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NOTES
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND
FOE, tt^e:n^ty ye^hs.
1864=-1884:.
HON. EOBEET STOUT
PREMIER OF THE COLONY.
WELLINGTON :
George Didsbury, Government Printer.
188G.
NOTES ON THE PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND
EOE TWENTY YEAES.
The natural development of the colonies lias often engaged
the attention of statisticians. There is some difficulty in
so grouping the statistics as to show, not merely the
growth of the colony, but the lines along which it has
progressed. I propose to show the increase in population,
in wealth, and in well-being of New Zealand, and also
to point out how colonization has advanced in these
Islands. Twenty years is a fair period to take for
purposes of comparison and contrast. It is especially
suitable in the case of New Zealand, as, twenty years ago,
the gold fever had begun to cool, and colonists were look-
ing for other sources than gold-mines for the jiroduction
of wealth.
It would be out of place to sketch the earlier progress
of the colony, but it may be here briefly stated that New
Zealand has passed through what might be termed distinct
economic eras. In the earliest days it was looked upon
as the seat of the whale-fishery in the Pacific, and in its
harbours were to be found whalers from America, from
Tasmania, from New South Wales, and from England, all
prosecuting their calling. Shortly after the whale-fishing
came pushing traders, who bartered goods with the Maoris,
and usually looked upon Sydney as their head-quarters.
Then there were in these periods the planting of missions,
and the beginning by the Maoris of a rude form of agri-
culture. The next economic era saw New Zealand, from
the small settlements that had been founded by the New
Zealand Company and various associations, ra2)idly produce
1317208
4 NOTES ON THE
agricultural products, aided in this by the Maoris iu various
districts. These products were sold at high rates to the
new goldficlds of Victoria ; and these goldfields did more
for the early development of New Zealand than is usually
credited, especially when the distance between Australia
and New Zealand is remembered — more than a thousand
miles.
Pastoral pursuits also became of importance. At the
same time as the goldfields of Victoria were started,
enterprising colonists from Australia visited New Zealand,
and took up large areas of waste lands of the Crown,
mostly in the South Island, for pastoral purposes. This
might fairly be termed the pastoral era.
Then came the opening of the goldfields in Otago in
1861. A vast population was soon attracted to that dis-
trict ; and, just as the population increased, so the
exports of wheat, oats, and potatoes, that had been large
in the years 1853— GO, suddenly ceased. There was, in
fact, a home consumption for everything that could be
raised. Nay, more ; New Zealand had to depend upon
foreign countries for her food-supplies. From South
America, Chili particularly, and from South Australia,
she drcAV her wheat and flour. Butter and cheese and
hams she had to obtain from England and Ireland. After
1864 agricultural produce began more rapidly to develop ;
and for some years past we have entered, and are still
entering, on manufacturing enterprises. Not that our
pastoral or agricultural pursuits have decreased ; on the
contrary, they have largely increased ; but along with their
increase we are slowly building up a considerable number
of manufacturing industries.
I propose to view the progress that New Zealand has
made, under the following heads : —
I. To deal with population, including under that head
the location, the education, the birthplaces,
the religions, the crime, and the morals of the
people. Under the education of the people, it
may also be well to notice those things tiiat
PBOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
go to make up the social and intellectual well-
being of the people — libraries^ museums, &c.
II. Trade and shipping development.
III. The mineral development.
IV. Pastoral development.
V. Agricultural development.
VI. Manufactures.
VII. The increase of wealth, advance in credit, and
general material advancement.
VIII. Probable future developments.
I. Population, etc.
To begin first with the population. New Zealand had a
population, at the end of 1864, of 184,131 persons, not
including those of the Native race ; but of that number
9,136 were officers and men on military service. We have
now practically no army, such as existed in 1864. The
Native difficulty does not now, as it then did, loom largely
in the public mind. We have, it is true, a police force for
the colony, but it only numbers 238 armed constabulary
and 490 police. While for the defence of our ports from
foreign aggression we have as a nucleus for the Volunteer
movement the following number of artillerymen at each
port : Auckland, 26 ; Wellington, 27 ; Lyttelton, 27 ;
Dunedin, 26 : making a total of 106. We do not need
officers and men to fight the Maoris now, and, so far as
foreign aggression is concerned, we have of thoroughly
drilled Volunteers no less a number than 10,110, made
up as follows : Adults, 8,530 ; cadets, 1,580 ; whilst
there are many of our population who have been drilled,
but who are not enrolled in any permanent Volunteer
corps. The total population at the end of 1884, exclusive
of Maoris, was estimated to be 564,304 persons, of whom
806,667 are males and 257,637 females. Perhaps there
are now in the colony about 45,000 Maoris. It was
■estimated that in 1881 there were 44,097 Maoris, but
it is impossible to state at present their exact number.
NOTES ON THE
Amongst our population, however, we have people from
all parts of the world. Of coloured races the largest
number, outside the Maoris, belongs to the Chinese
empire. At the last census, in 1881, we had no less
than 5,033 Chinese. But, if we take the birthplaces of
the settlers in the colony, it will be seen that those born
in New Zealand now number considerably more relatively
than they did in 1801. In 1881 15T)0 per cent, of the
people were born in New Zealand, and as the population
of the colony increases the percentage of native New
Zealanders will soon show a higher percentage. The
following were the nationalities for the years 1864 and
1881 respectively : —
Proportion per cent, of each
Nationality to the respec-
tive Totals of Population.
1864.
1881.
England
33-95
24-33
Ireland
11-80
10-08
Scotland
17-98
10-77
Wales
0-60
0-40
New Zealand . .
23-95
45-60
Australian Colonies
5-54
3-53
Other British Dominions
1-80
0-82
United States of America
0-65
0-17
France
0-29
0-17
Germany
1-16
0-98
Other Foreign Countries
1-27
2-71
At sea
0-35
0-27
Not specified . .
0-G6
0-17
As to the religions of the people, the census of 1881
gave the following : and, relatively, there will not be much
change — namely, 41"50 per cent. Church of England,
24'09 Presbyterian, including under the head of Presby-
terian the various Presbyterian organizations. In New
Zealand there are two main Presbyterian bodies, what is
called the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, and the
Presbyterian Church of Otago and Southland. One does
not interfere with the territorial jurisdiction of the other,
and they are managed by distinct Church Courts. Of
Wesleyans there are 9'5.2 per cent. The following state-
ment will show the religions in the years 1864 and 1881
respectively : —
PBOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND.
Church of England and Protestants
not otherwise defined . .
Presbyterians
Methodists, &c. . .
Baptists
Congregational Independents
Lutherans
Roman Catholics
Proportions per cent.
18G4.
1881.
46-43
41-50
24-43
23-09
8-04
9-52
1-97
2-34
2-14
1-37
1-05
1-18
12-49
14-08
—
1-01
1-29
2-33
—
2-85
Otherwise described
Object to state . .
There can hardly be said to be any place noted for
a particular religious belief. The original constitution of
Canterbury was Anglican ; of Otago and Southland^ Pres-
byterian ; and of New Plymouth, Nonconformist : but
that has been altered by the subsequent colonization of
the country. There is, however, a larger proportion of
Presbyterians in Otago and Southland than in any other
part of the colony, and in Canterbury perhaps there is a
larger proportion of Anglicans.
In 1884 there were 730 clergymen licensed to marry,
and here it may be mentioned that every clergyman is
licensed to marry on application by the head of his church
or by twenty-four of his people to the Eegistrar-General.
The number licensed to marry in 1864 was 247.
The test of the popularity of the churches can hardly be
determined by the number of marriages performed by the
clergymen. The Anglican Church still insists upon mar-
riages being in the church, and so does the Roman Catho-
lic, while the Presbyterian body allow their clergymen to
perform the marriage ceremony in private houses. Mar-
riages are also performed by Registrars, and these have,
in late years, greatly increased. It may be noted that in
1864 and 1884 respectively the marriages performed by
the various clergymen and Registrars were as follows : —
Percentage of Total Marriages.
1864. 1884.
Church of England . . . . . . 27-79 . . 20-80
Presbyterians
Wesleyans and other Methodists
Roman Catholics
Registrars . .
Still, dealing with the population of the colony, it may
33-01
24-07
12-03
13-70
11-39
12-39
8-08
23-25
8.
NOTES ON THE
be well to notice tlic l)irtli-, death-, and marriage-rates,
•which, for the two years 186i and 188i, were as follows: —
Proportion per 1,000
Numerical. of Population.
1864. 1884. 1864. 1884.
Births .. 6,501 .. 19,846 .. 38-05 .. 35-91
Deaths .. 2,921 .. 5,740 .. 17-03 .. 10-39
Marriages .. 1,878 .. 3,800 .. 11-12 .. 6-87
The marriage-rate is
Colonies,
for 1884
the lowest in all the Australasian
In the other colonies the rates were as follows
Queenland
New South Wales
South Australia
Victoria
Western Australia
Tasmania
New Zealand . .
Per 1,000 of mean
Population.
8-91
8-36
8-28
7-63
7-11
7-81
6-87
The deaths recorded were 5,740, the rate being 10'39
the
per
has
per 1,000 of the mean population. Only once in
twenty years has the rate been so low — viz., 10" 13
1,000 in 1871. The rate in 1864 was 17; and it
been during the last twenty years as follows : —
Per 1,000 of
Population.
1865 .. 15-13 1875
1866 .. 12-86 1876
1867 .. 12-78 1877
1868 . . 11-94 1878
1869 .. 11-73 1879
1870 .. 11-18 1880
1871 .. 10-13 ' 1881
1872 .. 11-68 1882
1873 .. 12-66 1883
1874 .. 12-97 1884
Per 1,000 of
Population.
