1172 
 
 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES 
 
 PORTO RICO LN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 
 
 THE GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES 
 
 POINTE-A-PITRE, GUADELOUPE, WEST INDIES. 
 
 OTIS T. MASON. 
 
 [FROM THE SMITHSONIAN REPORTS FOR 1876 AND 1884.] 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 1899. .
 
 ■•J.i.i-'l.Vi-l.XW X 
 
 UNIVERSn^Y OF CALIFORNIA 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Since the two papers here reproduced were written considerable litera- 
 ture has accumulated with reference to the archaeology of the Greater 
 and the Lesser Antilles and contiguous areas in Central America, South 
 America, and the United States. 
 
 While there are tj'pes of ornamentation and manufactures connnon 
 throughout the regions mentioned, it is quite definitely settled that cer- 
 tain peculiar forms of stone implements, called ( 'aril) in the Guesde collec- 
 tion, reached no f urthei" north than Guadeloupe and the adjacent smaller 
 islands, and new t^^pes of carvings in stone and wood appear in Porto 
 Rico and the Bahamas. Indeed, no discover}^ has been made in the 
 last twenty-tive \'ears, which goes to show that some of these peculiar 
 types were not restricted to Porto Rico itself. 
 
 Since the accpiisition of the Latimer collection by the Smithsonian 
 Institution, however, other collections have been made in Porto Rico, so 
 that the number of collars known amounts to one hundred, while the 
 number of Zemes has been also greatly increased. Mention should be 
 made in this place of Professor William H. Holmes' studies in potter}' 
 ornamentation, through which he finds traces of Carib])ean influence in 
 the meandering designs figured in the Latimer pamphlet in South Caro- 
 lina and Florida. He sa3's: "The ceramic products bearing evidence of 
 Carib])ean influence in Florida belong to the latest pre-Columbian times — 
 the Timuquanan-^Muskhogean period — while the earlier pottery, repre- 
 sented in what appears to be a middle period of shell-heap deposition, 
 affiliates with phases of the art prevalent in the Gulf States beyond the 
 limits of supposed Carib influence. 
 
 "Taken altogether, the ceramic phenomena of the Southern States 
 seem to indicate prett}' much the degree of intercourse between the na- 
 tions occupying the neighboring land areas as would be expected of en- 
 terprising peoples well enough advanced in maritime matters to navigate 
 the wide straits with considerable ease, j^et decidedly attached through 
 long occupation to definite traditional seats of habitation; the tendency 
 being under such conditions of association for culture elements to pass 
 by infiltration, so to speak, from the higher to the lower culture groups.'" 
 
 In this .same connection' attention is called to the discovery of the 
 blow-tube in North Carolina and Louisiana, and the custom of the In- 
 dians in the latter of weaving bandages above the calf of the leg and on 
 the upper part of the arm. 
 
 The mostsignificantarchfeological investigations, however,in this con- 
 nection were those of Mr. Frank Hamilton Gushing at San Marco, in 
 southwestern Florida, and the explorations of Mr. Clarence Moore in the 
 sand mounds of Florida. The latter author has clearly revealed a cul- 
 ture not akin to that of the Indians found upon the spot when this region 
 was first visited by Ponce de Leon, but Mr. Cushing's explorations in the 
 old canals and artificial lagoons reveal a wealth of archaM)logical treas- 
 ures, all of wdiich all}' the ancient people of southern Florida to those 
 of the Antilles and of Middle and South Anuu-ica.
 
 IV PRKFACE. 
 
 1 would call attention also to a i)ap(M-l)y Dr. J. Walter Fewkesonthe 
 "Zviuvs of Torto Kico."' in which ho clearly ti-aces thcconnection of the 
 inaini-stoiu's with the object of worship mentioned 1)y the early his- 
 torian^ of ('oliinil)us. "It would seem, from the various historical 
 accounts of the Zemes. that they had in the C aril) mind somewhat the 
 same siw-niticance as the fetishes in the conceptions of the inhal)'tants of 
 the continent of America. The same word is used for both iirag sand 
 •spirits." 'rhe\ alike had ])owers()f uood or evil, and Boitii or sorcerers 
 iield conversations with l)oth. Iieing aided in various ways b}' these idols 
 in impart iuLi' assistance to others. The spirits and the image seem to be 
 a>^o<'iate(l. 
 
 •• I have throu«:hout thisarticle considered them as the productions of 
 the (aribs. but am not sure that another people may not have had a hand 
 in their manufacture. That they belonged to an al)orioinal American 
 race seems evident, and I believe that race was the Carib, but demon- 
 stration of the fact is l)eyond my present powers." 
 
 The (iuesde collection is more easily identified with Carib work, as 
 one may see l)v comparing them with figures in works treating of the 
 maintained C'aribs of South America. 
 
 Tile following publications contain matter germane to the study of 
 West Indian antiquities: 
 
 Bi.AKK ( I'^DiTH ). The Norbrook Kitchen Midden. Victoria Quarterly, Kingston, 
 
 Jamaica, 1890, vol. 2, pp. 26-33. 
 Bkinton (Daniel G. ) The Archaeology of Cuba. Am. Archaeologist, Columbus, 
 
 Ohio, 1898, vol. 2, No. 10, 4 pp. 
 DiERDEX (.1. K. ) Ahoriginal Indian Remains in Jamaica. Journal of the Institute 
 
 of .Jamaica, Kingston, 1897, vol. II, No. 4, 52 pp. Map and biblio- 
 graphy. 
 Fewkes (J. Walter). On Zemes from Santo Domingo. Am. Anthro]M)logist, 
 
 Washington, 1891, pp. 167-17.5, 7 figs?. 
 Holmes (William H. ) Caribbean Influence on the Prehistoric Ceramic Art of the 
 
 Southern States. Am. Anthropologist, Washington, 1894, pp. 71-79, 
 
 6 figs. 
 
 Moore (Clarence B. ) Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast, inclosing 
 Inhumation and Incineration in Europe by the Marquis De Nadaillac. 
 
 ModUK (Clarence B. ) Certain Sand Mounds of Duvall County, Florida, inclosing 
 Two Mounds on Murphy Island, Florida, and Certain Sand Mounds 
 of the Ocklawaha River, Fk)r da. 
 
 MooRE (Clarence B. ) Certain Sand .Mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida, 
 parts 1 and 2, inclosing P^arthenware of Florida by William H. Holmes. 
 
 ( )HER ( F. A. ) Aborigines of the West Indies. Proc. Am. Antiquarian Soc, Worces- 
 ter, .Ma-ss., 1894, pp. 1-16. 
 
 ( »BER (F. A. ) Puerto Rico and Its Resources. New York, 1899, D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 TEN Kate (H. F. C, Jcx.) On West Indian Stone Implements and Other Indian 
 Relics. Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land en Voikenkunde van Neder- 
 landsch-Indie 5 Volgr., IV. 
 
 TiHRN (K. F., iM.) On the Races of the West Indies. Jour, of the Anthropolog- 
 ical Institute, Lond., Nov., 1886, pp. 190-196. 
 
 Thurn (E. F., iM.) West Indian Stone Implements. Timehri, Demerara, 1882- * 
 1884, vol. I, part 2; vol. II, part 2; vol. Ill, part 1. 
 
 Smithoxiax Institution, Otis T. Mason, 
 
 . Iy>/v7 27, 1899.
 
 rHE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES 
 
 FROM 
 
 POETO lUCO 
 
 I.V THE 
 
 NATIONAL MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 BY 
 
 OTIS T. MASON. 
 
 [From Smithsonian Report for 1876.]
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OV AXTIQIITIES FROM POKTO RICO IN TBE 
 NATIOxNAL MISEUM, AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 By Otis T. Mason. 
 
 The remaikiible beauty and finish of the stone implements of Porto 
 Rico and others ot the xVntilles I>hinds are not wholly unknown to 
 students of American Archaeology. Now and then a small collection 
 has found its way to Londou, Copenhagen, or New York ; but they 
 had never been collected in sufficient numbers for a comparative study 
 until this important gift was bestowed' on the Smithsonian Institution. 
 For the convenience of description, the specimens may be separated 
 into the following classes : ijottery, celts, smoothing stones, mealing stones, 
 stools, discoidal and spheroidal stones, beads, cylinders, amulets, rude 
 pillar-stones, mammiform stones, masks, and collars. In some of these 
 classes the objects are so similar to those found in other parts of Amer- 
 ica and throughout the world, that the briefest description will suffice. 
 In others the number of specimens is so large, and the objects so rare, 
 as to merit the most careful scrutiny- and description. Whether from 
 accident or design, there is not in all the collection a single flaked or 
 chipped implement or weapon. Indeed, I have searched in vain in the 
 National Museum ior flaking or chipping from a Carib area. Although 
 the historians of the voyages of Columbus mention arrows pointed with 
 stone, they more frequently speak of bone, teeth, and shells as the 
 materials used. Herrera, in speaking of their celts, says that they exca- 
 vated their canoes with flint implements. (Herrera, Stephens's Transla- 
 tion, i, p. GO.) 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 There is not an entire vessel in the collection, all of the specimens 
 being fragments of variously shaped, coarse, red pottery, well baked, 
 one or two pieces being glossy on the surface. {Figs. I and 2.) Nearly 
 all of the ornamentation is produced by animal forms luted on. The 
 most of these are monkey heads adorned with scrolled, circular, and 
 fluted coronets, and by deeply incised lines, often forming very ingen- 
 ious patterns. Others bear human faces, all grotesque, and the figures 
 of mythological animals. (Figs. 3-7.) In one of them a W-shaped 
 wreath or festoon is luted on the outside. (Fig. 8.) A fragment of the 
 bottom of a cu[) or jar deserves especial mention, on account of the ingen- 
 ious labyrinthine design traced on it by a deep furrowing, produced 
 evidently by a sharp instrument when the vessel was soft. (Fig. 9.) 
 This bold, deep tracing is characteristic of all the ornamentation on the ^ 
 
 372
 
 Fig. 1. — Fragment ot a jar. ^. 
 
 of :i <li^li. i- 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. .'..— 1I:iih11«- Inmi the 
 side ot'atlisli. \- 
 
 Fig. •2.— Fragment of a shallow dish. \. 
 
 Fig. 3.— Hamllc iVoiii the edge 
 of a dish. \. 
 
 Fig. 6.— Handle fr<>n\ the 
 edge of a dit-h. \- 
 
 PlO, 7._ll;illdlr iKill. the 
 side of a di^li. \.
 
 Fig. 8. — Fragment of pottery, with wreath 
 luted on. ^. 
 
 Fig. 9. — Bottom of a vase with the patteru 
 traced in it. ^. 
 
 Fig. 11.— Celt aud haudle 
 of polished jadeite. ^. 
 
 Fig. 10.— Polished, oval-sectioned 
 celt. i. 
 
 1 IG. 12. — Celt of jadeite in a han- 
 dle of wood, Turk's Islaud. ^.
 
 ETHNOLOGY. ;;73 
 
 pottery. Precisely similar frag;meuts are in tlie National Museum fn»m 
 San Domingo, antl, indeed, many of the pieces rroni southern Central 
 America closely resemble them in quality and niatcrial. 
 
 CELTS. 
 
 The celts, one hundred and thirty-five in nunil)er, are o\ tlie very 
 highest order of workmanship, being beaulifully shaped, and many nf 
 them the most highly polished stone inqtlements in the National Mu- 
 seum. The material is tine grained, and varies in color from black to 
 nearly white, many of them being of a Jadeite green. In shape, nearly 
 all of them belong to Evans's third class, or oval sectioned, and the 
 great majority resemble his figure 75 so closely that I feel sure he is 
 right in hesitating to believe the celt figured in his work to hav«' been 
 made in Scotland. (Fig. 10.) — (Evans, Stone Imp. p. lis. The use 
 to which these polisiied celts was put, or, more correctly speaking, 
 the manner of haftiug them, is graphically illustrated in the accom- 
 panying sketch of a celt inserted in a mortise in a handle of hard red 
 wood and found in a cave in Caicos or Turk's Island, by Mr. George J. 
 Gibbs, and kindly lent by him to be cast and engraved. (Fig. 11.) 
 A still more interesting and precious relic, from the same locality, and 
 found by the same gentleman, is that given in tignre 11', which lepre- 
 sents a celt in the handle, the whole being gracelnlly eai ved out oi a 
 single piece of jadeite. 
 
 A beautiful ax, similarly carved from a single piece, is liguied and 
 described in Jones's Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee. — (Smithsonian 
 Contributions, No. 259.) 
 
 Those interested in comparative archaeology will take great |)lea.-:ire 
 in comparing these with figures 91, 9-', and 93, of Evans's Ancient Stone 
 Implements. This mode of hafting suggests that these oval-sectioned 
 celts, set in their handles with the edge in a line with the halt, were 
 rather battle-axes than industrial tools, although this is mereconjectuie. 
 
