THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE ANCIENT TRADE GUILDS AND COMPANIES OF SALISBURY. 111. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The following is a list of those who have subscribed for copies of " The Ancient Trade Guilds and Companies of Salisbury " : — Alexander, Mr. Frank (T.C), The Brambles, Salisbury. Atkins, Mr. Samuel Ralph (J. P.), The Mount, Salisbury. Baker, Rev. Stanley (D.D.), The Close, Salis- bury. Baker, Mr. Thomas H., 91, Brown Street, Salisbury. Bankes, Rev. Canon Eldon S. (M.A.), The Close, Salisbury. Bath, Mr. Fred (F.R.LB.A.), Sandown House, Churchfields, Salisbury. Bath and County Library (Mr. S. W. Simms), 12, George Street, Bath. Bathurst, Mr. Charles (M.P.), Lydney Park, Gloucester. Benett-Stanford, Captain John, Hatch House, Tisbury. Bennett, Mr. Cecil G., The Close, Salisbury. Bennett, Mr. Thomas Bowden, Sen., Wyndham Road, Salisbury. Bentley, Mr. W. H., Elmside, London Road, Salisbury. Bernard, Rev. Edward Russell (M.A., Chan- cellor), High Hall, Wimborne. Berry, Mr. Thomas W. (T.C), Milford Street, Salisbury. Bingham, Mr. William, 5, High Street, Salisbury. IV. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Birmingham, Corporation Libraries (per Messrs. Cornish Bros., 37, New Street, Birmingham). Blackmore, Dr. H. P. (M.D.), 44, St. Ann Street, Sahsbury. Blizard, Mr. John H. (F.R.I. B. A.), Roman Road, Bemerton, SaUsbury. Bond, Mr. Emmanuel, 50, Wells Road, Bristol. Bothams, Mr. Alfred Champney (M.S. A.), Chipper Lane, Salisbury. Bourne, Rev. Canon George Hugh (D.C.L.), St. Edmund's College, Salisbury. Bracher, Mr. Reuben, Bishopgate, Salisbury. Bradbeer, Mr. Firmin S. (T.C), Harnham Road, Salisbuiy. Bray's, Dr., Clerical Library, Salisbury Centre (per Simpkin, Marshall & Co.). Bridle, Mr. T. B., 67, Fisherton Street, Salisbury. Bristol, Bishop of, Right Rev. G. F. Browne (D.D.), The Palace, Bristol. Bristol, Public Libraries (Mr. E. R. Norris Mathews, F.R.Hist.S., City Librarian). Butcher, Mr. Albert E., 24, Hulse Road, Salisbury. Carpenter, Rev. Harry W. (M.A., Precentor), The Close, Salisbur}'. Carpenter, Mr. Joseph (J. P.). Manor House, Stratford-sub-Castle, Salisbury. Clarke, Mr. Leigh, Tower Hirst, Stoke Bishop, Bristol. Clerical Library (Mr. J. R. Jerram, Librarian), Church House, Salisbury. Cole, Mr. Fred G. (Assistant Town Clerk), 84, London Road, Salisburv. Coote, Sir Eyre, Knt. (J.P.), West Park, Damerham, Salisbury. tfr- Davis, Mr. George H., St. Thomas' Square, Salisbury. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. V. Dear, Mr. Richard, Milford House, Salisbury. Devenish, Mr. Henry Noel, Longhedge, Salis- bury. Devenish, Mr. M. H. W. (J. P.), Little Durnford, Salisbury. Dorling, Rev. E. E. (F.S.A.), 62, Mortlake Road, Kew. Douglas, Miss M. A., Godolphin School, Salisbury. DowDEN, Mr. James Keith (T.C, J. P.), Castle Street, Salisbury. DuGMORE, Rev. Ernest Edward (M.A., Suc- centor). The Close, Salisbury. Edwards, Miss Margaret K. Swayne, Leehurst, Salisbury. Edwards, Mr. R. R., 6, Castle Street, Salisbury. Every, Mr. Richard, Marlands, Heavitree, Exeter. Exeter Public Library (Mr. H. Tapley Soper, City Librarian). Fawcett, Miss, The Close, Salisbury. Fisher, Mr. Money C, 95, Crane Street, Salis- bury. Fison, Dr. Edmund Towers (D.P.H.), St. John Street, Salisbury. Fletcher, Mr. Wilfrid, Atherton House, Salis- bury. Folliott, Mr. John Alfred (J. P. and Alderman), Tamerton, Salisbury. Fowler, Mr. Joseph, 34, Catherine Street, Salis- bury. FuLLFORD, Mr. George (J. P.), Avon Dene, Salisbury. Fulton, Mr. Hamilton, Milford Grove, SaUsbury. Furley, Mr. J= S. (J. P., T.C), Kingsland House, Winchester. Gater, Mr. Caleb William (J. P.), The Grange, Winterbourne Dauntsey. . VI. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Gawthorne, Mr. Edward Wilkes, Hill Crest, Salisbury. George, Mr. Edmund, 5, Marlborough Road, Salisbury. Glenconner, The Right Hon. Lord, Wilsford Manor, Salisbury. GoDDARD, Rev. E. H. (M.A.), Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. Goodwin, Mr. W. J. (A.M.I.C.E.), City Engineer and Surveyor, Castle Road, Salisbury. Gordon, Mr. Francis, Minster Chambers, Salis- bury. Gordon, Mr. James E., 52, Endless Street, Salisbury. Gregory, Mr. Henry G. (J. P.), Westleigh, Churchfields, Salisbury. Greville, The Hon. Louis, Heale House, Wood- ford, Salisbury. Groomes, Rev. Father, St. Osmund's, Salisbury. Grove, Mr. Samuel (T.C), High Street, Salis- bury. Gummer, Mr. H. B. Oakley, Swayne's Close, Salisbury. Hall, Mr. Robert Michael (T.C), Haselmere, Harnham, Salisbury. Hammick, Mr. William Maxwell (J. P. and Alderman), Mompesson House, The Close, Salisbury. Hammond, Mr. John J., New Street, Salisbury. Harbidge, Mr. H. S., Arlington, Bourne Avenue, Salisbury. Harding, Mr. E. R. (M.R.C.V.S.), 40, Fisherton Street, Salisbury. Harding, Mr. Michael, Milford Grove, Salis- bury. Harding, Mr. Robert Curtis (J. P.), The Maples, Devizes Road, Salisbury. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Vll. Harris, Mr. George (V.D.), 3, Castle Street, Salisbury. Harrison, Mr. Edgar John, 44, High Street, Salisbury. Harrison, Mr. Frederick J. (T.C.), 108, Fisher- ton Street, Salisbury. Hart, Mr. John, 25, Hulse Road, Salisbury. Hatch, Mr. Thomas, Jun., Poultry Cross, Salis- bury. Hawley, Lieut. -Colonel William (F.S.A.), Figheldean, Salisbury. Henbest, Mr. George F., Evesley Villa, Fisher- ton, Salisbury. Hillier, Mr. F. G., 140, Fisherton Street, Salis- bury. HoDDiNG, Mr. Francis (Town Clerk), 143, Castle Street, Salisbury. Holden, Rev. O. M. (B.C.L., M.A.), The Rectory, Steeple Langford, Wilts. Holland- Young, Mrs. M., Old George Hotel, Salisbury. HuLSE, The Hon. Lady, Breamore House, Hants. HuMPHRYS, Mr. Norton H., Gas Engineer, Salisbury. Hunt, Miss Ruth, 15, Wyndham Road, Salis- bury. Hurry, Dr. Jamieson B. (M.A., M.D.), Westfield, Reading. Jenkins, Mr. H. T., 10, Broad Park Avenue, Ilfracombe. Jonas, Mr. Arthur C, Chipper Lane, Salisbury. Kempe, Dr. Gilbert (M.D.), 17, Endless Street, Salisbury. Lapham, Mr. LIoward (T.C), 41, Fisherton Street, Salisbury. Lawrence, Mr. W. F. (J. P.), Cowesfield House, Salisbury. Vlll. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Lawrey, Mr. W. E., Wilts and Dorset Bank, West Southbourne. Leaf, Mr. Herbert, The Green, Marlborough. Lear, Ven. Francis (M.A.), Archdeacon of Sarum, The Close, Salisbury. Lee, Mr. Robert P., South ville, Bristol. Local History Club, Training College, Barnard's Cross, Salisbury. Locker Lampson, Mr. G. L. T. (M.P.), Harn- wood, Salisbury. Lloyd, Rev. John A. (M.A., F.S.A.), Knowle, Godalming. Lovibond, Mr. Joseph Locke, 36, St. Ann Street, Salisbury. Lowe, Mr. A. J., 70, St. Mark's Road, Salisbury. LucKHAM, Mr. L. S., 47, Winchester Street, Salisbury. Macklin, Mr. James (T.C), Watersmeet, Harn- ham, Salisbury. Macy, Mr. Edwin Horatio, 21, High Street, Salisbury. Main, Mr. George J., The Priory, Salisbury. Malden, Mr. a. R. (M.A., F.S.A.), The Close, Salisbury. Malmesbury, The Mayor of (Mr. James A. Jones), Malmesbury. Marrian, Miss, 15, The Close, Salisbury. Meade, Rev. Canon the Hon. Sidney, Frankleigh House, Bradford-on-Avon. Medway, Mr. H. B. (T.C), 64, Hamilton Road, Salisbury. Messenger, Mr. H., The Close Gatehouse, Salis- bury. Moody, Mr. Sidney, 51, Wyndham Road, Salis- bury. Moon, Mr. Walter, Maristow, Bourne Avenue, Salisbury. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. IX. Moore, Mr.William Vincent (Alderman, Wilton), 46, West Street, Wilton. MoRRiCE, Rev. Canon J. D. (M.A.), St. Edmund's Rectory, Salisbury. Mould, Mr. Ernest (Clerk to the Salisbury Union), Castle Road, Salisbury. Myers, Rev. Canon Charles (M.A.), St. Martin's Rectory, Salisbury. Neesham, Mr. Henry, 40, High Street, Salis- bury. Nelson, The Right Hon. The Earl, Trafalgar, Salisbury. Nevill, Rev. Edmund R. (F.S.A.), 21, London Road, Salisbury. Notley, Mr. Charles (Assistant City Surveyor), Salisbury. Oldfield, Rev. Canon G. Briscoe (M.A.), Borrough's Hill, Salisbury. Ord, Mr. W. W. (M.D. Oxon.), The Hall, New Street, Salisbury. Parker, Mr. Edwin C. L., Church House, Salis- bury. Parker, Mr. Lewis J., 26, Castle Street, Salis- bury, Pearce, Mr. Frank E., 86, Crane Street, Salis- bury. Pearce, Mr. William (T.C), 64, High Street, Salisbury. Pembroke, The Right Hon. The Earl of, (G.C.V.O.), Wilton Park, Salisbury. Perkins, Mr. T. (T.C), 50, Fisherton Street, Salisbury. Pickett, Mr. F., Wyndham Park Post Office, Salisbury. Ponting, Mr. C. E. (F.S.A.), Marlborough. Powney, Mr. Joseph, 5, Moberly Road, Salis- bury. X. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Purvis, Mr. C. Hugh, Parsonage Farm, West Harnham, Salisbury. Pye-Smith, Mr. Edward F. (Alderman), The Close, Salisbury. Radcliffe, Mr. Francis R. Y. (K.C, J. P.), 41, Courtfield Gardens, London, S.W. Radnor, The Right Hon. The Earl of, Long- ford Castle, Salisbury. Rambridge, Mr. J. Sidney, 9, Canal, Salisbury. Rawlence, Mr. Ernest A., Newlands, Salisbury. Rawlings, Mr. George H., Rosemont, Salisbury. Read, Mr. James (J. P.), Petersfinger, Salisbury. Reading Public Libraries (Mr. Wm. H. Green- hough, Librarian). Richardson, Mr. Frank (Chief Constable), Salis- bury. Richardson, Mr. George, Harcourt, Salisbury. Richardson, Mr. Herbert, Red House, Wilton. Roberts, Mrs. Fanny, Close Gate House, Salis- bury. Salisbury, The Late Bishop of. Right Rev. John Wordsworth, D.D., LL.D. Salisbury, Bishop of, Right Rev. Frederic Edward Ridgeway, D.D., The Palace, Salis- bury. Salisbury, Dean of. Very Rev. William Page Roberts, D.D., The Deanery, Salisbury. Salisbury, Mayor of, Mr. William Pritchard (J. P., T.C.), The Avenue, Salisbury. Salisbury, Public Library (Mr. A. E. Butcher, Librarian) . Salisbury, Recorder of (Mr. Thornton Lawes), Mitre Court Buildings, Temple, E.C. Salisbury Municipal Charities, Trustees of. Sanctuary, Rev. Canon C. LL. (M.A.), St. Thomas' Vicarage, Salisbury. Schomberg, Mr. Arthur, Seend, Melksham. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. XI. Shepherd, Mr. Frank (T.C), 69, Fisherton Street, Salisbury. SiBBALD, Mr. J. G. E., Mount Pleasant, Norton St. Philip, Bath. Slow, Mr. Edward (Alderman, Wilton), Elian- dune, Wilton. Smith, Mr. S. Buchanan (City Coroner), 12, Manor Road, Salisbury. South, Mr. C. F., The Close, Sahsbury. SowTER, Rev. Canon Francis B. (M.A.), The Close, Salisbury. Steward, Rev. Canon E. (M.A.), Training College, Salisbury. Straton, Mr. Charles R. (F.R.C.S.), West Lodge, Wilton. Sutton, Mr. Frederick (T.C), High Street, Salisbury. Tatum, Mr. Edward J., 49, Canal, Sahsbury. Thomas, Rev. J. M. Douglas (Mus. Bac.), 78, Campbell Road, Salisbury. Trueman, Rev. Henry J. (M.A.), St. Mark's Vicarage, Salisbury. Tucker, Mr. Ambrose, Hillcote, Manor Road, Salisbury. Vallins, Mr. W., Greenhithe, Belle Vue Road, Salisbury. Warre, Rev. Canon Francis (M.A.), Bemerton Rectory, Salisbury. Waters, Mr. Edward (J. P. and Alderman), Heathfield, Salisbury. Watson, Mr. Frank, New Canal, Salisbury. Webb, Mr. E. Doran (F.S.A.), Gaston House, War dour, Tisbury. Whitehead, Mr. Arthur (J. P.), Rougemont, Salisbury. Williams, Colonel Robert (M.P.), Bridehead, Dorchester. Xll. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Williams, Mr. Sidney S. (J. P.), Harnham House, Salisbury. Wilson, Mr. George M., The Square, Wilton. Wilson, Mr. Richard A. (M.A., Deputy Mayor), Crane Street, Salisbury. Winchester Public Library (per Mr. Thomas Holt, Town Clerk). WooDALL, Rev. T. J., Britford, Sahsbury. WooDROW, Mr. Charles J. (J. P. and Alderman), The Grange, Salisbury. Woodrow, Mr. Walter F., The Lodge, Manor Road, Salisbury. WooLLEY, Mr. John T. (F.S.L, F.A.L), Spursholt, Romsey. Wordsworth, Rev. Canon Christopher (M.A., Sub-Dean oi Salisbury Cathedral), St. Nicholas' Hospital, Salisbury. Wort, Mr. Frank (T.C.), Castle Road, Sahsbury. Wright, Mr. Thomas, Byfield, Mill Road, Salis- bury. Young, Mr. Reginald (City Accountant), 86, London Road, Salisbury. THE ANCIENT TRADE GUILDS AND COMPANIES OF SALISBURY. ALDERMAN CHARLES RASKINS, J. P. AUTHOR OF The Salisbury Corporation Pictures and Plate WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY REV. CANON CHR. WORDSWORTH, M.A. SUB-DBAN OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL AND MASTER OF ST. NICHOLAS' HOSPITAL, SALISBURY. WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS. SALISBURY : bENNETT BROTHKRS, I-KINTERS, JOURNAL OFFICE. 1912. HD INTRODUCTION. BY Rev Canon CHR. WORDSWORTH, M.A., Sub-Dean of Salisbury Cathedral AND Master of St. Nicholas' Hospital, Salisbury. XV. IN February, 1911, at the Mayor of Salisbury's banquet in the Council Chamber, Dr. John Wordsworth, the late Bishop of Salisbury, made a reference to Mr. Charles Haskins' book, then recently issued, upon The Salisbury Corporation Pictures and Plate. In his speech on that occasion he declared his opinion that the Author had " deserved well, not only of his readers, but of those personages who were represented" in the portraits which Mr. Haskins had described ; for ** he had made them living men, instead of mere ornaments, and had given very real pleasure to many who, like the speaker himself, were thoroughly interested in the history of their ancient City." My Brother had previously written to Mr. Haskins (28th December, 1910) in very gratifying terms, as follows : — " Your book of Corporation Pictures and Plate does our City great credit, and I thank XVI. INTRODUCTION. you heartily for the labour and skill with which you have constructed this enduring monument of your civic life. I shall be glad to subscribe to the companion volume. The Ancient Trade Guilds of Salishury. " Wishing you every happiness in the new year, and in particular the happiness of seeing your new work as well finished as the earlier one, " I am, sincerely yours, John Sarum. " To Charles Haskins, Esq." It was the intention of the late Bishop of Salisbury, had his life here been prolonged, to contribute an introduction to the present work, and doubtless in that case he would have added to our knowledge from his stores of learning, while his insight into the practical relation between historical records and their bearing upon the social needs and problems of the present day, both in Salisbury itself, which he loved so well, and likewise in the wider field of humanity at large, would surely have contributed to our instruction. Dr. Wordsworth's home was in Salisbury for six and twenty years, and I who have not as yet been a resident here for as many days, and have left my topographical books warehoused at Marl- borough, am saved from aspiring to go beyond the role of what Juvenal might call " the giant's little brother." Nevertheless, I cannot resist the INTRODUCTION. XVll. Author's kindly expressed desire that I should state, as I have done, the fact that my brother was interested in the present work, and that he intended to contribute to its introduction. For my own part as a new comer I welcome such a volume as a worthy contribution to the knowledge of what I am proud to be privileged to call our local history, and I hail Mr. Haskins' new book as a pledge of the generosity of those who have the responsible custody of these valuable and interesting records, and as a proof of their readiness to bring the contents of such archives within reach of students and historians, as well as to lay them open to the intelligent reader here in Salisbury and in other places. More than half-a-century ago Mr. James Waylen produced a History Military and Municipal of Marlborough, and followed it up with a similar book which grew out of a smaller work of his about Devizes. These books, however, have given us some extracts or some specimens only of surviving documents, and we have still, in the case of Marlborough, to wait for a complete or fairly representative edition of the Chamberlain's Book from the time of Queen Elizabeth. A transcript is in the hands of Mr. Ernest Milburn of that town. In 1889 Mr. Frederick Hastings Goldney (then Mayor of Chippenham) edited, in a privately J printed volume, the Records of Chippenham, re- lating to the borough from its incorporation, by Q. XVUl. INTRODUCTION. Mary (1554) to its re-construction by Act of Parliament in the year first named. A History of the Borough and Town of Calne and some of the Villages in its vicinity, by A. E. W. Marsh, with an introduction by the Rev. E. H. Goddard, came out in 1903. More recently, in 1908, for the adjoining county of Dorset (which is at present, as in an early period of our ecclesiastical history, included in the Diocese of Salisbury) the Reverend Charles H. Mayo, Canon non-residentiary of Sarum, and Mr. Arthur W. Gould, edited Municipal Records of the Borough of Dorchester, Dorset. Wilton, Malmesbury, Bradford-on-Avon, and other places in the county of Wilts, besides those which I have previously named, have all had their own historians, some of them happily still spared to us. As regards Salisbury itself, the noble volume which Mr. Hatcher left to us nearly seventy years ago has been sufficient to teach us that the City of Salisbury had preserved her muniments in considerable numbers from the fourteenth century, and many other interesting documents have been generously given since his time. The Historical Manuscripts Commission added in 1901 some further particulars concerning certain of her civic treasures. The Records edited by Canon Rich Jones and Mr. Macray under the auspices of the Master of the Rolls gave us some knowledge of those documents which are in the custody of the Bishop, or of the Dean and INTRODUCTION. XIX. Chapter, to which Benson and Hatcher and Sir Thomas Philhpps had already pointed the way. The publication of Monumenta Franciscana about 1858 gave us a ghmpse of the first coming of the Greyfriars or Minorites to this place. It has been left to Mr. Haskins to lay open to us a later page in the history of the friars of their order (See pp. 89, 102, below.) The Sarum Processionale gives a further reference to them and to the Dominicans of Fisherton, a life-like portrait of one of whom (Brother John Sifrewaster) was reproduced for us in Mr. H. Littlehales' Old- Service Books of the Church of England (Methuen, 1906 and 1910) from a miniature now in the British Museum, and forming part of a large Gospel Book which in its new and complete condition was given, circa 1405, to the Cathedral Church by John, Lord Lovel, one of our Bene- factors. Since the days of Dr. Drake and Rawlinson, and of Price and Dodsworth, of Britton, Benson and Hatcher, and even of Duke and Lisle Bowles, and of Jackson and Dayman, much water has flowed beneath the bridges of Fisherton and Harnham. Dr. Stubbs, with the two Maitlands, before and after him ; Freeman and Froude, Green and Gardiner, Dixon and Gairdner, Lord Acton and Adolphus Ward, have given a new lease of life to historical study. Stanley, Jessopp and Benham, and our late Bishop, as well as the Bishop of Bristol, have shown how such studies — and even the dry bones of antiquity — may be XX. INTRODUCTION. made interesting at the present day. The Pea- cocks, Abbot Gasquet and Dr. Walter Frere for matters ecclesiastical ; Mrs. Stopford Green, the Toulmin Smiths and Miss Margaret Bateson for town life and Gilds (or Guilds), have all con- tributed to our enlightenment. And coming nearer home, Miss M. E. Thompson and Miss Rotha Clay, Sir H. Talbot Baker, Mr. Nightingale and Mr. E. Kite, Mr. H. J. Swayne, and Dr. C. R. and the late Mrs. Straton, and Messrs. Harold Breakspear, E. E. Dorling and Clark Maxwell, A. R. Maiden and E. R. Nevill, Mr. T. H. Baker, and more recently Mr. Haskins, besides others whom doubtless I could name if I had my books to refresh my memory, all show that Wessex (and Wiltshire in particular) is well equipped with workers m the field of research and local history. A single instance occurs to me as sufficient to show what interesting particulars may be found in a book such as Mr. Haskins has prepared. The building in which I have been writing this desultory introduction is situated on St. John the Baptist's island in the Avon. In 1244 Bishop Robert Bingham built Harnham Bridge and this bridge-chapel, and directed that the Master of St. Nicholas' Hospital should have three chaplains under him and should reside with one of them, whose special duty it was to minister to the inmates. The office of the Master or Gustos was to be " perpetual," and he was to INTRODUCTION. XXI. have the appointment of the other chaplains and power to dismiss them. All four were to board together, but two of them were to have their beds in lodgings of their own on the bridge (" in ipsorum hospicio super pontem," St. Nicholas' Hospital Charters, ed. 1903, p. 26). The phrase ex opposito (id. p. 25) might conceivably mean that the two chaplains who slept out of the Hospital were to have beds in the St John's Chapel building, which is opposite St. Nicholas*, but I incline to think that the Bishop intended that they should have beds over the way, where Mr. Tribbett and Mr. George now occupy cottages, on the western side of the bridge itself, opposite St. John's, and on the western part of the same island. The Royal Patent or *' Perpetuity for the Maister, Chaplen, Brethren and Sisters of the hospitall of St. Nicholas" granted under the Great Seal in 1610, and ratifying in general terms the old Statutes of 1244 and 1478, reduced the number of chaplains to two, viz., the Master or " Gustos," whose office is tenable for life, and one other chaplain, appointed from year to year and continued at the Master's discretion (id. pp. 254—5). We now learn from Mr. Haskins' book (pp. 99, 101, 111, below) that the procession of the Tailors' Gild, according to their 15th century ordinances, started from the Grey Friars on Midsummer Day (the Nativity of St. John the Baptist), or in the 16th century from the Tailors' Hall, and visited XXll. INTRODUCTION. " Seynte Johnnys hows at Aylewater brigge " before they went to the Cathedral Church.* I notice that of the five hturgical Gospels entered in Swayne's Ledger (see p. 125, below) two, namely, the In frincipio from St. John i. and Recumbentibus from St. Mark xvi., are among the four select Gospels which are entered in the Salisbury Cathedral MS. Processionale (MS. 148) which I edited in my Salisbury Processions and Ceremonies in 1901. They belong respectively to the mass appointed for Ascension Day and the (third) mass for Christmas Day. In principio was also commonly said, according to Salisbur}^ Use, by the celebrant in returning from the altar. These two select Gospels are common to the MS. procession book of 1445 and to the Tailors' Ledger. These are preceded in the case of the procession book by (a) the Gospel of the Mass of the B. V. Mary, used, e.g., on the Annunciation and daily in the Chapel of the Virgin and in the " full service " in Advent ; and {b) that for Epiphany (cf. p. 112 below). The Ascension Day Gospel (St. Mark xvi. 15 — 18) was also appointed for the feast of SS. Cyriac and his companions on August 8th, which, when the Sunday letter was G, would fall on * I have to thank Mr. J. J. Hammond for reminding me that " Haram " (or, as we now call it, " Harnham ") Bridge was known as *' Aylyswade (' Ayleswade,' ' Aleswade,' or 'Aileswade') brigge" about 1392 — 1475. (See Tropenell Cartulary, ii., pp. 212, 214, 245 — 6.) Possibly the same or a similar name had been given to an older bridge, more directly in the line of Exeter Street, in earlier time, before Bishop Bingham's bridge was built in 1244. INTRODUCTION. XXlll. the Wednesday after Lammas Day, which was the feast of the SaHsbury Merchants* Company, at least in the time of King James I. (p. 54). The remaining three Gospels in Swayne's Ledger, viz., " Vidit Jesus publicanum'' (St. Luke V. 27—33), '' Dismmhente Jesu" (St. Matt, ix. 10 — 14), and " Dixit Jesus discipulis suis et turbis Judaeorum, Amen, amen" (St. John vi. 53, 54) are those for votive masses for sinners, for penitents, and that of Requiem for the departed when this last was sung on a Saturday. Two of these might be used in the beginning (p. 65) and end of Lent, and the last would follow the dirge (p. 44) on the obits or " myndes " of brethren and benefactors (pp. 37 n, 101, 109 — 111). Among the very numerous subjects in which the late Bishop of Salisbury took some interest one was the " sequence of liturgical colours " used at Salisbury. When the enquiry was begun some forty years ago some of us gave too ready credence to the rash and bold assertion that green was unknown to Sarum Use. Hatcher, Britton or Dodsworth, could probably have corrected us had they been alive, out of Treasurer T. Robertson's Cathedral Inventory of 1536, which was re-printed in Messrs. J. E. Nightingale and E. H. Goddard's Church Plate of Wilts (1891), p. 245. The " Jornall Book" of St. Edmund's parish in 1472 gives another instance (Church- wardens' Accounts, p. 3, cf. p. 374 id.) and now Mr. Haskins has brought within our reach the XXIV. INTRODUCTION. documents, on pp. 116,* 146, and 163 which give evidence of the use of green vestments (among others) found in this City about 1451 and 1548. I am inchned to think that the word " blode" which occurs in the Tailors' inventory, printed on p. 116 (hne 6), as re-read by Mr. T. H. Baker, see additional note on p. xxxv. below — (" Item, a pair," i.e., a set or suit [of] " vestments of hlode ground and gold birds, with a corporas") — may represent the mediaeval Latin " hlodii coloris," which C. Trice Martin, among other authorities, tells us, in his Record Interpreter, is equivalent to blue (or deep red).f I must leave it to philologists to determine whether or not hlodius or hlodeus can mean hlood-colour (arterial or venal). Ducange, according to the note to Catholicon Anglicum (Camden Soc, N. Ser. 30), says it does : — " Blodeus, color sanguineus, a Saxonico Mod, sanguis ; intelligunt alii colorem caeruleum," and the text to the same authority (an English-Latin Dictionary of 1483) says " Blew (or Blowe) [i.e.. Blue] ; blodius." Per contra, the Latin-English Dictionary of 1440, known as " Promptorium Parvulorum" (E. E. Text Soc), gives " Blew of colore : Blodius,-a,-um ; bluetus, -a,-um," for which the old compiler Geoffrey, a Dominican anchorite of Lynn Blackfriars, Norfolk, cites as his authority the " Dictionarius," pre- sumably that of Hugutio of Pisa, a jurist of * See additional note p. xxxv. + A certain blodium vestimentum occurs in the Durham Account Rolls of the Feretrar (or Shrine-keeper) of St. Cuthhert's Shrine, from 1397 to 1442, which Canon J. T. Fowler tells us was of a blue (indigo) colour, for which the word used in earlier days was indieus. Surtecs Soc, vol. 103, Durham Rolls (iii,), pp. 896, 926. INTRODUCTION. XXV. Bologna, who was consecrated Bishop of Ferrara in 1190, seven or eight years before our Richard Poore became Dean at Old Sarum. The same inventory (p. 116) contains the entry of a mass-book beginning (presumably on the second leaf, which was the usual method of description for the sake of distinctness) with the word " Suscepimus," as Mr. Baker re-reads it (See additional note p. xxxv.) The only suggestion that I can make is that the fraternity chaplain may possibly have had the " general " masses for the dead written for convenience at the beginning of his volume. For " suscepimus," the word cited, occurs (among other places, in the Sarum Missal) in the 4th of those " general " masses. See Burntisland edition, column 882*. The page of Swayne's Ledger, of which Mr. Haskins gives a facsimile re-production at p. 118, is literally a page of history in itself. Mr. Haskins gives a note (see p. xxxvi.) correcting the reading of the MS. as it was first printed on p. 118, where the dedication of the Parish Church was doubtless, first described on the fair page, as that of Seynt Thomas ye Martir. Then in com- pliance with the proclamation of King Henry VIII., 16th November, 1538, which was obeyed in some places in 1539 and enforced more generally about 1542 and 1543, the name of St. Thomas of Canter- bury was expunged, blotted out or erased from books, kalendars, and other writings. It was, I presume, subsequently, but still in Tudor times, that some parishioner, not content that his XXVI. INTRODUCTION. Parish Church should be without a Patron Saint, took his pen and inserted over the erasure, where ** ye martir " had once stood, the word " apostele," and I should not be surprised if it were the case that some of his poorer neighbours went round from door to door " a-thomasing " on the 5th day before Christmas. But my books have already arrived and are unpacked. I am my own librarian, and I owe it to the volumes to find shelf-room for all of them before I open any more of them. And, as the prince among librarians, Henry Bradshaw, used to say, *' the librarian who reads is lost." CHR. WORDSWORTH. XXVI 1. PREFACE. HE series of articles upon the Guilds and Companies of Salisbury, which appeared in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal during the 3'ears 1907 — 08 — 09, was the result of an endeavour to collate the decreasing number of records of these ancient organisations still left in the City. The interest shown in the articles, which form the basis of the present book, and a generally expressed wish that they should be published in a more permanent form, encouraged me to extend my researches, with the result that a number of books, charters and other MSS. originally belonging to the local Guilds and Companies were placed at my disposal, both by residents in Salisbury and elsewhere. Several of these documents have since been presented to the City. This kindness enabled me to add a con- siderable amount of information, illustrating the influence exerted by Guild and Company upon the economic and corporate life of the City, which may be of value to the student of the history of Salisbury. In the introductory chapter, upon the origin and development of English Guilds, I have quoted somewhat freely from well-known authorities for the purpose of giving a limited survey of the history of English Guilds in general in such a form as to afford the reader an outline of the XXVin, PREFACE. development of Guilds and their influence on the social and organic growth of the nation. There are also included extracts from the Corporation Ledgers and other sources which do not directly refer to Guild or Company, but these mute witnesses of the past throw some light on the history of Salisbury and on the customs and habits of the inhabitants, which may assist us in arriving at a better understanding of the inner life of the City and the rules and regulations under which it was governed. I am under a deep obligation to Mr. T. H. Baker, the Hon. Curator of the Salisbury Cor- poration Muniments, for his help in translating, deciphering and copying the records of the Corporation and those of the Tailors' Guild, and for information respecting many of the Salisbury Inns, included in the Brewers' Guild. My sincere thanks are given to Canon Wordsworth for his introductory notes and for the friendly criticism to which the proofs were subjected by him ; but several of them were already printed off before I had an opportunity of sending them to him ; also to Mr. A. R. Maiden, Dr. Bourne, Dr. H. P. Blackmore, Mr. E. Doran Webb, Rev. E. R. Nevill, Mr. A. J. Lowe, and Mr. J.J. Hammond for valuable advice and assistance received upon many occasions since the commencement of the work. I am much indebted to Mr. Ed. John Targett, Mr. Arthur Whitehead and Mr. J, L. Lovibond PREFACE. XXIX. for permission to extract information from books, deeds and other MSS. in their possession. My acknowledgments are due to the Mayor and Corporation, the Hon. Director of the SaUsbury Museum, Mr. Ed. John Targett, and Mr. E. Doran Webb, as custodians and owners of valuable MSS. and other objects of interest connected with the Guilds and Companies, for their per- mission to photograph and reproduce them in this volume ; and also to Mr. A. E. Butcher for preparing the index. CHARLES HASKINS. Brownie Brae, Wain-a-long Road, Salisbury, January, 1912. XXXI. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I, PAGB Origin and Development of English Guilds 1 CHAPTER II. The Merchant Guild of Old Sarum - 13 CHAPTER III. The Merchant Guild of New Sarum - 17 CHAPTER IV. The Salisbury Guild of St. George - - 26 CHAPTER V. The Merchants' Company - - - 48 CHAPTER VI. The Craft Guilds - - - - 55 CHAPTER VII. Formation of the City Companies - - 74 CHAPTER VIII. The Weavers - - - - 81 CHAPTER IX. The Tailors - - - - 98 CHAPTER X. The Church of St. Thomas of Canterbury 131 CHAPTER XI. Ten Years' Litigation _ _ - 147 CHAPTER XII. The Tailors (continued) . - - 160 XXXll. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. PAGE The Shoemakers . - - _ 220 CHAPTER XIV. Searchers, Viewers and Sealers - - 237 CHAPTER XV. The Bakers and the Cooks - - - 243 CHAPTER XVI. The Butchers - - - - 260 CHAPTER XVII. The Brewers - _ _ - - 283 CHAPTER XVIII. The Joiners ----- 339 CHAPTER XIX. The Barber Surgeons - _ _ 363 CHAPTER XX. The Smiths 370 CHAPTER XXL The Glovers - - - - - 376 CHAPTER XXII. The Clothworkers - - - - 380 CHAPTER XXIII. Admission of Freemen and Granting of Loans - - - - - 388 CHAPTER XXIV. The Woolcombers - - . _ 397 XXXlll. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Charter of Edward IV., Tailors' Guild, 1461 1 Initial Letter of James I.'s Charter, 1611 - 51 Charles Wootton (Mayor 1583), Weavers - 81 Initial Letter of Queen Mary's Charter (Tailors) ----- 98 The first Folio, No. 1 Ledger, Tailors' Guild, 1444 _ - . - - 109 Bishop Beauchamp Confirms the Tailors' Charter, 1462 - - - - 118 The Gospel, In Principio (St. John i. 1 — 15), S Wayne's Ledger - - - - 125 An unnumbered Folio in Swayne's Ledger 127 The Church of St. Thomas of Canterbury, Salisbury - - - - -131 The Chapel of St. John the Baptist (Swayne's Chapel) - - - - - 137 The Doom Painting (St. Thomas' Church) 139 Arms of the SalisburyXorporation of Tailors 160 Initial Letter of Oueen Elizabeth's Charter (Tailors) '^ - - - - 167 The Salisbury Giant and Hobnob - - 172 William Gillowe, Warden of the Tailors 1656 183 Carved Oak Shields, Tailors' Hall - - 217 Phillip Crew, Schoolmaster, from Shoe- makers' Hall - . - - 220 XXxiv. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TO KACe PAGE Salisbury Cordwainers (Members' Certificate 1785) 227 Phillip Crew's House, later The Crispin Inn 230 Leather Drinking Cup (Shoemakers' Com- pany) 236 Arms of the Salisbury Bakers' Company - 243 Bronze Standard Bushel Measure, Salis- bur}-, 1485 250 William Windover, Benefactor 1633, Bakers' Company _ _ . . 259 The Ancient Green Market (Minster Street in 1801) 263 The Poultry Cross and Butcher Row - 268 The Old George Hotel, High Street - 288 The Middle Chamber, George Hotel - 294 A Solar Chamber, showing original roof-tree, George Hotel - _ - _ 294 The Joiners' Hall, St. Ann Street - - 339 A Window in Joiners' Hall (previous to alterations) _ . _ . 355 Old^Pewter Plate from the Joiners' Hall (Salisbury Museum) . - _ 36I The Giant in Procession, Salisbury Corona- tion Festivities 1911 - - - 396 XXXV. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page 16, line 23, for Dean Kitchen, read Dean Kitchin. Page 61, line 6, for Barbitous, read Barbiton- s(orum). Page 61, line 16, for Pistator, read Piscator(um). Page 101, last two lines in footnote, St. John .ante Port. Lat. " discontinued the observance of this day." But a note of the occurrence of the festival at the Latin Gate was re-introduced (at May 6th) in the brief form " John Evang " in the Latin Kalendar of Queen Elizabeth in 1561, and similarly in the Prayer Book of King James L, 1604, as likewise in the Scottish Liturgy of 1637. — The fuller entry, " St. John Evang, Ante Port. Latin." is printed in the Kalendar of the Prayer Book of 1662. Page 116, line 4, for sreue, read grene. Page 116, line 6, for vestementes of black ground, read vestementes of blode ground. Page 116, line 16, for susterimus, read sus- cepimus. (Suscepimus is the Introit for Candle- mas, but February 2nd in the Sanctorale is, perhaps, unlikely to have come at the 1st or 2nd leaf in a missal. See Canon Wordsworth's suggestion in the Introduction.) Page 116, line 17, for erit umonissimus, read [Erit] in nouissimis (i.e., the little chapter at 1st evensong of the 1st Sunday in Advent. Breviarium ad usum Sarum, edd. F. Procter and C. Wordsworth i. p. v.) XXXVi. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page 118, line 33, for Paryssh Churche of Seynt Thomas wyt yn the cyte, read Paryssh Churche of Seynt Thomas (" Apostele," a later Tudor insertion over erasure) wyt yn the cyte. Note. — ^The erasure of the name of St. Thomas the Martyr was doubtless made in accordance with the proclamation of King Henry VllL, 16th November, 1538, vide Burnet's History of the Reformation, Book 3, Records No. 62. Page 127, line 7, for Camarii, read Cam[er]arii. Page 169, line 7 from bottom, for soers, read seers. Page 173. The Morris Dance. Skeats' Dictionary says : — " It is clear that this word meant Moorish dance. Spanish, Morisco, Moorish." The dance is called a Morisco in Shakespeare's 2 Henry VI. Act III., Sc. I. Murray's Dictionary says : — " Morris, or Morys : Moorish, a grosteque dance performed by persons in fancy costume, usually representing characters from the Robin Hood legend, especially Maid Marian and Friar Tuck." o THE ANCIENT TRADE GUILDS AND COMPANIES OF SALISBURY. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH GUILDS. The origin of English Guilds dates back to early Saxon times. They were confraternities united for the discharge of common or mutual good offices, and supported by contributions of money from each member, and may be considered as the precursors of, or the foundation upon which, much of our modern system of local govern- ment was built. They existed before the charters and the civic ordinances ; in fact, they are said to have been instrumental in procuring the grant of the charters and ordinances, and supplied the social force that made them effective. They were one of the chief instruments in the pro- motion of social progress ; by their aid the people gained experience in self-government, and built up the social structure which in time superseded the Guild. The following extracts from three well-known authorities will probably assist the reader in forming an idea of the State and the social conditions existent during the period when the great development of the English Guild took place. Unwin, in his Gilds and 2 TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. Companies of London, referring to the early stages in the growth of towns, says : — " The State, tlie Municipalty, and the individual as we know them, did not exist in mediaeval times. They were each in a condition of becoming. They were helping each other to grow into their present definite shapes by constant interaction on each other. . . . This process of interaction can nowhere be studied to better advantage than in the birth, life and development of the Gild, and of those kindred organizations which have succeeded to its functions. We can there watch in all its successive phases that transformation of social forces into political forces which is the very essence of what we call progress. We see class after class constituting itself a social force by the act of self-organization. Then as the new social force gains political recognition, the voluntary association passes wholly or partly into an organ of public administration." Dr. Stubbs, in his Constitutional History of England, says : — " London appears to have been a collection of small com- munities, Manors, parishes, Churchsokens and Guilds, held and governed in the usual way ; the Manors descending by in- heritance, the Church jurisdiction exercised under the Bishop, the Chapter and the Monasteries ; the Guilds administered by their own officers and administering their own property ; as holding in chief of the King. The lords of the franchises, the prelates of the Church, and even the aldermen of the Guild, where the Guild possessed estates, might bear the title of barons, it was for the most part an aristocratic constitution, and had its unity, not in the Municipal principle, but in the system of the shire." The Rev. P. H. Ditchfield, in The City Companies of London, gives the following descrip- tion of the distinctive features of Guilds in the Middle Ages, and of the aims and objects of these fraternities or voluntary associations : — " The name Guild is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word Geldan or Gildan, which means to pay, and signifies that the members were required to contribute something towards the PARISH FRATERNITIES. 3 support of the brotherhood to which they belonged. . . . These early English Guilds were instituted to provide mutual help, enjoyment and encouragement in good endeavour. The social life of the people centred round the Guilds, which before poor laws were invented took the place of the modern friendly societies, but with a higher aim ; while it joined all classes together in care for the needy, and for objects of common welfare. It did not neglect the form and practice of religion, justice and morality ; each member was a brother or a sister, and was treated as one of a large family. If he became ill, or poor, or infirm, he was supported by the Guild. If his cattle were stolen or his house blown down, or in case of any loss by fire, flood, shipwreck, or violence, his brethren of the Guild would come to the rescue and supply his needs, and repair the loss ; and when any brother or sister died the Guild paid the funeral expenses. If any member wishing to go on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Joseph at Glastonbury, or St. Thomas-a- Becket at Canterbury, or to Rome itself, hia brethren helped him on his way." Some Guilds provided lodgings for pilgrims who passed through the town in which they were founded, and every fraternity that could afford it maintained their own priest to exercise the duties of his calling, which included praying for the good state (or as we should now say the welfare) of the members, and for the souls of the dead who had been members of the Guild. Ditchfield further explains that — " The Parish Church was the natural centre round which gathered the temporal as well as the spiritual concerns of the parish. Consequently we find the parish fraternity, generally dedicated to the patron saint of the parish, and undertaking the repair of the fabric and the expenses of public worship in their Parish Church. The repair of bridges and roads, of walls and city gates, the protection of the fortifications and defences, as well as acts of benevolence, feeding the poor, providing lodgings for strangers, and alms-houses for poor townsfolk were some of the varied benefits which the ancient Guilds bestowed upon their age and generation." 4 TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. Mediaeval Guilds may be divided into several classes, viz., Guilds exclusively religious, which are said to date from early Saxon times ; the old Saxon " Frith Gild," for the promotion of peace and the establishment of law and order ; the ancient " Gilda Mercatoria " that came into existence in England soon after the Norman Conquest, and which controlled and monopolized the whole trade of a town ; Social Guilds, founded for the purpose of promoting good fellowship, benevolence and thrift ; and Trade Guilds, both sections of which, the Merchants and the craft organizations, in time superseded the ancient " Gild Merchant." The annual feast of each Guild was held on the day of their patron saint, when the members attended Church, performed a miracle play, and dined together. As examples of the exclusively religious guilds may be mentioned " Corpus Christi of York," whose purpose was the conduct of a great and solemn procession to celebrate one of the most important of Church doctrines ; and the guilds of priests, especially the wide-spread " Guild of Kalenders," so called because the members met on the Kalend or first of every month. This Guild in some places, as at Bristol, maintained a school. Sir Walter Besant informs us in his MedicBval London that— " The oldest Guild-Statutes extant in this country are the laws of three Guilds, those of Exeter, Abbotsbury and Cambridge. The general principles of the three are thus summed up by Brentano : — ' The drawing up of these statutes took place in the beginning of the XI. century. . . . The Guild's object, according to the statutes of the Exeter Guild, appears to have been the support and nursing of infirm Guild-brothers, the burial of the dead, the performance of religious services, and the saying of prayers for their souls. The association met every year on THE FRITH GUILDS. 5 the feast of St. Peter for united worship in honour of their patron saint. Besides this there was a common meal ; and in order that the poor might also have their share in the joy a of the festival, they received alms on the day of the feast ; for which purpose the Guild-brothers were obliged to furnish, on the eve of the day, contributions of bread.' " The essence of the manifold regulations of these Guilds appears to be the brotherly banding together into close unions of man and man, sometimes established on and fortified by oath, for the purpose of mutual help and support. " The regulations of these Guilds resembled each other. Each Guild provided for its own masses and Church services, and for the burial of its members, bringing the body to be buried, and providing wax lights, alms and masses." Another example of the religious Guild is the Fraternity of St. James, Garlickhithe, which was governed by rules, preserved by Stow, in the following quaint language : — " In the worship of God Almighty our creator, and his Moder Saint Marie, and Allhallows, and Saint James Apostle ; a Fraternite is begon of Gode-Men in the Churche of Saint-James, the Yer of our Lord 1375, for Amendment of her lyves, and of her Brethren and Sustrein of the Brederhede. And ech of theym had sworen vpon the Booke to performe the pointes vndernethe at her power. Fyrst — All who wisicheth other 6chul be in the same Brederhede, they schul nothing of goodloos conditions and bering ; and that he love God and holy Chirche and his neybours as holy Chyrche maketh mencion. Who that entreth in the same Fraternite, he shal geve at the entrie to the comon box vi^ viii*^. The forseid Brethrehede will that there be wardeyns therof, which wardeyns shal gather the Quartridge of the Brethren and Sustren, and trewelick yield her account therof euery Yer once to the wardeyns that have been to fore hem of the Brether- hede, with other wysest of the Bretherhede." The old Saxon Frith Gild was an attempt on the part of the people to supplement the defective O TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. execution of the law by measures for mutual defence. In addition to the ordinary rules of the Religious Guild, the Frith Guild had orders and regulations connected with the special object of the Society, viz., putting down theft. Dr. Stubbs says " Each member pays fourpence for common purposes towards a sort of insurance fund from which the Guild makes good the losses of members ; and a contribution of one shilling towards the pursuit of the thief. The members are arranged in bodies of ten, one of whom is the head man ; these, again, are classed in tens under a common leader, who with the other head men acts as treasurer and adviser of the hundred members. The special objects, for which minute directions are given, are the pursuit and conviction of thieves and the exacting of compensation." Unwin, writing of the same Guild, says : — " Those who had horses were to follow the track over the border for one riding, and those who had no horses were to work for the absent till their return. Members who had lost property and could show that it had been stolen, might claim compensation at a fixed rate (called the ceapgild) from the common fund. If a thief was caught and hanged his goods were confiscated, and after the ceapgild had been deducted, half the surplus was given to his wife, and the other half was divided between the King and the fellowship." It is not without interest to observe that the ancient Frith Guild appears to have first conceived the principle upon which present-day prosecution of felons societies are founded. GILDA-MERCATORIA. The Merchant Guild " Ceapmanne Gilde," or Hansa, is supposed to have originated at least as long ago as the Conquest. During the XII. century the " Hansa " or Gild began to appear in every town of any importance. These Guilds were unions of the merchants for their own protection and the regulation of trade. They contained all the wealthier traders of a town, whether they possessed an estate of land or not, as Chaucer sets out in the Prologue to his Canterbury Tales : — " A Marchant was ther with a forked berd, In mottelee, and highe on hors lie sat, And on his hed a Flaundrish bever hat, An Haberdasher and a Carpenter A Webbe, a Deyer, and a Tapiser, Were alle yclothed in a liverie Of a solempne and grete fraternite ; Ful freshe and newe her gere ^ypiked was, Hir knives were yclaped not with bras, But all with silver wrought ful clene and wel, Hir girdeles and hir pouches every Mel Wel semed eche of hem a fayre burgeys,^ To sitten in a Yeldhall, on a deys* Everich for the wisdom that he can Was shaply for to ben an Alderman." The merchants of London obtained a licence for their Guild during the reign of Henry I., and a few years later in the same reign (1130) we find the merchants of Lincoln making a payment of two hundred marks of silver and four marks of gold that they might hold their city of the King in chief. A charter would probably be the 1 Spruce. ' part. ' burgess. * raised platform for the high tabic. 8 TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. result of this payment, or, at all events, the bestowal of privileges enumerated in the later charter of Henry 11. Henry specifies, as one of the then existing rights of the burghers of Lincoln, that they had a Merchant Guild composed of the merchants of the city and the merchants of the county. Dr. Stubbs mentions the curious payment of " Thomas of York, the son of Ulviet, who gives the King a coursing dog that he may be an alderman of the Merchant Guild of York ; the value of a coursing dog was twenty shillings, so that either the position was an unimportant one or Thomas' hold upon it so strong as to make the King's consent a matter of small value. It was no part of the Royal policy of Henry H. to encourage Municipal independence where it could not be made directly serviceable to the humiliation of the nobles." The Merchant Guild of Lincoln or of York was recognised, but the Commune of London was discouraged, and it was not until 1191 that the London Commune obtained legal recognition. But during this reign the possession of a Merchant Guild became the sign and token of partial Municipal independence. It was, in fact, if not in theory, the governing body of the town. Yet the Merchant Guild and the governing body of the town were not really identical ; the business of the Guild was the regulation of trade ; the business of the Commune was the administration of justice ; the chief of the Guild was the Alderman ; the chief of the Magistracy was the Reeve. Without a Royal Charter these Guilds were " Adulterine," and liable to be broken up. In the XXVI. year of Henry II. no less than eighteen Adulterine Guilds were fined various sums of money, because they had not purchased the right of association. ARTISAN MEMBERSHIP. 9 But with a charter the Guild could impose their bye laws on the whole borough, and as Dr. Stubbs says : — " When the Merchant Guild had acquired jurisdiction, or merged its existence in the Corporation, that is, the Commune or governing body ; the Guild-hall became the common hall of the city, and the ' Port-Mote ' (for that seems to be the proper name for the court of the Guild), became the judicial assembly of the freemen ; the title of alderman which had once belonged to the heads of the Guild was transferred to the heads of the several wards into which the town was divided. . . . When the Merchant Guild had become identified with the Commune or Corporation its power of regulation of trade passed, together with its other functions and properties, into the same hands, and the property held by the Merchant Guild became town property and was secured by successive Royal Charters." The history of the " Gilda Mercatoria," in its relation to the Municipal government on the one hand and to the Craft Guild on the other is very complex, but each organization, the " Gild Merchant " in the earliest period and the Craft Guild at a later date, played an impor- tant part in the making of England. Both were formed for the purpose of promoting the interests of trade and the regulation of industry. We have seen that the "Gilda Mercatoria" was simply the whole of the merchants of a town organized for the protection of their interests and for the exclusion of rivals ; but among those who were regarded as merchants, and were admitted to membership, were the artisans who bought their own raw material and sold the produce of their labour as a manufactured article. Very strict were the laws which the Gild enforced, and merciless the restrictions which they placed on all strangers who attempted to sell goods in the city. 10 TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. In the XIV. century the trade of England continued to expand, and there was a great increase in the number of the skilled craftsmen who were traders, but composed of the less important masters of a craft, below the higher body of the Gild, and somewhat in rivalry with it. The oppression which this class was liable to, the natural division of labour, and the tendency of the age for men of the same occupa- tion to band themselves together, caused these craftsmen to combine for their own protection, and so the Craft Guilds were brought into existence. The ancient " Gild Merchant " was gradually displaced by the craft fraternities, which succeeded in slowly breaking down the trade monopoly of the older organization, and by the end of the XIV. or the beginning of the XV. centuries the Craft Guilds were fully developed and in a flourishing condition. From this time the " Gild Merchant," with its monopoly of trade, was by a gradual process replaced by a number of separate Guilds representing the various trades and handicrafts. In some towns there appears to have been considerable friction between these rival organiza- tions during the process of displacement, but as far as can be ascertained, this was not the case in Salisbury, where the manufacturing merchant, by association with the more humble craftsmen of his trade, appears to have acquired a considerable influence in the control of the Craft Guild, generally becoming Master of the Guild. The Salisbury Corporation Ledgers show that after 1420 there were 19 separate Craft Guilds :n the city, which embraced 36 distinct trades. EARLY TRADE FRATERNITIES. 11 From this time there arose a new kind of Guild, viz., " The Merchants," which included those traders who sold wares produced by others, not only the shopkeeper who dealt in one or more kinds of goods, but also the import and export merchant, the vintner, the woolmonger, the grocer, the mercer, &c. Two of the Salisbury Craft Guilds secured independent jurisdiction for themselves, viz., the Tailors, who received the Royal grant of a charter in 1447, and the Weavers, who were incorporated at a later date. Ditchfield says : — " A typical Craft Guild of the late XlVth century contained three classes of artisans, viz., Masters, journeymen and appren- tices ; and in spite of certain inequalities, the interests of all three classes were identical. A craftsman before he became a freeman had to serve an apprenticeship for seven years, during which time he was the servant and in some cases the adopted son of the man to whom he was bound, he had to obey the laws of the Guild ; these laws made a man work during stated hours and no longer, they regulated the price of his work ; they would not allow him to work on Church festivals ; they would not let him go to law with another of the same Guild ; they sent him to Church regularly ; if he disgraced his moral character in any way, they turned him out of his trade, and sent him out of the city, in other words, he could not exercise his freedom in living idly or mischievously. . . . The object of the Crafts Guilds in time became of equal benefit to the Master, the workman and the consumer, their object was to secure to the Master honest, skilful and efficient work and service ; and to the work- man freedom from undue competition in his industry and fair wages, together with a provision for his relief in sickness and old age, and to the consumer a guarantee against bad materials, defective workmanship and excessive prices." The great industrial revolution of the XVIII. century made it impossible, in many of the larger industries, to reconcile the interests ot the masters and the journeymen within the Guild organization ; and as the revolution advanced^ 12 TRADE GUILDS OF SALISBURY. the power of the companies to superintend and regulate trade became obsolete. Consequently there was an entire breakdown of the Guild system. Until the middle of the XVIII. century England may be said to have been, in a very real sense a community in which class was not sharply divided from class, but this state of things was entirely altered by the increasing trade and the changed condition of the industries of the country. The problem of production was solved, but the problem of the distribution of wealth was accentuated, and the accentuation of the problem of distribution led to the widening in the gulf between class and class. From this time onwards Guild and Company " abandoned the attempt to regulate an expanding industry on Guild principles, and by the end of the century the interests of the manual workers had passed, with a few exceptions, from the hands of the Guild to that of the Trade Union." CHAPTER II. THE MERCHANT GUILD OF OLD SARUM. The inhabitants of the ancient city of "Saresberie" and its suburbs under Henry II. (1154 — 89) are described in Hatcher's History of Salisbury as consisting of two classes of men, distinguished if not by different privileges, at least by privileges emanating from a different source. " One of these was formed by the tenants and dependents of the Bishop and members of the Church establishment, who had obtained from this King a confirmation of all the privileges and possessions granted by his grandfather, and various acquisitions which they had since made. The other class was composed of the tenants and dependents of the Crown, who dwelt within the fortress and its precincts." We have seen how essential it was in ancient towns that some recognised authority should be in existence to control and regulate the trade of the town ; and since trade was the raison d'etre of the towns, the chief traders began naturally to frame com- mercial regulations and to form themselves into a voluntary association (an unlicenced Guild). Such a Guild would furnish the great majority of the members of the Court-leet. They would be the electors, and at a later date the recipients of the charters. Dr. Stubbs gives a very clear definition of members of a township or Hundred Court of a town in mediaeval times. He says : — " These were the owners of land, the owners of houses, shops or gardens ; the burgage-tenants, 14 MERCHANT GUILD OK OLD SARUM. from whose burgages the rent was originally due, and from which it must, if raised legally, be paid ; these men met together in their ' busting ' or place for deliberation, as the men of the town- ship ; in a trading town they would be members of the Guild ; and in the judicial work of the town they were the class who furnished the judices and juratores, the leet-jury in fact." Under the Reeve there was already a " Com- munitas Civitatis," although of a very primitive form. The same author, referring to the Port- Reeve, says : — " It may be inferred that he was a Royal officer, who stood to the merchant of the city in the relation in which the Bishop stood to the clergy ; and if he were the head (alderman) of the Guild, his office illustrates very well the combination of voluntary organisa- tion with administrative machinery which marks the English Municipal system from its earliest days." The men of Old Sarum received their charter from Henry IL in 1176. This charter, which gave them licence to found a Guild of Merchants, was a confirmation of unchartered privileges v/hich the traders of the place had enjoyed from much earlier times. A charter did not originate a Guild any more than a charter of incorporation granted in the present day would bring into existence a town. Both may be said to stereo- type existing facts rather than create a state of things that did not previously exist. It is interesting to notice that about this time, 1175 to 1185 a number of "Adulterine" or unlicenced Guilds were fined by the King's orders for having been formed without Royal licence, and the Pipe-Roll for 1179 — 80 records fines WILTON, WINCHESTER AND ANDOVER. 15 inflicted upon no less than eighteen such Guilds in London alone. The charter of 1176 gave to the citizens, that is to the burghers, who would have been members of the Guild of Old Sarum, the same acquittance and liberties as were enjoyed by the merchants of Winchester and Wilton under the charters that had been granted to those places in the reign of Henry I. Later in the reign of Henry H. " the men of Andover render an account of ten marks for having ihe same liberty as the men of Wilton and Sarum have in their Guilds." This was followed in the 6th year of King John (1200) by that monarch granting a charter to Andover, which says : — " Know ye we have granted to the men of Andover that they may have a Gild of Merchants."* The grant of a charter gave to the traders of Old Sarum "a soke" or a collective lordship over the whole trade of the city, and what had previously been only a Voluntary Association of the traders became the " Gilda Mercatoria," an exclusive body, to which trade was restricted, and with powers and privileges enabling them to rule and regulate the trade of their city. The Pipe-Rolls in the British Museum show that the city of Old Sarum with its suburbs was divided into Aldermanries. The Aldermen were, in the first place, land- holders, the Knights of former days, and as Unwin says : — ' By the end of the XH. century they had become a class of Royal officials . . . and this official position was the source, or at any rate, the essential condition of their mer- cantile success." As aldermen this ruling class * Rev. C. Collier, f.s.a., Wilts Arch. Mag., Vol xxi. 16 MERCHANT GUILD OF OLD SARUM. assessed the King's taxes, and when Mayors were first appointed they were chosen from this class. Readers of the History of Salisbury will remember that the foundations of the Cathedral were laid in 1220. Six years later to encourage those who might be disposed to transfer their residence from Old Sarum, the Bishop, as lord of the soil of the new city, issued a deed granting and confirming to the citizens of his city of " New Saresberie ' ' certain privileges, and security in connection with tenements which they might build. In the ensuing year the Bishop obtained the Royal sanction to this deed, viz., the charter of Henry III., which granted to the city called " New Saresbury " that it should be a free city for ever, and that the citizens should be quit throughout his dominions of tolls, &c., and in every respect should enjoy the same liberties and immunities as " our citizens of Winchester have." We have it upon the authority of Dr. Stubbs that a Merchant Guild was one of the privileges of all free cities ; and Dean Kitchen, in his book Winchester, tells us that the charter granted to that city by King Henry II. says : — " The citizens in their merchant guild shall enjoy all such liberties as they had in the days of Henry I. We may therefore assume that a merchant-guild was founded in New Sarum in 1227, and that the city which arose under the fostering care and protection of the bishops rapidly increased both in size and in prosperity." 17 CHAPTER III. THE MERCHANT GUILD OF NEW SARUM. With the advent of a charter the Merchant Guild would assume the character of an official organization, and probably became at once the Commune or the governing body of the new city under their overlord, the Bishop, and his officers. The growth of New Sarum, caused partly by the influx of strangers, but principally by the migration of people from the old city, continued, more especially after Bishop Bingham had built the bridge over the river Avon at Harnham. The opening of this bridge changed the great western road which ran from Old Sarum through Bemerton and Wilton to the detriment of Wilton, but to the advantage of the new city and its trade. Although a con- siderable number of the inhabitants left the old city and settled in New Sarum, it was very many years before Old Sarum became really deserted. We find that two Chaplains were appointed there to the King's Chapel in 1243, one Chaplain to the Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene in the tower of the Castle in 1246 ; and later Ralph Bulle was appointed to the Free Chapel of the Holy Cross at Old Sarum. There is also evidence that the number of traders, members of the old Merchant Guild, who continued to live at Old Sarum in 1255 and in 1275, was sufficiently large and strong enough to maintain their chartered rights. At an inquest held by the Judges in Eyre at Wilton, in the 29th year of 18 MERCHANT GUILD OF NEW SARUM. Henry III. (1255), the jurors of Old Sarum stated that the Ville of Sarum, with the mill and appurtenances, was worth ten marks per annum, for which the Sheriff answered to the Exchequer. They said that nothing belonged to the Castle beyond the gates, either in rents, wards, or assizes. They added, the men of Old Sarum had the return of the King's writs, and that they enjoyed this privilege by the grant of their Lord the King and his predecessors ; and that John of Sturminster, Chaplain, held the Church of St. Peter by the gift of the King, &;c. At another inquiry instituted by the Judges in Eyre at New Sarum in the third year of Edward L (1275), the citizens (merchants) of New Sarum lodged a complaint that the bailiffs of Wilton obstructed merchants carrying their merchandize on the King's highway to New Sarum. The Jurats of Old Sarum complained at the same inquiry that the Bishop of Sarum, who had the privilege under the charter of Henry III. of a free market on Tuesdays weekly, allowed several markets to be held in New Sarum during the seven days, instead of one, to the prejudice of the merchants of Old Sarum. Another grievance was that, although the King's predecessors had, by charter, exempted the burgesses (merchants) of Old Sarum from tolls and customs as freely as the citizens of Winchester, yet the Bishop of Winchester and his bailiffs infringed these liberties, " as well at the fair of St. Giles', as elsewhere contrary to justice, and to the will of the King." GRANT OF STONE FROM OLD SARUM. 19 Little is heard of the Old Sarum merchant after this date. The ancient city gradually became deserted and fell into ruins, only the Castle, which was held by a small garrison, and the houses within the Castle were kept in repair. In 1331, when Robert Wyvil was Bishop, the King (Edward III.) granted to him and the Dean and Chapter all the stone of the walls of the Norman Cathedral, and the houses of the Bishop and Canons in the old city, for the building of the tower of the new Cathedral and of the Close wall. As before stated, New Sarum was made a free city in 1227, and as a consequence had its Merchant Guild. The process by which the Guild gained its Municipal position is rather obscure, but it appears that the Guild Merchant could now frame regulations which it would be extremely difficult for any trader to disregard. The retail trade within the City was restricted to their own members individually, and the wholesale trade coming to the town was reserved to the Guild collectively. Members of the Merchant Guild alone might sell within the City, and traders coming from without might sell only to the Merchant Guild. Thus, as all townsmen of any importance at this time were traders, and, therefore, members of the Merchant Guild, the town and its government, and the trade and its government, became so fused, that in reading the old documents of an ancient city you find in early days you cannot say to which they belong — Guild or town. Thus the Guildhall was at first the meeting place of the civic fathers. In the 14th and 15th centuries the Guildhall and the Townhall became synonymous. The 20 MERCHANT GUILD OF NEW SARUM. ideas of the Guild members and townsmen were, perhaps, kept apart, but in practice the two bodies were identical, and, as years went by, the Guild seems to have become the Commune, and in most of the old English cities and 'n the Royal burghs of Scotland, the Merchant Guild became the governing body of the town, and the Guildhall became the Townhall. In the 16th century the Townhall began to draw away from the Guild, and finally takes its place as the home of civic government. It must be quite under- stood that membership of the Guild conferred equally the freedom of the City and the legal status of a burgess. With a charter the Guild Merchant could receive and enfranchise serfs, as well as impose their Guild-laws on the whole city. The Guild would include all traders of importance, and also those who held office or land, but the lower class of townsmen, until admitted into the Guild, was on a level with the rustici or villein. The nativus who could obtain admission into the Guild and was unclaimed by his lord for a j^ear and a day became a freeman ; his membership of the Guild gave him that status which other- wise the law refused to landless men. Wiltshire Notes and Queries, 1902, contains the following interesting extract from an Assize Roll of 33 Henry III., which is illustrative of the civic history of Salisbury and the Merchant Guild, and is interesting as showing one of the ways in which a nief (nativus) or villein born on the soil could gain his freedom : — " John de Grimstede claims Robert of Alwardbury as his nief and fugitive who fled from his land after the last return of King John from Ireland to England. And he produces many of his kindred, both on the father's and the mother's side, who THE FIRST MAYOR OF SALISBURY. 21 acknowledge themselves Jolin's villeins. Robert does not deny his parentage, but says that continuously for 10 years past he has been dwelling in the City of Sarum in lot and in scot, and in the Merchant Gild as free burgess. Such is the custom and freedom of the said City that if anyone shall be for one year and a day without any claim made on him, and in the Gild of Merchants as burgess, he shall remain free for ever, without anyone being able to claim him as nief, of this he puts himself upon the Country. The Jury say that he had remained a year and a day before John de Grimstede put in his claim. (The plea was allowed; Robert went free, and John de Grimstede was amerced)." When Municipal rights were granted, the " port- reeve" was replaced by the ''Mayor," whose appearance is always the sign of the establish- ment of the Commune. This grant of corporate power under a Mayor, which marked the victory of the Communal principle, and which displaced the complicated system of the Guild and franchise, appears to have taken place in New Sarum about the middle of the XIII. century. The Ledgers of the Corporation do not go back beyond the reign of Richard 11. (1398), but Hatcher gives a list of the names of the Mayors of New Sarum from the year 1261. This list, which he compiled from MSS in the Corporation Muniment Room and from other sources, informs us that Reginald de Wych was Mayor in 1261, and also that the name is mentioned in the test to the deed of the foundation of the College de Valle. The next five names on the list, viz., Richard de Aune, William Aubyn, Gilbert Chynne, Hamo de Liswys and John le Escut, are taken from the Pleas of the Crown, 1268 to 1298. These are followed by the names of six other Mayors, including Richard de Ludgarshall, who was appointed in 1302, and to whom reference 22 MERCHANT GUILD OF NEW SARUM. will be made in connection with the next change in the Merchant Guild. From the Jist of names it appears that there were only twelve persons who served in the office of Mayor between the years 1261 and 1302, but in these early days there was not an annual appointment to the Mayoralty. Usually the person chosen held the position several years in succession ; i.e , the first Mayor of London was Henry Fitz Ailwyn, draper (that is a merchant manufacturer of woollen cloth, and not as now a dealer in that and other articles). Henry Fitz Ailwyn was appointed Mayor of London in 1189, and he continued to hold the office until his death in 1213. The importance of the growing Municipal life was demonstrated in 1264 when Simon de Montfort, one of the first to recognise the growing importance of the trading middle classes, issued writs in the King's name summoning to Parlia- ment, in addition to the classes hitherto repre- sented, two burgesses from each of the cities and boroughs in England. New Sarum now had the privilege of election which was vested in the Mayor and the Aldermen. In the year 1296 the King sent writs to the citizens and " gode men " of twenty-three towns and cities, of which New Sarum was one, requiring them to select four of the most efficient citizens to attend the Parliament at Bury, in order to fix on a new town for the "Staple" to the profit of the King and of the merchants of the Kingdom. Again, in 1300 it is recorded ** That before Elyas Russell, Mayor ; John le Blunt, Galfrid SURRENDER OF CHARTERS AND CORPORATE SEAL. 23 de Norton, William de Bettonia, William de Leyr, Richard de Glocester, Walter de Finchinfeud and the rest of the Aldermen, there were con- vened six of the best and " moste discrete" of each of the wards, to choose citizens to be present at the Parliament of their lord the King." The power and influence now placed in the hands of the Corporation, combined with the growing prosperity of the merchants of the new City, appears to have resulted in an ex- aggeration of civic independence. The Mayor and the Aldermen rebelled against the just rights of the Bishop under which they had thriven, with the result that the Municipal Constitution, the Merchant Guild, and all the privileges which the citizens had enjoyed under the Bishop since 1227 were thrown away, and their charters and the Corporate Seal were surrendered. Readers of Hatcher's history will remember that the Charter of Henry HI., which granted to the citizens of Salisbury " all the liberties and immunities, throughout our realm, which our citizens of Winchester enjoy," also gave to the Bishop, as overlord, the power to take tallage of the citizens, " when we or our heirs tallage our domains." The Bishop, although he had paid tallage to the King, did not impose a tallage upon the citizens until the year 1302, when the merchants, forgetting in their prosperity how much they were indebted to their overlord, refused to pay him tallage. The Mayor, Richard of Ludgershall, and a party of citizens, appealed to the King, and without the consent of the Corporation they, on April 6th, 1302, obtained permission to renounce the privileges which they 24 MERCHANT GUILD OF NEW SARUM. had been granted under the above Charter, upon condition that they were exempted from the claims of their Bishop. The folly of their choice was soon evident. Deprived of their advantages and immunities, the trade of the City declined, and accordingly, in 1306, the more considerate portion of the community submitted to the Bishop. The King, at the solicitation of the prelate, restored the privileges which they had renounced, but the citizens had to pay a fine to the King of 200 marks for the renewal of their liberties. An agreement was arranged for the maintenance of concord and confidence in the future. The agreement provided that the citizens should be duly subject to their lord the Bishop. They were permitted to choose their Mayor, but he was to be sworn before the bailiff and steward of the Bishop. The common seal was to be kept under three keys, one of which was to be held by the Bishop. The last article, which is important in connection with this Guild, provided that only those who previous to the conclusion of the agreement had submitted to the Bishop, who promised to obey his ordinances, and whose names were entered on the schedule attached to the agreement, were to be included in the Guild of Merchants. Afterwards we find a regulation that no one should participate in this privilege unless he was admitted a member of the Merchant Guild by the Bishop or by the Mayor. The fees arising from such admissions were to be divided into four parts, two of which were to be assigned to the Bishop, a third in equal portions to the Mayor and bailiffs, and a fourth to the Corporation. Those citizens who, having renounced their privileges and still declined to return to the Bishop's protection, were not only SUBMISSION OF THE MAYOR AND CITIZENS. 25 not entitled to become members o: the Merchant Guild, but were also debarred from all public business, from all contracts and bargains, and from all public offices, including membership of the Corporation. In the concluding clause the citizens made themselves liable to be fined one hundred pounds whenever any Mayor or Council in the future should be guilty of a breach of the agreement. There were 217 persons who became parties to this agreement. The list is preserved in the Municipal records, under four wards : — New Street Ward, Market Ward, St. Martin's Ward and Meadow Ward, and amongst the signatories are tuckers, parchment-makers, gold- smiths, fishermen, linendrapers, hatters, &c. From this time the Corporation consisted of two classes, the twenty-four (aldermen) and the forty- eight (assistants). Hatcher, referring to this agreement, says : — ** According to the terms of this agreement with the Bishop, the Mayor and Corporation were united in a Guild, or religious confraternity, dedicated to St. George ... a Guildhall, for the use of the Mayor and Commonalty, in the transaction of their business, was probably one of the earliest public buildings in the new City ; of this structure a part was used as a prison, of which the custody was confided to the sergeant of the Bishop." 26 CHAPTER IV. THE SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. Although Saint George was canonized at the end of the V. century, it was not until the XIII. century that he was accounted the Patron Saint of England, and a day assigned for his festival in the English Calendar. After this date the red cross of St. George upon its silver shield was displayed upon the Ro3^al banner of the English Kings, and the ships of the English merchants bore his cross as they set forth from our ports to the conquest of commerce. In the XIV. century many Guilds were named after him, and in the following century London and each of the cities and larger towns in England had its Guild of St. George ; their pageants and pro- cessions were incomplete without the Knight and the vanquished dragon. It is very difficult to deal separately with the Salisbury Corporation and the Merchant Guild in the XIV. and XV. centuries. As Hatcher says, they become merged or *' united in the Guild of St. George," which either consisted of or included the seventy-two members of the Corporation, viz., the twenty-four (aldermen) and the forty-eight (assistants). This body may be described as a social hierarchy organized on the principle of selection from above, and the members recruited their numbers by co-option. In case of a vacancy occurring in the ranks of the forty- eight by death, or by the elevation of one of the THE mayor's chaplain. 7 number to Aldermanic rank, the Council selected from among the substantial freemen of the City some " sad and discreet person " to fill the vacancy. A very substantial fine was inflicted on the member so chosen if he refused to accept the position. Fees were also paid by those chosen, to the Chamber, the clerk, and the sergeants-at- mace. The Mayor was alwa\^s elected from the twenty-four. The Guild had its own altar, and maintained a priest as Guild Chaplain, who not only had a seat at the Mayor's table at the expense of the Corporation, but also received from the Council a salary, an allowance of cloth for his clothing, and a chamber, the property of the Corporation, situated in St. Thomas' Cemetery, rent free. A confraternity of a similar kind and under the same Patron Saint existed at Le'cester. The Corporation of that town consisted of the same classes and the same number as that at Salisbury, viz., the twenty-four and the forty eight. The Saint George's Guild in Norwich received their first Charter in 1324 : — " In the Worschepe of the Fader, Sone, and the Holy Goost, and of oure Lady Seynt Mary, and of the glorious Martyr Seynt George, and all Goddis holy. There was begonne a Fraternite, the 3^er of our Lorde MCCCXXIIIL, the yer of the Regne of King Edward the Seconde after the Conqueste XVIII., in the Cathedral Chirche aforn the hcie Awter, uforn the Trinite on the South Sydc in Norwych."* We learn from the records of this Guild that " At an assembly holden the Monday next before the Feast of All-Saints, in the IX. year of Henry IV. * Norfolk Archaeology, Vol. III., 1852. 28 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. (1408) it was agreed to furnish the Priests with Copes, and that the George should go in pro- cession and make a conflict with the Dragon, and to keep his estate both days." Whilst at Salisbury there is a record of a Ma3''or as early as 1261, the citizens of Norwich did not obtain authority to choose a Mayor until 1437, and it was not until fourteen years later, viz., in 1451, that the Corporation and the Merchant Guild in that City became united in one body. The Norwich Guild records are more complete than those of Salisbury, and from them we may form some idea of the way in which the unification took place in the latter City one hundred and forty-five years earlier. The Norwich indentures, which are known as '* Judge Yelverton's Mediation," were executed by the parties on March 27th, 1451 ; and from the short extract which follows, it will be seen that the Guild yearly chose the Mayor of the City to serve as Alderman of the Guild for the year following his Mayoralty, and that every citizen who was appointed a member of the Corporation became a brother of the Guild. "This writing endented made the xxvii. day of March, the year of the reigne of King Henry the YI., the XXXth ; betwixt the Mayre, shreves, and coalte of the cite of Norwyche on the on part, and the Alderman and the brethren of the Gylde of the glorious Martyr Seynt George of the seid cite, of the other part, by the mediacion and diligencey of William Yelverton, Justice of our Lord the King of Hs own place ; Witnesseth that, as well the seid Mayre, Shreves, and Commonatte, as the foreseid Alderman and Bretheren of the seid Gylde, both accordet of all matters had or meved betwixt them before thys in manner and fourm as ys in the articles hereafter shewyng." . . . " First, for to begynne to the worschyp of God, oure Lady, and of the gloryous Martyr Seynt George." ..." Also, on the mornyng next after the solemnity of the seid Gyld kept ST. GEORGE'S GUILD AT NORWICH. 29 in the worsctip of the gloryous Martyr Seynt George, the Bretheren of the seid Gyld and theyr successors schall yerly chose the Maire of the seid cite and that tyme beying a Brother of the seid Gylde for all the year next folowyng after hys discharge of his office of Mayoralte, as sone as he hys discharged of his seid office of Mayoralte then forthwyth to take the charge and occupacon of the seid office of Aldermanship of the seid Fraternite and Gylde ; and so every person chosen to be Maire yereley after he hath occupyed Mayralte be an hole yere, to occupy the seid Aldermanship of the seid Gylde ; and in case he refuse to occupie the seid Aldermanship after hys Mairalte, to paye unto the seid Fraternite C s. to the use of the seid Glyde, and that the olde Alderman stand still Alderman unto the tyme another be chose unto the seid offyce of Alderman of the seid Gylde. And yf the Alderman of the seid Gylde hap to dye withinne the yere, that then the Meyre for the tyme beying occupie the ofEyce of Alderman for hys tyme and so forthe the next yere folowynge accordyng to this Act. And that all the Aldermen of the seid cite that now arn and shalbe in tyme comying shal be made Bretheren of the seid Gylde without charge of the fest. Also that every man that ys or shal be chosen to be of the Comon Councell of the seid cite be admitted also to be a brother of the seid Gylde yf it like hym ; and that by great diligence and deliberation had, as well as for the Worschepe of the seid cite, as of the seid Gylde that no man be chosen to the seid Comon Councelle but such as are and seeme for to be able and suilycient of discretion and good disposicion, and that every man that shall be receyved a Brother into the seid Gylde shall be sworn and receyve hys othe in fourme that folowithe." Documents still in existence show that the annual procession of the George in that city before the Reformation was of a most gorgeous character. It took place on the 23rd of April, which day was set apart in the Romish Calendar for celebrating the festival of their patron saint. Amongst the muniments at Norv/ich is one con- taining an inventory made in 1468 of the apparel worn by those taking part in the Saint George's procession, which shows that there was not only a superb dress for the use of the person who 30 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. represented Saint George, but also a costume for the representative of the lady of the Guild — Saint Margaret. There was an order made by the Norwich Corporation after the suppression of the Guilds in 1553, " That ther shall beneyther George not Margett, but for pastime the dragon is to come in and shew himself as in other yeres." The Salisbury Corporation Ledger contains an entry, made in the 8th 37ear of Henry V. (1428), which ordains that if the Chaplain of St. George's Guild should fall ill, the Mayor should pay him for every week of his confinement to bed xii*^.* The same book contains the record of several Convocations held in the early part of the XV. century for making an assessment of the City for the purpose of defence, and also for providing armed men and money for the King's forces. Each Guild in the City appears to have sent two delegates, whose names are recorded in the book, to these meetings. The Merchant Guild, which always appears first in the list of Guilds, were represented upon these occasions by men such as John Halle, William Swayne, and William Hore, who were among the chief aldermen of the City, and each of whom served the office of Mayor more than once. William Hore and John Halle also represented the City in the Parliament which was summoned by Henry VI. to meet at Reading on March 6th, 1452 ; and we read with great interest that on the 18th of April, 1454, King Henry VI. signed a mandate directed to the Mayor and bailiffs of the " Cite of Salisburie " enjoining them to pay to the burgesses, John Halle and WilKam Hore, the sum of thirty-two pounds four shillings for " their expences in coming to Parliament, * The newly elected Mayor was required to give three bucks and a hogshead of wine towards the St. George's feast. PAYMENT OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 31 in staying there, and in returning thence to their own houses, viz., for one hundred and sixty- three days, each of the aforesaid John and Wilham receiving two shilhngs per day ' ' It may be explained that in the seventh year of the reign of Edward II. (1307—27), when Members of Parhament were paid for their services, the rate of payment was fixed either by prior usage, or by an ordinance, at four shillings a day to each Knight of a Shire, and two shillings a day to each citizen or burgess of a city or borough who was chosen as a repre- sentative to the House of Commons. The value of four shillings and two shillings was then at least eight or nine times as great as it is at present, so that the payment would be equal to at least thirty-six shillings and eighteen shillings re- spectively per day. On the last day of each Session a writ was issued to each member setting forth the number of his attendances, and on this basis his payment was calculated. This arrangement for the payment of members would insure a full House to the close of the Session, as a representative departing without his certifi- cate forfeited his salary. Some of the Salisbury merchants are described in the Ledger as Mercers, others as Drapers, Grocers and Haberdashers. Ditchfield, in his work before alluded to, informs us that " Mercer " is derived from the Latin Mercalor a merchant, one who dealt in goods, such as linen cloth, buckram, fustian, satins, jewels, cotton, silk, drugs, wine, salt, &c. The same authority tells us that Draper signified a maker of woollen cloth, and not as at the present time, a dealer ; to " Drape" then meant to manufacture cloth, and 32 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. is derived from the French " drapperie," which signifies cloth work. There is reason to suppose that the descriptions Draper and Clothier at one time applied to the same trade, but subsequently the name Clothier became more general in Salis- bury, when possibly a Draper was a merchant who dealt in cloth, and a Clothier was a merchant who sold the produce of his own looms. It has been suggested that the name ** Grocer " originally signified one who dealt . Engros = whole- sale, as opposed to retail merchandise. Haber- dashers were dealers in foreign goods, such as French gloves, Spanish girdles, daggers, swords, silver buttons, &c. One branch of trade was carried on by the haberdashers of hats, and this branch was divided into two crafts, viz., the hurriers or cappers and the hatter merchant ; the other branch of the trade was composed of the haberdashers of small ware, called also millianers or milliners, because they chiefly im- ported goods from Milan in Italy. During the reign of Edward the First and his two successors, the manufacture of cloth in- creased considerably in the various fortified towns of Flanders, and the makers from these towns were obliged to come to England for a great portion of the raw material. In the time of Edward III. a duty was levied upon all wool, sheepskins and leather that were exported from England. Certain towns were declared staple towns, in which exclusive wool markets were set up, and special ports were appointed for shipment of the wool. To these ports all mer- chants at the inland towns who had these com- modities to export had to send their goods. At these seaport towns the produce was bonded MERCHANTS OF THE STAPLE. 33 and the duty fixed. The Rev. Edward Duke, in his Prohisiones Historicce, states that it was placed under lock and key, hence the term " the King's staple." After the duty was fixed the goods were then despatched to the far-famed staple town of Calais. Calais, soon after its capture by the English, became the foreign staple town, in lieu of Bruges or Antwerp. At one time the whole revenue was restricted to be taken at Calais only, where then lived the Mayor and Treasurer of " the staple" and his assistants, which honourable offices were held by Englishmen of eminence and merchants of experience. Among the places declared " staple " towns on the occasion of the great wool grant in 1338 were Winchester and Southampton. Now Salisbury in these early days, owing to its proximity to the great Plain, with its immense flocks of sheep, was one of the most important centres of the wool trade in the South of England, and also the home of several very wealthy merchants who were dealers in this commodity. The wool trade was the dominating commercial interest both at Winchester and Salisbury, but although during the latter half of the XIV. century the staple towns were frequently altered, there is little evidence to show that Salisbury ever held the position of a staple town, with its special ware- house where the wool was sampled and weighed before being despatched to Southampton, except it be the reference to a tenement called " Stapell- haul " in St. Martin's Street, Salisbury, contained in the will of Richard Spencer in 1414 ; and Bishop Beauchamp's Liber Niger, which shows a payment " from John Lardc for a ten in St. Martin's Street called ' Stapulhal.' " The City stood high in the list of the most flourishing 34 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. towns in the Kingdom, and it may be of interest to state that fifty years later, that is in 1503, SaHsbury appeared ninth in the Hst of towns for assessment to the King, the amount of the assessment being about one-fifteenth that of ;he City of London. It must be remembered, how- ever, that London's population at this time was onl}^ one hundred and twenty thousand. The order in which Professor Rogers places the towns for the 1503 assessment is as follows : — London, Bristol, York, Lincoln, Gloucester, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Oxford, Salisbury, Coventry, Hull, Canterbury, Southampton, Nottingham, Worcester, Southwark, Bath, &c. Many of Salisbury's leading citizens, who, of course, were Guild Merchants, were also " Merchants of the Staple," and several of the latter, including Webb, Hall, and Swayne, who were men of great affluence, took an important part in the civic government of the City. According to the minutes of the meetings of the Council, which are recorded in the ancient books of the Corporation, Hall and Swayne appear to have been bitter opponents in the Council Chamber. Ledger B fol., 31, contains a resolution passed at one of these meetings which says, " That several convocations having been broken up owing to the quarrels and malicious speeches made to the scandal of the City, it was ordered that whenever the Mayor should convene a convocation, no one of the 24 or of the 48 should indulge in personal invective under a penalty of 3s. 4d., and if William Swayne or John Halle shall again offend in this respect, they are to be fined 20s. for the benefit of the City, and if a second time 40s., and if a third time they shall be imprisoned." Both Halle and Swayne appear to have been men of strong JOHN HALLE AND WILLIAM SWAYNE. 