15-92
12-66
11-47
10-96
12-46
11-46
11-13
1119
11-45
10-39
The death-rate in New Zealand is considerably below
that of the other Australasian Colonies,
than in England, the rates for the last eig
follows : —
and much lower
ht years being as
New Zealand
New South Wales
Queensland
Victoria
South Australia..
Western Australia
Tasmania
England
1877.
11-47
15-28
17-29
15-80
13-99
15-70
19-17
2003
1878.
10-96
15-88
20-41
15-46
15-44
14-07
15-06
21-00
1879.
12-46
14-29
14-97
14-53
14-09
14-46
15-18
20-07
1880.
11-40
15-57
13-59
13-70
14-85
13-24
10-12
20-05
1881.
11-13
15-12
15-02
14-16
14-49
13-80
14-77
1809
1882.
11-19
16-03
17-99
15-31
15-15
14-16
15-79
19-06
1883.
11-45
14-52
18-82
14-18
14-83
17-93
17-07
1884.
10-39
15-88
22-97
14-27
15-52
21-87
15-50
PEOGKESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
9
1864.
1881.
7,625)
12,118) ••
70,926
12,089
54,447
12,527
14,273
619
10,233
1,106J
12,639
0,202- ..
13,991
41,G35
92,282
298,419
The occupations of the population show the different
avenues in which people are now seeking employment : —
Occupations.
Trade, commerce, and manufactures
Mechanics, artificers, and skilled workers . ,
Agricultural and pastoral
Mining..
Professions — clerical, medical, and legal
Teachers, surveyors, and other educated
professions
Labourers
Domestic and general servants
Miscellaneous . .
No occupation stated (principally women
and children) . .
172,158 ., 489,933
I now come to the education of the people^ and that
may be tested in two or three ways. In arriving at the
-education of the people by an enumeration of those who
are returned as able to read^ or to read and write, we are
apt to be misled by the statistics. First, the ages of the
population have to be considered. It is impossible to
make a correct comparison, as the census returns of 1804
and 1881 were differently calculated. According to the
•census returns of 1864 and 1881 the following were the
proportions per cent, of the population : —
18G4. 1881.
Cannot read . . . . 20-13 . . 23-05
Read only . . . . 7-17 . . 5-63
Read and write . . .. 72-70 .. 71-32
If the ages were tabulated — if those under and over
fifteen were taken in the two years — the proportions would
be :—
1864..
1881..
1864..
1881..
1864..
1881..
Cannot read.
Under 15. Over 15.
53-26 . . 3-54
41-32 . . 3-01
Head only.
13-65 . . 4-58
25-64 . . 4-54
Alilo to read and write.
33-09 . . 92-54
49-66 . . 93-90
The reason why there was such a high percentage of
those who could read and write in 1804 was the large
number of adults in the colony, mainly attracted by the
gold discoveries. This also accounts for the then vast pre-
ponderance of males over females. Excluding military
10
NOTES ON THE
and their families — which consisted of officers and men
9,130, male children 933, women 1,026, and female-
children 880 — there were, —
Males.
Females
Under 5 years
13,531
13,101
5 years and under 10
9,474
9,083
10 „ 15
6,802
6,378
15 „ 21
8,108
7,037
21 „ 40 .
53,919
22,396
40 „ 55
11,023
5,703
55 „ 05
2,409
1,848
65 and upwards . .
657
418
Not stated
657
117
106,580
65,578
This state of things has been greatly changed during
twenty years. The family-life has grown, and the num-
bers of young people relatively to old have increased, as
the following table will show
Males.
41,636
34,305
Under 5 years
5 years and under 10
10
15
21
40
55
65 and upwards
Unspecified
15
21
40
55
65
28,875
25,225
82,349
48,624
8,664
3,957
970
Females.
40,653
88,610
28,747
25,723
59,420
23,380
5,495
2,938
362
220,328
269,605
The most satisfactory thing in the statistics is the fact
recorded that our young people are more advanced than
their elders in education. This will be seen when it is
stated that, of persons between 15 and 20 years of age,
97*48 per cent, were able to both read and write. After 20
years of age there is a slight decrease. Between 20 and
25 it was 96*75j and so on : —
25 years to 80
. 95-34
30 „ 35
. 93-97
35 „ 40
. 92-84
40 „ 45
. 92-21
45 „ 50
. 91-58
50 „ 55
. 90-60
55 „ 60
. 89-66
60 „ 65
. 87-44
65 „ 70
. 86-26
70 „ 75
. 85-07
75 „ 80
. 84-03
80 and upwards
. 77-72
Unspecified
. 80-09
PEOGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
n
Males.
Females
2-94
7-86
3-92
9-30
4-08
919
3-85
9-29
3-95
8-54
2-96
6-87
3-31
6-41
2-77
5-37
3-20
5-79
2-50
4-97
2-91
4-62
2-82
4-45
The test by the number of those who married and were
able to sign the register can be seen by the following pro-
portions in every 100 marriages of those who signed ])y
marks : —
1873 . .
1874 . .
1875 , .
1876 . .
1877 . .
1878 . .
1879 . .
1880 . .
1881 . .
1882 . .
1883 . .
1884 . .
It will be noticed that there has been a gradual decrease
of those who cannot write their names in the marriage
register.
In 1864 the colony was divided into provinces^ and
each province had the management of its own educa-
tional affairs^ without any interference or assistance from
the General Government. In 1875 the provinces were
abolished^ and a general Education Act passed in the year
1877. We have had since then one system applicable to
the whole of the colony. We have thirteen Education
Boards^ which have the general management of education
in their districts ; and for each school district there is a
School Committee^ elected annually by householders and
parents of children. There is rarely more than one school
in each district. The Committees take considerable interest
in the educational affairs of their own districts. The
Boards are elected by the School Committees. Each Board
consists of nine members, and three retire annually.
In 1864, though a good deal had been done for
education, matters were not, relatively to the population,
so far advanced as they are now. As far as I can ascer-
tain the attendance at the schools in 1864 was as fol-
lows : —
Attending aided schools .. .. 7,903) -inqur
Attending schools not aided . . . . 8,072 1 '
The total expenditure on education was as follows : —
12 NOTES ON THE
£ S. d.
Auckland, January to December, 1864 .. 2,781 19 1
Taranaki (say) . . ,. .. .. 290
Hawke's Bay, estimates, July, 18G4 to 1865 725
Wellington, year ending March, 1864 .. 1,209 19
Nelson, year ending March, 18G4 .. 4,284 14 1
l\Iarl borough, year ending June, 1864 .. 1,200
Canterbury, year ending June, 1864 .. 8,451 11 4
Otago, year ending December, 1864 .. 2,043 13 1
Total .. .. £19,046 16 7
These amounts did not include school fees, nor_, in
Otago, the school rates : the sums are merely the votes
and expenditure out of the general provincial revenue.
The provision for secondary education, even so far back
as 1864, had been, considering the age of the colony, con-
siderable. There was a college at Nelson, a college and
grammar school in Canterbury, and a high school at
Dunedin, and some good private secondary schools in other
parts of the colony. There are now in New Zealand the
following secondary schools, viz. : Auckland College and
Grammar School, Auckland Girls' High School, Thames
High School (for boys and girls). New Plymouth High
School (for boys and girls), Wanganui Endowed School,
Wellington College, Wellington Girls' High School, Napier
Boys' High School, Napier Girls' High School, Nelson
College, Nelson Girls' College, Christ's College Grammar
School, Christchurch ; Christchurch Boys' High School,
Christchurch Girls' High School, Rangiora High School
(for boys and girls), Akaroa High School (for boys and
girls), Ashburton High School (for boys and girls) , Timaru
High School (for boys and girls), Waitaki High School,
Otago Boys' High School, Otago Girls' High School,
Southland Boys' High School, and Southland Girls' High
School. All these are in full operation.
Wc have now also a New Zealand University, which is
purely an examining body; it confers degrees, but it has
no teachers in its employment. The teaching part of the
University work is done by affiliated institutions. At pre-
sent they are as follows : The Otago University at Dunedin,
the Canterbury College in Christchurch, the Auckland Uni-
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 13
versity College in Auckland^ the Nelson College at Nelson,
and St. John's College, Auckland.
The expenditure on University education in 1884 was
€26,815. The number of students was 499.
The expenditure on secondary education was £71,517 :
the attendance being — roll number, 2,577 ; daily average,
2,351.
The expenditure on primary education was £363,316,
inclusive of £49,679 on buildings : the attendance being —
roll number, 96,840; daily average, 75,391.
The morals of the people are usually tested in the fol-
lowing ways : (1) By the amount of police protection they
require ; (2) by the criminals sentenced in the Courts ; and
(3) by the number of illegitimate births. In 1864 the
police force also was under the control of the Provincial
Executives ; the number in proportion to the population
was about one policeman to every 462 persons. In 1884
the number of civil police was only 490, or taken along
with the armed constabulary, including the artillerymen,
the total number was 834. Compared with the other
colonies, where there has been no Native trouble. New
Zealand stands well, as will be seen from the following : —
■p. Proportion of Civil Police
^^^°^- to Populatiou.