 The celts in the Latimer collection vary in se<'tion from circular tooblong 
 elliptical, in length from 1.75 to 12 inches, in width I'rom .75 to 0.5 
 inches. The chord of the edge is often oblique to the axis of the tone. 
 Some have almost semicircular edges; of others the edge is nearly a 
 straight line. A few are so unique as to deserve esi)ecial mention. The 
 figures in the margin represent, throughout this i)aper, the number of 
 the specimen in the ethnological collection of the National Museum. 
 
 1G898. A large, mottled, greenish, flat celt, pointed at the butt, frac- 
 tured. Length 11.2, width 6.5, thickness 1.95 inches. Mr. Gibbs also 
 sends drawings of two large flat celts, similar to this one and the three 
 following, irom Turk's and Caicos Islands. The occurrence of these 
 large polished celts over so wide an area, corresponding in fact tot hat of 
 the Caribs in Columbus's day, coupled with the IVeqiu'nt allusions of 
 Herrera, Peter Martyr, and others to dugout canoes, shai»e<l like trays, 
 and capable of holding from one to one hundred ami fifty persons, hads
 
 374 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 US to a coujecture as to their use, and reminds us ot the Indians of the 
 northwest coast, where similar crafts are still made with stone imj)le- 
 ments. Some of the different methods of hafting are illustrated in Dr. 
 Charles Rau's work on the archaftological collection in the National 
 Museum.— (Smithsonian Contributions, No. 287, Appendix.) 
 
 15899. A large, dark bluish, flat celt, with the butt abruptly rounded 
 and edged ; thar is to say, both ends are edged nearly alike. The sides 
 are quite sharp and nearly parallel; length 9.34; width 5.5, and thick- 
 ness 1.75 inches. Fig. 13. 
 
 10900. A dark slate-colored flat celt, pointed at the butt. Length 
 10.8, width 5.2, and thickness 1 inch. 
 
 1C9U1. A reddish-brown flat celt, pointed at the butt. Length 9.5, 
 width 5, thickness 1.55 inches. 
 
 There is a flat celt in the collection from Guiana, from which the fore- 
 goiug large celts cannot be distinguished. 
 
 16978. A small, almost cylindrical, greenish-black celt, highly polished, 
 and having two chisel edges, one at either end. 
 
 1G965. A small polished celt, with the blade very much expanded at 
 the edge. 
 
 10868. A dark reddish specimen, rough and pecked on the sides, as 
 if to aid in hafting. 
 
 10974. A small and beautifully polished, nearly cylindrical celt, edged 
 at both ends, but the edges are not in the same plane. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 16931. A dark-greenish celt, with flat sides, and the butt quite 
 squarely truncated. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 16938. A flat-sided celt, somewhat resembling No. 16931. 
 
 16870. This specimen has a rough indentation around it, as if to aid 
 in hafting. 
 
 8031 .A large, dark-red, hatchet-shaped, broad -edged celt, with a 
 deep encircling groove, as if for a handle. This is the only stone celt or 
 ax that furnishes a clear example of grooving for any purpose. (Fig. 1 6.) 
 
 17039. A flat paddie-shaped stone, grayish-white, the blade circular, 
 the handle slender and tapering. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 SMOOTHING AND SHARPENING STONES. 
 
 It is to be understood, in speaking of these objects as smoothing- 
 stones, that we do not know what they were used to smooth, or whether 
 they were used for any such purpose. We use the name for conveni- 
 ence of classification, and shall readily change it as soon as their 
 function is ascertained. 
 
 17034. A polished flat stone, subtriangular, one side being quite 
 straight, the other flaring out near the base. The lower edge is slightly 
 curved, about half an inch wide, and exceedingly smooth. 
 
 17035. This is very similar to the last named, but the sides are more 
 symmetrical. (Fig. 18.)
 
 \ 
 
 r-it*' 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. 13. — Massive polished celt. Nearly ^. 
 
 Fig. 14.— Two-ed^d pclisbcd 
 celt. \. 
 
 Fig. 1").— Flat-sided trmicated celt { 
 
 Fir.. IC).— (iioMVtd r<lt. i.
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 Fia. 17.— Paddle-shaped celt, i
 
 Fig, 19.— Boot-sliaped smootbing-stoue, h 
 
 Fig. 21. — Animal-shaped stone stool, i.
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 375 
 
 17036. Similar to the last two. but more tiiang;iilar ; the sides are 
 scarcely curved. 
 
 17037. A somewhat pestle-shaped specimen, but twisted like a horn ; 
 the shaft is crooked, the lowest part bulbous, and the bottom tolerably 
 smooth. Koufjher than the foregoing. 
 
 17038. A boot-shaped specimen, the top bent forward and pointed, mid 
 the toe coiled ui)war(l. It is somewhat smooth on the sole. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 17055-'57. These are small slender stones, such as are called whet- 
 stoDes or sharpening stones by writers ou stone implements. 
 
 MEALING IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 These will be treated of as the upper and the nether millstone, or simply 
 as the upper and the lower stone. Tbey are nearly or quite all of vol- 
 canic material, and resemble in shape and wear implements used for 
 grinding various kinds of food iu Central America. Some of the pestles 
 stdl have a burnished, oily appearance on the lower end, as if caused by 
 the preparation of chocolate, for whicb, probably, many of them were 
 employed. The various vegetable substances used by the natives of the 
 West Indies are given in Herrera, aud are referred to frequently in 
 living's Columbus. These stones are so characteristic of this region 
 that I will describe each one briefly. 
 
 Upper stone. 
 
 17031. A short bell-shaped pestle, having a double ridge and an in- 
 tervening furrou around the upper end. 
 
 17032. A rough bell-shaped pestle, with a rude human face on the 
 top. Precisely similar ones are found iu San Domingo, (Flint Chips, 
 pp. 227, 230, 231 ;) but, in many cases, the human lace is rejjiaced by 
 the head of an animal. (Fig. 20.) 
 
 17040. A light-yellowish stone, in the shape of a cross, probably a 
 worn-out pestle. The top is notched. 
 
 17060. A small almost-cylindrical pestle. 
 
 17067. A conoid, oblong pestle. 
 
 17068. A \^vy small conoid pestle, 1.5 in. in height. 
 
 17073. A napiform muller, side cylindrical ; diameter 4 in., height 
 1.5 in. 
 
 17074. An oblong flat stone, resembling a muller, and having a groove 
 all around the side like a hat brush. 
 
 77110. A massive, light-colored, polished limestone pestle ; the base 
 is almost cylindrical, but the upper part is a four-sided prism. 
 
 Lower stone. 
 
 17061. A small, hemispherical, bowl shaped mortar, with a swelling 
 or prominence at one point on the rim. 
 
 17062. A small, oblong, dish-shaped mortar, deeply concave.
 
 37G THK latimp:r collection of antiquities. 
 
 170(J3. A boatsbiipiHl mortar or dish, sharp at each end, deeply con- 
 cavr. A vt-ry beautiful and miiqiio specimen. Length 16.5 in., width 8.2 
 in., height 4.75 in. 
 
 17004. A semi ovoid, dec|»ly concave, tray-shaped mortur, 17 by 11 
 
 inches. 
 
 I7UG5. Small cup-shaped mortar, similar to the p-iint mortars from the 
 I'nitcd States. Herrera repeatedly mentions the painting of their 
 bodi.'s blacU, white, and red by the Indians of the West Indies. 
 
 17077. A. small four-legged metate, slightly dished in the middle, butflat- 
 boitomcd. This specimen resembles Fig. 8, on page 229 of Flint-Chips, 
 and may have been a stool, the wavy elevated rim precluding the use of a 
 midler,and a tiat bottom rendering the use of apestle quite improbable. 
 1 shall speak of this subject more fully a little fui tber on. 
 
 I707S. .\ massive three legged metate, of a porous, dark, volcanic 
 stone. It is slightly sagged and depressed on one edge, and elevated at 
 one end. They have a backward slant, so as to resist the pressure of 
 the person operating at the higher end. Length of slab 21 inches, 
 width 14 inches. 
 
 17070. A massive three-legged metate, similar to the foregoing, but 
 the surface is nearer a plane. The dimensions are the same. 
 
 STOOLS. 
 
 The single specimen under this head, (No. 1707G,) Fig. 21, has been 
 clas.sed, hitherto, with metates. It is a thin and deeply-sagged slab of 
 grayish .sandstone, and staudson four short legs. Atthe less elevated end 
 three projections are neatly carved to represent the head and fore-feet 
 of a turtle. The eyes are deeply sunken as if for the insertion of pearls 
 or jewels. The higher end is abruptly elevated about six inches, and is 
 crossed l)y a band ornamented with a scroll which occurs with certain 
 moil ideations on other objects. There is a decided warping or twist in 
 the upper surface, the ornamentation of which, as suggested by Dr. 
 Kau, renders the idea of its having been a metate doubtful. In Fig. 
 22 another view is given of the stool, which shows some of its char- 
 acters to better advantage. The following quotation from Stei)hens's 
 translation of Herrera (Herrera, Stephens's Translation, i, 55) fully es- 
 tablishes its use : " When ihe ship was ready to sail (from Cuba) the 
 Spaniards returned on the 5th of November with three of the native lu- 
 dian.s, saying they had traveled twenty two leagues and found a village 
 of tilty liouses, and that they contained about 1,000 persons, because 
 a whole generation lived in a house ; and that the prime men came out 
 to meet them, led them by the arms, and lodged them in one of the new 
 houses, cauaiiKj them to nit down on seats made of a solid pieee of wood in the 
 shape of a beast with very short legs and the tail held up, the head before with 
 eijCK and ears of gold, and that all the Indians sat about them on the 
 ground." This object being of stone, there might still have been room
 
 Fig. 23.— Wooden stool from a cave iu Tmk'« jind Caiccw Inlands.
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 25.— Upper view of Fig. 24 
 restored. ^. 
 
 Fig. ..:i).— 
 
 'VI" JT/ ^'ll^, ,|j'iifffii*' 
 
 nppe; pan of Fig" S!"'!."" '^' ^^'*'- ^^-Head-ornament of Fig. 24. J. 
 
 f
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 377 
 
 for donbt but for the timely arrival of coiifiiniatory evidence while the 
 engraving was being executed. Prol. William M. (iabb has sent to tlu» 
 National Museum, with the joint compliments of himself and Mr. 1). \i. 
 Frith, of Turk's and Caicos Islands, two wooden stools, (ncsimiirs (tf 
 those spoken ot in Ilerrera. (Figs. L'.'i and L'4.) Fig. L*.") is an attempt 
 to restore Fig. 24, which has been miitil.ited, not by the todth «)l 
 time, but by the hatt;Iiet of the vandal. Tliese objects are made 
 of a veiy hard dark wood, and are just fitted to an oidinai> man 
 when reclining as in a hammock, from which the patttrn ol a stcinl is 
 possibly derived. These two specimens were Ibund in a ca\e. J'he 
 stone stool described above is a fac-simile, except in size, of those sent 
 by Professor Gabb, the scrolled ornamental band acro.ss the stone stool 
 being represented in one of the wooden ones by an elaborate .scroll- 
 work in relief. The mathematical accuracy in this and other drawings 
 is no exaggeration of the originals. In th«' wooden objects, as in the 
 stone one, the eyes excavated for precious stones are plainly visible, 
 but the jewels are wanting. (Figs. 2G, 27, and 2S.) I'^ig. 20 is the 
 tail ornament of Fig. 23, and is somewhat ettaced. I'igs. 27 and 28 
 are the head ornament and scrolled band of Fig. 24. The use of 
 these stools of state is frequently mentioned by the historians ot the 
 voyages of Columbus. (Irving's Columbus, i, 194, 234.) One of the 
 provinces of Cuba paid tribute in then). (Stephens's Ilerrera, i, 03, 74.) 
 Especial thanks are due to Professor Gabb and Mr. Frith for the timely 
 opportunity of illustrating what was previously a rather dark text to 
 me. 
 
 SPHEROIDAL AND DISCOIDAL STONES. 
 
 It is impossible to tell the uses to which these stones were put. 
 It is something to know that they show signs of use, and testify that in 
 the Antilles, as elsewhere in the world, nature has gently led her child- 
 ren by the hand, furnishing them with their simplest im])lements ready- 
 made, and thereby imparting the first lessons of civilization. 
 
 17040. A small kidney-shaped pebble, with natural perforations. 
 
 17034. A small egg-shaped bowlder, similar to those used by the Da- 
 kota Indians in their flail-like war clubs. 
 
 17058. A spindle-shaped pebble, covered with a deposit of iron. It 
 seems to have been used in grinding paint. 
 
 17009. A spherical stone, diameter 3.0 inches. 
 
 17070. A similar stone, 2,75 inches in diameter. 
 
 17071. A rough spheroidal stone. 
 
 17072. A discoidal granite pebble. 
 
 17131. A massive spheroidal stone, diameters 8.95 and 10.2 inches. A 
 small i)erforated disk of soft material like soapstone, and carved to re- 
 semble the spindle-whorls found in various countries is shown in Fig. 29. 
 
 BEADS. 
 
