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 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Some three or four years ago, I commenced a 
 close examination of the Hebrew Language, its 
 structure and vocabulary, with the express purpose 
 of detecting all Indo-European affinities open to 
 my research. 
 
 When fully completed, I submitted a condensed 
 report of my results to the Editor of the Athenceum, 
 who presented the following abstract thereof to his 
 readers, and so to the world at large : — 
 
 " Mr. Arthur Hall, of Paternoster Row, is 
 
 " preparing an elaborate work for publication, in 
 
 " illustration of his view that all primary Hebrew 
 
 "roots are identical with Sanskrit; that a good 
 
 " fourth of the Hebrew vocabulary consists of forms 
 
 " interchangeable with Greek, while a still larger 
 
 a2 
 
 1924SC0
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 " proportion favor the Latin phonesis ; all being co- 
 " derivatives from the same Indo-European roots. 
 " He fancies that considerable light is thus thrown 
 " on the formation of the Celtic and Teutonic 
 " branches." 
 
 I have reason to suppose that this report, if 
 noticed at all, was received with general incredulity; 
 so am led to select for full consideration and 
 criticism, a few points calculated, as I conceive, to 
 bring the question thus raised to a final issue. 
 
 In now submitting these crude speculations to 
 public notice, I will only remark that the curious, 
 and hitherto unnoticed and still unexplained coinci- 
 dences here produced, are but as a grain of desert 
 sand is to the bulk of the Sphynx there immerged, 
 compared with the mass of details that I have 
 garnered for future use.
 
 To the Editor of the Athenaeum. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 As reference has been made to my labors~on 
 the Hebrew roots, I trust that I may feel myself 
 at liberty to address you thus familiarly, and so 
 introduce myself as an occasional correspondent of 
 the Athenaeum, for a matter of some twenty-five 
 years or so. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Yours very faithfully, 
 
 ARTHUR HALL, 
 
 Citizen and Stationer of London.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 I. THE WORD BERESHITH .... 9 
 
 II. THE WORD GENESIS AND THE GREEK 
 
 ZflON 15 
 
 III. THE NAME OF ITALY 21 
 
 IV. THE KESITAH 25 
 
 V. THE STAR RIGOL 29 
 
 VI. THE PHOENICIAN BYBLUS .... 33 
 
 VII. THE CORYCIAN CAVES .... 37
 
 No. I. 
 
 BERESHITH.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. I. 
 
 B— 
 
 bai. 
 
 Bereshith. 
 
 bhu. 
 
 boe. 
 
 brae, braigh. 
 
 brig. 
 
 Brigantes. 
 
 B'roshetb. 
 
 eth. 
 
 faurthis. 
 
 fore-st, first. 
 
 fuerst. 
 
 Genesis. 
 
 prius, pros, puras. 
 
 ras, rasu. 
 
 rasoth. 
 
 risan, rison. 
 
 rise. 
 
 rosh. 
 
 rosheth. 
 
 vi, vo.
 
 I. 
 
 BERESHITH 
 
 The Hebrew version of the Old Testament opens 
 with the word Bereshith, which has thus given 
 name to the Book of Genesis. 
 
 JTE^fcOl or B'Rosheth reads : " In the beginning," 
 and is, to all appearance, regularly formed ac- 
 cording to the grammatical rules inherent in the 
 Hebrew language. 
 
 We have the word B>an rosh, " head " or " top" : 
 Assyrian rasn, Arabic ras ; with the terminal " eth" 
 constituting a feminine noun, and the preposition 
 B-, " in beginning," or " in beginning the" ; for HK 
 eth is, by itself a denominative, and survival of the 
 syllabic stage, signifying " it " or " the." Rosh, as 
 here used, does not really mean " begin," for, being 
 a noun it is regarded as a derivative, the verb from 
 which it is thus supposititiouslv derived being lost ; 
 if found, it might resemble the Sanskrit risk, " to
 
 12 
 
 flow." But we have p£W) and p&^H rison, " first " 
 or " beginning," which compares with the English 
 word " rise," A.S. risan. We have also HWl 
 rasoth used for "pillow " or " bolster," which be- 
 comes JV&JW) rosheth, " first " or " beginning," 
 as in our text. 
 
