U A n Us UC-NRLF B M E35 Eat STUDY ON '• •'•••• THE COST OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES AS COMPARED WITH THE COST OF THE ARMIES OF OTHER NATIONS. PREPARED BY THE WAR COLLEGE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF CORPS AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATEMENT OF A PROPER MILITARY POLICY FOR THE UNITED STATES WCD 9053-120 ARMY WAR COLLEGE : WASHINGTON NOVEMBER, 1915 507 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFPIOE 1916 War Department, Document No. 507. Office of the Chief of Staff. v^ STUDY ON THE COST OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES AS COMPARED WITH THE COST OF THE ARMIES OF OTHER NATIONS. In compliance with the direction of the Secretary of War, dated September 3, 1915, the following study of the cost of the Army of the United States, as compared with the cost of the armies of other nations, is submitted. Many articles have been published in which the cost of our Army has been compared with the cost of the armies of foreign nations. Very few of the conclusions drawn in these articles are of any prac- tical value, due, in some cases, to the fact that the writers were not in possession of the necessary data, and in others to their assump- tion of improper bases for comparison. It is a matter of common knowledge that there are two general systems in use by the nations of the world for maintaining their armed forces. These are the systems known as that of " universal military service," and that of " voluntary enlistment." In nations employing the first system, the armed forces consist of all physically qualified male citizens between certain ages. These citizens are re- quired to submit themselves for training in time of peace as well as for service in time of war. In the nations employing the second system the armed forces are composed of citizens w^ho voluntarily submit themselves for training in peace and for service in war.- In the first case the obligation of military service is paid by personal service, and the remuneration given the individual soldier has no relation to the value of the service actually rendered by him ; in the second, the soldier must be paid an amount sufficient to induce him to submit himself for training and service. In countries employing the system of " universal military service," military training is looked upon as a part of the education of the individual citizen, just as is the common school course, and citizens of those countries would no more think of demanding pay for their individual services during this education, than they would while at- tending the common schools. In those countries employing the system of " voluntary enlistment," however, the citizen looks upon the profession of arms in time of peace as a trade or profession by means of which he expects to earn his livelihood, and he will not offer himself unless he is assured remuneration at least equal to that which he would receive in civil 507 (3) €67364 occupations. As the item of pay in those countries employing the system of "vohmtary enlistment" is by far the largest single item in the expense account, it is to be expected that nations employ- ing this system Avill have to pay for their armed forces an amount greatly in excess of those employing the system of " universal mili- tary service," and we will find this to be the case. From what has been said, it is obviously unscientific to compare the cost of maintaining an army by these two widely differing sys- tems in terms of money actually paid out of the treasury, since we would be comparing two absolutely dissimilar things. If we wish, then, to compare the cost of our Army with the cost of those of other nations, we must limit our comparison to those nations which em- ploy the same general system as ourselves. We will find that only one other nation in the world does so — Great Britain. It is, therefore, with cost of the army and military establishment of Great Britain only that we can compare the cost of our own if we hope to obtain results that mean anything. This comparison has, of course, been made many times, as has been said above. The usual method of procedure has been to obtain the per capita cost of the soldier by dividing the total cost of the military establishment in each country by the total number of enlisted men employed and com- paring the results. But even a superficial study of the subject reveals the fact that, while the broad systems on which the armed forces of Great Britain and the United States are maintained are the same, they differ from each other in important details. So much so, in fact, as to make the method of comparison mentioned above abso- lutely false and misleading, unless considered in connection with certain other subjects, as will be evident as we proceed with this study. So, if we desire to reach a real basis for comparison of cost, we will find it necessary to make a detailed study of the various items of expenditure in Great Britain and in the United States, and en- deavor to bring them to a common basis. This is a most difficult thing to do, as will be evident as we proceed with the study, and we will find that our comparison, at best, is only an approximation. Appended to this study will be found tables containing the data from which the conclusions have been deduced. The authority is given for each table. It will be noted that the figures and other data for the United State have been taken for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. This was done in order that we might have the latest available data on costs. The year 1912-13 has bee'n chosen for Great Britain, in order to avoid becoming involved in consideration of extraordinary expen- ditures in that country incident to the present war in Europe. For both coimtries those items of expenditure for purposes other than military will be deducted. The resulting totals will give us the 507 total costs of the military establishments in each country. In both countries consideration of the subject of reserves has been omitted since the United States has no reserves. In Great Britain the Indian Army has been excluded, since the total expenses of the British Army in India, including the cost of transportation, etc., to and from India, is defrayed by the Indian Government. ^^Hien we come to examine and compare the various items of ex- penditure in Great Britain and in the United States, we will find that many of them are not susceptible of direct comparison, item for item, due to the fact that the systems of organization and administra- tion differ so materially in the two countries. Thus the comparative figures arrived at do not express the whole truth, and we will find, as a matter of fact, that it is impossible to make a true comparison of costs by means of figures alone. Again, even after having arrived at the actual money costs of the military establishment in each country, there are still certain condi- tions to be considered which vitally effect the subject and which must be taken into account if we are to make a comparison on any- thing like a scientific basis. For example, the comparative cost of living, standard of living, rates of wages, etc., all affect materially the cost of maintaining the military establishments in each country. Certain deductions must also be made from the various totals in order to bring the resulting figures to a comparable basis. This will be ap- parent as we proceed. The total expenditure for the fiscal year 1914-15 from appropria- tions for the support of the Army of the United States was $116,127,- 753.60. (Table 1.) Of this amount $2,879,212.15 was for unusual expenses incident to the Mexican situation (memorandum Q. M. G.) and must be deducted. This, because the totals for Great Britain contain no similar item. Deducting this amount from the total ex- penditures we have $113,248,541.52. A further deduction is now necessary of certain sums disbursed by the War Department pur- suant to appropriations which have but slight connection with the cost of the Army. No such items appear in the totals for Great Britain. These sums, listed in detail in Table 3, amount to $7,242,- 567.99. Deducting this amount we have, as the total military ex- penditure for the United States, $106,005,973.53. This amount is logically comparable with the total military expenditure for Great Britain, which was $114,264,512.57, and which is shown in detail in Table 2. The actual strength of the Army of the United States on July 1, 1915, was 101,195. (Table 4.) This includes, of course, the 3,993 enlisted men of the Hospital Corps and the 4,388 enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps, which, by law, are not included in the " authorized strength of the Army.'' 507 6 The actual enlisted strength of the British Army on March 1, 1913, was 171,563. (Appropriation account. Great Britain, 1912-13, with report of comptroller and auditor general.) This includes the " standing " army " at home " and in the colonies (exclusive of India, for reasons mentioned above). Based on the above figures, therefore, the per capita costs per enlisted man are as follows: Great Britain .