 17042. An oblong syenite bead, not perforated. 
 
 17043. A similar bead to the foregoing. The hole not coining oui as
 
 378 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 designed, a Second perforation was attempted. This is a fine specimen 
 of perloration, 2 A by 1 inch. (Fig. .'^0.) 
 
 imu. A small oblong bead, unfinisbed, showiug the striae ot the 
 preliminary grinding. 
 
 17or»:{. A string of seventy suiall chalcedony beads, about the size of 
 I)eas. They are «piite perfectly rounded and perforated— some of them la 
 two ilirections. This is the most remarkable sample of aboriginal stone 
 polishing and drilling that has ever come under the observation of the 
 writer. It is exceedingly doubtful whether another collection of so many 
 witnesses to savage patience and skill has been found anywhere in one 
 specimen. We are here reminded of the '-eight hundred beads of a 
 ceriain stone called ciba, given by Guacanagari to Columbus on his 
 second voyage." 
 
 1705U-'G(». Slender cylinders of quartz, 5.5 by .6 inches. 
 
 AMULETS AND STONE IMAGES. 
 
 \'('iy little is knowi! of the religion of the Indians living on these 
 isliinds. Ilerrera mentions that asailorof Columbus reported the seeing 
 of a man with a white tunic down to his feet on the island of Cuba, 
 (Stephens's Uerrera, i, 131,) and that an old Indian reported a cacique 
 of a certain island who was clad like one of the Catholic priests. 
 (Ste|)hens's Ilerrera, i, 134.) Two chapters (Herrera, Dec. 1, Book iii, 
 chap. 3, 4,) are devoted to the customs and worship of the Caribs, but 
 little light shines from them upon our stone images. As in many other 
 instances, an accurate description may prove to be thekey of the enigma. 
 
 17(147. A small lizard-like figure of a black slaty material. The head 
 and tail are broken otf; the feet are doubled against the body, repre- 
 sented as covered with scales. Frequent references are made to lizards 
 and alligators in the old chronicles. (Fig. 31.) 
 
 17048, '49, and '50. Small kneeling figures m;ide of white marble. The 
 aitiis and legs are represented as pinioned back and the shoulder-blades 
 aie ])erlbrated for suspension. These and the two following seem to 
 have been worn as amulets. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 17051. A small kneeling human figure, having the back of the neck 
 perforated. The face is that of an animal, although it is somewhat mu- 
 tilate<l and indistinct. (Fig. 33.) 
 
 1705L'. A small erect human figure of green jadelike material, per- 
 forate<l through the head from ear to ear. (Fig. 34.) 
 
 The inhabitants of Hispauiola, on the authority of Friar Eoman, (Ir- 
 ving's Columbus, 1, 390,) had small images of their gods which they bound 
 about their foreheads when they went to battle. 
 
 The larger stone images or pillar-stones seem to be out of place, when 
 ranged by the side of the elaborate polished objects. They are strikingly 
 similar in rudeness an<l in general design to some brought from Central 
 America by the IJon. E. G. Squier. The only feature that seems to rise 
 above the most savage simplicity of design is the fact that in some of
 
 Fig. '28. — Scrolled oniaiiient in relief of Fifr. 24. ^. 
 
 Fig. '29.— Uisk-sliaped 
 eaived stoue. f . 
 
 Fig. 30.— Perforated 
 bead. J. 
 
 Fig. 31. — Li/ard-shapt-d 
 Ainnlet. |. 
 
 I'^IG. 32. — Amulet of 
 niarhle. f. 
 
 % 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 ,,JS 
 
 ^k, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■i M 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 kJ 
 
 T ? 
 
 iJ 
 
 
 \l 
 
 1 
 
 
 ,lH«(t»«W*'**''^J 
 
 Fig. 33 — Anmlft. J. 
 
 Fig. 34. — Amulet of 
 greenish stone. \.
 
 I 
 I*
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 379 
 
 liose from both districts a huinari face is carved on the stomach of iho 
 iiiiian figure re[)r(\sented by the whole stone. Accorditifx to Friar 
 iornan, ((jnoted in Irvinjij's Cobiiiibiis, 1,390,) each cacique had a t<'ini)l(' 
 r house apart where an image of his Zemi, or tutelary deity, «-arvcd of 
 
 loixl or stone, or shai)ed of clay or cotton, generally in some nMnisiious 
 
 (II Ml, was preserved. 
 17125. An irregular slab, having a rude face in relief on one side. 
 
 M'\eu parallel lines extend from the chin downward, as if to imitate a 
 
 )tird; 16.1 by 7.5 inches. 
 17I2G. A fish-shaped bowlder, 28.5 inches long. On the narrow end 
 
 s ;i sitting human figure, having the hands clas|)ed under the chin and 
 
 he leet doubled up with the soles together. On the stomach is a circle, 
 
 ;eeining to have been designed to represent a human face. 
 
 1 7127. A boot shaped slab, on the broad end of which is a rude human 
 a( e, crowned with a chevroned band across the forehead. 
 
 17128. An irregular kite shaped slab, bearing on one side a human 
 ace. On the right side of the face are two hierogly[)hic marks, the one 
 II the shape of a heart, and the other resembling a cleaver with two 
 
 ^mall furrows running from the edge. Now and then a heart-shaped 
 stone implement turns up in our collection; but we are not to suppose 
 that the American aborigines used this to symbolize the human heart 
 itself or the domain of Cupid. 
 
 17129. A rude slab of yellow stone, 28.5 by i3 to 10 by G inches. On 
 the flat lace is a human figure very roughly furrowed out, bearing on 
 its stomach an inverted face. On the top of the slab a circle is furrowed 
 out. The carving on this and the foregoing slabs was apparently done 
 by pecking out the depressions with stone chisels, leaving the eyebrows, 
 nose, and lips in intaglio. 
 
 17132. An ingenious figure of a hun«au female head and breasts in 
 coral ; the natural spheroidal swellings on the material forming the head 
 and breasts. 
 
 17142, A stalactite bearing a rude carving of a human face. 
 
 17150. A fragment of a pillar-stone, the face of a man deeply carved 
 in its surface. 
 
 17281. A rude pillar-stone, 41 inches in height, the upper part being 
 a kneeling figure with its face upturned, its huge mouth open, and its 
 hands clasped under the chin. Two circles are carved on the back. 
 
 MAMMIFORM S J ONES. 
 
 These strange and beautiful objects present, in more than one half of 
 the specimens, the image of a human figure lying ou the stomach, 
 with the face more or less upturned, the mouth open, and the coun- 
 tenance wearing a tortured look. The other end of the stone rep- 
 resents the lower extremities of the bi)dy, so doubled up as to expose 
 the soles of the feet against the rump. Ou the back of the pros- 
 trate form is a conoid i)rominence, beautiiully rounded up, straight
 
 :JSU the LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 or slislitiy concave io outline in front, a little convex in the rear, 
 Hwellinjr out on one side slightly more than on the other, and descending 
 more oi'li'ss lower than the top of the head and of the rump so as to 
 lonn anterior and posterior furrows. The whole appearance cannot fail 
 to r.'inind the student of the legend of Typhoeus killed by Jupiter with 
 a llasii of lightning, and buried beneath Mount Mtua. Though uo onej 
 could usi- this reseniblance as an argument in favor of early comiuuui-^ 
 cation between the Greeks and the primitive people of Porto Kico, yet 
 the Typhoean legend has been found in many lauds, and it is quite possi-' 
 sil.U' that a similar myth may have been devised in various places to ac- 
 count for volcanic or nu)iintainoiis pheiiomena. The Antilles are all of 
 volcanic origin, as the material of our stone implements plainly shows. 
 I am indebted to Prof. S. F. Baird for the suggestion that, from the sea, 
 the island of Porto Ptico rises in an abrupt and symmetrical manner, 
 highly suggestive of the mound in the mammiform stones, so that 
 with the aid of a little imagination we may see in these objects the 
 genius of Porto Rico in the figure of a man, a parrot, an alligator, an 
 all)atross, or some other animal precious ill these regions where larger 
 animals are not abundant, supporting the island on its back. The Ty- , 
 phoean figure undergoes many raodiiications in the series examined, and; 
 doubtless, if the specimens in other collections could be placed by the 
 side of these, many more interesting results could be reached. The 
 human face is often replaced by the head of a V)ird or of some other ani- 
 mal, but the feet when distinguishable are always human. The bottom 
 of the stone is in striking contrast with the upper surface. While the 
 latter is nearly always exquisitely polished, the former is always very 
 rough, either from use or never having been finished. The bottom is 
 sometimes tla , sometimes convex, but most frequently sagged u]) in 
 the middle and hollowed out into a cymbiform cavity. In such cases 
 the object rests unsteadily upon the chin and knees, the under side of 
 which is polished by wear. In quite a number of them the prostrate man 
 cannot be clearly made out, his head and lower extremities being [)re- 
 seuted by simple swellings or knobs. A variety of details is noticeable, 
 which will a|)pear in the following description of the objects, since I have 
 been unable to find two precisely alike. 
 
 lOlKSO. A highly polished specimen of marble. There is a wide head- 
 band across the forehead of the figure, ornamented with chevrons and 
 hemispherical cavities. The right side is the fuller, the bottom concave 
 and rough, and the apex slightly battered. This battering is doubtless 
 an accident, as none of the others exhibit it. Length 10.3, width 4.5, 
 height 5.3 inches. (Fig. 35.) 
 
 UJ'.ISI. This specimen is of a light-bluish material. The head and 
 breast of an albatross replace the human head. On either side of the 
 breast and on either side of the front of the mamma is a cup-cutting. 
 The furrows at the base of the mamma in the front and rear are wide 
 and deep. The bottom is warped up and hollowed out. Length 11.95, 
 width 4.5, and height 4.9 inches. (Fig. 36.) 
 
 I
 
 Fig. 35. — Mammiform stone, with human face. About ^. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 36. — Maunniform stone, with tlie bead of a s^ea-bird. i- 
 
 '^^Jii.rif- 
 
 Fig 37 — M immiloini stom , upiiiT view, greatl\ warped. J-. 
 
 Fig. 3S — NKunmiloim stone, 
 tiont \ ic\\ i 
 
 1 IG $9. — Mammiform stone, ujiper view. i.
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 3yi 
 
 16982. This specimen is of a dark volcanic material. The fuce and 
 feet are both well tnrncd up. The anterior and the posterior furrows are 
 deep, the left side bulged out, and the bottom slightly hollowed. 
 Length 11.6, width 4.3, and height 5.65 inches. (Fig. 37.) 
 
 16983. A rough specimen made of dark volcanic stone. The lu-ad and 
 feet are close to the mamma, leaving very slight intervening furrows. 
 The bottom is hollowed out. Length 7.3, width 3.G, and height 3.7 
 inches. 
 
 16984. A large specimen, made of white marble. Across the forehead 
 is a chevroned band, the triangular spaces of the chevrons l)eing tilled 
 with straight lines parallel to the lines of the chevron consecutively. 
 The right side is fuller than the left, ami the bottom slightly hollowed. 
 Length 12.3, width 5.9, and height 6.35 inches. 
 
 16985. A dark volcanic stone, broken. The head has a high ridge 
 running above the forehead, making a deep furrow between it and the 
 mamma. The bottom is quite flat. Length 11.1, width 5.5, ami height 
 7.7 inches. 
 
 16986. A rough specimen, made of volcanic stone. The face and feet 
 are much flattened out, and the anterior and i)osterior furrow are broad 
 and shallow. The left side is fuller than the right. The mamma is 
 slightly winged, or angular, on the sides, front, and rear. The bottom 
 is nearly flat, and very rough. Length 8, width 3 55, height li.S inches. 
 
 16987. A dark-colored specimen, of volcanic material. The head is 
 grotesque and high-ridged, making the front furrow deep. Across the 
 thighs is a chevroned band. The feet are twisted around so as to bring 
 the toes against the rump. The right side is fuller than the left. The 
 bottom is warped up and hollowed out. There are four shallow cylin- 
 drical depressions on the mamma on a level with the furrows, one on 
 either side of the anterior and posterior portions. Length 11.65, width 
 4.6, height 4.05 inches. (Pig. 38.) 
 
 16989. A very smooth bluish-gray specimen. The head resembles 
 that of a parrot, and there is a perforation through the beak. The 
 thighs of the prostrate figure are ornamented with chevrons and dotted 
 circles. The right side is fuller than the left, and the bottom elevated 
 and hollowed out. Length 6.85, width 3, height 3 inches. Although 
 this is a very smooth specimen, the difl'erent style of illustration adopted 
 by the artist exaggerates this feature unduly, in comparison with others 
 which are hatched in the engraving. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 16990. A polished spettimen, made of mottled black and white maible. 
 The head and posterior portion are very much flattened out, making the 
 furrows long and shallow. The left side is fuller than the right, and the 
 bottom is elevated nearly an inch, and hollowed out. Length 10.75, 
 width 4.3, height 4.1 inches. 
 
 16991. A rough volcanic stone. The human figure is not visible iu 
 this specimen, the ends being simple knobs, between which and the base 
 of the mamma there are slight furrows. The bottom is flat. If we were
 
 382 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 looking tor the evolution of higher from lower forms, this stoue would] 
 typifv the lowest grade, or possibly the starting-point in the departure 
 from a conical implement. Length 7.9, width 3.4, and height 4.2 inches. 
 