New Zealand . . . . . . 1 to 1,293
New South Wales
Queensland
Victoria
South Australia
1 to C09
1 to 425
1 to 774
1 to 745
The other test is the number of offenders found guilty in
the Courts. Crimes may be classed under two heads : what
may be termed petty offences, and grave offences — offences
dealt with by Magistrates and by the Supreme Court. A
Magistrate can only deal with simple assaults and petty
larcenies, breaches of by-laws, and other mere police
offences ; whilst the Supreme Court deals with graver
questions of theft, and all the higher crimes, felonies,
and misdemeanours. Taking the statistics of the two
years, it will be seen that in 1864 the total number of
convictions (exclusive of Maoris) in Magistrates' Courts
14
NOTES ON THE
was 11^357, being at the rate o£ 65"95 per 1,000 of popu-
lation, whilst in 1884 it was 17,068 or 31-98 per 1,000
of the mean population, showing that, though our popu-
lation has increased, our crime has greatly decreased.
Of these, the convictions for drunkenness amounted to
6,527; but it is to be observed that, if one person is con-
victed five, six, or a dozen times, each conviction is counted
as if it had been a separate offender, and therefore the
proportion of persons convicted to the population cannot
be given, but only the proportion of convictions — viz.,
11*81 to 1,000 of population for drunkenness. The con-
victions before the superior Courts in 1866 were 282, and
1884 219, or 0-39 per 1,000.
There has been a gradual decrease in the number of
offences against the person. There were only 871 in
1884, the proportion being 1*57 per 1,000 of population.
The proportion of offences against property in 1884 was
2*14 per thousand of population.
Proportion to every 1,000 of
Mean Population.
1880.
1881.
1882. 1883.
1884.
Number of persons brought before Magis-
trates —
1. For offences against the person
4-08
4-03
3-77
2-98
2-97
2. For offences against property
505
4-49
4-58
4-49
3-97
3. On other grounds
34-Gl
30-59
35-06
35-05
34-87
Number of persons summarily convicted —
1. For offences against the person
2-03
2-07
1-80
1-39
1-50
2. For offences against property
2-42
2-48
2-25
2-19
1-91
3. For other offences
26-71
23-61
27-80
27-77
28-57
Number of persons convicted in the Su-
perior Courts —
1. For offences against the person
•12
•07
•10
'08
-0
2. For offences against property
•37
•28
•18
•22
•23
3. For other offences
•13
•08
•11
•06
•09
Including offences dealt with summarily, and also in the
higher Courts, compared with the other colonics New Zea-
land stands the lowest in the criminal record, being, for
offences against the person and against property, 3'71 per
1,000, whilst in Yictoria there were 3*86; South Australia,
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 15
4*05; Tasmania, 6-98; Queensland, 7-80; and inNewSoutli
Wales, 10"67, In juvenile crime New Zealand is also ex-
ceedingly low, and no doubt tliat has been caused by the
elaboration of the industrial-school system, which has been
permanently adopted in New Zealand. The Government
has industrial-school institutions directly under its control
in Auckland (at Newton and Kohimarama, treated as one
school), at Burnham in Canterbury, and at Caversham in
Otago. In connection with these three institutions there
were the following children at the close of 188-1: Resident
in the schools, 432 ; boarded with foster-parents, 384 :
making a total of 816 maintained at the expense of the
State. There were also 347 children at service or Avith
friends, although still under the legal protection of the
managers of the schools. There is also an industrial school
and orphanage at the Thames, supported by the Govern-
ment, but under the management of a local Committee, in
connection with which there were at the end of the year
1884 seventeen committed children, five of whom were
at service or with friends. There are also what may be
termed private institutions to which children are sent, for
whom the Government pays, as a rule, about 7s. per week,
these are : St. Mary's School in Auckland, St. Joseph's in
Wellington, and St. Mary's in Nelson. These institutions
are Uoman Catholic.
The children committed under the industrial-school
system are of three classes : Children who themselves have
done wrong, children who were in destitute circum-
stances, or whose parents have either done wrong or ne-
glected them. The total number committed under the Act
in 1884 was 313, who may be classified as follows : Desti-
tute, 195; vagrant, 11; residing in disreputable houses,
33 ; uncontrollable, .27 ; guilty of punishable offences, 37 ;
committed by agreement with the parents, 20.
It may also be noticed that, though crime has decreased,
a great number of those who are in our gaols are what may
be termed '' habitual criminals " or " habitual drunkards."
In 1884 there were 483 males and 81 females Avho had been
16
NOTES ON THE
once convicted, 282 males and 65 females who had been
twice convicted, and 720 males and 579 females who had
been convicted three or more times. The birthplaces of
the prisoners were as follows : —
New Zealand . .
Nationality
to 100 of
Total Prisoners.
. . 9-10
Nationality to
every 100 Persons
at Census of 1881.
45-60
Australian Colonies and other British
possessions . .
England and Wales
. . 5'72
. . 33-57
4-35
24-73
Scotland
.. 13-14
10-77
Ireland
. . 30-13
10-08
China
60
1-03
Other foreign countries . .
. . 7-74
3-44
The low percentage of the New Zealand born popula-
tion is, no doubt, partially accounted for by the fact of all
the young children having been born in the colony. At
the same time it is believed that the people in the colony
are, compared with the people born elsewhere, less criminal.
This, no doubt, may be accounted for by education, by
sun'oundings, and by greater material comfort. As to ille-
gitimacy — the third test that is applied to the morals of
a community — the following are the statistics : The num-
ber of illegitimate births registered in 1884 was 587, or
2*96 of every hundred births. In 1873, which is the
earliest date of which there is any reliable record, the pro-
j)ortion was 1*416. As compared with the other colonies
New Zealand stands well, as will be seen from the follow-
ing statement of illegitimate births in the Australasian
Colonies for the last ten years per 100 births : —
Year.
New
Zealand.
New South
Wales.
Queens-
land.
Victoria.
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1-86
2-23
2-08
2-41
2-29
2-43
2-85
2-87
2-78
2-95
4-20
408
4-14
4-03
4.51
4-35
4-26
4-24
4-21
3-43
3-21
3-64
3-68
4-31
4-31
4-20
4-40
3-66
2-92
3-64
3-88
4-15
4-86
4-80
5-09
4-75
4.69
4-30
Means . .
2-32
4-22
3-76
4-25
PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 17
There seems^ ho^vever, to be au increase of illegitimate
births ill New Zealand as the colony grows older, and as
the population gets more dense in the larger towns.
The religions of the prisoners for the year 1884) were as
follows :-
Church of England
Proportion per
100 of Total
Prisoners.
. . 42-05
Proportion per
100 of Total
Population.
41-50
Roman Catholic
.. 35-18
14-08
Presbyterian . .
Wesleyan
. . 14-17
. . 2-03
23-09
9-52
It will be necessary now to note the pro^dsion that has
been made during the past twenty years for those things
that tend to increase the happiness of the people — provid-
ing for their social enjoyment and intellectual life. We
have libraries in 'every village. In Auckland there are
a museum and a public library, as well as an art gallery.
Wellington has a large library, a very fine museum, and
a library of scientific works connected with the Scientific
Institute. In Christchurch there is a magnificent museum
- — better, indeed, than cither the one in Melbourne or in
Sydney. It has also a large public library. In Dunedin
there are a very fine museum and an art society, which
holds exhibitions of pictures once a year. Art societies
are formed also in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch.
There are a University library, an Otago Institute library,
principally for scientific works, and a large athenaeum
library — all in Dunedin. Invercargill has a handsome
athenaeum building. A test of the desire for information
amongst colonists may be obtained by a comparison of the
newspapers published in New Zealand, and the books and
literature imported, as well as the newspapers posted. The
value of books imported in 1884 was £115,246. This
does not include magazines, newspapers, &c., and books
coming by post. Then, the number of newspapers published
was 49 daily and 91 weekly, bi-weekly, and tri-weekly, and
3.2 others, making a total of 172, or one to every 3,281 of
the population. In England and Wales the number was
1,962 newspapers, or 1 to every 13,828 ; in Ireland, 152
newspapers, or 1 to every 32,585 ; in Scotland, 184 news-
2
18 KOTES ON THE
papers, or 1 to every 21,013; and in the United States,
10,771 newspapers, or 1 to every 4,656 of the population.
There are theatres in every town, also coneert halls, musical
societies, and debating societies, and the New Zealand
Institute — an institute founded for scientific purposes —
has no less than eight branches. A handsome volume is
jmblished every year giving the researches of the members,
and its pages show that great attention is paid to the
natural history of the colony. In 1864, though there
were the nuclei of libraries, there had been little develop-
ment in that direction, nor were there any museums in
existence ; and the New Zealand Institute was only incor-
porated by Act in 1867.
II. Trade and Shipping.
The trade of the colony has undergone many changes in
twenty years. The character of the shipping has been
entirely altered. Up to 1864 our goods were brought to
us from England mainly in wooden ships, and these took
our produce from the colony to other countries. It
is true that there were steamers running between Mel-
bourne and the colony, and occasionally from Sydney,
but these were small compared with the steamers now
performing the passage. After 1864 iron shijjs began
to be numerous. But now we have direct steam
communication with England, two services of most
magnificent vessels, comprising the following : " Ionic,"
4,753 tons ; " Coptic," 4,367 tons ; " Doric," 4,744 tons ;
'' Tainui," 5,200 tons ; and " Arawa," 5,200 tons, belong-
ing to the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company : and the
^' Rimutaka," 4,474 tons; " Ruapehu," 4,163 tons;
" Kaikoura," 4,474 tons ; " Tongariro," 4,163 tons ; and
^' Aorangi," 4,163 tons, belonging to the New Zealand
Shipping Company. There is a fine mail service to
America by the San Francisco route ; the steamers leave
the colony once every month and arrive once a month,
calling on their way at Honolulu.