35 character and personality. Their names are not only associated with many of the more notable events in the past history of Salisbury, but also with two of the most interesting buildings in the City of the present day, the former with the Halle of John Halle, and the latter with the beautiful Swayne's Chapel in Saint Thomas' Church. This Chapel was built by William Swayne about the year 1450. In 1461, when the tailors obtained a Charter from Edward IV., which gave them licence to found a Guild in St. Thomas' Church, he endowed two chantries, one to the Blessed Virgin Mary for his own chantry, and one to St. John the Baptist for the Tailors' Guild. It must not be supposed that there was a Guild of Staple Merchants as distinct from the Merchant Guild. The latter included Merchants of every description, and this is clearly set forth in the Rev. E. Duke's book before alluded to, in which he explains that every Merchant, who under 27 Ed. III. chap. 1 traded in the then export commodities, was obliged to take an oath to maintain the staple laws, and thus, in con- tradistinction of other merchants and traders, he was denominated " a Merchant of the Staple." Hatcher, dealing with the wool trade, says : — " An inquiry was held by the Judges in Eyre, at which evidence was taken as to those who had disobeyed the Royal commands against exporting wool, pending a settlement of a dispute between King Edward IV. and the Countess of Flanders. At this inquiry evidence was given against no less than fifteen offenders in the City of New Sarum." 36 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. The following extracts are taken from the Corporation Ledger B to illustrate the method adopted in settling a dispute between members of the Guild, or between members of the Corpora- tion, who, as merchants and as members of the Corporation, were brethren of the fraternity of St. George : — " Nov. 6, 1455. Award made on friday after the feast of All Saints in the xxxiv. year of the reign of Henry VI. since the conquest. Between William Swayne, Mayor of the city on the one part, and Edmund Penston, ' gentilman,' one of the twenty-four on the other part , . . concerninge certain tortuous, malicious moreover and perverse words and dishonest and underhand, affecting the said Mayor, and by the aforesaid Edmund perpetrated and pronounced, by virtue (of the powers) given by the aforesaid parties to the arbitrators, whose names are hereunto subscribed ; namely, Thomas Freeman, John Wyot, William Hore, John Halle, William Lightfote, Simon Poye, John Wyse draper, John Wylie, John Honythorn, Thomas Pajm, Robert Cove, and John Wheler." The award was as follows : — " That the aforesaid Edmund shall give a bond to the afore- said Mayor, for a pipe of Red Gascony Wine, upon the receipt of which, he shalbe forgiven. Lilvcwise he shall pay xx*. for a supper for the twenty-four chief-men of the city. And the words spoken as above written, were in the Chapter House of the Church of St. Mary of New Sarum, uttered by the above said Edmund, at Vespers on the feaste of All Saints in the afore- said year. ... It was also agreed between the aforesaid William Swayne and Richard Hayne, by the award of Thomas Freman, John Wyot, William Hore, John Halle, William Lightfote, Simon Poye, and John Wise draper, indifferently chosen to arbitrate and judge, in and about all manner of actions real or personal brought made or pending from the beginning of the world up to this day. In the acquittance between the parties aforesaid it is more fully contained. And the aforesaid Richard is pardoned so that he shall give in the Council House of the aforesaid city, a good supper to the said William and the others above written, that is to say a Cygnet, Rabbits, Woodcocks and other things, in the house aforesaid, with sufficient white Wine called "Must." And so let ther be an end and let them be good friends in future." PAYMENTS TO THE CHAPLAIN. 37 The ancient rolls in the Muniment Room, which contain the City Chamberlain's accounts for the years preceding the Reformation, show that there were in those days regular payments made by the Corporation in connection with the maintenance of their Guild of St. George. Most of these payments appear in the Mayor's allowances. After Wages to the Mayor, £10, appears the allowance to the Mayor for the table of the Guild Chaplain, followed by the Salary of the Guild Chaplain. In some years the Chaplain's name is given, e.g., " Item for the table of Sir John Messenger chapeleyne of Seynte George yr 53/4 " ; and " Item to Sir John Messenger Chapeleyne of Seynte George for his Wages (Vadiss) 53/4." On other occasions the charges appear as *' Item ffor yowr prestis tabill 53/4 " ; and " Item ffor yowr prestis Wages (Vadiss) 53/4." The 53s. 4d. was probably a fixed charge, but there are many other entries which vary each year, e.g. : — " Item for the repairs of the Vestments appertaining to the Chapeleyne of Saint George, together with washing the same, 43." " Item for washing the ornaments appertaining to the Chapel of Saint George, 2,3." "Item for a gown for the 'chapeleyne' of St. George, 12-." "Item for a missal bought for the same 'chapeleyne,' 6 8; Also in bread, wine, and wax for him, for the celebration of masses, 78." " Obits, paid for three obits, held within the city this year for the souls of the brethren and benefactors of the fraternity of St. George, as well of those alive, as of those dead, who in their life time left, gave, or assigned any goods to the Chamber of the city, which said obits were held in the Churches of St. Thomas the Martyr, St. Edmund the Bishop and St. Martin, as it appears by the bill for the same shown to and examined, 26s. lOd." 38 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. These interesting old accounts show that there were in the early part of the XVI . century rents received from about fifty tenants of Corporation propert}^. and that amongst the tenements owned by the Council were eight chambers situated in St. Thomas' Cemetery. Three of these chambers were occupied by the Chantry priests of St. Thomas ; one by the regular Chaplain of St. Thomas' Church, one by the keeper of the goods of St. Thomas, and another by the Chaplain of Saint George's Guild. The amount of the rent in each case (10s.) is entered as received, with the exception of that for the Corporation Guild Chaplain's Chamber. In respect of this, there is the following entry : — " Chamber held there by the Chapeleyne of Synte George rent free nil." There is reason for thinking that the St. George's Guild Chapel was in St. Thomas' Church and that it probably was the Godmanstone Chapel, which was one of the earliest additions to the ancient Church, and was made before 1415 at the east end of the north choir aisle. An extract from the Corporation Ledger, which the late Mr. Swayne published some years ago in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal, appears to support the opinion that the St. George's Guild Chapel was in the Church of St. Thomas. The leaf of the book from which it is taken is very badly stained and difficult to read, which accounts for several words being missing. The extract is as follows : — " Sep. 2, 1556. ' Whereas *Sir John Webbe was the Mayors preeste durying his life, it is agreed that he servynge the Mayor James Andrews until Saint Thomas eve before Christmas next is licensed then to departe his servyce for euer and hath renounced all his former graunte. *Sir Bartram Byllynge * The priestly title of " Sir" is the shortened form of Sire : Father. BENEFACTORS TO THE GUILD. 39 was on October 23rd chosen in his place, to have meat and drink of the Mayor, four brode yardes of cloth of the best for his lyvery yerely, and 53/4 for his wages, and he shall .... in Seint Thomas Church, according to the old custom, and this not to be broken, wheresoever the Mayor shall dwell." The Rev. Edward Duke, in his book before alluded to, speaking of ancient paintings repre- senting Saints on the walls of old Churches, says, " Saint George, armed cap-a-pie, and destroying the dragon, such a painting was, a few years since, exposed to view, in the reparation of St. Thomas' Church, Salisbury." The old Bede Roll in Ledger A, 1420, contains a long list of benefactors to the St. George's Guild : " Ffyrst ye shall pray for all the sowls whose names here follow, the which sometymes were cytenzens in the cyte of New Sar' and in ther lyves gave any goodis mevable or onmevable as londis or tenementis to the Mayer and comnalte of ye sayd cyte. Ye shall pray for the soul of the most illustrious prince Henry IV. who gave licence to the Mayor and Commonalty to acquire lands to the value of 100 marks, for the soul of Robert Hallam lately bishop," &c. Amongst other names mentioned in the roll is that of Margaret Godmanstone, William Teynterer, Junior, who gave by bequest, in 1376, the value of certain hereditaments to the Mayor and Com- monalty, as forming the Guild of St. George, for charitable purposes, and William Ashleigh, Chaplain. The last named in the year 1413 conveyed upon his decease to the Mayor and Corporation a tenement in St. Martin's Street, in aid of their burdens, and for the maintenance 40 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. of the Chapel belonging to the confraternity of Seynte George. The Guild had its chapel festival on St. George's Day, when it carried the " Jorge harnyssed " in procession to Church, and after- wards held its " Grete feste." Hatcher says, " The riding of the George was one of the principal solemnities of the City, as may appear by the express mention of it in an order made at the Common Hall in the 17th year of Edward IV. (1478), which enjoins all the citizens to attend the Mayor to ride against the King (viz., to meet the King), and for riding the ' George ' or any other to the pleasure and worship of the town." In the 14 Hen. VII. (1499) an order was made that everyone of the forty-eight should pay towards the upholding " Seynte George's Gilde" ; those who had been chosen Chamberlain vi"^., and " they who have not been so iv'^. yearly at least." In the year 1510 an order was made that each of the 24 were to provide two men, and each of the 48 a man, " well and cleanly harnyssed to waite on the George yearely to Church and from Church," also that a " levyrie of long gownes," scarlet for the 24 and crimson for the 48, should be provided for the feast of St. George ; each member of the iraternity was ordered to pay Is. at the feast, whether present or absent. 15 Hen. VIII. (1524). The Masters of the Gild having neglected " the riding of the George," an order was made enjoining them to do it, according to " antiente custome," between St. George's Day and Whitsunday on pain of for- feiting five pounds. ELECTION TO THE MAYORALTY. 41 The Corporation Ledger shows that in 1525, owing to the poverty of the " Comon " chest, upon the petition of " Thomas Buge and Thomas Tailour, stewardes of ye George Teste, and Tr. Souwthe," the following order was made : — " That this citie and the inhabitants of ye same be greatley charged, and more belike to be, with great payments to the Kynges Grace ; that the saide Test for this yere shalbe left, so that the saide Stewardes kepe the obbite and Masse of olde accustomed, and make the light, and bringe it to the Churche and chuse new Stewardes." There is an entry in Ledger B, fol. 31, of a Council held in the 36th year of Henry VI. (1457), which shows that the meetings of the Corporation were held not only in the Council House, but occasionally in one of the City Churches. The entry is written, one portion in Latin and the other in English, and states that as several convocations had been broken up owing to the quarrels, discords and malicious speeches made to the great scandal of the City, after deliberation it was agreed, that whensoever the Mayor of the City or his successor should convene any Council or convocation for the City in the " hous called the Semplehous " or in any Church within the City, no one of the 24, nor any one of the society of the 48, should indulge in personal invective under the penalty of 3s. 4d. to be levied by the Chamberlain, at the mandate of the Mayor, on the chattels of those offending in this respect. The custom at this time appears to have been for the Corporation to select or appoint one of the 24 as Mayor-elect at a meeting which was held in the week following the feast of St. Matthew, and the member who was chosen then 42 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. took precedence of all his brethren, except the Mayor, until the week following the feast of St. Martin, when at a further meeting, which was convened by the Mayor, the Mayor-elect was sworn in as Mayor and Magistrate before the " Seneschall of ye Bushopp." This second ceremony probably took place in the Church. Later on this custom was altered by the Charter of Edward IV. (1474), which ordained that the Mayor should be elected on All Saints' Day, and at a place chosen and appointed by. the Bishop, and that only those so elected should be pre- sented to the Seneschall or other Minister of the Bishop, and that the Mayor, standing before him, should take the oath and then should be Mayor, but not otherwise. The old " Semple- hous " was close to St. Thomas' Church, and it remained standing for some years after the New Council House was erected in 1584. There are many entries in the Ledgers referring to it, one as late as September 29th, 1629, when there appears an entry : — " Ordered that William Dove is to hold two upper rooms which are used for a schoolhouse and called the old Council House in St. Thomas' Cemetery at 20s. for the year." There is some evidence that during the 14th and 15th centuries, up to the time of the Refor- mation, the ceremony of the election of Mayor was held in the Church of St. Thomas, which was close to the Council House, and was also the Church in which was the Chapel of the Guild of the Mayor and Corporation. In the year 1547 an Act was passed which gave to King Edward VI. all Chantries which the previous King, Henry VIII. , had not seized. This Act also ordered a visitation of the whole SUPPRESSION OF THE CHANTRIES. 43 of the Kingdom by Commissioners, who were empowered to put down the practice of masses for departed souls, and who were also given authority to seize and sell the plate, ornaments, and other goods belonging to all Chantries and Chapels of Guilds and fraternities. The possessions of most of the Chantries and Chapels in Salisbury were taken in 1548 by the Crown officers who visited the western counties, and sold by them in the same year to Thomas Chafyn, of Mere. An inventory of these goods and ornaments, taken from a document found amongst the papers of the late Miss Chafyn-Grove, of Zeals House, and dated June 15th, 1548, was published in the Wiltshire Archceological Magazine, vol. 22. The Guild of St. George does not appear in this inventory, but upon the same date as the visit of these Commissioners to Salisbury there appears in the St. Thomas' Churchwardens' accounts the following entries : — " Paid to two carpenters and four labourers for taking down the George, 2/8 ; paid the glazier for mending the glass windows, 8/4, and for glass, 4/- ; paid for breaking down the footstools of the images in the church, 22d. ; paid for making clean the church after the departure of the visitors, 3/6." Amongst the receipts appears the entry : — " For brass which was upon graves and tombs, and a laver of brass, altogether weighing 2cwts. — 18/- per cwt. — 36/-." The above entry appears to show that a clean sweep was made of the coloured glass and ornamental brasses, as well as the George and other images in the Church, and furnishes additional evidence that the St. George's Guild Chapel was in St. Thomas' Church. 44 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. After the suppression of the Guild by the Commissioners in 1548, the close connection that had existed for so many years between the Mayor and Corporation and St. Thomas' Church came to an end, and the ceremony of Mayor choosing was transferred to St. Edmund's Church. A promise was given to those who opposed the adoption of the Act for the suppression of the Chantries, that wherever real public works were maintained out of the rents and properties of Guilds, in such cases the Guild lands should be restored. This promise, given by the weak and corrupt Government of the youthful King's uncle, the Protector Somerset, a Government which found it easier and more popular to rob Churches than to despoil a public body such as a Corpora- tion of a city of their possessions, was in many cases made good. The Corporation of Salisbury, who held their possessions both as Guild Members and as a City Corporation, succeeded in pre- serving the whole of their property. They found favour in the 6yes of the Duke of Somerset by an appeal to his sincere Protestantism, and by severing themselves entirely from every associa- tion connected with the pre-Reformation customs of their fraternity, and even from the Church which had for so many years contained their Guild Chapel. There appears to have been some attempt during Queen Mary's reign to resuscitate the old order of things at St. Thomas' Church ; e.g. an order was made by the Corporation on March 20th, 1555, as follows :— '' Whereas three dirges have been yerely song heretofore within the Parish Church Seynte Thomas' in Sarum for the fownders and benefactors of this house, BISHOP COLDWELL'S LETTER. 45 and for certen causes lett downe ever sithens the begynnyng of Kyng Edwarde the Vlth vntill this tyme, it is concluded and agreed that the saide three dirges be yerely kepte in the saide Churche of Seynte Thomas accordynge to the olde ordynaunces and customes, at the charge of the Chamberlaynes, and that the priests and clerks shall have of the Chamberlaynes iv^. a peece." But from this time forward the Corporation are more closely connected with St. Edmund's Church, and probably the Mayor was chosen in this Church for the first time in October, 1548. This opinion is justified by the statement made by Bishop Coldwell in a letter written in 1595, in connection with the controversy between the Bishop and the Corporation as to the election of Mayor. The Bishop claimed the right to appoint the place in which the Mayor was to be chosen, but the Corporation wished to assert their independence, and the matter was eventually referred to the Privy Council, and was decided in favour of the Bishop. The Corporation con- tended that for the space of 300 years they had chosen their Mayor in St. Edmund's Church, and that the Mayor took an oath before the Bishop, out of courtesy and reverence, and not of necessity. Amongst the documents in the Muniment Room of the City of Salisbury is the answer of the Bishop to the Corporation, dated November 11th, 1595, which is as follows : — " The Answer of John, bishopp of Sar'm to the peticon of the cittizens. " Yt is not true that by the space of 300 ^^eares or halfe one hundred yeares ye May'r hath been 46 SALISBURY GUILD OF ST. GEORGE. chosen in ye Chiirche of Saint Edmondes or that there hath been any suche number of ye xxiiij to choose ye Maior, but lately yt hathe been so done directlee against an ancient Charter made by Kinge Edward 3^e ffourth and confirmed by her Mat'ce w'ch is that ye Maior should be chosen at a place appointed by ye bishopp out of ye cittizens of New Sar'm, but ye bishopp holdeth it irreligious to pr'fane a churche w'th suche tulmultious noyes as is usuall is such ellecons and therefore nev'r appointed ye churche to be ye place of that electing." The decision of the Privy Council, which, as we have said, was in favour of the Bishop, left the citizens in a very discontented frame of mind, and after the accession of James L, the Corpora- tion increased their efforts to obtain the assistance of powerful friends at Court, who could help them in procuring for the City a Charter of Incorporation. In this they were successful, thanks to the support given to them by Sir Robert Cecil, who at this time was Secretary of State. Sir Robert, who was the second son of the great Lord Burleigh, and who was created Viscount Cranborne in 1604 and Earl of Salisbury in 1605, had been connected with the City. The house in which he lived still stands in the Close, where the old crest of the Cecils, a sheaf supported by two rampant lions, is still to be seen on the cornice over the fireplace in one of the rooms. He died in May, 1612, only a few months after the City had received its Charter from King James I., which put an end to the strife between the Corporation and the Ecclesias- tical Authorities. Bishop Coldwell died a few months after the date of the letter to which we VISITATION OF THE PLAGUE. 47 have referred, and the vacancy in the See was not filled for two years. The ceremony of the election of Mayor continued to be held in St. Edmund's Church certainly all through the 17th century. Upon several occasions, when the plague was raging in the streets adjoining St. Edmund's Church, the ceremony was held else- where. In 1579 it was held in St. Thomas' Church, in 1604 at the New Council House, and in 1664 in the Close of the Cathedral, by authority of a licence from the King. 48 CHAPTER V. THE MERCHANTS' COMPANY. At the beginning of the XV. century, as the number of craft fraternities increased, the ancient Merchant Guilds diminished in power and number. There does not appear to have been any conflict between the Salisbury merchants and craftsmen, such as took place in other cities, but the decline of the ancient organisation, and the rise of the Craft Guilds, reflected the contest between the industrial interests of the small manufacturing master and the commercial interests of the aldermen and the more important merchants who held control of the ruling Guild. As the real supervision of the trade gradually fell into the hands of the Craft Guilds, the merchant who was a craft master, that is, one who had learnt by apprenticeship the manual side of his craft, and had risen in the social scale, and had become a manufacturing merchant, now became a member of a Craft Guild, which included the tiade of which he was a master. Later on thi> became 'he general rule, more especially during the reign of Elizabeth, when, owing to the disorganisation of the Guilds after the suppression of their Chantries in the preceeding reign, they were re- organised upon a broader basis as trade com- panies, which included both the dependant class of small master craftsman and the capitalist master. In this way the merchant was able to use his influence in providing rules and PORTRAITS OF BENEFACTORS. 49 regulations, to prevent careless or fraudulent workmanship on the part of the workman, and the use of defective material on the part of the small master artisan. There are amongst the paintings in the Council House the portraits of several of the merchants of the old City, who were also members and benefactors of the Trade Guilds, viz., Charles Wotton, Mayor of Salisbury in 1583, and who, as the inscription on the picture tells us, " gaue tenne poundes for euer to the Corporation of We vers " ; William Windover, Merchant, who in 1630 gave £50 each to the Company of Shoemakers and the Company of Bakers ; Phillip Crew, who in 1638 gave his house (commonly known as Crew's Hall, in Rollestone Street) to the Company of Shoe- makers, for their Hall ; and Lawrence Tippott, who gave, in 1675, ** To the Shoemakers in Sarum, £50." These interesting portraits of Salisbury Merchants adorned at one time the walls of some of the old halls of the Trade Companies in the City. The Merchants head the list of the Salisbury Companies that were re-organised in 1562, when the orders and constitutions of each Company (including the Merchants) were sanctioned by the Mayor and Corporation. The only exceptions were the Corporation of Tailors, who had purchased their fredom, and became incorporated by Royal Charter in the preceeding century, and succeeded in obtaining a confirmation of their privileges from both Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth ; and also the Corporation of Weavers, which received two Charters from Elizabeth, the first in 1562 and the second in 1590. 50 THE MERCHANTS' COMPANY. The Company of Merchants, as re-constituted, now included all those traders who dealt in commodities which they did not make, the export and import merchants, the grocer, the mercer, the vintner, the woolmonger, &c. The Crafts' Companies were composed of those who were engaged in the home industries, such as weavers, tailors, cordwainers, joiners, skinners, &c., &c. There is a most interesting book in the Muniment Room which contains the names and occupations of between five and six hundred citizens, in connection with the fund which was raised in 1612 to pay the cost of obtaining the Charter of James I. The inscription on the first page of this book is as follows : — " 1612, Ci vitas Novae Sarum : A remembrance of the voluntarye contribucon of the severall companyes of the citizens of the sayde cittie towards the chardge of the procuringe of the incorporacon of the sayde cittie and confirmacon of theire former liberties by the Kinges mats, most gracious letters patents under the greate scale of England made the seconde daye of Slarche in the nynthe yeare of the raigne of our gracious sovcigne Lord James by the Grace of God Kinge of England, France, and Ireland, and of Scotland the XLVth &c. Wherein firste ar menconed the sevrall companyes, and then the names of everye person of that Companye that hath geven anye thinge and the sevrall somes by them geven and then the names of suche as ar able to geve and have lyved in the town and have geven nothinge, and lastlie the names of the poore persons of evxye companye that deserve well in respecte of theire behavior to be of the companyes and ar not able to geve anye thinge." The first list in this book contains the names of the merchants, mercers, grocers, apothecaries, goldsmiths, linen-drapers, &c., with donations ranging from 60s. to 20s. each. Next follow the craftsmen, each trade being kept separate. After the craftsmen come " Corporacions," i.e., Fraternities which had been incorporated by CHARTER OF JAMES I. 51 Royal Charter, and as such were quite distinct from the Guilds, or rather Companies, as they were called, by an Act passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and which received their orders and constitutions from the Mayor and Corporation. The " Corporacions " were the Tailors, who sub- scribed from their Guild funds £10, and the Weavers, who gave from their funds £6. The next page is headed " And others of Quallytye." There are about 50 names under this qualification, and many of these were merchants, clothiers, &c., the sums given by each ranging from £5 down to 10s., in addition to which the 24 alder- men gave £5 and the 48 councillors £2 each towards the same object. Under the Charter of James I. the whole of the Trade Companies in the City were recon- stituted by the Town Council, and no one was allowed to trade in the City unless he had received the freedom of the City and was a member of one of the Companies. The orders and con- stitutions of the Company of Merchants were the first to receive the sanction of the Ma^^or under this Charter, and are dated November, 1612. The Company, as reconstituted, included mercers, grocers, apothecaries, goldsmiths, drapers, upholsterers, and embroiderers. Their officers consisted of one chamberlain, two stewards, one clerk, and one yeoman* These officials were to be elected on the Wednesday before the feast of St. Bartholomew, and the annual feast was to be held on the Wednesday after the feast of Vincula-Petri, or Lammas-day. The brethren were to appoint one or two of the " antient and * A yeoman at this period signified a person in subordination, one who is outside the ranks of the fully-privileged, a beadle. 52 THE MERCHANTS' COMPANY. most discreet of every trade of the Companye," to assist the officials, and they were to view, see, and search the wares, merchandise, weights and measures of every brother and sister of the Company, and they were given power to proceed to recover a fine in cases where unlawful wares, weights or measures were found. On July 16th, 1647, we find a petition from the Wardens and Brethren of the Company of Merchants to the Mayor and Corporation, asking that all persons trading in the City who were not freemen should be sued, and on February 18th, 1675, new orders were granted to the Merchants' Company. The following extracts are taken from these 1675 constitutions, which are the only orders of the Merchants in the Salisbury Corporation Muniment Room : — " Civitas Nove Sarum." Orders and Constitutions for the Companye of Merchants, Mercers, Grocers, Apothecaries, Gold- smiths, Linen Drapers, Milliners, Vintners, Upholsterers, Em- broyderers, made on Friday the eighteenth day of February in the eighte and twentieth yeare of the raigne of our Sou'raigne Lord Charles the seconde &c. " Anoq dni 1675." The first seven articles are common to all of the Companies, they include the confirmation of the orders granted in 1612, the election of officers, &c. No 8. (To view wares, weights and measures.) Item. It is furthur ordered that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Wardens of this Companye for the tyme beinge as often as they shall thinke fitt (calling unto theire assistance one or more of the auncient and moste discrete person or persons of every trade of this Companye to view see and searche the wares, merchandize weights and measures of any brother or sister of this Companye and if upon any such searche and view they shall find any unlawfull wares not fitt to be sold or uttered. That it shall and may be lawfull to and for the Wardens and assistants to assesse and impose a fine of fiourty shillings for every ofience, upon every one that shall have or keep any such unlawfull ORDERS OF THE COMPANY. S3 wares or merchandizes to sell or utter the same, whiche fine shalbee to and for the use of this Company e. And if upon any such view or searche there shalbe default found in any weights or measures, that then the said Wardens and assistants shall certifye the right Wors'll the Mayor of the said cittye for the tyme beinge thereof to the end reformacon may be had. And that every brother and sister of this Companye that shall refuse or deny to permitt or sufier the Wardens and assistants to view and searche his or her wares weights or measures shall forfeite and paye to the use of this Companye for every tyme offending the some of x^ And that every brother beinge warned by the yeoman of this Companye for the tyme beinge to assist the Wardens in their said view and survey that shall neglect or refuse to assist, then for every such offence shall forfeite and loose to the use of this Companye the some of fiive shillings. No. 9. To come to assemblies and funerals, " forfeit ii^ vi**." No. 10. Penalty to such as abuse Wardens, " forfeit xx^." No. 11. Widows to use their husband's trade. No. 12. To enroll apprentices. No. 13. To enroll apprentices hereafter to be taken. No. 14. Apprentices to be bound for seven years. No. 15. To make apprentices ffreemen. No. 16. None to use freemen's trade before they become ffree citizens. No. 17. None to keep shoppe untill they be free. No. 18. Apprentices to serve out their tyme after their master's death. No. 19. None shall keep journeymen but such as have been apprenticed to a free brother, or a partner unless he shall be a freeman of this Companye. Penaltie x". for a journeyman ; penaltie xl^ for a partner. No. 20. None to keep shoppe out of this citty. Item. It is furthur ordered that no free brother or sister of this Companye keepinge any shoppe w'thin this cittie shall at any tyme hereafter keep any shoppe out of this cittie (unless it be in time of Plague or some other infectious sicknesse w'thin the cittie) nor keepe any more shoppes than one w'thin this cittie to retaile wares in at any tyme uppon paine that every one shall forfeite and loose for every moneth that he or shee shall kecpe shoppe contrarye to this order the some of ffourty shillings to and for the use of this Companye. No. 21. ffor paymente of Quarteridge. Each member to pay sixpence per quarter or in default a " pcnaltyc of ffive shillings." 54 THE MERCHANTS' COMPANY. No. 22. None shall use any trade but their owne to which they were apprenticed, " penaltye twenty shillinges for every moneth." No. 23. ffor refusinge paymente of fines and penaltyes. Wardens and bretheren of this Companye or any fifteen or more of them including the twoe Wardens in assemblye shall dis- franchise the delinquent and after notifying the Mayor and Comonalty he shall be disfranchised from the cittie. No. 24. Stock of the Company to be disposed of for the benefit of the Company. No. 25. The Seast days. Item. It is furthur ordered and agreed that this Companye shall keepe their fieast yearley on the Wenesday next after the fieast of Vincula Petri otherwise called Lammas Day. No. 26. The usual proviso giving the Mayor and Corporation power to alter the orders and constitutions. On the 16th March, 1690, the Corporation ordered " That the Constitutions and orders of the Company of Merchants within this City be renewed and confirmed, that Society having been sometime discontinued," also that the Corporate Seal be attached to the Constitutions of the Company of Merchants. Again, in 1701, an order was made to seal the Merchants' orders, which were granted in 1675. Little or nothing of importance is to be found respecting the Salisbury Merchants' Company after this date. In 1786 a Salisbury Commercial Society was formed to protect and promote the general trade interests of the City. Thomas Ogden was President, and the Society was supported by the traders generally. Probably owing to the great expansion of trade which took place in the XVIII. century, which entirely altered the conditions of com- mercial life, this Society took the place of the Salisbury Company of Merchants. 55 CHAPTER VI. THE SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. The rise of the Craft Guilds in Salisbury took place either at the end of the XIV. century or the beginning of the XV. century. A certain amount of co-operative enterprise had been in- herent in the Crafts from the earliest times, and this it was, probably, which induced the crafts- men engaged in each particular trade to settle in the same street or part of a town for con- venience, the common use of tools, and the joint acquisition of raw material. Consequently, parishes were composed, to a certain extent, of men engaged in the same trade with their families. Parish Guilds were very general at this time, and we find in some of the ancient cities and towns, more especially in those which contained a large number of small parishes, that the fra- ternity of the Parish Church became the fraternity of the craft which had established itself in the parish. One of the most striking features in the early topography of mediaeval cities, both in England and on the Continent, as at Bruges, is the localization of trades in streets named after them. Thus the ancient City of Salisbury had not only a Butcher Row and a Fish Row, both of which have come down to the present day, but there were also in those days "Wheelers' Row," near the Wool Market, now the Canal ; " Ironmonger Row," the present Oatmeal Row ; " Smiths' Row," in Winchester Street ; " Cord- 56 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. wainers' Row," which occupied the north side of the portion of Minster Street, now known as Silver Street; " Potrewe " or "Pot Row" (the Pewterers' Row), on the south side of the present Silver Street, and Cooks' Row in Castle Street. The craftsmen of each trade, working under these conditions, and living together as near neighbours, would naturally desire to organise themselves, to act together, and to worship together, so that, by their united efforts, they could obtain for themselves a stronger position, and one which would enable them to defend and protect their interests. In the past these interests had been completely dominated by the ruling class, who, united in their Merchants' Guild, occupied a very strong position. It must be understood that the term craftsmen signified a trade or calling generally, and included the well-to-do shopkeeper and trader who had served an apprenticeship to the manual side of his craft, as well as the poorer craftsman who could not afford to rent a shop, and, therefore, had either to hawk his wares or sell them to the shopkeeper. This desire for mutual protection on the part of the craftsmen resulted in the various trades forming themselves into fraternities. Each Guild had its own priest, maintained lights before its Guild altar, and provided a hearse-cloth, which was used at the burial of a brother of the " Mysterie." The attendance of the Guild brethren at the funeral of a deceased member was always regarded as a serious duty. Tapers and torches were provided by the Guild, and a fine, usually one pound of wax, was inflicted on those members who neglected to attend at the dirge on the day before, and at Mass on the day of the funeral. The Guild pall was used THE FUNERAL PALL. 57 Upon these occasions for the purpose of doing honour to the memory of the departed brother. Many of these hearse-cloths, some of which were described as being " beautiful specimens of the broyderer's art," were destroyed at the time of the suppression of the Chantries. Others were apparently hidden away until the reign of Queen Mary, when they were again brought into use. During the Commonwealth, in 1645, hearse-cloths were ordered to be destroyed. Some of them, described as " embroydered with gould and Popish-images," were ordered to be burnt by ** Mr. Maior, as being contrary to the late ordinance of Parliament." In some cases the members of a Guild all belonged to one trade, but there were other Guilds which included the craftsmen and women of several different trades. The fraternities controlled all matters relative to the particular trade or trades of those included in the Guild, such as the admissions and the con- ditions of service of apprentices, and the punish- ment by fine and otherwise of those Guild brothers who infringed the rules and customs. Round these Guilds the social life of the work- people of the City chiefly centred. The manual workmen (journeymen) also combined to protect their interests as regards wages and hours of labour, and in some cases they appear to have become organised and affiliated to the Craft Guild, e.g., the Salisbury Tailors' ordinances which were made in 1444 show that there were stewards for the journeymen as well as stewards of the masters : — " Also the Stewardes on Mydsom'es euen shulle lete straw with green Seynte Johnnys Chapell . . . and a morwe to ordeyne the mynstrell to go aboute the citic, and the Stewardes of the jornemen, with their Mynstrell, with the 58 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. Stewardis of the Maisteres aboue sayde . . . and to charge the Stewardes of the jornemen and alle there ffelawshipp to be there upon payne of ii lb. of wex to bere yn the lyght, and the Stewardis of the Maisteres to gyve to the lyght tend iiii^" In 1415, before the battle of Agincourt, the Salisbur}^ Guilds were called upon to assist the Corporation in meeting the demand made upon the Cit}' by King Henry V. to provide him with 100 marks, and also a number of '' hobblers, archers, and other defensible men," who were to join the King's forces, then on the march, and which were to pass through Salisbury on their way to Southampton, where they were to embark for France. During the same reign the Privy Council wrote, directing the Mayor and Corporation to make an examination of the defences of Salisbury, and at the convocation which was shortly after called to consider the matter there were present, in addition to the members of the Corporation, representatives of some of the Craft Guilds. At this meeting it was decided to make, as an additional defence, a big ditch round the City, and also to strengthen the existing barriers and gates, and the Guilds were ordered to assist in this matter. It may be explained that the Charter of Henry III. (1227) granted to the Bishop and his successors power to enclose the City with com- petent trenches, and to hold it as their own domain. At a later date Robert Wyvell, who was appointed Bishop in 1329, appears to have had considerable differences with the Ma3^or and Commonalty respecting his Court in his Guild- hall, and other matters. This dispute resulted BISHOP wyvell's charter. 59 in an appeal to the King, who decided against the citizens, and inflicted a fine upon them of 3000 marks, but in 1356 they made their humble submission to the Bishop, and through his inter- cession the King released the City from the heavy penalty which he had imposed upon them for " certain contempts. " The improved relations which existed between Bishop Wyvell and the citizens after this time is shown by the Charter which he gave them in 1367. This Charter grants to " our beloved in Christ the Mayor and our free citizens and to the Co'inalty of the Citty . . . that they may shut in our said Citty with ditches and other municions and fortifications as in the said deede more at large appeareth, and to fortify the said Citty with four gates and the same soe fortified to keepe and sustaine for eu'r, and that the Mayor, Cittizens and Co'inalty may digge of our soyle round about ye Citty to ye bredth of eyght perches of our grounde by us limited to the making of ye aforesaid ditch, and yt they may keepe the said ditch . . . for eu'r, and the same ditch to dense when and as often as it shallbe need or yt shall sccme to them ex- pedient ; the Lo'shippe of the soyle of the said ditch to us and to our successors alwayes re- served. . . . And yt ye Mayor, Cittizens . . . unto the four gates yerely may chuse four keepers to keep safe the said gates." Ledger A 18 of Henry VI. gives a complete list of the Guilds, with the names of the Wardens and the various trades included in each Guild. The date of this entry is September, 1440, and it shows how rapid must have been the growth of the Craft Guilds during the preceding 20 60 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. years. The entry referred to is the minutes of a meeting called by the Corporation in connection with the raising of the money to pay for com- pleting the great ditch. At this meeting there were present, in addition to the ordinary members, two representatives of each Trade Guild in the City. These were probably the Wardens of the various Guilds. The list of the Guilds, Trades and Wardens is rather indistinct, as the pages of the ancient ledger are badly stained, owing probably to the fire at the old Council House in 1780, from which the ledgers were saved. The first part of the entry is written in Latin and the second part in English. It will be noticed from the list that whilst some of the more important of the trades had their own Guild, in other cases more than one trade Was included in a Guild. The Car- penters' Guild included no less than seven distinct trades. The list is as follows : — For making the ditch. Those elected for the Mercers, Grocers I William Hore and Drapers . . . . • • J William Swayne Textorum Artis (Weavers) Pandoxatorum (Brewers) Fullorum (Fullers) . . Sissorum (Tailors) . . Sutor Currios (Shoemakers and Curriers) Pistorum (Bakers) . . I Nichs. Shute / Ths. Payn ] William Halstede / W'alter Carrogon I Radulph Pakke I Stephen Hywode ) Stephen Hendy ) John Stanele ) John Ector j Simon Gylys \ William Colyn / William Swengil TRADES AND GUILDS. 61 Ostill (Innkeepers) Dubbers (Bookbinders) Parchmens. (Parchment Makers) Glovers Barbitous (Barber Surgeons) Cocorum (Cooks) Goldsmiths Blaksmitbs Brasiers Sadlers Cotelers Peurters Pynners Cardmakers Pistators Vynters Bochs. (Butchers) Tannars Diers Carpnts. (Carpenters) Bowiers (Bow Makers) Coupers (Coopers) Masones (Masons) Helliers (Tylers) Lymbners (Painters) Ffletchrs. (Arrow Makers) Skynners . . Chandelers (Chandlers) Attorn. Adlege (Attorneys-at-Iaw) ) Clemens Furbor J John Stafford I John Crykemore > John Slegge 1 Nichus Wedgrove / Thomas Hurde (Walter Hende John Perant Stephen Waryn John Cathero I John Parrot j John Gertevile ") John Chypenham J John Baker ) Tho. Stoppe ) John Clyve }John Eston John Lavyngton John Rede John Cras, helHer, alias Fulbroke 1 AuncelinusHebbyng J William Meyson }John Skot Penstan Chr. Yoxford 62 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. In continuation of the report of the same meeting there is a hst of donations received, and also the names of the donors. Then follow complete lists of the names of the members of the various Guilds, each Guild forming a separate entry. Apparently these names were taken for the purposes of an assessment in connection with paying for the ditch. The Churchwardens' accounts of St. Edmund's, Salisbury, for the year 1449 — 50, show that at this time artisans engaged in the building trades, viz., carpenters, masons, helliers, &c., were paid vi*^ a day, and the labourers who served them received iv*^.* It may also be of interest to notice the names of a few of the parishioners which appear in these ancient accounts, e.g. — Jolin the cooke vppon the ditche William the spurryer Gaston Quarrier Xpfor Pewterer John hellyer Kettle the plummer Bartlynier Glover Batten the joyner Margery silk woman &c. Ledger B also contains a long and interesting entry respecting the old City Guilds. In November, 1474, Edward IV. sent a demand to Salisbury requesting the Corporation to furnish him with 24 armed men for the King's Army against France. This was for the expedition which crossed the Channel in the spring of 1475 * The value of money being about 25 times its value at the present day. SUPPLY OF ARMED MEN. 63 to endeavour to recover Normandy from Louis XL, and resulted in Edward accepting from the French a King large sum of money to retire from France. The report in the old Ledger shows that in answer to the King's demand a Convocation was held on December 17th, 1474, at which there were present, in addition to the members of the Corporation, officials representing the various Guilds, who were called upon to take the oath, "as it appeareth in the boke in the Cownsell howse .... Every craft was charged of the which 24 men, 12 men were harneysed and sent forthe under Sir Edward Darrell Knt. of the which 12 men were send forthe, by such crafts as her folloathe .... and after that tyme it pleased the Kyngs grace to write to the Mayre and to the comyms to make redy and to harneyse L men to be redy by a day to do hym servus at the see, of the whch L men ht hath plesyd his grace to relesse XX men, and to send forth XXX abull men and to harneysse them at the charge of the Cyte, whch were send forth the XXV day of Februar Anno Illlto (1475), and thees be the names of such crafts of the Cyte as send forth the said XXX men harneysseyd. At which season it was aggreyd that every craft should dowbull theyre fyrst Sessyng (the original 24 demanded) which shold amount to XLVIII men whereof as ht apperith at two tymes (that is the two previous occasions when 12 and 30 men were sent respectively) were sent forthe XLII men, and so there rest upon dyvrse crafts VI men to harneyshe which crafts hereafter foloathe." There are three lists, the first of 12 men, the second of 30 men, and 64 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. the third of s six men. rh e f irs follows : — The Mercers a man „ Tay lours „ Bochers ,, Sadullers ,, Smyths ,, Dubbers ,, B re wars „ Bakers „ Fyschmongers ,, Tannars ,, Inholders ,, Wevars 1 The second list was as under :- The Mercers IX men The Bruars IV men The Taylours in men The Carpynters The Wevers II men a man The Towkers J5 5> ,, Bochers 5J 5 J , Sadullers 5> ) 3 , Fyshmongers „ , Inholders „ , , Barb ours „ Tannars ,, Bakers „ Smythes „ Dubbers J5 „ Schomakers 5) 5> was as The third list was composed of : — The Founders & Pewter'rs 2 men The Bruars a man ,, Towkers ,, ,, „ Barbours „ „ ,, Schomakers ,, ,, Among the allowances made to William Wootton, Mayor in 1464, are several sums for the equipment of men for the King's service, THE BARBER-SURGEONS. 65 including : — For a Standard xxiii'. iv'^ ; for 34 Jackets with the sign of S, and for ffustian sherying and lynynge iv''. x\ f. Henry Swayne, one of the 24 (aldermen), was Captain of this force. In the year 1458 there appears an interesting entry respecting the Barber Surgeons, which shows that the premises, now occupied by Mr. Powney, at the corner of Minster and Silver Streets, and the property of the Municipal Charity Trustees, was left by will by a member of this fraternity. The property is described as the corner tenement opposite the " pultricrosse." It was left to the Trinity Hospital by John Wynchestre, barber, after the death of his wife Agnes, on condition that the Master and brothers and sisters of the said Hospital, should hold his obit, for his soul and for the soul of Agnes his wife, on Friday in the first week in Lent, in the Church of St. Thomas the Martyr, when they should pay to the priest, and to the poor in that Church 20 pence to be equally divided amongst them, and also to the Wardens of the Fraternity of Barbers in the same City for their lights 12 pence. Among the rules of the Barber-Surgeons was one forbidding unskilful persons to * take or meddle with any cure of chirurgery.' ' Another rule provided that, " For the better increase of skill and knowledge among the chirurgeons and barbers of this City the wardens of the guild upon making request to the Mayor and Justices, might have the body of any executed felon to make an anatomy thereof. On June 25th, 1493, the Corporation made an order that the Wardens of every Craft should bring in a list of the names of every householder " belonging to his crafte on Sonday next under the penalty of 20s." 66 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. At this time there appears to have been four distinct forces at work regulating trade in the interests of the whole community. First, the Crown by legislative or executive process ; secondly, the Municipal body by virtue of the liberties and free customs conceded to them by the Crown ; thirdly, the Merchants' Guild repre- senting the customs and interests of the Mer- chants ; and lastly, the Crafts' Guilds, by which the regulations of trade were conducted. Each Craft was kept quite distinct, and a man who made bows could not provide arrows or strings for them. So also four separate Crafts con- tributed to the making of a finished saddle and bridle. The joiner made the woodwork, which was decorated by the painter ; the saddler supplied the leather, and the lorimer the metal trappings and appointments. Amongst the rules made by some of the Guilds at this time was one which ordered that no member should begin his work before sunrise, or continue it after curfew. He was also forbidden to work on Church festivals, or after noon on the eve of a double feast. Each member was required to promise to help any brother craftsman to finish a piece of work if need arose, at the request of the Master of the Guild. Another rule provided that no member should go to law with his Guild brother, until after the dispute had been laid before the Wardens of his Guild, whose duty it was to arbitrate between the disputants. No one was admitted a member unless the Guild officers were satisfied both as to the candidate's moral character and his efficiency as a workman, and any member impoverished by misfortune had a claim to relief from his Guild. . THE MIDSUMMER WATCH. 67 The preceding extracts show that there were certain national duties imposed on the fellow- ships of the Crafts, e.g., whenever a demand was made upon the City to provide men or money for the King's service, the Mayor, as the repre- sentative of the Crown, issued precepts to the various Guilds in the City, requiring them each to provide their quota according to an assessment in force at the time. A considerable share of the quota was paid by the present and past Masters of a Guild, and a payment of vi*^. or xii'^. by each of the remaining members of the Guild provided the balance. The Mayor's authority over the Guilds is best seen in connection with the Municipal duties which were imposed on the Gui'ds ; e.g., on the initiative of the Mayor, precepts were issued for the Crafts to take part in cleansing the City ditch, or to provide men and horses to attend him when he rode to meet the King, or a requisition to attend the annual riding of the " George," the Midsummer Watch, or the pageant on St. Osmund's eve. A full account of the arrangements that were made by the Salisbury Corporation to provide a grand cavalcade, to meet Henry VII. and his Queen upon the occasion of their visit to their palace at Clarendon in 1496, appears in Ledger B. This procession, which was appointed to meet their Majesties, on the Great Western Road, one mile beyond Harnham, included the officials and a certain number of the members of each Trade Guild, the number of Guilds being the same as in the list referred to in 1474. At this period the ceremony of keeping the Midsummer Watch 68 SALISBURY CRAF^T GUILDS. ("Nativity of St. John the Baptist"), which was the earUest in origin of all the festivals, and the watches on St. Osmund's night, St. Peter's night, &c., were observed in Salisbury, and we are told by various writers that upon these occasions the pageants were gorgeous. The custom in connection with these festivities appears to have been for each Guild to supply a certain number of armed men, viz., bowmen, ** to awayte vppon the Mayre yn the watche everye of the sayde nights." Upon these occasions the Mayor and Corporation led the imposing procession. After the Cresset-bearers with their torches, Henchmen (armed men). Trumpeters on horse- back, the Guild banner and the " Minstral Wayts," came the Mayor and his brethren, robed in scarlet and mounted on horseback. The effigy of St. George was borne in their procession, escorted by the men in harness, archers in coats of white fustian carrying their bows, and with sheaves of arrows by their side, beadles and henchmen following. The armed men were pro- vided by the members of the Corporation, each member being called upon to provide and harness a certain number of men for this purpose. The Guild of St. George was followed by the most important of the Trade Guilds, " The Tailors'." This, the fraternity of St. John the Baptist, was then the only Craft Guild in the City which was incorporated by Royal Charter, and had borne before them the figure of the Giant, now in the Salisbury Museum. The Giant was escorted by his sword-bearer and mace-bearer, and accom- panied by the Morris dancers, and as some supposed by Hobnob, but on the other hand there is a tradition that Hobnob was originally part of the quaint paraphernalia of the St. HENRY VIII. AND THOMAS WOLSEY 69 George's Guild. The other Craft Guilds, each with their insignia and quaint emblems, some of which are still preserved in the Salisbury Museum, followed in procession, accompanied by Mummers, Morris dancers, &c. Chambers' Book of Days gives a lot of ob- servances in England and Scotland on St. John the Baptist's day. In London also much used to be made of it ; indeed, Midsummer Eve seems to have been the great rejoicing time of the year. Enormous bonfires were made in the streets east and west of St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, and in Cheapside, illuminating the magnificent steeple. " Over the doorways of the houses were lamps of glass with oil burning in them all night, and some hung out branches of iron, curiously wrought containing hundreds of lamps, lighted at once. Before the houses were tables set out, on which were placed ponderous cakes, and flagons of ale, and wine unexcised by kings. Over the doors hung the delicate branches of the graceful birch, with wreaths of lilies and St. John's wort ; and there were suspended pots of the green opine, in the bending of whose leaves the maiden could read her fate in love." Stow, in his Survey of London, gives a full and most exciting account of a clandestine excursion of Henry VHI., and his priest friend, Thomas Wolsey, on Midsummer Eve, 1510, in a dirty wherry from Westminster down the Thames, also thickly illuminated by lightcd-up boats, to Bridewell, and making their way through the crowd up Ludgate to the cross in Westcheap and back, all unrecognised. The young Haroun- al-Raschid was 19 years old, Wolsey 29. It was a splendid cavalcade, according to Stow's descrip- 70 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. tion, of which they were quiet spectators. At Oxford there was a specialty in the observance of a curious nature. A sermon was preached on St. John's Day from a stone pulpit in the Court of Magdalen College, whilst the Court was decorated with green boughs " that the preaching might resemble that of the Baptist in the wilderness." In the year 1520 there appears to have been a disposition on the part of some of the Salisbury Guilds to hold aloof from the St. Osmund's celebration, and by holding their feast upon that day they prevented their members taking part in the official celebration. Hatcher suggests, as a reason for this, that a change of opinion had taken place, which reflected public feeling, in regard to the doctrines and ceremonies of the Church. In 1520, at a Convocation held on the 9th of December, it was ordered that " no occupation or craft within the City shall keep their feast on the day of the revel, and one day only to continue, and the wardens of every occupation shall give knowledge to their fellowship of this act, that it be kept henceforth without interruption, on pain that any warden of what- ever occupation he be, doing to the contrary, to forfeit 40 shillings to the steward and Hkewise 20 shillings to be paid to the use of the Chamber ; and every journeyman that will not be ordered by their Masters to forfeit six shillings and eight pence." In 1522 an order was made that the feasts of the Guilds should be stopped, the only exceptions being the Mayor's feast and the feast of the St. George's Guild. Two years later, in 1524, a more peremptory order was issued in connection with St. Osmund's pageant, as ST. OSMUND'S PAGEANT. 71 follows : — " At this Convocation it is condecended that the watch on St. Osmund's night be kept this year, as it hathe been used in years past, in the best manner that may be done, and if any town dweller refuses to come to the watch, or do not his cost as his other neighbours do, after their power, he is to be punished at the Mayor's discretion." In 1526 another order was made threatening imprisonment to any citizen refusing to come to the St. Osmund's revel. In 1530 the opposition to the custom appears to have grown, and the Corporation, fearing disorder from those who objected to its continuation, made an order " that the watch be kept on St. Osmund's even in the best manner it can be done ; also that every citizen and inhabitant within the City for him and his servants, shall have clubs in their houses, each of the 24 six clubs, and every other person as many as shall be needful and expedient for his household." Again, in 1532, the order appears that the watch on St. Osmund's eve should be kept, and that the members of every craft in the City should apparel themselves in the best manner and come to the watch in time. In 1534 the same order was made, with an addition that every craft should bring forth as many harnessed men as they could to the honour of the City, and they were to be ready to give their attendance before the Mayor in the Market Place at seven o'clock, under pain of imprisonment. The following extract respecting St. Osmund's pageant is from a full quotation which Hatcher gives from the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum of a petition which was sent in 1537 by the Mayor and Commonalty of New Sarum 72 SALISBURY CRAFT GUILDS. to Thomas Cromwell (Earl of Essex) respecting their grievances against Bishop Shaxton, and also on the subject of their favourite pageant : — " And farther it may please you to be advertised, that it hath been accustomed, upon the eve of St. Osmund, being the 15th day of July, which Saint lieth in the Cathedral Church of Sarum, as St. Edward doth in Westminster, on the which St. Osmund's eve a solemn watch hath been used, after the order of the watch kept in London and Windsor, even to the which watch much people hath accustomed to resort unto. And the morrow was wont to be kept holiday. And because that the said St. Osmund's day is now commanded not to be kept holiday, where it shall be meet to have the said watch to be kept, and used or not, we most humbly desire your good lordship's pleasure therin, what is meet to be done, and that we may be instructed herein by the bearer hereof ; and we shall always be ready to accom- plish the same, according unto our bounden duty, as knoweth the blessed Trinity, who ever more preserve your good lordship, with increase of much honor. At Sarum 7tli day of June. By your Beadesmen, the Mayor and his brethren of the City of New Sarum." Two years later, viz., in 1539, it was ordered that St. Osmund's watch should be kept and observed " as in antient tymes," and that all Innholders, who had no occupation (Guild) should each provide and send one " harneyssed " man to assist the constables. This ancient custom was abolished by Henry VIII., and at a meeting of the Corporation in July, 1545, " Itt is agreed that the watche on St. Osmund's nighte be noe more observed nor kepte, for certayne causes." It was during this reign, 1531, that an Act, directed against an abuse which had grown up in the Craft Guilds, of preventing journeymen and apprentices, who had served their seven years' apprenticeship, from starting in business on their own account, was passed. The Guilds in this way had done their best to stop competition and individual CONSFICATION OF CHANTRIES. 73 enterprise, and had seriously imperilled the ex- pansion and prosperity of the towns and cities. In the year 1537 another order was made re- spectnig the feasts of the Guilds, which in 1522 had been ordered to be discontinued and this last order reflected the change in opinion which brought about the abolition of the St. Osmund's watch. Hatcher suggests that it looks as if the custom of offering lights was discontinued at this time. The order made was, " That the Guilds should keep their feast, one day for the Masters, and one day for the journeymen, only at the time accustomed, that is to say, when they used to bring in their lights." When the Act for the dissolutions of Colleges, Chantries, and Free Chapels (37 Henry VHI.) was passed, all Guilds were required to make a return of their Chantries and the goods and ornaments belonging to them, and these were subsequently confiscated. The great London Companies were rich enough to buy out of their own funds the estates and other property which the State had deprived them of. In a similar way many of the more wealthy of the Trade Guilds in the large towns survived, losing only their Chantries and Chapels with their ornaments, and that portion of their revenue that had been devoted to the maintenance of their Chantries. Amongst such were the Salis- bury Guild of Weavers, and the Salisbury Guild of Tailors, the Chantry possessions of both of which were seized and sold in 1548. 74 CHAPTER VII. FORMATION OF THE CITY COMPANIES. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth the Craft Guilds, which had become disorganised on account of the suppression of their Chantries and Chapels by the Council of Edward VI., formed themselves into Companies. The experience of the Craft Guilds was embodied in Parliamentary enact- ments binding on the whole Kingdom. The result was, that the Companies so formed were of a wider character than the old Guilds which they superseded, and they included not only the workmen of a trade, but also the masters. At the same time, many of the workmen were now their own masters, and sold the product of their labour without the intervention of a middle-man ; but the price of the product was fixed by the Company, which not only made rules to prevent unfair competition between the members of the same trade, but imposed fines on those of their members who did what, in their judgment, was unneighbourly or unfair to other members of the Company. Professor Rogers, in his In- dustrial and Commercial History, quotes a case which he extracted from the " Archives of the London Grocers' Guild," in which a very sub- stantial fine was imposed on two members of that fraternity, for what would be called in Ireland shop-grabbing, which was, offering a higher rent for a house and shop than the existing tenant was paying. Of course, the essence of RATE OF WAGES. 75 the Guild system was the hmitation of producers and traders, which would find little sympathy at the present time ; but, on the other hand, one cannot but approve many of the Company regulations. The apprentice became more than ever a member of the family of his employer, who undertook not only to instruct him in his trade but to exercise supervision over his moral character. At the end of his seven years' apprenticeship the apprentice could claim to become a full citizen by paying the accustomed fees and going through certain forms. It was during Elizabeth's reign also that, owing to the general rise in prices and the revival of industrial prosperity, which made an increase of wages possible, an Act was passed that wages should be fixed annually for each district by the magis- trates, after consultation with *' such discreet and grave persons as they think meet." The Act ordered that no one should pay more nor less than the wages so settled. In practice this amounted to the justices giving authoritative sanction to a rate of wages according to the industrial forces at work in a particular locality, and after consultation with the officials of the various Craft Companies. The following extract from one of the old magisterial books which are in the Salisbury Muniment Room, shows an order made by the local justices under this Act : — " The Rates of Wages appointed according to the statute, and agreed on at the said sessions : ffirst that all carpenters, ffrcemasons, tylers, helyers, and playsterers, the ov'r or chieffe work- men to take ffowerteen pence by the daye and noc more The journeymen to take twelve pence by the daye and noe more. The apprentices who 76 FORMATION OF THE CITY COMPANIES. have served ffower yeares of their apprenticeship to take tennpence by the daye and noe more. The laborers to take tennpence by the daye and noe more. Signed, Anthony Brickett, Mayor ; Mathew Bee, Henry Pearsone, Robert Banes — Thomas Squibb." In 1598 the citizens petitioned Bishop Cotton, asking him to secure for them the Royal incorporation of the various Trade and Craft Companies, in order to prevent the evils arising from the influx of strangers and foreigners, and so to protect the workmen of Salisbury against the competition of strangers who came to the City to trade without in any way assisting the finances of the Corporation. Two years later petitions were sent both by the Corporation and several of the Craft Companies to the Privy Council complaining of the same hardship, and in the year 1609 a deputation, consisting of the Mayor and several of his colleagues of the 24, was sent to London, to endeavour to procure a new Charter, which, amongst other things, would give the Corporation greater power to regulate and control the trade and the Craft Companies of the City. The interesting old magisterial book in the Muniment Room, which has been alluded to before, contains the names of several hundred citizens who gave voluntary contributions towards the cost of obtaining this Charter, and shows the various trades of the donors and the amount of their subscription. The merchants, whose names come first, include mercers, grocers, apothecaries, goldsmiths, linen drapers, up- holsterers and embroiderers, and they gave, in- dividually, amounts ranging from 60s. down to 20s. each. The brewers and maltsters, who follow, gave from £5 to £2 each. The bakers gave smaller amounts, ranging from 13s. 4d. to THE FIRST RECORDER OF SALISBURY. 77 5s. each, whilst the tanners contributed 40s. to 10s. each, the shoemakers, curriers and cobblers from 20s. to 5s. each. The clothworkers and shearmen and the parchment makers and glovers subscribed small sums, and the haberdashers, woollen drapers and butchers rather larger amounts. The armourers, cutlers, smiths and ironmongers gave from 15s. to 2s. 6d. each, and the fishmongers came down handsomely with sums varying from £5 to £\ each. The following trades are represented by subscriptions of from 5s. to 2s. per man : — Saddlers, carpenters, joiners, coopers, cooks, barbers, masons, tylers, plasterers, chandlers, dyers, wire- drawers, fiax-dressers, card- makers, collar-makers, roopers, plumbers, and pinnemakers. The mnholders contributed 20s. to Is. each and the picture- drawers, four in number only, gave 10s. each. At length, in the year 1612, the Salisbury Corporation obtained their long-desired Charter of Incorporation from James I., and the success of their efforts was largely due to the exertions of their legal adviser, Giles Tooker, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, who was at the time one of the representatives of the City in Parliament. Giles Tooker became, under this Charter, the first Recorder of the City of New Sarum. The Cor- poration had the good fortune also, at this juncture, to have a powerful friend at Court in the person of Robert Cecil, the first Earl of Salisbury, who was Lord High Treasurer, and whose influence was brought to bear in favour of the City, to which he was no stranger. The following short extract from this Charter shows the powers which were granted by it to the Corporation to enable them to control not only 78 FORMATION OF THE CITY COMPANIES. the Craft Companies, but also the trades of the City generally : — " Whereas merchants, artificers and others, inhabitants of other cities, for their private gain, sell their merchandise in the City and stay as long as it is pleasing to them without any payment or taxation towards the maintenance of the City, by which means the City is now reduced to ruin, decay and poverty, We graciously commiserating and desiring further to amend the state of the said City, Will of our especial grace grant unto the Mayor and Commonalty of the said City in their Common Council power to make under the Common Seal Free Citizens, and that no merchant, artificer, vintner, innkeeper, brewer, maltster, or other using or exercising any art, occupation, or mystery or any other person whomsoever who shall not be a Free Citizen of the City aforesaid, shall use or exercise any art, occupation, or mystery within the City or in any house, shop, place, or stall in the City, or in the cloisters of the said City, or in the suburbs and precincts of the same, for the selling any goods or merchandise there unless in the time of fairs and markets within the City of New Sarum under pain of forfeiture to us and under pain of Fine and imprisonment of their bodies for contempt and disobedience." The Charter also gave to the Corporation power and authority to determine the statutes, articles, and ordinances of the Craft Companies, but provision was made in the Charter to exclude from any regulations which the Corporation might make all those artificers who were employed, or should at any time be engaged, in repairing and maintaining the fabric of the Cathedral and the houses of the Bishop, Canons and others residing in the Close. Shortly after the Charter was received the Corporation made an order as follows: — "Sep., 1612. Ordered that every Citizen and Freeman of this City using any trade, or mystery, or occupation shall, before the feast of the birth of our Lord God next coming, get himself to be in some Company, upon the pain of forty shillings." Another order was made that TABLE OF FEES. 79 no one should be made a Freeman without the knowledge of the Wardens of the Company to which he wished to belong, and that no apprentice was to be made free unless he was admitted to one of the Companies of the City, and then as such presented by the Wardens to the Common Council. The Corporation also prepared and adopted a table of fees, to be taken by the Mayor and by their officials, in connection with their approval of the orders of the various Guilds as reconstituted. The Mayor was to receive for signing the orders of each Company 6s. 8d., for enrolling each apprentice 12d., for signing each writing of enfranchisement 12d., for the acknow- ledgment of every deed 2s., and for signing additional orders to each Company 12d. The Recorder was to have yearly for his certain fee £10 from the Chamber, and for other matters the same fees as the Mayor. The Town Clerk was to receive for entering the orders of any Company 8d. the sheet, for enrolling indentures of apprenticeship 12d., for entering every letter of freedom 12d., and for enrolling every deed 4d. the sheet. The Principal Sergeant-at-Mace for seahng the orders of each Company was to be paid 3s. 4d., and the residue of the Sergeants and officers 3s. 4d. ; for the seal of every letter of freedom the Principal Sergeant-at-Mace was to receive 6d., and the residue of the Sergeants and officers 6d. ; for sealing each lease the Principal Sergeant-at-Mace was to be paid 12d., and also for sealing additional orders 12d., whilst the rest of the officers were to have 2s. The Trade Companies received their new orders and constitutions during the years 1612 and 1613, and copies of these documents arc in the 80 FORMATION OF THE CITY COMPANIES. Muniment Room. The orders of the Smiths' Company were ratified by the seal of the Mayor on March 6th, 1612. This Company included armourers, cutlers, pewterers, brasiers, bell- founders, ironmongers, watchmakers, wire- drawers, card-makers, saddlers, and "pinnemakers." The next Company to receive their orders was the Shoemakers'. The document is dated March 8th, 1612, and under this Company are included shoemakers, curriers and last-makers. The Mer- chants' Company now appeared as the Grocers' Company, and their orders were signed on March 16th, 1612. The Company included grocers, mercers, apothecaries, goldsmiths, linen drapers, milliners, vintners, upholsterers, and embroiderers. The next orders to be sanctioned were those of the Glovers' Company on March 20th 1613, this Company including glovers, parchment-makers, collar-makers, and search- makers. These were followed by the Bakers, the Clothworkers, the Barbers-chirurgeons and Silk Weavers, the Butchers, and finally by the Company of Joiners, whose orders were signed on 10th September, 1613. The members of each Company were re- quired to assist in protecting the City against fire, and an order was made by the Corporation : — " That every one of the xxiv (aldermen) of this Company shall provide two leather buckets, and each of the xlviii (councillors) one bucket, and every Craft Company, or Society, four buckets, and the Company of Merchants six buckets ; crooks and ladders to be provided at the expense of the Chamber." In the following year a further order was made : — " That the buckets of the Companies be placed in the parish church, to which the said Companies shall resort." •'■■/• iM-^*%-^:^X ,i.iJiJi L.- ft'HlillJIJ CHARLES WOTTON (Matok 1583). From the Weavers' Hall (vide page 49). i 81 CHAPTER VIII. THE WEAVERS. The Weavers' Guild was the most ancient of the Salisbury Craft Guilds. Several authorities state that the weavers were incorporated by Royal Charter in the time of Henry VI., but there does not appear to be any evidence in support of this opinion. In the chapter on " The Merchant Guild " attention was drawn to the large number of merchants in Salisbury during the early part of the fifteenth century who were dealers in wool for export. Apparently it was about this time that the earliest of the Craft Guilds in Salisbury was started. One authority says : — " The Tellarii called lynnen-wevers were the oldest craft in Salisbury, probably about 1398." The late Mr. Swayne says : — '' In the very early days of the City, I imagine there was only one Craft Guild, ' The Gilda Textorum,' to which all who had anything to do with cloth-making belonged, and I have found no evidence of any other before the year 1400." After this date the industry of cloth-making was largely extended in the City, and in 1412, when the citizens were involved in a dispute with the burgesses of Southampton relative to the customs imposed at that port, and the Corporations of Salisbury and Winchester decided to prosecute the matter in the King's Court, the Salisbury Weavers' Guild advanced one hundred shillings and the Fullers forty shillings towards the costs. 82 THE WEAVERS. The art of weaving was England's oldest industry. The craft was subject to many sub- divisions, into which all trades in the Middle Ages were split up. There were weavers of woollen cloth for tapestry, weavers of woollen cloth for drapery, &c. Weavers, woolmen, fullers, shiermen, burrelers, and cloth-workers were all connected with the cloth-making industry, but each had their own distinct craft. Edward IIL brought great prosperit}^ to these workers by prohibiting the export of English wool, and restricting the importation of foreign woollen goods. Previous to this, the rich fleeces of our English sheep had been mainly sent over to the Netherlands, where the Flemish weavers of Bruges and Ghent wove them into cloth for the English market. At the same time the King invited foreign weavers to our shores, and as an induce- ment offered to grant them franchises. English wool was not allowed to leave the country. Foreign woollen goods were not to be brought in, and Englishmen were encouraged to weave their own cloth, assisted by the foreign craftsmen, who brought with them the secrets of their skill. In a few years the number of those who were engaged in cloth-making had largely increased, especially in the larger towns and cities. Salisbury was at that time one of the most important markets for wool in the South of England, and it became also a celebrated mart for white and motley cloths, maintaining its reputation for 250 years. The City must have been at this time an ideal spot for weavers, fullers, and others who were employed in the making of cloth, situated as it was at the confluence of several rivers, and having in its streets large open channels, which were con- structed to convey through the City a good supply SPINNERS, WEAVERS AND FULLERS. 83 of fresh water, which was one of the requisites of the cloth-making industry. The City, being so adjacent to the Plain, with its large flocks of sheep, also gave it additional advantages, the wool being gathered, cleaned and sorted near the homes of the workers. We are told that there was scarcely a cottage in the City that had not its spinning wheel. The spinning was done by the women and children, not always as a regular employment, but in their spare time after the ordinary house duties were completed. When spun, the wool was distributed to the weavers, and then carried to the fullers, whose mills and racks were erected by the sides of the streams. The City Chamberlain's accounts for the years 1400 to 1450 contain many entries which show that a number of the tenants of Corporation property were weavers and fullers, e.g. — " Rents received 16/- for a garden (gardino) with a fuller's rack (tentorio fullonico) there, which Thomas Hale fuller holds." " 14/- for a cottage occupied by Alice Couper, which with a garden, rack and cottages, Johana the relic of William Warwik lately gave to the Mayor and commonalty." " 16/- for a garden with a fuller's rack in the same, situated in Endelestrete near the trench (fossat) of the city, and let to John Golde, fuller, by lease for 50 years, he repairing the same, this the first year." In the same year John Mildenhale, of New Sarura, confirms in fee to Walter Nandre all the cottages and racks adjoining in " Castelstret beyond ye barr's." It may be of interest to give a quotation from Cassell's Social England, to show the number of workers required at this time to convert a pack of wool into cloth : — " To make a pack of wool (240 lbs.) into stuffs, serges and callimancoes, would employ for one week 302 persons, namely, 7 combers, 250 spinners, 20 throwers and doublers and 25 weavers. That is, 10 spinners were re- 84 THE WEAVERS. quired to keep up with one weaver. The rate of wages for spinning was low ; it was a bye industry largely practised b}^ women in the evenings, after the day's ordinary work was done." Men are mentioned at this date as webbers (weavers), fullers, and dyers ; and women as websters, carders and spinners. When the cloth had passed through the fuller's hands, it came into the merchant's possession. The merchant supplied the local craftsmen (tailors), and also despatched his cloth by pack-horses to the various fairs and market towns in the South of England. Hatcher, in his History of Salisbury, gives an extract from the Corporation Ledger A, which shows not only the rapid increase of the cloth-making industry in the City during the years 1398 to 1420, but also gives us some idea of the large number of weavers and fullers who were employed in Salis- bury at this time. The extract in the ledger gives an account of a meeting of the Corporation, which was held on February 10th, 1420, at which there were present, in addition to the members of the Council, "81 master weavers, 207 journey- men weavers, and 4 stewards of the Weavers' Guild ; also 2 stewards of the Fullers', 61 master fullers, 31 journeymen fullers, and 2 stewards of the latter." Apparently the Corporation required money for the public chest, and wished to impose a duty of some kind upon all cloth exported from the City, and at the same time, by new regulations, to improve the fabric of the cloth both in material and workmanship. One of the regulations ordered at this meeting was as follows : " That no citizen or workman, nor any other not of the art, shall make any cloth or stripe cloth or motley cloth, nor any part thereof, to carry to any fair or market, nor to any place SEAL OF THE DLNATER. 85 out of the city to be sold, except at the fair of St. Edward, under a penalty of the forfeiture of the cloth and a fine of twenty pounds." Ap- parently this meant " except by permission of and by licence of the Mayor and his brethren," as after this date constant entries show applica- tions made by merchants for licences to despatch cloth out of the City, e.g., in 1421 William Pridy on his oath asserted that at the Feast of St. Calixtus, he had sold to John Draper, of Shroves- bury, six doss of white cloth, striped, and he requested a licence to take them out of the City and deliver them. In a similar manner John Gage was given a licence to take out of the City and deliver to his customer 22 cloths sold by him. William Shipman also received permission relative to half a cloth before sold, and also three yards of cloth sold by him to Richard Harwell, Canon of Wells. At about the same time John Corscombe was accused before the justices by John Noble, the Deputy Ulnater for Salisbury, of having in his possession 21 striped cloths, which were sealed with a counterfeit seal both of the King and the Cit^^ To prevent fraud of this kind, an order was made by the Council that the Deputy Ulnater should visit all the houses of clothworkers for the purpose of sealing the cloth. The Ulnater or " Aulnager " was the official appointed to keep the seal, under a statute that was made in 1465 to ascertain the length and breadth of cloths, all of which were to be sealed with lead seals. Apparently the Weavers' Gui?d were obliged to make a return of the names of all their craft, with the several marks belonging to each man by which the quality of every man's cloth might be known ; the weaver would affix 86 THE WEAVERS. his mark upon each piece of cloth he made before submitting it to the Ulnater or his deputy, and this official, after he had measured the material and had found it of the length and breadth according to the ordinances, would seal the cloth with the official seal or token. It may be ex- plained that the term Aulnager is derived from the old French "Aulne"=ell, signifying the measurement and official inspection of cloth. The Chamberlain's accounts for the year November 2nd, 1484, to November 2nd, 1485 (William Bokett, Mayor), contain an interesting item among the disbursements, which shows that cloth, both red and green, was bought by the Corporation for making the uniforms of 63 armed men, which the City supplied towards the forces for the assistance of Henry of Richmond (Henry VII.) against King Richard III. " To Richard Hawkins for a woollen cloth (pannolani) of red color, and another of green, bought of him for making thereof ' lez Jackettis,' for the livery of 63 Soldiers for the City of Newe Sarum against Richard III. late King of England ; in addition to the 60 shillings received from the Mayor and other citizens, and the 9/6 received of Richard Mundy ; price per yard 12d. Sum total 13/4." It will be noticed that the cloth cost £4 2s. lOd. This at 12d. per yard would be about 83 yards ; 12d. per yard would be about equal to 20s. per yard of our money. One of Richmond's Standards at Bosworth was a red dragon upon white and green sarcenet. Perhaps the dress of the Salisbury contingent was red and green accordingly. DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM. 87 The City of Salisbury was so closely connected with some of the most stirring national events at this period that it may be of interest to briefly refer to them. After the death of Edward IV. in the early part of 1483, his brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester, seized the throne, and in August of the same year his two Uttle nephews, Edward and Richard, sons of Edward IV., were murdered in the Tower. Within two months of their deaths a rebelhon had broken out, which was headed by the Duke of Buckingham, the most powerful subject of the King, and a brother-in- law both of the late King and to Lionel Woodville, the Bishop of Salisbury. Buckingham, who had previously been Gloucester's chief con- federate, gathered a large number of Welsh retainers at Brecknock, and risings had taken place at Salisbury under John Cheney, who was the Bishop's bailiff of the City ; at Exeter under the Marquis of Dorset, and also at Newbury and Maidstone. King Richard offered a reward of £1000 or the capture of " his greate Rebell and Tray tour the late Due of Buckyngham " and for the Bishops of Salisbury and Ely, and the Marquis of Dorset 1000 marks. Richard marched with his forces to Salisbury as a central position to prevent the junction of the different bodies of rebels. These were dis- persed with ease, as no aid came from Bucking- ham, who had advanced as far as the Forest of Dean, but could get no further. Owing to severe storms and the rising of the Severn, he was prevented carrying out his plans, and took refuge in Shropshire with a retainer, who betrayed him to the Sheriff of the county, and he was sent a 88 THE WEAVERS. prisoner to Salisbury. On the day after his arrival in the City, viz., on 2nd November, 1483, William Bokett was elected Mayor, and in the absence of the Bishop, and also of the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff, both of whom had joined in the Salisbury rising, and were subsequently attainted, the Mayor was sworn in before the King. The entry in the ledger commences as follows : — " Ci vitas Sarum. Electio Maioris civitatis predicte facta in commemoracione animarum anno regni Regis Ricardi tercii post conquestum Anglie primo. Willielmus Bokette Maior. Juratus Coram Domino Rege." On the same day Buckingham was tried for high treason, or, as one authority says, " without arraignment or judgment, he was in the open Market Place, on a new scaffold, beheaded and put to death." The late Mr. H. J. F. Swayne, who devoted much study to this subject, says : — " My own belief is that the Duke was beheaded on Bishopsdown, where the gallows of the Bishop formerly was; possibly where the ' Weepmg Cross Tree ' now stands, at the cross roads, which certainl}^ marks the site of a cross which was in connection with the gallows, if it was not on the place itself." The Bishop of Salisbury, Lionel Woodville, who was attainted and forfeited all his property, is said to have joined Richmond in Brittany, and to have died from the shock occasioned by the execution of Buckingham, who married the Bishop's sister. Sir Richard Hoare states that there is a MS. (99) belonging to the Society of Antiquaries recording that Buckingham was buried in the Church of the Grey Friars at Salisbury ; " Also Henry his son duke of Bockyng- MONASTERY OF GREY FRIARS. 89 ham w'ch died at Salysbery and there is beried in the gre ffieres the yere of our Lord MCCCC and LXXX and iij." Tradition says that at the time of the sup- pression of the monasteries, when the site, buildings, and property of the Grey Friars were granted to John Wroth, the remains of the Duke of Buckingham were removed to Britford Church. It may be of interest to state that the house and convent of the " Franciscans," or '* Grey Friars"' (Friars Minor), was at the rear of some houses in St. Ann Street, the gate, or entrance to the Monastry, being in Frerenstret (the present Friary) . This Monastery was founded by Richard Pude in the reign of Henry III., and according to an inventory which was made in the 34th year of Henry VIII., the estabhshment consisted of " The Quere, the Churche, the Stepill, the Vestre, the Freyter, the Palar, the Halle," and the domestic offices. The earliest reference to the Grey Friars in the City Muniments is a document which is dated March 29th, 1326. This is a grant made by John Chaundeler, senior, to Edmund Enefelde, clerk, and Edith, his wife, of three shops jointly situated in New Sarum, in Frerenstret, opposite the gates of the Friars Minor, and between the shops late of William Randolf, and now of John Ayshleygh, on the south, and the ditch called Le trench on the north. There are also in the Muniment Room copies of a number of wills made from 1330 to 1490, in which the testator or testatrix leaves money or goods both to the Friars Minor and also to the Friars Preachers of Fisherton (the Dominicans, or Black Friars) 90 THE WEAVERS. One lady, Alesia, the wife of John Meriot, esquire, by will made on November 13th, 1406, left to each of these Orders, in addition to money, a bellemaser " to keep and drink out of, and to pray for her soul, and neither to be sold." King Richard lodged at the King's House in the Close (now the Training College), which is said to have been built in 1475. The conspiracy which had failed to overthrow Richard in the autumn of 1483 broke out again in 1485, and although the King knew that treason was abroad, he could not identify the traitors. But he struck cruelly at all those he could reach, and one of the men executed at this time was William Collingbourne, a freeholder in Salisbury and the Alderman of New Street Ward, who was indicted for conspiring to bring over from Brittany Henry Earl of Richmond, and for publishing seditious handbills, " yn derysion* of the Kynge and his Counsayll," one of which he fastened upon the door of St. Paul's Cathedral. Collingbourne was the owner of considerable estate in the county of Wilts, and also a messuage in the City of New Sarum, all of which were granted by Richard to Edmund Chaderton, Treasurer of the King's Chamber. In August, 1485, Henry of Richmond landed at Milford Haven with many of the long-exiled partisans of the House of Lancaster. Advancing into England, he received aid from the Talbots * William Collingbourne scoffed at Richard's three favourites, Lord Lovel, Sir William Catesby, and Sir Richard Radcliffe, in the lines " The Catte, the Ratte, and Lovell our Dogge, " Rulyth all Englande under a Hogge." (Fabyan's Chronicles 672.) The Hog was Richard himself, whose badge was a white boar. CHANTRY OF THE GUILD. 