central one with K) stamens, the rest with only 8. % in Can. West, Perm, the South- ern and Western States, Plimmer I Cultivated In N. JCng. Sterns 38' long, branching and decumbent at base, asstirgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and recurved, the white (lowers loosely arranged on their upper side. TJ. Aug. f 3. S. TKI.KPHIUM. Common Orpine. tAve-fnrcvcr.RL tuberous, fleshy, white; st. 1 or 2f high, erect; Ivs. flattish. ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered ; cyme corymbose, leafy. 71 From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Sterns simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, m dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f 4. S. ANACAMi-sfcnos. Hvcrgrecn Stone-crop. Ill,, fibrous; st. decumbent; Iv.t. cuneiform, attenuate at base; cymes corymbose, leafy. 71 Native of Eu- rope, growing there in crevices ol rocks. Kleins reddish and decumbent at base, erect and glaucous above. Lvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fls, purple. Jl. f 5. S. ACHB. Englixh MUM. Wall Pepper.- Ytw. urn bent, spreading, branch- ing from the base; lw. very small, somewhat ovale, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. From Great Britain. In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower- beds, &e. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice, f 3.'SEMPERVI VUM. Liit. temper vlvere, to live forever; in ullunion to thuir tenacity of Ufa. Sepals 6 20, slightly cohering at base ; petals as many as sepals, acuminate ; stamens twice as many as petals ; hypogynous scales la- cerated ; carpels as many as the petals. 7V Jlc.rhaci'ou* plants or shrubs, 'propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. 1. S. TKCTOHUM. House-leek. f/vx. fringed ; ojjwts spreading. A well known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that ft will grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tcctorum). It Is sometimes placed in the borders of flowcr-beda. 2. 8. ARBOUKUM. Tree Hoiixe-lMk.St. arlwscent. smooth, branched ; Ivx. cuneiform, sraoothish, bordered with soft, spreading cilicn. A curious and or- namental evergreen, from the Levant, Stern very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree- like form, 8 lOf high (1 31' in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 4. BRYOPHYLLUM. Salisb. Gr. Qfivd), to rrow, 0vXXf , leaf j i, e, germinating from n leaf. Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ; corolla monopeto- lous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sidcd arid obtuse at base ; limb in 4 triangular, ucuto lobes; seeds many, An. evergreen, flrxhi/. 278 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE.E. SAXIFRAGE sujfruticose, plant, native of the E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, unequally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish-purple. B. CALYdNUM. Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f high. Leaves 3 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas. This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology. See Fig. 10, 1, and 88, a. 5. PENTHORUM. t Gr. wire, five ; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule. Calyx of 5 sepals united at base ; petals 5 or ; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked ; seeds 00, minute. ^ Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymose. P. SEDOIDES. Virginia Stone-crop. St. branched and angular above ; Ivs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally serrate ; fls. in unilateral, cymose racemes. A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. Stem 10 16' high, with a few, short branches. Leaves 23' by 1', membranaceous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, lecurved at first, at length spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corym- bose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. Jl Sept. ORDER LXV. SAXIFKAGACEyE. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs or shruls. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Cal. Sepals 4 or 5," cohering more or less, persistent. Cor. Petals as many as the sepais, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Sta. 510. Anthers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova. inferior, usually of 2-carpels, cohering at Dase, distinct and divergent above. Fr. generally capsular, 1 2-celled, many-seeded. Genera 38, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe their rocti are astringent Several species are among our most ornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. { Capsule 2-celled Saxifraga. \ ( Stamens 10. ( Capsule l-celled Tiarella. 5 < Capsule 2-celled. Siillivantia. Z $ entire. ( Stamens 5. Capsule l-celled Heuchera. 3 $ Petals 5, (. pectinately pinnatifid . . . . MiteUa. 4 Herbs. ( Petals 0. Leaves opposite. Aquatic, depressed Chrysosplentum. 6 $ Petals valvate" in aestivation Hydrangea. 8 $ Leaves opposite. (. Petals convolute in aestivation Philadelphia. 9 Phrubs. ( Leaves alternate Itea. 7 SUBORDER 1. SAXIFRAGES. Petals imbricate in aestivation ; carpels united, the summits dis- tinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 1. SAXIFRAGA. Lat. saxum, arock,frangere, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks. Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ova- ry ; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; seeds 00.^ 1. S. VIRGINIENSIS. Michx. (S. Virginica. BW.} Early Saxifrage. Lvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, short- er than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched above ; fts. many, cymose; cal. adherent to the base of the ovary; pet. oblong, much exceeding the calyx. An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U. S. Scape 4 12' high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy, 9 13" by 6 12". Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with pur- ole, in early spring. HEUCHERA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 279 2. PENNSYLVANIA. Tail Saxifrage. Lvs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless ; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse panicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx. Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves fleshy, pale green, 5 8' by 1 -2', on a broad petiole. Scape 2 3f high, gross, holluw, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green flowers of no beauty. May. 3. S. AIZOON. Jacq. Lvs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots ; fls. corymbose-paniculate ; cal. (and ped. glandular-viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb; pet. obovate ; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx. Southern shores of Lake Sup. (Pitcher, in T. & G. 1. p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5 10' high. Fls. white. Jl. 4. S. AIZ01DK3. Coespitose, leafy ; Ivs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slight- ly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent ; flov:ering stems annual ; fls. panicu- late, sometimes solitary; sep. oVate, slightly coherent with the ovary; pet. ob- long, longer than the sepals ; stigmas depressed ; caps, rather thick, as long as the styles. In the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above W. Lake, Wood, N. to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded leaves; flowering ones ascending, 2 1' long, with scattered leaves. Leaves 4 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted. 5. S. OPPOSITIPOLIA. Opposite-leaved Saxifrage. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent; fls. solitary; cal. free. from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens. In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1 2" in length, narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1 3' long. Flow- ers light purple, large and showy. Qls I discovered this and the foregoing species in the above locality, in Aug. 1845, when they haa passed flowering. G. S. RIVULARIS. St. weak, ascending, 3 5-flowered ; v radical Ivs. petiolate, reniform, cre- nately lobed ; cauline lanceolate, subentire ; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as iong as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules. -White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white, bracteate flowers. Stems about 2' high, annual, with alternate leaves. 2. SULLIVANTIA. Torr. In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary ; segments ovate, acute ; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the sum- mit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes ; stamens 5, in- serted with the petals, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2-beaked, 2- celled f seeds 00, ascending ; testa wing-like, not conformed to the nucleus. % .Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose 'pani- cle, small, white. S. OHIONIS. Torr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio ! by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 816' long, ascend- ing, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1 2' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3 5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 3. HEUCHfiRA. In honor of Prof. Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Germany. Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse ; co- 24* 280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACEA. TIARELLA. rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx; capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. ^ Lvs. radical, long-pdioled. 1. H. AMERICANA. Alum-root. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, lobes shon and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; panicle elongated, loose ; pedi- cels divaricate ; caL short, obtuse ; pet. spatulate, about as long as the calyx sta. much exserted. A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and N. Y., frequent at the W. ! and S. Leaves all radical, 2 3' diam., on peti- oles 2- 8' in length. Scape 2 4f high, paniculate, nearly this length. Pe- duncles 2 3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplish- white petals. May, Jn. Root astringent, hence the common name. 2. H. PUBESCENS. Ph. (H. grandiflora. JRaf.) Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, and with the long petioles, gla- brous below; ITS. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexu- ous, almost geniculate ; fls. large ; pet. longer than the included stamens; sty. exswted. Mts. Penn., Md ! Va. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' diam., the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5 6" long, purple. May, Jn. 3. H. RICHARDSONI. R. .Br. Scape (naked) and petioles hairy and rough ; Ivs. orbicular-cordate, will a deep sinus, 5 7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate ; panicle rather contracted; cat. somewhat oblique; pet. ciliolate, somewhat .unequal, about the .ength of the sepals; sta. a little exserted; sty. included. Prairies and bottoms, la. ! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves glabrous above, veins be- neath hairy. Flowers 6 7" long. May. 4, MITEL LA. Tourn. A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate ; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, insert- ed on the throat of the calyx ; stamens 5 or 10, included ; styles 2, short; capsule 1-celled, with 2 equal valves. ^1- 1. M. DIPHYLLA. Currant-leaf. Bishop's Cap. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long peti- oles, cauiine 2, opposite, subsessile. Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves ne.ar the midst. Leaves 1 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on hispid petioles 2 6' long. Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May Jn. 2. M. NUDA. (M. prostrata, MX. M. cordifolia. Lam.') Dwarf Mildla. Lvs. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform segments. A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands at Potsdam, N. Y.. and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green, pellucid. Scape 4 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, a'nd send out creep- ing stolons from the base. Leaves f long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 5. TIARELLA. Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5 ; entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx ; stamens 10, exserted. inserted into the calyx ; styles 2 ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. % Flow- er? white. T. CORDIFOLIA. Mitre-wort. Gem-fruit. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilose; scape racemose ; HYDRANGEA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACEuE. 281 stolons creeping. Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally asso- ciated with Miiella dipkylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resem- bles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10' high, often bear- ing a leaf. Leaves 2 3' long, -f- as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 6' long. Racemes ly- 2' long ; fls. wholly white, with minute bracts. May, Jn. 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. Gr. xpvaos, gold, 0-7TA//V, the spleen ; on account of the medicinal qualities. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 5-lobed, more or less colored inside ; corolla ; stamens 8 10, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcor- date, 'compressed, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Small, aquatic herbs. C. AMERICANUM. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michx.} Watei -carpet. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole. A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square, 3 6 inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, i' in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corol- la 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr. May. SUBORDER 2. E SCALdjONIEJE. 7. ITEA. Gr. name for the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments ; petals 5, lance-linear, in- flexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx ; styles united ; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 12-seeded. A shrub with alternate, simple leaves, and a simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white Jlowers. I. VIRGINICA. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Shrub about Of high. Leaves 1 3' long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with die style, its two carpels s^arating in maturity. May, Jn. SUBORDER. 3. H YDRAXGEJE. Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SHRUBS 8. HYDRANGEA. Or/. v$wp, water, ayytov, a vessel ; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water Marginal flowers commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate. 4 5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles. Fertile fl. Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-toothed, persistent ; petals ovate, sessile ; stamens twice as many as the petals ; capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks ; seeds numerous. Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fls. cy?nose, generally radiant. 1. H. ARBORESCENS. (H. vulgaris. Michx.} Common Hydrangea. Lis. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly smooth ; fls. in fastigiate cymes. An elegant shrub, native in the Middle and Western States! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate or all sterile and radiate, f 2. H. QUERCIFOLIA. Bartram. Oak-leaved, Hydrangea. Lvs. deeply sinnato- lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile llmrers very large and numerous. A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon 282 LXVI. HAMAMELACE^L HAMAMELIS. in gardens. Height 4 5f. Leaves very large. Sterile flowers with roundish sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy, -j- 3. H. HORTENSIS. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate -serrate, strongly veined, smooth ; cymes radiant; fls. mostly sterile. Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1 3f high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure sever- al months, j- SUBORDER 4. P HILADEL.PHEJE. Petals convolute in aestivation. Capsule 3 4-celled,loculicidal. Shrubs. 9. PHILADELPHUS. Name from Philadelphia, king of Egypt. Calyx 4 5-parted, half-superior, persistent : corolla 4 5-petaled ; style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 40, shorter than the petals ; capsule 4- celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence ; seeds many, arilled. Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstipulate. 1. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Willd. (P. inodorus. Michx.) Large-flowered Syringa. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy ; stig. 4, linear ; sty. undivided. A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cul- tivated in shrubberies. . Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicu- ously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn. The upper leaves are often entire and quite narrow, f 2. P. CORONARIUS. False Syringa. Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; sty. dis- tinct. Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub- beries. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f * ORDER LXVI. HAMAMELACE^]. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. Slip, de~ Cal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduous. Cor. Petals 4, linear. Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.) Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitary. Jr. Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celled. Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan. No remarkable properties have been dis- covered. HAMAMELIS. Gr. aifjia, with, pri\ov t fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree. Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2 3 bracts at base ; petals 4, very long, linear ; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones ; capsule nut-like, 2-celled. 2-beaked. Shrubs or small trees. H. VIRGINIANA. Witch Hazel. Lvs. oval or ohovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely cordate at base, or short petioles ; fls. sessile, 3 4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subses- silp glomerule. U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10 12f high. Leaves nearly smooth, 3 5' long, f as wide. Petioles J' long. Calyx downy. Petals yellow, curled or twisted, f ' long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts. This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning LXVII. UMBELLIFEftJS. 283 desolations of autumn and winter, this atone puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods," to indicate the presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there an; even at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an oflence little short of heresy. ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFERJE. UMBELLIFERS. St. herbaceous, hollo%y, furrowed. Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. Fla. arranged in umbels, mostly white, often yellow, pink, blue, or greenish. Cat. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed. Cor. Petals 5, usually inflected at .he point, imbricate in aestivation. &7a. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk. Oca. inferior, 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. Sty. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Slig. simple. Fr. dry, consisting of2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into two halves (merocarps). Carpophore, the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the faces of the commissure. Ribs. A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the smaller (secondary). Vittce.-*Lilt\e linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. Genera 267, species 1500. This is a vastand well defined natural order, native of damp places, way- sides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon the mountains. Properties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, dependine upon a volatile oil residing in the vittae of the fruit, in the roots, Petals radiant,. < Fr. dorsally compressed, fc Petals all equal, i with smooth ribs. { of entire bracts. iFr. scarcely compressed, ( with bristly ribs. \ Rays 2-4. . t Fr. very bristly. ( Rays many. . ( several. ( Fruit not bristly of cleft bracts, {one only, bipinnatifid ( Gal. limb ^ Leaves 3-parted, . i < obsolete. ( Leaves finely divided. 2 < (Fr. laterally compressed. ( Calyx limb 5-toothed. ^ the margin singly winged. 1 Fr. dorsally compressed, {the margin doubly winged. ; Involuc L Fruit scarcely compressed ovoid-globose e. Sium. 8 e. Conium. 28 Heracleum. 23 Coniosciinum. 18 Ligwticum. 17 Osmorhiza. 27 Sanicula. 3 Daucus. 85 Discopteurum. 5 Erigenia. 29 C? yptotcBnia. 9 Chs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes ; invol. 0, or 2 3-leaved ; fr. oblong-oval ; vitt-te solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 3 in the lateral. In wet woods, Maine to Wisconsin ! but not common. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves much compounded, the ultimate segments pinnatifid with linear- oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Petals white, spreading. Styles slender, diverging. Fruit about 2" long. Aug. Sept. 19. FCENICULUM. Adans. Lat. diminutive offoznum, hay ; from the resemblance of its odor. Calyx margin obsolete ; petals revolute, with a broad, retuse apex ; fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally subcompressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, marginal ones a little broader ; intervals with single vittse, com- missure with 2. Umbels perfect, with no invol. or involucels. F. VULGARE. Gaert. (Anethum. Willd.) Fennel. Lvs. biternately dissect- ed, segments linear-subulate, elongated; rays oj the umbel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate-oblong. Native of England, &c. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 -5f high, terete, branched. Leaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous, very narrow segments. Flowers yellow. Jl. The seeds are warmly aromatic. 20. ARCHANGELICA. Hoffm. So named for its preeminence in size and virtues among the Umbelliferce. Calyx teeth short ; petals equal, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point inflexed ; fruit dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones' dilated into membrana- ceous wings ; vittse very numerous. % Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. 1. A. ATROPURPUREA. Hoffm. (Angelica triquinata. MX.} Angelica. St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate ; Ifts. in cisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the others decursive. Among the largest of the umbelliferae, well known for its aro- matic properties, common in fields and meadows, Northern and Western States. Stem 4 6f high, 1 2' in thickness, smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large, inflated, channeled on the upper side, with inflated stipules at base. Leaflets cut-serrate, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed, the lateral ones of the upper di- vision decurrent. Umbels 3, terminal, spherical, 68' diam. without the in- volucre ; umbellets on angular stalks and with involucels of subulate bracts longer than the rays. Flowers greenish white. 2. A. HIRSUTA. Torr. &Gray. (Angelica. Muhl.') St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentose-hirsute ; Ivs. bipinnate- HERAGLEUM. XL VII. UMBELLIFER^E. 291 ly divided, the divisions quinate, segments oblong, acutish, the upper pair con- nate but not decurrent at base. Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. Stem simple, erect, straight, 3 5f high. Leaves on petioles 6 10' long. Leaflets 1 2J' long, J as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, often tapering at base. Umbels 3 or 4, on long, velvety peduncles, 2 4' broad. Rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentose. [nvolucre 0. Involucels of 4 6 bracts, about as long as the rays. Jl. Aug. 3. A. PEREGRlNA. Nutt. St. striate, pubescent at summit; Irs. ternately divided, the divisions quinate, segments incisely serrate ; umbel with many slender rays ; invol.Q; in~ volucels of many leaflets, as long as the umbellets. Sea coast, Me. and Mass., Pickering. Marginal ribs of the fruit thick and obtuse. 4. A. OFFICINALIS. Hoffm. (Angelica, Linn,} Garden Angelica. St. smooth, round, striate ; lus. bipinnately divided into lobate, subcordate, acutelj^serrate segments, the terminal one 3-lobed ; sJieaths large and saccate. Said to be native in Labrador, &c. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the sake of the stalks, \vhich are to be blanched and eaten as celery. 21. ARCHEMORA. DC. A fanciful name from Archemorus, who, according to mythology, died by swallowing a bee. Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals obcordate with an inflexed point ; fruit oval, lenticular, compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 ribs, marginal ones broadly winged ; intervals with single large vittae, commissure with 4 6 ; seeds flat. "4 Invol. 0. or few-leaved. Invol- ucels many-leaved. A. RIGIDA. DC. (CEnanthe. Nutt.') Water Dropwort. Cow-bane. St. rigid, striate, smooth ; Ivs. pinnately divided, smooth, Ifts. 3 11, ob- long-lanceolate or ovate, entire or remotely toothed, sessile ; umbels spreading, smooth. Swamps, Mich, to Flor. and La. Stem 2 4f high, slender, terete. Leaflets 2 4' by 3- 9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2 3, of many slender rays. Petals white. Fruit with subequal greenish ribs, and large, purple vittae filling the intervals. Commissure white. Sept. Said to be poisonous. ft. (CEnanthe ambigua. Nutt.} Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire. 22. PASTINACA. Tourn. Lat. pastw, food or repast ; from the nutritive properties of the root Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long inflexed point ; fruit much compressed, oval, with a broad margin ; carpels with 5 nearly obsolete ribs ; intervals with single vittae ; carpophore 2-parted ; seeds flat. (D Rt. fusiform. Invol. mostly ; involucels or few-leaved. Fls. yellow. P. SATIVA. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep. Lvs. pinnate, downy beneath ; *lfts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one 3-lobv.J. () The parsnep is said to have been introduced, but it grows wild abun- dantly in fields, by fences, &c. The root is fusiform, large, sweet-flavored, esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled in size. Stem 3f high, erect, fur- rowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Flowers yellow, small. Fruit large, flat. The abundance of saccharine matter in the cultivated root, renders it wholesome and nutritious. Jl. 23. HERACLEUM. Named after the hero Hercules ; it being a rank, robust plant. Calyx limb of 5 small, acute teeth ; petals obcordate, with the point inflexed, often radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft ; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 ob- tuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel ; intervals with single vittae ; seeds 25* 292 LXVII. UMBELLIPER^E. CHJEROPHYLLUM. flat. Stout herbs, with large umbels. Invol. deciduous. Involucch many-leaved. H. LANATUM. Dvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentose beneath; If is. petioled, round-cordate, lobed; fr. orbicular. Penn. to Lab. W. to Greg. A large, coarse-looking, um- belliferous plant, growing about moist, cultivated grounds. Stem about 41' high, thick, furrowed, branching, and covered with spreading hairs. Leaves very large, on channeled stalks. Leaflets woolly underneath, irregularly cut-lobed and serrated. At the top of the stem and branches are its huge umbels, often a foot broad, with spreading rays, and long-pointed, lanceolate involucels. In- volucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white. Jn. 24. POLYT^ENIA. DC. Calyx limb 5-toothed ; petals with a long inflexed point ; fruit oval, glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin ; ribs obscure or obsolete ; commissure with 4 6 vittse ; seeds plano-convex. A smooth herb, with bipinnatdy divided leaves. Invol. 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. P. NUTTALLII. DC. Prairies and barrens, Western States ! &c. Stem furrowed, scabrous or nearly smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles, segments incisely toothed, upper ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite the leaves, about 2' broad. Fruit large, (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May. 25. DAUCUS. Tourn. AavK os , the ancient Greek name of the carrot. Calyx limb 5-toothed, petals emarginate with an inflected point ; the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft ; fruit oblong ; carpels with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more promi- nent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and hav- ing single vittse beneath ; carpophore entire, free. (D Invol. pinnati' fid. Involucels of entire or %-cleft bracts. Central Jl. abortive. D. CAROTA. Carrot. St. hispid ; petioles veined beneath ; Ivs. tripinnate or pinnatifid, the seg- ments linear, acute ;_ umbels dense, concave. The word kar in Celtic signifies red, hence carrot. Naturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid. States. Root fusiform. Stem 2 3f high, branching. Leaves numerous, divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very com- pact, with white flowers blooming all the summer. Cultivation has produced several varieties. Jl. Sept. $ SUBORDER 2. C AMPYLOSPERMJE. The inner surface of the seed deeply furrowed, or with involute margins. 26. CH^EROPHYLLUM. Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obovate, emarginate, point infiexed ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs ; inter- vals with 2 vittse, commissure deeply sulcate. Lvs. bi- or tritcrnate, segments incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. C. PROCUMBENS. Lam. (Scandbc procumbens. Linn.} Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous ; segments of the Ivs. pinnatifid, with oblong, obtuse lobes; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple; iwool. 0; If linear-oblong. () or,(g) Moist woods, Ohio, Clark ! Ky. Short, to N. J. Stems 1 2f long, pubescent when young, diffuse, slender. Segments of the ERIGENIA. LXVII. UMBELLIFER^E. 295 leaves about 4" by I". Umbels quite irregular, often with leaves in tlie place of the involucre. Ravsl 4,1 ^-flowered, about 2' long. Petals white. Apr. May. 27. OSMORHlZA. Raf. Gr. oapti, perfume, fia, root; from the anisate, aromatic root. Calyx margin obsolete ; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate point inflexed ; styles conical at base ; fruit linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base ; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs ; intervals without vittae ; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. 1\. Lvs. bitcrnatdy divided, with the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved ; involte- cels 4 7-lcaved. Fls. white. 1. O. LONGISTYLIS. DC. (Uraspermum. Claytoni. Nutt.} Sweet Cicely. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fr. clavate. A leafy plant, very common in woods, Can. to Va., 1 3f high, with inconspicuous umbels of white flowers. Root branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, spicy flavor. Stem erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Root leaves on long, slender stalks, the upper stem leaves sessile, both decompound, the ultimate divisions often pin- nate ; leaflets irregularly divided by clefts and sinuses into lobes and teeth, the lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than the rays. Fruit blackish, an inch in length, much more acute at the base than at the summit, crowned with the persistent styles. May, Jn. 2. O. BREVISTYLIS. DC. ( U. Mrsutum. Bw.} Short-styled Cicely. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; fr. somewhat tapering at the summit. Common in woods, Can. to Penn. W. to Oreg. The general aspect of this species is very similar to that of the preceding, but the root is destitute of the anise-like flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste. The plant is more hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. Involucre deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few prove fertile. The fruit is similar to the last, but crowned with convergent, not with spreading styles. May, Jn. 28. CONlUM. Gr. KUVEIOV, hemlock, from /ccovoj, a top ; because it causes dizziness. Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcordate, with an acute, inflected point ; fruit ovate, laterally compressed ; carpels with 5, acute, equal, undulate-crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal ; intervals without vit- tsQ ; seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face. Poisonous herbs. Lvs. decompound. Invol. and invotucels 3 5-kaved, the latter unilate- ral. Fls. white. C. MACULATUM. Poison Hemlock. St. spotted ; Ivs. tripinnate ; Ifls. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; fr. smooth. Grows in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. Stem much branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. The lower leaves are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheath- ing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the involucre of 6 S lanceolate bracts, the involucels with the inner half wanting. Flowers small, white. Fruit with un- dulate or wrinkled ribs. The plant is a powerful narcotic, exhaling a disa- greeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. Jl. Aug. SUBORDER 3. C GBL,OSPERM^. Seeds incurved at base and apex. 29. ERIGENlA. Nutt. Gr. npiycvcia, daughter of the early sprin/? ; for its early flowering. Calyx limb obsolete ; petals flat, -entire; fruit contracted at the commissure ; carpels 3-ribbed, ovate-reniform. % Rt. tuberous. Radi- 294 LXVIII. ARALIACE^E. ARALU col Leaf tnlernately decompound. Involucrate Ivs. solitary, biter nately compound. Involucels of 3 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. E. BULBOSA. Nutt. (Sison. Mlclix. Hydrocotyle composita. PA.) A small, early-flowering herb, along the shady banks of streams, Western N Y. (Ttn-r. $ Gray.) W. to Ohio! and Mo. Plant 4 6' high, with 24 'eaves, the lower one radical, numerously divided, the divisions ineisely cleft into narrow segments ; the upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each sub- tending a 3-rayed umbel of white flowers. March, Apr. 30. CORIANDRUM. Gr. KoptS, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves. Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth ; petals obcordate, inflexed at the point, outer ones radiate, bifid ; fruit globose ; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones ; seeds concave on the face. (D Smooth. Invol. or \-leaved. Invo- lucels ^-leaved, unilateral. C. SATlvuM. Coriander. LTS. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate leaflets, upper with linear ones ; carpels hemispherical. Native of Europe, &c. This well known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds, which are used as a spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, &c. Stem 2f high. Leaves numerously divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Flowers white. 71. t ORDER LXYIII. ARALIACE^E. ARALTADS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with the habit of umbellifers. Cal. superior, entire or toothed. Cor. Petajs 5 10, deciduous, rarely 0, valvate in aestivation. Sta. equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them. Anth. introrse. Ova. crowned with a disk, 2 or many-celled. Ovules solitary. Styles as many as cells. FV. baccate or drupaceous, of several one-seeded cells. Genera 521, species 160. nearly allied to Umbelliferae, from which they are distinguished chiefly by the several-celled ovary and fleshy fruit. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemis- pheres. Several species are well known in medicine, , to bear, Kapiros, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters. Calyx tube globose, limb 4 5 -toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 5 subequal lobes ; stamens 4 5, inserted on the corolla ; stigma capitate ; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive). Small shrubs, with entire Ivs. and small fls. 1. S. RACEMOSUS. Michx. (Symphoria. Pers.) Snow-berry. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes; cor. campanu late, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included. A smooth, handsome shrub 2 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in Western N. Y., Canada, &c. Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Ber- ries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, and very ornamental when ma ture. July, Aug. 2. S. OCCIDENTALS. R. Br. Wolf-berry. IMS. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary and terminal, snbsessile, nod VIRURNUM. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 301 ding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside ; sta. and bearded style exserted. Woods, Mich, to Wis. Lapkam! and Can. Shrub 2 4f high. Leaves 1 3' by 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Corolla rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish- white. Berries white. July. 3. S. VULGARIS. Michx. (Lonicera symphoricarpus. Linn. Symphoria glomerata. Nutt.} Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capi- tate and crowded ; cm: campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded style included. River banks, Penn. to Mo. and S. States. Shrub 2 3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Leaves 1 2' by f li', somewhat pubescent. Corolla greenish-red. Berries purple. 5. LINN^E A. Gron. In honor of Carl Von Linne, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous ; bracteoles at base 2 ; corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2 ; berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded (2 cells abortive). A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone. L. BOREALIS. Gron. Tivin-floicer. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen woods, from lat. 39 to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish stems, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. TRIBE 2. SAMBUCEJE. Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3 5, nearly sessile. 6. SAMBUCUS. Lat. sambuca, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder. Calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-deft, segments obtuse ; stamens 5 ; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with pimiate, or bipinnate Ivs. Fls. in cymes. 1. S. CANADENSIS. Common Elder. St. shrubby ; cymes 5-parted ; Ivs. nearly bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-oval, acu- minate, smooth. A common, well known shrub, 6 lOf high, in thickets anc waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem filled with a light and porous pith, espe- cially when young. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with an odd one, serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Flowers numerous, in very large (2f broad in la!) level-topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries dark purple. May Jl. 2. S. PUBENS. Michx. Panicled Elder. St. shrubby; cymes paniculate or pyramidal ; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acumi- nate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and, with the petiole, pubescent beneath. A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing about 6f high, often more or less. Leaves simply and unequally pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Flowers in a close, ovoid thyrsus or panicle. Corolla white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn. 0. leucocarpa. Berries white. Catskill Mountains. T. fy G. 7. VIBURNUM. Lat. viere, to tie ; for the pliancy of the4wigs of some of the special. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla limb 5-lobed, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla ; stigmas mostly 302 LXX1. CAPRI^OLIACE^E. VIBURNUM. sessile ; drupe 1 -seeded. Shrubs or small trees. Lvs. simple, petiolate. Fls. cymose, sometimes radiant. * Cymes radiant, the marginal flowers much larger than tlie others and neutral. 1. V. LANTANolDES. Hobble-bush. Wayfaring Tree. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate; pet. and veins covered with a ferruginous down ; cymes sessile ; fr. ovate. A shrub, very ornamental when in flower. It is rather common in the rocky woods of N. Eng. and N. Y., which it adorns in early spring with its large cymes of bril- liant white flowers. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trail- ing and rooting. Leaves very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upon the stalk and veins. The radiant, sterile flowers of the cyme are near 1' diam., from a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Inner flowers much smaller, fertile. May. 2. V. OPULUS. B.Americana. Ait. T. & G. (V. Oxycoccus. Ph.\High Cranberry. Smooth; Ivs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed; petioles glandular; cymes pedunculate. A handsome shrub, 8 12f high, in woods and borders of fields, N. States and Brit. Am. Stems several from the same root, branched above. Leaves with large, remote, blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base, channeled above. Cymes bordered with a circle of large, white/barren flow- ers, like the preceding species. Fruit resembles the common cranberry in fla- vor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, re- maining upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. June. 0. roseum. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth ; petioles glandular ; fls. all neu- tral, in globose cymes. Native of Europe. This variety is the popular shrub so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelphus, &c. Its dense, spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren flowers. * * Cymes ij^t radiant. Flowers all similar and fertile. Leaves lobed or incised. 4. V. ACERIFOLIUM. Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackie. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely serrate ; pet. with- out glands ; cymes on long peduncles. A shrub, 4 6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in woods, Can. and U. S. Leaves broad, rounded and sometimes. cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes with sharp serra- tures, a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, the under surface, as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexi- ble, ending with a pair of leaves and a long-stemmed, cymose umbel of white flowers. Fruit oval, compressed. Stamens much exserted. June. 5. V. PAUCIFLORUM. Pylaie. Few-flowered Viburnum. Nearly smooth in all its parts; Ivs. roundish, slightly 3-lobed or incised at summit, mostly 5- veined from the base; cymes small and pedunculate, termi- nating the very short lateral branches ; fil. much shorter than the corolla. A small shrub, with white flowers, Mansfield Mt., Vt. Macrae, White Mts., N. H. Robbins, N. to Newfoundland. 6. V. LENTAGO. Sweet Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins. A common, tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10 15f. Leaves smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and half as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy, dilated border on each side. Flowers white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-fla- vored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn. 7. V. NUDUM. Naked-stalked Viburnum. Withe Rod. Smooth; Ivs. oval-oblong, revolute at the edge, subcrenulate ; pet. naked; cymes pedunculate. A shrub or small tree, 10 15f high, in swamps, U. S. Leaves elliptical, punctate, coriaceous, the margin more or less rolled, nearly entire, smooth as well as every other part, and when full grown. 3 or 4 inches LXXI1. RUBIACE^E. 303 Jong. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts. Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, sweetish when ripe. June. ,3. cassinoidcs. (V. pyri folium. Lam.} Lvs. ovate, oval or ofteix rhomboidal, acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig; margin finely serrate ; fr. oblong-ovoid. 8. V. PRUNIFOLIUM. Black Haw. Sloe. Lvs. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth ; pcti- tles margined with straight, narrow wings. In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. A. shrub or small tree, 10 20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2' long and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are sweet and eatable. June. 9. V. DENTATUM. Arrow-wood. Nearly smooth ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long stalks; cymes pedunculate. A shrub, 8 12f high, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow- wood from the long, straight, slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2 3' diam., the upper pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. Flowers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June. 10. V. PUBESCENS. Downy Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and somewhat hairy above, on short stalks ; stipules 2, subulate ; cymes pedunculate ; fr. oblong. In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub, about 6f high. Leaves about 2' long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate appendages (stipular 1} at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few- flowered. Flowers rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn. 11. V. TINUS. Laurestine. Lvs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts beneath. An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 4 5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. ORDER LXXII. RUBI AGE M MADDER WORTS. Trees, shrubs, and herbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire. Stip. between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Cal. Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4 5-cleft. Car. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ova. 2- (rarely more) celled. Style single or partly divided. Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell. Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., Stellata and Cinchonea tc which a third, Loganieee (which has no representatives at the North) is appended byTorrey and Gray. The species of the first Suborder. Stellata;, are common in the northern par^ of both continents ; the two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions. Propertic$.A. very important Tamily, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by several species of Galium. Among the CinrJioneaR we find Cinchona and Cephaelis furnishing two of the most valuable of all medicines. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, well known arid appreciated everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz., Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea C. lancuolata, C. magmfolia. &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the pres- ence ol two alkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia. both combined with Kinicacid. Ipecacuan/ia, the prince O/ all emetics, is the product of the root of CephStelis Ipecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchoneae afford substitutes for the true ipecac. Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berries are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and London it seems not. to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700. but since that time enouh has been drank in Europe and America to float the British navy. Conspectus of the Genera. f Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipules) in verticils. . . Gahinn ] f Ovary with 2 corollas! MilcheUa. 2 j ( Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. . Hedyotis 3 1 Ovary < Carpels 2, l-seeded, 1 indehiscent. . Spermacoce 4 ' Leaves S Herbs. I simple. ( Carpels 2, l-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 5 $ adherent, (.opposite. I Shrubs, with flowers in globose heads: . . . Cevttalanthw 6 Ovary ( nearly free from the calyx. Leaves opposite. . . . Rpiffelia ' t 26* 304 LXXil. RUBIACE^E. GALIUM. SUBORDER 1. S T E L< L. A T JE . Calyx wholly adherent (superior) to the ovary which is two-celled, two-seeded. Leaves verticiliate. Herbs. 1. GALIUM. Gr. yaXa, milk; the flowers of one species (G. verum) are used in coagulating milk. Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; stamens 4, short * styles 2 ; carpels 2, united, 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Herbs, with skn- der, ^-angled stems. Lvs. verticiliate. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. ASPRELLUM. Michx. Rough Cleavers or Clivers. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards ; Iv s. in 6s, 5? or 4s, lanceo- late, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 2s or 3s. Q|.Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and Northern States. Stem weak, 2 5f long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Leaves 5 8" by 2 3". Flowers white, small and numerous. Fruit minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when young. Jl. 2. G. TRIFIDUM. Dyers' Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles ; Ivs. in 5s and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged ; parts of the flower mostly in 3s. % In low, wet grounds, Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest of the species. Leaves 36" by 1 2", often cuneate at base. Peduncles mostly in 3s, and axillary. Flowers small, white. Jl. 0. tinctorium. Torr. ^G. tinctorium. Linn.) St. nearly smooth; Ivs. of the stem in 6s, of the branches in 4s ; ped. 2 3-fl owered ; parts of the flower in 4s. A somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a perma- nent red. y. latifolium. Torr. (G. obtusum. Biu.) Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse ; ped. 3-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4s. 3. G. VERUM. Yettov} Bedstraw. Erect ; Ivs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; fls. densely paniculate. 1\. Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced. Bigelow. Root long, fibrous. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, with short, op- posite, leafy, unequal branches. Leaves deflexed, linear, with rolled edges. Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn. The roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk. 4. G. CONCINNUM. Torr. & Gray. St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; Ivs. in 6s, linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins ; ped. fili- form, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels; lobes of the corolla acute. Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky. T. <$ G. la. ! Stems very slender, 10 15' high. Leaves in numerous whorls, 88" by 1", slightly broader in the middle. Flowers minute and numerous, white. Jn. * * Fruit hispid. 5. G. APARINE. Common Cleavers. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; Ivs. in 8s, 7s or 6s, linear-oblan- ceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, 1 2-flow- ered. In wet thickets, Can. and Northern States to la. Plummcr! Stems several feet long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering by their hooked prickles to everything in their way. Leaves 12 20" by 2 3". Flowers nu- merous, small, white. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn. The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic remedy. 1 6. G. TRIFLORUM. Michx. Tri-flowering Galium. St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining ; Ivs. in 5s and 6s, lanceo- late, acuminate-cuspidate, 1-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin ; ped. elon- gated, axillary, 3- (rarely 2 ) flowered at the extremity ; fls. pedicellate ; Jr. UEDTOTIS. LXXII. RUBIACE^E. 305 Hispid with hooked hairs. Tj. Grows in moist thickets and woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 3f long, slightly branched. Leaves 1 2' long, } as broad, often obovate. Flowers greenish-white, small. Fruit whitish with its uncinate clothing. Jl. 7. G. BOREALE. (G. septentrionale. Bw.) Northern Galium. St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth ; fls. in a terminal, pyramidal panicle. 7J. Grows in rocky, shady places, Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems If or more high, several together, branched above. Leaves 1220" by 29", tapering to an obtusish point. Flowers numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. Fruit small. Jl. 8. G. PILOSUM. Ait. (G. puncticulosum. Michx.} Hairy Galium. St. ascending, hirsute on the angles ; Ivs. in 4s., oval, indistinctly veined, hirsute both sides and punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several times forked, each division 2 3-flowered ; fls. pedicellate. 1|_ A rare species, found in dry woods and sterile soils, Mass. ! to la. ! and Tex. Stem 1 2f high, acutely 4- angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched. Leaves 9 12" by 4 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and fruit Flowers purplish. Jn. 9. G. ciRCjEZANs. Michx. Circcea-like Galium. St. erect or ascending, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3- veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flow- ered ; Jr. subsessile, nodding. Tj. Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem about If in height, with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Leaves 1 2' by 4 8". Flowers on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fruit covered with little hooks as in Circaea. Jl. The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice. ft. 1 lanceolatum. Torr. (G. Torreyi. Bw.} Very smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fr. sessile. A fine variety f with larger leaves (2 X or more in length). Flowers purple. y. 1 montanum. T. & G. (G. Littelli. Oakes.} Dwarf; Ivs. obovate. White Mts. Oakes. SUBORDER 2. C INQHOtfEJE. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate). Stipules between the petioles, often united with them into a sheath. 2. MITCHELLA. In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia. Flowers 2 on each double ovary ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel- shaped, hairy within ; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla ; stig- mas 4 ; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries. Evergreen herbs, smooth and creeping, with opposite leaves. f M. REPENS. Partridge Berry. St. creeping ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate. A little prostrate plant found in woods throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem furnished with flat, coriaceous, dark green leaves, and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distin- guished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the win- ter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit well fla- vored but dry and full of stony seeds. Jn. 3. HEDYtfTIS. Gr. rfvs, sweet, (avj) oros , the ear; said to cure deafoess. Calyx tube ovate, limb 4-parted ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4, in- serted on the corolla ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Lvs. opposite. Stip. connate with the petiole. 306 LXX1I. RUBIACE.E. w- ' - ' Corolla hypocrateriform, with a long tube, limb glabrous. Peduncles l-Jlowered. HOUSTONIA. Linn. 1. H. CCEUULEA. Hook. (Hous. ccerulea. Linn.} Dwarf Pink. Innocence. Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, petiola te ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, 1 2-flowered. An elegant little plant, found in moist grounds, fields and road-sides, Can. and U. S. Its blossoms appear early, and are usu- ally found in patches of considerable extent, covering the surface of the ground with a ccerukan hue. The cauline leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate. Stems very slender, forked, 3 5' high, each branch bearing a flower. Corolla pale blue, yellowish at the centre. May Aug. 2. H. MINIMA. T. & G. (Houstonia. Beck.) Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching ; Ivs. linear-spatulate, much attenuated to the base ; pea. axillary and terminal, often longer than the leaves ; tds. 10 15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face. Prairies, &C M Mo. ! Tenn. ! to La. Very small and delicate, 1 3' high. Leaves about 5" by !''. Flowers rose-color. Mar. May. Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy inside. Flowers in terminal racemes. AMPHIOTIS. DC. 3. H. CILIOLATA. Torr. (Hous. Canadensis. Mutt.) Clustered Dwarf Pink, Radical Ivs. ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate on the margin ; cau- line ones ovate-spatulate, sessile; corymbs terminal, pedicellate; ped. tricho- tomous; divisions of the calyx lance-linear. Banks of lakes and rivers, Onta- rio ! Niagara ! W. to Ohio. A little plant, stouter than the last. Root-leaves numerous, stem-leaves few. Stems smooth, 4-angled, branched above, and bearing a corymbose cluster of numerous pale purple flowers. Calyx half-ad- herent, its lobes about half as long as the tube of the corolla. May July. 4. H. LONGIFOLIA. Hook. fHoustonia longif. Gaert.) Long-leaved Divarf Pink. Radical Ivs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end ; cauline linear or lance-linear, 1-veined ; fls. in small, paniculate cymes. 7J. Dry hills, N. and Mid. States ! to Ark. and Flor. Much more slender than the next, Stems erect, 5 12' Wgh, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Leaves 9 15" by 2 3", cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. Flowers 2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale-purple, with deeper-colored strioe in the throat. Jn,, Jl. /?. 1 (H. tenuifolia. Nutt.} St. very branching ; Ivs. very narrow; ped. fili- form ; jls. smaller. 5. H. PURPUREA. Torr; & Gray. (Houstonia. Linn.) St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3 5- veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3 7-flowered, often clustered ; calyx segments lance-linear, longer than the capsule. Mid. and W. States ! in woods and on river banks. A very delicate flowerer, about If high. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide. Corolla (purple, T. fy G.) white, scarcely tinged with purple. May Jl. Corolla rotate, tube very short. Seeds 50 60 in each cell. Flowers mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. ELATINELLA. Torr. $ Gray. 6. H. GLOMERATA.. Creeping Green-head. St. assurgent, branching ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, narrowed at the base into a short petiole or sessile ; Jls. glomerate in the axils and terminal. A plant varying in size from 1 2' to as many feet, found in swamps, &c., N. Y. to La. Leaves J' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering to each side of the petiole. Stipules 2-cleft into narrow subulate divisions. Calyx in 4 deep, leafy divisions which are much longer than the white, rotate corolla. Stamens scarcely exserted. Style very short. Capsule opening cross- wise. Jn. Sept. 4. SPERMACOCE. Ctr. a\n, a head, avStJj, a flower; flowers growing in dense heads. Calyx limb 4-toothed ; corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; style mnch exserted. Shrubs with opposite leaves and short stipuks. Fls. in globose heads, without an invol. C. OCCIDENTALIS. Blltton Bush. Lrs. opposite, and in 3s, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ; hds. peduncu- late. A handsome shrub, frequenting the margins of ponds, rivers and brooks. U.S. and Can. which are near (Platanus occidentalis). 2 3'. The flowers are tubular, with long, projecting" styles, and are inserted on all sides of the round receptacle. July. SUBORDER 3. S PIGEL.IEJE. Calyx persistent, almost entirely free from the ovary. Leaves oppo site 3 with intermediate stipules. 7. SPIGELIA. In honor of Adrian Spigelius, Prof, of Anat and Surg. at Padua, 15781625. Calyx 5-parted, segm. linear-subulate ; cor. narrowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft. equal ; stam. 5 ; anth. convergent ; caps, didymous, 2- celled, few -seeded. Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Stip ules small, interpetiolar. Fls. sessik, in terminal spikes. LXXIIl. VALERIANACE^E. FEDIA. S. MARYLANDICA. Pink-root. Worm-grass. Erect, simple, nearly glabrous ; st. square ; Irs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilose; spikes 3 8-flowered; cm\ tube 4 times longer than the calyx ; anth. exserted ; Lobes of the cor. lance- olate ; caps, glabrous, shorter than the calyx. 7|. In woods, Penn. to Flor. W. to 111. Mead, and Tenn. Miss Carpenter! An elegant dark green herb, a foot high. Leaves 3 4' by 1J 2', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules scarcely perceptible. Flowers 1 2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet with- out, yellow within. Style exserted. June. A celebrated anthelmintic. ORDER LXXIIl. VALEBIANACE^. VALERIANS. Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules. Cal. adherent, the limb either membranous or resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular or funnel-form, 4 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. Sta. distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ova. inferior, with one perfect cell, and two abortive ones. Sds. Solitary, pendulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. Genera 12, species 185, widely diffused in temperate climates The true valerian of the shops, used in hysteria, epilepsy, &c., is a product of Valeriana olficinalis. The roots of several other species possess a heavy odor, and are tonic, antispasmodic, febrifugal, &c. The spikenard (John xii. 3, &c.) of old, valued as a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys Jatamansi. Genera. Limb of the calyx at length a plumpse pappus, deciduous Valeriann. I Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete Fcdia. 3 1. VALERIANA. Dedicated to king Valerius, a patron and friend of botanists. Linn. Calyx at first very small, at length forming a plumose pappus : corolla funnel-form, regular, . 5 -cleft ; stamens 3; fruit 1 -celled, 1 seeded. 1\- Lvs. opposite, mostly p innately divided. Fls. in close cymes. 1. V. SYLVATICA. 0. uliginosa. Wild Valerian. St. erect, striate, simple; radical Ivs. ovate or subspatulate, undivided; cauline ones pinnately divided, segments ovate-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, the terminal one often dentate ; lobes of the stig. minute, 2 or 3 ; fr. ovate, com- pressed, smooth. Stem 1 2f high. Swamps, Vt. ! to Mich., very rare. Plant nearly smooth. Leaves ciliate with scattered hairs ; those of the root petioled, sometimes auriculate at base, those of the stem with 4 8 lateral segments and a large terminal 'one. Flowers numerous, rose-colored, appear- ing in July. 2. V. PAUCIFLORA. Michx. Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base; radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles, crenate-serrate ; cauline pinnately 3 7-parted ; Ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest ; cymules few- flowered, corymbose ; corolla tube long and slender. Ohio ! to Va. and Tenn. Stem mostly simple, 1 2f high. Leaves of the succors mostly undivided, 1 If by | !', petioles 1 4' long. Flowers pale purple, f ' in length. Jn. Jl. 3. V. CILIATA. Torr. & Gray. Simple, smooth and somewhat fleshy ; Ivs. lance-linear, some of them pinnately cleft into 3 7 lance-linear, acute segments, margins densely and minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base ; cauline ones few, with linear segments ; panicle compound ; fr. compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late calyx limb of 10 or 12 plumose setee. Low grounds, Can., Wis. ! Ohio ! Root yellowish, fusiform. Stem 1 3f high. Root-leaves many, 38' long, seg- ments 2 4" wide. Flowers white, in a close panicle, which is greatly expand- ed in fruit. June. 2. FEDIA. Adans. Perhaps fromfcedivs ; on account of the strong odor of some of the species. Calyx limb 3 6-toothed and persistent, or obsolete ; corolla tu- bular, 5-lobed, regular ; stamens 2 or 3 ; fruit 2 or 3-celled, 1 -seeded. (D Lvs. opposite , sessile. One or two cells of the fruit abortive. DIPSACTS. LXXIV. DIPSACE^E. 309 1. F. FAGOPYRUM. Torr. & Gray. (Valerianella radiata. Mcench.) Wild Carn-salad or Lamb Lettuce. St. dichotomous, nearly smooth ; Ivs. oblong- spatulate, subentire ; fr. 3-sided, obscurely 2 3-toothed at the summit. West- ern N. Y. to Ohio ! Stem 8 18' in height. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Fruit resembling that of buck-wheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum) in form, containing one large seed and two empty cells. Flowers white. June. 2. F. RADIATA. Michx. Lvs. entire, or toothed towards the base, obtuse ; fls. white ; fr. ovoid, pu- bescent, somewhat 4-angled, obscurely 1-toothed at apex ; empty f-dls not di- vergent, but with a groove between them ; fertile cell flattish, broader than the other 2. Low grounds, Mich. ! Ohio ! to La. Stem 612' high, dichotomous like the other species, smootk. Leaves oblong, more or less tapering to the base, 1 2' by 2 4". Fruit less than 1" long, at length nearly smooth. May. 3. F. OLITORIA. Vahl. Pawnee Lettuce. Fr. compound, oblique, at length broader than long, not toothed at apex ; fertile cell larger than both the others ; empty cells united, but with a. groove mostly entire. Flowers in dense cyrirule 4. F. UMBILICATA. W. S. Sullivant. Fruit subglobose, inflated, apex 1-toothed, the anterior face deeply umbili- cate, sterile cells several times larger than the fertile one ; bracts subspatulate- linear, not ciliate. Columbus, Ohio, Suttivant ! Plant smooth in all its parts, 1 2f high, many times dichotomous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clasping, dilated and coarsely dentate at base, 1 J' 3' by 3 10". Flowers 'in numerous cymules, corymbosely arranged. Fruit nearly 1" diam., with 1 rib at the back produced into a tooth at apex, and a conspicuous depression in front. ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEJE. TEASELWORTS. Herbs or low shrttbs, with whorled or opposite leaves. Fls. collected upon a common receptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. Cal. adherent, often pappus-like, surrounded by a scarious involucel. Cor. tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 5-parted. \ Sta. 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, often unequal. Anthers distinct. Ova. inferior, one-celled, one-ovuled. Style one, simple. Fr. dry, indehiscent, with a single suspended seed. Genera 6, species 150. The order is nearly allied to the Composite!. The species are all natives 01 the temperate regions of the Eastern continent, none of them American. Their properties are unimpor- tant. One of the species below is useful in dressing cloth. 1. DIPSACUS. Gr. (5{*//au, to thirst; alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves. Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel 4-sided ; calyx superior ; corolla tubular, 4-cleft ; fruit 1 -seeded, crowned with the calyx. Plants large, hairy or prickly. Lvs. opposite, connate (some- times distinct) at base. 1. D. SYLVESTRIS. Mill. Wild Teasel. Lvs. connate, sinuate or jagged ; hds. cylindrical ; bracts of the involucre longer than the head of flowers, slender and pungent, bent inwards. A tall, naturalized, European plant, growing in hedges and by road-sides, Mass, to la. ! Stem about 4f high, angled and prickly, with the opposite, lance-shaped leaves united around it. Flowers bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head whose tfracts or scales are not hooked as in the next species, but straight. July. $ 2. D. FULLONTJM. Fullers' Teasel. Lis. connate entire or serrate ; ^.cylin- drical ; bracts hooked ; invol. spreading. A cultivated, European plant. Root fleshy, tapering. Stem erect, furrowea, prickly, hollow, about 5f high. Leaves two at each node, united at their bases around the stem in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flowers whitish, in large, oval or ovoid heads. Cul- 310 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ti rated for the use of the clothiers (fullonum), who employ the heads with their hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose they are fixed around the circumference of a revolving drum. Flowers in July. ^ 2. SCABIOSA. Lat. scabies, leprosy ; plants said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. Flowers in heads ; involucre many-leaved ; involucel nearly cylin- drical, with 8 little excavations ; calyx limb consisting of 5 setge, sometimes partially abortive. ^ Large, mostly European herbs with opposite leaves. 1. S. SUCCISA. DeviVs-bit. Rt. premorse ; stem Ivs. remotely toothed ; kds. offls. nearly globose ; cor. in 4 equal segments. In gardens, though rarely cul- tivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet, f 2. S. ATROPURPUREA. Mourning Bride. Lvs. pinnatifid and incised ; hds. of > fls. radiant ; receptacle cylindric ; outer crown of tJie seed short, lobed and crenate. A beautiiiil species, 2 4f high, with dense heads of dark purple flowers, f ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTERWORTS. flanls herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate or opposite, without stipules, simple though often much divided. Fis. collected into a dense head (capitulum), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (scales). Cal. closely adherent to the ovary, the limo wanting, or membranaceous and divideo' into bristles, hairs &c., called pappus. Cor. superior, consisting of 5 united petals, either ligulate or tubular. Sta. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Antli. cohering into a cylinder. Ova. inferior, 1-celled, l-oyuled. Style 2-clett, the inner.margms of the branches occupied by the stigmas. Fr. an achenia, dry, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, crowned with the pappus. This is the most extensive and most natural of all the oroers of the vegetable kingdom, always distin- guished at sight by the capitate flowers and the united anthers. It comprehends 1005 genera (at present known, 1846), and about 9000 species ; being nearly one-ninth of all the species of flowering plants. The general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the central o: terminal heads are first developed, while the inflorescence of the heads is centripetal, the outer flowers first expanding. In color the flowers are vari- ous ; sometimes those of the disk and ray are of different colors, again they are all of the same, but in the former case the disk florets are almost always yellow. This immense order is diffused throughout all countries of the globe, but in very different proportions. According to Humboldt, they constitute about one-seventh of the Pha;nogamous Flora of Germany, one- eighth, of France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of North America (north of Mexico), and one-half, of Tropical America. In New Holland they are in the proportion of about one-sixteenth, according to Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are one-half The Ligulifloree are said to be most abundant in cold regions, and the Tubulirloraj in hot regions. The Labiatiflorse are almost exclusively confined to South America. In the northern parts of the world the Composite are universally herbaceous, but towards the tropics they gradually become frutescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on the island of St. Helena they are trees. Properties, $*c. The Composite furnish comparatively few useful products. A bitter principle per- vades the whole, which, when combined with resin and astringent mucilage, becomes tonic and [febrifu- gal, as in the camomile, colt's-fbot, thoroughwort, goldenrod, &c. Some are anthelmintics from the prevalence of the resinous principle, as tansey, Artemisia, Vernonia. Others are aromatic and extrt^nely hitter, as wormwood and all the species of Artemisia. Other species are very acrid, as mayweed. The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), the vegetable oyster (Tragopogon), the true artichoke (Cynara), lettuce, dandelion and a few others, are the only species useful for food. The order abounds in ornamental plants of the highest interest to the florist, and of easy culture. Among these are the splen- did Dahlias and Chinese Chrysanthema, with the numerous progeny of Aster, Helianthus, Xeranthemum, Coreopsis and multitudes of others, constituting the richest ornaments of the autumnal flower garden. The inflorescence of the Compositae is peculiar, and its real nature often complex and obscure. The following definitions x>f terms are given with reference to this order only, and if understood, will remove many difficulties that lie in the student's way in the investigation of this subject. Capitulum or head (compound flower of the earlier botanists) ; a collection of flowers (florets) on a common receptacle (rachis), as in Aster. Helianthus, &c Involucre (calyx by analogy) is the lower and outer envelope of the head. Scales ; the modified leaves or bracts composing the involucre. Monophyllous involucre ; where the scales are united by their edges. Polypbylloiis involucre ; where the scales are distinct. Simple involucre ; where the scales are equal and arranged in a single row. [short ones. Calyculate involucre ; where a single row of scales is surrounded at base by an outer row of very Imbricated involucre ; where the scales are in several rows, the outer ones becoming gradually shorten The Receptacle or rachis is the dilated extremity of the peduncle, inclosed by the involucre, and upon which the flowers stand. It is Columnar, flat, conical or depressed, according to its form ; Paleaceous or cMffy, where the flowers are subtended by chaffy scales which are analogous to bracts ; Alveolate, where it presents the appearance of a honeycomb, each flower having been surrounded by a membranous rim or involucel ; Areolate, where the alveoli are reduced to a mere line ; Fimbrillate, where the alveoli are split into teeth or bristles ; Naked, when smoothiah, being destitute of chaff, alveoli, bristles, &c. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 311 The flowers are moreover said to be Oftftt disk, where they stand in or near the centre of the head; Of the ray, when they stand in the outer circle or circumference of the head-, Ligulate (dap-shaped), when the limb is split on one side and spread open in the form of a strap. Tubular, when they are monopetalous with a regular limb. The heads are termed Hnmogamous, where they consist wholly of perfect flowers; Heterpsra/n&us, where the flowers of the disk are perfect or staminate, while those of the ray or margin Me pistillate or neutral : Radiant, where the flowers are all ligulate, as in the dandelion ; Radiate, where those of the ray or margin only are ligulate, the rest being tubular, as in Aster; Discoid, where all the flowers are tubular, as in the thoroughwnrrt ; MoncKcious, where the same head has both staminate and pistillate flowers ; . Hetero&phalous, where the same individual plant has some of its heads wholly of staminate, and others wholly of pistillate flowers. Di(ECimi3, where the same species has some of its individuals with staminate heads only, and others with pistillate heads only. The anthers are usually appendiculate, that is, prolonged at the summit into a membranous appendage. The achenia are termed Rostrate, when they are prolonged &.1 the summit into a slender neck supporting the pappus, as in the dandelion ; Compressed, when they are flattened parallel with the diameter of the head ; Obcompreased, when flattened parallel with the circumference of the head. MG. 47. 1. Helianthus strumosus head radiate. 2. Vertical section of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. 3. A perfect disk-flower magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tubular corolla, the 5 stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 4. Head (radiate) of Solidago ccnsia. 5. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A (radiant) head of Taraxacum Dens- leonis. 8. A perfect, ligulate fl. 9. Achenium, with its long beak and plumose pappus. 10. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimus. 11. A flower. 12. Lappa major, head discoid. 13. A flower. 14. One of the hooked scales. misiafolia. 18. Staminate head enlarged. . . . . . . . 15. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 16. A flower. 17. Ambrosia art- Pistillate involucre enlarged. 20. The fertile flower. Conspectus of the Genera. < Leaves alternate. . { Cerollas cyanic, fc Leaves opposite or verticillate. f discoid. (Corollas yellow < Leaves alternate. . (Rays yellow. . ! Leaves opposite or all radical. $ Leaves opposite or all radical. ! radiate. ( Rays cyanic. . (, Leaves alternate. . Heads (.radiant. 27 LXXV. COMPOSITE. i Pappus capillary. [ Pappus plumose. . Veriwnia. Liatris. C Scales much imb ricated. ( spreading, petaloid. . Hymenopappia. 60 ] Scales in 2 series, . . ( erect, greenish. . . Elepliantopus. 2 Plants unarmed. LFls. not all perfect. Flowers all perfect, C Scales in l row or series Cacalia. ( Receptacle S Heads heterogamous. Gntiphalium. Scales < not chaffy. ( Heads dioecious. . Antennaria. colored. (. Receptacle chaffy Filago. ( Fls. all \ Invol. imbricated. . Pluchea. < equal. ( Invol. calyculate. . Erechtites. Scales ^ Herbs. ( Ray flowers larger, sterile. . Centaurea. green. ( Shrubby. Heads dioecious. . . . Baccharis. ( Scales acute- $ Achenia smooth. . . . Cirsium. f with spinose < cuspidate. . .( Achenia rugose, 4-angled. . Onopordon. I leaves ' Scales emarginate-mucronate Cynara. \ ( Heads homogamous. . . . Lappa. 1 1. Plants armed. I with spinose heads only. (Heads heterocephalous. . . . Xanthium. { Receptacle flat. . Eupatorium. ( homogamous. < Receptacle conical. Conoclinium. { Heads many, heterocephalus. .... Ambrosia. erect. ( Head solitary, terminal Sclerolepis. ( Stem herbaceous, ( climbing and twining Mikania. 2. ( Stem shrubby. Heads moncocious Jva. $ Heads corymbose. . Tanqpetum. ( erect. ( Heads racemose. . . Artemisia. ( dry, (spreading, petaloid, yellow. . Xeranthemum. { green. . Senecio. ( erect, close, ( yellowish. Bigelovia. (Corollas ( Scales unarmed, I herbaceous, (spreading and loose. . Carthamus. f Leaves < all equal. (Scales of the involucre doubly spinose Cnicus. alternate. ( Outer corollas enlarged and sterile Amberboa. Awns of (He achenja retrorsely hispid Bidens. 13. I Leaves opposite. (Awns of the achenia upwardly hispid Coreopsis. { Heads small. Solidago. f Involucre I imbricated, ("flat or i Involuc. not 1 convex. I imbricated. f Receptacle not chaffy, (. conical or globose. Pappus simple. (. Hds.very large. In.ula. Pappus double. H'Js. midl. size. Chrysopsia. Outer scales very (uort or 0. . Senecio. Outer scales equa to the inner. Calendula. Ray flowers pistillate. . . Helenium. I Ray flowers neutral. . . Leptopoda { Achenia quadrangular. . Rudleckia. (. Pappus minute or 0. \ Achenia compressed. . Lepachys. (Rays < Pappus of 2 caducous awns. Achenia wingless. JMiantftUt, < sterile. ( Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Achenia winged. Actmanieris. Receptacle chaffy. ( Rays fertile. Ach. obcompressed (parallel with the scales). Sitphium. t Awns orach, retrorsely hispid. Bidens. { Involucre double, c Awns of ach. erectly hispid. . Coreopsis. f Rays sterile. Involucre imbricate in 3 or more rows, i . . HeHanthus. \ Achenia obovoid, thick. . . Polymnia. < ( disk sterile. ... Achenia obcompressed, winged. Silphium. > Receptacle nearly flat. . . Verbesina. \ Receptacle conical. . . . Heliopsis. Scales 5, united in 1 row. . Tagetes. $ pinnate. ( Sc. in 2 rows, outer row distinct Dysodia. < Lvs. opposite, \ undivided. Scales distinct. . . . Arnica. 5. iRecept. not chaffy, i Leaves radical, appearing after the solitary head. . . Tussilago. \ Rays white, shorter than scales. Eclipta. $ Receptacle flat. Rays rose color. . . . >. Coreopsis. $ simple. I Receptacle conical, with large pales. . . . Zinnia. ( Leaves opposite, (pinnately divided. Inner invol. of 8 united scales. . . Dahlia. Heads corymbose Nardosmia. Head solitary, heferoaramous Bellis. $ Achenia silky. Rays about 5. . Sericocarpm. (Pappus t copious. \ Achenia smoothish. Rays 6100. Aster. simple, I of 2 short bristles and several minute ones. Boltonia. $ Heads middle size. . . . Diplopappus. Pappus double. ( Heads very large. . . . Callistephus. ( Pappus capillary. Invol. subsimple. Rays 20200. Ertjreron. f Receptacle chaft'y. . . (.Rays fertile, ( disk perfect. . . 6 6. ( Leaves all radical . . IT. f ptacle J hafly, Cs Receptacl not chaffy, (.smoothish. $ Involucre depressed, broad. Pappus none. . . ( Involucre hemispherical. . $ Rays pistillate J Disk fls. yellow. ( Rays neutral. fLvs. finely divided. ( Disk fls. white. Rays pistillate. 43 or 4. $ Rays very short, white, ( 5. . Receptacle chaffy. L Leaves undivided. ( Rays very large, purple. . \ in 23 rows. $ Scales of the invol. equal. ( in 1 row. $ Flowers yellow. ( Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary. Lvs. radical. ( Flowers white ; pappus plumose " Pappus single, bristly. 9 II II I, 19 14 13 Leucanthemum. 4C Chrysanthemum A? Anthemis. Maruta. 33 Achillea. 39 Verbesina. 47 Parthenium. Echinacea. Troximori. Krigia. Taraxicum. Leontodon. Hieracium. f Achenia ' Flowers blue. Pappus small, scaly. Lvs. unarmed. (Pap. double, outer scaly. Cynthia. Lvs. spinose-dentate ; pappus very white. Son chus. ;_ Pappus small, scaly Cichori.um. not rost. ( Fls. whitish or cream color. Pap. copious, capillary. Nabalus. ( with a fili- 4 Involucre with calyculate scales. . . Lactuca. Achenia < form beak. ( Involucre without calyculate scales. . Tragopogon. rostrate. ( with a short, thick beak ; involucre imbricate. . . Mulguiium. SCLEROLEPIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 313 SUBORDER 1. T TJBUL,IFL,ORJE. Corolla of tlie perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft, or lobed. TRIBE 1. VERNONIACEJE. Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style subulate, hispid throughout. 1. VERNONIA. Schreb. Named for Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants. Flowers all tubular ; involucre semicylindric, of ovate, imbricated scales ; receptacle naked ; pappus double, the exterior chaffy ; the interior capillary. % Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. 1. V. NOVEBORACENSIS. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-weed. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate; scales of involucre filiform at the ends. A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3 Gf high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corollas deep purple, the former ending in long, thread-like appendages. Sept. /?. pracMa. Less. (V. praealta. Willd.} St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent ; scales nearly destitute of the filiform appendages. Rather taller than the preceding. 2. V. FASCICULATA. Michx. Iron-weed. St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentose ; Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate ; Ms. numerous, in a somewhat fas- dgiate cyme; invol. ovoid-campanulate ; scales appressed, mucronulate or obtuse. Woods and prairies Western States, very common ! A coarse, pur- plish-green weed 3 lOf high. Leaves 4 8' by 1 2', smooth above. Cymes compact, or loose. Heads large, or small. Corollas showy, dark purple, twice longer than the involucre. Jl. Aug. t /?. Taller and more branching, with smaller heads. Woods, la. ! 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Gr. cXf^as, elephant, TTOVS, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species. Heads 3 5-flowered, glomerate ; flowers all equal ; involucre com- pressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series ; corolla palmate- ligulate, 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; achenia ribbed, hairy ; pappus chaffy-setaceous. % Erect , with alternate^ subsessile leaves. Corolla violet purple. E. CAROLINIANTJS. Willd. St. branched, leafy, hairy ; Ivs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obttfse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper ones subses- sile; hds. terminal and subterminal. Dry soils, Penn., Ohio! to Flor. and La. Stem 20 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem leaves 5 7' by 3 5', upper about 2' by H', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the small heads in the form of an involucre. Jl. Sept. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIACEJE. Heads discoid or radiate. Branches of the style much elongated, obtuse, minutely pubescent towards the summit "outside. Anthers not cordate. Leaves mostly opposite. Section 1. Heads discoid, liomogamous. 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. Gr. crK\Tjpog, hard, XCTIS, a scale. Head many-flowered ; scales of the involucre equal, linear, in X 314 LXXV. COMPOSITE. EUPATORIUM. series; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-tootlied, enlarged at the throat; branches of the style much exserted ; achenia 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5, obtuse, horny scales. % Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1 3 terminal heads. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. purple. S. VERTICILLATA. Cass. (Sparganophorus. Michx.} In shallow water, N. J. to Flor. Stem decumbent at base, 1 2f high. Leaves in numerous whorls of about 6, linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in length. Head commonly solitary, at top of the stem. Jl. Sept. 4. EUPATORIUM. Dedicated to Eupater, king of Pontus, who first used the plant in medicine. Flowers all tubular ; involucre imbricate, oblong ; style much ex- serted, deeply cleft ; anthers included ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus simple, scabrous 5 achenia 5-angled. % Herbs, with opposite or verti- cillate leaves. Hds. corymbose. Fls. of the cyanic series, that is, white, blue, red, fyc.. never yellow. * Leaves verticillate. Flowers purpk.-f 1. E. FISTULOSUM. Barratt. (E. purpureum. Willd. in part. E. macn latum. Linn, in part. E. purpureum. y. angustifolium. T. fy Or.) Trum- pet-weed. St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-purple, striate or fluted ; Ivs. in about 12 whorls of 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glan- dular-serrate ; midvein and veinlets livid purple ; corymb globose, with whorled peduncles. Thickets, U. S. and Can., very abundant in the Western States ! Height 6 lOf, hollow its whole length. Leaves, including the 1' petiole, 8' by 2'. Corymb often If diam. Flowers purple. The glaucous hue and suffused redness of this majestic plant are most conspicuous in flowering-time. It does not appear to possess the acrid properties of E. maculatum. July Sept. 2. E. MACULATUM. (E. purpureum, 0. Dart.} Spotted Eupatorium. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous glands and purple lines; the glands on the stem and leaves give out an acrid effluvium in flowering-time; Ivs. tripli-veined, 3 5 in a whorl. Low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 4 Of high. Leaves petiolate, 6 T by 3 4', stronglv serrate. Flowers purple. July Sept. /?. urticcefolium. Barratt. Height 4 5f; st. solid, slender; Ivs. thin, much longer than the usual form of E. maculatum. 3. E. PURPUREUM. Linn, not of DC. Willd. nor Ph. (E. verticillatum. Willd.) St. solid, glabrous, green, sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1' broad ; Ivs. feather- veined, in whorls of 3,4 and 5, smooth above, with a soft pubescence beneath along the midvein and veinlets, coarsely serrate. Dry woods or meadows, common, U. S. and Can. Stem 6f high. Leaves thin and soft, 9 12' (including the 1' petiole) by 3 4'. Corymb lax, pale pur- ple, varying to whitish. Aug. Sept. /?. album. Barratt. (E. trifoliatum. Darl.} Fls. dull white ; Ivs. 5 in a whorl, large and distant. It occurs also with 4 leaves in a whorl a tall variety, upper leaves subfalcate ; also with 3 leaves in a whorl tall and slender. 4. E. TERNIFOLIUM. ELI. (in part.) St. solid, somewhat hispid and glandular, greenish, with purple dots and lines ; Ivs. mostly 3 in a whorl, the upper and last whorls smooth and finely ser- rate. 0. vesiculosum. Barratt. St. striate, purplish, solid, 2 3f high. Abundant in meadows and pastures. A handsome variety, with a profusion of purple flowers in a large, spreading corymb. The leaves present a vesicular appear- ance in a remarkable degree on their upper surface. * * Leaves opposite. Heads 3 5-flowered. 5. E. HYSSOPIFOLIUM. Narrow-leaved Eupatorium. Lvs. opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceo-/ t This section according to Dr. Barratt. See preface. EUPATORIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 315 late, tripli- veined, punctate, lower ones subserrate, upper ones entire. A more delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, Mass. ! to La. Stem about 2f high, branching, with numerous narrow leaves, which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. Heads S-flowered. Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flowers. Aug. Sept. G. E. LEUCOLEPIS. T. & G. (E. glaucescens. /?. leucolepis. DC. E. linearifolium. MX.) St. mostly simple ; Ivs. lanceolate or linear, obtuse, slosely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli- veined ; corymb fastigiate, :;anescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 10, scarious at the summit, as long as the flowers. Sandy fields, N. J. U> La. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves 1 J 2j by J f ', -glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stem, upper ones linear and en- tire. Corolla dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug. Oct. 7. E. ALTISSIMUM. (Kuhnia glutinosa. DC.} Goldenrod Eupatorium. St. pubescent-tomentose, tall, corymbose at the summit; ITS. lanceolate, acutely serrate above the middle, pubescence tapering to each end, subsessile, conspicuously 3- veined; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 12, obtuse, pubescent. Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and Western States, Plummer! Stem round, Btriate, 3 7f high. Leaves 3 4' by f, much resembling those of Solidago Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb compound, con- sisting of many simple, subcapitate ones. Corollas whitish, nearly twice as long as the scales. Sept. Oct. 8. E. ALBUM. (E. glandulosum. Miehx.} ^Vhitc-fimcered Eupatorium. St. pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, scabrous or pubescent, acute, obscurely 3- veined ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. 5-flowered ; scales 8 14, lance-linear, setaceously acuminate, scarious on the margin, and much longer than the flowers ; ach. glandular. Sandy fields, Penn. to La. Stem about 2f high, numerously divided above. Leaves 2 3' by | 1', upper ones entire and alternate. Involucre concealing the flowers, and with them copious- ly sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug. Oct. 9. E. TEUCRIFOLIUM. Willd. (E. verbenaefolium. MX. E. pubescens. Pers.} Hairy Eupatorium. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate or entire ; st. panicu- late, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above. Mass. ! to La. Plant hairy, 2 3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers. The upper leaves are often entire. Involucre 5;flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug. 10. E. SESSILIPOLIUM. Sessile-leaved Eupatorium. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, very smooth, serrate ; st. smooth. Plant 2 4f high, in rocky woods, Mass, to la. ! and Ga. Stem slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat trun- cate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower-stalks downy. Heads 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Sept. 11. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Willd. Hcarhound. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veinea and vcinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; hds. about 5-flowered, inner scales acuminate, as long as the flowers. A slender species, in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. Stem 2 3f high, roughish. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, mostly obtuse. Heads fastigiate-corymbose. Involucre very pubescent, outer scales shorter than the inner. Flowers white. Pappus longer than corolla. Styles much exserted. Aug. Sept. 12. E. PUBESCENS. Muhl. (E. ovatum. Bw.~) Hairy Eupatorium. iS^. hirsute; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough, pubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered. A large, rough plant, 3 Ifhigh, growing in dry grounds, N. H. ! to Penn. Distinguished by its opposite, broadly ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about 12 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest. Aug 27* 316 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CONOCLINIUM. * * * Leaves opposite. Heads 8 2Q-flov:cred. 13. E. PERFOLIATUM. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Lvs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent. A common, well known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can. Abundant. Stem 1 5f high, round, rough and hairy. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right angles to it; they are rough, rugose, serrate, tapering to a long point, and both combined, are 814' in length. Heads about 12-flowered, clustered in large, terminal corymbs. Corollas white. Aug. The plant is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic. 14. E. RESINOSUM. Torr. St. minutely tomentose ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, tapering to a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly glandular both Leaves 3 6' by 3 6". Aug. Sept. This singular species appears to be nearly confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first found by Dr. Torrcy. 15. E. AGERATolDEs. Nettle-kaved Eupatorium. St. smooth, somewhat branched ; Ivs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, dentate, 3- veined, nearly smooth ; corymbs compound ; invol. simple, smooth. Rocky hills and woods, Can. and U. S. Stem round, 2 41 high, and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Leaves large, 36' long, 2 4' broad at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1 2' long. Heads numerous, in small clus- ters, constituting a compound corymb. Involucre scales mostly in a row, con- taining 12 or more flowers of a. pure white. Aug. Sept. 16. E. AROMATICUM. Aromatic Eupatorium. St. rough, pubescent, corymbose at summit; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, sub- cordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish ; invol. simple, pubescent. A handsome species, in low woods, Mass, to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Leaves 2 4' long, as wide, on petioles less than an inch long. Heads of the flowers large, 10 15-flowered, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug. Sept. 17. E. SEROTINUM. Michx. St. pubern nt, diffusely branched ; ITS. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, sharp- ly serrate, tripi ^ined, nearly glabrous ; corymbs compound ; hds. 12 15- flowered; scales ij 12, scarious-edged, very pubescent. 111. Mead, to Ga. Stem 4 Gf high, somewhat paniculate above. Leaves 4 G' by f !', upper ones nearly entire, and somewhat scattered, lower ones opposite, with large, irregular serratures. Sept. Oct. 5. MIKANIA. Willd. In honor of Professor Mikan, of Prague. Flowers all tubular ; involucre 4 6-leaved, 4 6-flowered ; recep- tacle naked ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ; anthers partly ex- aerted ; achenia angled. Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opposite. M. SCANDENS. Willd. Climbing Boneset. St. smooth ; ITS. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, rather unequal ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. A climbing plant of wet thickets, Mass. ! to Ga., rather rare. Every part smooth. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2', on petioles 1 2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of whitish, or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. 6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. Gr. KUvoS) cone, K\ivrj, bed or receptacle. Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium. r *L Herbaceous or suffrulicose. Lvs. opposite, serrate. Fls. blue, or purple, in crowded corymbs. LIATRIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 317 C. cosLKSTlNUM. DC. (Coelestina coerulea. Spreng. Eupatorium celes- tinum. Linn.'j -Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much branched; hs. deltoid- yvrate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate-. serrate, veiny ; petioles slender, about half as long as the lamina ; corymbs nu- merous, subumbellate ; scales numerous, setaceous. Hedges, thickets, roadsides, &c., Penn. and S. and W. States! ^ Stem 1 2jf high, terete, with opposite branches. Leaves 1 2J' long, as "wide. Flowers 2050 in a head, of a light or sky-blue, reddish in fading. Aug. Sept. 7. LIATRIS. Gr. Xc, an emphatic prefix; arpus, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary. Flowers all tubular ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus plumose, copious ; achenia obconic, 10-striate; styles much exserted. % herbs or shrubs. Root tuberous. St. simple. Lvs alternate. FLs. cyanic. * Heads 16 &Q~flowered. 1. L. SCUTARROSA. Willd. Blazing Star. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base ; roc. flexuous, leafy ; hds. lew, sessile or nearly so ; invol. ovate-cylindric ; scales large, squarrose-spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, scarcely colored ; fls. numerous j pappus plumose. A splendid plant, native (in N. Y. according to Prof. Eaton) Penn. to Flor. and W. States ! Stem 2 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Heads 5 20, with brilliant purple flowers. Aug. f 2. L. CYLINDRACEA. Michx. St. low, slender and very leafy, smooth or somewhat hirsute ; Ivs. rigid, linear, mostly 1-veined; Ms. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15 20- flowered ; scales short, close, rounded or obtuse and abruptly mucronate at apex. Prairies and barrens, Mich, to Mo. Stem f 18' high. Leaves 2 5' by 2 1". Heads 1' long, rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Flowers bright purple. 3. L. SCARIOSA. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller; hds. remotely racemed; invol. globose-hemispherical ; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish ; Jls. numerous ; pappus scabrous. A beautiful plant, 4 5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Mass. (Richard f\ to 111. ! and La. Stem rather stout, whitish above. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3 9' long, upper 1 3' by 1 3", rough-edged. Heads 5 20, 1' diam., in a long raceme, each 20 40-flowered. Corolla purple. Aug. f * * Heads 5 15-flowercd. 4. L. GRAMINIFOLIA. Willd. Torr. & Gray. Grafs-leaved Liatris. Glabrous or with scattered hairs ; si. slender and simple ; Ivs. linear, 1- veined; Ms. 7 12-flowered, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; involucre acute at base ; scales many, obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; ach. hairy. N. J. to Ala. 0. 1 dubia. (L. pilosa. /?. dubia. Ph. L. dubia. Bart.) Inflorescence scmetimes compound below, or partly paniculate. Pine barrens, N. J. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves 3 6' by 2 1". Heads rather small. Sept. Oct. 5. L. SPICATA. Willd. Slender-spiked Liatris. Lrs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed a f base; Ms. in a long, terminal spike, nearly sessile; Ifts. of the invol. oblong, obtuse ; fls. about 8 ; pappus scabrous-plumose. Native from N. J. and Mich. ! to Flor. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. Stem 2 5f high. Heads numerous, with bright purple flowers. Aug. f /?. rcsinosa. T. & G. (L. resinosa. Nidi.) Plant smaller; hds. about 5- flowered. 6. L. PYCNOSTACHYA. Michx. Thick-spiked Liatris. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy ; Ivs. rigid, ascending, straight. 318 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER, lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear ; spike dense and thick, long and bracted below ; hds. numerous, cylindrical, sessile, 5-flowered ; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrose tips* Prairies, 111. ! to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata chiefly by its acute, squarrose scales and few-flowered heads. Stern 3 5f high. Spikes cylindrical, 10 20' long. 0. T. & G. (L. brachystachya. Nuti.} St. and invol. nearly glabrous. Section 2. Heads radiate. 8. TUSSILAGO. Altered from the Lat. tussis, cough ; considered a good expectorant. Heads many-flowered ; flowers of the ray 9 > those of the disk cT ; involucre simple ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. TJ. Lvs. radi- cal. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. T. FARFARA. CoWs-foot. A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a cer- tain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head, in March and April, long before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5 8' by 3 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton- like down beneath, and on downy petioles. 1 9. NARDOSMIA. Cass. Gr. vapSos, spikenard, oo-jU>7, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered, somewhat 9 cT; flowers of the ray 9 5 of the disk $ , but abortive in the sterile plant ; involucre simple ; recep tacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. ^ Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of tJie sterile /leads are in a single, row ; of the fertile heads in several, but very narrow. N. PALMATA. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.} Scape with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb ; Ivs. roundish-cordate, 5 7-lobed, tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt., Bobbins. Sunderland, Mass., Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 2f high. The heads are fragrant, nume- rous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. TRIBE 3. ASTEROIDEJ3. Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic. 10. ASTER. Gr. affrrjp, a star ; from the radiated flowers. Involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading ; disk flowers tubular, 5 ; ray flowers 9 > in one row, generally few (6 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ; achenium usually compressed. A large genus of % herbs, very abundant in the V. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. Alternate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple or white, never yelloio. Scales imbricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6 15. Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. BIOTIA. DC. 1. A. CORYMBOSUS. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.} Corymbed Aster. St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth ; branches hairy ; Ivs. ovate, acutely se? ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 319 rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invol. oblong, imbricate with closely oppressed, obtuse scales. Common in dry woods, N. and Mid. States. Stem 21' high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serra- tures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, Hat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug. 2. A. MACROPHYLLUS. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Cass.) Large-leaved .Aster. St. branched, diffuse ; Ivs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat winged ; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales. Distin- guished for its very large root leaves which are 610' by 3 5'. Grows in woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1 2f high. Leaves nearly smooth. Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept. Scales imbricated, with spreading, green tips. Rays 12 30. Pap- pus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large, corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. CALLI- ASTRUM. T. & G. 3. A. RADULA. Ait. JRasp--leaved Aster. St. erect, simple below, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough ; invol. imbricate, scales appressed, with small, spreading green tips. Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn. ! Not common. Height 1 3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem. Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are some- times ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept. 4. A. SPECTABILIS. Ait. Showy Aster. St. erect ; Ivs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ; Ms. hemispherical, with nu- merous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales. A low Aster of pine barrens, Mass. ! to Ky. Stem straight, 1 2f high, branching above into a nearly simple co- rymb of 10 15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. Sept. Nov. 5. A. GRACILIS. Nutt. Slender Aster. ' St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, in- slender. Leaves 1 2' long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatu- late. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the involucre. Sept. $ Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft, none of them thickened upwards. Achejda compressed. ASTER proper. * Lower leaves car date, petiolate. Heads paniculate. 