The number of ships and tonnage do not seem to have
«o largely increased, considering our exports and other
PROGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
19
trade ; but, of course, that may be partially accounted for
by the fact that the steamers are larger, and make more
rapid voyages. The shipping in 1864- was the following: —
Vessels entered Inwards.
From
Vessels.
Tons.
United Kingdom
148
102,679
New South Wales . .
408
140,485
Victoria
254
112,143
South Australia
53
13,396
Tasmania
136
22,758
Mauritius
7
1,708
Cape of Good Hope . .
6
1,867
Norfolk Island
2
100
Vancouver's Island . .
1
847
India
2
2,003
Hongkong . .
1
354
Prince Edward Island
1
173
South Sea Islands . .
81
2,637
United States
35
13,098
South America
10
3,177
New Caledonia
1
258
France
3
1,41G
Germany . .
1
575
Sweden
3
1,506
Southern Whale Fishery
14
4,845
Totals
. 1,117
426,004
Cleared Outwv
lRDS.
Countries to which
cleared.
Vessels.
Tons.
United Kingdom
25
18,323
New South Wales . .
514
165,522
Victoria
154
G2,034
South Australia
18
4,155
Tasmania
118
21,208
Queensland
3
598
Norfolk Island
1
50
Point de Galle
2
2,407
India
'. 37 '.
35,948
Mauritius . .
1
215
Prince Edward Island
1
336
Hongkong . .
3
1,789
Shanghai . .
2
1,870
Franco
1
406
United States
27
10,011
South America
48
32,582
China
15
7,711
Java
2
1,020
Guam
GG '.
36,229
Manilla
1
591
Batavia
2
1,864
Chincha Islands
'. 1 '.
213
Japan
1
692
South Sea Islands . .
37
24,291
Southern Whale Fishery
9
3,208
Totals
1,089
433,253
20
NOTES ON THE
In 1884 the number of sliips entered inwards was 852
vessels, of 529,188 tons, made up as follows : —
United Kingdom
Australia . .
Pacific Islands
United States
Mauritius
Java
India
China
Japan
Singapore
Cape Colony
Wliale Fisheries
Vessels.
134
535
103
23
26
11
2
2
2
1
1
10
Tons.
167,626
286,432
41,259
10,935
8,535
6,659
1,708
1,311
591
237
696
8,199
vessels, of
Vessels.
Tons.
136
171,862
500
263,403
100
40,777
9
4,086
3
1,438
2
662
1
651
1
977
2
128
1
241
16
2,304
The shipping outwards consisted of 872
534,242 tons, viz. : —
Countries to which
cleared.
United Kingdom
Australia . .
Pacific Islands
United States
Cape Colony
Hongkong
India
Germany
Guam
[Mauritius
Whale Fisheries
One thing these tables show is that our English ships
had, after landing their goods, to go to Australia, ''to Guam,"
to South America, or elsewhere, seeking freight ; now our
exports are so near our imports that wc can send our
vessels away loaded and not m ballast.
In 1864 the imports amounted to J7,000,655 ; in 1884
to £7,663,888.
In 1864 the exports amounted to .=63,401,667 ; and in
1884, £7,091,667.
It may be well to give a table showing the exports and
imports during the last twenty years, and earlier (see table
in Appendix No. 1).
It will be observed that the imports have not increased
so largely as might have been expected ; but this can easily
be explained : First, local manufactures have wonderfully
increased; and, second, the price of commodities imported
PEOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 21
has fallen. For £1 we obtain now in clothing what must
have cost us £1 10s. in 1864 ; and other goods have
similiarly fallen in value.
The increase of our imports and exports will be seen by
a diagram (see Appendix No. 3), which has been prepared
by Mr. W. N. Blair, Assistant-Engineer-in-Chief of the
colony. One observation may be made on the diagram.
The imports show a great variation, jumping up to high
figures after the discovery of gold and after the beginning
of our railway-making in 1870. Our exports have gradu-
ally, almost uniformly, increased since 1854, showing few
jumps if the value of gold is excluded.
I intend further on to speak of the development of the
manufacturing industries. Bearing on this question, it is
interesting to note how the population has increased,
especially about the larger centres, since 1864. This, of
itself, is sufficient to show the development of manufactur-
ing enterprise. Of the maps (see Appendix No. 4, A and
B) . A shows the present location of the population, whilst
that in 1864 is shown on map B. The maps also show
the density of the population, exclusive of Maoris, in 1881.
The countries with which New Zealand is doing trade
appear from the following figures, which show the total
value of the imports in 1864 and 1884 respectively ; —
1864.
1884.
United Kingdom
£3,259,174 .
. £4,934,493
Australia and Tasmania
3,429,809 .
1,635,762
United States . .
109,222 .
348,557
JIauritius
G5,758 .
257,670
China and Japan
607 .
138,892
India
433 .
73,467
Philippine Islands, &c.
144,005
Pacific Islands
15,136 '.
100,181
Europe (excepting United Kingd
cm) 22,055 .
26,024
Africa
8,957 .
324
Canada
1,311 .
750
British Columbia
3,891 .
South America
77,820 .
.
Southern Whale Fisheries
1,482 .
3,763
Other countries
5,000 .
This table points out that for a considerable time after
the gold rush we depended in no small degree on Australian
merchants. Now we import directly, and only get from
22; NOTES ON THE
Australia her own products^ and small quantities of British
merchandise.
III. Mineral Development.
In 1864 but little attention had been paid to the de-
velopment of any mineral save gold and brown coal.
Copper-mining had been tried, but with little practical
result. The goldfields are not producing now so much
as they did in previous years. There are many reasons
to account for this. There is no doubt that the richer
alluvial fields — the shallow alluvial workings — have been
worked out, or at all events cannot sustain so large a
population as in former years ; secondly, the development
of public works and of agriculture has drawn a great many
persons who obtained a precarious livelihood in mining for
gold to other pursuits giving a more certain wage ; and,
further, it requires considerable capital now to develop
many of the gold-mines, and that can only be done when
the population is considerably larger. The returns from
all the gold-mines since the opening are as follows :
10,724,850oz., at a value of £42,368,192, and the amount
exported during the year, 1884, was £988,953, showing a
slight upward tendency from 1883, when the amount was
£892,445 ; and at the present moment it seems as if there
was considerable chance of further developments in mining
enterprises. Many of the mines thought to have been ex-
hausted are now being worked and returning handsome
profits. In the North Island, especially in the Maori
country, we may expect that there will be discoveries of
gold.
Attention has also been paid to a kind of mining different
to that which existed in 1864. Ujd to that time mining
had been entirely alluvial, and generally in shallow work-
ings ; now there are large sluicing claims and considerable
quartz-mining. There is also an improved method of
separating gold from pyrites, and obtaining better results
from quartz by various processes — such as smelting, &c.
The number of quartz-mines in 1884 was, approximately,,
200.
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 23
The production of copper, had it not been for its great
fall in price, would no doubt have been considerable ; but,
even with the fall that has taken place, attention is
being paid in one or two districts to copper-mining. The
utilization of the large quantities of iron-sand in the
colony has been often tried, and is still in process of
experimentation. The main devcloj)mcnt during the past
twenty years has been in the production of coal. New
Zealand is peculiarly situated in reference to coal; there is
hardly a district in the colony which has not brown coal-
mines. Indeed, beginning at the ranges west of Christ-
church and going to the Bluff, you can scarcely travel
twenty miles without finding a brown coal-mine : the
brown coal is distributed over such a large area of the
South Island. In the Provincial District of Auckland,
too, from the Bay of Islands down to the Waikato, there
are large deposits of brown coal, some of a very superior
quality; and these have been and are being worked. In
the Mokau River there is a large coal deposit, and coal has
been reported from the Wanganui River. The produce of
the coal-mines in 1864 was, approximately, 10,000 tons,
but it has gradually mounted up to 480,831 tons in 1884,
as will be seen from the following statement showing the
amount produced each year for the last seven years : —
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
Tons.
162,218
231,218
299,923
337,262
378,272
421,764
480,831
On the west coast of the Middle Island there are
enormous deposits, thousands of acres of carboniferous
land, with seams of more than twenty feet in depth, of the
finest steam coal in the world. There is also magnificent
gas coal at Grey mouth. The area of the coalfields of
Westport and Grey may be said to amount to 129,000
acres; and, as the great drawback hitherto has been the
want of proper harbour accommodation for vessels to take
24 NOTES ON THE
away the coal, provision has been made for tlie construction
of two harbours — one at Westport and one at Grey — to
provide accommodation for steam colliers. These harbours
are being constructed in accordance with the plans of
Sir John Coode, and, so far as their construction has pro-
ceeded, there seems every chance of a considerable depth
of water being obtained. One harbour is at the mouth
of a large river — the Buller — and the other at the
mouth of the Grey Kiver. The production of true coal
has largely increased ; it amounted to 418,101 tons in
1884. At the same time. New Zealand, owing to the inter-
colonial steamers having to take return freight from Sydney,
and doing it at a cheap rate, largely imports coal from
Newcastle, New South Wales. Newcastle coal, however,
cannot compare with the Westport or Grey Valley coal,
and does not fetch such high prices, the retail prices
being — Newcastle coal, on an average, about 32s. to 35s.
a ton; Westport coal, 3is. to 36s. a ton ; and Grey Valley
coal, 33s. to 36s. 6d. a ton.