91 of Shrewsbury and many of the leading famihes of the Midlands. Henry met the King at Bosworth Field, where Richard and many of his chief captains, including the Duke of Norfolk, were slain, and his army defeated. All through the Wars of the Roses there appear, to have been strong partisans of both parties in the City, but the action of the Mayor and Corporation in raising and arming this body of soldiers to help forward the cause of Henry Tudor clearly shows that his party was in the ascendent in Salisbury. The Salisbury Weavers' Guild owned a con- siderable number of tenements in the City. Among the loose MSS. in the Muniment Room are many documents which refer to properties lying next to land or tenements " belonginge to ye Crafte of We vers." The Guild had a Chantry in St. Edmund's Church, and the Churchwardens' accounts contain a record of the offerings made by this fraternity at their Guild festivals. Alice, wife of Thomas Hamme, who died in 1415, " desires to be buried in the Church of Seynte Edmund's, opposite the altar of the Blessed Virgin Mary, where the light of the Wevers remains." The Salisbury and Winchester Journal for 26th July, 1784, contains the following paragraph : — " There having been some dispute about pre- ceedence between the taylors and the weavers companies in Salisbury, an inspection has been made of their respective Charters, and it appears that the taylors were incorporated by King Edward IV. in the first year of his reign, and this Charter was confirmed by Queen Mary, and afterwards by Queen Elizabeth, but the Weavers' 92 THE WEAVERS. incorporation was not until the 5th year of Queen Elizabeth." The Weavers may have had an earlier Charter, which was lost and forgotten by the Guild in 1784. For instance, the Tailors accepted the statement that they were first incorporated in the first year of Edward IV. This date has since been given by several authorities who have written upon the subject ; but, from the information which will appear later in connection with the Tailors' Guild, it will be seen that the Tailors received two, if not three. Charters during the reign of Henry VI. The Charter granted to the Weavers by Queen Eliza- beth in 1562 did not satisfy the Guild members, and 27 years after it was received they sent a petition to the Queen begging her to grant them a new Charter which would give them the power to appoint ofiicials and trustees upon the death of the twelve members who were named and appointed in the Charter of 1562. They also asked to be given authority under the new Charter to acquire lands and tenements to the value of £40 per annum, instead of £20, which was the amount named in the Charter which they then wished to surrender. Their petition was success- ful, and a new Charter, which is now in the Muniment Room, was granted to them. It is dated Westminster, the 7th day of June, 1590. This document, after reciting the Charter which had been granted in 1562, goes on to say : — " And because, of late, divers doubtful questions are agitated and have arisen of and upon the validity of our aforesaid letters patents, as well for that by the same our letters patent as they exist do not sufficiently provide for by what means the said body politic of the aforesaid Weavers can and ought to have perpetual succession after the death of the aforesaid John Eyre, John Girdler, Thomas Heath, William Bedford, John Allen, Robert Creede, Robert Harte, John Robart, John Purton, THE WEAVERS' CHARTERS. 93 Edmund Pannell, John Taylor & William Grafton, Citizens and Weavers of tlie City of New Sarum, and for divers other defects discovered in the same letters patents, and by reason of our aforesaid concession for the good of our aforesaid City according to our gracious intention .... know ye there- fore that we to their aforesaid petition on this part, animated of our special grace and certain knowledge & mere motion for our heirs and successors, will ordain, concede & establish that all & singular the Weavers of woollen-cloths & linen & other cloths whatsoever in our City of New Sarum & the suburbs & precincts of the same who now are, or henceforth or hereafter shall be, may be and shall be one body corporate and politic, in fact & name by the name of the Wardens and Community of Weavers in the City of New Sarum, in the County of Wilts, & by these presents we erect, make, ordain and create them by the name of the Wardens and Community of Weavers in the City of N.S. . . . And that by the same name they shall have perpetual succession, and shall be in future times persons proper and in law capable to hold, receive, acquire and possess lands, tenements, liberties, privileges, jurisdictions and heredita- ments of whatsoever kind, nature or species for themselves and their successors in fee and perpetuity or otherwise, also to give, concede, demise and assign the same lands, tenements." This new Charter gave the Weavers power to hold property of the annual value of £40, and also to plead and implead, respond and be re- spondents in courts of law, to make laws and statutes for the government of their Guild, and to enforce their observance. They were authorised to have a common seal for causes and agreements, and were given power to break or change their seal. Two Wardens were to be elected by the brethren annually ; and by the Charter, Thomas Stokes and Ralph Heath were constituted and made Wardens for the first year. At this time (1590) Weavers and all others in the City who were engaged in the cloth trade were in a very prosperous condition. It has been calculated that about 2000 persons (rather more than one-fourth of the population of the City) were at this period 94 THE WEAVERS. dependent upon the cloth trade for their living. Salisbury, during the preceding 100 years, had been celebrated for its cloth and it continued to hold its pre-eminent position for almost 200 years longer, with occasional short periods of depression in trade, when we find many of the artizan weavers in distress, e.g., on September 6th, 1630, the Corporation informed the Weavers* Company that " many poore people journeymen we vers fall on the charge of the cittie oute of the Companie of Wevers," and it was ordered that the Company should show cause at the next meeting why they should not discharge the City of " this charge of the poore of the Companie they havinge revenue for that purpose." In the following year an order was made " That wevers are to keep to their proper craft, and not meddle or interfere with the business of the clothiers,'' and the City Chamberlain was in- structed to " geve warninge to suche wevers and others as doe digge chalke or earthe, or make pitts in the Greencroft or diches thereof, and to forbear the doinge thereof." On January 21st, 1718, a petition was presented to the House of Commons from the Salisbury Corporation of Weavers, in their Common Hall assembled. The petition set forth that, by reason of the clandestine export of wools into France, the commodity had become so scarce that there was not sufficient to carry on the woollen trade of the Kingdom and to keep the many thousands in their employ, particularly two thousand, at least, in the City of Salisbury. The price of wool, the petition added, was thereby so much advanced, and the markets for cloth abroad so low, that clothiers in general would be obliged to circum- THE weavers' hall. 95 scribe their trade, to the great prejudice of those employed under them. Sahsbury cloth at this time was described as fine white flannel and coarse white and striped flannel. These cloths were said to have been more durable than the cele- brated Welsh flannel, but not so soft. A 36-inch wide serge was also made in large quantities in the City. The Weavers' old hall was in Endless Street, in the premises now used as the City Police Station. The house and the adjoining property, St. Michael's Home, were both owned by Mr. Joseph Everett, a master weaver, or clothier, who seems to have followed the good example of many of the merchants of Salisbury, who, during the preceding century, had been bene- factors of the Trade Companies. It appears that in the year 1784 Mr. Joseph Everett required for his own use the house and hall, which had been so long in the occupation of the Weavers' Guild, but he provided for them a new hall in Rollestone Street. This hall is generally supposed to have been in the house at the south-west corner of Rollestone Street and Salt lane. The house contains one very large room, at present used by Miss Harrison as a schoolroom. The following extract from the Salisbury and Winchester Journal, of June 28th, 1784, refers to the opening of this new hall : — " On Thursday last the new Weavers' Hall in Salisbury was opened, when an elegant entertainment was given to the weavers by Mr. Joseph Everett, consisting of two gammons of bacon, two legs of veal, two legs of mutton, two bushels of peas and two large plum puddings, and as much strong beer as the company could drink by 10 o'clock at night. The occasion of 96 THE WEAVERS. this ontertainment was from the weavers con- senting to quit their old Hall in Endless Street, and for the future holding their meetings in the new Hall in Rollestone Street. The morning was ushered in by the ringing of the bells." Mr. Joseph Everett was at this time a member of the Corporation, and was elected Mayor of the City in 1803. From this time the increase of trade and the growing division of labour made it impossible to regulate wages and prices, except by competition, and with few exceptions, the control formerly exercised by the Craft Companies over their trades was abandoned in practice. The struggle to maintain the old customs in face of adverse economic conditions is clearly marked by a constant stream of petitions to the civic authority. These petitions, which as a rule were dealt with by the Corporation in a sympathetic manner, complained of the export of wool, and of the masters giving employment to strangers in opposition to the interests of the freemen and members of the Company. But, in 1814, there were still three Craft Companies connected with cloth-making taking part in the procession held in Salisbury upon the occasion of the great peace rejoicings. These Companies were the Weavers, the Woolcombers, and the Tuckers (clothworkers) . This is the last occasion upon which the Weavers took part in any public function. In the Reform celebration in 1832 they are missing from the list of Societies which took part in the procession upon that occasion, and the Company of Weavers probably ceased to exist about this time. It may be of interest to state that in 1810, after Messrs. Bowles, Ogden and Wyndham, of the Salisbury and Shaftesbury Bank, were declared PINCKNEY'S BANK. 97 bankrupts, a bank was established in the old Weavers' Hall in Endless Street by Messrs. Joseph Everett, Francis Seaward, John Hodding, jun., Henry Hetley, Charles William Everett, and Richard Hetley. This Bank first traded under the name of Everett, Seward and Co., and later on as Everett and Hetley, subsequently becoming Everett and Pinckney. The fine old oak panelling which originally covered the walls of the Weavers' Hall was removed, and carefully re-fitted to adorn the large public room in the new bank premises, built by Messrs. Pinckney Brothers in the Market Square in the year 1878, and recently closed by the Wilts and Dorset Banking Company, with whom Messrs. Pinckney amalgamated some years ago. 98 CHAPTER IX. THE TAILORS. The Tailors' Guild ('* Sissorum ") is placed fourth on the list of the City Guilds, which was entered in the Salisbury Corporation Ledger in the year 1440. It appears to have been one of several Craft Guilds which were formed in the City a few years after the foundation of the Weavers' Guild, viz., 1400 — 1410. As far as can be ascertained, the seven books of the Tailors* Fraternity are the only complete records re- maining in Salisbury of any of the ancient Guilds of the City, and judging from these records, the " Tayllours' " must have been one of the most interesting, and probably also the most wealthy of the many Craft Fraternities which existed in the mediaeval City of Salisbury. It has been repeatedly stated that the Tailors' Guild was founded by William Swayne during his mayoralty in 1461, but the books of the Fraternity show that it had been in existence for some years before that time. The City Corporation Ledger shows that the Guild was in existence at an even earlier date than 1444, which was the year in which the first of the regulations that are re- corded in the books of the Guild were made. Unlicensed from its foundation until the year 1447, the ** Tayllours' " Guild was a voluntary association formed to regulate and control the craft and the men and women who were engaged in the occupation or mystery of tailors. = = 1 2 2 ii I '- = i _ lllfil ijlflil ■ifj ' ^ ■£ t z 2 j 3 i r': 3 3 f Vie e -3 fliflf^i *-ev'*3lSl|'^3 3-4« O Vlv;- THE FIRST M.P. FOR SALISBURY. 99 The " Burgh Register," to which reference will be made, shows that the Fraternity of Tailors obtained a Charter in 1447, which gave them licence to found a Guild Chantry in St. Edmund's Church, and that these letters patent were revoked and cancelled upon the petition of the members of the Guild, and also that in 1449 a fresh Charter was granted by Henry VI., which gave the Fraternity licence to found their Guild Chapel in St. Thomas' Church. The petition alluded to prayed for the revocation of the first- named Charter, and says that the petitioners wished in St. Thomas' Church to do all things which " ought to be done, as it was wont, and had been accustomed to be done from ancient times." In 1451, at a convocation of the members held in the Church of the Grey Friars,* it was decided to have a Master of the Guild, in addition to the ordinary officials, such as the wardens, stewards, chamberlain, &c., and John Assheford, who was a member, and whose name appears a few years later on the Bedc-roll of the Guild as one of their earliest benefactors, was chosen as the first Master of the Craft. In- teresting references will also be made to the " Chapell of Seynte Kat'ren in Seynte Edmonds," and to St. John's Church on Harnham Bridge. John Pynnoks was the earliest of the benefactors of the Tailors' Guild, and his name appears first on the Bede-roll in 1444. The Pynnoks were an important Salisbury family, and in 1295, when the City for the first time sent repre- sentatives to Parliament, one of the two citizens who were chosen as M P.'s for the City upon that occasion was a Richard Pynnoks. The * Vide Weavers, Chap. VIII. p. 89. 100 THE TAILORS. family owned a considerable amount of property in the City, and were connected with the celebrated " Pynnokes Inn," which, together with the Old George Inn, came into the possession of the City Corporation in the 15th century. There are several documents in the Muniment Room relating to the Pynnoks family, amongst these being an indenture, dated August 16th, 1374, by which Elena Pynnoks, daughter and heir of Simon de Oxenford, late citizen of New Sarum, granted and confirmed to John Pynnok, her son, all the lands, tenements, rents, and reversions in the said City, which descended to her, by hereditary right, at the death of her said father. She also granted to the said John her tenement called " Pynnokes Inn," and also '' a fullers mill and all the lands, meadows, &c., in the vill and fields at Westharnham, the said John rendering to her during her life six pounds of silver, in equal quarterly portions." There is another in- denture, which is dated March 26th, 1385, by which John Pynnok grants to William Fuystour and Edith, his wife, " the Pynnokes Inn," in Ministrestret and the shops and chambers adjoining on either side. The red wax seal which is affixed to this document is a Chevron, between three horses' heads, on a shield, within a trefoil, with a legend, " Sigill, Mion, Nls. Pynnok." Except during the Mayoralty of William Swayne in 1479, when several meetings of the Tailors' Guild were held under his presidency at the Council House, the regular assemblies of the Fraternity, from 1451 until 1524, were held at the Grey Friars. In the latter year the Tailors' Hall was built, after which all assemblies and feasts of the Guild were held in their own building. ST. JOHN ANTE PORT. LAT. 101 From the extracts from the ledgers of the Guild, it will be noticed that the third regulation ordained that a Mass, or " Mynde," should be held for the benefactors and members of the Guild quick and dead, on St. John's Day in May, in St. Thomas' Church, and also on St. John's Day at Midsummer in St. Thomas Church. The brethren were also ordered to be present at a " Mynde," held in St. Thomas' Church on St. John's Day in Harvest upon pain of forfeiting two pounds of wax. St. John's Day in Harvest must be the feast of the beheading of St. John the Baptist, August 29th. St. John's Day at Midsummer, the Nativity of St. John the Baptist ; and St. John's Day in May, the feast of St. John the Evangelist, Ante Portam Latinam, May 6th.* The rules and constitutions of the Guild, which were adopted in 1444, ordained that, after the great annual feast on Midsummer Day, the Masters and the journeymen, accompanied by their priest and the minstrels, were to go in procession bearing the light of the journeymen to St. John's Church, Harnham Bridge (Seynte Johnnys hows at Ay le water brigge), and from thence to the Cathedral. After service in the Mother Church, the members were to return in procession through the High Street and over the pavement in the Market to the Hall of the * (St. John Ante Port. Lat., or, St. John the Evangelist before the Latin gate). In the persecution of the Christians, under Domitian, this evangelist was accused of attempting to subvert the religion of the Roman Empire ; and being sent to Rome, was there, before the gate called Porta Latina, cast into a cauldron of burning oil, in presence of the Senate. From this cauldron he not only escaped injury, but as the legend tells us, came forth in renovated health and vigour. He was then banished to Patmos. The evidences of St. Jolm's miraculous preservation from martyrdom being considered doubtful, our Reformers discontinued the observance of this day. merely retaining the festival of that Evangelist on the 27th of December. 102 THE TAILORS. Masters, and there to have " a drynkyng yn the moste godely wyse." This Hall may have been the chamber in St. Thomas' Cemetery, which, according to the accounts of the Church- wardens of St. Thomas, was let by them to the Masters of the Tailors' Guild at a rental of vis. viiid. per year. Such a chamber would prob- ably be a room of moderate size, and quite suitable as a meeting place for the Masters of the Guild, but not large enough to accommodate all the brethren of the Fraternity, who were obliged, under a penalty, to attend the half-yearly meetings of the Guild, which, as before stated, were held in the hall of the Grey Friars. The first book of this ancient Guild contains no in- formation concerning the two Charters which were granted to the Tailors during the reign of Henry VI., but some interesting particulars re- specting these Charters, taken from the Register of the Dean and Chapter, have been supplied by the Registrar of the Diocese and Chapter Clerk (Mr. A. R. Maiden). The Burgh Register, fo. xxii., p. 45, contains an entry dated June 25th, 1449, of a new Charter granted to the Tailors by Henry VL, and revoking the one granted in 1447, which gave them per- mission to found, in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist in the Church of St. Edmund, a Guild or Fraternity consisting of men and women, with the usual privileges of a trade Guild, in- cluding the power to hold lands up to the annual value of £20 in mortmain. The new Charter, which was asked for and granted, revoked the former one and gave power to found a new Guild, on the same terms as before, in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist in the parish Church of THE BURGH REGISTER. 103 St. Thomas the Martyr. In the margin there appears a Hst of names (presumabl}^ the members of the Guild), and a note which says that the}^ unanimously, after long discussion, affirmed " that all things touching the said letters patent ought to be done as it was granted to them, in the Church of St. Thomas the Martyr, and as it was wont and had been accustomed to be done from ancient times." Reference has been made to a meeting of the Fraternity which was held at the Grey Friars in 1451. The report of this assembly is the last entry which appears in the old book, which, for the purpose of reference, may be called No. 1 Ledger, until the ninth year of Henry VIII., and there are no records of the Guild for the ten years between 1451 and the first year of Edward IV. In the latter year a new book, which, for purpose of reference, may be called No. 2, or Swayne's Ledger, was provided, and, when this second book was filled, as it was in I5I8, the No. 1 Ledger was again brought into use. Although the books give us no information respecting this interval (1451 — 1461), subsequent entries in Swayne's Ledger show that during this period the Guild had considerable difficulty in maintaining their altar, notwithstanding the yearly payment of xii . pence which every member of the Guild was obliged to contribute towards the Priest's salary, and also the assistance which the Fraternity had received from the early benefactors whose names appear in the Bede-roll. In 1445, when the first regulations of the Guild were made, William Swayne was Mayor of the City, and in subsequent years, when he 104 THE TAILORS. again held the office of Mayor, he presided at meetings of the Fraternity, which were held in the Council House. It would be interesting to know why the Tailors wished to transfer their altar from St. Thomas' Church to St. Edmund's Church in 1447, and also why, having in that year obtained a Charter which gave them power to found their chapel at St. Edmund's, they should have, within one year, petitioned for its revocation and begged for a fresh Charter, which would enable them to found their Guild in St. Thomas* Church. An old deed, which is dated 1448, and which will be referred to later on in connection with Swayne's Chantry, appears to give an answer to this question. This document shows that St. Thomas' Church must have been in a ruinous condition, and that the chancel and one of the chancel aisles, or chapels, had fallen down in 1447, and also that on June 4th, 1448, an agreement was signed between the Dean and Chapter and certain parishioners of St. Thomas' including William Swayne, to rebuild the Church. This agreement probably induced the wealthy merchant in question to decide not only to take his part in rebuilding the chancel, but also to build, at his own cost, a chapel of St. John the Baptist, in which he could found and endow a chantry for the Guild, and also a chantry for himself. There is nothing to show that the work of providing the chapel at St. Thomas' Church made any progress during the ten years' interval before alluded to, but it must be remembered that this was a time of great trouble and dis- turbance. The Duke of York, whose name appears in the Bede-roll of the Guild, and who, as heir to the Throne after the feeble young King Henry VI. had, in 1453, been appointed BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD. 105 by Parliament Protector of the Kingdom during the King's attack of madness, was dismissed by the King in 1455 upon his recovery from insanity, and from 1455, when the battle of St. Albans was fought, until 1460, when the Duke of York was killed at the battle of Wakefield, the Wars of the Roses caused much trouble, affliction and dissension in Salisbury, as elsewhere. The City was repeatedly called upon to provide men and money for both parties, and it is not until December, 1461 — that is a few months after Edward, the son and heir of the Duke of York, before alluded to, had been proclaimed King, as Edward IV. — that we find any further records of the Guild. A few months after the accession of Edward IV., the Tailors' Guild, with the assistance of William Swayne, obtained from the young King a fresh Charter, which translated is as follows : — EDWARD, by the grace of God, King of England & France & Lord of Ireland. To all to whom the present letters shall come greeting, Know ye that we to the praise, glory and honour of Almighty God and of the most blessed mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of Saint John the Baptist the forerunner of our Lord himself, have granted and given license for us and our heirs, as much as in us lies, to our beloved men of the mystery of the Tailors in the City of New Sarum that that mystery & all men of the same, within the said City dwelling & hereafter to dwell, in fact & name shall be one body & one perpetual Community. We have granted also and given license for us and our heirs aforesaid, as much as in us lies, to the same men, that they, to the praise, glory and honour aforesaid that they may anew begin, undertake, make, found, ordain & establish, and for ever continue, such a fraternity or guild of themselves & other persons, as well of men as of women in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist, within the parish church of St. Thomas the Martyr, in the City aforesaid, and those persons and others whosoever adhering to the brothers & sisters of the fraternity or guild aforesaid they may receive, admit & accept. That is 106 THE TAILORS. the men of the mystery aforesaid iu every year shall elect, make, nomiuatc, ordain and successively constitute from themselves two Wardens, to superintend the ruling & governing the mystery, community and fraternity or guild aforesaid, also all and singular the goods, chattells & possessions of the same for ever ; and the Wardens themselves & both of them when their work shall have been accomplished, and it is expedient to remove and discharge them, and others, or in the place of others and in the name of themselves or of him so removed or discharged (shall) from his office of Warden, iu this manner from time to time as it shall please them elect, place & constitute. And that the same Wardens & Community aforesaid shall have perpetual succession & a common seal for the afiairs of the said Community & fraternity or guild to serve for ever. And that the aforesaid Wardens & Community and the brothers and sisters of the fraternity or guild aforesaid & their successors whomsoever, as well men as women in the brothers and sisters of the fraternity or of that guild aforesaid from year to year & from time to time when for the convenience & honour of the fraternity or guild it shall be expedient, shall be able to receive, admit & accept. And in like manner as soon as the aforesaid fraternity or guild shall have been begim, undertaken, made, founded, ordained & established, that then the said Wardens & Community and the brothers and sisters of the same fraternity or guild & their successors the Wardens & Community of the mystery of the Taylors and the brothers & sisters of the fraternity or guild of St. John the Baptist of New Sarum those so appointed, by the name of Wardens and Community of the mystery (Cissorum) and of the brothers and sisters of the fraternity or guild of St. Jolm the Baptist of New Sarum, by themselves shall be able and capable in law to acquire & receive in fee & perpetuity, lands, tenements, rents & other possessions whatsoever to hold for themselves and their successors for ever. AND ALSO that the same Wardens & Community and the brothers & sisters and their successors by themselves by the same name & under the same name shall be able to plead & to be impleaded in whatsoever our Courts, rooms & places (placeis et locis), of our heirs and successors, and in the Courts, rooms & places of others whatsoever within our Kingdom of England, before whomsoever, the Judges temporal & spiritual and in all manner of actions, real, personal & mixed of every kind & nature, to prosecute & defend and in the same to answer & to be answered according to the laws and customs of our same Kingdom, and all other things to be done & receiving like as & in the same CHARTER OF EDWARD IV. 107 manner as our other liege subjects, fit persons within our same Kingdom may plead & be impleaded, & they shall defend, respond & be responded, exist and do & be able to do in Courts, rooms & places aforesaid according to the laws & customs aforesaid, AND that the same Wardens & Community and the brothers & sisters & their successors, legally & honestly assembled of themselves in any place agreed on, and by statute & ordinance lawful for the healthy government of the mystery and of the fraternity or guild aforesaid according to the exigency of the necessity as often as & when the work may be to do, and all men of the mystery & Community aforesaid contrary to the statute or ordinance of this manner, when so done, they may be delinquents & transgressors by distraint for their goods & chattells, and amerciaments & distraints for the same amerciaments, also imprisonments of their bodies, according to the form & effect of the ordinances & statutes aforesaid, to chastise & to punish. They may legally & with impunity, without occasion, hindrance, perturbation or molestation of our heirs or our successors, the Justices, Escheators, Sheriffs, of other Bailiffs or of servants of our heirs or of our successors whosoever. FURTHERMORE of our ample grace we have granted and given license for us, our heirs & our successors, as far as in us lies, that the fraternity or guild aforesaid having begun, undertaken, made, founded, ordained & established the aforesaid Wardens & Community & their successors may found, make & establish a perpetual Chantry of one Divine Chaplain for each day for our healthy state and of the brethren and sisters of the fraternity or guild aforesaid whilst we live & for our souls when we shall have departed from this life, also for the soul of good memory of our very dear Lord & Father Richard, late Duke of York, and the souls of our renowned progenitors formerly Kings of England, and of all the faithful departed at the altar of St. John the Baptist in the said church of saint Thomas the Martyr should be celebrated for ever, to found, make & establish & to endow with lands, tenements, rents & other possessions, whatsoever in demesne & reversion to the value of twenty pounds per annum as well from us, as many tenements in socage or Burgage as from others whomso- ever by whatsoever service they are held, by whatsoever persons they are given, conceded, conferred or assigned by will, they shall be able to acquire, to have & to hold for themselves & their successors in aid of the sustentation of the aforesaid Chaplain and to the maintenance & sustentation of other works of devo- tion, either of piety or of charity according to the orders, 108 THE TAILORS. limitations, disposition & wishes of the Wardens & Community & their successors in that part to be done for ever. The Statute of land & tenements in Mortmain not to be placed or in any other statute or ordinance to the contrary set forth, or in that which lands, tenements & rents so acquired from us in socage or of free burgage as permitted to be held notwithstanding. While however by inquisitions thence to be taken & in our Chancery or of our heirs by custom to be returned it may be known that it can be done without our damage or prejudice, or of our heirs or of others whomsoever. And this without fine whatever to us, our heirs or successors for the premises or any of them, or for the execution of the same, or of any of them, to be equally rendered or paid. In witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patents by the witness of ourself at Westminster the fourteenth day of December in the first year of our reign (1461), by writ of the privy seal & of the date aforesaid by authority of parliament. This Charter was confirmed by Bishop Beauchamp in 1462. The parchment, which is in an excellent state of preservation, and richly illuminated in gold and colours, was presented to the City of Salisbury in 1909, together with the Confirmatory Charters of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, by Mr. Stephen Hill, of Limpley Stoke, whose father was the last clerk to the Corporation of Tailors. The first-named Charter and photo- graphs of the other two are in the Salisbury Museum ; those of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth are in the Corporation Muniment Room, and photographs of the three documents may be seen at the Public Library, Salisbury.* * Local antiquarians and others are much indebted to Mr. Alfred Watson, through whose intervention and influence these valuable documents were secured for the city of Salisbury, instead of being placed in the British Museum. ^S'l-'^^ *^ajv>i -tbiS>| M^n t^-tyM,c opf>c^^^^4i\'.: m cf iinFrinlrr a 'f^ } lJi!i i' iiii rlir roinmr of itiilil1i|irr.loliii.(](Tli'i bho ifiiIIiihih Cnofiiii'i unir Kut '; ? ftTii;flrOfPoNirfH*niiftrii;|rt-|iii)M-rni;t;nTT fliiaiinTi!o\>irRiiDHplit ^* ' i !K|rD(irrt1inTDft1ir(fliiDnitftriiDu;t(1iBiii\jn1niiicfriiO|itHijvrtTr.inui ,j DiiiTlo.iorrrat) riirv iBftimrr. Biiti itlinr B?lin umli ^jirftt t'lr Biiiiij r[oatr ^'' J tniinr fiiiiiij ^DiHflitir tiir iin H-.nt l\nt1\ bji 1\(if Irre pmnit uiiurrliiG wrtr , r fiTir-linmrt1irDHtr|i?RTii;rltiipmTt1\cfniiDRiiofDnTiiiD!friirtiii1triTofli\ie , j^;^ 1 rmir ma b;i mmm of yHiiniinit aiiD bii rlir rri'ir iit f,\Drr iii pb tiiit) lo.'br KiiriiBi"!) ~-^r t .:" jRiirlinijj li|iil1i6t)Df fRlrfluirii HiiQUiitlirDnirRiit rliBjiimTDf ttirnitlifDml'iliiiirlir nt' hlii'm ,- -Ji|i R:i'TrHi0rouifrrii:rt)tDt1iflBiiDf5laMrRiitjl\oiiDnfnluuL-ttiiipbfliibDf !iiGl)Wrrtiiiirt)!r ; '.inn iiiRnr riiO of (nun luliii tiir uii^inf! ruaiunrt) id rI!' tin mrmir rf tlir naftr of tilHlauiiP It! Tlir mr atTJirfRiiD ttim iioiFUr Diudliiii^ niiD Hfl'imii tliRt hriTfif^ fratiimrtDramrfiDni fliflil- tiicrllr rcUr oiirbo&iiRiit) our roiiiiiimttTiiimiHlV. MiiO rIFu lir llRtiiniiiilrtitBtliRiii tn Unjiiiiiir nmlir (imiitir oiOnm ruB ftiWr of nr.er h ^pmrnlV fiittriiinr n; pl&r uf lisi^'aiTnf (iiflfoBrrni of tlinii frifr riiO rtt\rr.|)rDiirp nlli;' liuHir iiini aim ir-iimiimi \ni tlu' liwnil iil qiiir lolfii riir bf^nft iiHrt (m tlii'.jj.i'iffli rl\m[1« of frjiiit HiDiiiii: v^vu'. )■ ' w^f, jui tlir *^ [RWin-nit |iii to liirtliniir RiibliiftriTii of t1ir fiinni'.rtr d; n;\ilt)r nboiirfRiit) m ixfri'ii'i nDuHittv I p~fliiOriihr.HlfDl\rliRrtmiittvl3t1iHttiirfBii:. iiiniDf tfvr tvAifr nifi i^riTOf tlinnftffi iDl1lrfr;i (, : l|t:'?HrOrii|if. foi ID oiiri-frrHiiftinjiifriirtliriiait roiiiiiimltirRiiOU.'rtlUTlirta'raiifirnlimir :\\ |"^fl|i&.."-liiDBlfo BllfTODbiT; r.niiiU-tms jinllrll!i'iin-;i?tl \ fnuirfb.TmiiD.'t roi'.ul".:ni-r(m --"^ liirD.'tiriiii RiiB I'liiirniurii; iDftililt. :luti rtiRt tlir fiiii;: ii>!iiCrn;ir- oiiU of HlfiT 'jiiiirfro fT,^n'ii"rninii"i tD viit DiitrflnbLiiifrtiRiw I'lf urtir rrnmiTHiiOlir rf^iiibinit HiDi'iitir ii;; l', Jin-fbitfH-mR&lirtplrlinlitliriM .^lllbRlfortlRtTl\^l■^nt^ltfl^i)rllliP^llfJm•.llll;l^i;n^liH f .ir fiilTrniioii rnlflltiiiiij flub R roiiint fR\lr fo! # urhpfof H\r fRi'ip iDiiiiinrtttif fliri) ftiitrr^ .0.' iji'iltif tD ffTiir fo! rmiiD.T. Riib tfmt rlif [Riur ir-HVCirviiif pub rjjinnmttirlcrttirrur Hi;ti T -^fMftnMir of il\r fi;imiiih- BiiD ijvlbr nboiiriRiib fiiib tlirrr liiitnfniip iBlu« f ijri- ttii-ii t)f flf " 'v 'r-ririiifii Hf iB]iiiniini (iii rn b.'hiiniir itiib (uitTurof rtic niitrriiitr DMifilOr tium yrrr ktoi firrr fliiD fro tiiiiir ro tfniir rs nftrii tiimrr. rp fm tiir yfrtr Rll^ liciio of HiRt fi;itrri!:i' ■^ !'3! plDf tliHlbf f+ijnibiriiT to rrftriiiir Rbiniiitr ri\1i m\!ti: nub hc- itrnr hc- tlir ffliiO fiiiTu . • D jiiifriwflbco: on mma\ cra( watmee f>ir i Axuil itiK(?Uiimnu\t(\:fhnnanu7p^rP^ikref o<.lum\nt\toc^frcbcrc( per iHu tio^LVftuHclm que ilhinuiuif cxrnl oU tiKniuciiK mlmr nmVi: inmuoocrutfiaiu^hepcripn fad"cn %^ fippi iiUrtf jfiiCK . iiorapc rf^f auiQftliiOf fii ( rcnr/xriit m i ccr\x]lufB(^mrfl(5 mnaiTiTcd^f^abifauit in iiolTia M'»i^^iii'> gloria en gloriaquflfiVinqtiviiairfrc ficuii nrafii t^Wifiu'iB >5itr.an,cii^niini lKnci>iftiuii Cx\fK< hunc cf\)6qnti(fn4liln» "' -^ -iL-^a'j---* THE GOSPEL. In Pnncipio (St. John i. 1—15). Swayne's Ledger. Fo. not numbered. FOUNDER, COUNCILLOR AND AUDITOR. 125 soche day euery yere as they wardenys shall come to there accoraptis, they shall make truly there accomptis, and none allowences after but that ought truly to be asked and allowed, and there to be sworne whan he is chosen vpon the holy Evangelist. And also they shall make yerely viii torchis, weying v score lbs and vii, and also v tapers to be browt on Mydsomer day to Seynt Thomas Churche, worshipfully, after the olde rule, and oure custome, for the which makyng of torchis and tapers aforesayde, the said Chambelynes shalle resceive of eu'ry brother and suster that be copied xii d., and of every jornymanne iiii d., and hireof to make a rekenyng and accomptis, afore oure founder, while he is alif, and Herry Swayne and John Hampton oure counseillers and oure auditors, while they be alif, and to them that be Counseillers after them, that hensforth the ii Chamblayns shall yerely make ther accomptis before the seyd founder duryng his lif, and before the seyd auditors and wardens the morrow next apon Seynt Nycholas day in December for everymore, all exkuse leyd apart, vpon payne of forfaytyng to the seid crafte, of every chamber- layne this dewyng." This is the last regulation which appears in Swayne' s Ledger. The next two folios contain portions of the Gospel of the four Evangelists. The extracts are written in Latin, in the following order : — " St. John's Gospel, ch. i., verses 1 to 15 (this is followed by " Blessed be the name of the Lord, from this time forth for evermore") ; St. Luke's Gospel, ch. v., verses 27 to 32 ; St. Matthew's Gospel ch. ix., verses 10 to 13 ; St. Mark's Gospel, ch. xvi., verses 15 to 18 ; St. John's Gospel, ch. vi., verses 53 and 54. *' Deo Gracias per evangelia dicta deleantur vestra delicta." (Thanks be to God ! By these holy Gospels may your sins be taken away.) Several pages of this Ledger are filled with the names of members who paid 6s. 8d. for their up-setting. The list commences in 1481 ; the two following are given as examples : — " Luke Sharloke ffor hys Vpsyttyng vi s. viii d." ; 126 THE TAILORS. " Receuyed in parte off paymente off John Angell ffor hys Vpsythyng iii s. iv d. ; and yf yt forten that heye be freye denyssen (free citizen) that then thys to be lawfull payemente, and otther wysse to stande as voyde and of none effekete." The forms of the oaths to be taken by the various officials come next, and the following three are given as examples : — THE CHAMBERLAYNES OTHE. Yowe shall trewlie gather and receave all o'r rents, fynes, Bevenews and mersements as shall be delivered vnto yowe by rentall or other streytes, and a trewe accompte thereof make before o'r wardenys and others, moche as yn yowe liethe trewlie. Yowe shall cause all sutche reparacions to be doone vppon o'r landes as shall be appoynted yowe to doe by o'r wardenys, and a trew accompte thereof yn as moche as yowe maye, and all other thinges pertaygninge to yo'r office yowe shall doe, and performe as moch in yowe lyethe trewlie, so helps yowe god an the holye contentes of this booke. THE STEWERDES OTHE. Yowe shall diligentlie and trewlie gather all fire soynge raonoye and thereof at tyme convenient make a trewe and just accompt so god yowe heipe and the holie contents of this booke. THE BEADELLS OFFICE AND OATHE. Yowe shall trewe presentment make of all such taylers as workethe yn any inne alehowse or other howse, not beinge f re of the comp'nye and of all other enormites as by yowr office yowe arre bownde to presente. And shall be readie and attendannt vppon the wardenys of the Comp'y for the tyme beinge with all diligens, all lawfull excuses allwayes reserved to the vttermoste of your power, so helpe yowe God and the holie contentes of this booke, kyss the booke. There is a list of the Masters in Latin, the entry being made in the 20th year of Edward IV. (1481), as follows :— Names of the Masters (Nomina Magror) of the Fraternity of Tailors (sissorum) who paid their Vf>fun)Jrtn:f AittUic foluiirfi At Mtme. of ,^jid»f iorucr uicu of v.Atloiue A6 . ^&ac waiO titer frnce amaifug- to rtu ^iindr fct .UiiLMjrr otiivt- Sttirtiv off l^^^tttirtre of •'^vUoutt' '^trtftf i» tljf kfrvuuvnjr of tljit! VDliC lu tlif ffCDuO ^ lyf-ttt fuHiC.'l figuC' vo ^Btutli v.htidf ftivOttifltl* (nl»f^luidc6 of tliC« liuougtjj llflW ^YiidU'lUr U»4'W*' unilWP w»u »»x»«»»iv :>»IUUUHU> »«»*'•"'/««* - 3a' f.VbRiio tt\iitttrw J-iii^wi'ii Cftl'rtU(tC? t?ui;otr-^m^ i^^ >i^u^«iift!ic n^ wiiomas: c\>li.: i,^ IFiUxhiiuou "«? Jotm liiinfndl' me UidUi6 JOttU 6MBt4>u6 \\X jobu -allure 1,4 ?0l(U titCfl.fltrt-„v lUfDfrt^ ^Jvur,* ill 6 Uru:.*v ojcuf j| e N^iftniv* 'fecim'ik: ^.-i^S' .'>|4»£^ fc&n :.j AN UNNUMBERED FOLIO IN SWAYNE'S LEDGER. (Vide page 127). OATHS OF THE OFFICIALS. 127 fines according to the Royal order conceded to them, and to the order of the same mystery, as appears below : — Wardens (Gardiani Mister) { ^^^^ ^y^^ Chamberlains (Camarii) | ?^'V' ^^^^^^• ^ ' I Jon es Bremby. Stewards fSenescain / ^^'^^ Skynner. atewaras (tsenescaii; | rpj^^.^^g Dowlond. Here follow the names, 48 in number. Another entry of interest is a long list of the names of those journeymen tailors who, after having served their masters and satisfied them that they were not only proficient workmen, but also men of good character, were admitted as brethren of the Fraternity, after paying their fines. It may be explained that these fines, or fees, which journeymen were called upon to pay, were not the same amount in all cases. The fine payable by a workman who was a native of the City was 2s., but a journeyman who was an alien was called upon to pay 3s. 4d. The follow- ing memorandum appears at the top of the folio which contains the list of names : — " Memorand : That here folwith the names of suche journey- men of Taylours as have payd ther fynes, accordyng to an article set among othyr articles of ye statutes of the Tayllours crafte, in the begynnyng of this boke, in the second le'f at soche a tyme. To which article, and to all othir articles of the statutes afore expressid, to be observiud and kepte, Every Mastir of Taylours within this cite of New Salesbury at the tyme of makyng of thes boke or now dwellyng, whos names be registrid amongest the seid statutes in the begynnyng of thes boke, as they appere ther, have ben sev'rally sworne vppon a boke." The old Bede-roU of the Guild is written on the last folio of the No. 2, or Swayne's, Ledger. 128 THE TAILORS. The first part of this roll appears to have been entered in this book in the year 1495, and this portion includes the names of 15 dead benefactors, including John Pynnok, who died in 1420, and also the names of 11 who were living at that time. It will be noticed that whilst ihe members of the Guild were to pray for the souls of the dead, they were also to pray for the good state and prosperity of the living benefactors. The names of 15 other benefactors were added to the list in after years, the first addition being that of William Garlyk and Margaret, his wife, in 1505, and the last that of Margery Maylen in 1581. The Bede-roll is as follows : — " Ye stall praye for tlie tranquilite & pes of all Crystyen Realmes & in speciall for the pese & tranquilite of this Realme of England. Also ye shall p'y for the good state & prosperite of the King Harry the \T[., the Quene & the prynce & for ther progenytors. In the Ilnd parte ye shall praye for the sowlis of the Right Noble Prynce Kyng Edward the Illlth & for the sowle of the myghty Duke Richard late Duke of Yorke, which were fFounders & graunters of the frat'nite bretherns. Also ye shall p'y for all the sowlis of all the brethern and susterne beinge quicke and dede & in speciall for the sowlis of thes which wer speciall good doers in ther lyves. Also yowe shall praye for the sowles that ar departede owt off this worlde. John Pynoke. Stevyn Hendy and his wyff, which gaue the ten' callid Shoveston w't his appr'tenncs. Will'm More Thome Danyll and all (Alice) his wyff which gaue the Ten' callid Danyell in Endelestrete John Assheford and Crystian his wyff which gaue the Ten callid Lokyerstron Edward Goodyer and Denys his wyff which gaue the Ten' callid goodyers Nicholes Huchyn and Edith xiii li. WiUym Philipp a stondyng coppe of Silur THE BEDE-ROLL. 129 Willym Macey xx s. Harry Hyll a Brasse Pot of viii. galona John Parke Robert Bulke x marc. John Wyly John ffrances John Peremite and Margaret which gaue xiii s. and iv d. of annuall rent at Willm. Welles Good state John Mountes > xxiii s. iv d. Philyp Skynnr. Vincent Mulpy vi s, viii d. James Ragge xx s. Benett Davy and lone his wyf wiche gaue to the Craft viii li. in money Thomas Geff'rsson whiche gaue in mone xl s. And for the prosperite of Edmunde Whit iii s. iv d. John Kernes iii s. iv d. Willm. JefEray xx d. ^ which frely Rich. Focke viii d. Will. Conwey xii d. fEor the sowlys of Will'm Garlyk and Margeret his wyff which hathe gevyn to the Craffxj of Senct John xx li. Ano XXth Rs. Hen. VII. (1505) for the sowle of Thome Grevythe C. gs. (? 100 groates) whiclie payed for the gyltynge and payntynge off the shyldes and carvynge worke appcrtcyiiyngc vnto the ITretinite off Seynt John Baptist Praye for the sowle of Wyll'm Harrhold the wch gaue vnto the ffratrnite off Johne ye Baptiste xii s. in redy money also for the sowle of Thorn's Phelyppis wch gaue in redy money x a 130 THE TAILORS. also for the sowie of Walter Storme whiche gaue in redy money iii s. iv d. for Johe Waye wch gaue xl s. Elye Poynttetor wiche gaue v s. Robte. Arundell wch gaue xx s. John Bove gaue vnto the Craffte in redy money vi s. viii d. John Parson alias Nycholas gaue and dyd bequeathe vnto the fraternitie of this occupacion of taylors xx s. in redy money. 1568. — Robart Griffin gaue to the Companie in readye money x s. 1569. — ^Item Mr. Popple gaue vi s. viii d. 1581.— Item Mr. Thomas Wolffe the elder x s. 1580. — Item Mr. Xpfer Harrison x s. 1581. — ^Item Margery Maylen gaue to this howse a borde & a shryne to the valewe of x s. in the Halle On the flyleaf at the end of the book several rough notes appear, amongst which is the following :—" 30 June A'o 1563.— Poles Stipell fell downe. — William Webb, Maior." Under- neath, in a different hand, is: — "3 June A'o d ni 1563. — Powles Stepell fell downe, Mr. John Webb then beynge major of the Cittie of Newe Sarum." This completes the extracts from Swayne's Ledger. Of CO Of Of as 131 CHAPTER X. THE CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY, SALISBURY. The Chapel of St. John the Baptist in St. Thomas' Church contained the Chantry of the Tailors' Guild and also that of William Swayne, and the close connection which existed for so many years between the Tailors' Guild and this Church has led the author to insert the following paper upon St. Thomas', which was read by him before the members of the Wilts Archaeological Society upon the occasion of their visit to the Church in 1908. St. Thomas' Church was built in the early part of the thirteenth century, and there is a record of one Robert, Rector of the Chapel of St. Thomas of Canterbury, as early as 1238, in 1247 the name is given as Robert de Beavvor, and in 1358 we find John de Wilton rector of St. Thomas the Martyr, This early Church was cruciform, and comparatively a small building, consisting of a nave, with a choir formed at the east end, and north and south transepts. The choir of this ancient Church was only 40ft. 4in. in length, whereas the present choir is 59ft. long. The Church had no structural chancel, its absence being a common feature of town Churches in the Middle Ages. The late Rev. Edward Duke, in his book, Prolusiones Historicce, tells us we must picture 132 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. the original Church as being lighted with lancet windows, similar to those of the Cathedral, and that these windows were placed in the side walls of the nave where are now the pillars and arches, the Church having no side chapels, no aisles, no clerestory, and no tower. Later authorities, including Mr. Doran Webb, who for many years has closely studied everything connected with the fabric of this Church, are of opinion that it was originally cruciform, and with a south porch, and that the south end of this porch was incor- porated in the north side of the tower, when the latter was built. The earliest addition to the Church appears to have been St. Stephen's Chapel, which stood parallel with the Church in the two bays of the then east end of the south wall. There is amongst the ancient wills in the City Muniment Room the testament of George Meriot, Esq., dated August 28th, i.e., Thursday in the feast of St. Augustine, the Doctor, A.D. 1410. He desired to be buried " in the Church of the Friars Preachers of Fisshertone Ancher, between the two pillars in the south part, viz., immediately behind the tomb of Roger Beauchamp, Knight." His benefactions included xx s. each to the Churches of St. Thomas, St. Edmund St. Martin, The Friars Minors, The Friars Preachers, and the Rector of St. Thomas, and also vi s. viii d. to Sir James Green, parish chaplain of St. Thomas. He bequeathed also one set of scarlet ecclesiastical vestments to the altar of St. Stephen in St. Thomas' Church, and he directed his executors to sell certain properties, and to pay " To the fabric of the Chapel of St. Stephen on the south side of St. Thomas' Church £10, provided it shall be faithfully begun and fully constructed anew within three years of my THE BELL TOWEK.' 133 death." This appears to show that St. Stephen's Chapel had stood long enough to require very extensive repairs, or rebuilding, in 1410. The next addition to the Church was Godmanstone's Chapel, which was built during the latter part of the fourteenth centur}^ ; this chapel stood on the north side of the choir. In the visitation of Bishop John Waltham, m 1395, Robert Etyon and John Styll are named as holding chantries in St. Thomas' Church, and in 1404 William Burgeys was appointed to the chantry of St. Bartholomew in the same Church. The Bishop's Registry of Institutions records that in 1415 Johannes Smyth was presented to the chantry of Robert Godmanstone (St. Bartholomew's Altar). The bell tower appears to have been commenced in 1400. The will of Thomas de Boyton, which is in the City Corporation Muniment Room, shows that he bequeathed in 1400 " XX Merkes " to the new fabric on the south side of St. Thomas'. In 1403 the Rectory of St. Thomas was ceded by the Bishop to the Dean and Chapter. This arrangement received the sanction of the King, and was formally confirmed by Pope Boniface the Ninth in 1404. Later in the same year the Dean and Chapter granted "XII. Merkes" towards the work of the Campanile of St. Thomas' Church, the amount to be advanced from the Treasury of the Cathedral till it should be repaid from the fruits and profits of the Church. After its completion people had to pass beneath this tower through an open arch into the Church. The next information we get respecting the Church is that in the year 1447 the chancel or a part of it, fell down, destroying in its fall one of 134 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. the aisles, the latter being probably the Chapel of St. Stephen. An old deed dated 1448 (Dean and Chapter records) shows that the Dean and Chapter, who were under the rectorial obligation of seeing to the maintenance of the chancel, had decided to rebuild it upon the old lines, but the parishioners, amongst whom were the wealthy merchants, William Swayne, John Halle, Henry Swayne, and members of the Godmanstone family, were anxious to have a larger and more noble chancel than the old one, and they showed their devotion to the fabric of their Church by their eagerness to take a share in the work of increasing its size and its beauty. Consequently, on the 4th June, in the 26th year of Henry VI., an agreement was signed between the Dean and Chapter and certain parishioners duly elected for the purpose, by the commonalty of the parish, including William Swayne and John Halle, by which agreement the parishioners undertook to do all that the Dean and Chapter would not do to complete the enlarged building. The Dean and Chapter undertook to lengthen the chancel on the north side, in accordance with the work done on the south side by the parishioners (prob- ably one additional bay). They also promised to build the pillars, arches, and clerestory on the north side to correspond with the work of the same kind done by the parishioners on the south side of the choir. The capitals of the pillars on the south side bear inscriptions, one being " The founder of this peler was art .... John Nichol," another has the merchant's mark of John Webb upon it. The spring of the ancient arch, which was only uncovered a few years since, is undoubtedly a portion of St. Stephen's Chapel, and this part of the Church, viz., the WILLIAM LUDLOW. 135 south chancel aisle, William Swayne undertook to rebuild and to make it 59 feet long, to correspond with the new chancel ; members of the Godmanstone, Hungerford and Ludlow families promising to make the Godmanstone or north chancel aisle the same length. We learn from the "Tropenell Cartulary" that Thomas Tropnell took to wyf Margarete doughter to William Ludlow lord of Hill Deverell, boteler to iii Kynges of England, that is to say, with Kyng Harry the iiiith, the vth, and the vith . . . which is buried in St. Thomas' Church in New Salesbury under a marble tombe at the end of the hygh Auter on the north side thereof ; the ile of the which the seid William Ludlow hath late new siled and paynted, and sette with scochyn of armes of hymself, his wyf and his children (circa 1450). The agreement is dated the " iiijthe day of the monthe of June, the yere of King Harry the VL, after the conquest of England XXVL, betwexte the Dean and Chapiter in the one part and certain parishioners duly elected by the Commonaltic of the parish on the other part." Amongst the names of those so elected are William Swayne and John Halle. The agreement says : — " That for as moche that through misfortune but Kite a goc, the chancel and that other acle (aisle) of the seid chancel of Seynt Thomas Church felle downe, which moste nodes be made agen, to tlac grete coste of the forsaid parties, the forsaid Dean and Chapiter consideryng the said myschief, have graunted to do, make the rofe of the said Chancel after thold (the old) lengthe and brede, that is to say in the lengthe of the forsaid Chancel fourty feete and four ynches, and in brede as thold werkc sheweth, and with the pelers and archhis, accordyng to the same lengthe in the northe side of the said chancel, with a 136 CHURCH OF ST. THQMAS OF CANTERBURY. clerestory above the said aeles with wyndous a cordyng to the Southe side of the said chancel, whiche the said pareshens (parishioners) maketh at their coste. And the said chancels Rofo made at the coste of the said Dean and Chapiter shall be covered with lede, sufficientlie and in seche maner in brede, that the south wall of the said chancel after the forsaid lengthe may be coured (covered) and kepte drie. The perpetual reparacion of the which rofe after the forsaid lengthe and brede with the reparacion of the northe wall of the same Chancel, after the same lengthe above writen shall lang and perteigne to the said Dean and Chapiter and to thaire successours for ever. And the reparacion of all the remanent of all this said werke olde and newe, with all manere shettyng and clansure (shutting and cleaning) of the forsaid Chancel with themakyng of the Hye Autre and all that be-langeth thereto, shall lang and perteigne to the said pareshens and to thaire successor for ever." When in the years 1445 — 6 the affluent mer- chant, William Swayne, was Mayor of the City, he became the patron and friend of the Tailors' Guild. This fraternity, from its earliest days, had an altar to St. John the Baptist in St. Thomas' (probably in St. Stephen's Chapel), but in 1447, that is, the year in which St. Thomas' chancel fell down, and possibly owing to this disaster, the Guild obtained a Charter from Henry VI. which gave them licence to found their chantry in St. Edmund's Church. In 1448, however, that is, after the agreement to rebuild St. Thomas' had been made, the Guild petitioned the King to revoke these letters patent, and to grant them a fresh Charter, which would empower them to found their chantry of St. John the Baptist in St. Thomas' Church. Their petition was successful, and a new Charter was granted to them in 1449. The result was that William Swayne built, at his own cost, the enlarged south chancel aisle as a Guild Chapel, and in this Chapel he founded two chantries, one MURAL PAINTINGS. 137 an altar to the Blessed Virgin Mary as his own chantry, and the other to St. John the Baptist, for the Fraternity of Tailors. Swayne's Chapel was completed during the episcopacy of Bishop Beauchamp, and we read that Richard Betan was admitted to the chantry of the Blessed Mary there devoutly founded on the presentation of William Swayne, merchant. The Chapel is said to have been beautifully decorated and ornamented ; the east window, which was larger than it is at present, was filled with stained glass, the topmost tracery lights exhibited a representation of the Assumption of the Virgin, and the lower lights various saints, beneath canopies of enriched tabernacle work, with shields bearing the merchant marks of WilHam Swayne, John Webb, and other patrons or masters of the Guild. The ornaments and the greater part of the stained glass and decora- tions of this Chapel were destroyed at the time of the visitation of the Commissioners in 1548, but the mutilated remains of this window have recently been carefully arranged and rc-leaded. The walls still show considerable remains of the original mural paintings, including the three well-preserved frescoes on the spandrils of the arches, ** The Annunciation," " The Salutation," and " The Adoration." It has been suggested that there were originally six of these paintings, three on either side of the Chapel, and that they represented the three j oyful and the three sorrow- ful mysteries of the Rosary ; there are also a number of representations of the conventional pot of lilies which accompanies the subject of the Annunciation, and also of the badge of the Garter, the latter being used, presumably, in honour of Bishop Beauchamp who was the King's Surveyor 138 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. during the building of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and who, in 1475, became chancellor of this noble order. The beautiful Perpendicular roof of this Chapel was built above the old corbel table, which originally was seen on the exterior wall of the choir, above the roof of St. Stephen's Chapel. The transverse beams of the roof are ornamented on each side with shields bearing respectively the sacred emblems of " The Passion," the symbol of " The Trinity," the arms of Swayne, and Swayne' s merchant's mark. The beams also bear inscriptions in Latin, " Pray for the soul of James the father of William Swayne," and " Pray for the souls of William Swayne and Chrystian his wife." The two painted alabaster monuments to members of the Eyre family were removed from the choir, where the old family vault stood, and the beautiful ironwork and carved woodwork were placed here to enclose a new vault for the same famil}^ in 1724. The date when the nave aisles were added is uncertain, probably 1470, but it is supposed that the work of building was continuous. It will be noticed that the line of the completed chancel aisles was continued, making the north side of the tower a part of the wall of the south aisle ; but as this brought the door and the two staircase lights of the tower and the two buttresses into the Church, the architect overcame this difficulty by blocking up the door and windows and making new ones outside, and by cutting awa\^ the buttresses on the north side. The roofs of these aisles were made to match the roofs of the chapels of Swayne and Godmanstone, and the pillars and arches in the nave, which were made to agree with those previously erected in the choir, replaced the walls THE DOOM PAINTING (ST. THOMAS' CHURCH). THE DOOM PAINTING. 139 and early windows which had hitherto Hghted the nave. A Httle later, at the end of the fifteenth century the clerestory, the great west window, and the beautiful carved Tudor roof, were added to the nave. This roof is of much the same date and style as the roof of the nave in St. Cuthbert's, Wells. The corbels which carried the beams of the old roof of the nave are still in position. After the new roof was completed, the remarkable " Doom " painting over the chancel arch was executed. The two large figures in this painting, sometimes alluded to as SS. James and Thomas- a-Becket, are more generally supposed to represent St. Osmond, who was canonised in 1457, and the pilgrim who caused the painting to be placed there to commemorate his safe return from a pilgrimage. This picture was coated with white- wash in 1573 ; the Churchwarden's accounts for this year show that Gussett was paid 22s. for washing the Church with lime, and that Adam Marbell was paid £2 13s. 4d. " for peyntinge and Gil ting of ye Queues armes, and makinge ye commaundementes at ye uper ende of ye quire." A few years later the accounts include a payment for the Royal Arms, which are still in the Church, viz., " Roger Lovell makinge of the Queues Armes £8 Is. 6d. and to Reynold Beckham for ye frame for the Queues Armes, and mendinge ye pulpet £4 6s. Od " These arms were placed above the chancel arch, and remained there until 1880, when they were removed to their present position, and the whitewash was carefully taken off the Doom painting, when it was restored and a preparation put on the surface to preserve it. There seems 140 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. little doubt but that the Church at one time presented a wealth of colour. When the south porch was cleaned in 1905, underneath several coats of whitewash, paintings too dilapidated to be preserved were found. There was a porch on the north side of the nave, but in 1835, to save the expense of repairs, this was destroyed. There was a room above this porch. The staircase which led to this room remains, and is used at present as a means of getting on the roof of the north aisle. This room contained a fireplace, and by its side was discovered, on taking down the wall, a small niche which had been plastered over, in which were found peices of pottery, including a crucible, supposed to have belonged to an alchymist. Mr. Doran Webb tells us that there was an anchorite who used to live in a chamber in St. Thomas' Cemetery, and he might have inhabited this room. The rood and the rood loft were taken down in 1559, and from the accounts it appears that the organ of those days stood on the great rood loft. In 1568 the Churchwardens, Lyonel Tych- borne and Giles Thorneburye, received towards " Makynge of ye newe orgaynes and as appearth by a byll £1 13s. 5d." The following year Hugh Chapsion, organ maker, of South Molton, was paid £35 5s. 6d. for the new organ, which lasted until 1738, when it was replaced by one costing £230. In the north window of the Godmanstone aisle there are fragments of the glass of a Late Decorated Jesse Window, and a few small fragments remain in the smaller tracery lights of the other north TAKING DOWN THE GEORGE. 141 windows. The east window in this Ghapel was a figure and canopy window, and in each of the two outer lights there still remains the head of an original canopy in white and yellow glass. The coloured glass in this Chapel is said to be of the latter part of the reign of Edward III. Some are of opinion that this Chapel was used by the Mayor and Corporation as the Guild of St. George, and that the figure of St. George was placed over the Chapel screen in the same manner as the image of St. John the Baptist was kept in the Tailors' Chapel, except that, in the case of the Tailors' Chantry, the figure of their patron saint was placed on or above the altar, with a garland of roses upon the head, during the feast of St. John the Baptist. The accounts of Richard Markes and Robert Eyre, churchwardens 1547 — 8, show payments to " Burges Johnson and Lytchfelde for makynge clean of the church after the departure ot the vysytors xviij'., and to ij carpenters and iij laborers for takynge downe of the George i]\ viij'., for breakynge downe of the steles of the ymages in the churche xxij'^, and for the repair of the places where the ymages stood ij'. viij^" The fine altar tomb, of Purbcck marble, stood, at one time, beneath the central arch on the north side of the choir. This is said to have been the tomb of the founder of one of the two Godman- stone Chantries, which were in this Church, but the style seems too modern for that, so possibly it is the tomb of members of the Webb family. It bore originally two inlaid brass effigies and a shield, together with the emblem of the Trinity, symbols of the four evangelists, and a 142 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. marginal inscription ; presumably these brasses were stripped off the tomb when the ornaments of the Church were seized and sold, and much metal from tombs, &c., was disposed of as old brass. A merchant's mark carved on two sides of the tomb alone remains to help identify the original owner. The white marble slabs which have been inserted in the top of the old tomb, and which record the names of Thomas Chafin, Esq., 1679, and Thomas Chafin Markes, Esq , 1727, lead one to suppose that when the first-named died in 1679, his grandson, Thomas Chafin Markes, appropriated this monument, and that it was used as a tomb for his grandfather and also for himself when he died in 1727, and although he had not the wit to take off the ancient merchant's mark, he left 10s. yearly for repairing the tomb for ever, " and that no other person should be buried in it." The choir floor was raised and the seven steps from the nave to the altar were made about 1850 — 60, in Canon Renaud's time. Mr. Street was the architect, and it was then that the choir was emptied of its high pews and the alabaster altarpiece and screen, &c., were added. The tomb of William Ludlow, butler to the three Kings before alluded to, stood in the church until 1813, when, unfortunately, it was removed and broken to pieces. Under the third arch is the tomb, with the brass still intact, of " John Webbe, Mayor of the Citty," who died in 1570. The present pulpit displaced, in 1877, an old carved wood one, which had figures of angels round it and a sounding board above it ; a THE JACKS AND TING TANGS. 143 portion of this sounding board is in the south porch. In this porch are also placed the " Jacks " ; these disabled men-at-arms being out of working order and insecure, were taken down from their perches under the clock, beside the Ting Tangs, in 1896, and placed in this porch until such time as the Churchwardens can find money to again put them in working order. According to an old manuscript book in the Free Library, " The Quarter Jackes were sette upp at St. Thomas' Church in 1582, Robert Elliott Maior." The " Ting Tangs " were cast by Wallis, Culver Street, Salisbury, in 1581, and " Thos ffeyld of Westburye for kepinge the chymes and Jackes" was paid 10s. in 1591. The Jacks are carved, in mail and open helmet, and with remarkably well-cut faces ; they stood out below the clock for over three hundred years, and proclaimed the quarters and hours of the day. In one hand each of these figures originally had an iron hammer, but the hammer did not really strike the bell, although the figures used to swing round and apparently do so. The old font, which is a plain bowl of late Norman character, was restored to the Church from a neighbouring garden in 1895. This font is supposed to have been turned out of the Church in 1647, and a small substitute provided, when the order was made that all fonts were to be taken down in Churches and placed near the minister's seat. The account of the Church- wardens for 1647 shows a payment for a board for the Parliament's declaration, 6d. ; also ** paid to J. Holloway for takeinge downe the fonte and laying the stones, 8s." 144 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. After the restoration, viz., on May 18th, 1661, Humphrey Beckham was paid for moving the pulpit back to its old position and for a covering for a new font, £4 15s. 5d. On the exterior of the south wall of Swayne's Aisle can be seen remains of the ancient south porch into this Chapel, and on the buttress at the east end of Swayne's Chapel there is carved a crucifix of late fifteenth century date. After the Reformation, Thomas-a-Becket, having been declared by Henry VIH. to be no saint, but a rebel, the Church was conveniently called the Church of St. Thomas the Apostle, and the Chapel of St. John the Baptist is referred to as the Tailors' Aisle. The Churchwardens' accounts show a payment "To T. Wait for putting a newe corbell under a summar in the Taylors He xs." Another interesting relic from the Tailors' Guild Chapel survives in the form of a portion of an altar cloth, or frontal, which was discovered by the Vicar (Canon Renaud) in 1849 amongst some lumber in the store, or upper vestry. This cloth, which appears to have been made from a cope, and to date from the 15th century, was probably hidden away, and so escaped seizure or destruct on upon the occasion of the visit of Edward VI.' s Commissioners to Salisbury in 1548, when the furniture and other chantry possessions of the Tailors' Guild were amongst those that were seized in Salisbury and sold to Thomas Chafyn, of Mere, by the Crown officials. This interesting relic, which is carefully preserved in St. Thomas' Vestry, is a quaint piece of needle- work, and a specimen of the " broyderer's arte," which would probably have been described, in MEDIAEVAL EMBROIDERY. 145 1548, as an " olde popish painted cloath." The background is of dark brown velvet, and is embroidered on the upper part with the letters D.E.G., a bishop's pastoral staff running through the letter E., and the centre of the cloth is filled with a representation of " The Annunciation." There are two scrolls, with inscriptions in Latin. That proceeding from the angel bears the in- scription, " Ave ! gratia plena," whilst that proceeding from the Virgin is " Ecce ! ancilla Dei." The other ornamentation is composed of angelic figures, fleurs de-lis, and double-headed eagles, the latter, even at this early date, being the supporters of the Arms of the Mayor and his brethren. The fact that William Swayne was Mayor of the City during the year in which he founded the Guild Chantry, may account for the double-headed eagle being displayed upon this piece of needlework.* Another relic of the Guild, which is preserved in the Vestry, is a small portion of a funeral pall which was used at the funeral of members of the Fraternity. * Mr. W. H. St. John Hope in his " Notes upon English Mediasval Embroidery" (Society of Antiquaries, Dec. 8, i8g8) says : — "Although the sacrilegious rapacity of Edward VI. and his Privy Council, during the age of robbery in the middle of the XVJ. century, spared many a cope and suit of vestments, the general spoliation of Church goods, as well as the subsequent ascendancy of the Puritan faction, made no provision for the replacement of such vestments as they wore out, for there can be little doubt that in many places they continued to be worn. Copes, Chasubles, and otlier vestments, were accordingly converted into altar hangings, pulpit covers, hearse cloths, or other uses, and in this manner many a beautiful piece of mediaeval embroidery has been preserved to our time." 146 CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY. INVENTORY OF GOODS AND PLATE (1548). Swaynes Chauntrye yn Seynt Thomas Paryche. Imprimis. A Sute of vestements with a cope of black damaske with Frounters^ of Venys^ gold. Item. An Aulter cloth of red bodkyn^ with curteynes of olde red Sarsenet t. A payre of vestments of Grene Velvett. ,, Another vestment of White damaske. ,, A vestment of blewe bodkyn embrodered with gold. A vestment of White Dornyx.^ ,, A Masse-boke of Parchement. „ Two Corporas cases, th'one of olde black velvett, th' other of White Sarsenette. „ Two Cruet ts of pewter, two basyns of pewter, two candellstyks of lattyn. ,, A frounter of red silke dornyx. St. Thomas' Church. Chantry of William Swayne for one Chaplain at a salary of xiij^'. vj'. vij"^. Clear value xiiij^'. iij'. x*^. (xV'. xvij^) of Plate xlvf. ij"^.^ The Fraternity and Guild of the Mystery (ffelowship) of Taylors for one Chaplain at cwf. viij*^. to celebrate for the souls of the bretheren and sisters. Clear value out of lands and tenements ix''. iij'. ij''., goodis vj^ viij'*. Geo. Roggers, incumbent.^ 1 A fronter was the hanging cloth in front of the Altar. " Venice gold fringe was sold at 30s. per lb. in 1502 (Madden). ^ Bodkyn =^ A rich stufi composed of silk interwoven with threads of gold. * Domyz = damask, a mixture of either worsted, silk, wool and thread. 5 Commission of Edward VI., 1553. 147 CHAPTER XI. TEN YEARS' LITIGATION. The Vestry at St. Thomas' Church is probably the house, or a portion of the house, which WilHam Swayne built as a residence for his Chantry priests in 1465 — 1 , the erection of which resulted in ten years litigation between the Corporation and Bishop Beauchamp, and the imprisonment of the redoubtable Mayor, John Halle, for disrespectful behaviour towards the King in Council. Mr. Duke and others were of opinion that the Vestry of St. Thomas was the Chapel of the Tailors' Guild, but it must be remembered that the Guild numbered 48 members even at this early date, and they increased so rapidly in numbers that in the second year of Henry VIII. there were 88 brethren. One of the most stringent of the regulations of the Fraternity was that upon certain feast days every member of the Guild was compelled to attend service in his Guild Chapel, or pay a very substantial fine. The wives of the members and the whole of the journeymen and apprentices were also obliged to be present upon these occasions, and, in addition, upon the great Feast Day of the Guild, viz., St. John the Baptist's Day, the Mayor and his brethren of the Corporation accompanied the Guild in their procession, and were present with them at the service which was held on this day [n the Guild Chapel. Those who know St. 148 TEN years' litigation. Thomas' Vestry house will, therefore, recognise how impossible it would have been to accommo- date such a number of persons within its walls. In 1464, after the completion of the Tailors' Guild Chapel, William Swayne obtained from Bishop Beauchamp a grant of a small piece of land for the purpose of building a house for the priests of his newly-founded Chantries. This grant appears to have led to great trouble and litigation. The piece of land in question, which was close to St. Thomas' Church, and on the north side of the newly-built or enlarged God- manstone Chapel, was probably considered by the Bishop as waste land, and, therefore, belonged to him as lord of the City. On the other hand, the Corporation had for many years inserted this small plot in their rent roll, though, apparently, as rent in default. In 1454 the Chamberlain's account shows, amongst the rents in default, " 2s. for a garden (orto) with a common latrina in the Cemetery of St. Thomas the Martyr." The City Corporation Ledger B, fol. 74, contains the following resolution which was passed at a meeting of the Council on April 5th, 1465 : — "It is agreed that, as to the toft in the Cemetery of St. Thomas the Martyr, whereof William Swayne hath lately seisen from the Bishop of Sarum, the Mayor and Commonalty intervene not touching the right and title to the said toft, this side of the quindene of Easter next after this convocation, but that after the said quindene, the Mayor and Commonalty enter in right title and possession of the said toft, and safeguard title and possession thereof until the question be determined by the law of the land. But all the goods and chattels being in the said toft, before the day of the convocation aforesaid, are to remain in arrest and in safe and sure keeping by warrant of the Mayor of the City, until the said William Swayne shall make amend for his trespass done upon the said toft." APPEAL TO THE KING. 149 Although the ownership of this piece of land was the subject of litigation, it appears that William Swayne went on building his Chantry- priests' house, but, unfortunately for him, John Halle — a strong and bitter opponent of Swayne — was Mayor of the City, and at the time a con- siderable majority of the Council followed Halle as their leader. This party behaved in a very arrogant and overbearing manner towards Swayne, and on May 25th, 1465, the officials of the Corporation were ordered to summon William Swayne to appear and explain his conduct. At the following meeting, which was held on June 14th, a vote was carried to deprive Swayne of the freedom of the City, and to expel him from the Corporation, unless he would voluntarily renounce his claim to this small piece of land. Apparently Swayne did not meet their wishes, and John Halle, eager to annoy the Bishop and to mortify his former powerful rival, Swayne, ordered the walls and chimneys of the house to be pulled down, and he imprisoned the workmen who were engaged in erecting the building. The Bishop did not brook this interference with his just rights, but at once took action against the Mayor at the General Sessions of the County. The Corporation next issued a Power of Attorney to eleven of their number, including John Halle, which gave them authority to act and treat, in the name of the Council, "concerning certain articles, causes, and matters, by them, to their most excellent Lord the King, against the Reverend Lord Richard, Bishop of Salisburx^" This document is dated August 13th, 1465. The Bishop, in answer, prepared a clear statement of his rights, and readers of Hatcher's History 150 TEN years' litigation. will find on fol. 164 copious extracts from this document, which commences, " Part of a bill unto the Kyng against one John Halle for pluckeing downe of walles builded within the Citty by the Busshop's consent." Both parties were commanded to send their representatives to Westminster, to lay the dispute before the King in Council. John Halle and several of his brethren were appointed to represent the Corpora- tion upon this occasion, and they appeared before the King to plead the cause of the City. But John Halle's hot-headed zeal again outran his discretion, and, unfortunately for him, it occurred upon this occasion, not in the Council Chamber of his native City, but in the presence of his Sovereign and the Privy Council. His unruly language gave such offence that the King ordered him to be imprisoned, and a letter was despatched at once to the Corporation of Salisbury com- manding them to choose another person as Mayor of the City. The letter, which is as follows, is dated August 22nd, 1465 :— " By the Kynge. — Trusty & welbeloved, we grete you well, latynge you wite (know) that nowe late, John Halle youre Maire toke uppon hym in youre name & his, to opyn and shewe unto us by bille, mater of variaunce dependynge betwyxte the ryghte reverende fader in God, oure trusty and welbeloved conseillour the Busshop of Sarum, on that one partie, and you and oure cite of the same, on that other partie, atte whiche tyme, all though, the seid reverende fader, in that mater behadde hym righte soberly, discretely, and to the peas therof right con- formablie, ofirynge to abyde in the same, the rule & ordinaunce of us and our Counsel. The said John of the olde rancour and malice, that he hath borne towarde the said reverende fader, as hit shulde seme contrary to hys parte and dute, brake out of the seid mater concernynge the seid cite, into his owen matiers, wherby he shewed hym self right cedicious, hasty, wilful, and of full un witty (unwise) disposicon. In consideracon wherof, and divers other matiers us movyng, we have co'mytted the seid John Halle in to suche a place, as he shalbe kepte, and THE king's wrath. 151 has hit apperteyneth to us to do of right, unto suche tyme as we shalbe otherwise avised. Wherfore sith (since) hit is so, that it is necessary to the seid cite to be in rule and governaunce of a maire and governer, durynge the tyme that the seid John is likly to be absent, for dyvers consideracons, and also that he is not of suche sadnesse and habilite for many causes, as shulde serve necessarily for the good and politque guydynge of the same. We wille and desire you, that accordynge to suche privileges and liberties, as by our noble progenitors have been graunted to the predecessors of the seid reverende fader, and your predecessors, ye in all goodly haste uppon the sight of thies letters, fully applie and dispose you to procede to an ellec'con of an nother mayre of sad (steady), sobre, and discrete disposicon, in the roome and place of the seid John, the same p'sone so of newe to be chosyn to take his power and auctorite as of olde tyme hath ben used. Yeven undre oure signette, atte oure palois of Westmynstre the xxii. day of Auguste." The letter is addressed " To oure trusty and welbeloved, the citeeens and co'mons, of the cite of Newe Salesburie." The Corporation apparently were undecided how to act, or, as Hatcher says, ** the spirit of the contumacious Mayor appeared still to preside over the counsels of the citizens." Nothing was done, and on September 23rd a letter was re- ceived from the King expressing " oure grete marvaile " that the Corporation had not obeyed his commands, and ordering them at once to proceed to choose another Mayor, " or els that xii. or viii. of youe atte the leste appeare before us and the Lords of oure Counsaile atte oure palois of Westmynstre in the O'eptes of Michel- masse next comynge, to shewe the cause why ye have not performed oure seid desire and comaundment, and to answere to suche thyngs conccrnynge the same as then shalbe laid and objicted agenste you," &c. The Corporation appear to have been very reluctant to do as the King wished. The matter was allowed to drift until Saturday, the 10th of October, when a 152 TEN years' litigation. King's Messenger arrived in the City with a very peremptory message to the civic authority, with the result that an assembly was hurriedly called for the following day, Sunday, 11th October. William Wotton, the Deputy-Mayor, presided at this meeting, at which nine members were chosen to appear before the Privy Council. Their names appear in a most humble address which was written upon that occasion, and which constituted the answer of the Corporation to his Majesty's commands. The address, which begins as follows, " High and myghty and moste Christian Prince, oure all moste doubted liege Lord," gives the names of the nine members who were chosen to represent the Corporation, and further informs the King that they had '* yevynge thaym full power and auctorite by thes oure writynge, sealed undre the comon scale of the seid cite, to utter and declare to youre highnesse the causes why we proceded nat to th'elleccion of a newe Maire, to occupie in the rome and place of the seid John Halle accordynge to yo'r seid writynge and co'aundment, and we shalle praye to God for you." The King, evidently moved by the humility at last shown by the Corporation, sent them, a few days after, a kind and considerate reply, in which he reduced the number of those who were to represent the City from 12 or 8 to 4 or 6. Unfortunately, the Corporation again did a very foolish thing. They selected as one of their four representatives their Mayor, John Halle, who was in prison. The Letter of Attorney which they issued contained the names of John Halle, John Aport, John Hampton, and Thomas Pyrie. The three last named journeyed to London, accompanied by J. Chafyn (legal adviser) and J. Chippenham (secretary) The King, very IMPRISONMENT OF THE MAYOR. 153 much displeased with the Corporation for the affront offered to his person and authority by the inclusion in their authority of the name of their contumacious Mayor, declared the authority void, " As the principal person named therein, whiche ys called John Halle, is for certaine offences and rottous demeanynge, in warde, and nat atte his liberte." Another writ was at once delivered by the Privy Council to John Aport and his col- leagues, who were then in London, and this writ was sent by them to the Deputy-Mayor at Salis- bury, together with the following interesting letter : — " To Willm Wotton the Maior-lieu tenant of Sarum and to the citezens and inhabitants in the same, Right reverent Sirs and Brethren, we commaund us unto you, assuring you, yt after oure apparence before the Kyng, and the lords of his Counsaile, for as muche yt John Halle, named principal in oure auctorite, was by the Kynges high comaundement, yn warde and nat atte hys libertie, it was considered by the same, yt a newe auctorite shold be made by another privie seale, the whiche was delivered to us on Friday last past, for the spede of the whiche we heartily pray you, yt anon after the sight of the sayde privie seale, and of yis oure writinge, ye assemble the peple and procede to the execution of the seid privie seal, and the auctorite so ensealed sende to us with the same, in alle haste possible, yt we may procede ferrer in expedicon of us, and eschuyng of costes of the cite, the whiche be not small sitthe (since) oure comynge hider. And the Holygost be among you, wrote in London in the XVU. day of November 1465. By yor Brethren J, Aport J. Chafyn JoH Hampton J. CnippENnAM Ths Pyrie A new Letter of Attorney was issued by the Council, with the name of John Halle omitted, and John Chafyn, their legal adviser, whose name appears on the letter above referred to, was 154 TEN years' litigation. designated as leader of the deputation. We get no more information respecting this deputation, but in the early part of the following year, 1466, the Deputy-Mayor, William Wotton (we may suppose Halle being still in prison) advanced twelve pounds to the City on loan, to pay the expenses to London of John Aport, in connection with the dispute. As security for this loan, the Corporation assigned to Wotton power to recover the same out of the rent of " le Georges Inne." There is no record of the liberation of John Halle, but the Council re-elected him as Mayor in October, 1465, whilst he was in prison, and we next find his name appearing on July 25th, 1466, when he presided over a meeting of the Corpora- tion, and took the lead in making arrangements to give the King a welcome upon the occasion of a proposed visit to Salisbury, which was then contemplated. This long dispute, which, as we have seen, was commenced in 1464 in connection with the building of Swayne's Chantry house, was not settled until 1474. At an assembly which was held in Whitsun week in the latter year (B Ledger, fol 114), the Corporation and their Mayor, William Eston, in a deed under the City Seal, made their submission to the Bishop. During the latter part of the ten years the right to the contested piece of land in St. Thomas' Churchyard formed only an insignificant detail in the dispute between the contending parties, and the question at issue became a larger one, relating to the feudal dependence of the City on the Bishop. It may be of interest to give some extracts, which are taken from the City Chamber- lain's account for the year preceeding the settlement of the dispute, as after this year SETTLEMENT OF THE DISPUTE. 155 (1473) the contested toft of land does not appear in the rent roll of the Corporation accounts. The entry on the debtor side is as follows : — " 2s. for a garden and latrina at the north part of the Chantry of Robert Godmanstone, on which William Swa^me has built his Chantry House (domum Cantarie).' On the credit side of the account there appears, as rents in de- fault, " And the garden (orto) with the ' latrina ' because still in litigation, between the Mayor and Commonality and William Swayne, as last year 2s." The Bishop's "Liber Niger" shows the receipt of rent of assize " for a corner tenement founded for the singers (chantry priests) near the Church of St. Thomas of Sarum." The question arises, is the present vestry of St. Thomas' really the house, or rather a portion of the house, which William Swayne built in 1465 — 6, as a residence for his Chantry priests, the building of which led to so much litigation and to the imprisonment of the redoubtable Mayor, John Halle ? The agreement made in 1448 between the Dean and Chapter and the parishioners, shows that the choir, or chancel, was rebuilt, and that the original length of 40ft. 4in. was increased to the present length of 59ft., and that the chancel aisles — Swayne' s on the south and Godmanstone' s on the north — were rebuilt the same length as the enlarged chancel. The Chamberlain's account also shows that Swayne' s Chantry house stood in 1473 on the north side of Godmanstone' s, which is the position occupied by the present vestry. This vestry house, as is generally known, is a three-storeyed building, consisting of the upper vestry, which in past days was used as a school, the present vestry, which 156 TEN years' litigation. is on a level with the Church, and also a lower chamber, years ago known as " The Skull house," and which now contains a furnace for heating the Church. Some years ago, several old beams were removed from this under chamber, and were replaced by iron girders and fire-proof brickwork as a protection against fire, but Mr. Doran Webb, in a lecture upon " Old St. Thomas," which he gave at the Museum a few years ago, mentioned that at one time there was a singular inscription upon one of the old beams in the Skull house. In his lecture he said : — " It appeared that it (the inscription) had at first asked people to pray for the souls of William Swayne and his wife, but it was reputed that in the time of James I. some loyalist painted out the names of William Swayne and his wife, and substituted that of the King, though the painter, in leaving the word * souls ' untouched, was evidently regardless of the fact that even a monarch had no more than one soul." The ceiling of the vestry room is original work, but the sides were in 1733 new wainscoted 8ft. high, and the partition on the east side was added so as to form a small inner chamber. The minutes of the vestry show that at that time there was a step or small platform beneath the fifteenth century window, which is now within the small chamber (probably an oratory). This window is in three lights, and contains good remains of fifteenth century coloured glass : — St Christopher and the Divine Infant, in the middle light ; with St Thomas of Canterbury carrying the Canterbury Cross and wearing an episcopal glove on his left hand and a ring on his ANCIENT PAINTED GLASS. 157 right hand, in the light on the right hand side. The left hand light contains the head and shoulders of a figure, the remainder of which is lost. The robe is of ermine — a symbol of majesty — the right hand is raised in blessing. There was a representation of God the Father in the east windows of both St. Edmund's and St. Thomas', and, as is generally known, Henry Sherfield, the Recorder in Laud's time, obtained leave to re- place the figure in St. Edmund's Church by clear glass, but to show publicly his great hatred of idolatry, he smashed the window with his staff, for which he was punished, by the Star Chamber, and to prevent a possible scandal of the same kind at St. Thomas', Mr. Sub-Dean ordered the figure to be removed from St. Thomas' east window. The Churchwardens' accounts for 1583 include a payment of 4d. to " Hacker for puttinge oute the picture of the father in ye east windowe at Mr. Subdean's commaundment." In later days this fragment of glass was found and placed in this window, but passed as a representation of St. Osmund. When complete, the figure was apparently a representation of the Trinity. There are two small lights of an ancient window, now in the Salisbury Museum, which were taken from the Tailors' Hall a few years ago, when the place was sold. One of these lights contains a representation of St. Christopher and the infant Christ, and the other a representation of the Madonna and Child. In prc-Rcformation times it was customary in London and all other large cities or towns in which the Craft Guilds were founded, for these Fraternities to carry giants, which were a great feature in their pro- 158 TEN years' litigation. cessions and religious plays. In some towns as many as four giants appeared on these occasions, but in towns where only one giant was kept, as, at Salisbury, it was invariably owned by the Tailors' Guild. This Guild not only supplied the attendants and the Morris dancers, but provided the quaint dresses for them, and generally took the leading part, especially at the " Midsummer Watch." Probably this was owing to the fact that it was customary to set the " Midsummer Watch" upon the eve of St. John the Baptist (the Tailors' patron saint) with a grand pageant. Upon this important occasion, after the Mayor and Corporation, who took part in this function as members of the Guild of St. George, and who were upon such occasions accompanied by the " armed men," the waites or City minstrels, the mace-bearers and other officials, the Tailors' Guild made the most imposing show. Important regulations were made for dressing the Giant and preparing him for these festivals. In the pro- cession he appeared at the head of the Tailors' Guild with his two Esquires, one bearing the great two-handled sword, and the other his mace (which the late Mr. Edward Stevens suggested, represented a cresset or lanthorn, such as was carried during these night watches), and accom- panied by the Hobnob, or Hobby-horse, as his mounted page, and the Morris dancers. It may be of interest to give the following extract from Puttenham, in his Arte of English Poesie published in London, 1589. Speaking of the Midsummer Pageants in London, he says, on page 128 : — "Where to make the people wonder, are set forth great and uglie Giants, marching as if they were alive, and armed at all points, but within GIANTS AT CHESTER. 