 The backbone of the word consists of the three 
 consonants " B, R, and S " minus vowels ; if we 
 substitute P for B, we get the Latin prius, the 
 Greek 7rpo?, Sanskrit puras ; if we substitute an F we 
 can manufacture the Gothic faurOis, our " forest " 
 or " first," German fuerst ; if we retain the B, we 
 find the Scottish brae so dear to Robert Burns, 
 Gaelic braigh, Welsh brig, and so the Brigantes of 
 Yorkshire. This curious allotment presents the 
 following problem : Did mankind need all this 
 elaborate agglutinative process to arrive at the idea 
 of " first," or was the initial letter born originally 
 with the word ? In the latter case it will be 
 manifest that the Hebrew grammarians have 
 adopted what we call an Aryan root, and chopped 
 it up to suit their habits. 
 
 The prefix B in Hebrew, may be worn down 
 from the veil) K13 boe, " to enter " ; I do not pretend
 
 13 
 
 to decide, but it is very curious that in Russian we 
 do find the preposition " vo " which means in, and 
 thus exactly equates the Hebrew prefix 2 ; yet 
 Russian is certainly a very important member of 
 the Indo-European family of languages, with an 
 exact genealogy. 
 
 Boe "to enter" means also "to come " or " go," 
 and I venture to suggest the Sanskrit vi or bhu as 
 equivalent, either will do phonologically or textu- 
 ally ; and it equates the prefix " bai " in the Greek 
 /Satvta. 
 
 I have not undertaken this with any desire to 
 undervalue our Scriptures ; the Bible is a great 
 boon to man, for it has diffused knowledge and 
 civilisation ; true, parts are obscene, so is man ; 
 parts are violent, cruel, predatory, oppressive, so is 
 man ; the better parts will, and do elevate those 
 amenable to its influences, the worse parts serve to 
 attract the baser metal, and thus spread its ulti- 
 mate influence. 
 
 My object is simply to inquire if the irregular 
 grammatical structure of the Hebrew language is 
 any bar to its admission as a member of the Indo- 
 European family of languages.
 
 No. II. 
 
 THE WOED GENESIS AND 
 THE GREEK ZfiON.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. II. 
 
 azim. 
 
 dania. 
 
 ez. 
 
 Genesis. 
 
 genos, genus. 
 
 jan. 
 
 Kind. 
 
 Kuni. 
 
 mazon. 
 
 Seh. 
 
 Sinu. 
 
 tsaon, tsenu. 
 
 Zan. 
 
 Zoon. 
 
 Zun.
 
 II. 
 
 THE WORD GENESIS AND THE GREEK 
 
 zn ON. 
 
 Starting thus with the Book of Genesis, it will be 
 sequential to point out that this word, so familiar 
 to our ears, is directly descended from the Sanskrit 
 root word jan, "to beget," Latin genus, Greek yevos. 
 The fact is self-evident, and the process has been 
 explained in every authoritative Lexicon, Dictionary 
 and Cyclopaedia dealing with Etymology. Sans- 
 krit is a very copious language, and we have vast 
 remains of Hindoo literature from a remote epoch ; 
 it is unquestionably the first, the very earliest mass 
 of erudition known to mankind ; and, while not to be 
 compared with the classics of Greece and Rome, is 
 yet more vital, more accessible than the stone slabs, 
 cylinders and seals of Nineveh and Babylon, or the 
 papyri of Egypt. This Indo-European root jan is, 
 I find, equated by the Hebrew tt Zan, a sort, a 
 species ; the Chaldean pi Zun, "to feed," for food is
 
 18 
 
 the staff of life ; from it we obtain the Hebrew jlTD 
 mazon, " food." But I write more particularly to 
 draw attention to the Hebrew form jtf¥ tsaon, used 
 for " a flock " generally, and specifically as a plural 
 for sheep. This last word tsaon, I hold to be 
 precisely identical with the Greek word £woj/, mean- 
 ing " an animal," " any living creature," yet I do 
 not venture to call it a loan word. 
 
 The question is now very complicated, for I find 
 that in Assyrian sinu or tsenu, which means "good," 
 also serves for " sheep," " goats," etc. ; these two 
 forms, so much alike, are called respectively 
 Assyrian and Babylonian, but they are only dialec- 
 tical variations of the same form, however applied, 
 and they equate the Arabic dania. 
 