$660. 01 United States 1, 047. 54 On the same basis the per capita costs, all ranks being considered, are : Great Britain $630. 03 United States 1,000.13 The above figures, however, do not show the true comparative per capita costs, as will be shown in what follows: First, the total for the United States includes $1,138,322.08 for pay and allowances of officers on duty not connected with the Regular Army. (Table 3.) As no equivalent item appears in the British accounts of effective strength, this sum should also be deducted from the total for the United States. Deducting this sum we obtain $104,867,650.85. Owing to the very limited extent of her coast line. Great Britain has depended almost entirely upon her navy for protection against serious invasion. Consequently only her navy yards, dock yards, and certain exposed arsenals have been fortified. The situation in the United States is vastly different, as can be seen from the percentages of coast artillery maintained in the two countries in Table 8; 8.2 per cent for Great Britain and 18.59 per cent for the United States. Our strictly coast defense expenditures are shown in Table 7. However, the costs of these fortifications for Great Britain are impracticable of separation from the total expendi- tures for permanent military works of all kinds, which, as shown in Table 2, amounted to $5,88-4,847.37 in 1912-13. The correspond- ing items in the I"'^nited States expenditures for 1915 amounted to $10,188,067.58 (total permanent works, etc., Table 1, less correspond- ing items Table 3. already deducted). After deducting from the totals last above stated, the amounts expended respectively for per- manent works, etc., the resultinii: totals are: Total cost, effective army, less cost of permanent works. Per capita cost per enlisted man Per capita cost, all ranks considered Gnwl Britain. $108,379,665.20 631.71 597.58 United States. $94,678,983.27 935. 60 893.26 Percent ace United States to Great Britain. 87.35 148.10 149.48 507 One of the incidents of service in our xVrmy which greatly in- creases its cost is the necessity of maintaining troops in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Canal Zone, the Philippine Islands, and China. The additional cost for maintaining garrisons in the above- mentioned localities, in excess of the amount necessary to maintain garrisons of the same strength and composition in the United States, amounted in 1914-15 to $3,04:7,583.64, or to an increased per capita cost per enlisted man serving in those localities of $84,62. (See Table 14.) In other words, after making the deductions as set forth in the body of this study, the per capita cost for the United States Army would be $905.51 if our entire Army were stationed in the United States. These figures include only those pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps. There is, of course, an increased cost of maintenance in all other departments incident to foreign service, but figures for them are not available. Since from lack of data it is impossible to obtain a similar figure of per capita cost for Great Britain, this figure is not a comparable one. It is only given as showing one of the causes of the high per capita cost of our Army. But, while exact figures on increased cost of maintenance on foreign service are not available for Great Britain, it is well known that the British colonies contribute certain sums toward the support of the colonial forces and, in addition, pay a certain amount into the British treasury as their share of the gen- eral expenses of the British military establishment. Thus, during the fiscal year 1912-13 the colonial governments of Egypt, Ceylon, Mauritius, Hongkong, the Straits Settlements, and Malta contributed a total of $3,211,675.59 for this purpose. (See "Army appropriation accounts, 1912-13," with the report of the comptroller and auditor general.) The United States, of course, receives nothing from its outlying possession in support of its military establishment. This is as far as we can carry our comparison as expressed in actual figures, but it by no means gives us a true comparison. Based on the above figures, the United States soldier apparently costs the Government $303.89 more than does the British soldier, considering enlisted strength only. Let us see if this is really true, and if true, why. As will be seen from Tables 1 and 2, one of the principal items of cost in both countries is that of " pay and mileage." This item for the United States was $49,722,369.91, and for Great Britain $39,967,- 066.82. The number of officers for the United States was 4,797 and the number of enlisted men 101,195. In Great Britain the number of officers was 9,800 and the number of enlisted men 171,563. The relative rates of pay for the various grades in both coun- tries, in so far as they can be compared, are shown in Tables 5 and 6. In these tables the rates of pay quoted are '* base " pay of the grade. 507 8 In the United States the officer is paid in accordance with his rank ; in Great Britain only partially so. The United States officer gets the pay corresponding to his rank and length of service, regardless of the duty he is performing; in the British service the officer's pay depends on many things in addition to his rank. For example, a British officer holding a particular position or performing certain work is paid a fixed sum in addition to the '" base '' pay of his rank. Thus a lieutenant colonel in command of his battalion is paid a sum in addition to his pay as a lieutenant colonel. An adjutant is paid an additional sum while holding this position. In other words, the pay of the British officer depends largely on the duty he is perform- ing at the time and only to a limited extent on the rank he holds. In addition to this, the British officer receives many and various allowances. He receives an increase of pay when under canvas or in the field, an allowance for servants, an allowance for messing, and an allowance for his kit. He receives additional pay for having per- fected himself in a foreign language. Also certain brevet and hon- orary titles carry increased pay. These are only a few of the items which go to make up the pay of the British officer. The regulations covering the subject of "allowances" in the British Army are promulgated in a publication entitled " Regulations for the Allow- ances of the Army," which contains 188 pages of fine print. This publication deals exclusively with the subject of "allowances" and is, in addition to the regulations governing pay proper, which are contained in a publication entitled " Royal Warrant for the Pay, Appointment, Promotion, and Noneffective Pay of the Army," which contains 327 pages of fine print. From all this it will be seen how very difficult it is to ascertain the exact actual compensation of the British Army officer. To do so we would have to know just what duty each officer of the British Army is performing and where he is stationed, which, of course, is impossible. We can not, therefore, ascertain the exact amount of the pay of British officers by rank. In the United States Army the officer on duty with troops receives the pay of his grade and no more, with the exception of the comj^ara- tively small allowance for heat and light. It is therefore evident that the comparison of the " base " pay of the British officer with the " base " pay of the United States officer is not an accurate one. To make the comparison accurate we would have to add to the pay of the British officer such " allowances " as he receives in addition to his base pay. Unfortunately, it is not possible to do this, as no data are available from which we can ascertain what officers are drawing these allow- ances. So it is impossible to make an actual comparison in figures of the pay of the British and United States officer, grade for grade. The best we can do is to show the " base " pay of the United States 507 officer and for the British officer the " base " pay plus those allow- ances which all officers in the British service receive, bearing in mind the fact that in the case of the United States officer this covers all of his remuneration (less the heat and light allowance), while in the case of the British officer his "base" pay is only a portion of his total remuneration, often only a small portion of it. But even with the addition of " allowances," it is undoubtedly true that the British officer does not receive as high pay as the United States officer. Is there any reason, then, why Great Britain can obtain officers at a smaller rate of pay than can be done by the United States ? It is a well-known fact that the majority of British officers are not expected to live on their army pay. In order to remain in the service and live as his fellows live, the British officer must have an income in addition to his pay. The men who enter the British Army as officers in peace time come, as a rule, from a class that does not engage in trade or depend on their own efforts to gain a livelihood, and they embrace the profession of arms not as a means of gaining