159 they are stuffed full of brown paper and tow, which the shrewd boys underpeeping do guilefully discover, and turn to a great derision." There were four of these giants belonging to the Guilds in the City of Chester, made, as usual, from boards, buckram, tinsel, &c., and a quaint entry appears in the City accounts for the year 1599, as follows : — ** Ye going of ye Giantes att Myd- sommer xvi d. for arsenic to putt into the paste, to save the Giantes from being eaten by rats." 160 CHAPTER XII. THE TAILORS. Extracts from the Fraternity's Ledger. In a preceding chapter the contents of Swayne's Ledger were fully described, and we may now return to the oldest book of the Tailors' Guild, which, as has already been explained, appears to have been laid aside when Swayne's Ledger was provided, but was again brought into use when that book was filled with entries At this time (1500 — 1520) the meetings of the Guild were held every six months, one taking place in January and the other in July. At each of these assemblies new members were admitted to the Fraternity, and upon some of these occasions as many as 12 were enrolled The record of a Convocation of the Tailors of the City of New Sarum, held at the Grey Friars on the 8th day of July, in the 9th year of Henry VIII. (1518), contains the names of no less than 88 members who were present upon that occasion, and also the names of seven men who were sworn in as free brothers at the same meeting. Except upon four occasions, which occurred during the Mayoralty of William Swayne, when meetings of the Tailors' Guild were held at the Council House, all the assemblies of this Fraternity which took place from January 10th, 1451, until July 2nd, 1533, were held in the Common Hall of the Friars-Minors, or Grey Friars, which stood in Freren Street (the present Friary). The final gathering of the Tailors within ARMS OP THE SALISBURY CORPORATION OP TAILORS. (Saliahiiry Musewn). ERECTION OF TAILORS' HALL. 161 the precincts of this convent occurred on the last named date, and from this time until the Guild became defunct in the 3- ear 1880, all assemblies, entertainments and feasts of the Fraternity were held in a commodious hall and mansion house which the Fraternity had built for themselves in Milford Street. It may be added that a portion of this building is still in existence, but it is in a state of great dilapidation, and is used as a store. The following extract is taken from the report of the first meeting, which was held in the Tailors' Hall :— " At the assemble holden at the Tayllors Halle there the XX day of January jn the XXV yere of the reigne of our Sovraign Lorde Kyng Henry \1II (1534) it is enactid condis- cendid and agreed that for as moche as the wardens aboue rehersed wt th'assente of the whole crafte and fraternyte and at there costes and charges haue nowe edified and buylded a convenyent Mansion house and place in and uppon there owne ground, that the said place and house at all tynies from hensforth shalbe notyd the Tayllours Halle, and that all assembles, reformacions, and all other thyuges meet, convenyent, and insident to the said occupacion, shalbe always in tymes to come there, and no where els, kept and duly executeyd, and that all suche persones of the said craft, whiche hathe given any thyng to the edifieing of the said place, shall at all tymes hereafter frely vse possede and enjoye the said house for there dynrs, and other insident and commable accostumes belongyng to the said occupacion wt the lycence and consent of the wardens for the tyme bynge, and also that all suche persones of the said mystery wch of there froward myndes at this tyme wyl not give any thyng to the buyldyng of the said place, shall loose the fredom of the same, and there shall kepc there dynrs that notwtstandyng, and shall paye for the occupieng of the same, as slialbe thought mete and conuenyent by the wardens for the tyme beyng." At a meeting which was held on November 21st, 1541, the following interesting entry appears: — " At this assembly it is ordeynod and agreyd by the persons that hathe aperyd at this tyme that Robert Criflitho (warden) shall assigne a preist whiche is an honest man, to serve from 162 THE TAILORS. the fest of the Natyuyte of or Lorde God, vnto the fest of the Annunciacion of our Blessed Lady then next folouinge, and that the saide preist shall dept at the said fest of our lady day, wtout any warning. Also it is agreyde that Sr George now morowe-masse preist, at Saynct Thomas Churche, shall entre in the seruyce at the sayde fest of the Annunciacion of our lady." The minutes of the meetings which were held during the last five years of the reign of Henry VIII. are not of great interest, they relate principally to the admission of apprentices and new members, lists of the fines and fees received by the Chamber- lain, the voluntary payments towards the ex- penses of St. Osmund's watch, and regulations concerning the midsummer feast, e.g. : — " 10th July in the 36 year of the reign of King Henry VIII. (1545) Antoney Taylar, resed by the hands of Thorns Stearre for Seynte Osmund's watche iii s. vi d. Wyllm. Chambarlayne for hys opsettjmg dellyured to the hands of John Nycholas XX d. John Combar for hys upsettyng iii s. iv d." The Ledgers contain no records of the Guild during the reign of Edward VI., but from other sources we find that the Chantry possessions of the Tailors' Fraternity were amongst the pro- perties that were seized by the Commissioners of Edward VI. at their visitation to Wiltshire, in the second year of his reign. An interesting paper upon Wiltshire Chantry Furniture by the Rev. Canon Jackson, appears in Vol. 22 of the Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine. This paper includes an inventory of the furniture of 37 Chantries, which was seized by the Crown Com- missioners in the second year of Edward VI., and which was sold by them to Thomas Chafyn, of Mere. This inventory is taken from an old document dated 15th June, 1548, which was found among the papers belonging to the late Miss Chafyn-Grove, of Zeals House. Of the 37 Chantries therein enumerated, 15 were in the INVENTORY OF CHANTRY GOODS. 163 City of Salisbury, viz., 9 at the Cathedral, 2 at St. Edmund's Church, and 4 at St. Thomas' Church. Those which were in St. Thomas' Church, viz., Swayne's, Godmanstone's, Warwick's and the Tailors' Fraternity, appear first on the inventory, which commences as follows : — The Countie of Wiltshire, The Inventorye off all such goods and ornaments as dyd appertayne to all the Chauntries, Free Chapels, Guildes, and fraternytyes, within the said Countie. The Fraternite of Taylors, fyndynge in Saynt Thomas Parishe : — Imprimis. A Vestment of Dornyx.* Item. An Aulter Clothe of Can vase, paynted. ,, A Vestment of bodkyn.* ,, An Aulter Clothe of coarse dyaper. „ A Vestment of braunched Bokeram, blacke. ,, An Aulter Clothe, with a hanginge of can vase, paynted. „ A Vestment of blew Worsted, with Swannes. ,, A Vestment of Grene Worsted, braunched with redd velvett. ,, A hanging of Paynted Canvass. ,, ij Aulter clothes, th'one dyaper, th'other plane. ,, A border of white Satten, a bruges,* with a frenge of sylke. ,, A masse boke, ij cruetts of tynne. ij corporas cases with a pax of glasse and a towell of lockcram.* ,, A chalyce perteynynge to the same whych was sold to Robert Gryffythe, at the Feaste of All Saynts last past for xl s., and bestowed upon reparations of the landes perteynynge to the sayd Chaunterye, as he say the." Robert Gryffythe, who was stated to have bought the chalice and spent the money upon repairs to the property of the Fraternity, was Master or Senior Warden of the Guild at the time. Mr Jackson, in the paper referred to, * It may be stated that " Dornyx" was a fine damask ; " bodkyn" a costly silk stuff worked in gold thread ; a " bruges" a satin made at Bruges ; and " lockeram" a coarse linen made in Brittany. 164 THE TAILORS. speaking of the contents of the Hungerford Chantry in the Cathedral, and Swayne's at St. Thomas', says : — " It is evident, from the inferior quahty of the articles described in the list, that those of a more valuable kind, not only in the two Chantries above mentioned, but probably in many others also, had been previously selected and disposed of in some different way." The Tailors' Guild rapidly increased in numbers, more especially during the reign of Henry VIII., when occasionally^ 90 members were present at their assemblies, but, as before stated, no infor- mation respecting the Guild appears in the Ledgers during the seven years of the succeeding reign. Apparently the corporate life of the Fra- ternity was almost destroyed after the confiscation of their Chantry possessions, and it was not until the third year of Queen Mary, when the assemblies of the Fraternity were resuscitated, that the records of the Guild again appear in the old Ledgers. On March 20th, 1556, only three days before the Martyrdom of Maundrel and his com- panions at Salisbury, the Mayor and Corporation revived the annual dirges, which had been formerly celebrated in St. Thomas' Church: — "Whereas three dirges have been yearly sung, heretofore, in the Church of St. Thomas, Sarum, for the founders and benefactors of this house, and for certain causes let down since the beginning of King Edward VI., it is agreed that the said three dirges be yearly kept," &c., &c. On the I9th of July, 1556, a meeting of the Guild was held at the Tailors' Hall. The minutes of this assembly are extremely interesting. In the first place they show that the six brothers who had held office at the time of the spoliation of their Chantry ROBERT GRYFFYTHE, WARDEN. 165 eight years previously, were again filling the same positions, including Robert Gryffythe, the senior warden, who was successful in his attempt to save from seizure the silver chalice belonging to the Guild Altar ; and apparently he was able to preserve it for the future use of the Fraternity. Another interesting feature in the record of this meeting is that the names of only 33 members, including the six officials before alluded to, are entered as being present at the first part of the assembly, when the business was opened, but there appears later on in the minutes of the same meeting the names (the greater part of these being signatures) of no less than 42 men. These men were not sworn and admitted in the ordinary way, as new members, each paying a fee, but they were specially sworn, and a cross carefully drawn, appears at the end of each name, this being the only occasion upon which such a S3^mbol appears in connection with the names of members who were admitted to the Guild. It may possibly be that the 27 brothers, and the six officials, represented those members of the Fraternity who had remained loyal and faithful to the old religion, and that the 42 were a portion of the majority who had accepted the Reformation, and who now were compelled to be sworn in this special way before they were granted re-admission to the privileges of the Guild. If this were so, and the majority, of which the 42 members formed a part, had obtained possession of the Hall and had carried on the business of the Guild during Edward's reign, it would account for the absence of any records of the Fraternity during this reign, especially if Robert Gryffythe, who apparently was a man of strong character, kept possession 166 THE TAILORS. of the two regular books . of the Guild. The following extracts are taken from the report of this meeting : — " Assemble holden the 19 off July in the present yere off the raygn of Kynge Phyllyp the fryste, an the thurde yere off the rygn off Quene Mary, by the grace of God, Kynge an Quene of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Prynces off Spain, of Cicyllie, Archedewke of Astryge, Ducke of Mylane, Burgnde and Brabend, Erles of Gascony, Flanders and Tyrell. Present-Wardenes \ ^°^^^^ Gryffythe rresent>-warQenes ^ Thomas Chaffn Cham'erlaves \ ^^^^ Layngten LHamerlayes | Ro^er^ UoUes Stewardes ^ Thomas Caplen btewardes ^ ^^^^^^ ^^jj Nomina Maistroru." (Here follows 27 names). " It is agreed that Thomas Caplen and Robert Wall, stewardes, shalle make a feaste, the Sunday after the decollation of Seynte John the Baptiste, and then to brynge yn ther lyghte, V tapers, wythe Vin torches, accordynge to the old custom and usse, has his byn afore." At an assemble holden the 6th of June in the 4th and 5th yeres of the raygne of Kynge Phyllyp and Queen Mary (1558) there were present Richard Bryan and Thomas Cator, Wardens, and also fifty members, whose names are recorded. At this meeting the following resolution was agreed to : — " Att this assemble it is agreed that vpon the Saturday next after the Nativitie of Seynte John the Baptiste, next comynge, the Stuardes of the occupation of this ffraternite shall for dyverse good consideracions, cause a solempne dirige to be kepte in Seynte Thomas Churche accordynge to the olde custom, and the Sonday shallbe kept the obitt Masse, and the same day they shall brynge in theire light, and make a good and honest dyner to the Wardens and Maisters, also it is condescended and agreed that whosoever of the Maisters shall be absent withoute a lawful cause at anye tyme herafter from the dirigie, obit Masse, or bryngynge in of the light, shall forfeit to the vse of the said oocupatijon, oone pounde of waxe." Of o u E O u ■< E APPOINTMENT OF VIEWERS. 167 The next entry which appears in the book is the report of a meeting which was held in the 2nd year of Queen Elizabeth, and it may be of interest to give the names of those present at this meeting : — " Assemble holden at ye Taylors Hall ye xvi day of October, iu ye yere of our Lord God, after the course and computation of ye Church of England, a thousande ffyve hundred and thre shore, and in ye second yere of ye raigne of o'r Souraigne, Lady Elizabeth, by the Grace of God Quene of England, France and Ireland, defender of the faythe, &c. Mr. Robert Gryffythe, Sineor (Master) Mr. Thomas Eator ") War- Mr. Edmond Wyckwt j dens Chamber- lyns > Stewards Osmond Barryngton George Clarck Robert Lowe Wm Parbone Mathew Comen John Presy Thomas Bee Homfry Langton Thomas Smyth John Maynards Percy Rychards John Harryson Thomas Forte Willm Shama' Robt Hake Willm Hodgekyn John Pope John Frankelynge Giles Batter Thomas Tomson Thomas Johnson Willya Hellyer John Woodforde Harry Myller And at this Assemble yt ys agreed that Water of Langton & Guly, John Bellyngham, Thomas Dallyng, Rychardc Glascbroke, Thomas Bee, Osmond Barryngton and Thomas Wolfe, slialbo from hensforth viewers of ye hole occupa'con, for there worke- manshipp, and yf they find any of the occupa'con not being Xpofer Harryson Thomas Dallyng Water Guly William Eston Robert Walle Rychard Canon Robert Sherlocke Lyonell Tychborne Water Langton John Smallom John Bellyngham Thomas Wolfe Gregory Clarck Roger Stamford Rychard Glasebroke William Young John Lyndall 168 THE TAILORS. svvorne, and not to be his craft master, that then the said Water Langton, Water Guly and others afore namyed, utterly dysmysse them. And ffrom heusforth as many as mynde to sett up, to come unto the Wardens, and to axe them leve for their up settynge, and the Wardens then beying, to send them to the viewers, and yf the said viewers do allowe them, then they payeing their dutyes to have the ffredome of the occupa'con, as others have, or here to flfore have had." " Thomas Gater, the yere of oure Lorde God 1561, the xxx daye of January, and the iiiith yere of our Soverain Ladye Elyzabethe, Queene of Englande &c. did geve unto the ffra- ternitie, mystery & occupa'con of the Taylers of the Citie of New Sarum, A Scale, called the Comon Sele of the Wardens of the occupa'con and mystery aforesaid." It will be seen from the subjoined extract that in February, 1561, the Wardens at that time, Edmonde Wyckwith and Robert Wall, com- menced in the Ledger a list of the names of all apprentices who were made freemen of the Guild, and also the names of the Masters under whom they had served their apprenticeship. The first part of the list appears to have been collected by the above named Wardens from the ancient Ledger for the preceding 100 years, that is to say, from the time of Edward IV.' s Charter in 1461, and it will be noticed that the Wardens express a hope that their successors in office will continue the list so begun. It may be of interest to state that the entries of the names were con- tinued in the same list until the year 1838, when, there being no more room in the old book, the list of names was continued in the modern or No. 7 Ledger. " In the name of God. Amen. Md. This is the beygnyng of the enterence of all those prenteces that are to be soverne (sworn) at the end of ther sarvis of ther prentence, before the Wardnes, accordynge to oure orders in oure parchement Roll — Memorandene. That herafter foloweth the names of eurie prentice that payde for his fEredome, and hath bene inrold in ADMISSION OF APPRENTICES. 169 the boke of Lyger, begone the thre and twenty of February, the yere of oure Lorde God, a thowsand ande fyve hondredth, sextie one, and in the fourth yeare of the raigne of oure Souveraigne Lady Elysabeth by the grace of God Queue of Inglande, France, and Irelande, defendoure of the faythe, and of the Churche of Inglande and Irelande the supryme gouernourc next under Christe, fownd out amonge our articles in this boke of leger, in the time of Edmonde Wyckwith and Robert Wall, wardyns of oure sayde Crafte and fraternite, yt is so benyfycyall to oure occupacion, that we do truste that those Wardens that come after us, wyll endevoure themselves to do the lyke as we have begonne. The names of the prenteces, withe ther Masters, are these as hereafter foloweth Vn. daye of fiebuary. Rychard Woleford, Rogger Worlyes prentis, hath made good profe for the sarvis of his holl prentiswod and was sovren by fore the Wardenes," &c., &c. On the 26th of February, 1561, there is the following entry : — " At thys assemble yt ys agreed and enactyed, that from hensforth, all the company shall sytt yn order at our assemble, and that no man shall move oute of hys place withoute he have som what to say to the wardyns, and then all men else to kepe sylence until he have done, and no man to speke except he have lycens of ye wardyns, but it shalbe lafoll for ye wardyns to say what they lyste and no man ellse withoute lycens, and yf they do not keep sylence at ye ffyrst comaundent to fforvyt to ower comon box iv d., and ponyshment at ye wardens' dyscreyon. . . . Also at thys assemble yt ys agreed that John Maynard and John Pope, ys allowed to be searchers, to know who workcs yn mens howsys, and to present them and there garments beflore the wardens, and they to be ponysshed, or to payc such fEync as the wardens shall thynck good, and yt ys agreed that from hensforth as many as mynd to sett up shopp, shall come fyrst unto the Wardens and axke them leve ffor ther upsyttyng, and then the Wardens for to send them to the viewers for to try ther worck-ma-shipp, and yf! tlie sayd soers (viewers) do alowe them, then they paying ther dutyes, to have the ffredome of the occupacion as others have, or here to fore have hadd, and the viewers to sartify the wardens what they have done. . . . Alexander Young was sworne an he payd for hys upsyttyngo vi 8. viii d., and that he shall make a brekefast for ten persona the Monday before AH Sayatea ." 170 THE TAILORS. On February 16th, 1563, there is the following : " Yt ys a-greyd at this assemblye that Lyonell Tytchebourn and Xpofer Harryson, Wardens of our Corporacon, shall travell to take ye advyse of some lernyed man, for the behofE and makynge of some order, that we have at this Assembly (? discussed) concernyng ye fynes of such as shall come and crave to sett upp wtin this Citie, not beyng prentys, and suche some or somes of money, as shalbe reasonably layde owt abowte the same, shalbe allowyed by ye hole body of this Company." " Also yt ys agreyd, that after the fieast of All Sayntes, next comyng, Richard Glasebroke, Thomas Bee and George Gierke, hath bound themselfEs and eury of them, to make no manner of worke but mens garments pertaynyng to the back, the hose exceptyd, and at every tyme that they or any of them do to the contrary, to paye unto cure comen boxe xl s. of lawful money of England." At the following meeting, the same three members were ordered to make no hose under a penalty of xx s. and also 3 days' imprisonment. Other members were ordered to make women's work only, under the same penalty, whilst others were ordered to make no garment except hose and doublets, under a penalty of xxv s. At the same meeting it was agreed that " Henrye Alexander shall sett upp for wommens hose, mens stockins, and boote-hose, and to meddell with no other garments uppon payne of xl s. for everye offence, & so that he make the ffra- ternyte a brekefaste, before his Upsettinge, at any tyme convenient, when the wardens shall think good." The Ledger also states that Myles Lyndall gave the brethren a gallon of Wyne, and was pardoned of his breakfaste. At a meeting held in the 9th of Elizabeth, 1566, at which there were present 67 members, a petition was received from the Salisbury Craft of Skinners, requesting the Tailors not to allow their members to interfere with the work of the THE GIANT, BLACK BOYS, &C. 171 Skinners, and the following order was made by the Tailors' Company, for which the Skinners paid them 20s. : — " It is ordered, condecended and agreed, that no brother or master of this occupacion shall use the craft of skynnenge, or fEurrenge of any kind of garment for man or woman, upon payne of vi s. viii d. Also that neither Anthony Lambert, his wyffe nor any of his prenteces, after the feast of the Nativity of Chryste next ensuing, shall use or exercise the craft of ffurringe of anye garment or garments then there for his or their profit, upon payne of xl s. fyne." At the same meeting several leases of property belonging to the Company were granted, in- cluding : — " Ower corner howse in love lane to Phyllipp Lydyatt for 21 yeres, at xx s. per yere. A tenement in Endless St., in the tenure of Thomas Popley, gent, unto the said Thomas Popley for 21 yeres. A tenement in Tanner St. now in the tenure of John Burton tinker, unto the sayd John for 21 yeres." The next three extracts refer to the Giant, the Hobby-horse, the Morris dancers, and the coats or dresses of the Morris dancers, with the small bells which were used and worn by the Morris dancers. These bells were probably imported from Milan, and, therefore, were called Myllan bells. " 22nd September, 1564 : At thys assembly was receyuyd for the puttynge owt of the Morrys Cots iii s. iv d. and yt ya agreyd that Gregory Gierke shall have the kepynge of the ffyvc morrys-cots, with xxti dosyn of Myllan-bells, for the space of xii yeres, yf he so longe lyve, payeng yorely to the occupacon iii 8. iv d., and also the said Gregory do stand bound to the occupacon in the some of fi&ve pounds of lawfull money of England, to delyver the same ffyve morys cots and xx doysen of Myllan-bella, at thend of the said xii yeres, or at the ourc of death of the said Gregory if he dye before, in as good case as he receyved it, and furtlier the said Gregory byndyth hymself by these presents to delyver the said Cotts and bells at all tymes to the said occupation yf they wyll haue them to the use of 172 THE TAILORS. the occupacion, and yt ys agreyd that the said Gregory shalbe bound to the Wardens of the occupacion, by wrytyng, obligatory in the some of £Eyve poundes." " May 24th, 1570 : At thys Assemblie, Gregory Clark dyd promisse, covenant and graunte to and with the wardens, chamberlaynes, stewards, and the rest of the bodie of the com- panie, for and duringe the hole tyme of fyve yeares from the feast of Saynte John the Baptyst next folloinge the day of this assemblie fully to be complete and endyd, to fynde and sett goinge for the accustomed pageant of Mydsomer feaste, the Gyant, the thre black boyes, the bearer of the gyant, and one person to playe the Divells part, at the proper costes and charges of the sayed Gregorye, as well in victualles of the parties afore- sayed, as the repayringe of the Gyant, and the wagis of all and singular the parties aforesayed. And the sayed Wardens, Chamberlaines, Stewerds, and the rest of the bodye of the Companie for ther part dothe promisse, covenant, and graunte to and with the sayed Gregorie Clark, that he the sayd Gregorie, in consideracion of the aforesayed chargis, and travell (work) of the sayd Gregorie, shall have the hole cost of the howse and garden, whereas now the sayed Gyant standyth to his proper gayne and comoditie, with licence to lett and sett the same durying all the terme aforesayed, and besides shall receyve yerelie duringe the terme aforesayed of the sayd Wardens, Chamberlaynes, and the rest of the Companye x s. of good and lawfull money of England, to be payed at Mydsomer feaste yearlie. And it is agreed that for the repayreinge and new sowinge of the Gyants Coat, provision shalbe made that the sayed Companie, or some of them, shall bestowe ther labor and payne without anye chargis to the sayd Gregorie, and he the sayed Gregorie promussetthed covenanthed and grauntheth, to render the sayed Gyant hole and perfeyct in all his propor- cions, with all and singular his implements and appurtenances, at the ende of his sayed terme, to the sayed Wardens, Chamber- laines, Stewerds, an the reste of the Companie, and yelde uppe under the name of appurtenances, all as contayned in the Divells apparell, and thre payer of slops for the three blacke boyes." *' June 10th, 1570 : It is agreed that from henseforth anye honeste learned man preachinge at the ordinarie fieaste at Mydsomer, shalbe allowed for his sermon and paynes, takinge it oute of the Common Cheste of the Companie." " At the audit holden at the Taylors Hall, the xxv of Februarie in the snv yeare of the raigne of o'r Soveraigne ladie THli SALISBURY (ilANT AND IIOIiNOH. (Salishury MnscmnJ. THE MORRIS DANCE. 173 Elizabethe, the Quenes Maiestie that nowe is, before the Wardens and masters of the Company at the audit, Thomas Barker dyd bringe in one Hobby-Horse, and one mayde Marrians Coate, with a kertell, and a gyrdell of red crimson sarcenet, and a cloke and a vellet cappe, which hobby-horse and other parcells were delyvered to William Younge, Chamberlaine." Lord Orford, in his Catalogue of English En- gravers, has described two paintings at Lord Fitzwilliam' s, " On Richmond Green," which came out of the old neighbouring palace. They were executed by Vinckenboom about the end of the reign of James L In one of these pictures a Morris Dance is introduced, consisting of seven figures, viz., a fool, hobby-horse, piper, Maid Marian, and three other dancers. The Morris dance, in which bells are jingled, or staves clashed, was learned, says Dr. Johnson, by the Moors, and was probably a kind of Pyrrhic, or Military dance. " Morisco," says Blount, " a Moor ; also a dance, so called, wherein there were usually five men, and a boy dressed in girl's habit, who they call Maid Marian, or perhaps, Morian, from the Italian Morione, a head-piece, because her head was wont to be gaily trimmed up ; common people call it a Morris dance." The ancient Chrysom Book of St Thomas' Church shows that frequent offerings were made by the Tailors' Company, e.g., "Weddyngs, off rings, and Churchewyves from ye feast of St. John Baptist vnto ye feast of St. Mychall th'archangell 1569. Item. The Master and allso the master talors ii s ix d. Item. The Joyncmcn xxii d ; sum iv s. vii d Item. The Matrs. and the talors at Mydsummcr v s." 174 THE TAILORS, Other Extracts from the Ledger are AS under: — "June 10th. 14th Elizabeth (1571). At this assemblie, it is agreed that John Stephens, Carpiter, shalle have two teny- mentes in a streate neere to the Trinitie and Blackbridge by lease for xxi yeares, for the fyne of fyften shillings and to have it lykeAvyse with covenantes to repayer it and to kepe it." " January 20th. 16th Elizabeth (1574). At this assemblie Roger Worlye, sometyme a brother of this companie, but havinge lost his ffredome ipso facto for that he was arraigned of Treason comitted against the Queues Maiestie, and there uppon tried and fo\\'ned gyltie, and therefor was to be executed and suffer deathe, but as that the Queues Maiestie of her graciouse goodness gave him her ffree pardone for his lyfe made uppon his humble supplication, and that how be it uppon the matter before rehersed, he have lost his ffreedome, the Companie wold, that notwithstanding, deale favorablie with him, and receyve him into the companie agayne, uppon which humble supplication, the companie consideringe his neccessitie, have receyved him the said Roger into the companie again, conditionallie, that he acknoledge sictche debtes as he owethe to anye of this companie and siche orders for the sane within six dayes next after this assemblie. And that he shall not open his windowes or workes before he hath made goode certificate of the same to the wardens, and it is also conditioned that he the sayd Roger, shall for this goodwill of the companie, make the sayed Companie a reasonable breakfaste, within one monthe after commandment of the same geven to him by the Wardens for the time being." At the following meeting, serious complaint was made to the Wardens against this Roger Worley for abusing and using " fowle words" against others of the Company. He was ordered to pay 10s. to the common box, to be levied upon his goods, and also to at once provide the break- fast before alluded to. Worley appears to have been a troublesome member as also was Richard Stevenson, who was finally, in 1575, expelled from the Company. " A RENTAL OF OURE LANDS.' 175 " June 3rd, 1575. By the hole consente of all assembled at this present assemblie, Richard Stevenson for his great and notorious obstinancie and disobedience in refusinge to come to the wardens at theire commandment, and for his gevinge fowle and naughtie words to the officers, to the discredite of the authorite of the Wardens, and the charter of this companie, is accordinge to an order and act of this Companie utterley exiled owte of the sayed companie and brotherhood for ever." " January, 1587. A Rental of oure lands within the Cite of Sar : The Rente of Taylers Hawle is xx s. of Mr. Harrisons howse xl s. of Xpfor Brigges howse xvi s. viii d. of Dabbines howse xx s. of Roger Lambes howse xx s. of Wm. Randales howse x s. of Tuckers howse x s. of Wm. Stoveyes howse x s. of Wm. Mondies howse x s. of Frowiners howse viii s. of Charchies howse xii s. of Morgan Will howse xiii s. viii d. of Mr. Whitokes howse xiii s. viii d. of Osmonde Baringtones howse viii s. of Mr. Poples howse xiv s. of Thomas Beffords howse xiii s. iv d. of Martines hous in Gigon Streate x s. of Mr. Bostones footepathe xvi d." " June, 1587. A memorandm of the legacy of Nicholas Johnson of this companie deceased, he gave to this companie xl s. to be employed in assistinge two of the poorest sort of the sayde Companie." " An Assemblye holden at the Taylours Hall on the 10 March, in the first year of our Sovereign Lord James the Kinge " (1603) present 52 members. " At this Assemblye yt is agreed and ordered that the Charter of this Corporacon shalbe renewed and confirmed, and that if any imperfcccon or want of words, or articles, shalbe founde within the sayde Charter, that then the same to be added and obteyned for the good benefitt of this Corporacon, and the chardges that shalbe fitt to be disbursed conc'ninge, and about the procuringc and obtcyninge thereof shalbe borne and dischardgcd by this Corporacon. And the orderinge of the sayde bussiness is referred to the discrecons 176 THE TAILORS. of the Wardens of this Corporacon and Mr. Ellyott, Mr. Barring- ton, Robert Martyn, John Deane, Richard Walford, and John Snooke, or to any sixe of them." " A Semblye held at Taylors Hall on the 3 June in the third year of our Sovereign Lord James (1606). At this Assemblye yt is a greade that William Persivall paynter, shall have a graunte of a lease of our Messuage or Tenement, backside and garden with thappertenances, for xxi yeares, to begin at the feaste of our Lady St. Mary the Virgine next, the fyne to paye L s and thecoloringe of our window, and to payeyearley, xii s. vi d. at fower feastes or tearmes in the yeare most usuall." William Persivall the Paynter was probably the same person as the Mr. Percival who was paid six pounds in 1630 by the City Corporation for painting the Pictures of King Charles I, Queen Henrietta and William the third Earl of Pembroke. The last named Portrait is at present in the Banqueting Room at the Council House, and it may be of interest to state that amongst the names of those who subscribed towards the expenses of obtaining the Charter of Incorporation for the City in 1612 are those of John Percivall and William Percivall, who are described as picture-drawers. " An Assemblye held at the Taylors Hall on the 10 day of June in the sixth year of our Sovereign Lord James the Kinge " (1608) . . . . " Whereas dyvers persones do use the Misterye of taylors within this cittye having not byn allowed or admitted by the Wardens of this Corporacon to use the sayd misterye, contrarye to the constitutions of this Corporacon, & who refuse to paye ye xl s. according to the sayd constitucons, and neyther hathe yielded his body and person. At this assemblye yt is ordered & agreed by the Companye here presente that the Wardens by this (authority ?) with three or fower, or more, of yelders of this Corporacon, shall reteyne counsell on the behalfe of this Corporacon, and to prosecute any suite or suites and actions against the sayde persons or any of them, which in their sounde discrecons shalbe thought moste meete and convenyent, the chardges whereof shalbe payd and dis- charged by the Chamberleyne of this Corporacon." IMPRISONMENT OF THE WARDENS. 177 " September 10. sixth year of James I (1608). Att this assembly ytt is a-greed that the some of x li. parcell of the stock of this Corporacon shalbe taken out of the Cheste, and payd and employed in buyeinge of Rye, or other grayne, for the relyffe of the poore of this Corporacon, and that Edmonde Watson, one of the Wardens of this Corporacon, Richard Wolford and John Hulett, shall have the oversighte and imployemente thereof, and for the delyverye of the sayde corne, & receipte of the sayde monyes, and to holde accpmpte thereof." The Calendar of State Papers, published by the Record Office, contains, under the date June 30th, 1611, particulars of the committal to prison of the Wardens of the Tailors' Company of New Sarum for patronising Morris dances on a Sunday. The following extract refers to a donation of ten pounds which the Tailors' Company gave to the fund that was raised in Salisbury during 1611 — 12, to pay the cost of procuring from James I. the City's Charter of Incorporation : — " At an assemblye held at the Taylors Hall on the 10th of January in the ninth year of our Sovereign Lord James the Kinge, yt is ordered & agreed by the greatest number of this companye that this Corporacon doth give freelye to the Maior and Cominaltye of this Cittye, as of their meare goodwill as lovinge neighboures wishinge all good prosper! tye to the genera li good of this Cittye, the some of Tenn powndes, which some shalbe delyvercd by the Wardens & fower of the elders, viz., Mr. William Eaton, Henry Lane, John Longman and John Snookc, and the Chamberlain John Gifford, of this Corporacon, with protestacon that this Corporacon doth not give it, nor will not give it, to any other purpose, but in love and good will and to have the like good will and assistance from them for the strengtheninge of this Corporacon, and the government of the same alreadye established, in such thinges as doe bclongo to the government of this Corporacon by the laws of this realme." Further extracts from the Ledger are appended : " Nov. 25, 1612. At this assembly Jeffreye Hattcn, the daye and yearc above wryton, the late apprentyce with Symon Wyrley a fre brother of this Corporacon, who servyd the saicd 178 THE TAILORS. Symon Wyrley as an apprentyce in the arte and mysterye of a tayler by indenture, hath been vewed & provyd a suffycyent worckman & hath given his breakefaste & taken the othe of a brother accordynge to the orders and constytucyons of this Corporacon & payed for his admyssyon iii s. iv d., which is delyverd unto Richard Goughe, Chamberhayne. At this assembly, it is ordered and agreed that wher as John Jonnea have before this tyme sett men a worke^ontrarye to the orders of our Companye, if therfore the saied John Jonnes do not put a waye Jeram Burde before the xxix. daye of this monthe of November, then his bond of iii li. shalbe presently put in Sute at the dyserecyon of the Wardens, provyded allways, that if ever the saied John Jonnes shall oSend in suche manner anymore after this tyme that then the bond shalbe put in Sute without delaying any longer." " 25th April, 1613. Att this assemblye John Wilkinson of the cittye of New Sarum, Gentn. hathe voluntarilye taken the oathe of Supremacye before the Wardens and Comonalty of this Corporacon and fraternitye, in their Comon Hall, and also the oathe for a fre brother of the fraternitye usual and accustomed, thereupon he was this day fully admitted by the saied Wardens & Comonalty into the libertye, fraternitye & freedom of the said Corporacon to be a free brother thereof, & he is pardoned for his fyne, and it is further ordered and decreed, that he shall take his place in Senioritye next after the Wardens of the sayde Corporacon for the tyme beinge, and the Aldermen of the sayde Cittye, beinge freemen of the sayde Companye, & that he shall be an elder of the sayde Corporacon, & shall henceforth, as an elder assist the Wardens for the tyme beinge in the government of the Companye, and shall not be compelled to beare any office in the Corporacon att any tyme hereafter withowte his owne assent & consente ; and it is further ordered & decreed by the auctoritye aforesayd that for as much as the sayde John Wilkinson hath exercised the office and place of the clarke of this Corporacon by the space of one hole yeare & more now last past & hath behaved himself therin honestlye & discretelye to the good likinge of the Wardens & Comonaltie aforesaid, that now by their full consent he the sayde John Wilkinson may & shall have & enjoy the said office & place with all profytts theraunto belongying." " April 8th, 1614. Att this assemblie Henry Whitemarshe was fyned, by the greater parte of this Corporacon, the some of xl s., which was so laied uppon him for openynge his shoppe "TAYLERS WORKINGE IN THE CLOSE." 179 before the viewers had delivered upp theire note unto the Wardens, and before he had performed the orders and con- stitucons of the said Corporacon." " Oct. 4th, 1616. At this assembly the wryttinge under the Dean and Chapter Seale, about the taylers workinge in the Close, was taken out of the Cheste, and delivered to the Wardens." . . . " John Browninge being called in question for workinge disorderlye within this Cyttye, did then confesse that he had soe done and submitted himselfe touchinge the punishment for the same, and did then promise eyther to procure his worke with a freeman or els not to worke against the orders of this howse, and did humblye praye the howse to favour him, which uppon his submission and promise aforesayde, they were contente to doe and he is enjoyned soe to doe, or departe the Cyttye before Xmas next. Received for enrolling of Thomas Atwater ii s. vi d. which is delivered to William Eyre, Chamberlayne." " Nov. 6th, 1616. Md. That at this assemblye John Trew- man, by vertue of a warrante under the hands of the Wardens of this Companye was comytted to prison, with the consente of the whole companye then assembled, and a warrant was made under the handes of the wardens of this companye for the comyttinge of Richard Powell to prison with the consente of the whole Companye assembled." " Jany. 2nd, 1617. Md. That at this assemblie it was agreed by the consente of the greater parte of the Companie, that there shalbe xx s. adventured at the lotterye owte of the howse stocke, which is adventured accordinglie." .... " Md. That Edmond Watson did promise to paye unto the Wardens, one cople of Capons at Midsummer next." " Feby. 8th, 1617. Md. There are fyve skutchins* delivered unto the howse, and that there is a carpett, towo candlcstickes, and a payre of snofflers, boughte for implements to the howse. Md, That the Company of Glovers, Parchmnt Makers and Collar Makers have payed for the use of the Halle." " January 7th, 1618. Md. That these goodes hereafter menconed are bclonginge to the Corpora'con of Taylors, & are nowe delivered in chardge to Wm. Danicll, Chamberlaino, viz. : — ii Musketts, ii head pieces, ii Rests, ii flaskos & titch- boxes, wyth the bullett bagge wormos and bulletts, one Swordo & dagger, one Rapier and dagger, one Jack or plate-Coato, * " Skutchins " or shields, vide p. 217. 180 THE TAILORS. fy ve morrisse Coates, one payre of Hose., one Cloke & tlie olde Horse, ii Candelsticks & one payre of snofiers, xii cushions, vii joyned formes, iii joyned formes in the lower Hall and ii playne formes." " Feby. 21, 1622. Md. At this Assemblie yt is agreed by the greater parte of the companye that there shalbe L s. given owte of this howse towards the maynteyninge of the race." "20th Feby. in the twenty-first year of James I. (1624). Whereas before this tyme, Edwarde Longman, Henry Whit- marshe, & John Chubb, were by the Wardens of this companye, appointed to view John JefErye, & to trye his workemanshippe, & being requested by the wardens to deliver unto them what they founde concerninge the workemanshippe of the saied John Jeffrye, they refused soe to doe; by means whereof the saied John Jefirye was permitted to proceed to make his breakfast accordinge to order &c., & now he having soe done, the saied viewers have delivered in theire bill that they doe not finde him a workeman ; which is like to redound to the reproche of the wardens, & alsoe to the scandall of the whole companye, the saied Edwarde Longman, Henry Whitmarshe & John Chubb, are for suche refusal & contempte fyned x s. a piece, to the use of the Companye." " 10th June, in the first year of Charles I. (1625). At this Assemblie it is ordered & agreed by the greater parte of the company, that there shall not be anie money paied or laied oute for the chardge of the Gyant or Hobby horse dances for this yeare, nor for anie wyne."* " Assemblye holden at the Taylors Hall on March 7 in the first yeare of the reign of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Kinge (1626) : At this assemblye it is ordered by a general voyce, * It may be explained that in the years 1625-26 Salisbury suffered from a severe visitation of the Plague. A general fast had been proclaimed by the King's command in 1625, and the Corporation stopped the annual feasts and ordered the City Musicians " not to repair to Innes or houses, nor to wear their chaines and armes of the city until further notice." It was in 1626 that the Mayor John Ivie, Goldsmith, so bravely stuck to his post attending to his afflicted fellow citizens when most of his colleagues and others had fled from the city in terror. An interesting pamphlet, published by John Ivie in 1661, giving an account of his Mayoralty, says : " there was near the like judgement upon one Stout, a tailor. The Tailor's would have kept their accustomed feast for those of their company who were left in the city, but I would not suffer them. Nevertheless, this Stout and five more would keep a feast ; but that same week they were all dead of the plague save one."— This pamphlet, an original copy of which is in the Salisbury Public Library, was reprinted a few years ago under the editorship of Mr. A. R. Maiden. THE COLE TAYLOR BELL. 181 that David Hobbes being a younger of this howse, haveing injured and abused by opprobrious an outragious speeches John GiSord an elder of this Companye & alsoe demeaninge himselfe to be a turbulent member of the same howse, to the discouragement of the companye & the evill example of others of the same Corporac'on, therefore yt is thought fittinge & ordered that the saied David Hobbes shalbe fyned v s. for his abuse aforesaide offered." " Assembly held at the Ta} lors Hall on May 2nd in the seventh yeare of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Kinge (1631) : It is agreed by the general consente of this Corporac'on, that fortie slaillings shalbe given owte of the Stocke of the Corporac'on towardes the castinge of the Bell in St. Thomas Churche Tower, called Cole Taylor wch. is the free guifte of this Corporac'on, and this Corporac'on dothe desire that some noate be taken from & under the hands of the Churchwardens testifyinge the receipte thereof as the free guifte of this Corporac'on & the chamberlayne is appointed to paye the same."* " An assemblie holden at the Tailors Hall in Newe Sarum the xth dale of January in the eighth yeare of the raigne of our Sou'aigne Lord Charles, by the grace of God, Kinge of England, Scotland, ffrance & Ireland, defender of the faithe anno-q-dni 1633. Memorand'm, That the x bonds of v li. apeece, Mrs. Huttofts guift, with Mr. Chamberlaynes bond were at this assemblie putt into the chest. At this assemblie the ten bonds of v ii. apeece for the howse money, vizt. Robert Rubleyes bond, John Watson's, Andrew Roberts', John Balden, David Hobbes, Abraham 050 li. Hayward, John RandoU, Edward Longmn, Richard, Hollis, and John Hulett (beinge c li. in all.) And all putt into the chest. The names of 63 members are recorded as being present at the above meeting. Mrs. Huttofts' ten bonds were a free gift to the Com- * The Cole Taylor bell referred to was originally given by the Tailors' Guild to St. Thomas' in the early part of the sixteenth century. The Churchwarden's accounts show frequent payments in connection with this bell, (■.;^, in 1547 there is an entry: " ifyshe the smythc for mcndynge of the clajjpcr of a bell called CoU' Taylor iiijs." In 1549: " For the new trussing an hanging of Coll Taylor xv d.," and in 1567 " Bell rope for Cole Tayller iii s. iv d. and a buydrick for the same bell xii d." 182 THE TAILORS. pany. The Chamberlain's bond was given by him as security, and the bonds of the ten members represented loans which had been made from the stock of the Corporation, ; these loans of £5 each were made to the members free of interest, but each bond was backed or endorsed by two sureties for £5 each. June 20tli, 1633. " Mem'd, That att this assemblie, it is ordered by the luaio'r voyces, that the fieaste ^\^hch contynued heretofore 2 dales, is now ordered to contynue but one dale, w'ch fieaste dale shalbe kept the xvth dale of July next. It is alsoe ordered that the expences of the companye at the ffeast before menconed, is agreed to be as is hereunder menconed and expressed, vizt. Impr'is. The Wardens for each of themselves shall spend iiii s. a peece . , .. 00 04 00 Item. The rest of the elders for them and their wyves iii s. vi s. . . . . . . 00 03 06 Item. Every elder for himselfe . . .. 00 02 00 Item. All the rest of the companye every S man for him and his wyfe . . .. 00 03 00 Item, fior himselfe i s. vi d. and his wyfe if she come by herself . . . . .. 00 01 06 And, it is alsoe ordered, that if any man of the said companye shall absent himselfe from cominge to the fieaste, he shall pay halfe his rate, but if any suche person shall promise to come to the said fieaste & not come he shall pay his whole rate assessed to him " . . . . At the following meeting, which was held on July 3rd (that is twelve days before the proposed feast) : — " Itt is ordered that the fieaste shalbe holden twoe dayes at the Tailers Hall notwithstandinge the order made at the last assemblye touchinge the same, and that eu'ry brother & sister of this companye shall pay towards the same fieaste for those twoe dayes, after the same rate made at the la"st assemblye . . . . And it is agreed and consented unto by the maior parte of the companye, that the ancient sports shalbe contynued on the fieaste dales, accordinge to the ancient custome " ... " At this assemblie a fiyne of fiyve shillings of current English WILLIAM GILLOWE. Warden of the Tailors' Compaiuj, 1650. WILLIAM GILLOVVE, WARDEN. 183 money is imposed an sett vpon X'pofer Smith one of tlie brethren of this compauye for deridinge and scoffinge Augustine Creed and Thomas Jarvis, Wardens of this Companye, by vteringe theis words following, vizt. (Praie make an order that eu'ry one of this companye may wear belles on their leggs), and it is ordered that Mr. Chamberlayne shall demaunde the same fEyne of the said X'pofer Smith, and if he shall not pay the same vpon the same demaunde, that then the said X'profer shalbe sued for the same ffjme." Sep. 17th, 1634. At this meeting a lease was granted to Michael Mackrell, gent., of a house in Tanner Street (now St. Ann Street), and the fine of £35 which he paid was lent in sums of £5 each to seven members, each of whom gave his bond, backed by two sureties of £5 each. " March 13th, 1636 : Memorandm. that at this assembly with the consent of the whole Corporation aforesaid, The Tailors Hall is lett to Mr. Michael Mackerell and James Haylocke, Wardens of the Society of Clothworkers within the said citie, to have the use of the lower Hall for keeping their assembly, and of the upper (H)all, and all the rest of the said Taylors Hall to keep their Feast, and they are also to have the use of the same for seaven yeares from Xmas last, at ten shillings per anno, to be paid at Midsummer an Xmas, and the said Mr. Mackerell & Haylocke are to repaire whatsoever shall be spoiled by them or that this company demands." The next two extracts refer to William Gillowe, whose portrait hangs in the entrance hall of the Council House. The picture, which depicts William Gillowe in the Puritan dress of the Commonwealth period, hung with several others for many years in the Tailors' Hall. It was pre- sented to the Salisbury Corporation by Dr. H. P. Blackmore in 1907 : — " August 14, 1637 : Mcmorand'm, that at this asscmblyc William Gillowe, hathe for gaining his freedom paid to the use of this Corpora'con fyvo poundes, whereof one poundo is delivered to the saide Chambcrlainc and the other four poundes is lent to the saide William Gillowe, to be repaid unto this 184 THE TAILORS. company by oue pounde per anno until it be paid, for tlie pay- ment of whidi four poundes accordinglye, the saide William Gillowe hathe given his bond to this company. Memorand'in, That at this Assembley after the payment of the fyve poundes the saide William Gillowe, having made his breakefaste, and his proofe piece of worke, and taken the oathe of Supremacy, and the oathe of the howse also, is admitted a free brother of this Companye. Memorand'm, that the saide William Gillowe's bond is putt into the Cheste, and it is ordered that James Day shall be forthwithe sued for using the trade of a tailor contrary to the orders of this Corpora'con." " October 2oth, 1658 : At this assembley John Flower, one of the elders of this Corpora'con is elected and chosen Warden of the saide Corpora'con, to remain and continue in his office of Wardenship in the steade of William Gillowe, one of the late Wardens of this Corpora'con deceased, until the Thursday next after the feast of the Epiphany next ensueing, the saide John Flower having taken the oathe of the Warden^ as it hathe been accustomed." During the time of the Great Rebellion, the two days' Midsummer Feast, with its sports and the procession to the Cathedral and St. Thomas' Church, were suspended, a quiet dinner for the members and their wives taking the place of the ancient custom of thanksgiving and rejoicing. At a meeting which was held a few months after the City had been occupied by the Parliamentar}^ General, Sir Edward Hungerford, who, after seizing all the money, plate, and arms he could find in the City, forced the inhabitants to purchase exemption from further plunder by a contribution of £1500, it was ordered and agreed, " That instead of the ffeast comonly held about Midsomer, there shalbe a meeteinge together of suche of the companye as please to come att the said hall on monday the fower and twentieth day of July next cominge, and that there shalbe on that day, only a dynner for the said companye and their wyves and soe if they please they may departe." THE GREAT REBELLION. 185 June 18th, 1640. " Att this asseinblye it is agreed that instead of the ffeaste comonly held about Midsomer, and in regarde of a general fEaste throughout the Kiugdome, there shalbe a Solemne Assemblye or Meeteing holden on Monday the sixth day of Julie nexte, and that there shalbe on that day, only a dynner for the whole companye and theire wyves, and that for eury cowple there present they shall spend theire 2s. viz. Is. a peice and soe for eury single man, and eury one that shall bringe a child w'th him shall pay vi d. for him. And alsoe that the sonday night before the said vi th day of Julie, they shall meet at St. Thomas' Churche accordinge to theire aunciente manner and custome, and shall come from thence to therie com'on Hall with the Wardens and the rest of the Companye." " May 6th, 1641 : At this Assembley it is agreed by the major part of this Corporation, that James Day, and other Tailors dwelling in the Close of Sarum, and Harnam, shall not by any means be admitted into this Corporation, but that Sylvester Pope, and Jo. Hulett, in the former Assembley named, shall doe their best endeavour to get theii petition in Parliament answered. Also it is agreed that we pay as expences out of the Corporation Store, for Sylvester Pope, and Jo. Hulett to go to London, to attend to this business, twentyseaven poundes fowerteen shillings and sixpence." Jime 28th, 1641. " Att this assemblie it is ordered that eury free brother of this companye shall meete at the Tailor's Hall in Newe Sarum, on sonday vpon theire fieast day at fower of the clocke in the afternoon of the same day, to attend the wardens of the said Corporac'on, and to goe w'th them to heare eveninge praier in the Cathedral Churche of the blessed Virgin Marie, and like wise to return from thence after the said praier is ended, by and through the vsual way unto the said Hall again, vpon paine that euerie free brother of this companye w'ch shall make default herein shall paie to the vse of the said Corporac'on xii d. And it is desired that eury mans servant shall attend theire Masters in going and cominge from Churche as is afore- said." Jan. 23rd, 1642. " At this assemblie, Richard Siler, Doctor of Physick, and William Bowles, Attorney-at-lawe, are by the maior parte of this cf)mpanye, admitted free of this Company, but they are not to have any benefit of the howse." 186 THE TAILORS. The next two extracts are explained by the fact that in June, 1644, Salisbury was occupied by a part of the Parliamentary forces under the Earl of Essex, when those citizens who were favourable to the King's cause had a bad time. A few months later, viz., from December, 1644, the City was held by the Royalists under Lord Goring, when the inhabitants had again to submit to plunder, and in the early summer of 1645 there were serious skirmishes between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians in the very heart of the City. July 10th, 1644. " Mem'd, That att this assemblye it is ordered and agreed that in regard of the troublesomenes of the tymes, there shalbe noe ffeaste kepte, but in remembrance of that tivie, eu'y free brother of this companye, shall keepe faste his shop windows on the ffive and twentieth day of this instant moneth of July." June 18th, 1645. " Memorandum, That att this assemblye it is ordered and agreed that insteade of the vsual Ifeaste kepte heretofore yearley about Midsom'r. In respect of theis dis- tracted and sad tymes, there shalbe only a meeteinge att the Hall by those of the said companye which please to come thither on Monday the last day of this instant moneth of June, and it is desired that every free brother of this companye, on that day should kepe faste his shop windows." December 2nd, 1646. " Att this assemblye James Daye haveing payd five powudes comeing into this companye as a fortner, and forty shillings for his ofience for workeing unlaw- fully, and haveing promised to discharge what hathe ben laid out in charge of suite in the court within this city againste him lately, and having also made his profe peece of worke w'ch by the viewers is certefied to this companye to be sufficiently done, and hathe taken the oath of supremacy, and of this corporac'on, is admitted a free brother of the same." The following appears in the report of the audit of the Chamberlain's account, which took place at the Tailors' Hall on February 4th, 1647 : — " That chamberlayne Willis making vp his accompte, there remaines due to this Corporac'on 13 li. 8s. 6d., oute of w'ch " HARD AND TKOWBESOME TYMES." 187 he craves allowance to the some of 6 li., 18s. Id., for makeiuge a pertic'on in the courte belonginge to the Hall of this cor- porac'on, and removinge a plompe there ; w'ch the elders not allowinge have deferred to receive his accompte vntil the next assemblie." February 16th, 1647. " Att this assemblie John Smith, Robert White, John Fowles, and Henry Gilbert, elders of this corporac'on are for not wearinge theire gouTies accordinge to an order made in that behalfe, amerced vi d. a peece. Memoran- dum, Richard Poore abused William Rose, a brother of this companye in calling him, ' Stinkinge knave ' before the wardens and elders, and also the whole companye, and in sayinge they had delt dishonestley with Eastman." Richard Poore' s name appears but once in the list of the members after this date. September 13th, 1647. " Att this assemblie, the said cor- porac'on doe give way and licence to John Ravener, that he may from henceforth worke privatelie at the trade of a tailor in his howse, or as a jorneyman w'th anye free man of this companye, but he may not keepe open his shop, or reteyne any jorneyman, or take anye apprentice ; And for this firedom he hath sealed a bill to the said corporac'on for payment of XLs, at seu'all tymes." The next extract is taken from the report of the last meeting of the Tailors held previous to the execution of the King. During the Civil War, Salisbury had more than once been pillaged by the forces of the contending factions, and un- doubtedly great distress existed in the City at the time : — " An Assemblie holden at the Tailors' Hall in Ncwe Sarum the Xni. daie of November in the fower and twentith yearo of the raigne of our Sou'aigne Lord Charles by the grace of God, Kinge of England, Scotland, ffrance and Irelande, defender of the faithe, Anno-q-dni 1648. Att this Assemblie it is agreed vnto and ordered by the most parte of this companye, beingo called and cxamyned by the poll, that the some of one hundred three score and tenne pounds, parccll of the some of Twoo hundred and Thirtie pounds, w'ch is the Stocke of this howse, shalbe shared and divided betwecne the free brethren of this companye, for their better relief and suatcn'ac'ou in thcis hard and trowbesome tymes." 188 THE TAILORS. This is followed by the signatures of all the brethren except eight. Apparently these eight were unable to write, and they each recorded their mark against their name. August 31st, 1649. — " Memorand'm. That vpon paym'nt to be made by John Green, Goldsmith of the some of x li. to the Wardens of the said corporac'on, a lease and grant shall be made to the said John Green of all that messuage or tene- ment or Imie comonly called and known by the name of ' The Legge,'* and the garden therto belonginge in High Street alias Minster Street, within the Cittie of Newe Sarum, and of all howses, edifices, buildings, shoppes, sellers, sellers, easements, profits, comodities and advantages whatsoever, to the said tenement or Inne belonginge, or in anye-wise apperteyninge, together with the back gate situate in New St. in the said cittie, w'th the free iugresse, egresse and regresse at all tymes to hold from Michelmas last for xF-^ yeares, att and vnder the rent and coven'ts in the old lease w'ich said old lease is to be surrender'd." June 14th, 1652. At this meeting it was ordered that the Midsummer feast, which had been suspended for some years, should be kept on one day only, " but that there shall be no wine drank, or spent at the seid ffeaste at the charge Oi the howse, and no strangers are to be invited." January 7th, 1657 : — x\t this assembly it was reported that there were 37 bonds of £5 each in the chest, and an order was made " that Mr. Chamberlayne Cucksey be paid the £3 17s. Ud. due to him," and the Chamberlain reported the receipt of twenty shillings from the Company of Clothworkers for the use of the Tailors' Hall. April 6th, 1658 : — " At this Assembly it is ordered by all, withoute anye contradiction, that there be allowed to Prudence Talbott, the wife of Nicholas Talbott one of the late brothers of this Companye, deceased, for and towards the maintenance * No. 23, High Street, the third house on the south side of the Old George Hotel, at present occupied by a pastrycook, formed part of the ancient " Legge Inne." WARDENS TO " WEARE THEIRE GOWNES." 189 of herself and children, the sum of six poundes, by the week, for the space of one whole year (if she continue sole and un- married)." " June 24, 1658 : At this Assembly it is ordered that every free brother of the Corporation, shall keep his shop-window shut upon Monday the 5th daye of July next, on which day every brother of this Companye, may keepe a feaste for himself, his family, and his friends (if he pleases) . . . ." January 5th, 1659 : — At this assembly, at which there were present 66 members, it was reported that the stock of money within the chest amounted to £190, and it was agreed to take from this sum £130, and to divide it amongst the members, " For theire better rehef and sustentation in these hard and troublesome tymes." November 14th, 1659. At this assembly, at which there were 65 members present, whose names are recorded, it was agreed " that eury elder of this corporac'on whoe hathe borne the office of a Warden, shall weare theire gownes unto the assemblye and continue in theire gownes vntill the assembl^^e be ended vpon paine of forfeture of vi d. to the vse of this corporac'on, and to weare theire gownes to the funerals vpon the lyke forfeture." October 17th, 1664. " Att this assemblye Mr. John Vowlos, Thomas Sandy & Wm. Nott, are fyned 2s. 6d. a piece for mis- behavinge themselves towards the Wardens and corporac'on at the last assemblye contrary to the orders of the same corporac'on." November 28th, 1664. " Att this Assembly Adam Draper is fyned ii s. vi d. for misbehavinire himselfc at the last nssombly & for unlawfully takinge away of halfe a crown of the howse money." April 10th, 1G65. " An Assembly of the Corporac'on of Taylors w'th in the said Citty, held at theire Com'on Tlall tliere the xth of Aprill A". R. R'gt Car. 2 '".do xxij Anno-q-D]ii 1065." . . . "It is agreed that Wm. Jole shall have graunt for a 190 THE TAILORS. lease of the Tenement in Milford Streete for 31 yeares from Midsomer Day now next cominge — Rent x s. and a cowple of Capons per annum, paying 13 li. for a fyne at the sealing of the lease, and to repair with other vsual covenants." "A vote: — Whether the order about Ringing bells when there is noe fEeast shall be for one day of the Solemnity, shall stand or not ? — for stand 12, for not stand 18. Whether the Bells shall ring two days or none at the next Solemnity of the fieast ? — for 2 days 13, for none 1 — ." June 18th, 1667. " Att this Assembly it is concluded vpon by this corporac'on, that no publicke ffeaste shall be publickly kepte and observed by reason of the warre, troubles & dis- tracc'ons that are in this Kingdome. But it is ordered that it may be privately kepte by the brethren of this company in theire severall houses if they think it meete, vpon the first day of Julie now next cominge. . . . ii s. p'd to the Chamber w'ch was p'd for the use of the Morris Coates." June 12th, 1668. " It is agreed againe that the generall ffeast day shalbe kepte & celebrated the sixeth day of July nexte accordinge to the orders & constituc'ons of the Corporacon & that the Stewards are to have iii li. for w'ch they are to give bond for keepinge 2 feasts in the yeare as heretofore accustomed in confirma'ion of the order made laste assembly. And that those that shall not attende the Wardens to Churche and from Churche and at the Hall accordinge to the orders by themselves or theire servants shall incur the penalties in the orders for such offences imposed." " 25 ffebruary 1670. xxiij Car. II. The order is sealed for the surrender of certaine lands sutuate in Downton in the County of Wilts, to convey the same vnto Gyles Lydcott Esqr., his heirs and assignes w'ch said lands were lately conveyed vnto them the Wardens & Coi'alty of the Mistery above seid & theire successors or assignes by the said Gyles Lydcott for the life of Edmund Macks, gent, vpon the considerac'on of the sume of Tenne pounds, w'ch said Tenne pounds are to be paid to the said Corporac'on by the said Gyles Lydcott or his assignes." Jany. 10th, 1683. " Att this assemblye Samuel ffishlake beinge removed out of this citty of New Sarum, & refuseinge to serve in the office of Steward for the Corporac'on is by the Wardens and major parte of the elders of the same corporac'on iyned xxx s. for removinge & refusing to execute the said office." THE POTT AND LYMBECK INN. 191 • Sep. 26, 1684, " At this Assemblye it is ordered that whereas Wm. Barnefather beinge in prison deteined at the suite of this Corporac'on on an acc'on brought on a bond for paymt. of V li., & havinge now pd. 20s. in parte thereof & promisinge to pay the remainder 10s. a quarter & requestinge the corporac'on for his inlargm't. That he be discharged out of prison, pro- vided that the reste of creditors at whose suite the sd. Barne- father is or shall be deteined doe likewise release him out of prison." " Att an Assemblye of the Corporac'on of Taylors held on Wensday the six & twentyeth day of January in the 2nd yeare of the reigne of our Sou'aigne Lord James the Second by the Grace of God," &c., &c. ..." Anno q dni 1686." " Att this assembly it is voted that the Store of the Cor- porac'on shalbe shared amongst the brothers of this Corporac'on from the Stewards upwardes, share & share alike, excepting the guifte of ffifety pounds of Mrs. Huttofte." " Att an Assembly of the Corporac'on of Taylors held at the vsual place on the 16 day of June in the second yeare of the reigne of our Sou'aigne Lord & Ladie King William and Queen Mary now over England," &c. &c. . . . "Anno q dni 1690 it is ordered that in regards to the troubles and warrs in the Kingdomes, noe generall fieast shalbe kepte on the vsual day accordinge to the vsual method & manner." June 15th, 1691. " Att this assemblye its voted that Thomas Clarke shall have a lease of the Pott & Lymbeck, in Love Lane, for ye terme of 31 yeares, to commence after 5^e end of a former lease, for 35 li. fine by vote of the corporac'on. And it is agreed by the elders yt. 30 pounds parte of the thirty & twoe pounds five shillings & tenn pence shalbe distributed vpon security amongst six brothers of this Corporac'on w'ch the Wardens Mr. Terry and Mr. Aimes have received for that purpose. And fforty & fl&ve shillings & tenn pence is to bo payd unto Mr. Chamberlayn Green, beinge the ballance of the last Chambor- laynes account, there is also 19 bonds of ffive pounds each." " Nov. 12th, 1695. An Assembly of the Corporacon, att the usual place, the 12th day of November, in the sixth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord William and Mary Queen of England, &c., Anno' 1695. Present (here follows the names of 55 members who were at the meeting). Md. at this Assenil)ly it is agreed that Mr. Timothy Edwards and Benjamcn Jenkins, upon their submission, have their several fines remitted. . . Paid to the Chamberiayne ffor Thomas Gillow's fine 2 6, and for the enrollment of Thomas Bourne 2/6." 192 THE TAILORS. Amongst the loose documents in No. 4 Ledger is the following : — " A bill from Charles Coombes for Vegetables, wliich he supplied for the Midsummer feast : — July, 1695. Received of Henry Collins (Chamberlain) the full contents of this bill, by me The mark + of Charles Coombes ffor Garrets 2 6 fforCabbacs 5 ffor Colliflowers 1 o n and Sa Hating & parsley J for 3 dou^en of ) ■, q Coucombers sll Od.' ]\Iarch 3rd, 1696. " In pursuance to the orders of this house, it is ordained that whereas William Obourne a firee brother of this Corporac'on for some time since did contrary to the will & consent of the Wardens, take a certain parchment writinge containinge a will of Mr. John Hendy whereby severall lands are given & devised to the vse & benefit of this Corporac'on, & carried away the said will, & doth still detain the same to the great discontent and damage of this Corporac'on, fior which offence the said Wm. Obourne hathe by the rules & orders of the Corporac'on forfeited double the damage the said Corporac'on hathe & doeth susteine ... it is therefore ordered that the said Wm. Obourne satisfy the penalty which shall be laid upon him accordinge to a free vote of the said brotherhood at the next assembly held at the Com'on Hall, unless the sd. Wm. Obourne dothe before, or at that time, give satisfac'ion to the sd. Corporac'on or show a just cause to the contrary." May 20th, 1696. "At an Assembly of the Corpora 'con of Taylors held at the usuall place on the 20 day of May in the seventh year of our Sovereign Lord William the HI. King of England, &c. . . . Due to the Corpora'con from Willm. Brown one yeare's quarteridge money, and from Adam Deane for the same, and from Thomas Fowles for the same. . . . Md. That Richard Vincent son of Richard Vincent of Sher- borne in the County of Dorset, butcher, is apprenticed by an indenture bearing date the 14th of May in the 7th yeare of the THE TAILORS LANDS AND TENEMENTS. 193 reign of our Lord William III. King of England, &c., for the space of seven yeares, from the date hereof, unto Timothy Edwards of this Citty of New Sarum in the County of Wilts, Tailor, and a brother of this Corpora 'con, the master to find him sufficient meate, drinke, washing, lodginge, and wearinge apparel (linen and woollen excepted) during the said term. . . . It is ordered that on the first day of July next after St. Peter's Day, shall bee celebrated and kepte by the Wardens and brethren of this Corpora'con, the accustomed feaste for the whole Companye, with all their ceremonies and customs. . . . Nicholas Hayter son of Antony Hayter, late of Hatcbury (Heytesbury ?) in the County of Wilts Tailor deceased, is apprenticed by indenture bearing date the two and twentyeth day of September last past, unto Jolm Sandy a free brother of this Corpora'con, the said master to find his said apprentice meate, drink, washing and lodging, and att the end of the terme of seaven yeares to give to the said apprentice double apparell of all sorts." " The following landes were surveyed . & measured by the persons whose names are here underwritten the 2nd day of January 1700 : Mrs. Flower's Garden let to John Harris in length 58ft . bredth 15ft Mrs. Flower's Garden let to Christopher Hallett in length 69ft . bredth 15ft Mrs. Flowers Garden let to Thomas Prates in length 69ft . bredth 10|ft Thomas Clarkes Garden in Love Lane, length 69 feet . bredth 10|ft John Whellers Garden, in length 69ft . bredth 13Ht Pott & Lymbeck* Thomas Clarkes garden belonginge to the Pott & Lymbeck in length 37 feet . in bredth 46^ feet Memorand'm That 10 feet square, is to be deducted out of the Pott & Lymbeck for the repairinge of the Com'on house of office, & at the same time the persons al)ove named were demanded to make up their fences Witness our hands, Robert Green, William Hichcocke, William Aimes, John Matbewes, Henry Heabberd, Geo Fowlcs Junr." * The Pott and Limbeck was an Inn, vide pages igi, 206 and 214. Alembic, a vessel formerly used for distilling. Shnkspeare in Maclicth, act i, so. 7, calls it " a limbeck," but that is a contracted form. Murray's Dictionary says: — "Alembic: an apparatus formerly used in distilling, consisting of a cucurbit or gourd-shaped vessel containing the substance to be distilled, sur- mounted by the head or cap, or alemljic prnpr>r, the beak of which conveyed the vaporous products to a receiver in which they were condensed. It is now superseded by the retort and worm-still." 194 THE TAILORS. The Corporation Assessment Books for this period show that the Tailors were also the owners of over 30 other properties in the City, viz. : — Swayne's Chequer, Tailors' Hall, land & cottages Dolphin Chequer, 8 Tenements. Mr. Dorrell's Chequer, 18 Tenements. Whitehorse Chequer, 2 Tenements. Three Lyons Chequer, 2 Tenements. Rolfes Chequer, 1 Tenement. Market Ward, 1 Tenement. " Civitas Nove Sarum. An audit made the sixth day of ffebruary in the thirteenth yeare of the reigne of our Sou'eign Lord William the third, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, firance & Ireland, Defender of the ffaithe, &c. Amio q Dni 1701 concerninge Ish. Chamberlain Holme's account. Charge 64 . 04 . 09 Discharge 27 . 00 . 02| So there remains due to the Corporac'on the some of 37 . 04 . 06| which accordinglye is paid to the Wardens of the Corporac'on, & soe the said Chamberlain is discharged of his office." " Civitas Nove Sarum. An Audit made the ffifth day of ffeburary in the ffirst yeare of the reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Anne by the grace of God &c, &c . . . Anno q dni 1702 concerninge Mr. Chamberlain Barlow's amount, . . . paid to Mr. Bourgoin the sume of fforty shillings for drawinge & engrossing nine petitions to the House of Com'ons in large Dutch paper, the coppys of nineteen letters & three coppys of the instrucc'ons from Norwich." August 17th, 1702. " It is agreed by the House that ffive pounds shall be contributed out of the share of the House, towards the building of the Trinity* as an act of charity of the said House." Nov. 2nd, 1702. " It is ordered att this assembly that Mr. Robert Green is to goe to London to manage the business for the Corporac'on concerninge the petition lately sent up to the Parliam't against vnlawful workers att the trade of Taylers if there is anye occasion." , . . . " It is voted by this Corporac'on that 119 li. shall be divided amongst the brethren of the Corporac'on." * The rebuilding of the ancient Hospital of the Holy Trinity was begun in this year, and completed in 1704. ROBERT EYRE, RECORDER. 195 Nov. 10th, 1702. " Att this assembly it is agreed by & between the whole body of this Corporac'on of Taylors w'thin the said city, that the ten pounds lent on bond by Mrs. Christian Obourne of this city, to the wardens & some of the elders of the said Corporac'on, & ffive pounds lent on bond by Mr. Timothy Edwards a brother of the Corporac'on to the wardens & to the com'on use of the s'd Corporac'on for & towards the necessary charge & expense in obteininge an Act of Parliam't (if the same can be obtained) to supress women & others unlawfully prac- tiseinge the trade or occupac'on of Taylors w'thin the s'd citty, and brokers selling Cloathe w'thin the Kingdome of England ; and what other sume or sumes of money shall be raised, shall be again repaid w'th lawfuU interest out of the com'on stock and revenues of the house by the unanimous consent of the said Corporac'on." Oct. 14th, 1703. "It is agreed that ten pounds shall be allowed by this Corporac'on towards the obtaining an Act of Parliam't to prevent strangers from workinge w'thin the City of New Sarum and liberty's thereof, at the trade of a Taylor w'thout being first admitted by the Warden's of the said Cor- porac'on according to custome, provided the said Act does pass." December 29th, 1703. " Isaac Kirke, Senr., by the majority of the votes of the company is ffined the sum of 20/- according to the Kules and Constitutions of this house, for neglecting and refusing to appear according to due summons given him to serve as Chamberlain for the said Corporacion for the yeare ensuinge." . . . " Thomas Gillow by the majority of the votes of the company is ffined the sum of Ten shillings according to the Rules and Constitutions of the house for obstinately neglecting and refusing to serve as Steward for the s'd corporac'on for the present yeare." October 18th, 1705. " At this assembly it is unanimously agreed by all the Brethren of the Corporac'on that Robert Eyre Esqr., Recorder of this citty of New Sarum, shall be ad- mitted as standing Counsell to the said corporac'on, and is hereby admitted accordingly to transact and doe such matters and things for the said Corporac'on as they shall have occasion in the law to doe, and for his advise in transacting the said matters for the Corporac'on ; it is hereby further agreed that the said Mr. Eyre shall have and receive out of the dues of this house yearely, and every yeare duringe such time as the said Mr. Eyre shall act as Counsell for the Corporac'on the full sum of fforty shillings, from the nine and twentveth day of September, 1705." 196 THE TAILORS. January 9th, 1706. " It is agreed that Henry White Junr. of this citty, Joyner, is to have a lease of the messuage or tene- ment in Milford Street, now in his possession, for 31 yeares from St. Thomas the Apostle last past, paying £15 as a ffine and a Humraerkin of Beer, Pipes, and Tobacco. And that for the same time, he is to have the use of the kitchen belonging to the Hall, and the use of the little inner court to coole his work, the said Henry White paying the Land Tax, and performing the covenants contained in his former lease." March 8th, 1708. (Present 51 members.) " Att this assembly it is voted & agreed that the sum of fiive poimds be given to the Mayor and Corporac'on of this Citty of New Sarum towards a Stock, to sett the poor of this citty to worke, & that the said sum be paid to them by the Chamberlain of this Corporac'on accordingly, when demanded of the Wardens of this corporac'on." March 11th, 1708. (Present 52 members.) " At this assembly it is voted by the majority of this Corporac'on, that the sum of fRve pounds more shall be added to the ffive pounds voted to be given at the last assembly of this Corporac'on for & towards the erecting of an additional worke house within the said Citty of New Sarum, to sett the poor inhabitants thereof to worke, & that they may be employed in such a manner that the great burden of the poor of the s'd citty may in some measure be abated by this charitable Project of the Mayor and Cor- porac'on, and the charitable contributions of this & other corporac'ons, & so bringing the intended project to good effect. W^hich said two sums given by this Corporac'on in the manner aforesaid, amounting to ten pounds, are to be paid by the Chamberlain or Warden's of this Corporac'on, to the Mayor of the said citty, or the Trustees appointed to receive the same in due time." March 15th, 1708. " At this assembly Mr. Benjamin Jay, Upholsterer, as may appear upon the Records of the company of Upholsterers, London, that he held a lawful apprenticeship thereunto as by his petition is sett forth, which petition from the s'd Benj. Jay to this corporac'on further humbly setts forth that the s'd Benjamin Jay requests that he may be admitted a firee Brother of this Corporac'on paying the s'd corporac'on ffive pounds in money the usual & accustomed ffees of this house, & making his breakfast in ample manner as other Brothers formerly have done." August 9th, 1708. " It was voted by a majority of the Wardens & elders of this Corporac'on that there shall be one AN INVENTORY. 197 Hummerkin of JBeer with Tobacco & pipes had at the comon Hall of the s'd corporac'on on the 19tli of this (instant) August, being the day appointed for a thanksgiving for the last glorious Victory obtained by her Maties. Armes in fflanders."* " Feby. 3rd 1709 : An Inventory of the goods belonging to the Corpora'con of Taylors within the City of New Sarum, taken the day and yeare above said : — A large Pewter fflaggon, th", guift of Mr. Nicholas Davis. A Silver Cupp, the guift of Sr. Gyles Eyre. Two Silver boles, the guift of Mr. John Green and Mr. House, ffour large Table Boards. Eight fEormes. A pr. of large Andyrons.f Two Pewter fflaggons. halfe a dozen of Knifes and fforks and halfe a dozen of dyaper napkins, the guift of Mr. Tho. Moor. A large Pewter fflaggon, thee guift of Mr. Tho. Holmes. Two brass Candlesticks. Two Ire Candlesticks. ffire Pan and tongues, the guift of Charles King. Two Woodden horses for Beer and a plank and shelfe. Sixe leather bucketts. A Muskett, Sword & bandoleers. A head-piece, back and brest. An old muskett and Sword. 5 Pictures. 5 Coat of Armes. 2 Tables. 1 Dresser boarde. The Gyant and what belongs to him. The Hobby horse & his Accoutrcmnts. ffive Suits of Clothes for the Maurice dauncers. 2 Side Cupboards. 1 Carpett. * Marlborough's Victory, IJattle of OuHcnard. t Andyrons, not uncommonly called dogs, were used on the hearths for burning wood logs, and were often highly ornamental on the forejiarts ; the hinder part of each andyron had a bifurcated and common iron bar to support the wood. 198 THE TAILORS. A little curtain and rod ffire pan & tonges in tlie Vpper Hall. The Great Chest " June 24th, 1709. " It is unanimously agreed that the ffeast day, comouly held the Monday after St. Peter's Day, by the said Corporac'on and the day following shall be celebrated by Ringing of Bells the two days at the Belfry of St. Thomas' within the said City, and every brother shall observe & have a due regard to the said ffeast days, soe long as the Solemnization of the said fEeast are comonly held." June 17th, 1713. " It is unanimously agreed by the s'd Corporac'on that the ffeaste usually & customarily to be held on the Monday after the ffestivall of St. Peter, is not this year to be held. But that the 7th day of July shall be entirely celebrated as the day appointed for the General Thanks-giving* for the peace lately agreed to betwixt her Mat'ie and her allyes and the ffrench King." The following copies of two loose papers in No. 5 Ledger also refer to this thanksgivmg celebration : — " A bill for Knots (rosettes) and other decorations for the Members, Giant, &c., for use at the Midsummer feast & pro- cession in 1713 : — July 27, 1713. Received the full contents of this bill by me, Mr. Frances Elliott. 55 Nots at 15d. 3 7 6 6 ,, of ye best at 5 6 1 13 O J J «< u 36 10 6 10 boys Nots at 18 16 8 1 Nots at 6- 6 29 „ at 9d. 2 3 1 large one 3 6 3 6 4 yards Cheny 36 3 6 1 yard Cheny lOd. 10 Cambrick and lace 7 3 dosen of Cheny 6 3 yards Pinshin 6 6 Wyreing & Making 6 9 more at 7s. 7 £10 11 6" * The Peace of Utrecht, which ended the war of the Spanish Succession, that was declared by England and her allies in 1702 against France and Spain, and in which Marlborough won his celebrated victories. THE chamberlain's OATH. 199 It will be noticed that the amounts for 55 Nots and 29 Nots are not carried out correctly, and the Company paid £1 more than was due from them. " July 26th, 1713. The droiner (drummer) has been with me for an order, to be paid for his days worke. He tells nic you & the Chamberlayn hired him, see I desire you would advise what you think fitt & it shall be allowed by your servant John Sandy. Mr. Cozans pray paye to the dromer 5 6. Richard Triphook (Warden). Received the full contents of this bill, by me, the mark + of Charles Bolton (drummer)." July 19th, 1713. " At this assembly the votes of the house were called whether Thos. Lush should renew his Lease for eleven pounds, or for Ten pounds and a barrell of beer, and the majority of the house voted, that Mr. Thomas Lush should renew for eleven pounds & a barrell of beer." " 1714. The Chamberlain's oath. I . . . . one of this Corporation, being elected and chosen Chamberlain of the said Corporation for one year now next ensuing, by means whereof I shall receive quarteridge money and other monies due and payable to the said Corporation, as also two Silver bowls^ and one Silver Cup and several other goods belonging to the said Corporation. Now I do hereby promise and undertake to collect, gather and receive all rents, quarteridge, and other monies, during the time I shall so continue in the said office, and pay thereout all such monies, as the Wardens and Com- monalty shall order and appoint, and I will on the Friday next after the second day of February, accomit with, deliver up, and pay unto the then Wardens and Commonalty aforesaid, their successors and assigns, all such money as shall be in arrear and behind on the said account, and also deliver unto the said Wardens the said two Silver bowls and one Silver Cup and other goods belongmg to the said Corporation in as good plight and value as the same now are. So help me God, &c." Another of these loose documents, which is dated 1715, contains the oath of allegiance to the new King (George I.), and the oaths of supremacy and abjuration, the latter intended to guard against the return of the Stuarts. The 200 THE TAILORS. document, which bears the signatures of all the members of the Company, is as follows : — " I doe solemly promise & swear, that I will be faithful & bear true allegiance to his Majesty King George, So help me God. " I doe swear that I doe from my heart abhor, detest, and abjure as impious and heretical that damnable doctrine & position that princes excommimicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the see of Rome, may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any other whatsoever, & I doe declare that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate, hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority ecclesiastical or spiritual within this realm, so help me God. " I do hereby truly and sincerely acknowledge profess certify & declare in my conscience before God and the world, that our Sovereign Lord George is lawful and rightful King of this Realm & of all other his Majesties dominions & countries thereunto belonging & I do solemnly and sincerely declare that I doe believe in my conscience, that the person pretended to be Prince of Wales during the life of the late King James, and since his decease pretending to be & taking upon himself the style & title of King of England by the name of James III. or of Scotland by the name of James VIII., hath not any right or title whatsoever to the Crown of this realm or any other the dominions thereto belonging, & I do renounce refuse & abjure any allegiance or obedience to him & I do swear that I will bear faith & true allegiance to King George & him will defend to the utmost of my power, against all traitorous con- spiracies & attempts whatsoever which shall be made against his person, crowTi or dignity & I will do my utmost endeavour to disclose & make known to his Majesty & his successors all treasons & traitorous conspiracies which I shall know to be against him or any of them ; & I do faithfully promise to the utmost of my power to support maintain & defend the succession of the Crown against him the said James & all other persons whatsoever as the same by an Act instituted, an Act for the further limitation of the C^o^vn & the better securing the rights & liberties of the subject ; is & stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Electress & Duchess dowager of Hanover & the heirs of her body, being Protestants ; and all these things I do plainly & sincerely acknowledge & swear according to these express words by me spoken & according to the plain sence & under- A MEMBER DISFRANCHISED. 201 standing of tlie same words without any equivocation, mental evasion or secret reservation whatsoever, And I do make this recognition aclaiowlegdment abjuration, renunciation and pro- mise, heartily, willingly & truly, upon the true faith of a Christian, So help me God. " Signed, WilUam Smith, James Green, James hodges, Robert Newman, William Wansbrough, Thomas Carpenter, alexander corvieson, John Pasby, James Barlow, William Staples, William Brownjohn, Robert Younge, Richard Carpenter, John Younge, Thomas Best, Richard Triphoock, John Kirk, James Brown, James Barlow, James Scott, Charles Barlow, Charles Surman, John Wilmot, Thomas Adams, Robert Young, Richard Wood- ward, abraham Newman, W. Dodsworth, William Targett, John Warn, Francis Young, Richard Goldfinch Brownjohn, Thomas Luke, Joseph adams, William Targett Jun., John C. Munday." Jan'y. 12th, 1715. " It is agreed betwixt Mr. Rich. Marsh & the Corporac'on of Taylors, Sarum, that he shall renew a Lease formerly granted to Thos. Clarke, of a Tenement formerly called the Pott & Limbeck situate in a street called Ivy Street w'thin the citty of New Sarum, there being nine years and a half to come, if the said Thos. Clarke will agreed to surrender the same to the use of the said Mr. Marsh and the said Corporac'on. And it is further agreed that the said Mr. Marsh shall after the surrender of the said lease, pay to the said Corporac'on £14 or £15 according to the majority of the votes of the house. . . . It is ordered that no Escutchion* for the Wardens shall exceed the price of ffour shillings from this day." June 27th, 1720. " Pd. in acknowledgment for a forgetfull Omission of the Clerk of this Corporac'on in his not attending at the last audit, three shillings & sixpence for the use, pleasure, & satisfaction of the said Corporac'on ; (Never to be forgotten.)" Jan'ry 10th, 1722. " Mr. Benj — Jay by a majority of votes throughout the body of the whole house was disfranchised from serving longer or being a brother of the Corporac'on for, touching his neglect of payment of several Quarteridges in money, pursuant to the customs of the said Corporac'on & contrary to the standing orders & rules thereof ; and the said Benj — Jay is hereby disfranchised accordingly." * Vide page 217. 202 THE TAILORS. March 19th, 1723. " Ordered that Mr. John Hall shall have a lease of 31 ycares from the 25th of March next, of the House or Tenement called the Labour in Vain, in Endless Street now in the possession of Edward Ravenor & late of Timothy Edwards." April 8th, 1724. " It is unanimously agreed by the whole body of this Corporac'ou that there shall be no feast held this present year on the accustomed days, nor any ringing of Bells, for divers reasons and considerations." " City of New Sarum (to wit) at an assembly of the Corpora- tion of Taylors, held at their Common Hall, within the said City, on the 4th December, 1739, present the following 24 members : — Thomas Merrifield, John Wilmot, Wardens ; and Richard Triphook, Thomas Best, Richard Seale, Edward Card, Isaac Kirk, Robert Carter, John Wansbrough, James Barlow, Edward Pink, John Cowslade, Thomas Pink, James Green, James Lodger, Robert Newman, Robert Young, James Fair- brother, Richard Triphook, jun., John Kirk, James Brown, William Wansbrough, Thomas Carpenter, and Alexander Corvieston. At this meeting it was agreed that George Ling, a foreigner, upon his paying £5 in money and doing the duties and performing the rules and orders of the Company, and that within 6 months from henceforth, he shall then be admitted a free brother, and not otherwise " ; also, " At this assembly James Green was by a vote of this Corporation imanimously disfranchised from being a member and brother thereof, for that he hath not given his attention and attendance at this, or several assembleys last half, and hath not paid his quarteridge money, and for that he was lately found guilty of ffelony and received sentence of death at an assize held in this City of New Sarum." John Wilmot and Thomas Pink were chosen Wardens for the following year, and James Fairbrother, Chamberlam ; Thomas Carpenter and Alexander Corvieston, Stewards ; Robert Young, James Fairbrother, Richard Triphook the younger, John Kirk and Robert Newman, Viewers. And it was ordered that " the Wardens shall on this day and on every future day of the election of officers for this Corporation walk in their gowns to the houses of the new officers." At an assembly which was held on February 5th, 1744, the Chamberlain, James Fairbrother, did not appear at the audit of his account, con- sequently his account could not be settled and A NEW BANNER. 203 adjusted, and "it is agreed that he be and is accordingly fined by a vote of the Company 40s. for several neglects in not attending at several Assembleys, after having been summoned thereto, and also for his several misbehaviours towards the Wardens and Comonalty of this Corporation and for his not attending this morning at an audit to pass his a/cs as he ought to have done." At the next meeting, James Fairbrother produced his accounts, and offered a most humble apology, when the fine was reduced to 7s. 6d., but on January 11th, 1749, he was disfranchised lor refusing to accept and serve the office of Steward, and for having lived out of the City one year and one day. January 7th, 1744 — " That as there is now in the Chamberlain's hands 44s. which was lately collected for Capon Money, it is agreed that the same shall be paid at Midsummer next, imme- diately after dinner of the Midsummer feast towards the expenses thereof, and that the Capon Money shall for ever after be paid unto the Wardens for the time being immediately after their keeping the Midsummer feast, but if the Wardens shall neglect or refuse to keep the feast, the said Capon Mo;ney shall be paid to or applied lor the use of the Chamber." September 15th, 1746.—" It is agreed that the Giant, Hobnob and Morris Dancers be made use of, on the next general thanksgiving day, and that a new banner and two new scarves be bought, to be worn as occasion shall offer, and this Corporation may direct ; and that the same be bought by direction of the Wardens and the Chamberlain." John Pasby was fined 20s. for not taking the oath and accepting the office of -04 THE TAILORS. Chamberlain. This line was reduced to Is. at the following meeting, upon Pasby giving his bond to accept the office, and to faithfully carry out the duties of the same. " Richard Woodward, who served his apprenticeship with a free brother, having formally challenged his freedom and pro- duced his proof work, was admitted a free brother of the Corporation, he having first taken the usual oathes, and paid the fees, viz., 3s. 4d. to the House, 2s. 6d. to the Clerk stamps 2s., and Yeoman 6d." " Also Richard Carpenter, son of Joseph Carpenter, a late brother at his own request, is now at liberty to challenge his freedom, paying the usual fees." An order was made " that no strangers are to be introduced or admitted to the next feast, and any Member absent from the feast is to be fined Is." April 4th, 1753. — " At this Assembly it is ordered & agreed, that a lease be granted to Ambrose Bampton of the city aforesaid Tanner, for a fine of one & fifty pounds, of all that messuage or tenement with the appurtenances thereunto belonging, near unto the Cross Keys Inne, now in the possession of William Prater . . . under the annual rent of fforty shillings and two shillings capon money."