 1(;9P2. A light-bluish specimen. The head and feet are quite clowse to 
 the mamma, making the furrows narrow and shallow. The right side is 
 fulh'r than the lelt, and the bottom smooth. Length 8.2, width 4, 
 height 4.45 inches. 
 
 1 (5094. A dark, mottled, volcanic stone. The face has been very much 
 battered by time. There is an elevated baud across the forehead, mak- 
 ing the furrows narrow and deep. The right side is iiiller than the left, 
 and the bottom elevated and hollowed out. Length 7.95, width 3.5, 
 hiMght 4 inches. 
 
 1G(J95. A light-blue volcanic stone. The furrows are almost wanting, 
 and, as in a specimen previously mentioned, the feet are reveised. The 
 bottom is very roughly hollowed out. Length 5.6, width 2.4, height 
 3.6 inches. 
 
 16996. This specim.en is made of yellowish white marble. The fur- 
 rows are broad and shallow. The right side is fuller than the left, and 
 the bottom hollow. The plane of the bottom is also twisted or warped, 
 due probably to the origiual form of the stone. Length 10 8, width 
 4.6, height 4.55 inches. 
 
 16998. A dark volcanic specimen. The head-band abuts on the mam- 
 ma, leaving a very slight furrow in front, but the posterior furrow is 
 deeper. On the sides of the mamma are cup cuttings. The bottom is 
 elevated and hollow. Length, 6.15, width 3.2, height 2.7 inches. 
 
 170U0. Of mottled marble. The head resembles that of a hog or pec- 
 cary, but is grotesque. The feet are human ; the furrows are broad and 
 deep ; the left side is fuller than the right, and the bottom is deeply 
 hollowed. Length 12.55, width 5.5. and height 5.3 inches. (Fig. 40.) 
 
 17001. A smooth specimen, made of volcanic material. The furrows 
 are broad and deep, the right side swelled out, and the bottom elevated 
 and hollow. Length 8 55, width 4.15, height 4.4 inches. 
 
 17002. A rough specimen, made of marble. The furrows are narrow 
 and shallow, the left side full, the bottom elevated and slightly hollowed. 
 This specimen is much weather worn. Length 8.5, width 4, height 4.6 
 inches. 
 
 17003. A fine specimen, made of white marble. The face is well exe- 
 cuted, the head-band being wide and ornamented with cup-cuttings and 
 frets. The feet are broken off. Instead of a cymbiform cavity in the 
 bottom, there is a deep cup-cutting, around the border of which is a 
 I»erfectly circular furrow. This object has been battered by secondary 
 use as a pestle. The dimensions are estimated. Length 12.8,width 4.4, 
 height 3.75 inches. 
 
 17004. Of a rough volcanic material. The head resembles that of a 
 hog or peccary. The furrows are deep. There are two deep cup cuttings 
 at the feet. The left side is full and the bottom elevated. Length 9.65, 
 width 4.4, height 3.5 inches.
 
 /■ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 I'lG. 10. — .Maimiulonii stone, quarter viisw. J. 
 
 ^■n -"fa^r'iT^f^ 
 
 li(i. II.— Mauiniitorm intone with owl- 
 .sliiil^'d head. ^. 
 
 Fig. 42. — Highly-poli8h(d niarunii- 
 form htoue. i. 
 
 L 
 
 u 
 
 Fui. 4:i. — Maiiimiroiin stone with FiG. 44. — Mainniiloini .>tone, AMth alligator 
 
 liog-likt- ornament. |. 
 
 head. i. 
 
 
 Fig. 4.'). — Head of a niamniiforni stoue, FiG. 46. — Foot of a mauinjiform stone, 
 upper view. About ^. upper view. i.
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 388 
 
 17005. A dark specimen, of volcanic material. Tlio head rosomblea 
 that of an owl or parrot. The furrows arc <lccp, tlir li^^lit sicU' full, and 
 the bottom flat. Length 4.95, width 2.9, height H.Oo. (Fig. 41.) 
 
 17006. A dark specimen, of volcanic material. The head n'scmhlcs 
 that of 11 parrot. The furrows are broa<l ami shallow. The left side is 
 full, the bottom slightly elevated and hollow. Lcngtli (»..'{, widih li.55, 
 height 2.95 inches. 
 
 17007. A smooth reddish specimen, of volcanic material. Tin' head 
 is like that of u peccary-. The furrows are wide and sliallow. tlie left 
 side full, and the bottom well elevated and deeply hollowed. Length 
 11.35, width 5.2, height 4.8 inches. 
 
 1700S. Alight-colored specimen, of volcanic material. The Iniiows 
 are wide and deep, and the bottom hollow. The length 10.9, width 5.3. 
 height 5.5 inches. 
 
 17009. A small mottled specimen, of dark volcanic stone. The lace is 
 slashed with deep lines. The furrows are deep, the right side lull, and 
 the bottom pecked in the middle and worn quite sD)ooth at the ends. 
 Length 5.8, width 2.1, height 2.2 inches. 
 
 17010. A highly polished specimen, made of a dark green stone, similar 
 to the material of the most beautiful celts. The ends and top taper out 
 finger-like. The human face is carved on the front of the mamma. 
 The bottom is elevated and roughened, but not hollowed. This is a 
 highly finished and unique specimen, departing quite widely from the 
 typical form, and resembling no other in the collection. (Fig. 4-'.) 
 
 17011. A curious specimen, made of mottled flinty limestone. The 
 projecting ends are entirely wanting. The front of the mamma or cone 
 exhibits a grotesque huuiau face. The rear is carved to represent a 
 frog, whose nose forms the apex of the stone, and whose back and hind 
 legs, drawn up, fill the remaining surface. The fore legs pass down the 
 sides of the cheeks and under the lower jaw of the human face in iront. 
 This is truly a marvel of aboriginal art, and may be set down as the 
 best specimen of this class in the collection. (Fig. 43.) 
 
 17012. A small specimen, of white marble. The grotesque head 
 resembles that of an alligator. The feet, as usual, are human. The 
 thighs are ornamented with chevrons and cir(;lcs. The furrow^ are 
 narrow and shallow, the left side lull, the bottom unusually cymbiform. 
 Length 4.85, width 2, height 2.75 inches. (Fig. 44.) 
 
 17013. A small smooth specimen, of yellowish marble. This is a 
 very plain object, without carvings of any kind. Length 2.75, width 
 1.35, height 2.3 inches. 
 
 17014. A small rough specimen, of mottled volcanic material. The 
 feet are broken ofi". The furrows are shallow, and the bottom hollowed 
 out. Length 3.6, width 1.75* height 2.05 inches. 
 
 17015. Head pf a mamilorm stone, of volcanic material. 
 
 17017. The head of a mamnuform stone, of white marble. The head- 
 band is ornamented with chevrons and three cup cuttings. This was
 
 384 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. . 
 
 undonbtiHlly a very beautiful implement. (Fig. 45.) The absence of] 
 duplicates in such a large collection is somewhat striking, and yet testi- 
 lifs to the richness of fancy in the artists. This tigure, however, is] 
 almost identical in material, physiognomy, and the shape and orna- 
 mentation of the head band, with the head of number 17003. 
 
 ITOIS. The foot of a marble mammiform stone. The feet are finely 
 exi)ressed; indeed, they are the best-looking pair of feet in the whole 
 lot. The thighs are ornamented with chevrons and cup-cuttings. This 
 niiiy have been the foot of the object to which the foregoing number 
 w:is the head, or more probably to the broken specimen described as No. 
 17003. If not, it is a relic of a very finely wrought implement. (Fig. 
 
 4(5.) 
 
 MASKS. 
 
 ii ic4uiit> ii slight stretch of the imagination to call the objects 
 indiuled in this class masks. The only ground upon which we do so is 
 their resemblance to many of the false-faces or masks worn in panto- 
 ujimes. These, of course, never could have had any such use. Three 
 ot them are somewhat similar to the objects just described. The 
 bottoms are hollowed out, there are furrowed depressions at the base of 
 the prominence, and the mammiform elevation is grotesquely observed, 
 being replaced by a face, the Aztek nose forming the apex of the stone. 
 The Typhoean figure is sometimes present. 
 
 17i>88. Mask of gray volcanic material. The head and foot are 
 simple knobs. The forehead and cheeks are furrowed and the bottom 
 elevated and very hollowed. Length 8.65, width 4.8, height 0.25 inches. 
 ,Kig. 47.) 
 
 17903. Mask of mottled volcanic stone. The ends are simply rounded 
 and the bottom hollow. 
 
 1G907. Mask of a reddish-brown volcanic stone. The prostrate man 
 is present, the mouth of the mask being toward his head. 
 
 Five of the masks, 17020, 17021, 17023, 17024, 17025, are more or less 
 grotesque human faces, with cleat-like projections on the back, scarcely 
 admitting of a doubt that they were designed for fastening to a handle 
 or pole. (Fig. 48.) indeed, if we were allowed to ibllow up the clew, 
 these cleat-like projections might throw much light upon the furrows 
 found at the base of the mammae of the mammiform stones, hinting 
 that these, too, might have served in some way or other as insignia or 
 club heads. But where all is conjecture we shall have to possess our 
 souls in patience. 
 
 Three of the masks, 17029, 17030, 17031, are flat kite-shaped stones 
 with the human face carved partly in relief on one side. (Fig. 49.) 
 The following table gives the dimensions in inches and decimals* 
 
 17020. Length 5.1, width 4.15, thickness 2 inches. 
 
 17030. Length 7, width 4.45, thickness 1.85 inches. 
 
 17031. Length 5.9, width 3.75, thickness 1.35 inches. 
 
 There is one mask, discoidal in form, from the periphery of which two
 
 Fig. 47. — Profile of inaininifonn mask. About ^. 
 
 Fig. 48. — Mask with i)idjectioDs tor 
 attacbiiient. i. 
 
 /iG. 4'J.— Flat kitf-sliai>.(l 
 , iiia.sk. i.
 
 FftJ. 5i.— Rislit-slionldered massive collar. ^. 
 
 
 
 Fig. r)2.— Giiiiiil-sliapcd paiuil of a luaj-.sivc collar, with its ornanieut. -J.
 
 Ir 
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 385 
 
 •eylindrical knobs proceed, look in g-, ajjain, ver\ much like attachriu'nts 
 for a handle. 17022 is a very rude mask ol inarhlc 
 
 COLLARS. 
 
 The objects commonly called collars receive their name from thrir 
 icsemblance to horse-collars, an<l not Irom any knowh'df^c we liavc ot 
 tlieir use. There wen* thirty-live of them iii tlie Latimer colhM-tioii, 
 bat some were exchanged and sent away beforr this descri|)tion was 
 written. Four of them are ^et m the rongii state — so rou{,'h, in taci, 
 that we cannot jmsitively affirm that they were destined for collais 
 (Fig. 50.) None of the characteristic marks of the coUais are visil)li'. 
 Assuming this as their probable end, they serve to show what an im- 
 mense amount of labor it must have taken to reduce a ^t(Hle ot such 
 great size and hardness to the slender and graceful tinished object. The 
 accompanying table gives their dimensions in inches: 
 
 Number. 
 
 
 "a 
 = ■5 
 
 <a . 
 
 a-a 
 
 "a . 
 
 |i 
 
 II 
 
 17100 
 
 13 
 
 20.8 
 23.35 
 20 
 
 9.5 
 10.2 
 
 8.4 
 11 
 
 15.3 
 IC. 9 
 17.7 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 7.3 
 6.5 
 
 4 5 
 
 17101 
 
 .'. 5 
 
 17102 
 
 5 rt 
 
 17103 
 
 3 9 
 
 
 
 Of those that are finished there are two classes — the massive oval, 
 and the slender oblique-ovate, or pear-shaped collars. The latter are 
 far more highly polished and ornamented than the former, and some ot 
 the ornamental patterns on the massive forms are reproduced but more 
 elaborated on the slender variety, notably the gourd shaped ridge sur 
 rounding the panels. One of these objects is figured in " Flint-Chips," 
 p. 2;U, but it is either wrongly drawn or represents another class 
 entirely ditJerent from any in the Latimer collection. Another is said 
 to be engraved in Mem. de la Soc. du Nord, containing Mr. C Ifafn's 
 report on the "Cabinet d'Antiquit^es Am6ricaines^ Copenhagen, 1S58,'* 
 but I have not seen it. In Scribuer's Monthly, August, 1875, are four 
 woodcuts of collars pretty faithfully drawn. Both classes are marked 
 by the presence of a projection or prominence resembling a knot on the 
 outside of the upper limb of the circumference. This piojection, always 
 midway between the anterior and the posterior margin, is sometimes on 
 the right side and sometimes on the left. This circumstance gives rise 
 to two subclasses, the right-shoulderetl and the left-shouldered. The 
 other marks which, by their peculiar forms, or by their presence or ab- 
 sence, give individuality to the different specimens are: the shoulder; 
 the shoulder-ridge, or fillet; the boss, or swelling at the bottom; the 
 right panel ; the left panel ; the panel ornament (alwa.vs most elaborate 
 on the side opposite the shoulder) ; the marginal prominences of the 
 shouldered side; the panel border, or scroll ; and the marginal ridge
 
 386 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 aiul furrow. The marks will be better understood by the accompanying 
 fijiures 51, 53, 55, 59. The material of which they are all made is a 
 volcanic stone of ditierent color and texture. 
 