There is also great probability that attention will be paid
to other mineral developments in New Zealand — viz., silver,
shale, copper, tin, and other minerals. The region of
Collingwood, in the north-west of Nelson, and the whole
region of Westland, and the west part of Otago, west of
Wakatipu, may be termed mineral regions, which, through
their inaccessibility, and being mainly timber-lands, can
hardly be said to have been prospected, and the Thames
and Te Aroha Districts in Auckland are mineral, with
gold, silver, and lead in abundance.
IV. Pastoral Development.
I now come to the pastoral development. It has
been mentioned that this cannot now be termed the pas-
toral era of New Zealand, and yet New Zealand largely
depends upon its pastoral productions. In 1864 the total
amount of wool exported was 1 6,691, 6661bs., while in
1884 there were 81,139,0281bs. exported. The number
of sheep has increased from 4,937,273 to 14,056,266; the
PEOGEESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 25
number of cattle from 249,760 to 700,000; the number of
horses from 49,409 to 170,000; and the number of pigs
from 61,276 to over 200,000. There lias been a great
change also in reference to the mode of dealing with pas-
toral pursuits. Before 1864 pastoral tenants were mainly
leaseholders, paying a varying rent, according to their
tenure and situation in the colony, for the permission to
graze their sheep on Crown lands. There are still millions
of acres held on pastoral tenure, there being 11,384,603 acres.
But sheep and cattle are now fed on freehold land, and this
especially in the Districts of Canterbury, Hawke's Bay, and
Wellington. In Otago there are more sheep fed on
Crown lands than on freehold lands. But there has grown
up, in connection with pastoral as well as with agricultural
pursuits, the export of frozen meat, and that has en-
couraged the rearing of sheep on freehold lands that were
formerly occupied for grain -raising. The agricultural
development is closely connected with the pastoral.
V. Agricultural Development.
The agricultural development may be tested in two
ways : (1) by the area of land alienated from the Crown ;
and (2) by the area brought under cultivation. The area
of land alienated in 1864 was 7,759,954 acres ; in 1884 the
area alienated, from the foundation of the colony, was
17,692,511 acres. The area of land under cultivation in
1864 was only 382,655 acres, which included under crop
110,532 acres, and in sown grasses 272,123 acres ; whilst
in 1884 there were no less than 6,391,075 acres under cro])
and sown grasses — viz., 1,132,241 acres under crop and
5,258,834 acres in grass.
Then it may be tested by its products. In 1864 we
exported almost no agricultural products, and we im-
ported, as has been stated before, much of our food-
supplies ; but in 1884 we exported 2,706,775 bushels of
wheat, valued at €436,728; 128,450 bushels of barley,
at a value of €25,138; 51,311 bushels of malt, valued
at .€14,665; and 2,474,613 bushels of oats, at a value
26
NOTES ON THE
of €2Gr;286. We also exported .€33,324 worth of
flour, .€53,536 worth of potatoes, and 251',069cwt. of
frozen meat, at a value of €345,090. Tlie value of
hides exported in 1864 was €11,972; in 1884, €38,199.
In 1864 €1,865 worth of tallow was exported, as against
€234,829 in 1884. During the last year, through the fall
in the price of wheat and the export of frozen meat, the
export of grain has somewhat decreased, as will be seen
from the f ollowins; : —
1875.
187G.
1877.
1878.
1879.
Flour, tons
63G
407
960
4,031
1,278
Wheat, bushels
548,095
686,059
859,795
1,701,011
2
518,457
Barley,
91,622
218,558
107,675
102,476
106,692
Malt,
0,885
3,524
1,746
5,951
2,546
Oats
630,325
1,263,957
354,694
302,776
-
842,649-
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Flour, tons
553
3,220
10,932
6,119
3,606
Wheat, bushels 3
,120,403
3,761,258
3,188,621
4,897,540
2
,706,775
Barley,
470,520
494,911
113,334
144,923
123,450
Malt,
35,330
60,531
29,345
01,076
51,311
Oats, „ 1
908,132
1,499,260
979,684
1,619,764
2
474,631
Agriculture is now seeking other outlets : orchards are
being planted, tobacco is now produced, and linseed is
grown.
Treating the forests as a branch of agriculture, it may-
be noted that the export of timber has largely increased,
as the following table, giving the value of the timber
exported, will show : —
£
£
1864
. . 24,771
1875
. . 40,046
1865
. 12,725
1876
. . 49,847
1866
. 24,319
1877
. . 50,901
1867
. 16,110
1878
. . 39,074
1868
. 15,653
1879
. . 35,735
1869
. 22,338
1880
.. 51,225
1870
. 18,010
1881
.. 71,328
1871
. 20,114
1882
.. 114,700
1872
. 27,373
1883
.. 149,250
1873
. 44,039
1884
.. 152,471
1874
. 44,450
A Forest Department has just been started, and attention
is to be directed to the conserving and properly utilizing of
the existing forests, and to the creating of new forests.
The area of forest lands is about 20,000,000 acres ; and of
this area about 9,000,000 acres contain useful timber trees.
PROGRESS OP NEW ZEALAND. 27
A large amount of planting has been done, and 5,804
acres planted have been subsidized or aided by Govern-
ment ; and, in addition to this, in the Lake and
Maniototo Counties large quantities of trees are raised
for distribution in the treeless districts of Otago.
There have been almost no manufactures of forest
products, save timber - ware ; a little charcoal has been
produced_, but it is so small as not worth recording. The
same danger that has threatened other countries in the
treatment of the forests has been felt in New Zealand.
Valuable forests necessary for the maintenance of an
equable climate have been destroyed to make way for the
farmer or stock-raiser. It is hoped that the evils that
have resulted in other countries from such a course of
procedure will be sufficient to ensure attention being paid
to tree-planting, and to make forest preservation more
popular in the colony than it has yet been.
VI. Manufactures.
The manufactures that are first started in a colony are
those that are immediately necessary to the colonist in his
new surroundings. The bush saw-pit and the black-
smith's forge are the pioneer industries : these are
necessary for his house and for the settlement. After
them come industries dependent on natural products,
which are not so easily obtainable from foreign countries.
Soap-boiling from tallow comes early ; and after a few
years the brewery, even when the malt has to be im-
ported ; then tanning leather from hides ; but not till a
long time after the tannery does the boot factory appear,
and the stearine-candle works are quite recent. As New
Zealand has magnificent timber, one would expect to find
woodware factories early. In reality, however, the cheap
timber of America, and even lumber from Norway and
the Baltic, were imported up to a late period. At the
present time local timbers are being so much utilized
that there is little timber imported, and that which we
receive is mainly the harder woods of Australia. Fur-
28 NOTES ON THE
niture, however, of the finer kinds has been and is still
being imported. The common or coarser kinds were
made early, but even for these we depended upon America.
In late years furniture factories have attained a high state
of excellence, and there are now manufactured in the
colony drawing-room suites that would not disgrace Lon-
don or Paris. Shipbuilding was an early industry ; small
schooners were built in almost the pre-colonial days,
and still a few wooden vessels are built; but we have
had a new kind of shipbuilding — iron and steel ship-
building are now amongst our industries, and there have
been built in the colony several steamers — namely, a
total of thirty-one vessels, with a gross tonnage of 3,153,
and horse-power 909. This includes one or two steamers
framed at Home and put together in the colony. The
making of engines too has become established. We have
patents even for water-engines invented in the colony;
and we have now in all the chief towns foundries, and
boilermakers and mechanical engineers engaged in these
works. Some months ago a contract was let for the
making of locomotives for our railways.
In 1864, notwithstanding that agriculture had made
material progress, hardly any agricultural implements were
manufactured ; even carts were imported ; now. New
Zealand is an exporter of agricultural implements ; her
ploughs and harrows are sent to Australia, and the follow-
ing, amongst other articles, are manufactured in the co-
lony — viz., ploughs, chaff-cutters, grass-mowers, winnowing
machines, disc-harrows, drills, reaper and binders, horse-
powers, corn-crushers, horse-hoes, scrub-cutters, grass-seed
threshers, cream-separators, churns, &c. Various woollen
factories have been established in the colony ; there are
now no less than six in actual operation ; these have all
been founded within recent years. The amount of wool
manufactured in 1884 was about l,600,0001bs., and agen-
cies are now being established to push the sale of the
manufactured tweeds in Australia, and small orders have
even been sent to Europe. Other woollen factories are
PEOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 29
about to start, two being near completion. As the habits
of the colonists become more luxurious the manufacture
of carriages becomes extensive. Carriages of all kinds
are now made in the colony, and some of them are made
almost entirely from colonial timber, of w^hich various
kinds are very suitable.
I have mentioned that a tannery is an early industry in a
colony ; we still, however, have to import the finer kinds of
leather, and a considerable quantity of ladies' and children's
shoes. The imports of leather, boots, shoes, and saddlerv
in 1864 amounted to £244,727 ; in 1884, to €251,267.
But we can show now an export of leather, which amounted
to £37,227 in 1884 ; there was no leather exported in 1864.
Boot factories are now large and extensive, and an industry
which has sprung up along with them is the manufacture
of the machinery necessary for conducting a boot factory.
Saddlery is now made all through the colony, though still
a considerable quantity is imported.
Gas is required for lighting our towns, and, follow-
ing the manufacture of gas, we have had manufactories
established for the making of gas-, lead-, and composition-
pipes, gas chandeliers, and all kinds of gas fittings. We
have several firms also who make all kinds of brass-work,
work needed for brew^eries, distilleries, and other purposes ;
and these turn out brass-work equal to any that can be
imported.
Of recent years some attention has been paid to the
export of meat and fish in a preserved state ; several com-
panies have been started for this purpose, and it is expected
that this year the export of canned fish will be considerable,
although still large quantities are imported from America.