* January 4th, 1757. — At this assembly a lease was granted of a tenement formerly called the Pott and Lymbeck, in Love Lane, and the Com- pany of Glovers and Parchment Makers were granted the use of the Taylors' Hall once a month for a rent of 7s. 6d. per year. * The above entry refers to the premises lo, Queen Street, now in the occupation of Messrs. Horder. Ambrose Bampton was an Alderman of the City, THE yeoman's livery. 205 On January 3rd, 1758, it was " ordered that a newe Coat, Hatt and stockings be bought for the Yeoman, and that the present Yeoman's Coat be converted into a westcott and a pair of breeches," and £1 12s. 2d. was paid at the next meeting for the Yeoman's clothing. It may be stated that the Yeoman, or beadle, of the Tailors' Guild appeared, upon occasions of festivity or ceremony, in most gorgeous raiment. In addition to a suit of livery and a cocked hat, both of which were heavily decorated with gold lace, he wore silk stockings and buckle shoes. In this imposing costume, and bearing his wand of office, which is now in the Museum, he headed the procession of the Salisbury Corporation of Tailors upon all occasions of public rejoicing. February 4th, 1763.—" At this Assembly it was agreed that Mr. William Prater (the clerk) shall renew his lease of the house in which he now dwells, at a fine of £10 to hold from St. Thomas' day last, for 40 years, under a quit rent of 40s. per year and 2s. Capon money." April 6th, 1763. — It was " agreed that there be a dinner and entertainment at the Common Hall at the Thanksgiving Day for Peace, under the direction of the Wardens and Chamberlain, and that the wife of every brother of this Corporation be invited to the said dinner, and that Is. be given to every widow of the late brothers, and also that the Giant, Hobnob and the Morris dancers be made use of as usual." " Upon the petition of John Young, a fforeigner, it is agreed that upon his paying the sum of £5 in money and doeing the duties and performing the rules, orders and customs of the house, that he shall be admitted a free brother, and also paying the 206 THE TAILORS. usual fees, namely 3s. 4d. to the H^use, 3s. 4d. to the Wardens, 2s. Steward and Is. Yeoman." Thomas Taylor, a " fforeign.er,'' was also admitted upon the same terms, and the nioney received was divided between the old members. At the election of officers in January, 1768, John Pasby was elected yeoman or beadle, and "It was agreed that there be no salary allowed him for the future, but in lieu thereof 2s. 6d. for and at every meeting of the Corporation and the usual perquisites belonging to the yeoman." At the same meeting the following leases were granted for 31 years : — A house and garden in Endless Street, to John Minty, Clothier, the fine being £10, -also a Tenement on the West side of the porch leading to the Common Hall from Milford Street, and another on the east side of the same passage both to Thomas Smith, and the amount of the fines were divided between the brethren. 13th June, 1770, a lease was granted to Mr. Wil'iam Stone, " of the corner messuage, backside and garden in love lane, formerly called the Pot and Limbeck, now the Fleur-de-luce, with the appents," fine £9 14s., 2s. 6d. for the seal and Is. to the yeoman, and it was agreed to divide the fine amongst the brethren. January 9th, 1772, " ordered that the Chamber- lain shall keep the next twelve-tide feast, but it is agreed by a majority of votes that there shall be no ringing of bells or public feast on the next festival day, it is also agreed^ that the petition of William Staples, a foreigner, be granted upon his paying £5 to the house." During the year 1773 old leases were renewed, or fresh leases granted, in respect of the following THE LEG INN. 207 properties, i.e., " a. tenement and garden on the east side of ' giggon street ' to James Goodman, Weaver, fine £6. A Tenement in Trinity street and another occup^dng the corner in Endless street, fines £6. A Tenement on the east side of a certain street called High St., otherwise Minster St., to George Scandover, Shoomaker, fine £11. Also to Thomas Cooksey of New Sarum, common brewer, of all that messuage formerly called by the sign of the Leg, and the garden thereunto belonging situate in Minster or High St., for a fine of £21 and the surrender of the old lease. Also to the same Thomas Cooksey a lease of two houses in New St., fine £5 5s. Also to John Henley and George Shergold, of a tene- ment and garden in Ivy St., near unto a bridge there called ' Blackbridge,' fine £7. And 1 tene- ment in Blackbridge St., to William Coster, Cooper, fine £10. Also two houses in Endless St., fine £20 and 2 houses in Ivy St., fine £9, and 4 Cottages in Love Lane, fine £6." A portion of this money was divided amongst the members and the other part placed in the chest for the use of the house. August 10th, 1774. — Charles Surman was en- rolled as an apprentice to Thomas Wilmot, a free brother, and William Dodsworth to Richard Carpenter, a free brother. Charles Barlow, an apprentice, who had served his time, formally challenged his freedom and was admitted a free brother on taking the oaths and paying the usual fees. At the same time Thomas Adams, a foreigner, was admitted upon paying £5 and the usual fees. June, 1784. — " Ordered that Richard Carpenter, one of the brothers, having removed from the 208 THE TAILORS. City and not having been heard of for two years past and having been advertised for in the General Evening Post and the Salisbury Journal and no intelHgence received of him, is declared dis- franchised. Ordered that there be a dinner and entertainment at the Common Hall for the next Thanksgiving day for peace and that the wife of every brother of this Company be invited to the dinner, and that the Giant, hobnob and Morris dancers be used as usual." A lease was granted to Richard Spraggs of a tenement, malt house and kiln house in Love Lane, and also three cottages in Tanner Street — fine £6. April 6th, 1787. — At this meeting the Common Hall was reported as being greatly out of repair, in the tiling and other parts, and the repairs were ordered to be carried out at a cost not exceeding £10, in accordance with an estimate received from William Dredge, carpenter, and John Young, plasterer. At the following meeting it was reported that other and more important reparations were needed, these being declared as " absolutely necessary, as the building, being much decayed, was in danger of falling down," and an order was made that the larger repairs should be carried out. On September 3rd, 1788, William Targett challenged his freedom, and was admitted a free brother. On June 7th, 1789, it was ordered that there should be a dinner and procession on the day of thanksgiving for his Majesty's happy recovery, but the funds of the Chamber being low, the Chamberlain was authorised to borrow money upon interest to pay the expenses connected with the same. Leases were granted of two houses in Gigant Street, one to William Hutchence, clothier, and the other to Robert Woods, baker. MEMBERS DIVIDE THE MONEY. 209 10th September, 1791 . — An agreement was made with Thomas Goddard, cutler, to renew his lease for 40 years of a house and backside in a certain street over against the late Guildhall, fine £14 14s., also leases of two houses in High Street, and the money in the chest was divided, 25s. to each brother, and also 42s. to each brother. Francis Young and Richard Goldfinch Brownjohn, foreigners, were admitted as free brothers, each paying £5 and the usual fees. On February 21st, 1794, a 40 years' lease, granted to William Whitchurch, gentleman, of which 10 years had expired, was renewed for 40 years, of the corner tenement called the Golden Lion, in Endless Street, fine £9 9s. Also a 40- years' lease to Samuel Whitchurch, maltster and common brewer, of a plot of land lying between the Tailors' Hall and the malthouse of Samuel Whitchurch, upon condition that he built certain buildings thereupon and paid a fine of £22 10s. Later on the kitchen and coalhouse were leased to Samuel Whitchurch, quit rent 20s., and 2s. Capon money. The lower, or under hall, pantry, cellar, and part of the garden were leased to John Chubb, quit rent 40s., and 4s. Capon money. In 1804, as a result of the renewal of a lease, the members received 63s. each, and in 1805 46s. each ; in 1806 two amounts were paid to each member, namely 84s. and 66s. In 1808 Charles Surman and John Wilmot were disfran- chised for neglecting to attend the assemblies, they having left the City one year and one day, and Thomas Wilmot, " attorney of this City," was elected clerk of the Corporation of Tailors in place of John Young, deceased. 210 THE TAILORS. On October 6th, 1809, it was unanimously agreed " that there be a dinner and entertainment in our Common Hall on Wednesday the 25th day of the present month, this being the day appointed for a general thanksgiving and the day upon which his present Majesty Kinge George III. will enter upon the 50th year of his reign ; also that the Giant, hobnob, morris dancers and banner be made use of as usual." At the next annual meeting held on the 10th January, 1810, William Dodsworth, the Chamber- lain, presented his account for audit. This account showed that £82 9s. 8d. had been spent in connection with the Jubilee festivities and for interest and there being only £34 14s. 2d. in the chest, a balance of £47 15s. 6d. was owing to the Chamberlain. After receiving this statement, the following resolution was adopted : — " We tlie said corporation of Taylors having incurred the extra expence of £47 15s. 6d. on the 25th day of October last, owing to the Jubilee of the 50th Anniversary of his Majesty's Accession appointed by Government, by dressing the Giant and taking him out for public show and other expences attending the same ; have this day, assembled in our hall, agreed with one common consent and assent, to pay the said sum of £47 15s. 6d. proportionately, that is to say, to advance and pay the sum of £6 16s. 6d. each in discharge and payment of the £47 15s. 6d. without taking up the same at interest and thereby entailing a great expence on ourselves and our successors ; now we hereby agree that the survivors of us, in case either of ua departing this life before each of us shall have been paid the said sum of £6 16s. 6d., shall pay or cause to be paid to each of our executors out of the yearly receivings of the said Cor- poration the sum of £6 16s. 6d." It may be stated that there were at this time only seven members of the Company left and apparently these survivors did not remain stead- fast in their resolve to protect the interests of ALIENATION OF PROPERTY. 211 their successors, as a few months later, viz., on November 5th, 1810, they signed a contract for the sale of houses and stables in Endless Street, this being the first instance of the members of this Corporation agreeing to the absolute sale of any portion of the property of the Guild since their incorporation in the 15th century. The entry in the ledger states that " a contract was signed by all the members of the Corporation, for the sale of two coach-houses, three stables, and two houses in Endless St., for the sum of £315 " The resolution authorised each brother to receive £6 16s. 6d., the amount which he had lent to the Company, and after the sum of £15 15s had been paid to the Chamberlain, the remainder was to be equally divided amongst the seven members. On July 25th, 1811, the lease of the Golden Lion, Endless Street, was transferred to Samuel Whitchurch, and the fine of £35 which he paid was divided £4 4s. to each member and the balance to the use of the Corporation ; and Jonathan Perkins was granted a renewal of a lease, previously held by his wife, late Ann Sewell, of five tenements and five gardens m Tanner Street, the fine of £25 being divided amongst the seven members. The following extract is of interest, as it displays a better spirit on the part of the seven members, who had sold the property of the Company five years before. The same individuals now resolve to maintain the independence of their Company and to preserve and hand on to their successors the property of the Corporation of which they were the trustees : — February 16th, 1816.— " In consequence of application having been made to tlii.s Corporation to dispose of the fee simple of certain houses and 212 THE TAILORS. lands thereto belonging, and that by complying therewith a door may be opened to further alienation of land by which the total abolishion of the Corporation may ultimately take place, and the members of the same reflecting with gratitude on the conduct of their predecessors, who have scrupulously and religiously maintained the independence of the said Cor- poration inviolably through various revolutions that have occurred in the last four hundred years, during which period many institutions similar to this have either by the neglect of its members and stimulated by mercemary motives have sunk into oblivion. The present members of this Corporation feeling the consequence and respect attached to so ancient an institution, and humbly hoping the same aided by divine providence under our present happy constitution may continue to flourish, are induced by their high veneration of the same to enter into the following protest. We do hereby protest against the sale of the fee of any houses or lands belonging to this Corporation, and hereby most solemnly promise and declare and engage for ourselves, that we never will, nor will any or either of us ever at any time or times hereafter, consent to alienate any part thereof, and we do also in the strongest terms recommend, desire and enjoin all and every of our future brothers and sisters of our Guild, fraternity, or Corporation most strictly to conform to this our determination and final resolution, so recorded in our book of records, in testimony whereof we have in solemn assembly hereunto set our hands, and we further request that the same be read every year on the audit day, and at the admission of every new member. Signed — William Dodsworth, William Targett, John Warn, Joseph Adams, William Brownjohn, William Targett, Junr., Thomas Luke." The document also contains the signatures of John C. Munday, a foreigner (stranger), who was admitted a free brother in July, 1829, upon payment of £85, and of Thomas Lawes Adams, who in 1835 successfully claimed his freedom, as an apprentice of a brother, and as a son of a brother, the latter being admitted upon payment of 3s. 4d. to the chamber, 2s. 6d. clerk, 2s. stamp, and 6d. yeoman. CAPONS FOR THE FEAST. 213 For thirty years the above excellent resolution was maintained, that is as far as the actual sale of any of the houses or lands of the Corporation was concerned, and it was not until 1846 that we find any further sale of property, but the members do not appear to have made the slightest effort to preserve the income of the Company (which at this time had become very considerable) for legitimate Guild purposes. On the contrary, the income from rents, fees, and fines was divided amongst the few surviving members as fast as it was received. Their aim appears to have been to keep the number of their members as small as possible, with the result that the share of the income received by each member became of such value that the next foreigner (John C. Munday) who succeeded in obtaining admission to the Company was obliged to pay an entrance fee of £85, instead of the £5 fee which had always before been charged for the enrolment of a stranger. At the next meeting (August, 1829) the proceeds of a lease of a house in Blackbridge Street (the present Trinity Street), and the £85 received from John C. Munday, were divided, each member receiving £20. During the next two years leases of the follow- ing properties were renewed : — " To John Murch of Honiton, two tenements in Ivy St., fine £10., and a quit rent of 263. 8d. and one couple of fat Capons yearly." " To Thomas Cutler, one house over against the late old Guildhall, fine £26, quit rent 40s. and a couple of Capons yearly." " To James Salton, three houses in Love Lane, fine £24, quit rent 208. and a couple of Capons yearly." " To John Salton, three houses in Ivy St., fine £14, quit rent 20b. and two couple of capons yearly." 214 THE TAILORS. " To Charles Cusse, Innkeeper, a corner house in Love Lane, called the Bird-in-hand, late the Fleur-de-lis, late the Pott and Lymbeck, fine £25, quit rent 20s. and a couple of Capons." " To Samuel Whitchurch, buildings at the back of the Tailors Hall, fine £31 10s., quit rent £2 13s. 4d. and four couple of fat capons yearly." In each case the money received was divided between the members, except some small portion which was paid to the Chamberlain for the common fund of the Company. Again, in March, 1832, Robert Batt, iron- monger, was granted a lease of the house " known by the sign of the Leg, and a garden, both in Minster or High St., with a back gate in New St., together with 3 cottages on the north side of New St., at a quit rent of £5 and three couple of fat capons yearly." The " Leg ' referred to is the property now used as a Confectioner's and Temperance Hotel, three doors from the Old George Hotel. The fine paid by Robert Batt for this lease was £58, and this money was at once divided, each of the seven members receiving £8 5s., leaving only 5s. to go to the Chamberlain's account, which was so impoverished, that some three months later, as will be seen by the following extract from the Ledger, the Company was obliged to plead poverty as an excuse for not taking part in the local celebration of the passing of the Reform Bill. " June 15th, 1832. — At a meeting held to consider the pro- priety of attending the procession, with the Giant, &c., on Wednesday the 27th, this being the day appointed for tTie celebration of the passing of the Reform Bill. After considera- tion, it was resolved that the present state of the funds will not admit of the great expenditure consequent on such pro- cession, but a deputation of gentlemen from the Committee ormed in the city to superintend the festival, having attended his meeting, who asked, that in the event of the Tailors not DISPERSAL OF THE SILVER CUPS. 215 joining the procession, that the Giant, hobnob, banners, and other paraphernalia usually paraded therewith might be en- trusted to them for exhibition ; it was resolved that such request be complied with, and that the Giant, hobnob, banners, &c., be delivered into the charge of the Committee for exhibition on the 27th, upon the condition that Mr. R. Squarey and Mr. Sparshott do sign an vmdertaking on behalf of the Committee, to redeliver the same into the hands of the Tailors' Guild, on the morning of the 28th, safe and uninjured." Notwithstanding this impoverishment of the Common Fund, in June, 1832, it appears that in the following September, when the Company granted a lease of nine houses in Love Lane to Stephen Hayter, of Higher End Farm, Hale, yeoman, and received £118, the amount of the fine, the whole of this sum with the exception of Is., was divided amongst the seven members. On February 19th, 1834, a lease was granted to John Munday, tailor, one of the Wardens of the Company, of a shop in Queen Street, at a rent of £40, and a couple of fat capons yearly, the fine of £35 being divided amongst the seven members. This is the house occupied by Messrs. Horder in Queen Street. On May 17th, 1837, the minutes record the death of two members, viz., Joseph Adams and John Munday, and the election as a free brother of Alfred Munday, son of John Munday, the number of members now being six. In January, 1842, William Targett, senior, died, and Thomas Luke, who had left the City was disfranchised, and in 1846 the four remaining members sold the reversion of several properties, including the house in High Street, " known as the Leg" ; and at the same time the silver cups and bowls were divided amongst the members. In 1854 the Ledger contains a report of the sale 216 THE TAILORS. to John Clark " of the corner Messuage in Love Lane, now converted into a Malthouse, but formerly known as the Bird-in-hand, late Fluer- de-lis, late Pott and Lymbeck." In the year 1862 the Tailors' Hall was rented by the Rector of Sarum St Edmund's (the Rev. T. H. Tooke), and divine service was held there for the people of St. Edmund's, whilst reparations were carried out at their Parish Church. Of the four members of the Company, Alfred William Munday died in October, 1876, and William Targett in the following May. On May 26th, 1880, the two surviving members, Edwin John Targett (chamberlain) and Thomas Lawes Adams (steward), sealed a deed of feoffment, conveying the reversion of the last property of the Guild. The final entry in the No. 7 Ledger is as follows : — " The above feoffment disposes of all the property of the Corporation, and its effect is to render the Corporation defunct." In conclusion, it may be of interest to state that the Tailors' Hall, which was built in 1524, was situated behind the buildings at the corner of Milford Street and Pennyfarthing Street, in the Chequer known as Swayne's Chequer during the XVI. and XVII. centuries and later on as the Ship Chequer. The approach to the Hall was through a long passage leading from Milford Street. On one side of this passage there were six cottages, which were built soon after the Hall was erected. These tenements, which were the property of the Guild, stood with their backs to the Crystal Fountain Inn. The ground floor of the Tailors' Hall consisted of the lower hall, kitchen, pantry, cellar, coalhouse, and other offices, with a garden at the back. CARVED OAK SHIELDS. From the Tailors' Hall, (Salishury Mxiseum). CARVED OAK SHIELDS. 217 The large hall in which the Assemblies and feasts of the Corporation of Tailors were held occupied the whole of the upper floor. This room, which is now used as a store, and in a very dilapidated condition, was lighted by three windows, which were originally filled with 15th century stained glass, and there are two portions of one of these windows still preserved in the Salisbury Museum. One of these exhibits the Madonna and Child, and the other contains a representation of St. Christopher and the Divine Infant. The walls of this upper Hall were covered with oak panelling, six feet high from the floor, and on three sides of the room there were seats for the members, consisting of fixed oak benches. The remains of some of these seats and a portion of the panelling are still in position, although much damaged. A large number of carved oak shields were arranged along the top of the panelling, and each of these shields bore either the name or the initials of one of the members, and also the date upon which he had been appointed a warden of the Corporation. On January 12th, 1715, it was ordered that " no Escutcheon tor the wardens shall exceed the price of four shillings from this day." In the year 1884 there were 25 shields remaining in the Hall, and the following is a copy of a list of these which was taken at that time. The 15 which are first enumerated are at present in the Salisbury Museum, and the remaining 10 were disposed of to various persons who were interested in the past members, whose names or initials were recorded upon the shields : — 218 THE TAILORS. /T.B. 1573 R.V. 1669 Richard Vanner R.B. 1574 I.G. 1701 N.I. 1585 B.L 1702 a H.W. 1589 W.H. 1703 W.S. 1644 W.I. 1704 s I.F. 1655 John fflovver 1731 J. Barlow T.Y. 1667 Thomas Young 1733 J. Cowsland ^W.B. 1668 William Brown ^W.Y. 1582 M.M. 1659 Michael Millis So 2 i^ I.T. 1641 John Trueman I.S. 1642 John Smith I. D. 1665 John Day W.H. 1669 William Hiscocks "5 a. 0.2 I.E. 1648 John Kmg J.Y. 1741 Job Young T3 ,W.G. 1650 William Gillow I. A. 1660 John Ames The interesting carved oak chair, which for so many years stood in the Upper Hall for the use of the Master of the Guild, has been lost sight of, but we are fortunate in having the portrait of William Gillow, who was made a free brother in 1637, and who, during the following 20 years, continually occupied some official position in the Corporation, including those of Steward, Chamber- lain, Junior Warden, and Senior Warden. He died whilst holding the latter position in 1658. As before stated, this interesting portrait, which depicts William Gillow in the Puritan dress of the Commonwealth period, and which for over 200 years adorned the walls of the Tailors' Hall, was presented to the City Corporation by Dr. H. P. Blackmore in 1906. The Salisbury Museum contains many other interesting relics from this Hall, including the Giant, the Giant's two- handled sword and his mace, the Hobnob, or Hobby-horse, also the two small fragments of the ancient windows in 15th century coloured glass. ARMS OF THE TAILORS. 219 before alluded to, the staff of the yeoman or beadle, which is tipped with a representation of Agnus Dei, the emblem of St. John the Baptist, the patron saint of the Fraternity of Tailors, and a large framed panel bearing the arms of the Salisbury Corpora ion of Tailors*, viz — : (Argent) a royal tent between two parliament-robes (gules) lined ermine . the tent garnished of the last . tentstaff (proper). On a chief (azure) a lion passant guardant (or). Crest : on a wreath azure and argent, a lamb passant (argent) within a glory (or) . Supporters : two camels of the last. Motto: Concordia par vae res crescunt . 1633. The ancient oak chest was given by Mr. Arthur Whitehead to the Rector and Churchwardens of St. Martin's Church, Salisbury, and is at present in the choir of that Church. * Vide illustration page i6o. 220 CHAPTER XIII. THE SHOEMAKERS. This Fraternity, " Sutor Currios " (shoemakers and curriers), is included in the first Hst of Craft Guilds which appears in the Corporation Ledger A (1440) Like all the other Craft Guilds in Salis- bury, with the exception of the Tailors, and possibly the Weavers also, the Shoemakers' Guild existed without a licence from the King ; the members were voluntarily associated together as a mystery, their object being to encourage and regulate the trades connected with the leather industry, and included the flaying, tanning, and curr3dng of hides ; and also the manufacture and sale of boots, shoes, and other articles of leather. In later years the Fraternity appears in the Ledger as " Allutarii " (cordwainers). In 1475 the " Schomakers " were one of the Guilds which supplied men and money for the use of the King (Edward IV.) for his expedition to France. In common with all other Craft Guilds, that of the Shoemakers was probably re-organised during the reign of Elizabeth as a trade company, but the records of the Corporation contain very little information respecting it during the XVI. century. After the City had received its Charter of Incorporation from James L, the Shoemakers obtained new constitutions from the Mayor and Corporation, under which the Company included shoemakers, curriers, and last-makers. PHILLIP CREW (Schoolmastkr). From the Shoemakers' Hall (vide poije 235). VIEWERS AND SEARCHERS. 221 The following extracts from these orders may be of interest, as they throw some light on the customs of the trade at that time : — " Ci vitas Novse Sarum. Orders and constitutions for the Company of Shoemakers, Curryers, and last-makers, wth'n the Citty of Newe Sarum in the County of Wilts, had made and agreed on att an assemblye or Com'on Councell of the said Citty tlien holden by the Mayor and Com'onaltye the eight day of March in the yeares of the raigne of o'r Sou'aigne Lord James by the Grace of God of England France and Ireland Kinge defender of the ffaith &c. the tenth, and of Scotland the six and fortieth. 1613." 1. An order for officers and p'nte no'iacon Imprimis, It is ordered that the said Company for the better puttinge in ex- ecu'con of theire orders and for the better orderinge and gou'inge themselves theire Servants and apprentices shall for eu'hereafter have twoe Wardens, one Chamberleyne, twoe Stewards, twoe veiwers and searchers of theire wares, one clarke and one yeoman yearlye hereafter to be chosen. And for the p'sant Edward Spickernell and Richard Mitchell are chosen Wardens, Nicholas Coleman is chosen Chamberleyne, Thomas Collins and John Sevier are chosen Stewards, John Card and Richard Mason are chosen viewers and searchers, Phillipp Dawes is chosen Clarke, and Richard Leedes is chosen yeoman of the said Companye to remayne and continue in theire said offices untill the Wednes- day next after the ffeaste of Pentecost next ensueinge and untill others shall be chosen. 2. An order to hold Assemblies. 3. An order for an ele'ccon of officers. 4. An order to chuse officers in place of others that shall dye. 5. An order to fyne such as shall refuse to take office. 6. An order for officers to accompte. 7. An order for the Searchers. Item. It is furthur ordered that it shall and may be lawfull to and for the viewers and searchers as often as they shall see cause and att leaste once a quarter, view and search the wares of eu'y free brother and free sister of tliis Company, and if upon any such view or search they shall fynde any unlawfull wares made contrary to these orders or any of them, or contrary to any lawe or statute of this realme, that then eu'ry such offender shall paye for eu'ry such offence the sume of tcnne shillings to th'use of this Company, 222 THE SHOEMAKERS. and that eu'ry free brother or sister of this Company that shall refuse or deny to permit the viewers and searchers to view and search his or her wares shall forfeyte and loose for eu'ry such offence the sume of thirteene shillings and fower pence to th'use of this Company. 8. An order for warninge to assemblies &c. (fyne xii d.) 9. An order for such as shall abuse the Wardens (ffynes, first offence iii s. iv d., second offence vi s. viii d.). 10. An order for Widdowes to use theire husbands trade (uppon payne that eu'ry free sister, for eu'ry moneth that she shall use her late husbands trade contrary to this order shall forfeite the some of fforty shillings). 11. An order for Apprentices (V s. fine for non enrolment). 12. An order that no apprentice shall come out of his tyme before the age of xxiv. yeares. Item. It is further ordered that noe apprentice hereafter to be taken by anye brother or sister of this Company shall come forthe of his apprenticeship before th'age of twenty and fower yeares nor be made a ffreeman of this Company before he shall atteyne th'age of thirty yeares unlesse he be married, uppon payne of looseinge his freedom. 13. An order for makinge apprentices ffreemen. Item. It is furthur ordered that anye apprentice that shall have inrolled his indentures as aforesaide, and be made a ffree cittizen, shall uppon request to be made att anye assemblye to be holden for this Company, haveinge before made his prooffe or praise boote, shoe, or pantaffie to be allowed by the wardens, be made a free brother of this Company unlesse there shall be sufficient cause then shewed by his M'r or M'rss or anye other to the contrarye, uppon his voluntary takeinge of the oath hereunder written, and uppon paym'te if such an apprentice be the sonne of a ffree brother of this Company not alive twoe shillings, to the Clarke for enteringe his ffredome twelve-pence, to the Yeoman sixe-pence ; and if the sonne of anye other free cittyzen of this Citty to th'use of this Company twoe shillings and sixe pence, to the Clarke twelve pence and to the Yeoman sixe pence. And if the sonne of a fforrjmer then to th'use of this Company not above three shillings and fower pence, to the Clarke eighteen pence, and to the Yeoman eighte pence. 15. An order to make ffree Aprentices. Item. It is furthur ordered that every one that heretofore hathe byn an apprentice w'th anye free brother of this Company and hathe served out his apprenticeshipp and hathe not paid anye money towards FREE WORKING MONEY. 223 the procuringe of the Charter for the Incorpor'acon of this Citty, shall before he be made a freeraan of this Company be made ffree of this Citty and pay to th'use of this Company twentye shillings, to the Clarke for enteringe his freedome eighteen pence, and to the Yeoman sixe pence. 16. An order for correctinge of Apprentices. Item. It is furthur ordered that if anye apprentice of anye free brother or sister of this Company shall behave himselfe stubbornely towardes his M'r or M'rs or dame and shall refuse to be corrected by them, then everye suche apprentice shall be brought before the wardens of this Company at theire Hall there to receave such reasonable corre'ccon as by the said wardens shall be com'anded to be laide upon him. 17. An order for Apprentices to serve out theire tyme. 18. An order that none shall be journeymen but such as shall have served out theire apprenticeship (fine three shillings and four pence). 19. An order that noe journeyman depart out of service withoute a months warninge (forfeite tenne shillings). 20. An order for journeymen to pay free workeinge money. Item. It is ordered that every free brother and free sister which shall take or retayne anye forreyner to worke as a journey- man shall w'th in ffowerteene dayes next after he or she shall soe take them paye to th'use of this Company oute of his wages, for his free workeinge money twoe pence. 21. An order to paye Quarteridge money (in default everye free brother to forfeite twelve pence and everye journeyman sixe pence). 22. An order that noe horse-leather be putt into shoes. Item. It is furthur ordered that no free brother or free sister of this Company shall putt anye horse leather into anye bootes or shoes nor to putt anye liquored calves leather into anye bootes or shoes to be sold between the ffeastes of St. Bartholo- mewe th'appostle and th'annuna'con of the Blessed Virgin Mary upon payne that every offender shall for every paire of bootes to be made contrary to this order forfeyte an loose to th'use of this Company fhve shillings, and for every payre of Bhoes soe made twelve pence. 23. An order that noe Recusant shall be a ffreeman. Item. It is furthur ordered tliat noe Popish Recusant nor anye other Sectarie refuseinge to come to Church shall be mad(» a ffreonian 224 THE SHOEMAKERS. of this Company, and if any free brother or free sister shall become such a Recusant or Sectarie that then it shall be lawfulle to and for the wardens and brethren of this Company att theire assembly to disfranchise every such Recusant and Sectarie from theire Company. 24. An order that none shall have more apprentices than the Statute alloweth. 25. An order that none keepe any standinge in the Markett. Item. It is furthur ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Companye shall att any tyme hereafter from and after the fieast of Easter next, keepe or sett up any standinge in the Markett Place w'th in this Citty to sell or utter any ware there, but only in the fEayre tymes uppon payne that every offender shall forfeyte and loose to th'use of this Company for every offence the some of tenne shillings. 26. An order for keepinge the Sabboth Day. Item. It is furthur ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Com- pany shall sett open theire Shoppe windowes, or they or any of theire servants or apprentices doe any worke in makeinge or mendinge of shoes on the Sabboth Day upon payne to forfeyte for every ofience twelve pence to th'use of the poore. 27. An order that none keep anye to cutt wares, but of his owne goods (forfeyte to loose for every week that he shall soe entertayne anye one that shall ofEend contrarye to this order the some of twenty shillmgs.) 28. An order for the payment of Ifines and penaltyes (upon payne of disfranchisement for defaulters). 29. An order for the disposeinge of Money. (To be used for the benefit of the Company.) 30. An order for the ffeast Day, Item. It is furthur ordered that the Company shall keep their ffeast yearely on the Monday before the ffeast of St. Bartholomewe th'appostle. 31. A Proviso, reserving to the Mayor and Corporation power to revise and amend the order. The Oath I doe wilUngly sweare that I will from hencesforth to the uttermost of my power as a ffree brother of this Company obey and keepe all the orders made and to be made for the weale profitt and good government thereof soe neere as God shall give me grace, and shall keepe the secretts of this Company and be aideinge and assistinge to the Wardens of this Company OATH OF THE COMPANY. 225 to the uttermost of my power. I shall not willinglye doe or consente to any thinge to be done to the hurte or hinderance of the publicke good and profitt of this Company. Soe helpe me God. In Witness whereof the Mayor and Coi'alty of the said Citty of Newe Sarum have hereunto sett the Com'on Seale of their Corpor'acon. Yeoven the day and yeare first above written Lawrence Horne Mayor, per ToOKER Recordr.* [■ During the XV. century a shoemaker worked on new leather, and was not under any circum- stances permitted to repair old boots or shoes ; on the other hand, a cobbler was one who worked on old leather, and was not allowed to make boots or shoes. Order No. 26 appears to show that this strict rule had fallen into desuetude in 1613. In 1624 the Mayor and Corporation made the following order for the shoemakers : — " Ad Coe Consiliu tent in Civitate p'd xxiii° die Augusti Anno dni 1624. An order not to keep twoe shopps. Att this Councell it is ordered, that noe free brother or free sister of the Company of Shoemakers w'th in this Citty of Newe Sarum shall att any tyme hereafter either by him or her self on any other for him or her keepe or have twoe shopps or places w'th in this Citty to utter or sell wares in (excepte itt in the tymes of ffaires w'th in this Citty) upon paine that every delinquent shall for every tyme that he or she shall offend against this order, forfeite and loose to th'use of the Company for every day twoe shillings." The Corporation Ledger shows how strict was the control exercised over the Trade Companies by the City Council. On September 27th, 1632, the Corporation ordered that the Company of Shoemakers should be dissolved because their Wardens, John Pearce and Thomas Staples, had * The above is the signature of Giles Tooker, who was appointed Recorder of the City in the preceding year. 226 THE SHOEMAKERS. received drink and a fee of 20s. from William Baker, plumber, an improper person, and had admitted him into their Company. The members of the Company presented a humble petition to the Corporation acknowledging the fault of their Wardens, and begging to be restored. Their request was granted, and they were again licensed and appointed a Company, to be called the Company of Shoemakers, Curriers and Last- Makers, and were to have similar orders and constitutions to those which they had previously possessed. On May 21st, 1634, the Corporation Ledger contains the following order respecting the Shoe- makers' Company : — " At this Counsell yt is ordered tliat noe schooemaker in- habyting or dwellings within this cittye shall at anyetyme hereafter buye or by anye other wayes or meanes gett or p'cure into his hands or possession anye bootes, shooes or pantuffles whch shallbe wrought or made out of this cittye, to the intent to sell vent or utter them within this cittye upon payne to forfeyte and loose fyve shillings for everye payre of bootes, and twoe shillings for everye payre of shooes or pantuffles whch shallbe gotton p'cured, sould, or uttered contrarye to this order, th'one moytie of whch forfeytures shallbe to the vse of the Companye of schooemakers of this cittye, an thother moytie to thuse of the poore of the said cittye." The Searchers and Viewers were also ordered to search the wares of every free brother and free sister, and to try all black and red tanned leather and all new shoes that should be exposed for sale. The Mayor and Corporation revoked the orders of all the Companies in the City during the year 1674, and they were reconstituted in the following year. Under the orders then granted to the Shoemakers, the Company included shoemakers, C/5 SOCIETY OF CORDWAINERS OF ENGLAND. 227 curriers, last-makers, tanners, coach makers, bridle cutters, and flaxdressers. In 1697, in answer to a petition from the Wardens and brethren of the Shoemakers' Com- pany, the Corporation ordered " That a letter of Attorney be made and delivered to empower the Wardens' of the Shoemakers to sue for penalties for breach of the orders of the Company which were granted on 18th October, 1675." The Shoemakers' Company appear to have taken a part in the processions and festivities that were held in Salisbury in 1750, in 1784, and again in 1814, but from 1784 their numbers declined. From this date, and probably earlier, the Companies were obliged to abandon the attempt to regulate an expanding industry on Guild principles, and by the end of the century the interests of the manual workers had passed, with few exceptions, from the hands of the Companies to that of the Trade Union and the new Friendly Societies. The Friendly Society of Cordwainers of England was instituted in 1784, and the Salisbury Shoe- makers became affiliated to the larger organisation soon after it was established. The author has in his possession a card of membership of this Society. The card is printed from a copper- plate designed by " Carpenter, Aldgate High Street," which depicts the Arms of the Cord- wainers, supported on either side by figures, the one holding a boot and the other a shoe. The inscriptions above the figures are, " Unite to maintain our rights inviolate," and " Prosperity attend ye justness of our cause." Below the Arms of the Society appears within a scroll, 228 THE SHOEMAKERS, " The Friendly Society of Cordwainers of England, Instituted the 15 of November, 1784." The following is written on the back of the card :— " 2nd Quarter 31 August 1785. Or. 29 : This is to certify that J as. Yeates is a Legal Man and a Member of the old Rainbow Society Salisbury. Age 24 years, Height 5ft. 2Jin., com- plexion Brown, Womans Man. Signed, Carter, President." The term "Womans Man" probably certified that Jas. Yeates was qualified to make boots and shoes for women only.* The Hall of the Shoemakers' Company was at the back of the Crispin Inn (now known as the Pheasant) and other tenements adjoining in Rollestone Street, with an entrance to the Hall through the Court-yard of the Crispin in Hog Lane (now Salt Lane). This property originally belonged to Phillip Crew, a schoolmaster, who was the son of a shoemaker. Phillip Crew, who had served the office of Churchwarden of St. Edmund's in 1618—19, died in 1638, and left his dwelling house, which heretofore had been two tenements, his orchard and garden, together with his silver plate and furniture, and (after the death of his servant) an adjoining tenement in Rollestone Street, to the Company of Shoe- makers. He desired them to enlarge the house and provide a hall for the Company, towards which he gave them also the " sawed hordes " in his " shoppe." A copy of the last will of Phillip Crew is in- cluded in the deeds belonging to this old property, and is as follows : — * Feeble, in Shakspeare's 2 Hen. IV., act iii. sc. 2, was a woman's tailor. " Falstaff. What trade art thou, Feeble ? Feeble. A womans' tailor, sir." BEQUEST OF PHILLIP CREW. 229 A true copie of the Clause of the last Will & Testament of Phillip Crewe deceased concerninge his guifts to the Company of Shoemakers within the Cittie of Newe Sarum. In the name of God Amen the fower and twentieth daye of Januarie Anno Dni 1638 and in the fowertenth yeare of the raigne of or Sou'aigne and Kinge Charles. I Phillip Crewe of the Cittie of Newe Sarum in the Countie of Wilts Schoolemaster beinge sicke in bodie but of goode and fitt memorie (thanks be given to God for the same) do . . . ordayne and make this my last will & Testament in manner & forme folio winge &c. Item in consideration of the filiall love and naturall affection wch I have borne to my deceased Father (being a Shoomaker) I give and bequeathe unto Richard Mason Thomas Staples Thomas Mithell Godfrie Spickernell Edward Staples John East- man William Roberts and Josephe Mitchell of the said cittie of Newe Sarum, Shoemakers and to theire heires for ever All my lands and Tenemts situate within the said Cittie of Newe Sarum in a certaine Streate there called Rolston Streate And all that messuage or Tenemt in the said Cittie wherein I nowe dwell beinge heretofore two tenemts & purchased by me of Thomas Lawes. Together with all houses edifices buyldings orchardes gardens and apprtennes whatsoever to my said lands & Tenemts belonginge. To be and remayne to and for the use behouf and benefitt of the Companie and Societie of Shoomakers within the said Cittie of Newe Sarum for ever And my desire and request to the said Companie of Shoomakers is That in regarde it hath not pleased God to give me any childe to cont)mue my name in this Cittie whereunto I came as a Stranger, That they will inlardge and make my said Dwellinge house or some pte thereof and make the same fitt for a hall for the said Com- pany. And that it maye be stiled named and called by the name of (Crewes Hall) And for the Ijetter effectinge thereof I give all my sawed hordes in my Shoppe over the waye. And my will is that the said Company of Shoomakers shall paye yearelie to Richard Pitt my late wives kinsman duringe his lief the some of twentie shillings. Item I give and bequeathe to the said Richard Mason, Thomas Staples Thomas Michell Godfrie Spicker- nell Edward Staples John Eastman, WilHam Roberts & .loscphe Michell to and for the use of the said Company of Shoomakers my silver snlte guilt with the cover, my silver Beaker, my greatest sup dishe tipped with silver, my greatest paire of brasae candlestickas, my table borde, sixc ioyned stoolcs, and tht; side cupborde in the parlor of my dwellinge house, and the paire of Andirons, the pair of Dogges, fier pan and tongea suted to same 230 THE SHOEMAKERS. ill my said parlor, and my table and dressinge bord standinge in my kitchen. Item I give and bequeathe unto my servant Margarett Woods one standinge bedstead &c, and to the intent that the said Margarett maye have some place to dwell in my will is that she shall have for her lief the Tenemt wherein John Bugden nowe dwelleth together with the shopp and outhouse and the little garden and greate garden bounded with Mar John Batts land on the Northe and the highwaye and my lands on the Southe. She the said Margarett payinge yearlie to the said Company of Shoomakers twentie shillinges to be paid quarterly by even por'cons. And the said Company to repaire the said house. And my will is that the said Margarett Shall have leave & libertie at convenient times to fetch water at the pumpe of my dwellinge house duringe so long tyme as she shall holde the said tenemt devised to her. Item my will is that the Com- panie of Shoomakers aforesaid shall paye yearlie to Mr. Peter Thatcher fower shillinges duringe so long tyme as Mr. Thatcher shall remayne Parson of Ste Edmunds. Vicesimo secundo die Martie 1638 Concordat per original et ex^ per Phineas Dawes et Thomas Dawes The deeds of this property show that soon after the Company had acquired the freehold they erected a new building in the garden at the back of Crew's house. The lower part of this building (now used as stores and stables) is described in the deeds as the buttery, above which was the large room or hall, the approach to this room being by a wide staircase from the Court yard in Hog Lane. The feoffees in trust of the lands and tenements of the Company at this time were Richard Mason, Thomas Staples, and Joseph Mitchell. On 29th December, 1677, the feoffees, viz., Thomas Willis, Thomas Staples, Thomas Crooke, James Dyatt, Nathaniel Laidsage (? Leversage), John Garrett and Robert Hill, purchased on behalf of the Company two tenements in Hog Of 5 t/3 rr o 5 _i O O S w •J C/J Q r ) iC W -4 fO U CO tJ ro = M THE shoemakers' HALL. 231 Lane adj oining their other property, from Thomas Ray, of Ford, merchant, and John Saint Barbe,* of the Close, New Sarum, gentleman. This constituted the whole of the property of the Company, viz., five tenements ; Crew's House (originally two), a tenement in Rollestone Street, the hall and buttery, and the two houses in Hog Lane, referred to in the deeds as Ray's land and Saint Barbe's land. The list of assessments for a Royal Aid and Supply in 1667 shows " Land of ye Shoemakers, 5 Tenements in Mr. Parsons' Chequer." The date when Crew's old residence became the Crispin Inn is doubtful, but in a lease of one of the tenements granted in 1772 the name of Daniel Payson, of New Sarum, maltster and brewer, appears as one of the feoffees for the Company, together with the names of six other persons, all of whom were either curriers or shoe- makers. About 1780 — 90 an arrangement was entered into whereby the Clothworkers' Company was granted the use of the Shoemakers' Hall for their assemblies, and apparently soon after 1800 the Methodists had the use of this hall for their Sunday School. On 27th December, 1810, John Cooke, George Hacker, Francis Wills, James Sutton, Alexander Wills, Richard Sopp, Thomas Wilmot, Richard Callow, Edward Skelton and Walter Aslatt all members and feoffees in trust for the Company of Shoemakers, granted a lease of their Hall to James Trowbridge, carpenter, for 40 years (fine £40), and subject to the rent, covenants and conditions reserved, they " demise to farm letten their Hall and premises with the appurtenances * When the College of St. Edmund was dissolved, Henry VHL sold the College House, with all "demeanes" belonging thereto, to William St. Barbe, one of his Majesty's Gentlemen of the Bedchamber. 232 THE SHOEMAKERS. in Hog Lane late in the possession of the Trustees of the Sunday School of the Methodist Chapel, but now of William Thick. And all ways, paths, passages, waters, watercourses, lights," &c., &c., " to the said Hall. Saving and reserving to the said Company of Shoemakers, and also to the Company of Clothworkers, the use of the Hall at all times to hold their meetings for public business only, with free ingress and egress to and from the same." On June 24th, 1813, the same feoffees granted a lease of the messuage, tenement and garden in Hog Lane, and also that little tenement and garden in the same (Ray's and Saint Barbe's lands), together with all that cellar and buttery with the appurtenances, being within the Court of the Hall of the same Company, to James Trowbridge, carpenter (fine £21 15s. Od., annual rent 22s. Id.). 1820, May 30—31. By lease and release of these dates between John Cooke, of N.S., shoe- maker, and James Sutton, of the same place, gentleman (the surviving feoffees in trust for the Company of Shoemakers of the first part, Alex- ander Wills, shoemaker ; Richard Sopp, currier ; Thomas Wilmot, gentleman ; Edward Skelton, appraiser ; William Walker, innkeeper ; and John Warren, brewer, of the second part, and Samuel Foot of the third part, in consideration, &c., &c., have bargained and confirmed unto the said Samuel Foot " all that tenement and Public House called the Crispin in or near to certain streets called Hog Lane and Rollestone Street, with the shop and premises thereunto belonging, And also all that Hall commonly called Crew's Hall adjoining the said Public House called the THE CRISPIN INN. 233 Crispin, and all that cellar and Buttery situate within the Court of the said Hall, together with a right of way in common with the adjoining property heretofore belonging to the Company through the yard to the passage adjoining the east river or channel, &c., &c., all which premises are parcels of lands called Crew's lands, &c., &c. Except never the less out of this grant and release, the use by the Company of Shoemakers of the Hall called Crew's Hall for the purposes of holding assemblies and transacting the business of the Company at all reasonable times whilst the same remains in its present state, and to the like use of some other convenient room in the said Public House called the Crispin after the said Hall shall be altered or pulled down at all times whilst the said Company shall subsist and have any business to transact with free liberty of ingress and egress into the said Hall or room respectively," &c., &c. By provisions of lease and release between the same parties and on the same date, the tenements in Hog Lane, known by the name of Ray's and Saint Barbe's lands, were disposed of. In 1821 Crew's Hall was let to a cabinet maker (Joseph Vidler), with the right of entrance through the yard of the premises ** heretofore called the Crispin, but now known by the name and sign of the Pheasant " ; and in March, 1828, the whole of the property was sold by Samuel Foot to George Pain, brewer and maltster. From this time the Salisbury shoemakers, as members of the Rain- bow Club, which was a branch of the Friendly Society of Cordwainers of England, held their Club meetings at the Rainbow Inn (now William the Fourth), in Milford Street, and wc hear no more of the Shoemakers' Company. 234 THE SHOEMAKERS. The Crispin Inn appears in the old books of the SaHsbury (St. Edmund's) Overseers as the Crispin and Crispinian. St. Crispin was the patron saint of the Shoemaking Fraternity, and October 25th was dedicated in the calendar to St. Crispin, of the third century, with whom in ancient times was associated St. Crispinian or Crispianus, and this day used to be observed as a holiday by workers in the trade of shoemaking. Crispin and Crispinian are supposed to have been converts to Christianity in Rome, and to have gone out on a mission to Gaul, as France was then called. Though of gentle birth, they wrought at the humble trade of making shoes, to avoid being chargeable to others for their maintenance. Their exemplary conduct, and the influence over men shown by the converts they made, caused enemies of the new religion to persecute them, and eventually they were beheaded by order of the Governor (Riction varus), and later on were canonised. Shakspeare has immortalized Crispin by the speech he has given to Henry V. before the battle of Agincourt — " This day is call'd tlie feast of Crispian ; He that out-lives this day, and comes safe home, Will stand a tip-toe when this day is nam'd, And rouze him at the name of Crispian ; He that shall live this day, and see old age, Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours, And say, to-morrow is Saint Crispian. Then will he strip his sleeve, and shew his scars ; Old men forget ; yet shall not all forget, But they'll remember, with advantages, What feats they did that day. Then shall our names, Familiar in their mouths as household words — Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, PORTRAIT OF PHILLIP CREW. 235 Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloster, Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered. This story shall the good man teach his son ; And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by, From this day to the ending of the world. But we in it shall be remembered ; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers ; For he to-day that sheds his blood with me, Shall be my brother ; be he ne'er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition ; And gentlemen in England, now abed, Shall think themselves accursed they were not here. And hold their manhoods cheap while any speaks That fought with us upon Saint Crispian's day." There is a picture of Phillip Crew in the Council House, Salisbury.* This interesting old portrait was found in a cupboard in one of the store rooms at the Municipal Offices in 1895. The oak panel (74in. by 32in.) upon which it is painted was cracked and in a bad state, and very little of the picture was discernible. The picture has, how- ever, been restored, and Phillip Crew may now be seen standing with a staff in his hand, wearing a loose coat or tunic with a girdle, breeches and stockings, and large buckle shoes. He is clothed also in a large black robe, and wears on his head a Flemish beaver hat with a wide brim. The picture bears the following inscription, which has been carefully restored : — " Haeredes isti quoties succeditis aulae fraternus vestris mentibus adsit amor," which translated is, " My heirs, as often as you succeed to this Hall, let brotherly love be present in your minds." On the back of the panel is painted the following: — "W.R. T.M., Wardens ; T.S., Chambn. 1638." Below in modern letters is, " A. Wills and R. Sopp, Wardns. ; J. Adams, Chambn. 1803." * Vide illustration page 220. 236 THE SHOEMAKERS. The portraits of two other benefactors of the Shoemakers' Company are also in the Council House ; one, that of William Windover, bears upon the canvas the following inscription : — " Mr. William Windover, borne in Newe Sarum, deceased ye xxxi. of January 1632, hath geven unto our companie of Shoemakers ye some of fifty pounds. His soulle restteth with God for ever. Amen." Below are the names of the Wardens and the Chamberlain of the Company : — "William Spearing and John Sherston, Wardens ; Ralph Pasby, Chamberleyne." The frame of the other picture bears the following words : — " The Effigies of Lawrence Tippot borne in this Citty, died 1675, wch gave to the Soc'y of Shoomakers in Sarum fifty pounds aeta 52." The canvas also bears the following names : — " Thomas Staples, John Rudwell, Wardens ; William Jordon, Nicholas Staples, Chambns. 1679." There is also to be seen in the Salisbury Museum a drinking cup in the shape of a shoe, which came from the Shoemakers' Hall This cup is made from leather, but lined with some non-absorbent composition. On the front of the shoe appears a silver shield bearing the arms of the Cordwainers, and a silver band, which protects the rim of the shoe, has inscribed upon it, " John Gumbleton ex dono." There is also a fine Malacca cane, with the handle bound with a rim of leather. On the end of this cane there is a long brass ferrule 6 Jin. long which was made to fit into the shoe to allow of its being carried in procession as the emblem of the Company of Shoemakers. 237 CHAPTER XIV. SEARCHERS, VIEWERS AND SEALERS. To prevent fraud, either in false weights and measures, defective material and tricks of trade, and to secure a high standard of work, most of the old Guilds had been accustomed to appoint two or more of their number as searchers, viewers, and sealers. The duty of these officials was to visit the homes and workshops of the Guild brethren, and there to examine both the work of the craftsman and the quality of the material he was working upon, and if either was considered bad, the delinquent was tried before the Magis- trates and a special jury, which consisted of men belonging to the same trade, but not of the same kin as the accused. If found guilty the culprit had to forfeit the defective article. After the re-organisation of the Trade Companies in 1612, the new orders and constitutions granted by the Corporation ordained that each Company should select and nominate these important officials, but that the appointment should be made by the City Magistrates, before whom they were sworn in open Court. The oath taken by searchers and sealers of leather was as follows : — " You shall sweare that you well and truly shall doe your office in searchinge and sealinge leather, that it be well and sufficiently tanned, and that bcinge sufficiently tanned you doe thereupon sett the scale for that purpose to you committed and appointed. And this you and every of you shall 238 SEARCHERS, VIEWERS AND SEALERS. doe faithfully, truely and without favor or affeccon. So help you God." Amongst the many interesting books in the Muniment Room there is one which is marked " Searchers, Viewers and Sealers." This book contains the nominations and appointments of these officials of the companies, and also the reports or minutes of the various cases which were taken by them before the Magistrates. The subjoined extracts from this book may be of interest : — " June 2, 1618. Nominations : Joh White, Warden of ye Company of Shoomakers, returns Chris. Dupe and Hen. Blake and Ben Batchelor for selors for ye year ensuing." " Nominations." " May 24, 1624. We ye Wardens of ye Shoemakers Company doe return Joseph Batchelor and William Blake to be sworn sealers of tanned leather, hides and skins, and searchers of raw hides and skins. Signed WilUam Forty, Christopher Dupe." " Ciuitas nove Saru' 1626. — xxiiijth die Novembris 1626 coram Johe Ivye Maior Ciuitat Nove Saru'. Rogro Gauntlett, Thoma Raye, Richo' Godfrey, Henrico Byle senr, Robt Banes et Henrico Pearson genis Justic &c. Theis p'sons whose names are subscribed were chosen & elected & appointed sealers & searchers of leather and for the searching and sealing of leather within this Cittye for one whole yeare next ensuing the date hereof accordinge to the statut in that case made & p'vided. Edward Powell ^ Mort m'd. qd none die ffebruarij 1626 Willm Speringe ( Johes Peaslyn Jur fuit in li. pd Robte Hayter j Jur Edw." Ralphe Pasbye ' " Theis p'sons whose names are subscribed are elected & appointed and Sworne before the said Mr Maior and Justics of the said Cittye & to be veywers and searchers of Clothe and to searche suche Clothes as shalbe made and dressed within the Cittye aforesaid for one whole yeare next ensuinge. Robt Mathewe, Clothworker. George Lane "j Jasper Bampton > Weavers quilt eor bd. in xli. John Goddard j FINES INFLICTED FOR CUTTING HIDES. 239 The Condicon of this Recognizance is suche. That yf the said Robte Mathewe, George Lane, Jasper Bampton & John Goddard do theire best endevors by all lawfull wayes & meanes for and during one whole yeare next ensuing the date hereof according to the statut made in the Third yeare of the raigne of the late King James & in the xxxixth yeare of the late Queene Elizabeth for the trewe makinge of p'fecte clothe in all points shalbe trulye observed and kept, within the Cittye of Newe Saru'. That then &c." " M'd that the xxi daye of November 1626 and in the second yeare of the raigne of Or Soueigne Lord Charles the King's Matie that nowe is of England one payre of shoes of the goodes and Chattells of Willm Parsons als ffrowde of this Cittye shoe- maker were brought before the right Wor'll John Ivye maior of the Cittye aforesaid and alleaged that the said shoes are not sufficient according to the statut and were p'sent to be putto sale contrary to the lawe whereuppon the said Mr Maior called before hym theis p'sons to be tryers, videlt, John ffludd tanner, John Ellarye, Thoms Staples shoemaker, George Coleman fidler, Phillipp Crooke and Richard Erraker curryer the seconde daye of December 1626 being p'sons not of affinitye to the sayd p' William Parsons, als ffrowde and vppon a m'kett daye within the said Cittye who being sworne to trye whether the said shoes be made of leather sufficient according to the lawe or not and the said Tryers vppon theire oathes the said second daye of December 1626 Doe affirme vppon their oathes that the said shoes are made contrarye to the lawe and not of leather according to the statut and the said shoes ar valewed at xijd. And the forfeyture thereof is to be devided according to the said statut. John Ivie maior." The next entry in this book appears to be a report made by the sealers or searchers of raw hides against four men for cutting hides in flaying, and the 20d. entered against each name probably represents the fine mflicted upon the workmen for what was considered an offence against good workmanship. The following is the entry in the book : — " A note of ye hides gasht and cutt in flaying 1628, Jany 21— William Viney, of Wilton . . . . . . 1 hide 20d. paid Jany 21— Robert Rice . . 1 hide 20d. „ Jany 29— John Pepperill .. 1 hide 20(1. „ Feby 11— Thomas Befford . . 1 Country hide 20d. „ 240 SEARCHERS, VIEWERS AND SEALERS. In George the Third's reign an Act was passed which gave power to the magistrates to inflict a fine upon all who injured the skins of animals in flaying them. " 1631 xxiij die January." M'd. That the seaventh daye of ffebruarye 1631 and in the seaventh yeare of the Keigne of our soueign Lord Charles the King's ma'tie that nowe is of England &c. Robert Hayter and Mathewe Bruton Searchers and Veywers of leather and wares of leather within the Cittye of Newe Sarum have seized and brought before the right wor'll Henrye Bylye Maior of the Cittye of Newe Sarum aforesaid tenn hydes of leather whereof they affirme that fyve of them ar not sealed and that thother fiyve ar greene and not sufficientlye tanned being the goodds of Rejoiolde Michell of Downton tanner w'ch the said Reynolde Mitchell did sell or p'fer to sell and putto sale within this Cittye w'ch said leather the said searchers and veywers do affirme not to be sufficientlye tanned they pray that the same may be tryed according to the statut in that behalfe made and p'vided. But that the said leather is insufficientlye tanned contrarye to the said statut. Whereuppon the said Mr. Maior afterwards (that is to saye on twesdaye the seaventh of ffebruarye being a m'kett daye called before him Richard Merefield John Russell tanners, Tho. Staples Wm. ffrowde als p'sons shoemakers Phillip Crook curryers and Ralphe Tomlyns sadlers not being of affinitye or kynne to the said Reynold Mitchell being sworne who upon theire oaths the said seaventh day of ffebruarye 1631) doe affirme that fyve hydes of the said tenn hydes are not sealed according to the statut and that the other hydes of the said tenn hydes are insufficientlye tanned contrarye to the lawe and statut and the said hydes of leather ar valewed at xxiij s. iiij d. and the forfeyture thereof is to be devided according to the statut. Henry Biley maior." " Jany 23, 1631. Before the right AVor'll Henrye Bylye, Maior — Henry Harlock, butcher, and William Bryne, butcher, were sworn earners (abreviation of carniferers, searcher of flesh) of the Citty, to view and take notice of all flesh to be sold in the Markett, whether it be good and wholesome." " October 14, 1641. Carners triers and Searchers The day and yeare abovesaide the parties under men'coned are elected chosen appointed & sworne to be carners to searche & view the killinge & sellinge of holsome victuall within this Cittye viz. Robert Rice & John Poulter." APPOINTMENT OF COAL DEALERS. 241 Garners Oath. " You shall sweare that you and either of you shall well and truely doe yo'r offices of earners in searchinge vieweinge and consideringe the killinge and sellinge of good and wholesome Beefes, Muttons, Veales, Lambes, Porkes, and all other fflesh comonly solde or to be solde, within this Citty, by any Butcher or Butchers either inhabiteigne or resortinge to this Citty to sell the same sorts. And that if you fuide any such unwholsome Victualls you make due presentment and certify the same to Mr. Mayor or his deputy without any favor or afEecion, soe helpe you God." The next extracts relate to the dealers in coal (principally charcoal from the New Forest) . There were only six coal dealers licensed for the City, and those appointed received an official chain and badge from the Corporation, which they were required to wear when selling coal. There are four sets of brass chains and badges, at present in the Municipal Offices, but these are of a later date ; the badge is a shield bearing the arms of the city, charged upon a double-headed eagle, with an inscription on the back " N. Still, Mayor 1782." " M'd. That the two & twentieth daye of April! in the sixth yeare of the Raigne of o'r Souerigne Lord Charles the King's Matie that no we is of England &c. 1630 according to the order of Sessions holden in the said Cittye the nyneth daye of this instant moneth of Aprill theis persons whose names are vnder written are appointed to be Cole bearers w'thin this Cittye and none others w'thout consent & allowance of the Maior & Justic's of the peace w'thin the said Cittye or the greater p'te of them, w'ch Cole bearers are appointed to weare the badge delyu'ed to them. Jerrom Parkes Nicholas Gawen & his wyffc Xpofer Bennett & his wyfle Winifrede Payne, vid. Jane Cole, vid. Alice Xpofers, vid." " xvj September 1636 ffosasmuch as Maurice Hawkcns & John Allen, coalcarryers, have of late very much abused & 242 SEARCHERS, VIEWERS AND SEALERS. Cheated the Cittizens of this Cittie in selling sackes of Coles that have not been of the assize appointed by the Statute, as also by selling of charcoal out of the open markett. I doe therefore (being Gierke of the markett within the said Citty) suspend them the said Maurice Hawkens & John Allen from selling & carrying of Coles within the said Citty & of this order they are to take notice as they will answer their contempt at their p'ill. Tho. Ejenton Maior." On January 17, 1740, the following were appointed by the Mayor as coal bearers for one year and were ordered to wear "ye badges and chains in sight" : — John Woodford, Jno. Warden, Jams. Naish, Wm. Brownjohn, Hen. Bishop, and Jno. Blake. " Whereas Jno. Warden sold & delivered Charcoal in New Street without bringing ye same into the market & not measuring the said Coles there according to Orders given. I do as Clerk of ye market suspend the said John Warden from carrying any Coles till further Order & have accordingly taken his Badge from him. Given under my hand & seale of oflQ.ce of Mayoralty of ye said City this 20th Octor. 1740. Wm. Stone Mayor." "October 30, 1740. Mem"d'. Reinstated Jno. Warden on his submission & promising never to offend again in the like and gave him his Badge again. N.B. — At ye same time sent for ye rest of ye Coal Carryers and acquainted them in case they presumed to carry any Coles for the future without having the same brought into the market and measured there, they should be prosecuted for ye same or have their Badges taken from them ; & not permitted to carry any more Coles. Mem"d'. — At ye same time Tho. Woodford ye Father is appointed carrier in the stead of his son John Woodford, whose Badge was deliver'd to ye Father accordingly." ARMS OF THE SALISBURY BAKERS' COMPANY. Salishury Museum {vide 2Jage 253), 243 CHAPTER XV. THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. Mention of these crafts appears in the SaUsbury Corporation records as early as the beginning of the XV. century ; the bakers, " Pistores," as one fraternity, the wardens being Wilham Colyn and William Swengil. The cooks, " Coci" (Coqui), were included with the Barber Surgeons, " Barbitons(ores)," in another Guild, the war- dens being Nich(ola)us Wedgrove and Thomas Hurde. The ancient ledgers show that both Guilds provided each their quota of men and money for the King's service in 1440, 1475, and on many subsequent occasions. The history of both fra- ternities is very obscure during the XV. and XVI. centuries. They appear to have made offerings at St. Edmund's Church upon their Guild festivals, but there are very few references to either of them in the records of the Corporation. At this period the leading features of their rules and regulations probably resembled those of the London Bakers' Guild, respecting which some interesting infor- mation is to be found in " The White Book" of the City of London ("Liber Albus"). Among ihe ordinances that were compiled for this Guild about the year 1400 is the following : — " Two loaves shall be made for one penny, and four loaves for one penny ; and no loaf shall be baked from bran. And that no baker shall sell bread before his oven but only in the market of his Lordship the King. And if anyone is found selling in his house, he shall be amerced in the 244 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. sum of xl s. And that no one shall buy such bread under pain of losing the loaf. And that each baker shall have his own seal, as well for brown bread as for white bread, that so it may be better known whose bread it is." . , . " And no baker of white bread shall make tourte (brown) bread, and no one who makes tourte shall make white bread. And that no baker shall buy corn to sell again. And that no baker who makes tourte bread shall sell his flour to cooks for pastry." Under these ordinances a baker was not allowed to give the "regratess" (the woman who retailed bread from house to house) the "handsel money" of sixpence on Monday, or the "curtesy money" of threepence on Friday, but instead he was bound to give her thirteen loaves for the price of twelve. In January, 1554, the Mayor and Corporation of Salisbury made an order that all common bakers dwelling within the City should grind their wheat and other grain at the Mi; Is within the City, caUed the Bishop's Mills. After the City had received its Charter of Incorporation from James I., the whole of the Companies (except the Tailors and the Weavers, both of which were corporations under Royal Charters) received new constitutions from the Mayor and Commonalty. The orders of the Bakers and the Cooks, as one Company, were sealed in 1613, but in 1620, owing to a dispute, these orders were revoked, and the Cooks were constituted a separate Company. Their officials, consisting of a Warden, a Chamber- lain, a Steward, a Clerk and a Yeoman, were to be chosen on the Wednesday before Whitsun- tide, their (east being held on Midsummer Day. Amongst their privileges was the sole right to HORSE BREAD. 245 make cakes and sweet bread, except on certain occasions. The Bakers' Company, as re-consti- tuted in 1622 were to elect their officials on the Tuesday in Easter Week, consisting of two Wardens, one Chamberlain, one Steward, a Clerk, and a Yeoman, their feast to be held on the Wednesday before the feast of St. Matthew. In the new orders granted to the bakers in 1622, the bakers were prohibited from making other than plain bread, except for Good Friday and Christmas, and for funerals. The order reads as follows: — "No free brother, or free sister, shall at any time hereafter make, utter or sell bread, made with butter or milk, spice cakes, buns, biscuits or other spice bread, being bread out of assize, except it be before spoken* for funerals, or upon the Friday before Easter, or at Christmas, upon pain to forfeit for every default 10/-. And no free brother or sister shall at any time hereafter, sell or utter but three loaves of horse-breadf for a penny, and thirteen to the dozen, and those loaves to be made according to the assize, upon penalty of 10/- for each offence. . . . No free brother, or free sister, shall sell bread in the Market upon pain to forfeit 10/- for each offence, and no free brother, or free sister, shall hereafter lend any money to any innholder or victualler, to the intent or purpose to get his or their custom, upon penalty of three pounds for each offence." In 1635 the Corporation Ledger contains the following entry respecting the Bakers' Company : — " Upon the humble petition of the Company e of Bakers of this Cittey now exhibited, yt is ordered, That such of the bretheren or sisters of the Company of bakers within the Cittey as shall at any tyrae hereafter by any color, shifte, or manner * Bespoken, or ordered beforehand. t Horse loaves, a kind of bread formerly given to horses. It was anciently a common phrase to say that a diminutive person was no higher than three horse loaves (Halli well's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words). 246 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. whatsoever sell, geve, or utter above thirteen penny e-worthe of breade to the dozen shall not have the loane or benefitte of any of the moneye or stocke of the sayde Companye for the year next followmg. And if anye p'son shalle a second tyme offend therein then suche p'son shall be utterlye barred and disabled from having the loane or benefitte of anye such money or stockes of the sayde Companye for all tymes hereafter." It may be explained that it was the custom for each Company to grant loans from the common chest to such of its members as required assistance, and the members once a year received a report from their officials as to the state of the chest. When the chest was well supplied, and money had accumulated, an order was usually made that a certain portion of their stock — generally one half — should be taken out of the chest and divided amongst the members. In 1637 the viewers were ordered to try all bread once a month at least. This power of searching for defective bread continued until the end of the XVIII. century. Respecting the assize of bread, to which reference has been made, it may be stated that from the XIII. century the State, by enactment, regulated the price of bread, ale and fuel, to prevent fraud in weight and adulteration. This system was continued down to the early part of the XIX. century, and very strict regulations were made for the guidance of those whose duty it was to make the assize. The assize, which was governed by the price of wheat, appears to have been changed every few months in Salisbury during the XV. century, but the agreement that was made early in the preceding century (1306) between the Bishop, Simon de Gandavo, and the Commonalty of Salisbury (a copy of which is in ASSIZE OF BREAD. 247 the Corporation Muniment Room) contains an article that " An assize of bread shall be given in each week by the Mayor and the Bishop's Bailiff, both being present." From an interesting old work, " Artachthos, or a New Booke declaring the Assize or weight of Bread, and conteining divers orders set forth by His Ma' ties most honble Privie Comicell," by John Penkethman (London, 1638), we learn that in the IVth year of Henry VHI. the Privy Council ordered " That the bakers shall make and bake to be sold, farthing white bread, half-penny white, penny white; half-penny wheaten, penny wheaten ; penny household, and two-penny household ; and none of greater size, upon paine of forfeiteinge all such greater bread to bee distributed amongst poore people, the time of Christmas always excepted." In the Vlllth year of the same reign, by com- mand of the Privy Council, " A Tryall was made of a quarter of wheat, viz., two parts thereof into wheaten bread, one part into white bread, and the fourth part into household bread." In the 31st year of Edward I. the assize or weight of bread was ordained not to be changed, but by the increase or decrease of sixpence in the price of a quarter of wheat in the Market, so that the price of wheat rising or falling sixpence in the quarter, the assize or weight of bread would be diminished or augmented accordingly. The assize was determined by the market value of the quarter of wheat plus the authorised allowance ior the baker's expenses and profit, e.g., by the statute of the assize, 51 Hen. III. (1266), when 248 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. wheat was xii d. the quarter, the baker was allowed — J Three Servants Two lads . . Salt Yeast or kneading Candle Wood His boultell Two loaves for advantage d. n 2 1 2 1 2 1 i in all 6i and his bran. Consequently the baker was obliged to arrange the weight of his loaves so that the bread which he made from a quarter of wheat should be sold for a sum not exceeding 18Jd. In the time of Edward I., "as it seemeth, and as the olde booke of assize (which hath relation to the statute of Winchester) declareth," the baker was allowed — d. Growt and Furning . . .. 3 Wood .. 3 The Journey Men .. 31 For^ Two pages Salt Yeast Candles or Prentizes • ■ * \His ty-dog* .. 1 in all 13d. and his bran. " Anno 1497, 12th Henry VII., and as the saide booke of Assize declareth ; when the best wheat * Tie-Dog=a bandog or mastiff (HalHwell's Diet.). Bandog, according to to Nares, a dog always kept tied up on account of his fierceness, and with a view to increase that quality in him, which it certainly would do. Bewick describes it as a species of mastiff, produced by a mixture with the bull-dog (Halliwell's Diet.). THE BAKERS' PROFIT REGULATED. 249 was sold at 7s., the second at 6s. 6d., and the third at 6s. the quarter," the baker was allowed — (Furnace and wood . . . . 6d. Tlie Miller . . . . . . 4d. Two Journey-men and Two Apprentizes 5d. Salt, Yeast, Candle, and Sack-bands . . 2d. Himselfe, his House, his wife, his dog and his cat . . . . . . 7d. in all 2s. and the Branne to his advantage. June, 1592 (34th Eliz'^), " It was presented by a Jury neere London before the Gierke of the Market of her Maiesties household, that the best wheat was 21s. 4d., the second at 18s. 8d., and the third at 16s. the quarter ; and that the bakers should have allowed unto them for the baking of a quarter of wheat in and neere about London 6s. lOd., which was then allowed by the said Gierke of the Market to be so, in regarde to the great charges and prices of every thing, w'ch was the much more than in former times, the said allowance being made as followeth, viz. : — s. d. /Fuell 6 Two journeymen and two boyes . . 18 Yeast .. .. .. ..10 For \ Candles and salt . . . . . . 4 Himselfe, his wife, children and house rent .. .. ..2 VThe Millers tole . . . . ..14 in all 6 10 This allowance was afterwards reduced to 6s. to every baker inhabiting any city or corporate town where white, wheaten, and household bread was baked and sold, " the rather in respect of their great e^charges, and bearing of scot and lot 250 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. Upon all impositions." Bakers not living in a city or corporate town, or inhabiting a city or corporate town in which only white and household bread was made, " shalle have 4s. in allowance and no more." The official measure, a bronze Winchester bushel, which was sent to Salisbury soon after the accession of Henry VII. (1485) is now to be seen in the Salisbury Museum, where it was deposited by the Corporation in 1865, together with the wooden sub-divisions of it. This bronze measure, which stands on three legs, is 10 inches high and 19 J inches in diameter. Running round the outer surface is the following : — HENRICUS . SEPTIMUS . DEI . GRA(REX)CIA . REX . HANGLIE . ET . FRANCIE. Also a Tudor rose, crowned, a portcullis and a white greyhound, the three badges of Henry VII. It will be noticed that the inscription has been blundered by the caster, who inserted a redundant REX between GRA and CIA. Under the GRA is engraved a letter S for Sarum, and lower down an anchor, probably the mark of the workman. Statute Henry III. (1266). ''That if a baker be convicted for not keeping his assize, the first, second, and third time he shall be amerced according to the quantit^^ of his offence, so as he offend not above 2s. (which is an ounce and 4:"^ weight) in his farthing loafe, but if he shall exceed 2s. then he is to be sett on the Pillorie without redemption by money ; also, if he offend often, though under 2s. and will not amend, he shall be set on the Pillorie." In the 31 Eliz'^. it was enacted, " That a baker, if his bread of a farthing be found wanting but CO o Of CQ MUSTY MEAL. 251 2s 6d. (which is an ounce and a halfe) he shall be amerced, and if it want more weight than that, he shall be sett on the Pillory, and shall not redeem it by gold nor silver All unlawfull bread may bee taken away by the Clark of the Markett, or by his deputie, or by the Maiors, Bayliffes, or other officers of Citties, Corporate Townes and Liberties (or by the Master and Wardens of the Company of Bakers of the citie of London), and distributed to poore prisoners and other poore people." Order by the Privy Council : — " An order for Musty Meale. If anye person shall sell anye meale deceiptfulley mixed, musty or corrupt, which may be to the hurt of mans body, or by anye deceiptfull meanes or false sleight, so to deceive the subjects, ffor the first offence he shall be griev'ously amerced, ffor the seconde he shall loose his meale, ffor the third he shall suffer the judgemente of the Pillorie. And for the fourth time, he shall forsweare the towne where he dwelleth." The following is copied from one of the old MSS. in the Sahsbury Corporation Muniment Room : — Civitas Novae Sarum. The Assize of Bread. The iiij Day of December in the xxiijth yeare of the Raigne of our Sou'aigne Lord Charles the Seconde by the grace of God of England, Scotland, ffrance and Ireland, King, Defender of the faith &c., Annoq Dni 1672. The names of the Bakers of the citty aforesaid who appeared the day and yeare aforesaid before Robert Jones, Gent, Mayor of the said citty and fixed their usual marks whereby they make their bread w'ch they seu'ally make for sale. Hen. Gauntlet Junr., ffran Man'ing, Hen. Gauntlet Senr., Edward Martyn 252 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. Senr., Elias Bell, Wm. Prater Senr., John Bowles, Alex. Williams, Edward Gardner, Rich. Myles. At w'ch time the said Bakers had an Assize of Bread sett them as followeth, vizt. At XXX s. the Quarter w'th the com'on allowance. The Penny White Loafe, eleven ounces and a quarter. The Permy Wheaten Loafe xv ounces iii qt. and iii d. weight. The Penny Householde Loafe xxii ounces and xj d. weight. Egbert Jones, Mayor. The Tenth day of July 1673. At xxxviii s. the Quarter w'th com'on allowance. The Penny White Loafe, eight ounces iii quarters and iii d. weight. The Penny Wheaten Loafe xiii ounces and a quarter and ii d. weight. The Penny Household Loafe xvi ounces iii quarters and j d. weight. Robert Jones, Mayor. The Eighth day of September 1673. At xlij s. the Quarter, w'th com'on allowance, vizt. The Penny White Loafe, seven ounces and j d. weight. The Peimy Wheaten Loafe xij ounces. The Penny Household Loafe xv ounces and ii d. weight. Hatcher, in his History of Salisbury, alludes to a portrait that belonged to the Bakers' Com- pany, but which at the time he compiled his book had been for several years in the possession of a Mr. Dennis, a baker, of Salisbury. The picture bore the following inscription : — *' Mr. William Windover, Merchant in Newe Sarum, deceased ye XXIX of January 1632, hath geven to the Company of Bakers ye some of fifty pounds, to' be ynjoyed to a man yerely for ever, Amen." At the corners of the picture were four Coats of Arms, inscribed respectively: — "I bred him"; '' But I fedd him " ; "I made him free " ; " Yet knowne by me." The first was his family coat, ARMS OF THE SALISBURY BAKERS. 253 viz., sable, two bars argent, in chief three demi- Hons of the second ; the second, the arms of the Merchant Adventurers ; the third, the Salters' Company ; the fourth, his Merchant's Mark with the date 1634. Below were the names of the wardens of the Bakers' Company for the year in which the picture was painted, viz., John Odell and William Webb, wardens, 1634. The picture was probably a copy of the portrait of William Windover* which now hangs in the Salisbury Council House, and which came from the Shoemakers' Hall. William Windover, who was a merchant at Salisbury, gave fifty pounds each to six of the Trade Companies of the City, including the Shoemakers and the Bakers. Among the many interesting memorials of the ancient Guilds and Companies to be seen in the Salisbury Museum are two from the Bakers' Company, one, a carved model (gilt) of a roll of bread, which was the emblem that was carried on a wand by the Company upon public occasions. The other is a large framed panel, on which is depicted the achievement of the Salisbury Bakers {videpsige 243). Above the arms is the date 1611 and the letters C.G. and E.O., these being the initials of the two wardens of the Company at that time, viz., Christopher Gardiner and Elias Odell. The colours of the painting are somewhat faded, but the blazon appears to be : — (Gules) three sheaves (or), a chief barry wavy of four (sable and argent), over all issuing in the chief a hand (proper) holding a pair of scales (or). Crest : An esquire's helmet mantled (proper) ; on a wreath (argent and azure) two arms cmbowcd * William Windover, vide page 259. 254 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. holding with both hands a chaplet of wheat ears (proper). Supporters : Two bucks (or), each with a chaplet of wheat ears round the neck. Motto : Prais . God . For . All. Civitas nove Sanim. Orders and Constitucons for tlie Company of Bakers w'thin the Cittye of newe Sarum had made and agreed on at a Com'on Councell of the said Citty there holden by the Mayor and Comynalty of the same Citty on the seaventh Day of Aprill in the seaven and twentieth yere of the reigne of o'r sou'aigne Lord Charles the second by the grace of God, Kinge of England Scotland ffrance and Ireland Defender of the faith &c. Annoq Dni 1675. 1. Inp'imis it is ordered that the said Company for the better puttinge in execucon of theire orders and for the better orderinge and governinge of themselves theire servants and apprentices shall for ever hereafter have twoe Wardens, one Chamberlaine, one Steward, one Clerke and one yeoman yerely hereafter to be chosen. And for this p'sent yere William Gardner & Elias Odell are chosen Wardens, Augustine Prator is chosen Chamber- laine, Charles Davis is chosen Steward, Ambrose Ringwood is chosen Clerke and Willm Prator ye younger is chosen yeoman of the said Company to remain and continue in their said office vntill the Tuesday in Easter Weeke next ensuinge and vntill others shalbe chosen. 2. Item it is further ordered that it shall and may be lawful! to and for the Wardens and brethren of this Company or the greatest number of them, as often as they shall thinke fitt, to assemble and meete together at theire hall or at any other fitt place wthin this Citty, for the elecc'on of theire officers, for the puttinge in execucon theire orders and for the better orderinge themselves and theire Company. 3. Item it is further ordered that the Wardens and brethren of this Company or the greatest number of them shall in theire assembly to be holden on Tuesday in Easter weeke yerely for ever electe nominate and choose Twoe Discreete and sufficient men of theire Company to be theire Wardens, one other of theire Company to be theire Chamberlaine, one other of theire Company to be theire Steward, one other fitt person to be theire Clerke, FINES FOR REFUSIXG OFFICE. 255 and one other to be theire yeoman, to remain and continue in theire said several! offices, for one whole yere then next followinge and vntill others shalbe chosen in theire places. 4. Item it is farther ordered that yf any freeman of this Company to be elected nominated and chosen to execute any of the said office, or offices, shall Dye or Departe out of this Citty before the expiracon of his and theire tyme of bearinge office, or shall refuse or Deny to take on him or them the execucon of the office he is chosen vnto, That then it shall and may be lawfull to and for the said Wardens and brethren or the greatest number of them to Assemble themselves together, and to electe and choose one or more in the place or places of office of such as shall Dye, Departe this Cittye or refuse to take on him or them the execucon of any the said offices, To remaine and continue in theire said offices vntill the next eleccon Day and vntill others shalbe chosen. 5. It is farther ordered that yf any freeman of this Company w'ch shalbe elected chosen and nominated to beare or execute any of the said offices of Wardens, Chamberlaine or Steward in this Company in manner and forme aforesaid, shall refuse or Deny to take vpon him or them the execucon of that office wharevnto he or they shalbe chosen. That then it shall and may be lawfull to and for the Wardens and brethren of this Company or the greatest part of them in theire assembly to ympose and Assesse vpon every one that shall soe refuse to take on him the said office of a Warden a ffine of fforty shillings, And vpon every one that shall refuse to take on him the said office of a Chamberlaine a ffine of Twenty shillings and vpon every one that shall refuse to take on him the office of a Steward, a ffine of twenty shillings To and for the use of this Company. 6. Item it is farther ordered that every brother of this Com- pany that shalbe elected and Chosen Chamberlaine or Steward of this Company and shall take vpon him the execucon of that office shall wthin Ten dayes next after his eleccon give bondc to the Wardens of this Company yf he shalbe therevnto required in such a sume as they shall thinke fitt, that he shall at every eleccon day give a true accompte of such moneyes as they shall have received to the vse of this Company and then to pay to the wardens the surplusage of such money as shalbe remayninge vpon theire accompts vpon payne that every one that shall not soe give bond shall forfeit to the vse of this Company the sume of fiorty shillings. 256 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. 7. Item it is farther ordered that every free brother of this Company vpon Warninge to be given by the yeoman of this Company shall Come to the Assemblies and attend the wardens at theire ffeasts and to the funeralls of every brother or sister or vpon any other fitt occasion vpon payne that every one that shall make Defaulte havinge noe reasonable excuse to be allowed by the wardens or one of them shall for every such offence forfeite and loose to the vse of this Company twelve pence. 8. Item it is farther ordered that yf any freeman of this Company shall at any assembly or elswhere misbehave himselfe towards the Wardens of this Company or either of them in givinge vnseemly words or speeches, or otherwise, And shalbe thereof convicted by the Common Consent of the most parte of this Company at an assembly, That then every such offender shall forfeite and loose to the vse of this Company the sume of Ten shillings. 9. Item it is farther ordered that the widowe of every free brother of this Company shall or may after the Death ofi her husband vse and keepe her husband's trade duringe soe longe tyme as shee shall continue a widowe and be conformable to theis order and noe longer, and the apprentices of the husband of such widowe and such other apprentices as she shall take shall serve her as apprentices soe long as shee shall keepe her husband's trade and remaine a widowe vpon paine that every sister shall for every moneth that shee shall vse her husband's trade con- trary to this order shall forfeite and loose to the said Company Twenty shillings. 