 I am not aware that anyone has ever yet 
 ventured to compare these old Semitic forms with 
 any living European language, and specialists will 
 hesitate to mix up the Hebrew T and ¥ in one 
 etymology ; but I must point out that the Assyrian 
 Sinu quoted above closely allies itself with the 
 Hebrew !"1D Seh for " Sheep " which, as with us, 
 has no real plural in Hebrew. 
 
 Nor is it necessary to look to the Hebrew ty ez,
 
 19 
 
 " a goat," plural D*$ azim, for any explanation of 
 |K¥ tsaon, " a flock " of goats, etc. ; this last word, 
 so far as I can at present see, is more like the 
 Greek goov than any word that can be produced 
 from a Semitic source. If however it is not a loan 
 word, it can only come from the Sanskrit jan ; 
 which also produces the Gothic Kuni " a tribe," 
 English " kind." 
 
 b 2
 
 No. III. 
 
 THE NAME OF ITALY.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. III. 
 
 Ashtoreth, Astarte. 
 
 bath, bathal. 
 
 Bethulah. 
 
 bhu. 
 
 bion. 
 
 litalos. 
 
 fui. 
 
 Hestia. 
 
 Isbtar. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 phuo. 
 
 Sum, f. esse. 
 
 ush. 
 
 Vesta. 
 
 Virgo. 
 
 vita. 
 
 Vitellius. 
 
 Vitulus.
 
 III. 
 
 THE NAME OF ITALY. 
 
 The Hebrew word HI bath, for " daughter," begets 
 7J"D bathal, a " virgin," which becomes a personal 
 name as nSlMi Bethulah, the constellation Virgo ; 
 it represents some deified female, whether Ishtar, 
 Ashtaroth or Astarte is unimportant, all three 
 words are of identical origin, perhaps from the 
 Sanskrit ush " to burn " ; but, though their cults 
 were different, they all mean the Queen of Heaven. 
 
 The word Bethulah compares very closely with 
 the Greek Fitalos, Latin vitulus, supposed eponym 
 of Italy ; the word is explained as meaning a 
 female calf, but I prefer the above suggestion, 
 which plausibly elicits the goddess Vesta, the 
 Greek eVrta, a fire deity, whose worship, transferred 
 in early times to Italy, was centralised in her 
 temple at Rome, where the sacred fire was perpe-
 
 24 
 
 tually attended by her vestal acolytes, all pure 
 virgins, for this is the point of contact with bathal. 
 
 If then we compare bathal with Vitulus, V and B 
 interchanged, we may refer back the Hebrew ]"Q 
 bath, to the Sanskrit root bhu, " to be," Greek fyvw 
 and ySi'ow, Latin sum, fid, esse, " to be," and vita for 
 VitelliuSj from which also comes our English word 
 victuals. 
 
 But vestal is from the Sanskrit ush, "to burn," 
 and it is at this point that the split or separation 
 takes place, for there is nothing in ush to suggest 
 virginity, which idea can only come from bathal.
 
 No. IV. 
 
 THE KESITAH.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. IV. 
 
 Daric. 
 
 Kshatrapa. 
 
 Kashteneeth. 
 
 Kshatrya. 
 
 Kastu. 
 
 Kshetrapati 
 
 Kesheth. 
 
 Kshi. 
 
 Kesitah. 
 
 Satrap.
 
 No. V. 
 
 THE STAE RIGOL.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. V. 
 
 agal, agar. 
 
 Nrigal. 
 
 ankulos. 
 
 nur, nurru 
 
 Ares. 
 
 Orion. 
 
 Aruna. 
 
 pramantha 
 
 Baal. 
 
 raj. 
 
 Hercules. 
 
 regal. 
 
 hora, horaios. 
 
 rego. 
 
 Koh-i-nohr. 
 
 Regulus. 
 
 Mars. 
 
 Rigol. 
 
 Nergal. 
 
 rijl. 
 
 Nimrod. 
 
 wriggle.
 
 V. 
 THE STAR RIGOL. 
 
 Rigol is a star of the first magnitude in the con- 
 stellation known as Orion ; pictorially this star fits 
 in with the hero's ankle, for one leg is uplifted. 
 