a living but because it offers them a position which is considered a fitting one for men of their social standing. The question of pay, then, is to the British officer a secondary one. This is not the case with the officer in the United States Army. He comes into the service from every walk of life and social class and chooses the Army as he would any other profession. He seldom has any income in addition to his pay, and the question of the remuneration he is to receive is a very vital one, since he must com- pare it with the amount he would be able to earn in some other trade or profession. The principle that the pay of a public officer should be sufficient to support him obtains universally in the United States, and this country does not expect the public servant to give his service to the state without adequate compensation. It will have been noted in Tables 11 and 12 that the items of "pay" and "mileage" have been considered together. This was necessary because the items of pay and mileage for Great Britain were not given separately and could not be ascertained. The item for mileage is undoubtedly much larger for the United States than lor Great Britain, owing to the comparatively small area of the United Kingdom and to the fact that the stations of regiments in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales are never changed. In this connection, too, the numerous changes of station of officers to and from the Philippines, Hawaii, and the Canal Zone made necessary by law and the changes of station of officers due to the operation of the so-called " Manchu " law must not be lost sight of. Great Britain relieves her troops on foreign service once in 12 years, while the United States is compelled by law to relieve them (or the individuals 30669°— No. 507—16 2 10 thereof) once in two years. From all of the above it is evident that, while the pay of the British officer is undoubtedly less than the pay of the United States officer, the difference is not nearly so great as has formerly been supposed, and this difference is largely explained by differences in the circumstances affecting the two services. In this connection it is interesting to note that the base pay of all captains and first lieutenants in the British service has been increased 20 per cent and that of second lieutenants 31 per cent since the begin- ning of the present war. There has also been an increase in the " kit " and " outfit " allowances of from 25 per cent to 66 per cent and a decided increase in the pension rates for widows, as well as in the " separation " allowance. The Canadian rate of pay for a private of the lowest grade now- serving with the combatant forces is $1.10 per day, and his " separa- tion allow^ance " amounts to $20 per month. We now come to the consideration of the pay of enlisted men in the two services. Table 6 shows the pay of such grades as are comparable in the two countries. There are " allowances " and additional items of pay for both countries, but the tables do not show them because it was found to be impossible to obtain them and because they did not pertain to the various grades as such. We are compelled, then, to compare the " base " alone. As will be seen from the table, the pay of the enlisted man in the United States Army is considerabW higher than the pay of the same or similar grade in the British service. What we desire to know is whether or not there is any explanation for this fact. The class from which the enlisted man is drawn is practically the same in the United States and in Great Britain. He comes from the so-called laboring class. As each country obtains its soldiers by vol- untary enlistment, the recruit is influenced to enlist by practically the same inducement, namely, the remuneration he is to receive. Patriotism, of course, plays a part, but candor compels us to admit that in time of peace it is a very sm.all part. Each country must, then, go into the labor market and bid for the services of the men who are to make up the rank and file of its armv. This being the case, it will be necessary, in comparing the remuneration the soldier receives in each country, to consider several factors which have a very direct bearing upon enlistment and therefore go to fix the rate of pay which must be offered in order to induce men to enlist. The most important of these are rate of wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. Referring to Tables A, B, C, we will find that the average expendi- ture for food among the laboring classes is 66 per cent higher in the United States than in Great Britain, 21 per cent higher for fuel and 507 11 91 per cent higher for rent. The exact figures for the fourth consider- able item going to make up the cost of living — namely, clothing — it was impossible to obtain, because of lack of data comparable in the two countries. It is a matter of common knowledge, however, that clothing is much higher in the United States than in Great Britain. The higher cost of living in the United States is caused, in part, by the higher prices of the articles consumed, but to a much greater de- gree by the higher standard of living of the laboring classes in the United States. It is, of course, the latter that more directly affects the rate of pay and compels the higher rate in the United States, although the former enters into the question to a certain extent. But the factor which affects the rate of pay most directly is the rate of wages in civilian occupations. The comparative rates of wages in the United States and Great Britain are set forth in Tables D, E, F, G for those trades and call- ings where comparable data were available. We find that the aver- age wage in 16 trades and callings is 159 per cent higher in the United States than in Great Britain. In one calling only does it fall below 150 per cent higher, and that is school teaching, a calling which is notoriously underpaid in this country. It is evident, then, that in order to induce men to enlist the United States must offer a much higher rate of pay than must Great Britain. And, if we compare the rates of pay of the British and United States soldier with the rates of wages in the two countries, we are com- pelled to admit that, instead of being overpaid, the United States soldier is paid relatively less than the British soldier. We now come to a consideration of the items which go to make up the bulk of the expense of the military establishments in both coun- tries. We find that these consist of four items: (1) Pay, mileage, etc. (2) subsistence, (3) transportation, and (1) clothing. P"or the two countries they are as follows: Items. Great Britain. United States. $39,967,066.82 8,260,721.66 4,733,304.84 5,848,651.48 $49,722,369.91 9,802,141.39 Subsistence Transportation 10, 680, 546. 69 Clothing 4,623,272.94 In terms of percentages to the total expenditures these items stand as follows: Items. Great Britain. United States. Pay, mileage, etc Per cent. 34.10 7.22 4.14 5.11 Per cent. 43.90 Subsistence 8.65 Transportation 9.45 Clothing .... 4.08 507 12 In terms of per capita cost, considering enlisted strength only, they are as follows: Items. Great Britain. United States. Pav, mileage, etc S232.95 48. 14 27.58 34.91 $491.35 Subsistence . '. 96.86 105. 54 nothing 45.68 For Great Britain the sum of the expenditures for these four items is 50.57 per cent of the total expenditures for military purposes and for the United States, 66.08 per cent. The most important of the factors affecting pay, mileage, etc., have already been considered when dealing with pay. In considering the second item of greatest expense, " Subsistence," we will find in Table 13 that the ration for the United States Army is larger both in total quantity and in number of components than that of the British Army. This is explained, of course, by the higher standard of living in the United States. In addition to this, as already stated, the average cost of the average workingman's food expenditures in the United States is very nearly double that in Great Britain. This is brought about by the higher standard of living and by the increased cost of food articles in the United States over Great Britain. When we come to examine the third item, " Transportation," we find that several factors must be taken into consideration. In the first place this item for the United States includes the cost of trans- portation not only within the continental limits of the United States, but also to and from and within Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, Alaska, the Canal Zone, and, to a limited extent, Guam. In the item of transportation for Great Britain, the cost of transportation between England and India is not included, since India paj^s all costs of transportation both ways for both troops and supplies. Again, our garrisons within the continental limits of the United States are distributed over an area of 2,973,890 square miles, while the territory of the United Kingdom embraces an area of only 121,633 square miles, or less than one twenty-fourth that of the United States. Xot only are the distances over which troops and supplies