The export of tinned meat has increased ; and, no doubt,
with the development of orchards the export of preserved
fruit will be soon noted in our Customs returns. Some
attention has been paid to the planting of olives and
oranges, and in the north of Auckland there will be a
considerable amount of tropical and subtropical fruits
produced. A little has been done for the rearing of silk-
•30 NOTES ON THE
worms ; and tlie planting of the grape has led to the
production of wine — both these in very small quantities.
A small factory has been started for carpet-weaving. The
clothing factories are very extensive^ and there are factories
for hat- and shirt-making. All those things that are needed
in our houses are now being manufactured. We have
kitchen ranges and stoves equal to any that can be im-
ported, and we have now chemical factories, which produce
not only various kinds of acids, such as sulphuric acid,
but chemical manures, glycerine, &c.
In our agricultural industries, too, we have seen consider-
able development during recent years in the production
of cheese and butter for export. In 1864, as has been
stated, we were importers of cheese, butter, and hams ; we
now export these. Last year the export of these produc-
tions amounted to €104,100. The utilization of the New
Zealand flax has always been difficult j it has been almost
impossible to separate the gum from the fibre. Still we
have cordage factories, and, as Manilla is imported, we pro-
duce all kinds of twine. There are cordage factories in
Auckland, Christclmrch, and Dunedin. Small attempts have
been made in glassware, and there are considerable num-
bers of tinware factories. The actual statistics of the fac-
tories it is difficult to obtain. Hitherto there has been no
complete record taken at the enumeration of the census,
but in 1886 it is proposed to find out accurately the
number of manufactories, the amount of goods produced,
and the number of workmen employed. I estimate the
amount of tallow made up into soap and candles for 1885
to be as follows : —
Tallow made up into candles .. .. 2,459 tons.
Tallow made up into soap . . . . 1,371 „
There are other small industries which it may not be
necessary to state — brush factories, &c. One sugar re-
finery has been established in Auckland. Sugar is brought
from the Pacific Islands for the purpose of refining, and the
refinery is a large and a very complete one. It may be noted
that in Auckland there has been a larger development of
PEOGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 31
■small industries than in any other part of the colony.
Many o£ these have arisen out of the timber industries, and
some from the fact that the people in Auckland had to
depend upon small industries, as their country was unsuitcd
for any large production of either wool or grain. Some
of the small industries in the colony may be mentioned.
They are manufacture of tobacco and cigars, blacking, con-
fectionery, pottery and brickware, paper, aerated waters,
jam, essences, perfumery, writing ink, pianos, organs, taxi-
dermy. There is also a considerable amount of gold and
silver smiths' work done in the colony. There are two
paper-mills j)roducing brown and wrapping papers, and
some printing paper. Printing, book-binding, and station-
ery manufacture (from imported paper) are common to all
the larger towns. Almost all these industries are the result
of twenty years' growth.
The advantage that New Zealand will have in her manu-
facturing industries are — (1) her climate — she has neither
an excess of heat nor cold ; (2) her large coal deposits ; and
(3) never-failing water supplies in almost any part of the
colony.
VII. — Increase of Wealth, Advance in Credit, and
General Material Advancement.
The material well-being of the colonists may be tested
in various ways. One test is the increase in wealth. The
mere amount of money deposited in banks is no criterion
■of the increase of wealth, because the wealth of the colony
may not be in circulation. It can be shown by the increase
in the number of houses, and the different kind of houses
now in existence compared with what were in existence in
1864. In 1864 the total number of houses was 37,996 ;
of these, 25,463 were constructed of wood, 1,082 of stone
or brick, and 11,451 of other materials, principally raupo
houses and tents. According to the census of 1881 there
were 103,335 houses in the colony, of which number
87,646 were constructed of wood, 4,002 of brick or stone,
2,917 were tents, and the remainder were sod or clay huts
32 NOTES ON THE
and raupo huts. In the towns brick and stone have taken
the place of wood, and in the country, in many districts,
wood has taken the place of clay and daub. All the houses
are being added to and increased in size. Then, money
has been expended in roads, fencing, and improvements,
as can be seen by the number of acres brought into
cultivation since 1864, statistics of which I have given
in a previous part of this paper. The furniture in
the houses and the clothing of the people have vastly
improved during the past twenty years. But even in the
accumulation of money there has been an enormous ad-
vance. The amount in the savings banks in 1864 was
£94,248 6s. 8d. ; in 1884 it was .€1,9.26,005. The amount
of the deposits in ordinary banks in 1864 was ,£2,461,166;
in 1884 it was £9,372,004 — namely, £6,043,956 bearing
interest, and £3,328,048 not bearing interest. And then
since 1864 a new mode of investment has been started in
New Zealand ; I refer to life assurance societies. In 1864
there was little life assurance business done in the colony,
and that which was done was in a few European offices.
The Government started life assurance in 1869—70 ; and
there is now in funds to the credit of the Government Life
Association £972,775 14s. 8d. The Australian Mutual
Provident Society of Sydney has done large business in
New Zealand, and it has at least £850,000 invested in this
colony. There are other Australian companies — the
Colonial Mutual, the National Mutual, the Mutual Life —
all doing a considerable business. I believe it is not an
exaggeration to say that one person in every seven holds a
policy in a life assurance office, and I doubt if there is any
country in the world that can show, in proportion to the
population, such a percentage of insured lives as New
Zealand can. This is one means of investing savings.
The value of the personal property in New Zealand
that is liable to taxation amounts to £40,000,000 ; but if
the £500 exemption were included the amount would be
£53,000,000. The total value of real property held by
colonists is £75,000,000; and it is calculated that the
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND. 33
Native lands within five miles of a road snitable for horse
traffic are worth j€5,750_,000 ; and the education^ churchy
mnniciijal, and other reserves £11^750^000.
Building societies are very popular, and friendly
societies are widely diffused. There are fifteen friendly
societies, with 18,848 members, in the colony, with funds
amounting to £255,371 16s. lid. ; and there are forty-
seven building societies. There arc various societies also
for lending money, and which receive money on loan and de-
posit, performing the function, in fact, of a deposit bank. I
have not been able to obtain complete statistics of this class,
but I estimate the capital invested in these to be £500,000.
As showing also the things that have been done for the
material well-being of the people, one may take the length
of railways. In 1864 the system was only being begun,
and that in a very small way. Since 1870 the colony has
undertaken the construction of railways, and there arc now
1,527 miles of railway open.
Then, another test of the conveniences of civilized
life is the length of telegraph-lines and the number of
telephones used. The total number of miles on which
telegraphs are laid, is 4,264, and the number of miles of
wires is 10,474. There are telephone-exchanges in the
following cities : Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christ-
church, Oamaru, Dunedin, and Invercargill, and there are
telephone-stations in other places. The total number of
telephones used is 1,961. The postal and telcgrapli revenue
amounts to £284,245. The number of letters carried in
the year 1884 was 16,611,959. The number of telegrams
sent was 1,654,305.
In 1864 the means of communication between tlie prin-
cipal ports of the colony by sea were very limited, princi-
pally by small sailing vessels, a few steamers, and an
occasional steamer for Victoria, which, calling first at the
Bluff, would afterwards proceed via Port Chalmers and
Lyttelton as far as Wellington, from thence returning
to Melbourne. In 1884 the Union Steamship Com-
pany of New Zealand had a fiect of twenty-eight fine
34 NOTES ON THE
steamers of an aggregate tonnage of 39^000 gross register;
and the ordinary services of the company include weekly
boats from Melbourne and Sydney to New Zealand^ and vice
versa, and almost daily communication with the principal
New Zealand ports. In addition^ there is a monthly service
between Auckland and Fiji ; and in the latter colony one of
the company's boats plies regularly between the different
islands of the group. During the summer months supple-
mentary services are run over all the company's lines, and
special excursions are made to the AVest Coast Sounds,
In 188-1 a new feature was the introduction of mid-
winter excursions to the South Sea Islands, The company
has also now the contract for the mail service between
Auckland and San Francisco,
There is also now direct fortnightly communication
between Great Britain and the colony by the splendid
steamers belonging to the New Zealand Shipping Company
and the Shaw-Savill and Albion Company.
It may be no:iced also that, with the increase in the
wealth of the pojDulation, the possibilities of living in com-
fort have been greatly increased in another way. The
prices of provisions have fallen since 1864'. The tables in
the Aj)pendix No. 2 will show the contrast in the main
articles of food. The prices of clothing have also fallen
since 1864' proportionately, if not to a greater extent than
those of provisions.
Then, the number of miles of streets and main roads
made is very considerable; in fact, it may be said that
throughout the length and breadth of the colony there are
roads constructed. Of course, as settlement increases, new
roads have to be made ; and in the bush districts they are
very expensive.
The number of incorporated towns where gas is used is
twenty-seven. The number of towns incorporated is sixty-
nine, and the number of town districts, which are smaller
incorporations, corresponding, in fact, with villages, is
forty-nine. The number of miles of postal routes is 527,
and the annual number of miles travelled with mails is
3,295,901,
tROGEEgS OF NEW ZEALANi). S5
Another test is tlie amount of money-order work done.
The number of money orders has increased from 16,592 in
186i to 186^052 in 1884-, and the amounts from £78,557
to £572,666.
The revenue of the colony has been considerably aug-
mented :
1864.
188-1.
Eeveuue . .