 The Hebrew word Sjn regal means " a foot," 
 Arabic n/7, and I suggest a comparison with the 
 English word " wriggle," for it means " to twist," as 
 does the ankle, cf. Greek djKv\o^. But rigol is 
 only a survival, for Orion represents Nergal, the 
 Assyrian god of the chase and of war, the Euro- 
 pean "Apr)? or Mars, the Scriptural Nimrod and also 
 Hercules, for, treating the aspirate " h " as a mere 
 nonentity, we have patcXe^, a very near counterpart 
 of regal* In Sanskrit we find the rather equivocal 
 word Nrigal. 
 
 Each tongue may have its favourite and plausible 
 
 * With " regal " cf. Regulua or cor Leonis, a star of die firsl magni- 
 tude : Latin rego, Sanskrit raj "to shine"
 
 32 
 
 etymology ; but in that mother tongue common to 
 all civilisation, the same radical letters are found 
 inherent in all forms. I propose, under correction, to 
 explain Nergal as Ner=nar : Assyrian nurru, " light," 
 Chaldee *V|3 nur, "light," "fire," Hebrew *\) nur, " a 
 light," "a lamp"; a root word brought home to us 
 in England by the royal Koh-i-nohr or " mountain 
 of light," among the crown jewels : plus -tftf agar, 
 i.e., agal, " to collect " supposititiously " drops of 
 light," so expressive of this brilliant constellation. 
 But, " to collect fire " suggests a reference to 
 Prometheus, Greek •n-pb-firjBofuib, a provisional sub- 
 stitute for our word providence, i.e., " providing in 
 advance." Prometheus, in mythology, secreted an 
 ethereal spark of heavenly fire to animate man- 
 kind. In Sanskrit we find a very early word, 
 pramantha, surviving as " stick of fire,'' and we 
 know that Nimrod is supposed to have founded 
 Nineveh, and is by some regarded as a fire god, 
 having his counterpart in Baal. 
 
 As to Orion, I consider it a metathesis of Aruna, 
 naturalised in Greek under copa, oupaios, &>/nW.
 
 No. VI. 
 
 THE PHOENICIAN BYBLUS.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. VI. 
 
 Biblians. 
 
 Giblians 
 
 bibo, bibulous. 
 
 jebel. 
 
 Byblus. 
 
 Jubeil. 
 
 Gebal. 
 
 pa — 
 
 Gebalites. 
 
 pappos. 
 
 gebel. 
 
 papyrus.
 
 VI. 
 THE PHCENICIAN BYBLUS. 
 
 It is a curious point that the Phoenician town 
 Gebal, so closely connected with the worship of 
 Thanimuz or Adonis, is also called Byblus. The 
 town is a sea-port, situated in a hilly district with 
 granitic formation ; the Semitic name is from the 
 Hebrew ~03 gebel, Arabic jebel, now Jubeil, " a 
 hill." Byblus does not mean " a hill," still there is 
 some analogy. 
 
 An earlier Byblus was the seat of the papyrus 
 cultivation, in a low-lying, marshy tract of Egypt ; 
 the plant, a cyperus, is perhaps indigenous. Its 
 root served as food, its material was manufactured 
 into sail-cloth and used as a substitute for leather, 
 while the exported paper constituted a staple trade. 
 We will assume, for purposes of inquiry, that the 
 stone monuments of Egypt preceded the use of 
 
 papyrus for records, and that the Phoenicians had 
 
 c2
 
 36 
 
 cultivated a trade with Egypt in carved and 
 engraved monoliths, and monstrous stone sarco- 
 phagi. When writing superseded inscriptions, the 
 Phoenicians took up the second trade, and became 
 paper merchants ; so exchanging the granitic Gebal 
 for the softer Byblus, and the Europeans knew 
 them in this way. And I infer that the change 
 was comparatively recent, because the Vulgate 
 adopts both forms ; thus we have Biblians and 
 Giblians in the same version, where the recent 
 English reads Gebalites. Upon this basis alone 
 can we understand the " stone squarers " of an 
 earlier version, meaning quarrymen, who, by the 
 Bible records, proved a numerous and refractory 
 class. But the point I wish to note is, that Byblus 
 and papyrus are interchangeable terms. B=P, 
 R=L, an interesting comparison. Byblus is from 
 the Sanskrit pa, " to drink," whence we derive the 
 Latin bibo and our bibulous, an exact term for 
 the aquatic reed which sups up the fluid like a 
 drunkard. Pa also gives us the Greek 77W7ro?, 
 " any soft, downy substance." Still this may be 
 merely speculative, for the main word irdTrvpos is 
 called Egyptian.
 