must be transported so vastly greater in the United States, but the cost per individual and per pound per mile is greater than in the United Kingdom. In addition to this, as has already been noted when considering the item of " Pay, mileage, etc.," the stations of British regiments in the United Kingdom are seldom or never changed and the colonial troops are changed only once in 12 years. The great difference in the comparative item of transportation in 507 13 the United States and Great Britain is strikingly shown by the per capita cost of the soldier as affected by this item, $105.54 for the United States and $27.58 for Great Britain. In respect to the fourth item of greatest cost, " Clothing," we find an increase of per capita cost of only $10.77 for the United States. This is fully accounted for by the higher cost of clothing in the United States. We must now^ consider several other factors which affect the rela- tive cost of the British and United States Armies. As is well known, the cost of equipment and maintenance of the various arms of the service differs materially. In a study made in the Office of the Quartermaster General of the Army in September, 1915 (already referred to), we find a table showing the first cost and annual cost of maintenance for organizations of the various arms of the service expressed in terms of per capita cost of enlisted men, quartermaster expenditures only being considered. The table, in part, is as follows : Comparative cost of the several arms based upon recent estimates prepared in this office (Quartermaster General), the cost of the complete quartermaster field equipment and annual cost of maintenance of regiments and smaller organizations at war strength in permanent camp in time of peace, expressed in each instance upon a per capita basis, are as follows: Organizations. First cost. Anmifll cost of mainte- nance. REGIMENTS. Infantry Provisional coast artillery (for infantry duty) Cavalry Field artillery (average) for light, horse, heavy, and mountain . $106. 67422 119.93292 318. 17225 333. 42676 $557. 61 627. 63 772. 47 747.26 This table, of course, does not consider the cost of the ordnance equipment, which is vastly greater for cavalry and artillery than for infantry. Nor does it include the garrison equipment, either quar- termaster or ordnance, nor the cost of upkeep of our unnecessarily expensive posts. The table shows what, of course, is well known; that infantry is the less expensive arm both m first cost and in cost of maintenance. Thus the cost of maintenance of coast artillery (equipped as infantry only) is 12 per cent, field artillery 34 per cent, and cavalry 38 per cent greater than infantry. It is therefore evi- dent that if the proportions of the various arms maintained by the United States and Great Britain differ materially, there will be an increase or decrease in the comparative cost of the two armies in proportion to the numbers comprising the various arms in the two countries. Let us, then, see what the proportions of the various arms maintained in the two countries are. We will find these data in 507 14 Table 8, expressed in percentages of the enlisted strength in each arm to the total enlisted strength of the army as follows: Great Britain. United States. Infantry Coast artillery Cavalry Field artillery. Per cent. 50.51 8.20 7.36 8.92 Per cent. 41.06 18.95 14.47 5.59 Combining these percentages we find that the United States main- tains 14.53 per cent more of the more expensive arms and 9.45 per cent less of the less expensive arms than does Great Britain. As the per capita cost of officers is, of course, gi'eatly in excess of that of enlisted men, it is evident that the greater proportion of offi- cers to men in an organization the greater will be the per capita cost of the organization. The number of enlisted men per officer in the various arms of the service were : Arm. Great Britain (Mar. 1,1913). United States (Julyl, 1915). Infantry Coast artillery Cavalry Field artillery Per cent. 29.84 23.10 27.40 27.58 Per cent. 24.55 27.00 20.28 23.08 Thus in every arm except coast artillery (which includes only 8.2 per cent of her total enlisted strength). Great Britain's organiza- tions contain more enlisted men per officer than do similar organi- zations in the United States. This is due, of course, not so much to the fact that the organizations of the various arms differ in the two countries as to the fact that the majority of our organizations are maintained at " peace strength," while those of Great Britain either are at " war," or nearly " war," strength at all times. If all of our organizations were maintained at " war " strength, the proportions of officers to enlisted men in the various arms would be as follows : Infantry, 1 officer to 36.72 enlisted men. Coast Artillery, 1 officer to 27 enlisted men. Cavalry, 1 officer to 24.72 enlisted men. Field Artillery, 1 officer to 26.38 enlisted men. The proportion of officers to enlisted men, considering the entire militarv establishment in each country as now maintained, is: Great Britain, 1 officer to 17.50 enlisted men; and the United States, 1 officer to 21.09 enlisted men. This is due to the fact that Great Brit- ain maintains her organizations at " war " strength, and to the fact 507 15 that she has many more officers on staff and other detached service than has the United States. Even w ith this small proportion of enlisted men to officers in the United States Army, if we subtract the existing necessary " over- head " charges (which should not change materially with the increase or decrease of the combatant forces), we will find that the per capita cost of the enlisted man is $91'4.95. As has been pointed out in the course of this study, it has been found impossible to reduce the comparisons of cost of the armies of Great Britain and of the United States to absolutely comparative figures in all instances. The reasons for this were mentioned in each case. However, it is believed that the cost of the United States Army does not compare unfavorably with that of Great Britain if we take into consideration the various conditions obtaining in the two countries. The impossibilty of comparing the cost of an army maintained by the system of " universal military service " with one maintained by the system of "voluntary enlistment" was discussed at the begin- ning of this study. To show how impossible it would be to obtain recruits for our Army with the rates of pay for privates in their first enlistment obtaining in the most important of the countries employ- ing the system of " universal military service," the following is quoted : Monthly pay of private in first year of enlistment. Germany $3. 21 France !• 70 Russia . 32 Japan • 60 Austria • 73 Summary. Great Britain, fiscal year 1912-13. United States, fiscal year 1915. Total military expenditure Same, less unusual expenses due to Mexican situation Expenditures for effective forces only Pro rata per enlisted man of expenditures for effective forces Pro rata cost, all ranks, of expenditures for effective forces Expenditures: Less pay, etc., of officers on duty not connected with Arm y Same, less amount of permanent works, etc Per capita cost per enlisted man (lowest comparative figures obtainable). Per capita cost, all rank (lowest comparative figures obtainable) S114,264,512.57 114,204,512.57 114,264,512.57 660. 01 630. 03 114,264,512.57 108,379,065.20 631.71 597. 58 Principal items of expense in terms of percentage to total military ex- penditures: Pay, mileage, etc per cent. . Subsistence do — Transportation do — Clothing do. . . Pro rata per enlisted man, at present ratio of 1 officer to 21 enlisted men, of total expenditures, less existing overhead charges, which do not change with size of Regular Army $116,127,753.67 113,248,541.52 100,005,973.53 1,047. .54 1,000.13 104,867,650.85 94,078,983.27 935. 60 893. 26 34.10 7.22 4.14 5.11 43.90 8.65 9.45 4.08 S914.95 507 16 Conditions materially affecting the foregoing results hut not susceptible of com- pilation therewith. Average expenditures by laljoring class for — Per cent. Food Higher in United States than in Great Britain. . 66 Fuel do.... 21 Rent do.... 91 Average wages do .... 159 United I\ing- dom. United States. Area in square miles Length of foreifm tours in years Average annual cost of maintenance per enlisted man: Infantry Provisional coast artillery for iafantry duty Cavalry Field artillery Proportion maintained to total enlisted strength: Infantry per cent . . Coast artillery do Cavalry do Field artillery do Arms, proportion United States to Great Britain Number of enlisted men per officer: Infantry Coast artillery Cavalry Field artillery Number of enlisted men to officer, considering all officers and enlisted men ia military establishment Same if all United States organizations were maintained at "war" strength: Infantry Coast artillery Cavalry Field artillery 121,633 12 (?) (?) (?) (?) 50.51 8.20 7.36 8.92 U4.53 29.84 23.10 27.40 27.58 17.50 2,973,890 3 $557. 61 627.63 772. 47 747. 26 41.06 18.95 14.47 5.59 29.45 24.55 27.00 20.28 23.08 21.09 36.72 27.00 24.72 26.38 • More expensive. 