.. £1,712,941
3,955,188
Expenditure
1 , 522 , 746
4,101,318
The expenditure has been increased by the fact that
large sums have been borrowed for the prosecution of
public works. New Zealand has also been placed in a
position different from most other colonies, by having
had a large war expenditure. The total public debt is
£30,649,099, but, of this amount, large sums have been
expended in public works, which are now returning con-
siderable interest. The average interest on all the railways
opened for traffic was in 1884 3 per cent, on £11,810,194.
No doubt, as the colony increases in wealth, this rate
will be considerably increased.
I might, before concluding, point out what different
ideas of well-being people in the colony have had. In
the early days, when the settlers first landed, few of them
were able to obtain even a weatherboard house — a house
of sawn timber, with a brick chimney, was not only a great
rarity but almost unknown. They had to live in what were
called " whares," or huts made of flax or daub. That era
has now passed. Even in the farthest outlying settlements
a settler is almost able at once to live in a well-built cot-
tage, and it is not long till he demands all the accessories
of civilization — roads, postal services, &c. ; and as soon as
a small township is started it has its own local organ or
newspaper.
VIII. — Probable Future Development.
As to the future, it is difficult to predict in what par-
ticular line development may proceed. I have no doubt
36 NOTES OX THE
that considerable attention will be paid to dairy-farming.
The country seems suited for it before almost any country.
Grass grows all the year round in many districts ; there is
no snow or cold weather, requiring the cattle or sheep to be
housed. The winter, in fact, is evergreen. Then, the
colony does not suffer from droughts ; water can be got
anywhere, and the number of cattle and sheep that can be
maintained compared with the acreage far exceeds that of
any country in the world : and just as railways increase so
settlement will increase. Population will inci'case, and at
a more rapid rate than in old countries. Agriculture will
become more intense ; smaller farms and industries of a
more varied kind will soon be common. It was not
until after the railways had been inaugurated — in fact,
it was not until late in 1872 — that the balance of trade
in our favour in cereals was reached. Up to 1872 the
balance of imports of wheat and grain and flour was
against the colony, but after the railway-system began
to be developed this was changed, and since 1872 we have
been large exporters of agricultural produce. This, no
doubt, in future years will take other channels ; we may
not send more grain, but wo shall send more meat, more
butter, more cheese, more leather, and we shall send also
the manufactured articles that are easily produced from our
pastoral and agricultural products. Our gold-mining also
seems increasing, and attention has been paid in various
parts of the colony to the development of other mineral
wealth, and manufactures are rising into importance.
"With the oportunities given to our youth by our educational
system, and the bias that they will have in after years
towards industry owing to technical training, we may expect
a vast increase of material wealth : and our intellectual
advancement and our amusements, that should make up so
large a share of our social life, will keep pace with our
other progress. The outlook of New Zealand may be said
to be extremely favourable, and he who has to compare 1904
with 1881 will be able to show as great a contrast as I
have pourtrayed between 186-1 and 1884.
PBOGEESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
^1
I have attempted in this paper to point out, briefly,
what the colony has done in twenty years, believing that, by
making such a contrast, people outside the colony especially
will be better able to gauge our prospects for the future,
and also appreciate what our colonizing efforts have been.
Many things that it would have been interesting to notice
I have had to omit. I have not touched upon our form of
Government nor our mode of Government, nor have I
referred to the many things of convenience that we possess,
as well as many departures that we have taken both in our
legislation and in our govermental administration. To
have mentioned all these would have made the paper
unnecessarily long.
Note. — The Statistical Department has prepared a series
of diagrams showing —
1 and 1a. The Population of New Zealand.
2. The Ages of the People.
3. The Birthplaces of the People.
4. The Eeligions of the People.
5. The Education of the People.
6 and 7. Births, Deaths, and Marriages.
8 and 9. Imports and Exports.
10. Sheep, Cattle, and Horses.
11. Land in Cultivation.
12. Yield of Wheat, Oats, and Barley.
13. Holdings of Land under Cultivation.
14 and 15. Deposits in Savings-banks.
16. Eevenue and Expenditure.
17. JMiles of Railways open.
18. Miles of Telegraph open.
19. Shipping, Inwards and Outwards.
20. Deposits in Banks.
21. Capital invested in Industries.
I append these to my notes, believing they will probably
more clearly show than the figures I have given the pro-
gress of the colony. To some of the diagrams I have not
thought it necessary to make any special reference.
36
KOTES ON THE
APPENDIX No. 1.
Table showing Total Values of Imports and Exports, from
the Year 1841 to 1884 inchisive.
Year.
Total Value.
Imports.
Exports.
£
£
1341
133,358
17,717
1842
253,989
25,070
1843
191,207
53,945
1844
111,619
49,648
1845
116,811
76,911
1846
155,475
82,656
1847
202,355
45,485
1848
233,844
44,215
1849
254,680
130,662
1850
240,204
115,416
1851
349,540
84,160
1852*
167,205
81,230
1853
597,828
303,282
1854
891,201
320,891
1855
813,460
365,868
1856
710,869
318,433
1857
992,995
369,395
1858
1,141,273
458,023
1859
1,551,030
551,484
1860
1,548,333
588,953
1861
2,493,811
1,370,247
1862
4,626,082
2,422,734
1863
7,024,674
3,485,405
1864
7,000,655
3,401,667
1865
5,594,977
3,713,218
1866
5,894,863
4,520,074
1867
5,344,607
4,644,678
1868
4,985,748
4,429,198
1869
4,976,126
4,224,860
1870
4,639,015
4,822,756
1871
4,078,193
5,282,084
1872
5,142,951
5,190,665
1873
6,464,687
5,610,371
1874
8,121,812
5,251,269
1875
8,029,172
5,828,627
1876
6,905,171
5,673,465
1877
6,973,418
6,327,472
1878
8,755,663
6,015,700
1879
8,374,585
5,743,120
1880
6,162,011
6,352,692
1881
7,457,045
6,060,866
1882
8,009,270
6,658,008
1883
7,974,038
7,095,999
1884
7,663,888
7,091,667
Province of New Ulster only.
PROGRESS OF NEW ZEALAND.
39
APPENDIX No. 2.
Table showing the x\verage Prices of Provisions and Live
Stock m New Zealand m 1864 and 1884.
Articles.
1864.
1884.
a s.
d.
£ s.
d.
Beer, per lihd.
7 10
5
Brandy, per gal. . .
1 4
3
1 5
8
Bread, wheaten, per lb.
3i
If
Butter, fresh, per lb.
1
11"
11
salt, per lb.
1
'^
9
Cheese, per lb. . .
1
U
1
1
Coffee, per lb.
1
9'
1
8
Flour, per ton of 2,0001b. . .
2G
11 2
G
Grain, wheat, per bushel . .
1 8
4
4
Live-stock —
Cattle, per head
12 4
5 6
Horses
30
19
Sheep
1 .0
10
8
Meat-
Beef, per lb.
8
5
Mutton, per lb. .
8i
U
Pork, per lb.
9
5i
Milk, per quart .
6^
4
Rice, per lb.
4
Si
Salt
n
H ,
Sugar
G
4f
Tea
3
1
2
7
Tobacco „
()
7
5
10
Wine, per gal.
18
18
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1
9,000000
8,000000
7,000000
6.000000
5,000000
4,000000
5000000
2000000
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^
ft
^
'Xi
a.
-1
__
"C
^
^
^^
*— *
(.^
')C
.^ ■
<_n
c
A-
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,_^
^
^
-^
OC
p?;
oc c.
4-
^
y
3
N
a
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y
^^_
w
;_J
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ci.
W
. ,
u
O)
"ZL.
X
—^
o
r/^
c
rD
(/)
-o
<
r-^
<T.
fD
q
c
cr
-^
re
-1
s
p
t— »
n
oc
— t
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l-n
■J.
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n
T
1
;ss5 ! =s :
5:11 3 H I
s ss : sssst ss s
1 IS ; iUii M 1
1 £ 1 IS 1 II 1 1 Si
— -
I
ip^
i
Jf^.-
* ; 1 1 II 1 : ! : i
==^
1°
^— ' r 1 III —
1 — h-^-H — i ii 1 ; i 1
;i
ler
1 1 III
; 1 1 II II
1
IF
r"'
r ■
-vwi
-'I 1 II
i i 1 i i i Ii
, as at the time of the Census, April, 1881.
3,126, or at the rate of 16.14 per cent,
^er cent.
1 11 bhowmgthe Ages ol the People of New Zealand (exclusive of Maoris) in Quinquennial Periods, as at the time of the Census, April.
icreased between thedate of the Census and the 30th September, 1885, to 313,126,
The female population increased to 263,108, or at the rate of ig.41 per cen
red signifies males, blue females.
the rate of 16.14 P^f ^
c5
time of the Census, April, 1881.
33
r at the rate of 1614 per cent.
It.
Diagram 111. Showing the Birthplaces of the People of New Zealand (exclusive of Maoris) as al the lime of the Census, April.
d between the dale nf the Census and 30th September, 1885,
The female population increased to 263,108, or al the rate of 19*4
The red represents males, blue females.
r
le time of the Census, April, 1881.
203,333
113.108
46.657
1 1 .476
6,699
5!773
6,925
68.984
2,106
4,536
>N
4,629
FE
15,307
TOTAL
489,933
PKBBOJJS. (as at Census of iSSi)
4, or at the rate of 1761 per cent.
Dianram IV ShowinB the Religinns ol the I'euple of New iTealand (exclusi
— ... _
B ^w
jii^ftJ
a'773 '
i J'tll
»uo» (« 1, Cc«u. ..( IBSII
The population increased between the date of the Census and the •^olh September,
^,
1
NDER 40
40
AND
UNDER
60
60& UPWARDS.