 No. VII. 
 
 THE COEYCIAN CAVES.
 
 VERBAL INDEX TO No. VII. 
 
 Apollo. 
 
 bothros. 
 
 car. 
 
 char. 
 
 charuz. 
 
 chivvar. 
 
 choros. 
 
 chorus. 
 
 chur. 
 
 churreein. 
 
 coer. 
 
 cor. 
 
 Corycian. 
 
 Corycus. 
 
 Crissa. 
 
 Delphi. 
 
 dhuma. 
 
 putheim. 
 
 dolphin. 
 
 puthesthai 
 
 fume. 
 
 putho. 
 
 pataru. 
 
 puthon. 
 
 pathah. 
 
 putrid. 
 
 peah. 
 
 putu. 
 
 peethoem. 
 
 pyt- 
 
 peh. 
 
 Pythian. 
 
 pethen. 
 
 Pytho. 
 
 Phocis. 
 
 Python. 
 
 phokaina. 
 
 taphung. 
 
 pit. 
 
 thoum. 
 
 Pithoum. 
 
 tuphon. 
 
 pitu. 
 
 Typhoeus. 
 
 pu. 
 
 Typhon. 
 
 puteus. 
 
 typhoon.
 
 VII. 
 THE CORYCIAN CAVES. 
 
 I must offer an apology for dragging in the 
 above sub-title, for I have really very little to say 
 about the Corycian Caves, but it is the only way 
 properly to introduce the subject I wish to 
 specialise. 
 
 The most noted set of these Caves is that in a 
 hill-side above Delphi, a town of Phocis, former 
 seat of the oracle of Apollo, which stood at the 
 foot of Mount Parnassus, near the Castalian 
 Spring. These caves form a stalactitic recess 
 which has been explored in modern times. 
 
 The story of the contest between Apollo and the 
 Python has some features analogous to our legend 
 of " St. George and the Dragon." Apollo thus 
 became the Pythian God, and a local temple, 
 instituted in his name, had its body of Priests and
 
 40 
 
 Sibyls, who uttered his oracles or responses to 
 questions addressed by petitioners in his name. 
 The slain monster expired in stenching fumes, and 
 the rotting body gave rise to the name of Python 
 from the verb 7™#a>, allied to our word " putrid," so 
 Trvdeiv, Python ; this form of argument exposes the 
 fact that the dead monster had no living name 
 intelligible to the Hellenes. Another school adopts 
 the form irvOeadai " to inquire," which may explain 
 the Pythian oracles if not the dead serpent. 
 
 As to Corycus or Corycian, it appears that the 
 town of Delphi, Homeric Pytho, was originally 
 named Crissa, apparently a mutation of Corycus ; 
 there is another Corycian cave at Korghoz in 
 Cilicia, so non-Hellenic ; it has its own sacred 
 spring and a legend of the monster Typhon or 
 Typhceus, so a full counterpart to Python. This 
 brings up the Egyptian Pi-Thoum ; if the terminal 
 thoum equates the Sanskrit dhuma " smoke," our 
 own word " fume," there is a plausible analogy 
 between the two monsters and their names ; 
 Typhon, the Greek ™0<wv "a whirlwind," is, I 
 contend, identical with Typhoon, Chinese ta-phung 
 or " great wind," but this is disputed.
 
 41 
 
 But, the Pvthon? 1 have to suo;o;est the following 
 Semitic forms : Hebrew 7\%peh "the mouth," so an 
 opening, from nnS pea /?, also Plfi3 pathah "to open," 
 so our own " pit," A.S. pyt, Latin puteus (Vulgate), 
 Greek /3o/9po?, p = 1). The Assyrian forms, older 
 than Hebrew, run : pataru and pita " to open," pu 
 " a mouth," putu "an opening"; if this last word 
 ever reached the Hellenes from some earlier 
 inhabitants of Phocis, it might well serve as a basis 
 whereon to erect the Pythonic superstructure, it 
 would represent an opening in the hill- side, former 
 abode of some sooth-sayer such as the " Witch of 
 Endor." It naturally follows that we have in 
 Hebrew jfiS pethen, " an asp " or " serpent," DJYS 
 peethoem, " a familiar spirit," "a sorcerer." Was the 
 Greek irvdov utilised to produce these allied forms, 
 or are both formed independently from peh HS ? 
 