2 Less expensive. Index of Tables. Table. 1 A. Total costs : Pay, mileage, etc. Subsistence. Transportation. Clothing. Percentage of above to total costs. Per capita costs, enlisted men only. Per capita costs, all ranks. 1. Recapitulation, expenditures. United States, fiscal year 1915. 1 (a). Detail statement, expenditures, United States military establish- ment, for year 1915. 2. Detail statement, expenditures, British military estal)lishment, fiscal year 1912-13. 2a. Detail statement, expenditures, British military establishment, fiscal year 1912-13. 3. Items not properly chargeable to cost of Regular Army of United States. 3 (a). Pay, etc., of officers and enlisted men. United States Army, on duty not connected with the Regular Army. 4. Strength of United States Army, July 1, 1915 (memorandum The Adjutant General). 5. Comparative statement, pay, etc., officers. United States and Great Britain. 507 17 Table. 5 (o). Pay, etc., of officers, British Army at home. 5b. Pay, etc., of officers. United States Army. 6. Comparative statement, pay of enlisted men. United States and Great Britain. 6a. Minimum pay British warrant officers and enlisted men serving at home. 6&. Minimum pay enlisted men United States Army. 7. Items of United States expense relating solely to coast defense. 8. Comparative statement of enlisted strength of Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, to total enlisted strength. 9. Comparative statement of number of enlisted men to officers in sev- eral arms. United. States and Great Britain. 10. Number of officers and enlisted men in principal arms of British Army, except those serving in India. 11. Percentages and comparative costs. Great Britain, of principal items of expenditure. 12. Percentages and comparative costs. United States, of principal items of expenditui'e. 13. Comparative statement, ration components. United States and Great Britain. 14. Additional cost Quartermaster's Department, for maintaining troops outside continental limits of United States. A, B, C. Comparative statement, costs of food, fuel and rent, United States and Great Britain. D, E, F, G. Comparative statement, wages. United States and Great Britain. Table No. 1A. — Comparative cost, Great Britain and the United States. Great Britain. United States Total cost of military establishment exclusive of unusual expenses Pay, mileage, etc Subsistence Transportation Clothing PERCENTAGE OF ABOVE ITEMS TO TOTAL COST. Pay, mileage, etc Subsistence Transportation Clothing PER CAPITA COST, CONSIDERING ENLISTED MEN ONLY. Total Pay, mileage, etc SulDsisteace Transportation Clothing PER C^U'ITA COST, CONSIDERING BOTH OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN, Total Pay, mileage, etc Subsistence Transportation Clothing 3114,264,512.57 39,967,066.82 8,260,721.66 4,733,304.84 5,848,651.48 34.10 7.22 4.14 6.11 666. 01 232.95 48.14 27.58 34.91 630. 03 214. 30 45.54 26.09 32.24 $113,248,541.52 49,722,369.91 9,802,141.39 10,680,516.69 4,623,272.94 43.90 8.65 9.43 4.08 1,119.11 491. 35 96.86 105. 54 45.68 1,068.46 469.11 92.48 100. 76 43.61 30669°— No. 507—16- 18 Table No. 1. — Recapitulation. Appropriations. Maintenance. Permanent works, etc. Savings. Deficit. Office Secretary of War Office Chief of Staff Adjutant General's Depart- ment Chief Coast Artillery Corps. . Bureau of Insular xVflairs. . . Office Chief Signal Officer... Medical Department Engineer Department Ordnance Department Quartermaster Department. Division of Militia Affairs... U. S. Military Academy Amount of unusual expenses for fiscal year 1915 due to Mexican situation (re- ported by Quartermaster General) $25,000.00 65,350.00 7, 500. 00 108, 000. 00 2, 500. 00 1,024,444.64 9S5, 000. 00 1,976,500.00 18,249,607.62 93, 719, 579. 47 1,672,085.06 997, 899. 54 $20, 000. 00 53,935.76 5, 21, 1, 619, 929, 364, 4,147, 92,021, 1,514, 978, 406.00 371. 17 304. 60 154.00 261. 33 865. 26 380. 78 335. 28 935. 06 705. 16 $86,628.83 '333,'296.'43' So, 000. 00 11,414.24 2,094.00 1,611,634.74 11,662,237.96 1,648,842.92 95,006.31 12,452.08 1, 195. 40 71,994.21 55,738.67 2, 439, 988. 88 1,049,401.27 62, 143. 69 6, 742. 30 118,833,466.33 100,677,654.40 15,450.099.27 15,460,099.27 3,705,712.66 116,127,753.67 2, 879, 212. 15 113,248,541.52 $1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 Table No. 1 (a). — Expenditures for the United States Military EstablisJiment, fiscal year 1915. Appropriar tion. Mainte- nance. PerTTianent aavln?.! works, etc. Savings. i Deficit. Contingencies of the Army $25,000 00 $20,000.00 $5,000.00 Office of the Chief of Staff: 9,000 00 26,000.00 30,350 00 8,999.63 15,116.53 29,819.60 .37 10,883.47 530 40 65, 350. 00 53,935.76 11,114.24 Adjutant General's Department: Contingencies, military de- partments and commands. 7 500 00 F, 40fi on 2,094.00 Chief, Coast Artillery Corps: Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, incidental ex- 10,000.00 25,000.00 7,000.00 3,000.00 5, 500 00 2,500.00 55,000.00 10,000.00 Construction methods of Coast Artillery war instru- $25,000.00 3,747.02 Ensines , generators , etc Special apparatus, etc Engines, generators, etc ProfessiDnal books, etc Construction fire control sta- tions, insular possessions. . . 3,252.98 3,000.00 5,118.19 SSL 81 2,500.00 55,000.00 108,000.00 21,371.17 86,628.83 Bureau of Insular Affairs: Care of insane Filipino sol- 2,000.00 500.00 1,304.60 695.40 500. 00 Care of insane I'orto Rican 2, 500 00 1,304.60 1, 195. 40 Office, Chief Signal Officer: Signal Service of the Army . . . 250, 000. 00 200,000.00 122,790.32 43,454.04 10,800.00 23, 2; 0.40 160,283.47 219,999.18 200, 000. 00 30,000.82 Fire control at fortifications . . Fire control at fortifications. 91,755.99 43,454.04 10,800.00 21,928.22 31,034.33 Fire control at fortifications, Panama fortifications Maintenance, fire control in- stallation, seacoast de- fenses 1,342.18 154,956.24 6,327.23 507 19 Table No. 1 (a).— Expenditures for the United States Military Establishment, fiscal year 1915 — Continued. Appropria^ lion. Mainte- nance. Permanent works, etc. Savings. Deficit. Office, Chief Signal Officer— Con. Washington-Alaska military cable and telegraph system, 1914-15 S47,559.87 50,000.00 42,682.75 11,288.74 3,800.00 12, 000. 00 6,000.00 2,000.00 17,068.98 21,446.07 $47,559.87 50,000.00 16, 932. 62 Washington-Alaska military cable and telegraph system, 1915 Fire-control installation, in- sular possessions $25,750.13 1,244.13 4.11 Maintenance, etc., fire-con- trol installation, insular possessions $10,044.61 Annunciator buzzer system at Porto Rico 3,795.89 Signal equipment for coast defense ports 12,000.00 5,920.97 778.00 Commercial telephone serv- ice, 1915 79.03 1,222.00 Commercial telephone serv- ice^ 1915-16 Equipment, coast artillery armories, Organized Militia. 17,068.98 Repairs, deep-sea military cables 15,455.00 5,991.07 1,024,444.64 619,154.00 333,296.43 71, 994. 21 Medical Department: Medical Hospital Depart- ment 700,000.00 5, 000. 00 275, 000. 00 3,500.00 1,500.00 694,086.29 2,731.17 229,846.39 1,833.08 764.40 5,913.71 2,268.83 45,153.61 1,666.92 735.60 Army Medical Museum Artificial limbs Trusses for disabled soldiers. Appliances for disabled sol- diers 985,000.00 929,261.33 55,738.67 Engineer Department: Engineer depots 25,000.00 25, 000. 00 50,000.00 40,000.00 5,000.00 250,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 100,000.00 165,000.00 5,000.00 40, 000. 00 25,000.00 20,000.00 300,000.00 1,000.00 3,000.00 457,000.00 150,000.00 4,000.00 154,000.00 7,600.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 14, 486. So 40, 000. 00 5,000.00 t En|ineer equipment of troops Civilian assistants to engi- neer officers 35,513.15 Contingencies Construction of gun and mor- tar batteries 250, 000. 00 100,000.00 50,000.00 100,000.00 Modernizing emplacements. . Electric light and power plants, sea-coast defenses.. Searchlights for harbor de- fenses Protection, etc., of fortifica- tions 165, 000. 00 5,000.00 40,000.00 9, 878. 41 20,000.00 Maintenance for search- lights, etc Sea walls and embankments. 15,121.59 Preservation, etc., torpedo Sea-coast batteries, Philip- 300,000.00 Protection, etc., fortifica- 1,000.00 3,000.00 Protection, etc., torpedo defenses, Hawaiian Islands and Philippine Islands Land defenses, Hawaiian Islands 457,000.00 150,000.00 Reserve equipment, Hawa- iian Islands and Philip- Tools, etc., Engineer De- partment, Hawaiian Is- lands and Philippine Is- 4,000.00 Storage, electric power, water supply^ Philippine Islands. Maps, War Department 154,000.00 7,500.00 1 ) 1,976,500.00 .364,865.20 | 1,611,634.74 j §07 20 Table No. 1 (a). — Expenditures for the United States Military Establishment, fiscal year 1925 — Continued. Appropria- tion. Mainte- nance. rermanent works, etc. Savings. Deficit. Ordnance Department: Ordnance Servii e, 1915 Ordnance stores, ammuni- tion, 1914-15 Ordnan'^e stores, ammuni- tion, 1915-16 Ordnance stores and sup- plies, 1914-15 Ordnance stores and sup- plies, 1915-16 Small-arms target practice, 1914-15 Small-arms target practice, 1915-16 Manufacture of arms, 1914-15. Manufacture of arms, 1915-16 . Repair of arsenals, 1915 Field artillery for Organized Militia, 1913-15 Field artillery for Organized Militia, 1914-16 Ammunition, field artillery. Organized Militia, 1913-15. . Ammunition, field artillery. Organized Militia, 1914-16. . Equipment, coast artillery armories, Organized Militia. Exchanging or issuing new pistols, Organized Militia.. Fire control at fortifications. . Fire control in insular pos- sessions Fortifications in insular pos- sessions Armament of fortifications... Panama fortifications Armament of fortifications, Panama Canal Submarine mines, Panama Canal Submarine mines Submarine mines, insular possessi )ns Automatij ritles Encampment, etc., Organ- ized Militia, 1912 Encampment, etc., Organ- ized Militia, 1913-15 Testing macliines, 1915 National trophy and medals. Board or Ordnance and Fortifications Arsenals and proving grounds Expenses of officers, etc... $300,000.00 20, 658. 