10. Item it is farther ordered that every free brother and free sister of this Company that shall hereafter take any appren- tice shall w'thin sixe monethes next after the takinge of such apprentice inroU his Indenture or the effecte thereof in the ledger booke of this Company and shall pay for his inroUm't of every apprentice to the vse of this Company twoe shillings, and to the Clerke for makinge the Indenture eighteene pence, and for his inrollinge thereof sixepence and to the yeoman sixepence vpon payne to forfeyte for every apprentice that shall not be soe inroUed the sume of five shillings. 11. Item it is farther ordered That every apprentice that shall have inrolled his Indentures as aforesaid and shall have served out his apprenticeshipp according to theis orders and shall at any Common Councell of this Citty be made a free Cittizen shall vpon request to be made at any assembly to be "SPICE CAKES, BUNNES AND BISKETTS." 257 holden for tliis Company be made a free brother of this Company vnles there shalbe sufficient cause then shewed by his M'r or Mistres or any other to the contrary vpon his voluntary takinge of the oath of a freeman of this Company, and vpon paymt. to the vse of this Company of the sume of three shillings & fower pence, to the Clerk for enteringe his freedome twelve pence, and to the yeoman sixe pence, 12. Item it is farther ordered That everyone that heretofore hath beene an apprentice w'th any free brother of this Company and hath served out his apprenticeshipp and hath not paid any money towards the procuringe of the Charter for the In- corporac'on of this Cittye shall before he be made a freeman of this Company pay to the vse of this Company the sume of fforty shillings, to the Clerke for entringe his freedome eighteen pence, and to the yeoman sixe pence. 13. Item it is farther ordered that yf any free brother of this Company shall leave off his trade or dye, or yf any free sister of this Company shall Dye, leave off her trade or be married, whereby theire apprentices cannot serve out theire tymes. Then every such apprentice shall serve out the residue of his apprenticeshipp w'th some such free brother or free sister of this Company as the said apprentice shall gett or procure to take him and in Default thereof w'th some brother or sister of this Company to be appointed and provided by the wardens vpon payne that every ajjprentice that shall not serve out the residue of his apprenticeshipp according to this order shall not be made a free man of this Company. 14. Item it is farther ordered that noe free brother or sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter give or allowe to any above Thirteene to the Dozen in any allowance vpon man's bread vpon payne to forfeite for every offence to the vse of this Company the sume of Ten shillings. And it is ordered that the Wardens of this Company for the tyme beinge shall have power to enquire after and Discover such as shall Doe Contrary to this order. 15. Item it is farther ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter make vtter or sell any bread made w'th butter or milke, spice cakes, bunncs, bisketts or other spice bread beinge bread out of Assize (except it be before bespoken for funeralls or vpon the ffriday befoie Easter, or at Christmas vpon payne to forfeite for every dcfaulte Ten shillings to the vse of this Company. 258 THE BAKERS AND THE COOKS. 16. Item it is father ordered that noe free brother or sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter sell or vtter more than three loaves of horse bread for a permy and thirteene to the Dozen and these loaves to be made accordinge to the assize vpon payne to forfeite and loose for every ofience the sume of Ten shillings to the vse of this Company. 17. Item it is farther ordered That noe free brother or free sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter bake any bread to sell or vtter the same but accordinge to the Assize, That is to say twoe penny bread, peny bread, and halfe penny bread, and none of greater Assize, vpon payne to loose to the vse of this Company for every offence the sume of Ten shillings. 18. Item it is farther ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter sell or vtter any bread in the markett w'thin this Cittye vpon payne to forfeyte and loose for every such offence the sume of Ten shillings to the vse of this Company. 19. Item it is farther ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Company shall at any tyme hereafter lende any money to any Inneholder, or Victualer to the intente or purpose to sett or procure his or theire Custome in vttringe of bread vpon payne to forfeyte for every offence to the vse of this Com- pany the sume of Three pounds. 20. Item it is farther ordered that every free brother and every free sister shall pay quarterly to the use of this Company fower pence and every Journeyman twoe pence vpon payne that every free brother and free sister that shall not pay his or her quartridge shall forfeite twelve pence and every Journey- man for the like Default sixe pence to the vse of this Company. 21. Item it is farther ordered that every free man or free sister of this Company w'ch shall take or reteyne any foreyner to worke as a Journeyman shall w'thin fourteene dayes next after such reteyninge of him pay to the vse of this Company out of his wages for free workinge money the sume of twelve pence. 22. Item it is farther ordered that yf any brother or sister of this Company w'ch shall at any tyme hereafter forfeyte loose or incurre any of the ffines paynes or penalties in theis orders or any other hereafter to be made, menc'oned, and Conteyned in the orders of this Company shall not pay the said flSnes paynes and penalties to the Chamberlaine of this Company w'thin twoe monethes next after he shall Demaund the same by warrant vnder the hands of the Wardens of this Company, That then WILLIAM WINDOVER (Bexefactor, 1633). Salisbury Bakers' Company. " COUNTREY MYLLERS." 259 every such offender shall forfeyte and loose to the vse of this Company for such his Default of paym't soe much money as shalbe soe Demaunded by warrant, And yf any brother or sister w'ch shall make any such forfeiture for non paym't of the said fines and penalties as aforesaid shall not pay the said money soe Demaunded by warrant and soe much more to be forfeyted for non payment as aforesaid to the Chamberlaine of this Company w'thin three monethes next after he shall Demaunde the same by warrant vnder the hands of the wardens, That then it shall and may be lawfuU to and for the wardens and brethren of this Company or the greatest number of them in theire assembly to Disfranchize every such Delinquent from theire Company, And vpon notice to be given of any such offender to the Mayor and Cominalty of this Citty at any Comon Councell of this Cittye, the said offence to be examined and the party Delinquent to be Disfranchized of this Cittye, yf to the Common Councell it shall seeme fitt. 23. Item it is farther ordered That all fines penaltyes and forfeitures to be forfeyted lost and incurred for non performance of any of theis orders shalbe paid to the Chamberlaine of this Company, And the same together w'th all other the monies and stocks of this Company shalbe from tyme to tyme bestowed ymployed vsed and Disposed to and for the good and benefitt of this Company in such manner and sorte as the wardens and brethren of this Company or the greatest parte of them at theire assemblies shall order appointe and thinke fitt. 24, Item it is farther ordered and agreed that this Company shall keepe theire ffeast yerely on the Wednesday before the ffeast of St. Mathewe the apostle. The above written are the orders they formerly had, And they nowe desire that to the said orders may be added An order that noe baker shalbe made a free Cittizen w'thout the Consente of this Company or the greatest parte of them. And that noe spice bread nor any bread w'ch is not justifiable by lawe shalbe sold either in the markctt or carryed about the Citty to be sold. Except in ye time of Lent. And lastly that the Countrey Myllers might be restrayned from sellinge meale in the markett. 260 CHAPTER XVI. THE BUTCHERS. This Guild is said to have been founded at the beginning of the XV. century, but it appears in the Corporation Ledger for the first time in 1440. In tliat year a convocation of the Mayor and citizens was held at the Council House (" Semplehous "), at which the butchers (''Boch's") were represented by the two wardens of their Guild, viz., John Chypenham and John Baker. The first named, who appears to have been a member of the Corporation (one of the 48), is referred to in the Chamberlain's accounts for the 3^ears 1448 — 9, " Item, Paid Ixvi s. viii d. to William Hore (alderman) for a Pipe of wine, and xxiv s. to John Chyppenham Bocher for beefs and muttons, bought for a present to Lord Molyns" ; and the accounts for the following year show that John Chyppenham paid a fine of xl s. to be excused from serving the offices of " Alderman and Prsepositus." The Guild of *' bochers " supplied " ablemen defensible harney- sede " for the King's service upon many occasions during the years 1440 — 90. There is some evidence to show that the rank of houses (Ox Row) on the north side of the present Butcher Row, which are opposite the Blue Boar Row, were standing in the middle of the XVI. century, but that during the XIV. and XV. centuries the butchers' stalls, 24 in number, were placed in a line along the south side of the Market Square, where are now the houses known as Ox Row. THE butchers' STALLS. 261 The present Butcher Row Road (then a portion of the Market) divided the hne of butchers' stalls from the rank of shops and houses that were occupied by the butchers who were freemen and members of the Guild ; and the slaughtering place for the Salisbury butchers was on the large open space at the rear of the shops and above the ditch (New Canal), which had been excavated in 1345 to replace a smaller channel. The " fforreyner " or stranger butcher was not allowed to kill in the City. He was obliged to bring his meat into the town dressed ready for sale ; on the other hand, the Salisbury butcher was not permitted to send his skins out of the City, but was ordered, under a penalty, to dispose of them for the use of the City craftsmen who were engaged in the leather industry. During the mayoralty of William Waryn, and in the third 3^ear of Henry V. (1416), the following orders were issued by the Mayor and Corpora- tion : — " That stranger butchers should not be removed from the places appointed them by the Mayor without reasonable cause, and comon and solemn convocation of the citizens and comons of the city." " That all stranger Victuallers, as well butchers as fishmongers, should be altogether separated in their stations from the Victuallers of the city ; and that no resident within the city should receive any grain exposed for sale in the market, into his house after the ninth hour for storage, on pain of half a mark, nor any fish nor flesh under the like penalty." " Item. In the time of Walter Waryn, ma^'or, it was ordained that butchers should not slaughter 262 THE BUTCHERS. their beasts in front of the butchers-row in the common street, but in the rear." " Item. That they shall not melt their fat by day, but by night, and that they shall not carry about the foul parts or intestines of their beasts by day, but by night only." " Item. That poulterers and all other vic- tuallers shall sell all that they bring for sale into the city in the common market, and not in an inn, and especially rabbit-sellers, and not by night, but by day." In the time of John Bromle, Mayor, in the sixth year of Henry VI., "It was ordained that stranger fishermen should be separated from the fishermen of the city, and that stranger fishermen should have their stations on the common trench behind the stations of the fishermen of the city." The reason for this arrangement of the fish- stalls is evident. The Guildhall stood on the north side of the Fish Row, which prevented the authorities from placing the stalls of the stranger fishermen in a line with those of the foreign butchers, which, as before stated, were on the north side of the Butcher Row ; consequently they were given a position on the east side of the butchers' slaughtering place, above the great ditch or canal. 1427. " Item, ordered that the possessors of all beasts exposed for sale, shall have their place at ' Bernewellcros ' and * Colverstrete ' for vendyng of them." At this time the regular cattle market was at Barnard's Cross and Culver Street, and New Street, which gave its name to one of the four r THE ANCIENT GREEN MARKET. (Minster Street in 1801). THE CHEESE CROSS. 263 wards into which the City was divided, ran the whole length from the "Nether Bridge" (Crane Bridge) to Barnard's Cross. 3rd Henry V. (1416). "Item, That Victuallers, coming into the City with cheese, milk, grapes, plums, apples, pears, and other fruits, shall be compelled for the future to keep to a place opposite the tenement of Richard Oworde,* now of John Gage, where the New Cross is a building." This cross, which became known as the Cheese Cross, stood between the present Market House and the north end of the present Minster Street, and it is also of interest to notice that this place was the market for milk, which may account for the name " milk sops," which is still applied to the centre path that runs from west to east of the Market Square. The market for poultry and vegetables was at the Poultry Cross, which is referred to as early as 1335, in which year a cession was made to the Dean and Chapter of two tenements " opposite the High Cross where poultry is sold." The present Minster Street, with the Poultry Cross at the south end and the Cheese Cross at the north end, appears to have been used as a market for vegetables and fruit, and is referred to in some ancient documents as the Green Market. The Corn Market was in " Castelstrete." In 1403 a tenement is described as being in " Chipyng- place," opposite the Corn Market, and which extends therefrom to the street called " Chiper- stret." Several authorities inform us that the Wool Market was in " Endlestrete " (Endless Street), * The name of Oworde, which is a very uncommon one in Salisbury, appears in St. Edmund's Churchwardens' Accounts twice during the XV Century. 264 THE BUTCHERS. which in early days extended as far as the four cross roads (Canal and Milford Street), but the Rev. Ed. Duke, in his Halle of John Halle, gives an extract from a deed of purchase in 1467 from William Hore (vintner and alderman) to John Halle (wool merchant and alderman) of tenements and land, which are described as opposite the market where wools are sold (" ex opposite fori ubi lane venduntur"). Upon this evidence Mr. Duke was of opinion that the property referred to in the deed was that on the Canal where the '' Halle of John Halle" was subsequently built, and that con- sequently the Wool Market was on the Canal. But the indenture may have been in connection with the tenements held by John Halle in Win- chester Street, which, at that time, was continued in front of the "Blue Bore" as far as Castle Street. This property appears in Bishop Beau- champ's Liher Niger, rent of assize, " From John Halle for a tenement in Wynchestrestret called le Bolehal." If " le Bolehal " stood at the corner of Winchester Street, it would have been opposite the place where, according to other evidence, the Wool Market was at that time held. A few years later the land on the Canal is called the Wood and Coal Market, and " Endle- strete" is referred to as the market for'^^hemp, linen thread, woollen thread and woollen' stuffs (? yam). There are two indentures in the City Muniment Room which throw some light upon this subject. From one of these we learn that the market for woollen thread was at the south end of " Endle- street," and also that at the junction of the four MARKET FOR HEMP AND THREAD. 265 cross roads, now known as Queen Street, Cath- erine Street, Milford Street and the Canal, there stood another Market Cross of stone : — " Oct. 2nd, 17th Henry VIII." (1525), Indenture by which Stephen Jobson, late of New Sarum, merchant, grants for the sum of £100 his " corner tenement in which John Bremley late lived in Carternstrete on the east side opposite the Stone Cross where woollen thread (filum laneum) is sold " (? now Mr. Cripps' corner). The other document is the will of Gilbert Dubbere, dated January 2nd, 1342, in which he leaves to his son William in fee his " corner tenement called Wimanestrete corner opposite the market where hemp and linen thread are sold (" fori ubi canabum venditur et filum linenum venduntur "). Mr. Hatcher and others were of opinion that "Wimanestrete" or " Wynemanstrcte " was the modern Milford Street. If such was the case, this corner tenement was probably where the premises of Wilkes and Son, ironmongers, now stand ; but the names " Wynmane " and " Wyn- chester" are so often mixed up in ancient documents that it sometimes appears that both names were applied to Winchester Street, which at that time ran from the present Market House corner of Castle Street to the gate at the top of Winchester Street ; e.g., the Chamberlain's account for 1473 shows " rents received 4s. for the Gate called Wynchcst' Gate or Wynmane gate which William Warwyk late rebuilt (' ad-opus Maioris et Communitatis ') which Edmund Pension holds ; and 40s. for the annual quit rent out of the corner tenement called Ic III Cuppys in Wynmanstrete late let to Thomas Hillc of Abing- 266 THE BUTCHERS. don." Other entries refer to " le III Cuppys in Wynchestrestrete," and later entries show that the " Three Cupps Inne " was the corner house in Winchester Street, now in the occupation of Mr. L. S. Luckham, surgeon. On the other hand, a reference is made to a tenement called " Chaunterells corner," between "Wynemanstrete" and the eastern extremity of *' Bocher Row." The Corporation Ledger shows that on the 2nd June, in the first year of Edward V. (1483), it was agreed " that a communicatione may be hadde w'th Maister Baylye of this Cite for the Bocher' s Stalles of the Markett Place occupied by the Bochers to the Mayres behoofe, and the Com'altie to the use of the Chamber." The Maister Baylye above referred to was the bailiff of the Bishop, and, under the Charter of Henry IIL (1227), the income from all markets and fairs belonged to the Bishop ; but in 1491 the Mayor and Corporation succeeded in obtaining from the Bishop a grant of the profits of the markets and fairs for the use of the City. After that year the City Chamberlain's accounts include the rents of the butchers' stalls, &c. " At a convocation, &c. . . . (1491) Item it is appoynted an accorded that whereas John Basket, Gierke of my Lorde the Bysshop of Sarum hathe made a graunte to Thomas Blakker Mayre of Sarum and to the Co'altie of Sarum, of the profites and yssues of all the standyngs in eu'y fayre, markett and all other places w'thyn the seyd Cite to his said office appertaynyng as in the said . . . Wheruppon it is nowe accorded. That as for this yere followynge Will'm Webbe mercer, John Gervays, Will'm Harries, and John Chapman shall have jointlye the settynge oute of all mans bothes, stalles, and standynge places as well in fayres Marketts and other places therwyn the sayd cite to suche p'sones as will reasonablie desire theyme atte suche price as shalbe thought reasonable by the discrecion of the seid William &c. . . . They atte alle tymes callynge RENTS OF BUTCHERS' STALLS. 267 by the advise of the sayd Mayre and a parcell of his brethren of which yssues and profites for the premises by theyme thys yere folo\vynge to be taken. They the sayd William &c. . . . shall att all tymes requyred by the sayd Mayre yelde accompte, and therof to the sayd Mayre make paymente to the use of the Mayre and Co'nes for the tyme beynge. The sayd Will'm and others to have for there labour and Besinesse for the same after the discrec'on of the Mayre and dyvers other of his Brethren." The account of John Fevir and Thomas Holbeme, Chamberlains of the City from Michael- mas, 24 Hen. VII. to the same feast, 1 Hen. VIII. (1508 — 9), " Henry Scrigge Maior," shows among the receipts for rents and profits on fairs a sum of £S 5s. 6d. for the butchers' stalls (Macellorum Carnific' in loco forali) in the Market Place, with 5s. profits on fairs, and among the allowances, " Thomas Miller bocher rent of two stahs (Macellorum) 15s." " In the time of Bene't Davy, Maior. The account of Henry Sexton Chamberlain from Michaelmas 1 and 2 Hen. VIII. (1509—10), 22 Butchers Stalls in the Market-place at 10s. each per annum, sum £11. 2 other stalls there 9s. per annum, 18s. Received from the profits on the Fairs on Tuesday after the Epiphany of our Lord and on Quadragesima 9s. 6d. In Default. 7 Butchers Stalls (Macella sive stalla Carnific') no tenants 70s. 2 others in hand for half the year 10s. Another in hand for three quarters 7s. 6d. Of the stall late held by Peter Malter 12d. Rent in Arrear. Thomas Miller, bocher, for 2 stalls 15s. William Woodledyr, in arrear, 13s. 4d." 268 THE BUTCHERS. 1565, December 11. "It is ordered and de- termyned b}'^ the generall consent of the assemblye, That noe foreine boucher dwelhng oute of this Citie shall at any tyme after Christmas next kill any victuall, nor have or make any slaughter- howse w'thin this Citie of Sarum uppon such paine as the Maior for the tyme being by his discre'con shall appoint to the presumer and offender doinge the contrarie in that behalf." 1568, May 2. " Itt is ordered. That noe boucher of this Citie nor fforeine boucher shall vtter or sell to any p'sone or p'sones any kind of victuall at or in any mans howse, nor carry it aboute the streates to vtter or sell to any p'sone or p'sones, but to sell in theire shoppes and stalles onley." The butchers were re-constituted as a Company in the latter part of Elizabeth's reign, and again in 1614, when the following orders were ratified by the Mayor : — Ci VITAS NovE Sarum. Orders and Constitutions for the Companie of Butchers made and agreed on at the Com'on Councell of the Cittie of Newe Sar : by the Maior Recorder and Com'onaltie of the said Cittie the Six and Twentith Daye of March in the yeares of the Raigne of Sou'eigne Lord James by the grace of God of England Scotland ffrance and Ireland King Defender of the faith &c. That is to saye of England ffrance and Ireland the Eleventh and of Scotland the Six and ffortieth. An Order for Officers and P'sent Nominac'on. Imp'mis. It is ordered and agreed that the said Companie for the better puttinge in execution their orders and for the better orderinge and governinge of themselves their Servaunts and apprentices shall hereafter have two wardens one Chamber- laine two Stewards one Clarck and one yeoman of their Companie and for this pr'sent John Benger and Will'm Penny are chosen Wardens John Cuckney is chosen Chamberlaine John Pennce 06 o a. ORDERS AND CONSTITUTIONS (BUTCHERS). 269 and James Jacob are chosen Stewardes Jokn Batt is chosen Clarck and Kobert Marlowe is chosen yoman of the said com- panie to remaine and continewe in their said seu'all Offices untill the fErydaye next after the ffeast of Easter next ensuinge vntill others shalbe chosen. An Order to Holdb Assemblies. Itm. It is further ordered that it shall and maye be Lawfull to and for the Wardens and Bretheren of this companie or the greatest number of them as often as they shall thinke fitt to Assemble and meete togither at their haule or in any other fitt place w'thin this Cittie for the Election of their Officers for the puttinge in Execution their orders and for the better orderinge and governinge of them themselves and their companie. An Order for the Election of Officers. Itm. It is further ordered that the Wardens and Bretheren of this companie or the greatest number of them shall in their Assemblie to be holden vppon the fErydaye next after the feast of Easter yearly for ever elect nominate and choose two discreet and sufficient men of their Companie to be their Wardens one other of their companie to be their Chamberlaine two others of their Companie to be their Stewards one other fitt parson* to be their Clarck and one other to be their yoman to remaine and continewe in their said seu'all offices for one yeare then next followinge and vntill others shalbe chosen in their places. And yf any parson* or parsons* soe elected and nominated as aforesaid shall refuse to take vppon them the said seu'all offices or shall happen to dye or depart out of this Cittie before the expirac'on of the said yeare of bearinge office that then it shalbe lawfull for the said Wardens and Bretheren or the greatest number of them to assemble and meete togither at their haule and to choose one or more in their place of Office to remaine and continewe in their said seu'all Offices vntill the next Election daye and vntill others be chosen. An Order to Fyne Such as Shall Kefuse to Take on Them Any Office. Itm. It is further ordered That yf any freeman of this Com- panie w'ch shalbe nominated and chosen to beare and execute any of the said offices of Wardens Chamberlaine and Stewardes in manner and forme aforesaid shall refuse to take vppon him the execution of suche Office wherevnto he shalbe soe chosen That then it shall and maye be lawfull to and for the said Wardens and Bretheren of the said Companie or the greatest * "parson" (M.S.), i.e., person. 270 THE BUTCHERS. number of tliem to impose and assesse vppon cv'ie one that shall refuse to take on him the said office of Warden the some of xl s. and vppon ev'ie one that shall refuse to take on him the said office of Chamberlaine the some of xx s. and vppon ev'ie one that shall refuse to take on him the said office of Steward the some of xx s. the same sou' all somes of money to be imployed to the vse of this companie. An Order for Chamberlaines and Stewards Accompt. Itm. It is further ordered That ev'ie Brother of this Com- panie that shalbe elected and chosen Chamberlaine of this Companie and those w'ch shalbe elected and chosen Stewardes of the said companie and shall take on them the execution of the said offices shall w'thin one and Twentie dayes next after their Election give bondes w'th two sufficient Suerties to the wardens of the Companie (yf they shalbe thervnto required) in such a some as they shall thinke fitt. That they shall at the next election daye give a trewe Accompte of suche moneys as they shall have receaved to the vse of the Companie and then to paye to the wardens the surplusage of such money as shalbe remayninge vppon their Accompts vppon payne that ev'ie one that shall refuse to give bonde shall forfeitt to the vse of this Companie the some of xx s. An Order for Cominge to Assemblies and to Attende THE Wardens. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie Brother of this Companie vppon warninge to be geven to him by the yoman of this com- panie shall come to the Assemblies and shall not depart but remaine and continewe there duringe the whole time of the Assemblie and attende the wardens at the feasts and to the funeralls of any Brother or Sister or vppon any other fitt occasion as shalbe thought convenient by the wardens vppon paine that ev'ie one that shall make default havinge noe reason- able excuse to be allowed by the wardens or one of them shall forfeitt to the vse of this companie xij d. for ev'ie oSence. An Order for Such as Shall Abuse the Wardens. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any ffreeman of this Companie shall at any Assemblie or elsewhere misbehave him- selfe towardes the wardens of this companie or either of them in gevinge vnsemely wordes or speeches or otherwise and shalbe thereof convicted by the comon consent of the most part of this companie at an Assemblie, That then ev'ie suche offender AN ORDER FOR WIDOWS. 271 shall forfeitt and loose for his first oSence the some of iij s. iiij d. and for ev'ie offence afterwardes the some of vj s. viij d. to the vse of this Companie. An Order for Widdowes to Vse Their Husbande's Trade. Itm. It is further ordered that the widdowe of ev'ie free Brother of this Companie shall or maye after the death of her husband vse and kepe her husband's trade as a free Sister duringe soe longe time as she shall remaine a widdowe and be conformable to the orders of this companie and noe longer and the apprentices of the husband of suche widdowe and such other apprentices as she shall take shall serve her as apprentices soe longe time as she shall kepe her husbands trade and remain a widdowe vppon paine that ev'ie Sister shall for ev'ie month that she shall vse her husbands trade contrarie to this order forfeitt and loose to this companie xx s. An Order to Enroll Apprentices Allreadie Taken. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie Brother of this companie whoe hath any Apprentice that hath not served out his time shall at the first Assemblie to be holden by this companie inroll the Indenture of ev'ie suche apprentice or the effect therof in the lidger booke of this companie payeinge for the said inroU- ment only to the Clarck of this companie vj d. and also shall within one moneth afterwardes inroll the same indenture or the effect thereof in the Udger booke of the Maior and Comonaltie of this Cittie for the vsuall ffees vppon payne that ev'ie Brother shall forfeitt and loose for ev'ie apprentice that he shall not soe inroll the some of v s. to the vse of this companie. An Order to Enroll Apprentices to be Taken. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie free Brother and free Sister of this companie that shall hereafter take an apprentice shall within six monethes next after the takinge of suche apprentice inroll his indenture in the lidger booke of this companie and shall paye for his inrollment yf his apprentice be the sonne of a free Brother of this Companie to the vse of this Companie xviij d. to the Clarck for the makinge of the Indentures viij d. for the inrollinge iij d. to the yoman ij d. and yf the sonne of any other ffree Cittizen then to the vse of the companie ij s. vj d. to the Clarck for makinge the Indentures xij d. for inrolling iiij d. to the yoman iiij d. and yf the sonne of a forrainer to the vse of the Companie iij h. iiij d. to the Clarck for makinge the Indentures xviij d. for inrollinge vj d. and to the yoman vj d. and shall also inroll ev'ie such Indenture or 272 THE BUTCHERS. the effect therof in the said lidger booke of the said Maior and Com'oualtie of this Cittie for the vsuall ffees vppon payne to forfeitt to and for the vse of this Companie for ev'ie apprentice that shall not be soe inroUed the some of x s. An Order that Noe Apprentice Shall Come Owte of His Time Before the Age of XXIIIJ Years. Itm. It is further ordered that noe apprentice hereafter to be taken by any Brother of this Companie shall come foorth of his apprenticeshipp before the age of xxiiij yeares nor kepe open shopp before he shall attaine to the age of Thirtie yeares vnles he be married vppon payne of looseinge his freedome. An Order to Make Free Apprentices. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'y apprentice that shall have inrolled his Indentures as aforesaid and shall have served out his Apprenticeshipp accordinge to thes orders shall procure himself letters of freedome of this Cittie vnder the com'on scale and afterward shall vppon request to be made at any Assemblie to be holden for this companie be made free of this companie vnles there shalbe sufficient cause then shewed by his Master or Mistress or any other to the contrarie vppon his voluntary takinge of the oath hereunder written and vppon payment yf such apprentice be the sonne of a ffree Brother of this Companie to the vse of this companie ij s. to the Clarck for entering his ffreedome xij d. to the yoman vj d. and yf the sonne of any other ffree Cittizen of this Cittie, to the vse of this Companie iij s. to the Clarck ij s. and to the yoman xij d. and yf the sonne of a forrainer than to the vse of this Companie iij s. iiij d. to the Clark ij s. and to the yoman xij d. An Order to Make Free Apprentices That Have Served. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie one that hath byn Apprentice w'th any ffree Brother of this companie and hath served out his Apprenticeshipp and hath not paid any money towards the procuringe of the Charter for the incorporac'on of this Cittie shall before he be made a ffreeman of this Companie voluntarily take the Oath aforesaid and paye yf he be the sonne of a ffree Brother of this companie to the vse of this Companie ij s. to the Clarck for enteringe his ffreedome xij d. to the yoman vj d. yf the sonne of a ffree Cittizen to the vse of this Companie iij s. to the Clarck ij s. to the yoman xij d. and yf of the sonne of a forrainer to the vse of this Companie iij s. iiij d. to the Clarck ij s. and to the yoman xij d. AN ORDER FOR JOURNEYMEN. 273 An Order for Apprentices to Serve Out Their Time After the Death of Their M'r. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any ffree Brother of this Companie shall leave off his trade or Dye or yf any ffree Sister of this companie shall dye leave off her trade or be married wherby their apprentices can not serve out their times. Then ev'ie such Apprentice shall serve out the residue of his apprentishipp wth some such ffree Brother or Sister of this Companie as the said Apprentice shall gett or procure to take him and in default therof w'th some Brother or Sister of this companie to be ap- pointed and provyded by the wardens vppon payne that ev'ie apprentice that shall not serve the residue of his apprentishipp accordinge to this order shall not be made a ffreeman of this companie and yf the wardens shall not provyde him a Master then to be made a ffreeman of this companie yf he serve w'thin this Cittie vntil his apprentishipp shall or shoulde come out. An Order That None Shall be Journeymen But Such as Have Served Out Their Apprentishipps. Itm. It is further ordered that noe ffree Brother or ffree Sister of this Companie shall entertaine kepe or sett to worck as a journeyman anyone that hath byn or shalbe an apprentice wth any ffreeman of this companie vnless such Journeyman shall have served out his Apprentishipp accordinge to thes orders vppon payne that ev'ie offender shall for ev'ie weeke that he or she shall soe kepe any Journeyman after warninge therof geven forfeitt and loose to the vse of this Companie the some of X s. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any Journeyman to be sett on worck by any ffreeman of this Companie shall depart out of his service w'thout givinge of his Master one Moncthes warninge then noe ffreeman or ffree Sister of this Companie shall kepe or retayne any such Journeyman to worck w'thouf the licens of the Wardens and Bretheren or the greatest number of them vppon payne that ev'ie delinquent shall for ev'ie moneth that he or she shall kepe any Journeyman contrarie to this order after notice therof geven forfeitt and loose to the vse of this company the sum of x s. An Order for Journeymen to Pay Free Workingb Money. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie ffreeman or ffree Sister of this Companie w'ch shall take or retaine any fforrainer to worck as Journeyman shall w'thin fowerteene dayes next after he or she shall soe take them paye to the vse of this companie out of his wages for his working money vj d. 274 THE BUTCHERS. An Order to Paye Quarteridge. Itm. It is further ordered that ev'ie Sree Brother and ffree Sister of this Companie shall paye quarterly to the vse of this companie iij d. and ev'ie Journeyman iiij d. vppon payne that ev'ie firee Brother and ffree Sister that shall not paye his or her quarteridge w'thin one moneth next after demand shall forfeitt to the vse of the companie vj d. and ev'ie Journeyman for the lyke default viij d. An Order That None Shall Kepe More Apprentices Than THE Statute Doth Allowe. Itm. It is further ordered that noe ffreeman shall kepe more apprentices or Journeymen than the Statute doth allowe vppon payne to forfeitt to the vse of this companie soe muche as the penalties and paines in the Statute in that behalfe made is limyted. An Order for Deceitfull Workmanshipp. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any default be pr'sented to the wardens for the time beinge of any vntrue vnlawfull or deceitfull worckmanshipp in any ffree Brother of this Companie and that yf the same shalbe duely proved before the wardens and Bretheren of this Companie or the greatest number of them then the partie soe founde in such default shall forfeitt the some of X s. and in default of not payement thereof ev'ie person and persons soe offendinge shalbe from thencefourth disfran- chised for ever from the said Brotherhood and Companie vnles he conforme himself thervnto. An Order Against Selling op Apprentices. Itm. It is further ordered that noe ffree Brother or ffree Sister of this Companie shall take any Apprentice to the ends to sell and assigne him againe to any other of the same trade wch yf he shall doe or attempt to doe then the wardens for the time beinge shall place the said Apprentice soe solde or offered or intended to be solde at their discretions wth some other honest man of the same trade to serve out the residue of his appren- tishipp wth him. An Order Against Apprentices That Shall Absent Themselves Out of Their Mr's Service. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any apprentice shall absent himself or depart out of his Mr's service without lycens or other lawfull cause soe to doe, that then ev'ie apprentice soe offendinge and retominge againe to his Mr's service shalbe brought and FINES AND PENALTIES. 275 be presented before the wardens and Brothers of this companie or the greatest number of them in their com'on haule and there shall truly declare howe longe he hath byn absent from his Mr before suche time as the Master of such Apprentice shall receave such apprentice into his service againe to the ende that order maye be taken that he maye well and truly serve the full or the lyke terme of his Indentures and yf any Siee Brother or ffree Sister of this companie shall retayne and take such an apprentice into his or her service againe contrarie to the intent of this Article that then ev'ie person and persons soe offendinge shall paye for ev'ie such default x s. to the vse of this Companie. An Order to Paye Fynes and Penalties. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any Brother or Sister of tliis companie wch shall at any time hereafter forfeitt loose and incurr any of the fynes paines or penalties in thes orders menco'ned or conteyned shall not paye the said fynes paines and penalties to the Chamberlaine of this companie wthin two Monethes next after he shall demaund the same by warrant vnder the handes of the wardens of this Companie That then ev'ie such offender shall forfeitt and loose to the vse of this companie for such his default of payement soe much money as shalbe soe demaunded by warrant And yf any Brother or Sister wch shall make any such forfeyture for non payement of the said fynes paines and penalties as aforesaid shall not paye the said money soe demaunded by warrant and soe muche more to be forfeited for non payement aforesaid to the Chamber- laine of this Companie wthin three monethes next after he shall demaund the same by warrant vnder the handes of the said wardens That then it shall and maye be lawfuU to and for the said wardens and Bretheren of this companie or the greatest number of them in their Assemblie to disfranchise ev'ie suche delinquent from their Companie and vppose notice to be geven of any suche Offender to the Maior and Com'onaltie of this Cittie at the Com'on Councell of this Cittie the said offence to be examined and the partie delinquent to be disfranchised of this Cittie yf to the Com'on Councell it shall seeme fitt. An Order for the Disposinge of the Moneys. Itm. It is further ordered that all the fynes penalties and forfeytures to be forfeyted lost and incurred for not pcrforiiiinge any of thes orders shalbe paid to the Chamberlaine of this Com- panie and the same togither with all other the moneys and stocks of this companie shalbe from time to time imployed bestowed 276 THE BUTCHERS. vsed and disposed to and for the good and benefitt of this Companie in suche manner and sort as the Wardens and Bretheren of this Companie or the greatest number of them at their AssembUes shall order and think fitt. An Order Against Forraine Butchers for Buying Fatt Ware at Barnard's Cross. Itm. It is further ordered That noe forraine Butcher either by himself or by any of his or their Servaunts shall buy any fatt ware either Oxen, Kyne, steeres, shepe or lambes at the markett vsuallie kept for fatt Beasts at Barnards Cross w'thin the said Cittie of Newe Sar' before Nyne of the Clock in the raorninge and also that all fiorraine Butchers and their Servaunts shall give over buyinge and depart out of the same markett by Twelve of the Clock. An Order for Buyinge of Pigges. Itm. It is further ordered that noe inhabitaunt wthin the said Cittie of Newe Sar' except he be a ffree Butcher in the said Cittie nor any fforrayner or Stranger shall in any markett daye buy any fatt piggs in the markett place or wthin any place of the said Cittie vntill it be Eleaven of the Clock. Except Cittizens for their owne provision and after that shall make it for perfect Bacon, and also that noe inhabitant wthin the said Cittie (the Cittizens and free Butchers only excepted) or straunger shall buy any fatt piggs after one of the Clock in the afternoon yf any shall remaine vnsolde. An Order for Standings. Itm. It is further ordered that noe Butcher of this Cittie or forraine Butcher shall have but one standinge in the out shambles of this Cittie vppon payne to forfeitt to the vse of the companie for ev'ie markett daye that any one shall vse two standings the some of iij s. iiij d. An Order Against Butchers that Kill in the Lent Time. Itm. It is further ordered that noe Master Butcher or Journeyman beinge a fireeman w'thin the said Cittie shall kill or sell any kinde of victuall as muttons Calves lambes or piggs in the lent time in any place wthout the said Cittie of Newe Sar' w'thout the leave of the wardens for the time beinge and Bretheren or the greatest Number of them, vppon payne that ev'ie one soe offendinge shall forfeitt and loose for ev'ie time that he doth so offende to the vse of this companie the some CATTLE MARKET AT BARNARD'S CROSS. 277 of V li. And further that noe person or persons either fEreeman or forrayner shall sell or offer to sell any victuall at or in any mans house inhabitinge w'thin the said Cittie or carrie the same victuall about the Streats to sell, but shall sell the same in open shopp or shambles vppon payue that ev'ie person soe offendinge shall forfeitt and loose for ev'ie time he shall soe offende to the vse of the companie x s. An Order Against Strangers for Killinge Any Man's Provision Within the Cittie. Itm. It is further ordered that noe iuhabitaunt w'thin this Cittie havinge any Beefes, muttons, veales, lambes or piggs to kill for his or their owne provision shall sett to worckforthe killinge any such Beefes, muttons, veales, lambes or piggs any fforraine Butcher not beinge a fEreeman in the said Cittie nor any other person or persons but only a Butcher beinge a fEreeman of this companie yf any fEreeman will doe the same at a reason- able rate, videlt, a Beefe for xij d. a Calfe iij d. a pigg in the owners house iij d. at the scaldinge house vj d. a shepe ij d. a lamb j d. and for a Boare xvj d. An Order Against Killing op Hoggs at Vnseasonablb Times. Item. It is further ordered that noe Butcher beinge a fEree- man w'thin the said Cittie nor any Butcher that is a fEorrainer shall kill, flea* or scalde any hoggs or piggs nor bringe into the Markett to sell any such hoggs or piggs soe killed, flead or scalded, nor sell the same in any other place wthin the said Cittie before the Frydaye next after the feast of St. Michaell the Archangell, and also that no Butcher either ffreeman or fEorrainer shall kill or sell in the said Markett or in any other place wthin the said Cittie any such hoggs or piggs after Shrove- tewsdaye then next followinge vppon paine that ev'ie p(er)son soe ofEendinge shall forfeitt and loose for ev'ie time that he shall soe offende to the vse of the Companie the some of x a. An Order Against Killinge of Ewes at Vnseasonablb Times. Itm. It is further ordered that noe Butcher whether he be a fEreeman or fforrainer shall kill and offer to sell wthin the said Cittie any Ewes beinge wth lambe after the Satterdaye next after Martyn's daye vppon paine that eu'ie Butcher soe offendinge shall forfeitt x a. * "flea" (MS.), I.e., Hay. 278 THE BUTCHERS. An Order to Deprive Such of Ffreedome as Dwell Forth of the Cittie. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any p'son beinge as is aforesaid by the Wardens and Bretheren of the said companie or the greatest number of them tryed allowed and admitted into the said companie and ffreedome of Butchers and after his said admittance shall goe and be resident into some other Towne and place out of the said Cittie and soe remaine by the space of one whole yeare and a daye not doeinge bearinge and payeinge all such customes and duties as beinge a fireeman of the same Trade he is bounde and ought to doe beare and paye. That then ev'ie person* soe departinge out of the said Cittie by the space of one yeare and a daye not doeinge and payeinge his duties and customes shall for ever loose and be deprived of all priviledges benefits and com'odities as were allowed him or them at his or their admittance into the said companie and shall not from thencefourth be deemed and taken as a fEreeman of the said companie vnles he shall shewe vnto the com'on Councell of this Cittie sufficient or good cause. An Order Against Butchers that be Convicted OF Theft. Itm. It is further ordered that yf any of the said companie beinge M'r or Journeyman of the said companie shalbe accused of any manner of theft and the same beinge duely proved before the Maior and Justices of this Cittie or any of them That then and from thencefourth ev'ie such person beinge found guiltie thereof accordinge to the lawe shalbe forthw'th excluded from the fellowshipp of the same companie for ever. And also that yf any p'son or p'sons of the same companie doe sett any such p'son soe accused and convicted of theft as aforesaid to worck he shall forfeitt for ev'ie such ofience to the vse of this companie XX s. An Order Against Forraine Butchers for Killinge IN the Cittie. Itm. It is further ordered that noe fioraine Butcher shall either by himself or any of his Servaunts kill or dresse any beefes, muttons, veales, lambes or hoggs in any place within the pr'cincts of the said Cittie, but shall bringe such beefes, muttons, veales, lambes or hoggs to the markett readie dressed to be solde, vppon payne that ev'ie forraine Butcher shall forfeitt for ev'ie such Beefe, mutton, veale, lambe or hogg that he shall soe kill and dresse within the said Cittie contrary to this order to this companie x s. * parson (MS.) POWDER BEEF. 279 An Order Against Vnruly Servants. Itm. It is further ordered ttat yf any Brother or ffreeman of this companie shall have any apprentice or Journeyman vnruly and out of the government of their M'r that there vppon complaint is to be made to the Wardens and it shall and maye be lawfull to and for the said Wardens for the time beinge to punish such vnruly apprentices and Journeymen either in their haule with such punishment as by the lawe they maye accordinge to the quajjtie of the offence shalbe thought fitt, or otherwise to comitt such vnruly apprentices and Journeymen to the Brydewell of the said Cittie there to be punished accordinge to the qualitie of their offence by some warrant from the Maior of this Cittie or some other Justice. An Order Against the Sellings op Powder Beefe. Itm. It is further ordered that noe ffree Butcher of this companie shall in any of their shoppes or houses vtter or sell to any p'son or p'sons any powder Beefe* vppon payne to forfeitt for ev'ie offence contrary to this order to the vse of this companie the some of Tenne shillinges. An Order Against Butchers for Empting Their Filth INTO THE ToWNE DiTCH. Itm. It is further ordered that noe ffree Butcher of this companie shall either themselves or any of their Servaunts empte the Bellies nor cast any intralls of any Beefes, muttons, veales, lambes or hoggs into the Towne ditche of this Cittie or over ffisherton Bridge except it be in the currant or shower of the river or els in the vsuall place downe the staires appointed for such purposes vppon paiue to forfeitt for ev'ie offence con- trary to this order to the vse of this companie the some of xxs. An Order for the Feast. Itm. It is ordered that this companie shall kepe their feast yearly the Mondaye next after St. Luke's daye or any other daye that the Wardens and Brothers or the greatest number of them shall thinke fitt. * Powder beef was salt beef, and the following extract from the ledger shows that this regulation was modified in the following year, when permission was given to salt beef during the months of June, July and August : — 20 July 1615. "A toUcra'con for to Salte Beoffe. Whereas ther hathc byn an order heretofore made. That noe butcher in this Cittyc should salte or powder any beoffe. — At this Councell a tollera'con is graunted, viz.. , That anye butcher maye in the moncthes of June, Julyc and Augustc, salte and powder beoffe soe as the same be done the Salturdayc nexte after the killinge of the same and not after (the saide former order notwithstandinge)." 280 THE BUTCHERS. The Oathe. I DOE \villingly sweare that I will from hencefourtli to the vttermost of my power as a firee Brother of this Companie obey and kepe all the orders made and to be made for the weale, profitt and government thereof soe neere as god shall geve me grace I shall kepe the secreats of this companie and be aydinge and assistinge to the Wardens to the vttermost of my power. I shall not willingly consent to anything to be done to the hurt or hinderance of the publick good and profitt of this Companie. Soe helpe me god. The Proviso. Provided allwaies That it shall and maye be lawful! to and for the said Mai or and Comonaltie of this Cittie at any Com' on Councell to be holden in and for this Cittie to alter abrogate and change any of thes orders nowe made or to make any other hereafter for the good government of the said Companie as to them shall seeme best. In witness whereof the said Maior and Comonaltie have herevnto putt their Comen Seale yeven the daye and yeare first above written. ext. p'. Tooker Recordr. Lauranc Horne maior. In ancient times Fisherton Bridge was called the Upper Bridge ("Superior pons de ffysher- ton") and Crane Bridge, (" Inferior pons de ifysherton") the Lower, or Nether bridge. The Upper Bridge appears to have been built on a series of arches extending from the present Crown Chambers to the site of the Maundrel Hall, and probably at one time with a drawbridge in the centre, which was raised at night. Some of these arches were uncovered by Mr. Doran Webb, F S.A., when the present County Hotel was built in 1895, when corbels which possibly formed supports for the houses on either side of the bridge (as was the case on Old London Bridge and on Old Bristol Bridge) were exposed to view. THE PUDDING BRIDGE. 281 In 1411 the Rose Inn, which was re-built about 1830, and re-named the London Inn, stood where are now the Crown Chambers and Messrs. Wilson's offices, and on the opposite side of the road was another inn called the " Ramme," the name of which was changed to the King's Head in 1526. On the other side of the river (Maundrel Hall site) the Dominican House of Black Friars or Friars Preachers stood, but after the suppression of the Monasteries part of the site was occupied by the Sun Inn. There is little evidence to show what buildings occupied the site of the present Clock Tower before the County Prison was built there in 1550, but we have the record of an inn named the White Horse which stood just beyond the prison. From the Corporation records we learn that a passage (the entrance to which is still in existence) ran from the High Street to the river, with a postern gate and steps at the lower end. These steps may have been the stairs referred to in the order to the butchers. (No butcher shall empte the bellies, nor cast any in trails, &c., over ffisherton bridge except it be in the currant, &c., or else in the usual place down the stairs appointed for that purpose.) It is just possible that the " Pudding Bridge " which is referred to in the next extract, was a small foot- bridge which crossed the river from the steps to the rear of the prison, and led across the land upon which the Infirmary now stands, past the White Horse Inn to one of the two roads which led to Fisherton : — " April 5, 1616. Item. For- asmuche as the Puddinge Bridge hathe alwayes byn repayred by the butchers of this cittie soe 282 THE BUTCHERS. testyfied by some anciente men of this Companye, and yet. nowe the butchers refuse to doe the same ; and whereas the butchers doe nowe sell theire beastes bellyes to poore women and others that puddinge wyves* doe empte those bellyes in the ryvers in the stretes to the greate annoyance of the cittye, Yt is therefore ordered that the butchers shall maynteyne the same bridge as hathe byn used. And noe butcher to sell any beastes bell3^es to any before yt be emptyed at the same bridge, or in some other place not noysome to the cittye, and wash yt at that bridge, or at the greate ryver or some other back ryver that runneth not into the open stretes, uppon pa3^ne of fforfeyture for eu'y offence V s." An order was made that bulls should be beaten at the bull-ring on the day previous to the slaughtering of the same The bull ring, which is still preserved in the Municipal Offices, was fixed in the Market opposite where are now the cells adjoining the Council House. The excuse for the ancient but cruel practice of baiting bulls, which was finally abolished by Act of Parliament in 1835, appears to have been that the tough flesh of the bull was thereby made tender and more digestible as food. * Pudding, the stomach or one of the entrails of a pig, sheep, or other animal, stuffed with a mixture of minced meat, suet, oatmeal, seasoning, &c., boiled and kept till needed. Pudding-wife, a woman who sells puddings or sausages (Murray's Diet.). INTRODLXTION OF HOPS. 283 CHAPTER XVII. THE BREWERS. This is one of the earUest of the Craft Guilds to appear in the Salisbury Corpora- tion Ledger. At a convocation held in 1440 to make an assessment for strengthening the defences of the City, this fraternity (" Pandoxatorum") was represented by their wardens viz., William Halstede and Walter Carrogen. The *' Gild of Bruars " supplied six armed men as part of a levy of forty men raised by the City of Salisbury in 1463 for the " succour of ye Earl of Warwewyke againste ye Scots." Again, in 1470, when a levy of horsemen was commanded for service " againste ye rebelles and traitours, George Due of Clarence and Richard Earl of Warwewyke." And on many subsequent occasions the Brewers' Guild supplied their quota of men for the King's service. In very early days beer is said to have been made from wheat, but this liquor did not keep as long as that prepared from barley malt, which was in general use at the time when this Guild was founded. Before the introduction of hops into England from Flanders (about 1524) ale was the name generally applied to malt liquor. The assize of bread and ale (" panis et cerevisiae " ) , 51 Hen. Ill, 1267, regulated the selling and in- spect' on of these two staple articles of diet at that time. Officers were annually appointed and sworn in the Court-leet for the assize of ale and ale-measures ; the " gustatores cervisiae," called 284 THE BREWERS. in different localities " ale-founders/* " ale- conners " and "ale-tasters," were sworn to ex- amine beer and ale, to take care that the liquor was good and wholesome, that it was sold at the proper assize prices, and to present dis- honest ale-vendors to the Court-leet. One of the clauses in the agreement made between the Bishop, Simon de Gandavo, and the citizens of Salisbury in 1306 (a copy of which is in the Corporation Muniment Room) says " the assize of ale had been broken by ancient de- linquents, with the fines according .... in future it shall stand according to the common law and the King . . . and delinquents be amerced according to the gravity of the offence." The following extract is taken from another ancient MS. in the Muniment Room, viz., a copy of a deed of Confirmation by the Dean of Sarum confirming the Charters of Bishops Richard Poore (1225) and Robert Wyville (1367) :— " Also whereas ye said cittizens time out of minde have been possessed of ye brigges standing upon the brinke of Avon, by payeng yerely unto the said Bushoppe and his successors on eu'y brigge one peny, . . . And whereas from the like time out of minde eu'y ostler (brewer) in the Citty aforesaide as long as he would be ostler shall pay for his ostry yerely xiid. ; viz., for half the yere vi d. ; and eu'y tapster one shall pay yerely vi d. And that from the aforesaid time the Mayor of the Citty aforesaid, together with the Bushop's bailiff for the time being, shall have the Assaying and Assize of bread, wine, beere and ale ; and furthermore the gou'ment of the pease and of victuals within the Citty . . . Which grant and con- firmation in all things as aforesaid, with the tenures, possessions and customes of them the cittizens in all things having ratified for us and our successors, we ratify and confirm unto the said cittizens, their heires and successors for eu'r by these p'ntes. Dated in our Chapiter House the second of the Kalends of October, Ao. Dni 1376." THE ASSIZE OF ALE. 285 Beer at this time was the common drink of the people, and one of the punishments for brewing bad beer was the ducking-stool. Ap- parently there were a great number of brewers in Salisbury in proportion to the population of the City. Among the many regulations made during the XV. century not the least interesting is the following : — 1464, August 27. — " Ordinance of the Venerable Father, Richard Lord Bishop of Sarum, and the Mayor and certain ' Concitizens ' of New Sarum, touching the quality and price of ale and beer brewed within the said city. First, every brewer is to make a good wholesome brew of sufficient strength, and every flagon* of the better ale is to be sold for one penny, and of the second ale three flagons shall sell for one penny, until a new Assize be ordained by the officers, and thirteen flagons of the better ale shall sell as a dozen, and six flagons of the said ale with a pottlef shall sell as a half dozen, and likewise of the second ale according to its price. Item, there are to be four tasters, to wit one to each ward, to taste and assay the ale brewed from time to time in their several wards within the house of every inn-keeper when the ale shall be in a certain vessel called the Kysef , as well in respect of its soundness as of its strength and flavour ; and if by them, or any of them, it shall be found defective in point of brew, to wit, in soundness or strength or flavour, forthwith within twenty-four hours they shall be bound to bestir themselves and present the defect or defects found by them to the Mayor, Seneschal and bailiff, or two of them . . . to the effect that the tavern in which the said ale was found be forfeited to the Lord Bishop without fine and redemption. And every inn-keeper aforesaid shall carry or cause to be carried his ale to his customers and other men without taking any portage therefor, provided the ale exceed not four flagons, and in case any inn-keeper being so required by the Mayor or hia deputy, shall refuse to do his office, he shall be excluded ipso facto from brewing, and be compelled by the Mayor, Seneschal • A flagon was a liquid measure, containing about i^ gallons. t A pottle held two quarts, or half a gallon. Pottle-Pot = A two-quart tankard. X Kyse, probably the same as " Keeve," which, according to nalliwcU's Dictionary of Provincial Words, was llie name used in the West o( England for a large tub or vessel used in brewing. Keeve = A large vessel to ferment liquors in. A mashing-tub. (Boag's Imperial Lexicon). 286 THE BREWERS. or bailifE to make oath not to brew within the City for a certain time to be by them or one of them limited. And furthermore it is ordained and agreed that every inn-keeper who shall be found culpable and in default in respect of his brewing, and by the Mayor, Seneschal or bailifi or one of them shall be so convict, shall for the first offence be in grave mercy, for the second offence in graver mercy, and for the third offence shall be punished with imprisonment of the body at the discretion of the Lord Bishop, if he be present, and if he be absent, at the discretion of the Mayor, Seneschal or bailiff if they be present, and otherwise at the discretion of the Mayor ; and for the fourth offence, he shall suffer the penalty of the tumbril on the first or second Market-day next after the defect was discovered." On 1st June, 1406, Henry IV. granted (upon payment of a fine of 100 marks) a licence to the Mayor and Corporation " that they may hold tenements and rents to the value of one hundred marks per annum, within the said City, of them who may have goodwill, and good dis- position for their aid and relief, by way of gift, sale, legacy or other inducement," &c. This licence was confirmed by Bishop Hallam on 4th April, 1412. Hence the prayer for King Henry IV. was the first on the ancient roll of the commemoration of benefactors, as the second was "for the soul of Robert Hallam, lately Bishop," &c. Hatcher in his History, p. 100, says " William Teynterer, Junr., at his death bequeathed certain hereditaments to the Mayor and Corporation," as forming the confraternity of St. George. Among the witnesses to a deed of William Warm- well, who was one of the executors of William Teyterer, was John Monor, Mayor, and Richard Spencer, and letters patent (Henry IV.) were granted to them on 21st February, 1414, giving them licence to acquire four messuages, &c. On the 7th of the following month John Monor and Richard Spencer, by virtue of the above licences. THE FRIARS PREACHERS. 287 delivered and confirmed to John Becket, Mayor, &c., four messuages to be held by the Mayor, &c., of the chief lord in mitigation of subsidies, collections, &c. During the next 20 years the Corporation acquired a considerable number of houses in the City, including several inns. They were the owners of The George Inn ; Pynnok's Inn ; a messuage in the street " going to the Friars Preachers* of Fyssherton Aucher," which at a later date became known as Bovers Place, le Lyon, le Ramme, and The King's Head ; a messuage in the street going towards the Church of Saint Edmund, and containing seven shops ; a messuage opposite the gate of the Friars Minor of Sarum, containing three tenements, with the corner house opposite the gate, to which are contiguous seven cottages ; and the messuage " which Walter Short holds in Wynchestrestret under the chamber of which ten'nt the water of the common ditch runs" (subsequently known as Pette's Store and Three Cups Inn). During the XV. century Salisbury must have been full of inns for the reception of numerous pilgrims who came to visit the great shrine of St. Osmund, second only to that of St. Thomas-a- Beckett at Canterbury. A considerable amount of information re- specting the hostelries which existed in Salisbury at that time is supplied by the Corporation ledgers, the Chamberlain's rolls, ancient wills and other MSS. in the City Muniment Room. * The Dominicans, Black Friars, or Friars Preachers, owe their origin to Dominic Guzman, or as he is termed " St. Dominic "... he laid the foundation of the order in 1215 ... he sent Gilbert de Fresney, with twelve of the brethren into England. Within a short period, they must have fixed themselves in this neighbourhood ... in what is now called West St., Wilton. (Hatcher }). 58.) It was about the end of the year 1280 that the Friars Preachers established themselves in Fisherton-Anger, in the West suburb of Salisbury, divided from the city by the river Avon, and communic.iling with it by means of Fisherion Bridge (The Black Friars of Wiltshire. Wilts Arch. Mag. Vol. 18, p. 162). 288 THE BREWERS. THE GEORGE INN. The picturesque front of the ancient structure in High Street which formed a part of the "Hospice of Georgys Yn " is one of the most interesting objects in Sahsbury, both to the artist and the antiquary of the present day. The Inn became the most important hostelry in the City, and is occasionally referred to as " Ye Greate Inne of Ye George." Hatcher, referring to this Inn, says : — " From the vicinity of the Royal Residence at Clarendon, this Inn may be considered as one of the best and most commodious in the West of England." The beams in the panelled and oak pillared hall, carved into representations of Edward II. and his Consort, Isabella of France, and the carving on the remaining massive gate-post, indicate that the building was erected during the reign of that Monarch, 1307 — 27. Originally it may have been a pilgrims' hostel dedicated to Saint George, but most probably it was con- nected from its earliest days with the newly- founded Guild of St. George, the fraternity of the Mayor and Corporation, which originated in 1306. The property appears to have been owned by the Teynterer family. The names of Nicholas Teynterer, William Teynterer th' elder and William Teynterer th'yonger appear among the very earliest of the benefactors on the ancient Bede Roll of the City. William Teynterer was Mayor in 1330, and a William Teynterer, senior. THE OLD GEORGE HOTEL, HIGH STREET. THE GEORGE INN. 289 occupied the same position in 1364. William Teynterer, junior, who served the office of Mayor in 1361 and in 1375, died in 1376, and according to the index of the lost volumes of Domesday the will of William Teynterer, junior, was proved 50 Edward III., 1376.* He left the value of certain property to the Mayor and Corporation as the Guild of St. George, ** and for the good of his soul and the souls of his wives, &c.," subject to the life interest of his widow, " Alesia," who subsequently married George Meriot. The sale of the property was left to William Warmwell, his executor, an alderman, who served the office of Mayor in 1380, and whose name also appears on the Bede Roll as a benefactor. In 1397 William Warmwell sold the reversion of tenements at the corner of " W^mchestre-stret and Gygore-stret," and distributed the proceeds "in sight of the Mayor" to the Guild and for the souls, &c. On November 17th, 1401, Robert Deverel, John Dogton, and Thomas Aylmerton, chaplain (who were probably trustees appointed by William Teynterer), release and quit claim to John Monor, Richard Spencer, William Walter, and Nicholas Hardyng, their heirs, &c. ; all title to the tene- ment called " Georges Yn," situate in N.S. in " Ministrestret," &c. At this time the Inn was held by " Alesia " (widow of William Teynterer) and her husband, George Meriot, and there is no evidence to show whether the purchase by the aldermen, Monor, Spencer, Walter and Harding, was made out of * Gleanings from the Archives of Salisbury, by 11. J. F. Swayne. 290 THE BREWERS. their own means or by a general subscription, but in 1414, after the King had granted Monor and Spencer a licence to acquire the property, the Corporation Ledger contains lists of sub- scribers to the purchase of " Georgys Yn." Very few of the names, however, are legible. It may be of interest to notice that each of the above-named aldermen served the office of Mayor, viz., John Monor in 1389 and in 1398, Richard Spencer in 1396, William Walter in 1402, and Nicholas Harding in 1406. The will of " Alesia," who died in 1408, is dated Saturday next after the feast of St. Martin (November 13th), A.D. 1406. She desires to be buried in the Chapel of the late William Teynterer, junior, in the Church of St. Thomas' the Martyr, N.S. " Also y Aleise forseid ordeyne and byquethe C li to the pore co'es of the citee of Salesbury, the w'ich wer' ordeyned by arbitrement of John Moner, Ric' Spencer, John Wollop and otheres in discharging of all talages of the Com'unes in Salesbury that ye John Monor, Rio' Spencer, William Walter and Nich' Hardynge ordeyne performe and fulfill that thilke C li forseid of the sale of Georges Yn in Salesbury by yowre lynynge bee truely performyd after the condicion of the indentures bytwene the Mair, who'r it be, in Salesbury, and yowe and me therof y made for the soules of Will' Teintorer, yonger, and his welwillyng in descharge of my soule, and in charge of yowr soules wiche y aske God to wytness that ye John Monor, Rio' Spencer, William Walter, and Nich' Hardynge this forseid Mat're in yowr side be ful performed in wey of Charite and upon yowr soule dethe." The will of George Meriot was proved on September 23rd, 1410. He gave to his executors all his goods and utensils in his " hospice of Georgis Yn " to be sold by them and the proceeds distributed " for the souls of himself, his late wife Alesia, and all faithful departed, &c/' THE GEORGE INN. 291 On April 5th, 1412, licence was granted to the Corporation by Robert (Hallam) Bishop and the Dean and Chapter to acquire lands, &c., to the yearly value of £40, and on February 21st, 1414, the Corporation received letters patent of Henry IV., which recited that he had previously (1406) granted a licence to the Mayor, &c,, to acquire lands to the annual value of 100 marks, and wishing to make the said licence more efficacious, granted to John Monor and Richard Spencer licence to acquire four messuages, &c. On the 7th of the following month John Monor and Richard Spencer, by virtue of the before mentioned licences, deliver and confirm to John Becket, then Mayor, and the community of New Sarum, four messuages ; "of which one with laundry houses, chambers, solars, cellars, shops, &c., called * Georges Ynne,' is situated in ' Ministrestrete,' between the shops which Walter Couk holds of Nicholas Hardynge on the north and the shop which John Eteshale holds of the scholars of the house of De Vaux on the south." After the Corporation had acquired the property they spent a considerable amount of money in repairs, and in 1418 " The Hospice called Georgis Yn" was let on lease to John Burton at a rent of £20 per annum, together with the laundry adjacent, out of which there was an annual pay- ment of 19s. 4d. to be made to the scholars of De Vaux, and also an obit for William Teynterer and Alesia his wife, to be kept on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (September 14th) in the Church of St. Thomas the Martyr. In 1426 the George Inn was demised by the Mayor (John Noble) and Corporation to Thomas Allesley, " osteler," with the shops before, and 292 THE BREWERS. with the solars, cellars, chambers, stables, houses, barns, &c., situate on the east side of Mynster- strete, with all the beds and other utensils appurtenant to the said Inn for the maintenance of the same. After this date the name of the Inn appears each year in the Chamberlain's account ; e.g., 1445 — £11 6s. 8d. from Henry Smyth for the rent of the Inn (hospicii) called Georgys Yn ; and among the payments, 19s. 4d. paid to the scholars of De Vaux out of Georgys Yn. In 1449 the tenant, John Byshampton, paid £13 6s. 8d. rent, and the Corporation spent several small sums for repairs, including 3s. 8d. for 500 tiles, 8d. for 100 laths, and 14d. for lath- nails. On Tuesday, the 3rd of June, 1449, at eight o'clock at night, there was a serious rising made by the common citizens of Salisbury against Lord de Moleyns in the Inn called Le George, on account of which rising Master Nicholas Upton, Precentor of Salisbury, and Walter Bayly, Canon of the same Church, went to the Inn called Le George with the body of the Lord (i.e., the Host), under the protection of which, between the said Nicholas and Walter, he was by the grace of God led safely into the Close of the Canons.* The 1453 accounts contain a considerable number of payments for repairs to this house, one of which is " 20s. for making one baye wyndowe at Georgys Yn." It was from the courtyard of the George Inn that Robert Hungerford, second Lord Moleyns, on his way to join the British Army at Blaye in Guienne, commanded by his relative, Talbot the * Extract translated, p. i. Burgh Register of the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury. THE GEORGE INN. 293 famous Earl of Shrewsbury, in 1454, issued forth with his retainers to break sconces with the citizens of Sahsbury. In 1456, during the Mayoralty of John Halle, there is an entry which records the letting of the Inn to Robert Cooke for 16 years at £16 per annum. The house appears to have been damaged by fire soon after this date, as on May 18th in the following year (John Wheler, Maior) it was agreed that " the Chamberlains should repair all the houses and chambers of Georgis Inne which had lately been burnt, at the cost of the City," In 1474 the "Georgis Inne" was demised to John Gryme, saddler, for six years at £12 13s. 4d. rent, and the following particulars which were attached to John Gryme' s lease will give some idea of the extent of this house. The chambers for guests numbered thirteen, viz., the Principal Chamber, the Earl's Chamber and the Pantry adjoining, the Oxford Chamber, the Abingdon or Middle Chamber, the Squire's Chamber, the Lombard's Chamber, the Garret, the George Chamber, the Clarendon Chamber, the Under- stent Chamber, the Fitzwaryn Chamber, and the London Chamber. There were, besides the Tavern and Wine Cellar, the Buttery, the Kitchen, the Hostry, the Hostler's Chamber, and the Parlour above the Warehouse. The furniture of the period appears to have been of a most simple description. The beds, of which there were one, two or three in a chamber, were classed according to the number of planks, which supplied the place of modern sacking, and consisted of from two to five in each bed. The dining tables were of oak or beech planks, sup- ported on trestles, with forms for seats. Apparently 294 THE BREWERS. the guests had their meals together in their respective sleeping rooms, as in each chamber we find the same kind of accommodation, viz., a dining table of oak or beech, with trestles to support it, and forms for seats. " Implements and necessaries in the Inn called Georg Inn in the City of New Sarum delivered to John Gryme, saddler, on the ninth day of April in the thirteenth year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth (1474). Imprimis, in the principal chamber, 3 beds containing xvij . planks ; old table for meals of beech IIJ feet in length and 2 feet in breadth, one form of elm 13 J feet in length and II inches in breadth, one form of oak 12 feet long and 11 inches broad, one form of oak 7 feet long and 9 inches broad, 2 pair of trestles, 1 cupboard made from 2 planks, and 1 sperum* near the entrance door of the same chamber made of wood and with a pair of planks. " In the ' Erlys ' Chamber 3 beds containing 15 planks, I old table for meals of beech 11| feet long and 25 inches broad, 1 oak table 8| feet long and 24 inches broad and 2 inches in thickness, 1 oak form 10 feet long and 12 inches broad, 1 elm form 10 feet long and 20 inches broad, 1 oak form 9 feet long and 8J inches broad, 2 old forms of poplar both 7 feet long and 8 inches broad, I form of ash 7 feet long, 8 inches broad and 3 inches thick, I oak form 6 feet long, 10 inches broad and 3 inches thick, 1 oak form 6 feet long, 10 inches broad and 2 inches thick, and 2 common trestles. " In the pantry of the same chamber 2 beds, containing 4 planks, 2 trestles and a table, and 1 beech form 6 feet long and 8 inches broad." * Spenim— Du Cange {Gloss) gives this as equivalent to spera, which has among other meanings that of a round vessel. THE HALL OR MIDDLE CHAMBER, OLD GEORGE HOTEL. ONE OF THE SOLAR CHAMBERS, OLD GEORGE HOTEL (Shovnng the oricjinnl Roof-tree). THE GEORGE INN. 295 The above is an extract from the Inventory of the goods dehvered by the Corporation to their new tenant, John Gryme. The list includes in addition to the above the furnish of the Oxford Chamber, the tavern, wine cellar, the buttery, the kitchen, &c. In 1579 Salisbury suffered from the plague, and in consequence of this having kept visitors away from the City, the Corporation allowed Robert Spikernell, who was the tenant of the George Inn at the time, to surrender his lease and forgave him the sum of £22 10s. Od. due from him as rent at Lady Da}^ From about 1590 to 1624 the Free School was held at the Inn, probably in the large room on the north side of the Courtyard, in which concerts and meetings were held during the early part of last century. The Corporation Ledger, 1624, says : — " The Scholehouse removed from the George because of the inconveniency of cominge to the schollers by the Taphouse and inne, therefore a lease is taken of the Scholehouse in Castle street of Dr. Mosely's land for 40 yeares at 20 shillings per annum of Henry Heelye." The residence of James I. at Salisbury attracted to the City actors and other caterers for public entertainment to such an extent that the Cor- poration prohibited any innholder or other in- habitant " from suffering any players of inter- ludes to perform after seven of the clock in the afternoon " ; and in 1624 "it is furthur agreed that from henceforth all players shall make their plays from the George Inn, the size and form of the inner quadrangle being well adapted for that purpose." 296 THE BREWERS. It was at this Inn that Samuel Pepys recorded his welcome on 10th June, 1668 : — " Come to the George Inn, where lay in a silk bed, and very good diet, to supper then to bed. 11th, Up and down the town, and find it a very brave place . to Stonehenge . . . and so home to dinner, and that being done, paid the reckoning, which was so exorbitant . . . that I was mad, and resolve to trouble the mistress about it, and get something for the poor." In 1769 an advertisement appeared in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal : — " To be sold by auction for the term of 40 years, renewable every 14 years ... a large Messuage in High Street, formerly the George Inn . . . containing 30 feet in front, 147 feet wide and 201 feet deep, with stabling for 50 horses," apply John Maton, City Chamberlain. PYNNOK'S INN or " THE HELME." (Now 24, 26, 28, 30, High Street, Mr. Rawlings' and others.) This Inn was started soon after the foundation of the City by William Pynnok, who was succeeded by his son, Richard P3ainok, who, with John de Braundeston as his colleague, was chosen to represent the City of Salisbury in the 1295 Parlia- ment. Richard Pynnok bequeathed the property to his wife Lucy, and at her death to his son, John Pynnok, who let it to John the Taverner. On October 4th, 1333, " John, son of Richard P3mnok, grants to Alice, the widow of John le Taverner, a tenement called Pynnokys Yn in Mynestrestret pynnok's inn. 297 between a tenement of his (32, High Street ?) on one side, and a certain stream running through . . . next to the tenement of Geoffry de Werministre on the other." It may be explained that Geoffry of Warminster, who was Mayor in 1335 and again in 1342, and was also one of the Bishop's Coroners in 1343, owned and possibly resided in the house on the north side of Pynnok's Inn, which after his death became " Countewelles Inn." This inn stood on the site now occupied by Mr. Grove's premises, and the stream running between the two properties conveyed water from the river to the open channel in High Street. In 1374 Elena (widow of Edward Pynnok, and daughter of Simon de Oxenford, Mayor in 1366) conveyed Pynnok's Inn to her son John, who granted a lease of the property in 1385 to William Fuystour and Edith, his wife, for their lives. After their death the inn called " Pynnokys Yn Mynstrestrete " was leased to "William Fyns of Basyngstoke," who demised the property on 19th August, 1428, to John Bromley and other members of the Corporation, at a yearly rent of ten marks, and the services of a Chaplain of the Fraternity of " Seynte George," &c. They covenanted also to provide a convenient (honestam) chamber and a stable for the said William or his assign during his stay in the City for the purpose of receiving his rent, &c. In 1431 a release was executed from Richard Gatour to William Waryn, John Bromley and others of the Corporation of " Pynnokes Yn " and other properties in the City ; this document is endorsed " Release of Richard Gatour to W. Waryn and others for the tenements given to the 298 THE BREWERS. Ma^-or and Communit}^" On the same date an indenture was sealed by which the Mayor and Corporation made themselves liable for an annual rent charge of 15s. to the Procurator and the Community of the Vicars of the Church of St. Mary, Sarum, out of the tenements formerly called " Pynnockis Inne." The Chamberlain's account for the following year includes the receipt of £4 13s. 4d. for the rent of the inn called Pynnokys Inne in which Stephen Hendy lived, and among resolved rents (resoluti redditus) is a payment " To the Vicars of St. Mary's Church 15s." After this time the inn appears in the Corporation Ledger as " The Helme late Pynnokys Yn Mynstrestrete alias Hyghstrete." On 8th April, 2 Richard III. (1485), " Yt was thoroughently agreed between the Maier and his brethern of the oone parte," and Thomas Blakker (Mayor in 1491) of the other, that the latter should take to " ferme all ther Inne and ten'ts called the Helme otherwyse Pynnockes Inne with all the shoppes and ten'ntries longinge y'to for LXI yeres payeing IV pounds rent yerly," upon condition that he " agreeth to bilde anewe all the said ten'ts of the Helme aforestrete of II stagis alofte honestley and sufficiently as hit shalbe to the worship of the said cite, at his owne proper costis. . . . And that the said bildyng of the new in man'r and forme aforesayd shalbe made w'thyn the term of the furst yeris." In March, 1486, Thomas Blakker was released from his lease upon the payment to him of xx s. by the Mayor, W. Boket, and a gift by himself of "X okis of goode tymbre." Henry Horton then became the tenant, but in 1491 the Corpora- THE " ramme" inn. 299 tion pulled down the old inn and built upon the site four shops with dwelling houses, and obtained a confirmation of the rent charge of 15s. to the Vicars of the Cathedral, after which the rents received for these four tenements were two at 53s. 4d. each and two at 46s. 8d. each per annum. THE RAMME (later King's Head), BRIDGE STREET. The earliest reference to this inn, which stood on the site of the present County Hotel, is on 2nd November, 1426. Indenture by which William Warwyck, Mayor, and the community of New Sarum granted and demised to " John Bover bocher" a messuage with solars, cottages, &c., situate at the Upper Bridge, Fisherton (" ad superiorem pontem de fisherton Aucher ") between the tenement which Thomas Randolf holds on the east and the common latrine there on the west, together with the houses over the same, which said messuage (the licence of the King and of such others as were necessary having been first obtained) the said Mayor and Commonalty have lately acquired by the gift and feoffment of John Monor, formerly citizen, for 13 years at an annual rent of four marks sterling, the said John Bover to maintain the same in repair at his own cost. In 1455 the rent received by the Chamberlain was " 60s. for the messuage in which Alicia Bover lives," and on the 8th July, 1456 (Ledger B), there is an appointment of William Swayne and other members of the Corporation to supervise repairs that were ordered to be executed " at the tenement which Bover lately inhabited called 300 THE BREWERS. le Lyon." Included in the charges for these repairs is, " for one piece of timber for supporting the Upper Chamber (solarium) of the new house built on the bank of ' Avene ' 8d. Carpenters for the same by contract, lOd. And for logges, twistes, and nails used in mending the door of the * parlor ' with wages of the carpenter 2d. And for making a ' hedbrand & aree ejusdem'* by contract 8d. And 4 loads of earth for mending the walls 12d. with hazelrods 4d. and two men plastering the same for 2 days 17d. Sum 5s. 9d." The following year £4 was received as rent for Bover's tenement which John Colyne, Bruwere, held near the Upper Bridge. In 1470 the inn called Bover's place ("hospice voc' Bove's place ad superiorem pontem de ffissherton Aucher") was let by the Corporation to Hugh Willett, and the Chamberlain's roll for 1473 shows the receipt of " Rent 60s. for Bover's place near the upper bridge leading to Fissherton, with the houses built upon the bank of ' Avene ' adjoining the same, now let to Claricia Wylett." In 1483 this property appears in the ledger under a new name, and we read that " the Inn called le Ramme was let to John Broun," and the rent roll for the next year includes " for le Ramme at upper bridge let to John Broun 60s. a year." The account for 1509 shows received " 66s. 8d. for the hostelry at ffissherton bridge called le Ramme in which Henry Horton dwells." (The words le Ramme are underlined, and in a later hand-writing "The Kingishead" appears in the margin) . The City records for 1526 contain an entry. The King's Head, " ad superiorem pontem de Fisherton Aucher," and the names of the masters * sic H. J. F. Swayne. Note i6. THE " RAMME" INN (KING'S HEAD). 301 or tenants are as follows : — 1577 John Fryer ; 1580 John Hope; 1601 Grace Aproberts; 1620 Richard Easton. An interesting reference to Richard Easton and the King's Head Inn appears in Prolusiones HistoriccB, by the Rev. E. Duke. In note 8 Essay V., we read that John Taylor (the " Water Poet"), a waterman on the Thames, who wrote in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and whose works are now scarce, and are sold at a high price, decided in 1623 " to make a voyage with his wherry and five men from London to Chr'st- church, and from thence up the river Avon to Salisbury ; his object being a survey of the river to ascertain what impediments, if any, existed to the rendering of it navigable from the sea." The tract which he wrote on this occasion, entitled " A Discovery by Sea from London to Salisbur}^" he dedicated to " the Nobility, Gentry, and Com- monalty who are inhabitants or well-wishers to the welfare of the City of Salisbury and County of Wiltshire." After a short preamble in prose, declaratory of his purpose, the poetic impulse seizes him, and he launches forth into a poem, in which he in a pleasing manner relates his passage from London to Christchurch Haven. The remainder of his tract is completed in prose, and describes his passage up the river Avon. He says : — " As I passed up the river, at least 2000 swans, like so man}/ pilots, swam in the deepest places before me and shewed me the way. When 1 came to the town of Ringwood . . . I there met with his Maiesties trumpeters, and there my fellowes . . . did walke on the banke, and gave mee two excellent flourishes with their trumpets, for the which 1 thanke them in print. ... At last I came to a towne called 302 THE BREWERS. Forthing Bridge,* where ... a grievous mis- chance happened ; for two men being swimming or washing in the river, a Butcher passing over the bridge (with a Mastiffe Dogge with him) did cast a stone into the water, and say a Ducke, at which the Dogge leap'd into the river and seazed upon one of the men and kild him, and the butcher leaping in after, thinking to save the man, was also slaine by his owne dogge, the third man also hardl}^ escaping, but was likewise bitten of him. From thence I passed further to a place called Hale, where we were welcomed by the Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Penruddock Knight. . . . So passing in our course ... we came to Langford (Longford Castle), where we were well entertained by the Right Honorable the Lord Edward Gorges ... to whom in love and duty we proffered the gift of our tattred, wind shaken, and weather-beaten Boate, which (after our being at Salisbury, being but two miles from thence) his lordship accepted. And though hee knew shee was almoste unserviceable, yet his noble bounty was such that hee rewarded us with the price of a newe Boate." The poetic water- man then argues on the advantages that would arise to the City of Salisbury from making the river navigable, which, he gives his opinion, might easily have been done. It appears that he, with his five strong and hardy companions, made their voyage from Christchurch Haven to Salisbury in one day. Taylor says : — " So on the same Friday at night wee came to Salisbur\^ where wee brought our Boate thorow Fisherton Bridge, on the west side of the city, taking our lodging at the signe of the Kinge's Head there, with mine host Richard Estman, whose brother Thomas was one of our watermen which came in the Boate * Fordingbridge, Hants. THE THREE CUPS INN. 303 thither from London." On the next day, Taylor relates, he walked over to Wilton House, with which it appears he was well pleased, as he breaks forth into a poetic eulogy on the occasion. It is stated by H. P. Maskell and E. W. Gregory, the authors of Old County Inns (Pitman and Sons, 1910), that Taylor kept a tavern in Phoenix Alley, Longacre. " Being a faithful royalist he set up the sign of the * Mourning Crown ' over his house to express his sorrow at the tragic death of Charles 1., but was compelled by the Parliament to take it down. He replaced it with his own portrait and the following lines : — There is many a head hangs for a sign. Then gentle reader Why not mine ? The last of the numerous coaches which at one time were on the road between Salisbury and London, " The Quicksilver," started from the King's Head. It made its last journey to Town on 2nd October, 1846 (Wheeler). THE THREE CUPS INN, WINCHESTER STREET. The extensive and substantially-built premises in Winchester Street now occupied by Mr. L. S. Luckham, surgeon, together with the wine stores and cellars of Mr. Richard Dear, formed at one time the Three Cups Inn. A large yard, with stabling for a considerable number of horses, was also attached to the hostelry. This property came into the possession of the Corporation in 1431, when a lease of the tenement was granted to William Pette ; after which the Chamberlain's 304 THE BREWERS. roll shows the receipt of " 40s. Quit Rent of the corner tenement in which William Pette lives." On 20th January, 1445, " Wilham Pette of New Sarum and Isabella his wife, grant in fee to Thomas Hille of Abendon in the County of Berks and Johanna his wife the corner tenement with shops, cottages and gardens &c. situated on the north side of Wynemanstrete " &c. The Chamberlain's accounts up to 1473 show a credit each year either as '' 40s. for the annual Quit Rent out of the tenement called * Pette Storu * now Thomas Hille' s," or as " 40s. for the rent of Assize for the tenement of Isabella late wife of William Pette." In 1484—5 we get " 40s. For a quit rent out of the corner tenement called * le III Cuppys in Wynmanstrete ' late let to Thomas Hille of Abyngdon." From 1497 (in which year it cost the Corporation 54s. 3d. for repairs) to 1509 the inn was held by Robert Stacy at a quit rent of 60s. Thomas Burge, who was the tenant in 1565, paid an annual rent of £4, and his son, Edmonde Burge, who succeeded him, was granted a lease of the III Cuppes in Wynchester Street, alias Wynman Street. In 1671 Giles Naish entered into a contract with the Corporation, upon condition that they would grant him a lease of 80 years of the " Three Cuppes Inn " at an annual rent of six pounds, to rebuild the house, with three " goode lower roomes," that is to say, a hall, a parlour, a kitchen, and to make cellars ; also to build the house three stories high, and to build a malthouse " bigge or wyde enough therin to make xx quarters of malt at leaste by the weeke," and other necessary rooms, the whole to be erected within three years. In 1748 Richard Samborn, wine merchant, was THE THREE CUPS INN. 305 granted a 40 years' lease of the inn, and apparently he made an assignment of this lease in 1773 to Captain John Wyche, when the house was con- verted into a private residence, and the wine merchants' business was carried on in the ad- joining cellars (now in the occupation of Mr. Richard Dear, Wine Merchant) under the name of Wyche & Son. John Wyche (whose portrait hangs in the banqueting room at the Council House, Salisbury) was a native of the City, who had retired from the Service of the Hon. East India Company in 1769 and resided on an estate which he had purchased at Winter- bourne. Owing to the loss of £10,000 by an unfortunate investment, John Wyche came into Salisbury during 1774, and purchased the wine merchant's business from Richard Sambourne, who had just received an extension of his lease from the Corporation. In the following year John Wyche became a member of the Corporation, he was made an alderman in 1780, and elected Mayor of the City in 1783. He was granted a new lease of " the corner tenement in Winchester St. here- tofore an Inne called the Three Cups" in 1788. After his death in 1805 his son (Alderman) Hezekiah Wyche, who was Mayor in 1807, lived in the house until 1817. He entered into a partnership (which was dissolved in 1815) with Wyatt & Foot, Wine Merchants, of Endless Street. A few years later John Finch succeeded to the business of Wyche & Son, and that of Wyatt & Foot was transferred to John Cother in 1826. Phillip Pinckney Cother became a partner in 1841, and in 1871 the business of John Cother & Son was purchased by Messrs. Richardson Brothers, who were then established as Wine Merchants in 306 THE BREWERS. Gigant Street. In 1877 the Corporation sold this fine old property to one of their members for £675. THE STAR INN, BROWN STREET. The Rydedore (? Ray d'or), which soon after 1430 was re-named The Star, has the earliest record of any inn in the city. It stands at the corner of Brown Street and the present Trinity Street, which in ancient times formed a part of New Street. In the year 1332 " John son and heir of Clement atte Rydedore" conveyed to Alice his sister for her life his ten'nts in " Broun- strete between the strete called Newstrete " on the south and the ten'nt of William Brightwey on the north, extending to the watercourse on the east. 1335. Reginald Wychampton called atte Ryde- dore brother and heir of John atte Rydedore conveys to Walter atte Berghe his corner tenement in Brounstrete called le Rydedore situate West of Blackebrigge. 