6. A. CORDIFOLIUS. Heart-leaved Aster. St. paniculate, smoothish; lower Ivs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply sei- rate, acuminate, petiolate ; petioles winged ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips. Common in rocky woods, N. and W. States. Stem smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high, with a handsome panicle ol racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. Rays 1015, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or mi- nute bracts. Sept. 7. A. SAGITTIFOLIUS. Arrow-leaved Aster. St. with racemose branches above, smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, 320 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. serrate, petiolate ; invol. scales loose, lanceolate. Low woods, N. and W. States and Can. Stem 2 4f high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 8. A. UNDULATUS. Wave-leaf Aster. St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong- cordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles. Native of dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lower leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming nar- row-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, forming a loose panicle of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. 9. A. AZUREUS. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddell.} Scabrous ; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid ; Ivs. lance-ovate, cor- date, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate ; hds. broadly obconic ; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. Woods and prairies, Western States. Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous floral ones of the slender branches. Racemes rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue. 10. A. SHORTII. Hook. Short's Aster. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above; Ivs. *ance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile and obtuse at base ; hds. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather numerous ; invol. broad-campanulate ; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter than the disk flowers. A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of streams, Ohio ! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2 4f high. Lower leaves about 5' by 1J', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they are minute. Rays violet blue. * * Lower leaves never cordate. C.auline leaves clasping and cordate or auriculale at base. 11. A. PATENS. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.} Spreading Aster. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent ; panicle loose, few- flowered ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous. Grows in moist grounds, Northern States. Stem 2 3f high, slender, branching above into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (3 G' long) on the stem, becom- ing small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, with 20 30 violet-colored rays. Aug. Nov. 12. A. LJEVIS. (A. mutabilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. MuhlJ) Smooth Aster. Very smooth ; st. angular ; branches simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- caul, remote, oblong, entire, shining, radical ones subserrate ; invol. closely imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the apex. A very smooth and beautiful species, 2 3f high, growing in low grounds. Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves rather fleshy, broadest at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large and showy, with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept. Nov. #. kvigatus. (A. laevigatus. Willd.) Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate. y. cyaneus.- (A. cyaneus. PA.) St. and Ivs. conspicuously glaucous. These are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beauti- ful of all the asters. 13. A. CONCINNUS. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster. Si. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate and lance- linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire; wuol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip. Woods, Northern States ! A slender species, 1 2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and re- mote. Leaves 3 5' long, acuminate, varying from J 1' in width, smooth ex- ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 321 cept the mid-vein beneath ; branch leaves few and much smaller. Heads mid- dle-size, with 10 15 bluish purple rays. Sept. Nov. 14. A. PUNICEUS. Red-stalked Aster. St. hispid, paniculate ; Irs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at case, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above ; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed. A large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. States and Can. Stem 4 Gf high, generally red, (at least on the south side), furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and showy. Rays 50 80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug. Oct. 15. A. FRENANTHolDES. Muhl. P renaiithes-like Aster. St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbose-paniculate ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long winged .petiole which is au- riculate at the insertion ; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, green- tipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y. to Ky. Stem 2 3f high, with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays showy, pale blue. Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, which is dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves smaller, nearly entire. Sept. Nov. 16. A. AMETHYSTlNUS. Nutt. Amethystine Aster. Hirsute ; st. racemose-paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base.; invol. of equal scales. Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays. Aug. Oct. 17. A. NOV.E ANGLIJE. New England Aster. Fls. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate ; st. hispid, paniculate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales of involucre equal, lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk. A large and beautiful aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States ! than in N. Eng. ! Stem 4 6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numer- ous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, in a kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75 100). Sept. f * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate. t Scales not spreading. '" ". 18. A. TRADESCANTI. Tradescanl's Aster. Branches virgate, paniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile smooth ; invol. closely imbricate ; st. round, slender, smooth.* A fine species with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass, to La. Stem rigid, brownish about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small, numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug. Oct. p.fragilis. T. & G. (A. fragilis. Willd.} Cauline leaves serrulate or entire, short ; heads much scattered on the branches. 19. A. MISER. Ait. T. & G. (A. miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. Alt.} Starved Aster. St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent ; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle ; invol. imbricated with acute scales; rays short. A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, U. S. and Can. ' In height it varies from 6 to 30', and in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1 5' in length. Heads usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays. 0. diffusus. Branches spreading, diffuse ; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; hds. often sessile, forming short, crowded spikes or long virgate ones. y. hirsuticaulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaul.is. Lindl.) St. hirsute; Ivs. Icng 322 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. and narrow, midvein hirsute ; hds. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense bunches ; scales linear. 20. A. SIMPLEX. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.) Willow-leaved Aster. Glabrous ; st. racemose-paniculate above ; ITS. lanceolate, acuminate, en* tire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate; scales loosely imbricated, linear- subulate. Another variable species in low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 1 5f high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 24' by 5 10", very smooth both sides, tapering to a slender point ; those of the branches and branchlets propor- tionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept. P. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent ; hds. above the middle size, with blue rays. Stem 4 6f high. y. humilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads; rays pale blue. Stem 1 2f high. d. recurvatus. Diffuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches ; hds. loosely racemed ; rays bluish- white. Western ! 21. A. TENUIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Aster. St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; Ivs linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle ; invol. scales lax, acute. Grows in moist fields, Can. to Va. Stem leaves 2 4' long, those of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (20 30\ long, pale purple rays. Sept. 22. A. GREENEI. Torr. & Gray. Greene's Aster. St. glabrous, racemosely branched ; IKS. glabrous, subclasping, remotely appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, nu- merous, ovate-lanceolate; hds. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles. Near Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3 5' long, ramial leaves much smaller. 23. A. NOVI-BELGII. New York Aster. Glabrous ; st. terete, stout, often glaucous ; Ivs. rather rigid, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping ; hds. racemose or corymbose ; scales rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips ; rays numerous. A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not common. Stem 2 if high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches. Leaves 4 6' long, tapering to each end, rough-edged, upper ones much smaller. Heads rather large. Rays pale blue, expanding 9 12". Aug. Oct. 1 1 Scales spreading or squarrose at tip. 24. A. LAXUS. Loose-stalked Aster. St. loosely corymbose-panicled above ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches much spreading ; invol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2 3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct. 25. A. LAXIFOLIUS. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster. St. scabrous ; roc. compound ; branches racemose at the summit or slightly compound ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronately serrulate, attenuate at each end, clasping at base, scabrous above ; scales squarrose. Y. Ifetiflorus. T. & G. St. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches; Ivs. rather rigid and very scabrous ; rac. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless. Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey fy Gray as a very graceful plant of considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy, pale purple rays. 26. A. LONGIFOLICJS. Lam. (A. loevigatus. Ph.) Long-kaved Aster. Glabrous ; st. very branching, branches many-flowered ; Ivs. subamplexi- caul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol^ scales lax, lanceolate, nearly equaling the disk. Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3f high. Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 46' long. (leads numerous, showy, with 25^30 light blue rays. Nov. ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 323 * * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin entire or subentire. t Scales erect. 27. A. SERTCEUS. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.} Silk-leaved Aster. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched above ; Ivs. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent pubes- cence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile ; hds. large, mostly solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets; scales lanceolate, silky-canes- cent like the leaves, spreading at tip. A singularly elegant Aster, with shin- ing, silvery foliage, prairies ! and river banks ! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem 1 2f high. Lower leaves 2 3' by If, the upper much smaller. Rays deep violet-blue. Aug. Oct. f 28. A. CONCOLOR. Om-colored Aster. - St. subsimple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, gray- ish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acumi- nate ; roc. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated ; scales lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed. Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. A slender and virgate plant, 1 3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous. Leaves !' by ', reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue rays and a rust-colored pappus. 29. A. TURBINELLUS. Lindl. Smooth or slightly scabrous ; branches and branchlets very slender ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of thp branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate ; invol. turbinate, acute at base, as long as the disk flowers ; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse with short green tips. Woods and river bottoms, 111. Mead, Mo., &c. to La. Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lowei leaves 3 5' by f !', the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and brownish pappus. Sept. 30. A. DUMOSUS. Bushy Aster. Nearly smooth ; branches racemose-panicled ; Ivs. numerous, smooth, li- near, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short ; invol. cyl indrical, closely imbricate. About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of wood? U. S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute. Heads mid- dle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays, duite varia- ble. Sept. p. foliosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.} St. racemose-compound ; Ivs. acute, often ser- rulate ; scales narrower, subacute. y. strictior. (A. fragilis. Lindl.} Somewhat paniculate ; branch leaves rather numerous and appressed. 3t. A. CARNEUS. Flesh-colored Aster. Smooth ; st. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches ; Ivs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a ses- sile base, the upper amplexicaul ; scales acute, much shorter than the disk. A handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont !) N. H., W. to la. Rare. Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3 5' by ', branch leaves much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with 20 30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct. 32. A. GRAMINIFOLIUS. Ph. G-rof.s-kaved Aster. Subpubescent ; st. slender, branched above ; lower Ivs. very numerous, nar- row-linear; ped. slender, 1-flowered; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely im- bricated. N. H. Eddy. High cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Vt. ! Branches simple, leafy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 15 25, much longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. 1 1 Outer scales spreading or squarrose. 33. A. ERicolDES. Heath-like Aster. Nearly or quite smooth ; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate ; Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, very smooth, those of the branches subulate and ap- 324 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. proximate; short, of the stem long, of the root oblong-spatulate; invol. some- what squarrose. Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1 3f high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the cauline ones 3' in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept. 34. A. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered Aster. Hairy or pubescent ; st. diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, entire, sessile, pu- bescent, margins subciliate ; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate, with oblong, ciliate scales. A very branching, diffuse species, with very nu- merous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with abo'ut 12 white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1 2f high. Leaves 1 2' long, obtuse, very narrow. Rx>cks and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept. 35. A. PR.KALTUS. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.} Willow-leaved Aster. St. corymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above ; Ivs. lanceolate, close- ly sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin, subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base ; invol. loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped, linear scales. Common in moist woods and by streams (N. H. toWis. Laphaml), varying from 2 to 3f in height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of large and showy blue flowers. Aug. Oct. 36. A. ELODES. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster. Glabrous and very smooth; branches corymbose-paniculate; Ivs. linear- lanceolate, entire, shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; invol. closely imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales. In swamps, Mass, to Va. Stem 1 2f high, with very smooth foliage and large, showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept. 37. A. OBLONGIFOLIUS. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nutt.} Oblong-leaved Aster. St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy ; branches spreading, with loose and irregular branchlets ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasp, ing, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on the branches and branchlets ; has. solitary, terminal on the slender branchlets ; involucre scales nearly equal, green, spreading. Prairies, &c. Western States! Plant 1 2f high, often glandular- viscid. Cauline leaves 1220" by 35" ; those of the branches 6" by 2", of the branchlets 3" by "> indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pap- pus brownish. Sept. Oct. Scales imbricated, scarious on the. margins^ destitute of green tips. 38. A. ACUMINATUS. Michx. Acuminate Wood Aster. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above ; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate ; invol. scales lax, linear. Mountains and woods, Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, few- flowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white .rays. Aug. 39. A. NEMORALIS. Ait. (A. Isedifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. MX.} Wood Aster. Branches corymbed or 0; ped. 1-flowor-id, nearly naked, filiform; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, re volute-margined, roughish ; scales of the involucre very acute, loose, shorter than the disk ; rays about 20. A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H. Starrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 1020' high. Leaves numerous, 10 18" by 2 4", rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple axis. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. 40. A. FTARMicolDEs. T. & G. (Heliastrum album. DC. Chrysopsis alba. Nutt.} St. corymbose-fastigiate above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole ; rays short. A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams and lakes, Vt. Robbing to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing DIPLOPAPPUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 325 a spreading panicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished with snow-white rays. July Sept. 41. A. FLEXUOSTJS. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. PA.) Few-flowered Aster. St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth ; Irs. long and succulent, the lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flow- ered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. The whole plant very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug. Oct. 42. A. LINIFOLIDS. (A. subulatus. Michx.) Sea Aster. St. paniculate, much branched from the base ; Ivs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate ; invoL cylindric with subulate scales ; radical Ms. mi- nil te. An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass, to Car. Stem 12 18' high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very Branching, with numerous short-rayed, small, purple flowers. Aug. 11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. Gr. aijptKOS, silken, KO^TTOJ, fruit; from the character of the genus. Heads few-flowered; ray-flowers 4 6,9; disk-fls. 6 10, $; in- volucre oblong, imbricated ; scales appressed, with green, spreading tips ; receptacle alveolate ; achenium obconic, very silky ; pappus simple. ^i- Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays ivhite. 1. S. SOLIDAGINEUS. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michx.) Smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3- veined, rough on the margin ; corymb fastigiate ; hds. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayed ; scales obtuse, white, with green tips. In woods, Can. to La. Not common. Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 2' by 3 5". Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous gr.een tips. Rays long, white. Jl. Aug. 2. S. coNYzolDEs. Nees. (Aster. Willd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.') St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones ses- sile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; invol. cylindri- cal, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly^reflexed at summit; rays 5, short. Common in woods and thickets, Mass, to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 1 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. 12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Gr. JiTrAooj, double, namros, pappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 9; disk-fls. $; involucre imbricate ; receptacle flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior very short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium compressed. % Lvs. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yelloio. 1. D. LINARIIFOLIUS. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.} St. straight, roughish ; branches 1 -flowered, fastigiate ; scales of invol. im- bricate, carinate, as long as the disk; lis. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved. A handsome species' in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple^ purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly up- right or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy, violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. 2. D. UMBELLATUS. Hook. (A. amygdalinus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.) St. smooth, straight, simple ; corymb fastigiate ; Ivs. long, lanceolate, smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin ; invol. scales obtusely lanceolate. A tall, handsome plant, growing in low grounds, river banks and fields. N. Eng. to La. Stem 3 4f high (in dry fields but 12). 326 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ERIGERON. purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped, compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 4 6' in length, those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug. _Sept. /?. amygdalinus. Si. roughish above/green ; branches of the corymb divaricate Ivs. broa'der. Gluite different in aspect from variety a. Common. 3. D. CORNIFOLIUS. Less. (Aster cornifolius. Mufti.) SI. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered'. Ivs. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs', rough-edged ; invok scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods, N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1 2f high. Leaves acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large ; outer scales ver) short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug. 13. ERIGERON. Gr. tjp, tht spring, yepwv, an old man ; because it is hoary early in the season. Heads many-flowered, subhemispherical ; ray-flowers $ very nu- merous (40 200), narrow, linear ; flowers of the disk $ ; receptacle flat, naked ; involucre nearly in 1 row ; pappus generally simple. Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays cyanic. Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly l\.. 1. E. BRLLIDIFOLIUM. Muhl. (E. pulchellum. MX.) Robin's Plantain. Hirsute ; radical Ivs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate ; stem Ivs. remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping; hds. 3 7, in a close, terminal corymb; rays nearly twice longer than the involucre, Hnear-spatulate. Dry fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoliniierous, 1 2f high. Leaves 23' by 69", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60 100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in May and June. Resembles the following. 2. E. PHILADELPHICUM. (jE. piirpureum. Ait.) Narrow-rayed Robin's PL Pubescent or hirsute ; Ztw/thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper ob- long-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) base, subserrate ; hds. few, on long, slender peduncles ; rays very numerous, filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre. Woods and pastures throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 4' by 6 9", lower much attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays 150 200 ! reddish-purple or flesh- colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. Aug. (3. 1 Ricardi. Cauline Ivs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Rickard ! y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves. 3. E. HETEROPHYLI-UM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.) Common Fleabane. White-weed. St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching; Ivs. hirsute, coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numer- ous and narrow. A common weed, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick, 2 4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, co- rymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. June. Aug. *>-^'* 4. E. STRIGOSUM. Fleabane. White-weed. Daisy. Hairy and strigose ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3- veined and petiolate ; panicle co- rymbose ; pappus double. A rough weed in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem a'bout 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white. June Oct. 0. (E. integerrifolium. Bw.) St. simple, smooth ; Ivs. entire, pubescent ; fls. corymbed. Rays 100 150. Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants or . 5. E. DIVARICATUM. Michx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and subulate; hds. DAHLIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 327 very small, loosely corymbose ; rays minute. Dry soil, Western States ! S. to La. Plant of a greyish or .bluish aspect, 3 6' high, but at length spreading 1 2f. Leaves 4 12" by 1". Rays purplish. June Aug. 6. E. CANADENSE. Canadian or Common Fleabane. Invol. oblong ; rays numerous, (4050), crowded, minute ; pappus simple j st. hairy, paniculate ; h-s. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate. A very common an- nual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N. Am. Sten } 9f ! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, ir- regularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the son. Aug. Nov. 14. CALLISTfiPHUS. Cass. Gr. KaXXos, beautiful, arenas, a crown; characteristic of the pappus. Ray-flowers 9 , numerous ; disk-flowers $ ; involucre hemispheri- cal ; receptacle subconvex ; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setae united into a crown ; in- ner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous setae. Exotics. Lvs. alternate. C. CHINENSIS. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.} China Aster. St. hispid; brandies divergent, 1-flowered ; Ivs. ovate, coarsely dentate,, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. Said to be originally from China. Stem about 18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July Sept. Cultivation has produced many beau- tiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays, f 15. BELLIS. Lat. bcllus, pretty ; a term quite appropriate to the genus. Heads many-flowered ; rays 9 ; disk $ ; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales ; receptacle subalveolate, conical ; pappus 0. Low herbs, either (D and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Has. solitary. B. PERENNIS. Garden Daisy. Root creeping ; scape naked, single-flowered ; Ivs. obovate, crenate. 7J. Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the differ- ent, varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 16. DAHLIA. In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus. Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus 0. "4 Splendid Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 1. D. VARIABILIS. Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.) St. green; rachis of ike- Irs. winged; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer invol. reflexed; *m fls. 9, sterile or fertile. These superb and fashionable plants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse andrough- ish leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con- ceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from July until arrested by frost. 2. D. COCCINEA. Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.) St. frosty, or hoary, hollow; Its. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading; rays neuter. -Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron- color or yellow, never purple or white. The Dahlias are generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, free from frost. 28* 328 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAQO. 17. BOLT ONI A. In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of" Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788. Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 9 in a single series, those of the disk tubular. 5 ; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged ; pappus of minute setae, 2 ( 4) of them usually lengthened into awns. '4 Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds. Itwsely corymbose. Rays purplish-white. 1. E. GLASTIFOLIA. L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower ones sometimes serrate ; hds. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted corymb; branches leafy; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with 2 awns nearly its own length. Prairies and banks of streams, 111. Jcnneyl Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3 Gf high. Stem leaves 2 4' by } f ; branch leaves of the same form but smaller. Rays about 30, expanding 9". Jl. Aug. 2. B. ASTERolDES. L'Her. (B. diffusa. Ell 7 ' Chrysanthemum Caroli- nianum. Wall.') Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, nar- rowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute ; Ms. on long pedun- cles, in a diffuse and loosely paniculate corymb; branches and branchlets very slender and nearly naked; ach. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned. Prairies, &c. la.! II!. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3 7f high. Leaves 2 5' or 6' by i ', reduced upwards to setaceous bracts 1 2" in length. Heads terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 7". Aug. Sept. Section. 2. Heads radiate* Rays yellow. 18. SOLI DA GO. Lat. solidari, to unite ; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. Flowers of the ray about 5, 9 > remote, of the disk ; involucre ob- long, imbricate, with appressed scales ; receptacle punctate, narrow ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. n 4 Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, with 1 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. LANCEOLATA. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. St. angular, hairy, much branched; Irs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3- veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymbs terminal, fasti- giate. In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Distinguished from most other species by its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2 if high, with numerous, very long and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smallej ones often fascicled in the axils. Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. In- volucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 2. S. TENUIFOLIA. Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; Ivs. linear, spread- ing, obscurely 3-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy; corymb ter- minal, consisting of clustered heads ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. ! to La. AlsoWis. Dr. Lapham! A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness oif the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate with resinous dots. Aug. Oct. 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate. 3. S. RIGIDA. Hard-leaved Goldenrod. St. stout, rough and hairy ; Irs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs SOLIDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 329 those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate ; flowering branches paniculate, with close, short racemes; rays elongated; involucre scales obi use. A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. Abundant in the western prairies ! Stem 3 5f high, round, striate, with rigid leaves, of which the radical onqs are sometimes near a foot long. Heads larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7 9, about 3" by 1", deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 4. S. OHIENSIS. Riddell. Glabrous ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, upper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire ; Ms. numerous, 15 20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb. Mead ows and prairies, western N, Y. to la. ! A perfectly smooth species, 2 3f high Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6 8' by 1 ii' ? on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept. Oct. 5. S. RIDDELLII. Frank. (S. Mexicana. /?. Hook.) Ridd^'s Solidago. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched ; radical Ivs. very long, lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire ; branches leafy ; hds. 20 24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb. Wei prairies Ohio ! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. A well marked species, 15 30' high. Radical leaves 1218' long, almost grass-like, cauline 36' by ', with a strong mid-vein, and generally much recurved. Rays small, 6 9. Sept. 3. Heads in glomerate, axillary clusters. 6. S. SQUARROSA. Muhl. Ragged Goldenrod. St. stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, lower ones very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, high- est, entire ; roc. glomerate, rigid and pubescent ; scales squarrose with spread- ing green tips; hds. many-flowered ; rays 10 12, elongated. A handsome spe- cies, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 3 5f high. Heads very large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or ra- cemes. Sept. 7. S. OSESIA. Ait. (S. axillaris. Ph.) Blue-stemmed Goldenrod. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous ; Ivs. smooth, linear- lanceolate, lower ones serrate ; roc. axillary, erect. A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 3f high, of a bluish-purple color, terete and slender, somewhat flexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axilla- ry, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5 7, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. /?. flexicaulis. (S. flexicaulis. Ph. not of Linn.) St. flexuous, angular; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes. Leaves about 2' by '. Rays pale yellow. 8. S. LATIPOLIA. Muhl.' (S. macrophylla. Bw. S. flexicaulis. /?. Ph.) St. somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth ; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, smooth ; petioles marginal ; roc. axillary and ter- minal. A singular and very distinct species, common in dry woods and by rocky streams, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth about 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 2 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serra- tures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one. Heads few. Sept. 9. S. BICOLOR. (Aster bicolor. Nees.) Two-colored Goldenrod. Hairy ; st. simple ; Ivs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones ser- rate, short-stalked; roc. short, dense, leafy, erect; invol. scales obtuse. In 330 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAOO. forming a long, terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellow- ish-white, obscure. July. Aug. /?. concolor. T. & G. (S. hirsuta. Nutt.') Flowers all yellow. Penn. 4. Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes, not secund. 10. S. PUBERULA. Nutt. Plant puberulent; si. simple, terete; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, attenuated at each end, radical ones subserrate ; roc. spicate, axillary, erect and condensed , pe d. pubescent ; invol. scales linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays about 10, elongated. Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, purplish, 2 3f high, ter- minating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Leaves very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. 11. S. STRICTA. Ait. Upright Goldenrod. Smooth; st. strict, erect, simple; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, very entire, rough- edged, radical ones serrate, very long ; rac. paniculate, erect ; ped. smooth. In wet woods, Northern States. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about 2f high. Leaves 2 4 8' by | 1', lower attenuated at base into a long, winged petiole. Panicle terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed racemes. Heads 12 18-flowered. Aug. 12. S. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. St. smooth, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin, thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad ; rac. erect, numerous, forming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the involucre, pu- bescent ; rays large, 6 8. Woods, Mass. ! to Ohio and Ga. A very tall, showy species, sometimes 6f high. Stem stout, often purple, furrowed. Leaves ample, some of them & by 3'. Heads exceedingly numerous, with conspicu- ous rays of a rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug. Oct. /?. angustata. T. & G. (S. erecta. DC.) Panicle slender, spicate. N. J. 13. S. THYRSOIDEA. Meyer. (S. virgaurea. Bio.) Thyrsoid Goldenrod. St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above ; Ivs. smooth, ovate, sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones subses- sile, lanceolate ; rac. mostly simple, short ; Ms. large, with conspicuous rays. A very fine goldenrod in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Fran- conia Notch, N. H. ! ' Also " on the sides of Killington Peak and Mansfield Mt., Vt." Bobbins. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower, ovate leaves, and for the large, deep yellow heads which exceed in size those of most other species. Stem 1 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usu- ally in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. 14. S. VIRGAUREA. European Goldenrod. St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top; stem Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, lower ones oval, attenuated at both ends ; rac. erect, ray elongated, flowers large. This is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varie- ties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts. ! scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only, but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden-yellow. Stem often purple, 2 3' high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug. 15. S. HUMILIS. Ph. Low or Humble Aster. Glabrous ; si. simple, erect ; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse and crenate-serrate at apex, the cauline lanceolate, acute, the upper linear, en- tire; rac. simple or paniculate ; scales oblong ; rays short. On limestone rocks, at Winooski Falls, Colchester, also on the Winooski and Onion rivers, Vt. Robbins. Stem 6 12' high, somewhat glutinous. Raceme slender, strict. Leaves of the stem about 2' by 3 4", serrulate. Heads middle size, 6 8- rayed. Aug. Sept. /?. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense, slender, interrupted raceme. Near the Willey House ! White Mts. 5. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves evidently tripli-veined. 16. S. NEMORALIS. Field Aster. St. subtomentose ; cauline Ivs. oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire, SOLIDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 331 commonly with tufts of smaller ones in their axils, radical ones subcuneiform, serrate; roc. paniculate, secund; rays 5 7. A common, starved-looking spe- cies with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flow- ers. Height 1 2f. In dry, sterile fields and by roadsides, U. S. and Can Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many shor racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal, recurved one Often the stem divides into branches, each bearing a panicle. Sept. 17. S. CANADENSIS. Canadian Goldcnrod, St. downy; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-veined, rough; roc. paniculate, secund, recurved ; rays short. In old fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Com mon. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. Oct. /?. procera. T. & G. (S. procera. Ait.') St. villous; Ivs. rough, villous be- neath ; hds. larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4 7f high. Leaves distinctly 3-veined. 18. S. sEROTlNA. "Willd. Smooth Goldenrod. St. round, striate, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. secund, recurved, paniculate; ped. pubescent; hds. small, 15 20-flowered. A smooth species, in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 Gf high, very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Leaves 3 5 7' long, about as wide, smooth, margin scabrous, slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers nu- merous, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at summit. Rays about 8, small. Sept. Variable. 19. S. GIGANTEA. Ait. Gigantic Goldenrod. St. smooth, striate ; Irs. lanceolate, serrate, margin rough, scabrous above and on the margin and on the veins beneath ; rac. paniculate ; branches pubes- cent ; ped. and pedicels hairy. A large, showy species, in low. open grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem green, sometimes purplish, 4 7f high, often much branched above. Leaves 2 4 7' long, about ^ as wide, acuminate at each end, often with divergent teeth. He,ads about as large as in the last. Panicle often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug. Oct. 20. S. CILIARIS. Willd. St. angular, smooth ; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate and scabrous on the margin, smooth both sides, sub-3- veined ; rac. paniculate ; pedicels (elon- gated) smooth ; bracts (often) ciliate ; rays short. In the public lands about Ft. Niagara, N, Y. In these specimens the whole plant is smooth except the mar- gins of the leaves. Stem 2 3f high, striate. Leaves subcoriaceous, radical ones petiolate. Racemes thin, spreading. Aug. Sept. 21. S. MISSOURIENSIS. Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical oblanceolate, petiolate ; rac. small, in a dense, pyramidal or somewhat corym- bose panicle ; hds. small, 12 15-flowered, A delicate species, 1 2f high, in dry prairies, 111. and Mo. ! Leaves smooth and shining, lower 3 4' by 3 5", the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8. Jl. Aug. 6. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, all entire. 22. S. sEMPERVlRENs. (S. lasvigata. Ait.} Evergreen Goldenrod. St. smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire and sca- brous on the margin, closely sessile; rac. paniculate; pedicels scabrous-pubes- cent ; rays elongated. Marshes alon^ the coast, and river bants, within the influence of the water. Stem 3 6f high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about 8, long and narrow. Sept. 23. S. ODOR A. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. St. round, pubescent, slender ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, abrupt, and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-edged; rac. paniculate. In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and Can. 332 LXXV. COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO, Stem 2 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1 3' by 35'', with a strong, yel- lowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Racemes 2 3' long, spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small head? on tb,e upper side. Jl. Sept. The only species of solidago which has proper- ties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China. 7. Heads in secmid racemes. Leaves feather-veined, the lower serrate. 24. S. PATULA. Muhl. Spreading Goldenrod. St. smooth, angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate ; rac. paniculate, spreading- pedicels pubescent. In wet places, Can. N. anr 1 W. States, not common. Stem 2 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at top. Stem leaves 1 2' long, as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger, all perfectly smooth beneath, although quite rough backwards above. Racemes short, on the ends of the spreading branches, with large heads. Sept. 25. S. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Neglected Solidago. St. smooth; Ivs. rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and radical ones serrate ; rac. secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated, slender, suberect branches, which are somewhat leafy at base; ach. smooth. Grows in swamps, N. H. ! to la., rather rare. Stems 2 4f high, straight, round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches, forming an elongated panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-veined, often very scabrous on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 10 20-flowered. Scales obtuse. Aug. Sept. 26. S. ARGUTA. Ait. Sharp-notched Goldenrod. St. erect, straight, smooth; Ivs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, with diverging teeth, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac. paniculate, secund, dense; hds. middle size; rays about 10. In meadows and woods, U. S. (from lat. 38) N. to the Arc. Circle. A smooth plant 2 3f high, with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous heads. Racemes recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept. 0. juncea. (S. juncea. Ait.) Dvs. lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire ; st. brownish, striate ; rays twice as long as the involucre ; panicle less dense. 27. S. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. & Gray. (S. arguta. Muhl.) SL furrowed, glabrous ; hs. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply ser- rate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acumi- nate at each end; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading; pedicels pubescent; hds. 15 20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse. In damp woods and thickets, N. H. ! to Penn. Stem 2 3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, feather- veined. Heads middle size, with 6 8 rather large rays. Aug. Oct. 28. S. ALTISSIMA. (S. rugosa. Willd.) Tall Goldenrod. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled. A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are com- mon about the borders of fields, in hedges, TJ. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3 5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning up- wards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous heads; the leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug. Oct. 29. S. LiNolDEs. Solander. Smooth ; st. slender, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire ; hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreading racemes ; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed ; rays 1 4, CHRYSOPS.S. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 333 short. A small species, near Boston, Greene in N. Am. Fl., ii. 216. Stem 1220' high. Leaves 1 5' by 3 6" wide. Panicle small, usually turned to one side. Sept. Oct. 30. S. ULMIFOLIA. Muhl. Elm-leaved Solidago. St. glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. thin, elliptic-oyate, serrate, acumi- nate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath ; roc. .panicu- late, recurved-spreading ; ped. villous ; TOAJS 3 5, short. In woods and low grounds, Northern and Western States! A very distinct species, more resem- bling the elm in its slender, arched branches than in its leaves. Stem striate, about 31 high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical leaves tapering to winged petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones entire, middle ones about 3' by If. Rays deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 31. S. ELLIPTICA. Ait. St. erect, glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely ser- rate, glabrous, upper ones sessile, entire* racemes short, recurved, paniculate; hds. middle size, about 7-rayed; scales narrow, acute. Salt marshes, R. I. Olney ! Near New York, T. fy G. Stem 3 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat leafy, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 2 4' by J If, rough-edged, the serratures appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. 19. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered ; ray fls. 9 numerous narrow ; disk tubu lar, mostly 4-toothed ; scales 10 12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate ; receptacle flat ; chaff bristly ; achenia somewhat angular or 2-edged ; pappus 0. (D Herbs strigdse with rigid hairs, erect or procumbent. Lvs. opposite, axillary and terminal, solitary. Fls. white. E. ERECTA. (E. procumbens. Michx.) St. often decumbent ; hs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end, subserrate ; ped. much longer than the heads ; scales or leaves of the involucre acuminate. Damp soils, Md. to 111. Mead! S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at the lower joints, 1 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fibre. Leaves 8 14" by 2 5", rough, obscurely tripli- veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays. The juice turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn. Sepv. 0. brachypoda. T. & G. (E. brachypoda. Michx.) Ped. scarcely longer than the heads. 20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. Gr. icpvo-us, gold, ot//ij, appearance; for the showy, yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 9 > disk-flowers ? ; involucre im- bricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary ; achenium hairy, compressed. ^ Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves. 1. C. FALCATA. Ell. rinula falcata. Ph.) Woolly and villous ; Ivs. sessile, linear, very acute, subfalcate, spreading, veins pilose on both sides ; hds. in axillary corymbs ; invol. pilose. A low, .eafy plant, in dry, sandy soil, near the sea, Mass, to N. J. Stem thick, leafy, about 8' high. Heads small, bright yellow, in crowded, axillary .corymbs. Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept. Oct. 2. C. MARIANA. Nutt. (Inula Mariana. Linn.) Hairy ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile, acute, the lower ones spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb simple; invol. viscidly pu- bescent. Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. ! to Flor., common. The stem and leaves are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2f high. /,ower leaves taper at base into petioles. The corymb of flowers is terminal, nearly or quite simple. Heads large, 16 20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular pe- duncles. Aug. Oct. 3. C. VILLOSA. Nutt. (Ameljus. Pk. Diplopappus. Hook.) Erect, lea/y, villous-pubescent and strigose ; Ivs. entire, sessile, ciliate be- 334 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BACCHARIS. low, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper ones oblong-linear or lanceolate ; kds. large, solitary and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbose ; scales linear- subulate. Prairies, 111. to Oreg. Stem 1 2f high Leaves 12' by 3 5", whitish and rough. Rays about 25, oblong-linear, entire, golden yellow. Jl. Sept. 21. INtJLA. Heads many-flowered ; involucre imbricate ; ray-flowers numerous, 9 , disk flowers $ j receptacle naked ; pappus simple, scabrous ; an- thers with 2 bristles at base. ^ Coarse European herbs, with alter- nate leaves and yellow flowers, I. HELENIUM. Elecampane. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath; invol. scales ovate. A large herbaceous, coarse-looking plant, common by road-sides, N. Eng. to 111. Stem 4 6f high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves very large (1 3f by 6 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and Aug. Section 3. Heads discoid. 22. BIGELO VIA. DG. In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well-known author of" Florula Bostoniensis," &c. Heads 3 4-flowered, the flowers all tubular, ; involucre cylin- drical, as long as the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ; receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp ; achenia obconic, hirsute ; pappus bristles in one series. % Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. fastigiately corymbose, with yellow fls. and colored scales. B. VIRGATA. DC. (Chrysocoma virgata. Nutt.} Smooth in all its parts ; st. virgately branched from near the base ; branch- es corymbose-fastigiate above ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline line- ar-spatulate ; scales glutinous. Swamps, N. J., &c. A plant resembling Soli- dago tenuifolia in aspect, I 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2", rather firm and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Aug. Oct. 23. PLUCHEA. DC. Heads many-flowered, those of the margin 5 , of the centre but sterile ; involucre imbricated ; receptacle flat, naked ; style undivid- ed ; pappus capillary, simple. Strong-scented herbs, with alternate leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. 1. P. CAMPHORATA. DC. (Conyza camph. Muhl. C. Marilandica. Micfix.} Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, ser- raturt s mucronate ; fls. in crowded corymbs. 1\. A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes, Mass, to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with al- ternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug. 2. P. FO3T1DA. DC. (Raccharis. Linn. Conyza camphorata. Ph.} Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy ; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at each end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subserrate; hds. numer- ous, in paniculate corymbs ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. A strong-scentec plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. Stem 1 2f high, subsimple. Leaves 4 7' by 1 J 3', sprinkled with minute dots ; petioles } 1' long. Heads numerous. Aug. Oct. 24. BACCHARIS. From Bacchus, wine ; from its fragrance resembling that of wine. Heads many-flowered, 9 c? ; involucre imbricate, cylindric or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales; sterile flowers with the stamens ex SILPHICM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 335 serted ; receptacle naked ; pappus capillary. Shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and while flowers. B. HALIMIFOLIA. Groundsel Tree. Shrubby; Ivs. obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceo- late ; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate. This is almost the only arborescent plant of this order found in the Northern States. It is 6 12f high, growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. The fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, ter- minal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white. Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation. TRIBE 4. SEXECIONIDE^S. Heads radiate or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated ap- pendage. Leaves opposite or alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate* 25. ARNICA. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1 or 2 rowed; ray-flowers 9, disk $ ; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs ; pappus single, rigid and serrulate. 4 St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. A. MOLLIS. St. pubescent, erect ; Ivs. pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked, cauline sessile; kds. few; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales; ach. hairy. An alpine plant found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Torrey fy Gray, on the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, with several pairs of sessile leaves, and 1 5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 25 inches in length, the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often acute but not acuminate. 26. POLYMNIA. The name of one of the ancient Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10 leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus none. % Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 1. P. CANADENSIS. Leaf-cup. Viscid- villous; Ivs. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up- per 3-lobed or entire. A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 5f high, Niagara Falls ! Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3 8' long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acu- minate. Heads ' diam. June. 2. P. UVEDALIA. Yellow Leaf-cvp. Lvs. opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate- angled; rays elongated. In highland woods. Stem 3 6fhigh. Lower leaves very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre. July. Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they are rare is N. Y., but not uncommon in the Western States ! 27. SILPHITJM. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fer- tile, outer row ligulate ; disk flowers sterile ; involucre cainpanulate, scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit ; receptacle small, flat, chaffy : acheuia broad, flat, obcompressed. crowned with a 29 33(> JLXXV. COMPOSITE. PARTHENIUM. 2-toothed pappus. % Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fix 1. S. LACINIATUM. Rosin-weed. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, hispid hairs; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire; Ms. spicate, distant; scales of involucre ovate, appendaged and squarrose at apex. Western States ! to Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin. Stem 3 lOf high. Lower leaves 1 2f long, much divided, resembling those of some thistles. Heads 4 8, very large, with large, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. 2. S. TEREBIXTHINACEUM. Prairie Burdock. St. and ped. glabrous ; Ivs. mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cor- date, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles ; /ids. few, paniculate ; scales roundish and oval, glabrous. Prairies, Western ! and Southern States. Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves erect, scabrous, rigid, 1 2f long, 7 16' wide. Involucre globose. Rays 15 25, 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. July Sept. /?. pinnatifidum. T. & G. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell.} Lvs. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. 8. S. TRIFOLIATUM. Ternote-leaved Silphium. St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided ; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioles, verticillate in 3s or 4s; upper ones opposite; hds. loosely cymose, on rather long peduncles; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth; ach. oval, with 9 short teeth. Dry woods and prairies, Ohio, Sullivant! and Southern States. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 4 6' by 1 2". Rays 12 16, expanding about 2j'. 4. S. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx. Scabrous; si. quadrangular, striate, simple ; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate; hds. in a close corymb; scales squarrose; ach. roundish, broadly winged, with 2 long teeth. Western States ! S. to Ga. Stem very rigid, 3 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base, 3 6' long, $ as wide, rather variable in form. Heads middle-size. Rays 1220, 1' in length. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding species. July, Aug. /?. ternatum. Wood. St. 6-sided ; Ivs. ternately verticillate. Prairies ! with the common form; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which it is nevertheless quite distinct in habit. 5. S. PERPOLIATUM (and S. connatum. Linn.} Cup-plant. (Stf. square; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connate-perfoliate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base; hds. in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrose ; ach. broadly obovate, winged, emaiginate. Along streams, &c., Mich. ! to. Tenn. A coarse, unattractive plant, quite distinct, although variable. Stem 4 7f high. Leaves 8 14' by 4 7', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Heads large, with 1525 ravs. 28. PARTHENIUM. Gr. rrapSevog, a virgin ; from its medicinal efficacy. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile ; disk -flowers tubular, sterile : involucre hemispherical ; scales in 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular ; receptacle conical, chaffy ; ache- nia5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous paleae. American herbs with alternate leaves. P. INTEGRIFOLIUM. St. pubescent, striate, erect; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance-ovate, coarsely dentate- crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile; hds. many, tomen- fose, corymbed. 7J. Dry soils, Middle and Western States ! Stem rigid, 3 5f nigh. Radical petioles If long. Leaves 4 12' long, J as wide. Heads white, with 5 very short, cucullate, white rays. July Sept. A. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 337 29. HELIOPSIS. Gr. /(A'OJ, the sun, ot//tf, appearance; flowers radiant like the sun. Involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales ; rays linear, large, 9 ; disk $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical, the palese lanceolate ; achenia 4-sided ; pappus 0. U Lvs. opposite. lids, large. FLs. yellow. H. LJEVIS. Pers. (Helianthus. Linn.} Ox-eye. St. smooth ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-veined, smooth beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at base. A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. Stem an- gular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3 51' high. Leaves 2 6' by 1 4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base and obtuse at summit. June, Jl. /3. gracilis. T. & G. (H. gracilis. Nutt.) Sir all and slender; Ivs. scabrous, ovate^-lanceolate, acute at base. 2f high. y. scabra. T. & G. (H. scabra. Hook.) St. and Ivs. scabrous and yellowish- green ; Ivs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base. 6f high. Common in la.! 30. RUDBECKIA. Dedicated to the celebrated Olaus Rudheck, prof, of Botany at Upsal, Sweden. Involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 6 in each ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle conic, with unarmed paleae or chaff; pappus 0, or a 4-tpothed margin. ^ Lvs. alternate. Hds. large. Rays yellow. * Disk pale green or purplish. 1. R. LACINIATA. Glabrous; Imcer Ivs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate ; pappus crenate. In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6 8f high. Leaves alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Raysl 2' long, oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. 2. R. SUBTOMENTOSA. Ph. St. branching, tomentose-pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, up- per undivided, ovate, acuminate; Ms. corymbose; scales numerous, spreading; disk purplish-broWn; rays large, spreading. A coarse, rough species, 3 If high, prairies, &c., Western and Southern States. Stem angular, marked with brown lines. Leaves 3 5' long, on petioles 1 24" long. Rays deep or orange yellow, 10 15, about 1' long. July, Aug. * * Disk dark purple. 3. R. TRILOBA. Hirsute ; branches panicled, spreading ; lower cauline Ivs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, ser- rate or entire ; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolate; Ms. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid; rays about 8, broad- oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. Fields, Middle and Western States. A handsome species, 2 4f high, very branching. Leaves 2 4' long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 10" long, | as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned at the summit. Aug. Sept. 4. R. HIRTA. Rough Cone-flower. Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched ; ped. naked ; Ivs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate; inrol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows; rays spreading. A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Richard! Western N. Y. ! to La. and la. ! Stem* subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly 33b LXXV. COMPOSITE. ZINNIA, prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head with 13 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broad- ly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaff and flowers. July Sept.} 5. R. FULGIDA. Ait. (R. chrysomela. Michx. R. spatulata. PA.) St. hirsute, with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above; Ivs. strigose pubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclasping base ; scales obldlg, spreading, as long as the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. Mountains, Penn. to Ohio! and Ga. Stem 1 3f high. Rays 12 14, scarcely longer than the leafy invo- lucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. f 6. R. SPECIOSA. Wender. St. hispidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked above ; Ivs. sca- brous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5- veined, on long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-lin- ear, much shorter than tb spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, acute. Bor- ders of woods, 111. Jenn&ij I Ohio! to Penn. A large and very showy species, 2 4f high. Leaves rather thin, radical 4 5' by 3 1', the teeth mucronu- late ; petioles 6 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong,linear, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. f 31. ECHINACEA. Mcench. Gr, %tvos, the hedgehog ; from the character of the paleae. Involucre scales imbricated in 2 rows ; ray-flowers neutral ; disk- flowers $ ; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate palese ; pappus 0. ^ Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. 1. E. PURPUREA. Momch. (Rudbeckia Linn.') Purple Cone-flower or Comb-flower. Very rough ; lower Ivs. broad-ovate, attenuate at base, remotely toothed ; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays very long, deflexed, bifid. Thickets and barrens, Western ! and Southern States. A tall, handsome plant, often cultivated. Stem 4f high, branched, sulcate. Leaves 4 8' long, as wide, rough, with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. Heads ' large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the stiff, pointed, brown chaff. Rays about 15, 2 3' long, pendulous. July Sept. Root black, pungent, medicinal. | 0. Rays nearly white. 111. Dr. Mead in T. <$ G. Fl. Am. 2. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. DC. (Rudbeckia. pallida. Null.) St.. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above ; Ivs. entire, hispidly pubescent, 3-veined, lower ones lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile; scales in about 2 rows, short ; rays 12 20, slender, drooping. Prairies and marshes, 111. Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2 31' high. Leaves 3 6' by 3 6". Petioles 8" long. Heals on long, naked peduncles. Rays 1 2' long, purple, varying to white. Disk fcrown. May J uly. 32. LEPACHYS. Involucre in one series of linear scales ; ray flowers few, neutral, disk perfect ; receptacle columnar, chaffy ; chaff obtuse and bearded at apex ; pappus ; fertile achenia compressed, 1 2-winged. 1\. Lvs. alter nale, pimialely divided. Hds. of flowers yellow, wiUi long, droop- ing rays. L. PINNATA. Torr. & Gray. (Rudbeckia. MX. Obeliscaria. Cass.) Scabrous; Ivs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 7, some of the lower ones 2- partcd, the rest undivided ; rays elongated. In dry soil, Western N. Y., West- ern ! and Southern States. Stem 2 4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. Heads very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, purple. 33. ZINNIA. Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn.a German botanist, 1557. Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate ; rays 5, persistent, en- HELIANTHUS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 339 tire, 9 ; disk flowers $ ; receptacle chaffy, conical ; pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. CD Native at the South, fyc. Lvs. opposite, entire. 1. Z. ELEGANS. lids, on long peduncles ; ITS. cordate, ovate, sessile-amplexi- caul; st. hairy; chaff serrated. Native of Mexico. Jl. Aug. Several varie- ties are known in cultivation; viz. a. violacea, with violet-colored flowers; 0. alba, flowers whifc ; y. purpurascens, flowers purple ; S. coccinea, flowers of a brilliant scarlet, f 2. Z. MULTIFLORA. Hds. on long peduncles ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, on short petioles. Native of the Southern States. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers, is also found in cultivation, t 34. HELIANTHUS. Gr. fatos, the sun, av^os', flower; from the resemblance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered ; ray-fls. neutral, disk $ ; scales of the invol- ucre imbricated in several series ; receptacle flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the achenia ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, decidu- ous ; achenia compressed or 4-sided, not margined. Herbs mostly TJ-, rough. Lvs. opposite, tfie upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. Disk dark purple. 1. H. ANNUUS. Common Sunflaicer. Lvs. all cordate, 3- veined, only the Vnvest opposite; ped. thick; fls. nodding. This well-known annual is from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is increased by the fertility of it in direct proportion, until it reaches the height of 10 and even 20 feet. The common height may be stated at 7 feet. The enormous size of the flowers with their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. An edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. JL A splendid variety occurs with the flowers all radiate. 2. H. ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Narrmc-kaved Sunflower. Erect, slender, glabrous or hispidly hirsute; /vs.' sessile, linear, tapering to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, margin sub- denticulate, often revolute ; hds. pedunculate, few ; scales lance-linear, the long point spreading ; chaff linear, 3-toothed. Sandy or rocky places, N. J. ! Ky. and Southern States, common. Stem 2 3f high, subsimple. Leaves 2 5' by 3 6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12 18, expanding about 2'. Disk flowers brown at the summit. 3. H. RIGIDUS. Desf. (H. scaberrimus. Ell. H. crassifolius. Nutt.) Stiff- learcd Sunflower. SI. erect, rigid, simple or with few branches, sca>rous or smoothish, nearly naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petio- late, mostly opposite, tripli-veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both sides ; hds. few ; scales ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shorter than the disk cArt/Tobtusish ; pappus 2 squamae. Prairies, &c., Wis. Lapkam, to Mo., La., &e. Plant 2 4f high. Leaves 3 G' by J 1', very rough with papillose hairs, but less so than in H. divaricatus. Rays 12 20, expanding 2 3', light yellow. Disk yellow. * leaves opposite. 4. H. L^TIFLORUS. Pers. Splendid Sun/lower. St. rough and branched above ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, sei rate, tripli-veined, very rough on both sides, on short petioles, upper ones often alter- nate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than the disk ; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rai/s 1220. Barrens, &c., la. Ohio. Torr. fy Grc.y. A rough, but showy plant, 3 4f high. Leaves thick, 5 8' by \\ 2'. Rays nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug. Oct. f 5. H. OCCIDENTAUS. Riddell. Western Sunflov:er. St. slender, simple, nearly naked above ; Ivs. opposite, oval, scabrous, ob- scarely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small ai d few, entire; hds. pedunculate; scales lance-oval, appressed. Sand prairies. 29* 340 LXXV. COMPOSITE. HELIANTHUS. Western States ! Stem 3 5f high, scape-like, slender. -Leaves 3 5' by 12', upper ones 1 2' long. Heads lew, middle size. Rays 12 15, light yellow. Jl. Sept. 6. H. CINEREUS. Torr. & Gray. SullivanVs Sunflower. " Rough with a cinerous pubescence ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, rather acute, ap- pressed to the stem, serrulate, sessile, the lower narrowed to a winged petiole ; ped. naked, slender; scales lanceolate, canescent; ac/i. villmis at summit. ft. Sullivantii. Larger and more branched; st. scabrous-hirsute; Ivs. ob- scurely serrate, acute, the uppermost entire, often alternate. Near Columbus, Ohio. Sullivant. Stem 2 31' high, virgate, sometimes a little branched, bear- ing a few heads nearly as large as those of H. mollis." Fl. Am. II. p. 324. 7. H. MOLLIS. Lam. (H. canescens. Michz.} Soft-leaved Sunflower. St. villous; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasping, entire or subserrate, tomentose-canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate; scales of involucre lanceolate, villose-canescent ; chaff entire, acute and canes- cent above. Prairies and barrens, Ohio ! la. ! Mo., common. A hoary and villose species, 2 4f high, nearly simple. Leaves 3 5' long, f as wide. Rays 1525, J 1' by |' wide. JL Sept. 8. H. DORONicolDEs. Lam. Leopard 's-bane Sunflower. SI. branched, rough or hirsute above ; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, or the upper alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined, serrate, scabrous above, smooth or pubescent beneath ; scales lance-linear, cili- ate, a little longer than the disk; rays 12-1-15. A large species, common in the Western ! and Southern States. Stem 4 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3 10' by 1 3'; petioles i 1' long. Rays very showy, 1520" by 46". JL Sept. /?. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. 9. H. STRUMOSUS. Downy Sunflower. St. smooth below, scabrous above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, smooth or tomentose-canescent beneath; hds. few, about 10- rayed ; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, sqiiarrose-spreading at tip. q\. Grows in swamps, .&c., Can. and U. S. Stem 3 5f high, erect, branching above. Leaves petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface va- rying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in length. Scales hairy. Jl. 10. H. DECAPETALUS. Ten-rayed Sunflower. Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath ; invol. scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate, spreading, nearly equal ; rays 10 12, pale yellow. Copses, along streams, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 3 4f high, purplish. Involucre varying in all degrees of leanness between the present form and the variety following. Aug.f p.frondosus. Hook. (H. frondosus. Linn.} Outer scales larger and leaf-like. 11. H. TRACHELIIFOLIUS. Willd. St. strict, branching, scabrous or with scattered hairs ; Ivs. opposite, those of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, ap- pressed, serrate, acuminate, petiolate, lower ones ovate, middle lance-ovate, up- per lance-linear; scales lance-linear, attenuate-acuminate, longer than the disk, loosely spreading, ciliate ; chaff slightly 3-toothed; rays 12 15. A tall, hand- some species, not uncommon in thickets, &c., Ohio ! and la. ! Stem purplish, '3 6f high. Leaves 3 6' by 3' ; petioles 1J' long. Heads middle size, at top of the slender, suberect branches. Rays expanding 23'. 12. H. HIRSUTUS. Raf. (H. diversifolius. Ell.} St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute ; Ivs. opposite, petio- late, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, very sca- brous above, hirsute beneath; scaks ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute, as 'ong .as the disk ; rays 11 15. Dry soils, Western and Southern States. Stem 4 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 310' by 13', petio- les j i' long. Rays very showy, 15 18" by 4 6". Jl. Sept. 8. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.} Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. TAGETKS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 8,1 13. H. DIVARICATUS. Spreading Sunflower. St. smooth, branching or simple ; Ivs. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceo- late, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle trichotomous, slenrte-t few-flowered. Not uncommon in rocky woods, brooksides, U. S. and BrL. Aft\ Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to i iotv acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for '\.% ^ nus, few, yellow and very showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forkea, VlJ plant is much improved by cultivation. Aug. Sept. 0. scabcrrimus. St. subsimple ; Ivs. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid.- Waj rens, la. ! y. Lvs. ternately verticillate. Otherwise as in /?. Barrens, la. ! Disk ydlow. * * Leaves alternate. 14. H. GIGANTEUS. (H. altissimus. Linn.') Lvs. alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sea brous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles scales of tlie involucre lanceolate-linear, ciliate ; pappus of 2 short, slightly fringed scales. Can. to Car. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4 8f high, purplish, branching above into a corymbose panicle of large, yellow flowers. Leaves 2 5' by J I', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12 20. Variable. " ft. ambiguus. T. & G. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base. L. I." Torr. $> Gray. 15. H. TOMENTOSUS. Michx. Downy -leaved Sunflower. St.' stout, pubescent, branched above ; Ivs. thin, large, acuminate, obscure- ly serrate, scabrous above, tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, lower ones ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subsessile ; hds. long-pedunculate; scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrose; chaff 3- toothed, hirsute at summit. Dry soil, 111. to Ga. A large species, 4 8f high, with ample leaves and flowers. Leaves 6 12' by 2 6', some of them tripli-veined. Rays elliptical lanceolate, 18" by 6". Aug. Oct. f 16. H. GROSSE-SERRATUS. Martens. Notch-leaved Sunflower. St. smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. mostly alternate, lanceolate or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous above, hoary and softly pubescent be- neath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles ; scales lance-subulate, loosely imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk. Ohio, Sullivant, &c., la. Plummer, 111., Mead, to La. Allied toH. giganteus. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 6 9' by 1 2' broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays 1520, expanding near 3'. Aug. Sept. 17. H. TUBEROSUS. Jerusalem Artichoke. Lvs. 3-veined, rough, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate ; petioles ciliate at base. ^ Native of Brazil. The plant has been cultivated for the sake of its tuberous roots, which are used as a substitute for potatoes. It is naturalized in borders of fields, hedges, &c. Sept. 35. TAGETES. Named for Tages.a Tuscan divinity, son of Genius and grandson of Jupiter. Heads heterogaiaous ; involucre simple, tubular, of 5 united scales ; ray-flowers 5, persistent ; receptacle naked ; pappus of 5 erect awns. (D Herbs of tropical America. Lvs. pinnately divided. 1 . T. PATULA. French Marigold. St. erect, with spreading branches ; seg- ments of the leaves linear-lanceolate ; ped. elongated, subcylindric, one-flowered ; invol. smooth. Plant about 2f high. Flowers orange-yellow. 2. T. ERECTA. African Marigold. Segments of l/te leaves lanceolate, ciliate- serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, ventricose and thickened at the summit ; invol. angu- lar. The heads are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter peduncles. These are welWmown and popular garden flowers with several varieties. 342 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ACHILLEA. 30. HELENIUM. Named for the celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic properties. Involucre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the inner chaffy ; rays pistillate ; pappus of several 5-awned, chaffy leaves ; receptacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only ; ray-flowers half 3-cleft ; seed villose. Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays yellow. H. AUTUMNALE. American Sneeze-wort. Lvs. lanceolate-serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, decurrent ; fls. loose- ly corymbose. 7J. In damp places. Stem 2 -3f high, branching, strongly winded by the decurrent leaves. Leaves tapering to each end or elliptic-lance- olate, more or less deeply serrate. Flowers large, numerous, terminal, with drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globose disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug. 0. canaliculatum. T. & G. (H. canaliculatum. Lam.') Rays concave, ca- naliculate or 3-furrowed. 37. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, with nearly equal scales ; rays numerous, pistillate ; receptacle chaffy, convex or conic ; achenia crowned with a slight border. European herbs , with much divided leaves. 1. A. ARVENSIS. Corn Chamomile. St. erect, hairy ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, segments linear- lanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin ; chaff of the receptacle lanceo- late, cuspidate, longer than the flowers. Grows in dry, cultivated fields. A pilose, inodorous plant, somewhat naturalized in the Northern States. Stems diffusely branching, 8 15' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy summits of the branches. Disk yellow, rays white. July. 2. A. NOBILIS. Chamomile. St. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly ; Ivs. decompound-pinnatifid, segments linear, subulate ; cA#$~scarious, lanceolate, scarcely as long as the flowers. 7|. Native of Britain and other parts of Europe. Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and agreeable scent of the chamomile is well known, also its tonic and anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July Sept. 38. MARUTA. Less. Involucre hemispherical, imbricated ; rays neutral ; disk perfect ; eceptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit) ; pappus ; anche- ria smooth. European herbs, with alternate, much divided leaves. M. COTULA. DC. (Anthemis. Linn.} May-weed. St. erect, nearly smooth ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subulate ; chaff ristly, shorter than the flowers. (I) Naturalized in all waste places, in hard, Ty soils, especially by roadsides, in patches of great extent, presenting almost a uniform whitish surface when in blossom. Stem branching, diffuse, a foot high, with alternate leaves divided and subdived into a multitude of segments. Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Lin- naeus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies June Sept. + 39. ACHILLEA. Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, who first used the plant Involucre ovoid, of unequal, imbricated scales; rays 5 10, short, pistillate ; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia without a pappus. % Eu- ropean herbs, with much divided, alternate leaves. 1. A. MILLEFOLIUM. Mill foil. Yarrow. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments ; invol. and st-. furrowed. The yarrow abounds in fields, pastures, &c., N. Eng. to Oregon and Arc. Am. It is called also millfoil, from its leaves being cut aid parted into so CHRYSANTHEMUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 343 numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stem a foot high, branching at top into a dense, flat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored flowers. It has an agrees ble, pungent taste and smell. June Sept. 2. A. PTARMICA. Sneezeicort. LTS. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, smooth. Found in moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N. Y. Pursh. Mass. Nicholls. Plant about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse corymb of white flowers. The leaves are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves used as snuff' provokes sneezing. A variety with double flowers occurs, which is quite ornamental in pots. Aug."f 40. LEUCANTHEMUM. Gr. \EVKOS , white, avSos , flower ; the heads have large, white, conspicuous rays. Involucre broad, depressed, imbricated ; rays pistillate, numerous ; receptacle flat, naked ; achenia striate ; pappus 0. Herbs, with alter- nate leaves. L. VULGARK. Lam. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Linn.) White- ii-ecd. Ox-eye Daisy. Lvs. amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, cut-pinna tifid at base ; st. erect, branching. Tj. The common white- weed is an annoyance to farmers, rapidly overspreading pastures and neglected fields, U. S. to Arc. Am. Stems 2f high, simple or with one or two long branches, furrowed. Leaves comparatively few and small, obtuse, the lower ones petiolate, with deep and irregular teeth ; upper ones small, subulate, those of the middle sessile, clasp- ing, deeply cut at base, with remote teeth above. Heads large, terminal, soli tary. Disk yellow. Rays numerous, white. July. Sept. 41. PYRETHRUM. An ancient name of a certain plant, supposed to he of Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with membranous mar- gins ; receptacle naked ; pappus a membranous margin crowning the achenia. European herbs, chiefly perennial, with alternate leaves. P. PARTHENIUM. Feverfew. Lvs. petiolate, flat, tripinnate, the segments ovate, cut ; ped. branching, corymbose ; st. erect ; invol. hemisphericSl, pubescent. Several varieties of the Feverfew are cultivated, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a corymb of pure white, double flowers, which retain their beauty for several weeks. 42. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Gr. Kpvcros, gold, avSos ; many species bearing golden colored flowers. Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, the scales with membranous margins; receptacle naked ; pappus 0. Ornamental plants from China and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed. 1. C. CORONARIUM. 57. branched ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute. Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The variety with double flow- ers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. Stem about 3f high, striate, smooth, erect, with alternate, clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, soli- tary. Aug. 2. C. CARINATUM. Willd. (C. tricolor. Andr.) Three-col m-ed Chrysanthemum. Lvs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth; inrol. scales carinate.- -(D Native" of Barbary. Heads large and beautiful ; disk purple, rays white with a yellow base. A va- riety has flowers entirely yellow. Jl. Oct. 3. C. SINENSE. Sabine. (Pyrethrum Sinense. Z?C.) Chinese Chrysanthemum. Lrs. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ; rays very long. A native of China, where it has been long cultivated and-highly esteemed for its beauty. A great number of varieties have been produced, with double, eemidouble and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. It is of very easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by 344 LXXV. COMPOSITE. COREOPSIS. suckers and by cuttings. Although they grow in any soil, yet it is better to give them a rich loam, and water them with liquid manure. 43. LEPTOPO" DA. Nutt. Gr. \ETTTOS, slender, rrovs, foot; alluding to the elongated peduncle. Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, cuneate, 3 4-cleft ; disk 9 ; scales spreading, numerous, attenuate ; receptacle conical ; chaff ; pappus of 6 10 fringed squamae. % North American herbs, with the habit of Hdenium. L. BRACHYPODA. T. & G. (Helcnium quadridentatum. Hook.} False Hdenium. Si. leafy, corymbose at summit; Ivs. decurrent, lanceolate, subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse ; hds. on short peduncles ; scales lance-line- ar ; about half as long as the 8 12 drooping rays; disk brownish-purple. A plant separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. It grows in damp soil, from the southern counties of 111. to Tex. and Southern States. Stem about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rathe deeply and irregularly toothed, 7 9" by 45" Section 3. Heads discoid and radiate in the same genus. 44. ACTINOMJfiRIS. Nutt. Gr. CLKTIV, a ray, //^ots, apart; partially radiate. Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 14, rarely ; involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 3 series ; receptacle conical or convex, chaffy ; achenia compressed, flat, obovate, 2-awned. % Plants tall. St. winged ivith the decurrent leaves. Hds. corymbose, yellow. 1. A. HEUANTHolDEs. Nutt. (Verbesina. Michx.} St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; Ivs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; corymb contracted ; rays & 14, long and narrow ; scales erect. Rather common in barrens and prairies, Western States ! It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem conspicuously winged with the decurrent leaves, 2 4fhigh. Leaves 2 4' by 6 14", grayish. Rays often irregular, 1' long. Jn. Jl. 2. A. SQUARROSA. Nutt. (Coreopsis alternifolia. Linn.} St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent ; Ivs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acumi- nate end, scabrous, decurrent on the petiole and stem ; hds. small ; scales spread- ing or reflexed ; rays 4 8 : receptacle very small Dry, alluvial soils western N. Y., and Western States ! common. It is a tall, unsightly weed, 5 lOfhigh. Leaves 614' by 1 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays i' long. Aug. Oct. 45. COREOPSIS. Gr. Kopif, abug, OI//K, appearance; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia. Involucre double, each 6 10-leaved; receptacle chaffy; achenia compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed pappus. Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely wanting. Rays 0. 1. C. DISCOIDEA. Torr. & Gray. Rayless Tfrk-sced. Glabrous, much branched, erect; Ivs. ternate, long-petiolate; Ifts. ovate- lanceolate, strongly dentate, petiolulate ; hds. loosely paniculate, on slender pe- duncles; outer involucre 3 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts, inner of many linear, appressed scales; ach. linear-oblong, tapering below, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards ! Ohio, Sullivant ! to La. Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 35' by i If, lateral much small- ,er. Heads small (f diam.), about 30-flowered. Jl. Sept. COREOPSIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 345 Rays and disk yellow. 2. C. TRICHOSPERMA. Michx. Tick-seed Sunflower. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5 7-parted, briefly pe- tiolate, segrn. lanceolate, incised or serrate ; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner ; rays entire, large ; ach. narrow-cuneate, 2-awned. (D in wet grounds, N. Y., Mass, to Car. A smooth, branching plant, 1 2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Branches and leaves mostly op- posite. Leaves thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Leaflets narrow, tapering to a long point, with a lew unequal, remote serratures. Achenia i' long, crowned with stout, hispid awns. Jl. Aug. 3. C. ARISTOSA. Michx. Sparingly pubescent ; Its. pinnately 5 9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid ; hds. small, with conspicuous rays ; outer invol. of 10 12 linear, green scales, about as long as the inner, villous at base ; awns about as long as the achenium. Low woods, Western States ! Stem obtusely 4-angled, 2 3f high. Leaves thin, 4 6' long, petioles 1'. Rays 8, orange- yellow, expanding !'. /?. (C. involucrata. Nutt. ?) Scales of the outer involucre about 13, a third longer than those of the inner. la. ! 4. C. TRIPTERIS. (Chrysostemma. Less.) Glabrous; st. simple, tall, corymbose at summit; Ivs. coriaceous, opposite, petiolate, 3 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute ; Ms. small, on short peduncles. A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common in la. ! Stem 4 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 5' by f !', Rays spreading, ' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, as many as the inner. Jl. Oct. 5. C. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-kaved Coreopsis. Glabrous, branched; Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately parted, segments linear, obtuse ; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3-toothed ; ach. obovate, slightly 2-tbothed. % Moist places, Md. and Western States! Stem 1 3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united al base. June Aug. 6. C. PALMATA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Sprenq.) Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the sum- mit ; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-clell, rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; rays obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved. Dry prairies, W. States ' Stem 1 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 2' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays Outer scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Jn. Jl. 7. C. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Coreopsis. St. ascending, often branched below ; lower Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles; rays 4 5-toothed at apex ; ach. suborbicular, with 2 small teeth. 7J. Native of the Southern States ! Heads showy. Rays about 8, 1' by i'- Jn. Aug. f Rays or disk purple. 8. C. DRUMMONDII. T. & G. (Calliopsis. Don.) Drummond's Coreopsis. Pubescent; Irs. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire; scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays unequally 5-toothed, twice longer than the involucre; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. From Texas. Stems 10 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base, f /?. air osan guinea, a garden variety, with dark orange flowers. 9. C. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Coreopsis. Lvs. attenuate, radical ones subbipinnate ; Ifts. oval, entire, smooth ; cauline subpinnate, Ifts. linear ; rays two-colored ; ach. naked. A handsome border annual, native of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 3f high, with light, smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer, f 346 LXXV. COMPOSITE. BIDENS. 10. C. ROSEA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.} Rose-red Tickseed. St. branched ; Ivs. opposite, 1-veined, linear, entire ; ped. short ; outer scales very short ; rays obscurely tridentate. 1\. A very delicate species, in wet grounds, Mass. Dr. Bobbins! to N.J. Stem slender, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves 1 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Heads few, small. Rays rose- color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl. Aug. 46. BIDENS. Lat bidens, two-toothed; the achenia have 2 (or more) barbed teeth. Involucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base ; rays few, neutral ; disk perfect ; receptacle chaffy, flat ; pappus of 2 r4 awns, rough backwards ; achenia quadrangular. Lvs. opposite. Rays often wanting. * Rays inconspicuous or 0. 1. B. FRONDOSA. Leafy Burr-Marigold. Fls. discoid ; miter invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate at base; lower Ivs. pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. (J) A com- mon weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called beggar ticks, from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every one who passes by it. Stem 2f high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in 3s or 5s. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept. 2. B. CONNATA. Willd. (B. tripartita. Bw.} Trifid Burr- Marigold. Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones most- ly Crifid ; outer scales longer than the head, leafy ; ach. with 3 awns. In swamps and ditches, Can., N. Eng. to Mo. Stem 1 3f high, smooth and4-fur- rowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, the lower ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generally entire, lanceolate, sharply serrate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, con- sisting only of the tubular, yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug. 3. B. CERNUA. Water Burr-Marigold. Fls. subradiate, cernuous ; outer invol. as long as the flower; Ivs. lanceo- late, subconnate, dentate. In swamps and ditches, Can. to Penn. Stem I 2f high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves opposite, somewhat connated at base. Flowers yellowish-green, finally droop- ing, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug. Oct. 4. B. BIPINNATA. Spanish Needles. Smooth ; Ivs. bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; hds. subradiate ; outer invol. the length of the inner. " Grows in waste places, N. Y. Sartwett, Conn. Robbins. Stem 2 4f high, branching, smooth. Leaves bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 4 (or 0) ob- Bcure, obovate, yellow rays. Jl. Sept. * * Rays conspicuous. 5. B. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES. Radiate Burr-Marigold. Fls. radiate ; rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal involucre ; Ivs. ob- long, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. A low plant, with large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. Stem 6 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, oppo- site, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept. Oct. 6. B. BECKII. Torr. Beck's Burr-Marigold. St. subsimple ; submersed Ivs. capillaceous-multifid ; emersed ones lanceo- late, connate, acutely serrate or laciniate ; Jis. radiate ; rays, longer than the involucre. 7|. In water, N. Y. SartieeU, &c. Vt. Chandler, N. to Can. Stem 2 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. v Lower leaves dis- sected as in Ranunculus aqyatilis ; upper 1 2' long, \ as wide, deeply serrate. Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July. Aug. SENECIO. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 347 47. VERBESlNA. Heads few or many-flowered ; rays 9, few or ; disk $ ; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect ; chaff concave or embracing the flowers ; achenia compressed laterally, 2-awned. % American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decurrent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary or corymbose. 1. V. SIEGESBECKIA. Michx. (Coreopsis alata. Ph. Actinomeris alata. flutt.) St. 4- winged; Ivs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, acumi- nate, tripli-veined, tapering to a winged petiole ; hds. radiate, in trichotomous cymes; rays 15 ; ach. wingless. Roadsides and dry fields, Western and South- ern States, common. Stem 4 6f high. Leaves 5 8' by 3 4', thin. Heads about 25-flowered, Avith yellow corollas and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter about f ' long. Aug. Sept. 2. V. VIRGINICA. Virginian Crow?i3>eard. St. narrowly winged, pubescent above ; Ivs. alternate, lanceolate or lance- ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base ; lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and diskfls. white ; ach,. winged. Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem (3 5f high) and leaves beneath often more or less tomentose. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarce- ly ' long. Aug. Sept. 48. DYSODIA. Cav. Heads many-flowered ; rays ? ; disk c? ; involucre of a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate ; achenia elongated, 4- angled, compressed ; pappus scales chaffy, in one series, fimbriately and palmately cleft into bristles. Lvs. mostly opposite andpiniiate- ly parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbose. Fis. yellow. D. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES. Lagasca. (Tagetes pappusa. Vent. Boebera chr. Willd.} St. glabrous, much branched; Ivs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal ; scales campanulate, united at base ; bracts at base 7 9, linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. Prairies, &c., 111., Mo. to La. An ill-scented plant, above If high, resembling a Tagetes. Flowers bright yellow. 49. SENECIO. Lat. senex, an old man ; the word is synonymous with Erigeron. Involucre of many equal leaflets or invested with scales at base, the scales withered at the points ; receptacle not chaffy ; pappus simple, capillary and copious. A vast genus, embracing 600 species of kerbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the Involucre. * Heads discoid. 1. S. VULGARIS. Common Groundsel. Si. paniculate, erect, angalar ; Ivs. sinuate-pannatifid, dentate, amplexi- ;aul. A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. Introduced from Europe. Stem 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. Leaves alternate, thin, bright green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. $ * Heads radiate. 2. S. AUREUS. Golden Ssnecio. Radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones pinnati- fid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbel) ate, thick; rays 8 12. 7J. A handsome and very variable plant, in meadows, woods, &c. (U. S. and Brit. Am.) with golden-yellow flowers. Stem smoothish, striate, erect, 1 2f high, simple or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. Lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones lew and slender 30 348 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CACALIA. Peduncles more or less thickened upwards.' Scales linear, acute, purplish ai apex. Rays 4 5" long, spreading. May Aug. /?. BalsamitcB. (S. Balsamitae. Muhl.} SL villous at base ; Ivs. few, small and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate ; ped. villous at base. Rocky hills and pastures. y. gracilis. (S. gracilis. Ph.) Radical Ivs. orbicular, on long petioles, can* line few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate ; ped. short, pilose, with small, few- rayed heads. A slender state of the species, on rocky shores. &.' obovatus. (S. obovatus. WiUa.~) Radical Ivs. obovatej^ed. elongated. Meadows, &c. c. lanceolatus. Oakes. Radical Lvs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pin- natifid at base. Shady swamps, Vt. Robbins. 3. S. PSEUDO-ELEGANS. DC. (S. elegans. Linn.) Purple Jacobaa. Lvs. equal, pinnatifid, pilose-viscid, spreading ; ped. somewhat scaly ; invol. calyc- ulate with leafy scales ; scales mostly withered at the tips. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Flowers of the disk yellow, of the rays of a most brilliant purple. A variety has double flowers, with colors equally brilliant. Another variety has white flowers. Jn. Aug. f Section 3. Heads discoid. 50. HYM.ENOPAPPUS. L'Her. Gr. vpEv, a membrane.TraTrrroj, pappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all $, tubular; scales 6 12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored 5 receptacle small, naked ; anthers exserted ; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the base ; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranaceous scales in one se- ries. (D or % North American, villose herbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnalely divided. H. SCABIOS.EUS. L'Her. Hoary-villose, or nearly glabrous ; Ivs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed; Ms. collected in simple corymbs; scales of the invol. obovate, 7 11, white, greenish at base, undulate on the margin, longer than the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. 111. Mead ! and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 !' by 1 2", rather acute. Heads whitish, about 21-flowered. (Apr. May. T. fy G. Aug. Mead.) 51. CACALIA. An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant. Flowers all $ ; involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with small scales at the base ; receptacle not chafly ; pappus capillary, scabrous. Mostly %. Sjnooth. Lvs. alternate. Hds. offls. carymbed. mostly cyanic. 1. C. SUAVEOLENS. Wild Caraway. Glabrous; si. striate-angular; Ivs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, vmooth, green on both sides; fls. corymbed, erect; invol. many-flowered. Q| Western N. Y. to Conn., Robbins ! to Ga. ! and 111. Stems 4 5f high, striate, leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed; cauline ones on winged stalks. Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the divisions of the peduncles. Aug. Resembles a Nabalus. 2. C. ATRIPL.ICIFOLIA. Orocke-leaved Caraway. St. herbaceous ; Ivs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, radical ones cor- date, dentate, Cciuline ones rhomboid, sub-bidentate on each side ; fis. corymbed, erect.; invol. 5-flowered. N. Y. to Ga. and 111. ! Stem 3 5f high, "round, leafy, subramose. Leaves alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with large, unequal teeth. Heads of flowers small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely orymbose at the tops of the branches. .Tl. Sept. ARTEMISIA. . LXXT. COMPOSITE. 3-19 3. C. RENIFORMIS. Muhl. St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides, petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flabelliibrm ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; ids, 5-flowered. Woods la. ! 111., Penn., S. to Car. Stem 3 6f high, nearl) simple, glabrous. Leaves 3 12' by 5 18', repand-dentate, lower petioles verj long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. July. 4. C. TUBEROSA. Nutt. St. angular-sulcate ; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5 7-veined, obtuse or subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glaucous, lower ones tapering into lor? petioles, upper ones on short petioles ; Ms. in compound corymbs. Marsh- es, Western States! Stem 2 5f high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, 3 7' long, | as wide, veined like those of the plantain. Hea*!s oblong, 5-leaved and 5-flowered, white. May Jl. 5. C. COCCINEA, Curt. (Emilia sagittata. DC.} Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower. Radical Ivs. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul, crenate; invol. ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed ; ach. ciliate ; pappus in several rows. A pretty garden flower, native of the E. Indies, &c. Stem If or more high. Flowers bright scarlet. Jn. Sept. A bed or patch sown thickly makes a. fine appearance. 52. ARTEMISIA. Probably from Artemis, one of the names of the goddess Diana. Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle naked or subvillous ; disk flowers numerous, $ , tubular, ray flowers few, often without stamens, and with a subulate corolla or ; ache- nia with a small disk ; pappus 0. Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Car. yellow. 1. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers .sterile. 1. A. DRACUNCULUS. Taragon. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, acuminate at each end; hds. subglobose, pedunculate, erect. A culinary herb, native of S. Eu- rope. Stem herbaceous, 2 3f high. Jl. Aug. It is of the easiest culture, and is used for pickles, salad, and for seasoning soup. 2. A. DRACUNCULolDEs. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.} Erect, much branched, whitish pubescent when young ; lower Ivs. 3-cleft, upper entire, narrowly linear, attenuated at both ends ; hds. globose, small, nod- ling, pedicellate, in paniculate racemes; scales with scarious margins. St. Louis, Mo. to the Saskatchawan. Stem shrubby, 6 8f high, with numerous slender branches. Leaves 1 4' by 1 3", radical trifid or sometimes 2 or 3 times trifid. 3. A. BOREALIS. Pallas. (A. spithamaea. Ph.} Ceespitose, silky- villose or smoothish; st. simple (6 10' high); lower Ivs. petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately or bi- ninnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper Ivs. linear, 3 5-cleft or entire ; hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemose-paniculate. Keweena Point. Lake Su- perior. Dr. Houghton in T. & G. Fl. ii. 417. 4. A. CANADENSIS. Michx. Sea Wormwood. St. erect or decumbent ; Ivs. pinnatifid with linear segments ; fls. subglo- bose, sessile, in crowded panicles resembling spikes. Tj. Shores of the great lakes. Plum Island, Rigelow. Near Amherst College, Hitchcock. Willoughby Mt., Vt., Wood. Stem 2 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly erect. Leaves all much divided into linear-setaceous segments. Heads nume- rous, small, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous margin. Aug. 5. A. CAUDATA. Michx. St. herbaceous, simple, densely and pyramidally paniculate ; radical and lower cauline Ivs. subbipinnate, pubescent, upper ones subpinnate, segments sub- setaceous, alternate; hds. ovoid-globose, pedicellate, erect. On the sea coast, N. H. to R. I. Stem 3 5f high, strict. Leaves in many attenuated and some- 350 LXXV. COMPOSITE. GKAPHALIUM. what fleshy segments. Heads small. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, ellip- tical. Aug. Sept. 2. Receptacle naked. Flowers all fertile. 6. A. ABROTANUM. Southernwood. St. erect ; lower ITS. bipinnate ; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; invol. downy, hemispherical. A well known shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Eurcpe. + 7. A. LUDOVICIANA. Nutt. Herbaceous, canescently tomentose; Ivs. lanceolate, lower incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire ; lids, ovoid, subsessile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. Lake and river shores, Mich, to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size, and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded. Aug. Sept. 8. A. VULGARIS. Common Artemisia or Mugwort. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segments lanceolate, acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate ; hd$. erect, ovoid, sub- sessile ; invol. tomentose. Tj. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in fields, roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt. N. H. Stem 2 3f high, branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable, but never nearly so attenuated as in A. Canadensis. Heads few, purplish. 9. A. BIENNIS. Willd. Erect, herbaceous, smooth ; Ivs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, all with linear, acute and mostly incised lobes; hds. sessile, arranged in a close, narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes. Ohio to Mo. and the Saskatchawan. T. <$ G. Aug. Oct. 3. Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers all fertile. 10. A. ABSINTHIUM. Common Wormwood. Lvs. multifid, clothed with short, silky down, segments lanceolate; hds. hemispherical, drooping ; receptacle hairy. Naturalized in the mountainous dis- tricts of New England, growing among rubbish, rocks and by roadsides. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. The whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomachic, &c. : 11. A. PONTICA. Roman Wormword. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline oner bipinnate, leaflets linear ; hds. roundish, stalked, nodding. Common in gar dens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flow, ers. Head with 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6. From Austria, f 53. TANACETUM. Said to be a corruption of a flayaru?, deathless ; for the durable flowers. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute ; recep- tacle convex, naked ; pappus a slight, membranous border ; achenia with a large, epigynous disk. Lvs. alternate, much dissected. Fls. yellow. T. VULGARE. Tansey. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and incisely serra e; hds. fastigiate-corymbose. Tj. Native of Europe, and naturalized in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2 3f high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug. The whole plant has a strong and aromatic smell and a very bitter taste. The seeds are anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped leaves. 54. GNAPHALIUM. Gr. yra^ioXoi', cotton or wool ; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage. Heads discoid, heterogamous ; involucre imbricate with scarious, Colored scales ; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, in several rows ; ANTSNNAR4A. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 351 central flowers , to lay hold of; a characteristic term. Heads discoid, homogamous 5 involucre globose, the scales imbri- cated and hooked at the extremity ; receptacle bristly ; pappus bristly, scabrous, caducous. (D Coarse, European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large. L. MAJOR. Gaert. (AreUam Lappa. Linn.} Burdock. Lvs. cordate, unarmed, petioled. Common in waste and cultivated grounds, fields, N. Eng. Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, conical, ill-scented and coarse looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching, irregular panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly deli- cate pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. This plant is an instance of design in the dissemination of seeds, such as cannot be mis- taken. The scales of the involucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes hold of everything that passes by. Thus men and animals are made the unwil- ling agents of scattering widely the seeds of this unsightly plant. July, Aug. $ 8. Leaves pinnatifid. Penn. Dr. Darlington. SUBORDER 2. L IGTJL.IFL.ORJE. Flowers all perfect, ligulate, in a radiatiform or radiant head. TRIBE 6. CICHORACE2E. Branches of the style uniformly pubescent. Plants with a milky juice. Leaves alternate. 71. CICHORIUM. Tourn. The Egyptian name chtfcouryeh, whence Gr. /tt^wpjj, and Eng. succory. Involucre double, the outer of 5 leafy ^scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones ; receptacle chaffy ; pappus scaly ; achenia not rostrate, ob- scurely 5-sided. Oriental herbs with bright bluefls., about 20 in a head. 1. C. INTYBUS. Succory. Fls. in pairs, axillary, sessile ; lower Ivs. runcinate. 7J. A European plant 2 3f high, with large, showy, sky-blue flowers, natu- ralized in grass fields, by roadsides, and becoming quite common in many localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. The upper leaves become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones runci- nate. The flowers are 1 2' diam., and placed rather remote on the. longnaked- ish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a substi- tute for coffee. July Sept. 2. C. ENDIVIA. Endive. Fed. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongaiej and 1 -headed, the other very short, about 4-headed ; hds. capitate.- A hardy annual, - from the E. Indies, esteemed and cultivated for salad. The French physicians have recently found it a remedy for jaundice. 72. KRIG1A. Schreb. Dedicated to Dr. Daniel Krieg, a German botanist Involucre many-leaved, nearly simple, equal; receptacle naked; pappus double, or consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales surround- ing 5 8 bristles several times as long as the 5-angled achenia. 'Small acaulescent herbs. Heads solitary, with 20 30 yellow flowers. 3&8 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CATANANCHE. K. VIRGINICA. Wifld. (Hyoseris. MX. Cynthia. Beck.} Dwarf Dandelion. Scape 1-flowered; Ivs. lanceolate, lyrate, smooth ; invol. smooth. This little plant is Ibund on sandy hills and by roadsides, Can. to La. Scapes 1 several, smooth, slender, 18' high. After flowering it becomes longer than the leaves. The primary leaves are roundish, entire ; the rest irregularly lyrate. Scales of the involucre 10 15, linear-lanceolate, arranged in a somewhat sim- ple series. Corollas yellow. Ach.turbinate, scabrous, reddish-brown. May JJ. 73. CYNTHIA. Don. One of the names of Diana; its application to this genus is not pbvious. Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly ; inner copious, capillary ; achenia short. 1\- Lvs. alternate or all radical. lids, with 15 20 yellow flowers. C. VIRGINICA. Don. (Tragopogon. Linn. Krigia amplexicaulis. Nutt.) SI. mostly simple, scape-like ; radical Ivs. sublyrate or pinnatifid, on short, winged petioles; cauline ones lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire. In barrens and dry soils, Western N. Y. to 111. ! &c. The plant is smooth and glaucous. Stem 1 2f high, often dichotomously divided, with 1 2 clasping leaves at the forks. Radical leaves 3 5' long, sometimes 'nearly entire. Heads terminal on the bracteate and subumbellate peduncles, with deep yellow flowers. Scales united at base in a somewhat double series. May July. 74. LEONTODON. Gr. Aewv, a lion, oJovj, a tooth; in reference to the deeply toothed leave*. Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very short ; receptacle na- ked 5 pappus plumose, persistent on the somewhat rostrate achenia. Acaulescent herbs, with white fis. many in a head. L. AUTUMNALIS. (Apargia. Willd.} Autumnal Hawkweed. Scape branching ; ped. scaly ; Ivs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnatifid, smoothish. A European plant, naturalized and common in the eastern parts of N. Eng- iand, growing in grass-lands and by roadsides. The flower resembles those of the dandelion (Taraxacum). Root large, abrupt. Scape round, striate, hol- low, decumbent at base, 6 18' high, with a few branches and scattered scales. Leaves all radical, spreading, 6' long, with deep, round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. Heads 1' diam. yellow, appearing from July to Nov. $ 75. TRAGOPOGON. Gr. rpnyof, a goat, Trwywv, beard; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus. Involucre simple, of many leaves ; receptacle naked ; pappus plu- mose ; achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform beak. European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like Ivs. T. PORRIPOLIUS. Salsify. Vegetable Ch/s/cr. Invol. much longer than the corol- la ; Ivs. long, linear, undivided, straight ; ped. thickened upwards. Stem 3 4f high. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, bluish-purple. This exotic is cultivated in gardens for the root, which is long, tapering and nutritious. When properly prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste, which has been compared to that of the oyster. $ 76. CATANANCHE. Gr. Kara, avayKrj, from necessity : it must necessarily be admired (?). Involucre imbricated, scarious ; receptacle paleaceous ; pappus pale- aceous, 5-leaved ; paleaj awned. Oriental herbs, with alternate, lanceolate Ivs. C. CCBRULEA. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipinnatifid at base ; lower scales of the involucre ovate, mucronate. From S. Europe. A hand- some annual, 2 3f high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles with blue, spread- ing, ligulate corollas toothed at apex. Jl. Sept. f HIERACIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 359 77. LACTUCA. Lat. lac, milk ; from the milky juice in which all the species abound. 1. L. ELONGATA. Wild Lettuce. Trumpet Milkweed. Lvs. smooth and pale beneath, lower ones amplexicaul, runcinate, upper /anceolate, entire, sessile ; hds. racemose-paniculate. A common, rank plant, growing in hedges, thickets, &c., where the soil is rich and damp. Stem hol- low, stout, 3 6t high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes co- rymbose-spreading panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Leaves very varia- ble, the lower 612' long, commonly deeply runcinate, often narrow-lanceolate, with a few narrow-lanceolate divisions. Corollas yellow. Achenia oblong, compressed, about the length of the beak. July, Aug. 0. inlcgrifolia (L. integrifolia. Bw.) Lvs. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base. y. sanguinarea (L. sanguinarea. Bio.} Lvs. runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly pubescent, glaucous beneath ; fls. purple. Stem 2 3f high, often purple (but this character is not peculiar to this variety). . 2. L. SATIVA. Garden Lettuce. St. corymbose ; Ivs. suborbicular, the cauline ones cordate. The varieties of this exotic are every where well known and cultivated for salad. It is annual, with very smooth, yellowish-green foliage, which in one variety (capitatd) is so abunaai.t as to form heads like the cab- bage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juice con- tains opium, and if this salad be eaten too freely, unpleasant narcotic effects are the consequence. J 78. MULGEDIUM. Cass. Lat. mulgeo to milk ; in allusion to the lactescent qualities of the plants. Involucre somewhat double, the outer series of scales short and imbricated ; receptacle naked, faveolate ; pappus copious, soft, capil- lary, crowning the short-beaked achenia. Lvs. mostly spinulose. Hds. with many yellow or cyanic flowers. 1. M. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Sonchus acuminatus. Willd.) Radical Ivs. subruncinate ; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petiolate, den tate; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat scaly peduncles. In hedges and thickets, N. Y. to la. ! and S. States. A smooth plant, 3 6f high, with the stem often purplish. Leaves 3 6' long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or truncate at the base, sinuate-denticulate, narrowed at base into a winged pe- tiole. Heads small. Peduncles with a few scale-like bracteoles. Scales dark Durple, with blue corollas. Pappus white, on the short-beaked, ovate-acumi- aate achenia. Aug. Sept. 2. M. LEUCOPH.EUM. DC. (Sonchus floridanus. Ait. Agathyrsus leuco- phaeus. Don.} Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds. paniculate, on squamose-bracteate peduncles. Moist thickets, N. and W. States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. Stem 4 lOf high. Leaves 5 12' i'ong, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments re- pand-toothed, the radical ones on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often un- divided. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas, a tawny- white pappus, and arranged in a long, slender panicle. Aug. Sept. 3. M. FLORIDANUM. DC. (Agathyrsus. Beck. Sonchus. Linn.} Glabrous; st. erect, paniculate above, purple or glaucous; cauline Ivs. runcinately pinnate-parted, segments few, sinuate-dentate, upper ones triangu- lar, acute or acuminate; panicle]oose, erect, compound. Western! and South- ern States, hedges and waste grounds. A handsome plant with a terminal pani- cle of blue flowers. Stem 3 5f high. Leaves 4r-S' long, variable in form. Heads small. Rays expanding 9". Jl. Sept. 79. HIERACIUM. TounA Gr. lcpa, a hawk; supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. Involucre more or less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered ; reeepta- 31 3bO LXXV. COMPOSITE. NABALUS. cle subalveolate-fimbrillate ; scales very unequal ; pappus of scabrous fragile, copious, 1 -rowed bristles. ^ Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed. Involucre imbricated. 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (H. Kalraii. Sirreng.} Canadian Hawkweed. St. erect, subvillose, leafy, many-flowered ; Irs. sessile, lanceolate or ob- long-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones somewhat amplexicaul, with an obtuse base ; panicles axillary and terminal, corymbose, downy. In open dry or rocky woods. N. Eng., N. Y., Can. Stem stout, 1 2f high, more or less pubescent, the peduncles downy but not glandular. Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads large and showy, with yellow flowers. Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug. Involucre calyculate. 2. H. VENOSUM. Veiny-leaved Hawkweed. Scape or st. naked or with a single leaf, smooth, paniculate ; Ivs. obovate, somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneath, ciliate on the margin, veins colored; invol. glabrous, about 20-flowered; ach. linear. In woods, &c. N. Eng. to W. States, Stem 1 2f high, dark brown, slender. Panicle diffuse, several times dichotomous, corymbose. Heads rather small, on slender pedicels, with bright yellow flowers. Jl. Aug. 3. H. GRONOVII. G-ronovius 1 Hawkweed. St. leafy, hirsute, paniculate ; invol. and pedicels glandular-pilose ; radical Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, entire, strigose, the midvein beneath very villous; upper ones oblong, closely sessile. A hairy plant, found on dry hills, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, furnished with a few leaves below, naked above and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. Lower leaves tapering into a long stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Achenia tapering up- wards to a slender point, but scarcely rostrate. Aug. Sept. 4. H. SCABRUM. Michx. (H. Marianum. Willd.') Rough Hawkweed. St. leafy, scabrous and hispid j Ivs. elliptic-obovate, scabrous -and hirsute lower ones slightly dentate ; ped. thick, and with the invol. densely glandular hispid ; hds. 40 50-flowered. A rough plant, on dry hills, borders of woods Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1 3f high, round, striate, rather stout. Lowe leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stern Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with i tawny pappus. Aug. 5. H. PANICULATUM. Slender Hawkweed. St. slender, leafy, paniculate, whitish tomentose below; Irs. lanceolate, glabrous, membranaceous, acute ; panicle diffuse ; ped. very slender ; hds. 10 20-flowered. A smooth, slender plant, in damp woods, Can. to Ga. Stem 1 3f high, several times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 24' long. Heads small, numerous, with yellow flowers. Pedicels long and filiform, forming a very diffuse panicle. Aug. 6. H. LONGiPiLUM. Torr. (H. barbatum. Nutt.} Plant densely pilose with long, straight, ascending, bristly hairs; st. strict, simple, smoothish and nearly leafless above ; Ivs. crowded near the base of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to the base, entire; hds. glandular-tomen- tose or hispid, 20 30-flowered, in a small, terminal panicle. Barrens and prairies, Western States. Plant 1 2f high, remarkable for the long, brownish, straight hairs with which the lower part is thickly clothed ; otherwise it more nearly resembles the last. July Sept. 7. H. AURANTIACUM. St. leafy, hispid ; fls. densely corymbose ; Ivs. oblong, somewhat acute, pilose, hispid. Native of Scotland. Flowers numerous, large, orange-colored. One of the few species worthy of cultivation, f 80. NABALUS. Cass. " Nomen omnino sensus expers, forte mutandum." De Candolle. Involucre cylindric, of many linear scales in one row, calyculate" with a few short, appressed scales at base ; receptacle naked pappus LXXV. COMPOSITE. 36t copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed ; persistent ; achenia not beaked, smooth, striate. Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. Hds 5 18-Jtowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves very variable in the same species. 1. N. ALBUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.} Lion's-foot. White Lettuce. St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbose-panicu- late above ; radical Ivs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed ; stem Its. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; hds. pendulous ; invol. of 8 scales, 9 12-flowered. A conspicuous and not inelegant plant, in moist woods and shades, N. Eng. to Iowa, a.nd Can. to Car. Stem stout, 2 4f high, purplish, often deeply so in spots. The leaves are very variable, the low- est 3 5-lobed or only hastate, the uppermost Ian -eolate, and between these the intermediate forms, hastate and ovate, all irregularly toothed. Scales purplish. Corollas whitish. Pappus brown. Some of the varieties have the reputation of curing the rattlesnake's bite. Aug. /?. serpentaria. (Prenanthes serpentaria. P.} Radical Ivs. palmate-sinuate, those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted ; upper Ivs. lanceolate. 2. N. ALTISSIMUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.) Tall Nabalus. St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above; Ivs. more or less deeply 3 5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the lobes acuminate ; hds. pendulous ; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered. A fall species, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, found in woods, New- foundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3 5f high, bearing a narrow and elon- gated panicle. Heads in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug. ft. ovatus. Riddell. Cauline Ivs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. y. cordatus. (Prenanthes cordata. Wdld.) Lvs. cordate, on slender petioles. <*. deltoidea. (Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell.) Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. t. dissectus. T. & G. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deep- ly cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 3. N. FRASERI. DC. (P. rubicaulis. PA.) leaser's Nafialus. St. smooth, corymbosely paniculate above ; Ivs. subscabrous, mostly del- toid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, sub- sessile ; invol. of about 8 scales, 8 12-flowered ; pappus straw-colored. TJ. In dry, hard soils, Conn, and Mid. States (rare) to Flor. Stem 2 4f high, with paniculate branches. The leaves are as variable as in our other species, some- times all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes. Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is most effec- tually distinguished from N. albus by the more lively color of the pappus. Aug. 4. N. NANUS. DC. (P. alba. /?. nana. Bw.) St. simple, low, smooth ; Ivs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously lobed or parted, the others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and lanceolate fids, in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a slender, racemose pani cle ; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 1012 flowers ; pappvx dingy white. This form of Nabalus is sommon on the White Mts., N. H. ! where we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. Stem 5 10' high. Heads with whitish flowers. Aug. 5. N. BOOTTII. DC. Boott's NaboJus. St. simple, dwarf; lower Ivs. subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the middle ones oblong, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire; hds. slightly nodding; invol. 10 18-flowered, of 10 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at base with lax, linear scales half their length ; pappus straw-color. White Mts., N. H., Whiteface Mt., Essex Co. N. Y. Macrae. N. Am. Fl., II. 482. Stem 58' high, bearing the heads in a subsimple raceme. Flowers whitish and odorous. 6. N. VIRGATUS. DC. (Prenanthes. MX. Sonchus. Desf. Harpalyce. Beck.) Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple ; lower Ivs. s.inuate-pinnatifid\ petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire, partly clasping, gradually 362 LXXV. COMPOSITE. TARAXACUM. reduced to the minute, subulate bracts ; hds. clustered, in a long, compound, virgate,- somewhat secund raceme; invol. with about 8 scales and 10 flowers; pappus straw-colored. A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 2 4f high, racemose half its length. Leaves gradu- ally reduced and simplified from the base upward, as in most of the species. Sept. Oct. . Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves undivided. 7. N. RACEMOSUS. Hook. (Prenanthes. MX. Harpalyce. Don.} Glabrous, simple, slender ; Ivs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharp- _y denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire ; hds. in nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle ; invol. of 8 9 scales, with 9 12 flowers ; pappus straw-color. N. J., N. W. States and Can. Stem 2 4f high. Flowers pale red-purple. 8. T. & G. Los. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid. 8. N. CREPIDINEUS. DC. (Prenanthes crepidinea. Michx.) Nearly glabrous; st. tall, stout, corymbosely paniculate; Ivs. large, irreg- ularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or deltoid, upper oblong-lanceolate ; hds. nodding, in small pedunculate and pani- cled clusters ; invol. hairy, of 11 14 scales, with 25 35 flowers ; pappus tawny. Fields and thickets, Western States ! One of the largest species. Stem 5 8f high. Leaves 4 12' by 2 T, obtuse or acute. Heads large but not nume- rous, with brown scales and yellowish flowers. Aug. Oct. 9. N. ASPER. T. & G. (N. Illinoensis. DC. Prenanthes asper. Michx. Choudrilla 111. Pair.) St. strict, simple, scabrous; Ivs. simple, scabrous- pubescent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance- oblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile ; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a slender, elongated, compound raceme ; invol. strongly hirsute, of 710 scales and with 11 14 flowers ; pappus straw-color. Dry prairies and barrens, West- ern States, Dr. Skinner! common! Stem 2 4f high, nearly smooth. Leaves 3 5' long, pubescent or glabrous. Raceme 1 2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. 81. TROXlMON. Nutt. Gr. rf>oi/*of , eatable ; applied to this genus with little propriety. Heads many-flowered ; involucre campanulate, scales loosely imbri- cate, lance-ovate, membranaceous, in 2 3 rows ; achenia oblong- linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate ; pappus setaceous, copious, white. *4- Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single^ large, showy head with yellow flowers. T. CUSPIDATUM. Ph. (T. marginatum. Nutt.) Rt. fusiform; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentose, often undulate ; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly equal to the inner. Prairies, Wis., Lapham, 111., Mead, W. to the Rocky Mts., Nuttall. Apr. Jn. 82. TARAXACUM. Desf. Gr. TapanriKos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties. Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the inner, appressed row ; receptacle naked ; achenia produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary pappus. Acau' lescent herbs, with ruminate leaves. T. DENS-LEONIS. Less. (Leontodon Taraxacum. Linn.) Dandelion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; Ivs. runcinate, smooth, dentate. e l\. In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons except winter. Leaves all radical, and examples of that peculiar form termed runcinate, that is, re-unci- nate, the teeth or claws inclining backwards towards the base of the leaf rather than the summit. Scape hollow, round, bearing a single yellow head. After *ie flower is closed and decayed, the scape rises higher and bears a head of LOBELIA. LXXVI. LOBELIACE^E. 363 perfected seeds and seed-down, the airy, globular form of which is very con- spicuous among the tall grass. The leaves in spring furnish an excellent pot- herb. April Nov. 83. SONCHUS. Gr. ffoptyos, hollow or soft ; in allusion to the tender, feeble stem. Involucre imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid at the base ; receptacle naked ; pappus of simple, copious, white-silky hairs in many series ; achenia not rostrate. Lvs. mostly spinulosc. Heads with many yellow flowers. 1. S. OLERACECS. Common Smo Thistle. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runci- nate, subspinulose, dentate ; ped. downy ; invol. at length smooth. (I) A sordid looking plant, native of Europe, naturalized in waste grounds, among rubbish, &c. The whole plant has a glaucous hue. Stem angular, hollow, fragile, 2 3f in height. Leaves apparently clasping, with large, retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth ending in weak spines. Involucres dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. 2. S. ASPER. Vill. (S. spinulosus. Bw.) Rough Sow Thistle. St. glandular-hispia above; Ivs. cordate-amplexical, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulose, dentate; ped. subumbellate. Found in similar situations with the former, but less common, U. S. Stem 1 2f high, smooth except at the summits of the branches, where it is covered with stiff hairs, each support- ing a little gland at top. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth, wavy or slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales with few, scattered hairs. Aug. Sept. 3. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Smo Thistle. Rt. creeping, perennial; st. glabrous, erect; Ivs. runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate, cordate-clasping at base, with short and obtuse auricles; panicle umbellate-corymbose; ped. and. invol. hispid; och. somewhat 4-angled, the ribs transversely rugulose. %. Waste grounds, naturalized, Eastern Mass, and Southern N. Y., rare. Stem angular, about 2f high. Heads large, with deep yellow flowers. ORDER, LXXVI. LOBELIACE^. LOBELIADS. Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice. Lvs. alternate, without stipules. F/. axillary and terminal. Col. superior, the limb 5-lobed or entire. Cor. Limb irregular, 5-lobed, the tube inserted into the calyx. Sta. 5, inserted with the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Anth. coherent into a tube. Pollen oval. Ova. adherent to the calyx tube. Style simple. Stig. surrounded with a fringe. Fr. a capsule, 2 or 3-(rarely Hcelled, many-seeded. Most abundant in countries near the tropics, as W. Indies, Brazil and the Sandwich Islands, but they are found also throughout the temperate zones. Properties. Aft the species are poisonous, being pervaded by an acrid, narcotic juice. The common Indian tobacco (Lobelia iriflata) is an exceedingly active medicine, emetic, sudorific and expectorant It should be used, however, with great caution, since " less than a teaspoonful of the seeds or the powdered leaves would destroy life in a lew hours." Dr. Gray. The other species produce similar effects, but in a lesj degree. Genera. Corolla tube cleft on the upper side to near the base, limb subbilabiate. . . . Lobelia. 1 Corolla tube short, entire, limb bilabiate Clintanla. 2 1. LOBELIA. In honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I. Died 1 6! 8. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper side ; stamens with the anthers united" above into a curved tube ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. Her- baceous plants, with thejls. axillary and solitary ', or in terminal, br acted racemes. 1. L. CARDINALIS. Cardinal FUnoer. SI. erect, simple, Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, acute or acuminate, 3 1 3M LXXV1. LOBELIACE^E. LOBELIA. sessile ; fls. In a terminal, bracted, secund raceme ; sta. longer than the corolla. A tall species of superior beauty, frequent in meadows and along streams, Can. to Car., W. to 111. ! Stem 2 4f high, often quite glabrous as well as the whole plant. Leaves 2 4' by 8 15", usually denticulate. Flowers on short pedicels, few or numerous, in 'a superb, nodding- raceme. Bracts linear-subu- late, much shorter than the flowers. Corolla deep scarlet near 2' in length Jl. Aug. f 0. Whole plant glabrous ; Ivs. entire. Potsdam, N. Y. ! y. Cor. white, the segments rather narrower. Mass. ! 2. L. INFLATA. Indian Tobacco. St. hairy, branched, erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilose caps, inflated. In fields and woods, Can. and U. S. Root fibrous. Stem erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the luxuriance of its growth, 1015' high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. Corolla small, pale blue, leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. July Sept. This plant is ren- dered famous by the Thomsonian physicians, in whose practice it appears to be too indiscriminately used. Its specific action, as above stated, is that of a violent emetic. In small doses it is powerfully expectorant. To its salivating property is probably owing the driveling of horses in autumn. 3. L. DORTMANNA. Dortmann's or Water Lobelia. DCS. submerged, linear, entire, fleshy, 2-celled, obtuse; scape simple, nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. % A curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States to Ga., the flowers only rising above the water. Stem erect, hollow, nearly leafless, long, bearing above the surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicellate flowers. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, obtuse, submerged, having 2 longitudinal grooves. Flowers droop- ing, pale blue. July. 4. L. SYLPHILITICA. JBliie Cardinal Flower. St. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, somewhat hirsute ; roc. leafy ; cal. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses re- flexed. Tj. A fine, showy plant, but inferior in beauty to L. cardinalis, growing in wet meadows and along streams, U. States and Can., more common in the Western States. Stem erect, 2 4f high, simple, angular, with short hairs. Leaves lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somewhat erosely den- tate, pilose. Flowers large, on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish. Capsule half supe- rior. July. 5. L. PUBERULA. Michx. Downy Lobelia. Pubescent; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-drnticulate ; rac. spicate, secund ; cal. ciliate, the segments longer than the tube of the corolla. "4 Native of mountains, &c., N. Y. to Ga. Stem 12 30' high, scarcely furrowed. Leaves covered with a short, downy or silky pubes- cence, 1 2' inches in length and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards the end. Flowers large, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a somewhat one-sided raceme, leafy below. Calyx hairy at base. Corolla of a bright purplish-blue. Jujy. 6. L. SPICATA. Lam. (L. Claytoniana. MX. L. pallida. MiM.} Claij- ton's Lobelia. Puberulent ; st. erect, simple ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, mostly obtuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones spatulate ; fls. (small) in a long, slender raceme ; pedicels as long as the flowers or entire, subulate bracts ; sep. subulate, as long as the tube of the corolla. 7}. Fields and prairies, Can. and U. S. Stem 1| 2f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a long, wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each axillary to a short, incon- spicuous bract. Corolla pale blue, the palate bidentate. Aug. 7. L. KALMIA. Kalm's Lobelia. Smooth; sf. simple, slender, erect; radical Ivs. spatulate, stem Ivs. linear- lanceolate, obtuse, remotely denticulate ; rac. lax, few-flowered, leafy ; fls. pe- dicelled. A small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of streams CAMPANULA. LXXV1I. CAMPANULACE^E. 366 Maine, Miss Towle ! to Niagara ! Stem 6 12' high, commonly simple. Leaves mostly linear, sessile, an inch long and I 2" wide, upper ones entire, lower with minute teeth. Flowers remote, alternate, on axillary pedicels which are but little shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Corolla pale-blue, the 3 lower seg- ments obovate. Aug. 8. L. LEPTOSTACHYS. DC. Slender-spiked Lobelia. Glabrous; st. erect, virgate, simple; Irs. oblong-lanceolate, minutely denticulate, rather acute, sessile ; fls. subsessile, small, in a long, slender spike ; col. segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla ; bracts lance-linear, denticulate, much longer than the pedicels. Prairies, Western States ! common. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 13' by by 48". Raceme 6 12 in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Flowers light blue. Much resembles L. spicata. July. 9. L. NUTTALLII. DC. (L. gracilis. NuU.\ NuttaUSs Lobelia. Glabrous ; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform, subsimple ; Ivs. few and remote, subentire, radical linear-spatulate, cauline linear, rather acute ; fls. few, remote ; pedicels twice longer than the corolla or the 2 subulate bracts at base ; cal. segments shorter than the tube of the corolla. An exceedingly slender plant, around sandy swamps, N. J. ! 1 2f high., often branched. Leaves 6 12" by 1 I 1". Pedicels 3 10" long, blue as well as the 2o'"ars. July, Aug. 2. CLINT ONI A. Douglass. Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal ; corolla bilabiate, lower lip cuneate, 3- lobed, upper erect, 2-parted ; stamens incurved, united into a tube ; capsule silique-form, dry, chartaceous, 1 -celled, many-seeded, dehis- cent by 3 strap-shaped valves. Procumbent herbs with small leaves and axillary ', solitary flowers. C. ELEGANS. Doug. Glabrous, sparingly branched ; st. slender, angular ; Ivs. sessile, ovate, 3-veined; ova. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the leaves ; cor. blue, with a white spot in the middle of the lower lip. Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with flowers of the most brilliant blue, j- ORDER LXXVIL CAMPANULACE.E. BELLWORTS. Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves and without stipules. Fin. mostly blue, showy. Cal. superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent Cur. regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in aestivation. Sta. inserted with the corolla upon the calyx, equal in number to, and alternate with, its lobes. Anth. Distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spherical. Ova. adherent to the calyx, 2 or more-celled. Style covered with collecting hairs. Fr. Capsule crowned with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. Genera 28, species 500, chiefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Africa. Of its 300 species, according to Alphonse DeCandolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The campanulaceK are interesting chiefly for their beauty, being destitute of any important known properties. Genera. Calyx tube short. Corolla campanulate or subrotate Campanula. I Calyx tube long, prismatic. Corolla rotate f . . . . Specularia. 2 1. CAMPANULA. Lat campanula, a little bell ; from Oie form of the flowers. Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; corolla campanulate, or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad valve-like bases of the 5 stamens ; stigma 3 5-cleft ; capsule 3 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. Mostly %- Fls. generally in racemes, sometimes spicate, or few and axillary 1. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Rock Bell-flmcer. Hair Bell. SI. weak, slender; radical Ivs. ovate- or reniform-cordate ; cauline one* linear, entire; fls. few, nodding. An exceedingly delicate plant, with blue, bell- shaped flowers. On damp rocks and rocky streams, N. States and Brit. Am. Stem a foot or more high, smooth. The root leaves generally decay on the opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with these (7 10" by 4 7") is rather 366 LXXVII. CAMPANULACE^E. SPECULAMA. rare. Cauline leaves smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn. Jl. 2. C. APARiNdlDES. Ph. (C. crinoides. Michx.) Prickly Bell-flower. St. flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely acu- leate ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; Jls. terminal. A slender annual, found in wet meadows, Can. and Wise. ! to Ga. Stem 12 18' high, its 3 angles rough backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the grass. Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough backwards. Flowers small, white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top of the stem. June Aug. 3. C. AMERICANA. (C. acuminata. Michx.} American Bell-flower. St. erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, the lower ones often cordate ; petioles ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; sty. exsert. A tall, erect, ornamental species in fields, hills, &c., in Western N." Y. ! and Penn. to 111. ! common. Also cultivated in gardens. Stem 2 3f high, nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers blue, flat, on short stalks or sessile, numerous, solitary or several in each upper axil, forming a terminal, leafy raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. f 4. C. ILLINOENSIS. Fresen. in DC. St. angular, with spreading branches ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, sharply serrate, reflexed, upper ones hairy ; fls. sessile, 1 3 together in the upper axils ; col. segments subulate, serrate at base, spreading ; cor. rotate ; caps, prismatic-clavate. Prairies of Illinois. Stem 3 5f high. Segments of the corolla hairy outside near apex. Capsule opening by 3 pores. 5. C. GLOMERATA. Clustered Bell-flower. St. angular, simple, smooth ; Ivs. scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sessile, lower petiolate ; Jls. glomerate, in a dense head ; col. lobes acuminate, half as long as the funnel-shaped corolla. A European species, cultivated in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt., Oakes. It is a handsome plant, about 2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an intense violet-blue, varying to pale purple. In cultivation it has many varieties. -f 6. C. MEDIUM. St. simple, erect, hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate, ses- sile, 3-veined at base ; Jls. erect. (g) An ornamental border flower, from Ger- many, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height, undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June Sept. f 7. C. PERSICIPOLIA. Peach-leaved Bell-flo-wer. St. angular, erect; Ivs. rigid, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong-obovate, cauline lance-linear; Jls. large, broadly campanulate. A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very large, blue (varying to white) flowers, f 8. C. PLANIFLORA. DC. (C. nitida. Ait.) Very glabrous; st. simple; Ivs. sessile, coriaceous, shining, radical crowded, ovate or obovate, obtuse, crenu- late, cauline linear-lanceolate, acute, subentire ; Jls. in a spicate raceme ; col. lobes ovate, acute, as long as the campanulate-rotate corolla. Native about Hudson's Bay, Pursh. A smooth species, with numerous blue flowers, j- 9. C. LANUGINOSA, with ovate, crenate, rugose and somewhat woolly leaves is sometimes cultivated, and also a fe N other species. 2. SPECULARIA. Heist. Lat. speculum, a mirror ; alluding to the flov er of S. speculum. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, distinct, half as long as the corolla, filaments hairy, shorter than the anthers ; style included, hairy ; stigmas 3 ; capsule prismatic, 3- selled, dehiscing in the upper part. Fls. axillary arid terminal^ sessile, erect. 1. S. PERFOLIATA. Lam. (Campanula amplexicaulis. Mr. and of 1st edit.) St. simple, rarely branched, erect; hs. cordate, crenate, amplexicaul ;/s. nessile, aggregate, axillary. Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields LXXVI1I. ERICACEAE. 367 and roadsides, Can., N. Eng. ! to Ga. and 111. ! The strict, upright stem, is furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem-clasping leaves, containg 1 4 crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper suri'ace. Flowers axillarv and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or pur- ple, with spreading segments, calyx segments acute, lanceolate. June, July. 2. S. SPECULUM. Venus' Looking-glass. St. diffrfse, very branching ; Ivs. ob- long-crenate ; Jls. solitary ; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting. A pretty border flower named from the form of the blue corolla, which resem- bLes a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. ORDER LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. HEATHWORTS. Plants shrubby or suffruticose, sometimes herbaceous. Lvs. simple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, entire or toothed, without stipules. Inflorescence various. Cal. inferior or superior, 5- (seldom 46-) leaved or cleft, rarely entire. Cor. regular or somewhat irregular. 45- (rarely 6-) cleft, the petals rarely almost distinct. Sta. Generally distinct and inserted with the corolla. [appendaged. Anth. as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, 2-celled, generally opening by pores, often Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, or in the end of fleshy albumen. Genera 66, species 1086, diffused throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid /one. The true Ericaceae (Heaths) are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, there being none in Asia, New Holland, and but one or two in America. The Tribe Vaccuieae are chiefly natives of N. America. Properties. The Ericaceae are, in general, astringent and diuretic. Some of them yield a stimulating and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry. (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi) is a well-known remedy in nephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, demulcent and diuretic. Similar properties are also possessed by the Pipsissivva (Chimaphila umbellata). The species of Rhododendron and Kal- mia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them (particularly their leaves) o-l'ten actively poison- ous. The honey collected from their flowers by bees appears to have been so to some of the soldiers in the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis). The berries of the Vaccineae (Whor- tleberries, Blueberries and Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procumbens (spicy Wintergreeu) are esculent and wholesome. 9 FIG. 48. l. Azalea procumbens. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. A stamen much enlarged, showing the longitudinal dehiseence of each of the cells. 4. Cross section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododendron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 5. Pyrola secunda. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 8. Cross section of a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. 9. Gaultheria procumbens. 10. A flower enlarged. 11. A berry. 12. Vertical section of the ovary, show- 'ng the free, fleshy calyx. 13. Anther of Vaccinium Vitis Idese. 14. Stamen of Arctostaphyloi Uvu-uisi, 15. Awned stamen of a Vacoinimn. 368 . LXXVUI. ERICACEAE. VACCINIUM. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Cor. urceolate. Erect undershrubs, . Vaccinium. \ < $ segments reflexed. Oxycoccus. S Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. ( Cor. deeply 4-cleft, I segments spreading. Cliwgencs. 3 f Berry the matured, fleshy calyx. Seeds 00. . Gaultheria. 7 (Drupe the matured ovary, 5-seeded. . . . Arctosta-plujlusA t opening betw. cells(septicidal, 115, 1,2). Menziesia. 6 < ( Sta. 10. Andromeda. 5 Capsule (op'ng into the cells (loculicidal). (Sta. 8. Erica. 16 $ anthers free. Prostrate undershrub. Epigcra. 9 ] Corolla salver-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. . . Ka/mi.a. id (Petals 4 Anth. opening by clefts. . Azalea. 11 I united. LCorolla funnel or bell-form. (. Anth. opening by pores. . Rhododendron.\3 Shrubs $ Lvs.deciduous, serrate. Ciethra. 8 verdant, ] $ Caps.S-celled. (Lvs. evergreen, entire. Leiophyllum. 14 erector i Ovary $ regular. { Capsule 5-celled Ledwn. 15 prostrate. I free. I Petals subdistinct, J very irregular Rhodora. 12 l Flowers racemed. . < Flowers solitary, (verdant, leaves mostly all radical. ( Flowers corymbed. . .. \ Flower solitary. \ Petals distinct. \ Flowers racemed. Herbs . . (.destitute of leaves or verdure. ( Petals united. Flowers racemed. SUBORDER 1. VACCIXEJE. Pyrola. 17 Moneses. 18 Chimaphila. 19 Monotropa. 20 hypopitys. 21 Pterospora M Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or drupe- like fruit. Shrubs with scattered leaves. 1. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; corolla urceolate, campanulate or cyl- indric, limb 4 5-cleft, reflexed ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolia, generally included ; anthers with 2 awns on the back, or awnless ; style erect, longer than the stamens ; berry invested with the calyx, 4 or 5 (rarely 10)-celled, cells many-seeded. Shrubs or undershrubs with scattered Ivs. Fls. solitary or racemose, while or red- dish. Fr. generally eatable. ^ Flowers racemose. Corolla urceolate^ ovoid or oblong-cylindric. 1. V. RESINOSUM. Ait.' Black Wlwrtlcberry or Huckleberry, Branches cinerous-brown, villose when young ; Ivs. oblong-ovate or ob- .ong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate, with resinous dots beneath ; roc. lateral, secund; pedicels short, subbracteolate ; cm: ovoid-conic, at length sub- campanulate, 5-angled ; berries black. This common shrub of our woods and pastures is about 2f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, rare- ly acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles 1" in length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Corol- las contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the sta- mens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. /?. Lvs. and berries covered with a glaucous bloom. y. Lvs. larger ; pedicels longer than the corolla. 2. V. CORYMBOSUM. (V. fuscatum. Ail.') Blue Bilberry. High WJiorlle- berni. Flowering branches nearly leafless ; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute at each end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young; roc. short, sessile; CDT. ovoid-cylindrical. A tall shrub, 4 8f high, growing in shady swamps and by rnud ponds. Branches few, the young ones green or purplish. Leaves smooth on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a glandular point, formed by the prolonged rnidvein. Flowers numerous, nod- ing, generally appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, pur- plish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Jn. /?. 1 (V. dismorphum. Michx.} Fls. and Jr. much smaller; cal. very obtuse; fty. exserted; berries black. Grows with the other; frequent! VACCINJUM. LXXVIII. ERICACE^. 3G9 3 V. VIRGATUM. Muhl. (V. Pennsylvanicum. Darl. Beck, and 1st. edit, in part.') Blue Whortleberry. Branches angular, green; Irs. oblong or elliptic- lanceolate, sessile, mucronate, often serrulate, smooth and shining on both sides; rac. numerous, dense-flowered, subterminal, sessile, mostly naked ; cor. ovoid. Hilly woods and thickets, N. Eng. ! to Va. W. to Wis. Lapham ! Stem 1 3f high, bushy. Leaves pale green, 12 18" by 710", often slightly pubes- cent when young, thin, at length very smooth. Flowers in numerous, small racemes, on the upper, nakedish branchlets ; pedicels shorter (1 3") than the corolla. Corolla yellowish and reddish-white, longer than me stamens, but equaling or shorter than the styles. Berries bluish-black, sweet. May, Jn. 4. V. PENNSYLVANICUM. Lam. (V. tenellum. Ait.) Common Law Blue- berry. Branches green, with 2 pubescent lines ; Im. subsessile, crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous and shin- ing, with the veins beneath puberulent ; Jls. in short, bracteate, dense, subter- minal racemes ; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. Thickets and pastures in hard soils, Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low under-shrub, 6 12' high, growing in dense patches. Leaves 8 12" by 4 6". Flowers reddish-white, 3" lon%. Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. May. /?. Lvs. dark green ; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom. With va- riety a. 5. V. LicusTRlNUM. Michx. Privet -Whortleberry. Branches angular, slender, strict, erect ; Ivs. subsessile, erect, thick, lance- olate, veiny, pubescent, mucronate, serrulate; fascicles sessile; pedicels very short, glomerate; cor. ovoid-oblong. Mountains, Penn. to Va. Pursh, who re- marks that the leaves are very variable, the corolla reddish-purple, and the berries black. May, June. 6. V. BUXIFOLIUM. Salisb. St. low ; Ivs. obovate, crenate-aentate, smooth ; rac. axillary and terminal, dense, subsessile ; cor. orbicular-ovoid : fil. glandular ; stig. capitate. Near Winchester, Va. Stem 6 10' high. * Corolla white, with purple lines. Calyx bracteate. fy Flowers solitary. Corolla urceolate. 7. V. ULIGINOSUM. Mountain Blueberry. Procumbent; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny beneath; Jls. mostly solitary, axillary; cor. ovoid-globose, 4-cleft; sta. 4; antfr awned at the base A low, alpine shrub, White Mts. Stems with numerous, rigid branches. Leaves 3" by 2", broadest near the apex, scarcely petiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Flowers half as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deep- blue, crowned with the style. June, July. (Apr. May. Beck.) 8. V. CJESPITOSUM. Michx. Turfy Vaccinium. ' Dwarf, csespitose; Ivs. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticu- late with veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; col. very short; cor. ob- long, suburceolate ; pores of the anthers long-tubular. White Mts., N. H. Oakes, N. tc Hudson's Bay. Stem a few inches high. Flowers numerous, nodding, on short pedicels. Anthers with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, gla- brous, blue, eatable. $ $ Corolla campanulate. Leaves deciduous. 9. V. STAMINEUM. (V. stamineum and album. Ph.) Deerberry. Young branches pubescent ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanulate-spreading, segments acute, oblong; anth. exserted, 2-awned near the base. Dry woods, Can. to Flor. Shrub 2 3f high, very branching. Leaves 1 2' long, f as wide, broadest in the upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles ; those on the slender, flowering branches very much smaller. Flowers on long slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading, stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large greenish-white, bitter. May, June. /?. (V. elevatum. Banks.) Lvs. pale, pubescent beneath 5/5. smaller. N. J. 370 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. OXYCOCCUS 10. V. FRONDOsuM. Willd. (V. glaucum. MX.) Blue Tangles. High Blueberry. Lvs. oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered with minute, resinous dots; roc. loose, bracteate; pedicels filiform, bracteate near the middle; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens. Grows in open woods, N. Eng. to Car. A shrub 3 5f high, with round, smooth and slen- der branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest in the upper half, the margin slightly re volute. Racemes lateral, few-flowered Pedicels 5 10" in length. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white, suc- ceeded by large, glcbose, blue and sweet berries, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature. May, June. 11. V. CANADENSE. Rich. Canadian Bliieberry. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. subsessile, elliptic-lanceo- late or oblong, acute at each end, villose beneath, tomentose on the veins above, entire ; roc. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; corymb campanulate ; cal. lobes acute. A shrub 8 12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets, N. H. ! Me. ! to Hudson's Bay and to the Rocky Mts. Leaves 8 12" by 3 5". Flow- ers about 3" long. Style and stamens included. Berries blue and sweet, simi- lar to those of V. tenellum. May. 12. V. DUMOSUM. Andrews. (V. frondosum. Michx. V. hirtellum. Bio.") Branchlets, Ivs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous dots ; Ivs. obovate-oblong, subsessile, subcoriaceous, obtuse, mucronate, entire or ciliate-serrulate ; roc. bracted with small, floral leaves ; pedicels bracteolate in the middle ; cor. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style. Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. Robbins ! S. to Flor. A small shrub If high, with leafy racemes. Leaves about 16" by 7", cuneate at base, shining but minutely hispid above. Flowers white or purplish, each from the axil of a small, roundish-ovate leaf. Berries black, insipid, large (shining, Don., hairy, Bw). 2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers. Gr. oi>, acid, KOKKOS, berry. Calyx superior, 4-cleft ; corolla 4-parted, with sub-linear, revolute segments ; stamens 8, convergent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted, open- ing by oblique pores ; berry globose, many-seeded. Slender, prostrate shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous Ivs. and eatable fruit. 1. O. PALUSTRIS. Pers. (O. vulgaris. Ph. and 1st. edit. Vaccinium Oxy- coccus. Linn.) Common Cranberry. St. filiform, prostrate ; Ivs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin; pedicels' terminal, 1 -flowered; segments of the corolla ovate. A prostrate under shrub, found in alpine bogs, Can. and N. States. Stems creeping extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. Leaves somewhat remote", 2 3' long, and half as wide, smooth and shining above, paler beaeath. Flowers several together on the summits of the branches. Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Corollas light pink, tjie 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 2. O. MACROCARPUS. Pers. (V. macrocarpon. Ait.) Larger Cranberry. St. creeping, filiform; Ivs. oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous be- neath; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; segments of the corolla linear-lan- ceolate. A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows. Stems 8 15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Leaves numerous, 4 6" by 2 3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides, subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5 -15" long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 3. CHIOGENES. Salisb. Gr. 2ici)i/, snow, yfvof, offspring; in allusion to its evergreen habit Calyx 4-cleft, persistent ; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4- cleft ] stam. 8, included, anth. fixed by the base, the 2 cells awnless ANDROMEDA. bXXVIII. ERICACE^. 371 on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally ; ovary ad- herent, except at the summit, 4-celled ; fruit white, 4-celled, many- seeded. A prostrate, evergreen undershrub, with alternate leaves. Fis. solitary, axillary. C. HISPIDULA. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Linn. Gauhheria hisp. M\M. and 1st. edit. Phalerocarpus serpylliiblia. Don. Glyciphylla hisp. Raf. &c., &c.) Mountain Boxberry.K delicate woody creeper, in old shady woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligne- ous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous branches, and clothed with short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, roundish-oval, 4 g" by 3 4" } abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy flavor like those of Gaultheria procunibens. May, June. SUBORDER 2. E R I C I X E JE . Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the seed. Mostly shrubs. Leaves often evergreen. 4. ARCTOSTAPH^LOS. Adans. Gr. apKTo$, a bear, ora^ivXoj, a cluster of grapes ; that is, bear-berry. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small, recurved segments ; drupe with a 5-celled puta- men, the cells 1 -seeded. Trailing shrubs, with alternate leaves. 1. A. UVA-URSI. Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-ursi. Linn.) St. procumbent; Ivs. entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath; fo. in short, terminal, drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. A shrub growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate except the younger branches, which arise 3 8'. The leaves are about an inch in length, 23" wide, often spatulate in form ;, medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic complaints. 2. A. ALPINA. Spreng. (Arbutus alpina. Linn.) Alpine Bear-berry. Procumbent; Ivs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young; /s. in short, terminal racemes; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about equaling the pedicel. On the alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. Flow- ers white. Berries black. 5. ANDROMEDA. Named for Andromeda of ancient fable. Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent ; corolla ovoid-cylindric ; the limb 5-cleft. reflexed ; stamens 8 10 ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, the dissepiments produced from the middle of the valves. Shrubs pros- trate v erect. Lvs. mostly alternate. I. Cal. naked. Caps, valves bifid. Minute evergreen shrubs. CASSIOPE. 1. A. HYPNoiDES. (Cassiope. G. Don.*) Moss-like Cassiope. Sf. filiform, spreading ; Ivs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded ; ped. Rotary, terminal ; cor. globose, campanulate. One of the smallest and most delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resembling some of the m'osses, found on the alpine summits of the White Mts. ! Stems woody, much branched at base, 2 3' high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally arranged, and so closely as to conceal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding ; pe- Aunc'-.es colored, smooth, round-, an inch long in fruit. Calyx purple. Corolla light red, twice as long as the calyx, lobes erect. Stamens included. June. 32 372 LXXVIII. ERICACE^. ANDROMED 2. Col. bracteate at base. Capsule valves double. Lvs. evergreen, entire. CASSANDRA. 2. A. CALYCULATA. (Cassandra. G. Don.} Bracted Cassandra. Erect; hs. oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletel) ir serrulate, subrevolute, ferrugi- nous beneath; roc. terminal, leafy, subsecund. An evergreen shrub, 2 4f high, flowering early, in wet situations, Can. and most of the U. S. The leaves are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20 30 in each raceme, white, each from the axil of a small leaf. Calyx double, the outer of 2 bracts, the inner of 5 acute sepals. April, May. 3. Cat. naked. Anth. 2-awned. Lvs. evergreen, revolule. EUANDROMEDA. 3. A. POLIPOLIA. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. Erect ; Ivs. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revolute on the margins, glaucous beneath ; fls. subglobose, -in a dense, terminal corymb. A beautiful evergreen shrub, 1 2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N. Eng. to Wise. Lapham ! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very smooth, 2 3' long ana less than ' wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish white beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. Corolla rose-colored. June. 4. Cal. naked. Anthers Pawned. Leaves mostly deciduous. ZENOBIA. 4. A. RACEMOSA. (Zenobia. G. Don.} Clustered Zenobia. bvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, serrulate; roc. terminal, secund elongated, sometimes branched ; cal. acute; cor. cylindric ; anth. 4-awned at the summit. A shrub 4 6f high, growing in wet woods, Can. to Flor. W. to Ky. It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2 4' in length, consisting of about a dozen flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity. Leaves 1 2' in length, | as wide, minutely notched. Pedicels short, with two ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5 times as long as the calyx. Anthers 2-cleft, about half as long as the corolla. Jn. Jl. 5. Cal. naked. Anthers awnless. Caps, valves simple. Leaves (mostly) deciduous. LEUCOTHOE. 5. A. MARIANA. (Leucothoe. G. Don.) Maryland Leucothoe. Glabrous ; Ivs. oval, subacute at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler beneath ; flowering branches leafless ; pedicels fasciculate ; calyx lobes linear, Ibl i- aceous; cor. ovate-cylindric ; sta. 10; fit. villous. Woods and dry, sandy soils, N. J. to Flor., common. A beautiful shrub, 2 3f high, with very smooth, deciduous foliage, and large, white or pale red flowers. Capsule depressed-glo- bose. Seeds angular. June, July. $ 6. Corolla subglobose. Capsule with 5 supernumerary valves. LYONIA. 6. A. LiGUSTRlNA. Muhl. (Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.) Panicled Lyonia. Pubescent ; Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate ; fls. some- what paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes ; anth. awnless. A deciduous shrub, 4 8f high, in swamps, &c., Middle and Southern States. Leaves ab- ruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2- 3' long and nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small, nearly globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded by globular capsules. June. 7. Sepals acuminate. Capsule pyramidal, pentangular. Leave* acid. OXYDENDRON. 7. A. AREOREA. (Oxydendron. DC. Lyonia. Don.) Sorrel Tree. Arborescent; branches terete; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, acuminate, serrate; panicles terminal, consisting of numerous spicate racemes; fls. pedicellate, secund, spreading, at length reflexed ; cor. ovate-oblong, pubescent externally. Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts. to Flor. A fine tree, 40 50f high, trunk 1015' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 45' by H 2', villous when young, at length .smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Flowers white. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sidud. June, July, f LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 373 6. MENZIESA. Smith. In honor of Menzies, companion of Vancouver in his voyage round the world. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla ovoid 4 5 cleft ; stamens 8 10, inserted into the receptacle ; capsule 4 5-celled, the dissepiments made by the introflexed margins of the valves ; seeds many. Low, heath-like, shrubby plants, with evergreen leaves. 1. M. TAXIFOLIA. Robbins. (M. ccerulea. Swartz. Phyllodoce tax. Salisb Andromeda tax. Pall. Andromeda ccerulea. Linn.} Mo-untaiit Heath. SY. prostrate at base ; Ivs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth ; pcd. terminal, aggregate, one-flowered ; fls. campanulate, decandrous ; cal. acute. A small shrub, a lew inches high, found on the summit of the White Mts. It resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of the fir tribe in its leaves and stems. Stem decumbent at base, -with crowded, scattered leaves above, which are 5 7" in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments, emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July. 2. M. GLOBULARIS. Salisb. Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate above and on the veins beneath, apex tipped with a gland; cal. 4-cleft; cor. globose ; sta. 8 ; caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Mountains Penn. to Car. Abundant near'VVinchester, Va. Pursh. Shrub 4f high. Flowers yellowish-brown, nod- ding and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. June. 7. GAULTHERIA. Kalm. Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at Quebec. Calyx 5-cleft with 2 bracts at the base ; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, revolute lobes ; filaments 10, hirsute ; capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. Sujfruticose. mostly American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate. G. PROCUMBENS. Box-berry. Checker-berry. Wintergreen. St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending; Ivs. obovate, mucro- nate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stem; fls. few, drooping, terminal. A little shrubby plant, well known for its spicy leaves and its well-flavored scarlet berries. Common in woods and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. The branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem, or rhizoma, which is usually con- cealed. Leaves thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure teeth. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Filaments white, bent towards the corolla. Fruit well flavored, consisting of the capsule surrounded by the enlarged calyx, which becomes of a bright scarlet color. June Sept. 8. CLETHRA. Gaert. Gr. name of the alder, which these plants somewhat resemble. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens 10. exserted ; style persistent ; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved', enclosed by the calyx. Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, racemose. C. ALNIFOLIA. Sweet-pepper Bush. Lrs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes; bracts subulate. A deciduous shrub, 4 8f high, growing in swamps. Leaves 2 3' long, as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3 5' long. Peduncles and calyx hoary-pubescent, the former 3" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as i-)ng. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. Jl. Aug. 9. EPIGJ2A. Gr. eiu, upon, and yj?, the earth ; from its prostrate habit Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base ; corolla hypocrateri- 374 LXXV1II. ERICACEAE. AZALEA. form, tube villous within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10; anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings ; capsule 5-celled. 5- valved. Suffruticose. trailing. Lvs. evergreen. E. REPEXS. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower. I/vs. cordate-ovate, entire ; cor. tube cylindrical. 7J. "Woods, Newfound- land to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 10 15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. ' Leaves alternate, 2 2$' by 1J', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. Calyx green-, supported by 3 large bracts at base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5 5 rounded, spreading segments. Apr. May. 10. KALMIA. Named by Linnaeus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof at Abo, Finland. Calyx 5-parted; corolla with 10 prominences beneath and 10 cor- responding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5 -lobed ; filam. elastic ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Beautiful shrubs, no,' tives of N. America. Lvs. entire, ever green, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose corymbs, white and red. 1. K. LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. One of our most beautiful shrubs, sometimes attaining the height of a small tree. It is found in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Georgia, and W. to Ohio and Ky. in woods. The wood is usually very crooked, fine-grained and compact. The leaves are 2 3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flow- ers in splendid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. The corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 910" diam. and a 5-lobed mar- gin. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. May, June. 2. K. ANGUSTJFOUA. Narrmv-leaved Laurel. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. A beautiful little shrub, smaller than the" foregoing, 2 4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to Ky. The leaves are acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire, smooth, 1 2' long and as wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the leaves, in structure resembling those of the last species, but about half as large. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poi- sonous to cattle. June. 3. K. GLAUCA. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous; Ivs. opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glau- cous beneath, revolu'e at the margin ; conjmbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts smooth. A delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, &c., Penn., Ky., N. Eng. N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-edged'by an elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length. Flowers 8 10 in each corymb. Corolla about ' diarn., pale purple. Calyx red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the base of each peduncle is a pail of concave, obtuse bracts. June. B. rosmarinifplia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 11. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal ; cor. subcamparmlafce, 5-parted, regu- lar ; sta. equal, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anth. dehiscing late- rally from the apex; ovary roundish ; sty. straight, included; cap sale 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved, many-seeded. A little branching, pro RHODODENDRON. LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. 375 cumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate, evergreen, entire Ivs. Pedicels terminal, solitary, \-flowered. Cor. rose color. A. PROCUMBENS. (Loiseleuria. Desv. Rhododendron. 1st edit.') An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits of the White Mts., N. H. ! Stems 3 6' long, very branching and leafy. Leaves elliptical, uJck, shining, not more than 3" by 1", margin strongly revolute. Flowers glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the leaves. Jn. Jl. 12. RHODORA. Gr. podov, a rose ; the shrub bears only flowers at flowering time. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; cor. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2 3-lobed at the apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower, entire segments ; sta. 10, declinate ; fil. unequal; anth. opening by 2 pores; caps. 5-celled, 5- valved ; cells many-seeded ; dissepiments formed by the introflexed margins of the valves. A shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. R. CANADENSIS. (Rhododendron Rhodora. Don.} A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn., frequent. Stems 2 of high, clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3 5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy- canescent beneath. Apr. May. 13. RHODODENDRON. Gr. fiotiov, a rose, SevSpov, a tree. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; cor. infundibuliform or cam- panulate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed ; sta. 5 10. mostly declinate and exserted ; as$h. opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the summit ; dissepiments introflexed from the margin of the valves. Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen or decidu- ous leaves. Ph. mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Cor. variously shaded from blue through purple to white. 1. Corolla infundibuliform, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid ; limb unequal, spreading ; stamens 5 or 6. Lvs. deciduous. AZALEA. 1. R. NUDIFLORUM. Torr. (Azalea nudiflora. Linn.} Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate ; fls. rather naked, slightly viscid ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; sta. much exserted. A beautiful and fragrant flowering shrub, 4 6f high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets of the Northern States as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched. Leaves 2 3' by !', margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs, tower paler and pubescent, with the midvein hispid. Flowers appearing before .he leaves are fully grown, in rather naked umbels. Pedicels 6 8" long. Calyx minute, with rounded, ciliate segments. Corolla tube 8 10" in length, hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly 3 times as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, &c Apr. May. f 2. R. VISCOSUM. Torr. (Azalea Viscosa. Linn.} Clammy Swamp Pink. Lvs. obovate and oblong-lanceolate ; fls. accompanied with leaves, very viscid ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the lobes ; sta. a little exserted. Less frequent than the last, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Shrub 4 6f high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 12' long and about half as wide, srnoothish, hispid, ciliate on me petiole, midvein and margin. 32* 376 LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. RHODODENDRON Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing until the leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clammy, limb unequal. Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June, f 0. glaucum. Ph. (Azalea glauca. Lam.') Lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath. 3. R. NITIDUM. Torr. (Azalea nitida. Linn.) Shining Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins revolute ; fls. accompanied with leaves, viscid ; tube much longer than the seg- ments ; sta. exserted. In mountain swamps, N. Y. Starrs \ to Va. Shrub 3 CI' high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1 2' in length, \ as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short petioles, midvein hispid beneath. Flowers large, pale pink, fragrant. Tube an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels j' long. Calyx segments ob- solete. Style 2' long. Jn. Jl. 4. R. CALENDULACEUM. Torr. (Azalea calendulacea. .Mr.) Flame Azalea. Branchlets subvillose; Ivs. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, pu- bescent both sides, ciliate on the margin ; corymbs nearly leafless ; cal. teeth oblong; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, shorter than the lobes. A splendid flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio, Sullivant! and Ga. Steins 3 6f high. The leaves at flowering time are about 3' by 1 J' or smaller. Flowers large and numerous, the corolla 2' in length, limb expanding nearly 2', usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame. May. Cultivation has produced numerous varieties, of every shade from golden-yel- low to dark crimson, single and double, f 5. R. ARBORESCENS. Torr. (Azalea arborescens. PA.) Tree Azalea. Branches smooth ; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, both sides glabrous, glaucous be- neath, margin ciliate, veins nearly glabrous ; corymbs leafy ; cal. lobes oblong, acute ; cor. tube not viscid, longer than the lobes ; sta. and sty. exsert. Rivulets near the Blue Mts., Penn., Pursh. Shrubs 10 20f high. Flowers large, rose color, scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed, white border. May Jl. G. R. HISPIDUM. Torr. (A. hispida. PA.) Hispid Azalea. Branches hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate at eacEr end, hispid above, glabrous beneath, glaucous both sides, ciliate, midvein beneath hispid; corymbs leafy; pedicels glandular-pilose; cal. teeth oblong, obtuse; cor. very viscid, tube scarcely longer than the lobes ; sta. and sty. exsert. Shrub of a bluish appear- ance, very upright, 10 15f high, mountains and lake shores, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. Flowers white, bordered with red, tube reddish-white. Stamens often 10. Jl. Aug. 7. R. FLAVUM. Don. (Azalea pontica. Linn.} Yellow Azalea. Lvs. oblong- obovate ; roc. corymbose, with deciduous bracts ; cor. viscid-pilose without, not leafy ; sta. exsert, declinate. Native of the Caucasian Mts. A splendid shrub, with golden-yellow flowers, varying to orange, copper-color or ochroleucous. f 2. Corolla campanulate, tube short, smooth, lobes rounded-obtuse, spread- ing. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 8. R. MAXIM DM. American Rose Bay. Lvs. obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolutft on the margin ; corymbs terminal ; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal ; pet. roundish. A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N. England, but most abundant in the Middle States. The stems are crooked, 6 15f or more in height. The young leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when lull grown and 47' long, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. Corymbs 15 20-flowered, in the midst of the evergreen leaves. At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. Corolla pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, 1 2' diam. The wood is nard and fine grained. July, Aug. 0. album. Ph. (R. Purshii. Don.} Cor. white, segments oblong-obtuse. EBICA. LXXVII1. ERIOACEA. 377 9. R. LAFPQNICUM. Wahl. (Azalea Lapponica. Linn.) Lapland Rhod^^- dendron. Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures ; fls. in terminal, leafy clusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed ; st-a. 5, ex- serted. An erecf shrub 8 10' high, native of the White Mts. ! Branches nume- rous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5" by 2", acute, with an obtuse angle, revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branches. Flowers 79" diam. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as broad as the leaves. Style very long, ascending. June, July. 10. R. ARBOREUM. Smith. St. arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with shining white spots beneath ; fls. densely corymbose ; caps, pubescent, 8 10- celled. A most beautiful tree or shrub, from the Himmaleh Mts. Flowers purple, red, white, cinnamon-color, &c. f 11. R. PONTICUM. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth and scarcely paler beneath ; corymbs short, terminal ; cor. campanulate-rotate ; col. lobes subacute, very short. From 'Asia Minor. Flowers large, often 2' diam., purple but in cultivation very variable, f 12. R. INDICUM. Sweet. (Azalea Indica. Linn?) BrancMets, petioles, veins and sepals strigose, but not glandular ; Ivs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acumi- nate at each end ; fls. terminal, 1 3 together, on short pedicels. From Java. Fk wers scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c., in cultivation very brilliant. -J 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers. Gr. \sios, smooth, 0wAAov, leaf! Calyx 5-partecL equaling the length of the capsule ; pet. 5, ovate- oblong; sta. 10, exserted; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing by a lateral cleft ; ovary globose ; sty. filiform ; caps 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Small, smooth shrubs, with erect branches. Lvs. alter' nate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. white. L. BUXIPOLIUM. Ell. St. erect; Ivs. oval or obovate, subsessile ; caps, glabrous. Pine barrens, N. J. to Car. Shrub 8 12' high, much branched. Leaves 4 5" by 2 or 3", very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and small. May, June. 15. LEDUM. Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla 5-petaied, spreading ; stamens 5 10, exserted; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5- cclled, 5-valved, opening at the base. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, ever- green, entire, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. L. PALUSTRE (and L. latifolium. Ait.') Labrador Tea. Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear ; sta. 510, more or less exserted. Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab and Greenland, White Mts. ! Not uncommon. A shrub 2 3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or repli- cate at the margin. The petioles and the vounger twigs are also covered with down. Leaves 12' long, nearly as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Sta- mens 510, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declined. July. /?. angustifolium. Lvs. narrower, almost linear; sta. mostly 10. 16. ERlCA. Gr. spiKu, to break; in allusion to the brittleness of the branches and sterna. Calyx 4-cleft ; cor. tubular, globose, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate or hypocrateriform,limb short, 4-lobed ; stam. 8 ; style filiform ; caps. 4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal ; seeds 2 00 in each cell, 378 LXXVIII. ERICACEAE. PYROLA affixed to the axillary placentae, usually conformed to the smoothish or shining testa. European, or chiefly South African shrubs, branch- ing, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerose, margin revolute, verticillate, rarely alternate. Fls. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corym- bose or capitate, mostly nodding. Cor. of the cyanic series, from purple through red to white, very rarely orange or yellow. Obs. Of this vast and beautiful genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bentham in the Prodromus of DC., Part vii., pp. 613693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe, and many in this country, but their successful culture is attended with more care than that of most other plants, and they have never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would permit, where so many are rarely and none generally met with, would be of little satisfaction to the student SUBORDER 3. P Y R O L. E JE . Ovary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule. Mostly herbaceous. If. PYROLA. Salisb. Lat. diminutive from Pyrus; as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear-tree. Calyx 5-parted ; pet. 5, equal; sta. 10; anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; sty. thick ; stig. 5-rayed, 5-tubercled at apex ; caps. 5-celled, 5-valvcd, opening at the angles, many-seeded. Low, scarcely suffruticose, ever- green herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scape mostly racemose. 1. Stamens ascending. Style dedinate, longer than the petals. 1. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-kaved Pyrola. L/KS. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole icape 3-angled ; segments of the cat. lanceolate, acute ; stig. clavate, obscurely 5- toothed. Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wise. Leaves all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' in diameter, smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes much longer than, the leaf. Scape 6 12' high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. 2. P. ASARIFOLIA. Michx. Asarum-leaved Pyrola. L/vs. reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole ; scape angular, furrowed ; roc. lax, many-flowered ; segments of Vie cat. ovate, acute, appressed ; stig. clavate, with, the disk elongated and 5- lobed. In old woods, Can. and N. States. Leaves all radical, 1 If diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 510' high, purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemose one half its length. Flowers nodding, re- mote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Style of about the same length and curvature as pedicel. June. 3. P. CHLORANTHA. Swartz. Green-flowered Pyrola. Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole ; roc. few- flowered ; segments of the cat. very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ; pores of the anth. tubular; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated, and 5-lobed. In woods, Can. ind N. States, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species, Dften perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, J 1' diam., smooth, shining, coriaceous. Petioles 1 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 12' high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels *' long, each in the axil of a very short bract Petals greenish- white. Anthei tubes conspicuous. June, July. - 4. P. ELLIPTICA. Nutt. Pear-leaved Wintergrcen. Lvs. elliptical, membranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the peti- oles; scape mostly naked; col. small, with ovate, obtuse -segments; pores of Ike an!fi. short, tubular. In woods, Can. and N. States to Wise. Leaves 12' !og, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light CHIMAPHILA. LXXVIII. -ERICACEAE. 379 freen. Scape 5 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. Flowers nodding, very fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. (See Appendix.) 2. Stamens erect. Style straight. 5. P. SECUNDA. One-sided Pyrola. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate, "longer than tl^ petiole; roe.secund. In dry woods, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with ap- pressed, pointed serratures. Petioles 1' long. Peduncles scape-like, 5 7 high, bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10 15 greenish- white flowers. Petals oblong, shorter than the style. June, July. 6. P. MINOR. Smaller Pyrola. Lvs. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petiole dilated at base, shorter than the lamina; rac. subspicate ; bracts equaling or exceeding the pedi- cel; col. lobes short, subacute; sty. included; stig. 5-lobed. White Mts., N. H., Mich, and Brit. Am. Scape angular. Leaves mucronulate at apex. Corolla globose, white, slightly tinged with purple. 18. M ONUSES. Salisb. Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate ; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred at base, at length inverted, opening by 2 pores at apex ; sty. rigid ; stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed ; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many- seeded. % Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu- late, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-jlowered, longer than the. stamens. Fls. white. M. GRANDIFLORA. Salisb. (Pyrola uniflora. Linn, and 1st edit.) Woods, among mosses, &c., Keene, N. H., Bigelow. Dexter, Jeff. Co., N. Y., Vaseyi Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 7 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. 19. CHIMAPHfLA. Gr. %tya, winter, ^iXcw, to love; equivalent to the English name, Wintergreen. Calyx 5-parted; pet. 5, spreading; sta. 10; fil. dilated in. the middle ; anth. as in Pyrola ; sty. short, thick ; caps. 5-celled, open- ing from the summit ; seeds 00. Small, suffruticose, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Pyrola. Linn.) Prince's Pine. Pipsissiwa. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s 6s ; fls. corymbose ; bracts linear subulate ; sty. immersed in the ovary. TJ. In dry woods, flowering in July A common and beautiful evergreen, N. Eng. to Ohio 1 and Can. Leaves in i or more irregular whorls, 2 3' long, J as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark green color. Pedun cle terminal, erect, 3 4' long, bearing 4-^7 light purple flowers on noddinj pedicles 8" long. Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic Bw. July. 2. C. MACULATA. Pursh. (Pyrola. Linn.} Spotted Wintergreen. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, discolored opposite or in 3s; ped. corymbose, 2 3-flowered ; fil. woolly. Can. to Car. Ohio, in sandy woods. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguishec by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 4' high. Leaves 1 2' long, | as wide marked with a whitish line along the midvein and veinlets. Flowers purplish white, on nodding pedicels. June, July. 380 LXXVIII/ ERICACEAE. PTEROSPORA SUBORDER 4. M ONOTROPE^l. Ovary free from the calyx. Leafless herbs, destitute of verdure. 20. MONOTROPA. Gr. po*os, one, rpeiroj, t^ turn ; term inapplicable, as the genus is now modified. Calyx represented by 1 3 bracts ; pet. 5, erect, persistent, gib- as at base; sta. 10 ; fil. persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed ap- p adages of the torus ; stig. orbicular, naked ; caps. 5-celled. Para sj. -c herbs. St. or scape l-Jloivered, scentless. M. UNIFLORA. Indian Pipe. Bird's-nest. St. short ; scales approximate ; /. nodding; fr. erect. Common in woods, C. 4. to Car. W. to 111. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, yellowish- wL*te in all its parts. Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transpa- rent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitar^flower. Common "in woods, near the base of trees, on whose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jn. 21. HYPOPlTYS. Dill. Gr. VTTW, under, irtrvj, a pine tree ; its place of growth. Sepals 4 5, colored ; pet. as many as sepals, a little longer and of the same color, erect, deciduous, gibbous at base; sta. 8 10; fil. subulate, persistent ; anth. 2-celled, small ; stig. discoid, umbilicate ; caps. 4 5-celled, 4 5-valved, many-seeded. Parasitic herbs, of a tawny white. Root scaly. St. simple. Fls. racemed, lateral ones tetra- merous, terminal one pentamerous. 1. H. MULTIFLORA. Scop. (H. Europsea. Don. Monotropa. Linn.} Pel., sta. and sty. hirsute ; caps, oval-oblong. /?. Americana. DC. (H. Europsea. Nutt.} Plant smaller, yellowish -brown. In pine woods, Can., Penn., Car., DC. Is not this rather a variety of the fol- lowing'? It seems to be lost to recent botanists. 2. H. LANUGINOSA. (Monotropa. Michx. and 1st edit.} Pine Sap. Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than the flower ; caps, subglobose. Woods, N. Y. ! Can to Car. W. to Wise. ! The whole plant is of a tawny white, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass of fibres. Scape 610' high, with mary concave scales, covered with down. Flowers 7 12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1 2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only ihe ter- minal flower is generally decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Woods. Aug. 22. PTEROSPCRA. Gr. Trrtpo?, a wing, mopa, a seed; alluding to the winged seeds. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and re- flexed ; stamens 10; anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned ; capsule 5- celled, 5-valved; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. % Plant leafless, brownish-red. Fls. racemed. P. ANDROMEDEA. Nutt. (Monotropa procera. Ea.} Albany Beech-drops. In various parts of N. Y. ! and Vt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. C. H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 1230' high, dark purple, clothed with short, viscid wool. Raceme G 12' long, with 50 or more nodding flowers Pedicels irregularly scattered, G 8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Co- rolla shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, open at the throat, white, tipped with red at the summit. July. PRINOS. LXXIX. AQ.UIFOLIACE.E. 381 ORDER LXXIX. AQUIFOLIACE^E. HOLLYWORTS. Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. F'.s. small, white or greenish, axillary, solitary orclustered, sometimes dioecious. Cal. Sepals 4 6, imbricate in aestivation. Cor. regular, 4 6-clet't or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. inserted into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnate. Ova. iree from the calyx, 2 -celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. FY. drupaceous, with 26 stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. Genera ll, species 110, natives of America and S. Africa, only one, Ilex (the Holly), being found in Europe. Properties. The bark and leaves of Prin93 verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and tonic, as well as those of the holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. The leaves of Prinos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea. Conspectus of the Genera. < Petals united, mostly hexamerous Prinos. 3 < unarmed. ? Petals distinct, mostly pentainerous. Nemopanthiu.2 Leaves fc spinose, evergreen, coriaceous Hex. 1. ILEX. The ancient Lat. name of the Holm Oak, the derivation uncertain. Calyx 4 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla subrotate, 4 5-parted ; stamens 4 5 ; stigmas 4 5, subsessile, united or distinct ; berry 4 5-seeded. Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate and spinose-dentate. Fls. often cf 9 by abortion. I. OPACA. Lvs. evergreen, oval, acute at end, with strong, spinous teeth, coriaceous, smooth and shining ; fascicles of fls. lax, peduncles compound; col. teeth acute; fr. ovate ; fls. small, greenish-white. A tree of middle size, quite generally dif- fused throughout the U. S. from Mass. ! to La. It is chiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. The flowers appear in June, in scattered clusters at the base of the older branches, and the fertile ones are succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The wood is finegrained and compact, useful in turnery, &c. 2. NEMOPANTHUS. Raf. Gr. vrjpa, thread,' JTOVJ, foot-stalk, av$o$ ; that is, a flower on a filiform peduncle. Calyx minute ; petals 5, distinct, linear, oblong ; stamens 5 ; ovary hemispherical ; stigmas 3 4, sessile ; fruit a 3 4-celled, subglobose berry. Shrub, with alternate, entire, deciduous leaves. Fls. mostly dicBcio-polygamous by abortion. N. CANADENSIS. Raf. (Rex. Michx.} Canadian HoUij. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed ; ped. .nearly solitary, very long; jr. somewhat 4-sided. A shrub, 4 6f high, with smooth branches, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eng. ! to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles | as long. The flowers, grow- ing on long, slender, axillary peduncles which are seldom divided, are small, greenish-white. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, June. 3. PRINOS. Gr. irpia>, to saw; alluding to the serrated leave*. Flowers often /rof , bluish or glaucous ; from the hue of the plant. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored ; corolla ; stamens 5 ; cap- sule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved, 5-seeded. % Mari- time, branching, glabrous. .G. MARITIMA. Black Saltwort. A small, smooth, fleshy plant, found occasionally in the salt marshes on our seacoast, Can. to N. J. Root perennial. Stem more or less procumbent at base, 4 6' high, smooth, branching, and very leafy. Leaves f ' in length, roundish-ovate, obtuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly glaucous. Flowers small, sessile, axillary, solitary. Calyx white, tinged with red. July. 6. NAUMBURGIA. Moench. Calyx and cor. deeply 5 6-parted ; pet. linear-lanceolate, spread* ing, separated by minute, intervening teeth ; sta. 5 6, inserted into the base of the corolla, exserted ; anth. cordate ; caps, globose, 5- valved ; seeds few, on a globose placenta. % with opposite Lvs. Fls. small, in dense, thy wifl racemes. N. THYRSIPLORA. Mu'Hch. (Lysimachia. Linn, and 1st edit. L. capitata. PA.) An erect, .sri.ooih herb, about 2f high, in swamps, Mass., Vt., N. Y. ! W. to Ohio ! N. to Arc. Am. , Leaves many pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 3' by | 1'. Racemes somewhat capitate, on filiform, axillary peduncles. Flowers yellow. Stamens much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. 7. LYSIMACHIA. Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanulate, tube very short ; sta. 5, in- serted into the corolla at base ; fil. often somewhat connate, or with intervening sterile ones; caps, globose, 5 10-valved, opening at the apex ; seeds 00. Herbs mostly TJ., with opposite or verticiliate, entire Ivs. 1. L. STRICTA. Ait. (L. racemosa. MX. Viscum terrestre. Linn.} Simple or branched, erect; Ivs. opposite or ternate, lanceolate or lance- linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile; fls. verticiliate, in a long, lax, termi- nal raceme ; pet. lanceolate, spreading. % In low, wet grounds, Can., N. Eng. to Va, and Ohio. Common. Plant smooth, 1 2f high, bearing at top a regu- lar, cylindric or conical raceme, 6 8' long. Peduncles an inch in length, quite spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 short, united at base. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple. Capsules 5-seed- ed. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which will produce new plants the following spring. July. 2. L. CILIATA. Fringe-stalk Loosestrife. Heart-leaved Loosestrife. Subsimple, erect; Ivs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, subcordate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side ; fls. nodding, mostly opposite ; str^ distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. 7J. In gravely soils and near streams, U. S. and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2 3f high, simple or with a ft w opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on C-.-'tioles fringed with cileae, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers U. racemed; pedicels with a minute, obtuse bract near the middle; pet. twke longer than the sepals. 7J. In wet, gravely places, throughout the world, frequent but not abundant. Stem If high, round, with alternate, entire, broadly lanceolate leaves an inch in length, and tapering to short petioles. Racemes terminal, long.' Flowers small, while, their pedicels having a small bract near the middle. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, the tube broad, the limb bearing the barren filaments between its deep-cleft, obtuse lobes, and the true stamens opposite the latter and alternate with the former. July Sept. 2. S. FLORIBUNDUS. Kunth. Many-flowered Samolus. St. branched above ; Ivs. obtuse, entire, radical obovate-spatulate, petio- late, round-obtuse, cauline oblong, obtuse, lower petiolate, upper subsessile ; Jls. paniculate-corymbose ; pedicels filiform, with a minute, acute bract near the middle ; pet. scarcely longer than the sepals. R. I. Olney! to La., Ohio, Clark I and la. ! Stem 10 15' high. Lower leaves 14" by 6", upper 8" by 5". Flow- ers numerous, white, twice smaller than in the last. Pedicels 68" in length. July Sept. ORDER LXXXIY. PLANTAGINACE^E. RIBWORTS. Plants herbaceous, usually acaulescent. Lvs. mostly rosulate. Fls. in spikes. Cal. 4-cleft, persistent. Cor. membranaceous, the limb 4-parted, persistent. Sta. 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its segments. Anth. versatile. Ova. 2-celled, sessile. Style single. Fr. Pyxis membranaceous, cells 1 2 or several-seeded. Geneta 3, species iao, scattered throughout all countries of the globe. Properties unimportant. PLANTAGO. Calyx 4 (rarely 3)-parted ; corolla marescent, with a 4-cleft, re- flected border; stamens mostly exserted and very long; capsule ovoid, 2-cellecl, circumscissile. Acaulescent herbs. Lvs. all radical, Fls. spicate. * Leaves dilated. 1. P. CORDATA. Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, somewhat toothed ; spikes very long, flowers somewhat imbricate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse bracts. 1j. Can. to Tenn. and N. J. Well marked by its broadly heart-shaped leaves and its elongated spikes which are 6 8' long, and on scapes twice as high. Leaves 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Corolla white, with obovate seg- ments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, with 2 seeds in each cell. Jn. Jl. 2. P. MAJOR. Common Plantain or Ribwort. Lvs. ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, with rather long footstalks; tcnpe round ; Jls. imbricated ; sds. numerous. 7L This species is a native of Japan. Europe and America, is very common, always at the door and by the wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c. The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. The root consists of long fibres. Leaves broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong fibre, which may be pulled out. Scape 1 3f high, with a very long (5 20'), cylindric spike/ Fls. white, inconspicuous, appearing in succession all summer. 3. P. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Plantain. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end; spikes ovate, naked; scape angular. LXXXV. PLUMBAG1NACE.E. 389 ^ Can. to Ga. Commou in pastures and grass-lands. Easily known by it? longer leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3' to 5 strong ribs; by its shorter spike (1 2' long), with dark colored calyxes and whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8-^-15' long) with prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle. 4. P. MEDIA. Hoary Plantain. Lvs. ovate, pubescent ; spike short, cylindric ; scape round ; sds. solitary in each cell of the pyxis. 1\. Grows in pastures and roadsides, N. Y. and Penn., flowering all summer. It has broad, flat leaves 2' long, covered with a hoary down, and with short footstalks. Spikes shorter than those of P. major, being 13' long and about half a foot high. Flowers white, with, pink filaments and yellow anthers. 5. P. VIRGINICA. Virginian or Lesser Plantain. Lrs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary-pubescent,- subdenticulate ; scape angular ; spike cylindric, pubescent, with flowers somewhat remote. A biennial species, on sandy or stony hills in the southern parts of N. England and N. Y. to La., much smaller than the preceding. The whole plant is covered with a soft, gray pubescence. Scape 48' high, very hairy Leaves 2 3' long, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtuse at the end. Coruita yellowish, with very acute seg- ments including the stamens. Jl. 6. P. CUCULLATA. Lam. (P. maxima. Jacq.} Hood-leaved Plantain. Lvs. ovate, slightly denticulate, 9-veined, cucullate at base, contracted into a long petiole ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical, short, dense-flowered ; sta. exserted. In wet, rocky situations, Me., Pursh. Scape 1 3f high, with a spike 23' in length. Leaves large, conspicuously rolled in or hooded at base. A doubt- ful native of this country. 7. P. GLABRA. Nutt. Smooth Plantain. Lvs. glabrous, ovate, denticulate ; scape slender, somewhat compressed, nearly as long as the leaves ; fls. scattered ; bracts ovate, acuminate. In arid piaces, Ohio, Frank., Mo., Nuttall. 8. P. GNAPHALIOIDES. Nutt. (P. lagopus. Ph. not of Linn.} Whole plant clothed with a long silky wool ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, very acute ; spike long, cylindric and dense-flowered ; sta. included ; caps. 2- celfed, 2-seeded. Ark. . s , 0. Nutt. (P. aristata. Michx.} Bracts very long and spinulose. Prairies and roadsides, 111., Mead. * * Leaves linear. 9. P. MARTTIMA. (P. pauciflora. Ph.} Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base ; spike cylindrical, close ; scape round. Grows in salt marshes along the coast, Me. to N. J. It has a large, perennial root sending up a scape varying in height from 3' to a foot, and numerous, very 'fleshy, dark green, linear leaves deeply grooved on the inside, and G 10' long. Spike slender, of numerous, sub-imbricate, whitish flowers. Aug. 10. P. PDSILLA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, entire, somewhat fleshy ; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves ; spike interrupted, subcylindrical, loose-flowered below ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. A diminu- tive species, low grounds, Penn. Leaves crowded, about 1' long the scape 2 3'. spicate f its length. ORDER LXXXY. PLUMBAGINACE^. LEADWORTS. Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, variable in appearance. Lv*. undivided, alternate, or sometimes all radical and the flowers on a scape. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent Cor. reeular, hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base or sometimes almost distinct Sta. 5, hjrpogjrnoua and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. Oca. 1 -celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fr. an utricle, or dehiscent by valves. Seed inverted. Genera 8, species 160, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes. 390 LXXXVI. LENTIBULACE.E. PINGUICUH. Properties. The root of Statice Limonium is one of the best and most powerful of all astringents. The species of Plumbago are acrid and escharotic, so much so, that the roots of P. Europzeus are said by Lindley to be employed in Europe by beggars, to raise blisters on the face, in order to excite compassion. Genera. Inflorescence an involucrate head. Arwtria. l Inflorescence a pumcie of racemes. . Statice. 2 1. ARMERIA. Willd. Flowers collected in a dense head ; invol. 3 many -leaved ; cal. t ubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, carious and plaited ; petals 5, almost distinct ; sta. 5, inserted on the base of the petals ; styles 5, distinct ; fr. indehiscent, invested with the calyx. '4 JLvs. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above. A. VULGARIS. Willd. (Statice Arraeria. Linn.} Thrift. Scape terete, smooth, Ivs. linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the invol. ovate, acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base. A neat and elegant plant, native near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. Hook, N. Eng. 1 Middle and South- ern States. Often cultivated. Leaves 3 4' by 2 3", numerous, crowded. Scape about 1 f high, bearing a singular sheath at top; formed, according to Lindley, by the adherent bases of the involucral leaves. Involucre about 3- leaved. Flowers showy, rose-colored. Jn. Aug. f 2. STATICE. Gr. arrange*, to stop ; for, used medicinally, it stops the diarrhrea, says Pliny. Flowers scattered in a paniculate or spicate inflorescence, otherwise essentially the same as in Armeria. % Lvs. radicnl or cauline. dilated, mostly entire. Invol. 0. 1. S. LIMONIUM. (S. Carolinianum. Wait.') Marsh Rosemary. Scape terete, paniculate; Ivs. all radical, ovate-lanceolate, undulate, smooth, obtuse, mucronate below the tip. Salt marshes, R. 1. Olney ! to Md. 1 and Car. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceolate, clasping bracts, and supporting at top a broad, branching panicle composed of close, secund spikes of sessile, blue flowers. Petals obovate, unguiculate, bearing the sta- mens on their claws. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, broader in the upper half, smooth, veinless, on long petioles. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astrin- gent, much valued in medicine. Aug. Oct. ORDER LXXXVI. LENTIBULACE^E. BUTTERWORTS. Plants herbaceous, aquatic. Lvs. radical, undivided, or compound, root-like and bearing vesicles oj air. Scapes generally simple, naked or with bracts, with few or many showy flowers. Cal. interior, of 2 or 5 sepals united or distinct at base. Cor. irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred. Sta. 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. l-celled. Ova. l-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigitia cleft. Fr. Capsule many-seeded. Sds. minute ; embryo none. Genera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries. Properties unimportant. Genera. Calyx 4 5-cleft, capsule 5-celled Pinguicula 1. Calyx 2-parted, subequal. Capsule l-celled Utncularia 2. 1. PINGUICULA. Lat. pinguis, fat ; from the greasy appearance of the leaves. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip trifid, lower bifid ; cor. bilabiate or rare- ly subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-parted, lower trifid or 3-parted, spur- red at base beneath ; sta. 2, very short ; stig. sessile, 2-lobed ; caps, erect ; seeds 00. U In wet places. Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire. Scapes \ -flowered, nodding. P. VULGARIS. Butterwort. Isvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctious-puberulent above ; scape and cal. ubpubescent ; cor. lips very unequal, lobes obtuse; spur cylindrical, shorter UTRICULARJA. LXXXVL LENTIBULACE^. 391 than the corolla. Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Rochester, Dcicey, Beck.} N. to Arctic Am. Hooker. Scape 6 '-8' high, with solitary, nod- ding flowers. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate, with a tapering base, fleshy and unctious to the touch. Corolla with a purple tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in April and May. 2. UTRICULARIA. Lat. utricula, a little bottle ; alluding to the air-vessels appended to the roots. Calyx 2-parted, subequal ; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred; sta. 2; stig. bilabiate; caps, globular, 1 -celled. Herbs aquatic, loosely floating or fixed in the mud. Lvs. radical, multifid or linear -and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vesicles. Scape erect Floating. Leaves capillaceous, multifid. Roots few or 0. Branches producing turions at apex. 1. U. INFLATA. Walt. (U. ceratophylla. MX.} Wliorled Bladderwort. Upper Ivs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water ; petiole and mid- rein inflated, lower Ivs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged ; scape 4 5-flov.'ered. 7J. In ponds, Mass, to Car., W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhizomaT) is very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single, irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated leaves which are oblong, cleft, and pinnatifid at the end. Flowers 45 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheathing bracts. Spur nearly as long as the corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate, emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3 lobed. Aug. 2. U. VULGARIS. (U. macrorhiza. Le Conte.) Common Bladderwort. Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, multind, fibrillose or setaceous ; vesicles numerous, small; si. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5 11-flower- ed ! spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the corolla. 7J. In stagnant pools, U. S. and Can. Floating stems several feet long, very branching. Leaves very nu- merous, 1' in length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, usually inflated. Scape 5 10' high, stout, arising out of the water. Flowers alternate, showy, yellow, 5 6" long, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate, striped with brown. Jn. Jl. 3. U. INTERMEDIA. Havne. Las. all submersed, in 2 rows, dichotomously many-parted, without vesi- cles, roundish in outline, segments ciliolate-denticulate ; lea/less branches with lateral vesicles and terminal turions ; fls. few ; lips entire ; spur conical, acute, appressed to the lower lip. 1\. Pools, Mass. Robbins ! R. I. Prov. Frank. Soc. Floating stems branched, a foot long. Leaves about 3" long, numerous. Turions much larger than the vesicles, green, scaly, producing new plants like bulbs Flowers 4 5" long, sulphur-yellow. 4. U. STRIATA. Le Conte. Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, with vesicles ; scape 2 G-flower- ed, with a few scales ; flowers large, yellow, upper lip broad, divided into 3 lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having dark spots upon the palate ; spur slender, obtuse, with a notch at the end, pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly as long. Native of swamps, Mass, to Flor. Roqjt submerged, slightly attached to the mud. Leaves (radicles 1) few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers. June. 5. U. GIBBA. Linn, (and Le Conte.} Minute, floating, leafless 1 with few utricles and turions ; scape about 2 (4 7, Le C.)-flo\vered, naked, segments of the yellow corolla roundish, upper lip emarginate, lower subtrilobate, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute ; spur gib- bous in the middle. 7J. In pools, R. I., Olney, Mass., N. Y. to Car. Submersed stems dichotomous. Scapes 23' high, generally with but 2 small, yellow flowers. Spur swelling outward in the middle. Jl. 6. U. FORNICATA. Le Conte. (U. minor. PA.) Sis. numerous, fibrillose-brancned, floating, utriculate ; scape naked, 1 2- (lowered; upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, central lobe incurved over the palate, 392 LXXXVII. OROBANCHACE^E. OROBANCHE. lateral lobes appressed, lower lip entire ; spur incurved, conical, obtuse, appressecl to the lower lip. Stagnant waters, N. Y. to Ohio, Clark I S. to Ga. The plant appears to be leafless, unless the hair-like lateral branches be considered leaves. Utricles very small. Scapes 3 5' high, filiform, dividing near the top, with a very minute bracteole at the fork. Flowers yellow. 7. U. PURPUREA. Walt. Purple-flowered Bladderwort. St. long, floating, branched; Ivs. submersed, fibrillose, verticillate, pin- nately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate; scape assurgent, 2 3-flowered; upper lip roundish-truncate, loicer lip larger, its lateral lobes cucullate, smaller than the central; spur conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper lip. (I) Pools, Mass. ! to Flor. W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, bright purple flowers. Stem 1 3f long. Leaves about !' long. Utricles, small. Scape 3 5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug. Roots fixed in the mud or earth. Leaves simple, linear, with few utricles 8. U. RESUPINATA. Green. (\J. Greenii. Oakcs.) Sis. creeping, fibrillose, rooting; Ivs. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and entire ; scapes numerous, simple, 1-flowered, with a minute clasping bract near the top ; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the corolla. Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury, (Green,) Plymouth and Uxbridge, Mass., Rob bins ! Leaves generally numerous, 6 15'' high, the bract 1' below the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from the spur. Jl. 9. U. SUBULATA. (U. setacea. Michx.} St. fibrillose, creeping, rooting, utriculate ; Ivs. few and minute, among the fibrillose roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 7 scapes few, filiform, 1 5-flowered; bracts ovate, clasping; pedicels 4 5 times longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals ; cor. upper lip ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed; spur acute, appressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip. A minute species, in swamps and ditches, Can., Mass. ! to Flor. and La. Scapes 2 4' high. Leaves 23" by i". Flowers yellow, 34" broad. Jn. 10. U. CORNUTA. Michx. Horned Bladderwort. Scape rooting, rigidly erect, scaly, with about 2 sessile flowers ; spur subu- late, acute, longer than the corolla. % Native of damp, boggy soils, but never floating, growing abundant in its localities, Can. to Mass, and Mich. Scape 8 12' high, leafless, but furnished with a few small, distant, pale, ovate scales, and bearing at the top 2 3 large, yellow flowers issuing from between bracts. The calyx consists of 2, ovate, colored leaves. Lower lip of the corolla much larger than the upper, broad, deflexed, emarginate ; spur rigid, acute twice the length of the calyx. Jl. Aug. 11. U. PERSONATA. Le Conte. Snap-dragon Bladderwort. St. strict, simple ; roots few ; Ivs. ; fls. ^2 10 ; pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calyx ; cor. uppn lip oblong, obovate, emarginate ; palate very .arge; spur linear-subulate, subacute, dependent, as long as the rest of the corolla. Bogs, N. Eng. to Flor. Resembles the last, but distinguishable by its more numerous and smaller flowers, acute sepals, emarginate upper lip, and the more slender and acute spur of the yellow corolla. Stem or scape 10 18' high. ORDER LXXXVII. OROBANCHACE^E. BROOMKAPES. Plants herbaceous, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. St. furnished with scales and bearing solitary or spicate flowers. Ccl. 4 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. irregular, persistent, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 4, didynamous. Anth. 2-celIed, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded at base. Ova. 1-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 parietal placenta) Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. fr. Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved, each vnlve bearing one simple or2 fds. very numerous and minute. [lobed placenta in the middle. Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astringent and bitter. OROBANCHE. Gr. opofios, a vetch, a-y^tiv, to choke , being mpposed hurtful to th vetch and other plants. Calyx 2 5-cleft, tie segments often unequal ; corolla ringent, limb TECOMA. LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACE^. 393 4 5-lobed ; ovary seated in a fleshy disk ; capsule ovoid, acute, 1- celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. *2J. Stems mostly simple. 1. O. UNIFLORA. (O. biflora. Nult.) One-flowered Broomrape. Scapes in pairs, naked, each 1-ftowered. A small, leafless plant, with the general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Root short, thick, smooth, scaly, surmounted by a stem not exceeding J' in length. This divides at its top, generally into 2, scape-like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles 4 5' high, downy, purplish-white, with a nodding flower at the top, of the same hue. A dozen or more such flower stalks are often found clustered together. June, July. 2. O. AMERICANA. American Broomrape. St. simple, covered with oval-lanceolate, imbricated scales ; spike smooth, terminal ; corolla recurved ; sta. exsert. Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem very thick, 4 6' high, very smooth, brownish-yellow, leafless, closely imbri- cated with pale, polished, oval scales. The spikes are dense. Bracts pale and smooth like the scales of the stem. Corolla tubular, bent downwards, the upper lip vaulted, yellow. Calyx irregularly divided into jagged segments, with ? bracts at base. July. 2. EPIPHEGUS. Nutt. Gr. jrt, upon, (ftrjyvs, the beech ; being supposed parasitical on the roots of that tree. Monceciously polygamous ; calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed. cT Co- rolla ringent, compressed, 4-cleft, lower lip flat. 9 Corolla minute, 4-toothed, deciduous; capsule truncate, oblique, 1 -celled, 2-valved,' opening only on one side. ^ icith virgate, simpk branches which art jloriferous their whole length. E. VIRGINIANUS. Eaton. (E. Americanus. Nutt and 1st edit.) Beech-drops. St. branched, leafless ; fls. remote, alternate ; cor. 4-toothed, deciduous.- This is said to be a parasitic plant growing from the roots of beech trees. Woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. 'Root a scaly ball covered with stiff, short and brntie radicles. Stem a foot high, with slender and irregular branches given off the whole length of it. Instead of leaves it has only a few small, ovate scales, one at the base of each branch. Flowers alternately scattered on each branch, the upper ones barren, with recurved corollas, brownish-white, with darker stripes above. Fertile ones smaller, deciduous. The whole plant is of a dull red color. Aug. Sept. ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACE^. BIGNONIADS. Trees, shriibs, or rarely herbs, often climbing or twining. Lvs. opposite, either simple or compound, without stipules. Fls. terminal. Cat. divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Cor. Tube broad, with an irregular, 5-lobed or bilabiate limb. &ta. 5. 1 or 3 sterile, often didynamous. Anthers 2-celled. Ova. 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style 1. Stigma of 2 plates. Fr. Capsule coriaceous, 1 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sds. generally winged, destitute of albumen. A Genera 44, species 450, mostly North American. Others are diffused in all countries, particularly withik the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afford a valuable timber. But this order is beat known for the beauty of its flowers. Genera. Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 4, fertile. Climbing shrubs Tecoma. 1 Calyx 2-parted. Stamens 2 fertile, with 2 or three abortive. Trees Catalpa. 2 1. TECOMA. Juss. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subbilabiated or equal ; sta. 4, didynamous, with the rudi- ment of a fifth ; anth. cells 2, diverging ; caps. 2-celled, 2-valved ; seeds winged. Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. opposite^ digitate or unequally pinnate. 394 LXXXIX. PEDALIACE^E. MARTYNIA. 1. T. RADICANS. Juss. (Bignonia radicans. Linn.) Trumpet Flower. Climbing by radicating tendrils; hs. unequally pinnate; I/is. 4 5 pairs, ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins; corymb's terminal ; cor. tube thrice longer than the calyx ; sta. included. A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. Penn. to Flor. W. to 111. ! Stem 20 801 ! in length, ascending trees. Leaves 1015' long, leaflets 2 8' by I 2'. Flowers 2J' long, of a bright scarlet red. Fruit about 3' long, curved. One variety has yellow-scarlet flowers, another bright scarlet. Jn. Aug. j- 2. T. GRANDIFLORA. Delaun. (Bignonia Chinensis.J Chinese Trumpet-flow- er. Climbing, glabrous ; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifis. 3 5 pairs, ovate-acumi- nate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodding, biglandular; cor. tube scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx. Native of China and Japan. Flowers of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. f 2. CAT ALP A. Scop. Calyx 2-parted ; corolla campanulate, 4 5-cleft, the tube inflated ; stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile ; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled, long, cylindric. Trees. Lvs. opposite or ternate-verticillate, simple, pe~ tiolate. Panilces terminal. C. BiGNONiolDEs. Walt. 1788. (C. cordifolia. Jaum.) Catalpa. Lvs. membranaceous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, sub- entire ; brandies of the panicle di-trichotomous ; cal. lips mucronate. A fine, wide-spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated in many places at the North, for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances, it attains the height of 50f, with a diameter of nearly 2f. It exhibits a wide- spreading top, with comparatively few branches. Its leaves are beautifully heart-shaped, and smooth, resembling those of the lilac, but much larger. In color the bark is a light, shining gray. In May it puts forth blossoms in great profusion. Their form is campanulate, color white, with yellow and violet spots. Capsule cylindric, pendent, a foot in length; seed winged. ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIA'CEJE. PEDALIADS. Herlt mostly strong-scented and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0. Lvs. opposite or alternate, undivided, angular or lobed. Fls. axillary, solitary, large. Cal. 5-cleft, nearly equal. Cor. hypogynous, irregular, tube ventricose, limb 3 5-lobed, mostly bilabiate. Sta. 4 (with tne rudiment of'a 5>h), didynamous. Ova. 1 2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Stigma divided. fr. drupaceous or capsular, often 2 4-horned, sometimes with 48 spurious cells formed by the divergent lobes of the placenta cohering with the walls of the pericarp. Sds. few, large, wingless. Genera 12, species 27, natives of tropical America, &c. Some of them have been introduced into the United States. Genera. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves suborbicular , Martynia. 1 Corolla 3-lobed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate Sesamu/n. 2 1. MARTYNIA. In honor of John Martyn, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng. 1760. Calyx 5-cleft, 2 3-bracteolate at base ; cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal ; sta. 5, one rudimentary and sterile, 4 didynamous ; caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. CD chiefly southern, branch- ing viscid-pilose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish. M. PROBOSCIDEA. Glox. (M. alternifolia. Lam.} Unicorn Plant. Branches mostly decumbent ; Ivs. cordate, entire, suborbicular, villous, up- per ones alternate ; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks much longer than the capsule. Native along rivers, Penn. to La. Stem 1 Sflong. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. Aug. Sept. Other ornamental species are M. diandra, flowers pink, spotted with purple ; and M. lidea, flowers deep yellow. RTJELUA. XC. ACANTHACE^E. 395 2. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-partcd ; corolla campanulate, 3-cleft, the lower lobe the longest ; stigma lanceolate ; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves. of India. S. INDICUM. DC. Oily-seed. Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lol>cd, up- per ones undivided, serrate. Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seed- yirld about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient. OHDEH XC. ACANTHACE^E. ACANTHADS. Herbs or shrubs with opposite simple, undivided, exstipulate leaves. >V. opposite or alternate, spicate, 3-bracteate, showy. Cal. of 5 sepals united more or less, persistent. Cor. 5-Iobed, subequal or bilabiate. Ufa. 4, didynamous, or more usually only 2 fertile with 2 rudimentary. Ova. 2-celled, with the placenta; parietal, adhering in the axis. Styles unitedr Fr. Capsule 2-celled, cells 2 or many-seeded. Sds. roundish, supported by hooked, ascending processes of the placenta;, without albumen. Genera 105, species 750, chiefly tropical, only a few species ever extending into the United States. Tht ' are mostly mere weeds, but many are highly ornamental. Properties mucilaginous and slightly bitter, bi t of little importance to man. ^ Genera. Stamens 2. Flowers in pedunculate, axillary clusters Dicliprera. 1 Stamens 4, didynamous. Flowers sessile, axillary liuciiia. 2 1. DICLIPTERA. Juss. Gf. Jif, double. Ka\VTTTrip } a cover; alluding to the 2 remarkable valves. Calyx 5-parted, often 2 3-bracteolate ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, lower 3-cleft ; fil. 2, each with a double anther ; stig. 1 ; caps, attenuated below, half 2-celled, with 2 elastic valves ; dissepi- ment growing from the centre of each valve ; seeds 4, lenticular. Herbaceous or shrubby. D. AMERICANA. Wood. f Justicia pedunculosa. Michx. Dianthera Ame- ricana. Linn.} St. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end; spikes capitate, dense, on long, opposite or alternate, axillary peduncles. ij. On sluggish streams, Can. to Ga., W. to Ohio! la. Plummer! 111. Mead. Stern 1 3f high, grooved. Leaves opposite, 25' by J 1', wavy, glabrous, contract- ed to a short petiole. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Flowers pale purple, small. Valves of the capsule recurved elastically when mature, lower half attenuate and abortive; processes of the placentae ascending, supporting the lens-shaped seeds in their grooves. Jl. Aug. 2. RUELLIA. In honor of John Ruelle, physician to Francis I., and botanic author. Calyx 5-parted, generally bibracteate at base ; cor. subcampanu Jate with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb; sta. 4, didynamous, ap proximating by pairs ; caps, attenuated to each end, bursting by elas- tic, tooth-like valves ; seeds few. ^ or h. Fls. axillary and terminal. 1. R. STREPENS. (R. hirsuta. Ell. R. ciliosa. Willd.? R. hybrida. Ph. 7 R. oblongifolia. MX.?) Hirsute, erect, branched; Ivs. ovate, oval or ob- long, acutish, margin entire, undulate, lower ones briefly petiolate, upper ses- sile ; _/fo. subsessile, axillary, 2 3 together ; cal. segments linear-subulate, his- )id, half as long as the slender tube of the corolla. In dry barrens and prairies, funnel-shaped, with a long and slender tube. July. Varies to subglabrous. 34 396 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 0. Corolla smaller (limb 1' broad) ; plant smoothish. Obs. There is much confusion in this genus. All my specimens, collected by myself and others in Ohio Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee und Alabama, are plainly referable to R. strepens alone. ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^B. FIGWORTS. Herbs, undershrubs, or rarely shrubs, scentless or fetid, rarely aromatic. LOT. opposite, verticillafe or alternate. Fls. axillary or racemose, rarely spicate. Cal. Sepals 4 or 5, unequal, more or less united at base, inferior, persistent. Cor. bilabiate, personate or otherwise irregular, the lobes imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 4, didynarnous, rarely with the rudiment of the 5th ; sometimes 2 only, the 3 others either rudimen- Ova. free, 2-celled, many-seeded. Style simple. Stigina 2-lobed. Itary or wholly wanting. Fr. Capsule 2-celled, 2-vaIved, with central placentae. Sds. indefinite, albuminous. Embryo straight Genera 176, species 1814, found in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of perpetual frost. They constitute about 1-36 of the Phaenogamia of N. America. Lindtey. Properties. Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious plants. The most remarkable officinal species of the tribe is the foxgjove (Digitalis), which exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Taken in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica Virginica, (Culvers Physic) and Linaria vulgaris (toad-flax) are 'nirtrntive and emetic. Numerous species are cultivated for ornament. Nearly all of them turn black in drying. FIG. 50. 1. Dasystoma pubescens. 2. Mature fruit 3. Cross section of the 2-celled capsule. 4. A stamen, enlarged. 5. Mimulua ringens. 6. Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didyna- mous stamens in pairs, with the stigma above the highest pair. 7. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seedei. capsule. 8. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the 5th rudimentary filament. 9. Linaria vulga- ris, leaf and personate-bilabiate, spurred flower. 10. A winged seed. Conspectus of the Genera. Flowers $ Corolla deeply and variously lobed and colored. . . Schizanthus. f diandxous. ( Corolla 4-cleft. Flowers spicate. Peduncle scape-like. Ki/ntfiiris. 17 $ spurred at base. . . Linaria. f Corolla personate-bilabiate, < saccate at base. . . Antirrhinum. 4 Corolla ye\\ow.Pedicularu. 28 2S 2i 18 3 Herbs with alter- nate leaves <, Bracts preen. < Corolla purple. Schwalbea. Corolla ringent-bilabiate. I Bracts lobed and colored. . . Fls. didy- Corolla large, tubuhr-campanulate, subemial. namous. (.Corolla equally 5-rleO. Minute mud plants. Flowers penUindrous. Corolla rotate, nanily regular. CtutiUtj*. Digital*. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 397 ( Calyx < Sterile fils. minute or 0. Gratiola. is ( Corolla < 5-parted. ( Sterile fils. forked. Ilysantlius. 14 . < bilabiate. ( Calyx 4-parted. Fl. minute. ' Flowers diandrous. ( Corolla subequally 4-lobed. . Leaves serrate. Herbs with oppo- site leaves. f Stamens < Leaves multifid. included. ( Leaves entire. Sta. ascending ( Fls. spicate beneath the galea. ( Fls. solitary. { l. 1 bilabiate. I Sta. declinate in lower lip. $ Lvs. ovate-lanceolate. Cor.5- (purple. (Lvs. linear, entire. Uemianthus. 15 Veronica. 19 Mimulus. ic Conobea. 1 1 Herpestis. 12 Rhiruinthus. 27 Collinsia. 7 Buchnera. 20 i . Gerardia. 22 lobedj $ Cal. 5-parted. Seymer ia. 21 . sub- \ $ Anth. equal. ( Cal.5-tooth'd.Dasystm>ia. 24 or minute. L equal, I yellow. (Anthers unequal. . , Otophylla. 23 < Sterile filament scale-like, adherent to the ovoid corolla. Scrophuiaria. 6 Fls. didy- Sterile filament shorter, glabrous. Seeds winged. . Chelone. 8 ...., .*,.*. V o v namous. L Sterile filament long, exserted, bearded. Sds. apterous. Pentstemon. 9 Trees with large cordate leaves, and panicles of tubular, scarlet flowers. . . . Paulownia. 5 TRIBE 1. SAL.PIGL.OSSEJE. 1. SCHIZANTHUS. Ruiz & Pavon. Gr. o^t^a, to cut, avto$, a flower; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the showy corolla. Corolla irregular, the upper lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, low- er much smaller, 3-parted ; filaments 4, 2 of them sterile ; capsule 2 celled. Qfrom Chili. Lvs. pi?i?iatifid) alternate. Cymes supra- Txillary. S. PINNATUS. Ruiz & Pavon. Lvs. 1 2-pinnately cleft ; cor. tube shorter than the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, cucullate, lateral segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, late- ral 4-lobed; sta. exserted. Plant 1 2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers in clusters opposite the leaves. Calyx and peduncles viscid-pubescent. Corolla purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst, f TRIBE 2. VERBASCE^E. 2. VERBASCUM. Lat. barla, beard ; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered. / Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect ; capsule ovoid-globose, 2-valved. CD rarely ^ or suffruticose. Lvs. al- ternate. Fls. in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. V. THAPSUS.^ Common Mullein. Lvs. decurrent, "densely tomentose on both sides; roc. spiked, dense; three of the stamens downy, two of them smooth. The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3 5f high, woolly, its angles winged by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or two branches above. Leaves very rough with dense wool on both sides. Flo\v- ers rotate, of a golden yellow, nearly sessile. Notwithstanding its frequency, the mullein is generally supposed to have been introduced. Jn. Aug. 2. V. BLATTARIA. Moth Mullein. oblong, obovate; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate. Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, the filaments all hairy. Jn. Jl. 3. V. LYCHNITIS. Whitish subtomentose ; st. and paniculate branches angular ; Ivs. green above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the base, upper ones sessile ; panicle pyramidal, fascichs loosely many-flowered; cat. small, with lance-subulate seg- ments ; fil. with white wool. Banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, Pursh. Ky. McMurt. Leaves very canescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow 398 XC1. SCROPHTTLARIACE^E. . ANTIRRHINUM 4. V. PHCENICEUM. (V. ferrugineum. Andr.) St. pubescent or glabrous; Ivs. smooth above, radical petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or entire, cauline few; roc. glandular-pilose, simple or subramose; pedicels solitary, remote, ma- ny times longer than the calyx; fit. with purple wool. Native of Europe and Asia, duite variable both in the form of the leaves and the color of the flow- ers, the latter being violet, red or copper" color, -f TRIBE 3. ANTIRRHINEJE. Corolla tubular, often saccate or calcarate (spurred). Capsule dehiscing by pores. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves (at least the lower) opposite or ver- ticillate (upper often alternate). Bcnth. 3. LINARIA. Juss. Lat. linum,fiax. ; from the resemblance of the leaves of some of the species. - Calyx 5-parted ; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed ; lower lip 3-cleft ; throat closed by the prominent palate ; tube inflated, with a spur behind ; capsule 2-celled, bursting at the summit. Herbs. Lower Ivs. generally opposite, upper alternate. Fls. solitary, axillary often forming terminal, leafy racemes. 1. L. VULGARIS. Mill. (Antirrhinum Linaria. Linn.} Toad Flax. Snap- dragon. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes terminal ; fls. dense, im- bricate ; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur. 7J. A very showy plant common by roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. Stems erect, smoothish, 1 2f high, very leafy and with numerous, short, leafy branches. Flowers large and numerous, crowded in a long, terminal spike. Corolla of a curious and grotesque form, furnished with a long tail or spur, the mouth closed by a prominent palate from the un- der lip. By lateral pressure it opens, closing with a spring when the pressure is removed. Color a brilliant yellow except the palate which is of a rich orange. July, Aug. 2. L. CANADENSIS. Dumont. (Antirrhinum Canadense. Linn.") Cana- dian Snap-dragon. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; fls. racemed ; st. simple ; scions procumbent. A smaller, annual species in roadsides, fields, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem very slender, nearly simple, curving upwards from the decumbent base, about a foot high, smooth, furnished with small, remote leaves. A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off from the base of the stem. Flowers small, blue, in a loose raceme at the end of the stems. Throat closed by the light blue palate. Spur filiform, as long ae th'e corolla. Jn. Sept. 3. A. ELATINE. Procumbent, hairy; Ivs. alternate, hastate, entire; ped. solitary, very long. Fields, Can. to Car. A small, slender species. Stem creeping, 1 2f in length. Leaves 6 8" by 3 4", with a conspicuous auricle each side at base. Corolla yellow, the upper lip bright purple beneath, on long stalks. Calyx hairy, as well as the whole plant. Jn. Sept. 4. L. TRIORNITHOPHORUM. Willd. (Antir. triorn. Linn.) Three-bird Snap-dragon. Erect, spreading, smooth and glaucous; Ivs. all verticillate in 3s or 4s, broad- lanceolate, acute ; fls. interruptedly racemose, generally verticillate, on long pedicels. 7J. Native from Portugal to Austria. A showy plant 2 4f high, remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla which resembles three little birds seated in the spur, f 5. L. BiPARTlTA. Willd. (Antirrhinum bipartita. Vent.} Glabrous, erect: Irs. linear ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; sep. lance-linear, acute, mem- branaceous at the margin ; cor. upper lip deeply 2-parted ; spur slender, arcuate. A beautiful plant from Barbary. Corollas 8 10" long, violet-blue, palate orange, j- 4. ANTIRRHINUM. Gr. avn, like, piv, a nosa ; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of Rome animal. Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor. gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip COLLINSIA. XCI SCROPHULARIACE^E. 399 bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate ; caps. valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. European herbs with the lower Ivs. opposite, Ike upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria. 1. A. MAJUS. Great Snap- Dragon. Lvs. lanceolate, opposite ; fls. racemed; sep. glandular-hairy, lanceolate, acute.- An elegant and popular garden flower, native of England. Grows 1 or 2f high. Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath. There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers, -f 2. A. ORONTIUM. /?. grandiflorum. Chav. Glabrous or hairy above, spread- ing; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; fls. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemo.se; cat. segments equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule. Native of Europe, Asia, and North America 1 Bentham. A showy garden plant, 1 2f high. Corolla 6" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins, -f TRIBE 4. Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule 2 4-valved. ^Calyx seg- ments or lobes imbricate in aest. Inflorescence compound (general centripe- tal, partial centrifugal). Bcnth. 5. PAULOWNIA. Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy ; cor. tube long, declinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments ; sta. 4, arched downwards, with no rudiment of a 5th ; caps, ligneous, acuminate, valves septi- ferous in the middle ; seeds 00, winged. Tree, native of Japan. R. IMPERIALIS. Sieb. (Bignonia tomentosa. Tkunb.) A splendid tree with the habit of Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country ! Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Leaves 7 12' by 4 9', opposite, petio- late, broad cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both .sides, smoothish above when full grown. Panicles large, terminal, many- flowered. Corolla 1 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spot- ted within, f 6. SCROPHULARIA. So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors. Calyx in 5 acute segments ; corolla subglobose, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament) j capsule 2-celled ; valves with 2 inflated margins. Herbs or suffruti- cose, ofkn fatid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound terminal, thyrsoid panicles. S. NODOSA (and S. Marilandica. Linn. S. lanceolata. Pursh.') Figwort. Glabrous; st. angled; Ivs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish; thyrse oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base ; cymes pedunculate, loosely many- flowered; col. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined; sterile anlfi. broadly orbicular. Bentham. 7J. In woods and hedges, Can. U. S. and Cal. ; also in Europe. Rare in N. Eng. Stem square, 4 61' high, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Leaves 3 7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acumi- nate. Flowers ovoid, 34" long. Limb very small, sublabiate, having a green scale (sterile filament) adnate to the upper side. July Oct. The plant is quite variable in the Ibrm of the upper leaves and in the development of the panicle; but having observed it in numerous localities in the Middle and Western States, I cheerfully concur in the present view of Mr. Bentham. 7. COLLINSIA. Nutt. Named by Mr. Nultall in honor of Z. Collins, Es, an ape ; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed ; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded ; stigma thick, bifid. Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems and opposite, Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, l-flowered. 1. M. RiNGExVs. Monkey Flovier. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer than tiv flowers. 7|_ A common inhabitant of ditches ana mud soils, Can. and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5- angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. Jl. Aug. 2. M. ALATUS. Wing-stem Monkey Flmoer. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter than the flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners. % In N. Y. to la., Plummer! and S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and grows to nearly % the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flow- ers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronate. Aug. 3. M. LUTEUS. (M. rivularis, lyratus, variegatus and guttatus of authors.) 402 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. HERPESTIS Yellow Monkey Flower. Ascending or erect ; Ivs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many-veined ; ped. .onger than the leaves ; cat. liibe ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cor. tube broad, twice longer than the calyx. California and Chili. Flowers yellow, often spotted with rose or purple, t 4. M. CAKDINALIS. Doug. Cardinal Monkey Flower. Erect, branched, vil lous ; Ivs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, many veined; ped. longer than the leaves; cal. tube large, inflated; cor. lobes reflexed. California. Stem loosely branched, 2 3f high. Corolla scarlet, the tube hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant, f 11. CON QBE A. Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel ; caps, globose, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dis- sepiment ; seeds 00, ovoid. American, branching herbs, with opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary or in pairs, 1 -flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. C. MULTIFIDA. Benth. ("Capraria. Michx. Leucospora. Nutt.} Low, diffusely branched, puberulent ; Ivs. petiolate, pinnately dissected, segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. lobes entire ; caps, ovoid, valves at length 2-parted. (5)7 Along the banks of the Ohio, (Clark!) and other western rivers, common. A plant 4 & high, with finely divided leaves, and of a grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 1" long. Tl. 12. HERPESTIS. Gaert. Gf. ipirrjffTris, a creeper ; from the prostrate habit of the plants- Calyx 5-parted, unequal ; cor. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed ; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel ; caps. 2-fur- rowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, the margins in- flexed ; seeds 00, small. Obscure weeds with opposite Ivs. Ped. 1- flowered, axillary or subracemose, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx. 1. H. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Ph. (Monneria rotundifolia. Michx.) St. mostly glabrous, creeping ; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, entire, glabrous, many-veined ; pedicels ebracteate, 1 3-together, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx ; lower cal. seg. ovate ; cor. $ longer than the calyx. A prostrate mud plant, in ponds, 111. Mead ! to La. Stem If in length. Leaves 6 12" diam., about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as tiie leaves. Calyx 23" in length. Flowers blue. 2. H. MICRANTHA. Pursh. Glabrous, prostrate ; Us. oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many- veined; pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves; cal. lcwc.r seg. cor- date ; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx. Borders of pools and rivers, N. J. Penn. to Va. A minute weed, 2 4' in length, with minute flowers. Leaves about 3" by 2",- 5 7-veined. Flowers less than 2" long, blue 7 Aug. 3. H. AMPLEXICAULIS. Ph. (Monneria amplexicaulis. Michx.) St. floating, woolly; Ivs. amplexicaul, ovate, obtuse, entire, many-veinec, glabrous above ; ped. solitary, shorter than the calyx ; cal. lower seg. cordate ; cor. i longer than the calyx; kypogi/n&ts disk long, 10-toothed at apex. Swamps and ditches, N. J. to La. A few inches in length, with leaves frr-8" long. Flowers nearly 5" long. Style dilated at the end, Aug. 4. H. MONNERIA. Humboldt. (H. cuneifolia. Ph. Monneria cuneifolia. Michx.) Glabrous, fleshy, prostrate ; Ivs. cuncate-obovate, obscurely cre- nate or entire; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles wear the calyx ; awer cal. seg. ovate. An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Penn. to Car. Beck, and La. Eaton. Leaves 68'' long, obscurely veined, subclasping. I'Huwers very small, pale purple. Aug. HEMIANTHUS. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 403 13. GRATlOLA. Lat. gratia, favor ; alluding to its medicinal virtues. Calyx 5-parted, subequal ; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent ; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 sterile filaments ; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves inflexed at margin. ---Herbs with opposite hs. Ped. axillary, \-flowered, usually bibracteo- late near the calyx. 1. G. AUREA. Muhl. Golden Hedge Hyssop. Smooth; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, half-clasping; sterile JiL 2, mi- nute. A small, perennial herb, 6 8' high, frequenting the borders of muddy ponds and other moist places, Mass. ! N. Y. ! to Flor. Stem declining and rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Leaves opposite, ses- sile, a little clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few teeth near the end. Flowers yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks, as long as the leaves. Filaments 4, adhering to the corolla, 2 of them minute, without anthers. Aug. 2. G. VIRGINICA. (G. aurea. Ph. G. Missouriana. Beck. G. officinalis. MX.} St. ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, subacute ; ped. as long or longer than the leaves ; sterile Jit. none. ~1\. U. S. and Can. Stem 4 8' high, more or less pubescent, round, declining and branching at base. Leaves 1 2' long, and J as wide, smooth, lanceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near the ends, subconnate or amplexicaul. Corolla white or pale-yellow, pubescent within, twice as long as the calyx, and on long, pubescent stalks. Calyx with 5 equal segments, and 2 bracts which are linear-lanceolate and rather longei than the sepals. July. 3. G. SPH;EROCARPA. Ell. (G. Caroiiniensis. Le Conte.} Round-fruited Hedge Hyssop. Glabrous, ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, attenuate \o the base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the calyx. Low grounds, Western States'! to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. Flowers whitish, 5 6" long. June. 14. ILYSANTHUS. Rafinesque. Gr. lAvj, mud, avSos, flower; from the habitat of the plants. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid ; sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the di- visions glandular, obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an an- ther ; caps, ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. with oppo- site Ivs., ami axillary, \-flowered ped., resembling G-ratiola in habit. I. GRATioLolDEs. Benth. (Lindemia dilatata. Ell. L. attenuata. MiM. L. pyxidaria. Ph. Gratiola anagalloidea. Michx.) Glabrous, ascending much branched ; Ivs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole ; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles ; sterile fil. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. In wet places, Can., N Y. ! Ohio. ! la., 111. ! to Tex., frequent. A low, inconspicuous plant, 3 6 or 8' high. Leaves 5 8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. July, Aug. Varies with the leaves somewhat dilated at base and sessile, and the pedun- cles longer or shorter, being sometimes a little longer than the leaves. ' t 15. HE MI ANT HUS. Nutt. Gr. ftpi, half, avSos, flower; alluding to the absence of the upper lip. Calyx 4-toothed ; cor. upper lip very short or obsolete, lower 3- cleft, the middle segment long, spreading; cells of the 2 anthers divaricate ; sterile fil. ; Caps. 1 -celled, 2-valved. (D Minute gla- rous. creeping. Lvs. opposite. t04 X.C1. SCROPHULARIACE^E. DIGITALIS. H. MicRANTHEMdlDES. Nutt. (Herpestis raicrantha. Ell.) Inundated banks, Del., NuttalL Stems a few inches in length, dichoto- tnojsly branched. Leaves roundish-ovate, opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veiued. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. Aug. Sept. TRIBE 6. SIBTHORPEJE. 16. LIMOSELLA. Lat. limus, mud ; the plant grows by the edge of puddles and muddy places. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens approximating in pairs ; capsule partly 2-celled, 2-valved, many- seeded. Minute, aquatic herbs. Scape \-flowered. L. TENUIPOLIA. Nutt. (L. subulata. Ives and 1st edit.} Mudwort. Acaulescent; Ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole; scape as long as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than me calyx. R. I. ! Mass. ! N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small, blue and white. Aug. TRIBE 7. DIGITAL.E.E. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves all alternate, the lower crowded, petiolate. Benth. 17. SYNTHYRIS. Benth. Calyx 4-parted ; cor. subcampanulate, segments 4, erect-spreading or ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted ; anth cells parallel, distinct 5 caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate. locu- licidal, seeds plano-convex. ^ N. American, with a thick root. Radi cat Ivs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls racemed or spicate. S. IIouGHTONiANA. Benth. (Gymnandra Houghtoniana. Torr. <$ Gray in edit.) Hirsute ; radical Ivs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ; cor. as lonj; as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. Dry hilla Wis., Lapham! Leaves 2 3' by 1 2', on petioles about I' long, some of thr leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Scape 9 12' high. Spike elongating in fruit. 18. DIGITALIS. Lat digitdbulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanulate, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes ; capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. Herbs or shrubs of Europe and Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. \. D. PURPUREA. Purple Foxglove. Lvs. oblong, rugose, crenate ; cal. seg- ments ovate-oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire ; pcd. as long as the calyx.- Native of Europe. A well known, showy border flower of easy culture. It is a biennial plant 2 3f high, with large, rough, downy Ipaves. Flowers nume- rous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with beautiful eye- like spots within. The whole plant is a violent and dangerous poison when taken in considerable quantities, producing delirium, convulsions and death. But in the hand of the judicious physician it becomes a valuable medicine, act- ing as a sedative and diuretic. July. f 2. D. FERRUGINEA. Iron-colored Foxglove. Lws. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth; roc. many-lowered; cal. segments oval-elliptical, obtuse; cor. limb subglobo.se, woolly, lower segment ovate. 7J. in Greece, Armenia and Circassift. Corolla rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded, -f VKHONICA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 405 3. D. GRANDIFL6RA. Allioni. Great Yellow Foxgloxe. Lvs. ovate or oblong- lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul ; roc. tomentose, lax; col. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricose-campanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral. % in Europe. Plant 2 3f high. Flow- ers 1 \' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange, j- 4. D. LUTEA. Small Yellow Foxglove. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong or lanceo- late, denticulate; roc. secund, many-flowered; col. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube subventricose, lower segment half as long again as the rest. 1\. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 8 10" long, yellow, varying to white, f 5. D. ORIENTALIS. Lam. Oriental Spotted Foxglove. St. and lance-linear fas. glabrous; spike interrupted, glandular- villose; pedicels very short; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; cm-, pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse. 7J. Bythinia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted. Obs. Several other species are sometimes seen in gardens, among which are D. TVwzpsi, with mullein- like leaves all radical and flat on the ground ; D. leucophaa, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of dusky white fls. Numerous hybrids also occur in gardens, produced between the above species which are often difficult to distinguish. TRIBE 8. VERONICEJE. 19. VERONICA. Etymology doubtful ; perhaps named for St. Veronica. ^ Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow ; sta. 2, inserted into the tube, exserted ; sterile fil. ; caps, compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs). Lvs. opposite. Fls. solitary, axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white. 1. Erect, tall. Lvs. verticillate ; racemes dense, terminal, often pani- cled ; corolla tube longer than the limb. LEPTANDRA. Benth. 1. V. VIRGINICA. (Leptandra Virginica. Nutt.) Culver's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous ; Ivs. briefly petiolate, in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-ovate to lance-linear; spikes mostly several, paniculate. Woods, thickets and. barrens, Can. to Ga., W. to the Miss. ! A conspicuous plant arising 2 5f. Stem sim- ple, straight, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath/ and 4 6 in a whorl. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate, subterminal spikes. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as the corolla. Jl. 2. Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short. * Racemes axillary. 2. V. ANAGALLIS. (V. tenerrima. Schmidt.') Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite or alternate axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched. r 4 A smooth, succulent plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and pools, Can. and U. S. ! not common. Stem fleshy, 12 20' high. Leaves about 23' by 5 7". Racemes longer than the leaves* loose, pedicels (23") scarce- ly longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn. Jl. 3. V. AMERICANA. Schwenitz. (V.' Beccabunga Am. authors.') Brooklime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above ; Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base; rac. opposite, loose; caps, roundish, turgid, emarginate. 1L in brooks and clear waters, Can. and U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth., 12 18' long, more or less decumbent nnd rooting at base. Leaves 1 2' long, as wide, petioles 1 3" long, mar- gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (3 5") twice longer than the bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn. Jl. This plant is variable, some of its species approaching V. Anagallis, others V. Beccabunga, of Europe. n. Lrs. ovate, acute, acutely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base. Fre- quent ! 0. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, rounded at base, petiolate. Common ! 10!J XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.E. V 4. V. acuTELLATA. Skull-^ap or Marsh Speedwell. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, re- motely denticulate; roc. in alternate axils, very loose; pedicels divaricate; caps. compressed, broadly obcordate. 7J_ slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, N. Eng. and Western States, and Brit. Am., common. Stem 10 16' high. Leaves (2 3' by 2 3") much longer than the internodes. Peduncles and ped- icels filiform, the latter (69") six times longer than the bracts. Flowers rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn. Aug. 5. V. OFFICINALIS. Officinal Speedwell. Roughish-pubescent ; st. prostrate, branched; Ivs. briefly petiolate, and subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the base ; roc. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; caps, puberu- lent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. 7J. in dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga. Plant trailing, 6 12' long, with ascending branches. The leaves vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, 1 !' in length. The flowers are pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. Found in dry woods and open fields. May Jl. * * Raceme terminal. 6. V. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell. Subglabrous, much branched below ; sts. ascending; Ivs. oval, subcrenate, ootuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into ob- long, entire, alternate bracts ; ped. as long as the ovate sepals ; caps, obcordate, broader than long. 1|_ Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, &c., U.S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, orbicular and oval and ovate, 4 12" long, petioles 2". Racemes bracted, rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 2 5'. Corolla scarcely exceed- ing the calyx, blue and white, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May August. * ** Annual. Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed. 1. V. PEREGRlNA. (V. MarilandicE. Willd.) Purslane Speedwell. Ascending, subglabrous; lowest Ivs. petiolate, oval-oblong, dentate-serrate, obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, floral ones oblong-linear, entire, longer than the subsessile flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched, the lobes rounded. Throughout INS? America, in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched from the base, 4 10' high. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper cauline 6 11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale blue or white corolla. -Capsule hardly broader than long. May, June. 8. V. ARVENSIS. Field Veronica. Corn Speedwell. Puberulent-pilose, simple or branched, erector assurgent; Ivs. cordate- ovate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceo- late, crenate, sessile. Frequent in dry fields, N. H. to Car. W. to the Miss. A small, pubescent, pale green plant, 2 6' high. Stem nearly erect, branching from the base, the leaves assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles, corolla shorter than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May, June. /ff. 1 (V. renitormis. Raf.) Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. 9. V. AGRESTIS. Neckweed. Field Speedwell. St. procumbent, diffusely branching ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply .serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; ped. as long as the leaves. In cultivated fields, Can, to Ga. and La. A small, pilose plant, 2 8' long, with a round, leafy, hairy stem, branching mostly at the base. The leaves are roundish- ovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed, ovate, equal. Seeds concave beneath. May Sept. 10. V. HEDER.KFOLIA. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Prostrate, pilose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, mostly 3 5-toothed or lobed; ped. scarcely longer than the leaves; sep. triangular, subcordate, acute, at length erect. Dry or rocky soils, L. I. to Del. Stem diffusely branched. Leaves rather fleshy, the lower smaller, opposite, upper cauline broadly cor- date or truncate at base, alternate as well as the floral. Calyx somewhat 4- GKRARDIA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 407 ang'ed in fruit, segments ciliate at edge. Corolla smaller than the calyx, blue, caducous. Capsule turgid, broader than long, 4-seeded. Mar. May. 11. V. SPICATA. Spiked Speedwell. Erect, tall; Ivs. petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at apex ; roc. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals ; col. mostly hoary-pubescent. 1\. Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with nu- merous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, &c. f TRIBE 9. BUCHNEREJE. 20. BUCHNERA. Named by Linnaeus, in honor of J. G. Buchner, a German botanist, 1743. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 cordate, sub- equal lobes ; capsule 2-valved. Herbs with the lower Ivs. apposite, the upper alternate. Flowers in a terminal spike (sta. 4, included). B. AMERICANA. Blue-hearts. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3- veined, sessile ; fls. remotely spiked. ^ In low grounds, N. Y. to Mo. and Ga. Stem 1 2f high, simple or slightly branched, slender and terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves 1 2' long, very rough, appressed to the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile. Stamens inserted, 2 in the throat of the corolla, and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half as long as tube ot corolla. Aug. TRIBE 10. GERARDIE^!. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Corolla tube dilated, limbs spreading, lobes flat, subregular. Stamens ap- proximating in pairs. 21. SEYMERIA. Pursh. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ; sta. 4, subequal ; valves of the capsule loculicidal, ^entire ; seeds 00. Herbs erect, branching. Cauline Ivs. mostly opposite find incised. Fls. yellow. S. MACROPHYLLA. Nutt. Large-leaved Seymeria. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; Ivs. large, the lower deeply pinnatj fid, segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, se/- rate or entire ; car. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ; sly. short, di- lated and slightly bifid at apex ; caps, ovate-acuminate. % In woods, White River Valley, la."! Ohio, Clark! to Ark. The plant has much the aspect of Dasystoma. Height, 4 6f. Lower leaves (5 7' -by 2 3') lance-ovate in outline, floral (23') mostly opposite. Corolla ' long, very woolly within. Capsule a little shorter and broader. July. 22. GERARDIA. Named by Linnaeus, in honor of John Gerard, an English botanist of the 16th century. Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed ; cor. tubular, ven- tricose or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire lobes ; sta didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, anth. all equal ; caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ; seeds 00. American herbs, rarely suffrulicose. Lvs. opposite. Fi,s. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. 1. G. PURPUREA. Large-flmvered Purple Gcrardia. St. angular, much branched; Ivs. linear, narrow, acute fls. subsessile, scattered ; cal. segments subulate. Found in wet pastures and swamps, N. Eng. to 111. and Ga. Stem slender, branching, erect, smooth, obtuse-angled, 1 2f high. Leaves entire, roughish, 8 15" long, and about 2" wide, coiled up in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, on very short stalks, Aug. 35 408 XC1. SCROPHULARIACEjE. DASYSTOMA. 2. G. MARITIMA. R.af. Marsh Gcrardia. Stf. angular ; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; fls. stalked; cat. truncate ; upper segments of the corolla fringed. Native of salt marshes, Mass, to N. J., also shores' of L. Mich. Houghton. This species resembles the foregoing, of which Pursh describes it as a variety. It is a smaller plant 6 12' in height, and with smaller flowers. The leaves are shorter and thicker The calyx segments are cut square off, not acute as in the preceding. Corolla purple. Flower-stalks axillary and terminal. July Sept. 3. G. TENUIFOLIA. Vahl. Small-flowered Purple Gcrardia. Branching ; Ivs. linear ; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers ; col. teeth short, acute. A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, but often simple, in fields and woods, U. S. Stem 6 12' high. Leaves about an inch long, very narrow (scarcely a line in width), entire, rough, obtuse, often coiled. Flowers opposite, axillary, on slender stalks an inch or more in length. Corolla purple, spotted within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly equal. Calyx teeth short and acute. Aug. Sept. 4. G. ASPERA. Doug. Rough Gerardia. St. a little branched; Ivs. long and narrowly linear, floral ones exceeding the calyces ; ped. twice longer than the calyx ; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; cor. glabrous. Illinois, Buckley in DC., Prod. x. 518. Peduncles sometimes but little exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long. Flowers as large as those of G. purpurea, to which species this is perhaps toe nearly allied. 5. G. SETACEA. Walt. Branches slender, roughish; Ivs. setaceous, rough ish; fls. few; ped. alter- nate and opposite, very long; col. teeth short and setaceous; caps, ovate, larger than the calyx. (J) Penn. 1 to Car. Nuttali? Scarcely darkens in drying. 6. G. SKINNERIANA. Wood. (G. aphylla. Benth. in part, not Nutt.) Scabrous, pale green; st. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4 angles mar- gined; Ivs. remote, linear, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter than the very long peduncles ; cal. teethvery short, glandular-acute ; cor. infun- dibuliform-campanulate, lobes short, spreading; caps, roundish-ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx. (T) Barrens, la.! Plant 12 18' high, the stem and few branches quite slender and rough on the%lightly winged angles. Leaves (8 12" by J |") much shorter than the internodes, margin slightly revolute. Pedun- cles 1 !' long, erect. Corolla (5 6") glabrous, light purple or rose-color. Capsule loculicidal, about 30-seeded. Jl. Aug. Obs.l detected this delicate species in July, 1846, in Greene Co.; la., on land belonging to Dr. A. G. Skinner, whose zeal in botanical pursuits deserves more than this slight notice. It does not turn black in drying. 23. OTOPHYLLA. Benth. Gr. ovs (orof), ear, <[>v\\ov, leaf; alluding to the aurioulate leaves. Calyx deeply 5-parted, sepals leafy, unequal ; cor. tube enlarged upwards, lobes broad, entire ; sta. didynamous, the upper pair with smaller abortive anthers ! caps, subglobose, many-seeded. Erect, hairy herbs with opposite leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. O. MICHAUXII. Benth. (Gerardia auriculata. Michx.} Michaux's Gcrardia. Scabrous-hirsute, subsimple; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, lower entire, upper mostly auriculate-lobed ; fls. sessile. Penn. to 111., Rev. E. Jenny! in prai- ries and low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 9 18' high. Leaves"(l- U' by i I') entire on the margin, sessile; floral ones with an oblong-lanceolate lobe each side at base. Flowers alternate or mostly opposite, calyx deeply cleft, corolla purple or rarely white, pubescent, dilated at the mouth, 912" long. Aug. Sept. 24. DASYSTOMA. Raf. Gr. 6aapts, the eyelash; probably referring to the ciliate bracts. Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire ; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. 1. B. HIRSUTA. (Monarda hirsuta. PL M. ciliata. Michx.} Hairy Blephilia. Whole plant hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; fls. in axillary verticill asters and terminal heads ; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate. 7|. In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in the W. States. Stem 1 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Peti- ole i ' long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla scarcely ' long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than sta- mens or corolla. Jn. Jl. 2. B. CILIATA. (Monarda ciliata. Linn, not Michx.} St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled; Ivs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent ; fls. in dense, ap- proximate, involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils ; bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx. Fields, barrels, Penn. to the Miss., very abundant in the Western States ! Plant 2 4f nigh, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1 2j' long, 1' wide. Flowers small, numerous. Verticils subglobose. Outer bracts 5" by 3 4", whitish. Calyx Bubbilabiate. Jn. Aug. 9. SALVIA. Lat. salveo, to be in health ; probably from its salutary qualities. Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2 3-toothed or entire, lower lip divided ; corolla ringent ; stamens 2 ; connectile transversely articu- lated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate anther ; achenia 4. A large genus of which but few species are native. The. transverse conne.ctile constitutes the essential character. 1. S. LYRATA. Wild or Meadow Sage. Cancer-weed. Radical Ivs. lyrate, erosely dentate ; upper lip of the cor. very short, straight. 7J. in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, 1 2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radi- cal leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 1 2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, con- stituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. Native of shady woods. May, June. 2. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Sage.Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose ; whorls few-flowered ; cal. mucronate ; upper lip of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted. A well known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a iT.gthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. July. 3. S. SCLAREA. Clarry.-r-Lvs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate : bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. (g) A strong-scented exotic, 1 31 fligh, -frith viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts art PYCNANTHEMUM. XC111. LABIATE. 419 variegated with pale purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Calyx with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. J 4. S. MEXICAVA. Willd. '? Mexican Salvia. St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent ; Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate- dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; bracts deciduous ; cal. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire ; cor. fim- briate-ciliate, 34 times longer than the calyx ; sty. exserted. QJ. Mexico. A beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties, f 5. S. SPLENDENS. Ker. 1 St. erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate ana ovate, peti- olate, rounded or acute at l}ase, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ; fls. opposite, racemose ; breads deciduous ; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. 7J. Mexico. Gar- dens. Plant 2 4f high, branched Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas, f 10. ROSMARlNUS. An ancient Latin name, compounded of ros t dew, and marinus, of the sea. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divis- ions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, as- cending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. R. OFFICINALIS. Rufemary. Lrs. sessile, linear, margins revolute. An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f 'high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-ob- long, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. -Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distil- lation a large proportion of fragrant oil. TRIBE 4. SATUREINEJ3. Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal ; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 4, distant, straight, diverging. 11. PYCNANTHfiMUM. Benth. 6r?'. XVKVOS , dense, avSos, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence Calyx tubular, striate. 5-toothed ; upper lip of corolla nearly en- tire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest ; sta. distant ; anth. with parallel cells. 1. P. INCANCM. Michx. (Clinopodium. Willd.) Mountain Mint. Wild Basil. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base, with short petioles and hoary tomentum ; hds. of fls. compound, terminal and lateral, pedunculate ; bracts, subulate. %. Grows in rocky woods and hills, Can., N., Mid. and W. States. Stem 2 4f high, obtusely 4-angled, erect, and, like the rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath Flowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous, beard- ed at the end ; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. Jl. Aug. 0. SI. taller, branched ; upper Irs. with white blotches. Ind. ! 2. P. ARISTATUM. Michx. (Nepeta Virginica, Linn. ?) Wild Basil. St. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate ; verticils terminal, capitate and subterminal, hirsute ; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calyx terminated by awns. Woods and barrens, N. Y., Mass, to Miss. ! Stem 1 3f high, subsimple or much branched. Leaves 1 2' by | f ', generally with small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates in a small (' diam.) head with one or two dense whorls just below it. It is a more spreading and 'hairy plant than P. muticum. Jl. Aug. 36 420 XCIII. LABIATE. THYMCS. 3. P. PILOSUM. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthcmum. St. and Ivs. beneath pilose ; st. subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, nearly entire, sessile ; fls. in large, terminal, sessile heads ; bracts lanceolate, and, with the ".alyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted. 7J. Low grounds, 111. Mead, to Tenn. Nuttall. I am unacquainted with this species, but it is probably distinct, closely allied to the last. " Stem a little branched at the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute but not awned. Calyx teeth minute. Corolla white, without spots." 4. P. MUTICUM. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.) Awnless PycnantJu- mum. St. pubescent, paniculate-branching above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth; hds. terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, awnless ; sta. included. r i|_ Found in woods and dry hills, Penn. to Ga. and W. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubes- cent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug. 5. P. LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. (P. verticillatum. Pers. Brachystemum Virginicum. MX. ?) St. straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on the angles ; Ivs. subsessile, ovate-lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, feather-vein- ed, entire ; verticils sessile, fasciculate-corymbed ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acu- minate ; sta. exserted. 7J. This species much resembles the next, but is distinct in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills, abundant W. and Mid. States. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles, somewhat scabrous. Branches corymbed, downy above. Leaves varying in width from one-sixth to one-half of their length. Flowers collected in dense, canescent heads. Corolla purplish- white with darker spots. Aug. G. P. LINIFOLIUM. Pursh. Flax-leaved Pycnanthemum. Si. straight, smooth ; branches trichotomous, fastigiate ; Ivs. linear, very entire, 3-veined, smooth ; hds. terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. f l\. An erect plant with fastigiate branches, Hfhigh, growing in exsiccated swamps, Penn., N. Y. to the Miss, and S. States. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-an- gled, corymbose at the summit. Leaves very narrow, entire, smooth and punc- tate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in nu- merous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts. Aug. I have generally found this species nearly destitute of the mint-like fla- vor of the foregoing. The statement in a former edition was made on the authority of others. 12. ORIGANUM. Gr. opa$, a mountain, and yavoj, joy. Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts ; up per lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginatej lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments. 1. O. VULGARE. Wild Marjoram. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate ; spikes roundish, panicled, fascicu- late, smooth, erect; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, colored. 7J. grows in fields and thickets. Stem 12 18' high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy one-fourth as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers purplish- white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. Jl. Aug. 2. O. MAJORANA. Ph. (Majorana hortensis. Maznch.) Stveet Marjoram.- Lvs. oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pubescent ; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish. 'ZJ.' Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens. It has a pleasant aromatic fla- vor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot high. Flowers pink-colored. Jl. Aug. 13. THYMUS. Gr. SV/JLOS, courage ; on account of its invigorating smell. Flowers capitate or verticillate ; calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate, CUNII.A. XCIIL LABIAT^E. 421 10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs ; upper lip of the corolla flat emarginate, shorter than the lower. 1. T. vuLfiARis, Garden Thyme. St. procumbent at base, erect; Ivs. revo- lute at the sides, oblong-ovate and lanceolate ; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes. \l Native of S. Europe and cultivated for culinary purposes. Stems suffru- ticose, numerous, branched, 6 10' high. It is highly aromatic, as well as the other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in summer.-^ 2. T. SERPYLLUS. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme. St. decumbent ; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base ; fls. capitate. 1\. Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Stems suffruticose, wiry, slender and wavy, with leafy, downy and" ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. Cultivated and naturalized. 14. SAT UREJA. Arabic satur the general name for labiate plants. Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. S. HORTENSIS.' Summer Savory. St. branching; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymose. Tj. Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem branching and bushy, IJf high, woody at base, fre- quently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, small and narrow, with axil- lary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Jl. Aug. J 15. HYSSOPUS. Hebrew ezob ; Arabic azzof; Eng. hyssop. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx j stamens exserted, diverging. H. OFFICINALIS. Hyssop. DCS. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; col. teeth erect; fls. in racemose, secund verticils x middle division of the corolla 2- lobed, entire. 1\ The common hyssop is a native of S. Europe, often met with in our gardens, being cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It is a handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. July. ^ 16. COLLINSONIA. Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist. Corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate; stamens 2, (rarely 3) much exserted, divergent. C. CANADENSIS. Horse Balm. Lrs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, glabrous ; teeth of the col. subulate, shorter than the tube ; roc. paniculate, terminal. % A tall herb with large leaves and yellow flowers, woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 4- sided, 3- -4f high, smooth or a little pubescent. Leaves thin, 68' long and 3 S.) Pennyroyal. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed ; Jls. axillary, whorled. (p A small, strong-scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic maleria medica. Stem erect, branch- ing, half a foot high. Leaves opposite,with I 2 teeth each side, on very shorl petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, N. Eng., Can. to Ga. and Ark. Flowering all summer. 19. MICROMERIA. Benth. Gr. fjLiKpnf, small, pepos, division; on account of the slightly 2-lipped calyx and corolla. Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal ; corolla sub- bilate, tube exserted, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower subequally 3-lobed ; stamens ascending, the upper pair shorter. M. GLABELLA. Benth. (Cunila. Michx. Hedeoma glabra. Nutt.) Glabrous ; st. branching above, and mostly surculose at base ; Ivs. entire, those of the suckers elliptic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse ; verticillas* ters about 6-flowered. 7J. A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls ! W. to the Falls of St. An- thony. Rare. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6 10' high. Suckers at the base often numerous and several inches in length, with leaves about 3" by 2", brown- ish-purple beneath. Stem leaves 9 12" long, very narrow, the lowest some- times with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels ' long, with linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair much the shortest, all antheriferous. July, Aug. 20. MELISSA. Benth. Gr. name of the bee, from /y 9 13", scarcely longer than the petioles, the bracts 2 3" diam. Racemes &-- 8' long, rather dense-flowered. Corolla 8" long. July Sept. 7. S. INTEGRIFOLIA. (S. hvssopifolia. Pers. S. Caroliniana. Ph.) St. erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent; Irs. ovate-lanceolate, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute. entire, subsessile; rac. loose, leafy; bracts lanceolate; Jls. large. 1\. Mid. States to Ark., on dry hills. Stem 1 2f high, with large, blue flowers in terminal ra- cemes. The leaves (1 2' long) vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and crenate. Corolla bright blue at the summit, nearly white at base, 8 9" long. June, July. The plant is intensely bitter. 8. S. CANESCENS. Nutt. (S. serrata and S. incana. Spr. fide Hook.') St. erect, tall, pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate, apex acute, the lower cordate ; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, panicu- late ; bracts lanceolate and lance-linear; Jls. canescent. Dry grounds, Middle and Western States, abundant. Stem usually purple, 1 3f high. Leaves 2 3' long, | as wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Flowers rather numerous, large and showy. Corolla 10" long, tube white, lips blue. 9. S. CORDIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. versicolor 1 ? Nutt.) Stout, branching, clothed with a soft, glandular pubescence in all its parts; Ivs. broadly cordate, large, obtusely dentate, nearly smooth ; petioles very long ; rac. ternate, terminal ; bracts ovate ; fls. smaller. Nuttall. Open woods and prairies, Western States. I have specimens essentially agreeing with the above, in which the leaves are 3 4' long, 2 3' wide. Flowers in a large, dif- fuse panicJe, less showy than in the last species. Bracts broad-ovate and near- ly sessile, viscidly pubescent. Corolla S" long, upper lip blue, lower white. 22. PRUNELLA. Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth ; filaments forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. P. VULGARIS. Self-heal. Blue-curls. St. ascending, simple ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; upper lip of cor. truncate, with 3 awns. 1\. A very common plant, in meadows and low grounds, N. Am., lat. 33 to the Arc. Sea. The stem is nearly a foot high, (2f in la. ! and 111. !) obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each verticil. Flowering all summer. TRIBE 7. NEPETEJE. Calyx oblique, upper teeth longer. Corolla bilabi ate, upper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat mostly inflated. Stamens as- cending or diverging, the upper pair longer. * 23. NEPETA. Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany. Calyx arid, striate ; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower 3- lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re- flected ; stamens approximate. DRACOCEPHALUM. XCIII. LABIAT^E. 425 1. N. CATARIA. Catiiep. Catmint. (Fig. 51.) Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate-ser- rate ; fls. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. 7|. This common plant is naturalized everywhere about old buildings and fences. Cats are very fond of it and wfll often devour it with the greatest avidity. Stem square, pubescent, branching, 2 3f high. Leaves very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate serratures, and as well as the whole plant, covered with a soft, hoary down, paler beneath. Flowers many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. July. 2. N. GLECHOMA. Benth. (Glechoma hederacea. Linn.') Gill-over-t he- ground. Ground Ivy. (Fig. 51.) Lvs. ren/form, crenate; cor. about 3 times as long as the calyx. 7L A creeping plant, naturalized about hedges, walls, &c. Stems. prostrate, radicating at base, square, varying in length from a few inches to 1 2f. Leaves petiolate, opposite, roundish, cordate-reniform, hairy and glaucous. Flowers axillary, about 3 together. Corolla bluish-pur- ple, with a variegated throat. The 2 anthers of each pair of stamens meet with their 2 divaricate cells, forming the appearance of a cross. The plant is aromatic, and was formerly used in ale, also in medicine. May. 24. LOPHANTHUS. Benth. Gr. Aotfoj, a crest, av$os ; flowers in dense, terminal spikes; Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer; corolla bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate ; stamens diverging. 1. L. NEPEToiDEs. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.) St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged ; hs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate; petioles smoothish. 7J. Middle! and Western States ! A tall, branching, pale green herb, common about fences and dry hedges. Stem 3 6f high, the sides somewh.it concave, and the angles prominent. . Leaves acuminate, about 4' by 2'. ^Flowers in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above. Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens exserted. July, Aug. 2. L. SCHROPHULARIFOLIUS. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.) St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the 'angles obtuse; Ivs. cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent. Tj. Tall, stout and branching, with the general aspect of the former species, and found in similar situations. The herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 2 4f high, purple. Leaves about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary ver- ticils, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla pale purple, more con- spicuous than in the first. Stamens and style exserted. July, Aug. 25. DRACOCEPHALUM. Gr. JjOa/fO), dragon, /re^aXoj, head ; from the resemblance of the flowers. Calyx subequal, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments larger ; cor. bila- biate, upper lip vaulted, emarginate, throat inflated, lower lip spread- ing, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided ; sta. distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower. Flowers axillary and terminal, usually with large, conspicuous bracts. 1. D. CORDATUM. Nutt. Cordate-leaved Dragonhead. Stoloniferous; st. and elongated petioles pubescent; Ivs. cordate, obtusely crenate, sparingly hirsute above ; spike unilateral ; bracts broad-ovate, entire, nearly as long as the calyx ; ped. bibracteolate, mostly 1-flowered ; cal. segments acute, almost pungent. 7J. Islands of the Ohio, 40 miles below Pittsburg, Null- all. Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, obtusely cor- date, almost as broad as long, petiole about as long as the lamina (I'), uppei pairs subsessile. Flowers secund. Corolla pale blue, about 1' long,' crifice much dilated. June. 426 XCIII. LABIATE. LAMIUM. 2. D. PARVIFLORUM. Nutt. Small-flowered Dragonhead. Subpubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, petiolate ; bracts leafy, ovate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate ; cal. upper segment much the largest ; fls. small, verticillate, subcapitate, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. (g) Woods, Watertown, N., Y. Vasey. Mo., Nuttall. Saskatchawan River, Richardson. Very rare. Flowers whitish, very small, the verticils involucrate and almost spicate. Calyx dry and membranaceous. Upper lip of the corolla arched, emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. July. TUIBB 8. STACK YDEJE. Calyx oblique or rarely subbilabiate, 310- toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip galeate or flat, lower lip unequally 3- lobed. Stamens ascending, upper pair shorter. 26. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth. 6V. ^tiaa, a bladder, and crr)yr\, a covering; from the inflated corollas. Calyx eampanulate, subequally 5-toothed ; corolla tube much ex- serted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower lip largest, roundish, emarginate ; sta. 4, unconnected, ascending be- neath the upper lip, the two lower rather longer. Flowers opposite, in a terminal, bracteate, k-rowed spike. P. VIRGINIANA. Benth. (Dracocephalum Virg., denticulatum, variega- tum and obovatum of auth. fide Benth.} Lion's Heart. Calyx teeth acute, subequal. 7J. A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States ! often adorn- ing our gardens, where it spreads rapidly. It is 2 3f high, very smooth, dark green. Stem square, thick, rigid. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 5' by ', with remote and shallow teeth, of a shining dark green. Flowers in 4-rowed spikes, numerous, dense, or often subremote. Bracts subulate. Corolla pale purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug. Sept. 27. SY'NANDRA. Nutt. Gr. in allusion to the coherence of the anthers. Calyx 4-cle.ft, segments unequal, subulate, converging to one side ; tipper lip of cor. entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally 3-lobed ; throat inflated ; upper pair of anthers cohering, having the contiguous cells empty. S. GRANDIFLORA. Nutt. Large-flowering Synandra. St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, ob- tusely dentate, often dilated at base, upper ones smaller, can line sessile, lower eubpetiolate ; fls. solitary and sessile; cal. seg. ovate, setaceously acuminate, two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth much inflated, upper lip entire, vaulted, lower 3-lobed, lobes entire. Banks of the Ohio, Cincinnati, Nutt. Woods, near Vermillion River, 111. ! Stem about If high. Corolla about 1' long, yellowish-white, lower lip elegantly striated with purple lines. June. 0. 1 petiolata. Wood. St. quadrangular, hirsute ; Ivs. hirsute, deltoid, trun- cate-cordate, all long-petiolate, lower petioles 4 6' long, upper 1 4'. Calyx riirsute, almost hispid. Cincinnati, Clark ! This is, perhaps, a distinct species. 28. LAMIUM. Lat. lamia, the name of a sea mo;.eter, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened. Upper lip of the corolla vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the margin of the dilated throat. L. AMPLRXICAULE. Hcnbit. Z/y>. roundish, incisely crenate, floral ones broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile v arnplexicaul, lower ones petiolate. A small, slender herb, found in culti- vated grounds'. Stems ascending, several from the same root, 610' high, with STACHYS. XCIII. LABIATE. 427 opposite, short, broad, hairy leaves deeply crenate or cut; lower ones on stalks an inch or more in length. Flowers in dense verticils, closely sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx hairy. Corolla purple, downy, the tube much exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May Nov. 29. LEON0RUS. Gr. Aeuv, a lion, ovpa, tail; from the appearance of the spikes of flowers. Calyx teeth subspinescent ; upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, concave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate ; anthers sprinkled with shining dots. 1. L. CARDIACA. Motherwort. Lower stem Ivs. palnrate-lobed, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of them toothed, cuneiform at base ; cor. longer than the calyx, the tube with a nairy ring within. TJ. Tartary, whence it was first introduced into Europe and thence to America, ever following the footsteps of civilized man. It is common about rubbish, stone walls and waste places. Stem 3 5f high, downy, square, large, purplish, bearing its opposite, stalked, rough .eaves arranged in 4 vertical rows. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx rigid and bristly. Corolla purplish, hairy without, variegated within. July. It has a strong and pungent smell, and has considerable reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &c. 2. L. MARRUBIASTRUM. Hoarhound Leonurus. Cauline Ivs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral lanceo- late, tapering at each end, incisely dentate ; cor. shorter than the calyx teeth, tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent. Naturalized in Penn. Darlington ! and la. ! A plant of vigorous growth, 2 4f high, with op- posite, ascending branches/ Leaves 2 3' in length, the lowest on long petioles. Verticils many-flowered, remote but numerous, forming an interrupted, leafy spike. Corolla reddish-white. July, Aug. 30. GALEOPSIS. Gr. yaAfj, a weasel, oi//f, appearance; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal. Calyx 5-cleft, spinescent ; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, subcre- nate. lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate 5 sta. ascending beneath the -upper lip. 1. G. TETRAHIT. Hemp Net lie. (Fig. 51.) Sf. hispid, the internodes thickened upwards ; Ivs. ovate, hispid, serrate , cor. twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave. A common weed, naturalized in waste and cultivated grounds, 1 2f high. Stem obtusely 4-angled, remarkably swelled below the joint, and covered with prickly, deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the 3-lobed lower one. June, July. This plant is so prevalent in many parts of N. Eng. as to nearly ruin some farms. 2. G. LADANUM. Red Hemp Nettle. St. hairy, internodes equal; Ivs. lanceolate, subserrate, hairy; upper hp of the cor. slightly crenate. (I) A smaller species, naturalized, growing among rubbish in gravely soils, &c. Stem about a foot high, not swollen below the joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense, remote whorls. Corollas usually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted with crimson. Aug. Sept. 31. STACHYS. Gr. o-ra^DS, a spike ; this being the inflorescence of all the species. Calyx tube angular, 5 or 1 0-ribbed, 5-toothed, upper teeth often larger ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, spreading or somewhat vaulted, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. middle lobe largest; sta. ascending lower ones longer ; anth. approximated in pairs. 428 XCI1I. LABIATE. BALLOTS, 1. S. ASPERA. Michx. (S. hispida Ph ?) Hedge Nettle. Wound-wort. St. erect, the angles retrorsely hispid or rough ; Ivs. subpetiolate, oblong lanceolate, acutely serrate, smooth or nearly so ; verticils of Ike spike about 6 'flowered ; cat. smoothish, with spreading teeth, at length spinescent. 7}. Field? and roadsides. About a foot high and rather slender. Stem erect, square, generally hispid backward on the angles, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves smooth, membranaceous, generally rounded at base and acute at apex. Spike terminal, leafy, composed of verticils, each with 4 8 pale purple flowers. Variable in pubescence. July. 2. S. SYLVATICA. (S. aspera. Muhl. & Bw. S. hispida. Nutt.) Wood Sta- chys. St. very hispid on the angles ; Ivs. on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute ; verticils 2 6 flowered ; floral Ivs. very small, lanceolate-linear, hispid-ciliate ; cat. hirsute, with ciliate, spinescent teeth. Tj. A very rough and hairy herb, in low woods and on shady banks, fc&em erect, 12 18' high. Leaves 3 4' long and i as wide, with rounded or uncinate serratures, the upper surface with short, bristly hairs. Petioles ' long, and with the veins beneath, hispid. Spike long, slender, terminal, very rough and hairy. Corolla exserted, purple, spotted. July., Aug. 3. S. HYSSOPIPOLIA. Michx. (S. palustris. Walt.') St. scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, slightly dentate ; verticils about 4-flowered ; cal. subspinescent. 7J. A slender species 6 12' high, in meadows, N. Y. and Ms., rare, West to la. where it is frequent ! Leaves very narrow, often linear, 2 3' by 4 10", with minute teeth or finely serrulate. Flowers sessile. Corolla a little hairy, purple. July. A smoother and elegant plant compared with the last. 4. S. INTERMEDIA. Ait. 57. somewhat villose; Ivs. oblong, subcordate, crenate; verticils many- flowered ; cal. somewhat spinescent. 111. Jn., Jl. 32. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 10-ribbed, with 5 or 10 subequal teetli ; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, emarginate, tube included ; sta. included beneath the upper lip. M. VULGARK. Hoarkound. St. ascending, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate, downy-canescent beneath;- cat. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. 7{. Introduced into fields and roadsides. Stem 1 2f high, branching at base, or several from the same root, covered with a white, downy pubescence. Leaves petio- late, 1 2' in diameter, whitish and rough-veined above, very woolly beneath, rounded and toothed. Flowers white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verti- cils. Calyx woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. The hoar- hound is an aromatic and bitter herb, well known as an ingredient in cough candy. It is tonic and diuretic, and much used in pulmonary affections. 33. BALLOT A. Gr. /?aXXo>, to reject ; on account of its offensive odor. Calyx hypocrateriform, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed ; cor. bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate ; ach. ovoid-triangular. B. NIGRA. Black or Foetid Hoarhound. DCS. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate. 7J. Said to have been introduced, but is frequently met with about hedges, &c., in Ms. and Conn. Stem 2 3f high, pubescent as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. This plant has the general appearance of hoarhound (Mar- rubium) but not its fragrance. July. xciv. BORRAGIINACEA:. 429 34. MOLUCCELLA. Brought from the Molucca Islands, &c. Calyx campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinose ; cor. much smaller, included within it. M. L.KVIS. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. 'St. ascending, subsimple, gla- brous; Ivs. petiolate, roundish-ovate, dentate; fls. in a terminal, leafy raceme; cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth awnless. Syria. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of a glaucous green, 1 2f high. It is chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell- shaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower. TRIBE 9. AJUGOIDEJE.^-Corolla upper lip very short, or split to the base, or rarely erect and vaulted, lower lip longer. Stamens ascending, much exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose. 35. TRICHOSTEMA. Gr. 0j3i, rpiicos, hair, arrjpa, a stamen ; for its long, hair-like stamens. Calyx resupinate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft ; upper lip (lower by the twisting of the peduncle) of 2 short, acute teeth, lower (at length the upper) twice as long, 3-toothed ; cor. tube slender, very short, unequally 5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined ; sta. much exserted, lower ones longer. T. DICHOTOMA. Blue-curls. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire, pubescent ; fls. resupinate; sta. very long, exserted. Found on dry or rocky hills and in sandy soils, Mass.! to Md.! Ga., La., 111. An interesting plant, a foot high. Stem obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite, divided, the upper pair generally forming a dichotomous division of the stem. Leaves petiolate, of a rhombic, ovate-lanceolate form. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the twisting of the petiole. Corolla purple. Stamens slender, of a delicate purplish hue, gracefully bending from the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming a beautiful arch. Aug. 36. TEUCRItTM. Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally. Calyx subcampanulate, and subregular, in 5 acute segments ; co- rolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish ; stamens exserted from the cleft in the upper side of the tube. T. CANADENSE. Wild Germander. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate ; brack linear-lanceolate, longer than the calyx ; spike long, of many crowded verticils of flowers ; upper teeth of cal. broader. *2j. Can. and U. S., fields and roadsides. Stem about 2f high, simple or branched, square, with concave sides. Leaves :+ times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, hoary with dowr. beneath. Bracts longer than the calyx. Flowers disposed in axillary verticils, each of 4 6. Calyx with 5 broad, nearly equal segments, the 2 lower Dnet narrower. Corolla purplish, apparently without the upper up, instead of whicl is a fissure through which the stamens are exserted. July. 0. Virginicum. Upper Ivs. ovate-oblong, nearly sessile ; bracts about as long as the calyx. Habits similar to the last. ORDER XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. BORRAGEWORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with round stems and branches. Lrs. alternate, often rough with stiffhairs which are scale-like and indurated at base. [flowers e? Flip. none. Spikes, racemes or corymbs generally secund. and circinate before flowering, evolving F.'.V. of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, &c., rarely yellow. Cal. -Sepals 5, regular, more or less united at base, persistent Cor. Petals 5, regular (very rarely irregular), united at l>ase, hypotrvnou*. imbricate in aestivation. XCIV. BORRAGINACEjE. ECHIDM. Sta. 5, inserted into the corolla and alternate with its lobes Ova. deeply 4-lobed. the style arising from the base of the lobes. g^-Nuts or achenia 4, distinct, l-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Lmbryo with a superior radicle. Cotyledons plano-convex. Genera 53, species 600? very abundant in the south of Europe and middle of Asia, becoming rare as approach the arctic circle. All our native species are herbaceous. Properties. Mucilaginous and emollient plants, never poisonous. .-/I FTG. 52. 1. Borrago officinalis. 2. A petal with its appendage at base, and anthers produced at apex. 3. Calyx with the 4 achenia and style. 4. Vertical section of one of the achenia, showing the seed, em- oryo and albumen. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Lithospermum (Batschia) canescens. 7. Corolla laid open, howing the stamens inserted on the tube. Conspectus of the Genera. 'irregular Echium. i ("Corolla rotate, blue. . . Borrago. 2 I Corolla campanulate. . . Symphijtum. 3 excavated 1 Cor. funnel or tube straight. Anchusa. 4 at base. I salver-form, < tube twice bent. Lycopsfo. 5 $ Lvs. rough. Onosmodium. 6 ( dilated. (. Lvs. smooth.Mertensia. 9 fCor. throat < nar- Uobes erect. . Pulmonaria. fAch.free, not ex- 1 open and ( row. { lobes spreading. Lithospermum. 7 cavate 1 Cor. closed $ yellow, large. rge. ; Ovary / unarmed, Cat base. L at throat, white, 'small. . deeply ] Corolla salver-form. 4-parted. I Achenia echinate, cohering. ( wmfjft funnel-form. Ovary entire (partible in fruit) bearing the f vle at the top. Pentalophus. Myosotis. 11 Echinospermtim. 12 Cynoglossum. 13 Heliotropium. 14 TRIBE 1. BORRAGEJ3. Ovary consisting oi two bipartible (rarely 2-celled) carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary. Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen. 1. ECHIUM. Buck. Gr. c%is, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect ; corolla campanulate, ob- liquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice ; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, imperforate. Herbs or shrubs. Fls. irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Cor. cyanic. E. VULGARE. Viper's Bngloss. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, and rough with bristles ; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected. A rough plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N. States. Stem 18 20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 2 6' long, and ^ as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flow- ers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and July. LYCOPSIS. XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. 431 2. BORRAGO. Tourn. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, with acute segments ; orifice crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia rounded, imperforate at base,, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle. European herbs. 1. B. OFFICINALIS. Common Barrage. L/vs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate ; cal. spreading ; ped. terminal, many-flowered. Native of England, and with us a common inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky- blue flowers during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. The young leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. 2. B. ORIENTALIS. (Psilostemon. DC.) Oriental Barrage. L/vs. cordate, peti- olate ; ped. many-flowered ; sta. exserted, villous. (I) An ornamental garden plant, native of Turkey. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in the spring months. 3. SYMPHYTUM. Gr. avp^vffij, a joining or healing; from its reputation for healing wounds. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone ; achenia gibbous, imperfo- ra te. % Oriental herbs. Flowers cyanic. S. OFFICINALE. Comfreij. Pilose; st. branching above; ITS. extensively decurrent, tne lower ana radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth. A large, coarse-looking but showy exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds, Middle States. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3 4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has long been regarded as an efficient vulnerary. $ 4. ANCHtJSA. Gr. ay^ovo-flt, paint ; the rootof one species was once used for staining the features. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted ; tube straight, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales ; achenia perforate at the base and their surfaces generally rugose ; stamens included ; stigma emar- ginate. Handsome herbs, mostly European. Fls. cyanic. A. OFFICINALIS. Bugloss, or Ox-tongue. Lrs. lanceolate, strigose ; spikes one- sided, imbricated ; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla. 7J: A rough garden plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, signifying ox-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stem 2f high, rough with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a melliferous corolla very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous, used in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossoms all summer. } 5. LYCOPSIS. Gr. \VKOS, a wolf, and o^, the eye ; name suggested by the small blue Sowers. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales ; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. CD Distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube, L. ARVENSIS. Wild Bugloss. Plant hispid ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rac. leafy ; fls. sessile ; cal. shorter than the tube of the corolla. A very hispid, almost bristly plant, found in fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. June, July. $ 37 ,32 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. LITHOSPERMUM 6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx. From Onosna, another genus of this order, and sidog , appearance or resemblance. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments ; corolla subcampanu late, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments con verging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, included ; style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, shining. % North Ameri- can. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 1. P. VIRGINIANUM. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Michx. Lithospermum Virg. Linn.} False Gromwell. St. with appressed hairs ; Ivs. oblong-lan- ceolate, minutely strigose ; col. lubes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as the corolla ; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs. N. Y. to Flor., in dry, hilly grounds. A very rough, erect plant about lf high. Leaves 1 2' by \ f, 3 5- veined, often oval and even ovate-lanceo- late. Flowers greenish- white, in leafy racemes which are recurved at first but finally erect. Styles (6 7") twice longer than the corolla. 2. O. CAROLINIANUM. DC. (O. molle. Michx. Lithospermum Carol. Lam. L. molle. Muhl.} Villose-canescent ; Ivs. oblong-oval, rather obtuse, each side whitish with scattered hairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; col. segments lanceo- late, half as long as the glabrous corolla; cor. segments ovate, acute. Rocky hills, N. Y. to Car. and Tenn. Plant a foot or more high, clothed with a soft, white pubescence. Anthers silky-pubescent, as long as the glabrous filaments, its lobes scarcely diverging. Jl. Aug. \ 3. O. STRIGOSUM. G. Don. St. erect, simple, pilose-hispid, very leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, very long, 3-veined, with appressed hairs ; bracts lance-linear, silky ; cat. lobes linear, acute, silky with appressed hairs both sides, very long ; cor. cylindrical, a third longer than the calyx, silky-puberulent outside ; sta. included ; sty. exserted. 111., (Mead,) in wet prairies and woods. Leaves 3' long, \' wide, nearly gla- brous beneath the veins. Corolla yellowish-white. Fruit smooth and shining. 7. LITHOSPERMUM. Gr. AtSoy, a stone, and aireppa, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salver-form; limb 5-lobed, orifice open ; stamens included ; stigma obtuse, bifid ; achenia bony, rugose or smooth, imperforate at base. Herbaceous or suffruticose, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or racemed, bracted, while or yellow. * Flowers white. 1. L. OFPicrNALE. Officinal Gromwell. St. herbaceous, erect, very branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; col. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla ; ach. smooth. 7J. A rough, weed-like plant, introduced from Europe. Grows in dry, gravely soils. Stems much branch- ed, clustered, arising 1 2f from a white, fusiform root. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 3' by | f '. Flow- ers small, white, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Ache- nia ovate, white or grayish, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. Jl. 2. L. LATIFOLIUM. Michx. Broad-leaved Gi-omwett. Herbac'eous, erect, subsimple, scabrous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, veined, scabrous ; rac. leafy, few-flowered ; sep. lance-linear, longer than the corolla and spreading in fruit ; ach. punctate, shining- white, ovoid-tur- gid. Woods and thickets, N. Y., Torrey, to Ohio and 111., Mead ! and Va., Pursh. Differs from the first in the less branching stem, much broader leaves, longer calyx and larger fruit " punctate with minute impressions." Leaves 2 4' by 1 2', strongly veined. Nuts generally but 2, half as long as the calyx. Flowers small, white. 3. L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Michx. St. herbaceous, procumbent; Ivs. linear, strigose with an appressed pubes- MBRTENSIA. XCIV. BORRAGINACE^. 433 cence ; fls. scattered, lateral, axillary ; ach. turgid, ovoid, shining, imjressed- punctate. Banks of streams, sandy prairies, Ohio river, Michaux, 111. Mead. ? An obscure species, wholly unknown to me. 4. L. ARVENSE. Corn Gromwett. Wlieat-thief. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy; col. nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments ; ach. rugose. A rough, pilose weed, introduced into our fields and waste grounds, much to the annoyance of the farmers. The stem is branching, erect, 12 15' high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. Leaves bright green, rough, sessile, 1 2' in length, with only the central vein ; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base ; upper ones subacut. Flowers small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn. * * Flowers yellow. 5. L. CANESCENS. Lehmann. (Batschia canescens. Michx.} Puccoon. St. erect, subsimple, softly villose; Irs. oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent above, villous beneath ; fls. axillary ; tube of the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. 7J. A handsome plant, with bright yellow flowers, found in prairies, fields and dry hills, Can., N. Y. ! to 111. ! and Southern States. Stem 8 12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above, hoary-villose. Leaves sessile, 2--3' / wide and 4 times as Icng, 1-veined. Flowers crowded near the summit of the stem. Calyx segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla bright orange-yellow, including the subsessile stamens and short style. Jn., Jl. The root is used to dye red by the Indians. 6. L. HIRTUM. Lehm. (Anchusa. Muhl. Batschia Carolinensis. Gmel.} Herbaceous, erect, simple, hairy above; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate ; col. lobes linear, hir- sute, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla ; cor. segments spreading, obovate, entire, tube hispid inside at base ; ach. ovoid, shining. *2j. Can., Fenn., to La. Stems 8 12' high, clustered. Flowers crowded, racemed. Corolla orange-yellow, large. '7. L. APULUM. Vahl. (Myosotis. Linn. M. lutea. Lam.') St. herbaceous, erect, rough with hairs; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, erect, rough and hairy ; spikes hispid ; bracts foliaceous ; cor. longer than the calyx ; ach. muricate. (J) Dry woods, Ohio. Pursh. Stem 26' high, gene- rally simple at base, branched above. Corollas small, yellow, in the axils of lanceolate bracts. 8. PENTALOPHUS. Alph. DC. Gr. ircvTs, fine, Ao^oj, crest; from the character. Calyx 5-parted, with linear segments ; cor. hypocrateriform, tube cylindric, much longer than the calyx, throat closed with 5 glabrous valves alternating with the stamens, segments ovate, spreading, much shorter than the tube ; achenia solitary by abortion, ovoid, white, smooth. American herbs. P. LONGIFLORUS. Alph. DC. (Lithospermum. Spreng. Batschia. Nutt.) Erect, strigose with a cinerous pubescence ; lower Ivs. lance-linear, attenu- ated to the base, obtuse, upper ones linear, acutish ; roc. leafy, terminal ; col. seg. linear, much longer than the pedicel ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx, a little dilated upwards. 1}. Prairie du chien to Mo. ! Stem 1015' high, slender, branched near the top. Leaves 1 -1%' by 2 3", the floral ones about as long as the flowers. Corolla yellow, the tube 8 10" long, lobes crenulate. Style scarcely exserted. Fruit much shorter than the calyx, smooth, white. Jl. 9. MERTENSIA. Roth. Calyx short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the calyx, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens ; sta. inserted at top of the tube ; anth. subsagittate ; ach. smooth or reticulated. 434 XCIV. BORRAGINACE^E. MYOSOTIS ^ St. and leaves usually glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical ones many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 1. M. VIRGINICA. DC. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum pulchrum. Lehm.) Virginian Lungwort. ,-r -Plant eject, smooth; col. much shorter than the tube of the corolla, limb longer than the tube; radical Ivs. "(large) obovate-elliptical, obtuse ; cauline ones long-lanceolate. A smooth, erect, and elegant plant, about 20' high, native in N. Y. to Ga. and W. States, sometimes cultivated. The leaves of the stem are sessile, much narrower than those of the root, whose width is | of their length. Flowers in terminal clusters. Corolla blue, funnel-form, sitting upon a short, 5-toothed calyx. Stamens and style included. May. 2. M. MARITIMA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum. Lehm.} Glabrous ; sts. and branches procumbent or ascending ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile ; roc. leafy ; cal. deeply cleft," scarcely half as long as the glabrous corolla. Sea shore, Northern States, Pursh, N. to Greenland. Stem diffusely branched. Flowers purplish-blue, limb longer than the tube. Jl. 3. M. DENTICULATA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Roem. Lilhospermum. Lehm.y St. erect ; Ivs. glaucous, rather fleshy, acute-mucronate, ciliate- denticulate, radical ovate, petiolate, cauline oblong, sessile, 3- veined at base ; cal. segments acute ; pedicels as long as the flower ; sly. finally exserted. N. Y. MuM. Torrey. Stems 612' high, clustered. Peduncles many-flowered. Corolla pale purple. 10. PULMONARIA. Probably named from its having been used in lung complaints. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed ; cor. infundibuliforrn, with a cylindric tube, orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens ; ach. imperforate. % European herbs. P. OFFICINALIS. Common Lungwort. Plant rough ; cal. the length of the tube of the corolla ; radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, scabrous, cauline ones ovate, ses- sile. Native of England, but naturalized and cultivated in our gardens. Flowers blue, in terminal clusters. Stem a foot high. This as well as other foreign species of this genus, is a rough-leaved plant, while the several Ameri- can species are uniformly smooth. May. 11. MYOSOTIS. Dill. Gr. /tvof, a rat, and (v\\ov, a leaf; the leaves in Spring hold each a quantity of water. Sepals slightly united at base ; corolla campanulate, with 5 longi- tudinal, margined, nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted; capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive ; placenta fleshy, free. North American herbs. Radical Ivs. on long petioles, pinnately or palmatcly veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. * Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as tlie corolla. 1. H. APPENDICULATUM. Michx. (Nemophtla paniculata. Spreng.) Lvs. hairy, lower ones pinnatifid, cauline palmately 5-lobed, dentate, lobes diverging, and with the long petioles, ped'. and col. hispid ; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter ; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside; sta. included.^ Mich, to la., Plummerl and 111. to Va., moist woods and bottoms. Stems 1 l$f high, branched. Petioles 1 4' long. The leaves are of a singular form, roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diverging in a stellate manner ; teeth mucronate. Calyx 4 5" long appendages deflexed, 1' long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. May. * * Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted. 2. H. VIRGINICUM. Virginian Water-leaf. Plant nearly smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the segments oval- lanceolate, incisely serrate ; fascicles conglomerate ; ped. as long as the peti- oles. 7|. An inhabitant of wet or moist woods, Can. to Car. and Western States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers peculiarly distinguished by their exserted stamens and style, which are twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves ^ew, on long, clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. June. 3. H. CANADENSE. Canadian Water-leaf. Burr-flower. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, -with 5 7 shallow lobes, unequally COSMANTHUS. XCV. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 437 dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; fis. in crowded fascicles ; peds. shorter than the petioles. 1\. duite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods, Can. to Car. W. to Ohio! Stem 12 18' high, with large, roughish leaves, divided into 5 1 lobes. Fascicles of flowers dense, axillary and terminal! Corollas white or variously tinged with purple. Stamens and style much exserted, as in the last. Jn., Jl. 4. H. MACROPHYLLUM. Nutt. (H. hispidum. Riddell.} Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; Ivs. oblong-oval in outline, pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised intc rounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or few, much smaller ; cymes terminal, long- pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. 7J. Ohio, Locke ! to the Alleghany Mts. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a termi- nal, globose cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 8 12' (including the petiole 3 4') by 3 5', the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla twice longer than the ovate, acute sepals, half as long as the capillary filaments which are 9" in length. Jn. 2. ELL1S1A. In honor of Joseph Ellis, F. R. S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnaeus. Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corol- la ; tube with 10 minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed ; sta. included ; nectary annular, 5-toothed ; sty. bifid, with linear lobes ; caps, ovoid-globose, 2-valved; seeds 4.- North, American lierbs, with pinnatifid Ivs. Cor. white. E. NYCTEL^EA. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; Ivs. pinnatifid, petiolate, upper ones alternate, segments linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate ; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals ; col. seg. trian- gular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. 111. Mead! to Va., woods and river banks. Stem 4 10' long. Leaves 1 2' long } as wide. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, ernarginate, with purple spots at base inside. 3. COSMANT&US. Nolle. Gr. KOffpos, elegance, av$os , a flower. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube without appendages ; sta. 5, about equaling the corolla ; nectary minute j ova. hairy except at base, 1 -celled ; sty. bifid ; caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds 4 10, rugulose. JV. Ame- rican herbs, with alternate Ivs. Rac. long, bractless. Fls. small] white or pale blue. I 1. C. PARVIFLORUS. Alph. DC. (Phacfelia. Ph. Eutoca. Br.) Diffuse, pubescent ; Ivs. subsessile, pinnatifid or trifid, segments oblong or ovate, sparingly lobed or entire ; roc. solitary ; pedicels in flower longer than the calyx; sta. subequal to the corolla ; placenta 6 8-ovuled. Penn. to Va. Stem 6 8' high. Flowers pale blue, 4" diam., the lobes rounded and entire. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. May. 2. C. PURSHII. Wood. (C. fimbriatus. Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata. Ph. not MX. P. Purshii. Buckley.} Miami Mist. Nearly glabrous; lower Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with oblong, acute lobes; rac. terminal, sim- ple, 5 10-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals ; lobes of tJie cor. fimbriate. Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to la. ! and Ky. Plant 812' high, slender and with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Flowers light blue, 4 5" broad, spread- ing. May, Jn. 438 XCVI. POLEMONIACE.E. PHLOX. 4. PHACELIA. Gr. QaK\os, a bundle or fascicle ; alluding to the fasciculate racemes. Calyx 5 parted ; cor. tubular-campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, tube within furnished with 5 melliferous grooves ; sta. 5, mostly exserted j ova. 1 -celled, hispid ; sty. bifid ; caps, ovoid, 2-valved, valves placen- tiferous in the middle ; seeds 4. American herbs, hispid, with alter- nate Ivs., and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. P. BIPINNATIF1DA. MicllX. Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segments 24, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid ; roc. elongated, bifid or sub- paniculate; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than the stamens. Tj. or @ Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ohio ! and la. ! Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1 2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top. Leaves 3 6' long, including the petiole. Corolla 6" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn. 0. Plummeri. St. ferruginous-hirsute ; fls. much smaller ; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx. Richmond, la. Plummer ! ORDER XCVI . POLEMONIACE^. PHLOXWORTS. Herbs, with opposite, occasionally alternate, compound or simple leaves. Cal. 5 united sepals, inferior, persistent, sometimes irregular. Cor. 5 united petals, regular, the lobes imbricate or twisted in estivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes. Ova. 3-celled. free. Styles united into 1. Stigma trifid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, valves also separating from the 3-cornered axis. Sds. few or many. Albumen horny. Embryo foliaceous. Genera 17, species 104, chiefly North American. They are valued only in cultivation as ornamental plants. Conspectus of the Genera. ( hypocrateriform. Phlox. \ < infundibuliform. Gilia. 2 Corolla ( campanulate. Polemonium. 3 1. PHLOX. Gr. 0Aof , a flame ; from the color and profusion of the flowers. Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube more or less curved ; stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle ; capsule 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. A highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. PANICULATA. Panided Phlox or L/ychnidea. St. glabrous, erect ; Ivs. glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, rough-edged, flat ; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flow- ered ; col. teeth setaceous-acuminate, shorter than the tube; pet. roundish, obovate, entire. vffis , a bladder ; the inflated calyx enclosing the fruit Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length ventricose ; corolla caaapanu- late-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, con- nivent ; berry globose, enclosed within the inflated, 5-angled, colored calyx. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with axillary or supra-axillary flowers. 1. P. VISCOSA. Aikin. (P. viscosa, obscura, pubescens, Pennsylvanica and Philadelphica, of authors.') Yellow Henbane. Ground Cherry. Pubescent; st. decumbent, herbaceous ; branches somewhat dichotomous and angular ; Ivs. solitary or in pairs, ovate, more or less cordate, repand-toothed or entire ; Jls. solitary, axillary, pendulous. Dry fields, roadsides, &c. Stem more or less decumbent, about a foot high, often viscid as well as the whole plant. Leaves very variable in the same plant, 1 4' long, of , f , or even of equal breadth, acute, acuminate, or often obtuse at the apex, often abrupt at base, sometimes nearly or quite entire on the margin, twice as long as the petioles ; when in pairs one of them is much smaller. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, green- ish-yellow, with 5 brownish spots at base inside. Fruit yellow or orange-colored, not unpleasant to the taste, enclosed in the enlarged, inflated, angular calyx. Jl. o. Lvs. somewhat viscid, oval, subcordate, geminate. 0. (P. Pennsylvanica. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate, subentire, nearly smooth, geminate. y. (P. obscura. Michx.} Lvs. pubescent, broad-ovate, subcordate, subsolitary. Obs. Many other varieties have been noticed as species, but having examined specimens in numerous localities, I am but confirmed in concurring with Dr. Aikin in the above view. 2. P. LAXCEOLATA. Michx. Lance-leaved Physalis. St. herbaceous, dichotomously branched, densely pubescent ; Ivs. mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, unequal at base ; fls. solitary, nod- ding; cal. villose. % Penn., Western States, S. to Ga. 'Stem 1 2f high. Leaves 3 6' by 1J 3', often very unequal at base. Flowers nodding.. Calyx half-cleft, with lanceolate, acuminate segments. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, with dark spots at base. JL- Darl. Fl. Cest, p. 139. I strongly suspect this to be only another variety of the preceding. P. ALKEKENGI. Winter Cherry. St. somewhat branching below ; Ivs. in pairs, entire, acute ; cal. of the fruit red or reddish. Native of S. Europe, cultivated for ornament. Plant about a foot high. Flowers white. Berries acid and somewhat bitter, f 7. CAPSICUM. Tourn. Gr. Ka;rr&), to bite ; from the acridity of the fruit. Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent ; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb plaited, 5-lobed ; anth. connivent ; fr. capsular-, dry, inflated, 2 3- celled ; seeds flat, very acrid. A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants, pervaded by a heating, acrid principle. Lvs. often in pairs. Ped. axillary, solitary. 1. C. ANNUUM. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. St. herbaceous, angular, branching above; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous ; ^.smooth, axillary ; cal. angular, with short, acute lobes ; cor. lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; berry oblong or subglobose, red. (J) India. Cultivated for its truit, whose stimulant properties are well known. There are in gardens seve- ral varieties in respect to the fruit, o. The long, or Cayenne, /?. the depressed- globose or squash pepper, best for pickling, y. the cherry pepper, used for pep per-sauce and in seasoning meat, & the sweet Spanish pepper, used as a salad. Sown in March in hot-beds, transplanted in May. Kenrick, Am. Orch., p. 374. * 38 448 XOIX. SOLANACE^E. SOLANUM. 8. SOLANUM. Calyx 5- 10-parted, persistent ; cor. rotate, subcampanulate, tube ?ery short, limb plicate, 5 10-lobed ; anth. erect, slightly cohering or connivent, opening at the top by 2 pores ; berry 2 6-celled, sub- globose or depressed, often torose ; seeds 00. Herbs or shrubs, un armed or prickly. Lvs. sometimes geminate, pinnatifid or undivided. Ped. solitary or several, 1 QQ-flowered. 1. Berry 2-celled. Stem and leaves unarmed. 1. S. DULCAMARA. Bittersweet. Woody Nightshade. St. shrubby, flexuous, thornless ; Ivs. ovate-cordate, upper ones hastate : clusters cymose. A well-known, shrubby climber, with blue flowers and rea berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbing about hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire ; the upper ones becoming auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching pedun- cles from the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 reflexed segments, purple, with 2 green spots at the base of each segment. Berries bright red. The root being chewed, gives at first a sensation of bitterness, then of sweetness. The ber- ries are poisonous. The leaves and twigs have been used medicinally with good effect. July. 2. S. NIGRUM. 0. Virginicum. Black Nightshade. St. herbaceous, thornless ; Ivs. ovate, toothed and waved ; umbels lateral, drooping. (g) A weetl-like plant without beauty and of suspicious aspect, about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W. States. Stem erect, branching, angu- lar, a foot high. Leaves almost always with the lamina perforated and the margin erose as if gnawed by insects. Peduncles branching into a sort of um- bel, from the side of the stem, generally remote from the leaves. Flowers white, anthers yellow. Berries globose, black. It is reputed poisonous, but is used medicinally. Flowers in summer. 3. S. TUBER OSUM. Common Potato. Rt. tuberous; st. herbaceous; segments of the Ivs. unequal, the alternate ones minute \fls. subcorymbed; cor. 5-angled. (g) This most valuable plant is supposed to be a native of S. America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes so large a portion of the food of civilized man, it was scarcely known until the 17th century, and was not extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. The varieties of the po- tato are very numerous, differing in their time of ripening, quality, color, form, size, &c. New varieties are readily procured by sowing the seeds, which, with care, will produce good tubers the third year. Potatoes thus reared, are now thought to be less liable to the " potato rot." 4. S. PSEUDO-CAPSICUM. Jerusalem Cherry. St. shrubby ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, subrepand; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves. 17 A small, ornamental shrub, native of Madeira, cultivated. Stem 2 4f high, branching into a sym- metrical summit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long. Flowers white, with orange anthers, drooping, succeeded by a few scarlet, glo- bose berries of the size of small cherries, f 2. Berry Z-celled. Stems and leaves prickly. 5. S. CAROLINENSE. Horse Nettle. St. and petioles aculeate ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, strigose, angular- lobate, acute, midvein beneath with a few spines ; roc. loose, supra-axillary, -few-flowered ; berries globose. 7|_ Roadsides, &c., Penn. to Car. ! W. to la. ! and 111. ! A rough weed, 1 2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered prickles. Leaves 4 6' by 2 3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large, repand lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white, 12 15" diam. Berries yellowish. June. 6. S. MELONGENA. (S. insanum. Z/.) Egg Plant. St, prickly ; Ivs. ovate, subsinuate, downy, prickly ; fls. many-parted. (p An herbaceous, branching plant, about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of 3gg-shaped berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon, LVCSUM. XCIX. SOLANACE^E. 449 smooth, and of a glossy purple. It is prepared for food in various ways, and considered wholesome and delicious eating. Like the tomato, it is cultivated from the seed sown early in warm, dry and mellow soil. $ 0. Pr. smaller, white. Cultivated for the curiosity of the fruit, which when ripe can scarcely be distinguished by its appearance from a hen's egg. 3. Berries 3 ^-celled, often torose. 7. S. LYCOPERSICUM. Tomato. Hairy; st. herbaceous, weak; Ivs. unequal- ly pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath ; fr. torulose, furrowed, smooth. () This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3 4f high, with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor. The fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming when ripe of a beautiful red. This plant has come into high repute, and its cultiva- tion is rapidly extending. The fruit is prepared in various ways, for sauces, stews, &c., having an agreeable acid taste. | Obs. Cultivation has produced numerous varieties. One has large, torulose, bright-yellow fruit; another has small, globose, golden-yellow fruit, not torulose ; the fruit of a third is small, pear-shaped, less juicy, &c. 9. ATROPA. Name of one of the three Fates in Grecian mythology, whose office was to cut the thread of human life. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft ; corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, distant ; berry globose, 2-cellod, sitting on the calyx. Herbs, shrubs or trees, natives of the Old World. A. BELLADONNA. Deadly Nightshade. St. herbaceous; Ivs. ovate, entire; berries black. This foreigner is far less repulsive in its appearance than most others of its order. The lurid, pale purple of the flower, indeed, looks suspi- cious, but not its smell ; nor is there any warning of its deadly nature given by the aspect, taste or smell of the berries, which are larger than cherries, round, green, at length of a fine glossy black, full of a purple juice. Stem 5f high, branching below, and with the large leaves, inclines more or less to a purplish hue. Every part of the plant, especially the berries, is poisonous, j- 10. LYCIUM. Named from Lycia, the native country of the original species. Calyx 2 5-cleft, short ; corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed, spreading, orifice closed by the beard of the filaments ; stamens 4 5, exserted ; berry 2-celled ; seeds several, reniform. Shrubs, tht branches ending in a spinose 'point, and often having axillary spines. Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs. L. BARBARUM. Matrimony Vine. St. angular; branches long, pendulous, somewhat spiny; Ivs. often fasciculate, lanceolate; col. mostly 3-cleft. Native of Barbary, cultivated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, with long, slen- der, trailing or hanging branches which overspread walls, &c., with a thick, tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide, often broadest above, acute or obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purple. Berne* orange-red, f 450 C. GENTIANACE.E. SABIUTU. ORDER C. GENTIANACE^. Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, generally smooth, sometimes twining. Juice colorless. Lvs. opposite, entire and smooth. Stip. 0. Fls. conspicuous, terminal or axillary, regular or sometimes irregular. Cal. Sepals 4510, united at base, persistent. Cor. usually regular, limb divided into as many lobes as there are sepals, mostly twisted in aestivation. Sta. issuing from the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them. Ova. 1-celled, sometimes rendered appar- ently 2-celled by the introflexed pla- centas. Sty. united into 1, or wanting. Stig. 12. Fr. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds small. Embryo straight, with fleshy albu- men. Genera 60, species 450, found in every part of the world. Properties. An intensely bitter princi- ple, called gentianine, pervades the whole order without exception, residing in every part, rendering them tonic and febrifugal. The gentian of the shops is most com- monly the product of Gentiana lutea, but almost any of our species may be substitut- ed for it. (Dr. Gray.) In the other genera of the order, the buck-bean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Limnanthemura nymnhoides, Sabbatia angularis, Frasera Carolinensis, &c.,are valued in medicine for the same properties. Many are cultivated for orna- ment. FIG. 53. 1. Gentiana Saponaria. 2. The calyx and capsule. 3. The corolla laid open, showing the folds (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens attached at base. 4. Capsule cut across. 5. Seed magnified, with its large, loose testa. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Petals 5, or 4 and fringed. ( Anthers < Pet. 4, $ Sep. 4, subulate. < straight. ( entire. ( Sep. 2, leaf-like. ( tubular. ( Anthers spirally twisted. . f Corolla with- < ( Petals with no gland. < out horns, . . ( rotate. (. Petals with a glandular pit. 'opposite. (Corolla without 4 horns at base verticillate in whorls of 4s, 5s and 6s. none, or reduced to small opposite scales I i ^ t- ^ $ simple, floating in water. Leaves I alternate and radical, { tr Gentiana. 5 Cicendia. 3 Obolaria. 4 Erythrcea. 2 Sabbatia. 1 Swertia. 8 Halenia. 7 Frasera. 9 Centauretta. 6 Limnantnemwn. 10 Menyanthes. 11 TRIBE 1. Corolla imbricate from right to left in aestivation. Testa of the seed membranaceous. Terrestrial herbs with opposite leaves. 1. SABBATIA. Adans. In honor of Sabbati, a distinguished Italian botanical author. Calyx 5 12-parted; corolla rotate, limb 5 12-parted ; stamens 5( 12) ; anthers erect, at length recurved, 2-celled, cells distinct ; stigma 2-parted, with spiral divisions; capsule 1-celled, the valves a little introflexed. (D Slender herbs, with pedicellate, mostly '-oseatefls. Native of the temperate regions of North America. 1. S. GRACILIS. Salisb. (S. campanulata. Torr. Chironia. Linn.) St. slightly angular, internodes twice longer than the leaves ; branches Alternate, spreading; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, the lowest lance-ovate; pani- cle fbw-flowered; cal. segments linear-setaceous, about equaling the corolla; cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Wet meadows, Penn. to Flor., W. to Ky. Stem a foot high, with long, diverging branches. Flowers terminal, subsolitary, purple, on long peduncles. July, Aug. 2. S. CORYMBOSA. Baldwin. (S. panictilata. a. PL Chironia. Walter,. Swertia. Linn.} St. slightly 4-angled, internodes twice longer than the leaves ; branches opposite ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, acutish, upper ones ERYTHRJBA. C. GENTIANACE^E. 451 lanceolate ; cyme fastigiate, terminal ; sep. linear, ^3 times shorter than the corolla; cor. 5 6-parted, white, lobes obovate-oblong, ' obtuse. Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. Stem a foot high, branching near the summit. Leaves an inch in length, closely sessile. Flowers few, generally pentamerous. 3. S. CONCINNA. Wood. (Nov. sp.} Elegant Star Flower. St. slender, subquadrangular, internodes 2 4 times longer than the leaves ; branches opposite, subereet; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, lower ones ovate, all acutish, sessile ; panicle oblong ; cal. segments linear, twice longer than the tube, twice shorter than the corolla ; cor. 5-parted, segments oblong-obovate, obtuse, light purple. Dry, grassy prairies, la. ! abundant. Stem a foot high, few or many-flowered. Leaves 912" by I 3", Flowers 15" diam., of a deli- cate blush-purple, the star in the centre yellow, bordered with green. Jl. Aug. 4. S. STELLARIS. Ph. (S. gracilis. Ell. Chironia amcena. Raf.) St. erect, terete ; branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered ; Ivs. lanceo- late, acute, seg. of the cal. subulate, half as long as the corolla ; seg. of the cor. obovate. Frequent in salt marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stems somewhat angular, 12 18' high, with many forked divisions, forming a sort of loose corymb. Leaves somewhat fleshy, 1 2' long, sessile. Flowers rose-color, with a yellow star in the centre bordered with a purple ring. Aug. 5. S. CALYCOSA. Ph. (Chironia dichotoma. Walter.} St. erect, leafy, few-flowered ; Ivs. oblong, 3-veined, obtuse ; fls. solitary, 7_9_parted ; cal. leafy, longer than the corolla ; pet. oblanceolate. Fields and meadows, N. Y. to Ga. Stem a foot high, subangular, with a few axillary, spreading branches. Leaves 1 2' long, sessile, mostly obtuse, oval, thin. Flow- ers large, terminal, often solitary, variable in the number of its parts, but mostly in 7s. Corolla pink-colored. Sepals acute. This species is quite variable. 6. S. ANGULARIS. Ph. (Chironia. Linn.') Angular-stemmed Star Fl. St. quadrangular, with winged angles ; Ivs. ovate, amplexicaul, 5-veined ; panicle corymbose; ped. elongated; sep. lance-linear, half as long as the corolla, distinct almost to the base ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse. Wet meadows and prairies, Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem 10 18' high, much branched, branches opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 2' by \ !', as long as the internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, 1 !' diam., deep rose-color, the star in the centre greenish. July, Aug. 7. S. cHLORolDES. Ph. (Chironia dodecandra. Linn.} St. slender, weak, angular ; Ivs. lanceolate, erect ; branches few, 1-flower- ed ; fls. 7 12-parted ; sep. linear, shorter than the corolla. An elegant plant, with large, showy flowers, in wet grounds, Mass., R. I. ! to Car. The stem is 2 3f high, somewhat angular, with few, opposite, spreading branches. Leaves 1 !' long, opposite, entire, smooth, closely sessile, acute, veinless. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla nearly 2' diam., much larger than the calyx, bright purple, with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end, varying in number with the other parts of the flower. June. Olis. The species of this genus are very ornamental, some of them perhaps among the most beautiful of our native plants. 2. ERYTHR^EA. Renealm. Gr. cpvSpos red ; from the color of the flowers. Calyx 5, rarely 4-parted ; cor. infundibuliform, twisted and wither- ing above the capsule, 'tube cylindric, limb 5 4-parted ; sta. 5 4, inserted near the top of the .tube ; anth. exserted, spirally twisted ; sty. 1 ; stig. bilamellate or capitate ; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2- celled. (D St. subangular. Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymose, roseate, white or yellow. I.E. MUHLENBERGII. Griseb. (E. Centaurium. Beck ? E. pulchella. Hook. Chironia dubia. Willd.} St. simple below, dichotomously branched above: Ivs. ovate-oblong, obtusish ; cymes loose, dichotomous; fls. pedicellate; cor. tube a little longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, aeutish. N. Y., Penn. Very rare. Stem 3 9 high, I 3 times forked, sometimes with oppo- 452 C. GENTIANACE^E. GENTIANA. site or brachiate branches. Leaves 4 7" by 1 3", closely sessile. Flowers lateral and terminal and central, the pedicels in the forks near J' long, the others shorter. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowish-green, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule. July Sept. 2. E. PICKERINGII. Oakes. Pickering's Erythraa. St. dichotomously branched, erect ; Ivs. clasping and slightly decurrent, lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute ; fls. sessile, mostly lateral on the long branches; sep. linear, acute, erect; cor. tube slender, contracted at the neck, lobes spreading, obtuse ; anth. linear-oblong, finally twisting outwards. (1) Coast of Maryland. Dr. Pickering. Sandy margins of the sea-shore, Nan- tucket, Mr. Oakes. Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6 12' high. Leaves 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Corolla 8" long, rose or nearly white. 3. CICENDIA. Adans. Calyx 4 5-parted; cor. infundibuliform, marescent, tube cylin- dric, limb 4 5-parted ; sta. 4 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; anth. erect, roundish, scarcely exserted ; sty. deciduous ; stig. capitate ; caps. 1 or partly 2-celled, 2-valved. Low herbs, with yellow or rose-colored flowers. C.l PULCHELLA. Giiseb. (Exacum. PA.) Lower Ivs. suborbicular, upper subulate ; panicle corymbose ; ped. filiform ; cal. 4-parted, segments subulate. Sea coast, N. J. This plant appears not to have been detected by any botanist since Pursh, and from his brief description it is impossible to ascertain its true position in the order. 4. OB OL ARIA. Gr. o/?oXof, a small coin, with which the leaves of these plants are compared. Calyx of 2 cuneate-oblong sepals or bracts ; corolla tubular-cam panulate, marescent, 4-cleft, lobes entire or crenulate ; stam. inserted on the corolla at the clefts ; stigma subcapitate, bifid ; capsule 1- celled, 2-valved ; seeds 00, very minute. ^ Leaves opposite. Fls. axillary aud terminal, sessile, with leaf-like sepals. 0. VIRGINICA. Penny-wort. Penn. to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 8' high, often in clusters, subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obovate or roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or truncate at apex, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May. There is some doubt in respect to the order of this genus. It has more recently been referred to Orobanchaceoe. 5. GENTIANA. Tourn. From Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus. Calyx 5" 4-parted or cleft ; cor. marescent, tubular at base, limb 4 5-parted, segments either spreading, erect or convergent, often furnished with intermediate, plicate folds ; sta. 5 4, inserted in the corolla tube ; stig. 2, revolute or erect ; sty. short or ; caps. 2- valved, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Herbs of various habit. Lvs. oppo- site. Fls. terminal or cymose. 1. Flowers 5 10-merows. 1. G. PNEUMONANTHE. (G. saponaria. Griseb.) St. ascending ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, or the lower oblanceolate, the mar- gin smooth ! cyme terminal ; fls. aggregated, or in a racemose cyme, sessile ; cal. 5-cleft, the 'lobes linear, equaling the tube; cor. clavate, connivent at apex, .wice longer than the calyx, lobes ovate-obtuse, much longer than the interme- I GENTIANA. C. GENTIANACE^. 153 diate folds. Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A fine plant, with large, showy flowers. Stem simple, 815' high, often purple. Leaves 1- 2' by 23", thick, entire, sessile, acute. Fknvers 2' in length, 2 4 togethei af top of the stem and a few solitary ones in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla blue. Calyx segments 69" long, acute, distant. Aug., Sept. /?. rubricaulis. (G. rubricaulis. Schw.} Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; folds of ih& cor. more or less cleft. 2. G. SAPONARIA. Linn, in part. (G. Andrewsii. Griseb.} Soapwort Gen- tian. L/vs. oval-lanceolate, 3-veined, acute ; fls. in whorled heads, sessile ; cor f ventricose, clavate-campanulate, closed at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior. 1\. Brit. Am. to Car. A handsome plant, conspicuous in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem 12 18' high, sim- le, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on the margin ; resem- ling those of the common soapwort. Flowers large, bright-blue, erect, 1J' long, subsessile, in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the upper axils. The inflated corollas are so nearly closed at the top as to be easily mistaken for buds ; and the young botanist waits in vain to see then- expand. Calyx of 6 ovate segments, shorter than the tube. Sept., Oct. 3. G. OCHROLEUCA. Frcel. Ochroleiicous or Straw-colored Gentian. St. ascending ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins slightly sca- brous; cymes terminal, aggregated; cal. 5-cleft,. lobes unequal, as long as the tube ; cor. clavate, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, pbtuse, the folds entire, acute, short; anth. free. Can., Western States! to Flor. Stems 1 !' high, stout. Leaves amplexicaul or sessile, 2 4' by f 1J', acute, or slightly acuminate. Flowers 2' in length, f thick. Corolla open at top, ochroleucous or straw-color. Seeds smooth, wingless. Aug., Sept. 4. G. ANGUSTIFOLJA. Michx. (G. purpurea. Walt.') Narrow-leaved Gen- tian. St. erect, slender, 1-flowered ; fl. pedunculate ; Ivs. linear-obtuse, smooth, the lower ones subcuneate ; cor. funnel-form, narrow, open, .5-cleft, twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the lacerate folds. 7J. N. J. to Car., in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Flower large, sky-blue. Calyx deeply cleft, with linear segments. 5. G. Q,UINO.UEFLORA. Five-flowered Gentian. St. 4-angled, branching ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined ; fls. termi- nal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate; cor. tubular-campanulate, in 5, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate segments ; cal. very short. (g) Woods and pastures. Stem a foot high, smooth, generally branched. Leaves 3 5-veined, half-clasping, acute, smooth. Flowers small, on pedicels half an inch in length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Sept., Oct. 0. parviftora. Raf. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceous, lance-linear, half as long as the smallish corolla. This variety prevails in Ohio ! la. ! and Ky. 6. G. LUTEA. (Swertia. Vent.) Yellow Gentian. St. tall, strict ; Ivs. oval and ovate, margin smooth ; cymes umbellate, dense-flowered, pedunculate, axillary and terminal; cor. yellow, rotate, seg- ments oblong-linear, acuminate, spreading, without folds. 7J. In alpine and hilly lands, N. Y. and N. J. Eaton. Doubtless not native. It is a handsome plant, often cultivated, both for ornament and for the sake of its powerfully tonic virtues, j- 2. Corolla k-cleft, segments fimbriate. CROSSOPETALUM. 7. G. CRiNlTA. Fro3lich. Blue Fringed Gentian. St. terete, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute ; fls. tetramerous ; seg. of the cor. cut-ciliate. ; Tj. The Fringed Gentian is among our most beautiful and interest- ing native plants; not uncommon in cool, low grounds, Can. to Car. The stem is about If high, round and smooth. The branches are long, and, with a slight curve at base, become perfectly erect and straight, each bearing 2 leaves at the middle, and a single, large, erect flower at the top. Leaves broadest at base, tapering to the apex, 1 2' long and ^ as wide. Calyx square, segmen B acuminate, equaling the tube of the corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the segments obovate. finely fringed at the margin, and expanded in the sunshine. Aug. 454 C. GENTIANACE^E. SWERTIA. 8. G. DETONSA. Shorn or Slightly-fringed Gentian. St. nearly strict, simple or branched ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or linear, the U west rosulate, spatulate ; ped. 1-flowered, very long, subsolitary ; cal. 4( 5)- cleft, lobes ovate and lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla ; cor. lobes round- ish-obtuse, ciliate and crenate-ciliate, erect-spreading ; stig. distinct. N. Y., Wis. Laphaml N. to Hudson's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers. Stem a foot high. Leaves 1 2j' by 1 3'', tapering to an acute point. Pedun- cles 4 7' long, each with a single large, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15 20" long, obconic or bell-shaped, blue. 6. CENTAURELLA. Name a Latin diminutive of Centaureji. Flowers tetramerous ; sepals appressed ; corolla subcampanulate ; petals slightly united, nearly erect, stigma thick, glandulous, some- what bifid ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, invested by the permanent calyx and corolla ; seeds many. (D N. American, slender, erect herbs with scale-like leaves and small white flowers. 1. C. AUTUMNALIS. Pursh. (Bartonia tenella. MM. C. paniculata. MX.] Screw-stem. St. smooth, branching above, branches subdivididod ; Ivs. subulate, minute; panicle erect, many-flowered; cal. equaling the corolla; sty. much shorter than the ovary. A slender and nearly naked plant, 5- -8' high, of a yellowish-green color. Native in wet grounds, Mass, to Ga. Stem square, often twisted, with very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite. Peduncles opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base, V in length. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the oval segments of the corolla. Cor. white, small, bearing the stamens at its clefts. Aug. /?. (zstivalis. (C. aestivalis. Ph.) Cor. segments oblong, obtusish, twice longer than the calyx ; ova. attenuated at apex. In Penn. Pursh. 2. C. MOSERI. Stendel. Moser's Centaurella or Screw-stem. Cyme racemiform ; branches alternate, spreading, racemiform ; cor. seg- ments ovate, acute, twice longer than the calyx segments ; ovary oblong, obtuse ; sty. 0; Ivs. mostly alternate. In Penn., Moser, in DC. Prod. 9; 121. 7. HALENIA. Borkh. Flowers tetramerous ; corolla short campanulate, petals spurred at base, with glands at the base of the spur within ; stigmas 2, termi- nating the acuminate ovary ; capsule 1 -celled; seeds indefinite, fixed to the sutures of the valves. Erect, branching. H. DEFLF.XA. Griseb. (Swertia corniculata. MX. S. deflexa. Sm.) Fel- WOT t. st. erect, leafy; Ivs. 3 5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla. (g) Swamps, Can., Ban- gor, Maine, Miss Towlel N. Y., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely 4-angled, smooth, with few branches above. Leaves opposite, \\ 2' long, \ as wide, smooth. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Sepals linear-lanceo- late, half as long as the petals. Corolla persistent, with 4, spreading horns or spurs descending betwen the sepals. Seeds numerous, obtuse, yellow. Aug. 8. SWERTIA. Calyx 5 4-parted ; cor. marescent, rotate, 5 4-parted, without crown or folds, each segment with a glandular pit fringed at the mar- gin; sta. 5 4, inserted in the throat; anth. nodding; ova. 1-celled; sty. ; caps. 1 -celled, many-seeded. % S. PUSILT,A. Ph. St. simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong; cal. segments obtuse, half as long as the large corolla; cor. rotate, segments oblong-acuminate. White Hills, N. H., Pursh. Stem an inch or two high, with ne or two pairs of small leaves and a MENTANTHES. C. GENTIAN ACE JE. 455 single large, terminal, blue flower. Jn. I understand that this interesting plant has been rediscovered on the White Mts. by Mr. Abel Storrs. 9. FRASERA. Walter. In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics. Flowers mostly tetramerous ; petals united at base, oval, spread- ing, deciduous, each with 1 or 2 bearded, orbicular glands in the mid- dle; style 1 ; stigmas 2, distinct; capsule compressed, 1 -celled; seeds few, imbricate, large, elliptic, margined. ^ Showy and tall, with oppo- site or verticillate leaves. F. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (F. Walteri. MX. and 1st edit.') Columbo. SI. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above; Ivs. verticillate, oblong-lanceo- late, acutish, sessile, feather- veined, entire or wavy ; panicle compound, pyra- midal, leafy, verlicillate ; col. segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtusish petals; gland solitary, oval-orbicular. A tall and showy plant, in moist woods, Western N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio ! la. ! Ky., 111. Stem dark purple, 4 7 9f! high, perfectly straight, 1 -2' thick at base. Leaves smooth, subcarnose, 3 12' by 1 3', in whorls of 4 6, rarely opposite. Branches of the panicle also whorled, spreading-erect. Flowers tetramerous, 1}' diam. Petals greenish with blue clots and a large purple gland near the base. June, July. Highly valued as a tonic. TRIBE 2. MENYANTHE-dE. ^Estivation of the corolla induplicate. Aquatic or marsh herbs. Sheaths of the leaves alternate. 10. LIMNANTHEMUM. Gmel. Gr. \IHVTJ, a lake, av$os, a flower; from its aquatic habitat Calyx 5-parted ; corolla subcampanulate, with a short tube and spreading, 5-lobed limb, deciduous, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, alter- nating with 5 glands; capsule 1 -celled, without valves; placentae fleshy, many-seeded. 'A- submersed, generally in stagnant water. Lvs. floating, on long petioles. L. LACUNOSA. Gmel. (Villarsia. Ph. V. trachysperma. MX.} Lake-flower. Floating ; Ivs. reniform, subpeltate, scabrous above, spongy and lacunose beneath ; fls. umbellate, from the summit of the stem (petiole T) ; cor. smooth ; glands from the baseof the petals, stipitate ; col. shorter than the capsule ; seeds muricate. A curious aquatic, in ponds and lakes, N. Y. ! to Car. The stems are 1, 2 or 3f long, according to the depth of the water, bearing at the top three kinds of organs ; the summit is prolonged into a petiole bearing a leaf about an inch in diameter, resembling that of Nymphsea ; on the upper side is an umbel of small wh ite flowers, blossoming successively at the surface of the water, and beneath, a cluster of short, simple, tuberous radicles, each of which is capable of producing a new plant. July. 11. MENYANTHES. Tourn. Gr. fiijvrj, a month ; av$os ; in allusion to its supposed properties as an emena*oeue. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnel-form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, vil- lous within ; stamens 5 ; style 1 ; stigma bifid ; capsule 1 -celled. M. TRIFOLIATA. Buck Bean. Lvs. trifoliate. Grows in swamps, margins of ponds, &c., N. Am. N. of latitude 38. This fine plant arises from large, black roots descending deep into the boggy earth. Stem 8 12' high, round. Leaves on long, round foot- stalks stipuled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal, bearing a pyramidal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate at base. Sepals obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute, about as long as the stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the soft, fringe-like hairs at the base and in the throat of the tube. Bitter herbs, actively medicinal, sometimes substituted for hops. May. 39 450 01. APOCYNACE^E. APOCYNUM ORDER CI. APOCYNACEJE. DOGBANES. Trees, shrubs and herbs with a milky juice. Lvs. opposite, entire, without stipules. Col. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Cor. 5 loped, regular, twisted in aestivation, deciduous. Sta. B, arising from the corclla and alternate with its segments. Fit. distinct. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. sometimes slightly connected. Pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed, immediately ap- plied to the stigma. Ova. 2, distinct or rarely united. Styles distinct or united. Stigmas united into 1 which is com- mon to both styles. Fr. Follicles 2, rarely l of them abortive. Sds. numerous, pendulous, with or without a coma, albuminous. Embryo foliaceous. Genera 100, species 566, chiefly natives of the torrid zone. Properties. These plants possess active and often suspicious qualities residing in the white juice with which the order is pervaded, and in the seeds which are often deadly poisons. The alkaloid strychnine or 8trichnia t one of the most violent of poisons, is the active principle of the seeds of the Strychnos Nux- vomica of India. It is sometimes administered as a medicine, but with doubtful success. S. Tieute of Java is one kind of Upas. Cerbera Tanghin, a tree of Madagascar, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed being sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The App- cyneae are emetic, and becoming highly valued in hydrocephalus, &c. The juice contains caoutchouc in small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained largely from the juice of Urceola el L elastica. FIG. 54. 1. Apocynum androscemifolium. 2. A flower, somewhat enlarged. 3. The flower cut open, showing the stamens with distinct filaments and united anthers. 4. The ovaries and stigma. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Matured follicles. 7. A seed with the long, silky coma. Conspectus of the Genera. with white or flesh-colored flowers Aj>ocynum. I Herbs with blue flowers Amsonia. 2 with opposite leaves and bluish-purple flowers Vinca. 3 Shrubs with ternately ver cillate leaves and rose-colored flowers Nerium. 4 1. APOCYNUM. Or. OTTO, away, KVWV, dog; Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs. Calyx very small ; corolla campamilate, lobes short ; stamens included ; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth ; anthers sagittate, connivent, coher- ing to the stigma by the middle ; ova. 2 ; stigmas connate ; follicles long, sublinear, distinct. Herbs, suffrutescent, erect, with opposite, entire, mucronate Ivs. Cymes .terminal and axillary. Pedicels not longer than the pale flowers. 1. A. ANDROS.EMIFOLIUM. Dog's-bane. Smooth ; Ivs. ovate ; cymes lateral and terminal ; limb of cor. spreading, the tube longer than the calyx. A smooth, elegant plant, 31 high, in hedges and borders of fields. Stem reddened by the sun, erect, branching above. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at apex, 2 3' long and f as wide, on petioles |' long. Cymes paniculate, at the tpp of the branches and in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels ' long. Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla as long as the pedicels, bell- shaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Medicinal. U. S. and Brit. Am. June, July. /?. incanum. Lvs. hoary pubescent beneath. 2. A. CANNABlNUM. Indian Hemp. Lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate ; cymes paniculate, many- flowered, terminal and lateral ; cal. seg. lanceolate, equaling the tube of the corolla; cor. seg. erect. A species with smaller leaves and erect flowers, found NERIUM. CI. APOCYNACE^. 457 in low shades and hedges, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 2 if high, generally dividing above into long, slender branches. Leaves 1J 2j' by 8 11", oppo- site, on petioles 2" long, and, when young, downy beneath. Cymes terminal, with linear bracts. Flowers about half as long as those of the last species. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla white, with straight, obtuse segments. The fibres of the bark are strong and pliable, said to be used by the Indians in various ways as hemp. July, Aug. /?. pubcscens. bus. beneath and cymes pubescent. 3. A. HYPERICIFOLIUM. St. John's-wort. Dog's-bane. Smooth; Ivs. oblong, on very short petioles, obtuse or subcordate at baje, mucronate ; cymes terminal, shorter than the leaves ; col. nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. Gravely banks of streams. Stem erect, 2f high, with opposite branches. Leaves 2 4' long, | as wide, lower ones often sessile and cordate, smooth both sides but paler beneath. Flowers very small, in dense cymes at the ends of the stems and branches. Sepals lance-linear, about as long as the tube of the greenish-white, erect corolla. Aug. 2. AMSONIA. Walt. Calyx 5-cleft, segments acuminate ; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat ; segments linear, con- volute in aestivation ; sta. 5 ; sty. 1 ; ova. 2, connate at base ; folli- cles 2, erect, slender, fusiform ; seeds in one row, cylindric, truncate at each end. Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corym- bose. Fls. blue. A. TABERNJEMONTANA. Walt. (A. latifolia. Michx.} Erect ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, briefly periolate, margin slightly revolute ; sep. glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. pilose out- side near the top of the tube. A plant of singular appearance, in prairies and damp grounds, Western ! and Southern States ! Stem terete, smoothish, 2f high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3 4' by 1 1J', conspicuously* veined beneath. Flowers pale blue, in several terminal, cymose clusters. Corolla 8" diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2 3' long, about 6-seeded. May, June. 3. VIN.CA. Lat vineulum, a band ; from the long twining branches. Corolla hypocrateriform, contorted, border 5-cleft, with the lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary ; capsule follicular, erect, fusiform ; seed oblong. Trailing shrubs. Lvs. evergreen. 1. V. MINOR. lesser Periwinkle. Sts. procumbent; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, smooth at the margins; fls. pedunculate; scps. lanceolate. Native in Europe. A handsome evergreen, flowering in May. Stems several feet in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, inodorous. 2. V. MAJOR. Greater Periwinkle. Sts. nearly erect; Ivs. ovate, ciliate;/s pedunculate ; sep. setaceous, elongated. Native in Europe. Shrub with nume- rous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of ever- green foliage flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 12' in length, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in May and June. 4. NERIUM. Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the corolla ; corolla hy pocrateriform, segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of 5, laciniate leaflets ; filaments inserted into the middle of the tube , anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle. Oriental shrubs. Lvs. evergreen. 458 GIL ASCLEPIADACE^E. ASCLEPIAS. N. OLEANDER. Rose Day-tree. Oleander. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; rp.squar- rose ; corona flat, its segments 3-toothed. Native in S. Europe and the Levant. Stem branched. Leaves 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, coria- ceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Flowers terminal, corym- bose, large and beautiful, rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another variegated, and a third, double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine, (Rev. S. Hcbard!) growing by rivulets, &c. It is commonly supposed by travel- ers to be the plant to which the Psalmists alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35. ORDER OIL ASCLEPIADACEJE. AscLEriArs. Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lvs. almost constantly opposite, entire, exstipulate. FIs. somewhat umbeled, fascicled or racemose. Sep. 5, slightly united, persistent. Cor. petals 5, united at base, regular, deciduous, twisted-imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alter- nate with its segments. Fil. connate. Anth. 2-celIed, cells sometimes nearly divided by partial septa. Pol. when the anther bursts cohering in masses which are as many as the cells, or confluent into pairs and adhering to the 5 processes of the stigma either by 2s, by 4s or singly. Ova. 2, styles 2, approximate, often very short. Stiff- mas united into 1, which is common to both styles, and with 5 glandular angles. Fr. Follicles 2, one of them sometimes abortive. Sds. numerous, pendulous, almost always comose at the hilum. Albumen thin. Embryo straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. Radicle superior. Genera 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropical regions, find especially abundant in S. Africa, S. India and New Holland, but are not uncommon in tempe- rate regions. . * Properties. Similar to .those of the Apocynaceas, but far less active. The juice is acrid and stimujat- ing, and generally lo be, at least, suspected. A few 01 the species are medicinal, but none of much con- FIG. 55. 8. Asclepias cornuti. 9. A flower, the petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 10. One of the segments of the corona with the horn bent inwardly. 11. A pair of pollen masses suspended from the glands at an angle of the antheridium. 12. The two ovaries. 13. A mature follicle. 14. A seed with it c k>ng silky coma. Conspectus of the Genera. \ each with a horn. (erect. Segments of the corona 5, distinct, \ without horns. Fls. greenish. . Corona leaflets 5, distinct, each 2-lobed. FIs. white. Corona annular, undulate, 0-awned. _Fls. purple. rple. Asclepias. 1 Acerates. 2 Enalenia. 3 Gonolobus. 4 Periploca. 5 Herbs I twining and climbing. ( Corona urceolate, 5-cjeft, 5-awned. FIs. pur 1. ASCLEPIAS. The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, valvate in aestivation, finally reflexed ; stamina! corona 3 -leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma ; antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures ; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs, fixed by the attenuated apex, pendulous ; follicles 2, ventri- cose ; seeds comose. % Mostly North American, with opposite, verti dilate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles. * Leaves opposite. 1. A. CORNUTI. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca. Linn, and 1st edit.') Common Silk weed. St. simple; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, gradually acute, tomentose beneath; umbels noddfng; seg. of the corma bidentate; follicles rnuri- rate. A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy ASCLEPIAS. Cll. ASCLEPIADACEJS. 459 fields. Stem 3 4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5 8' by 23', tapering at both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale pur- ple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the s^ame hue, quite con- spicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, pointed, rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds attached. July. 2. A. PHYTOLACCOIDES. Ph. Poke-Uaxed Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent ; Ivs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath ; ped. terminal, subequal- ing the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, loose ; antheridium stipitate ; seg. of the corona, truncate, bidentate ; horns exserted. A tall and elegant specie^, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4 5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6 9' long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4 6' long and consisting each of 10 20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2' in length. Petals green. Ccrona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its inner mar- gin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June. 3. A. OBTUSIFOLIA. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.} Blunt-kaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect ; Ivs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile, cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides ; umbels termi- nal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate ; corona horns arcuate, falcate, inflexed. In shady grounds, prairies, Mid. ! W. ! and S. States. Stem 2 3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 40 large, reddish-green flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4 5' long,. as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July. 4. A. PURPURASCENS. Purple Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mu- cronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubes- cent and paler beneath ; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse ; horns falcate, acute, resupinate. In hedges and thickets, N. H. ! Mass. ! to la. ! Stem 4 3f or more-high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. Flowers in terminal, erect um- bels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments. Corona purple, twice as long as the antneridium, its horns abruptly bent in- wards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July. 5. A. INCARNATA. (A. amGBna. Michx.) Rose-colored Silkweed. St. erect, branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, on short petioles, slightly to- mentose; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg. of the corona entire, horns exsert. A handsome species, found in wet places, Can. and U. S. Stem 3 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4 7 by i 1 J', rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute point, on petioles J' long. Um- oels close, 2 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diameter, on a peduncle 2' long, and consisting of 1020 small flow- ers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over the summit of the autheridium. July. /?. pulchra. St. and Ivs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 3 4 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks. Stem 4 5f high. A remarkable variety. 6. A. QUADRIFOLIA. Pursh. St. erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, mostly in 4s ; umbels few,lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles ; corona long, segments 2-toothed, horns short. An elegant species, in dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1 2 hairy lines. Leaves opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2 3' long, as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 4' long. Flowers small, white, on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Corona twice as long as an- theridium. July. 39* 460 CII. ASCLEPIADACE^E. ACERATES, /?. lanccolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and nar- rowed into the petiole. Ohio, la., Dr. Plummer ! 7. A. PARVIFLORA. Ph. (A. dcbilis. Mr.) Small-flowered Asclepias. Suffrutescent and branched at base ; sts. ascending, terete, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin ; ped. shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; umbels small, pubescent; corolla 3 or 4 times shorter than the pedicels ; horns filiform, acute. A very delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga.. W. to la. ! Stems often clustered, 1 3f high, very leafy. Leaves 4 6' (in- cluding the 1' petiole) by 1 1J'. Umbels several, 1' diam., 15 20-flowerea. July, Aug. 8. A. VARTEGATA. (A. hybrida. Michx.} St. simple, erect, pubescent ; Ivs. ovate or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, um- bellate, many-flowered ; cor. segments ovate ; corona segments rounded at apex j horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect ; follicles oblong, with a long and slender point, minutely puberulent. Woods, N. Y. to Carolina. Stem 3 4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20 30-flowered. Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple. 9. A. PATJPERCULA. Michx. (A. laurifolia. Ph. not MX. A. lanceolata. Wall.) St. virgate, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. linear and linear-oblong, mar- gin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole ; ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few-flowered; corona segments ovate, dilated above ; horns short, included. N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3 4J high, very smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblohg, half as long as the pedicel. 10. A. RUBRA. (A. laurifolia. Mr. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocsefolia. Nittt.) St. simple, erect ; Ivs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded at base, subsessiler, glabrous ; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles ; corona segments acute, rather longer than the suberect horns. A small and elegant species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem I 2f high, with a pubes- cent line on one side. Leaves 3 5' by 1 2', in remote pairs, the upper some- times alternate. Peduncles 1 5, 2 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Flowers green- ish-purple. Follicles ventricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug. * Leaves alternate. 11. A. TUBEROSA. Tuber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top ; Ivs. alternate, ob- long-lanceolate, sessile ; umbels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs. Found in sandy fields, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy, sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, Jeafy, erect or ascend- ing, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite ses- sile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 4' by J 1'. The co- to the placentae. Aug. Medicinal. * * Leaves verticillate. 12. A. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Asclepias. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines ; Ivs. generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute ; segs. of the torona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exsert. A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves in whorls of 4 6, 3 5' Iftng and a line in width. Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half aj .ong as the leaves. July. 2. ACERATES. Ell. Gr. a, privative, Kcpares, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed , PERIPLOCA. OIL ASCLEPIADACE^. 461 staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to the angles of the antheridium ; pollinia 5 pairs, pendulous ; follicles smooth or muricate. % Herbs differing from Asckpias only in the ab- sence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite. 1. A. VIRIDIFLORA. Ell. (and A. lanceolata. lues, and 1st. edit. Asclepias. p^rs/t.) Suffruticose at base, pubescent above; Ivs. elliptical, varying to oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and on the margin, to- mentose-pubescent beneath; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered; pedicels pu- bescent ; pet. ovate, reflexed ; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the antheridium. Can., Conn, to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2 3f high, as- cending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs. Leaves 36 or 8' long, ^ l s as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarce- ly petiolate. Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose um- bels. July. The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves. '2. A. LONGIFOUA. Ell. Long-leaved Aceratcs. Scabrous-puberulent ; st. ascending, simple ; Ivs. alternate, numerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long as the leaves, numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate ; corona scales shorter than the antheridium. Mich, to la. ! and Miss., in meadows and prai- ries. Stem stout, 2 3f high. Leaves 3 5' (including the 13" petiole) by 3 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1' lorig. July, Aug. 3. ENSLENIA. Nutt. Tn memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States. Calyx small, 5-parted ; cor. 5-parted. segments erect ; corona 5- leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes ; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ; follicles cylindraceous, smooth. ^ A twining herb, ivith opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate lvs._ Fed. ra- cemose-umbellate, many-flowered. Fls. white. E. ALBIDA. Nutt. Ohio, Clarke I to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubes- cent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 3' diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug. 4. GONOL6BUS. Mich*. Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted ; corona small, shield-form, undulate, 5-lobed ; antheridium depressed, discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane ; pollinia transverse, 5-pairs ; follicles 2 ; seeds comose. %. St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cor- date. Fed. interpetiolar, racemed or corymbose. G. MACROPHYLLUS. (and G. hirsutus. Michx. Cynanchium obliquum. Jacq. C. macrophyllus. Mukl.') St. tomentose-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs ; Ivs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pu- bescent ; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2 5-flowered, with linear bracts at sum- mit ; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent beneath. Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio ! Ky. Vine trailing or climbing, 3 5f. Leaves 3 5' by 24', the lobes at base rounded, and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers dark purple. Petals 57" by 1". June, July. 5. PERIPLOCA. Gr. Trepi, around, rrXw/c7, a binding or twining ; from the habit of the plant. Calyx minute ; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by 464 CIV. OLEACE^E. SYRINGA a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns ; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back ; pollinia" solitary, 4- lobed ; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate; seeds comose. Twining shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes. P. GR2ECA. . Lvs. ovate, acuminate ; corymbs axillary ; cm: villous within. A climb- ing shrub, 10 15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also culti- vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 34' long, | as wide, and on petioles f long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lan- ceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Folli- cles about 2' long. Aug. ORDER CIII. JASMINACE^E. JASMINWORTS. Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound. fit. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow, mostly fragrant. Cal. divided or toothed, persistent. Cor. regular, hypocrateriform, limb in 5 8 divisions, twisted-imbricate in aestivation. Sta. 2. arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ova. free, 2-celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sty. 1. Stig. 2-lobed. Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sds. 2. Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as for their beauty, many of- these plants are cultivated. JASMINUM. Gr. tapais, a separation ; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into lamina*. Flowers diocciously polygamous. Staminate fls. (often perfect). Calyx or 3 4-parted ; corolla or 4-petaled ; stamens 2. Pistil- late fls. Calyx and corolla as the perfect ; samara 2-celled, by abor- tion 1 -seeded. Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the staminate ones densely so. 1. F. AMERICANA. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. Lfts. petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glau- cous beneath ; fls. calyculate. The white ash is one of the most desirable ten- ants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its proper- 464 CIV. OLEACE^E. FRAXINUS. tions. The trunk arises often more than 40f without a branch and then expands into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a foot or more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, furnishing a most excellent timber for carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. 2. F. JUGLANDIFOLIA. Lam. (F. viridis. Michx.') Lfts. 3 4 pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of the veins ; fls. calyculate ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse. A small tree, 15 25f high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not common. Leaves 10 15' long, consisting of 7 15 leaflets which are green both sides, with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. May. 3. F. PUBESCENS. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michx.} Red Ash. Lfts. petiolate, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense tomentum beneath, as well as the petioles and branchkts; fls. calyculate. The red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises GOf, with a straight trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish underneath. The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. 4. F. SAMBUCIFOLU. Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. Lfts. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique at the base ; axils of the veins villous beneath ; fls. naked. This species is com- mon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost uni- versally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of 60 70f, with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. Leaves 9 16' in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic, but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisi- tion for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. 5. F. Q.UADRANGULATA. Michx. Blue Ash. Lfts. 3 4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete; buds veivety ; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate. A tall tree, in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60 80f high, 16 - 20' diam. at base. Leaves 12 18' long, consisting of 711 leaflets. Leaflets vary from^oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3 4' long. The branchlets are furnished%ith 4 membranous margins 2 or 3" wide, which disappear when the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile pani- cles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May. The wood possesses the same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species. ARISTOLOCHIA. CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEjE. 465 SUBCLASS III. APETALJS. Corolla none ; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. ORDER CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEjJE. BIRTHWORTS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers. T.i's. alternate, simple, petiolate, ofren with a stipule opposite the leaf, or exstipulate. Fls. perfect, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color. CaL Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in aestivation. Sta. 612. epigynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles. Ova. 3 6-celled. Stiff, radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Pr. capsule or berry, 3 6-celled many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the ba^e of fleshy albumen. Genera 8, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused through- out the northern hemisphere. Properties. Tonics and stimulants. Both the following genera' are successfully employed in medicine. Conspectus of the Genera. { equal. Asarum. I Calyx limb { unequal. Aristolochia. 2 1. ASARUM. Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem 6 8f high, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. Ji. 5. ATRlPLEX Fls. monceciously polygamous. $ Calyx 5-parted ; sta. 5 ; style bipartite ; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. 9 Calyx 2-leaved ; sta. ; style and fruit as above. Mostly (D, rarely shrubby plants. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, paniculate, cT and 9 on the same plant. 1. A. HORTKNSIS. Garden Orache. Golden Orache. St. erect, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both sides ; cal. of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire. Sparingly naturalized in 40 468 CVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. CHENOPODIUM. cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable shape, and 2 3' long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. ^ 2. A. PATULA. Spreading Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, acuminate ; cal. of the fruit submuricate on the disk. A very branching plant, 1 2f long, found in salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. 3. A. ARENARIA. Nutt. Sand Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, silvery- white beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate ; Jls. aggregated, axillary; cal. of the fertile Jls. muricate, dentate, retuse. (T) Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to Car. Stem about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves often wedge-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the sterile ones in short, dense spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. 4. A. LACINIATA. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem spreading, herbaceous ; Ivs. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite ; tetrandrous ; cal. of tlie fruit, rhom- boid, 3-veined, denticulate. In salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Stem a foot long, mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves stalked, entire at base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, ses- sile clusters, their ovaries about 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2 3 together. Jl. 5. A. HALIMUS. Common Orache. St. shrubby; Ivs. often subopposite, oblong-rhomboidal, entire, attenuated into the margined petiole. A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. Muh- lenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. It is ornamental on account of its silvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated. 6. BLITUM. Gr. /JXijrov, insipid ; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries. Fls. . Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal ; sta. 1, exserted ; sty. 2 ; ova. ovoid, acuminate ; seed 1 , contained in the calyx which becomes a berry. Herbaceous weeds. Fls. andfr. in capitate clus- ters terminal and axillary. 1. B. CAPITATUM. Strawberry Elite. Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed;* hds. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr. consisting of the reddened flowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid. Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a foot in height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in the flower garden. Heads of flowers sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. June, -f 2. B. VIRGATUM. Slender Elite. St. with spreading branches ; Ivs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate ; glo- merules scattered, lateral. Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spread- ing or procumbent. Leaves 2 3' by 1 2' coarsely toothed, on petioles half as long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. 3. B. MARITIMUM. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate ; hds. axil- lary, sessile, spiked ; cal. membranaceous. A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1 2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not be- coming red in fruit. Aug. 7. CHENOPODIUM Gr. %TJV, a goose ; irovg , a foot ; from the resemblance of the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, free, partially enveloping the CHENOPODIUM. CVI. CHENOPODIACE^. 469 fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utricle membranaceous ; seed lenticular, vertically depressed. Mostly weeds with alternate leaves. Fls. glomerate^ paniculate. 1. C. ALBUM (and C. viride. Linn.') White Goose-foot. Hogweed. Lvs. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very entire ; roc. branched, leafy, smooth. (I) A weed, common in cultivated grounds, Can. and N. States. Stem 2 3f high, furrowed, smooth, branching, leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, small, green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July Sept. 2. C. RUBRUM. Red Goose-foot. Lvs. rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate ; roc. erect, com- pound, leafy. (p A weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit. Am. Stem reddish, 1 J 2f high, with short branches, very compound, and with compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper ones small, and intermixed with the flowers. July. 3. C. HYBRIDUM. Tall Goose-foot. Lvs. cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; roc. branched, subcymose, divari- cate, leafless. A weed in waste places, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ky. ! rather taller than the foregoing. Stem slender, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, with large, remote teeth and a tapering point. July. 4. C. RHOMBIFOLIUM. Muhl. Lvs. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, upper ones lanceolate, cuneate at base; roc. axillary, erect, mostly leafless; bracts minute, inflexed. Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2 -3f high. Stem branching, angular with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2 3' by 1 !', widest near the base, with a few acute dentures, petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense clusters of green flowers. 5. C. AMBROsiolDES. Ambrosia Goose-foot. Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate ; rac. simple, axillary, leafy. Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1 2f high, much branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end f the upper ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles }' long. Flowers green, in sessile clusters on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Sta- mens exsert. Aug. Sept. 6. C. BOTRYS. Oak-of-Jerusalem. Lvs. oblong, sinuate ; rac. much divided. Sandy fields, &c., N. 'Eng. to 111. This plant is sometimes cultivated both on account of its fragrance, and the remarkable appearance of its compound clusters of innumerable flowers. Plant 1 3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate. the sinuses deep, giving them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves and short, axillary clusters on every side, forming long, leafy, cylindric, green, compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June, f 7. C. ANTHELMINT1CUM. Worm-Seed. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leafless. Maine ! to 111. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as both its specific and common name would imply. Stem 1 J 2f high, its branches ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. 8. C. GLAUCUM. Sea-green Goose-foot. Lvs. oblong and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous be- neath; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, axillary and terminal. N. Y. Muhl. 9. C. MARIT1MDM. Lvs. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical; fls. in sessile, axillary clus- ters ; sta. shorter than the sepals. A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows, Can. to Flor. Stem H 2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, j I/ long. Flowers in axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semi- transparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. 470 CVIIL AMARANTHACE.E AMARANTHUS. 8. BETA. Celtic bett, red ; the usual color of the beet, Calyx 5-sepaled ; sta. 5 ; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stig- mas ; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Stems furrowed. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, green, in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. B. VULGARIS. Common Beet. Fls. in dense, sessile, axillary clusters ; lowet Ivs. ovate ; rt. fleshy. This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is 'the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. 2. B. CICLA. Scarcity. Lvs. with very thick veins ; As. 3 together ; rts. scarcely any. Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem ses- sile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug. /?. Mangel-Wurtzel. Rt. very large. Cultivated as food for cattle, for which purpose it is highly prized hy many farmers. ORDER CVII. SCLERANTHACE^E. SCLERANTHS. Herbs small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowers. Cat. Tube urceolate, limb 4 5-toothed. Sta. inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. Ova. 1, free, 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 1. Fr. a utricle, in the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Gf nera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere. SCLERANTHUS. Gr. .emporary and from the same bud. S. OFFICINALE. (Laurus Sassafras. Linn.) Sassafras. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base ; fls. in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts. Not uncom- mon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states. It varies in height from 10 iOf. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's twigs, and after the leaves have expanded. Every part of the tree has a pleas- ant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor. ORDER CXIII. SANTALACE^. SANDALWORT&. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaven. Fls. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary. Col. tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation. Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them. Ova. 1-celled, l 4-ovuled. Style l. Stigma often lobed. Fr. hard, dry and drupaceous, i-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 13, species 110, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandal-wood is the product of Santalum album, &c., of India. Conspectus of the Genera. Herbs. Comandra. 1 Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2 Trees. Nyssa. 3 1. COMANDRA. Nutt. Gr. Kbi^i), hair, avSpss, stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs. Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 5-parted ; sta- mens 4 5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the top of the tube ; disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx. Very smooth, suffruticose plants of N. America. Ped. axillary and ter- minal. Fls. small, umbellate. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum. Linn.} Dastard Toad-flax. Erect ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate ; fls. subcorymbed, terminal. Tj. Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, general- ly branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1 !' long, and $ as wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is at- tached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June. 2. PYRULARIA. L. C. Rich. Flowers 9 9 a$, a horn, 'f, r f"%?> hair; alluding to the slender stems. Character the same as that of the order. r ^- C. VERNA. (C. intermedia. Willd. C. aquatica. Dw.} Floating ; upper Ivs. oblong-spatulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar- CXXl. EUPHORB1ACEJE. 485 ginate ; caps, with the lobes obtusely margined. This little polymorphous plant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U. S. Stem floating, I 2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, becoming crowded above into a st^r-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often moncecious. Anther a little exsened, yellow. May Sept. 0. autumnalis. Darl. (C. autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.) Floating ; Ivs. nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little di- lated towards the end. In similar situations with, and generally accompanying the former. y. tcrrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. Ph.) Procumbent and diffuse ; Ivs. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. Grows on soft mud, over- spreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. ORDER CXX. PODOSTEMACEJE. THREADFOOTS. Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses. Lvs. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem. Fls. monoecious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. Sta. often reduced to 1 or 2, and monadelphous. Ova. free, 2 3-celled. Sty. 2 or 0. Stiff. 23. Fr. Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves. Sds. numerous, without albumen, attached to a central column. Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia. PODOSTEMUM. L. C. Rich. Gr. novs, iroSos, a foot, am^ov ; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk. Stamens 2, with the filaments united below; ovary oblong-ovoid; stigmas 2, sessile, recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds minute. Small, subimisecl herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. CERATOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Dongard.) Threadfoot. Lvs. dichotomously dissected ; fls. solitary, axillary. Middle ! Western and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams. July. ORDER CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. SPURGEWORTS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk. Lvs. opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules. Fls. monoecious or dioecious, axillary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting. Cor. Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting. Sterile fl. Sta. definite or indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Antfi. 2-celled. Fertile fl. Ova. free, of 2 9 more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolongation of the axis. Styles distinct, often 2-cleft. Fr. Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically. Sd. with a large embryo in fleshy albumen. Genera 191, species 2500? chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. Properties. An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervadei the whole order This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons ; but it is volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots oi the Jutropha Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Croton- vil from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. FIG. 53. 1. Head or capitulum of Eu- phorbia,corollata, with the corolla-like in- volucre, and pedicellate" pistillate flower. 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing the monandrous, staminate flowers BUT rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4 Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells w carpels. 486 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. EUPHORBIA. Conspectus of the Genera. \ Fruit in a toothed, leafy involucre. Acalypha. 2 8 16-androus. (. Fruit not involucrate Croton. 5 polyandrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate. < Ricinus. 3 tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ovate. . Buxus. 7 pentandrous. Leaves clothed with shining scales. Crotonopsis. 4 triandrous. Leaves very small Phyllanthus. 6 Sierilefls. monandrous, several in a corolla-like involucre. ... . - . Euphorbia. 1 1. EUPHORBIA. Euphorias, physician to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine. Flowers c? , mostly achlamydeous ; involucre monophyllous, sub- campanulate, with 4 5 petaloid segments alternating with as many external, gland-like teeth. cT 12 or more ; stamen 1 ; filament articu- lated in the middle. 9 solitary, central ; ovary pedicellate ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbellate. * Heads of flowers in involucrate umbels, f Cauline leaves alternate. 1. E. COROLLATA. Flowering Spurge. Erect; cauline and floral Ivs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of tht Invol. obovate, petaloid ; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous. Qj. In dry fields, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1 2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1 2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scat- tered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the stem, each of which is subdivided into about 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July Aug. The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest. 2. E. HELIOSCOPIA. Sun Spurge. Erect ; floral Ivs. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth ; umbel 5- rayed, then 3-rayed and forked. A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N. EL ! to Niagara ! S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8 16' high. Leaves scattered, f 1J' long, | as broad at the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July. 3. E. NEMORALIS. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.} Hairy Spurge. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate; umbel 5 8-rayed, rays ones or twice divided; seg. of the floral invol. colored, entire, subreniform; ova. verrucose. 1\. Moist woods, Can. to Va. Stem 2 3f high, smooth, rarely branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 4' by 1', entire or slightly serrulate above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad as long. Floral involucre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. May, June. 4. E. OBTUSATA. Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge. Erect ; Ivs. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth ; umbel 3-rayed, rays twice dichotomous ; floral Ivs. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse ; caps. muricate. 1\. Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12 18' high. 5. E. PEPLUS. St. erect or ascending, branched below ; umbels 3-rayed, rays mostly di- chotomous ; involucrate Ivs. ovate, acute. (f) A small species, in cultivated grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Torr. t Cauline leaves opposite. 6. E. MERCURULINA. Muhl. St. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft ; Irs. opposite and ternately verti- EUPHORBU. CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. 487 ciliate, subsessile, oval and entire; ped. terminal, solitary, 1- flowered. 7{. In rocky shades, Penn. Pursk. Jl. Aug. 7. E. LATHYRIS. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. St. erect, stout, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, sessile ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous ; glands of the invol. lurate, 2- horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2 3f high. Leaves 24' by 3 9", numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl. Sept. 8. E. HERRONII. Riddell. Herron's Euphorbia. Erect, pilose, with opposite branches ; lower Ivs. rhombic-ovate, middle ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse at apex, acute at base ; umbels small, few flowered. Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, 1 2f high. Petiole ciliate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept. 9. E. ANGUSTIFOLJA. Haworth 1 St. much branched at base, ascending and with barren branches above ; Ivs. crowded, linear, obtuse ; umbel many-rayed, proliferous ; floral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate. % A heath-like plant of the gardens, native of , If high. Leaves 1' by 1", very numerous, spi- rally arranged, apparently verticillate. j- 10. E. MARGINATA. PuTsh. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous ; umbel 3-rayed, once or twice dicho- tomous; involucrate Ivs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the margin ; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish ; caps, hoary-pubes- cent. Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre, f * * Heads axillary or fasciculate. Leaves opposite. 11. E. HYPERICIPOLIA. Spurge. Eye-bright. St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; Ivs. opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. A .slender and branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 1020' high, usually pur- pie, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U. S. and Can. Leaves tripli- veined, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate, 6 12" long, and i as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. 12. E. MACULATA. (E. depressa. Ett. E. thymifolia. Linn.} Spoiled Spurge. Procumbent; branches spreading; Ivs. serrate, oblong, hairy ; fls. axillary. A prostrate plant, spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Mass. ! to Ind. ! and S. States. Stem 6 12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 6" long and \ as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. Jl. Sept. 13. E. POLYGONIFOLIA. Knot-grass Spurge. Procumbent ; Ivs. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base ; fls. in the axils of the branches, solitary. Sea shores, R. I. ! to Flor. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6 10' long, dichotomous, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 5" by 1", petioles about 1". > Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the forks of the purple stem. June, July. J4. E. IPECACUANHA. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth ; Ivs. opposite, obova-te and oblan- ceolate ; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. % Sandy soil, Middle ! and S. States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3 8' long. Leaves 1 2' by 3 6", sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June. 15. E. DENTATA. Michx. Toothed-leaf Spurge. Hairy; Ivs. opposite, oval, dentate; fls. crowded at the summit of the stem. Shady rocks, Penn., Torrey, to Tenn., Mickaucc. Upper leaves spottprl. Probably a variety of E. hypericifolia. Jl. Aug. 489 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE^E. CROTON. 16. E. PUNICEA. Scarlet or Splendid Euphorbia. St. suffruticose, fleshy, armed with rigid, sharj thorns ; Ivs. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute, mucronate ; ped. axillary, 2 or 3 times dichotomous ; involucrate bracts scarlet. A singular and showy garden plant. 2. ACALYPHA. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. Fls. $os ; the leaves of the original species bear flowers at the edges. Flowers c? . c? Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading, colored seg- ments ; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didy- mous. 9 Calyx as in the cT ; styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled j cells 2-valved, 1 2-seeded. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. P. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (P. obovatus. WlUd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches ; Ivs. simple, entire, gla- brous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled ; fls. few, subsolitary, axillary. (D A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. ! to 111. ! Stem 6 10' high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6 8" by 4 5", of the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 3 in each axil, the ^ with the 9, I" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 7. BUXUS. The Greek name of this plant was Qvo j. Flowers we, abounding in a rich, drying oil. The epicarp, and even the integument of the kernel, are very istnngent. The timber is highly valuable. Genera. U-cleft. Leaves 15 2l-foliat,e Jug Jans. I lorolla of the fertile flowers (. none. Leaves 5 9-foliate. Carya. 2 1. JUGLANS. Lat. Jovis glans; i. e. the nut of Jove ; a name given it by way of eminence d* in an imbricated, simple ament ; calyx scale 5 6-parted, some- what bracteate at base ; stamens about 20. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior ; sorolla 4-parted ; stigmas 2 ; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, inde- biscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly furrowed. Trees of large size, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves. Leaflets numerous. Sterile aments axillary. Fertile flowers terminal. 1. J. CINEREA. (J. cathartica. Michx.} Butternut. White Walnut. Lfts. numerous (15 17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, sofl- oubescent beneath ; petioles villous ; f>: oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse point, viscid, hairy ; nuckus oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrow- ed. The butternut is found throughout the N. England. Middle and Western .States, and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven, ocky soils. It is 40 50f high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches ire horizontal, and unusually wide-spreading, forming a very large head Leaves 12 20' long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long aments ; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily, pleasant-flavored, and well-known in N. England. The wood is of a reddish hue, light, and is considerably used in panneling and ornamental work. From 'h bark is extracted an excellent cathartic. April, May. CARYA. CXXIII. JUGLANDACE^E. 491 2. J. NIGRA. Black Walnut. Lfts. numerous (1521), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering above ; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubescent ; fr. globose, with scabrous punctures. The black walnut is a common and stately forest tree in the Middle and Western States, but sparingly found in the Northern. It arises 60 90f! high with a diameter of 3 6. In open lands it spreads widely into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a deep violet color, surrounded with a white alburnum. It is used extensively, west of the Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet work. April, May. 2. GARY A. Gr. xapva, the walnut, from *apo, roundish ; in allusion to the shape of the nut cT Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichoto- mous ; scales 3-parted ; stamens 4 6 ; anthers hairy. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior ; corolla ; styles ; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid ; epicarp 4-valved ; nucleus subquadrangular, even. Large trees. Pubescence stellate. Lfts. few. & aments branched. 1. C. ALBA. Nutt. (Juglans squamosa. MX. /.) Shag-bark Walnut or Hickory. Lfts. 57, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the odd one sessile ; aments filiform, smooth ; fr. somewhat quadrangular, smooth. Native throughout the Atlantic States, and abundant farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with rough and shaggy bark consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, &c. It is considered superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epi- carp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored kernel. April, May. 2. C. TOMENTOSA. Michx. (Juglans alba. Linn.'") White Walnut. Mocker- nut Hickory. Lfts. 7 or 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, odd one subpetiolate ; aments filitbrm, tomentose ; fr. sub- globose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp; nut with a hard, thick shell and a small, but agreeably-flavored kernel. This tree is found in all the Atlantic States, growing 50f high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never scaly. In winter it may be known by its large, greyish-white and very hard buds. The drupes, which are very various in size, have a small kernel diffi- cult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag-barks. April, May. 3. C. poRclNA. Nutt. (Juglans glabra. Willd.} Hog Walnut. Lfls. mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both sides, odd one subsessile; fr. and nucleus obcordate or oblong. Found in woods through- out the U. S., growing to the height of 50 70f. The drupes afford small, bit- ter kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in a superior degree, and is used wherever great strength is required. It makes excellent fuel. May. 4. C. AMAHA. Nutt. (Juglans amara. Michx.} Ditternut Hickory. Lfls. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one short, petiolate, the rest ses- sile ; fr. subglobose, with the sutures prominent above ; drupe smooth, subglo- bose ; kernel bitter. Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe has a thin shell which may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. 5. C. SULCATA. Nutt. (Juglans. Willd. J. laciniosa. MX. Thick Shell-bark. Lfts. 7 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, ter- minal one subsessile and attenuate to the base ; fr. roundish, 4-angled, smooth, nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously mucronate. N. Y. to Car. and 42 492 CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. Q,UERCUS Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of tho Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other species. It is a large tree, 50 70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. Leaves 10 20' in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long. INut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 6. C. MICROCARPA. Nutt. Small-fruited Hickory. Lifts. 5- 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con- spicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous ; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin ; nut small, slightly quadrangular. A large tree, GO 80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. Darlington. Trunk 1 2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 5, often 7, 4 8' by 2 3', the undjsr surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on a common peduncle, with conspicuous se- pals. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. ORDER. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^B. MASTWORTS. Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight-veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding straight from the midvein to the margin. Fls. generally monoecious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles. Cat. Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like. Sta. 13 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their bases. [each. Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in Stiff, several, subsessile, distinct. Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule. Sds. 1, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive), pendulous. Albumen 0. Embryo large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. Radicle minute, superior. . : Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and of mountainous tracts within the tropics. Properties. The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its; astringent qualities. The edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beechnut, <$-c., are too well known to require description. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-galls are produce from the petioles of Q.. infectoria of Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. Conspectus of the Genera. !in an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid -compressed Castanea. 2 in a muricate, valvate cupule, and sharply 3-angled Fagus. 3 in a hairy, ( coriaceous, involucrate cupule Corylus. 4 inflated . . I membranous, closed cupule Ostrya. 5 4 (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule Quercus. 1 Nut (. naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract Carpinus. 6 1. aUERCUS. Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree ; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it. The more common Celtic name was derio ; hence druid. cT in a loose ament; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5 10. 9 Cupule cup-shaped, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive ; style* 1 ; stigmas 3 ; nut (acorn) coriaceous, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule. A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Amenft axillary ', pendulous, filiform, with thefiowers distinct. 1. Fructification annual. Fruit pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate. * Leaves lobed. 1. d. ALBA. Wldte Oak. Lvs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire dilated upwards ; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate. The white oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di- ameter of 5 6f, it attains the height of 7080, but its magnitude varies with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim- ber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed ii CXXIV. CUPULIFER^E. * 493 ship-building, in coopering, in carriage-making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The bark is useful in tanning, and in medicine. May. 2. GL MACROCARPA. Overcup Wliite Oak. Lvs. tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle), lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cujnde deep, with the upper scales setose ; acorn ovate, turgid. Most common in the Western States ! frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in N. Eng. and N. Y. It is 60 70f in height, clothing itself with dark green, luxuriant foliage. Leaves 10 15' long, tie ing larger than those of any other species here described. The acorns are also of extraordinary size, enclosed of their length in the cup which is usually bordered with hair-like filaments. May. 3. GL. STELLATA. (d. obtusiloba. Michx.} Iron Oak. Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, 2-lobed ; cal. hemispherical ; acJhn oval. The iron oak, called al.^o post oak, box white oak, turkey oak, <$*c., is common in the Western ! Middle and Southern States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moder- ate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is grey- ish-white. Leaves thick, strongly tomentose beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes which are sometimes so arranged as to appear cruciform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. The timber is finer grained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hence it is useful for posts, staves, carriages, &c. The crooked branches afford hiccs for ship-building. 4. CL OUVJEFORMIS. Mossy-cup Oak. Lvs. oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pin- natifid ; cup. deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on the edge ; acorn oval-ovate. This species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It is a large and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining downwards. The leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely two can be found alike. May. * * Leaves dentate, not lobed. 5. GL PRINUS. Willd. (Q.. Prinus palustris. Michx.} Swamp Chestnut Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse, un- equal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup deep, attenuate at base ; acorn ovate. This oak is seldom met with in N. England,, but abounds in the rest of the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the height of 50f with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the height of 80 90f. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent fuel. 6. GL BICOLOR. Willd. (GL Prinus discolor. Michx.} Swamp While Oak. Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip ; petioles short; fr. on long peduncles, in pairs, cup hemispherical, acorn oblong-ovate. The swamp oak is diffused throughout most of the U . S., growing in low, swampy woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of 70f. Foliage rich and luxuriant, leaves smooth and green above and white downy beneath, 5 7' by 2 4'. The trunk is. covered with a grayish-white bark which divides into large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. 7. C. MONTANA. Willd. (GL. Prinus monticola. MX.') Mountain Oak. Lvs. broad-ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base ; teeth obtuse (or rarely acute !) sub- equal; fr. in pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugose and tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak, sometimes called rock chestnut oak, is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain sides. Its height seldom exceeds 60f, and is generally much less. In open situations its top spreads widely and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow, rather short. Timber valuable in ship-building, &c. 8. GL. CASTANKA. Willd. (GL. Prinus acuminata. Michx.} Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated, obtuse teeth ; cup 494 CXXIV. CUPULIFERjE. duERcus. hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate. The yellow oak abounds in the Middle and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, GOf in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by'acorns usually sweet-flavored. Timber little used. 9. d. CHINQUAPIN. Michx. (d. prinoides. Willd.) Dwarf Chestnut Oak. s ' Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup hemispherical ; acorn ovate. This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 4f in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. $ 2. Fructification biennial, Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 10. d. RUBRA. Red Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate. The red oak is the most common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- cronate lobes. The flowers appear in Majt, succeeded by very large acorns contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are greedily de^ cured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim- ber, but excellent for fuel. 11. R. TINCTORIA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Lvs. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup flat; acorn depressed-globose. This oak is found throughout the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 90f in height and 4 5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. Leaves 6 8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron oak. The bark is used in tanning. 12. d. COCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn, short, ovate. The scarlet oak is most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 13. d. PALUSTRIS. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; axils of the veins lufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute ; cup flat, smooth ; acorn subglobose. The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States ! and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in swamps and wet woods. Height 60 80f, with a diameter of 2 4. It is remark- able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. 'May. 14. d. ELONGATA. (d. rubra. Walt. d. falcata. Michx.) Spanish Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated ; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate ; acorn globose. Sandy soils, N. J. to Ga. Trunk 70 80f high, 4 5f diam. in the Southern Stales, not half these dimensions in N. J. CASTANEA. CXXIV. CUPULIFEIUE. 495 Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous. Lobes of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on peduncles 12" in length. May. The bark is highly esteemed in tanning. * * Leaves dentate or slightly lobed. 15. Gt. ILICIFOLIA. Willd. (Gt. Bannisteri. Michx.} Shrub or Scrub Oak. Bear Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3 5-lobed. entire on the margin, whitish-downy beneath ; cup subturbinate ; acorn subglobose. A shrub, common throughout the U. S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3 4f high, divided into numerous, straggling branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May. 16. Gt. NIGRA. Willd. (Gt. ferruginea. Michx.} Barren-Oak. Black- Jack. Iron Oak. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3- lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, at length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent be- neath, villose in the axils of the veins ; fr. with a turbinate cup and roundish ovoid acorn ; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious. A small, gnarled tree, with dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. ! and S. States. Trunk 20 30f high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, & 5' by 2j 4', broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but little longer than the other two. Petioles 3 6" long. May. The wood is very valuable for fuel. 17. Gi. TRJLOBA. Doumy Black Oak. Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, tomentose beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn. A tree of rapid growth, 25 40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Flor. 18. Gt. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. (Gt. Leana. Clark.} Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or rounded or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only wavy or entire ; lobes setaceous-acuminate ; acorn subglobose, in a hemispheri- cal cup ; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. Ohio ! I have specimens of the leaves and fruit of this remarkable and long lost species from Mr. J. Clark, re-discovered in Ohio, by the late Mr. T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly variable, usually 4 6' by 1 2', smooth and shining above, tomentose along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit f ' diam. * * * Leaves entire. 19. Gt. PHELLOS. Willoio Oak. Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, gla- brous, mucronate at apex ; acorn subglobose, in shallow cups. A tree 30 60f high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight, 10 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear con- siderable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate when young, 3 5' in length. Acorn f ' diam. May. The timber is of little value. 20. Gt. IMBRICARU. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. Lvs. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex ; acorn subglobose, in a shallow cup ; scales of the cup broad-ovate. A beautiful tree, very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 40 50f high, 1 2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a" large head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 5' by 1 1J', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June. The timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak. 2. CASTANEA. Tourn. From Costarica, a town in Thessaly, where this tree still grows to magnificent dimensions. c?iu a long, cylindric ament ; cal. 6-cleft; sta. 10 12. 9 3, within a 4-lobed, densely muricated involucre ; cal. 5 6-lobed: sta. 10 12 42* 496 CXXIV. CUPULIFER.E. CORYLUS abortive rudiments ; sty. 6 ; nut mostly 1 -seeded, invested with the enlarged, echinate involucre or cupule. Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly deciduous, alternate, acuminate. Sterile aments axillary, pendulous. Fruit enclosed in very prickly Globed burrs. 1. C. VESCA. Gsert. /?. Americana. Michx. (Fagus Castanea. Linn.} Chestnut. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both sides. Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6 9' long and i as wide), with large, uniform teeth, mucronate with the prolonged, straight veins. Aments as long as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a pecu- liar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset QJI all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable, hence much used for posts, &c. July. The nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the Span- ish chestnut.") 2. C. PUMILA. Michx. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate- serrate, hoary-tomentose be- neath ; nut solitary. Sterile places, N. J., Penn.' to Ga. and Tenn. ! Shrub 6 12f high, much branched. Leaves 3 5' by 1| 2', smooth above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate with the projecting, straight veinlets ; petioles 6" long ; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the lower staminate, 6 10' long, upper fertile with remote, pistillate flowers. In- volucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small, ovoid, sweet. PL. Jn. Fr. Oct. 3. FAGUS. Gr. Qriyos, the beech; it also signifies something eatable. c? in a globose ament; cal. 6-cleft, campanulate ; sta. 5 12. 9 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre ; cal. single, with 4 5 minute lobes ; sty. 3 ; nut 1 -seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or capsule. Lofty trees, with smooth, ash-colored bark. Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. cT aments on long, pendulous peduncles. F. SYLVATICA. Linn. /?. Americana. Nutt. (F. sylvestris. Michx. F. ferruginia. Ait.'} Beech. Lvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, obtuse at base, ciliate with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly gla- brous, margin with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate ; buds lanceolate- cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers ; nuts ovoid-triangular, obtuse-mucronate. A common forest tree, abundant in N. Eng., frequent in the Western States and British provinces. The trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50 80f high, but lower and with an expansive head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4 6' long, as wide, often persistent through the winter. ^ aments pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Nut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber fine- grained, with reddish duramen and white alburnum. May. Obs. The Red Seech is now regarded only as a variety ; with the wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. There are several beautiful varieties in cultivation, with purple foliage, silver foliage, &c. (See garden catalogues.) 4. CORYLUS. Gr. icopvs, a bonnet ; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared. c? in a cylindric ament; cal. scale 3-cleft ; sta. 8; anth. 1 -celled. 9 Calyx obsolete ; ova. several ; stig. 2 nut ovoid, surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (capsule). Shrubs. Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterminal. 1. C. AMERICANA. Hazel. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate ; invol. roundish-campanulate, much CXXV. BETULACE.E. 497 larger than the roundish nut, -its border dilated and coarsely serrate. Shrub 5 gf high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Leaves 36' long and as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each one is enveloped. They are a well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert. 2. C. ROSTRATA. Ait. Beaked Hazel. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate; slip, linear-lanceolate; invoL campanu- late-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments. This species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 1J') narrow neck, like a bottle. Nuts as in C. Americana. May. 5. OSTRYA. Gr. oorpcov, a scab ; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments. c? in a cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1 -flower- ed ; anth. conspicuously bearded at the summit. 9 geminate, in a loose, linear ament ; cal. ; fls. enclosed each in an inflated mem branous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut. Small trees. O. VIRGINICA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fertile ament oblong, pendulous ; buds rather acute. A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25 30f in height Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs, (cups 7) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr. May. 6. CARPlNUS. Celtic car, wood, and pino, the head ; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle. c? in a long, cylindric ament ; cal. scale roundish, ciliate ; sta. 8 14, slightly bearded at summit. 9 in a loose ament ; scale large, oblong, 3-lobed, 1 3-flowered ; cal. 6-toothed ; stig. 2 ; nut long, ovoid, furrowed, 1 -seeded. Small trees. Scales of the 9 aments per- sistent a?id becoming foliaceous C. AMERICANA. Hornbeam. Z/i;s. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth. A small tree (12 20f high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash- colored bark. Leaves 2 4' long, as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr. May. ORDER CXXV. BETULACE^I. BIRCHWORTS. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules. Lvs. alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight from the midvein to the margin. Vis. monoecious, amentaceous, mostly achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Perianth wanting or of several small scales, sometimes resembling a real calyx. Sterile. Sta. definite, distinct. Anth. 2-celled. Fertile. Ova. 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct Fr. l-celled and l-seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Genera 2, ? specie? 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties gene- rally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. Genera. $1012. Scales of the fertile aments 3 flowered "+*< . Belula. \ Stamens ( 4. Scales of tha fertile amenta 2-flowred *< . Alnus. S 198 CXXV. BETULACEvE. BETULA 1. BETtfLA. Tourn. Bctu is the Celtic name for the birch. c? in a cylindric ament ; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate ; calyx ; stamens 10 12. 9 Ament oblong-ovoid; scales subtrilobate ; calyx ; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin. Trees and shrubs mostly with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous. Lvs. ovate, serrate, alternate. * Trees. 1. B. LENTA. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. Dos. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, veins beneath and petioles hairy ; fertile aments erect. This noble species is common in the Eastern and Middle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a diameter of 2 to 3f. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. Leaves 3 4' long, about as wide. Sterile aments 2 3' long, fertile much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a delicious morsel. The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It is much used in cabinet work. April, May. 2. B. EXCELSA. Ait. Lofty or Yellow Birch. Lrs. ovate, acute, serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the pedun- cles ; barren aments ovate, erect ; scales with rounded, lateral lobes. A common forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the height of 60 80f, with a trunk 2 3f diam., invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 2 4' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The wooji is chiefly valuable as fuel. April, May. 3. B. NIGRA. Ait. (B. rubra. Michx.} Red Birch,. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath ; fertile ament sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal. A tree 30 50f high, growing on the banks of streams, Methuen, Mass., Emerson, to Car. W. to la. I and 111., Mead. Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolate- colored bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds, and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender ; branchlets almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the base. Leaves dark green above, about 3' by 2', often smaller, petioles 6 8" long, pubescent. May, 4. B. POPULIPOLIA. Ait. Poplar-leaved Birch. White Birch. Lvs. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth petioles-, fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. This species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with which the trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. England, where it seldom exceeds 30 40f in height. The branches are covered with a reddish-brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, pendu- lous aments. 5. B. PAPYRACEA. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath ; fertile aments nodding, pedunculate ; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish. This birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes at- tains the height of GO 70f, but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is 1 2f in diameter, is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous lamince, the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 2 3' long, as wide. Sterile aments 1 2' long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but net durable, and is used in turnery and furniture work. May, June. 0. minor. Tuckerman. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them roundish-obtuse. White Mts. Shrubs G 9f high. * Shrubs. ' 6. B. PUMILA. Dwarf Birch. Low, shrubby ; young branches pubescent, without glandular dots ; Ivs. or- bicular-obovate, petioles densely pubescent beneath ; fertile ament cylindrical CXXVI. MYRICACE.E. 499 Shrub 2 3f high, mountains, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. " In several low places towards the hills " Penn. Bartram. Cedar swamps, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant (fide Tuckerman.) A very obscure species, unless it be the following. 7. B. GLANDULOSA. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch. Low ; branches glandular-punctate, glabrous ; Ivs. obovate, entire at base, obtusely serrate, glabrous ; fertile aments oblong ; scales half 3-cleft, lobes ovate- oblong, middle one rather longest ; nut orbicular, with a narrow margin. A beautiful shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the N, and N. W. States ! N. to Hudson's Bay. Height 2 4f. Leaves about 9" by 6 or 7", very regularly toothed. If this shrub be distinct from the preceding, it maybe known 6y its gfandular-dotted branches and its want of pubescence scarcely by its variable leaves. 8. B. LITTELLIANA. Tuckerman. Low, glabrous; branches resinous-punctate; Ivs. suborbicular, coarsely serrate ; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, scales trifid, lobes oblong-obovate, mid- dle one longest. White Mts., Tuckerman. Shrub somewhat erect. Leaves 2 4 times larger than those of B. nana. 9. B. NANA. Tiny Birch. Low, smooth ; Ivs. orbicular, crenate, reticulated beneath ; scales of the ament deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless. This miniature tree is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c., of the White Mts. ! It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches few and straggling, the leaves $ ' in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 2" long. 2. ALNUS. Tourn. , to sacrifice ; the vood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices. Flowers 8 . c? in an imbricated ament ; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside ; seed winged; integument membranous; cotyledons 2 or more. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, squamose, imbricate. T. OCCIDENTALIS. Arbor Vita. Branchlets ancipital ; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed, tuberculate; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the tip. This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cuprcssus thycides. It abounds in the British Provinces and in the northern parts of the U. S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more flat and broad than those of the white cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use is for fences. May. 5. JUNIPERUS. Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude. Flowers cT 9, rarely .) Skunk Cabbage. Las. cordate-oval, acute ; spadix subglobose, preceding the leaves. A com- mon plant, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of the animal whose name it bears. Early in spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incurved. It encloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise fter the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming very large ("often 20' by 12'.) ORDER CXXXV. LEMNACE^. DUCKMEATS. Plants mostly floating, cellular, annual, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf in one). Fls. bursting from the margin of the fronds, 2 or 3, achlamydeous, enclosed in a spathe. Sterile fe. Sta. definite, often monadelphous. Fertile'fls. Ova. 1 -celled, with 1 or more erect ovules, Sty. short. Slig. simple. Fr. Utricle 1 several-seeded. Sds. with a fungous testa. Genera 6, species 26, widely diffused. They are almost entirely destitute of spiral vessels. Some of them may be regarded as the simplest of Phaenogamous plants. LEMNA. Gr. \E[t/ia, a scale or husk ; from the resemblance of the frond. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 col- 522 CXXXVI. TYPHACE^E. TYPHA. lateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stigma. (D Herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded) sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. 1. L. TRISULCA. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at the other; roots solitary. Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly i' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June Sept. 2. L. MINOR. Lesser Duck-meat. Fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary. This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, pro- perly fronds, adhere 2 3 together, 1' in length, rather thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the mar- gin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. Sept. 3. L. GIBBA. Gibbous Duck-meat. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root solitary. Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June Sept. 4. L. POLYRHlzA. (Spirodela. Schleiden.} Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2 4" long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8 10 black fibres from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. June Sept. ORDER CXXXVI. TYPHACEJE. TYPHADS. Herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints. Lvs. rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. Fls. monoecious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe. Col. Sepals 3 or 0. Corolla 0. Sta. 36. Filaments long and slender. Anthers cuneiform, erect. Ova. 1, free, 1-celled, with a solitary, pendulous ovule. Styles short. Stiff. 1 2. Pr. Utricle with an albuminous seed. Genera 2, species 13, in ditches and marshes throughout the world. Genera. $ long and cylindrical Typha. 1 jpadix of flowers ( globose Bparganium. 2 1. TYPHA. Gr. rv^oj, a marsh; where all the species grow. Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense, c? Stamens about 3 toge- ther, united into a common filament. 9 flowers below the sterile ; ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus. Root ^i-. Spadix terminal. Fls. very numerous. 1. T. LATIFOLIA (and angustifolia. Linn.} Cat-tail. Reed Mace. Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile and fertile spikes close together, or a little remote. A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water in muddy pools and ditches, U. S., Can. The stem arises from 3 to 5f, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes. Spikes of a brown color, 6 10' in length, composed of slender, downy flowers so compact, particularly the fertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat sword- shaped, erect, 2 4f long and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and made useful for weaving the seats of chairs, &c. July. 0. angustifolia. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (| 2'). Found in NAJAS. CXXXVII. NAIADACE^E. 523 the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 2. SPARGANIUM. Gr, (rrrapyavov, & band or fillet ; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves. Spadix of flowers globose, d? Calyx 3 6-sepaled. 9 Calyx 3 6- X 1 ed ; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1 2-seeded. Root ^1-. Fls. ed in several dense, roundish heads, the sterile heads above the fertile. 1. S. ERECTUM. (S. ramosum. Smith.') Burr Reed. Lvs. triangular at base, their sides concave ; common flmcer-stalks branch- ed ; stig. 2, linear. Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flqwers. Stem 1 2f high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves | 2f long, 4 8" wide, linear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green ; fertile ones 2 5, the low- est generally raised on a short, axillary stalk ; sterile ones above, more numer- ous, smaller, sessile. Aug. 2. S. SIMPLEX. Smith. (S. Americanum. Nutt.) Lower fos. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple, flared ones concave at base and erect ; stig. always simpje, ovate oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style. Ponds and lakes. Stem 1 21 high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 2f by 3", carinate at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones, with the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. 3. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Burr Reed. Lvs. floating, flat ; common flower-stalk simple ; stig. ovate, very short ; head of sterile fls. subsolitary. Lakes and pools, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. ORDER CXXXVII. NAI ADAGES. NAIADS. Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Fit. perfect or mono3cious. Calyx 2 4-sepaled or 0. Sta. definite. Ovaries l, or 24, free, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. Fr. dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. Albumen 0. Genera 9, species 16, in waters and marshes, salt and fresh, in nearly all countries. Conspectus of the Genera. ( solitary, diclinous, monandrous. Najas. 9 fO. Flowers axillary, ( 2 together, a sterile and fertile one Zannichellia. 3 1 short, 2-flowered, borne on a long, tortuous peduncle, Ruppia- 4 \ linear, bearing the monrecious flowers in a double row '/.micro.. 1 Spike I cylindnc, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers Potamogeton. 5 1. ZOSTfiRA. Gr. faarrip, & girdle ; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves. Spadix linear, bearing the separated flowers in 2 rows on one side; perianth 0. cT Anther ovoid, sessile, parallel to the ovary. 9 Ova- ries 2, ovoid; style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded. Z. MARINA. Sea Wrack-grass. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints ; branches floating, simple; Ivs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 several feet in length ; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a . cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of nakeu flowers. 7J. Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. 2. NAJAS. Gr. yaw, to flow; hence Naif, or Natfo, Nymph of the waters; from the habitat Flowers often c? 9- $ Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft ; stamen 1 (rarely 524 OXXXVIL NAIADACE^E. POTAMOGETON. more) ; filament slender, often elongated ; anther 4-valved, valves spreading. 9 Perianth j style filiform ; stigma 2 3-fid ; capsule 1 -seeded. Fls. axillary. N. CANADENSIS. Michx. (Caulinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis. Pers.) Water Nymph. St. filiform, coespitose, dichotomously branching ; Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticu- late, spreading, 1-veined. A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted stems 6 12' long. Leaves 1' long, i" wide, sessile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2 3 stigmas at summit. Aug. ft. (Caulinia fragilis. Willd.) St. arid Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. Flowers c?. cT Stamen 1 ; filament elongated. 9 Calyx mono phyllous 5 corolla j ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile acheniuin. Z. PALUSTRIS. Horn Pond-weed. St. filiform, floating ; Ivs. opposite, linear ; a?ith.' 4-ce\\ed ; stig. entire ; ach. toothed on the back. In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem found, smooth, 1 2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2-^-3' long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4 G ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2 3-toothed calyx. Jl. Aug. 4. RUPPIA. In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. Flowers $ , 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheath- ing base of the leaves ; perianth ; stamens 4, sessile : ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia. Root TJ-. R. MARIT1MA. A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, fili- form, branched, floating. Leaves 1 2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOGETON. Gr. Trorctyiof, a river, yetrcoj', near. Flowers $ , on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe ; calyx 4- gepaled ; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Mostly Q, aquatic and sub- mersed, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3 IQ-flowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, lower alternate, the upper (mostly) opposite. Fls. small, greenish. 1. Leaves of two forms, the upper floating. 1. P. NATANS? (P. pulcher. Tuckerman.) Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Floating; los. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cor- date at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membrana- ceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles, all stipulate; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fr. somewhat semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back. A very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. ! to Wise., Lapham! Stem slender, POTAMOOETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACE^. 525 I 3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 2 4' by g 16", petioles 2 8', submersed about as wide. Spike 1 2' long, 20 10-flowered. Jl. Aug. Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to peti- ' oles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely cari- nate but not lunate. 2. P. CLAYTONII. Tuciiennan. (P. fluitansl PA., Bw., Torr., p, water; from its aquatic habits. Flowers cT 9; spathe bifid ; spadix 1 -flowered. , a slipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip. The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely, distinct ; lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse ; column terminated by a peta- loid lobe (barren stamen). Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip. l.C. CANDIDUM. Willd. White-flowered Ladies' -slipper. St. leafy ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; fl. terminal, solitary ; sep. elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex;.^. lance-linear, longe than the compressed lip ; lobe of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse. Bordei of woods, prairies, Penn. to Ind. Plummer! Resembles the next in foliage, bis remarkably distinguished by the white flower. Stem about If high, simple Leaves 3 6' by 1 If, sheathing the stem, acute. Ovary pedicellate. Lip 1 in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May. 2. C. ACAULE. Ait. (C. humile. Sw. 7) Acaulescent Ladies' -slipper. Scape leafless, Uflowered ; Ivs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute ; lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed ; pet. lanceolate ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10 14' high, with a single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals $' kng, the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of the flower. May, June. 3. C. PARViFLdRUM. Salisb. Yellow Ladies 1 -slipper. St. Leafy ; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column triangular- oblong, acute ; sep. ovate, oblong, acuminate ; pet. long, linear, contorted ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed. Woods and meado\ys, Newf. to Car. Stems usually several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 3 6 538 CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE^S. AMARYLLIS. by 2 3', veined, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Seg- ments 4, greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the two lateral ones 23' by i', waved and twisted. Lip a large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture above. May, June. /?. pubescens. Leaves lanceolate ; lobe of the column obtuse. The flowers somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. H. 4. C. SPECTABILE. Sw. Showy Ladies' -slipper. St. leafy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the column elliptic- cordate, obtuse ; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; Up longer than the petals, cleft before. -A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6 10' by 2 4', veined, plaited, hairy Flowers 2 3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2' long, 1J broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. July. 5. C. ARiETlNUM. Ait. (Arietinum Americanum. Beck.} Ram's-head. St. leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, striate-veined ; sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet. linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic. In damp woods, Can., Maine, Vt. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8 12' high, lower part sheath- ed. Leaves 3 5, 2 3' by i 1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base. Segments about equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. x May. , ORDER CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACEJE. AMARYLLIDS. Herbs, perennial. Leaves parallel-veined. Fls. showy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and with spathaceous bracts. Perianth, mostly regular, adherent to the ovary, colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Sta. 6, arising from the perianth segments. Anthers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled (sometimes l~2-ovuled). Style 1. Stiff. 3-lobed. Fr. a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Genera 68, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few are found in our climate. Properties. A few of the Amaryllidaceae possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the bulbs of Hscmanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and other species, a/e emetic. The fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating palqueof the Mexicans. Many are highly orna- mental, and axe therefore cultivated. Conspectus of the Genera. (Scape tall, with numerous flowers. ..... Agave. 4 ( Corona 0. ( Scape bearing 35 small, yellow flowers Hypoxis. 5 < Corona of 3 emarginate segments Galanthus. 3 Flowers regular. ( Corona monophylloua. Narcissus 2 Flowers irregular. Stamens declined Amaryllis. \ 1. AMARYLLIS. Lat Amaryllis, the name of a nymph, from afiapvaao), to shine with splendor. Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding ; filaments declined, arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction ; seeds flat, numerous. A splendid genus, with a few native and many foreign species. 1. A. ATAMASCO. Atamasco Lily. Spatlie 2-cleft, acute ; /. pedicelled ; cor. campanulate, with nearly equal petals, suberect. A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometime* cultivated. Leaves linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6' high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals acuminate. June. 2. A. FORMOSISSIMA. Jacobeo, Lily. Lvs. radical ; fls. nodding, very ringent, tube fringed; sta. included in the involute lower segments. A splendid flower, from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loamy soil. Root bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, dis- closing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn. Aug. AGAVE. CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE^S. 53D 2. NARCISSUS. (fr. vapxri, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species which are poisonous. Perianth regular ; corona monophyllous, funnel-form, consisting of a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are inserted. Obs. A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, com- pressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous. 1. N. JONQ.UILLA. Scape 1 3-flowered ; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate. Native of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a few flowers of a rich yellow, an-i very fragrant. May, Jn. 2. N. POETICUS. Poet's Narcissus, Scape 1-flowered ; segments imbricate at base, reflexed ; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate ; 3 anlh. shorter than the tube. Native of S. Europe. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. 3. N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, straight, striated ; seg- ments sulphur color ; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice. Native of England. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high, bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. April, May. 4. N. TAZKTTA. Spathe many-flowered ; e07Wi# campanulate, truncate, shorter than the petals ; Ivs. flat. Native of Spain. .Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, sword-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a loot high, with 10 12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. 3. GALANTHUS. Gr. yaXa, milk, ai/3-oj; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower. Flowers spathaceous ; sepals 3, concave ; corona formed of 3 small, emarginate segments; stigma simple. Ornamental, bulbous exotics. G. NIVALIS. Snow-dr^p. Lvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-flowered. Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, nar- row leaves towards the top. 4. AGAVE. Gr. a-yavo j, admirable ; a. term eminently applicable. Perianth tubular, funnel-form, adherent to the ovary, 6-parted ; sta- mens 6, exserted ; anthers versatile ; capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, many-seeded. A splendid Ameri- can genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly radical^ rigid, channeled, often spiny. Panicle large, pyramidal. 1. A. VIRGINICA. False Aloe. Acaulescent, herbaceous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous, witn car- tilaginous serratures on the margin ; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile flowers. Rocky banks, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long, acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the acute seg- ments. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed, 3-valved, 3-celled. Sept. 2. A. AMERICANA. American Aloe. Century Plant. Acaulescent; Ivs. spi- nose-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy ; scape branched, lofty and arbo- rescent ; cor. tube contracted in the middle ; pedicel as long as the corolla. The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, thick, 36 or 8f long, 4 12' wide. The scape arises from th* centre of the 46 540 CXLVIII. HMMODORACEM. LOPHIOLA. mass of leaves, to the height of 15 25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle. Flowers yellow. There is a variety with striped leaves. 5. HYPOXIS. Gr. iira), under, ofuj, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit. Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth persistent ; capsule elongated, narrowed at the base ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous in- tegument. Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow flowers. Lvs. radical, linear. H. ERECTA. Star-grass. Pilose ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves all radical, 6 12' by 3 5", very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6 8',' divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 5 peduncles having each a minute, subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within ; segments oval, rather obtuse. June. ORDER CXLVIII. H^EMODORACEJE. BLOODROOTS. Herbs with fibrous, perennial roots and. perfect flowers. Lvs. permanent, ensiform, equitarit, usually in 2 ranks. [cylindrical tube Perianth more or less woolly, adherent, the sepals and petals often indistinguishable, and united into t Sta. arising from the perianth, either 3 and opposite the sepals, or 6. Ova. 1 or 3-celled, cells 1, 2, or many-ovuled. Sty. and stig. simple. PV. Capsule covered with the withered perianth, valvular, seldom indehiscent. Sds. definite or indefinite. Embryo short, straight, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of Lacnanthos tinctoria abounds in a red coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Alctns farinos;u Conspectus of tlie Genera. (3 Lacnanthes. 1 < Perianth woolly, 6-parted. Lcpfiiola. 2 Stamens ( 6. (. Perianth mealy, 6-toothed. Aletris. 3 1. LACNANTHES. Elliot. Gr. Xa^yjj, soft hair, av$o$ 5 in allusion to the woolly corollas. Perianth woolly, tube adherent ; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals ; stam. 3, equaling tho sepals, and opposite to them ; stig. minutely 2-lobed ; caps. 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded. Lvs. lanceolate-linear. Fls. corymbose. L. TINCTORIA. Ell. (Dilatris. Pursh.} Red-root. Swamps and borders of ponds, R. L, Olney! N. J. to Flor. An interest- ing plant, with rush-like leaves. Stem erect, strict, 18 24' high, clothed with white wool above. Leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 3 4" wide and nearly as high as the stem. Cauline leaves remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, close, 15 30-flowered. Flowers densely clothed with white wool outside, gla- brous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow. Jl. The root is said to be employed in dyeing. 2. LOPHIOLA. Ker. Gr. Xot//o? , a crest ; alluding to the crested petals, Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, woolly ; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat interior ; sta. 6 ; filament naked ; anthers erect : style conical, 3-partible ; stigma simple ; capsule opening at the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Lvs. ensiform. Fls. corymbose. L. AMERICANA. Wood. (L. aurea. Ker. Conostyles. Br.} Golden Crest- flower. Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. Stem 1 2f high, erect, hoary-tomentose when young. Leaves glaucous, narrowly linear, two-edged, glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally much expanded, many-flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments IRIS. CXLIX. IRIDACE^:. 541 reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the centre of each valve. Seeds white. July, Aug. 3. ALETRIS. Gr. (aXftap) aXeiarpoj, meal; from the powdery dust with which the plant is covered. Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugose, persistent ; stamens issuing at the top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible ; capsule opening at top, many-seeded. Lvs. radical, rosulate. Scape many-flowered. 1. A. FARINOSA. (A. alba. MX.) Star-grass. Colic Root. Lvs. broad-lanceolate ; fls. oblong-tubular, pedicelled ; perianth in fruit rugose or mealy in appearance. Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. Root premorse, intensely bitter. Scape 20 30' high, with remote scales or bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These are 3 4' long, J as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme. Perianth white, $' long, on very short pedicels, rugose without when old. Medicinal. July. 2. A. AUREA. Walt. Yellow Aktris. Lvs. lanceolate ; fls. subsessile ; perianth short, tubular-campanulate, yel- low, finally rugose and very scabrous. In the pine barrens of N. J. to Car., abundant. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Torrey. Scape 2 3f high, with few, yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Leaves all radical. Jl., Aug. ORDER CXLIX. IRIDACE^]. IRIDS. Herbs perennial, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots. Lvs. equitant, mostly distichous. Fls. with spathaceous bracts. " Per. Tube adherent to the ovary, limb 6-parted. colored, in 2 often unequal series. fc>Va. 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Anthers 2-celled, extiorse. Ora. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style 1. Stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. [albumen. Fr. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous, with hardened, fleshy Genera 52, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Anier. Properties More remarkable for their beauty than their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Irir tuberosa. The aromatic orris root is the dried rhizoma of Iris tlorentina of S. Europe. Saffron consist* of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus. Conspectus of the Genera. \ Stamens ^distinct. . Iris. 1 r Petals smaller than the sepals. { Stamens united. . Tigridia. 4 { Tube short. . Jxia. 2 $ suberect. ( Tube very long. Crocus. 6 \ regular. I Petals and sepals subequal, (spreading, flat Tube short. Sisyrinchium. 6 Flowers ( irregular. Seeds winged Gladiolus. 3 1. IRIS. Named from the Greek, signifying rainbow ; on account of the varied color of the flowers. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals ; stamens dis- tinct ; style short or. ; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens. Lvs. mostly ensiform. 1. I. VERSICOLOR. Blue Flag. St. terete, flexuous ; Ivs. ensiform ; fls. beardless ; ova. triangular, with concave sides and roundish angles. Grows in wet grounds, (U. S. and Can.,) where its large, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rhizoma large, Horizontal, acjid. Stem 2 3f high, acute on one side, often branched and bear- ing several flowers. Leaves a foot long, 1' wide, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatulate, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3 petaloid stigmas which are reflexed and bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong ; seeds flat. June. (3. sulcata ( Torr.} St. nearly straight ; pet. longer than the stigmas ; angles of the ovary sulcate. 2. I. PRISMATICA. Parsh. (I. Virginica. Torr.) Boston Iris. St. round, slender, few-flowered ; Ivs. linear, long ; fls. beardless ; ova. tri- angular, the side doubly grooved.-^-In similar situations with the last, readily 542 CXLIX. IRIDACEjE. TIURIDIA. distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass. ! to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem smooth, 1 2" in diam., 1 2f high, branching at top and bearing 2 6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grass- like, 6 10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. June. 3. I. LACUSTRFS. Nutt. L/vs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape ; seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested ; caps, turbinate, 3-sided, margined. Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, Nuttall. Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2 5' by 3 4", those of the scape bract-like. Scape 1 2' high. Flowers pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 4. I. SAMBUdNA. Flower-de-L/iice. Fr., Fleur-de-lis. St. many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; segments of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat ; Ivs. bent inwards at the point ; spathe membranaceous at the apex ; fls. beardless, lower ones pedunculate ; stig. with acute, serrate divisions. Native of the South of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light blue, often fading to white. May. f 5. I. FUMILA. Dwarf Iris. Scape very short (3 6'), 1-flowered ; spathe shorter than the tube j sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals. A small species from Hungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Leaves numerous, broad-ensiform, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, appearing in early spring.f 6. 1. OCHROLEUCA. Beardless ; Ivs. ensiform, depressed, striate ; scape subte- rete ; ova. 6-angled. A tall species from Levant. Stem 3 if high. Flowers ochroleucous or sulphur-yellow. July, f 7. I. CHINENSIS. China Iris. Scape compressed, many-flowered ; stigmas lacerated. A small species from China. Flowers elegantly striped. A few other species are rarely cultivated in gardens, f '"* 2. IX I A. Gr. i|of , sticky ; alluding to the glutinous juice of some species. Spatlie of 2 or 3, ovate, short bracts ; petals and sepals distinct or slightly united, similar, regular ; sta. 3 ; filaments filiform ; stigma straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform. 1. CHINENSIS. St. terete", flexuous, leafy ; Ivs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing ; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymbose ; perianth campanulate, segments 6, lance-linear. Native of S. Africa, frequent in gardens, Western and South- ern States. Whole plant smooth, 3 5f high. Leaves erect, tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red inside, about I/ long. JL, Aug. f 3. GLADIOLUS. LaL gladius, a sword ; in reference to the form of the leaves. Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth irregular ; stamens distinct, ascending ; stigmas 3 ; seeds winged. A large genus of bulbous plants, with large and showy flowers. None native. G. COMMUNIS. Spike unilateral; upper segment of the perianth covered by the lateral ones, 3 lower marked by a white, linear-lanceolate spot, lowest very large. A fine border flower, from S. Europe. Stem 2 3f high, with the flow- ers arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. Perianth large, deep rea. variegated with white. Its colors are liable to considerable variation. Jl. f 4. TIGRIDIA. Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. Spathe 2-leaved ; the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals ; stamens monadelphous ; filaments united into a long tube. T. PAVONIA. Tiger Flower. Si: simple, flexuous; Ivs. ensiform, veined; segments flat; pet. panduriform. A superb, bulbous plant, with large, beautiful flowers, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2f high or more, erect, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower inodorous, UIOSCOREA. CL. DIOSCOREACE^E. 543 5 6' broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks. It ripens seeds, from which, or from offsets, it may be increased. Jl. Sept/f 5. SISYRINCHIUM. Gr. o"Uj, a hog, and p^y^oj, a snout; alluding 1 to the singular spathe. Spathe 2-leaved ; segments of the perianth flat, equal : stamens monadelphous ; stigma 3-cleft. % Grass-like plants, with compressed, ancipital scapes. 1. S. ANCEPS. (S. gramineum. Lam.') Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, winged; valr.es of the spathe unequal, the longer scarcely equaling the flowers ; pet. mucronate. A delicate little plant, with blue flowers, common in low grass-lands, Can. and U. S. Stem or scape 1012' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 5-flowered, the longer vajve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. Jl. 2. S. MUCRONATUM. Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, subsetaceous ; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point. Middle States, W. to Ky. Found in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. Leaves radical, a line wide. Scape 6 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very unequal valves, 3 4-fiowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. 6. CROCUS. Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower. Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and uender tube ; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. Spathe radical, 1 2- leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of tJie flower 'nearly or quite ses- sile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground y the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1. C. SATIVUS. Saffron. Lvs. linear, re volute, at the margins; 5%.3-parted, as long as the corolla, reflexed. From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower nearly or quite sessile on the bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. 2. C. VERNUS. Spring Crocus. Stig. included within the flower, with 3, short, wedge-shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yel- low or white ; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propa- gated in gardens chiefly by bulbs, f OIIDER CL. DIOSCOKEACEJE. YAM HOOTS. Shrubs, twining. Lvs. usually alternate and reticulate-veined. Fls dioecious. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary ; segments of limb 6, in 2 series. Sterile. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. Fertile. Ova. 3-celled, cells 1 2-ovuled. Styles and stigmas nearly distinct. Fr.~ Capsule 3-wingeu, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. s'J* flat, compressed. Embryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera C, species 1 10. The only remarkable or useful^product of this order is yams, an important article oi Ibod in ull tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscoreasativa,&c. DIOSCOREA. In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero. Flowers c?9; styles of the fertile flowers 3; cells of the capsule 46* 544 CLI. SMILACE^K. SMTLAX 2-seeded ; seeds membranaceously margined. Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. Pis. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or vanicles. D. VILLOSA. (D. quaternata. Ph.} Yam Root. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 11-veined, the margin entire or wavy, lower surface villose with short, soft hairs, upper surface glabrous ; petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate ; tf plant with the spikes paniculate, 9 with the spikes simple. A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, smooth, reddish-brown, 1 2" diam., 5 10 15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 4' long, f as wide, dis- tinctly cordate and acuminate. The two outside veins in some of the leaves meet a little above the base, in others at the base a character of no value. Petioles 2 4' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as 16ng. June, July. /?. laviuscula. Wood. (D. quaternata. Pursh.} Lvs. smooth both sidto, mar- gin slightly wavy ; otherwise indistinguishable from variety a. ORDER CLI. SMILACEJE. SARSAPARILLAS. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. LOT. reticulate-veined. Fls. dioecious or perfect. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the segments. Ova. 3-celled ; cells 1 or many-seeded. FV. Berry roundish, .few or many-seeded. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen. Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and demulcent sarsar par ill as are the roots of several chiefly S. American species of Smilax. SMILAX. Gr. ffpi\ri, a grater; the stems of some species are rough with prickles. Flowers c? 9 ; perianth broad-campanulate. c? Anthers adnate. 9 Style minute ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, 1 3-seeded. ^ of shrubby, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often prickly. Lvs. entire, petiolate, palmately veined. Pis. umbellate. * Stem shrubby and prickly. 1. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA (and caduca. Linn. S. quadrangularis. Ph.} St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; Ivs. short- petiolate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, snbcordate, a little paler and glaucous beneath, 5 7- veined, glabrous; pcd. axillary, solitary, many-flowered, longer than the petioles ; berries black, glaucous. A strong, thorny vine, extending 10 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem woody, smooth, except the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Leaves 2 3' by 1 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the top of the wings of the petioles. Flowers small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels Berries round, black. June. /?. caduca. 'Smaller, with ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles. y. quadrangularis. St. unarmed above, obtusely 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate. 2. S. SARSAPARILLA. Medicinal Sarsaparitta. " St. slightly 4-angled, aculeate above; Ivs. unarmed, elliptical-ovate, cuspidate, abrupt, 3-veined, glaucous beneath; ped. longer than the short peti- oles." In swampy thickets, Penn. to Car. Pursh. Root long, slender, with a thick bark brown externally, white within. Stem stout, somewhat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Leaves finally nearly orbicular, 2- 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 "strong veins and 2 lateral smaller secondary ones, Petioles short, margined, with 2 tendrils. Flowers in small, thin umbels, yellowish- white. Berries (red, Woodville, black, Pursh.} 3-seeded. 3. S. LAURIFOLIA. Laurel-leaved Green Brier. St. aculeate, terete, branches unarmed; Ivs. coriaceous, oval-lanceolate, TRILLIUM. CLII. TRILLIACE^E. 545 slightly acuminate, 3-veined; umbels on very short peduncles, which are arranged alternately on a common rachis. N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen, , .climber, ascending trees to a great height. Stem with few scattered prickles. Leaves numerous, very thick and smooth. Raceme of umbels longer than the leaves, peduncles shorter than the ultimate pedicels. Jn. Aug. 4. S. PANDURATUS. Pursh. (S. tamnoides. Ell.) St. branched, terete, aculeate ; Ivs. ovate, somewhat panduriform, acrani- i nate, cordate, 3-veined ; ped. twice as long as the petioles ; umbel many-flow- i ; ered ; berries black. In sandy woods, N. J. to Car. Stem twining, 6 12f. Leaves smooth and shining both sides, with shallow depressions or sinuses on i each edge. July. * Sterna shrubby, unarmed. 5. S. PSEUDO-CHINA.- St. terete, unarmed; cauline Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong, all 5- veined, on short petioles; ped. very long. Sandy woods, N. J. to Car., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. Stem purplish-brown, very smooth, branching and climbing by tendrils which arise from the base of the petioles. Leaves 2 4' by 12', slightly hispid on the veinlets beneath. Peduncles lon- ger than the leaves. May, JD. * * * Stem herbaceous. 6. S. HERBACEA. (S. pedunculata. Muhl.) St. herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, or inclining ; Ivs. ovate, 7 9- veined, cuspidate; umbels on long peduncles. A coarse, smooth, ill-scented plant, in thickets and low grounds, N. Eng. to Ky. and Wise. ! Stem slightly angled, 3 6 or 8f high, usually nodding with its slender summit and few small branches, and leaning on other plants or on each other. Leaves 2 M by \\ 3, often roundish, paler beneath, the petioles winged at base and producing a long, slender tendril from the top of each wing. Fertile umbels simple, about 40- flowered, on peduncles 6 8' long, those of the sterile umbels shorter. Flowers yellowish-green, diffusing about the plant an intolerably offensive and sicken- ing odor. Berries dark blue. Jn. /?. St. more generally climbing by its tendrils ; Ivs. broadly ovate, subcordate. 7. S. LASIONEURON. Hook. St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; Ivs. oblong, broadly ovate, cor- date, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little longer than the i petioles, many-flowered ; tendrils from the base of the petioles. Green Co., Ind. ! also Can. Stem 3 6f high. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves, which are often about 4' by 3'. ORDER CLII. TRILLIACE^E. TRILLIADS. Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. Fls. large, terminal, solitary, perfect, trimerous, rarely tetramerous. Cal. Sepals 3, green or herbaceous. Cor. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, colored or he Sta. 610. Fit. subulate. Anth. linear, with cell* on their edges and the connectile ext Ova. free, 3 5-celled. Sty. distinct. Stig. small. Ovules oo, in 2 rows, ascending. ! Fr. succulent, 3 5-celled. Sds. 00. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The roots it some species are emetic. Genera. { in one whorl. Trillium. 1 Leaves ( in two whorls. Medeola. 2 TRILLIUM. Miller. Lat. trilix, triple ; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in 3s. Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals ; stamens nearly equal ; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate ; berry 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. TJ- Stem simple. Lvs. 3, whorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate- veined. Fls. solitary, terminal. 546 CLII. TRILLIACE^E. TRILLIUM 1. T. SESSILE. Sessile-flowered Trillium. bvs. broad-ovate or suborbicular, rather acute, sessile ; ft. closely sessile, erect ; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute ; pet. linear-lanceolate, purple, a third longer than the sepals ; anth. long, erect. A small species in Fertile soils, Middle, Western (Clark ! Plummer!} and Southern States. Rhi- zoma horizontal, thick. Stem b 8' high, slender. Leaves rather thick, 1 2' by 1 2', smooth and entire. Sepals green, about 8" by 3'', the petals narrower and much longer, dark purple. Apr. May. 2. T. RECURVATUM. Beck. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute ; fl. closely sessile ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved sepals. A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady woods, Wis., Lapham ! 111., Jenney! Mo., Beck. Stem 8 10' high, rather thick. Leaves 2 2' by 1J 2', with distinct, short petioles. Petals purple, and with the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 3. T. ERYTHROCARPUM. Michx. (T. pictum. Ph.} Smiling Wake-robin. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled ; ped. erect ; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals. Can. to Ga. A beauti- ful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8 12' high, with a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3-veined, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3 4' long, f as wide, petiole 2 3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal. 0. Cleavelandicum. Wood. (T. Cleavelandicum. Swallow!) Sep. developed into leaves, which are but little smaller than the true leaves ; pet. 6, the 3 outer but partly colored. Otherwise as in a. Brunswick, Me. ! This is probably a metamorphosis; but Mr. S. has gathered it three years in succession, and also finds it thus far unaltered when cultivated from the root. Its claims to the rank of a species must be tested by plants reared from the seeds. (Dr. T. Richard comm.) 4. T. PUSILLUM. Michx. (T. pumilum. Ph.} Lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile ; ped. erect ; pet. scarcely longer than the calyx. Penn., Mithlenberg. A very small species. Petals flesh-colored. - This plant appears to be lost to the later botanists. 5. T. NIVALE. Riddell. Snoiwy Trillium. JRt. tuberous, premorse ; st. low ; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate; fl. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-obovate, obtuse, white, one-third longer than the calyx. The smallest species here described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio, Clark! Wis., Lapham I Stem 2 4' high, from a thick, tuberous root. Leaves 8 18" by 5 12", petioles 2 4", about equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals which are about 8" by 4". Mar. Apr. 6. T. PENDULUM. Muhl. (T. cernuum. Bart., PA., <$*c.) Drooping Tril- lium. Lvs. suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petio- Hate; ' fl. cernuous, on a recurved peduncle. A large species, with a small flower, Midr. and W. States ! Stem slender, 10 15' high. Leaves 35' diam., nearly round, on petioles 1" long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves. Peduncle 1 2' long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1' long. Petals oblong-ovate, acute, !' by ', white. Stigmas erect, recurved at top, lower part styloid (or styles 3, erect, with recurved stigmas !). May, Jn. 7. T. ERECTUM. (T. atropurpureum. Curt.} Bath Flower. Lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; pet. scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals. A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 35' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. TULIPA. CLiH. LILIACE^E. 547 0. Fls. white and much smaller. N. Y., &c. y. Fls. white and somewhat larger. Western States ! 8. T. GRANDIFLORUM. Salisb. Large-flowering Trillium. Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate ; ped. inclined ; fl. suberect ; pet. much longer than the calyx, spatulate-oblanceolate, connivent at base. Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 3 5' diam. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals 1 2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumina- tion, white, varying to rose-colored. May. 2. MEDEOLA. Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues. Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments ; stig- mas 3, divaricate, united at base ; berry 3-celled ; cells 3 6-seeded. Stem simple. M. VIRGINICA. (Gyromia. Nutt.} Cucumber Root. Lvs. verticillate in the middle of the stem, 3 at the top. None can but admire the symmetry of its form. Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, thought to resemble the cucumber in flavor. Stem erect, 1 2f high, invested with loose, cottony wool. Leaves in two whorls, one just above the middle of the stem, consisting of 6 8 wedge-lanceolate leaves (34' by 9 12") ; the other at the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen- dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed, dark red. July. ORDER CLIII. LILIACEJE. LILYWORTS. Herbs with parallel-veined leaves. Stems often bulbous or tuberous at base. Fls. perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored. Perianth free from ovary, of 6 segments (rarely 4), colored. Sta. 6 (rarely 4), inserted into the sepals and petals. Anthers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Styles united into 1. Stigma often 3-lobed. Fr. capsular or fleshy, with several or many seeds in each cell. Sds. Albumen fleshy. Genera 133, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautiful, of many brilliant, and of some truly splendid. Properties. The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active medi- cine, squills, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, dragon's blood, is the concentrated juice of Dracaena Draco of the Canary Isles. Conspectus of the Genera. * Segments of the perianth scarcely cohering in a tube. $ erect. . . . J>Wpo. 1 solitary, {drooping. . . Erythronium. 4 Convallaria. 12 Lilitim. 2 Fritillaria. 3 Convallaria. 18 Phalangium. 11 Asphodelus. 10 Ornithogalvm. 8 Allium. 7 Streptopus. 15 Uvularia. 14 Branches ( on a scape, . . i umbellate, &c. < ( Petals with a grooved line. . Fls. companulate, ( on a leafy stem. ( Petals with a honey cavity at base ^ Leaves broad, cauline. $ Valves 0. I Leaves linear, radical. ( racemose. . . { Valves 6, bearing the stamens. \ corymbose, pedicels bracted at base Fls. subrotate, . . ( umbellate, from a leafy spathe. . , < Sepals and petals recurved. . \ Sepals and petals erect Se Seeds few. Branches { Leaves ovate, &c. ( Sepals and petals erect Seeds many. leafy. . . Leaves filiform, fasciculate Asparagus. 16 * * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base. (Stamens inserted at the top of the incurved tube Polyanthes. 6 Flowers \ Stamens inserted in i he middle of the tube Hyadnthta. 9 on a scape. ( Stamens inserted at base of tube, declined Heanerocallis. 5 Flowers axillary on a leafy stem 4 . . . . ; Polygonatum. 15 TRIBE 1. TUL.IPACEJ3. Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering in a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale. 1. TULlPA. Persian thouliban, a turban ; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. Perianth campanulate ; stamens short, subulate ; anthers 4-angled ; stigma thick ; capsule oblong, triangular. ^ Lvs. radical. Flower 548 CL11I. LILIACE^E. LIUUM. solitaiy, on a scape. The species are chiefly oriental. Only 2 are generally cultivated. /'* 1. T. GESNERIANA. Common Tulip. Scape 1-flowered, smooth; Ivs. ovate- lanceolate ; fl. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. Named for Gesner, a Zurich bctanist. It appears to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in 1559 Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a few years, the flowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exqui- site manner so much admired. In catalogues there are enumerated and describ- ed more than 700 varieties. May. 2. T. SUAVEOLENS, vulgo, Van Thol, differs from T. Gesneriana, in having a pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blos- soms earlier. 2. LILIUM. GT. Xeipov, Celtic, It, white ; one species is the emblem of purity. Perianth campanulate, segments mostly recurved, each with a lon- gitudinal groove within, from the middle to the base ; stam. shorter than the style ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with lat- ticed hairs. % Herbs, with bulbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. L. CANADENSE. Yellow Lily. Lvs. most verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath ; ped. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s ; fl. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute. Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in summer. The root affords _a fine example of the scaly bulb. Stem round, 2 4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 6 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 3' by \ 1'. Flowers 1 3, sometimes 7 20, pendulous, yellow or orange-colored, spotted with darkpurple inside. July. 2. L. SUPERBUM. Superb Lily. Turk's Cap. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3- veined, glabrous, lower ones verticil- tate, upper ones scattered ; fls. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments revolute. Can., Mid. and W. States ! Few cultivated plants are more orna- mental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white, squamose bulb. Stem erect, round, straight, 4 6f high. Leaves 2 3' by 4 9". Flowers 3 20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very dis- tinct, at least in appearance, from the foregoing. July. 3. L. PHILADELPHICUM. (L. Catesbaei. Walt. ?) Lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 1 -veined, upper verticillate, lower generally scattered ; fls. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect ; pet. and scp. lance-ovate, unguiculate. Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An elegant and showy plant, 15 20' high. Stem terete, smooth, simple. Leaves 2 3' by 3 5", sessile, smooth, only the midvein often conspicuous, collected into 1,2 or 3 or more whorls of about 5, with the lower scattered. Flo wees usually solitapy, rarely 2 4 and umbellate. Sepals and petals lance-ovate (the latter broadest) deep orange-color, spotted at base, 2' long, standing apart on long claws. June. 4. L. CANDIDUM. Wfvite Lily. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; fl. campanulate, smooth inside. Native of Levant. It has a thick stem 4f hig'h, supporting a raceme of very large, snow-white flowers, which have long been regarded as the emblems of whiteness and purity. Jl. f 5. L. BULBIFERUM. Orange Lily. Lvs. scattered, 3- veined ; fls. campanulate, erect, rough within. Native of Italy. Stem thick, round, 4f high, bearing small, r'oundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous within. July, f HEMEROCALLIS. CLIII. LILIACE^. 549 6. L. JAPONICUM. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate ; fls. cernuous, campanulate. Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high, f 7. L. TiGRlNUM. Tiger-spotted Lily. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the upper cordate-ovate; perianth revolute, papillose inside. Native of China > very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange colored, spotted flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous. Aug. f 3. FRITILLARIA. LaLfritillus, a chess-hoard ; alluding to the checkered petals. Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment ; stamens as long as the petals. '4- 1. F. IMPERIALIS. Crown Imperial. Roc. comose, naked below ; Ivs. entire. Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves ; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves at -the base of each pedicel. May. f 2. F. MALEAGRIS. Checkered Fritillary. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; st. 1-flowered. Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. f 4. ERYTHRONIUM. Gr. epvfyof, red ; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species. Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones (petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a groove in the middle ; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate. r t\- Leaves 2, subradical. Scape I -flowered. Fls. nodding , liliaceous. 1. E. AMERICANUM. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.} Yellow Erythroni- um. Scape naked ; Ivs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point ; seg- ments oblong-lanceolate, obttBe, inner ones bidentate near the base ; sty. clavate ; stig. undivided. A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 3 4' high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in ihe sunshine. May. 2. E. ALBlDUM. Nutt. White Erythronium. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate ; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y., Storrs! to Wise., Lapham! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equal length including the petiole (4 5'), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments 1J' long. April, May. 3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bracted Erythronium. Scape bracted ; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal. An alpine species, found in Vt. Boolt. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves with a narrow, lanceolate bract \\' long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn. TRIBE 2. HEMEROCAL.L.IDE3. Bulbous. Sepals and petals united into a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and paie. 5. HEMEROCALLIS. Gr. fipspa, the day, and KaAAof, beautiful; flowers beautiful but lasting only a day. Perianth campanulate. with a cylindric tube ; stamens declined . 550 CLII1. LILIACE^E. ALLIUM. stigma simple, villous, small. ^ An ornamental genus, natives of the old world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose. 1. H. FULVA. Common Day Lily. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. ob- tuse, wavy ; veins of scp. branched. Native of the Levant, naturalized in some parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very nu- merous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a fawny red. Style striate. July, t 2. H. FLAVA. Yellow Day Lily. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, acute; veins of tlie sepals undivided. Native of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl.-f 3. H. JAPONICA. White Day Lily. Lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; fls. in- fundibuliform. A fine species from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. June, f 6. POLYANTHES. Gr. jroXvo-, many, av$o j ; the flowers of the plant being numerous. Perianth funnel-form, incurved ; filaments inserted into the throat ; ovary at the bottom of the tube. % P. TUBEROSA. Tuberose. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; pet. oblong. A fine parlor plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2 3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. f TRIBE 3. SCIL.L.EJE. Bulbous. Flowers usually smaller than iti the preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle. 7. ALLIUM. Celtic all, hot or burning. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe ; perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller ; ovary angular ; stigma acute ; capsule 3- lobed. 'Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbet, on a scape. 1. A. TRICOCCUM. Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. Scape terete ; Ivs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seed soli- tary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. 7J. A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and to 111. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Leaves 58' long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 12 white flowers. June, July. 2. A. CANADENSE. Canadian Garlic, Scape terete ; Ivs. linear ; umbel capitate, bulbiferous. 7J. In woods. Leaves radical, f as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 1218' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract be- neath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. 3. A. VINEALE. Crow Garlic. St. slender, with a few leaves; cauline Ivs. terete, fistulous; umbel bulbi- ferous ; sla. exsert ; fit. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther. 7J. Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves 612' long. Scape 1 2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. $ 4. A. CERNUUM. Roth. Nodding Garlic. Scape angular ; Ivs. linear, flat, very long ; umbel cernuous ; sta. simple. HYACINTHUS. CLIII. LILIACE^E. 551 Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock ! and Wis., Lapham ! Bulb 6 8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 24' high, recurved at top. Umbel 12 20-flo\vered. Pedicels 7 8" long. Flowers rose-colored. Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July. 5. A. TRIFLORUM. Pursh. Few-flowered Leek. Mountain Leek. Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined ; um- bel few-flowered. In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. May, June. 6. A. SCH-ENOPRASUM. Gives. Scape equaling the round, subulate leaves; Gr. sxotvos, a rush, and npaaor, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn. 7. A. ASCALONICUM. Shallot. Scape terete ; Ivs. subulate ; umbel globose ; sta. tricuspidate. Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has a soboliferous bulb, small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July. 8. A. PORRUM. Leek. St. compressed, leafy ; Ivs. sheathing at base ; sta. tri- cuspidate. Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top, a large umbel of small, white flowers. July. 9. A. SATlvuM. Common Garlic. Bulb compound ; st. leafy, bulbiferous ; sta. tricuspidate. Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller wies surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem !tf high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medi- cine. July. 10. A. PROLIFERUM. Scape fistulous, twisted ; Ivs. fistulous ; umbels bulbifer- ous and proliferous ; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous. A curi- ous species, native of the W. Indies. Scape 2 3f high, producing several bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July. 11. A. CEPA. Common Onion. Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete, fistulous leaves. (g) Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head. Native of Hungary. The root bears a tunicated bulb, compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3 4f high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish-white flowers. Universally cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced nu- merous varieties. 8. ORNITHOGALUM. Gr. opv&os, a bird, yoXa, milk; why so called is not obvious. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle ; filaments dilated at the base ; capsule roundish, angular. Lvs. radical. Scape naked, racemose or corymbose. O. UMBELLATUM. Star-of- Bethlehem. Fls. corymbose; ped. longer than bracts ; JU. subulate. 7J. From England, but naturalized in many parts of this country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as the scape. Scape near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May. 9. HYACINTHUS. Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrua, and transformed into this flower. Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-clef t ; 3 nectarifer- ous pores at the top of the ovary ; stamens issuing from the middle of the segments j cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. Natives of the Levant. H. ORIENTALIS. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricose at the base. 1$. The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cul- tivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 3 5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, thyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers. A plant peculiarly adapted to parlor cultivation in bulb glasses. 47 , 552 CLIII. LILIACE^S. CONVALLARIA. Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. BOTRYOIDES, grape hyacinth, with globose flowers ; H. COMOSUS, purple grape hyacinth, with pris- matic flowers ; and H. RACEMOSUS, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers. TRIBE 4. ANTHERICEJE. Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Roo fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent. 10. ASPHODfiLUS. Gr. a, privative, cr^aXXw, to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary ; sta. issuing from the valves. Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe, 1. A. LUTEUS. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel. St. leafy ; Ivs. 3-cornered TL Native of Sicily. A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 31 . high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June. 2. A. RAMOSUS. Branching Asphodel. St. naked, branched ; ped. alternate, longer than bract ; Ivs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. Tj. Native of S. Europe. Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June. 11. PHALA^GIUM. Tourn. Gr. a\av, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading ; filaments 6. smooth ; caps, free from the perianth, ovoid ; seeds angular. ^ Lvs. flat, linear. Fls. small, white or bluish. P. ESCULENTUM. Nutt. Esculent Phalangium. Quamask. St. bulbous ; Ivs. all radical, linear, carinate at base ; sta. subexserted ; stig. minutely 3-cleft. Wet prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham! 111. Jenneyl Ind. Skinner! &c, An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass. Bulb 1 !' diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1 2f high. Leaves nearly as loflg as the scape, grass-like, 3" wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedi- cels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals pale blue, about 3" long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. Seeds black. May. TRIBE 5. CONVALLiARItf EJE. Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma or tuber. 12. CONVALLARIA. Lat. convallis, a valley ; the locality of some species. Perianth 4 6-parted, segments spreading ; stamens 4 6, diver- gent, arising from the base of the segments ; berry globose, 2 3- celled. Plants somewhat various in habit, with simple stems and alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal racemes or umbels, reddish or green- ish-white. 1. MAJANTHEMUM. Perianth ^-parted. Stamens 4. Berry 2-celled 1. C. BIFOLIA. (Smilacina. Desf. Styrandra. /?/".) Two-leaved Solo- mon's Seal. Lvs. 2 3, cordate, ovate; fls. in a terminal raceme; Ifts. of tht perianth spreading. 11 A small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands, Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. ! Stem angular, about 6' high. Leaves 2, rarely 3, about 2' long, as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 20 white flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep red. May. $ 2. SMILACINA. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Berry ^-celled. 2. C. TRIFOLIATA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Dot. 3 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, amplexicaul ; rac. termi- nal, simple. 7J. A delicate little species in mountain swamps, Can. N. Eng (rare), W. to Wis.! Stem 35' high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2 3j' UVULAKIA. CLin. LILIACILE. 653 long, as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4 8, white, 6-parted, the seg- ments spreading. May. 3. C. STELLATA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Star-lowered Solomon's Seal. St. erect ; Ivs. numerous, 3-veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute ; fls. lew, in a simple, terminal raceme. "^ Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. Stem 10 20' high, round and smooth. Leaves 8 10, smooth, glaucous beneath, 4 6' by 9 12", tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about 8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn. 4. C. RACEMOSA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Clustered Solomon's Seal. St. recurved ; Ivs. oval, acuminate, subsessile ; rac. compound. ^ A lar- ger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem 1 2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4 6' long, about as wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Peti- oles 2" long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, ter- minal raceme. 3 CLINTONIA. Perianth subcampamdate, Q-parted. Berry 2-celled. 5. C. BOREALIS. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Dracaena. Ait. Clintonia. Raf.) Wild Lily of the Valley. Scape umbellate ; Ivs. broad-oval-lance- olate ; fls. cernuous ; berries blue. % Mountainous or hilly woods, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to' the Miss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves 4- 7' long, J as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 13' high, bearing at top a beautiful umbel of 3 6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of G oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. Jn. 6. C. MAJALIS. Lily of the Valley. Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric : Ivs. nearly radical, ovate; rac. simple, 1-sided. Tj. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabi- tant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate -elliptical. Scape 6' high, with white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 13. POLYGONATUM. Gr. TTO\VS, many, yovy, knee ; from the .nany-jointed rhizoma. Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft ; stamens inserted near the summit of the tube ; berry globose, 3- celled, cells 2-seeded. St. simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary. P. MULTIFLORUM. Desf. (P. latifolium, s ngustifolium, biflorum, pubes- cens and canaliculatum, of Ph., &c.) St recurved, smooth ; Ivs. distich- ous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; ptduncles axillary, 1 4-flowered. % in woods, free States and Can. Stem l--3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2& 6' by 1 2%', veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5 8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn. a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined ; lower pedun- cles 4-flowered. Plant 2 3f high. In rich, damp, soils. (3. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, sligh'ly clasping; st. 1 2f high This variety is most common in New England. y. biflora. Lvs. smooth both sides, | as wide as long, sessile ; fls. greenish- white, 4 5" long; st. round, 1 IJf high. at the summit of the tube ; utricle 1 -seeded. Fls. blue, mostly spicate. P. CORDATA. Pickerel-weed. Lrs. subradical, cordate-oblong; fls. spiked. Ij. Can. and U. S. A fine conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Si em thick, round, erect, arising 1 2f above the water, bearing a single leaf Leaves 4 7' by 1 \ 3', very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. /?. angustifolia. Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2. LEPTANTHUS. Michx. Gr. ACTTO?, slender, av$os] in reference to the long tube of the perianth. Spathe 1 -flowered ; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; anthers of 2 forms ; capsule 1 -celled, many- seeded. Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. L. GRAMINEA. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schreb.} St. floating, rooting at the lower joints ; Ivs. linear. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1 2f long. Leaves 3 6' long, 1 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (!') spathe. Tube !' long, limb in 6, linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors) ; filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl. Aug. 47* 556 CLV. MELANTHACE^E. MELANTHIUM. 3. HETERANTHERA. R. & P. Gr. irspa, otherwise, avrjp] the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms 5 capsule 3- celled, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary. H. RENIFORMIS. R. & P. (Leptanthus. Michx.') St. prostrate or floating ; Ivs. suborbicular, reniform or auriculate at base ; spatlie acuminate, few-flowered. On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves ' by f ', on petioles 1 2' long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the peri- anth ' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl. Aug. ORDER CLY. MELANTHACEJE. MELANTHS. Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots. St simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous. Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, generally involute Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. [in aestivation. Ova. 3-celled, 9 many-ovuled. Styles distinct or p. Stigmas undivided. jy .Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. Properties. The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most power- ful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the others. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Sepals and petals sessile. Zigadenus. \ f with 2 glands at base. (Sepals and petals unguiculate Melanthium. 2 $ Perianth calculate. . Tofieldia. 7 ( Leaves linear. (. Perianth naked. . Amianthium. 4 ( Flowers perfect' Leaves setaceous, dry. . . . Xerophylhtm. 5 Sepals and > or dioecious. . . ( Leaves dilated Helonias. 6 petals each I without glands. ( Flowers polygamous. Racemes compound. . . . Veralrum. 3 1. ZIGADENUS. Michx. Gr. <^t;yof , a pair, aSrjv, a gland ; alluding to the glands of the segment Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands above its contracted base ; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary ; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. 1. Z. GLABERRIMUS. Michx. Zigctdene. fit. bulbous; st. leafy; Ivs. .linear, channeled, recurved; bracts ovate, acu- minate ; segments of the perianth acuminate. Wet meadows, N. York. Found near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2 3f high. Lower leaves about 10' long ; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish-white flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each listinct and conspicuous. June. 2. Z. GLAUCUS. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium. Nutt.} St. bulbous, nearly naked ; Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather ob- tuse; roc. subsimple; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet. >val or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland. Sandy shores, Can. to Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nuttall. Stem 10 15' high. Leaves glaucous, up- oer gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little com- pound at base. Flowers few (1020), greenish-white, on pedicels 1' long, the segments with the 2 glands united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apex, 6 8-seeded. July, Aug. f 2. MELANTHIUM. Gr. nc\as, black, avSos ; alluding to the dark color of the flower. Flowers monoecious-polygamous ; perianth rotate, G-parted, seg VERATRUM. CLV. MELANTHACjjE. 597 mcnts unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing tjie sta- mens ; ovary often abortive ; capsule exserted, subovoid, summit tri fid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles ; seeds margined. St. erect, puberulent above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. 1. M. VIRGINICUM. (Leimanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; panicle pyramidal ; segments of the perianth sub- orbicular, hastate or auriculate at base. Native of wet meadows and margins of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3 4f high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers green- ish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 15' in length. Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug. 2. M. HYBRIDUM. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem. <$ Sch.} Lvs. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones lew and short; panicle long, of simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers ; segments of the perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundmh-rhomboidal ; glands connivent ; claws channeled, stameniferous below the middle. Woods, Penn. to Ga. ! Stem 2 4f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate, the lowest contracted to the base or subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Perianth very open, yellowislgreen, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to and involving the filaments. June, July. ft. robustior. Gray. Loicer Ivs. lanceolate-oval; Imoer branches paniculate, compound. 3. VERATRUM. Lat. vere, atrum, truly black ; alluding to the dark color of the flpwers or root Flowers by abortion cf $ 9 ; segments of the perianth united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; sta. 6, shortei than the perianth and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive ; styles short ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded. Lvs. alternate, broad and plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fl&. paniculate. 1. V. VIRIDE. (V. album. Michx.) Poke. White Hellebore. Lvs. broad-oval, acuminate ; panicle compound, racemose ; bracts oblong- lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels. Can. to Ga. A large- leaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy with numerous long fibres. Stem 2 4f high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined ajid plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July. The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with cau- tion. When powdered it causes violent sneezing. 2. V. WOODII. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum. Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole ; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts ; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, many-flowered ; fls, tf $ , subsessile ; segments of perianth oblanceolate, dark brownish-purple within. Woods, Linton, Green Co., la. ! Root fasciculate. Leaves 1016' long (including the 48' petiole), 24' wide. Bracts 13' long. Scape 3 6f high, paniculate } its length. Flowers f ' diam., nearly black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad, loose, membranous testa. July. 3. V. ANGUSTIFQLIUM. Pursh. Grass-leaved Veratrum. Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminish- ing to subulate bracts ; jLs. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the termi- nal raceme (except a lew of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mostly sterile ; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. A 568 CLV. MELANTHACE^E. HELONIAS. very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid, erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish- white flowers. Leaves 1 2f by 2 3", half-clasping. Panicle IJf long, the lateral racemes 1 3', the terminal one much longer ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. 4. AMIANTHIUM. A. Gr. GT. apiavTOS) pure, immaculate ; avSos ', alluding to the white flowers. Flowers ; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands ; stam. 6, inserted with the segments ; anthers reniform ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; carpels follicular, 1 4-seeded ; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy. Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves and numerous white flowers. A. MUSCITOXICUM. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma. Mickx.} Fly-poison. St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, upper reduced to bracts; roc. simple; segments oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform; carpels distinct above ; sty. divergent ; seeds ovoid, red. Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1 2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about If long. Raceme 3 9' long, dense-flowered, pedicels* 6 9" long. Peri- anth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red when ripe. June, July. 2. A. LEiMANTHolDEs. Gray. Rt. fibrous ; Ivs. linear, flat ; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated ; segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles ; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compressed. N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2 4f high, the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on fili- form pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary filaments. July. 5. XEROPHYLLUM. Gr. frpos, dry, ^vXXov, leaf. Flowers ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile and without glands ; stam. 6 ; filaments dilated and contiguous at base ; ovary subglobose ; styles 3, linear, revolute ; caps, subglobose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers. X. ASPHODELolDEs. Nutt. (X. setifolium. Michx. Helonias asph. Linn.} L/vs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above ; pedicels with 2 alter- nate bracteoles, bractless at base ; JUaments at length equaling the segments of the perianth. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3 5f high, very leaty. Radi- cal leaves If long, very narrow, crowded and caespitose. Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little longer. June. 6. HELONIAS. Gr. i\os, a marsh ; where some species grow. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid. the segments sessile, and without glands ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned; cells many-seeded. Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. 1 . H. BULLATA. (H. latifolia. PA.) L/vs. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate ; scape simple, hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked ; roc. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense ; anth. blue. N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 1018' high, rather thick and fleshy. Leaves about as long as the scape, 1 1 ' wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May. JONCUS. CLV1. JUNG ACE jE. 559 2. H. DIOICA. Ph. (Veratnim luteum. Linn.} Unicorn Root. St. leafy ; Ivs. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate ; rac. spiked, nodding, dioecious ; ped. short, without bracts ; sta. exserted ; segments linear. In low grounds, Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12 30' high, furrowed. Radical leaves 4 8' by i 1', in a sort of whorl at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish- white, in long, terminal, spi- cate racemes which are more slender and weak on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, taper- ing to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. June. 7. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster. Flowers $ , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts ; Ifts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts ; sta. 6 ; anth. roundish-cordate, introrse ; ovaries 3, united ; styles distinct, short ; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible ; capsule 00-seeded. Lvs. equitant, subradi- caL Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemose. T. GLUTINOSA. Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple : Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse ; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps, longer than the perianth. Woods, Ohio, SMivant ! to Wis. Lapham ! N. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 lf high, dotted with its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 6' by 3 6", conduplicate. Spicate raceme 1 1 ' long, 9 18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long as the flowers. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, ob- lanceolate, less than 2" long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice longer than the perianth. ORDER CLVI. JUNCACEJE. RUSHES. Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Inflorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular. 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals) Sta. 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celled. Ova. 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre l)-celled. Styles united into 1. Stiginas 3. FV. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle 01 the valves. Seeds few or many, with a fleshy aibumen. Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant Conspectus of the Genera. $ Capsule mostly 3-celled. Seeds numerous Juncus. 1 ( green. \ Capsule l-celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell . . . Luzula. 9 Perianth colored, yellow Narthecium. 3 1. JUNCUS. Lat. jungo, to join ; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. Perianth persistent ; stamens 6 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. * Leaves none. Cymes apparently lateral. 1. J. BALTICUS. Willd. Baltic Rush. Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting ; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, opaque, terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute ; panicle small, short, lateral ; perianth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate capsule. Sandy shores, Milwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the Saskatchawan and Labrador. Scape leafless, 12 18' high, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" 3' long. Panicle 2 3' be- low the apex of the scape, 1' long. Flowers 20 10, reddish-brown. 2. J. ACUTUS. Csespitose ; scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base ; panicle 600 CLV1. JUNCACB^E. JUNCUS with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts ; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy sea- coasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 2 3f high. Panicle 2 3' long. Involucre with one cf the bracts longer, the other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acumi- nate, reflexed at apex. July. 3. J. EFFUSUS. Soft Rush. Bull-rush. Scape straight, not rigid ; panicle lateral, loose, decompound ; t,aps. obovate, obtuse. Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2 3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white an- thers and yellowish seeds. June, July. 4. J. SETACEUS. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michx.) Bristly Rush. Scape filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, compound, few-flowered ; pcd. com- pressed, several-flowered ; perianth segments very acute. Swamps, Can. and U. S. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2f high. Scapes sheathed at base. Panicle small, 20 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the summit. July. 5. J. FILIFORMIS. Linn, (not Michx.} Thread Rush Creeping, leafless; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid; pani- cle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape ; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. White Hills, N. HL, Green. Scape a few inches in length. * * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete. 6. J. MILITARIS. Bw. Bayonet Rush. Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem ; panicle terminal, proliferous ; hds. about 5-flowered ; st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high. Ponds, N. Eng. ! Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2 3f long, inserted below the middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, com- posed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4 6 sessile flowers. 7. J. NODOSUS. (J. polycephalus. Mickx. J. echinatus. Muhl.} St. leaves subcompressed ; panicle terminal, decompound; hds. globose, dense, 10 15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid, very acute, about equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule ; segments 36. In boggy meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 1J 2f high. Leaves thick, jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp or awn. Aug. Sept. a. major. St. and Ivs. thick, the latter longer, compressed ; hds. few, 6" diam, 0. altior. St. (2f high) and Ivs. terete, very slender ; hds. 5 9, 4" diam. y. minor. Lvs. almost filiform ; hds. 1 3, as large as in p. 8. J. ACUMINATUS. Michx. (J. acutiflorus. Hook ?) St. erect ; Ivs. terete ; panicle terminal, compound ; hds. 3 6-flowered. both pedunculate and sessile; lea/lets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucro^ nate, shorter than the acute capsule. Very common in boggy meadows, U. S. Stem 12 18' high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot-like joints. Panicle erect. Aug.' 9. J. SUBVERTICILLATUS. Willd. (J. fluitans. Michx.} St. few-leaved, compressed ; Ivs. compressed, fistulous, articulate ; panicle subcorymbose, elongated ; fls. in dense, capitate fascicles ; hds. many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile ; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate cap- sules ; sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis., Laphaml Stem 18' 2f high, slender, Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4 8' in length, the branches subverticillate, diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins. 10. J. CONRADI. Tuckerman, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. II. p. 328, incdit. St. leafy ; Ivs. few, terete, subfi liform, obscurely articulate, shorter than the stem; fls. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches L.VMLA. CLVI. JUNCACE^E. 561 oi the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth, segments lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsule. R. I. Olney! to N. Y., Torrey. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6 9' high, wiry. Bracts much shorter than the rather diffuse, thin panicle. * * * Leaves not articulate, radical. 11. J. GREENII. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Muhl.?) Scape tall, subterete, striate; Ivs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; panicle subumbellate, 5-rayed ; bracts setaceous, one of them very long ; fls. single, approximate ; sep. and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular- acute, shining capsule. Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Richard ! The handsomest of the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical, If or more higti. Panicle 2 3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Capsule 2" long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong 12. J. TENUIS. Willd. Slender Rush. St. scape-like, slender, erect; Ivs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; bracts 23, much longer than the panicle ; fls. single, approximate, subsessile ; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular capsule. A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6 24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3 8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5 10-flowered, varying to subumbellate and 20 30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July. * * * * Leaves flattish, channeled, cauline and radical. 13. J. BTJFONIUS. Toad Rush. St. dichotomous above ; Ivs. grooved, subsetaceous ; fls. oblong, subsoli- tary, sessile, unilateral. A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3 8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle at top. Leaves few, 2 3' long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary. July, Aug. 14. J. BULBOSUS. (J. uliginosus. Sibthorp.} St. leafy, very slender, compressed ; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than the bracts; fls. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobose, obtuse capsule. A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Stems tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about If in length, tough and wiry. Leaves 3 8' long. Bracts 6 12". Flowers 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. July, Aug. It makes good hay. 15. J. TRIFIDUS. Tfiree-leaved Rush. St. sheathed at base ; If. solitary, linear-setaceous near the top ; sheaths ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved. Heads about 3-flowered, terminal. White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stems crowded, thread-like, f high. Radical leaves I 2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracis, apparentlv forming with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July. 16. J. MARIG1NATUS. RoStkOW. St. compressed; lys. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, proliferous ; fls. in capitate clusters, triandrous ; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned. In low grounds, Mass. ! N. Y. to Car. Stems 1 3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing ; cau- line 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3 6-flowered heads both pedunculate and tessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged with dark purple, unequal. - Aug. "2. LUZttLA. DC. Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule ! celled, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to.the bottom. Stem jointed, leafy. Lv flat, grass-like, generally 'pilose. Fls. terminal. 562 CLVII. COMMELYNACE^:. COMMELYNA 1. L. CAMPESTRIS. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.") Field Rush. Lvs. hairy ; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles ; Ifts. of the perianth .anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule. In meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3 12' high, according to the moisture. Leaves grass-like, 2 6' long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. An early species, flowering in May. 2. L. PILOSA. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.} Hairy Wood Rush. Lvs. pilose ; panicle cymose, spreading ; fls. solitary ; caps, obtuse. Com- mon in woods and groves, Free States. Stem 4 10' high.' Radical leaves numerous, 2 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long, white hairs. Panicle 8 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 510" long, finally de- flexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. 3. L. MELANOCARPA. Desv. (Juncus. Michx.} SI. elongated; Ivs. sublanceolate, glabrous; coryirib decompound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3 5 pedicellate flowers ; sep. ovate, acuminate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule. Native of the White Hills, N. H., JBw. Stem 12 18' high. Radical leaves 8 10' by 35", those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many- flowered. Capsule black. June. 4. L. SPICATA. DC. (Juncus. Willd.} Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, compound ; sep. acuminate- awned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule. White Hills, N. H., Boott. Stem 8 10' high, slender, sinjple. Leaves 2 3' long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. 3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr. Gr. vapSriZ, a rod or wand ; in allusion to the slender inflorescence. Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent ; stam. 6 ; fila- ments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appen- daged at each extremity. ^ Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellow. N. AMERICANUM. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Muhl.} Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform ; scape simple, bracted ; roc. lax, in- terrupted ; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower. An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle States. Scapes 10 15' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nume- rous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 1" long. Perianth greenish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. ORDER CLVII. COMMELYNACEJE. SPIDERWORTS. Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals. Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ova. 2 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stigmas united into one. Fr. Capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America. They are of little importance to man. Genera. { 3 or 4 of them sterile. Cmnmelyna. 1 Stamens 6, ( all perfect. . . Tradescantia. 2 1. COMMELYNA. Pill. In honor of the brothers Commelyn, two German botanists. Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3 4 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands ; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive. Lvs. lance-linear, with sheaths at base. Fls. en- folded in a conduplicate, persistent, spathaceous bract, XYRIS. CLVIII. XTRlDACEvE. 5fi3 1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. ? (C. erecta. Willd.} Day Flower. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate ;. Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base ; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, en- folding 2 peduncles and several flowers ; pedicels contorted ; pet. unequal, the . lower one much smaller, unguiculate ; sta. 2, perfect. Dry soils, Middle ! Southern and Western States ! Plant nearly smooth, 12 18' high, glabrous. Leaves 3 5' by 8 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3 5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug. 2. C. VIRGINICA. Linn. 1 (C. longifolia. Michx.') St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose ; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered ; pet. nearly equal ; sta. 3, perfect. Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (Muhl.} Harper's Ferry ! to Ga. A more slender, but erect species, 1 2f high. Leaves 3 5' by 6 -12", usually narrow-lanceolate, pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1' long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Pe- tals blue. July, Aug. Neither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in the books. 2. TRADESCANTIA. Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Sepals persistent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments clothed with jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. % Fls. in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. 1. T. VIRGINICA. Spider-wort. St. erect, simple or branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile, glabrous ;fls. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent. Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle! and Western States ! common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2 3f high. Leaves numerous, " subpilose, 12 18' by 6 12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May Aug. The juice of the plant is viscid and spins into thread; hence the common name. /?. 1 (T. subaspera. Sims.?) Lvs. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs ; umbels both axillary and terminal ; fls. small, rose-colored. Shady river banks, la. ! 2. T. ROSEA. Michx. St. erect, simple ; Ivs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul ; ped. elongated ; cal. glabrous. Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 12' high. Leaves 68' by 2 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species. Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. ORDER, CLVIII. XYRIDACE^. XYRIDS. Herbs, sedge-like, with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, unguiculate. [ments. Sta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petals, the other 3 abortive fila- Ova. single. Style trifid. Stigmas obtuse, lobed. Fr Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placentae, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 5, species ^0, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyru sxtendinf into the United States. Of no important use. XYRIS. Gr. t>j90f , acute-pointed ; in allusion to the form of the leaves. Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ; sepals cartilaginous ; petals equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow>.claws as long as the sepals ; cap- eule 1-celled, with parietal placentaB. Los. narrowly Linear, rigid, radical^ sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, petals yellow. 1. X. CAROLINIANA. Lam. (X. Jupacai. MX. X. nexuosa. Ell.} Yel- low-eyed Grass. Scape slender, compressed and ancipitous above ; Ivs 48 5b* CLIX. ERICAULONACE.E. ERIOCAIT. linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the sc^e ; head oblong-globose, obtuse ; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, conca* 2, scarious and yellowish at edge ; lower ones empty ; sep. not exserted ; clawi ol petals as long as the scales. 1\. Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. S. not un- common. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1 2f high, 1" diam. Leaves few, flat, 6 12' by 2 3," clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow, limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug. /?. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. MX.) Las. linear-subulate, short, much twisted. Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species. y. 1 Olneyi. Wood. Lvs. larger, nearly as long as the scape ; strongly equi- mined. 2. X. FIMBRIATUS. Ell. Fringed Xyris. Scape tall, erect ; Ivs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape ; head ob- long, with the scales loosely imbricated ; sepals much exserted, fimbriate. A large species, found in N. J. (Darlington) S. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2 3f high. I have never seen this species. ORDER CLIX. ERICAULONACE^E. PIPEWORTS. Herls perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves sheathing at base. FLs. monoecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 6-parted, or wanting. Sta. 6, some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1-celled. Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. They are of no known use. ERIOCAULON. Gr. epiov, wool, Kav\os , stem ; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose. Flowers . an achenium. Embryo in the end of the albumen next the hilum. Genera 112, species 2000. The sedges abound in almost all countries and climes of the globe, and in all localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 25 genera and 340 species are known in North America. Properties. They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet ami nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms of chairs. Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subserve many highly important ends in the economy of nature. Conspectus of the Genera. (Flowers in axillary, racemose spikelets Dulichium. 1 I Spikelets linear, many-flowered, distinct, loose. L'yperus. 2 < $ Ach. triangular. Mariscus. 3 Fls. all terminal. ( Spikelets 1 2-flowered, in hds. \ Ach lenticular. Ky/ling-ia. 4 Perigynium of 3 ovate, unguiculate petals, with 3 bristles. Fuirena. 5 ( Leaves 0. Spike solitary, terminal. Eleocharis. 6 Scirpus. 7 lly or f A jlarly < e rregularly < enclosed. ( Bristle < I Bristles numerous, long, f Fls. all Leaves 1 $ Style 2-cleft. termin. I present . I Bristles 0. (. Style 3-cleft. Eriophorum. 8 Fimbristytis. 9 Trichelostylis. 10 i Bristles 3 6. Sty. deciduous. Scirpus. 7 93 Flowers all lateral. ( Bristles 0. Leaves radical. . Hemicarpha. 11 { \ Style" short, bulbous at base. Rhynchospora. 13 s Flowers f Brist. 3 6. (Style very long, horn-like. . Ceratosch&nus.u ~ both I ( Spikelets 20 30-flowered. . Psilocarya. 12 > I axil.and ] < Spikelets $ Ach. corky, brown. Cladium. 15 a. I termin. I Bristles 0. ( few flwrd. (. Ach. bony, white. Scleria. 16 imbricated. ( Achenium enclosed in a saccate perigynium. Fls. declinous. . Carex. 17 TRIBE 1. CYPERE^. Flowers $ . Spikelets distichously imbricated. 1. DULICHIUM. GT. Svo) } two, Xfit^jjj/, scale; alluding U the glumes in two rows ? Spikelets linear-lanceolate, subcompressed ; glumes sheathing, closely imbricated in 2 rows ; style long, bifid, the persistent base crowning the compressed ache'nium ; ovary invested with setae. Stem leafy. Spikes axillary, racemose. D. SPATHACEUM. Pcrs. (Cyperus. Linn. Scirpus. Michx.') St. round, leafy and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below ; tos. alternate, pointing 3 ways, 3 4' by 3" ; sheaths tubular, shorter than the inter- nodes; spikes axillary from within the sheaths and terminal, each consisting of 8 10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikelets in 2 rows ; spikelets 5 7-flowered, nearly an inch in length ; glumes linear-lanceolate. 1}. Marshes, borders of streams, U. S. and Can. Aug. 2. CYPERUS. Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbricated in two, opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed ; ovary generally without setae. Mostly %. Stem simple, leafy at base, mostly iiiangu- lar, bearing an involucrate.. simple or compound umbel at top. 566 CLX. GYP &ACEM. CYPERUS. . 1. Style 2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 1. C. FLAVESCENS. Yellow Sedge. ^ St. leafy, triquetrous ; spikekts linear-lanceolate, 15 20-flowered, in fasci- cles of 3 or 4 ; invol. of 3, unequal leaves, longer than the spikes ; glumes ovate, obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; ach. mucronate, somewhat rugose, dark brown. Tj. Marshy grounds V. S., not common. Stems and leaves about 8' high, the former with yellowish-green spikes in a terminal umbel with unequal rays. Aug., Sept. 2. C. DIANDRUS. Torr. Diandrous Sedge. St. slender, reclining; umbels sessile, 1 2-rayed; rays unequal; invol. 3-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikekts oblong-lanceolate, flat, 14 16- flowered, collected into capitate fascicles ; glumes acute ; sta. 2 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach. compressed. Marshes, N. Eng. ! Mid. and W. States. Stem 6 12' long. Umbel somewhat paniculate. Glumes chestnut-colored. A delicately beauti- ful sedge. 0. 1 castaneus. Torr. (C. castaneus. Bw.) Rays very short ; glumes close, Bubcoriaceous, green on the back. N. Eng. ! Stems 4 -8' high. 3. C. NUTTALLII. Torr. NuttalVs Sedge. St. acutely triquetrous, leafy at base ; Ivs. narrow-linear, nearly as high as the stem ; umbel loose, subsessile, about 3-rayed ; rays short ; invol. 4-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long ; spikekts very acute, linear-lanceolate, fasciculate, Drownish; ach. oblong-obtuse. '2J. Salt marshes, N. Eng, to La. Stems 6 12' high, in dense tufts. Scales minutely 3-toothed. Stamens 2. 4. C. TENELLUS. Linn. *? Torr. Slender Sedge. St. setaceous, very slender, 3 5' high ; Ivs. setaceous ; spikelets solitary, lance-linear ; invol. mostly of one erect, setaceous leaf 1' in length ; scales rather loose, 3- veined on the keel ; sta. 1 ; sty. 2-cleft ; ach. oblong-obovate, much compressed, brown. Monmouth Co., N. J., Dr. Cleaver, (Torr. Cyr>., p. 258.) 2. Style 3-cleft. Achenia triangular. * Spikelets alternate, in pinnatiform, subdistichous spikes. 5. C. STRIGOSUS. Bristle-spiked Galingale. St. triquetrous, leafy only at base; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-margined, about as long as the stem ; umbel with elongated rays and oblong, loose spikes ; involucels or setaceous ; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading hori- zontally, 8 10-flowered, 79" long ; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones very long. Wet grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1 2f high, bulbous at base. Umbel yellowish. Sept. 0. Rays with setaceous involucels 1' long; spikelets very numerous, subulate, 34" long. la. ! 6. C. MICHAUXIANA. Schultes. (C. eruthrorhizos. Torr.} St. acutely triangular ; umbel compound, with short rays ; spikelets 6 9- flowered, the lower ones compound ; rac/iis very broad, easily separating at the joints ; ova. ovoid- triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. Brack- ish swamps, generally near the sea, Middle and Southern States. Stem 12 15" high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 9" long, 7 9- flowered. 7. C. REPENS. Ell. (C. phymatodes. MuJd.) Rt. creeping, bearing small, round tubers at the extremities ; st. 1 2f high, 3-angled, striate ; Ivs. subradical, as long as the stem; umbel 4 6-rayed; rays often branched, bearing 1220 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows ; sheaths obliquely truncate, involucels ; spikelets 12 20-flowered, 6 8" long, the lowest generally fasciculate ; glumes yellowish. Tj. Moist fields, N. Y. to la.! and S. States. Aug. 8. C. sPECi6sus. Vahl. Showy Sedge. St. acutely angled, about 3f high ; Ivs. deeply channeled, half as long as the stem ; umbels compound, about 8-rayed, rays alternate, 1 3' long ; ochrea (sheaths) deeply 2-parted; partial umbels with numerous, compound spikes, mvolucellate with setaceous bracts ; spikekts umbellate. 5 8-flowered ; sta. 3. Wet places, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. MARISCUS. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 567 * * Spikelets irregularly inserted all around the rachis. 9. C. ScHWEiNiTZIi. Torr. Scheinitz's Sedge. Si. 8 12' high, triquetrous, rough on the angles ; Ivs. shorter than the stem, about a line wide ; umbel simple, erect, 4 6-rayed, rays elongated, une- qual ; sheaths truncate, entire ; invol. 3 5-leaved, longer than the leaves, sca- brous on the margin ; spikelets 6 7, alternate, approximate, 6 8-flowered, with a small, setaceous bract at the base of each ; scales membranaceous on the margin ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the smooth achenia. Shore of L. Ontario, Sartwell, of Lake Erie, Sullivant ! to Ark. 10. C. ERUTHRORHizos. Muhl. Red-root Sedge. St. 2 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the leaves ; umbel com- pound ; rays 5 9, 34' long, each with 34 sessile spikes ; sheaths entire ; spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in the spikes, a little flattened, about 13-flowered; outer glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, chest- nut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis ; sta. 3 ; ach. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume. Wet grounds. Penn. and Southern States. * * * Spikelets more or less aggregated in terminal masses. 11. C. PILICULMIS. Vahl. (C. mariscoides. Ett.} St. slender, almost filiform, tuberous at base, 812' long, leafy only at base ; Ivs. mostly radical, carinate ; umbel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays ; spike- lets linear-lanceolate, 3 8-flowered, flattened when old, collected into globose heads ; glumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish. Dry, rocky hills, N. Eng. ! to Flor., W. to 111.! Aug. 12. C. GRAYII. Torr. St. 8 12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at base ; Ivs. radical, channeled, about \" wide ; umbel 4 6-rayed, capillary, erect, spread- ing ; sheaths truncate ; hds. loose, of 6 8 spikelets ; spikelets linear, compressed, 8 7-flowered ; scales ovate, veined, obtuse, imbricated, interior ones lanceolate ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate-triquetrous, f the length of the scale, gray, dot- ted. Sandy fields, Mass., Oakcs ) L. I., Kneiskern, N. J., Torrey. Sept." (Dr. Sartwell comm.) 13. C. DENTATUS. ToiT. St. about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous ; Ivs. a little shorter than the stem, strongly keeled ; umbel compound, 6 10-rayed ; invol. of 3 unequal leaves, one of them longer than the umbel ; spikelets 3 on each peduncle, 3 7" long, ovate, flat, 8-flowered ; glumes acute,' spreading at the points, giving the spike- lets a serrated appearance ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. triangular. 7J. Swamps, N. Eng. ! and Middle States. 14. C. INPLEXUS. Muhl. St. setaceous, leafy at base, 2 3' high ; Ivs. equaling the stem ; umbel 2 3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple ; invol. of 3 long leaves ; spikelets ob- long, 8 12-flowered, 10 20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid heads ; glumes yellowish, veined, squarrose-uncinate at tip- sta. 1. Banks of streams, Free States ! and British Provinces. Aug., Sept. 15. C. ACITMINATUS. Torr. & Hook. St. 5 10' (3 4' Torr.') high, slender, obtusely triquetrous; Ivs. erect, radical, as long as the stem ; umbel 16 (1 2 T0rr.)-rayed ; invol. 3 4-leaved, very long ; rays unequal, each with a globose head of 1540 spikelets ; spike- . lets 3 11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 15 25-flowered ; fls. very regularly imbri- cated in 2 rows ; glumes acute, with the point recurved ; sta. 1 ; ach. dull-gray- ish. 111. Mead I Mo. Drummond. 3. MARISCUS. Vahl. Celtic mar, a marsh ; alluding to the place where some species grow. Spikelets subterete, clustered in heads, rarely with but 1 or 2 fer- tile flowers ; glumes imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, the lower ones short and^ empty ; rachis margined with the adnate, persistent, in- 48* 568 CLX. CYPERACE^E. FUIRENA terior glumes ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular. *ty Habit of Cyperus. 1. M. OVULARIS. -Vahl. (Cyperus. Gron. Torr. Scirpus echinatus. Linn.) St. triquetrous, nearly naked, 1 2f high ; Ivs. shorter than the stem, nearly smooth ; umbel simple ; rays 3" 2' long ; Ms. 1 5, globose, 1 sessile, the rest on the spreading rays ; spikelets linear-subulate, 6" long, 50 100 in each head ; fls. 2 4, 1 2 fertile j invol. 3 4-leaved, outer leaves very long. Bogs and low grounds, Middle and Western States, common. Aug., Sept. B. tenellus. Torr. - Slender and caespitose ; Ms. ovate, small. y. cylindricus. Torr. Hds. oblong, cylindrical. 2. M. RETROPACTUS. Vahl. (Scirpus. Linn.) St. obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2 3f high ; Ivs. pu- bescent, 3 4" wide, about half as long as the stem ; umbels simple ; rays unequal, long, 6 8 ; invol. 3 5-leaved ; bracts unequal, not longer than the rays ; spikelets 70 100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely imbricate into obovate heads ; 2 lower glumes empty. A rare species, Middle and Western States. Aug., Sept. 4. KYLLINGIA. In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist. Spikelets compressed ; scales about 4, the two lowest short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower ; stam. 1 3 ; style long, 2-cleft ; achenia lenticular. Stems triangular. Hds. ses- sile^ solitary or aggregated, involucrate. 1. K. PUMILA. Michx. Csespitose ; st. 2 12' high, slender ; Ivs. mostly radical, shorter lhan the stem, smooth ; Ms. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or oblong ; invol. 3-leaved, 1 2' long ; spikekts 1-flowered, very numerous, about 2" long ; the lowest glume or glumes very small ; sta. always 2 ; ach. lens- shaped, fulvous. Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sit~livant fy Ky. (Short) ana Southern States. 2. K. MONOCEPHALA. St. slender, 10 15' high, leafy at base ; Ivs. much shorter than the stem, 1" wide ; M. simple, globose, dense, inclining ; invol. 3-leaved, the highest leaflet erect; spikelets numerous, 1-flowered; two lower glumes minute, two upper striale, subequal, serrulate, ciliate on the keel. Mass., IS. Y. to Ga. TRIBE 2. HYPOLYTREJ3. 5. FUIRENA. Rottball. In honor of George Fuiren, a Dutch botanist. Glumes awned, imbricated on all sides into a spike ; petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, investing the achenium. ^ St. angular , leafy. Spikes subumbeled, axillary and terminal. 1. F. SQ,UARROSA. Michx. St. 1 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate ; Ivs. ciliate, shorter than the stem ; sheaths hispid-pilose ; spikes clustered, ovate, mostly terminal, 6 12 ; awns nearly as long as the glumes ; petaloid scales ovate, cuspidate with a short bristle ; ach. twice the length of the stipe. Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Car. Sept. 2. F. PUMILA. Spr. (F. squarrosa. /?. Torr.} St. pubescent above, 3 6' high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, as long as the stem ; spikes 1, 2 or 3, thick, subtended by 2 3 long, involucrate, unequal leaves ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, with short awns ; petaloid scaks ovate- lanceolate ; ach. pedicellate, with retrorsely hispid setae. Wet, sandy places. Aug. ELEOCHARIS. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 5ti9 TRIBE 3. SCIRPE J2. Flowers $ . Glumes of the spikelet imbricated all around. Perigynium none, or setaceous. G. ELEOCHARIS. R. Br. Gr. eAoj, a marsh, ^atpa), to rejoice ; plants delighting in marshy grounds. Spikes terete ; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 12), rigid, persistent ; styles 2 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary ; achenium crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the style. Stem simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. Spikes cylindrical, length more than three times the, diameter. 1. E. EQUisETolDES. Torr. (Scirpus. Elliott.} Horse-tail Rush. St. about 2f high, papillose, terete, 2 3" diam., with about 20 joints, pro- duced by internal, transverse partitions ; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous ; spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly contracted at case ; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles 6, as long as the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. brown, shining. Bogs, Cumberland, R. I., Olney ! Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale. 2. E. QUADRANGULATA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Miclix.} St. 2 4f high, acutely and unequally quadrangular, the broadest side convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ; spike 1' or more in length ; glumes roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous ; bristles 6 ; ach. obovate, of a dull white. Penn., Md., Dr. Robbins, to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated banks. 3. E. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Bobbins' Club Rush. Sts. clustered, 9 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several jf them fruitless; sheath truncate; spike 3 12" long, scarcely thicker than the stem, placed 2 5" below its apex ! glumes 3 9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally urownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. l"long, pale brown tubercle closely sessile. Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass., Richard! Verj distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. July Spike ovate, length less than three times the diameter. * Stems terete 4. E. PALUSTRIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.} Marsh Club Rush. St. leafless, round, inflated ; spikelets smooth and shining, lance-oblong, acute, often oblique, terminal ; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, some- times empty. Low grounds, U. S. and Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stems nu- merous, 1 2 Jf high, each with an obtuse sheath at th base. Achenium round- ish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bristles, and crowned Math a tubercle. July. 5. E. OBTUSA. Schultes. (Scirpus obtusus. Willd. Scirpus capitatus. Walt.} St. sulcate, subterete, 615' high ; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often near- ly globose ; glumes round, dark brown, with whitish margins ; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes. Shal- low waters, Can. and U. S., common. July. 6. E. TUBERCULOSA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.} St. columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base ; spikelet ovate- lanceolate ; glumes very obtuse, loose ; ach. somewhat triquetrous, smaller than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles 6, as long as the tuber- cle. Sandy swamps, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Remarkable for its large tubercle. Jl. * * Stems compressed or angular. 7. E. OLIVACEA. Torr. Sts. caespitose, 2 4' high, slender, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike ovate, acutish 2 3" long, 20 30-flowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest ; bristles 6 ; sty. 2-cleft; ach. broadly obovatej smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe. Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I., Olney ! Mass, to N. J. 8. E. INTERMEDIA. Schultes. (Scirpus. Muhl.} Turf Club Rush. St. caespitose, setaceousy- diffuse, compressed, furrowed, hard and wiry, 570 CLX. CYPERACE^E. SCIRPUS. 6 9' long ; spike acute, 2 3" long, 7 9-flowered ; glumes lance-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, with a green midvein ; bristles 6, white, longer than the ache- nium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown color. In running water, forming a strong, dense turf, N. H. ! to Ga.,W. to Ohio, July. 9. E. ACICULARIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.} Hair Club Rush. St. leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 6' high ; spikelets oblong-ovate, acute, 4 8-flowered ; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and empty ; ach. obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. Edges of ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very delicate. June, July. 10. E. TENUIS. Schultes. (Scirpus. Willd.} Slender Club Rush. St. leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8 15' high, with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each end ; glumes dark purple, ovate, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty ; ova. roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or setae. Common in wet places, N. Eng. and Mid. States. June, July. 11. E. MEI.ANOCARPA. Torr. (Scirpus. Baldwin.") Black-fruited Club Rush. Sis. compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12 18' high; sheaths truncate ; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 6" in length, 20 40-flow- ered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, yellowish midvein ; bristles 3, purple ; ach. obovate-turbinate, blackish ; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the centre. Providence, R. I., Olney ! 12. E. PIGMJEA. Torr. St. 1 2' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate ; spikes ovate, compressed, 3 6-flowered, mostly empty; bristles 6, longer-than the achenium, slender, scabrous backwards; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, whitish and shining; tuber- cle minute. Sea coast, Mass., Oakes. Sept. (Dr. Sartwett, comm.) 13. E. ROSTELLATA. Torr. inN. Y. Fl. ined. (Scirpus. Torr. Cyp.,p.3l8.) St. 1520' high, clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, rigid ; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit ; spike lance- ovate, acute, 3 4" long; glumes 12 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge scarious ; bristles 4 6 ; ach. broadly obovate, biconvex, light olive-brown, with a long, slightly tuberculate beak. R. I.., Olney! N. Y., Sartwell. 14. E. COMPRESSA. Sullivant ! Flat-stemmed Club Rush. St. 12 18' high, caespitose, much compressed, narrowly linear, striate ; sheath close, truncate ; spike oblong-ovate, 3 5" in length, 20 30-flowered ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin ; bristles 0; ach. obovate-pyriform, shining, mi- nutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. Wet places, near Columbus, Ohio ! A very remarkable species. 7. SCIRPUS. Celtic cirs, the general name for rushes. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; perigynium of 3 6 bristles, per- sistent ; sty. 2 3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ; achenium biconvex or triangular. 1\. Stems mostly triquetrous, simple, rarely lea/less. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbose. 1. Bristles not exceeding the achenium, retrorsely denticulate. * Spike solitary, nearly or quite terminal. 1. S. PLANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flab-leaved Club Rusk. St. caespitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 510' high ; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong- lanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4 8-flowered ; glumes ovate-mucronate, yel- lowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the spike; ach. reddish- brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. In cold, hard soils, Mass., Robbins ! N. Y. to Del. June. 2. S. SUBTERMINALIS. Ton*. St. floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3f long ; Ivs. very narrow, Somrua CLX. CYPERACE^E. 571 almost capillary, 2 4f long; spike solitary, somewhat terminal (the stem being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 6. Streams, &c., Mass. ! to N. Y. Aug. 3. S. c-asspiTosus. Dracted Mountain Rush. Sts. caespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves ; yrikes compressed, terminal ; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as the spike ; af.h. with 6 bristles. Grows in dense tufts, 4 12' high. Spike 4 5-flowered, reddish-brown. On the White Mts., N. EL, Bw. July. * * Spikes many, lateral. 4. S. TORREYI. Olney. (S. mucronatus. Ph.? Torr.) Si. 2f high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender, leafy at the base ; Ivs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2-4 (rarely 1), sessile, dis- tinct, acute, ovate-oblong; scales ovate, mucronate, smooth; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter than the bristles. Borders of ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem, here and in the following, is prolonged above the spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. Jl. Aug. 5. S. DEBILIS. Pursh. Weak-stemmed Rush. St. csespitose, roundish, deeply striate, 9 16' high, with a few subulate leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, subterminalj glumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green ; ach. obovate, mucronate ; bristles 4 5. Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. 6. S. TRIQUETER. Michx. (S. Americanus. Pers.) Three-cornered Rush St. nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave, about 3f high and ending in a sharp point ; Ivs. few and short, from the top of the sheath ; spikes lateral, 1 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances below the point ; glumes round-ovate, inucronate ; bristles 6. Ponds and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout N. America. 7. S. LACUSTRIS. (S. acutus. MM.) Lake Bullrush. Scape smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 8f high, cylindric, tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp ; panicle cymose near the top ; ped. rough, twice compound ; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate ; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; bracts shorter than the panicle. The largest species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds U. S. to Arc. Am. July. 8. S. OLNEYI. A. Gr. Olney's Rush. St. triquetrous- winged, leafless, 2 7f high ; sheath radical, tipped with a short (1 2') leaf; spikes 6 12, sessile, aggregated, 2 3" long, placed 9 12" below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6 12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex. Salt marshes, Sekonk river, R. I., Olney! Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distin- guished by its 3-winged stem. July. See also Addenda, p. 638. * * * Spikes terminal. 9. S. MARITIMUS. Sea Bullrush. St. acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 3f high; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged, carinate, taller than the stem ; spikes conglomerate, 6 10, nearly an inch long, corymbose ; invol. of about 3 very long leaves ; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ; bristles 3 4, much shorter than the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium. Salt marshes, N. Eng. ! to Flor. Aug. p.Jluviatilis. Torr. Umbel somewhat compound; bristles 6, as long as the obovate, triangular, dull grayish achenium. Fresh water swamps and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wis., Lapham ! and Mo. 10. S. ATROVlRENS. Muhl. St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyme compound, proliferous ; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme ; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 20 in a globose head; hds. numerous, ' diam., dark green ; glumes ovate, mucro- nate ; ach. white, smooth ; bristles 4. Common in meadows, Middle and Western States* June, July. 573 CLX. CYPERACE.E. ERIOPHORUM 11. S. BRUNNEUS. Muhl. St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 3f high; cyme decompound, 'its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at bsse ; spikelets clustered in heads of 3 6 ; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown ; ach. smooth, yellowish-white, shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles. Much resembles the last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng. to Penn, W. to Ohio, rare. 2. TRICOPHORUM. Bristles 6, muck longer than the achenium, tortuous smoothish. Stem leafy. Umbel decompound. 12. S. ERIOPHORUM. Michx. (Tricophorum cyperinum. Pers.) St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 5f high ; Ivs. 2f long, rough-edged ; um- bel terminal, decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedicellate ; bristles 6, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white achenium. A common, stiff, rank meadow sedge, which cattle do not eat, U. S. and Can. Spikes numerous, 2 3" long, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters, in a large, showy panicle. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug. 13. S. LINEATUS. Michx. (Tricophorum. Pm.) St. triangular, very leafy, 2 3f high ; umbels terminal and axillary, de- compound, at length nodding ; invol. of 1 2 bracts, longer than the leaves ; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ; bristles 6, as long as the glumes. Swamps, in most of the States. Aug. 8. ERIOPHORUM. Gr. epiov, wool, (f>pa), to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynum. Glumes imbricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested in very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. Stem generally leafy. Spikelets mostly in umbels^ finally clothed with the long^ silky hairs. * Spikelet, solitary. 1. E. ALPlNUM. St. very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat scabrous, 8 16' high, with 3 4 radical sheaths ; radical Ivs. very short, subulate ; spike oblong, ter- minal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times as long as the spike. Bog meadows, often alpine, N. H. ! to N. Y. and Penn. Jl. 2. E. VAGINATUM. Sheathed Cotton Grass. Sts. densely caespitose, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 2f high ; uppermost sheaths inflated ; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes; hairs 30 40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distance among the meadow grass. N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. June, July. * * Spikelets numerous. 3. E. CONFERTISSIMUM. Wood. Dense-headed Eriophorum. St. strictly erect, firm but slender, 2 3f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, chan- neled, rigid, triangular-subulate above, 8 12' long; sheaths close; invol. 2- icaved, one leaf twice, the other 4 5 times longer than the spikelets ; spikelets 5 8, crowded, erect, on very short (2 4"), slightly scabrous peduncles, 20 30- flowered ; glumes obovate, carinate, very obtuse; ach. compressed, oblanceolate, H" long, flat on one side, carinate on the other ; bristles 100 200, white, f long, straight and silky. Bogs, Meriden, N. H. ! Distinguished for its very large and dense heads. 4. E. POLYSTACHYUM. Many-spiked Cotton Grass. St. somewhat triangular, smooth, 1 2f high ; candine Ivs. 2 3, broad- linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end ; spikelets about 10, on rough pe- duncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched ; seta 30 40 to each flower, reddish-white, 6 8" long. Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 5. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Rich. Narrow-leaved Cotton Grass. .St. slender, leafy, smooth, 10 15' high; cauline Ivs. narrow, 3-cornered, with concave sides, 1 3' long ; invol. of one bract, with a loosely sheathing HEMJCARPHA. CLX. CYPERACE^. 573 base ; spikelets 2 4, on short peduncles, nodding ; seta 40 60 to a flower, long, white and cottony. Swamps, N. States and Brit. Am. July. 6. E. VIRGINICUM. Virginian Cotton grass. St. nearly round, leafy, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. flat, few, long, with scabrous margins ; invol. 2 4-leaved, outer leaves much longer ; spikelets in a sort of umbel, erect, nearly sessile ; glumes ovate, brown at the sides ; keel green ; hairs 50 60, reddish-white, long and cottony. Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. 9. FIMBRISTYLIS. Vahl. lAi.f,mbria, a fringe, styltis, style ; from the ciliate style. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles ; style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. % with the habit of Scirpus. 1. F. BALDWINIANA. Torr. (Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schult. S. ferrugin- eus. Darl.} St. 2 12' high, compressed, deeply striate, leafy at base ; umbel mostly simple, 3 4-rayed, central spikelets sessile; invol. subulate, 2-leaved, as long as the umbel ; spikelets ovoid, acute ; glumes ovate, brown ; sty. bifid, ciliate; ach. white, longitudinally furrowed. Swamps and damp places, Middle, Southern and Western States. July. 2. F. SPADICEA. Vahl. (Scirpus spad. Linn. S. castaneus. Michx.} St. 1 2f high, hard and rigid, compressed, nearly naked; Ivs. 5 6' high, filiform, channeled inside, semi-terete outside, lower ones rust-colored ; umbel of few rays, rather exceeding the 2 3 subulate, involucre leaves; spikes ovate-oblong, 3 6" long ; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, finally of a dark, shining, chestnut brown; sty. conspicuously fimbriate ; ach. whitish. Marshes, N. J. to La. Aug. 10. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Lestiboudois. Gr. rpi^TjXoj, three-fold, OTV\OS ] from the character. Glumes in 4 8 ranks, carinate ; bristles ; style 3-cleft, decidu- ous below the bulb at the base ; achenium triangular. % Stems leafy at the base. Spikes usually in terminal umbels. 1. T. MUCRONULATUS. Torr. (Scirpus muc. Mickx. Fimbrisiylis autum nalis. R. <$ S.) St. compressed, 2-edged, caespitose, leafy at base, 3 10' high ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; umbel compound ; invol. 2-leaved ; spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2 3 together; glumes brown, mucronate; ach. white. Wet places, along rivers, &c., N. Eng. ! to Ga., W to Mo. July. 2. T. CAPILLARIS. Wood. (Scirpus. Linn. Isolepis. R. fy S 1 .) St. caespitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4 8' high; Ivs. subradd- cal, setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikelets ovoid, 2 4, pedunculate, innei one sessile ; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent ; ach. white. Ir sandy fields, Mass, to Car., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. 11. HEMICARPHA. Nees. Gr. fipurvs, half, Kap ' on S an ^ spreading; spikelets ovate, sessile, 6 18 on a branch below, short bracteate ; perig. ovate, acute, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, brownish or tawny, 2-toothed, serrulate on the margin, a little shorter than the broad-ovate, short-acute glume ; si. 2f high. Found in North- ern America, and hardly known in the United States. "b. Perigynia radiating. 17. C. ROSEA. Schk. Spikelets 3 5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturiiy, lowest long bracteate; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 12, convex above, scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging or even reflexed, twice as long as the .ovate-obtuse glume; st. 8 16' high. /?. radiata. Dew. Spikekts distant, about 3- flowered, with setaceous bracts; perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow leaves. Common in pastures and moist woods ; the variety is about woods, or open places in woods. 18. C. RETROFLEXA. Mllhl. Spikelels about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and stellate in maturity; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume; st. about a foot high. Readily distinguished from the preceding. Woods and pastures, not abundant. 19. C. STIPATA. Muhl. Spike often decompound ; spikelets oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracte- ate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, snh- scabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer 4han the ovate-lanceoluu glume ; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. Wet places ana marshes, abundant. 20. C. ALOPEColDA. Tnckerman. (C. cephalophora, 0. maxima. Dew.) Spike compound, rather loose; spikelcti 8 10, aggregated into an oblong AREX. CLX. CYPERACEJE. 579 head, bracteate, sessile ; pcmg. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acumi- nate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges. Moist woods, Penn. and N. York, SartioeU. 21. C. CEPHALOIDEA. Dew. Spikelets 4 6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig. ovate, obtusish, bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. Dry fields not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. 22. C. SPARGANOlDES. Muhl. Spikelets 7 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; perig. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. about 2f high, with long, striate leaves. /?. ramea. Dew. has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divulsa of Pursh. About culti- vated and moist fields, common. N 23. C. MURICATA. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones some- times remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Fields near Boston, B. D. Greene, and. common in Arctic America ; Charles- town, Mass., M. A. Curtis. c. Perigynia few. 24. C. DISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets 34, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, obtuse, about two, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 6 18' high, with nar- row and linear leaves. Perigynia 1 2, sometimes 3. Wet woods, N. Eng- land, N. York, Michigan and Wisconsin Territory. 3. Androgynous ; stamens at the base of the spikelets. d. Perigynia radiating: 25. C. STELLULATA. Good. Spikelels 4 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad ovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume ; st. erect, stiff, leafy below, 8 24' high. Common in wet places over the Northern States. 26. C. sciRpolDEs. Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute glume - K st. 6 16' high, leafy towards the base. Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the pre- ceding. C. scirpoides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. 27. C. CURTA. Good. Spikelets 4 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote ; perig. round-ovate,, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 2f high, usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. Moist places over the country. 28. C. SPHJEROSTACHYA. Dew. (C. canescens, 0. sphaerostachya. Tuck.} Spikelets 3 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2 6 ; perig. ovate- lanceolate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate and hyaline, white glume ; st. 1 2f high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green. Common in N. England and N. York, in wet places. e . Ovate-lanceolate spikelefs ; few-fruited. 29. C. DEWEYANA. Schk. Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest 49* 560 CLX. CYPERACE^. CAREX. Dracteate ; pertg. obloYig-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-con- vex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glume; st. 1 4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves; whole plant yellowish-green. Common in open woods or on the borders oJ woods. 30. C. TRISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute and hyaline glume ; st. 10 24' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, longer than the leaves. In tufts in marshes or wet woods ; common in N. England and N. York. t Spikelets ovaL 31. C. SCOPARIA. Schk. Spikelets 5 10, usually 5 7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly mar- gined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. 18 24' high, leafy towards the root. Moist places, very common. /?. aggregate/,. Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 32. C. LAGOPODiolDEs. Schk. Spikelets 820, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile ; perig. lanceolate, tapering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. nearly 2f high, leafy; the whole light green. Common. 33. C. STRAMINEA. Wahl. Spike compound, erect ; spikelets about 6, ovate, short-oblong, alternate, sessile, subapproximate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, cil late-ser- rate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 12 20' high, longer than the leaves ; spikelets whitish or tawny. Common in woods and fields. a. brevior. Dew. Spikelets 3 5, often closely approximate, and more nearly round ; perig. shorter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate- lanceolate glume. This is the plant originally described by Willdenow. /?. minor. Dew. Spikelets small, 5 6, globose or obovate, less approximate; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume. 34. C. TENERA. Dew. (C. adusta. Boott.} Spike compound, recurved ; spikelets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, brownish, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. ovate, compressed somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lance- olate scale ; st. 15 30' high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spikt, longer than the leaves. Light green. Common. 35. C. FESTUCACEA. Schk. Spikelets 5 8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate ; -perig. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 15 30' high, erect and stiff, leafy below. Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The club-form spikelets from the decurrent scales of the J* flowers, especially mark this species. 36. C. MIRABILIS. Dew. Sjrikekts 7 11, ovate-globose, alternate, sessile, often closely-aggregated, and stiff-form, bracteate below; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice lon- ger than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 1836' high, erect, stiff, rough above, rather slender; plant light green. Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. x 37. C. CRIST ATA. Schw. Spikelets 6 14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head of a crested form, bracteate ; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 581 bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceo- late glume ; st. 1 3f high, acutely triangular. Plant yellowish-green. Com- mon in fields and meadows on colder soils. 38. C. TENUIFLORA. Wahl. Spikelets 2 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one biacteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-oval e, hyaline or white glume ; st. a foot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and Salem, Vt., in swamps, Robbing Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y., Kneirskern, Southampton, Mass., Chapman. 39. C. CYPEROlDES. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head, with long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate, long-lanceolate, or drawn into a long awn scabrous on its edges, slightly stipitate, 2-toothed, a little longer than the lanceolate and cuspidate glume ; plant very pale green. Jefferson Co., N. Y. first found in our country last summer, by Dr. Crawe. 40. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS. Schw. Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like ; pcrig. lanceolate, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, birtentate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. Common in Ohio and Mich., 1836' high. 41. C. LIDDONI. Boott. Spikelets 5 7, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, on the margin serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges ; perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown ; plant yellowish-green. Arctic Am., Boott; Mich., Dr. Cooley. C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes. 1 Staminate spike single. 42. C. AUREA. Nutt. (C. pyriformis. Schw.) c? Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracteate ; perig. globosej obovate or pear-form," obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucroaate glume; st. 310' high, slender, often subprocumbent. Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds. 43. C. SAXATII.IS. tf Spike oblong, thick; 9 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pe dunculate; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong and obtuse glume ; st. 6 10' high, erect, with long and leafy sheath- and bracts. Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H., Barratt ; woods, Vt.. Pursh. 44. C. CONCOLOR. R. Br. c? Spike erect, cylindric ; 9 spikes 2 3, erect, subsessile, cylindric ; perig. oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume; si. 10 15' high, smooth, leafy below ; bracts auriculate ; .) 9 Spikes very long, recurved, very sparsely flowered below. Common. 50. C. AdUATiLis. Wahl. tf Spikes 1 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, ob- tusish ; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 2' long, sub- erect,, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered ; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate, acutish glume ; st. 20 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. In marshes and wet places, common. 51. C. CRINITA. Lam. CJ* Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers ; 9 spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often J> at summit ; perig. ovate, .sub-inflated, short-ros- trate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about as long as the oblong, obtusish, scabrous-awned glume ; st. 1224' high, rough, triquetrous. Common in wot places. . gynandra. Dew. (C. gynandra. ScAio.) 9 Spikes pendulous, thicker in the midst ; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia. 52. C. PALEACEA. Schreb. Schk., fig. 125. 9 Spikes about 4, long-cylindric, densely-flowered, recurved, with a long, reclined peduncle ; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusisb, emarginate at the ori- ficf , convex both sides ; glumes terminated by a long, serrate point more than thj ice the length of the perigynia ; st. 20 42' high, recurved, rough-edged, pale gn-en. Common in dry grounds. / CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 583 II. Stigmas three. D. Spikes androgynous. Monoecious. ! Stamens at the summit. a. Spike single. 53. C. POLYTRicHolDEs. Muhl. (C. microstachya. MX.} Spike oblong, terminal ; perig. 3 8, oblong, alternate, subtriquelrous, gla- rous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucro- tate glume ; st. 4 12' high, very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves. Common in wet and cold grounds. 54. C. LENEOGLOCHIN. Ehrh. (C. pauciflora. Lightfoot.} Spike about 4-flowered, with 1 or 2 tf flowers at the apex ; perig. lanceo- late, subtriquetrous and tapering, 'much reflexed, twice longer than the oblong- lanceolate glume; st. 3 8' high, with subradical and linear leaves. In Ashfield and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh, P&rler. b. One or more radical peduncles with a single spike. 55. C. PEDUNCULATA. Muhl. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate; perig. obo- vate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; st. 4- 12' high, triangular, rather procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from the 9 spiket Common in woods. Flowers early in the spring. 56. C. WILLDENOWII. Schk. Sts. or radical ped. 1 3 ; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or the stamens removed a little ; perig. 3 6, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above ; 9 glumes ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaf-like, much surpassing the stem. On dry grounds, common throughout the U. S. One variety has the $ spike distinct ; another is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Flor. 57. C. STENDBLII. Kth. Sts. or radical ped. 1 8' long ; spike commonly single, stameniferous above ; perig. 1 4, subglobose or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete and conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice ; 9 glumes usually long and leafy ; Ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the stems. Jefferson Co., N. Y., and in Ohio and the Western States. 58. C. BACKII. Boott. Ped. radical, 1 4f high, stiff, thick or large; spike single, commonly sta- meniferoas above, short ; perig. ovate, globose, smooth, conic-rostrate, entire at the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit; 9 glumes usually long and leaf-like, enclosing the fruit; Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or fabrous and short. Jefferson Co., N. Y. and Arctic Am. The three preceding species are closely related, and yet look very different. 2. Spikes staminate at the base. c Spikes one, often more. 59. C. SQUARROSA. Spikes 1 4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at firsi by the decurrent, $ flowers, all very densely flowered ; perig. ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the lanceolate glume ; st. 1 2f high, slender for the large spike or spikes ; lower spikes pedunculate. Large and fine. It is C. typhirea MX. when only one spike is present. ft. ( C. typhinoides. Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. E. Spikes dioecious. 60. C. SCIRPOlDEA. MX. Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish ; J* glume oblong, obtusish ; perig. ovate, (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, scarious on the edge ; st. 410' high, erect ; Irs. flat and long. White Mts., N. H., Oafa . 584 CLX. CYPERACEjE. CAREX. F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the summit ; the other pis- tillate. 61. C. VIRESCENS. Muhl. Spikes 2 -4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate ; upper spike very rarely wholly spikes 1 3, ovate, bracteate, approximate, lower one short-pedunculate; perig. 6 12, 6vate and subglobose, triquetrous, pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume ; st. 2 6' high, leafy at the base. On rocky hills, Salem, Mass., Pickering, Ips- wich, Mass., Oakes. 2. Pistillate spikes with nearly inclosed peduncles. 73. C. VESTITA. Willd. cf Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric, oblong ; 9 spikes 2, ovate-oblong, ses- sile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above ; perig. ovate, oblong, nibtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the v/ate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume ; st. 18 30' high, acutely triangu- ,ar and leafy below. Common in wet places over the country. 74. C. PUBESCENS. Muhl. 9 Spikes 23, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest pedunculate ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubes- cent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume; st. 1020' high, and with the leaves, pubescent. Moist woods and meadows ; common. 75. C. FLAVA. L. 9 Spikes 2 4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous ; perig. ovate, closety imbricate, costate, bidentate, reflexed with a long, curved beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10 20' high, rather obtusely angled or triquetrous ; glabrous ; yellowish-green. Wet and cold soils ; com- mon. 76. C. LEPIDOCARPA. Taush. 9 Spikes 1 3, short and round-ovate, often aggregated, sessile, dense- flowered, the lowest sometimes remote and pedunculate; perig. ovate, triqne 586 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. trous, inflated, nerved, rostrate, and at last recurved, 2-toothed, diverging, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse glumes ; plant yellowish-green. Mass., N, Y., Mich. Formerly confounded with C. flava. 77. C. JEDERI. Spikes sometimes androgynous; 9 about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes <$ above or below, bracteate ; perig. rather obovate, subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate glume ; st. 2 10' high, leafy. Pale yellow. Mass, and N. Y. abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 78. C. TENTACULATA. Muhl. 9 Spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabro- mucronate glume ; st. 1 2f high, often large, triquetrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceo- :ate, longer than the stem. In clusters in wet or marshy places ; common. 79. C. ROSTRATA. Michx. tf Spike short ajid small ; 9 spikes 2 3, sub-globose, or capitate, bracte ate ; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate- oblong, acutish glume ; st. 8 16' high, few-leaved, erect, stiff". Pale yellow. At the base of the White Mts., N. H., Oakcs; also in Canada, where MX. found it. Has been called a variety of C. Xanthophysa WaU. 80. C. INTUMKSCENS. Rudge. (C. folliculata. Schk. fig. 52.) tf Spike oblong, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 1 3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly pedunculate ; perig. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer than the ovate-cuspi- date glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very glabrous. Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes ; common. /?. globularis. Gray. 9 spikes large, globular, many-fruited. Grows in the same situations. 81. C. FOLLICULATA. (C. Xanthophysa. Watt.} 9 Spikes 2 4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often tf at the apex, long brac- teate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, twice longer than the oTalong-ovate, acute glume; st. 2 5f high, leafy; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, long and flat. Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places ; com- mon. 82. C. LUPULINA. Muhl. (C. lurida.-JFoAZ.) $ Spike erect, slender, subsessile; 9 spikes 2 4, ovate-oblong, large and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant ; perig. ovate-conic, ventricose, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume ; st. 1 3f high, tri- q'letrous, leafy ; Ivf. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge. Bright green. Finely named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and abwut ponds, common. (1. polystachya. Torr. 9 Spikes about 5, very long-cylindric, the lowest re mote and very long- pedunculate ; perig. less inflated. Swamps, in Phillips lown, N. Y., on the Highlands, Darra'i. 3. Pistillate spikes exsertly pedunculate. 83. C. PLANTAGINEA. Lam. Schk., fig. 70. (C. latifolia. Wahl.) tf Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes ; 9 spike: 3 5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-peduncu late, the lower ones exsertly-pedunculate, with subulate bracts; perig. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex, and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; s'.8 18' high, erect, triquetrous, with dark brown "heaths; Ivs. radical, broad, ensiform, strongly CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 587 3-nerved. Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the first appearing species in the spring. 84. C. CAREYANA. J* Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes ; 9 spikes "2 3, ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper subsessile, all bracteate; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume ; s2. 1 2f ftigh, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base; Ivs. linear-lanceolate. Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., Carey, and in various places in Ohio; closely related to C. plantaginea, and to C, Fraseri of the Southern States. 85. C. ANCEPS. Schk. (C. plantaginea. MvM.) 9 Spikes 2 4, subfiliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote, with a 2-edged peduncle, leafy-bracteate, upper one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glume; st. 6 12' high, acutely triquetrous; Ivs. radical, of medium width. Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, common. /?. patulifolia. Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, tnany- veined, narrower at tin base ; sheaUis with long and leafy bracts ; perig. longer- rostrate. y. angustifolia. Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, striate, long ; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 86. C. BLANDA. Dew. (C. conoidea. MvM.) 9 Spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, approxi- mate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle perig. obovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume; st. 8 12' high, trique- trous, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. long as the stern. Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. 87. C. COXOIDEA. Schk. (C. granularioides. Schw.) c? Spikes^ 3, oblong, or ovate-oblong, remote', erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate-subulate glume; st. 8 12' high: Ivs. towards the base, shorter than the stem. Bright green. Moist, upland mea- dows, common. 88. C. TKTANICA. Schk., fig. 207. 9 Spikes 2 3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote; perig. obovate, recurred at the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike ; st. 6 10' high, triquetrous, longer than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. Light green. Upland meadows, rare. 89. C. DIGITALIS. Willd. 9 Spikes about 3, 4 10-flowered, oblong, distant, loose-flowered, lax and recurved ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 4 12' high, triquetrous, shorter than the long, aecumbent leaves. Pale green. fl. Van Weckii. Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller. Open, moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oligocarpa, Sc/ik. $ MuJd. 90. C. RETROCURVA. DeW. 9 Spikes 2 4, on long, filiform and recurved peduncles, bracteate, sub- dense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, ob- tusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; si. G 12' high, prostrate; Ivs. radical and wide. Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digitalis, Willd., but is different. 91. C. OLIGOCARPA. Schk. 9 Spikes 2 3, erect, 3 i-flowered, bracteate ; perig. obovate, roundish- triquetrous, short-rostrate, entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucro- nate glume; st. 6 12' high; Ivs. flat and shorter towards the base; plant light green. Open woods or hedges, mre. Diflers from the following species in its fruit and pubescence. 50 588 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 92. C. HITCHCOCKIANA. Dew. tf Spike erect, pedunculate ; 9 spikes^ 3, erect, few-flowered, lowest dis- tant ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or shorter than the oblong or ovate, mucronate glume; st. 10 24' high, erect, stiff, scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts ; s9. Ivs. and bracts scabrous and sub- pubescent. Borders of woods. Cannot be the C.oligocarpa figured by Schkuhr. 93. C. LAXIFLORA. Lam. J* Spike oblong, slender ; 9 spike 2 4, oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, erect, remote ; perig. ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro- mucronate glume ; st. 10 18' high, triquetrous, leafy. Bright to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common. 94. C. GRANULARIS. Mllhl. 9 Spikes 2 1, cylindric, oblong, dense-flowered, suberect ; perig. round- ish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume ; st. 8 16' high, erect or subdecum- bent, smooth, leafy. Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. 95. C. PANICEA. 9 Spikes 2 3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-pedunculate ; perig. subglobose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; Ivs. shorter than the stem. Light green. Near Boston, Pickering. 96. C. BINERVIS. Smith. 9 Spikes 3, oblong, cylindric, subdense-flowered ; perig. ovate, round, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, sub- acute glume ; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the base. Pale green. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. 97. C. GREENIANA. Dew. tf Spike one and erect, sometimes 2 ; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong, bracteate, pedunculate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume ; st. 1 2f high, scabrous above, leafy towards the base. Light green. Resembles C. fulva^ Good, but differs in its fruit and glume. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. Rare. 98. C. GRAYANA. Dew. J* Spike oblong; 9 spikes 2 3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-flowered ; perig ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the obtuse, oblong glume; st. 6 16' high, erect, triquetrous, striate, with leaves about its own length. Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near Utica, N. Y., Gray ; cedar swamp, N. J., Torrey. Has been supposed to be C. livida, WahL, from which it differs in sereral respects. 99. C. HALSEYANA. Dew. J* Spike oblong, erect, sessile, often 2, approximate ; 9 spikes 1 2, oblong- cylindric, erect, loose-flowered, sometimes J 1 a'bove; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, subtriquetrous, inflated, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, subacute glume; st. 1 2f high, acutely triquetrous; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, shorter towards the base. Dark green. Upland meadows, Westfield, Ms., Davis; plains of N. J., Kneiskern. 100. C. CAPILLARIS. J 1 Spike small ; 9 spikes 2 3, ovate, oblong, about G-flowered, loose- flowered, long and recurved pedunculate ; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique at 'the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume; st. 2 7' high, leafy at the base ; Ivs. narrow, long. Grows in tufts. Pale green. Alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. 101. C. EBURNEA. Boott. (C. alba. /?. setifolia. Dew.} 9 Spikes 2 3, erect, 3 G-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the $ spike ; perig. ovate-globose, rostrate or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, UAREX. CLX. CYPERACE^E. 589 hyaline glume; st. 4 10' high, erect, with subradical and bristle-form leaves. Pale green, common. Abundant along the banks of the Genesee. 102. C. DEBILIS. Michx. (C. flexuosa. Schk.) J* Spike erect, filiform ; 9 spikes 3 4, filiform, loose-flowered, fiexuous, nodding, remotish, 1 2' long ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alter- nate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-lanceo- late glume; st. 1 2f high, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the base. Bright green. Moist woods and meadows, common. 103. C. ARCTATA. Boott. (C. sylvatica. Dew.) 9 Spikes 3 4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricose, bifid, gla- brous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume ; st. 10 20' high, scabrous above and leafy below. Pale green. In the same situations as the preceding, common. 104. C. FLEXILIS. Rudge. (C. castanea. Wahl. C. blephoriphora. Gray.) 9 Spikes 2 4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume ; st. 1*218' high, erect, striate ; Irs. short, and shorter below; Ivs. and bracts ciliate. Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y., Gray. 105. C. WASHINGTONIANA. Dew. tf Sp-lke erect, with oblong and obtuse black glumes ; Q spikes 2 5, oblong, cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, black or dark brown, sub- di.stant, upper sessile ; perig. oval, acutish at both ends, glabrous, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate-oblong, subacute, blackish glume with a white edge; st. a foot or more high, triquetrous, subscabrous above. Light green. Seed distim-Uy triquetrous. Near summit of Mt. Washington, N. H., Barratt. Is dis:.ujct from C. saxatilis, L., already described as found on the White Mts. 106. C. SUI,MVANT:I. 9 Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracteate, and the lowest long-pedunculate and sparsely flowered below; perig. ovate, acute and .subrostrate, subtriquetrous and 2-toothed, equaling the ovate-oblong and mucronate glume; plant light green. Ohio. v 107. C. KNIEISKERNII. Dew. 9 Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-flowered, with recurved peduncles; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2- toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume, which is obtusish and short-mucronate. 108. C. WOODII. Dew. 9 Spikes 1 3, ovate-oblong, loose-flowered, erect, lower long-peduncu- late, recurved ; perig. obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, closed at the orifice, tapering below, twice longer than the ovate and acutish glume; Ivs. narrow and linear, and with the stem closely and slightly pubescent. Jefferson Co., N. Y. 4. Pistillate spikes scarcely sheathed. 109. C. PALI.ESCENS. L. 9 Spikes 2 3, oblong, short, cylindric, distant, nodding towards maturity; perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate glume; st. 6 16' high, hardly erect; bracts sometimes transversely rugose. Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common. 110. C. UNDULATA. KunZC. 9 Spikes 2, erect, ovate-oblong; perig. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse, striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucro- nate glume; st. 12 18' high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous; lower bract trans- versely waved-plicate ; Ivs. pubescent. In the same situation as the preceding, and scarcely to be distinguished from it. 111. C. TORREYI. Tuckerman. J* Spike oblong, short pedunculate ; 9 spikes 2 -3, short, oblong, subses- 590 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX sile, erect ; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume ; st. 12 18' high, erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pubescent leaves. Pale green. N. Y. Tuckcrman. 112. C. MILIACEA. Muhl. tf Spike erect, slender ; 9 spikes 2 3, long-cylindric, slender, loose-flowered below, nodding; perig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the orifice, longer than "the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, awned glume; st. 12 24' high, slender, scabrous ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate. Yellowish-green. Wet meadows; common. 113. C. LIMOSA. 9 Spikes 1 3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, smoothish, pendulous ; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 8 16' high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow leaves. Glaucous green. Marshes ; common. 114. C. RARIFLORA. Smith. (C. limosa. /?. rariflora. Wold.') 9 Spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; perig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, brown glume; st. 10' high. Glaucous. White Mountains, N. H., Barratt. 115. C. IRRIGUA. Smith. (G. limosa. /?. irrigua. WaU.} 9 Spikes 2 3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red-brown glume; st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves; glau- cous. $ Spike rarely 9 at the summit, or 9 spikes with stamens at the base. Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y., Gray; also in marshes in Mass, and Mich., Cooley. Rare. 116. C. HYSTERIClNA. Wllld. $ Spike rarely pistillate at the summit ; 9 spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; perig. ovate, inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submucronate glume ; st. 12 24' high, scabrous above, with long, linear-lanceolate leaves. Yellowish green. Wet places ; very common. 117. C. PSEUDO-CYPERUS. J* Spike cylindric and elongated ; 9 spikes 3 4, cylindric, long-peduncu- late, rather remote, recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate, lanceolate, bidentate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-lance- olate or setaceous glume. Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in all its parts than C. comosa, Doott; and, besides, the fruit of the latter is deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have been confounded in our country, though long known. 118. C. COMOSA. (C. furcata. Ell. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 1st edit.} $ Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ; 9 spikes 2 5, long- cylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-forked, reflexed, triquetrous, gla- brous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate, setaceous glume ; st. 18 30' high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. Plant very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches ; common. 119. C. COOLEYI. Dew. c? Spike short and small, with oblong-lancelate glumes; 9 spikes 2 4, cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, upper sessile, lower on very long, recurved peduncles ; perig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate, bifurcate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous glume ; st. filiform and scabrous, subrostrate, a foot or more high, much shorter than the subradi- cal, narrow leaves. Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich., Cooley. 120. C. SCAERATA. SchW. 9 Spikes 3 6, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate ; perig. vate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the CLX. CYPERACE^E. 591 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate glume ; st. I 2f high, acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards the base. Bright green. Along brooks and streams ; common. 121. C. CRAWEI. Dew. 9 Spikes 3 6, cylindric, short and thick, densely flowered, sometimes aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-peduncu- late ; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and obtusish glume ; tf spike with one or two small ones at its base. 122. C. POLYMORPHA. Muhl. tf Spikes long cylindric, upper one -pedunculate, with oblong and ovate scales; 9 spikes 2, oblong, cylindric, close-fruited, erect, nearly sessile, upper one staminate at the apex, with nearly enclosed peduncles ; perig. ovate, acu- minate, bilobate, scarcely rostrate, striate, longer than the ovate glume. N. J. and the Southern States. Differs from D. Halseyana in its J* spikes and obtuse glume, in its acuminate, not rostrate fruit, and its larger, fertile spikes. H. Stamijiale spikes usually two or more. 123. C. SCHWENITZH. Dew. J^ Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia at the base ; 9 spikes 24, oblong, cylindric, subapproximate, subrecurved, subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, subsetaceous glume; st. 6 12' high, scabrous above, very leafy. Pale yellowish-green. Wet sandy grounds. Not abundant. 124. C. RETRORSA. Schw. tf Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base ; spikes 4 6, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, with long and lealy bracts, the lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-inflated, sub- globose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 15 30' high, scabrous above, large, stiff and leafy. Bright green. In clusters, about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have I or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 125. C. ARISTATA. R. Br. 9 Spikes 2 4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-rostrate, longer than the oblong, awned glume ; hs. and sheaths villose on the under side ; st. a foot or more high. Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., Torr. <$ Gray. Is not this very closely related to the following species 1 126. C. TRICHOCARPA. Muhl. $ Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or 9 above, cylindric, lower shorter; 9 spikes 2 4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose-flowered ; perig. ovate , conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pubescent, about twice lon- ger than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 15 30' high, scabrous above, and with pubescent leaves and sheaths. Light green. In wet and marshy places ; common. (3. turbinata. Dew. 9 Spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, dense- flowered; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovate- oblong, mucronate glume ; st. 2 3f high. Glaucous green. In a pond in Beckman, N. Y., there abundant. 127. C. LOXGIROSTRIS. Torr. cT Spikes 3, short; 9 spikes 2 3, cylindric, quite loose-flowered, pendu- lous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles ; perig. ovate, globose, inflated, gla- brous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspi- date glume ; st. 15 30' high, rather slender, stiff, leafy below. Bright green. On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common. 128. C. LANCGINOSA. Michx. (C. pellita. Muhl.} J* Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; 9 spikes 2 3, cylindric, erect, dense- flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate ; perig. ovate, short- rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling 50* 592 CLX. CYPERACE^E. CAREX. the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume; st. 12 24' high, nearly round below, with flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts. Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and marshes. Common. 129. C. FILIFORMIS. Gooden. (f Spikes 2 3, with oblong glumes ; 9 spikes 23, ovate, oblong, short- cylindric, close-flowered, remotish, erect; perig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume ; st. 20 30' high, erect, slen- der stiff, with convolute leaves and bracts. Pale green. Marshes. Common. 130. C. LACUSTRIS. Willd. tf Spikes 34, erect, sessile ; 9 spikes 2 3. erect, oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, gla- brous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume ; st. 2 3f high, sca- brous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. Light green. Marshes. Common. 131. C. RIPARIA. Gooden. branous ligula or stipule at the juncture of the blade and sheath. Inflorescence arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. Ftf. generally petfect, in little spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2 rows. irlumes. Outer bracts (calyx, Linn.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes 1 only. Palece. Inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (exterior) one simple, the upper (mteric*i often doubly carinate, being composed of 2 pieces united by their edges. Scales. Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn, rudimentary petals) 13, distinct or united, membranous, h- Sta. 1-^-6, commonly 3. Anthers versatile. tpogynoiu Ova. simple, with 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis. Seed with the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albumen, at the base, next the hilum. Genera 291, species about 3800, universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely different in dif- ferent climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surface with a com- pact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the passes become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader leaves and more showy flowers. Properties This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all othert combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen of the seed and in tne herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal ergot or spurred jye is only a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the maize and sugar cane. Silex is also a frequent ingredient. To this order belong the common grains, maize, wheat rye. rice, barley, oats, &c. The most important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kind* of Poa. AgrostU, Alopecurus, Feils, Middle States. Sept., Oct. 7. A. COMPRESSA. Torr. (Vilfa compressa. Trinius.} Flat-stemmed Agrostis Glabrous ; st. erect, compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base, l_2f high ; Ics. narrowly linear, compressed, scarcely shorter than the stem ; keel prolonged into the open sheath ; stip. very short ; panicle purple, subsimple, contracted, the branches few and erect ; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the paleae, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate ; palea; ovate, obtuse, smooth, sometimes deeply cleft ; stig. purple. Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 8. A. SEROTINA. Torr. (Vilfa serotina. ejusdem.} St. 12 18 ; high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often viviparous at the nodes; Ivs. 2 3' by J", keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3 10' long, capillary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alter- nate; spikelets elliptical, scarcely " long; glunw ovate, 1 'cined, unequal, hall (>98 CLXI. GRAMINK^. AGROSTIS. the length of the paleae ; pakcs smooth, the lower one shorter ; sta. 3. Long Island, Kneiskern. July. 9. A. HETEROLEPIS. Wood. (Vilfa heterolepis. Gray.} St. I 2f high, smooth ; Ivs. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on the margins; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth; panicle spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered; glumes purplish, outer one subuliform, inner one ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined ; valves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, interior valve veined, apiculate, superior valve 2-veined, shorter than the outer one ; sta. 3; anth. linear, reddish; stig. 2 ; sty. short; fr. roundish, smooth. "Watertown, N. Y. Crawe. Aug., Sept. 10. A. JUNCEA. Michx. (A. Indica. Muhl.) Glaucous ; st. erect, 1 Bf high, terete, slender ; Ivs. erect, 2 6" by 1", concave, convolute when dry, margin scabrous ; sheaths much shorter than the internodes ; slip, short; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verticillate, about in 6s ; glumes purple, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as the paleae, the lower twice shorter ; palea subequal ; anth. and ' sty. whitish. 7J_ Penn. to Flor., barrens. Oct. 3. MUIILENBERGIOIDEJE. Glumes shorter than the palea. 11. A. MEXICANA. (A. lateriflora. MX. Muhlenbergia. Mex. Trin.) St. erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above, often nearly leafless below, 1 3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, with half-clasping sheaths; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, narrow and dense-flowered, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath ; glumes narrow, acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent palere. i\. Wet shades, N. Eng. to Oh'o ! and 111., common. 12. A. SOBOLIFERA. Muhl. (Tricochloa. Trin. Muhlenbergia. Gray.) St. erect, slender, producing shoots at base, sparingly branched, 18 30- high; branches erect and filiform; nodes not swelling; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with open sheaths ; panicle simple, filiform, with appressed branches, and crowded spikelets ; palccz equal, longer than the acute glumes. 7J. Rocky hills, New Eng. to 111., frequent. Aug. 13. A. SYLVATICA. Torr. (Muhlenbergia. Gray.} St. ascending, 2 3f long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling nodes ; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4 G' long, with smooth, open sheaths ; panicles slender, rather dense ; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter than the paleee ; awn several times longer than the spikelet. ?j, Rocky shades N. Y. to 111., N. J., Penn. Sept. 14. A. WILLDENOWII. Trin. (A. tenuiflora. Willd.) St. erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with- a few appressed branches ; Ivs. 6 9' by 2 3", lanceolate, veined, scabrous, spreading, with pubescent sheaths ; panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, fili- form branches ; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as long as the paleae ; awn 3 4 times the length of the spikelet. 1\. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. July, August. 15. A CRYPT ANDRIA. Torr. Panicle pyramidal, with spreading, generally alternate branches, hairy at the axils ; fls. subracemed ; lowfr glume very short, upper one as long as the nearly equal paleae ; stems 3f high ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Very abundant at Buffalo. Aikin. 161 A. LONGIFOLIA. Torr. (A. aspera. Michx.?} St. erect, simple, 2 4f high ; Ivs. 2f long, filiform at the end, with smooth, closed sheaths and bearded stipules; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted into a spiked form, generally concealed in {he swelling sheaths ; glumes dusky- Purple, much shorter than the subequal, smooth, spotless paleae. Sandy fields, Northern States. Sept., Oct. Perhaps a Sporobolus. TRICHODIUM. CLX1. GRAMLNE^E. 599 6. SPOROB6LUS. Brown. (ff. ffiropa, a seed ; p uXXw, to cast forth ; its fruit is loose, and easily falls out. Panicles contracted ; glumes 2, glabrous, awnless, unequal, one or both much shorter than the paleae ; paleae 2, concave, nearly equal, beardless ; fruit loose, free, not enclosed in the paleae. S. ASPER. Sullivanf? Rt. long, white, fibrous ; st. stout, glabrous, geniculate at base, 2f high j Ivs. rigid, glabrous, 2 8' by 1 3", tapering to a long, pungent point ; branches, with short leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point ; sheaths ciliate at edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top ; panicles small, terminal and lateral, half enclosed in the long sheaths ; spikelets blackish-green ; lower glume very short, upper nearly as long as the paleae ; fr. compressed, obovate, J" in length, %. Ohio, Sullivant! 7. POLYPOGON. Desf. Gr. jroXvf , many, irtoywv, beard ; a characteristic term. Inflorescence contracted into a spike; glumes 2, nearly equal, obtuse, with long awns ; paleae shorter than the glumes, lower one entire, with a short, straight, tender awn (sometimes awnless), upper one bifid, toothed. P. RACEMOsus. Nutt. (P. glomeratus. Willd. Agrostis racemosus. MX. Muhlenbergia glomerata. Trin.) Glaucous; st. compressed, erect, smooth, with appressed branches or subsimple, 1 J If high ; Ivs. somewhat 2- rowed, erect, flat, rough, 3 5' long, with closed sheaths ; panicle spicate, dense, conglome- rated, interrupted, 2 -3' long, many-flowered ; glumes linear, | the length of their awns ; lower palea mucronate. 1{. Bog meadows, also on rocky mountains N. Eng. to Mo. ! Aug., Sept. 8. TRICHODIUM. Gr. $pt, rpiKOf, hair; from its capillary inflorescence. Inflorescence a capillary panicle ; glumes 2, subequal, narrow and acute ; palea 1 (or 2, the upper very minute), awnless. shorter than the glumes, loosely enclosing the caryopsis. 