06 125,000.00 8,919.55 700,000.00 24,434.76 750, 000. 00 9, 965. 62 450, 000. 00 290,000.00 244.07 2,100,000.00 558. 59 3,000,000.00 10, 769. 51 3,397.13 221,413.71 49,989.70 1,118,069.46 6,723,083.70 463, 143. 89 763,000.00 48,871.70 460, 772. 73 57, 882. 29 44,421.60 8,963.49 3,700.00 15,000.00 10, 000. 00 28, 924. 84 396, 420. 44 42, 002. 88 8299,860.84 5,000.00 40,000.00 8, 176. 44 690,013.72 23, 710. 96 705,816.96 3, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 164,872.15 S15, 515. 12 79,156.37 80. 682. 68 1, 736, 265. 79 25, 595. 90 15. 282. 69 2, 938. 39 82,144.03 11.185.65 6, 543. 62 412,179.80 124, 925. 43 62.95 2, 095, 952. 13 558.59 2,986,496.89 6, 582. 28 3,397.13 189, 610. 26 38, 554. 21 931, 649. 48 3, 2:,0, 076. 05 338,038.61 709,080.93 34,177.66 150, 749. 47 40, 153. 76 450. 00 S139. 16 142.94 5,843.63 743. 11 9, 986. 28 723.80 44, 183. 04 422. 00 7, 820. 20 202. 42 181.12 4,047.87 13, 603. 11 4,187.23 31,803.45 11,435.49 105,737.30 1,736,741.86 99,509.38 38,636.38 11,755.65 227,879.23 6,542.88 43,971.60 8,961.20 3,700.00 15, 000. 00 9,012.60 26,181.91 144,142.05 24, 795. 73 248,327.22 987. 40 2, 742. 93 3,951.17 17, 202. 15 18, 249, 607. 62 4, 147, 380. 78 Quartermaster Corps: Pay, etc., of the Army Subsistence Mileage Regulars, supplies Incidental expenses Army transportation Clotliing and equi page Waters and sewers Roads, walks, wharves, and drainage Barracks and quarters Military post exchanges liorses for Coast Artillery and engineers Construction and repairs of hospitals Quarters for hospital stew- ards Shooting galleries and ranges . Maintenance .\rmy War Col- lege 48,229,020.02 9,802,141.39 500, 000. 00 8, 155, 000. 00 1,954,440.00 13,117,848.97 6, 500, 000. 00 1,156,000.00 485, 000. 00 2,123,997.00 154,391.00 365, 285. 00 440,000.00 9, 700. 00 40, 000. 00 10. 700. 00 49, 229, 020. 02 9,802,141.39 493, 349. 89 7, 862, 772. 19 1,927,222.83 13,004,437.07 6,631,765.39 1,044,114.35 281,822.26 1,484.994.80 126,029.96 365,071.37 196,508.14 9. 095. 61 32,958.03 9, 520. 56 11,662,237.96 2,439,988.88 83,938.71 47,061.21 225, 389. 95 104,351.22 189, 640. 38 602, 741. 94 16,948.00 218,213.66 "'6,'24i"83' 6,660.11 208, 289. 10 27,217.17 66,350.69 642,844.66 7,534.43 13,537.36 36,260.16 11,413.04 213. 63 25,278.20 604. 39 793. 14 1,179.44 $1,000,000.00 507 ' Estimated; all accounts not yet received. 21 Table No. 1 (a). — Expenditures for the United States Military Establishment, fiscal year 1915 — Continued. Appropria- tion. Mainte- nance. Permanent works, etc. Savings. Deficit. Quartermaster Corps— Contd. Rent oi baildmgs, Quarter- master Corps Barraclvs and quarters, Ptiil- ippine Islands Construction, repair, and maintenance of roads, etc., Alaska Claims for damages to and loss of private property Division of Militia Affairs: Encampment and maneu- vers. Organized Miliiia Equipment, Coa^t Artillery armories, Organized Militia. U. S. Military Academy: Pay, permanent establish- ment and civil Expenses, Board of Visitors . Contingencies for the super- intendent Repairs and improvements . . Fuel and apparatus Gas pipes, gas, etc Fuel and cadets' mess haU,etc. Postage and telegrams Stationery and oilice supplies Transportation of material, discharged cadets Printing and binding Tanbark, etc Camp stools, etc Gymnasium and athletic supplies Repairs to saddle?, etc Repairs a^id maiutenance of searchlights Repairs of mattresses, etc., Cavalry gymnasium Material for hurdles Purchase of typewriting ma- chine New tent floors Purchase of wax, etc Repair of mattresses, Artil- lery gymnasium Department of civil and mil- itary engineering Department of philosophy. . . Department of mathematics. Department of chemistry Department of drawing Department of modern lan- guages Department of law Department of practical mil- itary engineering Department of ordnance and gunnery, purchase of in- struments Department of ordnance, gunnery, machines, etc Department of military hy- giene Department of EngUsh and history Lectures for cadets Miscellaneous items and in- cidental expenses Buildings and grounds $45,987.00 500, 000. 00 125, 000. 00 5, 069. 09 $44, 751. 35 345, 690. 98 125, 000. 00 5, 069. 09 1,235.05 $154,309.02 93,719,579.47 92,021,335.28 1, 048, 842. 92 1,049,401.27 1 $1,000, 000. 00 1,572,085.06 100, 000. 00 1,514,935.06 57, 150. 00 37, 856. 31 62, 143. 69 1,672,085.06 1, 514, 935. 06 95, 008. 31 62, 143. 69 768, 310. 29 1,000.00 3, 009. 00 40,030.03 45, 000. 00 6, 500. 00 10, 000. 00 375. 00 2, 500. 00 3, 850. 00 1,700.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 2, 000. 00 250. 00 125. 00 100. 00 615. 00 75. 00 1,500.00 150. 00 100. 00 1,200.00 1,8.30.00 725. 00 2, 500. 00 1,530.00 598. 00 350. 00 2, 000. 00 1,800.00 500. 00 500. 00 850.00 1,200.00 53, 4.30. 25 39,310.00 997, 899. 54 764, 816. 29 2,304.52 39, 999. 85 44,999.88 0, 590. 00 10, 000. 00 375. 00 2,500.00 3, 850. 00 1,099.99 1,199.69 1,200.00 1,999.77 244. 75 124. 73 1,499.91 150. 00 99.81 1.198.15 1,668.17 725. 00 2, 496. 60 1,529.66 598. 00 349. Gl 1,997.92 1, 790. 59 478. 62 496. 36 848. 35 1, 157. 00 50. 897. 89 28.809.29 978, 705. 16 3, 500. 00 1, 000. 00 695. 48 .15 .12 .01 .31 614.98 75.00 .23 5.25 ,27 .27 .02 .06 .19 1.85 181.83 3.40 .34 2,373.30 9,388.80 12, 452. 08 .39 2.08 9.41 21.38 3.64 1.65 43.00 159. 06 1,111.91 6, 742. 30 507 22 Table No. 2. — Expenditures for the British military establishment, fiscal yearx 1912-13. [Authority appropriation account, 1912-13, with report; of comptroller and auditor general.] Vote No. Purpose. Pay of officers and troops, etc Pay of medical establishment Establishment for military education Quartering, transport, and remounts , Supplies , Clothing Clothing factories Ordnance establishment and general stores Armaments, aviation, and engineer stores Works and Duildings Repayment under military works acts Miscellaneous eHective services War office Half pay, retired pay, and other noneffective charges for officers Pensions for wounds In-pensions, out-pensions, and rewards for distinguished services Total expenditures . Deduct repayment under military works acts. Cost of permanent structures, vote 10 Total expenditures for maintenance, etc . British currency. £ 8,033, 436, 140, 1,696, 3,207, 936, 270, 658, 1, 762, 1,565, 878, 67, 435, s. d. V22 16 3 363 11 154 8 935 17 704 6 133 18 271 1 579 15 664 14 955 13 998 15 11 904 6 6 962 11 7 1,581,339 13 10 29,657 8 1,871,831 6 11 United States currency. $38,944, 2,095, 679, 8,226, 15,550, 4,538, 1,310, 3, 192, 8,545, 7,591, 4,261, 329, 2, 113, 579.40 288.03 468. 59 745.06 950.22 377. 31 274. 17 794. 77 398.49 753.13 386. 16 200.17 546.58 7,666,334.83 143, 777. 30 9,074,638.36 114,264,512.57 4, 261, 386. 16 1,623,461.21 5,884,847.37 108,379,665.20 Tablk No. 2a. — Expenditures for the British military establishment 1912-13. Purpose. Appropriations in aid. Gross expendi- tures. Net expenditures. Vote 1. Pay, etc., Department I. G Pay, etc., staff of commands, etc Regular pay, extra pay, messing allowance. Regular allowances, etc E ecruiting staff and expenses Gratuities and deferred pay to soldiers on discharge Field training Pay, etc., of staff of cavalry, etc., schools... Pay, etc. , of establishment of schools of gim- nery Pay, etc., of establishment of schools of en- gineering Pay, etc. , of establishment of schools of mus- ketry Pay, etc., of establishment of gymnasium. Instructions Pay, etc., army reserve Pay, etc., chaplain department Pay, etc., army veteran ser^'ice , Pay, etc., pay department , Pay, etc., establishment, J. A. G Pay, etc., establishment, military prisoners. Rewards, etc., appropriation, deserters Wages of civilians attached to units Expenses of native Indian troops Miscellaneous Votel Deduct pay-army reserve. Net expenditures, vote 1 . , 507 £ 13, 189 329, 320 7,159,391 145, 987 34,137 259,858 19 2 208,085 11 4 37,994 12 10 29,700 4 9 23,497 15 4 16,969 16 11 16,011 15 1,303,401 13 68,614 45,655 99,104 3,747 18,209 2,354 31,127 251,576 .X. d. 761,511 13 6 10,098,036 3 4 9,336,524 9 1,303,401 13 10 8,033,122 16 3 23 Table No. 2a. — Expenditures for the British military establishment 19 12-1 S — Continued. Purpose. Appropriations in aid. Vote 2. Pay, etc., medical establishment Vote 5. Establishment for military education. Vote 6. Lodging and stable allowances