1392. John atte Berghe grants the tenement called le Rydedore to John Chaundler citizen of N.S. &c. In 1400 Henry IV. granted licence to John Chaundler to assign two messuages (one of which was called Rydedore), fifteen cottages, and four shillings annual rent, amounting to the yearly value of sixty-seven shillings and four pence, to Adam Teffont, Mayor of New Sarum, and master THE STAR INN. 307 of the Trinity Hospital, and to his successors in the same office. This hcence recites a prior grant from Henry IV. to Adam Teffont permitting him to purchase lands and tenements for the use of the Hospital to the amount of twenty pounds yearly ; it rates the lands and tenements assigned by John Chaundler as making one hundred shillings of that sum. 1407. Richard Pole becomes the tenant, and pays a quit rent of nine shillings per year. 1410. The Trinity Hospital accounts (2 Henry IV.) inform us that the corner tenement in which Richard Pole dwelt was " de novo edificatum constructum & erectum. In Carpentaria lathamina tegulis, zabulo, and all necessarys," at a cost of xxiiij marks. 1411 (12 Henry IV.) Johannes Gobyn 'p tenemento quod Ricus Pole tenuit cum cotagio xvj s. per annum." 1455. William Swayne (Mayor) pays rent of Assize to the Bishop for a tenement lately Clement Rawlins in New Street called " le Sterr." (Bishop Beauchamp's Liher Niger, translated by the Rev. E. R. Nevill, F.S.A.) In 1460 Roger Pye was granted a lease of the Star Inn, and we learn that after his death in 1475 a short lease of five years was granted by the Master of Trinity Hospital to Nicholas Hale of three tenements in Brown Street, one of which is called the Star (These tenements are described as in the tenure of Roger Marsh, tanner, and Dionysia Pye, widow), by the rent of one red rose paid at the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist. From this date the records of the Trinity Hospital give a complete list of the tenants of this inn down to the present day. 308 THE BREWERS. TARENT'S INN (later The Angel), HIGH STREET. This inn was on the west side of High Street to the south of Pynnok's Inn. It appears to have been the house that became the Angel Inn during the XV. century, and as such continued until the year 1762, when it ceased as an inn, and was occupied by Edward Whatmore, a builder or merchant, who converted the court37ard and stables into a timber-yard. The property is now divided into two shops and houses (42 and 44, High Street), in the occupation of Mr. Turner and Mr. Harrison. 1410. Thomas Castleton, mercer, grants to Thomas Chafyn, cardmaker of Warm^mstre, at the then rent of one rose, the reversion of a tenement which Robert Redyng holds for his life, situate in Ministrestret between Pynnok's Inn on the north . . . and Roger Tarent's on the south. In 1411 the tenement to the south of Redyng' s is granted in fee to Thomas Chafyn, cardmaker, by William Doudyng ; and six years later reference is made to an inn called Tarente's Inn, bounded on either side by the ten'ts of Thomas Chafyn, cardmaker of Warminster, on the west side of Ministrestret which is called " hyestret." As far as can be ascertained the inn first appears as The Angel in 1455. Bishop Beauchamp's Liber Niger of that date shows rent of assize from " Sir John Wallop, collector of the revenue of the Vicars of the Cathedral Church of Sarum, for a tenement in High Street called ' le Angel.' " John Hall is named as master or land- lord in 1624, and Mr. Mill in 1742—53. The tarent's inn. the rose inn. 309 Bath stage coach started from the Angel in 1751 in opposition to that from the Oxford Arms in Catherine Street. The landlord of the Angel, William Long, became bankrupt in 1761 ; his stock and furniture were sold off in the following year, and the house was let to a builder. In 1768 the premises were advertised for sale, and described as " the dwelling and timber yard of Mr. Edward Whatmore in High Street, formerly the Angel Inn." THE ROSE INN (afterwards The Rose and Crown Inn, at present The Crown Hotel), HIGH STREET. In 1411 John Goweyn gave to the Procurator and Commonalty of the Church of the Blessed Mary of Sarum a certain inn or tenement called " le Rose" in Ministrestret. (Inquisitio ad quod damnum.) In 1423 John Chafyn, cardmaker of Warminster, granted to John Paule, " forbour," a tenement in High Street between one called " le Rose" and that of Lawrence Broun on the north. 1455 (Bishop Beauchamp's Liber Niger), " from Sir John Wallop, collector of the revenue of the Vicars of the Cathedral Church of Sarum, for a tenement called ' le Rose in the old part of Mynstrestrete.' " The records of the Tailors' Guild (1470) refer to the Crown Inn, High Street ; and it is of interest to notice that in 1624 a new house appeared in Bridge Street called " The Rose," which was an inn of considerable impor- tance, with stabling for 30 horses ; after which 310 THE BREWERS. the name of the old inn in High Street would seem to have been changed to the Rose and Crown. The accounts of the Corporation Brew- house, to which reference will be made, show that John Morrys, of the Rose and Crown, High Street, bought from the Corporation during the 10 months ending March 26th, 1625, 2 hogsheads and 1 barrel of beer, and 6 Couls of Ale. The house was offered for sale in 1785, when it was stated to be held under the Vicars of the Cathedral. At this house was established, in 1824, Lodge 102, Ancient Order of Druids. THE LAMB INN (later The Holy Lamb and The Sun and Lamb), HIGH STREET. This inn was at the south-east corner of New Street and High Street, the house now known as Mitre House ; it probably also included the two adjoining houses in High Street. Mitre House is said to occupy the site on which the first house was built in Salisbury, and in which Bishop Poore is said to have lived during the building of the Cathedral. Probably this accounts for its having become customary for the Bishop of Salisbury to robe there before proceeding to his enthronisation at the Cathedral.* Bishop Beauchamp's Liher Niger (1455) shows a payment (rent of assize) by " John Russell for a tenement in High Street called ' le Lambe,' near the gate of the Close there." In 1620 Thomas Snook is mentioned as tenant of the " Holie Lambe " in High Street. Reference is also made in 1649 to Edward Willis of the * See Wordsworth's Processions and Ceremonies, p. 127 note. THE LAMB INN. " COUNTEWELLES" INN. 311 " Lambe " Inn, High Street, and in 1742 to Edward Kensington of the *' Sun and Lamb," High Street. In 1760 the house was advertised to be let either as an inn or as a private residence. It was then the property of Walter Long, a retired draper, who hved in the house now occupied by Mrs. Roberts (Close Gate House). " On the occasion of the enthronement of Bishop Barrington in 1782, it was stated that the Mayor and Corporation accompanied his lordship to the corner house in High Street, heretofore the Sun and Lamb. In 1791, on the entry of Bishop Douglas, it is again described as late the Sun and Lamb ; and in 1807 Bishop Fisher is stated to have robed at Mr. Lacy's house, formerly the Sun and Lamb. With the exception of being opened for a short time as the Mitre Coffee Rooms, it has remained a private house and shop ever since" (Wheeler). " COUNTEWELLES " INN, HIGH STREET. This inn appears to have stood on the site now occupied by the premises of Mr. Samuel Grove. The house is referred to in connection with Pynnok's Inn as the tenement of Geoffry of Warminster, who was Mayor in 1335. September, 1416. " Reginald de Kyngesbrugge heir of Geoffry de Werministre, grants in fee the tenement called ' Countewelles ' Inn situate in High Street called ' Ministrestrete ' between a trench of water running between the same and Pynnokes Inn on the south." Probably this trench conveyed water from the river to the open 312 THE BREWERS. channel in High Street, but it is seen by the grant of Wilham, son of John Kno34e, that in 1345 a larger stream was thought expedient, and that the City then bought a strip of land for the purpose of making the (New Canal) ditch, which commenced just below Fisherton Bridge and ran under the premises of the " Ramme Inn." 1455, a rent of assize is paid for a tenement in High Street called " Countewalis Inne." The name of the house may have been changed in 1474 to the Cup Inn, as the following entries in the City ledgers appear to refer to property occupying the same situation as did Countewelles Inn, viz., on the north of the Helme or Pynnok's Inn. Edward Cheyne, who was chosen alderman in 1474, is described as of the " Apud le Cowpe " in High Street, and there is an entry which refers to a tenement in High Street " between le Helme on the south and that of Edward Cheyne called le Cowpe on the north." This tenement may have been part of the ancient Pynnok's Inn converted into a separate tenement when the houses were altered and re-named as The Helme. THE BLUE BOAR INN, MARKET PLACE. This hostelry, which stood on the site now occupied by some of the shops of Messrs. Style and Gerrish in the Blue Boar Row, may have received its name from the ancient name of the place or chequer in which it was built. The late Mr. H. J. F. Swayne, in his notes before alluded to, says " I am of opinion that the * Blue bore ' was so named from the iron door of a prison THE BLUE BOAR INN. 313 formerly existing there, as in the cases of the Blue bore at Oxford, the Brown bore at Wilton, and, notwithstanding Nichols' story, the Blue bore at Leicester." The inn was either built or re-built for William Ludlow in 1444, as in an indenture dated 1444 for building W. Ludlow's house [Wilts Arch. Mag. XV. 330) it is described as " within the Boor against the Market-place," and at a later date the deed was endorsed " in the blew bore." Bishop Beauchamp's Libey Niger, 1455, shows rent of assize received " from William Ludlow for his Inn called * Boore,' formerly Thomas Burford's." The Blue Boar Inn, when at its prime, must have been an extensive hostelry, with a large courtyard ex- tending to " Chepparestrete." * Tradition assigns this yard as the scene of the execution of the Duke of Buckingham in 1483, but great uncertainty seems always to have prevailed as to the spot where this unfortunate nobleman was beheaded. One authority says " he was beheaded on a new scaffold in the Market-place," which certainly appears more probable, as the object of King Richard, who was no fool, would have been to strike terror into a disaffected city, which Salis- bury had proved itself to be during the preceeding year. In 1484 William Boket, Maior, and Roger Holes were appointed wardens for looking after the streets " from the bore corner and all the dich to the Tabard, the fisshrow, the bocherow and so on to the brigge of ffissherton called the upper brigge." The register of Saint Edmund's, Sarum, contains a record of the burial of J. Battye of the Blew Bore, Nov. 30, 1571. The masters or tenants of the Blue Boar Inn appear to have been Gervis Batter in 1620, Mr. Read 1721, and Robert Read in 1730, but during the * The present Chipper Lane. 314 THE BREWERS. early part of the XVIII. century the Three Lions Inn became the principal hotel in the City. This inn stood at the south-west corner of Winchester Street, on the site occupied by what was formerly Pinckney's Bank, and included the adjoining house in the Market Place. Mr. Gast, who became the proprietor of the Three Lions about 1757, also carried on another large inn, the Greyhound, immediately behind the Three Lions (the premises now occupied by the Young Men's Christian Association), extending to Brown Street, which had stabling for 70 or 80 horses. From this time the ancient Blue Boar Inn rapidly declined, and at the beginning of the XIX. century Dr. Fowler built himself a house on a portion of the site, which he occupied until 1819 — 20. The house was then taken by a society, established under the presidency of Bishop Fisher, which opened the upper part of the premises as the " Salisbury and Wiltshire Library and Reading Rooms," and converted the lower part into a shop, and it may be of interest to notice that this shop was let in 1825 to Mr. William Fawcett. Mr. Fawcett, who had been assistant to Mr. Pinckney, the leading draper in the City, during the preceeding ten years, then opened a business of his own. Six years later he became Mayor of Salisbury, and on August 26th, 1833, his son, Henry Fawcett, who became Postmaster-General in 1880, was born in this house. The statute of Henry Fawcett, by Pinker, is erected facing the site of the Blue Boar Inn. 315 THE ROYAL, HIGH STREET. The situation of this house is doubtful, but the Corporation records show that a bridge crossed the ditch from High Street to the Canal, and therefore it may have been the original name of the inn that stood on the site of the present Assembly Rooms, and known during the XVIH. century as " The Fountain Tavern." An Assembly Room, patronised by the best people for balls, concerts and dinners, was attached to the Foun- tain, and the wine cellars of Messrs. Large and Co. are supposed to have formed a part of the same inn. The Chamberlain's roll for 1453 shows the receipt of 4/1 1 for old timber sold from the bridge towards " le Ryall " in High Street, and a payment of 2/6 to Robert Carpenter and a man for making the " Comon Trenche " in High Street (Summo Vico) opposite " le Ryol," and 12d. for hyrdelles, and 2/- for a cartload of " hethe," and 10/- for 30 load of gravel for the same bridge, also 12d. for the carraige of the timber for the trench in High Street (Summo Vico) opposite " le Ryolle." In 1455 a rent of assize was paid by John att Bergh for a hospice in High Street called " le Robe" (? le Ryole). During the years 1396 to 1455 mention is made of the following names, some of which probably refer to inns and others to tradesmen's signs : — 1396. " Hatterestaverne in Mynsterstrete, which is called Castel- strete " (Tropenell Cartulary). 1414. " le Draggon Saynte Martynstret " (Will of Ric' Spencer). 1430. " le Tabard," opposite the Market.* •(?) The Plume of Feathers, 1668. now the Turkish Baths, an old house with a gallery on one side of the yard, the stairs leading from the yard to several of the chambers, after the style of the old Tabard, of Southwark. 316 THE BREWERS. 1455. " le Hynde," W3aicliestrestret (Bishop Beauchamp's Liber Niger). „ Sarasynliede (corner ten'nt) in Catemstrete. „ le Swan (capital ten'nt or hospice), Wynmanstrete. „ le liorce, Castelstrete. „ le horslied, High Street. 1475. Marshall's Inn or the Horse Shoe, High Street. ,, New Inn, near the Poultry (Polatria). „ Deverill's Inn, Castle Street (opposite market where corn is sold). 1455. le Faucon, Castelstret (John Hill, lately Will'm. Marchal's). ,, A tavern in which Nicholas Sagen dwells at the Fisher's Stalls, le Pilours, next the Colecorner. le Abbey, in Carternstrete. le Abbay, in Culverstret (Sir John Baynton). le Crane (Sir John Lysle), lower bridge, Fyssherton. le Falcon, near the lower bridge of Fyssherton. le Gredire, Carternstrete. le Checker's, Endlestrete. le Legge, High Street. The following regulations and orders respecting brewers are extracted from the Corporation Ledgers : — 1550, November 10th. " It is agreed that no brewer within this citie nor other from the 18th day of this present monthe of November, whiche day Mr Meyor shall make his proclamation, shall sell noo maner of ale above one peny the galon accordyng to Mr Meyor's proclamation untyll suche tyme that Mr Meyor and the Justices shall take any order for the same. And that bere of the best shalbe solde noo derer then xx d. the barell, and mylde bere for xviii d. the barell, and syngle bere xiv d the barell and no derer." — 4 Edw. VI. A recipe for making eleven barrels of single beer {Arnold's Chronicle, 1521):— 10 quarters of malt. 2 quarters of wheat. 2 quarters of oats. 11 poundes of hoppys. THE MAYOR FINED. 317 1550 — 1, March 18. — " It is agreed that all brewers, whiche nowe at this present tyme dothe brewe, shall not at any tyme hereafter leave off brewyng and begyn agen ; for if they doo, everye of them shall forfeite to the chamber 10 h. in money to be levyed of theire goodes and catalles." — 5 Edw. VI. 1556, May 22. — " Forasmoche as it is apparante to the hoole house that John E5a-e hathe offended in brewyng of stronge ale, and that he hathe forfeited 10 li., as is menc'oned in the Acte made in the tyme of Mr. Christopher ChaSyn then hejng Maior, yet neverthelesse by cause he is an honest man, and dyd confesse his saide fault and submytted hymselfe unto the order of this house, it is therefore nowe ordered by the hoole assente of the same, that the said John Eyre shall paye in hande for his said offence unto the Chamberlaynes of this Citie to be by theym used and employed abowte the repara'con and amendement of the Market place of the same Citie, where most nede slialbe, 40s., and that Maister James Andrewes, Mayor, for the sellynge of oone Cowle of strong ale shall pay in hande to the use afore- saide 5s. . . . It is furthur agreed that Roger Bell shalbe nominated to be oone of the sellers of wyne within this Citie in the stead of Roger Eaton, who is discharged of the sellynge of the said wynes, soo that the said Roger Bell doo sell wynes accordyng to the Acte of Parliamente in that case provided." —2 and 3 Philip and Mary.* 1556, September 2nd. — " It is agreed that all the ale brewers within this Cittie shall brewe theire ale for l|d. the galon untyll the feast of Seynte Michell th' Archangell next comming, and after the said feast untyll the next assemble, for 2s. the Cowle the goode ale, and |d. the galon for the Id. ale, and they that shall fetche of the brewars a galon of goode ale shall have the same for Ifd. under the denser, goode and stale as the typlers for 2d. the galon. And also that all the here brewers within this Cite shall untyll the feast of Seynt Michell th' Archangell next coramyng, sell theire doble beare and syngle beare as they dyd before, and after the said feast they shall have untyll the next assemble for every barell of doble beare 2s. 4d., and for every barell of syngle beare 14d. the barell." — 3 and 4 Philip and Mary. 1564, April 10. — " It is at this assembly ordered and decreed that the olde and auncient price of ale and here before, accordinge to the Assize of l|d. the gallon and 18d. the Cowle, shall stand * The above-mentioned John Eyre was an Alderman, who became Mayor in 1567, and his brother, Robert Eyre, was M.P. for Salisljiiry in 1557, and Mayor of the City in 1558. 318 THE BREWERS. and contynue, and here at 20d. the barrell the best, and single bere at 14d. the barrell. The penny ale at |d. the gallon." — 6 Elizabeth. 1564 — 5, January 15. — " It is agrede, concluded and deter- mined that from and after this present day no bruer of ale or bere ^vithin this Citie brewinge, shall brewe any ale or bere above the rate confirmed and ratified in the tymes of the Maioraltye of Mr. William Kent and Mr. Christopher Chafyn, that is to say, ale at l|d. the gallon the best sorte, and of the seconde sorte of ale |d. the gallon ; and bere at the rate ensuinge viz. 20d. the barrell the best sorte, and 14d. the barrell of the seconde sorte &c. &c. . . . And for the full execu'con herof it is agreede that the constables of this Citye shall have power to serche for the contrary, and to give information to Mr. Maior, that due execution may be had." — 7 Elizabeth. 1623, July 28. — " Inn-keepers and others suffering players to play in their houses back sides or courtes after seaven of the clocke in the afternoone shall loose and forfeyte to this Cor- pora'con to and for the use of the poore of this Cittye, for every such oSence 40s." — 21 Jac. I, 1623 — 4, February 16. — " All players from hencefourthe shall make theire playes at the George in Highstrete." — 21 Jac. I. In 1612, after the City had received the Charter of James I., the Corporation revoked the con- stitutions of all the Companies, and in the follow- ing year each of them, with the exception of the Company of Brewers, were re-constituted, and their new orders were sanctioned by the Corpora- tion and ratified by the seal of the Mayor. But the brewers, ignoring an order made by the Corporation " that all crafts and trades should form themselves into companies," did not submit their draft orders to the Council until July, 1615. " 1615, July 21. Henry Pearson Mayor. At this Councelle the orders from the Companye of Brewers were examyned and allowed, and yt is agreede the same orders may be engrossed and afterwards sealed by Mr. Mayor in the presence of anye of this Companye." THE brewers' orders MADE VOID. 319 Owing to some disagreement between the brewers and the Corporation, these orders were not sealed, and the brewers do not appear to have taken any further steps in the matter until 1622. In that year a proposal was made in the Council that a common brewhouse should be established by the Corporation, and that the profits from the same should be devoted to the relief of the poor in the City and to the maintenance of the Work- house in Winchester Street, that had been started in 1564 " to holde and sett to worke idell people soe that ther shall none which be hable to worke that shalbe suffred to go idelly abrode in begginge." This proposal was resisted by the brewers, six of whom, including Robert Jole, an alderman, were members of the Corporation, and at a meeting of the Council which was held in the following month (August) the brewers, in self-defence, again applied to have their orders sealed. The minutes of this meeting are not entered in the ledger, but the report of a later meeting shows that the application was refused — " 5tli January, 1622 — 3. — At this Councelle yt is ordered and agreed that a former order made in Mr. Henry Pearson's yeare videlt the 21st daye of Julye in the XIII. yeare of the Kinges Ma' ties raigne that nowe is of Englande &c. . . . touchinge the incorpora'con of the Brewers of this Cittye, is nowe frustrated and made void, and whereas at a com'on Councell holden in August last yt was agreed by the greatest number of voyces that the orders then preferred for the incorpora'con of the saide brewers should not be allowed or sealed, which order was not then entered in the ledger, but is nowe at this Councell con- firmed." In the following November Robert Jole, who had three months previously declined to serve the office of Mayor and had paid his fine, begged his colleagues to remit the fine and elect him as Mayor, and to reassure those who suspected that 320 THE BREWERS. he would use his position, if elected, to hinder the erection of the brewhouse, he declared that he wished prosperity to such a good work, &c. Jole was elected Mayor on 2nd November, 1623, and a Council meeting was summoned to meet on the 1st January to take a final vote respecting the brewhouse. Jole locked the door of the Council House, and so prevented the meeting being held, but the Council succeeded in holding a meeting on the 17th of the same month, at which a vote was taken upon the subject, viz. : — " Att this Councell it was putt to tlie question whether the brewhowse shall stand or be putt downe, and it was tryed by balles and Thirtie seaven voyces were that yt shall stand, and eighte voyces was on the other side. Whereuppon it is nowe ordered that from henceforthe that yt be not directlie moved to that purpose againe. But yf anye will move for the good of the chamber touchinge the said brewhowse lett them putt yt in writinge and delyver yt in the Councell to Mr. Maior." After his appointment as Mayor, Robert Jole became the chief opponent of the brewhouse undertaking, and on September 11th, 1626, he was suspended from the Corporation. The charges that were brought against him fill several pages in the ledger, and his conduct appears to have been so outrageous that the following abbreviated extracts may be of interest : — " 1626, September 11. — At this Counsell Mr. Eobert Jole an Alderman of this Cittye was uppon the question suspended of beinge an alderman or assistant or of beinge of this Companye or Corpora'con, and for cominge to the Counsells of this Cittye, or to have any place in this Companye untill theire shalbe order made for his calling to the contrarye. And the causes of his suspen'con havinge byn sumarylye towched uppon this day, shalbe sett downe and putt into writinge, and to be entred as of this Counsell after they shalbe perused and allowed at the next Counsell . . . And are written in fol. 329 " as follows. " The causes and reasons for which the suspension of Mr. Robert Jole was made. Whereas the saide Robert Jole since the granting ROBERT JOLE, MAYOR. 321 of the Charter to the Cittye by our late Sou'aigne Lord Kinge James, videlt. the XIII. daye of Marche in the IX, yeare of the raigne &c. &c. . . . did take this oathe followinge, videlt. I Kobert Jole doe willinglye sweare that I will from henceforthe to the uttermoste of my power maynteyne and defend the liberties and privileges of this Cittye men'coned in the Charter . . . and will from tyme to tyme performe all orders made . . , for the good governmente and profitt thereof . . . soe neer as God shall give me grace, soe helpe me God. And he took also the oathe of Assistant, and afterwardes videlt, the seconde daye of March the XVIII. yeare of the saide Kinge he was elected Alderman and took the oathe of an Alderman. Afterwards he Robert Jole on the XXVIII. Julye in the XXI. yeare of the said Kinge James did make suite to be spared from beinge named to be putt to the ele'con of Maioraltie of this Cittye for V. yeares, and thereuppon offered to geve XX li. to the Cittye for a fyne for that privilege, which was yielded unto in his favour by the Com'on Councell. But there beinge an order in the Councell made the VI. daye of June in the XXI. yeare of Kinge James for the erectinge of a Com'on Brewhowse at the charge of the chamber of the Cittye for the relyeffe of the poore of the Cittye, which was made in his presence and by the consente of five or sixe brewers who were of the same Councell. The saide Robert Jole shortlye afterwardes, viz. the seconde of November . . . which was the day for the ele'con of the Maior . . . made erneste suite that not- withstandinge his saide order gotten as aforesaide to be spared for five yeares from that office, that the saide fine might be remitted and that he might be then named and putt to the ele'con to be Maior. But yt beinge doubted by some that he might by suche meanes hinder the erectinge of the Com'on Brewhowse . . . which was then in good forwardness and almoste ready. He pressed publickly in the face of the Councell that he wished all prosperity to that good worke, and in token thereof desired that God would deale soe with his soul as he intended the good of the newe brewhowse, Upon which his desire and erneste protesta'con his fyne was remitted, and he was named and putt to the question and chosen Maior, and thereuppon he took the oathe of Maior which oathe appeareth in the beginninge of this booke, videlt. Ye shall as farr fourth as ye cann or maye keepe and governc the Kinges people of this Cittye to lyve in peace from all manner of ryotts Conventicles and Insurrec'ons againste the Kinges peace &c. . . . Butt beinge gotten into the office of Maior, he presentlye neglected 322 THE BREWERS. his said protesta'con and all his saide oathes, and made an open declara'con of hymselfe to be an utter enemye to the saide brewhowse erected for the poore, and protested then with many oathes and muche furye that he would overthrow the brewhowse yf he could, and hathe sithence used many unlawfuU practices to the dishonor and prejudice of this Cittye and contrarye to his oathes, as namelye. Firste he beinge of a moste furious and fierye nature did presentlye after his entringe into his Mayoraltye become soe harshe, and behaved hymselfe soe furiouslye, and soe rudelye and uncivillye at the Com'on Councell . . . that the Councell was much troubled ... by reason thereof, and the afEayres of the Cittye . . . receyved thereby very great prejudice. 2. He used at the Com'on Councells duringe his Maioraltie and ever since fowle and uncivill language to his brethren the Aldermen . . . and to other of the Assistants there, using to many of the Aldermen in reproache the word (thou). And at an Assemblye of the Justices and auncients of this howse, he called Mr. Kobert Banes an alderman and a justice of the peace (fioole). 3. He was of soe violente a carriadge and soe furious duringe his Maioraltie that when he hadd called for any of the justices of the peace to attend at the Councell Howse for the service of his Maiestie, maney of them durst not come into the room to hym single, but would walk withoute untill some other of their fellow justices had come to go into his presence with them, for fear of beinge assaulted by hym. 4. A Com'on Councelle being lawfullye warned to be at the Councell Howse uppon the firste day of January, Anno XXI. Jacobi Regis, in the tyme of his Maioraltie and all the aldermen and Com'on Councell beinge accordinglye come to the howse to enter there, Eobert Jole beinge there, did in a violent manner keepe fast the door of the Councelle Howse and kepte away the keyes thereof, and would not suffer them to enter thereunto to holde the Councell and soe utterlye disappointinge the holding thereof. 5. XXI. Julii, 13 Jacobi Regis, in Mr. Pearson's Maioraltie their beinge an order that the brewers . . . should be a company and should have their orders sealed, but the brewers neglectinge to prosecute the same did for seaven yeares next after and more, forbear to draw themselves into anye companye or to have their orders under seale, and soe totally rejected and SUSPENSION OF ALDERMAN JOLE. 323 refused the benefit of the said orders, and yet afterwardes vicesimo Jacobi Regis when Mr. Squibb was Maior the Com'on brewhowse beinge by the full consent of the Councell ordered to be erected for the relyeffe of the poore, the brewers to hinder the settinge upp and prosperity thereof did move in a Com'on Councell that they might have the benefitt of the said orders, and wished them to be a companye, but their motion was denyed by the Councell by voyces, and the former orders were then resolved to be utterly e void. But afterwards in the next year when Mr. Jole was Maior (he knowing that Mr. Bee who kept one of the keyes of the Cheaste wherin the Seale was kepte, was ymployed in erneste business of the Cittye at that tyme and could not then come to the howse) gott the saide key from hym by a false message sent by Mr. Jole to Mr. Bee, and then the said Mr. Jole did in the presence of a few others, cause the Com'on Seale to be sett to the orders of the Brewers for the confirmation of the same, notwithstanding he well knew that the same orders had been made voyde by the voyces of the Com'on Councell, he hymselfe and all or moste of the brewers of the companye beinge present at the Councell when yt was soe resolved, which acte was manifestlye contrarye to his oathes, and to the greate damage of the Cittye. 6. In the tyme of his Maioraltie not long before the end of his ofiice, he was much distempered with drinke, and in the night tyme about eighte of the clocke he was getting towardes Mr. Homes house, he beinge at Gaunts Kyve which is the filthie myrey diche that runneth throughe the Greyhounde,*coulde not gett over the bridge there, but fell into the same gutter and getting out with much adoe, he, thinkinge to go over the stubbles went through the river and then went into Mr. Homes howse at the back dore of his howse. 7. He the day or twoe before the end and expira'con of his Maioraltie did of his owne aucthoritye, beinge only assisted by Mr. Home and without the assente or consente of any Com'on Councell, admit and sweare dyverse persons (videlt.) Lawrence Home Junr. who had byn an apprentice in London, Thomas Hancock Junr., John Pearson and Thomas Sevyer to be ffree citizens of this Cittye contrarye to the Charter and his said oathe. 8. In his Maioraltie or very shortly after, he did in the night tyme about eleven of the clocke lye in the open streate to meet and assault and beat Mr. Robert Norwcll an alderman . . . who married the mother of the said Mr. Jole, and did then meet * The Greyhound Inn, vide page 314. 324 THE BREWERS. hym and assualt liym in such sort that . . . Mr. Norwell feared to repayre to his own howse and gott into the howse of Thomas Lawes and there stayed the night, and Mr. Joles lay wayte again for his coraying home all that night to have again assaulted hym to the great trouble and ray singe of the inhabi- tants oute of their beds, and the breach of the peace and dis- honour of the Cittye. 9. A little before the tearme of St. Hillarye Anno primo Caroli Regis, he being an alderman of this Cittye took on him the office of a Baylye arrant and served Mr. Coward then a new man of this Cittye with process to enforce the Maior and Com- monaltie of the Cittye to appear and answer a suite by quo warranto in the Kinges Benche touchinge sundry liberties by them pretended to be challenged to the dishonour of the place of an alderman &c. . . . He also procured an injunction Quo Warranto to be exhibited in the Kinges Bench touchinge the brewhouse whereby he charged the Maior and Corpora'con with many false and slanderous things &c." This long standing dispute was settled in 1626. The ledger contains a report of " A treaty pending with Mr. Attorney General and Mr. Noy, of Lincoln's Inn, relative to the matters in dispute respecting Mr. Alderman Jole . . . he being admitted, and Mr. Thomas Hancock, Mr. Richard Payne, Mr. Robert Norwell, alderman, Mr. Edward Fawconer, and also Mr. William Windover and Mr. John Dove ; two other brewers being present, it was agreed that all matters in dispute between the Corporation and the brewers touching the Common brewhouse be referred to the award of Mr. Mayor, Mr. Recorder and fourteen others (whose names follow), and, in default of their arriving at a settlement of the matter, that it be referred to the arbitrement of Sir Robert Heath, Attorney General, and Wilham Nov, of Lincoln's Inn." The Common brewhouse was in Rolleston Street opposite the present Old George Brewery, THE CORPORATION BREWHOUSE. 325 and eight of the aldermen, including Mr. Bee, who was chosen chief and treasurer, were ap- pointed to manage the undertaking. This Com- mittee appear to have converted several tenements which already belonged to the Corporation into a brewhouse. The accounts of the undertaking are contained in six ledgers marked " Brewhowse Accounts," but the most interesting of the records is to be found in an old book in parchment covers, which contains the minutes of the Committee. On the first folio of this book there appears an extract from the Council minutes of a meeting which was held on the 26th January, I. Charles I., viz, : — " The Voyces that the Brewhowse may be confirmed by Acte of Parliam'nt are XLII., and the voyces on the contrarye parte are tenn. Therefore yt is nowe ordered and agreede, That the Brewhouse in this Cittye shalbe confirmed by Acte of Parham't at the nexte Parliam't yf it maye be hadd and obteyned." " Resolutions of the Committee of the Brewhowse putt upp for the use of the Poore, 1623. Here foUoweth the receipts of the money that hathe bene geven to the Corpora'con towardes the settinge upp of the Brewhowse " (here follows a list of subscribers, the amount being £39 16s. 2d.). " Monney layde out about the Com'on Brewhowse from VIII. Auguste 1623 to the XV. October 1624. . . . Total £66 13s. 6d." The Some of all disbursements aboute the Brew- howse layde oute by Mr. Bee from the 7th October 1623 amountethe unto as appearethe by the particulars before written . . .. £250 5 11 Also layde out for barlye untill XVI. Aprill 1624 . . £484 17 8 Layde out from the 7th Feb'y 1623 untill the XVI. Aprill 1624 (timber, lime, bricks, labour, &c.) 91 1 8 Paid to Mr. Home . . . . . . . . 10 Paid to John Stevens . . . . . . 7 10 Paid to Mr. Ivey for the use of the Race Money . 4 The some is £847 15 3 326 THE BREWERS. £4 8 £11 4 6 6 £1 11 3 Noat. I coveuanted with Henrie Russell of Andover brewers serve'nt, the Com'on brewhowse of the Cittye, as cheefe brewer for beare, at the yearlye wages of xiii li. vi s. viii d. to be payde Quarterley. Signed by Hen. Russell. Payde to Henry ffrye of Downton for 1000 paving bricks to pave a Maultinge flooer at the Brew- howse at xvi s. a thousande, and 6 Tonn of Tymber at xii s. a tonn, to be delivered at Sarum Payde the Cooper, Thomas North of hampton in parte paymente of the Vessells that hathe byn re- ceaved from him . . Payde to goodwife Eastonns in recompence of beare that was to be allowed her for the tyme that the servantes of the brewhowse dyeted with her w'ich was about seaven weeks Payde to Thomas Pettibone for stakes and nayles for the newe beare Cart, wayinge 150 li. att 2d of a pounde nayles Payde to Androwe Rogers for 47 Barrels at xv pence a peece Payde for toe thouzande of hoopes Payde for a tunne dishe to tunn the beare with Payde for Charcoale and Mendipe coale . . Alderman Bee's accounts, 16 Aprill, 1624. Signed by Roger Gauntlett. B. TOOKIE. Thos. Raye. Thomas Squibb. John Ivee. John Stannix. James Abbott. Among the loose MSS. are the following : — A noat of al That hath tacken Beer and ale from the New Brewhouse from the 10th day of May last unto this present Day being the 26th March 1625 : — Mr. Sheruil,* Recorder, 15 hogsheads, 66 barels of beer and ale. IVIr. Bee, Jent, 50 ba. of beer and ale. Mr. Thos. EUiot, Jent, 60 ba. of beer. Mr, Gaimtlet, Jent, 64 ba. of beer and ale. Mr. Tookey, Jent, 48 ba. of beer and ale. * Henry Sheffield. £2 18 15 1 £4 2 BREWHOUSE ACCOUNTS. 327 Mr. Thomas Ray, Jent, som few ba. (barrels) Mr. Churchouse, Jeut, near about 50 ba. beer. Mr. Squibb, Jent, 3 hogsheads, 78 ba. of beer. Mr. Byles Sn'r., neer 40 ba. of beer. Mr. Byles Jun'r., neer 50 ba. of beer. Mr. Puxton, Jent, neer 20 ba. of beer. Mr. John Ivey, about 20 ba. of beer. Mr. Thomas Hill, about 60 ba. of beer. Mr. Coward, about 30 ba. of beer. Mr, Abbott, about 36 ba. of beer. Mr. Stanix, 8 or 10 ba. of beer. Mr. Banes did tack in the somer. (take in the summer) Mr. Bricket, about 20 ba. of beer. Mr. John Ray, 32 ba. of beer. Mr. Richard Baslye, 61 ba. of beer. Mr. John Player, about 14 ba. of beer. Mr. Thomas Sly, about 16 ba. of beer. Mr. Wilham Dalhng, about 60 ba. of beer. William Ray (White Bear), 3 hogsheads, 6 ba. of beer. John Fryer (White Hart), 4 ba. of beer and 1 ba. of ale. John Barrow (Three Lions), 15 ba. of beer and 1 cowle* of ale. Ferdind. Baynton (Three Swans), 3 humerkinsf of beer. George Mustiane (Blue Lion), 100 ba. of beer and 17 cowles of ale. George Bedbery (George Inn), 45 ba. of beer and 23 cowls of ale. John Luxford, 28 ba. of beer and 12 couls* of ale. Richard Eston (King's Head), 20 ba. of beer, 1 ba. and 1 coul of ale. Christopher New (The Goat), 43 ba. of beer. Edmond Snow (The Glove), 24 ba. of beer and 6 couls of ale. William Strayn (Catherine Wheel), 16 ba. of beer and 14 couls of ale. William Goold (Black Horse), about 18 ba. of beer, 16 couls of ale. John Skrag (The Griffin), 6 ba. of beer, 3 couls ale. John Morrys (Rose and Crown), 2 hogsheads, 1 ba. beer and 6 couls ale. Abraham Collins (Spread Eagle), 1 hogshead, 5 ba. of beer. Edward Gillow (White Horse), 1 ba. of beer. Richard Friend (Princes' Arms), 18 ba. of beer, 7 couls ale. The widdow Perry (Black Bear), 14 couls ale. The first name on the " Noat " represents Henry Sherfield, a bencher of Lincohi's Inn, a resident in St. Edmund's parish, who was ap- pointed Recorder of Sahsbury in 1623. He is * Cowl — a vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two (Johnson). Cowl-staff— the staff on which a vessel is supported by two men (Suckling). t Humerkin=a vessel containing two-thirds of a hogshead (36 gallons). 328 THE BREWERS. well known for the proceedings against him in the Star Chamber, of which an account is given in Hatcher, p. 371 and seq., " for after obtaining the consent of the vestry, destroying a certain painted glass window in his parish church." Of the other names in the " Noat," those with the prefix Mr. refer to members of the Corporation, the first seventeen being aldermen, many of whom had served the ofiice of Mayor. There were at this time over 100 innkeepers and alehouse- keepers in Salisbury, and the list informs us that only 18 of them took beer and ale from the Common brewhouse. The Committee, in their first report to the Council, state that the brew- house did not yield much profit, and it was probabl}^ due to this report that the Corporation settled their differences with the brewers, and passed a resolution that all innkeepers and ale- house-keepers " shall be summoned to attend next Council to be treated touchinge theire takinge some of theire beer of the brewhouse." The next document, which appears to be a memorandum of one of the officials, contains a list of the names of 40 publicans who were present at the above-mentioned Council meeting, and also the names of their houses. The author has endeavoured to supply from other sources the names of the streets in which these inns were situated, and also a list of other inns in the City for which licences were granted during the years 1635 to 1685. 1. Thomas Ckiffiiige, The Bell, Draghall Street, now Exeter Street. 2. Mr. John Symons, The Kinges Armes, Catherine Street, now St. John Street. 3. Mr. John ffrier, The White Hart, Catherine Street, now St. John Street. INNS AND KSINKEEPERS, XVII. CENTURY. 329 4. John Layland, The Horse Shooe, Catherine Street. 5. Mrs. S. Lawrence, The Antelope, Catherine Street. 6. John Durneford, The Dolphine, Fish Market. 7. PhiUip Seymor, The Lambe, Catherine Street. 8. Mr. Wm. Raye, The White Beare, Catherine Street, now Cripps'. 9. Richard ffrynd, The Prinses Armes (? became the Flying Horse), Catherine Street. 10. Mr. John Barrow, The Three Lyons, site of Pinckney's Bank. 11. Thomas Wiatte, The Grayhound, Brown Street, back of Three Lyons. 12. John Blathat, The Tuckers Sheres. 13. William Gold, The Black Horse, Winchester Street. 14. John Morrys, The Rose and Crown (later the Crown), High Street. 15. John Scragge, The GrifEyn (now Crown and Anchor), Exeter Street. 16. Thomas Pericourt, The Three Cuppes, Winchester Street. 17. Wm. Kente, The Talbotte, Winchester Street. 18. — Erliche, widowe. The George (later Old George), Win- chester Street. 19. Mr. fferdynande Baynton, The Three Swannes, Winchester Street. 20. Roger Holte, The Woollpack, Endless Street. 21. John Sevyer (brew themselves). The Sarasins Head, Blue Boar Row. 22. Mr. Gervis Batter, The Blewe Bore, Blue Boar Row. 23. Mr. Thomas Lawes, The Meremayde, Blue Boar Row. 24. Thomas Elton, The Bugle, Blue Boar Bow. 25. Henry Page, The Three Tonnes, Winchester Street. 26. George Bankes, The Cornishe Choffe, Blue Boar Row. 27. Julian Perry, widowe. The Black Beare, Castle Street (now Parker, dentist). 28. Edward Gillowe, The White Horse. 29. Richard Toppyn, The Crowne, without Castle Gate. 30. Richard Easton, The Kinges Head, Bridge Street (now County Hotel). 31. John Hall, The Angell, High Street. 32. John Gifiord, The Rose, Bridge Street (now Crown Chambers). 330 THE BREWERS. 33. Thomas Snook, The Holi Lambe, later Sun and Lamb, now Mitre House, High Street. 34. George Bedbury, The George, High Street. 35. Abraham Collins, The Splayed Eagle, on the ditch next Assembly Eooms, Canal. 36. Mr. Richard Caplyn, The Bush. 37. Gevry Mustian, The Blew Lyon. 38. Christofer Newe, The Goate, Milford Street. 39. Edmond Snowe, The Glove. 40. William Strange, Catherine Wheel, Milford Street. I. William Vyner, The Vine, Cheese Cross. II. The Plume of Feathers, Queen Street. III. Joseph Jennings, The Pelican, St. Ann Street. IV. Thomas Clarke, The Pott and Lymbeck, Love Lane and Trinity Street corner. V. (Built by Will Bishop), The Angel, on the Town Ditch, Milford Hill. VI. Edward Lister, The Sun, at Winchester Gate. VII. The Rose and Crown, later " Six Bells " corner of Winchester Street and Green Croft Street. VIII. The Cherry Tree, corner of Brown Street (east) and St. Ann Street. IX. The World's End, St. Martin's Church Street. X. Arthur Saunders, The Squirrell, Guilder Lane. XI. George Clemens, The Dragon (? St. George and Dragon). XII. The Bull's Head (now City Arms), Market Place. XIII. The Crown (without Castle Gate). Aubrey, the Wiltshire antiquary, referring to John Halle as an eminent merchant at Salisbury, adds, " his dwelling house, now (1669) a Tavern, was on the Ditch" (Halle of John Halle, Canal). A separate document contains the names of the cooks and keepers of alehouses as distinct from the innkeepers, viz. : — " What they utter weekely, Alehowse keepers and what drincke they take of the Brew." ALEHOUSE KEEPERS, XVII. CENTURY. 331 1. Anne Dixon, widowe, 1 ale. 2. Walter Daniell, 1 ale. 3. Nicholas Graye, 1 ale. 4. Henry Reynolds, 1 ale. 5. Thomas Bedwyn, 1 ale. 6. Elizab. Burnet, widowe, 2 ale. 7. William Weekes, 1 ale. 8. Richard Danyell, 1 ale. 9. William Peacock, 1 ale. 10. Richard Symmes, 1 ale. 11. Eleanor Jackson, Avidowe, 1 ale. 12. Alice Phillips, widowe, 2 ale. 13. John Leedes, 1 ale. 14. WilUam Coleman, per uxorem, 2 ale. 15. Genefer Bricket, widowe, 1 ale. 16. Christofer Jupe, 1 ale. 17. Richard Parsons, 1 ale. 18. Thomas fforder, 1 ale. 19. Alice Lambe, widowe, 1 ale. 20. Christian Hide, widowe, 1 ale. 21. Robert Trigge, 2 ale. 22. Agnes Chitfester (? Chichester), widowe, 1 ale. 23. John Cornewelle, di (|). 24. William Reade, 1 ale. 25. Nicholas Coleman, 1 ale. 26. Pyarce Stronge, widowe, 1 ale. 27. Richard Hill, 2 ale. 28. EUys Tuckie, 1 ale. 29. Elizab. Lystenby, wid., 2 ale. 30. (sick) WilUam Randall, 1 ale. 31. Edward Lee, 1 ale. 32. (lame) Christian Langford, 2 ale, 2 beare. 33. Jane ffrewern, wid., 1 ale, 2 beare. 34. Launcelt Lawne (putt downe). 35. Edith Lovell, wid. „ ? 36. Elianor Chamb'len 37. WilUam Gibell 38. Richard Myller 39. Thomas Chapell 40. Hen. Denham, not lie. (? not Ucensed). 41. M. Heath, wid., not Uc. 42. John Curtys, not Uc. 43. Thomas Southe, not lie. 332 THE BREWERS. The Names of the Cookes. 1. Thomas Morgan, 2 ale. 2. Margaret Seawell, wid., 1 ale. 3. Hy. Roffe, per uxorem, | ale. 4. Thos. Bedwyn, Tripemacker, | ale. 5. John Cooper, per uxorem ? 6. Joane NichoUs, wid. 7. Margaret Grisell, wid. 8. Margaret Hiscoxe, wid. 9. John Nutte, per uxorem. Early in the next century, viz., in December, 1708, the Corporation were of opinion that the large number of alehouses in the City constituted " an evil seriously and generally felt." The result of this resolution was that during the next two years a considerable number of alehouse licences were refused, after which the Town Council passed a vote of thanks to the Mayor and Magis- trates for reducing the number of such licences in the City to 40, which the Corporation con- sidered sufficient for the accommodation of the public. The following list of the names of public houses for which licences were granted in Salisbury during the XVIIL century is compiled from the Corporation records and other sources. It shows that, in addition to the 40 alehouses, there were over 50 inns established in the City during this period, many of them being important hostelries and coaching houses. It will be noticed that there are more than 40 names of alehouses in- cluded in the list, but in those days it was not an uncommon thing for a new tenant to change the name of a house when he took possession, so that the same house may appear under two or three different names during a period such as that included in the list. SALISBURY INNS, XVIII. CENTURY. 333 INNS. 1727. The Dragon (originally The Griffin, now The Crown and Anchor), Draghall Street (present Exeter Street), George Withers. 1717. The Bell, Exeter Street, Richard Reeves. 1766. The King's Arms, Catherine Street (the present St. John Street), John Shergold. 1702. The White Hart, St. John Street, John Baker. 1743. The Rose and Horse Shoes (1760 The King of Prussia, 1789 The White Lion, at present The Bell and Crown), Catherine Street, Robert Morgan. 1718. The Dolphin, corner of Catherine Street and New Street (now Garage), Mr. Button. 1714. The Oxford Arms (originally The Flying Horse), now 46 and 48, Catherine Street, J. Robbins. 1768. The Antelope, now 35 and 37, Catherine Street and Antelope Square, Martha Best. 1743. The Lamb, now 16, 18, 20, Catherine Street, Walter Barry. 1701. The White Bear, No. 1 (now Cripps), Catherine Street, William Jones. 1756. The Red Lion and Cross Keys (now Red Lion), Milford Street, Ralph Musselwhite. 1736. The Goat, Milford Street, Arthur Saunders. 1767. The Rainbow (now William the Fourth), Milford Street. 1759. The Cart Wheel (Catherine Wheel), Milford Street, John Baster. 1722. The Star, Brown Street, Henry Baden. 1743. The Queen's Arms, Ivy Street, George Rattew. 1722. The Pelican, south side St, Ann Street, William Tapper, 1743. The Cross Keys (now Herring's stables). Queen Street, Elizabeth Johnson. 1763, The Plume of Feathers (now Turkish Baths), Queen Street, Mr, Potto, 1757, The Three Lions (1777 Three Golden Lions), Queen Street and Winchester Street (Pinckney's Bank), John Gast. 1763, The Greyhound, Winchester Street and Brown Street (now Y,M.C.A.), John Gast. 1721. Three Tuns, Winchester Street (1730 Market Place, now probably Jenkins and Pinder), Benjamin Small. 1721. Three Swans, Winchester Street, John Banks. 334 THE BREWERS. 1743. The George (became The Old George 1826), Winchester Street, Edward Sydenham. 1775. The Black Horse (at one time The Star and Garter), now 18, 20, 22, Harris, coachbuilder, &c., in Winchester Street' and in Brown Street, George Webb. 1759. The Hand and Flower (later the Running Horse), 41 and 43, Winchester Street, James Scott. 1748. The Three Cups (now Dr. Luckham's), Winchester Street, Richard Samborn. 1701. The Talbot (changed to The Angel in 1760 and The Anchor and Hope 1820), Winchester Street, Thomas Parrick. 1743. The Six Bells (1696 Rose and Crown, and in 1767 The Coach and Six), near Winchester Gate, John Gray. This was an important coaching house with a frontage of 84 feet in Winchester Street and 164 feet in Green Croft Street. 1721. The Woolpack, Endless Street, William Nube. 1721. The Bugle, Blue Boar Row, William Beaker. (Baker) 1721. The Saracen's Head, Blue Boar Row, John Peter. 1721. The Blue Boar, Blue Boar Row, Robert Read. 1721. The Chough, Blue Boar Row, Mr. Deane. 1721. The Maidenhead (site of the Market House), Mr. Letel. 1704. The Vine (and Theatre), Cheese Market and St. Thomas' yard, Benjamin Slade. 1758. The Half Moon, Ox Row (next old Council House), Morris Bailey. 1701. The Black Bear, Castle Street and Chipper Street (at present Mr. Parker, dentist, and Powning, Jonas and Parker), John Paine. 1763. The Bowling Green (al fresco entertainments). Castle Street (now Mr. R. Dear's residence), John Rogers. 1784. The Haunch of Venison, Minster Street, Austin Mere- weather. 1742. The Mitre Tavern, Silver Street and Canal (at present David Stevens, draper), Peggy Westley. 1700. The Rose (later London Inn), Bridge Street (the present Crowm Chambers and Messrs. Wilson's), WiUiam Webb. 1730. The King's Head, Bridge Street (site of County Hotel), Joseph King. 1740. The White Horse, Fisherton (site of Infirmary), Samuel Gamlin. ALEHOUSES, XVIII. CENTURY. 335 1741. The Sun (and Theatre), Fisherton (site of Maundrel Hall), Thomas Bungay. 1717. The Bull, Fisherton, Joseph Warren. 1722. The George Inn, High Street, Jonathan Waterman. 1742. The Sun and Lamb (now Mitre House), High Street, Edward Kensington. 1742. The Angel (now Nos. 42 and 44), High Street, Mr. Mill. 1743. The Rose and Crown (now The Crown), 46 and 48, High Street, John Gray. 1772. The Fountain, Canal (next Assembly Rooms), John Lavenu. 1742. The Spread Eagle (1625 The Splay'd Eagle), Richard Gibbons, No. 53 and 55, Canal, including the old Masonic Hall. ALEHOUSES. 1739. White Horse, Milford Street, Richard Dickman. 1734. Three Cranes (with Malthouse), Milford Street, George Stares. 1740. Queen's Head, Milford Street, Joseph White. 1735. Noah's Ark, Milford Street (1742 The Ark). 1770. The Weavers' Arms, Milford Hill (near Mrs. Pinckney's Lodge), T. Nicholas. 1732. The Angel (originally The Archangel, and 1746 Royal Oak, and later Duke of York), at the corner of Milford Street and Culver Street, Edmund White. 1774. The Bell, corner of Milford Street and Guilder Lane, Francis Jones. (See Hall's Picturesque Memorials.) 1750. The Squirrel, Guilder Lane. 1743. The Flower Pots, Culver Street, Henry Blackmore. 1743. The Anchor, Culver Street. 1721. The Nag's Head, Culver Street, Willm. Anets. 1743. White Swan (? 1820 The India Arms), Payne's Hill or Barnard's Cross, Thos. Thomas. 1715. The Pot and Limbeck (1763 " Flower de Luce," 1822 Bird-in-Hand), Trinity Street and Love Lane, Richard Marsh. 1765. The Star and Garter, Gigant Street, Robert Tuffin. 1770. The Golden Fleece (1809 Nelson's Arms), Gigant Street. 336 THE BREWERS. 1742. The Lamb (? 1790 The Globe), Gigant Street (now Mr. Tyley). 1775. The Joiners' Arms, Bugmore corner, St. Ann Street, Mrs. Amor. 1772. The Sawyers' Arms, Bugmore. 1713. The World's End, St. Martin's Street (later the site of the Roman Cathohc Church, now St. Mary's Home), John Hall. 1758. The Black Swan (St. Martin's Parish). 1734. The Cherry Tree (corner house east side Brown Street and St. Ann Street), Robert Shafflin. 1770. Northumberland Arms (later Radnor Arms), St. Ann Street (adjoining the Cherry Tree). 1779. The Three Crowns, Brown Street, WilHam Ellis. 1793. Bishop Blaze, Milford Street, Thomas Silwood. 1720. The Swan, Brown Street. 1775. The Three Mugs, Brown Street. 1775. The Two Sawyers. 1775. The Tuckers' Shears. 1732. The White Horse, New Street, John Fry. 1743. The Royal Oak (1740 The Fat Ox, 1779 The Dolphin), Fish Row, Richard Harrison. 1742. The Old Roebuck, Wood Market, J. Wansbrough. 1742. The Wheatsheaf, Fish Row, Thomas Voise. 1743. The New Roebuck, Market Place (1761 Black Dog, 1780 Greyhound, now Duchess of Albany), Thomas Carter. 1743. The Pack Horse, Market Place (now The Ox), Thomas Freeman. 1734. The Three Cranes, Market Place, George Stares. 1762. The Three Pidgeons, Market Place, George Woodford. 1743. The Mitre (1770 The Butchers' Arms, now Market Tavern), Market Place, George Stares. 1756. The Bull's Head (1780 The City Arms). 1703. The Mermaid, Market Place, Richard Sutton. 1721. The Horns, Market Place, Robert Greene. 1793. The Crown and Guns, Market Place, Wm. Munday. 1743. The Shoulder of Mutton, Bridge Street, Austin Ledbury. 1709. The Silent Woman (now George and Dragon), Castle Street. (The sign was a decapitated woman with her head under her arm.)* * See " History of Signboards" by Jacob Larwood and John Ctmden Holten, pp. 454—6 (i866). DEALERS IN BRANDY. 337 1743. The Coach and Horses, Castle Street, Thomas Penny. 1774. The Grasshopper (later The Plough), Castle Street and Scot's Lane, Thomas Faulkner. 1742. The Red Lyon, Castle Street. 1730. The Crown, without Castle Gate. 1739. The King and Queen, Chipper Lane, Will' Newby. 1741. The Horse and Jockey, Scot's Lane. 1723. The Labour in Vain, Endless Street (Tailors' Company). 1779. The Golden Lion, Endless Street (Tailors' Company), John BreteL 1761. The Five Bells, Salt Lane and Church Street. 1766. Leopard's Head, north-east corner of Church Street and Salt Lane (Corporation property). 1743. The Crispin, Hog Lane, now The Pheasant, Salt Lane (Shoemakers' Company), John Fort. 1760. The Stone Bridge, Beaden Row (now Royal George, Bed win Street), Peter Pearce. 1741. The Sun (1820 The Vine), now St. Edmund's Church House, Bedwin Street. 1746. Half Moon, Beaden Row, opposite St. Edmund's Church, Benjamin Smith. 1742. The Cock, "overight" St. Edmund's Church. 1742. The Barley Mow, Green Croft Street. 1742. The Greyhound, Green Croft Street. 1732. The Green Dragon (now London Road Inn), London Road, John Green. 1788. The Ship, south side of Winchester Street, Samuel Lovcll. 1742. The Chequers. 1742. The Fiddle and Trumpet. 1720. The Griffin. 1720. The Mermaid. 1720. The Bush. 1720. The Blue Lyon. 1720. The Glove. 1721. Market Ward (dealers in Brandy). The Black Boar, Leonard Flacher. The Thissell, Widow Web. The Black Lion, George Marsh. 338 THE BREWERS. MILFOED INNS. 1710. The Punchbowl, Shady Bower, ceased to be an inn about 1824, when it became the private residence of Alderman Walter Goddard. Mr. Hamilton Fulton is now (1911) the tenant of the property, the freehold of which belongs to the Wyndham family. 1775. The Blue Post, Milford, is referred to as the Cheesecake House. In 1777 it was offered for sale, the tenant at that time being James Hayter, who succeeded Edward Bloom in 1775. The house, which at present is occupied by Miss Style, is now called " Donhurst," Milford Hollow. The Travellers' Rest, Milford. This is said to have been the house which at present is the residence of the Vicar of Laverstock. In addition to the three important Fisherton inns that are included in the previous list, viz., The White Horse, The Sun, and The Bull, there were the following licenced houses in this parish which at that time was not within the City of Salisbury : — 1760. The Cross Keys (now the King's Arms), Mr. Oak. 1767. The Bell (1778 The One Bell), Benjamin Chant. 1769. The Waggon and Horses (engraved in Hall's Memorials). 1713. The Horse Shoes. 1713. The George, Humphry Marchant. 1736. The White Lyon, Roger Gray. 1737. The Green Dragon, Mr. Hall. 1741. The Shearmen's Arms, Jonathan Bungey. 1741. The Angel, Anthony Brown. 1748. The Bowling Green (Tap and Tennis Court), William Jay (at present Mr. Lush, coal merchant). 1752. The Crown, Thomas Bury. 1762. The Crown and Slipper, Thomas Smith. 1752. The Red Lyon, Robert Turner. 1759. The Four Bells, Joe Young. 1756. The Goate, Edward Holdaway. 1775. The Weavers' Arms, John Holdaway. 1796. Lord Malmesbury's Arms. 1760. The Sun or Half- Way House, Thomas Hazard. ^..■iiililKBBfif ■ THE JOINERS' HALL, ST. ANN STREET. 339 CHAPTER XVI. THE JOINERS. This Guild, originally called the Carpenters* Guild, is referred to in the Salisbury Corporation Ledger as early as 1440. It then included " Carpynters, Bowiers, Coupers, Masones, Hell^^ers, Lymbners, ffletchers, and Skynners." In 1475 and on many subsequent occasions the Carpenters' Guild supplied armed men for the King's forces, but very little information respecting the Guild appears in the Corporation records during the XV. and XVI. centuries, except an occasional reference in connection with various assessments that were made on the crafts and others in the City during that period. After the orders of the ancient Craft Guilds were revoked in the reign of Elizabeth, they were re-constituted as Trade Companies. We then find a reference to the " Joyners " Company, which included carpenters. The Joiners' Company received new orders in 1613. These were cancelled in December. 1610, and fresh constitutions were granted by the Mayor and Corporation in April, 1617. The original, on parchment, of these 1617 orders has recently been presented to the Town Council by Mr. R. A. Wilson (the present Mayor of Salisbury, 1911) : — " Civitas Nov?c Sarum. Orders and Con- stitutions for the Companye of tlie Joyners, Whellers, Worsteed Makers, Bookbinders, Car- penters, Millwrightcs, Coopers, Free Masons, Rough Masons, Paynters, Instrumentc Makers, Ropers, Turners, Saweyers, and Billowe-makers, 340 THE JOIXERS. within the Citt^T of Newe Sarum had made and agreed uppon at a Com' on Councell of the saide Cittye there holden by the Maior and Com'ynaltye of the saide Cittye the eighte and twentith day of Aprill in the fifteenthe yeare of the raigne of our Soueraigne Lorde James by the grace of God Kinge of England, ffrance and Ireland &c. and of Scotlande the fftftith Annoq d'ni 1617." According to their new regulations a joiner might practise carving, but on no account was a carpenter to make anything belonging to the trade of a joiner : — " It shall be lawfull for all and every person which is a freeman of this Company and have served out their apprenticeship in the art or mystery of a joyner to use and exercise all and every the arts and mysteries of joyning, carving, inlawing and such turninge as such jo^mers do use, and as they shall have been brought up to within this Cittie." Their officers, viz., two Wardens, one Chamber- lain, two Stewards, one Clerk and one Yeoman, were to be elected on their feast day, which was ordered to be kept on " Monday se'nnight after the ffeast of Saint Michael- the- Archangel." Almost all the domestic buildings of the period up to the end of the Stuart Monarchy were built principally of wood, and, therefore the 'joiners' and carpenters' industry was a large and flourishing one. Ditchfield says " The carpenter appears to have been the head of the allied trades — joiners, carpenters, sawyers, planers, &c. He it was who made the contract for the woodwork of the building to be erected. He reserved the roof for his own work, and usually emplo3'ed the others as his subordinates ; but cupboards, bedsteads, TURNERS COMPLAINT AGAINST JOINERS ^.. AND CARPENTERS. tables, chairs, and carving fell within the province of the joiner, and ' rayles, sealinge-boardes, wain- scotte clappboardes and beddtymber ' were his raw material. There are many old tables and other products of his skill remaining which are still the delight of the connoisseur." There appears to have been frequent disputes respecting the limits of several trades included in this Compan}/. Complaints were made that the workmen of one trade undertook the work of another, and that capitalists of one trade gave work or "sett on" the journeymen of another trade, that the bricklayer, or the carpenter, in- cluded painting in his estimate of a job ; that a brewer furnished the timber and the workshop, and " sett on " a number of coopers to make his barrels. These disputes were referred to the Mayor and Corporation, and orders were made that a brewer was not to exercise the trade of a cooper, but that he might re-hoop or mend his great vessels. A complaint made by the turners against the joiners and carpenters was referred to the Corpora- tion for settlement. The result of this appeal appears in the Ledger on December 15th, 1621, and is as follows : — " That uppon confercnsc had between the carpenters, joyners and turners, that the trade occupacion or misteryc of a plompe- maker doth onlyc belong unto a turner, and not to a carpenter or joyner, also yt is further con- ceyued that at the next com'on Counscll, the company of Carpenters shall or may be severed from the company of joyners." Owing to the continued disputes between the various trades in this Company, the Corporation 342 THE JOINERS. ■'ssued an order in 1622 " That the company be mended, Joyners, Paynters, Ropemakers, booke- b3aiders, to be of one companye ; and the car- penters and others to be of the other companye." Apparently their differences were amicably arranged, as in 1675, when the Company again received new orders, it included the same trades as did the 1617 orders, with the addition of bricklayers and plumbers. Below will be found the accounts of the Chamberlains of the Joiners' Company from 1615 to 1622 :— The Accompte op Thomas Curryer, Chamberlayne of the Companye of Joyners, taken the IXth of October, 1615. The said Accomptant doth chardge hymselfe with the quarteridge and quar- terlye Receipte of the Company for thes yeare . . . . . . . . xxxvij s. more xvj d. Receyved for free workinge money vizt. of Samuell Taylor xij d. of Jo' Yoinge vj d. of Tho's Deale xij d. of Jo' Churche xij d. Jo' Allyn xij d. . . . . . . iiij s. vj d. He chardgeth hymselfe for money Re- ceyved of Will'm Bowles xij d. of W'm Mighell ij s. ij d. . . . . . . iij s. ij d. Rec' of Rich' Goddard in parte of his bill . . . . vs. more Rec' of Henrye Rob'ts in full paymt of a bill . . . . . . . . xj s. Rec' of Rich' Goddard sen'r in parte of his bill . . . . . . ... iiij d. Rec' of Rich' Stevens . . ... x s. iij 1. xij s. iiij d. Whereof he prayeth allowance of theis summes vizt. to the Clearke for his fee . . x s. more to the yeoman for his fee . . y s. iiij d. more pay'd for extraordynarye chardges xliij s. i d. more he prayeth allowance of the saide sume of xj s. which was Rec' of Henrye chamberlain's accounts. 343 Rob'ts which was putt into the cheaste . . xj s. Sum allowed . . iij 1. x s. i d. so resteth . . ij s. iij d. Memorandum, that as at this Accompte for the yere there is some question and difference made, yt is agreed and the said Thomas Curryer is contented that the sume of X s. iiij d. of the said sume of iij 1. X s. i d. shalbe delyvered and putt into the Cheast to the use of the Companye, so resteth . . . . . . . . xij s. vij d. Whereof p'd to the yeoman for his quarteridge . . . . . . . . xx d. more for wyne iiij d. more to the Preacher . . . . . . . . vs. more payd to John Upton . . . . viij d. more p'd for rent to Mr. Eton . . vs. so resteth . . . . . . ij s. i d. Whereof payd for candles and drinkc . . iiij d. so resteth ij s. id. which is putt into the Cheaste. so resteth xxj d. which is p'd to John Battyn, Cham- berln. October, 1616. The Accompte of John Battyn, Chamberlayne, taken the seaventh daye op october, 1616. The said Accompte' doth chardge hym- selfe w'th the foote of the laste yeares accompte, prout patet* . . . . xxj d. Appr'. — It'm. for the Inrolling of W'ui Pyke Appr'c w'th John Cousens . . ij s. vj d. It'm. he chardgeth hymselfe w'th fi'ce brothers this year admitted vizt. of Nicholas Penrye iij s. iiij d. of W'ra Crewe iij s. iiij d. Kob'te Myntye iij s. iiij d. Am- brose Wheller iij s. iiij d. .. .. xiij s. iiij tl. Appr'. — It'm. for the Inroling of W'm Michells Apprentice . . . . . . ij s vj d. It'm. he cbardgeth for free woriving money vizt. of John Eede vj d. of Jo' Barnes vj d. . . . . xii d. he chardgeth hymselfe of x s. Rec' of Kob't Goddaid . . . . . . x s. * I'rout or prout patel. As appeareth by the particulars of his account rendered, is thus frequently abbreviated in these accounts. 344 THE JOINERS. More R'cd of Rich' Petty It', he chardgeth hymselfe w'th the Quarteridge Receipts . . It'm. R'cd of arierage of cj'rteridge vizt. of Hughe Veriu iiij d. and Wm Thring iiijd. It"m. he chardgeth himsefe w'th the in- roUng of George Baylye his Appr'c It'm. he chardgeth w'th ye inxoling of Mathewe Locke Appr'c with Rich' Ruddle more of Tho' Goddyn of his peny ye weeke more in p'te of the debte of Tho' Godinche more of John Battyn for his halfe of a bushell of wheate more of W'm Michell for p'te of his j d. ye weeke Sum Wherof p'd to ye Clarke more to the yeoman for his fee more for extraordinarye chardges, prout patet. — more lent to R'ch Lowe by bond more for the yeomans Coate more for musicke more for the Churche bells more for wyne more to Mr. Eaton . . Sum' totalis illor'm XXXVJ s. i]s ijs lUJS. IJS. viij d. vjd. . vjd. vd. iiijl iijl. So resteth to the Company viij s. v d. xij d. 1. ii] s . ijd X s. vjs. viij d. vjs iij d. X s. xxjs vj d. vjs. iiij s. ijs. vuj s. iiij d. xiiij s. ix d. Theis severall summes of money are due to ye Company Rich' Lowe . . X s. Tho' Godinche iij s. Rich' Ruddle iiij s. iiij d More arrerage of Quarteridge . . XXV s. iiij d Will'm Okeford oweth iij s. iiij d Antho' Maynard iij s. iiij d Phillip Veryn ijs . vj d Tho* Curryer for a halfe bushell of wheate ijs. JOHN BECKHAM, CHAMBERLAIN. 345 The Accompte of John Beckham, Chajiberlayne XIIJth daye of October, 1617. The Chardge. — The said Accorupt'e doth chardge Kimselfe with the foott of the last Accompte App'r. — It'm. he chardgeth himself e with the Inrolm't of three Apprentices It'm. for Amerciaments It'm. Rec'd of Tho' Godden . . Rec'd of W'm Collins It'm. for free working money It'm. Rec'd of Rich' Lowe Rc'd of Godinche . . Rc'd of Peter White Rc'd of Tho' Pennell Rc'd of W'm Taylor Rc'd of Ambrose Wheller Rc'd of Rich' Batten Rc'd of Henr' Warner sen'r . . Rc'd of Edw' Norris Rc'd of W'm Crowe Rc'd of Nicho' Penrye Rc'd of W'm Okeford Rc'd of Rich' Palmer Rc'd of Tho' Curryer Rc'd of W'm Beete Rc'd of Antho' Maynard Rc'd of Jo' Batten for Ri' Lowe Rc'd for Quarteridge Rc'd more of W'm Collins viij d. Jo' Eedes viij d. viij 1. ix s. xj d. Whereof payd to the Clarke . . Pay'd to the Yeoman P'd for the rent of the howse for quarters More layd out extraordinarylye appeareth . . . . . . . . vij viij I. ij 8. V d. More for wyne viij 1. xi s. iii d. So resteth due to the Chamberlayne which said sum is paid to the Chamber- layne. TAKEN THE "J as vnj s. vd. vij s • vj d. iiij d. xij d. ijs. 4 s. x s. iij s. iiij d. viij s. viij d. viij s. viij d. viij s. viij d. v s. vs. vj s. viij s. iiij 8. iiij d. iiij s. iiij d. iiij s. iiij d. vij s. viij d. ijs. iij 8. iiij d. iij 8. iiij d. ijs. Ijs. viij d. xvj d, X s. vj 8. viij d, Z8. 1. ij: 3. id. ix 8. ijd, xvjd, 346 THE JOINERS. Thaccompte of PniLLirp Yeryn, Chamberlayne, taken the XIJth day of October, 1618. The Chamberlayne doth chardge him- selfe with Inrolment of one Appr' . . ij s. vj d. Free bretheren. He chardgeth himselfe for admission of Simon Gibbes . . . . viij s. More of Anthony Lynney . . . . vij s. viij d. John Baylye for his proofE peece . . iiij s. He chardgeth himselfe with the Rc't of Robt. Myntye . . . . . . iiij s. iiij d. More of Henrye Warner ju' . . . . iij s. More of William Michell . . . . viij d. more vj d. Free working money of Simon Gibbes . . vj d. More of Antho' Maynard p'te of his bill . . iij s. Henrye Warner sen'r in full payment of his bill . . . . . . . . vj s. W'm Okeford in p'te of his bill . . xvjij d. More of Henry Langhye in full paym't of his bill . . . . . . . . vij s. vj d. More of Rich' Okeford for his working money More of W'm Beete in full paym't of his bill W'm Sanders in full paym't of his bill . . Tho' Turnam in full of his bill W'm Penrye for free working Ambrose Wheller's man for free working John Jones in p'te paym't his j d. the weeke More of W'm ]\Iichell & Tho' Turnam. . Jo' Reade for free working money Jo' Baylye for free working money More of W'm Okeford in p'te of his bill . . . . . . . . xvj d. The Quarteridge Receipt, prout . . xj s. iiij d. More for Quarteridge . . . . iij 1. iiij s. iiij d. More for Quarteridge . . . . vj s. viij d. Whereof payd the Clarke . . . . x s. More to the Yeoman . . . . vj s. viij d. The Rent of the Howse . . . . xxiiij a. More at the Churche . . . . vj s. More to the Preacher . . . . vj s. More for Musicke . . . . . . x s. U1]S. vij s. vijs. X s. xij d. iiij d. viij d. viij d. xij d. xij d. xijd. vjd. vjd. chamberlain's accounts. 347 More for wyne and sugar More extraordinarylye prout More for the Yeoman Coate . . Summa totalis Allocata v I. i So restest to the Companye . . w'ch is delyvred to the Chamberlayne. Summa totalis Recepta viij 1. vij s. x d. Debts due to the Companye. X s. iiij d X s. xjd XX s. ixd viij d. iijl. iijs. ij^^(Si^-^"\ • /^ .'-^v^'^^ ' ■ A WINDOW IN JOINERS' HALL. (Previous to allcrallonsj. joiners' hall. 357 adorned with bunches of grapes. In the centre are the royal arms, within the garter, as borne by James the First. The Warden's chain, on the right side of the fireplace, is decorated in the same style. In one of the windows is a shield of arms, in stained glass. Azure, a chevron between three lozenges Or, the bearing of the family of Hyde, so long inhabitants and bene- factors of the city." * The ornamental brackets which support the oriels without have been attributed to either Humplne\' Beckham or to his brother, John Beckham, both of whom were born in Salisbury. Humphre\', the elder, was born in 1588, and we are told that he displayed, as a boy, a taste for modelling, and that, in consequence, he was apprenticed to a Mr. Ros- grave, a carver and gilder of the City, who was presumably a member of this Company. It is said that Humphrey Beckham in his early manhood displayed his talent as a sculptor and attracted much notice. There is no doubt that many of the elaborately-carved overmantels and other ornaments in carved wood, which are still to be found in some of the ancient houses in Salisbury, are the work either of Humphrey Beckham or of his brother John, both of wliom were members of the Joiners' Company, and, as will be seen from llie accounts, each of them served the Company as Chamberlain, John in IG17 and Humphrey in 1621. A few years later they each occupied the chair as Warden of the Company. The City Chamberlain's account for 103-1: shows a payment made by the Corporation to John Beckham of five pounds, in addition to tliirty- seven pounds which had been previously paid to * Hatcher's History of Salisbury, [>. 599 (1S43). 358 THE JOINERS. him, " for that he hath artificiallye set up ye waynscott and carved workes in the Counsell howse." We also learn from the St. Thomas' Churchwardens' accounts that Humphrey Beck- ham, joyner, was elected sidesman and assistant to the Churchwardens on April 18th, 1636. The same accounts show that there were many pay- ments made to Humphrey Beckham for work he did at St. Thomas' Church ; e.g., June 8th, 1656, " pay'd Humphrey Beckham for enlarging the canopie of ye pulpit £2 10s. Od." May 18th, 1661, " Humphre}^ Beckham for worke removinge the pulpit, and for coveringe the new font £4 15s. Od." There is in the south porch of St. Thomas' Church a memorial in carved wood to Humphrey Beckham. This piece of sculpture in wood was originally fixed on the right side of the exterior of the great west door of the Church. It represents Abraham offering up Isaac, Jacob's dream, and other figures. The memorial bears the following inscription : — " Here undertyeth the body of Humphrey Beckham, who died the 2nd day of Feby., Anno 1671, aged 83 years. His own worke." The Company of Joiners took part in the processions which formed part of the local Peace Celebrations in 1784, and again in 1815, but they were absent in 1832, when the rejoicings took p-ace in consequence of the passing of the Reform Bill. Their numbers had decreased, and in 1828 the few remaining members agreed to sell the Hall and garden. Among the loose MS. in the Salis- bury Corporation Muniment Room is a stamped THE LAST TWO MEMBERS. 359 agreement : — " I, Mr. Henry Wapsharc doth agree with my brother members to sell the Garden and the Hall called by the name of the Joiners' Hall in the City of Salisbury, and that the money be shared by me Henry Wapshare, September 13th 1828 — and by me John Footner, September 19th 1828" At last, in 1842, they were reduced to two members. However, these two representatives had given to them the place of honour im- mediately after the Mayor and Corporation in the procession connected with the festivities held in the City to celebrate the christening of his late Majesty King Edward VII. The following is taken from the account of this function which appeared in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal in January, 1842 : — " The usual procession was held, first the Mayor and Corpora- tion, then came the Joiners' Company, viz., the Master and the beadle, the only remaining members, the first bearing the Company's banner, 115 years old, and the latter wearing the Company's livery, a suit of clothes which first met the light some 212 years ago." The Salisbury Journal for October 15th, 1842, contains an interesting paragraph respecting the Joiners' Hall, from which we quote the following: — " Very consideiable excitement and curiosity have prevailed here during the last few days, owing to the circumstance of the very ancient hall, called the Joiners' llall, situated in Tanners Street, now better known by the name of St. Ann's Street, in this City, being taken possession of by certain parties acting under legal advice, with a view to prevent the premises being sold, and to re-instate the Joiners' Company in its pristine state The object of iIk; Society was to protect and encourage trade, and from (i)eir very anciont records, tlie titles of their officers, their landed property, ami their elegant hall, which combines so much chastity of desi<4ii and l)eiiuly of workmanship, it is evident that their Corporation w.is uf 360 THE JOINERS. very considerable importance in the days of its prosperity, and tliough unfortunately of late years the frontage of the hall has been grievously divested of its antique appearance by the introduction of a modern window and the removal of the most beautiful specimens of carving from the interior, it still presents many monuments of days departed, when in princely style this fraternity held their annual assembly and banquet on the feast of St. Michael. With this brief preface it may be observed that some five years ago the last legal functionary, the Chamber- lain, Abraham Scott, who was a very old man, died, since which period it has been in the possession of two persons, dividing between them the whole of the rents. In consequence, however, of a current report that the whole of the property was about to be sold, the son and heir of the late Chamberlain, a gentleman carrying on business as a builder in London, came to Salisbury for the purpose of exonerating himself from any responsibiUty ; and from the original title deeds in his possession, together with a variety of documents lately brought to light, a gentleman of the legal profession here having advised him how to proceed so as to re-instate the Company, a general invitation was given to respectable tradesmen to attend the hall on Monday evening last to witness the taking possession and to elect fresh members, notice being given at the same time to the parties previously in possession. At seven o'clock several respectable people assembled, who expected considerable resistance on the part of the individuals holding the property. However, this did not take place ; but as soon as they entered the Hall an oral notice of objection to the proceedings was given by Mr. Redway, who has been receiving the rents. Nevertheless, the ancient preUminaries having been gone through, the following trades- men were initiated : — Mr. Charles Crouch, Mr. Charles Weavings, ^h. W. Safe, Mr. Nathaniel Lane, Mr. Joachim Lane, Mr. Thomas Witt, and Mr. John Ingram. An indenture of ap- prenticeship was exhibited from an aged gentleman named Rhoades, who, being a truly peaceable man, would not interfere, by which document it appears that he was apprenticed by the Company on March 25th, 1774, and it further appears that this gentleman was elected a member on the 9th of May following. Another document of great importance in the pro- ceedings of the evening was accidentally presented by the above mentioned Mr. John Ingram to the meeting, by which it appears that he is positively the heir-at-law of the last surviving trustee (there having being four of them), and consequently it is said that he is justified in exercising a peculiar authority. We !3 ^ Q Oh -J « © s OLD PEWTER PLATE. 361 understand that the executors of the hitely deceased broker, who rented the Hall, counteuauced the proceedings that evening. On the part of Mr. Redway and the other persons who were or are ii^ joint possession, it is contended that the whole of the new Company's proceedings were illegal, inasmuch as no parties were duly qualihed to elect other members, unle^js they them- selves were duly qualified as officers of the Company, and that they could not appoint themselves to offices ; that they have not virtually talcen possession, and that those persons who say they arc members were not fully elected, as they have not their proper indentures on stamps. Be it as it may, there can be no doubt but that a Chancery suit will follow, and we under- stand that the original claimants, Messrs. Kedway and Cookman, have applied for the rents, which are now just due, and intend immediately distraining if they be not forthcoming." This eiiicient Hall was conveyed in 1850 by the above-named John Redwa}^ to Messrs. Griffin and Wolferstan and re-conveyed by them to Charles Trim and A. C. Rhoades, the latter being probably a descendant of the ''truly peaceable man" Rhoades, before mentioned. The Hall was ac- quired in 1893 by Mr. Arthur Whitehead, and through the influence of the late Canon Swayne and Mr. Doran Webb the building was placed under the care of " The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty." The accompaning illustration is from a photo- graph of Old Pewter Plate (now in the Salisbury Museum) which at one time belonged to the Salisbury Joiners' Company. The large covered mug (cover missing), which is 10 inches high, bears the inscription " William Areley, John Carpender then Wordens 1681." the maker's mark or touch is quite worn away. The plates, which measure 9;,' inches, are in- scribed " Henry Lake, Thomas Minty, Wardens, Jefery Barnes, Chamberlain 1088," here again the maker's touch on the back of the plates is much 362 THE JOINERS, worn, very little of the device being left, but the name Jo' Angles 1672 is fairly distinct. The four hall-marks, struck with separate punches side by side on the face of the rim of each plate, are possibl}^ the marks of the Salisbury Pewterers. Mr. Arthur Whitehead has a small pewter beaker (unhandled) five inches high, which also belonged to the Salisbury Joiners' Company. This piece has the letters, W.A. ••• J.C. and the date 1681 engraved on its side, the maker's mark being a small Fleur-de-lis. It will be noticed that the date corresponds with that on the mug, and the letters are un- doubtedly the initials of the two Wardens whose names appear on the larger piece. * • Mr. Whitehead having been made acquainted with the above fact, at once presented the beaker to the Museum. 363 CHAPTER XVII. THE BARBER SURGEONS. One of the Guilds which is mentioned in the Corporation Ledger A (1440) inckided Barber Surgeons " Barbitons(ores), Warden, Nich(ol)as Wedgrove" and Cooks " Cocorum (coqui, or coci), Warden, Thomas Hurde." This Guild appears to have made their offerings at one of the altars in St. Thomas' Church. Among the MSS. in the Civic Muniment Room is the will of JohnWynchestre, barber (1458) , who left his house, which is described as the corner tene- ment opposite the " pultricrosse," to the Trinity Hospital, after the death of his wife Agnes, on condition that the Master and brothers of the said Hospital should hold his obit for his soul and for the soul of Agnes his wife on Friday in the first week in Lent in the Church of St. Thomas the Martyr, when they should pay to the priest and to the poor in that Church xx. pence to be equally divided amongst them ; and also to the Wardens of the Fraternity of Barbers in the same City for their lights xii. pence. In 1614 new orders and constitutions were granted by the Mayor and Corporation to the " Barber Chirurgions." On May 20, 1639. " Uppon the hcaringc of the gricviinces of the company of Barber Chirurgions tlieii preferred by peti'con unto the Com'on Councell, among otlier things, it was ordor'd that Mr. Henry Elliner of this cittie, Cliinirgcon shall before St. Thomas' day next procure himself to be admitted :i free brother of the Company and Societio of Barber Chirurgeons, 364 THE BARBER SURGEONS. and in defaulte tliereof the said company are left at liberty to commence a Suite against him according to the orders and constitucons of the said company." March 3, 1661. " At the peti'con of the Barber Chirurgeons a letter of Attorney is granted to five of their company cm- powering them to recover and receive penalties incurred by breach of their orders and constitu'cons as granted by the Mayor and Com'onaltie." August 22, 1673. '" At this meeting a letter of Attorney was passed under the Com'on Seale to the Companye of Barber Cliirurgeons for the sueing of several persons for entreinge upon their liberties and privileges." In 1675 the orders of all the Companies were revoked by the Mayor and Corporation. This Company, as re-constituted in 1676, included Barber Surgeons and Silk Weavers. " Civitas Nove Sarum. Orders and Constitu'cons for the Company of Barbers, Chirurgeons and Silke Weavers w'thin the Citty of New Sarum, had made and agreed upon at a Com'on Councell of the said cittie there holden by the Mayor and Cominaltie of the said cittie the eight and twentyeth day of June in the eight and twentyeth yeare of the raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second by the grace of God of England Scotland France and Ireland Kinge defender &c. &c. Ano qui dni 1676." Imprimus. Confirmation of orders granted in 1614. 2. Nomination of Officers. Ordered that for the better putting iia execu'con their orders and for the better ordering and governing of themselves, their servants and apprentices shall for ever hereafter have two Wardens and one Chamberlain, one vSteward, a Clarke and a Yeoman, yearly to be chosen and for tliis present John Goddard and John Awsten are chosen Wardens, Robert Wheeler is chosen Chamberlain ; John Pur- chase, Steward ; William Richards the elder, Clarke ; and Adam Wheeler the younger is chosen Yeoman, to remain in their said offices until the Wednesday seaven nighte next after the feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle next ensuinge &c. &c. 3. To hold assemblies. 4. To elect ofiicers. 5. To elect officers iu place of such as dye. ORDERS AND COXSTITUTIONS. 365 6. To fine such as refuse to take office (fine 20/-). 7. Chamberlain to give bond (shall within 21 days after election give a bond, amount of bond at the option of Wardens). 8. To come to Assemblies. Every free brother upon warninge to bee given by the Yeoman shall come to assemblies and attend the Wardens at their Feast and to the funerals of an}^ brother or sister, or upon any other fit occasion upon paine that every one that shall make default havinge noe reasonable excuse to be allowed by the Wardens, shall for every default forfeit Xli d. 9. Penalty for abusing the Wardens. For giving uiLseemlye or uncivil words or speeches or otherwise and shall be convicted by the consent of the most parte of the assembly, . . . every offender shall forfeit and loose for the first offence tluoe shillings and four pence, and for every such offence afterwards the sum of six shillings and eight pence. 10. To enroll Apprentices Shall within one month after notice enroll the indenture of such apprentice in the Leiger book of this Company, paying for the same, to the use of the Company 2 '6, to the Clark for the enrollment 4d., and to the Yeoman 2d. And shall also within one month next after enroll the same indenture or the effect thereof in the Leiger book of the Mayor and Com'inaltie of this Cittie, paying therefor the fees paid in such cases (forfeit 10/- to the use of the Company). 11. To make Freemen. Item, It is furthur ordered that every apprentice whose indenture is and .shall be enrolled in manner as aforesaid and .shall have served out his apprentice- ship, shall at any assembly to be holden by this Company, be made a free brother of this Company, unless there shiill be sufficient cause them shewed by his master or some other to the contrary, and paying to the use of this Company not abovt; three shillings and four pence, to the Clarke for enteriiige his freedome one shilling, and to the Yeoman six pence. 12. Journeymen to paye free working money. Item, it is furthur ordered that every freeman who shall take or retnin nny foreigner to work as a journeynian shall within 14 daycs next after he shall soe take him paye to the use of this Company out of his wages for his free workinge money the sum of 12 pciici' upon paine of forfeitinge to the use of this Comp;iny for every defaulte the suine of eleven shillings. 13. None to take Journeymen without a certificate. Item, It is furthur ordered that noe free brother or free sislor of this Company shall at any time or times hereafter receive retain 366 THE BARBER SURGEONS. or sett on worke witliin this Cittie any foreigner or stranger or other person not being free of this Company in any of the trades or misteries used by any of the free brothers or free sisters of the Company without the leave of the Wardens first had and obtained. And until such foreigner hath produced and shewn a certificate unto the Mayor of this Cittie for the time being according to the Statute (penalty 18d.). 14. To pay Quarteridge money (4d. per quarter, fine for non payment 12d.) 15. Widdowes to use their husbands trades. Item, It is furthur ordered that the relic of every free brother shall or may after his death use or keep the trade her husband used, as a free sister during soe long time as she shall remain a widdowe and be comformable to these orders and noe longer and the apprentices of her late husband shall serve her so long as she shall keep her husbands trade and remain a widdowe (penalty 20'- for every month). 16. Apprentices to serve out their time after their masters death with some other brother of the Company (penalty for refusing to do so " he shall not be made a freeman "). 17. None to use trades but such as are free. No person not being free of this Company shall at any time hereafter use or practice the art or misterye of a barber or silke weaver within this Cittie, or anything to them or either of them belonging, unless such person shall be first sworne a free citizen of this Cittie by the Mayor and Com'onaltie of this Cittie and after- wards admitted a free brother of this Company by the Wardens and brethren &c. &c. (penalty 20/- for every month that he shall so practice). 18. None to sett up Shop before they be free (penalty " for every day that he shall doe contrarye to this order he shall pay to the use of the Company ISd."). 19. Women to forbeare takeinge Chirurghery on them contrary to Lawe. Item, It is furthur ordered that whereas there are diverse women and others within this Cittie alltogether unskilfull in the art of Chirurgery who doe oftentimes take cures on them to the great danger of the patient. It is therefore ordered that from henceforth noe such woman or any other shall undertake or inter meddle with any cure of Chirurgery for which she or they shall directly or indirectly have received or take any money benefitt or other reward, upon paine that every one shall for every cure taken in hand or meddled with, unless she or they BODIES OF DEAD MALEFACTORS FOR ANATOMY. 367 shall first be allowed by this Company, forfeite and loose to the use of this Company the sume of tenne shillings." 20. To make Anottomyes. Item, It is furthur ordered that for the better increase of skill and knowledge amonge the Chirurgeons and barbers within this Cittie, that the Wardens of the Company at any time hereafter upon reqiieste to be made to the Mayor, Recorder and Justices of the Peace of this Cittie, may have the body of any condemned person within this Cittie after he shall have been executed, accordinge to their judge- ment to make an anottomy thereof. 21. To keepe the Sabbaoth. Item, It is furthur ordered that noe free Brother or free Sister of this Companye shall at any time hereafter use or practice any barbery within this Cittie or elsewhere upon the Lords Day com'only called Sunday, or upon the ffeast day of the Birth of our Lord God com'only called Christmas Day, either by themselves or any of their servants or apprentices (penalty " tenne shillings fine for each offence."). 22. None to divulge the secretts of the Companye (penalty five shillings 1st offence ; ten shillings each offence after- wards). 23. ffor payment of paines and penaltys. (In case of non payment of the above, at the expiration of three months, the member was disfranchised from the Company, and notice of the fact given to the Mayor and Corporation at their next meeting and after an examination of the offender), " the party delinquent to be disfranchised of this Cittie if to the Com'on Councell it shall seeme fitt." 24. ffor disposeing of the Stocke. (All fines, Quarteridge money, rents &;c. were to be paid to the Chamberlain, and wore to be used for the benefit of the Company, at the discretion of the Wardens and the majority of the members.) 25. ffines to be recovered by Acc'on of Debt . . . shall be recovered had and gotten by acc'on of debt to be com'cnced and brought in the name of the Mayor and Com'inaltie of thi.s Cittie for the time beinge by such persons as the Mayor and Com'inaltie shall by writeing under ther Com'on Scale authorize constitute and appointe in that bchalfe. Provided that Huch persons as shall be so authorised shall upon the receipt of the said writcings give a bond to the Mayor and Conrinaltic iu such a sume of money as the Mayor and Coin'iriallit' HJiall thinke fitt with condi'con that the Company shall well and suflicienlly 368 THE BARBER SURGEONS. save defende and keepe harmelesse them tlie said Mayor and Com'inaltie of and from all charges costs damages and expences by reason of any such acc'on or acc'ons presented in their names as aforeaaide. 26. The fEeast Day. Item, It is furthur ordered that the Company shall keepe their ffeast yearley on the Wenesday next after the ffeast Day of St. Bartholomew the Apostle. 27. Provisoe. Provided allwayes that it shall and may be lawfull to and for the Mayor and Com'onaltie of this Cittie and their successors at any Com'on Councell to be liolden in and lor this Cittie to alter abrogate or change all or any of these orders now made, or to make any others hereafter for the good governing of the saide Company as to them shall seeme best. In witness whereof the said Mnyor and Com'onaltie have hereunto sett their Com'on Scale of tlieir Corpora'con the day and yeare first written, 1676. It may be of interest to notice that the London barbers had a hall in Monkwell Street as early as 1381, and that when they obtained their Charter in 1462 they secured some curious privileges. One was exemption from service on juries — a privilege shared by members of the Cooks' Company, revealing the respect of the Londoner for the institution of dinner. The London barbers had also the power of taking over the bodies of dead malefactors and dissecting them. As early as 1430 there was an anatomical theatre at their hall, where students attended lectures and demonstrations. It was part of the duties of the Company's beadles to go to Tyburn or Newgate and bring the bodies home in a coach. Not infrequentl}^ the mob pursued the coach with the grim freight, and broke the windows of Barbers' Hall into the bargain. After a time the Company got files of soldiers from the City to guard their approaches on such occasions. THE LONDON BARBERS. 