 Apollo represents " the sun," " light " ; and, when 
 explorers enter deserted caverns they take blazing 
 torches, or, perhaps, magnesium wire ; they light 
 bonfires to expel the foul fiend of darkness, and 
 purify all noxious exhalations. So might Apollo be 
 represented as conquering the works of darkness, 
 sole tenant of a pre-historic cave.
 
 42 
 
 But Phocis — take Qaicaiva " tlie porpoise"; how 
 suggestive of the fabled Dolphin, the form taken 
 by Apollo when he brought the Cretan priests to 
 minister at his fane in Greece, so to become the 
 Delphi of historic fame. But the famous x°P^ nas 
 never been fully explained, for our etymologists 
 fall back on the Welsh cor in Bangor, a word which 
 cannot be original. Let me refer to the Semitic 
 "in char, Tin chur or chivvar, " a hole " ; nD car i 
 TO coer, " a circular measure," " a hoop," and ITiTl 
 charuz, "rhyme," "harmony," Latin chorus. If 
 charuz be a loan word from Greek, yet surely Tin 
 and TD will explain the prefix in Corycos; and 
 then we have D*T)H churreem, " caverned, a set of 
 caves."
 
 VERBAL INDEX 
 
 agar, agal, 
 
 charuz, 
 
 Gebal, Gebel, 
 
 ankulos, 
 
 chivvar, 
 
 Gebalites, 
 
 Apollo, 
 
 choros, 
 
 Genesis, 
 
 Ares, 
 
 chorus, 
 
 genos, genus, 
 
 Aruna, 
 
 chur, 
 
 Giblians, 
 
 Ashtoreth, 
 
 churreem, 
 
 
 Astarte, 
 
 coer, 
 
 Hercules, 
 
 azim, 
 
 cor, 
 
 Hestia, 
 
 
 Corycian, 
 
 hora, horaios, 
 
 B-, bai, 
 
 Corycus, 
 
 
 Baal, 
 
 Crissa, 
 
 Ishtar, 
 
 bath, 
 
 
 Italy, 
 
 bathal, 
 
 dania, 
 
 
 Bereshith, 
 
 Daric, 
 
 jan, 
 
 Bethulah, 
 
 Delphi, 
 
 jebel, 
 
 bhu, 
 
 dhuma, 
 
 Jubeil, 
 
 Biblians, 
 
 dolphin, 
 
 
 bibo, bibulous, 
 
 
 kashteneeth, 
 
 biou, 
 
 eth, 
 
 kasta, 
 
 boe, 
 
 ez, 
 
 kesheth, 
 
 bothros, 
 
 
 Kesitah, 
 
 brae, braigh, 
 
 faurthis, 
 
 kind, 
 
 brig, Brigantes, 
 
 first, 
 
 koh-i-nohr, 
 
 B'rosheth, 
 
 Fitalos, 
 
 kshatrapa, 
 
 Byblus, 
 
 for-est, 
 
 kshatrya, 
 
 
 fuerst, 
 
 kshetrapati, 
 
 car, 
 
 £ui, 
 
 Kshi, 
 
 char, 
 
 fume, 
 
 Kuni,
 
 44 
 
 Mais. 
 mazon, 
 
 Nergal, 
 Nimrod, 
 Niigal, 
 nur, 
 
 nurni, 
 
 Orion, 
 
 pa, pappos, 
 
 papyrus, 
 
 pataru, 
 
 pathah, 
 
 peah, 
 
 peethoem, 
 
 peli, 
 
 pethen, 
 
 Phocis, 
 
 phokaina, 
 
 phuo, 
 
 pit, 
 
 Pithoum, 
 
 pitu, 
 
 pramantha, 
 
 prins, 
 
 promedonai, 
 
 Prometheus, 
 
 pros, 
 
 providence, 
 
 pn, 
 
 puras, 
 
 puteus, 
 
 putlieiin, 
 
 putheathai, 
 
 putho, 
 
 puthon, 
 
 putrid, 
 
 putu, 
 
 pyt, 
 
 Pythian, 
 
 Pytho, 
 
 Pj T thon, 
 
 raj, 
 
 Raklees, 
 
 ras, 
 
 rasoth, 
 
 rasu, 
 
 regal, 
 
 rego, 
 
 Regulus, 
 
 Rigol, 
 
 rijl, 
 
 risan, rison, 
 
 rise, 
 
 rosh, rosheth, 
 
 Satrap, 
 
 sell, 
 
 sinu, 
 
 sum, f. esse, 
 
 taphung, 
 
 tlioum, 
 
 tsaon, 
 
 tsenu, 
 
 tuphon, 
 
 Typhoeus, 
 
 Typhon, 
 
 typhoon, 
 
 ush, 
 
 Vesta, 
 
 vi, 
 
 victuals, 
 
 Virgo, 
 
 vita, 
 
 Vitellius, 
 
 vitulus 
 
 vo, 
 
 Wriggle, 
 
 Zan, 
 
 Zoon,
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 In drawing these few observations to a close, I 
 desire to furnish an outline of the historical aspect 
 of affairs. 
 
 i. I am willing to assume that the Septuagint 