Field allowances Hire of buildings to supplement barracks. . Barracks, services Conveyance of troops by land and coastwise Sea transport of troops Railroad stores Miscellaneous Carriage of stores War Department vessels Pay wages, etc., A. S. C Mechanical transport vehicles. Remounts Vote Supplies Clothing Clothing factory . Vote 8. Ordnance Department establishment and general stores , Vote 9. Armaments, aviation and engineer stores. . Vote 10. Staff for works and engineer services Incidental expenses of war department es- tablishments Telegraph and telephone services Miscellaneous engineer services New works Compensation to contractors New workSj part 2 Compensation to contractors Ordinary repairs, etc Grants in aid of works Purchases of land Rents of land and buildings Repayment under military works act. Vote 11. Miscellaneous effective services Vote 12. War office Vote 13. Half pay, retired pay, and other noneii'ec- tive charges for officers Pensions for wounds £ s. d. 2, 271 1 9 91,096 17 6 592 1 5 7,892 9 9 3,835 7 9 12,319 18 11 86, 958 3 4 56,539 14 5 102,669 18 9 7, 766 4 5 214, 527 4 3 272, 104 4 2 580 16 4 53, 8M 1 8 12,104 9 11 3,170 18 3 "46,'566'"'i"i6" 110,222 8 1,321 6 620 19 3 604,485 6 Gross expendi- tures. £ 438, 634 s. d. 231, 251 5 9 269, 913 7 26, 502 7 62, 909 95, 463 6 357, 885 3 298,665 15 1,994 12 1,113,333 12 4 190, 709 68,510 165, 797 63, 570 194, 292 862, 880 3,264,243 19 6 1,038,803 17 5 278,027 5 U 873,106 19 10 2,134,768 18 3 186,726 19 22,875 7 20, 786 16,400 525, €44 324 212,464 1,121 525, S35 9,660 111,625 42,711 1,676,178 1 7 69,225 12 6 436,583 10 10 2,085,824 19 10 Vote 14. In-pensions Out-pensions Rewards for distinguished services. 32,351 16 2 2,347,117 7 4 20,406 8 5 Net expenditures. £ s. d. 436,363 11 140, 154 8 3 1,101,013 13 5 595,922 3 10 3, 207, 704 6 1 936,133 18 8 270,271 1 6 658,579 15 7 1,762,664 14 1 1,565,955 13 7 878,998 15 11 67, 904 6 6 435,962 11 7 1,581,339 13 10 29, 657 8 528,044 5 I 2,399,875 11 11 1,871,831 6 11 507 24 Table No. 3. — Items not properly chargeable to the cost of the Regular Army of the United States. Appropria- tion. Mainte- nance. Permanent woriis, etc. £avin£-s. Office Chief Pignal Officer: Washington-Alaska military cable and tele- graph svstem, 1914-19 ;.■) 547,559.87 50,000.00 17,068.98 21, 446. 07 5.000.00 275,000.00 3,500.00 1,500.00 244. 07 2,100,000.00 558. 59 3,000,000.00 10,769.51 8,963.49 3, 700. 00 10,000.00 125,000.00 40,000.00 1,572,085.06 100,000.00 $47,559.87 50,000.00 17,068.98 Washington-Alas'-a military cable and tele- graph system, 1915 Equipmeit CoastArtillery armories, Organ- ized Militia Repairs deep-sea military cables S15, 455. 00 2,731.17 229, 846. 39 1, 8.33. 08 764. 40 So 991.07 Medical Department: Armv Medical Museum 2,268.83 45 153. 61 Artificial limbs Trn=;se3 for disabled roldiers 1 666 92 Appliances for di>abled soldiers 735.60 Ordnance Department: Field Artillery for Organized Miliiia— 1913-1915 62.95 2,095,952.13 558. 59 2,986,496.89 6,582.28 181.12 1914-1916 4 047.87 Ammunition, Field Artillery Organized Militia— 1913-1915 1914-1916 13,503.11 Equipment Coast Artillery armories, Organ- ized Militia .. . 4 187 23 Encampment, etc., Organized Militia— 1912 2.V0 3, 700. ro 9,012.60 125, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 1,514,935.06 37,856.31 8 961.20 1913-1915 National troph y and medals 987. 40 Alaskan Road Commis-ion: Construction and repair of Alaskan roads, etc. Engineer Department: Civilian a^si^tants to engineer officers Division of Militia AfTairs: Encampment and maneuvers. Organized Militia 57,150.00 Equipment Coact Artillery armories, Organ- ized Militia 62, 143. 69 7,392,395.64 1,981,136.30 5,261,431.69 5,261,431.69 149,827.65 Pay and allowances of officers and enlisted men on duty not connected with Regular Army 7, 242, 567. 99 1,138.322.68 8,380,890.67 507 25 J?5 Ji. ^ S9,341.00 11,510.59 59,849.85 44, 796. 93 204, 758. 35 347,338.95 281, 837. 40 31,494.58 116,218.80 - joj noi;i3:innnnoo 'sib^ox $45.00 67.39 370. 65 365.33 1,162.35 2,086.47 2,041.40 203.58 2,278.80 00 •;q3![ joj noijBj -nuiaioo JO S9jt)j Xpua \^ 845. 00 42. 12 37.44 30.96 27.00 23.32 19.80 14.04 10.80 ■sapBiS Aq sjejjBtib JOJ uoi^Bjnrauioo 'si'b^ox .?1,296.00 1,843.20 9,979.20 9,331.60 31, 396. 00 53,844.48 44, 596. 00 4, 176. 00 30, 384. 00 CO 2 •sj9:)jBnb JOJ noijci -nuiraoo JO se^cj iiiJti9^\ 81,296 1,152 1,008 8e4 720 576 432 288 144 •sepBja Aq XBd i^ijox $8,000 9, COO 49, 500 35, 100 172,200 291,408 235,200 27, 115 &3,55G CO •XBd JO SQ%vi AiivQx $8,000 6,000 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,120 2,400 1,870 396 •(perans -s'e) S9i§oj jo jeqiniiM . •■<*■«* Tjl CO CM rH (M •(pa^lBunisa) X^np no sqjnoin' jo jaqran^ 12 12 12 12 12 / 94-12 \ 2- 6 /lOS-12 \ 2-6 / 13-12 \ 3- 6 12 •sap^jS Aq sjtjiox i-((NO)t^COO O CO— 1 ,^^-« Ol j-< '^ J- CO ■noissiramoj 3mJ99ma'u5i uC3(sbiv I *"* "^ •edojng; in jjjoji J9I19H " " ■M •uoijis -odxg ogioB^-'ETn'Bn'Bfi (M CI CO t^ •9inoH ,sj9ipiog S9}b;s Paiinn *"* CM CO •ssojo p9H nt;oiJ9uiv miAV ! " " •9snoH9imAV?V 1 '"' '"' -IS9J J 9tH 01 J9d993JJ00(I | *"* ■-^ •XBOBQ BraBHBjJ : '^' CO •1U9UIUJ9 1 -AGO emddinqj qitw 1 CO 1 CO jBuoiit^M eaoiSAVoipA 1 ■"* ,aaa CS.O o.o 2 a 2. a 'fci'bi'Sb'Si'bJb S M _ .£.3.3.3.9-55° TiJ t:^ 'c' '^ 'O .. c "t^ I-l t- tH t. IH ■ O M ooooooi^cu ca C3 c3 C3 03 ,^^ o a i> a> Oi (U Sr^ia fcl t: fe b fe ^o> S 3 3 3 3 3 ©■-< (Bcocatacc-go S2 o o* d d d c3 2 tH +J4J-rJ*--lJ^O03 oa»Q>a^a.'P33 ;>.>.>. I>. t>>±| o " C3 r3 C3 05 C3~ ^ o p, p, ft p, p, o ,^ „ ........... .►.c; . Q> As .^6 ^ .^ ,ic '^ § a .£:.;: .h .i .£; =-"^.2 'o'o'o'S'o 2 h3 o o o o o_b&2.2 O O O O O M 5?" (>>>>> ujo © © 0^ O fli ^ '-' ■O'O'C'O'djg-g-g 'o'o o 0-3 a ^ (D O QP CP O C/3 irtR o o o o o aj 2 o ft ft ft ft ft-g m a o o r^ iM o 3 ^ ^9 to t- o o •* hi: < M 30669°— No. 507—16- 26 War Department, War College Division, Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington, October 1, 1915. Memorandum for The Adjutant General of the Army: Subject: Table showing authorized strength of the Military Estab- lishment on July 1, 1915, The Secretary of "War directs that, if the data are available, the following table be filled out and returned to the Chief of the War College Division. This information is necessary for use in preparing a study by order of the Secretary of War. Table No. 4. — Actual sirengtli of the Military Establishment on July 1. 1915. Branches of sennce. Oeneral officers Adjutant General's Department Inspector General's Department Judge Advocate General's Department Quartermaster Corps Medical Department Corps of Engineers Ordnance Department Signal Corps Bureau of Insular Affairs Professors, United States Military Academy . Chaplains Cavalry . Field Artillery Coast Artillery Corps. Infantry . Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry United States Military Academy detachments Recruiting parties, recruit depots, and unassignod recruits. United States military prison guards Service-school detachments With disciplinary organizations Indian scouts Philippine Scouts Total, Army Hospital Corps (Medical Department)^ Quartermaster Corps (Quartermaster Department)^ Total, military establishment Officers. 25 23 17 12 ISo '553 207 85 63 3 7 64 778 262 728 ,572 31 Enlisted men. 1,948 740 1,371 14, 646 5,664 19, 185 35,537 586 623 5,757 Aggre- gate. 317 582 (In arm of service 24 I 182 5, 430 4,797 4,797 25 23 17 12 589 553 2,155 825 1,434 3 7 64 15, 424 5,926 19,913 37,109 617 623 5,757 317 582 ) 24 5,612 92,814 3,993 4.388 97,611 3,993 4,388 105,992 1 Quartermaster sergeants. ' Includes 97 officers of the Medical Reserve Corps assigned to active duty under the provisions of the act of Congress approved Apr. 23, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 66). ' Not incluaed in the enlisted strength of the Army. M. M. ]M\coMB. Brigadier General, Chief of War College Division, Assistant to the Chief of Staff. 507 27 Table No. 5. — Average rates of pay and alloivances of comparable grades of commissioned officers of the armies of the United States and Great Britain United States Army. Lieutenant general i $11, 000. 00 Major general i 8,000.00 Brigadier general i 6, 000. 00 Surgeon General (major general) 9, 566. 00 Colonel 5, 232. 64 Lieutenant colonel 4, 549. 76 Major 3, 882. 00 Captain 3, 009. 92 First lieutenant 2, 550. SO Second lieutenant 2, 072. 24 Chaplain with rank of major 3, 882. 00 Chaplain with rank of major, after 5 years' service 4, 182. 00 Cliaplaia with rank of captaia 3, 009. 92 Chaplain with rank of first lieutenant . . 2, 550. 80 Veterinarian (pay, etc. of second licu- enant) 2, 072. 24 First lieutenant. Medical Eeserve Corps 2, 550. SO Additional to captain while adjutant Additional to first lieutenant while ad- jutant British Army. ( i$12, 604. 80 Field marshal } to [ 19,392.00 General 17, 756. 80 Lieutenant general 1 6, 302. 40 Major general 14, 848. 00 Brigadier general Surgeon general 7, 019. 00 Colonel 4, 535. 79 Lieutenant colonel 3, 224. 05 Major 2, 167. 81 Captain 1^ 640. 17 First lieutenant l, 197. 73 Second lieutenant 895. 53 Chaplain, first class 2, 479. 71 Chaplain, first class, after 5 years as such ." 