 1. Biyht shouldered massive collars. 
 
 171U-4. The shoulder resembles closely a knot of a tree, and about six 
 inches below there is another swelling as though the knot entering above 
 came out at this point. There is no transverse ridge beneath the shoul- 
 der. The right panel is a plain moon-shaped chamfer pecked on the 
 stone. The left panel is a gourd-shaped space inclosed in a bead like 
 ridge, and has its wide end extending quite around the bottom of the 
 collar to the chamfer so as to form a quasiboss. 
 
 171(»7. The shoulder of this one is inverted bell-shaped. The shoulder 
 ridge is a transverse swelling. The right panel is a parallel-sided cham- 
 fer. The left panel is gourd-shaped and ornamented with herring-bone 
 furrows. The bottom of the collar is very much enlarged by the lower 
 margin of this gourd shaped panel. (Fig. 51.) 
 
 17108. The shoulder is bell-shaped, and beneath it is a narrow trans- 
 verse ridge uniting at its extremities with the marginal ridges, which 
 extend quite around tlie upper half of the collar. The right panel is an 
 oval chamfer. The left panel is gourd-shaped, and is ornamented with , 
 lozenges, chevrons, and triangles, prettily designed to fill up the space. 
 (Fig. 52.) This is an exquisite specimen of design and execution, and 
 as well as many others already examined, and to be examined, indicates 
 marked progress in the division of labor, 
 
 17109. The shoulder is a mere swelling, without any definite outline, 
 and the shoulder ridge is wanting altogether. The right panel is a slight 
 chamfer, the left panel a deep furrowed triple chevron. A rather plain 
 object. 
 
 2. Left-shouldered massive collars. 
 
 17105. The shoulder of this collar is a mere swelling out, as it were, 
 of the stone. The shoulder-ridge is likewise a transverse elevation 
 beneath the shoulder. The left panel is a [)arallel sided chamfer extend- 
 ing from this transverse swelling quite to the bottom of the collar, where 
 it is bounded by a transverse ridge or quasi-boss. The right panel 
 is the gourd-shaped pattern ornamented by an oblong spiral ridge. 
 The gourd pattern in this and other massive collars reappears in the 
 slender variety, where it is represented by a somewhat quadrilateral 
 panel having a looped ridge extending beyond the anterior margin. 
 
 SLENDER OBLIQUE-OVATE COLLARS. 
 
 The slender collars, which compose the greater part of the set, are 
 more highly elaborated in every respect than the others, and differ from 
 them so much in weight and finish as to suggest a difference or function. 
 (Figs. 53, 55, 59.) Where so little is known concerning thetu, however, 
 this is more than we can affirm.
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 Fii;. M. — Rif-ht-sliouldt red slender 
 collar, i. 
 
 Fig. 55. — Right-shouldered sleuder 
 collar. ^. 
 
 Fig. 54, — Left panel, panel-ornament, panel-border, and boss of a light.-sbouldered 
 
 slender collar. About i. 
 
 Fig. .'iG.— Left panel of a right-shouldered slender collar, with its ornaments, i-
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 387 
 
 1. Right-shouldered slender collars. 
 
 8029. (Fig. 53.) The shoulder is distinctly hell-shaped, liavint^ a 
 ])ecked chamfer on its outward portion. The transverse shoulder ri(l<;e 
 is quite prominent. The right or plain panel is inclosed in a ipiadrilat 
 eral ridge which bears on the middle of its antenoi and posterior sides 
 a very marked swelling. This is a constant I'eature on the ant«'riur ami 
 l)osterior margins ot the panel on the shouldere«l side, whenever this 
 ])anel is present. The face of thepauel is indented witli an oval depres- 
 sion or cup-cutting. The left panel is hounded by a border-ridge, and 
 ornamented by a large ring in the center, on eiiher side of which a hu- 
 man leg drawn up is represented. (Fig. 54 ) The anterior margin of this 
 panel, which I have called -the panel border, is a double scroll. 
 
 8U30i. The shoulder is well expiessed and the shoulder ridge wide. 
 The right panel is enclosed in a broad ridge with the swellings on the 
 margins, and has a plain center. The lelt panel is inclosed in a double 
 ridge and furrow looped aud perforated at its upper anterior corner. 
 This is also quite plaiu, although the double scroll is found on the mar- 
 gin. This aud the foregoing specimen were given to the isational Mu 
 seum sou)e years ago. 
 
 17080. (Fig. 55.) The shoulder is bell-sha]>ed, and the enciicling 
 shoulder-ridge abuts upon the shoulder so that no line separaces them. 
 Theright pauel is inclosed within a ridge with the swellings, aud has an oval 
 cavity i)ecked deeply into its central space. The left panel is inclosed 
 by a ridge with the loop in irs upi)er anterior corner, and is ornamented 
 -by an elaborate winged sun-pattern. (Fig. 56.) The panel border is a 
 wide scroll. 
 
 17085. The shoulder is quite prominent, its upper circular face rolled 
 outward. The transverse shoulder-ridge is carried all the way arouud 
 the stone. The right panel is inclosed by a ridge with the prominences, 
 and is rough-pecked over its interior s[)ace. The left panel is inclosed 
 by a ridge, and was formerly well ornamented, but it is now nearly worn 
 ofif, whether by use or time I cannot say. The panel border is a delicate 
 double scroll, having two of the volutes perforated. The boss, which 
 in most of the slender collars is an immense swelling, oblique to the 
 plane of the stone, is in this specimen rolled out like a pouting lip. 
 
 17087. The shoulder is bell shaped. The transverse shoulder-ridge 
 borders three sides of the shoulder — that is, it turns up along the mar- 
 gins of the collar. The right panel has the ridge aud iirominences but 
 uo ornament. The left panel is inclosed in a ridge looped on the upper 
 anterior margin. The panel border is slightly scrolled, but much worn. 
 The boss is ridged up on the inside of the specimen. 
 
 17088. The shoulder is a mere swelling with a slight transverse ridge, 
 Thepromineuces are present on the ridge of theright panel, which is orna- 
 mented with a shallow oval depression. There is no ornament on the 
 left panel. This is a very plain specimen and rudely polished.
 
 :\HH THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 17089. The shoulder is bell-shaped, aud the shoulder-ridge passes 
 quite around the stone. The right pauel is inclosed within a ridge with 
 the prominences; its ornament is an oval depression whose edges are 
 slightly in relief. The left panel is inclosed in a looped ridge, and is 
 without ornaujent. The upper transverse portions of the panel-ridges 
 encircle the stone as in Fig. 55. 
 
 17001. The shoulder is bell-shaped and grooved. The right panel has 
 tilt' prominences and oval deiiression. The left panel is wanting. 
 
 17001'. yhoulder bell-shaiied, «ud the transverse ridge beneath it encir- 
 cles the stone. Theright panel having the marginal prominences is rough- 
 ened on its face and ornamented with a ring and dot. The left panel 
 is much worn. The pauel border is a double scroll. The boss and 
 upjier transverse panel-ridges encircle the stone. 
 
 17090. (2). A fragment containing boss and panels. Theright panel 
 with the marginal prominences and oblong oval depression. The left 
 pauel has a perlbration in the marginal loop of the inclosing ridge. 
 
 2. Left-shouldered slender collars. 
 
 8028. The shoulder a slight rough swelling, without the subjacent 
 transverse ridge. The left panel has the marginal prominences and 
 a double chamfer on its face. The right panel is wanting, a simple 
 transverse ridge marking the upper extremity, from which the stone 
 gradually ex|>ands toward the boss. 
 
 80.50. The shoulder is bell-shaped and well rolled out. The transverse 
 shoulder-ridge is wanting, but the furrows on either side of the shoulder 
 converge gradually, and give the appearance of the overlapping of the 
 two ends of a hoop. The left panel is inclosed in a double ridge with 
 the marginal jiromiuences and is ornamented with a deep oval depres 
 sion. The right i^anel is inclosed in a ridge with a perforated loop ou 
 its upper anteiior margin, and is ornamented with chevrons, whose tri- 
 anguhir spaces are filled with incised lines parallel to the sides of the 
 chevron consecutively. The pauel border is a double scroll with a 
 small human face represented between the scrolls. It has been said 
 that the human face is not seen on the collars. This is the only excep- 
 tion in this collection if the fragment to be mentioned next is not a por- 
 tion of a collar. (Fig. 57.) 
 
 17026. A fragment containing the boss and a part of a right pauel. 
 The panel ornament is a large featured human face. The end of this 
 fragment is notched and perforated, as if for secondary use. (Fig. 58.) 
 I am not positive about this fragment. If it is not a portion of a collar, 
 it is a class by itself; and if it is, it is not like any other in the class 
 as represented by the Latimer collection. Two objects somewhat simi- 
 lar are engraved in Scribner's Magazine for August, 1875, but as I have 
 not seen the originals I cannot speak with certainty as to the resem- 
 blance between it and them. 
 
 170S1. The shoulder is bell-shaped, and hollow ou the top. The
 
 Fig. 57.— Rifibt panel of a left-shouldered slender coUiir. i. 
 
 Fig. 58. — Supposed boss and panel of 
 slender collar. |. 
 
 Fig. 59.— a leit-sliouldered slender col- 
 lar. 8bo\viu<j tbe sboulder-.swelling, 
 the boss, and tbe panel-border. ^. 
 
 Fig. go.— Eight panel and scrolled border of a left-shoiildered slender collar. J.
 
 I 
 
 I
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 3>^9 
 
 shoulder ridge encircles the stone. The \oi\ piiiu-l lias tlie m.ii-,'iiiul 
 prominences and the oviil depression. The iij,'ht panel is ornanieiited 
 with lozenges and triangles surrounding a circular depression in the 
 center. The boss and the transverse panel-ridges encircU" ilui collai . 
 
 17082. (Fig. 59.) The shoulder is well setofl Irom tin- stont*, an<l issub- 
 tended l)y a very shallow rid>:e. The left panel has the uiarf,Mnal proiin- 
 neuces atjd oval depression. The right panel is inclosed in a ridge 
 looped at the up|)er anterior corner, which is continued to form a p;iri of 
 the panel marginal scroll. The panel is ornamented with a doited cir- 
 cle at each end, inclosed in a sigmoid ridge, the ends of which expand 
 gracefully to fill the triangular spaces between the sigmoid, the circlrs, 
 and the border ridge of the panel. (Fig. GO.) The boss is ridged up on 
 the inside. 
 
 17083. The shoulder is bell-shaped, having its transverse rid;,'i' ne;irly 
 encircling. The left panel has the prominences and oval depiession. 
 There is no right panel. The lower end of the specimen is roughly 
 pecked. 
 
 17084. The shoulder is not very prominent and is continuous with 
 the transverse ridge. The left panel with its prominences very plainly 
 executed. The right panel is a smooth si)ace inclosed in a ridge wlii<h 
 runs into the boss at the lower corners. 
 
 1708G. Theshouhler well rounded out and winged on Ihemaigins, the 
 shoulder ridge ai»utting on the shoulder and encircling the stone. The 
 left panel has the prominences and a small oval depression. The right, 
 panel is inclosed in a double ridge and furrow, and ornamented with 
 chevrons and parallel included lines. The panel border is an elaborate 
 double scroll, with trigl.M)hs in the center of each. 
 
 17094. The shoulder slight and flattened, and abutting on the shoul- 
 der-ridge. The left panel has the prominences and a slight oval depres- 
 sion. The right panel is a looped ridge ornamented with lozenges and 
 triangles. Tiie panel-border is a double scroll with small triglyphs. 
 The boss is ridged on the inside. 
 
 17095. The shoulder is bell-shaped, and subtended by a wide and 
 encircling shoulder-ridge. The left panel has the prominences, and an 
 oval chamfer in the center. The right panel included in a looped and per- 
 forated ridge is plain in the center. The panel- border is an elaborate 
 double scroll. The transverse panel-ridges and boss encircle the stone, 
 and the furrows of the panels are repeated on the inside of the collar. 
 A truly unique and beautiful specimen. 
 
 17096. The shoulder is very slight, and has its transverse ridge encir- 
 cling. The left panel has the prominences and oval depression. The 
 right panel is an unornamented surface inclosed in a double ridge and 
 furrow. The transverse panel-ridges and boss encircle the stone. 
 
 17098. The shoulder is slight and much flattened, and is subtended 
 by a narrow shoulder-ridge. The left panel has the marginal promi- 
 nences and a chamfered interior space. The right panel is wanting and 
 the boss small. This is a very rude specimen.
 
 390 
 
 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 17009. (1.) A fmgmeut of a coUjir. The left panel is present and has 
 the inartiiiial i)r()iiiineiices and a smooth interior surface. A short por 
 tion of thi* rifjht panel remaining; indicates a plain surface inclosed in a 
 ri(l}xe looped on the upper anterior corner. 
 
 17()1H>. (2.) A fra},nnent of a collar, consisting of a boss and a left panel, , 
 tin- latter with the |)romineuces and a deep oval depression. 
 
 ITKUi. The shoulder is bell shaped, with cup-cuttings on its sides. The 
 shoidth'r rid;,'e is extended upward along the margins of the shoulder 
 on either side, and thence quite around to the ui)per transverse ridge of 
 the right panel. The left panel has the prominences, and its interior 
 space smooth. The right panel is smooth and inclosed in a ridge 
 lo(jped at the upper anterior corner. The panel-border is a double scroll ' 
 fretted on the sides with cup-cuttings in the volutes. This is somewhat 
 transitional in form between the massive and the slender. 
 
 Dimensions of the collars in inches. 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,a 
 
 .a 
 
 .a 
 
 .a 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 x: 
 
 
 
 
 *- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 e 
 
 C8 
 
 «s . 
 
 c! 
 
 a a 
 
 .a 
 
 j= 
 
 Xnmber. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 a 5 
 
 
 .a 
 
 
 s 
 
 s> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 JS 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 17104 
 
 17.5 
 
 14 
 
 2.15 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17107 
 
 17.5 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 14.5 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.45 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.15 
 2.45 
 3.1 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.45 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.3 
 
 4 
 
 3.8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 17108 
 
 3.8 
 
 17109 
 
 5 
 
 17105 
 
 17.75 
 
 15 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 t<0-29 
 
 18.1 
 17.5 
 
 11.4 
 12 
 
 1.4 
 1.35 
 
 1.4 
 1.5 
 
 1.35 
 1.4 
 
 3.3 
 2.95 
 
 1.75 
 1.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 ftOSOJ 
 
 3.1 
 
 170^ 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 12.5 
 
 1.25 
 1.15 
 
 1.55 
 2.1 
 
 1.25 
 1.35 
 
 3. 25 
 3.55 
 
 1.7 
 1.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 17065 
 
 3.5 
 
 17087 
 
 17.5 
 16.8 
 
 13 
 11.1 
 
 1.45 
 1.25 
 
 1.9 
 1.55 
 
 1.45 
 1.45 
 
 3.45 
 3.8 
 
 2 
 
 1.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 17088 
 
 3.75 
 
 17089 
 
 16 
 
 11.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.45 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 17091 
 
 17 
 
 ia7 
 
 15.9 
 
 11.5 
 12.2 
 11.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.55 
 1.55 
 1.45 
 
 1.3 
 1.5 
 1.45 
 
 2.9 
 3.1 
 
 2.05 
 
 1.7 
 
 2 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.5 
 
 17092 
 
 4.05 
 
 17007 
 
 2.65 
 
 17099(3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.55 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 80-28 
 
 18.4 
 
 12.3 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.6 
 
 1.65 
 
 3.15 
 
 f030 
 
 17.6 
 
 11.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 i.:j5 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.65 
 
 3.3 
 
 17026 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 25 
 
 2.9 
 2.85 
 
 "'i.s' 
 
 1.95 
 
 3.8 
 
 17081 
 
 17 
 17.2 
 
 12 
 U 
 
 1.4 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 1.25 
 
 1.5 
 1.35 
 
 2.9 
 
 1738-2 
 
 3.25 
 
 17083 
 
 17 
 
 16.4 
 
 17.5 
 
 11 
 
 11.4 
 11.7 
 
 1.-2 
 1. 1 
 1.25 
 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 1.2 
 
 1.35 
 1.65 
 1.7 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.7 
 1.6 
 1.7 
 
 .3.2 
 
 17084 
 
 3.2 
 
 17086 
 
 3.3 
 
 17094 
 
 15.9 
 
 10.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.35 
 
 2.85 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.5 
 
 17095 
 
 17.95 
 
 12 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.6 
 
 3.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 4 
 
 17096 
 
 16.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.35 
 
 .1.35 
 
 1.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 17098 
 
 17.1 
 
 11.45 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.15 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.95 
 
 17099(1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.45 
 
 
 3.15 
 
 17099(2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.75 
 
 
 3.45 
 
 17106. 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.95 
 
 3 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 
 CO^S^CLUSION, 
 
 The objects which I have described are all from Porto Eico, and, to- 
 gether with a collection of interesting antiquities from other parts of 
 the world, which do not come under my province, were bequeathed to 
 the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. George Latimer. This generous 
 benefactor of the Institution was of an English family who migrated to
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 391 
 
 America in 173G. His father was a merchant in Phihuh'lphia, where 
 bis son George was born in 1803. Raving often visited the West Indies 
 as a supercargo, he became attached to the country, and, in ISi'S, rii- 
 tered the mercantiU' commission business in St. Thomas. lie altei ward 
 removed to Saint John's, Porto Kico, where he remained until wv.w tiie 
 time of his death, which occurred in Paris August 2, 1874, from thr ef- 
 fects of a surgical operation. He was an honored citizen, and foi- many 
 years was consul-general of the United States for the islatid. He was, 
 at the time of his death, consul for Holland and Austria, and had Ixeu 
 created by the King of Spain a "Knight of the Order of Isabella." .Mr. 
 Latimer has left no written descriptions of tlie objects and the localities 
 of their discovery. His nephew, Mr. W. H. Latimer, writes: "I believe 
 he was prompted in the beginning by curiosity, but with increase of 
 materials and knowledge of the subject came also a greatly increased 
 interest, that spared neither pains nor expense in the augmentation of 
 his treasures. Visiting personally any neighborhood where his labors 
 were likely to be rewarded, and calling to his assistance many others 
 in different parts of the island, he added constantly to a collection which 
 he highly prized as the only one of iuiportance existing of the aborigi- 
 nes of the island. Some of the specimens were found in caves, but the 
 greater part were turned up by the plow and hoe, when new lands 
 were put under cultivation, but I cannot specially localize them or say 
 whether any were found in graves or in shell heai)s." 
 
 According to Sir John Lubbock's classification, the makers of these 
 objects were a purely neolithic people, and, according to Mr. Morgan, 
 they were not savages, but were in the " middle status of barbarism." 
 In addition to the fruits of nature, they prepared maize and cassava and 
 fermentcil drinks. They lived in round and square houses, with thatched 
 roofs, grouped in small and large villages. They made pottery, the 
 boldness and truthfulness of whose ornametitation attest their division 
 of labor. In a warm climate very little clothing was needed, yet they 
 spun and wove cotton cloth. Their implements of industry, so far as 
 we have recovered them, are, 1 repeat, the most beautiful in the world. 
 Their canoes, especially in Porto Rico, were exquisitely wrought, with 
 the sides raised with canes, daubed over with bitumen, and not Ilat, but 
 with a keel. (Stephens's Herrera, i, 340.) Their pastimes were the di- 
 versions practiced by our own Indians, consisting i)rincipally of mo(;k 
 fights, in which oftimes many were wounded or killed. Their artists 
 were prodigies in design and workmaushi' , as the finer Ibrms which 1 
 have described attest. Their social life is little understood, but proba- 
 bly resembled in all respects that of the Florida Indians at the time of 
 the discovery. The absence of all flaked or chipped sti)iie implements 
 may be accounted for in several ways. The siliceous rocks which take 
 the finest chipping are not found here, and in many of the islands 
 shell [Strombus gigas) is the only available material for any implement. 
 Neither are the large animals here which require such hard and fine
 
 392 THE LATIMER COLLECTION OP ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 points for tbeir destruction, nor sharp knives and scrapers to cut them" 
 np and to tan their hides, which would be useless for clothing in this 
 climate if they had them. In the second place, many of the woods| 
 are extn-mcly hard, and with charrjng take a very fine point orj 
 edge, sullifient to pierce or cut fish, birds, or men. We are not to lay! 
 too much stress, therefore, upon the absence of rude stone implements, 
 especially as the coUeetions from these parts are as yet very meager. 
 Still it is quite possible that the civilization of the Caribs and of their 
 hereditary enemies was introduced from the mainland, and the absence 
 of cliipped and tlaked tools, if further demonstrated, will be suflBcient 
 evidtMice of this. 
 
 As to the place of most of these objects in an anthropological museum 
 we are sufficiently informed, but concerning the use of the masks, the 
 mammiform stones, and the collars, we are entirely in the dark. Some 
 of these rare objects are figured and described in Flint-Chips, with 
 references to Latham, Wilson, to Cherminier and Guesde's collection 
 from Guadeloupe at the Paris Exposition, to Schomburgk, Foey, and 
 Cato, (Flint-Chins, pp. 223-240.) I have seen but cannot recall the 
 title of an account of the Copenhagen Museum by Valdemar Schmidt, 
 in whi(!h one or two figures are given. In Scribner's Monthly for 
 August, 1875, Dr. J. B. Holder figures and describes a collection in 
 the American Museum in Central Park, New York. 
 
 As to whether they were the work of the Caribs and of their more 
 l)eaceful neighbors there may be a diiference of opinion. The fact that 
 the peculiar forms here enumerated are found throughout the ancient 
 Carib area ; that the stone seats resemble in form and ornamentation 
 those made of wood and used by persons of distinction mentioned by 
 the early historians of Columbus's voyages, and recently discovered by 
 Messrs. Gabband Frith; that the celts are like those used in Polynesia 
 and on the northwest coast of America, where large dug-out canoes are 
 still in use ; all these lend great force to the opinion that these are 
 Carib or Arawak implements, and not the relics of an older civilization 
 driven out by them. However, my own mind is very far from a positive 
 opinion on this point. 
 
 Some suggestions of possible function arise in the mind concerning 
 these doubtful forms, when we come to handle a great number of them. 
 The rough under-surface of the mammiform stones suggests the grind- 
 ing of paint, incense, spice, or some other precious material, and the 
 native.", are said by the historians to have been fond of aromatic sub- 
 stances. Against this it may be urged that they are too costly for 
 mortars; that some are hollowed underneath, some are flat, and some 
 are convex; and that though very rough on the under side, the rough- 
 ness seems to be that of an original pecking, excepting at the chin and 
 knees of the Typhoean figure, where the stone is worn smooth. The 
 furrows at the base of the mammae seem to indicate the custom of lash- 
 ing them to a staff as ensigns, or to dash out the brains of a victim or
 
 ETHNOLOGY. 393 
 
 au enemy. There is no mention, however, so far as I am acqnainted, of 
 the natives performing human saciitices. This hishiiij; theory is strength- 
 ened by the fact that on some of the masks which closely resemhh* the 
 mammiform stones there are cleat like projections, evidently to bo 
 lashed to a handle. There are no grooves worn in the furrows by a 
 lashing that I could discover. The bulging to one side of the rapmniao, 
 some to the right, others to the left, hints at their use in pairs. Their 
 elegance of design and variety of execution in conformity with an ideal, 
 characterize these as the highest type of sculpture with stone imple- 
 ments in the world. 
 
 The collars are quite as puzzling. Their right and left shouldering, 
 and the more exquisite finish of the i)anel opposite the shoulder, when 
 the panel is present, seem to prove that they were to be used in pairs. 
 Their gradation in ornament, the presence or absence and the form of 
 certain conventional parts, seem to speak of distinctions of some kind. 
 Some very interesting indications of the manner in which humanity has 
 elaborated its culture, guided by the leading strings of nature, are given 
 in the course and construction of the ridges and furrows which consti- 
 tute the ornaments of the panels and the marginal ornaments. There 
 are no sharp and deep corners, but the furrows wind about in curves 
 returning into themselves, or run out into some deeper furrow, simply 
 because a man working with a stone tool cannot make a sharp and deep 
 corner. Some of the designs on these panels and marginal ornaments 
 are very ingenious, as may be seen by the patterns given in Figs. 52, 
 54, 56, 57, and CO. The same characteristic is noticeable in the scroll- 
 work of the wooden tools, and in Fig. 43. Such is tlie form of these 
 relics of an extinct race ; but whether they were the regalia of sacrifi- 
 cial victims, of military heroes, of ecclesiastical worthies, or of members 
 of some privileged caste, who marched in double file through the streets 
 of Porto Eican villages long since decayed, will perhaps forever remain 
 a mystery. (Stephens's Herrera, i, 62.) 
 
 One of the objects of this perhaps too detailed description will be 
 accomplished, if the light thrown upon this neolithic peoi)le by the 
 Latimer collection shall guide some future explorer among their anti- 
 quities, if haply ^e may be able to decipher their meaning.

 
 j^: 
 
 THE gi^p:sl)K collection 
 
 OK 
 
 VNTIQUT^riES IX POTN1^E-A-PITKE, 
 
 GL'ADJ; LOUPE, WEST INDIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 OTIS T. MASON. 
 
 [From the Smithsonian Report for 1884.]