369 In virtue of these relations the hangman of the day felt he was entitled to a claim on the generosity of the Company at the season of cheerfulness and goodwill, as the accounts show. Here is one of the entries : — " Received, December 26, 1730, of the Governors of the Company, by the hands of Charles Bernard, their Clerk, 7s. 6d. for my Xmas Box. "John Hooper, Executioner." 370 CHAPTER XVIII. THE SMITHS. This Guild is referred to in the Corporation Ledger as early as 1440. It then included " Gold- smythes, Blacksmythes, and Brayziers " ; the names of the Wardens at that time being Walter Hende and John Perant. Another Guild at the same period included " Sadullers, Cotelers, Peurters, Pynners, and Cardmakers " ; their Wardens being Stephen Waryn and John Cathero. Each of these fraternities supplied armed men for the King's service upon several occasions between the ^^ears 1440 and 1480. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth the two Guilds were united and formed one Company, which included the craftsmen of the eight trades above mentioned. The following interesting petition from one of this Company is among the loose MSS. in the Salisbury Muniment Room (date 1595) : — " To the righte Wor'll the Maior and Co'mynaltie w'thin the Citty of Newe Sarum. The humble petic'on of John Evered of the Citty aforsaide Pynmaker. Humblie sheweth their Wor'ps that whereas yo'r poore peti'coner hath heretofore taken divers poore children apprentic's from this Citty and doth sett many other poore children weekly at worke in his trade, w'ch otherwise woiilde lye dayly in the streats begginge, he dwellinge in a small lowe and darke Tenem't vnfitt for that purpose. Humblie beseecheth that yo'r Wor'ps woulde be pleased to graunte yo'r peti'coner an estate of a VIEWERS OF PEWTERERS' AND SADLERS' WARES. 371 Tenem't in Browne Streate w'ch is nowe voide, and the rather for that yo'r petic'oner wilbe ready to putt in sufficiente securyty for the repaireing thereof being nowe very ruynous, and y'or poore petic'oner will pray for yo'r Wor'ps in all happines longe to contynue." Below in another handwriting : — " In con- siderac'on hereof whether the petic'oner or Mr. Alford shall have yt is referred to Mr. Mayor with Mr. Biley* and the Chamberlayne." The City received its Charter of Incorporation from James I. on March 2nd, 1612, and four days later the new constitutions of the " Com- panye of Smythes " were ratified by the seal of the Mayor, this being the first Company re- constituted under the new Charter. It now included twelve trades, viz., " Smithes, Armorers, Cutlers, Pewterers, Brayzers, Bell- founders, Iremongers, Watchmakers, Wyre- drawers, Sadlers, Cardmakers, and Pinnemakers." Article 1. Previous orders confirmed. 2. Item, It is further ordered that the said company for the better putting in execution of their orders and for the better orderinge and governinge of themselves their servants and apprentices shall hereafter have two Wardens, one Chamber- layne, two Stewardes, one Clarke, two Searchers and Viewers of pewterers' wares, two Searchers and Viewers of sadlers' wares, and one Yeoman of their Companye, and for the present Henry Sambrooke and Thomas Coleman are chosen Wardens, Morgan Morse, pewterer, is chosen Chamberlaine, John Marsh man and William Richardson are chosen Stewards, William Richards the elder is chosen Clark, Thomas Tynham and Henry Pistle are appointed viewers and searchers of Pewterers' wares, Thomas Tynham, and William Richardson are appointed viewers and searchers of Sadlers' wares, and Bennett Cowslatle is chosen Yeoman &c. &c. 3. To hold assemblies at their Hall. 4. Election of officers, yearly (Thursday next after the feast of Easter). * Alderman John " Reiyley," Mayor in 1577, died in 1600 (vide Salisbury Corporation Pictures and Plate, jip. 213, 214.) 372 THE SMITHS. 5. To fyue such as refuse to take office, " ffynes fEourtey sliillings for Wardens, twentye shillings for Stewards and Chaniberlayne, tenne shillings for Searchers and Viewers." 6. Officers to Accompte (each to give a bond or forfeit 20 -). 7. To come to Assemblies, and attend the Wardens for the tyme beinge at assemblies, at the ffeast, and to the fTuneralls of any brother or sister, or upon any other fitt occasion w'ch shalbee thought conveniente by the said Wardens, upon paine that every one that shall make defaulte haveinge noe reasonable excuse to bee, shall forfeite and loose for every offence twelve pence. 8. Penalty on such as abuse the Wardens (first offence 3s. 4d., second do. 6s. 8d.). 9. Widdowes to use their husbands' trades (only whilst they remain widows, fine 20 -). 10. To enroll apprentices (10 - fee for enrollment). 11. Apprentices not to be taken but by indenture "seven years at the least," forfeit 20-. 12. To make fireemen. 13. Apprentices to serve out their times after the death of their master (to serve with another free brother of the Company to be appointed by the Wardens, if the Wardens do not find him a master, then he shall be made free if he serves out his time with any master in the City). 14. None shalbe journeymen or worke as journeymen before their apprenticeship be expired, fine 10 -. 15. Journeymen not to sell their owne worke. Item, It is furthur ordered that noe free brother or free sister of this Com- pany shall at any time hereafter under colour or pretence of takeinge any apprentice or journeyman permitt or suffer any apprentice or journeyman to make worke in his or her shoppe for his or their owne profitt or to sell the same therein or else- where upon his or their owne account uppon paine that every offender shall for every offence forfeite and paye to the Company tenne shillings. 16. None to retaine fforreigne journeymen without leave of the Wardens, and untill such fforreigner or stranger hathe produced and shewed a certificate or testimoniall unto the Mayor of this Citty accordinge to the Statute in that case made and provided, uppon paine that every one soe offeudinge and doeinge contrary e to this order shall forfeite and paye to the use of this Company for every day the some of twelve pence. AN ORDER FOR ARMOURERS AND CUTLERS, 373 17. Journeymeu to paye ffree workinge money. 18. To paye Quartridge money. 19. None to keep more apprentices than the Statute allowethe. 20. None to keepe standinges in the Markett Place . . . to showe sell or utter any kind of waxes there either over Staule or in Bulke, but ouely in the ffaire times, or keepe more shoppes than one w'thin the said Citty for that purpose uppon paine that every offender shall forfeite and loose for every oHence 20 - to the Company. 21. Order agaiuste Deceitfull workemanshipp. Item, It is furthur ordered that if anye defaulte shall be presented to the Wardens of this Company for the tyme beinge, of any untrue unlawfull or deceitfull workemanshipp in any of the craftes or misteryes of Smithes, Armorers, Cutlers, Pewterers, Brayzers, Iremongers, Bellfownders, Pluuibers, Sadlers, VVyredrawers or Cardmakers and the same shall be duely proved before the Wardens and the greatest number of this Company for the tyme beinge at any assemblye. That then the party soe found in such defaulte shall be censured and fiined for the same a sume not exceedinge tenne shillings for every offence and in defaulte of obeyinge and abideinge such censure and paying such fine every person soe offending shall be from thenceforthc disfran- chised for ever from this Company unless he shall pay the said line and conforme himselfe thereunto. 22. None to sell Apprentices . . . and yf he shall doc or offer soe to doe, then the Wardens shall and may place the said apprentice so sold, offered, or intended to be sold, at their discrec'ons with some other honcste Ifreeman of the same trade to serve out the residue of his apprenticeshipp. 23. Apprentices not to absent themselves &c. 24. An order for Smiths ... No Iremongcr, Spurryer, Armorer, or Cutler .shall either worke themselves or kecpc or sett to worke any journeymen or freemen in any of their houses or shoppes within the Citty at any manner of worke that in any wise belongeth to the craftc or mistery of a blacksmithc uppou paine of forfeittinge every day or every part of a day that they shall soe worke themselves or sett any other to worke as afore- saide to the use of this Company the some of tenne shillings. 25. An order for Armorers and Cutlers . . . Noc Smithc, Iremonger or Spurryer shall cither worke themselves or keepe or Bctt to worke any journeymen or irecmon in any of their 374 THE SMITHS. houses or shoppes ... at any manner of worke that in any wise belongethe to the crafte or misterey of an Armorer or a Cutler &c. (fine 10 -). 26. Pewterers to mingle their Metal . . . every pewterer beinge a fireeman of this Company shall mingle their mettall and make and marke their wares to be allowable accordinge to the Sayes (assaye) of London, and accordinge to the Statute in such case made and provided, upon paine that he shall fEor- feite the moyetie or halfe part of the penaltye and forfeiture menc'oned in the said Statute. 27. An order for Plumbers . . . that noe person shall use occupy or exercise the crafte or mistery of a plumber w'thin this Citty or the Uberties and precinctes thereof to his owne use but only such as have been apprentices to some free man of this Citty and have served an apprenticeshipp in the said crafte or occupac'on by the space of seaven yeares at the leaste, upon paine that every person that shall worke contrarye to this order shall for every day or anye part of a day forfeite and paye to the use of this Company the some of 3s. 4d. 28. An order for Sadlers . . . that no Spurryer or Hostler nor any other of any other trade whatsoever shall either himselfe or any of his or their servants in any of their Shoppes or houses w'thin this Citty worke at any manner of worke that in any manner or wise belongeth or apperteyneth to the crafte or occupa'con of a Sadler &c. &c. (fine 3s. 4d. for every day). 29. None to sell Sadlers Wares . . . noe Spurryer or other not being a Sadler shall sell retail in their shoppes or in any other place within the Citty any Head stalles, Raines, Stirrop leathers, or Girthes or any other leather wares belonginge to the crafte or occupac'on of a Sadler, or that have been usually sold by persons of that trade . . . (fine 20/- for every offence). 30. Wyredrawers and Cardmakers . . . that noe person shall occupye or exercise either of the said craftes, viz. to draw any wyer white or redd or to make any cards w'thin this Citty or Uberties or precints thereof to his or their own use, but onely such as have been apprentices to some freeman of the Citty and have served one of the craftes by the space of seaven yeares at the least upon paine . . . shall forfeite for every moneth that he shall soe worke contrarye to this order the some of 20 -. And alsoe that it shall and may be la\vfull to and for every suche wyre drawer to have and use a fforge in his house for makeing such tooles and instruments as are necessary an belonginge to the said crafte. AX OLD SHIELD. 375 31. Smithes or Cutlers not to grinde on ye Sondayes . . . ordered that uoe Smithe or Cutler withm this Citty shall on Sonday or Lords Day either himselfe or his servants grindo any Scythes, Reapehookes, Sheepe sheares, Knives, or other tooles upon paine of forfeitinge for every such offence 3s. 4d. 32. Not to use the ffreemen's trade before they are ffrce cittizens (hne 3s. 4d.). 33. None to sett up Shoppe before they be free (tine 3s. 4d. for every day). 34. ffor refusing payment of fines (penalty, disfranchisement). 35. To dispose of the Stocke and Moneys (for the good and benefit of the Company at the discretion of the Wardens and a majority of the members). 36. The ffeaste Day . . . shall keepe their ffeaste yearely on the Munday next after Holy Rood day in September. 37. Proviso (giving the Mayor and Corporation power to abrogate or alter any of the orders now made.) There is a quaint old shield, which at one time hung in the hall* of the Smiths' Guild, and which is now in the possession of a descendant of the last of the Wardens of this Company. This shield has inscribed upon it the words of a song in praise of the Smith. There are seventeen verses of the song, the first of which is as follows : — Of all ye sweet science under ye sun Or hathe been since ye worlde begun " The Smith," by name, greate prais hath won Which nobody can deny boys, nor nobody shall deny. In the lower portion of the shield arc the words : — " Now there was no Smith found throughout all the land of Israel, for the Philistines said, lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears. But all ye Israelites went down to ye Philistines to sharpen every man his share and his coulter, and his axe and his mattock. Yet they had a file for the mattockes and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the Goads."— I. Sam. xni. 19, 20, 21. * This Hall is supposed to have stood l)chind the .site o( the present Coimiy Hotel, the approach being through the passage leading from High Street to the river, which is referred to more fully on page 281. 376 CHAPTER XIX. THE GLOVERS. Early in the XV. century (1420 — 30) glovers were included in the same Guild as dubbers and parchment-makers, and the fraternity is men- tioned in the Corporation Ledger as the " Dubbers Guild," the names of the wardens being John Crykemore and John Slegge. The " Dubbers " are also included in the list of Guilds which were represented at a meeting held in the Council House in 1440 to raise funds to strengthen the defences of the City, when the Guild still com- prised the craftsmen of these three trades. This constitution appears to have continued in force until the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the ancient Guilds were formed into craft companies, after which the dubbers, or bookbinders, were severed from the glovers, and formed part of another Company. From this time the Glovers* Company, which included glovers, parchment- makers and collar-makers, held their assemblies and feasts at the Tailors' Hall in Milford Street, and the regulations under which they were governed continued in force until 1612, in which year the orders of all the Salisbury companies were cancelled. A copy of the new constitutions granted to the glovers in the following year and ratified by the seal of the Mayor on March 26th, 1613, is in the Salisbury Corporation Muniment Room. Some of the most interesting of these orders are given in full, others of a more general character are abbreviated: — PARCHMENT MAKERS AND COLLAR MAKERS. 377 Givitas Nove Sarum. Orders and Constitu'cons for the Companye of Glovers, Parchement Makers, and Collar Makers w'tliin this Cyttie had made and agreede uppon at a Com'ou Councelle of the sayde Cyttie there holden by the Maior and Com'ynaltie of the sayde Cyttie the sixe an twentyeth daye of March in the eleaventh yeare of the raigne of our Sou'aigne Lorde James by the Grace of God &c. &c. 1613. Article 1. For Officers No'iac'on. Roger Sharpe and James Gallye are chosen wardens, and Peter Banckes is chosen Chamber- layne, John Johnson and Authoney Wilshere are chosen Stewardes, John Barber is chosen Clarke, and John Tynuen is chosen Yeoman until the Wensdaye ncxte after the fl'ayre called St. Edmoudes ffayre. 2. An order to houlde Assemblies. 3. An order for the Elecc'ou of Officers. 4. An order to chuse officers to the places of others that shall dye. 5. An order to fyne suche as shall refuse to take anie office . . . ffyne fforteye shillings. 6. Officers to Accompte . . . give bond or ilorfeite fiourtey shilUngs. 7. ffor comynge to Assemblies. 8. An order for suche as shall abuse the Wardens . . . fforfeite and loose for e'vy offence the some of ffive shillings. 9. Widdowes to use theire husbandes trades. 10. To enroll apprentices . . . Noe apprentice shall come oute of his tyme before the age of XXIIII ti. yeares. 11. To make Apprentices ffreemen. 12. An order to make ffree, apprentices that have not paiod towardes the Charter* . . . shall before he be made a ffree- man of this Companye Voluntarilic take the oathe aforesayde, viz., I doe wilUnlie sweare that I will from henceforthc to the uttermoste of my power as a ffree brother of this Companye obeye and keepe all the orders made and to be made for the weale proffytt an good gouv'aentc thereof soc ncrc as God shall give me grace, I shall kcepe th(! sccretts of this Companye and be aydinge and assistinge tlie Wardens to the utterraostc of my power, I shall not williuglie conscnte to anie tliinge to bo done to the hurte or hindcrence of the publickc goodc and • The Charter of James I. 378 THE GLOVERS. profEytt of this Companye. Soe helpo me God. And he shall paye to the use of the Maior and Com'altie suche a competente some as to the ]\Iaior and Coi'altie shalbe thoughte fytt, and to the Chirke for enteringe his iJredome VI d. and to the Yeoman IV d. 13. Apprentices to serve oute theire tynies after the deathes of theire Masters. 14. An order for corectinge of Apprentices . . . appear before the Wardens at their Hall to receive suche corection. 15. Noe jorneymen shalbe sett on worke but such as have served theire apprentishipps and are made ffreemen . . . uppon payne 3s. 4d. 16. What Apprentices shall paye when they are made freemen. ... If the son of a freeman of this Cittye twoe shillings. If a fforryner he shall paye three shillings and fower pence . . . each to paye to the Clarke twelve pence and to the Yeoman fower pence. 17. An order that every bucher beinge a fioryner which shall bringe ffleshe here to be solde, shall bringe the skynns with yt here also to be solde. Item, Yt is furthur ordered, That every bucher beinge a fforryner whiche shall bringe anye ffleshe of Sheepe, lambe or calfe unto this Cittie here to be solde, shall bringe also the skynnes with the ffleshe here to be likewise solde, uppon payne that every person soe ofiendinge shall forfeite for every skynne either sheepe, lambe or calfe skynne XII d. And that every person or persons which shall bring anye skynne of the skynnes aforesaide unto this place to be solde, and every one that shall buye of the sayde skynnes out of the open Markett place, shall fforfeite for every skynne which he shall soe buye XII d., the same to be ymployed to the benefytte of the sayde Companye. 18. Noe skynne of sheepe, lambe or calfe shalbe carried oute of this Cyttye to be solde withoute leave of the Maior and Justices . . . uppon payne that every one soe offending shall fiorfeit to the use of the poore of this Cytte the some of fower pence. 19. An order whoe shall buye Horsehides. Item, Yt is furthur ordered that noe man w'thyn this Cytte shall buye anie Horse Hide to the ende to sell the same yn leather excepte he be a glover or collar maker and ffree of the sayed Companye, or his or theire servantes for them, uppon payne to fEorfeite III s. IV d. to the use of the poore of this Cytte. ORDERS FOR BUYING SKINS. 379 20. An order that noe glover or Parcliement Maker shall buye auye skymies but in open Markett. Item, Yt is furthur ordered that noe glover or Parchement Maker shall buye anye skynne of sheepe, lambe or calfe att anye buchers howse dwellinge oute of the Buclier-Rowe, or at anj'e place w'thin the sayde Cyttye oute of the open Markett place, uppon payne that every person doinge contrarye to this order shall forfeite and payc XII d. 21. Quartridge Money . . . each member to pay fower pence on the fower most usual ft'easts, viz., The fl'east of St. John the Baptiste, St. Mychaell tharchangell, The Birth of our Lord God, The Annuncia'con of the Blessed Virgin Mary. 22. None to use anye trade but theire owne. 23. None to use trades before they be ffree. 24. None to sett upp Shoppe before they be ffrec. 25. Persones accused of theftc or anye other scandalous crime (to be disfranchised). 26. Paymente of Penalties. 27. ffor disposeinge of the Stocke. 28. An order for the fEeaste Day . . . that this Companyc shall keepe theire fEeaste Day yearlie the Mondaye nextc after the ffayer called St. Edmonde's fEayre. A Proviso for alteringe and newe makinge of lawes. Provided alwaies that yt shall and may be lawfull to and for the Mayor and Coi'altie of this Cyttie at anie Com'on Councell to be holden yn and for this Cyttie, to alter, abrogate or change anye of these orders no we made, or to make anye other hereafter for the good gou'rmente of the sayde Companye as to them shall seeme beste. In Witness whereof the Mayor and Coi'altie of this Cyttie have hereunto sett theire Scale of the Corpora'con the daye and yeare firste above wrytten. Signed Lawrence Horne, Maior. It is of interest to note that when fresh orders were granted to this Company in 1675 an additional trade was included in the Company, viz., " Searche- makers" (Sieve-makers).* * Scarce, search, shr. i Glo-Htnp. A fine sieve. A circular sieve for straining butter-milk. A sieve about 2ft. iri rliamcler made of sheep skin drilled with holes, used in granaries for sifting the dust from grain. English Dialect Die, 1904. 380 CHAPTER XX. THE CLOTHWORKERS. Originally clothworkers and all others in the City employed in work connected with the making of cloth were included in the Salisbury Weavers' Guild. But at the beginning of the XV. century, when England, which had previously been a country of farmers who exported wool, had become a country of manufacturers who exported cloth, the growth in the commercial life of the people was reflected in Salisbury by the for- mation of two additional Guilds for those con- nected with clothmaking, viz., the "Fullers" or " Tuckers," which sometimes appears as " Fullorum, Wardens, Radulph Pakke and Stephen Hywode," and occasionally as " The Towkers," the other Guild being the Dyers, which is referred to in 1420 as " The Diers Guylde, wardenys, John Eston and John Lavyngton." The Corporation records show that in 1412 the " ffullers gild " advanced forty shillings to the Salisbury Corporation to assist them in proceedings taken against the Southampton Cor- poration in connection with the customs imposed at that port. From the same source we learn that, at a meeting held at the Council House in 1420, the Fullers were represented by two stewards of the masters, sixty-one master-fullers, thirty-one journeymen-fullers, and two stewards of the latter. SALISBURY CLOTH MERCHANTS. 381 After the incorporation of the City in 1612 the Weavers, under their Royal Charters, retained their independent organisation, but the Mayor and Corporation, who had just received ad- ditional authority under the Charter of James I., constituted the Clothworkers and Dyers a separate Company. The orders and constitutions of this Company received the sanction of the Corporation, and were ratified by the seal of the Mayor in 1613. The records of the Tailors show that the Clothworkers were then granted the use of Tailors' Hall at the nominal rent of 10s. per year :— *' The Taylors' Hall is lett to Mr. Michael Mackerell, and James Haylocke, wardens of the Societye of Clothworkers within the saide citty, to have the use of the lower Hall for keeping their Assemblies, and of the Upper Hall and all the rest of the Taylors' Hall, to keepe their Feast, and they are to have the use of the same for seven years from Xmas last at tenn shillings per anno, and the saide Mr. Mackerell and Hay- locke are to repair whatsoever is spoiled by them, or that this Company of Taylors demands." In 1657 this rent of 10s. was increased to 20s. per annum. No information is available as to the strength of the new Company of Clothworkers, but there is evidence that the trade with which they were connected was still the most flourishing industry in Salisbury, and that the large luimber of small master-weavers, fullers, shearmen and dyers em- ployed in the City were dependent for employment on the wealthy cloth merchants wlio controlled the clothworkers. These Salisbury merchants not only supplied the home markets, but exported a considerable quantity of fine white cloth. This 382 THE CLOTHWORKERS. fabric was dispatched to Holland to be dyed scarlet, and when finished some of it was imported by the same merchants. A wholesale cloth market or fair was held in Salisbury annually on Twelfth day. This was changed in 1769 to August 24th, and the Twelfth da}' market was confined to cattle and cheese. In addition to white and striped flannel, blankets, and a heavy make of serge for which Salisbury was noted, the City appears to have produced a very superior kind of cloth. The Wiltshire antiquary, Aubrey, in his time (1669), sa3^s " The best white cloathes in England are made at Salisbury, where the water, running through chalk, becomes very nitrous, and, there- fore, abstersive. These fine cloathes are died black at London, and in Holland scarlet." Several of the more important of the Salisbury cloth manufacturers had their warehouses in London, and large quantities of cloth, more especially of the better class of material, were dispatched by wagon from Salisbury to the Metropolis and to the neighbouring port of Southampton. It may be of interest to notice that after the cloth had been woven by the weaver it was taken to the fuller, where it underwent the process of fulling, that is to say, " it was beaten by hammers or stocks, so as to condense the fabric, and to felt together the fibres of the wool. The mill of the fuller was driven by water wheels, the stocks being lifted by tappets on an axle revolved by the wheel and allowed to fall by their own weight, like the stamps now used for crushing ore." THE FULLER'S MILL. 383 A poem, The Fleece, by John Dyer, published in 1757, gives an interesting explanation of the various processes involved in the conversion of the raw wool into the finished cloth. The first and second books of the poem are devoted to the sheep, the shearer, the sorter, &c., and in the third book the process of manufacture is described, first the spinning, then the weaving, the fulling, &c. " From the blackened beam, the woof inirolled Near some clear sliding river, Is by the noisy fulling mill received, Where tumbling waters turn enormous wheels, Where hammers, rising and descending learn To imitate the industry of Men." Finally the web is washed, hung up to dry " on rugged tenters, to the fervid sun," until at last " The Clothiers shears and burlers' thistle skims the surface skcen." The orders and regulations granted to the clothworkers in 1613 continued in force until 1674, when, by an order of the Corporation, they were rescinded, and new constitutions were sealed and issued to the Company on February 18th, 1675. These orders, a copy of which is in the Muniment Room, confirmed the appointment of John George and Wilham Antram as wardens, John James the 3'oungcr as chamberlain, Ambrose Chappell and Nicholas Kimber as stewards, John Powell as clerk, and Samuel Elver as yeoman. Each of these officials was to hold office until the Monday next before the feast of St. Matthew the Apostle. The orders arc divided into 23 sections under the following headings : — 1. Confirmation of present oflicerK. 2. To hold Assemblies. 384 THE CLOTHWORKERS. 3. Election of officers. 4. To choose officers in place of such as die. 5. To fine such as refuse to take office. 6. Officers to accompte. 7. To come to Assemblies. 8. None to abuse the Wardens. 9. Widows to use their husband's trade. 10. To enroll Apprentices. 11. Apprentices to be taken. 12. Clerk to make all indentures. 13. None to keep persons at worke above 16 yearea old unless they be apprenticed, fine 10s. 14. To make apprentices ffreemen. 15. Apprentices to serve out their time if the master die. 16. Apprentices misbehaving themselves to be punished. 17. Noe journeymen to be putt on worke before he hathe provided his certificate. 18. None to use the trades of this Companye (Clothworker or Dyer) before they be free (or keep shoppe), fine lis. 19. To keepe the Sunday. Item, it is furthur ordered that noe firee brother or ffree sister of this Companye shall at any time hereafter either by themselves, their servants or others Racke or sett or cause to be racked or sett any Cloth upon any racke or Tenter upon the Lords Day comonly called Sunday uppon paine to forfeite and loose lis. for every offence. 20. Payment of Quarteridge money. 21. Paines and Penalties. 22. ifor disposing of the monies. 23. The ffeast day. In 1784 the connection between the cloth- workers and the Tailors' Hall, which had been in existence since 1613, came to an end, and an agreement was made with the Shoemakers' Com- pany whereby the clothworkers were granted the use of the Shoemakers' Hall, commonly known as Crew's Hall, in Hog Lane, for the purpose of THE HAT TAX. 385 holding their assembhes and feasts. Several con- victions are recorded for wilfully damaging the racks or tenters of clothworkers, which appears to have been a common offence in the City at this time. The following notice appeared in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal : — " Whereas the Racks of A. Courtney & Co. on Milford Hill, against Laverstock Road, were wantonly cut, on Monday night last and also one night in the Christmas week, whosoever will discover the offender, shall receive ten pounds reward, to be paid on conviction." It was in this year also that the hat tax came into force, an Act which compelled the retailer in hats to take out a 5s. licence. He was then supplied with tickets, which represented the dut}- which the customer had to pay, namely, a 3d. stamp on a hat under 4s. in value retail, a 6d. stamp under 7s., a Is. stamp under 12s., and a 2s. stamp over 12s. The stamp had to be fixed on the lining inside the hat, and the penalty for infringernent on the part of the wearer of the hat was £10, the con- viction before the justices was for wearing a hat without a stamp in it, and the full penalty was inflicted. In this year also Jolm Chalkc, of Winterbourne, was convicted before the County Bench, assembled at the Parade Coffee House (now Read and Orchard, chemist), and fined £20 for selling gloves without a licence. The City records contain many entries referring to tenements, which included fullers' racks. These properties, in Castle Street, Endless Street, RolJestone Street and Milford, were probably either upon the bank of the mill stream or u})on some of the smaller streams which ran through the City at that time. The spiiming jenny was introduced into Salisbury by Mr. Wansey in 386 THE CLOTH WORKERS. 1701, and the Corporation ordered " that all fullers and d}'ers are to keep to their own crafts, and not meddle or interfere with the business of the clothiers." The anecdote concerning Mr. H. P. Wyndham, M.P.,* and King George III., which is mentioned in An Historical and Descriptive Account of New Sarum (Whittaker, London, 1834), shows that in 1795 there was a very great demand for the best striped cloth, which was then being made in Salisbury. Mr. Wyndham was a favourite of George III., and it is said he appeared at Court in a coat made of dark striped cloth. The King, mistaking it for a French cloth, exclaimed, " What ! What ! Wyndham in a French coat ? " " No, please your Majesty, it is not French," replied Wyndham. " What, then ? " quoth his Majesty. " It is a cloth made at Salisbury," said Wyndham. " Then send me some of it," was the King's reply. This was done, and the article became so fashionable that orders poured in to the Salisbury manufacturers till every place in the City which could be rented to hold a loom was furnished with one of the machines. Hatcher mentions a fine silk and wool fancy striped cloth, which was used for coats and waistcoats, and states that one of the clothiers, Mr. Hutchings, paid £2000 per year for silk to use in making up these popular cloths. The Mr. Hutchings referred to by Hatcher was probably William Hutchings, or Hutchence, who was Churchwarden of St. Martin's in 1778, or his son, Robert Hutchence, who filled the same office in 1795. They were both cloth manufactrers, and their factory was situated in St. Martin's Church * Henry Penruddock Wyndham was Mayor of Salisbury in I77i> *nd one of the Members of Parliament for the County of Wilts from 1795 'o 'S'^- SALISBURY S FIRST NATIONAL SCHOOL. 387 Street, next to the Church. On May 10th, 1799, the St. Martin's Vestry agreed " that Mr. Hutchence may build a wall at his own expense at the west end of the Churchyard upon a straight line with his own wall." This period of prosperity, caused b}^ the de- mands of fashion, was succeeded by a time of bad trade for the local clothworkers, and during the years 1810 — 11 there appears to have been a certain amount of distress in the City. The industry gradually declined in Salisbury, and one after another the local cloth factories were closed, that of Mr. Hutchence being converted into, and still forms a part of. the present St. Martin's Schools. The parish records show that in 1812 a lease of this propert}^ was granted to " the trustees of the Tontine of the National School,"* of which Mr. Daniel Eyre was chairman. In 1810 the Shoemakers' Company granted a lease of their hall to James Trowbridge, reserving to their own Company and to the Company of Clothworkers the use of the hall " at all times when required to hold their assemblies and feasts." Little is known of the clothworkers after this time. Their last public appearance as a trade company was in 1814, when thev took part in the procession which formed part of the local festivities held in Salisbury in connection with the celebration of peace. * The National Society for the Education of llie Poor in the Trinciplcs of tlie Established Church was founded hy Churchmen in Octoher, iSii. 388 CHAPTER XXI. ADMISSION OF FREEMEN AND GRANTING OF LOANS. Under the Charters which the City received from James I., Charles I., Ohver Cromwell, Charles II. and Queen Anne, the Mayor and Corporation were authorised to make free citizens. The Charter of Oliver Cromwell provided " that no person other than such free citizens shall hereafter use any arte, trade, mistery, or manuall occupation within oure saide cittee and the liberties and precincts thereof, saveing in the tyme of the faiors then to be kept, and dureing the continuance of such faiors only." These Charters empowered the Mayor to close the shop of any offender, and to impose a fine not exceeding ten shillings for every time such person " opened his windows to use or exercise any trade, arte, mistery or manuall occupation, or expose to salle or cause to be exposed to salle any ware or marchandize," and by warrant to sell the goods and chattels of the delinquent, " rendringe unto such offender the overplus." An artisan or tradesman who wished to work or trade in the Cit}^ had first to satisfy the officers of one of the Companies as to his good character and his proficiency as a workman. Upon his doing so, he obtained a certificate from the Trade Company, which he presented, with his application to be made a freeman, to the Corpora- OATH OF THE FREE CITIZEN. 389 tion. If the Corporation were satisfied with the stranger's credentials, he was, after paying a fee of 10s. to the Corporation and one of 3s. 4d. to the Company which had accepted him as a member, admitted as a freeman, and had full liberty to work and trade within the City. The oath taken by the freeman, as entered in the Ledger, is as follows : — " I doe willingly sweare that I will from henceforth to the uttermost of my power mayntayne and defend the libertey and priviledges of this citty men'ioned and granted in the severall charters of our late Soveraigne Lords King James and King Charles the ffrst and King Charles the second, and all the lib'ties of this citty granted to the citty by the said Kings and other their noble progenitors ; And will from time to time obey and performe all orders and constituc'ons made or to be made for the good government and proffitt thereof, or for the preservac'on of any, the liberties, lands or goods belonginge to the same, or the incorporac'on thereof, soe neere as God shall give me grace. Soe helpe me God." The following extracts relating to the admission of freemen appear in the Ledgers : — " March 10, 1628. Application received from Richard Snow, watch maker, dial maker and clock maker, who desires to have the freedom of the City, which is now granted to him and he is forthwith to be bound to use no other trade, and he is to attend the Company of Smiths to be ordered by them as is fit, and to be of that Company ; he gave 10s." " June 7, 1628. Ordered that the Company of Smiths, cutlers &c. may sue, prosecute, arrayn or implead Thomas Roude, under their orders & constitutions, for keeping shop, and using the trade and mystery of selling hardware or cutlers' ware, within this City, he not being allowed a free citizen." On August 22nd, 1636, the Corporation passed a resolution : — " That no one shall lot a house or shop to any stranger not being a freeman of the City, to carry on any trade, on pain of £10 forfeit for every offence. Also, that no freeman or shop- keeper shall put out work out of the City, if it can be done in the City, under a penalty of 13s. 4d." 390 ADMISSION OP^ P'REEMEN AND GRANTING OF LOANS. Complaints were made by the Companies that strangers were trading in the City who were neither freemen nor members of a Company, and a few weeks later the following order was made by the Corporation : — " July 7, 1639, Att this Councell yt is ordered that all tradesmen within this Citty, or any other inhabitant there using any art or mystery or occupation, shall uppon notice given to them, cast themselves into the Companies according to former orders made to that purpose, or else the penalty of the same orders will be sued for." Possibly the excuse was made by some of the strangers that they did not join the Companies owing to the cost of the feast which new members were expected to provide, as a few weeks after another order was issued by the Council as follows : — " That no tradesman of this Citty is to be enforced, at his admission into any of the Companies, to give or make any breakfast or feast for the said Com- pany, and the Wardens of the Company of Taylors are desired to take notice of this accordingly." Walter Swanson, who had been a generous benefactor to his native City during his lifetime, died on November 10th, 1661, and bequeathed £300 to certain of the Salisbury Trade Companies, namely, £50 each to the Joyners, the Glovers, the Shoemakers, the Clothworkers, the Butchers, and the Smiths, "to be employed in the same manner as was the legacy of Mr. Windover."* His previous benefactions included a sum of £300, which he gave to the Corporation to be lent in sums of £10 each to 30 poor tradesmen for three years without interest, and also a • Mr. William Windover, vide Shoemakers p. 236, and Bakers p. 252. SIR THOMAS WHITE, LORD MAYOR. 391 bequest to provide for an annual sermon and distribution of bread to the poor at St. Thomas' Church. The whole of the Salisbury Companies were reconstituted in 1675, the resolution passed at the meeting of the Corporation on July 30th of this year being as follows : — " Ordered, that the constitutions of the several Companies are to be from henceforth vacated and made void, and the Committee of Revenue are to send for the several Wardens, and treat and agree with them for new constitutions." The new orders, copies of which are in the Muniment Room, were ratified with the seal of the Mayor during 1675 and 1676, and in the latter year a letter of attorney was granted to the various Companies giving them authority to sue for breaches of their rules. An order was also made that all tradesmen were " to cast themselves into Companies," and that no one should have any gift or loan, unless they had been sworn free citizens. From this time the Corporation Ledgers contain much longer reports of the Council meetings, and include the names of all who were made free citizens. At some of the monthly meetings as many as 30 persons were admitted. Some of them were distinguished strangers, but tlie great majority were either artizans and new- comers to the City, or young men wlio had com- pleted their apprenticeship in Salisbury. A largi: number of the last mentioned were granted loans of money, without interest, to enable them to make a start in their trade. These loans were provided by the Corporation from money left them bv past boncfartors. including Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor oi London in 1553, Juhn 392 ADMISSION OF FREEMEN AND GRANTING OF LOANS. Duke of Somerset, Mr. Grobham, Mr. Taylor, and others. The apphcants for these charities were obhged to find two bondsmen of approved position as securities before the loans were granted. It may be of interest to give a few extracts from the Ledger at this date, to show the system adopted and also some of the names and trades of those concerned : — August 2, 1680. " Ordered to be given free citizens. John Abbott, dyer ; James HoUoway, weaver ; Kichard Overton, taylor. The petition of Robert Hill to be sworn a free citizen, is granted on his bringing a certificate from the Clothworkers' Company. The petition of John Still, Cook, to be a free citizen, is referred to the Committee of Revenue, and they are desired to summon the Wardens of the Cooks, to show cause why he should not be admitted and to report to the next Council. MONEYS GRANTED UPON PETITIONS. Principalis. Securityes. Joseph Tinham, Clothier. George Godfrey, Milliner. Sir Tho's White's Gift, £25. Peter Tinham, Clothier. Xp'ofer London, Tanner. Mr. Grobham's Gift, £20. George Mills, Shoomaker. Mr. Taylor's Gift, £10. John Coward, Weaver, air. Coles' Gift, £5. Robert Hill, Cloathworker. £10. George Roberts, Carpenter. £10. Nich's Blake, Slaymaker. £10. Robert Seale, Shoomaker. £10. Tho's Croock, Curryer. George Roberts, Carpenter. John Piercy, Maulster. Wilham MuUins, Clothier. George Allen, Butcher. William Coward, Weaver. John Stone, Dyer. John George, Cloathworker. Tho's Cooper, Sen'r, Curryer. John Atwaters, of Britford. Tho's Blake, Chandler. John Coleman, Apothecary. John Shorey, Joyner. John Seale, Tobacco Cutter. THE SALISBURY TRAINED BAND. 393 The Petition, of William Mullins, Clotliier, for £25 rejected for his refusing to serve in the Trained Bandes."* January 31st, 1682. " Upon the petition of William Jay, threadman, late of London, to be a free citizen, it is ordered that he be not admitted, until he be first admitted a brother of the Company of Merchants, within the said Citty, and produce certificate thereof from the Wardens of the said Company." January 2nd, 1686. " Ordered that the constitutions of the Company of Cloathworkers be confirmed under the Citty Scale, with the alterations now petitioned for. Also that the petition of John Hill, cook, to be a free citizen, is referred to the Committee of Revenue, and they are desired to summon the Wardens of the Cooks, to show cause why he should not be admitted and to make report to the next Council. MONEYS GRANTED UPON PETITIONS. Principalis. Securityes. Silas Comlin. Will'm Comblin. £10. George Harris, Hatter. William Stephens, Bellowsmaker. Henry Chapman, Maulster. £5. Richard Romsey, Weaver. Nat'l' Townsend, Glover. Will'm Jones, Innholder. £5. Will'm Holmes, Taylor. WilUam Barnfather, silk-stocking weaver, haveing allready £12 in his hands, is granted £8 more, to make it up to £20, on the security of Daniell Hunt, Milliner, and Elizabeth Tucker, Wid." September 22nd, 1687. " Ordered that the Wardens of the several Companys (who have not their constitutions confirmed) be summoned to appear before the Committee of Revenue, to show cause how they hold Assemblays and choose oQicers, their constitutions being void upon surrender of the late Charter." September 23rd, 1697. " Upon the petition of the Wardens of the bretheren of the Company of Shoomakers, &c., it is ordered that a letter of attorney bo made and sealed to empower William Courtenay, shoemaker, and Samuel Goodfellow, shoo- * " A trayned Bande of loo Souldycrs" W.1S provided by the Corporation. In 1629 the Mayor, Recorder, and each of the Aldermen were to " furnishc twoc Armes, Videlt, one Corscll and one Muskctt, and cvcrye of the cighlc and fortyc . . . one Corsctt or one Muskclt," Sic, (Sec Corporatiou Pictures and Plate, p. xo8.) 394 ADMISSION OF FREEMEN AND GRANTING OF LOANS. maker, the present Wardens of the said Company, James Dyett, shoemaker, Nat'l Laversage, curryer, Allen Bell, curryer, Nicholas Staples, John Baker, senr., and William Judd, shoo- makers, Edward Wilton, curryer, and Henry Smith, shoomaker, joyntly and severallye to sue for paines and penaltyes forfeited, and to be forfeited, for breach of the constitutions of the said Company, granted to them the 18 day of October, 1675, they giving bond to idemnify the Mayor and Commonalty from all costs and damages by reason thereof." February 25th, 1705. " That no person not being a free citizen, not having served as an apprentice in the city for the space of seven years, shall after the 1st of May ensuing use or exercise any art, trade, or mystery, by selling or exposing to sale any wares or merchandise by retail, or shall keep any shop, or use or exercise any art or mystery under penalty of 5s. for each ofience." March 5th, 1709. " Ordered that John Laws, clothier, and firancis ffowles, taylor, be admitted ffree citizens ; and that Tho's Barnes, John Bachellor, Nicholas Evans, John Easton, and Edward Earlsman, be admitted ffree citizens upon their bringing certifycates from their respective Companys ; and Tho's Symonds, weaver, the like, on his making it appear to the Council] that he has served a legall apprenticeship in the city. MONEYS GEANTED UPON PETITIONS. Securityes. Mr. Taylor's Gift, £10. John Chamberlain, Chururgeon. Eobert Brown, Shoemaker. Samuel Smith, Apothecary. Securitys. Mr. Grobham's Gift, £20. James Abbott, gent'. Edmund Crew, Clothworker. Thomas Abbott, Clothier. Securitys. Sir John White's Gift, £25. John Newman, gent' of Charlton. John Harrison, Iremonger. John Barter, joyner, of Charlton, is to have the money, and order is made to seal his bond, when he is sworn a ffree citizen, if no Clothier petition frr it. It may be explained that this charity of £25, for ten years free of interest, was left by Sir LOANS TO ASSIST TRADESMEN. 395 Thomas White, who was a wealthy clothier, in 1566, and his will directed that a preference should be given to young clothiers. April 26th, 1710. " Ordered that John ffort, woolstapler ; John Elderton, clothier ; and William Piuckney, clothier ; be admitted fEree citizens. MONEYS GRANTED UPON PETITIONS. Principalis. Securityes. Sir Tho's White's Gift, £25. Nicholas Minty, Clothier. John Smith, Clothier. William Carter, Carpenter. Thomas Awbrey, Clothier. William Awbrey, sen'r, Clothier. Peter Tynham, Clothier. Mr. Grobham's Gift, £20. John Newman, gent' of Charlton. William Pinckney, Clothier. Ambrose Bampton, Tanner. X'pofer Dupe, Shoomaker. W'm Newby, Innholder. £10. W. Newby, Clothier (rejected). Ambrose Bampton, Tanner. April 17th, 1717. Joseph Marsh, Dyer. Edward Hinxman, of Dean, £10. Blacksmith. Robert Soper, of Lockerley. Nathan'I Townsend, Catherine Geo' Tivetoe, Yeoman. St., Glover, £10. Elias ffryer, Joyner. During the next fifty years the number of members of the Salisbury Trade Comi)anies rapidly declined, with the exception of the Weavers' and the Clothworkcrs' Companies, which included the trades most prevalent in the City at that time. Certainly the majority of those who were admitted as free citizens belonged to one of these trades. The following are a few of the names of those made freemen during this fifty years, some of whom, in later years, became leading citizens and wealthy men : — 396 ADMISSION OF FREEMEN AND GRANTING OF LOANS. Weavers. Henry Hyde, Thomas Wheeler, John WilUs, James Holloway, Richard Romsey, Joshua Compton, Robert Townsend, Samuel Swaffield, John ffoster, John Coward, William Tanner, Robert Lake and James Oakiield. Clothiers. William Batt, James Street, Mathew Pitte, Thomas Abbott, Peter Tynham, Thomas Powell, Edward Dashwood, Samuel Awbrey, Robert Antrum, Thomas Batchellor, Thomas Sturridge, John Bristow, Robert Sutton, Thomas ffreeman, Joshua Bytham, Mathew Harper, Richard Marsh, John Thrender, Timothy Spratt, John Wink- worth, Thomas Stockwell and Edward Hinxman. The last-named Edward Hinxman became a wealthy master clothier or cloth maker ; he served the office of Mayor in 1784, and in 1794 purchased from the Executors of Colonel Edward Young, deceased, the estate at Little Durnford, now owned by Mr. M. H. W. Devenish. t/3 ■- o S f- :S 397 CHAPTER XXII. THE WOOLCOMBERS. Upon the occasion of the celebration of the national thanksgiving for peace after the American War of Independence, held in Salisbury in 1784, there were only five of the ancient Trade Com- panies left to take part in the procession. These were the Tailors, the Weavers, the Shoemakers, the Clothworkers, and the Joiners ; but a new Company, the Woolcombers, made its first ap- pearance as a society upon that occasion. The report of this celebration gives also the earliest record we have in Salisbury of the Modern Clubs or Friendly Societies, several of which were formed in the City during the latter part of the XVIII. century. These Social Clubs may be said to have formed the link between the ancient Guilds and Companies and the great Friendly Societies of the present day. They appear to have given assistance to the members and their families in case of sickness or death in much the same way as the old Guilds and Trade Companies had done in the past. As far as can be ascertained, these new Societies were the Rainbow Club, whose headquarters were at the Rainbow Inn (tlie present William the Fourth) in Milford Street, the Goat Club (Goat Inn), tlie D()l])liin Chib (Dolphni Inn), the White Horse Club (White Horse Inn), and the Vine Club, whose clubroom was at the Vine Tavern, now Messrs. Curtis and Sons' premises in St. Thomas' Square. -^98 THE WOOLCOMBERS. An excellent description of the Companies in the procession upon the occasion of the peace celebrations referred to appeared in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal for August 2nd, 1784, from which we quote the following extract : — " Thursday being appointed by Royal Proclamation a day of thanksgiving for the return of the blessings of peace to these Kingdoms, it was observed in Sahsbury with a festivity un- usually splendid and general. The morning was ushered in by ringing of bells, discharge of artillery, &c., and at half-past ten o'clock the Worshipful the Mayor, the Earl of Radnor (Recorder), Edward Poore, Esq., jun. (Deputy-Recorder), Aldermen and Corporation, preceded by the Sergeants-at-Mace, Constables, &c., and attended by Saint Christopher, the ancient Giant, the Companies of Woolcombers, Joiners, Shoemakers, Weavers, and Taylors, and also by five Friendly Societies, with bands of music, a display of the banners belonging to the various bodies, &c., went in procession to the Cathedral Church, where divine service was performed and a sermon preached upon the occasion. On the return, the Mayor, Recorder and Corporation partook of an elegant entertainment in the Council Chamber, to which a fat buck was presented by WilUam Hussey, Esq.* The several Companies retired also to their halls, &c,, where entertainments were provided for themselves and their friends. In the evening there was a large bonfire in the Market Place, a display of fireworks and a general illumination in the city and the Close. . . . Perhaps a more beautiful pageant was never seen in the West of England. The Giant, concerning whose origin even tradition is faint, was entirely new dressed upon the occasion (his coat alone taking 34 yards of cloth). His attendants and Hobnob and his esquire were also adorned in character. There was a very numerous and respectable ap- pearance of the Corporation, and the companies and societies vied in splendour, order and good conduct. This was the first appearance of the Woolcombers as a society, and they added in no small degree to the beauty of the scene ; they were pre- ceeded by a boy and a girl, who were elegantly habited in the dresses of a shepherd and a shepherdess, and followed by a band of youths uniformly dressed in white, with sashes of various coloured wool and carrying wands, next came Bishop Blaze in his episcopal robes and mitre, holding a Prayer Book and a woolcomb in his hands, mounted on a white horse and attended * Alderman W. Hussey, Mayor in 1758, and M.P. for the City 1774 — 1813. (Vide Corporation Pictures and Plate, pp. 55 — 57.) ST. BLAIZE. 399 by pages, and followed by his Chaplain, also mounted on a white horse. The body of Combers, dressed in white uniform, with sashes of wool and a banner of the same, closed a scene which gave infinite satisfaction to all, and reflected honour on the members. The character of the pious inventor of wool- combing was supported with no less dignity than humility. However the cynical and austere may affect to despise these scenes of harmless mirth, the more liberal and good humoured must rejoice in them, for so long as they are unattended with riot and mischief, they unbend the brow of care, exhilarate the heart, and teach the value of a social hour." The Company of Woolcombers, whose hall was in St. Edmund's Church Street, appear to have had a fairly prosperous career for about 50 years, and judging from the following notice in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal of 1786, they were sufficiently numerous to demonstrate in procession alone : — " The Woolcombers of this City, with the representation of their titular Bishop Blaze and his Chaplain, and the whole of the Society characteristically habited, intend to walk in procession on Friday next according to annual custom." St. Blaize, Bishop of Sebaste, who is sometimes described as the " reputed inventor of the art of wool-combing," is said to have had the honour of becoming the patron saint of woolcombers in consequence of his having been put to death after being cruelly whipped with scourges and his flesh lacerated with " Combes of Yren " (iron combes). The following description of a solemn pageant of the woolcombers at one of the festivals that were held in commemoration of Bishop Blaize in the north of England during the early part of the XIX. century is taken from Claris Calendaria, by John Brady (London, 1814) :— " The procession was led by Jason, as the champion and protector of the golden fleece, who was followed by sliej) herds and shepherdesses ; a beautiful girl elegantly dressed, carried 400 THE WOOLCOMBERS. a lamb upon her lap, with a bouquet of flowers made of wool in her bosom ; next followed the venerable Bishop, his mitre with the keys of St. Peter gilt in front were formed of wool ; and he had a large wig of the same material, which reached down to the saddle ; his bridle was held on each side by a page, and another was at the stirrups carrying a Bible in one hand and a wool-comb in the other ; his followers dressed in white, with sashes, scarfs, and high caps, carrying two large flags, all made of wool, and wands ; two persons elevated on a stage were at work showing the manner in which wool is combed." It may also be of interest to refer to the com- position of the procession which formed part of the local festivities which were held in Salisbury in connection with the Celebration of Peace in 1814. After the Ma3^or and Corporation, who with the Recorder and chief officials led the procession, came the Freemasons, who were followed by the two Corporate bodies, the Tailors and the Weavers, after which came the four surviving Craft Companies which received their constitutions from the Mayor and Corporation, namely, the Woolcombers, the Tuckers, the Joiners, and the Shoemakers. The procession also included six (or seven) Friendly Societies. These were probably the five Clubs which took part in the 1784 celebrations, with the addition of the New Inn Club and the Malmesbury Arms Club. In connection with these festivities in 1814 six thousand four hundred persons were entertained in the City, and the subscriptions collected for the purpose amounted to one thousand pounds, in addition to which Lord Radnor, who was Recorder of the City, provided wine for those who took part in the procession. The following copy of a receipted invoice for wine supplied by Messrs. Lake and Maton, which is amongst the papers in the Muniment Room, appears to show that the Recorder at this time £39 £18 3 6 6 70 1 ANCIENT ORDER OF DRUIDS. 401 had also the privilege of presenting wine for the Mayor's feast : — " Bill to the Right Hon' the Earl of Radnor To Lake and Maton.* June 7th, 1814. Thanksgiving for the Peace To 13 dozen Port. Lord R's customary present to the cor- porations of Taylors and Weavers and ll Friendly Societies attending the Procession of the Mayor and Corporation to the Cathedral . . To 6 dozen Port for the Corporation Also Sepr. 3. 1 dozen best Port £3, bottles &c 6/6 Nov. 16. To bottled Port— The Mayor ,, Corks and Porters Total £131 6 6 At the festival to celebrate the passing of the Reform Bill, held on June 26th, 1832, out of the three Trade Companies left in the City, only one took part in the procession upon that occasion, namely, the Woolcombers. The Tailors' Cor- poration declined, as their funds were low, but they lent the whole of their quaint paraphernalia, to be carried in the procession, which was largely composed of the members of the Social Clubs and Societies, whose names were given in connection with the 1784 and 1814 festivities, and also a new Lodge (No. 102) of the Ancient Order of Druids, which was established in 1824. The Crown Hotel, in High Street, was the head- quarters of the Salisbury Lodge of Druids, and this, the first occasion of their taking part in a procession, is commemorated by a print after a drawing by Mr. Wainw ight, at that time master of the Salisbury National School. Copies of this print are to be seen in the Museum and at the Municipal Offices. * Messrs. Richardson Bros., Wine Merchants, succeeded to the business of Lake and Maton. 402 NEW CLUBS AND BENEFIT SOCIETIES. The decay of the old industrial system, con- trolled and regulated by the Companies, was now complete, and the privileges of the Companies were formally abolished in 1835. It is, however, of interest to notice the composition of the pro- cession in Salisbury upon the next occasion of national rejoicing. In January, 1842, festivities were held to celebrate the christening of the infant Prince who afterwards became King Edward VII. On that occasion the two sur- viving members of the Joiners' Company took part in the procession, one, the Chamberlain, an aged man, who carried the ancient banner of the fraternity, and the other, the Yeoman or Beadle, who wore the ornate livery of the Company. This livery is said to have been 212 years old at the time. The Corporation of Tailors, now reduced to five members, maintained their old traditions upon this occasion, and brought out the whole of their quaint paraphernalia, including the Giant and his two attendants (one of whom carried the mace and the other the sword) ; also Hobnob, accompanied by the Morris Dancers, the ancient banner of the Guild, and the beadle in his gold- braided livery, with cocked hat, silk stockings, and buckled shoes, &c. The new Clubs, or Friendly Societies, had now increased in number, eleven of them taking part in this procession, namely, the Ancient Order of Druids, the Dolphin Club, the Scots Lane Benefit Society, the Methodist Society, the Goat Club, the Malmesbury Arms Club, the Vine Club, the White Horse Club, the New Inn Club, Endless Street Union Society, and the Salisbury Refuge Tent of the Independent Order of Rechabites, with the Juvenile Tent under their superintendence. In 1856 the Tailors* SALISBURY CUTLERY. 403 Company, four in number, appeared in a pro- cession, with their full paraphernalia, according to their custom, and in 1880 this, the last of the ancient Guilds of Salisbury, incorporated by Royal Charter in 1445, became defunct. Although Salisbury has ceased to be a manu- facturing City, it still retains its position as an important distributing centre. The abandonment of the old industrial system and its ancient traditions was the effect of causes that had been working during the whole of the preceeding century, or even a longer period. The rapid expansion of the trade of the country, the increase of mechanical appliances, the develop- ment of our coalfields, and the introduction of the factory system were among the causes that brought about the collapse of local industries in many of the towns in the south of England, including those of Salisbury, which had been noted for its cloth for something like 250 years, and for a shorter period for the excellence of the cutlery which it produced.* At the same time a great extension of the manufacture of cloth took place in Yorkshire and Lancashire, which had been among the poorest of the English counties in Mediaeval days. The regulation of wages and apprenticeships by Act of Parliament ceased, and whilst the Clubs and Benefit Societies took the place of the Guilds and Companies in one phase of their work, the Factory Acts and the Trade Unions superseded them in efforts to protect the work- men and to better their wages. These labour organisations may be said to be a revival of one • It is interesting to note that at the present time, if an order were |»'*cn to a Sheffield cutlery manufacturer for one gross of knives, one half " long Salisbury " and the other half "short Salisbury," he would supply 6 dozen table knives and 6 dozen cheese knives. 404 THE COMPANIES OF LONDON. of the most useful features of the ancient Guilds. The loss of the old system of compulsory apprenticeship, a system which undoubtedly secured a good supply of efficient workmen, well instructed in their craft, is becoming generally recognised as being mainly responsible for the increasing amount of unskilled labour and the large number of men who are permanently doomed to low wages. The most pleasing features of the Companies of London at the present day are the great works of public utility which they undertake, more especially those connected with education, e.g., the Mercers' School, Merchant Taylors' School, St. Paul's School, Aldenham School, Great Crosby School, Oundle School and many others. Scholarships and exhibitions are maintained by the London Companies, and new ones are founded at Oxford, Cambridge and elsewhere. We may mention likewise the City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Technical Educa- tion, the Trades Training School in Great Titchfield Street, the Leather Trades Technical School at Bethnal Green, &c. With some knowledge of the beneficent work done by the London Companies in this direction, and of the very considerable funds which they now devote to the encouragement of apprenticeships, one cannot help a feeling of regret that the Salisbury Companies did so little to preserve their Corporate possessions. What an advantage it would be to the City if only a portion of the income from the property of these old Companies was available at the present day to supplement the amount spent upon Technical Education and apprenticeships by the local authorities and by the Trustees of the Municipal Charities. INDEX. 405 PAGE Abbotsbury ... ... 4 Abbott, James ,., ... 326 John ... ... 392 Adams, Joseph ... ... 201 „ Joseph ... 212, 215, 235 Thomas ... 201, 207 Thomas Lawes 212, 216 " Adulterine" Guilds ... 8 Agas, John ... ... 121 AOwyn, Henry Fitz ... 22 Aimes, WiUiam ... 191, 193 Ale, Assize of ... ... 283 „ Price of ... 285,317 Alehouses and Alehouse Keepers 335—338 Alexander, Henrye ... Allen, John „ John AUesley, Thomas Allyn, Jo' Alphey, Johes Alwardbury, Robert of Amans, John Ames, John Andover Andrews, James, Mayor " An.efel Inn," late " Tarent's inn," High Street Angell, John Angles, Jo' Antram, William Antweri) Aport, John Apprentices : sec Orders and Constitutions under various Guilds Aproborts, Grace Areley, William Armorers Arms of the Bakers and the Cooks —— of the Corporation of Tailors Arundell, Rob'te 170 92 241 291 342 114 20 353 218 15 38, 317 308 126 362 383 33 152 301 361 371 253 219 130 PAGE Ashleigh, William ... ... 39 Aslatt, Walter ... ... 231 Assheford, Crystian... ... 128 „ John. First Master of Tailors' Guild 99, 113, 128 Assize of Ale and Ale Measures 283 „ of Bread ... ... 246 Atwater, Thomas ... ... 179 Aubrey, John ... 330, 382 Awsten, John ... ... 364 Aylmerton, Thomas... ... 289 Ayshleygh, John ... ... 89 Baker, John . . 61, „ William Bakers and the Cooks 80, Ordinances of Feast day ... 244, Horse Bread Viewers to try broad Assize of Bread ... Profit of, regulated Official bronze Winchester ))ushel William Windovor's gift \o Arms of Orders and Coiistiintinna ... Finos for refusing oHico Balden, John Balfot, Thomas Bampton, Ambrose ... „ Jasper Banckcs, Peter Bancs, Robert ... 76, 23M, Barber Surgnons ... 65,80, Orders and Coiistitutioim ... Orders revoked (167.^) and rcconstitufocl to include Silk Weavers U'i76) ... 364 Bodies of dead Malefactors for Anatomy ... ... 367 Feast day ... ... 368 260 226 243 243 259 24.5 246 246 219 250 252 253 254 255 181 113 204 2;5K 377 :{22 •MV.\ 3(i3 406 INDEX. Barber, John PAGE ... 377 Barker, Thomas ... 173 Barlow, Cliarles 201, 207 „ James 201 202, 218 Barnard's Cross ... 276 Barnefather, Wm . . . ... 191 Barnes, Jefeiy ... 361 „ John 343, 351 Bai'rington, Bishop ... ... 311 Barryugton, Osmond 167, 176 Basket, John 114, 266 Batchelor, Ben' ... 238 „ Joseph ... ... 238 Bath ... 34 Batt, John ... 269 „ Kohert ... 214 Batten, Edw' ... 347 „ Rich' 345, 352 Will'm ... 351 Batter, Gervis 313, 329 „ Giles ... 167 Battye, J. ... 313 Battyn, Edward ... 354 John 343—5 347, 354 Bawdwyn, Alexander 348, 350 — 1 Baylve, George ... ... 344 „ ' John 346—7, 349—50 352—3 Beauchamp, Bishop. " Liber Niger" ... 33.137,264. 307—310 313, 316 „ Edward IV. Charter con- firmed by ... 108,118 „ Litigation between Cor- poration and ... ... 147 „ Granted piece of laud to Tailors ... ... 148 Beauchamp, Roger ... ... 132 Beawor, Robert de. Rector of St. Thomas' Church, 1238 ... 131 Becket, John, Mayor 287, 291 Beckham, Humphrey 144, 350—2, 357—8 „ John .. 345,347,349 354, 357 „ Reynold 139 William ... 347,349—51 Bede Roll 128 Bedford, William 92 Bee, Mathew .. 76,323,326 „ Thomas 167,170 Beer, Punishments for brewing bad 285 „ Quality and Price of 285, 317 „ Receipo for making (1521) 316 Beete, W'm ... 345,346,352 Befford, Thomas ... ... 239 Bell, Elias ... ... 252 „ Roger ... ... 317 Bellfoitndevs ... ... 371 Bellyngham, John ... ... 167 Belshare, Tho' ... 362,353 Bemerton ... ... 17 Benefactions of Phillip Crew 49, 228 of Walter Swanson 390 „ of William Wind- over ... 236,252 to the Tailors' Guild 128 Benefit Societies ... ... 402 Benger, John ... ... 268 Bennett, Xpofer ... ... 241 Berewyk, Joh' ... ... 114 Besant. " Mediaeval London " 4 Best, Thomas ... 201,202 Betan, Richard ... ... 137 Bettonia, William de ... 23 Biley, Henry, Mayor 238, 240 John, Mayor ... ... 371 Billowe-makers ... ... 339 Bingham, Bishop. Builds Harnham Bridge .. . ... 17 "Bird-iu-Hand," Love Lane; see mider 'Pott and Lym- beck " Bishop, Hen' ... ... 242 Black Friars ... 89, 281, 287 Blackbridge Street ... ... 207 Blackmore, Dr. H. P. ... 218 Blacksmiths ... ... 370 Blake, Hen" ... ... 238 „ Jno' ... ... 242 „ Richard ... ... 114 „ William ... ... 238 Blakker, Thomas, Mayor 266, 298 Blue Boar Inn, Market Place 312, 329, 334 Blunt, John le ... ... 22 Bokett, William, Mayor 86, 88, 298, 313 Bolton, Charles ... ... 199 Bookbinders ... 339,376 Bolt, Wily eme ... ... 354 INDEX. ,407 Bourne, Thomas PAGE 191 Bove, Jolm 130 Bover, Alicia 299 „ Johii 299 Bowes, Gabriell 347, 348 Bowlauds, Thomas 120 Bowles, Johu ... 252 „ William ... 185, 342 Bowles, Ogden, aud Wyndham Messrs. 96 Boytou, Thomas de 133 Branceley, Johu ... 121 Braundeston, Johu de, M.P. ... 296 Brayziers ... 370 Bread, Assize of ... 246 Bremby, Joh'es 127 Bremley, John ... 265 Bremmore, Thomas 113 Brewers' Guild 283 Assize of Ale and Ale Measures 283 Punishments for brewing bad Beer 285 Quality and Price of Ale and Beer (1464) ... 285 Regulations aud Orders 316 Receipo for making Beer (1521) 316 Pi-ice of Ale (1556) 317 Orders matle void 319 Erection of Common Bi rew- house 321 Brewhouse Accounts "324-7 Inns and Innkeepers 328- -338 Brewhouse, Coramou, 321- -327 Brickett, Antliouy, Mayor 76 Bricklayers 342 Brightwey, "William 306 Bristol ".'.'. 4. 34 Britford Church, Buckingham's Remains removed to 89 Bromley, John, Mayor 262, 297 Broun, John 300 „ Lawrence ... ... 309 Brown, James 201 ,202 „ William 192 218 Browning, Jolin 179 Brown.iohu, Richard Goldfi uch 201 „ Hichard Goldfinch 209 William 201, 242 William 212 PAGE Bruges ... ... 33 Bruton, Mathewe ... ... 240 Bryan, Richard ... ... 166 Bryant, Robert ... ... 354 Bryggs, Nicholas ... ... 120 Bryne, William ... ... 240 Buckingham, Duke of ... 87 Tried for high ti-eason and beheaded ... 88, 313 Buried in the Church of the Grey Friars ... ... 88 Remaius removed to Britford Church Bugden, Johu Buge, Thomas Bulke, Richard „ Robert ... 109,113 Bulle, Ralph Burde, Jeram Burford. Thomas ... Burgc, Edmonde „ Thomas Burgeys, William ... "Burgh Register" 99 Burton, .lohn ,, John Bury, Parliament at Butcher Row Butchers' Guild ... 80 Foundation of Skins not allowed to be scut out of the City Rents of the Ijutchors' Stalls Orders and Constitutions ... Election of Officnrs Order against empting Filth in tlie Town Ditch Feast day Oath of Bulls beaten at the Bull Ring earners' Oath Byll>k, John Byllyiigi". Bartram ... Byshampton, .John Calais Callow. Ricliard Cambridge Canon, Ryohanl Canterbury C&pleii, Tiioman 89 230 41 114 ,129 17 178 313 304 304 133 ,102 291 171 22 261 , 260 260 261 267 268 269 279 27!» 280 2Si> 241 113 3H 292 3.'^ 231 i 167 34 166 408 INDEX. Card, Edward PAGE ... 202 „ John ... 221 Cardmakers ... 370 Gamers, Appointment of ... 240 Oath of ... 241 Carpender, John ... 361 Carpenter, Richard 201, 204, 207 „ Robert ... ... 315 Thomas... 201,202 Carpenters' Guild included Bowiers, Coupers, Masones, Hellyers, Lymbners, fflet- chers, and Skynners ... 339 Cai-rogon, Walter ... 60, 283 Carter. Robert ... ... 202 Castelstret (Castle Street) ... 83 Castleton. Thomas ... ... 308 Cathero, John ... 61,370 Cator, Thomas ... ... 166 Cecil. Robert, see Salisbury, Earl of Chaderton, Edmund ... 90 Chafeyn, Christopher, Mayor 317, 318 John ... ... 309 „ J. 152 Thomas 43, 142, 144, 162, 166 Thomas ... ... 308 Chafyu- Grove, Miss, of Zeals House ... ... 162 Chalke, John ... ... 385 Chalkot, Rob't ... ... 114 Chambarlayne, WyU'm ... 162 Chamberlayne, Nicho' ... 348 Chantries, The, Suppression of 43 „ ,, Consfication of 73 Chapman, John ... ... 266 Chappell, Ambrose ... ... 383 Charters ... ... 8 Andover received Charter ... 15 Henry III. Charter to the Bishop ... ... 58 Henry VI. Charter to TaUors' Guild ... 99, 102 Edward IV. Charter to Tailors' Guild ... 91,105 Edward IV. Charter con- firmed by Bishop Beau- champ ... 108, 118 Queen Elizabeth. Charter to Tailors' Guild 91, 108 Queen Elizabeth. Charter to Weavers ... ... 92 Charters — Queen Mary. Charter to Tailors' Guild ... 91,108 James I. Charter ... 51, 76, 318 Charter of Bishop Wyvill ... 59 Charters of Bishops Poore and Wyville confirmed by the Dean of Sarum (1376) 284 Chaucer ... ... 7 Chaundeler, John ... ... 89 Chaundler, John ... .. 306 Cheate, Nichol' ... ... 349 Cheese Cross ... ... 263 Cheney, John, Bishop's bailiff 87 Chepparestrete (Chipiier Lane) 313 Chester, Giants belonging to the Guilds in .. ... 159 Cheyne, Edward ... ... 312 Chippenham, J. ... 152 — 3 Chountes, John ... ... 120 Christopher, Richard ... 361 Chubb, John ... ... 180 „ John ... ... 209 Churehe, Jo' ... ... 342 Chynnok, John ... ... 114 Chypenham, John ... 61, 260 Clarck, or Clerke, George 167, 170 „ Gregory 167, 171 Clarence, George Duke of ... 283 Clarendon, Henry YII. visits 67 Clark. John 216 Clarke, Thomas, lease of the " Pott and Lymbeck Inn " granted to ... 191, 193, 201 Clothworkers' Company 80, 380 Appointment of Viewers and Searchers ... ... 238 Use Tailors' Hall ... 381 Cloth Market or Fair ... 382 Orders and Constitutions ... 383 Meet in Crew's Hall 231, 384 The Hat Tax ... ... 385 Clyve, John ... ... 61 Coal Dealers, Appointment of 241 Fined for selling sacks of coal under weight ... ... 241 Coldwell, Bishop. Claimed right to appoint the place in which the Mayor was to be chosen ... ... 45 Death of ... ... 46 Cole, Jane ... ... 241 INDEX. 409 Cole-Taylor Bell ... ... 181 Coleman, George ... ... 239 Nicholas ... ... 221 Thomas ... ... 371 Collar Makers ... ... 376 CoUingboume, William ... 90 Collins, Henry ... ... 192 Thomas ... ... 221 ., Wm 345 Colyu, William ... 60,243 Colyue, John ... ... 300 Comhar, John Combe, George Comen, Mathew Commercial Society formed . . . Constitutions of Guilds: see imder the various Guilds. Constitutions of Companies made void and reconstituted iu 1675 Conwey, Will' Cooke, John „ Robert Cookman, Mr. Cooksey, Thomas Coombes, Charles ... Cooper, Edw' . . . 350, Coopers Cordwainers of England, Friendly Society of Corn Market Corscombe, John Cor\-ieson, Alexander Coster, William Cother, .John „ Philip Pinckney Cotton, Bishop Conk, Walter "Countewclleslun,'' Higli Street 297, Couper, Alice Cousens, John Cove, Robert. Coventry Cowslatfo, Bennett ... „ John Cowsland, J. Craft Guilds, Rise of „ „ Rules of Crane, Gilbert Crane Bridge 162 353 167 54 ... 391 ... 129 231, 232 ... 293 ... 361 ... 207 ... 192 351 339 227 ... 2H3 ... 85 201, 202 ... 207 ... 305 ... 305 ... 76 ... 291 311 . 83 . at:] . 36 . u 371 . 202 . 218 48, 55 . e() . 113 . 280 FACE Cras, John ... ... 61 Creed, Augustine .. ... 183 Creedo, Robert ... ... 92 Crew, Phillip, Bequest of, to Shoemakers' Guild 49, 228, 232 Portrait of ... ... 235 Crewe, W'm .. 343, 354 " Crispin Inn" (now known as "The Pheasant") 228,232,234,337 Croker, Tho' Crook, Phillip Crooke, Thomas " Cross Keys Inne" Crouch, Cliarles Crowe, W'm '• Crown Hotel" Crykcmore. John Cuckney, John Curryer, Thomas Cusse, Charles Cutlei, Thomas Cutlers Cutlery, Salisbury 349 239, 240 ... 230 ... 204 ... 360 ... 345 309, 401 61, 376 ... 268 342, 344, 345, 354 214 213 371 403 Dallyng, Thomas ... ... 167 Daniell, W'm ... ... 179 Danyll. Thome ... ... 128 Darrell, Edward ... ... 63 Davis, Charles ... ... 254 „ Nicliolas ... 197 Davy, Benctt, Mayor 129, 267 „ lone ... ... 129 Dawes, Pliillipi. ... ... 221 Pliiucas ... ... 230 Thomaa ... ... 2'M Day, Jam.'M ... 185,186 ., Jolin ... ... 218 Doalf, Ti.o's 342 Deano, Adam ... ... 1J>2 .. J(.liu ... ... 176 Dear. Rirliard ... ... 306 Donl)y, Joffrny ... ... 118 Done, Joir ... ... 114 DcuniH. Mr. ... ... 2,V2 Dovelopmont of EngliHh GuIMh 1 Di-verel, Rol)ort ... ... 289 Ditclifiold. " City Companies of Loudon" 2. .'I. 11.31,3-H> Dodsworth, William ... 201 William 207, 210, 212 Dogfon. John ... 289 410 INDEX. FAOE Dominicans, The ... ... 287 ' Essex, Earl of FAOB ... 186 Doom, The, Painting, St. Est man, Richard ... 302 Thomas' Clmrch ... ... 139 Eston, John 61, 380 Doudyng, WiUiam ... ... 308 „ William, Mayor 154, 167 Douglas, Bishop ... ... 311 Eteshale, John ... 291 Dove, John ... ... 324 Eton, Mr. ... 343 344, 348 ,. William 42 Evered, John ... 349 352, 353 Dowland. Thomas ... ... 127 Everett, Charles William ... 97 Draper, Adam ... ... 189 „ Joseph 95, 96, 97 „ John 8.5 Exeter 4 Dredge, WilUam ... ... 208 Eyre, Daniel ... 387 Druids, Ancient Order of ... 401 ,, Gyles ... 197 Dubbeie, Gilbert ... ... 265 ,, John, Mayor ... 92, 317 " Dubber&' " Guild (Book- „ Robert, M.P. and Mayor binders) ... ... 376 141, 317 Duke, Rev. E. " Prolusiones „ Robert, Recorder ... 196 Historicse" 33, 35, 39, 131, 147, „ William ... 179 264, 301 Eyveret, Martin ... 114 Dupe, Christopher ... ... 238 Dyatt, James ... ... 230 Fairbrother, James ... ... 202 Dver, John ... ... 114 Fawcett, Henry, M.P. ... 314 ', John. "The Fleece"... 383 „ William, Mayor ... 314 Dyers' Guild 380 Fawconer, Edward ... ... 324 Dynby, Galfr'us 127 Feast Days — Bakers and the Cooks 244, 259 Eastman, John ... ... 229 Barber Surgeons . . . ... 368 Easton, Richard ... ... 301 Butchers ... 279 Eaton, Roger ... ... 317 Glovers ... 379 „ WilHam 177 Joiners ... 340 Eator, Thomas ... ... 167 Merchants Company ... 54 Ector, John ... ... 60 Shoemakers ... 224 Edward IV. Demand for armed Smiths ... 375 men ... ... 62 Tailors ...4,70 , 101, 123 List of Guilds supplying men 64 Fevir, John ... 267 Charter to Tailors' Guild ... 105 Finch, John ... 305 Edward VII., Celebration of Finchinfeud, Walter de .., 23 the Christening of ... 402 Fire, Protection of the < 3ity Edwards, Timothy 191, 193, 195, 202 against ... 80 Eede, John ... 343,345 Fisher, Bishop 311, 314 Elizabeth, Queen. Charter Fisherton Bridge . . . 280, 302 granted to the Weavers' Guild 92 Fisherton Inns ... 338 Elizabeth, Queen. Tailors' Fisshertone Ancher, Friars Charter ... 01,108 Preachers of ... ... 132 Ellarye, John ... ... 239 Flower, John 184, 218 Elliner, Henry ... ... 363 Focke, Rich' ... 129 Elliott, Robert, Mayor 143, 176 Foot, Samuel 232, 233 Elver, Samuel ... ... 383 Footner, John ... 359 Elyon, Robert ... ... 133 Forte, Thomas ... 167 Endelestrete (Endless Street) 83, 263 Forty, William ... 238 Enefelde, Edmund and Edith 89 " Fountain Tavern" ... 315 Erraker, Richard ... ... 239 Fowler, Dr. ... 314 INDEX. 411 Fowles, Geo' PAGE ... 193 „ John ... 187 ,, Thomas ... 192 Frankelynge, John ... ... 167 Freeman, Thomas ... ... 36 Freemen, Admission of ... 388 Friars : See Grey Friars and Bla«k Friars Friendly Societies, Formation of ... 397, 402 "Frith Gild" ... ... 4, 5 Fryer, John ... ... 301 Fullers' Guild ... ... 81 Funeral Palls ... ... 57 Furbor, Clemens ... ... 61 Fuystour, William and Edith 100, 297 Fyns, William ... ... 297 Gage, John ... 8o, 263 Gallye, James ... ... 377 Gandavo, Simon de, Bishop 246, 284 Gardeyn, Rob't ... ... 114 Gardiner, Christopher ... 253 Gardner, Edward ... ... 252 William ... ... 254 Garlickhithe, Fraternity of St. James ... ... 5 Garlonde, Joh' ... ... 114 Garlyk, or Garlek, William and Margaret ... 127, 128, 129 Garrett, John ... ... 230 Gater, Thomas ... ... 168 Gatour. Richard ... ... 297 Gauntlet, Hen' ... ... 251 Gauntlett, Rogro ... 238,326 Gawcn, Nicholas ... ... 241 Geff'rsson. Thomas ... ... 129 George III. Jubilee Foawt ... 210 George, John ... ... 383 "George Inn" ... 287,288 Gertevile, John ... ... 61 Gorvays, John ... ... 266 Giant, The, Hobnob, and the Morris Dancern, 197, 205. 20R. 210, 211, 2IK. 398,402 Giants belonging to the Guilds in Chester ... ... 159 Gibbes, Simon ... ... 346 Gi£Eord,John ... 177.181 Gilbert, Henry ... ... 187 Gillow, Thomas, fined for refus- ing to serve as Steward of the Tailors' Guild 195. 191 Gillowe, WilUam ... 183, 218 Girdler, John ... ... 92 Glasebroke, Richard 167, 170 Glocester, Richard de ... 23 Gloucester ... ... 34 Glovers and Parchment Makers 80, 376 Use Tailors' Hall... ... 204 Orders and Constitutions of 377 Oath of ... ... 377 Fea.st day ... ... 379 Gobyn, Johannes ... ... 307 Goddard, John ... 238,364 Richard ... 342 347—8 Robert ... ... 343 Thomas ... ... 209 Goddcn. Tho' ... 344,345 Goderer, Edward ... ... 113 Godfrey, John ... ... 121 Richo' ... ... 238 William ... 118,120 Godinche, Tho' ... .341, 345, 350 Godmanstono, Margaret ... 39 „ Robert, Chantry of, in St. Thoma.s' Church 133, 135 Golde, Joliii ... ... 83 " Golden Lion," Endless Street 209, 211 Goldsniitlis ... ... 370 Goodman, James ... ... 207 Goody er. Edward and Douys 12H Gorges, Lord Edward ... 3(i2 Goring, Lord ... ... 186 Gouglic, Richard ... ... 17H Gowpyn, John ... ... 309 Grafton. William ... ... 93 Green, James ... ... 132 „ JanioH ... 201—2 „ John ... 188.197 „ Robert . . i;)l. 19.'J— 4 Green Market ... ... 2f!3 Grnvy file. Thome ... ... 129 Grey Krinrs ( hurch in Salinbury HH Huckingliani biirij-d in ... 88 Moiin.itory of ... ... 89 I'roporty of, gran Rychards, Percy ... ■. 1^7 Rydler, Rob't 118 Sadlers 371 Safe, W. 360 St. Barbe, John 231 418 INDEX. St. Edmund's Church, choosing of the Mayor in . . . 44, 47 „ Chapel of St. John the Bap- tist, licence to found, in 102 „ Tailors' Guild Chantry, licence to found, in ... 99 „ Repairs to ... ... 216 „ Bakers' Guild, offerings at 243 ,, Joiners' Guild, offerings at 356 St. Edmund's College ... 231 St. George, Salisbury Guild of 26 Payments for maintenance 37, 39 Guild Chapel in St. Thomas' Church ... 38,43 " The riding of the George " 40 St. George, Figure of. Taking down ... ... 141 St. John's Church on Hamham Bridge 99, 111 St. John the Baptiste, Frater- nityeof ... 113,116 Oath of ... ... 117 Nomination of the Brethren 120 St. Martin's Church ... ... 132 St. Mary's Church (Cathedral) 298 St. Osmund's Pageant ... 71 St. Thomas' Church, Tailors' Guild Chapel in 38, 43 Choosing of the Mayor in . . . 47 Re-building of ... ... 104 Paper on ... ... 131 Bell tower commenced ... 133 ChanceLf ell down ... 133 Mural Paintings ... ... 137 The " Doom " Painting ... 139 New Organ ... ... 140 Taking down figure of St. George ... ... 141 The Jacks and Ting Tangs 143 Inventory of Goods and Plate (1546) 146 House for Chantry Priests... 147 Ancient painted glass ... 157 The " Cole Taylor" BeU ... 181 Memorial to Humphrey Beck- ham ... ... 358 St. Thomas' Churchwardens' Accounts ... ... 358 Salisbury : Henry III. Charter 16 Merchant Guild of ... 17 Free Market held in ... 18 PAGE Salisbury- Guildhall ... ... 19 Establishment of the Com-' mune under a Mayor ... 21 Ninth in list of towns for Assessment ... ... 34 Corporation Property . . 38 Meetings of Corporation held in City Churches ... 41 Custom of Electing the Mayor 41 Old Council House in St. Thomas' Cemetery ... 42 New Council House erected 42 James I. Charter ... ... 46 Defences of ... ... 58 Petition of Mayor to Thomas Cromwell ... ... 71 Giles Tooker, First Recorder of 77 Protection of the City against Fire ... ... 80 Weaving Industry in 82, 84 Duty on all Cloth exported 84 First M.P. for ... ... 99 Ten years' litigation between the Corporation and Bishop Beauchamp ... ... 147 Giant, St. Christopher ... 157 Severe Visitation of the Plague ... .,. 180 Inns and Innkeepers 328 — 38 First National School in 387 Salisbuiy and Winchester Journal 359, 385, 398 Salisbury, Earl of, created 46, 77 Salton, James ... ... 213 „ John ... ... 213 Sambom, Richard ... ... 304 Sambrooke, Henry ... ... 371 Sanders, W'm ... ... 346 Sandy, John ... 193, 199 „ Thomas ... ... 189 Saunders, John ... 349, 353, 354 Sawyers ... ... 339 Scandover, George ... ... 207 Scott, Abraham ... ... 360 „ James ... ..i 201 Scrigge, Henry, Mayor ... 267 Seal of the Ulnater ... 85 Seale, Richard ... ... 202 Searchemakers (Sieve-makers) 379 INDEX. 419 Searchers, Viewers, and Sealers, PAGE Skynner, John PAGE 120 appointed by Magistrates Philyp ... ... 129 to prevent fraud 237—8 ,371 Ph'us 127 Oath of 237 Slegge, John 61, 376 Appointment of Garners 240 SmaUom, John ■ . • 167 Gamers' Oath 241 Smith, X'pofer 183 Seaward, Francis ... 97 „ John 187, 218 Sevier, John 221 „ Thomas 206 Sevyer, Thomas 323 ,, William 201 Sewell, Ann 211 Smiths' Company ... 80, 370 Sexton, Henry 267 Orders and Constitutions of 371 Shadde, John . •! 113 Feast day ... 375 Shakspeare . . . 234 Hall of 375 Shama, Will'm 167 An old Shield ... 375 Sharloke, Luke .. . 125 Smyth, Henry 292 Sharpe, Roger 377 „ Johannes 133 Shaxton, Bishop 72 „ Thomas 167 Sherfield, Henry, Recorder 157, 327 Snook, Tliomas 310 Shergold, George ... 207 Snooke, John 176, 177 Sherlocke, Robert ... 167 Snow, Richard 389 Sherston, John 236 Somerset. Jolm, Duke of 392 Shipman, William ... 85 Sopp, Richard ... 231, 232, 235 Shoemakers' Company 80, 220 Southampton 33, 34, 58, 81 , 380, 382 Hall in Rollestone Street 49 ,228 South wark 34 Object of 220 Souwthe, Fr. ... 41 Orders and Constitutions 220 Sparshott, Mr. 215 Feast day .. . 224 Spearing, William . . . 236, 238 Oath of 224 Spencer, Richard, Mayor Members not allowed to keep 33, 286, 289, 290 two shops 225 Spickernell, Edward 221 Company dissolved 225 „ Godfrio • .. 229 „ restored 226 „ Robert . . . 295 Orders of Searchers and Spraggs, Ricliard ... 208 Viewers 221 226 Squarey, R. 215 Processions and Festivals • • . 227 Squibb, Tliomas, Mayor 76 , 323 326 Bequest of Phillip Crew 228 Stacy, Roliert 304 Property of 231 Stafford, John 61 Use made of Hall 231 Stamford, Roger 167 Disposal of Property 233 Standi, John 60 William Windover's Gift 236 Stannix, John . . * 326 Lawrence Tippot's Gilt 236 "Stap.-llhaiil," St. Martin's St., Appointment of Sealers 238 Salisbury 33 Short, Walter 287 Staple, The, Merchants of 33 Shoryo, Jo' 348 Staples, Edward 229 Shrewsbury 34 „ Nicliolas 236 Shrewsbury, Earl of 2!)3 ,, Tliomas 230 236 Shute, Nich's ... 60 Thomas 225, 220 , 239 -40 Siler, Richard 185 „ William 201 Silk Weavers' Company "so 364 ,, William 2()6 Skelton, Edward 231 232 " Star luu," Brown Street 306, 333 Skinners' Guild ... 170 Statutes, Oldest Guild ... 4 420 INDEX. Stavely, John ... PAGE ... 113 Stayme, Wm ... 350 Stearre, Thorn's ... 162 Stephens, John ... 174 Stevens, Rich' . ■• ... 342 Stevenson, Richard 174, 175 StiU, John ... ... 392 Stipell, Poles or Powles ... 130 Stokes, Thomas ... 93 Stonard, John ... ... 114 Stone, Wm, Mayor 206, 242 Stoppe, Tho' ... ... 61 Storme, Walter ... ... 130 Stow, " Survey of London "... 69 Stubbs, '•Constitutional History" 2, 6, 9, 13, 16 Sturminster, John of ... 18 Styll, John ... ... 133 Subden, Richard ... ... 121 Sudden, Re'us ... ... 127 "Sun Inn" ... 281,330,335 Surman, Charles ... ... 201 Charles ... 207,209 Sutton, James ... 231,232 Swanson, Walter ... ... 390 Swayne, Canon ... ... 361 Henry ... 65, 125, 134 H. J. F. ... 88, 312 William, Mayor 30, 34, 36, 38, 60, 81, 98, 100, 103, 117, 120, 131, 134—6, 147-54, 299, 307 Swengil, WilUam ... 60, 243 Tailors' Guild. Secured inde- pendent jm-isdiction ... 11 Obtained Charter 35, 99 Chantry possessions seized 73, 162 Charters 92, 102, 105, 108 Chantry, licence to found, in St. Edmund's Church ... 99 Feast days 101, 123, 193, 198, 203, 208 Rules, Ordinances, &c. (1444) 109 Earliest List of Members ... 113 First Master of ... ... 113 Inventory of Goods of (1451) 116 Oath of ... ... 117 Bequest of William Swayne 120 Oatlis to be taken by Officials 126, 199 Tailors' Guild— page Benefactors ... ... 128 Erection of Hall in Milford Street ... ... 161 Inventory of Chantry Goods (1548) ... ... 163 Appointment of Viewers ... 167 " Comon Sele" of the Wardens 168 Leases of Guild property granted 171, 207. 209, 211, 213-5 The Giant, Morris Dancers, &c. 68, 171, 205, 208 " Rental of Oure Lands" (1587) 175 Imprisonment of the Wardens 177 Donation towards cost of obtaining Charter from James I. ... ... 177 Taylers workinge in the Close 179 List of Goods (1618) ... 179 Hall let to Clothworkers 183, 188 Tailors dwelling in the Close and Harnam not admitted into the Corporation ... 185 Elders fined for not wearing their Gownes ... ... 187 Midsummer feast suspended 186, 188, 190, 191, 202 Division of Money among Members 187, 189, 191, 194, 209, 211, 213—15 Wardens ordered to wear their Gownes ... ... 189 Bill for Vegetables for Feast (1695) 192 Act of Parliament to prevent strangers from working in the City 195 Robert Eyre, Recorder, ap- pointed Counsell to ... 195 Grant made towards the erec- tion of a Workhouse . . , 196 Lands and Tenements (1700) 193-4 Grant towards re-building the Hospital of the Holy Trinity ... ... 194 Inventory of Goods (1709) ... 197 Payment of Drummer ... 199 Oath of Allegiance to George I. 199 Members Disfranchised 201—3, 208—9, 215 INDEX. 421 Tailors' Guild— page New Banner purchased ... 203 Glovers and Parchment Makers use Hall . . . 204 Yeoman's Livery ... ... 205 Repairs to Hall ... ... 208 Thomas Wilmot elected Clerk 209 George III. Jubilee Feast ... 210 Sales of Property 211, 215, 216 Members against the Sale of Property ... ... 211 Payment of £85 to be ad- mitted a Brother ... 212 Only 4 Members ... ... 215 Hall let to the Rector of St. Edmund's ... ... 216 Description of the Hall ... 216 Carved oak Shields in Museum 217 Arms ... ... 219 Uak Chest presented to the Churchwardens of St. Martin's Church ... 219 Became defunct ... ... 403 Tailour, Thomas ... ... 41 Talbott, Prudence ... ... 188 Tanner Street ... ... 211 Tarent, Roger ... ... 308 "Tarent's Inn" (later "The Angel "), High Street 308,329, 335 Targett, Edwin John ... 216 William ... ... 201 „ William, jun. ... 201 William 208, 212, 215 William, jun 212, 216 Taylar, Antoney ... ... 162 Taylor, John ... ... 93 „ John (Water Poet) ... 301 „ Samuell ... ... 342 „ W'ra ...345,352,354 TefBont, Adam, Mayor ... 306 Terry, Mr. ... ... 191 Teynterer, Nicholas ... 288 William 39, 286, 288 William, jun. ... 288 Thatcher, Peter ... ... 230 Thick, Will'm ... 349, 353, 354 William 232 Thomas, John ... ... 113 Thorne, W'm ... 347—351 Thornoburye, Giles ... 140 " Three Cups Inn," Winchester Street 265, 266, 237, 303, 329, 333 PAOB " Three Lions Inn" 314, 327, 329, 333 Thring, W'm 344, 350, 352, 353 Tippott, Lawrence ... 49, 263 Tomlyns, Ralphe ... ... 240 Tomson, Thomas ... ... 167 Tooke, Rev. T. H. ... ... 216 Tooker, Giles, Barrister, Re- corder and M.P. for Salis- bury ... 77, 225, 280 Tookie, B. ... 326 Trim, Charles ... 361 Trinity Hospital ..." 194, 307, 363 Triphook, Richard ... 199, 201, 202 „ Richard, jun. ... 202 Tropnell, Thomas ... 135 Tropper, William ... 121 Trowbridge, James ".".'. 231, 232, 387 Trueman, John 179, 218 Turuam, Tho' ... ... 346 Turners ... 339 Tychborne. Lyonel '.'.'. 140, 167, 170 Tynham, Thomas ... 371 Tynnen, John ... ... 377 Uluater, Seal of the ... ... 85 Unwin, "Gilds and Companies of London" ... 1,6,15 Upton, John ... ... 343 Utrecht, Peace of, Thanks- giving day ... ... 198 Vallote, Thomas ... 121 Vampas, Gerard . ,, 113 Verin, Hughe 344 Vervn, Pliillit) ... 344 Vidler, Joseph 1,346 ,354 • •• 233 Vincent, Richard ... • . • 192 Viney, William 239 Vowles, John 189 Wages, Rates of 75 Wain Wright, Mr. ... .*. 401 Walford, Richard ... 176 Walker, William 232 Wall, Robert 166, 167 Walter, William, Mayor 289, 290 Waltham, John, Bishop ... 133 Wansbrough, John 202 William 201, 202 Wapshare, Honry ... ... 359 422 INDEX. War of Independence, American, Peace Celebrations ... 398 Warden, Jno' ... ... 242 Warminster, Geoffry of. Mayor 297 Warm well, William, Mayor 286, 289 Warn, John ... 201, 212 Warner, Henr' ... 345, 346, 351 Jo' 351 Warren, John .. ... 232 Warwewrke, Richard, Earl of 283 Warwik,'Wil]iam ... ... 83 Warwyck, William, Mayor 265, 299 177, Waryn, Stephen „ William, Mayor Watchmakers Watson, Alfred „ Edmonde ... „ John Waye, Johe Weavers' Gnild Secured independent juris- diction Chantry possessions seized Maker's mark on cloth Chantry in St. Edmund's Church 61, 370 261, 297 ... 371 108 179 181 130 81 11 73 85 91 92 Charters of Petition to the House of Commons ... ... 94 Hall in Endless Street 95, 97 New Hall in Rollestone Street 95 Weavers, Silk ... ... 364 Weavings, Charles ... ... 360 Webb, Doran 132, 140, 156, 361 „ John, Mayor 130, 134, 137, 142 „ William, Mayor ... 130 „ William 253 Webbe, John ... ... 38 Wedgrove, Nich'us ... 61, 243, 303 Werministre, Geoffry de ... 311 Weston, John ... ... 113 Whatmore, Edward... ... 308 Wheler, John, Mayor 36, 293 Wheeler, Adam ... ... 364 Robert ... ... 364 WheUer, Ambrose 343, 345, 346, 348 353 Johh 193 WheUers ... ... 339 Whit, Edmunde ... ... 129 FAOB Whitchurch, Samuel 209, 211, 214 William ... 209 White, Henry ... ... 196 „ Job ... ... 238 „ John ... ... 113 „ Peter ... ... 345 „ Robert ... ... 187 „ Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor of London ... ... 391 " White Horse Inn " 281, 327, 329, 334, 335, 336 Whitehead, Arthur 219, 361, 362 Whitemarshe, Henry 178, 180 Wilkinson, John ... ... 178 Willett, Hugh ... ... 300 Williams, Alex' ... ... 252 Willis, Edward ... ... 310 „ Thomas ... ... 230 Wills, Alexander ... 231,232,235 „ Francis ... ... 231 Wilmot, John, ... 201, 202 John ... ... 209 Thomas ... ... 207 Thomas ... 209, 231—2 Wilshere, Anthoney ... 377 Wilson, R. A., Mayor ... 339 Wilton ... 15, 17, 18 Wilton House ... ... 303 Wilton, John de, Rector of St. Thomas' Church, 1358 ... 131 " Wiltshire Notes and Queries" 20 Winchester ... 15,16,33,81 Windover, William 49, 236, 252—3, 324, 390 Witt, Thomas ... ... 360 Wolff e, Thomas ... 130, 167 Wolford, Richard ... 169, 177 Wollop, John ... 290,308,309 Wolsey, Thomas, excursion on Midsummer Eve ... 69 Wood and Coal Market ... 264 Woodford, John ... ... 242 Thomas ... 242 Woodforde. John ... ... 167 Woodledyr, William ... 267 Woods, Margarett ... ... 230 „ Robert ... ... 208 Woodville, Lionel, Bishop 87, 88 Woodward, Richard ... 201 Richard ... 204 INDEX. 423 PAGE 263 397 399 399 34 310 Wool Market Woolcombers' Company HaDof Inventor of Wool- combing Worcester Wordsworth, Canon Workhouse in Winchester Street Worlye, Roger ... 169, 174 Worsteed Makers ... 339 Wotton, Charles, Mayor ... 49 „ William, Mayor 64, 152—4 Wroth, John, property of Grey Friars granted to Wych, Reginald de . . . Wychampton, Reginald Wyche, Hezekiah, Mayor „ Captain John, Mayor Wyckwt, Edmond Wylett, Claricia Wylie, John Wyllyan, Harry Wynchester, John Wynchestre, John, Will of Wyndham, Henry Penrnddock M.P. (Mayor) Wyot, Jolm 319 89 21 306 305 305 167 300 36, 129 114 65 363 386 36 Wyredrawers PAGE . 371 Wyrley, Symou . 177 Wyse, John 36 Wyvil, Robert Bishop . 19 Charter of . 59 Charter of (1367), confirmed by Dean of Sarum (1376) 284 Tates, Antho' 347, 350, 352, 353 „ Ruth . 349 Teates, Jas' . 228 Yelverton, William ... . 28 Toinge, Jo' . 342 York . 8,34 York, Thomas of ... 8 Young, Alexander ... . 169 „ Francis . 201 „ Francis . 209 „ Job . 218 „ John ... 205,209 „ Robert 201—2 „ Thomas . 218 „ William ... 167,173 Younge, Aron ... 347,348,349 Bryan . 349 „ John . 201 Yoxford, Chr' 61 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 3 1158 01230 4399 I PLEAS^ DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARD University Research Library AL LIBRARY FACILITY ^