2, 700. 90 Chaplain, second class 2,443.02 Chaplain, third class 1, 877. 59 Veterinary officer, pay, etc., of first lieu- tenant 1,929.62 First lieutenant, medical department, on probation 1, 725. 70 Additional to captain while adjutant 294. 92 Additional to first lieutenant while ad- j utant 331. 78 507 Represents only base pay. 28 ® O fe 03^ So w -^ o O CO t^ CO 00 So oco O OC TT O Sooiio 0:3; •j^f-Hccoico ■ooor*0'^ O 00 — cr. ci Oi cr t-^ ic ci c^i oi ^ 'X r^ -^ r^ ■** O - - -<*'-- ci o 00 o ■n' cct^rc CO c^ri-Tcocf cc CO* i-T Tt*1-t t^OO ecoo o o o OS QWCCNO OOCO 3^8 5 J* O 4i "= . se&^~ OC X 3S J. 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(-< ^ c^ o * p C3 o o >>>•. E g_>>!>> lO O S ^OiO Lh Ui O W (h L4 O V . o o o CO §2 s: t>. o o a in C3 P s: « o P< •5? p (51 o s o > t-l K C3 a ft tr P L- rt t/ C3 >. P o tS •P aj © x:^ hE-H ^ p_2 >> R U t2 -a C3 C fl IE— C3 o mS 3:2 t-iONCTitomto t^ OO lO 04 TT r- Ci o cc r^ t^ oc 00 t^ o -^ t~ »-< CO r^ ^r t^ t-< 00 cc ic 00 (^^c^^c^^I-^I-^■rt r^JOTOOnOlO C^ f-H O Tl* 00 r^ r-( oo »0 lO -^ C'2 CS C*3 i-H ^ ^ ^ O O CO CO j^ t^ h- lO >0 ■>«< -^ t*J CS CS N M rt .-I ^ r- 1>. N o "O m , o o w CO -^ -^ Ctj o o 00 1- ira o ^3 oooooo ^»0 10>0 iC ICO , , 00 CO OO 00 CT) lO "OOtOtOOOtoO j;0 rt —I 1^ 00 C-1 OC CO "^ CO CS »-H 04 t-H Ji^Min '3 w^££ i3 p.ac.ccc.0, c! c3 d c! c; c3 c3 s: s: ^ x: x: x: S3 OOOUOOO 507 41 Table No. 5a (n). [P. 102 (vote 13), Army estimate3, Great Britain, 1913-14.] Pav in United Statei currency. Field marshal General Lieutenant feneral Major general £2,600 to 4,000 1,600 1,300 1,000 ?12, 604. 80 to 19,302.00 7, 756. 80 6,302.40 4, 848. 00 Table No. 56. — Pay and allowances of commissioned officers , United States Army. [Authority: Army Regulations, Army Register, General Orders AVar Department, and Military Laws of United States.] Pay. Commu tation for quarters. Commu- tation for light. Commu tation for heat. Total. Lieutenant reneral Major reneral Brigadier general Colonel After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years Alter 20 "years Lieutenant colonel After 5 years After id years After 15 years , After 20 years Major After 5 years After lO" years , After 15 years , After 20 years Captain After 5 years , After 10 years After 15 years After 20 yeai^s First lieutenant After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years Second lieutenant After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years 1 irst lieutenant. Medical Reserve Corps. After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years Dental surgeon After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years WhOe on examining board, additional .. . Acting dental surgeon Veterinarians After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years $1, 440 1,296 1,152 1,008 1,008 1,008 1,00S 1,008 864 864 864 864 864 720 720 720 720 720 576 576 576 576 576 432 432 432 432 432 288 288 288 288 288 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 432 2S8 288 288 288 $50. 40 45.00 42.12 37.44 37.44 37.44 37.44 37.44 30.96 30.96 30.96 20.96 20.96 27. 00 27. 00 27.00 27.00 27.00 22.32 22.32 22.32 22.32 22.32 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 14.04 14.04 14.04 14.04 14.04 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 19.80 14.04 14.04 14.04 14.04 14.04 $252. 00 225. 00 210. 60 187. 20 187.20 187. 20 187. 20 187. 20 154. SO 154. 80 154. 80 154. 80 154. 80 135. 00 135. 00 135. 00 135. 00 135. no 111.60 111.60 111.60 111.60 111.60 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 70.20 70.20 70.20 70.20 70.20 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 99.00 70.20 70.20 70.20 70.20 70.20 $12, 742. 40 9, 566. 00 7, 404. 72 5, 232. 64 5, 632. 64 6, 032. 64 6, 232. 64 6, 232. 64 4,549.76 4, 899. 76 5,249.76 5, 549. 76 5,549.76 3,882.00 4, 182. 00 4, 482. 00 4,782.00 4,882.00 3,009.92 3, 249. 92 3, 489. 92 3, 72t>. 92 3,969.92 2,550.80 2.750.80 2 950.80 3.150.80 3. 3.50. 80 2, 072. 24 2,242.24 2,412.24 2,582.24 2,752.24 2,550.80 2,7.i0.80 2, 950. 80 3,1.50.80 3,350.80 2, 550. 80 2,750.80 2,950.80 3,150.80 3, 3.50. 80 720.00 2,331.00 2,072.24 2,242.24 2,412.24 2, 582. 24 2,752.24 • Entitled to 10 per cent additional for foreign service, except in Hawaiian Islands, Porto Rico, Alaska, and Canal Zone. > Not practicable to ascertain accurately; assumed as 5 times lieht allowance. » No authority found for payment of light allowance to acting dental surgeons. 507 42 Table No. 6. — Average rates of minimum pay of comparable grades of enlisted men of the armies of the United States and Oreat Britain. United States Army. Regimental sergeant (battalion sergeant major, engineers) $540. 00 Quartermaster sergeant, Quartermaster Corps 540. 00 Stable sergeant, Field Artillery 360. 00 First sergeant 540. 00 Chief trumpeter 480. 00 Sergeant 390. 86 Trumpeter or musician 180. 00 Corporal 253. 14 Saddler 252. 00 Private 180. 00 British Army. Regimental sergeant major (warrant officer) S500. 86 Quartermaster sergeant 375. 94 Farrier quartermaster sergeant (warrant officer, cavalry) 374. 50 Squadron, battery, and company sergeants major and infantry color sergeant 358. 23 Sergeant trumpeter 298. 57 Sergeants 257. 41 Trumpeter or bugler 114.97 Corporal 199. 42 Saddler 175. 10 Private 102. 72 Table No. 6c. — Minimum pay of British warrant officers and enlisted men serv- ing at home. [jVrmy Estimates, 1913-14; pp. 128-147.] Cavalry of the line. Horse artil- lery. Field artil- lery. Garri- son ar- tillery. Engi- neers. Infan- try of the line. Army service corps. Regimental sergeant major (warrant officer) Quartermaster sergeant Farrier, quartermaster sergeant ' . .. . Squadron, battery, and company ser- geants major and infantry color ser- geant Sergeant trumpeter Sergeants Trumpeter or bugler Corporal Saddler Private S471.95 383. 25 354. 05 383.25 237. 25 237. 25 118.62 173. 20 156. 95 102. 20 $528. 25 3S3. 25 390. 55 383. 25 295. 65 295. 65 175. 20 237. 25 193. 45 113.15 $514. 65 368. 65 354. 05 368. 65 281. 05 281. 05 105. 85 222. 65 175. 20 105. 85 $514. 65 368. 65 354. 05 281. 05 281. 05 105.85 222. 65 175. 20 105. 85 $528. 25 397. 85 397.85 332. 15 397. 85 2SS. 45 102. 20 219. 00 $461. 65 353.90 310. 25 $486. 62 376. 02 376. 02 376. 02 208. 05 94. 90 146.00 102. 20 210. 38 102. 20 175.20 175. 20 102. 20 $500.86 375.94 374.50 358.23 298.57 257.41 114.97 199. 42 175. 10 102. 72 1 Warrant officer of cavalry. Table No. 6&. — Minimum pay of enlisted men, United States Army. [.Authority: Army Regulations, Army Register, and Military Laws of United States.] Cav- alry. Field Artil- lery. Coast Artil- lery Corps. In- fantry. Engi- neers. Quar- termas- ter Corps. Signal Corps. Regimental sergeant major (and bat- talion sergeant major, engineers)... Quartermaster sergeant, Quartermas- 540 540 540 540 540 $540.00 540 540. 00 360 540 480 360 252 180 180 360. 00 540 480 360 252 180 180 252 540 540 540 540 640. 00 480. 00 360 252 ISO 180 360 252 180 180 432 288 180 180 432 288 180 180 432 288 """'iso' 390. 86 253.14 ISO. 00 180. 00 252.00 Note. — Pay is increased 20 per cent for foreign service except in Hawaiian Islands, Porto Rico, Alaska, and Canal Zone. Additional pay granted for excellence in marksmanship and gunnery. 507 43 Table No. 7. — Items of expenses relating solely to coast defense, United States. Appropria- tion. Mainte- nance. Permanent works, etc. Savings. OFFICE, CHIEF COAST ARTILLEET. , Construction of fire-control stations, insular posses- $5.5,000.00 122,790.32 43,454.04 10,800.00 23,270.40 160,283.47 42,682.75 11,288.74 12,000.00 250,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 100,000.00 165,000.00 5,000.00 40,000.00 25,000.00 20,000.00 300,000.00 1,000.00 3,000.00 $55,000.00 91,755.99 43,454.04 10, 800. 00 21,928.22 OFFICE, CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. $31 034.33 Fire control at fortifications, Panama Canal Do 1,342.18 5, 327. 23 Maintenance torpedo control, scacoast defenses Fire-control installation, insular possessions Maintenance of fire control, insular possessions S154,956.24 16, 932. 62 25 750.13 10,044.61 12,000.00 1.244.13 ENGINEER DEPARTMENT. Construction of gun and mortar battery 250,000.00 100,000.00 50, 000. 00 100,000.00 Electric, steam, and power plants, seacoast defense. Searclilights harbor defense 165,000.00 5, 000. 00 40,000.00 9, 878. 41 20,000.00 15, 121. 59 300,000.00 1,000.00 3,000.00 Protectirn torpedo defenses, Hawaiian and Philip- 1,540,569.72 221, 413. 71 49,989.70 1,118,069.46 6, 723, 083. 70 463,143.89 763,000.00 48, 871. 70 460, 772. 73 57, 882. 29 420, 879. 26 1,054,992.46 189, 610. 26 38,554.21 931,649.48 3,250,076.05 338,038.61 709,080.93 34,177.66 150, 749. 47 40, 153. 76 64,698.00 31,803.45 Fire control at fortifications. Insular possessions Fortifications insular possessions 11,435.49 80,682.68 1,736,263.79 25,595.90 15,282.69 2,938.39 82, 144. 03 11, 185. 65 105, 737. 30 1, 736, 741. 86 99, 509. 38 38,636.38 11, 755. 65 Submarine mines 227, 879. 23 (SubrnariTI'^ mineSj jnsu'fvr possp,ssinnTIH rs n i f£. -J pivi 9 5 . LD 21-100m-12,'43 (8796s) PM. IAN. i\. I3UB 6G7364 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY