'.<•'. >x yy. :<•::« y,'', y.< :•>::•>•.:•:•: y.< :<■:■/>::<.•::•>: :« bisisijiisiiiisisisfefeliisisi^ Bi >: iSK ;•: m k bb :•; m :% m :•: m :•: aa :•; m; :•: jm; >; as :■: m x hu :•: m :•: ^i x i^ >: ma :•: m ft iSS S aS ft isS ft m ft tan faisis&ftisisis§sis|:::feisfe isisfeij^ii^iixisisisfefe |sfefeisisfeiftisii:iisisfefefels Isisisisisiiiisisfeisisfofeifti isfeisiKfeisisisfoisisfefeifti isfisisfefeiftisfisisisisisisi isi;::isis|isisisi::iii::isisi kisisii^isisisiftisisisisfe kisisfeisiftisisisfeSsfeisisisi^ isiftisiisisfeisisfefeisisfe isfeisisisiftiiiiisisisisisisi Isisisii^feisisisisisisfii^isisift isisfefeisiftijiisilsfeisi^ pfefeisiftisisisi^isfofisisisis pfoisisisisisapiiifefeii:; pi-ifeisisisisSsisfeisSfiis^ iftisisij^isisipisixisfe pii::i|sisis|iftfoii::iii>|ixis pSsisisfefeisfeisisixis^ pfeSftisisfeiisfisisi^ f '^t u- ^ ^ $ NOTES PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND FOE, tt^e:n^ty ye^hs. 1864=-1884:. HON. EOBEET STOUT PREMIER OF THE COLONY. WELLINGTON : George Didsbury, Government Printer. 188G. NOTES ON THE PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND EOE TWENTY YEAES. The natural development of the colonies lias often engaged the attention of statisticians. There is some difficulty in so grouping the statistics as to show, not merely the growth of the colony, but the lines along which it has progressed. I propose to show the increase in population, in wealth, and in well-being of New Zealand, and also to point out how colonization has advanced in these Islands. Twenty years is a fair period to take for purposes of comparison and contrast. It is especially suitable in the case of New Zealand, as, twenty years ago, the gold fever had begun to cool, and colonists were look- ing for other sources than gold-mines for the jiroduction of wealth. It would be out of place to sketch the earlier progress of the colony, but it may be here briefly stated that New Zealand has passed through what might be termed distinct economic eras. In the earliest days it was looked upon as the seat of the whale-fishery in the Pacific, and in its harbours were to be found whalers from America, from Tasmania, from New South Wales, and from England, all prosecuting their calling. Shortly after the whale-fishing came pushing traders, who bartered goods with the Maoris, and usually looked upon Sydney as their head-quarters. Then there were in these periods the planting of missions, and the beginning by the Maoris of a rude form of agri- culture. The next economic era saw New Zealand, from the small settlements that had been founded by the New Zealand Company and various associations, ra2)idly produce 1317208 4 NOTES ON THE agricultural products, aided in this by the Maoris iu various districts. These products were sold at high rates to the new goldficlds of Victoria ; and these goldfields did more for the early development of New Zealand than is usually credited, especially when the distance between Australia and New Zealand is remembered — more than a thousand miles. Pastoral pursuits also became of importance. At the same time as the goldfields of Victoria were started, enterprising colonists from Australia visited New Zealand, and took up large areas of waste lands of the Crown, mostly in the South Island, for pastoral purposes. This might fairly be termed the pastoral era. Then came the opening of the goldfields in Otago in 1861. A vast population was soon attracted to that dis- trict ; and, just as the population increased, so the exports of wheat, oats, and potatoes, that had been large in the years 1853— GO, suddenly ceased. There was, in fact, a home consumption for everything that could be raised. Nay, more ; New Zealand had to depend upon foreign countries for her food-supplies. From South America, Chili particularly, and from South Australia, she drcAV her wheat and flour. Butter and cheese and hams she had to obtain from England and Ireland. After 1864 agricultural produce began more rapidly to develop ; and for some years past we have entered, and are still entering, on manufacturing enterprises. Not that our pastoral or agricultural pursuits have decreased ; on the contrary, they have largely increased ; but along with their increase we are slowly building up a considerable number of manufacturing industries. I propose to view the progress that New Zealand has made, under the following heads : — I. To deal with population, including under that head the location, the education, the birthplaces, the religions, the crime, and the morals of the people. Under the education of the people, it may also be well to notice those things tiiat PBOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. go to make up the social and intellectual well- being of the people — libraries^ museums, &c. II. Trade and shipping development. III. The mineral development. IV. Pastoral development. V. Agricultural development. VI. Manufactures. VII. The increase of wealth, advance in credit, and general material advancement. VIII. Probable future developments. I. Population, etc. To begin first with the population. New Zealand had a population, at the end of 1864, of 184,131 persons, not including those of the Native race ; but of that number 9,136 were officers and men on military service. We have now practically no army, such as existed in 1864. The Native difficulty does not now, as it then did, loom largely in the public mind. We have, it is true, a police force for the colony, but it only numbers 238 armed constabulary and 490 police. While for the defence of our ports from foreign aggression we have as a nucleus for the Volunteer movement the following number of artillerymen at each port : Auckland, 26 ; Wellington, 27 ; Lyttelton, 27 ; Dunedin, 26 : making a total of 106. We do not need officers and men to fight the Maoris now, and, so far as foreign aggression is concerned, we have of thoroughly drilled Volunteers no less a number than 10,110, made up as follows : Adults, 8,530 ; cadets, 1,580 ; whilst there are many of our population who have been drilled, but who are not enrolled in any permanent Volunteer corps. The total population at the end of 1884, exclusive of Maoris, was estimated to be 564,304 persons, of whom 806,667 are males and 257,637 females. Perhaps there are now in the colony about 45,000 Maoris. It was ■estimated that in 1881 there were 44,097 Maoris, but it is impossible to state at present their exact number. NOTES ON THE Amongst our population, however, we have people from all parts of the world. Of coloured races the largest number, outside the Maoris, belongs to the Chinese empire. At the last census, in 1881, we had no less than 5,033 Chinese. But, if we take the birthplaces of the settlers in the colony, it will be seen that those born in New Zealand now number considerably more relatively than they did in 1801. In 1881 15T)0 per cent, of the people were born in New Zealand, and as the population of the colony increases the percentage of native New Zealanders will soon show a higher percentage. The following were the nationalities for the years 1864 and 1881 respectively : — Proportion per cent, of each Nationality to the respec- tive Totals of Population. 1864. 1881. England 33-95 24-33 Ireland 11-80 10-08 Scotland 17-98 10-77 Wales 0-60 0-40 New Zealand . . 23-95 45-60 Australian Colonies 5-54 3-53 Other British Dominions 1-80 0-82 United States of America 0-65 0-17 France 0-29 0-17 Germany 1-16 0-98 Other Foreign Countries 1-27 2-71 At sea 0-35 0-27 Not specified . . 0-G6 0-17 As to the religions of the people, the census of 1881 gave the following : and, relatively, there will not be much change — namely, 41"50 per cent. Church of England, 24'09 Presbyterian, including under the head of Presby- terian the various Presbyterian organizations. In New Zealand there are two main Presbyterian bodies, what is called the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, and the Presbyterian Church of Otago and Southland. One does not interfere with the territorial jurisdiction of the other, and they are managed by distinct Church Courts. Of Wesleyans there are 9'5.2 per cent. The following state- ment will show the religions in the years 1864 and 1881 respectively : — PBOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND. Church of England and Protestants not otherwise defined . . Presbyterians Methodists, &c. . . Baptists Congregational Independents Lutherans Roman Catholics Proportions per cent. 18G4. 1881. 46-43 41-50 24-43 23-09 8-04 9-52 1-97 2-34 2-14 1-37 1-05 1-18 12-49 14-08 — 1-01 1-29 2-33 — 2-85 Otherwise described Object to state . . There can hardly be said to be any place noted for a particular religious belief. The original constitution of Canterbury was Anglican ; of Otago and Southland^ Pres- byterian ; and of New Plymouth, Nonconformist : but that has been altered by the subsequent colonization of the country. There is, however, a larger proportion of Presbyterians in Otago and Southland than in any other part of the colony, and in Canterbury perhaps there is a larger proportion of Anglicans. In 1884 there were 730 clergymen licensed to marry, and here it may be mentioned that every clergyman is licensed to marry on application by the head of his church or by twenty-four of his people to the Eegistrar-General. The number licensed to marry in 1864 was 247. The test of the popularity of the churches can hardly be determined by the number of marriages performed by the clergymen. The Anglican Church still insists upon mar- riages being in the church, and so does the Roman Catho- lic, while the Presbyterian body allow their clergymen to perform the marriage ceremony in private houses. Mar- riages are also performed by Registrars, and these have, in late years, greatly increased. It may be noted that in 1864 and 1884 respectively the marriages performed by the various clergymen and Registrars were as follows : — Percentage of Total Marriages. 1864. 1884. Church of England . . . . . . 27-79 . . 20-80 Presbyterians Wesleyans and other Methodists Roman Catholics Registrars . . Still, dealing with the population of the colony, it may 33-01 24-07 12-03 13-70 11-39 12-39 8-08 23-25 8. NOTES ON THE be well to notice tlic l)irtli-, death-, and marriage-rates, •which, for the two years 186i and 188i, were as follows: — Proportion per 1,000 Numerical. of Population. 1864. 1884. 1864. 1884. Births .. 6,501 .. 19,846 .. 38-05 .. 35-91 Deaths .. 2,921 .. 5,740 .. 17-03 .. 10-39 Marriages .. 1,878 .. 3,800 .. 11-12 .. 6-87 The marriage-rate is Colonies, for 1884 the lowest in all the Australasian In the other colonies the rates were as follows Queenland New South Wales South Australia Victoria Western Australia Tasmania New Zealand . . Per 1,000 of mean Population. 8-91 8-36 8-28 7-63 7-11 7-81 6-87 The deaths recorded were 5,740, the rate being 10'39 the per has per 1,000 of the mean population. Only once in twenty years has the rate been so low — viz., 10" 13 1,000 in 1871. The rate in 1864 was 17; and it been during the last twenty years as follows : — Per 1,000 of Population. 1865 .. 15-13 1875 1866 .. 12-86 1876 1867 .. 12-78 1877 1868 . . 11-94 1878 1869 .. 11-73 1879 1870 .. 11-18 1880 1871 .. 10-13 ' 1881 1872 .. 11-68 1882 1873 .. 12-66 1883 1874 .. 12-97 1884 Per 1,000 of Population. 15-92 12-66 11-47 10-96 12-46 11-46 11-13 1119 11-45 10-39 The death-rate in New Zealand is considerably below that of the other Australasian Colonies, than in England, the rates for the last eig follows : — and much lower ht years being as New Zealand New South Wales Queensland Victoria South Australia.. Western Australia Tasmania England 1877. 11-47 15-28 17-29 15-80 13-99 15-70 19-17 2003 1878. 10-96 15-88 20-41 15-46 15-44 14-07 15-06 21-00 1879. 12-46 14-29 14-97 14-53 14-09 14-46 15-18 20-07 1880. 11-40 15-57 13-59 13-70 14-85 13-24 10-12 20-05 1881. 11-13 15-12 15-02 14-16 14-49 13-80 14-77 1809 1882. 11-19 16-03 17-99 15-31 15-15 14-16 15-79 19-06 1883. 11-45 14-52 18-82 14-18 14-83 17-93 17-07 1884. 10-39 15-88 22-97 14-27 15-52 21-87 15-50 PEOGKESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 9 1864. 1881. 7,625) 12,118) •• 70,926 12,089 54,447 12,527 14,273 619 10,233 1,106J 12,639 0,202- .. 13,991 41,G35 92,282 298,419 The occupations of the population show the different avenues in which people are now seeking employment : — Occupations. Trade, commerce, and manufactures Mechanics, artificers, and skilled workers . , Agricultural and pastoral Mining.. Professions — clerical, medical, and legal Teachers, surveyors, and other educated professions Labourers Domestic and general servants Miscellaneous . . No occupation stated (principally women and children) . . 172,158 ., 489,933 I now come to the education of the people^ and that may be tested in two or three ways. In arriving at the -education of the people by an enumeration of those who are returned as able to read^ or to read and write, we are apt to be misled by the statistics. First, the ages of the population have to be considered. It is impossible to make a correct comparison, as the census returns of 1804 and 1881 were differently calculated. According to the •census returns of 1864 and 1881 the following were the proportions per cent, of the population : — 18G4. 1881. Cannot read . . . . 20-13 . . 23-05 Read only . . . . 7-17 . . 5-63 Read and write . . .. 72-70 .. 71-32 If the ages were tabulated — if those under and over fifteen were taken in the two years — the proportions would be :— 1864.. 1881.. 1864.. 1881.. 1864.. 1881.. Cannot read. Under 15. Over 15. 53-26 . . 3-54 41-32 . . 3-01 Head only. 13-65 . . 4-58 25-64 . . 4-54 Alilo to read and write. 33-09 . . 92-54 49-66 . . 93-90 The reason why there was such a high percentage of those who could read and write in 1804 was the large number of adults in the colony, mainly attracted by the gold discoveries. This also accounts for the then vast pre- ponderance of males over females. Excluding military 10 NOTES ON THE and their families — which consisted of officers and men 9,130, male children 933, women 1,026, and female- children 880 — there were, — Males. Females Under 5 years 13,531 13,101 5 years and under 10 9,474 9,083 10 „ 15 6,802 6,378 15 „ 21 8,108 7,037 21 „ 40 . 53,919 22,396 40 „ 55 11,023 5,703 55 „ 05 2,409 1,848 65 and upwards . . 657 418 Not stated 657 117 106,580 65,578 This state of things has been greatly changed during twenty years. The family-life has grown, and the num- bers of young people relatively to old have increased, as the following table will show Males. 41,636 34,305 Under 5 years 5 years and under 10 10 15 21 40 55 65 and upwards Unspecified 15 21 40 55 65 28,875 25,225 82,349 48,624 8,664 3,957 970 Females. 40,653 88,610 28,747 25,723 59,420 23,380 5,495 2,938 362 220,328 269,605 The most satisfactory thing in the statistics is the fact recorded that our young people are more advanced than their elders in education. This will be seen when it is stated that, of persons between 15 and 20 years of age, 97*48 per cent, were able to both read and write. After 20 years of age there is a slight decrease. Between 20 and 25 it was 96*75j and so on : — 25 years to 80 . 95-34 30 „ 35 . 93-97 35 „ 40 . 92-84 40 „ 45 . 92-21 45 „ 50 . 91-58 50 „ 55 . 90-60 55 „ 60 . 89-66 60 „ 65 . 87-44 65 „ 70 . 86-26 70 „ 75 . 85-07 75 „ 80 . 84-03 80 and upwards . 77-72 Unspecified . 80-09 PEOGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. n Males. Females 2-94 7-86 3-92 9-30 4-08 919 3-85 9-29 3-95 8-54 2-96 6-87 3-31 6-41 2-77 5-37 3-20 5-79 2-50 4-97 2-91 4-62 2-82 4-45 The test by the number of those who married and were able to sign the register can be seen by the following pro- portions in every 100 marriages of those who signed ])y marks : — 1873 . . 1874 . . 1875 , . 1876 . . 1877 . . 1878 . . 1879 . . 1880 . . 1881 . . 1882 . . 1883 . . 1884 . . It will be noticed that there has been a gradual decrease of those who cannot write their names in the marriage register. In 1864 the colony was divided into provinces^ and each province had the management of its own educa- tional affairs^ without any interference or assistance from the General Government. In 1875 the provinces were abolished^ and a general Education Act passed in the year 1877. We have had since then one system applicable to the whole of the colony. We have thirteen Education Boards^ which have the general management of education in their districts ; and for each school district there is a School Committee^ elected annually by householders and parents of children. There is rarely more than one school in each district. The Committees take considerable interest in the educational affairs of their own districts. The Boards are elected by the School Committees. Each Board consists of nine members, and three retire annually. In 1864, though a good deal had been done for education, matters were not, relatively to the population, so far advanced as they are now. As far as I can ascer- tain the attendance at the schools in 1864 was as fol- lows : — Attending aided schools .. .. 7,903) -inqur Attending schools not aided . . . . 8,072 1 ' The total expenditure on education was as follows : — 12 NOTES ON THE £ S. d. Auckland, January to December, 1864 .. 2,781 19 1 Taranaki (say) . . ,. .. .. 290 Hawke's Bay, estimates, July, 18G4 to 1865 725 Wellington, year ending March, 1864 .. 1,209 19 Nelson, year ending March, 18G4 .. 4,284 14 1 l\Iarl borough, year ending June, 1864 .. 1,200 Canterbury, year ending June, 1864 .. 8,451 11 4 Otago, year ending December, 1864 .. 2,043 13 1 Total .. .. £19,046 16 7 These amounts did not include school fees, nor_, in Otago, the school rates : the sums are merely the votes and expenditure out of the general provincial revenue. The provision for secondary education, even so far back as 1864, had been, considering the age of the colony, con- siderable. There was a college at Nelson, a college and grammar school in Canterbury, and a high school at Dunedin, and some good private secondary schools in other parts of the colony. There are now in New Zealand the following secondary schools, viz. : Auckland College and Grammar School, Auckland Girls' High School, Thames High School (for boys and girls). New Plymouth High School (for boys and girls), Wanganui Endowed School, Wellington College, Wellington Girls' High School, Napier Boys' High School, Napier Girls' High School, Nelson College, Nelson Girls' College, Christ's College Grammar School, Christchurch ; Christchurch Boys' High School, Christchurch Girls' High School, Rangiora High School (for boys and girls), Akaroa High School (for boys and girls), Ashburton High School (for boys and girls) , Timaru High School (for boys and girls), Waitaki High School, Otago Boys' High School, Otago Girls' High School, Southland Boys' High School, and Southland Girls' High School. All these are in full operation. Wc have now also a New Zealand University, which is purely an examining body; it confers degrees, but it has no teachers in its employment. The teaching part of the University work is done by affiliated institutions. At pre- sent they are as follows : The Otago University at Dunedin, the Canterbury College in Christchurch, the Auckland Uni- PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 13 versity College in Auckland^ the Nelson College at Nelson, and St. John's College, Auckland. The expenditure on University education in 1884 was €26,815. The number of students was 499. The expenditure on secondary education was £71,517 : the attendance being — roll number, 2,577 ; daily average, 2,351. The expenditure on primary education was £363,316, inclusive of £49,679 on buildings : the attendance being — roll number, 96,840; daily average, 75,391. The morals of the people are usually tested in the fol- lowing ways : (1) By the amount of police protection they require ; (2) by the criminals sentenced in the Courts ; and (3) by the number of illegitimate births. In 1864 the police force also was under the control of the Provincial Executives ; the number in proportion to the population was about one policeman to every 462 persons. In 1884 the number of civil police was only 490, or taken along with the armed constabulary, including the artillerymen, the total number was 834. Compared with the other colonies, where there has been no Native trouble. New Zealand stands well, as will be seen from the following : — ■p. Proportion of Civil Police ^^^°^- to Populatiou. New Zealand . . . . . . 1 to 1,293 New South Wales Queensland Victoria South Australia 1 to C09 1 to 425 1 to 774 1 to 745 The other test is the number of offenders found guilty in the Courts. Crimes may be classed under two heads : what may be termed petty offences, and grave offences — offences dealt with by Magistrates and by the Supreme Court. A Magistrate can only deal with simple assaults and petty larcenies, breaches of by-laws, and other mere police offences ; whilst the Supreme Court deals with graver questions of theft, and all the higher crimes, felonies, and misdemeanours. Taking the statistics of the two years, it will be seen that in 1864 the total number of convictions (exclusive of Maoris) in Magistrates' Courts 14 NOTES ON THE was 11^357, being at the rate o£ 65"95 per 1,000 of popu- lation, whilst in 1884 it was 17,068 or 31-98 per 1,000 of the mean population, showing that, though our popu- lation has increased, our crime has greatly decreased. Of these, the convictions for drunkenness amounted to 6,527; but it is to be observed that, if one person is con- victed five, six, or a dozen times, each conviction is counted as if it had been a separate offender, and therefore the proportion of persons convicted to the population cannot be given, but only the proportion of convictions — viz., 11*81 to 1,000 of population for drunkenness. The con- victions before the superior Courts in 1866 were 282, and 1884 219, or 0-39 per 1,000. There has been a gradual decrease in the number of offences against the person. There were only 871 in 1884, the proportion being 1*57 per 1,000 of population. The proportion of offences against property in 1884 was 2*14 per thousand of population. Proportion to every 1,000 of Mean Population. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Number of persons brought before Magis- trates — 1. For offences against the person 4-08 4-03 3-77 2-98 2-97 2. For offences against property 505 4-49 4-58 4-49 3-97 3. On other grounds 34-Gl 30-59 35-06 35-05 34-87 Number of persons summarily convicted — 1. For offences against the person 2-03 2-07 1-80 1-39 1-50 2. For offences against property 2-42 2-48 2-25 2-19 1-91 3. For other offences 26-71 23-61 27-80 27-77 28-57 Number of persons convicted in the Su- perior Courts — 1. For offences against the person •12 •07 •10 '08 -0 2. For offences against property •37 •28 •18 •22 •23 3. For other offences •13 •08 •11 •06 •09 Including offences dealt with summarily, and also in the higher Courts, compared with the other colonics New Zea- land stands the lowest in the criminal record, being, for offences against the person and against property, 3'71 per 1,000, whilst in Yictoria there were 3*86; South Australia, PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 15 4*05; Tasmania, 6-98; Queensland, 7-80; and inNewSoutli Wales, 10"67, In juvenile crime New Zealand is also ex- ceedingly low, and no doubt tliat has been caused by the elaboration of the industrial-school system, which has been permanently adopted in New Zealand. The Government has industrial-school institutions directly under its control in Auckland (at Newton and Kohimarama, treated as one school), at Burnham in Canterbury, and at Caversham in Otago. In connection with these three institutions there were the following children at the close of 188-1: Resident in the schools, 432 ; boarded with foster-parents, 384 : making a total of 816 maintained at the expense of the State. There were also 347 children at service or Avith friends, although still under the legal protection of the managers of the schools. There is also an industrial school and orphanage at the Thames, supported by the Govern- ment, but under the management of a local Committee, in connection with which there were at the end of the year 1884 seventeen committed children, five of whom were at service or with friends. There are also what may be termed private institutions to which children are sent, for whom the Government pays, as a rule, about 7s. per week, these are : St. Mary's School in Auckland, St. Joseph's in Wellington, and St. Mary's in Nelson. These institutions are Uoman Catholic. The children committed under the industrial-school system are of three classes : Children who themselves have done wrong, children who were in destitute circum- stances, or whose parents have either done wrong or ne- glected them. The total number committed under the Act in 1884 was 313, who may be classified as follows : Desti- tute, 195; vagrant, 11; residing in disreputable houses, 33 ; uncontrollable, .27 ; guilty of punishable offences, 37 ; committed by agreement with the parents, 20. It may also be noticed that, though crime has decreased, a great number of those who are in our gaols are what may be termed '' habitual criminals " or " habitual drunkards." In 1884 there were 483 males and 81 females Avho had been 16 NOTES ON THE once convicted, 282 males and 65 females who had been twice convicted, and 720 males and 579 females who had been convicted three or more times. The birthplaces of the prisoners were as follows : — New Zealand . . Nationality to 100 of Total Prisoners. . . 9-10 Nationality to every 100 Persons at Census of 1881. 45-60 Australian Colonies and other British possessions . . England and Wales . . 5'72 . . 33-57 4-35 24-73 Scotland .. 13-14 10-77 Ireland . . 30-13 10-08 China 60 1-03 Other foreign countries . . . . 7-74 3-44 The low percentage of the New Zealand born popula- tion is, no doubt, partially accounted for by the fact of all the young children having been born in the colony. At the same time it is believed that the people in the colony are, compared with the people born elsewhere, less criminal. This, no doubt, may be accounted for by education, by sun'oundings, and by greater material comfort. As to ille- gitimacy — the third test that is applied to the morals of a community — the following are the statistics : The num- ber of illegitimate births registered in 1884 was 587, or 2*96 of every hundred births. In 1873, which is the earliest date of which there is any reliable record, the pro- j)ortion was 1*416. As compared with the other colonies New Zealand stands well, as will be seen from the follow- ing statement of illegitimate births in the Australasian Colonies for the last ten years per 100 births : — Year. New Zealand. New South Wales. Queens- land. Victoria. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1-86 2-23 2-08 2-41 2-29 2-43 2-85 2-87 2-78 2-95 4-20 408 4-14 4-03 4.51 4-35 4-26 4-24 4-21 3-43 3-21 3-64 3-68 4-31 4-31 4-20 4-40 3-66 2-92 3-64 3-88 4-15 4-86 4-80 5-09 4-75 4.69 4-30 Means . . 2-32 4-22 3-76 4-25 PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 17 There seems^ ho^vever, to be au increase of illegitimate births ill New Zealand as the colony grows older, and as the population gets more dense in the larger towns. The religions of the prisoners for the year 1884) were as follows :- Church of England Proportion per 100 of Total Prisoners. . . 42-05 Proportion per 100 of Total Population. 41-50 Roman Catholic .. 35-18 14-08 Presbyterian . . Wesleyan . . 14-17 . . 2-03 23-09 9-52 It will be necessary now to note the pro^dsion that has been made during the past twenty years for those things that tend to increase the happiness of the people — provid- ing for their social enjoyment and intellectual life. We have libraries in 'every village. In Auckland there are a museum and a public library, as well as an art gallery. Wellington has a large library, a very fine museum, and a library of scientific works connected with the Scientific Institute. In Christchurch there is a magnificent museum - — better, indeed, than cither the one in Melbourne or in Sydney. It has also a large public library. In Dunedin there are a very fine museum and an art society, which holds exhibitions of pictures once a year. Art societies are formed also in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch. There are a University library, an Otago Institute library, principally for scientific works, and a large athenaeum library — all in Dunedin. Invercargill has a handsome athenaeum building. A test of the desire for information amongst colonists may be obtained by a comparison of the newspapers published in New Zealand, and the books and literature imported, as well as the newspapers posted. The value of books imported in 1884 was £115,246. This does not include magazines, newspapers, &c., and books coming by post. Then, the number of newspapers published was 49 daily and 91 weekly, bi-weekly, and tri-weekly, and 3.2 others, making a total of 172, or one to every 3,281 of the population. In England and Wales the number was 1,962 newspapers, or 1 to every 13,828 ; in Ireland, 152 newspapers, or 1 to every 32,585 ; in Scotland, 184 news- 2 18 KOTES ON THE papers, or 1 to every 21,013; and in the United States, 10,771 newspapers, or 1 to every 4,656 of the population. There are theatres in every town, also coneert halls, musical societies, and debating societies, and the New Zealand Institute — an institute founded for scientific purposes — has no less than eight branches. A handsome volume is jmblished every year giving the researches of the members, and its pages show that great attention is paid to the natural history of the colony. In 1864, though there were the nuclei of libraries, there had been little develop- ment in that direction, nor were there any museums in existence ; and the New Zealand Institute was only incor- porated by Act in 1867. II. Trade and Shipping. The trade of the colony has undergone many changes in twenty years. The character of the shipping has been entirely altered. Up to 1864 our goods were brought to us from England mainly in wooden ships, and these took our produce from the colony to other countries. It is true that there were steamers running between Mel- bourne and the colony, and occasionally from Sydney, but these were small compared with the steamers now performing the passage. After 1864 iron shijjs began to be numerous. But now we have direct steam communication with England, two services of most magnificent vessels, comprising the following : " Ionic," 4,753 tons ; " Coptic," 4,367 tons ; " Doric," 4,744 tons ; '' Tainui," 5,200 tons ; and " Arawa," 5,200 tons, belong- ing to the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company : and the ^' Rimutaka," 4,474 tons; " Ruapehu," 4,163 tons; " Kaikoura," 4,474 tons ; " Tongariro," 4,163 tons ; and ^' Aorangi," 4,163 tons, belonging to the New Zealand Shipping Company. There is a fine mail service to America by the San Francisco route ; the steamers leave the colony once every month and arrive once a month, calling on their way at Honolulu. The number of ships and tonnage do not seem to have «o largely increased, considering our exports and other PROGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 19 trade ; but, of course, that may be partially accounted for by the fact that the steamers are larger, and make more rapid voyages. The shipping in 1864- was the following: — Vessels entered Inwards. From Vessels. Tons. United Kingdom 148 102,679 New South Wales . . 408 140,485 Victoria 254 112,143 South Australia 53 13,396 Tasmania 136 22,758 Mauritius 7 1,708 Cape of Good Hope . . 6 1,867 Norfolk Island 2 100 Vancouver's Island . . 1 847 India 2 2,003 Hongkong . . 1 354 Prince Edward Island 1 173 South Sea Islands . . 81 2,637 United States 35 13,098 South America 10 3,177 New Caledonia 1 258 France 3 1,41G Germany . . 1 575 Sweden 3 1,506 Southern Whale Fishery 14 4,845 Totals . 1,117 426,004 Cleared Outwv lRDS. Countries to which cleared. Vessels. Tons. United Kingdom 25 18,323 New South Wales . . 514 165,522 Victoria 154 G2,034 South Australia 18 4,155 Tasmania 118 21,208 Queensland 3 598 Norfolk Island 1 50 Point de Galle 2 2,407 India '. 37 '. 35,948 Mauritius . . 1 215 Prince Edward Island 1 336 Hongkong . . 3 1,789 Shanghai . . 2 1,870 Franco 1 406 United States 27 10,011 South America 48 32,582 China 15 7,711 Java 2 1,020 Guam GG '. 36,229 Manilla 1 591 Batavia 2 1,864 Chincha Islands '. 1 '. 213 Japan 1 692 South Sea Islands . . 37 24,291 Southern Whale Fishery 9 3,208 Totals 1,089 433,253 20 NOTES ON THE In 1884 the number of sliips entered inwards was 852 vessels, of 529,188 tons, made up as follows : — United Kingdom Australia . . Pacific Islands United States Mauritius Java India China Japan Singapore Cape Colony Wliale Fisheries Vessels. 134 535 103 23 26 11 2 2 2 1 1 10 Tons. 167,626 286,432 41,259 10,935 8,535 6,659 1,708 1,311 591 237 696 8,199 vessels, of Vessels. Tons. 136 171,862 500 263,403 100 40,777 9 4,086 3 1,438 2 662 1 651 1 977 2 128 1 241 16 2,304 The shipping outwards consisted of 872 534,242 tons, viz. : — Countries to which cleared. United Kingdom Australia . . Pacific Islands United States Cape Colony Hongkong India Germany Guam [Mauritius Whale Fisheries One thing these tables show is that our English ships had, after landing their goods, to go to Australia, ''to Guam," to South America, or elsewhere, seeking freight ; now our exports are so near our imports that wc can send our vessels away loaded and not m ballast. In 1864 the imports amounted to J7,000,655 ; in 1884 to £7,663,888. In 1864 the exports amounted to .=63,401,667 ; and in 1884, £7,091,667. It may be well to give a table showing the exports and imports during the last twenty years, and earlier (see table in Appendix No. 1). It will be observed that the imports have not increased so largely as might have been expected ; but this can easily be explained : First, local manufactures have wonderfully increased; and, second, the price of commodities imported PEOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 21 has fallen. For £1 we obtain now in clothing what must have cost us £1 10s. in 1864 ; and other goods have similiarly fallen in value. The increase of our imports and exports will be seen by a diagram (see Appendix No. 3), which has been prepared by Mr. W. N. Blair, Assistant-Engineer-in-Chief of the colony. One observation may be made on the diagram. The imports show a great variation, jumping up to high figures after the discovery of gold and after the beginning of our railway-making in 1870. Our exports have gradu- ally, almost uniformly, increased since 1854, showing few jumps if the value of gold is excluded. I intend further on to speak of the development of the manufacturing industries. Bearing on this question, it is interesting to note how the population has increased, especially about the larger centres, since 1864. This, of itself, is sufficient to show the development of manufactur- ing enterprise. Of the maps (see Appendix No. 4, A and B) . A shows the present location of the population, whilst that in 1864 is shown on map B. The maps also show the density of the population, exclusive of Maoris, in 1881. The countries with which New Zealand is doing trade appear from the following figures, which show the total value of the imports in 1864 and 1884 respectively ; — 1864. 1884. United Kingdom £3,259,174 . . £4,934,493 Australia and Tasmania 3,429,809 . 1,635,762 United States . . 109,222 . 348,557 JIauritius G5,758 . 257,670 China and Japan 607 . 138,892 India 433 . 73,467 Philippine Islands, &c. 144,005 Pacific Islands 15,136 '. 100,181 Europe (excepting United Kingd cm) 22,055 . 26,024 Africa 8,957 . 324 Canada 1,311 . 750 British Columbia 3,891 . South America 77,820 . . Southern Whale Fisheries 1,482 . 3,763 Other countries 5,000 . This table points out that for a considerable time after the gold rush we depended in no small degree on Australian merchants. Now we import directly, and only get from 22; NOTES ON THE Australia her own products^ and small quantities of British merchandise. III. Mineral Development. In 1864 but little attention had been paid to the de- velopment of any mineral save gold and brown coal. Copper-mining had been tried, but with little practical result. The goldfields are not producing now so much as they did in previous years. There are many reasons to account for this. There is no doubt that the richer alluvial fields — the shallow alluvial workings — have been worked out, or at all events cannot sustain so large a population as in former years ; secondly, the development of public works and of agriculture has drawn a great many persons who obtained a precarious livelihood in mining for gold to other pursuits giving a more certain wage ; and, further, it requires considerable capital now to develop many of the gold-mines, and that can only be done when the population is considerably larger. The returns from all the gold-mines since the opening are as follows : 10,724,850oz., at a value of £42,368,192, and the amount exported during the year, 1884, was £988,953, showing a slight upward tendency from 1883, when the amount was £892,445 ; and at the present moment it seems as if there was considerable chance of further developments in mining enterprises. Many of the mines thought to have been ex- hausted are now being worked and returning handsome profits. In the North Island, especially in the Maori country, we may expect that there will be discoveries of gold. Attention has also been paid to a kind of mining different to that which existed in 1864. Ujd to that time mining had been entirely alluvial, and generally in shallow work- ings ; now there are large sluicing claims and considerable quartz-mining. There is also an improved method of separating gold from pyrites, and obtaining better results from quartz by various processes — such as smelting, &c. The number of quartz-mines in 1884 was, approximately,, 200. PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 23 The production of copper, had it not been for its great fall in price, would no doubt have been considerable ; but, even with the fall that has taken place, attention is being paid in one or two districts to copper-mining. The utilization of the large quantities of iron-sand in the colony has been often tried, and is still in process of experimentation. The main devcloj)mcnt during the past twenty years has been in the production of coal. New Zealand is peculiarly situated in reference to coal; there is hardly a district in the colony which has not brown coal- mines. Indeed, beginning at the ranges west of Christ- church and going to the Bluff, you can scarcely travel twenty miles without finding a brown coal-mine : the brown coal is distributed over such a large area of the South Island. In the Provincial District of Auckland, too, from the Bay of Islands down to the Waikato, there are large deposits of brown coal, some of a very superior quality; and these have been and are being worked. In the Mokau River there is a large coal deposit, and coal has been reported from the Wanganui River. The produce of the coal-mines in 1864 was, approximately, 10,000 tons, but it has gradually mounted up to 480,831 tons in 1884, as will be seen from the following statement showing the amount produced each year for the last seven years : — 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 Tons. 162,218 231,218 299,923 337,262 378,272 421,764 480,831 On the west coast of the Middle Island there are enormous deposits, thousands of acres of carboniferous land, with seams of more than twenty feet in depth, of the finest steam coal in the world. There is also magnificent gas coal at Grey mouth. The area of the coalfields of Westport and Grey may be said to amount to 129,000 acres; and, as the great drawback hitherto has been the want of proper harbour accommodation for vessels to take 24 NOTES ON THE away the coal, provision has been made for tlie construction of two harbours — one at Westport and one at Grey — to provide accommodation for steam colliers. These harbours are being constructed in accordance with the plans of Sir John Coode, and, so far as their construction has pro- ceeded, there seems every chance of a considerable depth of water being obtained. One harbour is at the mouth of a large river — the Buller — and the other at the mouth of the Grey Kiver. The production of true coal has largely increased ; it amounted to 418,101 tons in 1884. At the same time. New Zealand, owing to the inter- colonial steamers having to take return freight from Sydney, and doing it at a cheap rate, largely imports coal from Newcastle, New South Wales. Newcastle coal, however, cannot compare with the Westport or Grey Valley coal, and does not fetch such high prices, the retail prices being — Newcastle coal, on an average, about 32s. to 35s. a ton; Westport coal, 3is. to 36s. a ton ; and Grey Valley coal, 33s. to 36s. 6d. a ton. There is also great probability that attention will be paid to other mineral developments in New Zealand — viz., silver, shale, copper, tin, and other minerals. The region of Collingwood, in the north-west of Nelson, and the whole region of Westland, and the west part of Otago, west of Wakatipu, may be termed mineral regions, which, through their inaccessibility, and being mainly timber-lands, can hardly be said to have been prospected, and the Thames and Te Aroha Districts in Auckland are mineral, with gold, silver, and lead in abundance. IV. Pastoral Development. I now come to the pastoral development. It has been mentioned that this cannot now be termed the pas- toral era of New Zealand, and yet New Zealand largely depends upon its pastoral productions. In 1864 the total amount of wool exported was 1 6,691, 6661bs., while in 1884 there were 81,139,0281bs. exported. The number of sheep has increased from 4,937,273 to 14,056,266; the PEOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 25 number of cattle from 249,760 to 700,000; the number of horses from 49,409 to 170,000; and the number of pigs from 61,276 to over 200,000. There lias been a great change also in reference to the mode of dealing with pas- toral pursuits. Before 1864 pastoral tenants were mainly leaseholders, paying a varying rent, according to their tenure and situation in the colony, for the permission to graze their sheep on Crown lands. There are still millions of acres held on pastoral tenure, there being 11,384,603 acres. But sheep and cattle are now fed on freehold land, and this especially in the Districts of Canterbury, Hawke's Bay, and Wellington. In Otago there are more sheep fed on Crown lands than on freehold lands. But there has grown up, in connection with pastoral as well as with agricultural pursuits, the export of frozen meat, and that has en- couraged the rearing of sheep on freehold lands that were formerly occupied for grain -raising. The agricultural development is closely connected with the pastoral. V. Agricultural Development. The agricultural development may be tested in two ways : (1) by the area of land alienated from the Crown ; and (2) by the area brought under cultivation. The area of land alienated in 1864 was 7,759,954 acres ; in 1884 the area alienated, from the foundation of the colony, was 17,692,511 acres. The area of land under cultivation in 1864 was only 382,655 acres, which included under crop 110,532 acres, and in sown grasses 272,123 acres ; whilst in 1884 there were no less than 6,391,075 acres under cro]) and sown grasses — viz., 1,132,241 acres under crop and 5,258,834 acres in grass. Then it may be tested by its products. In 1864 we exported almost no agricultural products, and we im- ported, as has been stated before, much of our food- supplies ; but in 1884 we exported 2,706,775 bushels of wheat, valued at €436,728; 128,450 bushels of barley, at a value of €25,138; 51,311 bushels of malt, valued at .€14,665; and 2,474,613 bushels of oats, at a value 26 NOTES ON THE of €2Gr;286. We also exported .€33,324 worth of flour, .€53,536 worth of potatoes, and 251',069cwt. of frozen meat, at a value of €345,090. Tlie value of hides exported in 1864 was €11,972; in 1884, €38,199. In 1864 €1,865 worth of tallow was exported, as against €234,829 in 1884. During the last year, through the fall in the price of wheat and the export of frozen meat, the export of grain has somewhat decreased, as will be seen from the f ollowins; : — 1875. 187G. 1877. 1878. 1879. Flour, tons 63G 407 960 4,031 1,278 Wheat, bushels 548,095 686,059 859,795 1,701,011 2 518,457 Barley, 91,622 218,558 107,675 102,476 106,692 Malt, 0,885 3,524 1,746 5,951 2,546 Oats 630,325 1,263,957 354,694 302,776 - 842,649- 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Flour, tons 553 3,220 10,932 6,119 3,606 Wheat, bushels 3 ,120,403 3,761,258 3,188,621 4,897,540 2 ,706,775 Barley, 470,520 494,911 113,334 144,923 123,450 Malt, 35,330 60,531 29,345 01,076 51,311 Oats, „ 1 908,132 1,499,260 979,684 1,619,764 2 474,631 Agriculture is now seeking other outlets : orchards are being planted, tobacco is now produced, and linseed is grown. Treating the forests as a branch of agriculture, it may- be noted that the export of timber has largely increased, as the following table, giving the value of the timber exported, will show : — £ £ 1864 . . 24,771 1875 . . 40,046 1865 . 12,725 1876 . . 49,847 1866 . 24,319 1877 . . 50,901 1867 . 16,110 1878 . . 39,074 1868 . 15,653 1879 . . 35,735 1869 . 22,338 1880 .. 51,225 1870 . 18,010 1881 .. 71,328 1871 . 20,114 1882 .. 114,700 1872 . 27,373 1883 .. 149,250 1873 . 44,039 1884 .. 152,471 1874 . 44,450 A Forest Department has just been started, and attention is to be directed to the conserving and properly utilizing of the existing forests, and to the creating of new forests. The area of forest lands is about 20,000,000 acres ; and of this area about 9,000,000 acres contain useful timber trees. PROGRESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 27 A large amount of planting has been done, and 5,804 acres planted have been subsidized or aided by Govern- ment ; and, in addition to this, in the Lake and Maniototo Counties large quantities of trees are raised for distribution in the treeless districts of Otago. There have been almost no manufactures of forest products, save timber - ware ; a little charcoal has been produced_, but it is so small as not worth recording. The same danger that has threatened other countries in the treatment of the forests has been felt in New Zealand. Valuable forests necessary for the maintenance of an equable climate have been destroyed to make way for the farmer or stock-raiser. It is hoped that the evils that have resulted in other countries from such a course of procedure will be sufficient to ensure attention being paid to tree-planting, and to make forest preservation more popular in the colony than it has yet been. VI. Manufactures. The manufactures that are first started in a colony are those that are immediately necessary to the colonist in his new surroundings. The bush saw-pit and the black- smith's forge are the pioneer industries : these are necessary for his house and for the settlement. After them come industries dependent on natural products, which are not so easily obtainable from foreign countries. Soap-boiling from tallow comes early ; and after a few years the brewery, even when the malt has to be im- ported ; then tanning leather from hides ; but not till a long time after the tannery does the boot factory appear, and the stearine-candle works are quite recent. As New Zealand has magnificent timber, one would expect to find woodware factories early. In reality, however, the cheap timber of America, and even lumber from Norway and the Baltic, were imported up to a late period. At the present time local timbers are being so much utilized that there is little timber imported, and that which we receive is mainly the harder woods of Australia. Fur- 28 NOTES ON THE niture, however, of the finer kinds has been and is still being imported. The common or coarser kinds were made early, but even for these we depended upon America. In late years furniture factories have attained a high state of excellence, and there are now manufactured in the colony drawing-room suites that would not disgrace Lon- don or Paris. Shipbuilding was an early industry ; small schooners were built in almost the pre-colonial days, and still a few wooden vessels are built; but we have had a new kind of shipbuilding — iron and steel ship- building are now amongst our industries, and there have been built in the colony several steamers — namely, a total of thirty-one vessels, with a gross tonnage of 3,153, and horse-power 909. This includes one or two steamers framed at Home and put together in the colony. The making of engines too has become established. We have patents even for water-engines invented in the colony; and we have now in all the chief towns foundries, and boilermakers and mechanical engineers engaged in these works. Some months ago a contract was let for the making of locomotives for our railways. In 1864, notwithstanding that agriculture had made material progress, hardly any agricultural implements were manufactured ; even carts were imported ; now. New Zealand is an exporter of agricultural implements ; her ploughs and harrows are sent to Australia, and the follow- ing, amongst other articles, are manufactured in the co- lony — viz., ploughs, chaff-cutters, grass-mowers, winnowing machines, disc-harrows, drills, reaper and binders, horse- powers, corn-crushers, horse-hoes, scrub-cutters, grass-seed threshers, cream-separators, churns, &c. Various woollen factories have been established in the colony ; there are now no less than six in actual operation ; these have all been founded within recent years. The amount of wool manufactured in 1884 was about l,600,0001bs., and agen- cies are now being established to push the sale of the manufactured tweeds in Australia, and small orders have even been sent to Europe. Other woollen factories are PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 29 about to start, two being near completion. As the habits of the colonists become more luxurious the manufacture of carriages becomes extensive. Carriages of all kinds are now made in the colony, and some of them are made almost entirely from colonial timber, of w^hich various kinds are very suitable. I have mentioned that a tannery is an early industry in a colony ; we still, however, have to import the finer kinds of leather, and a considerable quantity of ladies' and children's shoes. The imports of leather, boots, shoes, and saddlerv in 1864 amounted to £244,727 ; in 1884, to €251,267. But we can show now an export of leather, which amounted to £37,227 in 1884 ; there was no leather exported in 1864. Boot factories are now large and extensive, and an industry which has sprung up along with them is the manufacture of the machinery necessary for conducting a boot factory. Saddlery is now made all through the colony, though still a considerable quantity is imported. Gas is required for lighting our towns, and, follow- ing the manufacture of gas, we have had manufactories established for the making of gas-, lead-, and composition- pipes, gas chandeliers, and all kinds of gas fittings. We have several firms also who make all kinds of brass-work, work needed for brew^eries, distilleries, and other purposes ; and these turn out brass-work equal to any that can be imported. Of recent years some attention has been paid to the export of meat and fish in a preserved state ; several com- panies have been started for this purpose, and it is expected that this year the export of canned fish will be considerable, although still large quantities are imported from America. The export of tinned meat has increased ; and, no doubt, with the development of orchards the export of preserved fruit will be soon noted in our Customs returns. Some attention has been paid to the planting of olives and oranges, and in the north of Auckland there will be a considerable amount of tropical and subtropical fruits produced. A little has been done for the rearing of silk- •30 NOTES ON THE worms ; and tlie planting of the grape has led to the production of wine — both these in very small quantities. A small factory has been started for carpet-weaving. The clothing factories are very extensive^ and there are factories for hat- and shirt-making. All those things that are needed in our houses are now being manufactured. We have kitchen ranges and stoves equal to any that can be im- ported, and we have now chemical factories, which produce not only various kinds of acids, such as sulphuric acid, but chemical manures, glycerine, &c. In our agricultural industries, too, we have seen consider- able development during recent years in the production of cheese and butter for export. In 1864, as has been stated, we were importers of cheese, butter, and hams ; we now export these. Last year the export of these produc- tions amounted to €104,100. The utilization of the New Zealand flax has always been difficult j it has been almost impossible to separate the gum from the fibre. Still we have cordage factories, and, as Manilla is imported, we pro- duce all kinds of twine. There are cordage factories in Auckland, Christclmrch, and Dunedin. Small attempts have been made in glassware, and there are considerable num- bers of tinware factories. The actual statistics of the fac- tories it is difficult to obtain. Hitherto there has been no complete record taken at the enumeration of the census, but in 1886 it is proposed to find out accurately the number of manufactories, the amount of goods produced, and the number of workmen employed. I estimate the amount of tallow made up into soap and candles for 1885 to be as follows : — Tallow made up into candles .. .. 2,459 tons. Tallow made up into soap . . . . 1,371 „ There are other small industries which it may not be necessary to state — brush factories, &c. One sugar re- finery has been established in Auckland. Sugar is brought from the Pacific Islands for the purpose of refining, and the refinery is a large and a very complete one. It may be noted that in Auckland there has been a larger development of PEOGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 31 ■small industries than in any other part of the colony. Many o£ these have arisen out of the timber industries, and some from the fact that the people in Auckland had to depend upon small industries, as their country was unsuitcd for any large production of either wool or grain. Some of the small industries in the colony may be mentioned. They are manufacture of tobacco and cigars, blacking, con- fectionery, pottery and brickware, paper, aerated waters, jam, essences, perfumery, writing ink, pianos, organs, taxi- dermy. There is also a considerable amount of gold and silver smiths' work done in the colony. There are two paper-mills j)roducing brown and wrapping papers, and some printing paper. Printing, book-binding, and station- ery manufacture (from imported paper) are common to all the larger towns. Almost all these industries are the result of twenty years' growth. The advantage that New Zealand will have in her manu- facturing industries are — (1) her climate — she has neither an excess of heat nor cold ; (2) her large coal deposits ; and (3) never-failing water supplies in almost any part of the colony. VII. — Increase of Wealth, Advance in Credit, and General Material Advancement. The material well-being of the colonists may be tested in various ways. One test is the increase in wealth. The mere amount of money deposited in banks is no criterion ■of the increase of wealth, because the wealth of the colony may not be in circulation. It can be shown by the increase in the number of houses, and the different kind of houses now in existence compared with what were in existence in 1864. In 1864 the total number of houses was 37,996 ; of these, 25,463 were constructed of wood, 1,082 of stone or brick, and 11,451 of other materials, principally raupo houses and tents. According to the census of 1881 there were 103,335 houses in the colony, of which number 87,646 were constructed of wood, 4,002 of brick or stone, 2,917 were tents, and the remainder were sod or clay huts 32 NOTES ON THE and raupo huts. In the towns brick and stone have taken the place of wood, and in the country, in many districts, wood has taken the place of clay and daub. All the houses are being added to and increased in size. Then, money has been expended in roads, fencing, and improvements, as can be seen by the number of acres brought into cultivation since 1864, statistics of which I have given in a previous part of this paper. The furniture in the houses and the clothing of the people have vastly improved during the past twenty years. But even in the accumulation of money there has been an enormous ad- vance. The amount in the savings banks in 1864 was £94,248 6s. 8d. ; in 1884 it was .€1,9.26,005. The amount of the deposits in ordinary banks in 1864 was ,£2,461,166; in 1884 it was £9,372,004 — namely, £6,043,956 bearing interest, and £3,328,048 not bearing interest. And then since 1864 a new mode of investment has been started in New Zealand ; I refer to life assurance societies. In 1864 there was little life assurance business done in the colony, and that which was done was in a few European offices. The Government started life assurance in 1869—70 ; and there is now in funds to the credit of the Government Life Association £972,775 14s. 8d. The Australian Mutual Provident Society of Sydney has done large business in New Zealand, and it has at least £850,000 invested in this colony. There are other Australian companies — the Colonial Mutual, the National Mutual, the Mutual Life — all doing a considerable business. I believe it is not an exaggeration to say that one person in every seven holds a policy in a life assurance office, and I doubt if there is any country in the world that can show, in proportion to the population, such a percentage of insured lives as New Zealand can. This is one means of investing savings. The value of the personal property in New Zealand that is liable to taxation amounts to £40,000,000 ; but if the £500 exemption were included the amount would be £53,000,000. The total value of real property held by colonists is £75,000,000; and it is calculated that the PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 33 Native lands within five miles of a road snitable for horse traffic are worth j€5,750_,000 ; and the education^ churchy mnniciijal, and other reserves £11^750^000. Building societies are very popular, and friendly societies are widely diffused. There are fifteen friendly societies, with 18,848 members, in the colony, with funds amounting to £255,371 16s. lid. ; and there are forty- seven building societies. There arc various societies also for lending money, and which receive money on loan and de- posit, performing the function, in fact, of a deposit bank. I have not been able to obtain complete statistics of this class, but I estimate the capital invested in these to be £500,000. As showing also the things that have been done for the material well-being of the people, one may take the length of railways. In 1864 the system was only being begun, and that in a very small way. Since 1870 the colony has undertaken the construction of railways, and there arc now 1,527 miles of railway open. Then, another test of the conveniences of civilized life is the length of telegraph-lines and the number of telephones used. The total number of miles on which telegraphs are laid, is 4,264, and the number of miles of wires is 10,474. There are telephone-exchanges in the following cities : Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christ- church, Oamaru, Dunedin, and Invercargill, and there are telephone-stations in other places. The total number of telephones used is 1,961. The postal and telcgrapli revenue amounts to £284,245. The number of letters carried in the year 1884 was 16,611,959. The number of telegrams sent was 1,654,305. In 1864 the means of communication between tlie prin- cipal ports of the colony by sea were very limited, princi- pally by small sailing vessels, a few steamers, and an occasional steamer for Victoria, which, calling first at the Bluff, would afterwards proceed via Port Chalmers and Lyttelton as far as Wellington, from thence returning to Melbourne. In 1884 the Union Steamship Com- pany of New Zealand had a fiect of twenty-eight fine 34 NOTES ON THE steamers of an aggregate tonnage of 39^000 gross register; and the ordinary services of the company include weekly boats from Melbourne and Sydney to New Zealand^ and vice versa, and almost daily communication with the principal New Zealand ports. In addition^ there is a monthly service between Auckland and Fiji ; and in the latter colony one of the company's boats plies regularly between the different islands of the group. During the summer months supple- mentary services are run over all the company's lines, and special excursions are made to the AVest Coast Sounds, In 188-1 a new feature was the introduction of mid- winter excursions to the South Sea Islands, The company has also now the contract for the mail service between Auckland and San Francisco, There is also now direct fortnightly communication between Great Britain and the colony by the splendid steamers belonging to the New Zealand Shipping Company and the Shaw-Savill and Albion Company. It may be no:iced also that, with the increase in the wealth of the pojDulation, the possibilities of living in com- fort have been greatly increased in another way. The prices of provisions have fallen since 1864'. The tables in the Aj)pendix No. 2 will show the contrast in the main articles of food. The prices of clothing have also fallen since 1864' proportionately, if not to a greater extent than those of provisions. Then, the number of miles of streets and main roads made is very considerable; in fact, it may be said that throughout the length and breadth of the colony there are roads constructed. Of course, as settlement increases, new roads have to be made ; and in the bush districts they are very expensive. The number of incorporated towns where gas is used is twenty-seven. The number of towns incorporated is sixty- nine, and the number of town districts, which are smaller incorporations, corresponding, in fact, with villages, is forty-nine. The number of miles of postal routes is 527, and the annual number of miles travelled with mails is 3,295,901, tROGEEgS OF NEW ZEALANi). S5 Another test is tlie amount of money-order work done. The number of money orders has increased from 16,592 in 186i to 186^052 in 1884-, and the amounts from £78,557 to £572,666. The revenue of the colony has been considerably aug- mented : 1864. 188-1. Eeveuue . . .. £1,712,941 3,955,188 Expenditure 1 , 522 , 746 4,101,318 The expenditure has been increased by the fact that large sums have been borrowed for the prosecution of public works. New Zealand has also been placed in a position different from most other colonies, by having had a large war expenditure. The total public debt is £30,649,099, but, of this amount, large sums have been expended in public works, which are now returning con- siderable interest. The average interest on all the railways opened for traffic was in 1884 3 per cent, on £11,810,194. No doubt, as the colony increases in wealth, this rate will be considerably increased. I might, before concluding, point out what different ideas of well-being people in the colony have had. In the early days, when the settlers first landed, few of them were able to obtain even a weatherboard house — a house of sawn timber, with a brick chimney, was not only a great rarity but almost unknown. They had to live in what were called " whares," or huts made of flax or daub. That era has now passed. Even in the farthest outlying settlements a settler is almost able at once to live in a well-built cot- tage, and it is not long till he demands all the accessories of civilization — roads, postal services, &c. ; and as soon as a small township is started it has its own local organ or newspaper. VIII. — Probable Future Development. As to the future, it is difficult to predict in what par- ticular line development may proceed. I have no doubt 36 NOTES OX THE that considerable attention will be paid to dairy-farming. The country seems suited for it before almost any country. Grass grows all the year round in many districts ; there is no snow or cold weather, requiring the cattle or sheep to be housed. The winter, in fact, is evergreen. Then, the colony does not suffer from droughts ; water can be got anywhere, and the number of cattle and sheep that can be maintained compared with the acreage far exceeds that of any country in the world : and just as railways increase so settlement will increase. Population will inci'case, and at a more rapid rate than in old countries. Agriculture will become more intense ; smaller farms and industries of a more varied kind will soon be common. It was not until after the railways had been inaugurated — in fact, it was not until late in 1872 — that the balance of trade in our favour in cereals was reached. Up to 1872 the balance of imports of wheat and grain and flour was against the colony, but after the railway-system began to be developed this was changed, and since 1872 we have been large exporters of agricultural produce. This, no doubt, in future years will take other channels ; we may not send more grain, but wo shall send more meat, more butter, more cheese, more leather, and we shall send also the manufactured articles that are easily produced from our pastoral and agricultural products. Our gold-mining also seems increasing, and attention has been paid in various parts of the colony to the development of other mineral wealth, and manufactures are rising into importance. "With the oportunities given to our youth by our educational system, and the bias that they will have in after years towards industry owing to technical training, we may expect a vast increase of material wealth : and our intellectual advancement and our amusements, that should make up so large a share of our social life, will keep pace with our other progress. The outlook of New Zealand may be said to be extremely favourable, and he who has to compare 1904 with 1881 will be able to show as great a contrast as I have pourtrayed between 186-1 and 1884. PBOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. ^1 I have attempted in this paper to point out, briefly, what the colony has done in twenty years, believing that, by making such a contrast, people outside the colony especially will be better able to gauge our prospects for the future, and also appreciate what our colonizing efforts have been. Many things that it would have been interesting to notice I have had to omit. I have not touched upon our form of Government nor our mode of Government, nor have I referred to the many things of convenience that we possess, as well as many departures that we have taken both in our legislation and in our govermental administration. To have mentioned all these would have made the paper unnecessarily long. Note. — The Statistical Department has prepared a series of diagrams showing — 1 and 1a. The Population of New Zealand. 2. The Ages of the People. 3. The Birthplaces of the People. 4. The Eeligions of the People. 5. The Education of the People. 6 and 7. Births, Deaths, and Marriages. 8 and 9. Imports and Exports. 10. Sheep, Cattle, and Horses. 11. Land in Cultivation. 12. Yield of Wheat, Oats, and Barley. 13. Holdings of Land under Cultivation. 14 and 15. Deposits in Savings-banks. 16. Eevenue and Expenditure. 17. JMiles of Railways open. 18. Miles of Telegraph open. 19. Shipping, Inwards and Outwards. 20. Deposits in Banks. 21. Capital invested in Industries. I append these to my notes, believing they will probably more clearly show than the figures I have given the pro- gress of the colony. To some of the diagrams I have not thought it necessary to make any special reference. 36 KOTES ON THE APPENDIX No. 1. Table showing Total Values of Imports and Exports, from the Year 1841 to 1884 inchisive. Year. Total Value. Imports. Exports. £ £ 1341 133,358 17,717 1842 253,989 25,070 1843 191,207 53,945 1844 111,619 49,648 1845 116,811 76,911 1846 155,475 82,656 1847 202,355 45,485 1848 233,844 44,215 1849 254,680 130,662 1850 240,204 115,416 1851 349,540 84,160 1852* 167,205 81,230 1853 597,828 303,282 1854 891,201 320,891 1855 813,460 365,868 1856 710,869 318,433 1857 992,995 369,395 1858 1,141,273 458,023 1859 1,551,030 551,484 1860 1,548,333 588,953 1861 2,493,811 1,370,247 1862 4,626,082 2,422,734 1863 7,024,674 3,485,405 1864 7,000,655 3,401,667 1865 5,594,977 3,713,218 1866 5,894,863 4,520,074 1867 5,344,607 4,644,678 1868 4,985,748 4,429,198 1869 4,976,126 4,224,860 1870 4,639,015 4,822,756 1871 4,078,193 5,282,084 1872 5,142,951 5,190,665 1873 6,464,687 5,610,371 1874 8,121,812 5,251,269 1875 8,029,172 5,828,627 1876 6,905,171 5,673,465 1877 6,973,418 6,327,472 1878 8,755,663 6,015,700 1879 8,374,585 5,743,120 1880 6,162,011 6,352,692 1881 7,457,045 6,060,866 1882 8,009,270 6,658,008 1883 7,974,038 7,095,999 1884 7,663,888 7,091,667 Province of New Ulster only. PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 39 APPENDIX No. 2. Table showing the x\verage Prices of Provisions and Live Stock m New Zealand m 1864 and 1884. Articles. 1864. 1884. a s. d. £ s. d. Beer, per lihd. 7 10 5 Brandy, per gal. . . 1 4 3 1 5 8 Bread, wheaten, per lb. 3i If Butter, fresh, per lb. 1 11" 11 salt, per lb. 1 '^ 9 Cheese, per lb. . . 1 U 1 1 Coffee, per lb. 1 9' 1 8 Flour, per ton of 2,0001b. . . 2G 11 2 G Grain, wheat, per bushel . . 1 8 4 4 Live-stock — Cattle, per head 12 4 5 6 Horses 30 19 Sheep 1 .0 10 8 Meat- Beef, per lb. 8 5 Mutton, per lb. . 8i U Pork, per lb. 9 5i Milk, per quart . 6^ 4 Rice, per lb. 4 Si Salt n H , Sugar G 4f Tea 3 1 2 7 Tobacco „ () 7 5 10 Wine, per gal. 18 18 .5 1 9,000000 8,000000 7,000000 6.000000 5,000000 4,000000 5000000 2000000 J.OOOOOO /! \ / X. \ /^ V 1 \ 1 - ^ \ \ h i 1 \ \ j/ / ^ X [^ / / \ / \ \ ! 1 1 i ~" - - 76 77 7S 79 JSSO SI SH S3 IS S'i- APPENDIX No. 3. HIT' Ill/ <9; P A ll AMI it a St. H.onoooo G.00(H»OO 5.000000 4.U) motto i^w £^tj\&mmm -^ / 1 \ /\ DUGRAM OF TRADE / \~-A^- \ / Smii'g \ /i \ / > ^ Vertual IJiWIfiOOi' to Oil Boi-izonioi oYeius to On ^ iKlh \ / ' \ / / ritidi. ;, J \, \L /i /! \ z. ^ "s m¥Mm€K. n \ --^ /. / / X ^ Titljl Imports. J'liV bkukline 1 \ ^ \ /T-i y ^ / Total Exports full rrd inr 1 1 ^ / A , / ^ / ^ A \ r i ' /' 1 i / / ' A"'^''''^ / /' 'J 00(1 00(1 /I / / / _L_ ^y / ^i ~^ / j ) i ! i ' las-l js ss sr S.1 sn l.ia. ,;, r.s «5 ei 6i en or »i« » IvTO 71 r:- 7,5 :-, 7S rn 77 7S 7!> l.im s, sn .« /.-. >v- THE DENSITY OF THE TOWNS PER SQUARE MILE IS GIVEN BELOW. f AUCKLAND ^PARNELL 16178-6 -per so. irule 4768-9 _,,_, ONEIHUNGA THAMES IZ3I-6 5119-0 HAMILTON 416-Z GISBORNE NEW PLYMOUTH 74^-3 . 2^/67 NAPIEIR ^■v^-n -4 » 3 ' c; 00 ; ■J ^ 1 rt » ' 1 1 5 ffl 1 ^_ 3 ^ 5 ^■ a 00 ! - (D 00 n) o C - 1 9) 1 ^ !o 1 00 1 /) c s i 3 •0 ' ^ ") o * V S 7} CO 3 ) r* < 00 J _ -' £ 3 o fl Tl ? ■ u - I ^l 82 1 5 * f^ LI CD 00 ' 3 1 2 • J i ~4 <*• 2 i ' d « X ^0 1 D * H |j 3 0§ "■ uO i — Ij !X •" . J 55.. ) , r^ ^ ' ^ 1 ^ ■• 1 1 1 1 i ! 1 ^ ^: 00 00 O r' i 2 g$ + 00 10 2 10 M 2 10 0) 0) 9) N s ?^ !<5 N CO ■s f ■ F.--> - ^ - ,.^ 5 (T \t I-' m i ' •5 1 " -1 1 J 4 "iSr 1 1 ? S • 1 U. ^Z 1- h °2 1 1 ! ^,e I' 1 S 1 i 2S, 1 i -D = 1 - ! -TJ h- li N "g 1 1 1 .«- i t: - U 3 "3" ; 1 1 o«r : 1 1 r "[ = 11 ; Hk n'^f : 1 li u 5 ; 1 1' """ *i ^ E n.: 3 i . ; : k- 5 ; : : : K s _ : ; ; * i 6 T ; :;;:'&• . 3 & : — HIHI 1 M' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 \ 1 11 lilt I 1 s ■ . i MM II 1 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 lesT •V m > > CA -^ ^ *^ d 7c; ^ ft ^ 'Xi a. -1 __ "C ^ ^ ^^ *— * (.^ ')C .^ ■ <_n c A- D ,_^ ^ ^ -^ OC p?; oc c. 4- ^ y 3 N a 0- y ^^_ w ;_J ►— ' ci. W . , u O) "ZL. X —^ o r/^ c rD (/) -o < r-^ N 4,629 FE 15,307 TOTAL 489,933 PKBBOJJS. (as at Census of iSSi) 4, or at the rate of 1761 per cent. Dianram IV ShowinB the Religinns ol the I'euple of New iTealand (exclusi — ... _ B ^w jii^ftJ a'773 ' i J'tll »uo» (« 1, Cc«u. ..( IBSII The population increased between the date of the Census and the •^olh September, ^, 1 NDER 40 40 AND UNDER 60 60& UPWARDS. & UNSPECIFIED 1 11 .1 -} 1 i 1 f 1 00 ee a 00 CO a • 91 13,183 C 00 09 ta 398 I as at the time of the Census, April, i88i. 76,234, or at the late of 17.61 per cent. ^Sjif^ 'Sf.^P* k 1 1 1 N is 1 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 i i . i : ' . i 5 i i H ' 1 1 i 1 = i 5 i ■ 1 = 5 i 5 ^ram V. Showing tlie Education of the People of New Zealand {exclusive of Maoris andChinese) as at t The population increased between the date of the Census and the 30th September, 1885, to 576,234, 1 : of the Census, April, e rate of 17.61 per cem uring the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 3D M B D M B D B D M- B D M B D M B D M B4D_ res. Diagram \'I. Showing the Births, Deaths, and Marriages in Xew Zealand (exclusive nf Maoris) during the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive, 1855 1 1856 1 18571 1858 1 1859 1 186o| 1661 [l862 1 1863 1 1864 1 1B65 11666 1 1867 11868 18691 1870 1 1B7I 11672 1 18731 187411875 1 1876 1 1877 1 1678 1 1879 jies'o) 1881 1 1882 i 188311864 [:>) lui mc 1 Cdi 3 io-j-j lyj luu^. iin^iuaivc;. 6 11877! l878[1879^M8a0^18m ;1882_; Diagram \'H, Sli mving llie Binhs. Dealhs.and Marriages in New Zealand per l.oo o of Fopulaliiin (excluding Maori!.) for the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive. 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 _i_ 1882 1383 18841 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 O y. o W O o * 6 .. u < O O 2 « > •»•• Z ■4-> o c aid. Grain, Flour, Oatmeal, Bran, and Sharps, and the remainin;^ Kxports. 1875 L tal V 1878 1876 fi 1879 1879 1881 1880 1882 ^ 1883 1881 1882 the blue, grain, flour, oatmeal, bran, and sharps; and the buff, the I IX. Showing the ToOJ Value of (he Eaporu from New Zealand for the Yon iS)3 to it&i ukIuhtv. and the propomoa* lo the *** 1mjr'|m;!r^ " " '" '" ~ '" "" ~ " ~ ~ ~ '~' "" iimcal. bran, »nJ kharp*. »ai ihe buff, iha om 1851 to 1881, =l¥ 1 03 ! -<1 "* i^i OD 00 00 and the number o Sheep m i}J84 s I i i _ ■"-"°- ••«. s 1 1 ^ \~ h— •■■■^ '■""■■"'"" ...... ■ 1§ 1 i 4B4.gi7 ..... s^ — Ma,«3o la ^ 1 ™, .... ■■■;^ The red Imrs represent sheep, yellow, cattle . and blue, ho 1882 1883 1884 1885 31 1882 1883 1884- 1885 > ^ ,1 I • c i •■rt , 1 .._^« i s 1 i i i i — **" S« ^ s_ — _^^B Li" ..... iir i 1 ™, .w I 1 1 !::^ — oui i i SUi i __ i 1 |M_ i -:zz:^ — '^ i an i g s - iij nr lU m of the Years 1867 to TAL DEPOSITS IH 8AVIH<}8 lANKS AT KSfD OF TKAB. £ s. d. 1884 TEAB. 155.970 10 1867! 242,761 15 10 18681 319,506 6 7 1869 387,997 12 1 1870 454,206 6 7 1871 596.677 13 2 1872 811,930 7 1 \Bn 943,522 12 1 1874 897.084 18 4 1875 904,927 19 3 1876 964,192 13 11 1877 1,042,948 4 6 1878 990,068 3 7 1879 1,148,656 7 2 I8SO 1,549,080 18 3 1881 1,831,627 1 11 1882 1,784,366 1 188^ 1,926,608 9 1 1S84 per head of Depositors 4 inclusive. TTNT PEB HEAD AMOUNT PEH HEAD ? DEPOSITORS, OF POPULATION. s. d. £ s. d. 3 16 5 1867 14 3 9 1868 1 1 5 1 14 4 1869 1 6 11 2 11 1870 1 11 3 1 17 5 1871 1 14 4 10 9 1872 2 2 8 7 5 1873 2 14 11 I 13 8 1874 2 IS 2 ) 12 2 1875 2 7 9 7 15 9 1876 2 5 4 7 3 1877 2 6 2 8 2 8 1878 2 8 3 } 4 1 1879 2 2 8 1 4 2 1880 2 7 5 5 7 7 1881 3 1 10 S 16 O 1882 3 10 9 4 5 4 1883 3 e 4 4 8 1884 3 8 3 Uiagram W. Showing the Accumulated Deposits in the Savings Banks of New Zealand perhead of I and per head of the Population at the close of the Year; New Zealand from 4 inclusive. £ £ VKAll 00 i 422 3.680.294 4,305,337 00 >3 182 3.916.023 3.822,425 00 00 LSI 4.167.889 4,365,275 5 361 3,134.905 3.845.035 00 o )14 3.285.042 4.019.850 00 )39 3.757.493 3.675.797 00 hO B09 3,917,160 3.824.735 00 GO 076 3.871,287 3,924,005 00 00 J73 3,707,488 4.101,318 Diagram XVI. Sho.vinj; ihe Total Revenue and Kxpenditure of the General (imcrnment of New Zealand fn. the Year 1876 (the dale of the nbolilion of the provinces) to the Year 1S84 inclusive (Expenditiiri- nut ■■( In.ios Is noi inrlii^cd in the Hj^res deali wiih in ihc l^i.■lq^aln.^ 5B rnment)open for Traffic ;ive. lULBB or RAH-WAT OPEN 708 THATVia .B.„, 145 1873 208 1674 543 1675 718 1876 1.062 1877 1,088 1878 1,171 1879 1,288 i880 1,333 1881 1,371 188!^ 1,404 1883 1,478 1884 Diagram XVII. Showing the Total Number of Miles of Railway (constructed by Government) open for Traffic in New Zealand for the Years 1873 to 1884 inclusive. S^ c in New Zealand anjcB or TXAB. ee9 lyet) 714 1B67 1,471 1868 1,611 1869 1,867 1870 2,015 1^71 2,312 167i> 2,889 1873 2.632 1874 3,156 167fe 3,170 1876 S,307 1877 3,434 i8vy 3,512 ibVu 3,758 1880 3,824 1881 3,974 1882 4,074 1883 Lg 4,264 1884 Diagram XVIII. Showing the Total Number of Miles of Electric Telegraph Lim for the Years iS66 to 1884 inclusive. r^ Banks of Issue tT8 OH 31« OECEltDEK, £ s. d. 59,676 19 86,955 6 >30.098 6 H ^72 1 0j~0~ 07,077 4 6~ 49,760 "18671 T§68 Diagram XX. Showingthe Amount of Deposits, al the close of each Year from r86; transacting busmess in New Zealand 1 the Banks of Is; mt) in each of the aw-mills. Sash and Dooc Manufac tones Gasworks treweries & Malthotises Grain-mills Planting Establishments Collieries ■on and Brass Foundries eUmongering, Tanning! ying, and Wool scouring .rick, Tile.PotteryManu- 'actorfes a: Lame Works Woollen Mills oiling-down and Meat-- preserving Works umiture-maldng Manu- factories Brated Water and Cor- dial Manufactories Boot MajiuiiEictories achbuilding and Paint- ing Works picultvural Implement Manufactories Other Industries V Zealand since le to give figures, dditional capital r-refining, Butter, am and figures txtent of many of Diagram XXI. Showing the Capital invested (value of Land and Buildings, Machinery and Plant) in each of the principal Industries of the Colony of New Zealand in April, 1881. V BKWmilli. Sub tad Dooc -^^ Bremn« « Mdih,.... dH 366.914 Ol^.miil. m Onun-ailUi PwUic CfbUaiiU ^^H^H ugjs. PtiatlQe Biubliahmenti ^H ColUsriM FoUmoDBenog, Tamung, ^^^^F ta^^^,. 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