1. T. LAXiFLdRUM. Michx. (Agrostis Michauxii. Trim,.} Thin grass. St. erect, smooth, very slender, 1 2f high ; Ivs. 3 6' long, linear-lanceo- late, scabrous, lower ones involute, upper ones shorter and flat ; sheath rather open ; panicle large and very diffuse, with long, capillary, verticillate branches, trichotomously divided near the end ; spikekls in terminal clusters, purple ; glumes linear-lanceolate. 1\. Pastures and roadsides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn. 2. T. MONTANUM. Torr. (Agrostis Torreyi. Tuckm.) Mountain Hair Grass. Sis. ceespitose, erect, filiform, simple, in small tuns, 8 12' high; radical Ivs. 2 3' long, involute-filiform, cauline rather longer ; stip. bifid, serrate ; pan. ovate, branches spreading, finally divaricate, capillary, hispid ; spikelets fascicu- late at the ends of the branches ; glumes equal ; palea with a short, twisted awn at the back. 7J. Mts. and rocky woods, N. H. and N. Y. 3. T. SCABRUM. Muhl. (Agrostis scabra. Wttld.) Rough Hair Grass. St. geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, 1 2f high ; Ivs. rough, striate, linear-lanceolate, 4 6' long, with the sheaths commonly closed and smooth ; panicle long, with verticillate, divaricate, dichotomously divided branches which are much shorter than in T. laxijlorum ; spikelets pale green, not clustered. QJ. Common in dry soils, N. Eng. to 111. July. 4. T. ALTISSIMUM. Michx. (T. elatum. Ph. Cornucopias alt. Watt.) St. erect, rigid, simple, slender, 3f high, leafy ; Ivs. broadly linear, sca- brous flat, 68' long ; sheaths scarcely smooth ; panicle purple, exserted, con- tracted, branches in whorls of 4s 6s, erect, rather rigid, and dense-flowered at the ends; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, about J" 51 600 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. PSAMMA long ; palece 5- veined, a little shorter than the upper glume ; sta. 3 ; stig. plu- mose. 1\. N. J. to Car. Aug. /?. laxa. Panicle more loose, with long, green branches. White Mts. 5. T. CONCINNA. Wood. (Agrostis concinna. Tuckm.) St. low, erect ; Ivs. filiform-setaceous ; pan. ovate, spreading, glabrous ; gl. unequal, lower acute-mucronate, rougkish above, upper acute, glabrous ; palece glabrous, awn from below the middle, contorted, scabrous, exceeding the flower, with a few hairs at its base. White Mts. Tuckerman. The species are not valuable in agriculture. 9. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. ^ * . In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., a well known, eminent botanist. Panicle nearly simple ; glumes 2, very minute, unequal, fringed ; palese many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, veined, hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long awn. 1. M. DIFFUSA. Schrb. Dorp-seed Grass. St. decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed ; branches assurgent ; Ivs. 2 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths ; panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches ; spikeleis pedicellate, often purple ; awn about as long as the paleee. Ij. Borders of woods and fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug. 2. M. ERECTA. Roth. (Brachyelytrum aristatum. Palis.') St. erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2 3i high ; Ivs. lanceo- late, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4 6' long, 3" or more wide, with some- what open sheaths ; panicle terminal, simple racemose, contracted ; spikeleti pedicellate, large ; glumes very unequal, upper one subulate ; lower palea half as long as its awn, upper polece with a short awn at base lodged in the dorsal groove. Tj. Rocky hills, Can. and U. S., frequent. July. 10. CINNA. Glumes 2, subequal, compressed, without involucre or awns, upper one 3-veined ; palese 2, naked at base, on sLort stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip ; stamen 1. C. ARUNDINACEA. Willd. (Agrostis Cinna. Lam. A. monandra. Hornem.) St. simple, erect, smooth, 3 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 12 18' by 3 5'' pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; slip, long, lacerated ; panicle near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s ; glumes linear-lan- ceolate ; lower palece with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. Ij. A beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, U. S. and Can. Aug. 11. TRICHOCHLOA. DC. Gr. rpi%) rpi%os, hair, %Aoo, grass ; from the capillary inflorescence. Glumes 2, very minute; paleae many times longer than the glumes ; naked at base, lower one convolute at base, terminating in a long, unarticulated awn. becoming branches 1 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs ; spikelets purple ; lower pnlca produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. 7J. An exceedingly delicate grass, with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the breeze. Sandy soils. Jn. Jl. 12. PSAMMA. Palis. Gr. i//a/*//oj, sand ; in which this grass grows on the sea shore. Panicle spicate; glumes 2, awnless; paleae 2, shorter than the ALOPECUBDS. CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 01 glumes, surrounded with hairs at base ; scales linear-lanceolate, longer than caryopsis ; styles 3-parted ; stig. 3. P. ARENARIA. Palis. (Arundo. Linn. Ammophila. Lindl.} Mat Grass. Rt. creeping extensively ; st. erect, rigid, 2 4f high ; Ivs. involute, If by ', smooth and glaucous, pungently acute ; sheaths smooth ; slip, oblong ; panicle dense, with erect, appressed branches, 6 10' long, and an inch thick ; spikelets compressed, greenish- white ; lower palea longer than the upper. 7J. On sandy sea-coasts, Can. to N. J. At Dqpchester, Mass., this grass is extensively manu- factured into paper. Aug. 13. CTALAMAGROST1S. Adans. Name compounded of Calamus and Agrostis. Panicle contracted ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate ; paleaa 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with hairs at base, lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip, the upper one often with a stipitate pappus at base. 1. C. CANADENSIS. Palis. (C. Mexicana. Nutt. C. agrostoides. Ph. Arundo. Michx.} Reed Grass. Blue-joint. St. smooth, erect, rigid, 3 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths; panicle erect, rather loose, oblong, the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s; glumes very acute, smoothish, much longer than the paleae ; lower palece bifid at the apex, with an exserted awn arising from below the middle of the back. 1\. Wet grounds, N. Eng. W. to Mich. Makes good hay. Common. Aug. 2. C. COARCTATA. Torr. C Agrostis glauca. MM. Arundo stricta. Spr.) Glaucous ; st. erect, 2 if high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous, with the veins and keel white ; sheaths striate ; stip. oblong, obtuse ; panicle condensed and spike-form, the branches rigidly erect, short and aggregated ; glumes acuminate, lanceolate,lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined ; lower pokes 5-veined, bifid at the apex, with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. Tj. Bogs, Free States and Brit. Am. July, Aug. 3. C. BREVIPILIS. Torr. (A. Epigeios. Muhl.) St. terete, 3 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, the sheaths glabrous ; stip. hairy ; panicle pyramidal, loose, with the diffuse, capillary branches solitary or in pairs - t glumes unequal, bearded at base, acute, 1-veined, shorter than the equal, obtuse, awnless paleae ; pappus very short, not half the length of the paleae. IL In sandy swamps, N. J., Torrey. 4. C. PURPURASCENS. Brown. (C. sylvatica. Trin.') Panicle spicate ; glumes scabrous ; palece 2, the lower scabrous, 4-toothed at the apex, awned upon the back ; abortive rudiment plumose, twice longer than the hairs at its base. White Mts., N. H., Tuckerman. Rocky Mis., Rich- ardson. Very rare and unimportant. 5. C. INEXPANSA. Gray. St. 2 5f high, erect, simple ; Ivs. 2 3" wide, smooth ; panicle 4 8' long, slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together ; glumes oblong- lanceolate, 2" long, rough on the keel and sides, acute; paleec nearly equa., acute, oblong, as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veined, notched at tip, with a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as the flower. Penn Yan, N. Y. Sartwell. Aug. TRIBE 3. PHL,EOIDEJB. Infloresence in dense, cylindric or unilateral spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, of nearly similar texture with the paleae. 14. ALOPECtfRUS. Glumes subequal, connate, distinct ; paleae united into an inflated glume, cleft on one side below the middle, generally awned ; styles often connate. 602 CLX1. GRAMINE^E. PASPALUM 1. A. PRATENSIS. Fox-tail Grass. St. erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, many- flowered, cylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long ; Ivs. flat, smooth, with swelling sheaths and ovate stipules ; glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the paleae ; awn twisted, scabrous, twice the length of the flower. 1\. Fields and pastures, Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., Jl. 2. A. GENICULATUS. Bent Fox-tail Grass. St. ascending, geniculate, rooting below, sparingly branched, 1 2f high; spike cylindrical, about 2' long ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, flat, acute, a few inches in length, with slightly inflated sheaths, and long, entire stipules ; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside ; palea truncate, smooth, half as long as the geniculate awn. 1|. Wet meadows, N. Eng.! Mid." States and Brit. Am. Jn. 8. aristulatiis. Torr. (A. aristulatus. MX.} Awns very short. 15. CRYPSIS. Ait. Gr. Kpvxffif , concealment ; from the flowers being concealed in the sheaths. Inflorescence an oblong spike ; glumes 2, unequal, compressed, 1- flowered ; paleae 2, unequal, longer than the glumes ; sta. 2 3 ; ca- ryopsis loose, covered by the paleaB. C. VlRGINlCA. Nutt. St. procumbent and geniculate, 6 12' long, much branched from the base ; Ivs. finally involute, divaricate, short, rigid and pungent, subpilose above; spikes oblong-cylindrical, thick and lobed, more or less enclosed in the inflated sheaths of the leaves, the terminal one about 1' long, lateral shorter and subcapitate; glumes roughened on the keel, the upper a little longer. About Philadelphia, Barton. Sept., Oct. 16. PHLEUM. Gr. a } a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a poisonous plant Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal ; one of the flowers pedicel- late ; paleae subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex and awned on the back. 1. A FLEXDOSA. St. smooth, 1 2f high, nearly naked; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striale sheaths and truncate stipules ; panicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, flexuous branches j awTisgeniculale, longer than the paleae. 7J. Vales and hills, IT. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. VENA. CLXI. GRAMINELE. 609 2. A. c;ESPiT6sA. (A. aristulata. Torr.) Caespitose, glabrous ; st. 18 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat ; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse ; awns, traight, about as long as the palese which are longer than the bluish glumes. % Swamps, Free States and Can. May. 3. A. PUMILA. Pursh. Sts. scarcely 1' high, erect, growing in tufts, scarcely longer than the eaves ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; panicle small, fastigiate, few-flowered j pedicels short ; palea awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes ; glumes with a mem- branaceous margin. 7]_ In barren, clayey soils, near brickyards, Penn. Pursh. Jn. 29. TRISETUM. Lut. (ria, three, setum, a bristle ; a characteristic term. Spikelet 2 5-flowered ; glumes 2, as long as the flowers ; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuous awn from above the middle of the back ; scales ovate ; fruit coated, furrowed. 1. T. PALUSTRE. Torr. (Avena. Me. Aira pallens. Muhl.) St. erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths ; panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikelets 2 3 flowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. 7L Wet meadows, Mass.. N.Y.toFlor. May July. 2. T. PURPURASCEKS. Torr. (Avena striata. Michx. ?) St. leafy, 2f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4 ' long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4 & long ; glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire; spikelets lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth ; lower palea 7-veined, 2-cleft at the extremity ; awn geniculate. 7J. Mountain bogs, N. Eng., N. Y., Can. June. 3. T. SUSPICATUM. Brown. (T. aroides. Palis. Aira. Linn.} St. a foot high ; Ivs. narrow, 2 4' long ; panicle contracted into a spike 2 ong ; awn at length deflexed, longer than the glume. % Rocks and moun- dins, Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White Mts.j N. H. Pickering. Jn. 30. AVENA. Spikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 2, loose and membranaceous, nubequal, longer than the flowers ; paleae 2, mostly hairy at base, the lower one bifid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back. 1. A. ELATIOR. (Arfhenatherum. Palis.) Sf. 2 4f high, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate ; ".pikelets 2-flowered ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper flower $ , most \y awnless. A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds May, June. 2. A PENNSYLVANIA. (Arrhenatherum. Torr.) St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolale ; panicle slender, with short, alter nate branches ; awn twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of the lower palea ; upper flower awnless. Fields and open woods, N. Eng. to Car. and 111., rare. July. 3. A. PR^ECOX. Palis. (Aira. Linn.) Caespitose ; st. erect, a few inches high ; Ivs. 1' long, rough ; sheaths deeply striate ; panicle dense, racemose ; spikelets ovate, 2-flowered, glumes as long as the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice its length. N. Y. to Virg. Jn. 4. A. SATIVA. Common Oat. St. smooth, 2 4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceo- late, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; slip, lacerate; panicle loose; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly awned ; palea, somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing: the caryopsis. 610 CLX1. GRAMINE^E. BROMUS, A highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil ; said to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. /?. nigra. Black Oats. Polos dark brown, almost black, awnless. y. secunda. Horse-mane Oats. Panicle 1-sided ; awns short. 5. A. STERILIS. Animated Oat. St. 3 4f high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity The awns are 2' long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion of these spikelets in the moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect, f 31. DANTHONIA. In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist. Spikelets 2 7-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the flowers, cuspidate ; palese hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. SPICATA. Palis. (Avena. Linn.} St. slender, nearly erect, 12 18' high, lower Ivs. numerous, 4 6' long, flat, hairy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect,.on very short sheaths ; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 8 or 10, about 7-flowered ; glumes a little longer than the flowers ; lower palea hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn. Pastures and open woods, Free States. June Aug. 32. URALfiPIS. Nutt. Gr. ovpa, tail, \ffis a scale or palea ; a characteristic term. Spikelets 2 3-flowered ; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ; flowers stipitate and distinct; paleae 2, very unequal, distinctly villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp setose ; upper palea concave on the back ; fruit gibbous, coated. U. ARISTULATA. Nutt. Caespitose ; sts. procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10 18' high ; Ivs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath ; panicles simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsert ; spikekt 3-flowered ; awn of the palea as long as the lateral cusps. Sea-coast and sandy fields, Mid. States. Aug. 33. ARUNDO. Lat arundo, a reed ; Celtic aru, water ; from its place of growth. Spikelets many-flowered ; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal ; lower flower $ and naked at the base, the others perfect, pedicellate ; paleae unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly awned. A. PHRAGMITES. (Phragmites communis. Trin.} St. smooth, stout, erect, 6 12f high, often an inch in diameter at base ; Ivs. lanceolate, 1 2f by 1 2', rough-edged, smooth and glaucous; panicle large and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect, slender ; spikekts 3 5-flowered, very slender, erect ; glumes shorter than the flowers which are oi a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as the paleae. 'ZJ Swamps and about ponds, Mass, to Ind. ! July. TRIBE 7. FESTUCACE JE. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flower ed, oblong. Flowers sessile, closely arranged in 2 rows on the rachis. Paleae of similar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels. 34. BROMUS. Gr. /?pw//a, food ; this name was formerly applied to a species of wild oats. Spikelets 3 20-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers; FKSTUCA. CLXI. GRAMINE^E. Oil lower palea cordate, bifid at the apex, usually awned a little below the tip, upper palea conduplicate, ciliate on the margin ; scales ovate, smooth. 1. B. sECALlNTis. Cheat. Chess. Si. smooth, erect, 3f high; Ivs. flat, rough at the edge and above; sheaths veined, smooth ; stip. laciniate ; panicle spreading, the branches mostly simple, each bearing 1 2 spikelets; spikclets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large, 2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of wheat. Flowers distinct, awn very short. A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. $ 2. B. ARVENSIS. (B. mollis of Am. auth. ?) Soft Brome Grass. Root ; st. erect, mostly pubescent, 1 2f high ; Ivs. and sheaths downy- pubescent ; panicle erect, close, compound, 3 4' long ; spikelets oblong-ovate, slightly compressed, tomentose, 5 10-flowered ; fls. elliptical ; lower palea ot> long-lanceolate, 7-veined, with a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse gras&, in fields and roadsides. June, July. 3. B. PURGANS, (Canadensis, ciliatus and pubescens, of Linn., MuhL, , chaff, Trwycoj/, beard; a characteristic term. Spikes in a thin, simple raceme ; glumes 2, membranaceous, 2- flowered, lower one setiform ; paleae 2, lower one 3-toothed or 3- bristled, upper bifid ; abortive flower pedicellate, palese 2 3-bristled. SEUALE. CLXI. GRAMINE^. -* A. APLUi.oiDEs. Muhl. St. 1 2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete ; Ivs. linear-lan^o- late, smoothish beneath, pilose above; stip.'sbort, truncate; spikes 4 6" long, 2040, on short, flat peduncles, thinly arranged in 2 opposite rows, each with 4 8 spikelets ; spikelets 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on the under side of the flat, partial rachis ; glumes unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering to the rachis ; anth. 3, bright red ; Jr. oblong ; abortive fl. pedicellate, einpty. 1\. Middle and Western States. Guilford, Conn., Robbinsl TRIBE 9. HORDEJE. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs or several together, one, few or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and opposite, rarely unequal and alternate. Lower palea awned or awnless, up- per one with 2 keels. 51. TRITICUM. LaL tritum, rubbed or ground ; alluding to the manner of its preparation for food. Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, about 5-flowered, with the upper flowers abortive ; glumes 2, equal, opposite, ovate, concave, niucronate ; palese 2, lower awned or mucro- nate ; scales 2, collateral. 1. T. s AT! YUM. /?. hybernum. Winter Wheat. St. round, smooth, the internodes somewhat inflated, 3 5f high; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, roughish above ; slip, truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered; glumes ventricose; awns of the upper palea generally longer than the flowers. - and (g) This is without doubt the most valuable plant of the order ; is universally cultivated, and may be regarded as naturalized. Many varieties are known to farmers, of which the most important are y. testivum. Summer Wheat. Glumes always awned. () 6. compositum. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound ; spikelets awned. 2. T. REPENS. (Agropyron. Palis.') St. trailing at the lower joints, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rougfc above and somewhat hairy ; slip, short, truncate ; spike compressed, about 3' in length ; spikelets remote, alternate, lance-oblong, 5 6-flowered ; glumes lanceo- late, 5-veined, acuminate. 7J. A vile weed, in fields and gardens, extremely difficult to eradicate. June Aug. 3. T. CANINUM. R. & S. Dog's Couch Grass. St. 2 3f high, erect or oblique ; Ivs. flat, smooth ; slip, almost wanting ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes 3- veined, and with the outer palea, terminat- ing in a straight, scabrous bristle, longer than the flowers. Delaware, Muhlcn- berg. Probably . 4. T. CRISTATDM. Schreb. (Bromus cristatus. Linn.} *T,. St. erect, glabrous ; spike oblong, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows, about 5-flowered, smoothish, spreading; palea subulate-awned. Penn. Schweinitz (Beck, bot., p. 416). 52. SEC ALE. Celtic segal, from sega, a sickle. Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 3-flowered, the 2 lower flowers fertile, sessile, opposite, the' upper one abortive ; glumer subulate, opposite, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea with a very long awn, upper often bifid at apex ; scales abortive, hairy. 5. CEREALE. Rye. St. hairy beneath the spike, 4 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edge* and rough above, glaucous ; spike about 5' long, linear, compressed ; pale* smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin; awns scabrous-ciliate, loro straight, erect. or @ The native country of this highly valuable grain n unknown. It has long been cultivated, and like the wheat, may be considerr ' naturalized. June, July. 6-20 CLX1. GRAMINE^E. ELYMUS. 53. HORDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1 -flowered, the lateral ones sometimes abortive ; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned ; palete 2, lower lance-ovate, lorig-awned, upper obtusely acuminate ; caryop- sis adhering to the paleae. 1. H. VULGARE. Barley. St. smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, nearly smooth ; sheaths auriculate at the throat; spike thick, about 3' long; spikelets\a\\ fertile, 1-flower- e* with an awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea ; glumes collateral, shorter than the flowers ; fr. arranged in 4 rows. (J) Extensively ultivated. May. $ 2. H. DISTICHUM. Two-rowed Barley. St. 2 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auriculae at the throat ; spike 3 4' long, linear, compressed ; lateral spikelets abortive, awn- less ; fr. arranged in 2 rows. (J) More common, and is generally preferred for malting to the former species. June. 3. H. JUBATCM. Squirrel-tail Grass. St. slender, round, smooth, simple, about 2f high ; Its. broad-linear, 4 6' long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths ; spikes 2 3' long ; spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter ; glumes and palea produced into fine, smooth awns, 6 times as long as the flowers; abortive flowers on short pedicels. (g) Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to Subarc. Am. June. 4. H. PUSILLUM. Nutt. St. 4 6' high, decumbent or geniculate at the base ; Ivs. about 1 J' loner, rather obtuse, glaucous, striate ; upper sheath tumid, embracing the spike ; spike linear, about !' long; glumes by 3s, collateral, imbricated, lateral; abortive Jls. awnless ; awn of the central sessile, $ as l n g as those of the involucre ; glumes all awned, the inner setaceous from the base ; awns I' or more long. Ohio ! to 111. and Mo. 54. LOLIUM. Celtic loloa ; a name applied to one of the species. Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the ra- chis ; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2 ; pa- Iea9 herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-awned or mucronate, upper bifid-toothed. 1. L. PERENNE. Darnel Grass. Smooth; st. terete, 1 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, shining-green, on striate sheaths with truncate stipules ; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 & long ; spikelets about 16, longer than the glumes, 7 9-flowered, alternate, in two opposite rows ; lower paka 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent, rough keels. Tj. Natu- ralized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May, June. 2. L. TEMULENTUM. Poisonous Darnel. St. terete, smooth, 21' high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, and with the sneatns, smooth on the surface; slip, truncate; rachis flexuous, 4 6' long; spikelets much compressed, 5 7-flowered, longer than the glumes ; lower paka 5-veined, produced into an awn twice its length. (J) Remarkably distinguished from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. N. Eng. to Penn. July. 55. ELYMUS. Gr. eXvo), to fold up ; the spike is enveloped in the sheaths in some of the species. Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 6-flowered ; glumes 2, collateral, subequal, subulate ; palese lanceolate, lower one entire, mucronate or awned ; scales ciliate. 1. E. VIRGINICUS. Lime Grass. Wild Rye. St. erect, smooth, 3 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green, I' broad ; sheaths veined ; stip. very short ; spike erect, thick, 3 5' long ; spike- CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 621 lets in pairs about 3-flowered ; glumes both in front, lance-linear, slightly con- nate at base, produced into a scabrous awn ; fls. smooth ; lower palea awned. -2J Banks of streams, N. Eng. to 111., S. to Va. Aug. 2. E. CANADENSIS. (E. glaucifolius. Willd.) St. erect, smooth, stout, 3 5f high; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark green or often glaucous ; spike rather spreading, 4 8' long, generally nodding at the summit ; rachis hairy ; spikelets 2 5-flowered ; glumes 5 7- veined, short- awned, hairy ; lower palea hairy, awned. Tj. A tall, showy grass, with long, recurred, waving spikes. River banks, &c., Free States and Brit. Am. Aug. 3. E. VILLOSUS. Muhl. Rye Grass. St. slender, striate, smooth, 2 3f high ; Ivs. rough-edged, pubescent above, ' broad ; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones ; spike 2 \ 3' long, a little nodding and spreading; rachis andflmvers hispid, pilose ; spikelets 1 3-flowered ; flumes linear; lower palea with a long, straight awn. 7J. Dry grounds, Free tates. July. 4. E. HYSTRIX. Hedgehog Grass. St. round, smooth, 2 4f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, scabrous, gene- rally glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spike 4 6' long, erect; rachis nearly smooth, flexuous ; spikelets remote, diverging, almost horizontal, 23- flowered ; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; fls. smoothish ; lower paka terminating in a very long awn. Tj. An odd-looking grass, in moist woods, Free States, common. July. 5. E. STRIATUS. Willd. Striated Lime Grass. St. slender, erect, 812' high ; Ivs. and sheaths smooth, the former lance- linear, acuminate, scabrous on the upper surface; spike erect, 2 3' long; invol. 4-leaved, strongly veined, 2-flowered, one flower commonly 'abortive ; spikelets in pairs, somewhat spreading, hispid, each 2-flowered; awns 3 or 4 times as long as the paleae. 4j_ Mass., Sigelow, to Peun., W. to Ohio, rare. A small and slender species. July. TRIBE 10. ANDROPOGONEJE. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spike- lets generally in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate and imperfect. Glumes of stouter texture, than the palese. Paleae delicate and membranaceous, the lower commonly awned. 56. ANDROPOGON. Gr. avfyos, of a man, Trwywv, beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers. Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plu- mosely bearded pedicel, upper one 1 -flowered, perfect ; glumes sub- coriaceous, awnless ; palese shorter than the glumes, one generally awned. 1. A. FURCATUS. Muhl. Forked Spike. St. semiterete above, 4 7f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical ones very long ; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s 5s", 3 5' long, purple ; tpikdets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, tf with 2 paleae, awnless, perfect one with 2 unequal glumes ; lower palea bifid, awned between the divi- sions. 1\. Meadows and low grounds, Free States and Can. Aug. 2. A. SCOPARIUS. Michx. (A. purpurascens. Muhl.) Broom Grass. St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches fasciculate, erect; Ivs. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous; spikes sim- ple, lateral and terminal, on long peduncles, 2 3 from each sheath, purple ; spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 paleae, awned. - 1|. Woods, II. S. Aug. 3. A. VIRGINICUS. Caespitose ; st. subcompressed, 3f high, branches few and short, half con- cealed ; Ivs. linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy ; sheaths smooth ; spikes short, in slender, half concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, late- ral and terminal ; abortive spikelet a mere pedicel, without paleae ; monan- drous, with a straight awn. Tj. Swamps, meadows, &c., N. Eng. to Ky. Sept. 622 CLXI. GRAMINE^E. ZIZANIA. 4. A. MACROURUS. Michx. Indian Grass. St. sulcate on one side, much branched above, 2 3f high; Ivs. linear, rough, lower ones very long, upper ones erect; sheaths hairy; spikes conjugate, 1' long, in dense lateral and terminal, fastigiate panicles, partly concealed ; abortive spikelet without paleae; monandrous, with a straight awn. 9}. Swamps, Mid. Slates to Car. Sept. 5. A. NUTANS. Beard Grass. Glabrous; st. terete, simple, 3 5f high; Ivs. glaucous, lance-linear, rough, ' broad; panicle oblong, branched, nodding, 6 10' long; abortive spike- let without palese ; glumes of the Q hairy, ferruginous, shining ; awn contorted. -1\. Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Oct. 57. SORGHUM. Formed from sorghi ; the Asiatic name of one of the species. Spikelets in 2s or 3s, abortive ones pedicellate, awnless, with 2 paleae, the perfect, sessile, 1-flowered ; glumes- 2, coriaceous ; paleae 3, the upper one awned. 1. S. SACCHARATUM. Broom Corn. St. thick, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base ; pan.icle large, diffuse, with long, verticillate, at length nodding branches ; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, per- sistent. (D From the E. Indies. The uses of this fine, cultivated plant are doubtless well known to our readers. 2. S. VULGARE. Indian Millet. St. erect, round, solid with pith, 6 lOf high ; Ivs. carinate, lanceolate ; panicle compact, oval, erect until mature ; Jls. pubes- cent ; palecB caducous ; Jr. naked. (J) From the E. Indies. Rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the seed as food for poultry. $ TRIBE 11. ORYZEJE. Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets, solitary 1 3-nowered. Flowers perfect or diclinous. Stamens 1 6. 58. LEER SI A. In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed ; glumes ; paleae 2, compressed, carinate, awnless ; scales 2, membranaceous. 1. L. ORYZOIDES. Swartz. Cut Grass. St. retrorsely scabrous, 3 5f high ; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, the margin very rough backwards ; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles ; panicle much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base ; spikelets spreading; palece ciliate on the keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta. 3. Tj. A very rough grass, com- mon in swamps, by streams, &c., U. S. and Can.' Aug. 2. L. VIRGINICA. Willd. White Grass. St. slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 3f long, nodes retrorsely hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish ; sheaths roughish backwards, striate ; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse ; Jls. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes ; lower paka boat-shaped, mu- cronate ; sta. 1 2. 1\. Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 3. L. LENTICULARIS. Michx. Catch-Jly Grass. St. erect, 2 4f high ; panicle erect ; Jls. large, roundish, imbricated ; sta. 2 ; paka with the keel and veins ciliate. 1\. Wet places, Ohio, Frank, Ct., Eaton. 59. ZIZANIA. (? Glumes 0; spikelets 1-flowered ; paleae 2, herbaceous, c? Paleae subequal, awnless ; stamens 6. 9 Spikelets subulate ; paleae un- equal, linear, lower one with a straight awn ; styles 2 ; caryopsis enveloped in the plicate paleae. 1. Z. ACtuATicA. Lamb. (Z. clavulosa. Michx.') Indian, Rice. St. ' in diameter, fistular, smooth, 6f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, 2 3f long, an inch wide, smooth, serrulate ; panicle a foot or more long, pyramidal, the ZEA. CLXI. GRAMINE^E. 625 lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile ; spikelets on clavate pedicels ; awns long, hispid ; fr. slender, f ' long, blackish, deciduous, farinaceous. 7J. Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other water fowls. Aug. 2. Z. MILIACEA. Michx. St. erect, 6 lOf high ; Ivs. very long, narrow, glaucous ; panicle terminal, large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes with short awns; tf and 9 fls. intermixed ; sty. 1 ; fr. ovate, glabrous. Tf. Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio, growing in water. Aug-. 3. Z. 1 FLUITANS. Michx. (Hydrocochloa. Palis. Hydropyrum. KunlL") St. long, slender, branching, floating in the water ; Ivs. linear, flat ; spike solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered; palece awnless; stig. 2, very long; fr. reniform. 7{. Can, and N. States 1 July. 60. LEPTtTRUS. R. Br. Gr. Aeirrof , slender, ovpa, tail ; from the long, slender, cylindrical spike. Flowers cf $ 9, spicate; rachis filiform, jointed, joints with one spikelet ; glumes 1 or 2, rigid, connate 'with the rachis, simple or 2-parted. L. PANICULATUS. Nutt. St. scarcely If high, compressed ; Ivs. short, rigid, sheathing the base of the panicle ; panicle or naked rachis incurved, acutely triangular, rigid, bearing 6 10 compressed, subulate spikes on one side, each 1 2' long ; spikelets re- mote, on one side the rachis ; glumes rigidly fixed, unequal, parallel ; palea 2, the outer of the same texture as the glumes, inner membranaceous. 111., Mead, Mo., NuttaU. 61. TRIPSACUM. Gr. rpi/3o) } to grind ; application not obvious. c? Spikes digitate ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; palese 2, membrana- ceous. c? Spikelets 2-flowered, outer flower staminate, inner neuter. 9 Spikelets 3-flowered, the 2 lateral flowers abortive ; outer glume enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the rachis, with an aperture each side at base. T. DACTYLolDES. Sesame Grass. St. slightly compressed; smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4 6f high ; Ivs. near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above ; spikes 5 8' long, usually 2 3 together, digitate, terminal, tf flowers above, 9 below, without awns. 7J_ River banks and sea shores, Mid., W. and S. States. A large, coarse and very singular grass. Jl. 0. monostackyon. Spike single. 62. ZEA. Gr. aw, to b've ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. S . cT in terminal, paniculate racemes ; spikelets 2-flowereri ; glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal ; palese membranaceous, awnless. obtuse. 9 lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of numerous bracts spikelets 2-flowered. one flower abortive ; glumes 2, very obtuse , paleae awnless ; style 1, filiform, very long, pendulous ; caryopsis compressed. Z. MAYS. Maize. Indian Corn. Rt. fibrous ; st. erect, 5 lOf (in some varieties 15 20f ) high, channeled on one side, leafy ; Ivs. lance-linear, entire, 2 3f long. (f) The varieties of this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on both continents, and how important it is to man, it is unnecessary here to state. Jl. $ 53 SECOND GRAND DIVISION, CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, without spiral vessels, des- titute of true flowers, and producing SPORES instead of seeds. CLASS V. ACROGENS. Flowerless plants with a proper STEM or AXIS, often with a vascu- lar system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furnished with leaves. GROWTH by the extension of the apex, without subsequent increase in diameter. SPORES with a proper integument, and con- tained in a vessel analogous to an ovary, called THECA or SPORANGIUM ORDER CLXII. EQUISETACEJE. HORSETAILS. Plant leafless, simple or with verticillate branches. Stem striate-sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheaths dentate, crowning the summit of each internode. Inflorescence (by analogy) a dense, cylindric, terminal spike or strobile. Scales of the strobile peltate, hexagonal, subyerticillate. Thecce 47, attached to the under surface of the scales, with lateral dehiscence. Spores numerous, globose, surrounded by minute granules. Imanner. Llaters, bodies of unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavate filaments involving the spores in a spiral An order consisting at present of a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders of woods, throughout most countries. The Equisetaceae abound in the fossil remains of coal measures with other Cryptogamia, as Lycopodiacese and Filices, indicating that these plants were once of gigantic dimensions, and formed a large part of the original flora of our globe. Species about 10. Properties. They abound in silex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, segments of the lower divisions pinnatifid ; veins much forked. 4. P. DRYOPTERIS. Ternate Polypod. Frond ternate, bipinnate ; branches of the frond spreading, deflexed, seg- ments obtuse, subcrenate ; sori marginal ; root filiform, creeping. This beauti- ful fern grows in shady places and mountainous woods. Rare. Root black and very slender. Stipe slender and delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, divid- ing into 3 light green, drooping, compound leaflets of a very delicate texture. Jl. /?. calcareum. (P. calcareum. Sm.) Branches of the frond erect, rather rigid, 2. ASPIDIUM. Swartz. Gr. flc-rrtf , a small shield ; from the form and position of the indusia. Sori roundish or elliptical, scattered ; indusium orbicular and um- bilicate (fastened at the centre and opening all around), or reniform, fastened on one side and opening on the other. ASPIDIUM. CLXIV. FILICES. 629 * Frond pinnate. 1. A. ACROsricHolDEs. Willd. (Nephrodium. Midwc.} Leaflets of the frond distinct, alternate, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, auri- culate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile ; sori at length confluent; stipe chaffy. Common in rocky shades. Frond 15 18' high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales. Leaflets numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1 2' in length, the terminal ones, which alone are fruitful, are contracted in size, the under side becoming overspread with the sori. June Aug. 0. incisum. Gray. (A. Schwenitzii. Beck.} Pinnae irregularly and incisely dentate ; sori mostly distinct. N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Passes insensibly into a * * Frond pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets. 2. A. THELYPTERA. Willd. (A. Noveboracense. ejusd.} Shield-Fern. Leaflets of the frond linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, distinct, subses- sile ; segments oblong, obtuse or acute, subentire, ciliate ; sori marginal, small, at length confluent; stipe smooth and naked. Damp woods. Fronds pale green, thin and delicate, about a foot long and J as wide, acuminate at apex. Leaflets acuminate, becoming entire above, sometimes crossing (decussating) at base. Rachis pubescent. Stipe slender, channeled on the upper side. Sori in 2 marginal rows on each segment, finally nearly covering their under sur- face. July. /?. Noveboracense. Rather paler and more delicate in texture ; leaflets more narrow and remote. 3 A. CRISTATUM. Willd. (Nephrodium. MX.} Crested Shield-Fern. Frond nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-ovate ; kaflets subcordate, oblong-pin- natifid, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate-serrate ; stipe scaly. Moist woods and meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States, rather rare. Frond 12 18' high, pale green, remarkable for its broad, ovate-lanceolate outline. Segments of the leaflets some- times almost distinct, broad and obtuse, with sharp teeth. Sori large, in double rows, tawny when mature, chiefly on the upper half of the frond. July. 4. A. LANCASTRIENSE. Spreng. (A. cristatum. /?. 1st. edit.} Lancaster Shield-Fern. Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base ; frond narrowly lanceolate ; kaflets subopposite, remote, short-petiolulate, broad- est at base, the lower triangular-ovate ; sori large, in a single row each side the midvein of each dentate segment ; indusium fixed near one side. Woods, Meriden, N. H., Rickard! to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful fern, quite distinct from the preceding, 2430' high. Frond dark green, 1518' by 58'. Leaf- lets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1 25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets fruitless). July. 5. A. GOLDIANUM. Hook. (A. Filix mas. Pursh.} Goldie j s Fern. Leaflets of the frond lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, subacute, subfalcate, mucronate-serrate ; sori in 2 rows, each side of the vein of each segment. A tall species, 2 3f high, in rocky woods. Fronds numerous, bright green, scaly upon the stipe and rachis, 5 10' wide. Leaflets 3 6' long, not widening at base, with elongated, narrow segments. July. * * * Frond bipinnate. 6. A. MARGINALR. Sw. (Nephrodium. MX.} Marginal Shield-Fern. Segments of the kaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand at base, lower ones almost pinnatifid ; sori marginal ; stipe chaffy. A large, handsome fern, in rocky woods, common. Frond 12 18' high, very smooth (rachis a little chaffy), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets distinct, near an inch long, i as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, form- ing a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral sinus. July. 7. A. TENUE. Sw. (A. fragile. Willd. Cistopteris. Bernh.} Brittle Shield-Fern. Segments of the kaflets oblong, obtuse or acute, incisely ser- rate, approaching to pinnatifid, its serratures subentire ; rachis winged by th OW) CLXIV. F1LICES. APLENIUM decurrent leaflets ; stipe chaffy at base. A delicate fern, on moist rocks, fre- quent. Fronds 6 12' high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori large and numerous, near the margins of the segments. June, July. 8. A. ACULEATUM. Sw. Prickly Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, aculeate-serrate, upper ones truncate at base, lower cuneate at base ; only the upper leaflets fertile ; stipe and rachis chaffy. Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y., .Macrae. Fronds dark green, in tufts 1 2f high. Segments of the leaflets on very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate, each serrature tipped with a short spinose bristle. Sori brown, in single rows, distinct. Indusium remform. Aug. 9. A. DILATATUM. Sw. (A. spinulosum. Willd. ?) Broad Shield-Fern. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct ; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, incisely pinnatifid ; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chafiy ; indusium umbilicate. Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1 2f high, nearly tripin- nate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all distinct at base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe with large, tawny scales. Sori rather large, somewhat in 2 rows. Jl. 10. A. BULBIFERUM. Sw. (Cistoptcris. Bernh.) Bulbiferous Shield-Fern. Frond bipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments opposite, oblong, serrate, the lower one pinnatifid ; rachis bulbiferous ; sori roundish, the indusium attached to one side. In damp woods, frequent. Frond 12 18' high, remarkable for the little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acuminate summit. Stipe smooth. Jl. 3. ASPLENIUM. Gr. a, privation, , to make dry, oXXt)/t, to kill ; as the plants speedily die when taken from the water. Stamens ? capillary ; reproductive organs in pairs or numerous, of two kinds, the one of two transverse cells, the upper containing seve- ral angular, stalked bodies, the other stipitate, numerous, globose, 1- celled, enclosed in an ovate, close involucre, and containing several angular spores. ^ CHARA. CLXVI. CHARACE^E. 63* A. CAROLINIANA. Willd. Leaves arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, imbricated, oblong-subu- .ate, obtusish, spreading, fleshy, the floating ones reddish beneath. A small plant, resembling some of the mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters, North- ern and Western States. It has been found in Lake Ontario, and in Cayuga Marsh (Eaton), also in the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. (M'Murt,) and other western rivers. ORDER CLXVI. CHARACE^E. CHARADS. Plant aquatic, submersed ; axis consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transparent, or encrusted with carbonate of lime, furnished with leaves or tranches consisting of yerticillate tubes. Organs of reproduction consisting of round, succulent globules, containing filaments and a fluid; and axillary nucules formed of a few short tubes twisted spirally around a centre, endowed with the power of germination. These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, in the fluid of each tube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured. CHARA. Gr. %aipa) } to rejoice ; because it delights in the water? Globules minute, round, reddish, dehiscent, filled with a mass of elastic filaments; nucules (thecee?) sessile, oval, solitary, membrana- ceous, spirally striated, the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 valves, the interior filled with minute spores. 1. C. VULGARIS. feather-beds. Sis. and branches naked at base ; branches terete, leafy at the joints ; Ivs. (or branchlets ?) oblong-subulate ; bracts shorter than the fruit. A slender, flexile plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stagnant. It appears in dense tufts, like a soft bed, undulating with the motion of the water. When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Stems slender, a foot or more long, with a verticil of about 8 filiform branchlets at each joint. June. 2. C. FLEXILIS. St. translucent, naked; brandies jointless, leafless, compressed; nucuks lateral, naked. Found in ponds, Stockbridge, Ms., in company with Najas. Resembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug. 3. C. FOLIOSA. Willd. (C. squamosa. Desf.) St. solitary, 8 10' high, calcarious and brittle, scabrous, striate, with 2 or 3 branches, the younger parts bearing numerous whorls of minute, leaf- like scales ; branchlels about 13- in a whorl, 6 9" long, involucrate at their ori- gin by a dense whorl of subulate scales ; each branchlet with 4 7 whorls of nearly obsolete scales; theca 2 4, on the inner side and lower half of each branchlet. Rivers, Ohio, Riddell, Ind. ! Aug. 4. C. HUMILIS. Riddell. St. incrusted, solitary and branching, scabrous, not sulcate, 2 3' high ; branchlets 8 10 in a whorl, without an involucre, generally equaling the inter- nodes (6 9") ; theca 1 2 on each of the branchlets in the upper whorls. In shallow water, rivers, Ohio, Riddell. Color deep green. Resembles the last. Aug. 5. C. SABULOSA. Riddell. Stone-wort. St. IS' high, thickly encrusted and very brittle, with a few erect branches, subsulcate, papillose ; branchlets generally 10, sometimes 8, in each whorl, with- out an involucre, nearly 6" long, (about half as long as the internodes,) each with 2 4 verticils of scales ; thecee on the inner side of the branchlets, in the axils of the scales. Pools of clear water, 2 or 3 feet deep, Ohio, Ind. ! Color light pea-green. Aug. 0. spiralis. "Riddell. Stems spirally sulcate ; branchlels longer. ADDENDA. Page 142, next after R. ABORTIVUS, insert, R. RHOMBOIDEUS. Goldie. Hirsutely pubescent ; st. much branched from the base ; rod. Ivs. entire rhomboid-ovate, crenate-dentate, on long petioles, cauline Ivs. palmate, flora* deeply laciniate ; sep. spreading ; hds. of carpels (large) globose ; ach. smooth, with very short beaks. Wise. Lapham! and Can. W. A low, bushy, hairy species, 6 10' high. Root leaves about 1' by ', often roundish or elliptical, the petioles about 2' long. Segments of the stem leaves linear-oblong, obtuse oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, exceeding the calyx. Page 166, next after A. L-KVIGATA, insert, ARABIS PATENS. Sullivant. Erect, everywhere clothed with rigid, simple or forked hairs ; radical In-. rosulate, petiolate, middle ones oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, auriculate-am- plexicaul, upper ones linear-oblong, subentire ; pedicels longer than the rathei large white flowers; siliques spreading and curved upwards, beaked with the conspicuous style. Rocky banks of the Scioto river, Columbus, O., Sullivant. Page 378, next after P. ROTUNDIFOLIA, insert, PYROLA ULIGINOSA. Torr. & Gray. Lvs. nearly round, sometimes inclining to ovate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole, decurrent, with a few prominent veins; scape somewhat angular, with lanceolate bracts ; rac. 8 12-flowered ; cal. i the length of (he petals ; pel. ovate-oblong; stam. ascending; fil. smooth; ova. depressed; sty. declined, cla- vate. Sphagnous swamps, Galen, N. Y., Sartwell. Scape 4 8' high, many- flowered. Petals reddish-purple. Stigma toothed. June. (Dr. Sari, comm.) Page 397, next after V. (VERBASCUM) LYCHNITIS, insert, ft. hylrida. St. simple, erect, tomentose ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, subcordate, woolly on both surfaces; fls. in a terminal, somewhat leafy spike, yellow. Rome, N. Y., Vasey. Apparently a hybrid between V. lychnitis and V. Thapsus. Page 420, next after P. PILOSUM, insert, PYCNANTHEMUM TORREYI. Benth. St. pubescent, slender, moderately branched ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth - ish, acute, denticulate, margin ciliate, under surface downy; cymose heads con- tracted hemispherical ; cal. with lanceolate acuminate teeth with bristly hairs at the summit; slam, exserted. York Island, Carey. Stem purplish, strict. about 2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 4". Corolla two-lipped, white. Ovary naked at the summit. Aug. (Dr. Sarlivell comm.) Page 474, next after P. MITE, insert, POLYGONUM CARKYI. Olney. Si. erect, hirsute, much branched; Ivs. lanceolate, with scattered and ap- pressed hairs; slip, scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy ; spi&es axillary and ter- minal, on very long, nodding peduncles, thickly beset with glandular hairs ; slam, shorter than perianth: sty. 2; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate. Swamps ; N. H. ! to R. I. Olney. Plant 3 5f high. Leaves 36' by 1', midveiu and margins hairy. Calyx greenish-purple tinged with white, small. Resem- bles P. Pennsylvanicum. Jl. INDEX OF THE NATURAL ORDERS AND GENERA. ** The names of the Orders are in Capitals. Suborders are marked with the (t), and Sections with ttie (*). The Tribes are in Roman spaced, the Genera in Roman, and the Synonyms in Italic. The jgures after Syn. refer to the Synonyms of the Genus next above. Abies, . . .515 Amphicarpaea, . 22J Arundo. . . .610 Brachystemum, . 420 Abietinece. . 514 Amphiotis, . . 306 Syn. 601 Brasenia, . . 153 Abutilon, . . .209 Acalypha, . . 488 ACANTHACEJE, . 395 Amsonia, . . 457 * Amygdaleae, . 240 Amy goal us, . . 242 Asarum, . . .465 ASCLEFIADACE.K. 458 Asclepias, . . 458 Brassica, . . 171 Briza, . . .616 Syn. 615, 616 Acer, . . .212 Syn. 242 Syn. 461 Bromus, . . .610 Syn. 214 ACERACEI, . 212 ANACARDIACE^E, 202 Anagallis, . . 387 Ascyrum, . .182 Aspara'gea), . 555 Syn. 619 Broussonetia, . . 509 Acerates, . . 460 Anchusa, . . 431 Asparagus, . . 555 Bryophyllum. . . 277 Acetosa, ... 477 Syn. 433 Asphodelus, . . 55-2 Buchnera, . . 407 Achillea, ... 342 Andromeda, . . 371 Aspidium, . . 628 Buchnereae, . 407 Achyranthes, . . 185 Syn. 373 Syn. 631 Bumas, . . .171 Acnida, . . .467 Andropogon, . . 621 Asplenium, . . 630 Bnpleurum, . . 286 Aconitum, . . 146 Andropogoneae, 621 Syn. 632 Buxus. . . .489 Acorus, . . . 521 Anemone, . . 139 Aster, . . 318325 CABOMBACEJE. . 153 Acrostichvm, . . 628 Syn. 141, 148 Syn. 325, 328, 327, 329 Cacalia, . . .348 Actaea, . . 146 Anethum, . . 290 Asteroideaj. . 318 CACTACE.ffi, . 274 Syn. 147 Angelica, . 290, 291 Astragalus, . . 229 Cactus, . . .275 Actinoroeris, . . 344 Anona, . . .151 Atheropogon, . . 618 t Caesalpinae, . . 236 Syn. 347 ANONACE.E, . 151 Atrage.ne, . . 139 Cakile, . . .171 Adenanum. . .189 Anonymus, , .484 Atriplex, . . 467 Caladium, . .520 Adiantum, . . 633 Adlumia, . . 158 Adonis, . . .141 Antennaria, . . 351 Anthemis, . . 342 Syn. 342 Atropa, . . .449 Syn. 446 AURANTIACE], 204 Calamagrostis, . 601 Calendula, . . 353 Calla, . . 520 Aeschynomene, . 230 An the rices, . 552 Avena, . . .609 Calliopsis, . 345, 346 ./EscuJus, . . 214 Anthoxanthum. . 608 Syn. 609, 6io Callistephus. . . 327 JEthui, . . 289 Anthropos'on, . . 618 A venose, . . 608 CALLITRICHA- Agathyrsus, . . 359 Antirrhineae, 398 Avicularia, . . 474 CE.2E, . . .484 Agave, . . .539 Antirrhinum, . . 398 Azalea, . . .374 Callitriche, . , . 484 Agrimonia, . . 255 Syn. 398 Syn. 375, 376, 377 Calopogon, . . 536 Agropyron, . . 619 Anychia, . . .185 Azolla, ... 636 Caltha, . . .143 Agrostemma, . 191, 192 Apargia, . . .358 Baccharis, . . 334 CALYCANTHA- Agrostideae, . 596 Apios, ... 222 Syn. 334 CEJE, ... 258 Agrostis, ... 596 Apium, . . .288 Ballota. . . 428 Calycanthus, . . 258 Syn. 599, 600, 601 Syn. 289 BALSAMIFLUJE, 507 Calypso, . . .531 Ailanthus, . . 202 Aplectrum, . . 531 BALSAMINACEJE, 199 Calystegia, . . 443 Aira, ... 608 APOCYNACE^E, . 456 Baptisia, ... 235 Camelina, . . 163 Syn. 609, 613 Ajugoideae, . 429 Alcea, ... 208 Aletris, . . .541 Apocynum, . . 456 AQUIFOLIACEJE, 331 Aquilegia, . . 145 Arabis, . 1S6 Barbarea, . . 165 Bartonia, . 268, 454 Bartsia, . . 409, 410 Batatas, . . 442, 443 Camellia, . . 205 Campanula, . . 365 Syn. 366, 367 CAMPANULACE.E, 365 Alchemilla, . . 257 Syn. 162, 169 Batschia, . . 433 t Campylospermae, 292 AJisma, . . .526 ARACEJE, . . 519 Besronia, . . . 270 * Cannabiese, . . 511 AL1SMACEJE. . 526 Allium, . . . 550 Aralia, ... 294 ARALIACEJE. . 294 BEGONIACEJE, . 269 Cannabis, . . 511 CAPPARIDACEJE, 172 AInua, . . .499 Alopecurus, . . 601 Arbutus, . . . 371 Archangelica, . . 290 Benzoin, . . .478 BERBERIDACEJE, 152 Capraria, . .' 402 CAPRIFOLIACEJE, 298 Alsine, . . .187 A Is in e SB, . 187 Archemora, . . 291 Arctium, . . 357 Berberis, . . .152 Beta. . . .470 Caprifolium, . 298, 299 ^apsella, . . .161 Althaea, ... 207 Arctostaphylos, . 371 Be tula, . . .498 Capsicum, . . 447 Alyssum, . . 163 Arenaria, . . .188 Syn. 499 Cardamine, . . 167 Syn. 162 Syn. 186, 189 BETULACE^K, . 497 Syn. 169 AMARANTHA- Arethusa, . . 535 Bidens, ... 346 Cardiospermum, . 215 CEJE, . . . 470 Syn. 535 Bigelovia, . . 334 Carduus, . 356, 357 Amaranthus, . . 470 Argemone, . . 156 Bignania, . 394, 399 Carex, . . .576 AMARYLLIADA- Anstida, . . 595 BIGNONIACEJE. . 393 ^ariceae,. . . 576 CEJE, ... 538 Aristolochia, . . 465 Bistorta, . . 475 Carpinus, . . 497 Amaryllis, . . 538 ARISTOLOCHIA- Blephilia, . . 418 Carthamus, . . 354 Amberboa, . . 354 CEJE. . . .465 Blitum, . . .468 Carum, ... 288 Ambrosia. . . 353 Amelanchier, . . 245 Ariteneivm, . , 538 Armeniaea, . . 242 Babera, ... 347 Bcehmeria, . .511 Carya, . . .491 CARYOPHYLLA- Amettus, . . .333 Armeria, . . 390 Boltonia, . . 328 CEJE, ... 186 Amianthum, . 558 Arnica, . . . 335 Bootsia, ... 252 Cassandra, . . 372 Ammannia, . . 260 Aronia, . .245, 246 Borrageae, . . 430 Cassia, . . .236 Ammi, ... 286 Arrhenatherum, . 609 BORRAGINACE.ZE, 429 Cassiope, . . 371 Amnwphila, . . 60 1 Amorpha, . . 225 Artemisia, . . 349 Arum, . A. . 519 Borrago, . . *431 Botrychium, . . 635 Castanea, . . 495 Castilleja, . . 409 Ampclopsij, . . 212 W Syn. 520 Brachyclytrum, . 600 Catalpa, ... 394 54' 640 INDEX. Catananche, . . 358 Comme)yra, . . 562 Desmodium, . . 231 t Escalloneae, . . 28i Caulinia, . . 524 COMMELYNACEJE.562 Dianthera, . . 395 Eschcholtzia, . . 157 Caulophyllum, . 153 COMPOSITE, . 310 Dianthus, . . 192 Euchroma, . 409, 410 Ceanothus, . . 217 Comptonia, . . 500 Diapensia, . .441 E u p at o r iace se, 313 Celastrus, . . 215 CONIFERS, . . 513 DIAPENSIACEJE, 441 Eupatorium, . . 314 CELASTRACE.E, 215 Conioselinum, . 290 Diarrhena, . . 612 Syn. 317 Celosia, . . .472 Conium, . . 293 Dicksonia, . . 633 Euphorbia, 486 Celtis, . . .483 Conobea, . . .402 Dicliptera, . . 395 EUPHORBIACEJE, 485 Cenchrus, . . 607 Conoclineum, . 316 Dictamnus, . . 204 Euphrasies, . 409 Oentaurea, . . 354 Conostyles, . . 540 Dielytra, . . .158 Eurybia, . 318, 319 Syn. 354 Convaflaria, . .552 Diervilla, . . .300 Eutoca, . . .437 Centaurella, : . 454 Convallarineffi, 552 Digitaleae, . . 404 Exacum, . . .452 Centunculus, . . 387 CONVOLVULA- Digitalis, . . .404 Fagopyrum, . . 475 Cephalanthus, . 307 CEJE, . . .441 Digitaria, . . .603 Fava, . . . 220 Cerastium, . . 187 t Convolvuleffi., . 441 Syn. 618 Fagus, . . . 496 Cerasus, . . .240 Convolvulus, . . 441 DUatris, . .540 Syn. 496 Syn. 241 Syn. 443, 444 Diodia, . . .307 Fedia, . . . 308 Ceratochloa, . . 611 GERATOPHYLLA- Conyza, . . 325, 334 Coptis, . . 144 Dioneea, . . .180 Dioscorea, . . 543 Festucaceae, . 610 Festur-a, . . .611 CEJE, _, . .484 Ceratophyllum, . 484 Corallorhiza. . . 531 Corchorus, . . 257 DIOSCOREACEJE, 543 Diospyros, . . 382 Syn. 612, 613, 617 Ficus, . . .510 Ceratoschoenus, . 575 Cersis, . . .235 Coreopsis, . . 344 Syn. 344, 347 Diploclinium, . 270 Diplopappus, . . 325 Filago, . . .352 FILICES, . . 627 Cereus, . . .275 Coriandrum, . . 294 Syn. 333 Fimbristylis, . . 573 Chaerophyllum, . 292 CORNACEJE, . 296 DIPSACEJE, . . 309 Syn. 573 Chara, . . .637 Cornucopia, . 599 Dipsacus, . . 309 Floerkea, ... 200 CHARACE.E, . 637 Cornus, . . .296 Dirca, . . .480 Fluvialia, . . 524 Cheilanthes, . . 633 Coronilla, . . 230 Discopleura, . . 286 Fceniculum, . . 290 Syn, 633 Corydalis, . . 158 Dodecatheon, . . 385 Fragaria, . . .252 Cheiranthus, . . 169 Syn. 158 Draba, . . .162 Franklinia, . . 205 Syn. 170 Corylus, . . .496 Dracccna, . . 553 Frasera, . . . 455 Chelidonium, . 156 Cosmanthus, . . 437 Dracocephalum, . 425 Fraxinus, . . . 463 Syn. 156 Crantzia, . . 285 Syn. 426 Fritillaria, . . 549 Chelone, . . 400 CRASSULACEJE, 276 Drosera, . .179 Fuchs-ia, . . .265 Syn. 400, 401 Crategus, . . 243 DROSERACE.E, . 179 Fuirena, . . . 568 V CheloneiE, . . 399 Crocus, . . .543 Dn/as, ... 257 Fumaria, . . . 159 CHENOPODIACEJE,466 Crossopetalum, . 453 Dulichium, . . 569 Syn. 158, 159 Chenopodium, . 468 Crotalaria, . . 234 Dyosodia, . . 347 FUMARIACEJE, . 157 Chimaphila, . . 379 Croton, . . .488 EBENACEJE, . 382 Galactia, . . 223 Chiogenes, . . S70 Crotonopsis, . . 488 Echinacea, . 338 Galanthus, . . 539 Chionanthus, . . 463 Syn. 489 Echinocystis, . . 270 Gafega, ... 225 Chironia, . 450, 451 CRUCIFERJE, . 159 Echinospermum, . 435 Galeopsis, . . 427 Chloreae, . . 617 Crypsis, . . . 602 Syn. 435 Galinm, ... 304 Chondrilla, . . 362 Crypta, . . .195 Echium, . . .430 Gaultheria, . . 373 Chrysanthemum, . 343 Cryptotaenia, . . 287 Eclipta, . . .333 Syn. 371 Syn. 328, 343 Cucubalus, . .190 ELATINACEJE, . 194 Gaura, . . .265 Chrysus, . . 157 Cucumis, . . 271 Elatine, . . .195 Genista, . . .234 Chrysocoma, . 334 Cucurbita, . . 272 Elatinella, . . 306 Genfiana, . . 452 Chrysopsis, . . 333 Syn. 272 EUEAGNACEJE, . 481 GENTIANACB2B. 450 Syn. 324 CUCURBITACE^, 270 Eleagnus, . . 481 GERANIACE^i:, . 196 Chrysosplenium, . 281 Cunila, . . .421 E'eocharis, . . 569 Geranium, . . 195 Chrysostemma, . 345 Syn. 422 Elephantopus, . 313 Syn. 197 Dicendia, . . 452 CichoracesB . 357 Cuphea, . . .261 Cupressus, . . 516 Eleusine, . . .617 Gerardia, . . .407 Cichorium, . . 357 Cicuta, . . .286 Cupressineae, . 516 CUPULIFER.E, . 492 Elodea, . . .184 Syn. 529 Gerardieffi, . ' 407 Geum, . . . 253 Cimicifuga, . . 147 Cuscuta, . . .444 Elymus, . . . 620 Cilia, . . .440 Syn. 147 t Cuscutcae, . . 444 Emilia, . . .349 Gillenia, . . . 257 t Cinchoneae, . . 305 Cydonia, , . .245 EMPETRACE JE^ . 489 Gladiolus, . . 542 Cinna, . . .600 Cymbidium, . 531,536 Empetrum, . . 489 Glaux, . . .386 Circaea, . . .266 Circaea, . .266 Cynanchium, . 461 Cynara, . . 355 Syn. 490 Enandromeda, . 372 G/echoma, . . 425 Gleditschia, . . 237 Cirsium, . . .356 Cynareae, . . 353 Enemion, . . 145 Glyceria, . . .613 CISTACE.E, . . 180 Cynodon, . . 618 E n o n y m e IB, . 215 Glycine, . . 222, 223 Cistopteris, . 629, 630 Cynoglossum, . 435 Enonymus, . . 216 Glyciphylla, . . 371 Cistus, . . .181 Syn. 435 Enslenia, . . 461 Gnaphalium, . . 350 Citrus, . . .204 Cynthia, . . 358 Epiffsea, . . .373 Syn. 351, 352 Cladium, . . 575 Syn. 358 Epilobium, . . 262 Gomphrena, . . 472 Clarkia, . . .264 CYPERACEJE, . 565 Epipactis, . . 537 Gonolobus, . . 461 Claytonia, . . 194 Cypereae, . .565 Epiphegus, . . 393 Goodyera, . . 536 Clematis, . . 138 Cyperus, . . 565 EQUISETACE^E, . 624 Gordonia, . . 205 Cleome, . . .172 Syn. 172, 173 Syn. 565, 568 Cypripedium, . . 537 Equisetum, . . 624 Erechtites, . . 352 Gossvpium, . . 207 GRAMINE^E, . 593 Clethra, . . .373 Syn. 531 Erica, . . .377 Gratiola, . . .403 Clinrjpodium, 419,422 Dactylis, . . 617 ERICACEJE, . . 367 Syn. 403 Clintonia, . . 365 Dahlia, ... 327 t Ericineae, . . 371 Gratiolese, . . 401 Syn. 553 Clitoria, ... .223 Dalea, . . .226 Syn. 226 Erigeron, . . . 326 Eriocaulon, . . 564 GROSSULACEJE, 273 Gymnadenia, . . 533 Cnicus, ... 355 Daliborda, . . 253 ERICAULONA- Gymnandria, . . 404 Syn. 356, 357 Syn. 253 CE^E, . . .564 Gymnocladus, . . 237 Cnidium, . . 290 Danthonia, . . 610 EriopMla, . . 162 Gymnopogon, . . 618 Cochlearea, . . 163 Daphne, . . 481 Eriophorum, . . 572 Gynandropsis, . . 172 Coslestina, . .317 Darlingtonia, . 238 Erodium, . . 197 Gyromia, . . 547 t Coelosperma?, . 293 Dasystoma, . . 408 Ervum, . . . 221 Habrnaria, . 532535 Collinsia, . . 399 Datura, . . .446 Erygenia, . . 293 H7EMODORACEJE, 540 Collinsonia . . 421 Daucus, . . .292 Eryneium, . . 285 Halenia, . . .454 Colutea, . . .224 Decodon, . 2l Erysimum, . . 169 Halesia, . . .383 Comandra, . . 479 Delphinium, . . 145 Syn. 165, 168 tHalorajrene, . . 267 Comaropis, . . 253 Dentaria, . . 167 Erythra;a^fc . . 451 HAMAMELACEJE, 282 Comarum, . . 252 Desmanthus, . . 238 Erythronlfrm, . . 549 Hamamelis, . . 382 INDEX. 641 Hamlltonia, . . 479 IRIDACEJE, . 64 Liquidambar, . . 606 Mitelk, ... 280 Harpalyce, . 361, 36: Iria, . .541 Syn. 500 Moluccella, . . 429 Hedeoma, . . 422 Isanthus, . . 416 Liriodendron, . . 150 Mollugo, . . . 190 Syn. 422 Isoetes, . . 164 Listera . . .53 Momordica, . . 271 Hedera, ... 295 Isnardia, . . 266 Lithospermum, . 432 Syn. 271 Hedyotis, . . .305 Hedysarum, . . 230 Isoetis, . . 627 Isolepis, . . 573 Syn. 432, 433, 434 LOASACEJE, . . 268 Monarda, . . .417 Syn 418 Syn. 230233 Isopyrum, . 145 Lobelia, . . .363 Monardeae,. .'417 Helenium, . ' . 342 Itea, . .281 LOBELIACE.E, . 363 Moneses, . . \ 379 Syn. 344 Iva, . . .353 Loiseieuria, . . 375 Monneria, 402 Helianthemum, . 181 Helianthus, . . 339 Syn. 337 Ixia, . . . 542 JASMINACE.E, . 462 Jasminum, . . 462 Lolium, . . . 6-20 *Lomentaceas, . i~: Lonicera, . . . '^98 MONOPETAL^:, ! 298 Monotropa, . . 380 Syn. 380 Heliastrum, . . 324 Jefiersonia, . . 152 Syn. 301 tMonotropeae, . . ' 380 Heliopsis, . . 337 JUGLANDACE.ZE, 440 Lonicereae,. . 298 *Morea>, . . . 509 Heliotrope ae, . 435 Heliotropium, . . 435 Juglans, , . . 490 Syn. 491 Lophanthus, . . 425 Lophiola, . . .540 Morus, . . . 509 Muigedium, . . 359 Helleborus, . . 144 JUNCACEJE, . 559 LORANTHACEJE, 297 Muhlenbergia, ! 600 Helonias, ... 558 * Juncagineae, . . 528 Ludwigia, . . 265 Syn. 598, 600 Syn. 557, 558 H erne rocallid eaa, 549 Juncus, . . . 559 Syn. 562 Lunaria, . . .164 Lupinus, . . . 235 Myagrum, . . 153 Myosotis, ... 434 Hemerocallis, . . 549 Jeniperus, . . 517 Luzula, . . . 562 Syn. 433 Hemianthus, . . 403 Justicia, ? .395 Lychnis, . . .191 Myosurus, . . 143 Hemicarpha, . . 573 Kalmia, . . .374 Lycium, . . .449 Myrica. . 500 Hepatica, . .141 Heracleum, . . 291 Herpestis, . . 402 Kerria, ... 257 Kceleria, . . .612 Krigia, . . . 357 LYCOPODIACE.E, 625 Lycopodium, . . 625 Lycopsis, . . .431 MYRICACEJE, . 499 Myriophyllum, . 267 MYRTACEJE, . 258 Syn. 404 Syn. 358 Lycopus, . . .416 Myrtus, ... 258 Hesperis, . . .168 Kuhnia, . . .315 Lygodium, . . 635 Nabulns, . . 360 Syn. 169 Heteranthera, . . 556 Kyllingia, . . 568 LABI AT JE, . .413 Lyonia, . . . 372 Lysimachia, . . 386 NAIADACEJE, . 523 Najas, ' . . .523 Heteromeris, . . isi Laburnum, . . 235 Syn. 386 XcrpaM, . . 209, 210 Heuchera, . . 279 Lads, . . 485 LYTHRACEJE, . 259 Narcissus, . . 539 Hibiscus, ... 208 Lacnanthes, . . 540 Lythrum, . .260 Nardosmia, . . 313 Hieracium, . . 359 Lactuca, . . .359 Syn. 261 Narlhecium, . . 562 Hierochloa. . . 608 Lagenaria, . . 272 Madura, . . .509 Nasturtium, . . 164 HIPPOCASTANA- CEJE, . . .214 Hippophtz, . . 481 Lamium, . .426 Lapathum, . . 476 Lappa, ... 357 Macrotys, . . 147 Magnolia, . . 150 MAGNOLIACE.&, 149 Naumburgia, . . 386 Negundo, . . .213 NELUMBIACE5:, 153 Hippuris, . . . 268 Lathyrus, . . .219 Majorana, . . 420 Nelumbium, . . 153 Holcus, . . .608 Lavandula, . .415 Malaxis, . 530, 531 Nemopanthus, . 381 Syn. 613, 617 LAURACEJE, . 478 Malope, . . 209 Kemophila, . . 435 Honckenya, . . 189 Laurus, . . 478, 479 Mains, . . .244 Neottia, ... 536 Hordeae, . . 619 Lavatera, ... 207 Malva, ... 206 Nepeta, . . .424 Hordeum, . . 620 Lechea, . . .180 MALVACEAE. . 206 Syn. 419 Holtonia, ... 384 Lecontia, . . 520 Vlariscus, . . 567 Ne pete 33, . . 424 Houstonia, . . 306 Ledum, . . .377 Marrubium, . . 428 Nephrodium, . . 629 Hudsonia, . . 181 Leersia, . . 622 Marsilea, . . 636 Syn. ess Humulus, . . 512 LEGUMINOSJE, .,.217 MARSILEACEJE, 636 Nerium, . . .457 Hyacinthus, . .551 Hydrangea, . . 281 Leimanthium, . 557 Leiophyllum, . . 377 Martynja, . . 394 Maruta, ... 342 Nesfpn, . .261 Nicandra, . 446 tHydrangeae, . . 281 Lemna, . . . 521 Vlatthiola, . . 170 Nicotiana, . 445 Hydrastis, . . 148 HYDROCHARIDA- LEMNACEJE, . 521 LENTIBULACE.E, 390 VIeconopsis, . . 156 Medeola, . . .547 N'igella, . * . 149 Nuphar, . . .154 CEJE. ... 528 Leontice, . . .153 Wedicago, . . 2-28 Svn. 155 Hydrocharis, . . 529 Leontodon, . . 358 Melampyrum, . .411 NYCTAGINACEJE, 472 Hydrocochloa, . 623 Syn. 362 MELANTHACE.E, 556 Nymphaca, . . 154 Hydrocotyle, . . 284 L,eonuras, . . 427 Melanthium, . . 556 Syn. 154, 155 Syn. 285, 294 Hydropeltis, . . 153 lepachys, . . 338 Leptdancae, . . 444 Syn, 556, 558 MELASTOMACE.E, 259 NYMPHEACEJE, . 154 Nyssa, . . .480 HYDROPHYLLA- L,epidium, . . 161 VIelica, . . .617 Oakesia, . . .490 CEJE, ... 436 Leptandra, . .405 Melilotus, . . 228 ObeHscaria, . . 338 Hydrophyllum, . 436 Septan thus, . . 555 Melissa, . . .422 Obolaria, . . . !52 Hydropyrum, . 623 Syn. 556 M e 1 i s s i n e ze, . 422 Ocimoideae, . J15 Hymenopappus, . 348 ^eptopoda, . .344 Melocactus, . . 275 )cimum, . . . 415 Hyoseyamus, . . 446 ^epturus, . .623 Melothria, . . 271 CEnanthe, . . 291 Hyoseris, . . 358 l,espedeza, . . 233 MENISPERMA- CEnothera, . . 263 HYPERICACEJE, 182 L.eucanthemum, . 343 CEJE, . . .151 OLEACE^, -. . 462 Hypericum, . . 182 Leucospora, . . 402 VIenispennum, . 151 ONA GRACEJE, . 261 Syn. 184 Leucothoc, . . 372 Vlentha, . . .415 Onaersea, . .262 Hypobrichia, . .261 jiatris, . . . 317 Me nth oid ere, . 415 Onocfea, . . .633 Hypolytres, . 568 tLiguliflorae, . . 357 Mentrelia, . . 268 Onopordon, . . 355 Hypopeltis, . .631 Hypopitys, . . 380 Hypoporum, . . 576 Ligusticum, . . 289 Syn. 289 Jsrustrum, . . 463 Vlenyanthese, . 455 rtenyanthes, . . 455 tfenziesa, . . 373 )nosmodium, . . 432 Ophioglosseas, 635 Ophioglossum, . 635 Hypoxis, . . . 540 Lifiaceae, . . .547 Mertensia, . . 433 Ophrys, . . .636 Hyssopus, . . 421 Syn. 425 Lih'um, . . .548 LIMNANTHA- MESEMBRYACE7E,276 Vlesembryanthemum,276 Syn. 537 Oplismenua, . . 604 Iberis. . . .164 CEJE, . . .200 Mespilus, 243, 244, 245 Oplotheca, . . 472 Ictod&, . . .521 jimnanthemum, . 455 Micromeria, . . 422 Opuntia. . . .274 Hex, ... 381 Limnetis, . .618 Micropetalon, . . 187 ORCHIDACEJE, . 529 Syn. 381 ILLICEBRACEJE. 185 r j,inodoru/m, . . 532 jimosella, . . 404 Microstylia, . . 530 Mikania, . . .316 Orchis, ... 532 Syn. 532 Ilysanthua, . . 403 Lindernia, . . 403 Milium, . . .603 Origanum, . . 420 Impatiens, . .199 Inula, . . , 334 .INACEJE, . . 195 Mimosa, . . 238 Syn. 238 Ornithogalum, . 551 OROBANCHACE.E, 392 Syn. 333 .tinaria, . . 398 Mimoseae, . ,^- 238 Orobanche, . . 392 Ipomeea, . . 442, 443 jinum, . . . 195 Vlimulus, . . 401 Orontium, . . 521 Ipomopsis, . . 440 ^iparis, . . .530 lirabilis, . . 472 Orthospermese, . 2d4 Iresine. . . .471 Lippia, . .413 Mitchells. . . SOS O r 3' z e a% . . 622 643 INDEX. Oryzopsis, . . 596 Podophyllum, . . 152 Rubus, . . .249 Sisymbrium, . . IG8 Syn. 596 PODOSTEMACE^B, 485 Rudbeckia, . . 337 Syn. 165, 166 Osmorhiza, . . 293;Podostemum, . . 485 Syn. 338 Sisyrinchium, . . 543 Osmunda, . . 634 Pogonia, . . . 535 Ruellia, . . .395 Skim, . . .287 O s ni u n d i a c e se, . 634 Polanisia, . . .172 tlumex, . . . 476 SM1LACEJE, . . 544 Ostrya, . . .497 POLEMONIACE.E, 438 Syn. 473 Smi/acina, . 552, 553 Otophylla, . . 408 Polemonium, . . 440 Ruppia, . . . 524 Smilax, . . .544 OXALIDACEJ3, . 200 Polyanthes, . * . 550 Ruta, . . .204 Smyrnium, 287, 288, 289 Oxalis, . . .200 Polygala, . . .173 RUTACE.E, . . 204 SOLANACE^E, . 444 Oxycoccus, . . 370 POLYGALACEJE, 173 Sabbatia, . . 450 Solanum, . . 448 Oxydendron, . . 372 POLYGONACE^, 473 Sagina, . . .189 Solea. . . .178 Oxyria, . . .473 Paeonia, . . .149 Polygonatum, . . 553 Polygonella, . . 475 Sagittaria, . . 526 SALICACE^E, . 500 Solidago, . . 328-333 Sonchus, . . .363 Panax, . . .295 Polygonum, . . 473 Salicornia, . . 466 Syn. 359, 361 Pan ice ae, . .602 Panicum, . . .604 Polymnia, . . 335 Polypodiacese, 628 Salix, . . .501 S a 1 p i g 1 o s s e se, 397 Sophora, . . .235 Sorbus, . . .245 Syn. 603, 604, 618 Polypodium, . . 628 Salsola, . . .467 sorghum, . . 622 Papaver, .', . . 157 Syn. 631 Sal via. . . .418 Sparganium, . . 523 PAPAVERACE.E, 155 tpapilionaceae, . 219 Polypogon, . . 599 Polytaenia, . . 292 Salvinia, . . .636 Sambucese, . 301 Sparganophorus, . 314 Spartina, . . 618 Parietaria, . .511 Parnassia, . . 180 tpomese, . . .243 PONTEDERACE;E, 555 Sambucus, . . 301 Samolus, . .388 Specularia, . . 366 Spergula, . .185 Paronychia, . . 185 Pontederia, . . 555 Sanguinaria, . .155 Syn. 189 Parthenium, . . 336 Populus, . . .506 Sanguisorba, . . 255 Spermacoce, . . 306 Paspalum, . . 602 Portulaca, . . 193 Sanicula, . . 285 Syn. 307 Passiflora, . . 269 PORTULACACE^E, 193 SANTALACEJE, . 479 Spigelia, . . .307 PASSIFLORACEJE, 269 Potamogeton, . . 524 SAPINDACEJE, . 215 t Spigeliese, . . 307 Pastinaca, . . 291 Syn. 267 Saponaria, . . 192 Spinacia, . . .467 Paulownia, . . 399 Potentilla, . . 251 Sarothra, . . 184 Spiraea, . . .255 Pavia, . . .214 Poterium, . . 255 Sarracenia, . . 155 Syn. 257 PEDALIACE.E, . 394 Pothos, . . .521 SARRACENIA- Spiranthes, . . 536 Pedicularis, . . 410 Prenanthes, . 361, 362 CE^E, . . .155 Spirodela, . . 522 Pelargonium, . . 197 Primula, , . . 384 Sassafras, . . 478 Sporobolus, . . 599 Peltandra, . . 520 PRIMULACEJE, . 383 Satureja, . . 421 Stachydes, . 426 Pentalophus, . . 433 Prinos, . . .381 Satureineas, . 409 Stachys, . . .427 Penthorum, . . 278 Priva, . . .413 SAURACEJE, . 484 Staphylea, . . 215 Pentstemon, . . 400 Proserpinaca, . 267 Saururus, . . 484 StaphyleBB. . 215 Peplys, . . 195, 261 Prunella, . . .424 Saxifraea, . . 278 Statice, . . .390 Periploca, . . 461 Prunus, . . .241 SAXIFRAGACEJE, 278 Syn. 390 Persica 242 Syn. 240, 242 t Saxifrages, . . 278 Stellaria, . . .187 Peristylus, . . 533 Psamma, . . .600 Scabiosa, . v 310 t Stellate, . . 304 Persicaria, . . 474 Psilostemon, . . 431 Scandix, . . .292 Stipa, . . .596 Petalostemon, . . 226 Psoralea, ... 225 Scheuchzeria, . 528 Syn. 600 Syn. 226 Petroselinum, . . 238 Psylocarya, . . 574 Ptelea, . . .201 Sehizaea, . . . 635 Schizanthus, . . 397 StipaceiB, . . 595 Streptopus, . . 554 Petunia, . . .445 Pteris, . . . 632 Schoenus, . 574, 575 Syn. 554 Phaca. . . .229 Pterospora, . . 380 Schollera, . . 555 Struthiopteris, . 634 Phacelia, . . .438 Pulmonaria, . . 434 Schrankia, . . 238 Stylipus, ... 254 Syn. 437 Syn. 434 Schwalbea, . . 410 Stylisma, . . 443 Phalangium, . . 552 Punica, . . . 258 Scilleae, . . 550 Stylophorum, . 156 Syn. 562 Pycnanthemum, . 419 Scirpese, . . 569 Stylosanthes, . 229 Phalareae, . . 607 Pyrethrum, . .343 Scirpus, . . .570 STYRACACEJE, . 383 Phalaris, . . .607 Syn. 343 Syn. 565, 568, 569, 570, 573 Stiirandra, . . 552 Phalerocarpus, . 37 i Pyrola, . . .378 SCLERANTHA- Suoularia, . . 163 Pharbitis, . . ,442 Syn. 379 CEJE, . . .470 Sullivantia, . . 279 Phaseolus, . . 221 t Pyroleae, . . 378 Scleranthus, . . 470 Swertia, . . .454 tPhiladelpheas, . 282 Pyrularia, . . 479 Sclereae, . . 575 Syn. 450, 453, 454 Philadelphus, . . 282 Pyrus, . . .244 Scleria, . . .575 Symphoria, . 300, 301 Phleoideae,. . 601 Phleum, . . .602 Syn. 245, 246 Pyxidanthera, . 441 Sclerolepis, . . 313 Scolopendrium, . 632 Symphoricarpus, . 300 Symphitum, . . 431 Phlox, . . .438 Quamoclit, . . 443 Scrophularia, . 399 Symplocarpua, . 521 Phragmites, . .610 Quercus, . . 492 SCROPHULARIA- Synandra, . . 426 Phryma, . . .413 Queria, . . .185 CEJE, . . .396 Synthyrus, . . 404 Phyllanthus, . . 489 RANUNCULA- Scutellaria, . . 423 Syringa, . . .462 Phyllodoce, . . 373 CE./E, . . .137 Scutellarineffi, 423 Tajretes, . . .341 Physalis, . . . 447 Ranunculus, . . Hi Secale, . <- . .619 Talinum, . . .194 Physostegia, . . 426 Raphanus, . . 171 Sedum, . . .276 Tanacetum, . . 350 Phytolacea, . . 478 PHYTOLACCA- Reseda, . . .173 RESEDACE.E, . 173 Sfilinum, . . 290 Sempervivum, . 277 Syn. 347 Taraxacum, . . 362 CE^E, . . .477 Renssel&ria, . . 520 Senicio, . . .347 Taxus, . . .518 Pimpinella, ... 288 RHAMNACHJE, . 216 Syn. 352 Tax in esc, . . 518 Pinguicula, . ' . 390 Rhamnus, . .216 Senecionidese, 335 Tecoma, . .393 Pinus, . . . 514 Rheum, . . .473 Sepicula, . . 529 Tephrosia, . . 224 Syn. 515, 516 Rhexia, ... 259 Sericocarpus, . . 325 TERNSTRCEMIA Piptatherum, . . 596 Rhinanthus, . . 410 Sesamum, . . 395 CE;E, . . .205 Pisum, . . .221 Rhododendron, . 375 Setaria, . . .606 Teucrium, . . 429 Syn. 219 PLANTAGINA- Syn. 375 Rhodora, . . . 375 Seymeria, . . 407 Shepherdia, . . 481 Thalictrum, . . 147 Thapsia, ... 289 CE,E, . . .388 Rhus, . . .202 Sibbaldia, . . 257 Thaspium, . . 289 Plantago, . . .338 Rhyncospora, . . 574 Sibthorpesc, . 404 Syn. 287, 296 PLATANACE^E, . 508 Syn. 575 Sicyos, . . .270 Thesium, . . 479 Platan us, . . .508 Ribes, ... 273 Syn. 271 Thlaspi, . . .160 Platanthera, . 532535 Ricinus, . . .488 Sida, . . .209 Syn. 161 Plectranthus, . . 415 Robinia, . . .224 Silene, . . .190 Thuja, . . .517 Pluchea, . . .334 Rochelia, . . 435 S i 1 e n e SB, . . 190 THYMELACE53, 480 PLUMBAGINA- Rosa, . . .246 * Siliculosae, . . 160 Thymus, . . .420 CEJE, . . .389 ROSACES, . . 238 * Siliquosaj, . . 164 Tiarella, . . . aso Poa, . . . .614 t Rosacese proper, , 246 Silphium, . . 335 Tierridia, . . 512 Syn. 613 Rosmarinus, . . 419 Sinapis, . . .170 Tilia, . . .2)0 "odalyria, . . 825 RUBIACEJE, . . 303 Sison, . . 887,394 TILIACE.E, . . 210 INDEX. 643 Tillffia, . . .276 Tipularia, . . 532 Tofieldia, . . 559 Tropaeolum, . . 500 Troximon, . . 362 Tubuliflorse, . . 313 Vaccinium, . . 368 Syn. 370, 371 Valeriana, . . 308 VITACEJE, . .211 Vitis, . . .211 Waldstenia, . . 253 Trachysperma, . 455 Tuckermania., . 490 VALERIANACEJE, 308 Winsoria, . . 613 Tradescantia, . . 363 t Tulipa, . . 547 Vale.rianella, . . 309 Wistaria, . . .222 Tragopogon, . . 358 Tulipaceffi, . 547 Vallisneria, . . 529 Woodsia, . C31 Syn. 358 Turritis, . . 165 Veratrum, . . 557 Woodwardia, . . 632 Trautvetteria, . 147 Syn. 166 Syn. 557, 559 Xanthium, . . 352 Tricochloa, . . 600 Tussilago, . . 318 Verbascese, . 397 Xeranthemum, . 355 Trichodium, . . 599 Syn. 318 Verbascum, . . 397 Xerophyllum, . 558 Tricophorum, . 572 Trichostema, . . 429 Typha, ... 522 TYPHACE.E, . 522 Verbena, . . .411 VERBENACEJE, . 411 Xylosteuni, . . 299 XYRIDACEJE, . 363 Trichelostylis, . . 573 Udora, . . 529 Verbesina, . . 347 Xyris, . . .363 Tricuspis, . . 613 ULMACE.SJ, . . 482 Syn. 344 Zahnichellia, . . 524 TrientaJis, . . 385 Ulmus, . . .482 Vernonia, . . 313 Zanthorhiza, . . 148 Trifolium, . . 226 UMBELLIFERJE, 283 Vernoniacese, . 313 ZANTHOXYLA- Syn. 228, 230 Uniola, . . .616 Veronica, . . 405 CEJE, ... 201 Triglochin, . . 528 Uralepis, . . 610 Veronicese, . 405 Zanthoxylum, . 201 TRILLIACE.E, . 545 Uraspermum, . 293 Viburnum, . . 301 Zapania, . 412,413 Trillium, . . .515 Urtica, . . .510 Vicia, . . 220 Zea 623 Triosteum, . . 300 Syn. 511 Vilfa, . . 597,598 Zenobia, . . .372 Triphora, . . 535 URTICACE.E, . 508 ViHarsia, . . 455 Zigadenus, . . 556 Tripsacum, . . 623 * Urticeae, . .510 Vinca, . . .457 Zinnia, ... 338 Trisetum, . . 609 Utricularia, . . 391 Viola, . . .175 Zizania, . . . 622 Triticum, . . 619 Uvaria, . . .151 Syn. 178 Zizia, ... 287 Trollius, . . .144 Uvularia, ... 553 VIOLACEJE, . . 175 Ziziphora, . 421, 423 TROP.flSOLACE.2E, 199 Syn. 554 Viscum, ... 297 Zostera, ... 523 t Vaccineae, . " . 368 Byn. 386 ENGLISH INDEX. Adam-arid-Eve, . 531 Adder's-tongue, . 635 Basil, Basswood, 419, 422 . 210 Blue-curls, Blue-eyed Grass, 424, 429 . 543 Cabbage . . 1T1 Calabash . . 273 Agrimony, . . 255 Bath Flower, . 546 Blue Grass, . 614 Cale, . . .171 Albany Beech-drops, 380 Bay berry, . 500 Blue Flag, . 541 Calico-bush . 374 Alder, . . 381,492 Beach Plum, . 241 Blue-hearts, . . 407 Campion, . 190 Alexanders, . . 287 Beach Pea, . 219 Blue Tangles, . 370 Canary Grass, . . 607 Allspice, ... 258 Bean, . 220, 221, 222 Bog Rush, 574, 575 Cancer-weed, . . 418 Almond, . . 242,243 Bear-berry, . 371 Boneset, . 316 Candytuft, . . 164 Aloe, . . .539 Alum-root, . . 280 Beard-tongue, Beard Grass, . 400, 401 . 622 Borrage, - Bottle Grass, . . 531 . 607 Caraway, . J88, 348 Cardinal Flower, 363, 364 Amaranth, . 471, 472 Beaver-wood, . . 483 Bowman's Root, . 257 Cardoon, ... 355 American Cowsb'p, 385 Bedstraw, . 304 Box. . . . . 489 Carnation, . . 193 Angelica, . 290, 291 Beech, . . 496 Boxberry, 371, 373 Carrot, . . 292 Angelica Tree, . 285 Beech-drops, . 380, 393 Brake, . . . 632 Carpet-weed, . . 190 Anise, . . 288 . 470 Broccoli, . . 171 Caslor Oil Bean, . 488 Annual Spear Grass, 614 Bell-flower, 365,366 Broome Grass, 611, 621 Catch-fly, . 190, 191 Apple, . . ' . 244 Bell-wort, . 554 Brooklime, . 405 Cat-gut, ... 225 Apple of Peru, . 446 Bengal Grass, . . 607 Broomrape, . . 383 Catnep, ... 425 Apricot, . . .242 Bent Grass, . 597 Broom Corn, . . 622 Cattail, ... 522 Arbor Vitas, . .517 Berberry, . 152 Buck-bean, . 455 Cauliflower, . . 171 Arrow- grass, . . 526 Bilberry, . 368 Buck-eye, . 214 Cedar, . . 516,517 Arrow-head, . . 527 Bindweed, 442, 443, 476 Buck-thorn, . 216, 217 Celandine, . . 156 Arrow-wood, . . 303 Bird's-nest, . 380 Buck- wheat, . . 476 Celery, ... 288 Artichoke, . 341, 355 Birch, . . 498, 499 Bujfle-weed, . . 416 Century Plant, . 539 Asarabacca, . . 465 Bishop's Cap, . . 280 Bulrloss, . . 481 Chaff-seed, . . 410 Ash, . . 463, 464, 483 Bishop- weed, . . 2S6 Bullrush, . . 571 Chamomile, . . 342 Asparagus, . . 555 Asphodel, . . 552 Bistort, . Bittersweet, . . 475 . 448 Burdock, Burnet, . 357 . 255 Cheat, . . .611 Checkerberry, . . 373 Atamasco Lily, . 538 Blackberry, . . 249 Burning Bush, . . 216 Cherry, . . .240 Austrian Eglantine, 247 Black Haw, . . 303 3urr Flower, . . 43C Chess, . . .611 Avens, . . 252, 254 Black Snake root . 147 3urr Grass, . 607 Chestnut, . . 496 Awl wort, . . 163 Black Thorn, . . 241 Burr Marigold, . 346 Chick weed, 185, 187, 188 Bachelor's Button, . 354 Balloon-vine, . . 215 Bladder-nut, . Bladder Senna, . 215 . 224 Burr-reed, Burr-seed, . 523 . 435 Chick weed Winter- green, ... 385 Balm, . . 422, 429 Bladderwort, . 391, 392 Buttercups, . 142 ?hina Aster, . . 32T Balm of Gilead, . 507 Blazing Star, . . 317 Butterfly-weed, . 460 Chinquapin, . . 496 Balsam Apple, . 271 Bjessed Thistle, . 355 Butternut, . 490 Choke Berry, . . 245 Balsam Spruce, . 516 Blood-root, . 156 Butterwort, . 390 Cinquefoil, . 251,258 Baneberry, . 146, 147 Barley, ... 620 Blueberry, Blue-bottle, i 369, 370 . 854 Button-bush, . Button-wood, . . 807 . 508 Citron Tree. . . 205 Gives. . . . 581 644 INDEX. Clarry, . .418 Cleavers, . . .304 English Ivy, . . 295 English Moss, . 277 Hart's-tongue, . 632 Hawkweed, . 358, 360 Leafcup, . . S35 Leather-flower, . 139 Clotweed, . . 352 Eternal Flower, . 355 Hawthorn, . .243 Leather-wood, . 480 Cloudberry, . . 250 Eyebright, . . 487 Hazel, . . 496, 497 Leek, . . 550, 551 Clover, . 227, 228, 233 False Flax, . . 163 Heartsease, . . 4178 Lemon Tree, . . 204 Club Moss, . 625627 False Mermaid, . 200 Hedge Hyssop, . 403 Lettuce, . . 359,361 Club Rush, . 569, 570 Cock's-comb, . . 472 Cock's-foot Grass, . 604 False Red-top, . 613 Fiilse Wall Flower, 169 Feather-beds, . . 637 Hedge Mustard, . 168 Hedgehog, . . 228 Hedgehog Grass, . 621 Lever-wood, . . 497 Life-everlasting, . 351 Lilac, . . . 463 Coffee Tree, . . 237 Feather Grass, . 596 Heliotrope, . . 436 Lily, . . 548, 549 Colic Root, . .541 Felwort, . . 454 Hellebore, . 144, 557 Lily-ofthe-Valley, 553 Colocynth, . . 272 Fennel, . . .290 Hemlock, 286, 515, 518 Lime Tree, . 205, 210 Colt's -foot, . . 318 Fennel Flower, . 149 Hemp, . . .512 Lime Grass, . 620, 621 Columbine, . . 145 Fern, . . 629636 Hemp Nettle, . 427 Linden Tree, . . 210 Columbo, . . 455 Fescue Grass, 611, 612 Henbane, . 446, 447 Lion's-heart, . . 426 Comfrey, . . .431 Fever-bush, . . 478 Henbit, . . 426 Lion's-foot, . . 361 Cone-flower . 337, 338 Feverfew, . . 343 Herb Robert, . .196 Live-forever, . . 277 Coral-root, . . 531 Feverwort, . . 300 Herd's Grass, . 602 Liverwort, . .141 Coriander, . . 294 Field Mint, . . 416 Hickory, . .491, 492 Lizzard's-tail, . . 484 Corn Cockle, . . 191 Fig, . . . .510 High Cranberry, . 302 Locust, . .224, 237 Corn Mint. . . 416 Com Salad, . . 309 Corn Spurry, . . 186 Figwort, . . 399 Finger Grass, . . 603 Fir Balsam, . . 516 High-water Shrub, S53 Hoarhound, 315, 416, 428 Hobble-bush, . . 302 Loosestrife,260,265,386,3S7 Lopseed, . . .413 Louse wort, . .411 Cornel, . . ? 296 Fire-weed, . . 352 Hogweed, . 353, 469 Lovage, . . . 289 Cotton Plant, . . 207 Cotton Thistle, . 355 Flax. ... 195 Fleabane, . 326, 327 Holly, . . .381 Hollyhock, . . 208 Love-lies-bleeding, 471 Lungwort, . . 434 Cotton Tree, . . 507 Florin Grass, . . 597 Honesty, . . 164 Lupine, . , . 235 Cotton Grass, . 572, 573 Cowbane, . 286, 291 Flower-of-an-hour, 209 Fly-poison, . . 55 Honewort, . 287, 289 Honeysuckle, 298, 299, 300 Lychnidea, 438, 439, 440 Madwort, . . 163 Cowslips, . . 143 Fly-trap, . . . J92 Hoop Ash, . . 483 Maidenhair, . . 633 Cow Wheat, . . 411 Fog-fruit, . . 413 Hop, . . .512 Maize, . . . 623 Coxcomb, . . 470 Fool's Parsley, . 289 Hornbeam, . . 497 Mallow, . . 206209 Crab Grass, . . 603 Forbed Spike, . . 621 Horn Poppy, . 156 Mangel-Wurtzel, . 470 Cranberry, ^ 302,370 Forked Chickweed, 185 Hornwort, . . 484 Man-of-the-Earth, . 442 Crane's- bill" . 196, 197 Forget-me-not, . 434 Horse Balm, . . 421 Maple, . 212, 213, 214 Crowberry, . 489, 490 Foul Meadow, . 615 Horse Chestnut, . 214 Mare's-tail, . . 268 Crowfoot, 141, 142, 143 Four-o'clock, . 472, 473 Horsemint, . 415, 417 Marigold, . 143, 341 Crownbeard, . . 347 Foxglove. . 404, 405 Horse Nettle, . . 448 Marjoram, . . 420 Crown Imperial, . 549 Fox -tail Grass, . 602 Horse Radish, . 163 Marsh Rosemary, . 390 Cucumber, 270, 271, 272 Franklinia, . . 205 Horsetail, . 624, 625 Marvel of-Pern, . 472 Cucumber-root, . 547 Fraxinella, . . 204 Hound's-tongue, . 435 Mat Grass, . .601 Cucumber Tree . 150 Fringe Tree, . .463 Houseleek, . . 277 Matrimony Vine, . 449 Cudweed, . . 352 FritiJlary, . . 549 Huckleberry, . . 368 May, Apple, . . 152 Culver's Physic . 405 Cup-plant, . . 356 Frogbit. . . .529 Frost-plant, . . 181 Hyacinth, . . 551 Hydrangea, . 281, 282 May Flower, . . 374 May- weed, . . 342 Currant, . . 273 Fumitory, . . 159 Hyssop, . . .421 Meadow Beauty, . 259 Currant-leaf, . . 280 Galingale, . . 566 Ice-plant, . . 276 Meadow Gra#s, . 614 Cut Grass, . . 622 Garget, . . .478 Indian Cress, . . 200 Meadow Rue, 147, 148 Cypress, . . .517 Garlic, . . 550,551 Indian Grass, . 622 Meadow-sweet, 256, 257 Cypress Vine, . . 443 Gay Feather, . . 317 Indian Hemp, . 456 Medick, . . . 228 Daffodil, . . 539 Gem-fruit, . . 280 Indian Millet, . . 622 Melilot, . . .226 Daisy, . 326, 327, 343 Dandelion, 358, 362 Gentian, . 416, 453, 454 Geranium-, . 196 198 Indian Physic, . 57 Indian Pipe, . . 380 Mercury, . . . 488 Mermaid-weed, . 267 Darnel Grass, . . 620 Day flower, . . 563 Gill over the-ground, 425 Ginseng, . . 295 Indian Rice, . . 622 Indian Tobacco, . 364 Miami Mist, . .437 Mienienette, . . 173 Day Lily, . . 550 Globe Flower, 144, 257 Ink-berry, . . 382 Milfoil, . 267, 268, 312 Deadly Nightshade, 449 Goat's Beard, . . 256 Innocence, . . 306 Milk-weed, . . 359 Deerberry, . . 3fi9 Goat's Rue, . . 225 Iron -weed, . .313 Milkwort, . . 174 Deer Grass, . . 259 Golden Chain, . 235 Iron-wood, . . 497 Millet, . . 596, 607 Devil's-bit, . . 3)0 Dewberry, . .249 Golden Club, . . 521 Golden Cress-flower, 540 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 519 Jacobaa, . . . 348 Millet Grass, . 603, 604 Missletoe, . . 297 Ditch Moss, . . 529 Goldenrod, . 328333 Jarobaea Lily, . . 538 Mitrewort, . . 280 Dittany, . . .421 Gold-of-pleasure, . 163 Jalap, . . .478 Modesty, . . .286 Dock, . . 476,477 Goldthread, . . 144 Japan Rose, . . 206 Moneywort, . . 387 Dockmackie, . . 302 Gooseberry, . 273, 274 Jasmine, . 443, 462 Monkey Flower, 401, 402 Dodder, . . .444 Goose-grass, . 252, 304 Jersey Tea, . .217 Monk's-hood, . . 146 Dog's-bane, . 456, 457 Goose-foot, . . 469 Jerusalem Cherry, . 448 Moonseed, . . 151 Dog's-couch Grass, 619 Gourd, . . .272 Jewel -weed, . .199 Morning Glory, . 442 Dogwood, 203, 296, 297 Grape, . . .211 Judas Tree, . . 236 Moss Pink, . . 440 Dorp-seed Grass, . 600 Grass, . . 595623 July Flower, . . 170 Motherwort, . . 427 Dragon's-claw, . 531 Grass-of-Parnassus, 180 June Berry, . . 245 Mountain Ash, . 245 Dragon-head, 425, 426 Grass Pink, . . 536 Juniper, . . .517 Mountain Fringe, . 158 Dragon-root, . . 519 Grass-poly, . . 260 King's Spear, . . 552 Mountain Heath, . 373 Dropwort, . . 291 Greek Valerian, . 440 Knapweed, . . 354 Mountain Laurel, . 374 Duckmeat, . . 522 Green Brier, . . 544 Knawell, . . 470 Mountain Mint, 417, 419 Dutchman's Breeches,l58 Green Dragon, . 520 Knot Grass, 474, 475, 476 Mountain Rice, . 596 Dutchman's Pipe, . 466 Green-head, . . 306 Knot-weed, . 474, 475 Mourning Bride, . 310 Dwarf Cassia, . . 337 Dwarf Pink, . . 306 Gromwell, . 432, 433 Ground Cherry, . 447 Labrador Tea, . 377 Ladies' Ear-drop, . 265 Mouse-ear, . . 435 Mouse-tail, . 148, ?66 Dyer's-broom, . 234 Ground Ivy, . . 425 Ladies' Slipper, 537, 538 Mud wort, . .404 Dyer's-weed, . . 173 Ground Nut, . 222, 295 Ladies' Thumb, . 474 Muarwort, . . .350 Egg-plant, . .448 Ground Pine, . . 625 Ladies' Tresses, . 536 Mulberry, 249, 250, 509 Eglantine, . . 247 Groundsel, . . 347 Lake Flower, . 455 Mullein, . . . 397 Esvptian Wheat, . 619 Groundsel Tree, . 335 Lamb Lettuce, . 309 Mullein Pink, . . 192 Elder, . 295, 301, 353 Guelder Rose, . 302 Larch, . . .516 Muskmelon, . . 271 Elecampane, . . 334 Gum Tree, . . 480 Larkspur, . 145, 146 Mustard, . 166170 Elm. . . 482,483 Endive, ... 357 Hackberry, . . 483 Hair Bell, . . 365 Laurel, . . 374,481 Laurestine, . . 303 Myrtle, . . 258,500 Narcissus, . . 539 Enchanter's Night- Hair Grass, , . 599 Lavender, . . 415 Nasturtion, . . 200 Rhade, ... 266 Hardback, . . 256 Leadnlant, . . 226 Neckwced, . . 406 INDEX. 645 Nectarine, . . 242 Nettle, . 428, 510, 511 Primrose, 263, 264, 384, 385 Prince's Feather, 471, 475 Snake -head, . . 400 Snake Cactus, . 275 Trumpet-weed, . 314 Tuberose, . . 550 Kettle Tree, . . 483 Prince's Pine, . . 379 Snake-root,l47,174,285,465 Tulepo, . . . 430 Nightshade, . . 448 Privet. . 463 Snap-dragon, 398, 399 Tulip, . . .547 Nine-bark, . . 256iPuccoon, . . .433 Sneezewort, 342, 343 Tulip Tree, . . 130 Nonesuch, . . 228 Nutmeg Flower, . 149 Pumpkin, . . 272 Pumpkin-wood, . 210 Snowball. . . 302 Snow-berry, . . 300 Turk's Cap, . i75, 548 Turmeric-root, . I4tf Oak, . . 492495 Purslain, 193, 194, 195, 266 Snowdrop, . . 539 Turnip, . . .171 Oak-of-Jerusalem, . 469 Putty-root, . . 531 Snowdrop Tree, . 383 Tway-blade, . 530,537 Oat, . . . 609, 610 Quamash, . . 552 Soapwort, . . 192 Twin-flower, . . 301 Oilnut, . . .479 Q.ueen-of-the-Mea- Soft Grass, . . 608 Twist-foot, . . 554 Oily-seed, . . 395 dow, ... 256 Solomon's Seal, 552, 553 Umbrella Tree, . 150 Okro, ... 209 Quillwort, . . 627 Sorrel, 200, 201, 473, 477 Unicorn Plant, . 394 Oleander, . , 458 Quince, . . .245 Sorrel Tree, . . 372 Unicorn-root, . . 559 Oleaster, . . 482 Onion, . . .551 Radish, . . .172 Ragged Robin, . 192 Southernwood, . 350 Sow Thistle, . . 363 Valerian. . . .308 Vegetable Oyster, . 358 Orache, . .467, 468 Ram's-head, . . 538 Spanish Needles, . 345 Venus' Fly-trap, . 180 Oranire Tree, . ^- 205 Orchard Grass, . 617 Raspberry, . 249, 250 Rattle-box, . . 234 Spear Grass, . . 614 Spearmint, . 416 Venus' Looking-glass, 367 Vernal Grass, . . 608 Orpine, . . .277 Red-bud, . . .236 Spearwort, . . 141 Vervain, . .412 Osage Orange, . 509 Red Osier, . . 296 Speedwell, . 406, 407 Vetch, . yjO, 221, 229 Osier, . . .504 Red-root, . 217, 540 Spicewood, . . 478 Violet, . 175178, 253 Ostrich Fern, . . 634 Red-top, 597, 613, 614 Spiderwort, . 172, 563 Viper's Bugloss, . 430 Ox-eye, . . .337 Reed Grass, . . 601 Spikenard, . . 294 Virgin's Bower, . 139 Ox-tongue, . . 431 Reed Mace, . . 522 Spinage, . . 467 Wake Robin, . . 546 PiEony, . . .149 Resin-weed, . . 336 Spindle Tree, . . 216 Wall Flower, . . 170 Painted-cup, . 409, 410 Palma Christi, . 488 Rhubarb, . . 473 Ribwort, . . 388 Spleenwort, 275,630,631 Spring Beauty, . 194 Wall Pepper, . . 277 Walnut, . . 490,491 Panic, ... 606 Rice, ... 204 Spruce, . . .515 Water Carpet, . . 281 Pansey, . . .178 Robin's Plantain, . 326 Spurge, . . 486, 487 Water Cress, . . 165 Parsley, . . .289 Rock Brake, . . 632 Squash, . . . 272 Water Feather, . 384 Parsnep, . . 287,291 Rock Rose, . . 181 Squirrel-tail Grass, 620 Water Hemp, . . 467 Partridge-berry, . 305 Rocket, . . 168, 171 Staff Tree, . . 215 Water-leaf, . . 436 Passion Flower, . 269 Pawnee Lettuce, . 309 Rose, . 246248, 250 Rose Acacia, . . 224 Star Flower, . . 451 Star-Grass. . 540, 541 Water Lily, . . 154 Water melon, . . 272 Pawpan, . . .15] Rose-bay, . 262, 376 Star-of-Bethlem, . 551 Water Nymph, . 524 Pea, . 219, 220, 221 Rose-bay Tree, . 458 St. John's-wort, 183, 184 Water Pepper, . 474 Peach, . . .242 Rosemary, . 372, 419 St Peter's-vort . 182 Water-target, . . 153 Pear, . . .244 Rosin-weed, . . 336 St Peter's Wreath, 256 Wayfaring Tree, . 302 Pearlwort, . . 189 Rue, '. . .20-1 Stone-crop, . *77, 278 Wheat, . . .619 Pea Vine, . . 223 Rush, 559562, 571, 624 Stonewort, . . 637 Wheat thief, . . 433 Pellitory, . . .511 Pencil Flower, . 230 Rutland Beauty, . 444 Rye, . . 619, 620 Strawberry, . . 253 Strawberry Elite, . 468 Whip Grass, . . 576 Whistle-wood, . 213 Penny Cress, . . 160 Pennyroyal, . . 422 Rye Grass, . . 621 Saffron, . . 355,543 Succory, . . .357 Sumach, . . 202,203 White Bay, . . 150 White Grass, . . 622 Pennywort, . 284, 452 Sage r . . .418 Summer Savory, . 421 White-top, . . 597 Pepper, . . .447 Sage Geranium, . 415 Sundew, . . . 179 White-weed, . 326,343 Peppergrass, . . 161 Peppendge, . . 480 Salt-rheum-weed, 400 Saltwort, . 386. 466 Sunflower, 339,340,341,345 Swamp Pink, 375, 376 White-wood, . 150 Whitlow Grass, 162 Peppermint, . . 416 Pepper-root, . . 168 Samphire, . 466, 467 Sandwort, . 188, 189 Sweet Basil, . .415 Sweet Brier, . . 247 Whortleberry, 368, 369 Wild Basil, . 419, 422 Periwinkle, . . 457 Sanicle, . . .285 Sweet Cicely, . . 293 Wild Bergamot, . 417 Persimmon Tree, 382 Sarsaparilla, . 294, 544 Sweet Fern, . . 500 Wild Surface Tree, 241 Pettymorrel, . . 294 Satin Flower, . . 164 Sweet Flag, . . 521 Wild Germander, . 429 Pheasant's Eye, 141, 193 Pickerel-weed, . 555 Saxifrage, 255, 278, 279 Scabish, . . 263 Sweet Gum, . . 508 Sweet-pepper Bush, 373 Wild Ginger, . . 465 Wild Indigo, . . 235 Pigmy-weed, . . 276 Scarcity, . . .470 Sweet Potato. . 443 Wild Mandrake, . 152 Pimpernell, . 387, 388 Scorpion Grass, . 434 Sweet-scented Grass. 608 Wild Oats, . . 554 Pine, . . 514, 515 Scorpion Senna, . 230 Sweet-scented Shrub,258 Wild Peppergrasa, . 161 Pine Sap, . . 380 Scratch Grass, . 475 Sweet Sultan, . 35--~ n a5s Trumpet Flower, > 394 r> ^ 7 :5 5 !! s^ Zigadene, . . 55o THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers. Perdval. I At the request of many of our readers, we insert the following article, regarding it as by no means an unsuitable appendix to the Flora, although it might not be en- titled to a place in the body of a scientific work. The species are arranged alpha- oetically, as usual, according to the names by which they are best known. For their true characters and nomenclature, reference is made to the Flora, thus ; Acacia (Rose). XL VII (order), 11 (genus) ; 3 (species).] Acacia (Rose). XL VII, 1 1 ; 3. Friendship. Adonis (Flos). I, 4. Sad remembrances. Almond (Flowering). XL VIII, 5 ; 3. Hope. Aloe. CXLVII, 4. Superstition. ALyssum (sweet). XIII, 8 ; 2. Merit before beauty. Amaranth (Pot, &c). C VIII, 1 ; 3, &c. Immortality. Amaranth (Globe). C VIII, 4; 1. I change not. Amaryllis. CXLVII, 1 ; 2. Affectation ; coquetry. Andromeda (Marsh) LXXVIII, 5 ; 3. A cruel fate has fixed me Anemone nemorosa. I, 2 ; 1 . Anticipation. [here. Angelica. LXVII, 20. These are idle dreams. Apocynum. CI, 1. Falsehood. Arbor wta. CXXXI, 4. Thy friend till death. Arethusa. CXL,,8. I could weep for thee. Asclepias. Oil, 1. Conquer your love. Aspen. C XX VII, 2 ; 1. Excessive sensibility. Asphodel. CLIII, 10 ; 1. My thoughts will follow thee be- yond tM^rave. Aster. LXXV. 10. Cheerfulness in age. Auricula. LXXXII, 1 ; 3. You are proud. Bachelor's -Button. LXXV, 62 ; 2. Single blessedness. Balm. XCIII, 7 ; 1. 20 ; 1. Sympathy. Balm of Gilead. CXXVII, 2 ; 7. You have cured my pain. Balsamine. XXVIII, 1 ; 3. Approach not. Basil (sweet). XCIII,!. Good wishes. Beech. CXXIV, 3. There let us meet. Berberry. VI, 1. A sour temper is no slight evil. Box. CXXI, 7. Constancy. I change not. Broom. XL VII, 29. Humility. Broom-corn. CLXI, 57 ; I. Industry. Bulrush. CLX, 7 ; 5, 7. Indecision. Butter-cups. I, 5 ; 8. I cannot trust thee. Burdock. LXXV. 70. Don't come near me. Cactus. LXI, 1,2. You terrify me. Calla JElhiopica. CXXXIV, 3 ; 2. Modesty. Calycanthus. XLIX. Benevolence. Camellia Japonica (red). XXXVI, 2. Pity may change to love. Camellia Japonica (white). Perfected loveliness. Canterbury-bells. LXXVII, 1 ; 6. Gratitude. Catchfly. XXIII, 7 ; 1 1. I am a willing prisoner. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS Carnation. XXIII, 10 ; 5. A haughty spirit before a fall Cedar. CXXXI. 5 ; 2. I live for thee. Chamomile. LXXV, 37 ; 2. Fortitude. China Aster (single). LXXV, 14. I'll think of it. China Aster (double). I partake your sentiments. Chrysanthemum (red}. LXXV, 42 ; 3. I love. Chrysanthemum (white). Truth needs no flowers of speccK Chrysanthemum (yelloiv). Slighted love. Circcca. L V, 7. I shall beware of your enchantments. Clover. XL VII, 18; 5. Industry. ' Coctts-comb. CVIII, 1 ; 1, or 5, 1. You are a fop. Columbine. I, 11 ; 1. I cannot give thee up. Columbine. I, 1 1 ; 2. Hopes and fears. Convolvulus. XG VIII, 1 ; 5. You love darkness. Corn Cockle. XXIII, 8 ; 1. Thou hast more beauty than worth. Cornus. LXIX. False pretensions. Cowslip (American). LXXXII, 3. Unconscious beauty. Crocus. CXLIX, 6 ; 2. What an enigma thou art. Cypress. CXXXI, 3. Bereavement. Despair. Daffodil CXLVII,2; 3. Self-esteem. Dahlia. LXXV, 16. Forever thine. Dandelion. LXXV, 82. You intrude. Eglantine Rose. XL VIII, 10 ; 6. I wound to heal. Fig. CXXX, 4. It is a secret. Flax. XXVI, 1 : 3. Domestic industry. Foxglove. XCI, 18; 1. My heart acknowletarcs your influence. Geranium maculatum. XXVII, tj'l. You^Durn with envy. " Robertianum. XXVII, l'; 2. Aversion. " ( Oak-leaved). XXVII, 3 ; 1 7. There's nothing in a name " (Rose). XVIII, 3 ; 15. Thou art my choice. (Ivy). XXVIII, 3 ; 12. A bridal decoration. Goldenrod. LXXV, 18. Encouragement. Hazel. CXXIV, 4. Reconciliation. Hearts-ease. XVII, 1 ; 21. Forget me not. Hibiscus Trionum. XXXVII, 5; 8. Thy beauty soon will fade " Syriacus. XXXVII, 5 ; 7. I would not be unreasonable Heliotrope. XCIV, 14. Devotion. Hellebore. I, 8. It is a scandal. Holly. LXXIX, I. Am I forgotten ? Hollyhock. XXXVII, 4 ; 2. Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle. LXXI, 1. Seek not a hasty answer. Hop. CXXX, 9. You do me injustice. Houstonia. LXXII, 3 ; 1 . Unaspiring beauty. Hyacinth. CLIII, 9. Jealousy. Hydrangea. LXV, 8 ; 3. Vain boasting ! ^ Ice-plant. LXII. Your very looks are freezing. Iris. CXLIX. I bring you a message. Ivy. LXVIII, 3. Nothing can part us. Jasmine. GUI. Thy gentle grace hath won me. T1IE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Ill Jonquil CXLVII, 2;1. Requited love. Judas-tree. XLVII, 34. Unbelief. Juniper. CXXXI, 5 ; 1. I will protect tlice Ladies' -slipper. CXL, 14. Caprice. Lark-spur. I, 12. Fickleness. Laurel. LXXVIII, 10. O falsehood ! treachery. Lavender. XCIII, 2. Owning her love, she sent him lavender. Lemon. XXXV, 1 ; 1: Discretion. [Shaks. Lilac. CIV, 1. My first love. Lily (white). CLIII, 2; 4. Purity and sweetness. Lobelia. LXXVI, 1 ; 2. Away with your quackery. Locust (the green leaves). XLVII, 1 1 1. My heart is buried. Lupine. XLVII, 31 ; 1. Indignation. Magnolia grandifl&ra. II, 1 ; 4. Thou hast magnanimity. Magnolia glauca. II, 1 ; 1 . He lives in fame who dies in vir- Marigold. LXXV, 61 and 35. Cruelty. [tue's caus^e. Mignionette. XV, 1 ; 2. Moral worth superior to beauty. Mirabilis. CIX. Timidity. Misletoe. LXX. Meanness. Indolence. Mock-orange. LXVI, 9 ; 2. Deceit. I cannot trust thee. Monks-hood I, 1 3 ; 2< Deceit. Your words are poison. Myrtle (Myrtus). L, 1. Love's offering. Myrtle (Myrica). CXXVI, 1. Thine is the beauty of holiness, Nigella. I, 22 ; - 1. Love-in-a-mist. Perplexity. Narcissus (Poet's Tazetta). CXLVII, 2 ; 3, 4. Egotists are agreeable only to themselves. Nasturlion. XXIX. Honor to the brave. Nettle. CXXX, 5. Thou art a slanderer. Night-shade. XCIX, 8 ; 2. Skepticism. Night-shade (Atropa). XCIX, 9. Death. Oak. CXXIV, 1. Thou art honored above all. Oat. CLXI, 30 ; 4. Thy music charms me. Oleander.' CI, 4. Beware. The better part of valor is discretion Olive (or Ash). CIV, 4. The emblem of peace. Orange flowers. XXXV, 1 ; 3. Bridal festivity. Ox-eye Daisy. LXXV, 40. Be patient. Parsley. LXVII, 14. Thy presence is desired. Passion-flower. L VII. Let love to God precede all other love Pea. XLVII. 4. Grant me an interview. Peach blossom. ' XL VIII, 4 ; 1. Preference. Pennyroyal. XCIII, 18. Flee temptation. Pceony. I, 21 : 1. A frown. Pepper. XCIX, 7. Your wit is too keen for friendship. Periwinkle (rinca). CI, 3. Remember the past. Phlox. XCVI, 1. Our souls are one. Pine (Balsam). CXXXI, 2 ; 4. Time will cure. Pine (Pitch). CXXXI, 1 ; 5. Time and philosophy. Pine (Spruce). CXXXI, 2 ; 1-3. Farewell! Pine (White]. CXXXI I. High-souled patriotism. IV THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Pink (single white). XXIII, 10 ; 4. Artlessness. Pink (single red). A token of pure and ardent love. Pink (variegated). Frank refusal. Poppy (red). XI, 5 ; 3. Oblivion is the cure. Poppy (white). XI, 5 ; 1. 'Twixt life and death. Poppy (variegated). Flirtation. Thine arts are powerless. Primrose. LXXXII, 2 ; 8. Confidence. Primrose (evening). LV, 2 ; 1. Inconstancy. Quince. XL VIII, 8. Beware of temptation. Rocket. XIII, 18. Thou vain coquette ! Rosemary. XCIII, 10. Remember me. Rose (Burgundy). XL VIII, 10 ; 14 (var.) Gentle and innocent. " (Damask). ; 12. Blushes augment thy beauty. " (Moss). ; 14 (var ). Thou art one of a thousand. " (White). ; 16. My heart is free. " ( White, withered). Transient impressions. " (Wild). ; I. Simplicity. Let not this false world de- ceive you. " ( Cinnamon). ; 7. Without pretension. Such as I am, receive me ; would I were more for your sake. " (Bud). Thou hast stolen my affections. Rue. XXXIV, 1. Disdain. Sage. XCIII, 9 ; 2. There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic virtues. Snap-dragon. XCI, 3 ; 1. 4 ; 1. Thou hast deceived me. Snow-ball LXXI, 7 ; 2. Thou livest a useless life. Snow-drop. CXLVII, 3. I am no summer friend. Sorrel OX, 4 ; 1 1. Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous friend. Speedwell XCI, 8 ; 5, 8. &c. My best wishes. Spiderwort. CLVII, 2. You have my esteem are you content? Star of Bethlehem. CLIII, 8. Look heavenward. Stock-july-flower. XIII, 22. Too lavish of smiles- Sumac. XXXIII. Splendid misery. Sweet-pea. XL VII, 1 ; 7. Must you go ? Sweet-william. XXIII, 8 ; 2. 10 ; 2. A man may smile and be Thistle. LXXV, 69. Misanthropy. [a villain too Thorn-apple. XCIX, 3 ; 1. Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt. Thyme. XCIII, 13. The prize of virtue. Tulip (variegated).- CLIII, 1. Thy spell is broken. Tulip (yellow). I dare not aspire so high. Venus' 1 -looking-glass. LXXVI1 , 2 ; 2. Flattery hath spoiled thee. Vervain. XCI I, 1 ; 1,7. I see thine arts and despise them. Violet (blue). XVII, 1; 2, &c. Faithfulness. I shall never forget. " (white). ; 10-12. Retirement. I must be sought to be Virgins-bower. I, 1 ; 2. Filial affection. [found. Wall-flower. XIII, 21 ; 2. A friend in need is a friend indeed ! Water lily. IX, 1. Be silent. Weeping Willow. CXXVII,1;23. Mourning for friends depart Zinnia. LXXV, 33. To the prude. [ed 0, 1O, 12, 16, and 3O inches in Diameter. We have added to our list, 1st. A 30-inch Terrestrial Globe, the largest ever made in this country. 2d. 16-inch Globes, Terrestrial and Celestial. They have besides the latest changes and divisions, the Isothermal Lines of Temperature, and the Deep- Sea Soundings. They are without exception, the most full and complete of any in market. 3d. A pair of ,12-inch Globes, which are very finely engraved, and are the only Globes of their size, English or American, but that are 20 years behind the times in geographical data. We have also re-engraved our 10- inch plate, so that all are the most modern of any in market. 4th. Two sizes of Slate Globes. These have a smooth black surface, upon which are drawn the parallel and meridian lines. They are intended for exercise in map drawing, using the common slate pencil. We warrant the ball against cracking, or the surface from crumbling off. The following are some of the advantages which we think our Globes have over others, and we would especially call attention to the many defi- ciencies of the English Globes, particularly in reference to the United States, Central America, and Africa. They give the boundaries of the States and Territories of -the United States. They give the Capitals and prominent Cities of each State. They show the New Cities and Towns in the New States and Territories. The Mexican and Central American States and Boundaries are laid down. The Antarctic Continent is shown. The latest discoveries in the Arctic Regions. The latest discoveries in Africa ; this is an especially important addition. Australia is more full than on any other Globes. They show the course of the Submarine Cable ; The U. S. Mail Steamship Route to California ; the Overland Route to California. The 12-inch Globe has a Brass Hour Circle, which others made in this country do not have. The 16-inch Globe has the Isothermal Lines of Temperature, and the Deep-Sea Soundings. We have never had the ball to any Globe that we have sold crack, and warrant them against that very common occurrence to other Globes. In a word, an examination will convince any one, that the Globes we offer to the public, are the only ones in market but what are far behind the present time in Geographical data. Considering the length of time that a Globe lasts, it is important that they should be modern when purchased. As parties who do not see the 30-inch Globe, might think that the price was not in proportion to that of the others, we give below the superficial surface of our different sizes. 30-inch, 19.62 feet. 12-inch, 3.14 feet. 10 " 2.11 " 6 " .78 " By which it will be seen that the surface of the 30 inch, is almost ten times larger than that of the Ifr-inch. 30-inch, Terrestrial, with Quadrant and Compass, on a splendid Mahogany Frame with Casters, - - $150 00 30-inch Terrestrial, with Quadrant, on plain Wood Frame, 100 00 *f;_ jr. A U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD5bOfl3S7fl BIOLOGY 1 // V UBRARY yV ' 3 11 19