 
 THE GUESDE COLLEUIIONOF ANTIQUITIES IX POINTE-A- 
 PlTRE, GUADELOUPE, WEST INDIKS. 
 
 By Otis T. Mason. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The stoue implemeuts ami other objects described in these pages bc- 
 oug almost exchisively to the celebrated collection of M. Louis Gnesde, 
 jf Poiute-^-Pitre, Guadeloupe. M. Guesde is the son of M. Matliieu 
 Guesde, whose series of Carib stone implements attracted so much at- 
 tention in the Paris Exposition of 18G7, and Louise Loyseau, a creole, 
 of Guadeloupe. He was born at Hamacas, Porto Rico, in 1844, but at 
 two years of age was brought by his parents to live at Pointe-il-Pitre. 
 From 185G to 1867 M. Guesde pursued his studies in Paris and returned 
 to Pointe-a-Pitre as register to the minister of finance, in whose office he 
 is at present director of the third bureau. He has inherited from his 
 father his love for collecting the relics of the ancient Caribs, and for 
 nearly twenty years has been assiduous in his efforts. His duties call- 
 ing him to reside successively in various quarters of the island, he 
 profited by these opportunities to carry on his researches. To his zeal 
 as collector M. Guesde fortunately adds the skill of the artist, and he 
 has prepared two albums of aquarelles, in natural size and color, of all 
 the types in his museum. One of these albums is in the Trocadero 
 Museum at Paris, the other has been kindly presented to the Smith- 
 sonian Institution at Washington. So life-like are these portraits that 
 one has no difficultj' in imagining the objects before him. 
 
 In a former publication (Smithsonian Annual Report for 187G, pp. 
 372-393) a very large collection of somewhat similar objects, gathered 
 by Mr. George Latimer in Porto Rico, was described and some reflec- 
 tions indulged in respecting those who made them. Since that i)aper 
 appeared, Mr. E. F. im Thuru, of Georgetown, British Guiana, has given 
 great attention to this subject, and is the author of several illustrated 
 articles respecting the stone implements of the ancient Caribs. Without 
 entering into a discussion upon this subject, and taking for granted that 
 the Indians of the "discovery" were sufficiently advanced in culture 
 to produce such works of art, we may bett<'r improve the present oppor- 
 tunity by instituting comparisons with well-known [)eoi)les. 
 
 It we would look for the evidence of the reappearance of similar forms 
 and customs in regions wide apart, we must search out those I'ortions 
 of the earth that present the same general features, the same natural 
 materials, and the same external suggestions or motives. While the 
 similarities in art products which point to consanguinity of their makers 
 often thrive in quite contrary circumstances, so outlandish frequently 
 ^ 731
 
 732 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 as to seem like the distorted memory of a story, or little suatches of 
 melody snug iu a distaut laud, those similarities which indicate thi 
 passing of a certain milestone of human progress are so nearly identical 
 that tiie oldiT anthropologists were wont to believe that like effects' 
 sprung from the same rather than from like causes. 
 
 Fortunately, there are two regions where the ground has not been so 
 <leuuded as to prevent our knowing a great deal about the primitive 
 inhabitants; where, also, the natural environment is so similar to that 
 of the West Indies as to lead us to anticipate even the discoverers of 
 their relics. These two areas are Oceanica and the Northwest coast of 
 America from Sitka to Vancouver Island. In the first-named area we 
 must include the Papuan, the Malay, and the Polynesian ; in the sec- 
 ond, the Thlinkit, Haida, Chimsian, Kwakiul, Nutka, and Selish stocks. 
 We might also include the tribes of British Guiana and Venezuela, 
 which have been so exhaustively described by Schomburgh and im 
 Thurn.* 
 
 In all these regions we have: (1) Proximity to the sea, abounding in 
 edible marine animals ; (2) abundance of the finest timber in the world 
 for savages to work upon ; (3) lack of flint and plenty of volcanic and 
 metamorphic rocks susceptible of tlie highest polish ; (4) almost entire 
 absence of clay or of some of the other natural resources for the man- 
 ufacture of fire-proof vessels. 
 
 In the descriptions which follow, frequent allusions will be made to 
 similar shapes in order to guess at the functions of M. Guesde's speci- 
 mens. 
 
 The editor of this monograph sincerely regrets that he has not the 
 specimens before him ; but it was impossible to transport with safety so 
 many valuable objects to Washington, and equally impossible for the 
 editor to make the journey to Guadeloupe. Fortunately, M. Guesde 
 has painted in water colors, with scrupulous care, all of the examples 
 figured, preserving both the color and the size. The omission of the 
 thickness would somewhat mar the description in many cases, were we not 
 familiar with the two typical forms of blades so frequently figured here. 
 
 A few objects not belonging to M. Guesde's cabinet will be introduced 
 to throw light upon his figures and to supply omissions in West Indian 
 archaeology. 
 
 The classification adoi)ted here is for convenience of comparison, and 
 it may be that things with different function will be found side by side. 
 
 The nomenclature of the parts of stone implements is taken from John 
 Evans' classic work, "Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain." An 
 ax when completed consists of haft and blade. The parts of the blade 
 are the head or butt; the neck, or groove; the body, having sides, 
 faces, and edge. When the hafting excavation is not encircling we 
 may have either lateral notches or facial grooves. 
 
 * Among the Indians of Guiana, being sketches chiefly anthropologic, from the in- 
 terior of British Guiaua. By Everard F. im Thurn, M. A. Oxon. With 53 illus- 
 trations. London: Kegan, Paul & Co., 1883. 445, pp., 8vo.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST LNDIES. 733 
 
 The editor cannot conclude this introduction witluiut |)a\inj,f tlio 
 liiuhest tribute of praise to M. Guesde, who lias, at jiieat cost, l)ron;,'lit 
 tojiether so many wonderful si)eciniens of ancient Carib art. 
 
 AS a guide to the understanding of the true size of the specimens by 
 the drawings, a line is placed by the side of each jncture, and upon 
 tlicse lines true inches on the specimens are indicated by <lots. This 
 l)lan is resorted to because by i)hotographic rechictions exact propor- 
 tions are not always observed. Whatever reduction the camera makes 
 upon the drawing it will also make on the accompanying line, and the 
 inch spaces will be reduced accordingly. 
 
 ^I. Guesde gives the following bit of personal history concerning 
 these antiquities (pp. 53-00): 
 
 From my youth I have always been deei)ly impressed with what I 
 have read about the Caribs. The sight of the stone objects wliich once 
 belonged to these primitive inhabitants of the Antilles produced an 
 imlescribable impression on me. 
 
 As years wen(> by the stronger became my desire to collect together 
 all that the soil of Gaudeloupe might contain relating to the Caribs. 
 
 I accordingly went to work in the year 18GG, and after eighteen years 
 of constant research, never allowing myself to be discouraged by any 
 difl&culty, I have the satisfaction of being able to exhibit to ethnolo- 
 gists this collection, which I believe to be more complete than all others 
 now existing, in Paris as well as in America, 
 
 My collection includes roughly-worked stones indicating an industry 
 in its infancj' ; and others, on the contrary, which are brought to such 
 a degree of perfection that it would be difficult to improve on them, 
 either in design or workmanshi]). 
 
 It is necessary to state the fact which permitted John Lubbock to 
 class the aboriginal inhabitants of the American islands among the 
 neolithic peoples; it is because the stone is always i)olished. There 
 is not a single relic formed solely by being chiiiped, for those rare 
 pieces (axes or chisels) which present such an appearance also have the 
 surface very well polished. Besides, these volcanic stones cannot be 
 worked by chii)j)ing, like flint, quartz, or obsidian. 
 
 We come across axes so small that we ask ourselves if they were not 
 used by pygmies, and these alongside of others so large an<l heavy 
 that we dream of Titans, and no longer of men like ourselves. 
 
 In addition to all these relics, which I have gathered from the ground 
 in all parts of the colony, both on the seashore and in the interior, and 
 at altitudes of from 200 to 900 meters, enormous stones covered with 
 strange designs are found, especially in a single quarter of Guadeloupe 
 proper. The dimensions of these stones vary considerably. In some 
 the drawings are so high up that it is diflBcult to reach them; in others 
 they are near the ground or buried under the surface. They are scat- 
 tered without order about the country and in the beds of the rivers. 
 At St, Vincent, also, the last refuge of the Caribs, stones with inscrip- 
 tions on them are found in the beds of rivers.
 
 734 PAPKRS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 It is now very difficult to find wrought stones in the ground. He] 
 and there the plow or the hoe turns up some occasional fragmem 
 These stones lie in fact in the arable layer or stratum, and this has beei 
 80 well worked tffat everything it contained has been brought to light. 
 New clearings alone would favor the collector. In the deep strata 
 would other things belonging to an earlier race be found? In the case 
 of Grande-Terre it would be impOwSsible, for as soon as we have passed 
 the vegetable mold we reach calcareous rocks, IMadreporic formations 
 containing numerous fossil shells and dog-fish, which preclude all idea 
 of the presence of man. It appears to me more probable in the case 
 of Guadeloupe, which is of more ancient formation, and which must at 
 all times have offered more resources to man. 
 
 However large may be the number and variety of the types which T 
 possess, I still consider my work incomplete. 
 
 It constitutes only the prolegomena of what I would wish to accom- 
 l»lish. 
 
 In the presence of this collection, one is led to ask if these wrought 
 stones are the work of the Ygidris or of the Oaribs, or if they would 
 not belong to these two races. We are in almost complete darkness on 
 this point. It is necessary to throw some light on the subject. This 
 could be done only by visiting all the Lesser Antilles, which were al- 
 ready occupied by the Caribs on the arrival of Columbus ; the Greater 
 Antilles, from Porto Rico to Cuba; and Trinidad, which is but a frag- 
 ment recently detached from the continent ; by gathering carefully in 
 each island all the wrought stones which would certainly be found there; 
 by studying with the utmost care the inscribed stones ; by classifying 
 separately the inscriptions and relics according to locality, and finally 
 by comparing the whole together in order to determine the points of 
 relationship 
 
 Having completed this first labor in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, 
 it would be necessary to collect together the relics from the soil of 
 Guiana, and, taking them as types, to compare them with those of each 
 Antille separately. Then only could we come to some conclusion. We 
 would have laid open to us, in fact, the now silent history of these 
 aboriginal inhabitants. 
 
 I have been able to obtain some pieces from Porto Eico, as follows : 
 1st. Celts of all sizes, in general well polished, but some with a fine 
 brilliant glazing. 2d. A mortar representing a bat — a very curious 
 piece which must have required long months of labor. 3d. An idol 
 representing a man lying on his belly, and supporting a mountain on 
 his back. A very remarkable peculiarity is that the legs are bent as 
 if in the act of swimming. I think that this idol is the personification 
 of some marine deity, protector of an island. 4th. An enormous 
 necklace, covered with inscriptions on one of its lower surfaces. This 
 necklace was evidently slung over the shoulder like a hunting-horn. 
 5th. The lower part of another necklace, but without any inscription. 
 6th. A small netting-needle. 7th. Some remains of pottery (heads of
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIK8. 735 
 
 men and monkeys modeled with great boldness, evidently forminj,' cup 
 handles) and the upper rim of a cui) which must have been of j,neat 
 diameter. Some of these fragments of ])ottery still bear traces of a 
 fine red glazing. 
 
 I must acknowledge that during two sojourns at Porto Kico — one of 
 six and the other of two months— 1 never came across an ax. More 
 over there is not a single ax in the sui)erb collection i)resented to the 
 museum at Washington by Mr. G. Latimer, and which is entirely from 
 Porto Kico. The abundance of axes in the Lesser Antilles and their 
 complete absence in Porto Rico would seen? to indicate a difference of 
 race in the inhabitants of these ditterent islands. 
 
 I have been able to obtain five perfect celts and four fragments from 
 Martinique, one single celt — but very remarkable for form and jiolish — 
 from Dominica, two celts and three axes from St. Lucia, and one celt 
 from Santo Domingo (the Hispaniola of Columbus). 
 
 No typical difference can be established between the cults, whether 
 they come from Porto Rico or from Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, 
 and St. Lucia. 
 
 j^ow, since the strata of the Lesser Antilles do not contain the mate- 
 rial used in some of these celts, it is certain that they were not made 
 where they were found. Should we not, therefore, infer from this that 
 they all have the same origin, that they all come from the continent or 
 from the Greater Antilles ? 
 
 I have in my possession a club {baton) from the Galibis of Dutch 
 Guiana. This club has a certain age. The wood, of a red color when 
 freshly cut, has assumed a very deep black hue ; the cotton thread 
 around the handle is very dirtj\ The weapon has seen service. This 
 club is exactly like those used by the Caribs of the islands, and which 
 Father Dutertre has described, but the peculiar part of it, the thing 
 that gives it an enormous interest, is the green celt fixed in its lower 
 extremity. Now, this celt resembles all those which I have found in 
 Guadeloupe and the other islands. Is it of modern manufacture! Is 
 it not rather the work of the first inhabitants of the continent ? Das it 
 not been found in the soil and used by its discoverer? I would decide 
 without hesitation in favor of the latter hypothesis, for it is covered 
 with a patina which only a long continuance in the soil could give it. 
 