& UNSPECIFIED
1
11 .1
-} 1
i 1
f 1
00
ee
a
00
CO
a
•
91
13,183
C
00
09
ta
398
I as at the time of the Census, April, i88i.
76,234, or at the late of 17.61 per cent.
^Sjif^
'Sf.^P*
k 1
1 1
N
is
1
1
i 1
1
1
i 1 i
i
.
i : '
.
i
5 i i
H '
1
1 i
1
= i 5
i
■ 1
=
5 i 5
^ram V. Showing tlie Education of the People of New Zealand {exclusive of Maoris andChinese) as at t
The population increased between the date of the Census and the 30th September, 1885, to 576,234, 1
: of the Census, April,
e rate of 17.61 per cem
uring the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive.
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882 1883
1884
3D M
B D M
B D
B D M-
B D M
B D
M B D M
B4D_
res.
Diagram \'I. Showing the Births, Deaths, and Marriages in Xew Zealand (exclusive nf Maoris) during the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive,
1855 1 1856 1 18571 1858 1 1859 1 186o| 1661 [l862 1 1863 1 1864 1 1B65 11666 1 1867 11868 18691 1870 1 1B7I 11672 1 18731 187411875 1 1876 1 1877 1 1678 1 1879 jies'o) 1881 1 1882 i 188311864
[:>) lui mc 1 Cdi 3 io-j-j lyj luu^. iin^iuaivc;.
6 11877! l878[1879^M8a0^18m ;1882_;
Diagram \'H,
Sli mving llie Binhs. Dealhs.and Marriages in New Zealand per l.oo o of Fopulaliiin (excluding Maori!.) for the Years 1855 to 1884 inclusive.
1876
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880 1881
_i_
1882 1383 18841
1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884
O
y.
o
W O
o *
6 ..
u <
O O
2 «
>
•»•• Z
■4->
o
c
aid. Grain, Flour, Oatmeal, Bran, and Sharps, and the remainin;^ Kxports.
1875
L
tal V
1878
1876
fi
1879
1879
1881
1880
1882
^
1883
1881
1882
the blue, grain, flour, oatmeal, bran, and sharps; and the buff, the
I IX. Showing the ToOJ Value of (he Eaporu from New Zealand for the Yon iS)3 to it&i ukIuhtv. and the propomoa* lo the <rirale of Wool OoM. Gnin. Flour, (laimeal, Bnn. Ukd Sharpie and llie rcauHiiNC F.ari>***
1mjr'|m;!r^ " " '" '" ~ '" "" ~ " ~ ~ ~ '~' ""
iimcal. bran, »nJ kharp*. »ai ihe buff, iha
om 1851 to 1881,
=l¥
1
03 !
-<1
"*
i^i
OD
00
00
and the number o
Sheep m i}J84
s
I
i
i
_ ■"-"°-
••«.
s
1
1
^
\~
h—
•■■■^
'■""■■"'"" ......
■
1§
1
i
4B4.gi7
.....
s^
— Ma,«3o
la
^
1
™,
....
■■■;^
The red Imrs represent sheep, yellow, cattle . and blue, ho
1882
1883
1884
1885
31
1882
1883
1884-
1885
> ^ ,1
I
•
c
i
•■rt
, 1 .._^«
i
s
1
i
i
i
i
— **" S«
^ s_ — _^^B
Li" .....
iir
i
1
™,
.w
I
1
1 !::^ — oui
i
i
SUi
i
__
i
1
|M_
i
-:zz:^ — '^
i
an
i
g
s
-
iij
nr
lU
m
of the Years 1867 to
TAL DEPOSITS IH 8AVIH<}8
lANKS AT KSfD OF TKAB.
£ s. d.
1884
TEAB.
155.970
10
1867!
242,761
15
10
18681
319,506
6
7
1869
387,997
12
1
1870
454,206
6
7
1871
596.677
13
2
1872
811,930
7
1
\Bn
943,522
12
1
1874
897.084
18
4
1875
904,927
19
3
1876
964,192
13
11
1877
1,042,948
4
6
1878
990,068
3
7
1879
1,148,656
7
2
I8SO
1,549,080
18
3
1881
1,831,627
1
11
1882
1,784,366
1
188^
1,926,608
9
1
1S84
per head of Depositors
4 inclusive.
TTNT PEB HEAD AMOUNT PEH HEAD
? DEPOSITORS, OF POPULATION.
s. d. £ s. d.
3 16
5
1867
14
3
9
1868
1
1
5
1 14
4
1869
1
6
11
2
11
1870
1
11
3
1 17
5
1871
1
14
4 10
9
1872
2
2
8
7 5
1873
2
14
11
I 13
8
1874
2
IS
2
) 12
2
1875
2
7
9
7 15
9
1876
2
5
4
7
3
1877
2
6
2
8 2
8
1878
2
8
3
} 4
1
1879
2
2
8
1 4
2
1880
2
7
5
5 7
7
1881
3
1
10
S 16
O
1882
3
10
9
4 5
4
1883
3
e
4 4
8
1884
3
8
3
Uiagram W.
Showing the Accumulated Deposits in the Savings Banks of New Zealand perhead of I
and per head of the Population at the close of the Year;
New Zealand from
4 inclusive.
£
£
VKAll
00 i
422
3.680.294
4,305,337
00
>3
182
3.916.023
3.822,425
00
00
LSI
4.167.889
4,365,275
5
361
3,134.905
3.845.035
00
o
)14
3.285.042
4.019.850
00
)39
3.757.493
3.675.797
00
hO
B09
3,917,160
3.824.735
00
GO
076
3.871,287
3,924,005
00
00
J73
3,707,488
4.101,318
Diagram XVI.
Sho.vinj; ihe Total Revenue and Kxpenditure of the General (imcrnment of New Zealand fn.
the Year 1876 (the dale of the nbolilion of the provinces) to the Year 1S84 inclusive
(Expenditiiri- nut ■■( In.ios Is noi inrlii^cd in the Hj^res deali wiih in ihc l^i.■lq^aln.^
5B
rnment)open for Traffic
;ive.
lULBB or RAH-WAT
OPEN 708 THATVia
.B.„,
145
1873
208
1674
543
1675
718
1876
1.062
1877
1,088
1878
1,171
1879
1,288
i880
1,333
1881
1,371
188!^
1,404
1883
1,478
1884
Diagram XVII.
Showing the Total Number of Miles of Railway (constructed by Government) open for Traffic
in New Zealand for the Years 1873 to 1884 inclusive.
S^
c
in New Zealand
anjcB or
TXAB.
ee9
lyet)
714
1B67
1,471
1868
1,611
1869
1,867
1870
2,015
1^71
2,312
167i>
2,889
1873
2.632
1874
3,156
167fe
3,170
1876
S,307
1877
3,434
i8vy
3,512
ibVu
3,758
1880
3,824
1881
3,974
1882
4,074
1883
Lg 4,264
1884
Diagram XVIII.
Showing the Total Number of Miles of Electric Telegraph Lim
for the Years iS66 to 1884 inclusive.
r^
Banks of Issue
tT8 OH 31« OECEltDEK,
£ s. d.
59,676 19
86,955
6
>30.098 6 H
^72 1 0j~0~
07,077 4 6~
49,760
"18671
T§68
Diagram XX.
Showingthe Amount of Deposits, al the close of each Year from r86;
transacting busmess in New Zealand
1 the Banks of Is;
mt) in each of the
aw-mills. Sash and Dooc
Manufac tones
Gasworks
treweries & Malthotises
Grain-mills
Planting Establishments
Collieries
■on and Brass Foundries
eUmongering, Tanning!
ying, and Wool scouring
.rick, Tile.PotteryManu-
'actorfes a: Lame Works
Woollen Mills
oiling-down and Meat--
preserving Works
umiture-maldng Manu-
factories
Brated Water and Cor-
dial Manufactories
Boot MajiuiiEictories
achbuilding and Paint-
ing Works
picultvural Implement
Manufactories
Other Industries
V Zealand since
le to give figures,
dditional capital
r-refining, Butter,
am and figures
txtent of many of
Diagram XXI.
Showing the Capital invested (value of Land and Buildings, Machinery and Plant) in each of the
principal Industries of the Colony of New Zealand in April, 1881.
V
BKWmilli. Sub tad Dooc
-^^
Bremn« « Mdih,....
dH 366.914
Ol^.miil.
m
Onun-ailUi
PwUic CfbUaiiU ^^H^H ugjs.
PtiatlQe Biubliahmenti
^H
ColUsriM
FoUmoDBenog, Tamung, ^^^^F ta^^^,.
IroD ud Bnai Fotudriu
-'"rl^zr" M ~ —
■ Ssvfis?a
Boaiiig.<iown Md MMt-
,.n,.r,J H r;.4va
Aoated VM«r bd(1 Cor-
AencnilonU liuiiloiueul H
It is well known th
the year [882. but un
The returns of the
sunk recently in indt
Cheese, and Bacon m
fjiven must only be
Toul £3,805.471
at a very rapid expansion of the industries has taken place in
11 the results of the Census of 1886 are ascertained it is impo
[oint-Slock Companies registered show a large amount
strial companies for Woollen Manufacture. Meat -freezing, S
akmg. Iron and Steel Works. Horse-breeding. &c. The t
taken as indicative of the nature and comparativelv of t
■ the industries now developing m New Zealand.'
New Zealand since
ssible to give figures.
* additional capital
ugar-refining. Butter,
lagram and figure*;
he extent of many of
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UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
a Si
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