 Version of the Old Testament represents the first 
 form in which the scattered records representing 
 the Jewish sacred writings ever appeared as a 
 connected narrative ; that it is no mere translation 
 but the actual composition of Greek-speaking 
 Jews, and that Biblical Hebrew was then in a 
 condition quite unintelligible to the literate Avorld 
 of Europe. 
 
 ii. That while the LXX. thus served for Greece, 
 Egypt and the dominions of the Seleucidas, a 
 natural desire grew up for a version accessible to 
 non-Greek-speaking Jews ; that the Hebrew idiom 
 was then first committed to writing by Latin- 
 speaking Jews, living under the sway of Rome ; who 
 thus unconsciously modified their native tongue.
 
 4G 
 
 iii. Starting with the Assyrian Syllabary allied 
 to Zen die and Persian, so like them derived from 
 Sanskrit or its elements, we see the syllabic stage 
 merge into the agglutinative, under the influence of 
 European grammarians, who, while preserving the 
 Semitic construction, yet added their own phonesis 
 in a manner imperceptible to themselves, and, 
 perhaps, quite unintentional.
 
 IN PREPARATION. 
 
 D-izritprr nan 
 
 SEPHER HO-SHARASHIM: 
 
 GLEANINGS FROM 
 
 /Iftebueval anb Biblical 
 Ibebcew.
 
 FOREWORDS. 
 
 Nothing is more perplexing to the philologist than the 
 mystery of Hebrew roots. Over and over again, the 
 translators of our sacred text are left to hover hopelessly 
 between two opinions on a disputed passage because (1) 
 we have no reliable lexicographical authority for the right 
 use of a particular word, and (2) in this dilemma, no agree- 
 ment exists as to its derivation, or, as the expression goes, 
 finding its true root ; for, on the existing theory, every 
 Hebrew word has its origin in Hebrew. 
 
 Appeals are made to the recorded opinion of Rabbi 
 Kimchi, circa a.d. 1240 ; or to Rabbi Jonah ; to Onkelos the 
 Targumist, circa A.D. 60 ; to Jonathan and to the Talmud 
 of Rabbi Asha, a.d. 427 ; to Moses ben Maimon, ob 1 - 
 1204 ; Rabbini Akiba Jarchi, Jalkut, Aben Ezra, &c. 
 Thus we come to Buxtorff, Gesenius and Fiirst ; but what 
 if the whole scheme of Hebrew triliterals be fabulous ? 
 The present writer, discarding tradition, has ventured 
 to take an entirely independent course, and, comparing 
 established Semitic forms with various Aryan dialects, 
 hopes to cast a new light upon the whole subject. 
 
 From the dawn of history, the Jews have been inter- 
 locutors with all races of Europe ; their vocabulary, more 
 especially Rabbinic Hebrew, includes much classical Greek 
 and Latin, all being incorporated by supposititious tri- 
 literals, shamelessly invented, like our own postulated 
 roots, to naturalise these exotics. It, therefore, becomes a 
 question, has not this system always obtained ? 
 
 Recent specialists compare Biblical Hebrew with cunei- 
 form Assyrian, the Arameeth of II. Kings xviii. 2G ; but 
 how did this Assyrian or Aramaic first arise ? The writer 
 thinks this point to be, at present, an inexplicable mystery, 
 and hopes that his humble attempt may tend to show the 
 direction in which future inquiry should proceed.
 
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