 Here is another fact which seems to prove that the Caribs of Colum- 
 bus and of Father Dutertre are the same as those of Guiana. 
 
 The exterior distinguishing color is not always that of the sioiie of 
 which they are made. The color, which is black, red, yellow, brown, 
 or bluish, partakes essentially of that of the soil from which they were 
 taken. Those from Grande-Terre, whose calcareous soil is covered with 
 a tliin layer of black and compact vegetable earth, all have the colors 
 more or less dark — brown, red, black — while those from Guiulcloupe 
 proper, whose soil is covered with a thick layer of more or less ferru- 
 ginous red earth, have the tints lighter. Yellow specimens are numer- 
 ous there. Many of them have preserved their normal tint. These
 
 73G PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 are the oues found near rivers. Continually washed by their waters, 
 they have not acquired the coating of rust with which those buried in 
 the ground are covered. 
 
 So true is the above that every fresh break shows the interior of the 
 stone to be of a different color from the exterior. 
 
 All these rocks are volcanic, and are naturally either black, blue, or 
 green. 
 
 This peculiarity does not generally exist in polished celts. The glaz- 
 ing has unalterably fixed the color of the stone. They have, in conse- 
 quence, remained free from all oxidation, and appear as if just from the 
 hands of the workman. 
 
 Axes. — Axes are more numerous than all the other pieces. That may 
 be easily understood, the ax being of prime utility to man. Some are 
 long and narrow, others short and wide. Some are very flat, others 
 very thick. Some are very small, while others are of enormous size and 
 weight. I have two weighing, respectively, 4 kilograms, 750 grams, 
 and 4 kilograms, 775 grams. Some are of very simple construction, 
 merely the natural stone of appropriate form, which a little working 
 transformed into an instrument; while others, on the contrary, are true 
 masterpieces, which will bear comparison with those found in Denmark 
 only. The latter are very rare. They were evidently used for purposes 
 of parade, for it cannot be allowed that the author of such a work 
 would have exposed it to be broken at the first shock, thus losing the 
 product of the labor of several months, I might even say of several years. 
 
 The ax admits of four distinct parts — the head, the neck, the blade, 
 the cutting edge. 
 
 The head is sometimes round, sometimes flat, sometimes very small, 
 sometimes as large as the blade. Some axes have one or several trans- 
 verse grooves, some have none at all, others a single longitudinal groove. 
 The last are very rare. Pierced axes are very rare. The holes served, 
 if they offer any assistance, to fasten the stone to the handle ; if not, to 
 suspend ornaments. The head played an important part in attaching 
 the ax to the handle, for there can be no doubt that all these axes had 
 handles. The small as well as the large ones were fixed on a wooden 
 handle by means of cords made of cotton or mohot. 
 
 The neck is more or less lengthened. Sometimes it is formed by lat- 
 eral notches only, but generally by a circular depression. 
 
 The blade varies considerably in form, length, and thickness. There 
 is no proportion between it and the other two parts. 
 
 The edge is more or less distinct. In some axes it is so perfect that 
 one would think they had been sharpened the day before. 
 
 I have three double-edged axes— two of moderate size, the other very 
 small. I have four axes of which the head is prolonged into a long 
 tail, and which resemble (one of them especially) that which has been 
 termed Montezuma's ax. I have also a certain number, both small and 
 very large, with a slight but decided protuberance on the lower part of
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 737 
 
 one side of the cuttiog edge, which suggests the idea of <i tool appro- 
 priated to some special purpose. Finally, 1 have some axes with the 
 blade curved like that of a cimeter. These are rare. 
 
 Celts. — Celts vary much in form, size, and color. Some are slender 
 with a sharp point, others are massive with a blunt i)oiiit; some are 
 broad and tlat, others narrow ami deep; some reach enormous ])ropor- 
 tions, while others are very much reduced in size. 
 
 Celts are scarcer than axes in Guadeloupe. Most of them are made 
 of a handsomer, harder material than that used for axes, such as ser- 
 pentine, jade, or jadite. The fine glazing of the stone, also, is found 
 only in celts. I have some, large and small, made of the volcanic stone 
 used ordinarily for axes. These are very well polished, but not glazed. 
 This handsome glazing gives an exalted idea of the industry of these 
 savages, for it could not be done better in our days. 
 
 The Caribs made use of the living forces of nature to fix the celts on 
 the wood. But to introduce a celt into a young tree and let the tree 
 grow till the resistance was sufficient, required many years. 1 believe, 
 therefore, that they rarely had recourse to this process. They evi- 
 dently folloW'Cd the same method employed by the Canaques and other 
 savages of the present century ignorant of the use of metals, whose 
 celts do not differ from those found in our islands. This method con- 
 sisted in fixing the stone by the aid of very fine cords in a socket pre- 
 pared in the wooden handle. 
 
 I must not forget to mention the shell celts. These are not made of 
 living shell, which would not have been hard enough for the purpose, 
 but of fossil shell. They are very rare. They were extracted from the 
 outer edge of the Stromhtis gigas^ very common in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 It is to be supposed that the glazed celts were rather warlike weapons 
 than instruments of labor, for they offer more resistance in proportion 
 to their size, and we know besides that the savages used in war what- 
 ever had most A'alue in their eyes. The very large-sized celts must have 
 served as wedges in splitting trunks of trees. 
 
 Casse-tetes. — The cassetete type is furnished by a stone, either round 
 or with bilateral facets, in the center of which is a more or less deep 
 groove for the wooden handle. One can easily conceive the power of 
 such a weapon wielded by a muscular arm in hand-to-hand combat. 
 
 Some are more perfect in form than others. Every one was free to 
 fashion so important a weapon as best suited him. 
 
 But what astonishes the observer is the small size of one of these 
 relics. Evidently it could have been only an amulet, worn with the 
 idea of preserving its owner from the blows of the weapon it represented. 
 
 Other casse-tetes were used without handles. Only two types figure 
 in my collection. This weapon had not the value of the preceding. 
 
 Pestles, grinders. — Pestles and grinders are of various forms and sizes. 
 My collection includes a certain number of them. 1 possess a single 
 specimen, which was used with both hands. 
 S. iMis. o6 ■17
 
 738 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Mortars.— ^ilortars are not very numerous. This is explained by tlw 
 fact that any hard stone which was flat and smooth would take thei 
 place. The complete mortar could have been only an article of luxui 
 belonjiinj;: to a cacique. 
 
 Shall I designate as mortar that rounded concave stone with regular 
 grooves descending from the central point to the rim ? Although quite 
 hollow on its lower surface, I do not think it could have been anything 
 but the lid of a large vase, grooved or fluted in like manner. In fact 
 this mortar would have had no fixed position. It could not remain 
 stationary in the position necessary to make use of it. Or should we 
 not rather think that the maker of this piece wished to represent a mili- 
 form cactus so common in the Antilles ? And in this case should we not 
 rather class it among the idols? (Fig. 172.) 
 
 Dishes. — There are but two dishes in my collection : 1st. A large one 
 of rude workmanship. The concavity only is polished; the exterior 
 rough and very irregular. 2d. A small one of very remarkable finish. 
 It is in fact very well polished on all its inner and outer surfaces. 
 
 Harpoon. — One single harpoon, slightly broken at the three extremi- 
 ties. The absent parts can, however, easily be restored in following 
 the lines traced on the body of the piece. This instrument is very 
 remarkable. 
 
 Hoolis.—l have two hooks very different in form. Both are a little 
 broken, but easy to reconstruct by following the method indicated 
 above. 
 
 Awls. — Awls are rare. My collection includes only two of them, but 
 I must state that the material employed is harder than that of the 
 ordinary tools and instruments. 
 
 Chisels. — Chisels are numerous and of various forms and sizes. The 
 basil of the cutting-edge is perfect. Some of them are made of the 
 same material used in the fine celts, and, like the latter, have the 
 handsome glazing mentioned above. 
 
 Vases. — I have only two vases. One is of guaiacum. The handle is 
 perfectly isolated from the body of the vase. This piece is of very great 
 interest. As the guaiacum is incorruptible, we need not be surprised 
 that it has come down to us. It was found at Bertram Creek, the last 
 quarter of Guadeloupe inhabited by the Caribs. Its edges are worn 
 and hacked, and bear evidence of having been a long time in the earth. 
 I have seen a small tortoise of the same wood found in a cave at St. 
 Vincent. 
 
 The other in my possession is of stone. It is an astonishing piece 
 from its general regularity and its contour. 
 
 Shall I class among the vases that small cup with a rather long' 
 spout? It rather resembles a spoon, and I think that it might be des- 
 ignated as such, taking into consideration the break, which leads us to 
 suppose that a prolongation forming a handle formerly existed.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 739 
 
 yetting -needles. — There is one small netting-ueedle, very well luaUe 
 md very regular, which evidently seived to net cotton, and two other 
 arger, more massive ones, which served to prepare cords. 
 
 Idols. — The idols are six in number. 
 
 1st. One representing a man extended on his back, the legs bent 
 iiuler him, the arms applied to the chest, the head covered with a cap, 
 the sexual organs very conspicuous. It is well finished and must have 
 cost years of diligent labor. (Fig. 200). 
 
 2d. One representing a man on one face and a monkey on the other, 
 is very interesting (Fig. 210). It was found at Matouba. The work 
 on this statuette is rude. The hand that made it was wanting in skill. 
 But what shall we say of the genius which inspired this combination of 
 man and monkey! Should we not consider Darwin only a plagiarist! 
 
 3d. Another found in Guadeloupe, of the same type as that from 
 Porto Rico, but much larger and so rough that it cannot be determined 
 what it represents. The under surface is slightly concave. 
 
 4th. A small granite pyramid, with three grooves or furrows on its 
 lower part. It was found on the island of D^sirade. 
 
 oth. A head with two faces surmounted by a Phrygian cap. This 
 head was to be fixed on another stone or a piece of wood forming the 
 body of the idol, for it is much too heavy to admit of the supposition 
 that it was carried in the hand. I have vainly searched for this com- 
 plemental lower portion at the place where I found the head. 
 
 With this last idol we must place an ax and one other piece, both 
 having lines identical with those of the idol head. I think they repre- 
 sent faces. 
 
 Amulets. — The principal amulet is of carbonate of lime in bladed 
 crystallization. It represents a maboya (evil spirit) with bended arms 
 and legs, and the virile organ in a state of action. The shoulders are 
 pierced posteriorly to allow of the suspension of the amulet. The 
 other amulets are medallions of different sizes, more or less round, all 
 pierced with a small hole to admit of suspension. I have a single 
 small crescent of stone, an evident representation of the caracoli of 
 metal. This crescent must have been set in wood, unless it was pro- 
 vided with a cotton string terminating at each extremity in a small 
 cord for suspension. 
 
 Disks or quoits. — I have six disks, large and small. One especially 
 is a very remarkable piece of work. There is no doubt about the 
 determination of these relics. The Caribs played quoits. 
 
 Edicule. — A small monument having handles on each side, on top of 
 the handles a platform disappearing under a vault. There is a hole in 
 the middle, presumably the place for an idol. This relic is very curious, 
 and reminds one of the Mexican teocalli. (Fig. 194). 
 
 Chisels of shell. — Besides the various stone tools, my collection in- 
 cludes a series of very fine chisels extracted from the outer edge of the
 
 740 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 ( 
 
 Strnmhtis (jigns. This i)art of the shell is very thick and harder than 
 stone. It is certain that the Caribs did not use the living Strombns, 
 but \rere careful to take the fossil Strombi, which had in time acquired 
 the hardness of ivory. 
 
 Sto7U' for making axes. — I have in my possession a very interesting 
 stone, which has inscribed on it the use for which it was intended. It 
 has concavities on three of its surfaces. It is evidently a kind of 
 grind-stone, on which stones were rubbed in order to shape them. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have had the good fortune to discover in 
 Graude-terre, in a piece of ground which had not been plowed for 60 
 or SO years, two tools of flaked tlint— a knife and hacking-knife. This 
 discovery somewhat modifies the theory held to this day by writers on 
 America that faked Jimt does not exist iu the Antilles. 
 
 It is very evident however that these two flints were not dug from 
 the soil of the island and then flaked by their possessor, for this stone 
 does not exist in Grande-terre or Guadeloupe in a state of nature. 
 
 These two Jiaked flints establish, in an irrefutable manner, the fact 
 of a migration of men from the valleys of the Orinoco towards the 
 islands. 
 
 I. UNPOLISHED IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 These do not form a class apart, but they are exceedingly useful as 
 showing the method of blocking out the more elaborate implements, 
 when nature has not supplied a polished pebble sufficiently near to the 
 desired pattern. The three methods of chipping, j)icking, and grinding 
 are all outlined in this group (Figs. 1-8). 
 
 ..,..iv;i" ' - ' *■'*-.. 
 
 
 %.-^ p " ' ' % 
 
 ^^ -'3 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 1. An uusyinmetrical, rude blade, of mottled brown and gray 
 color. The surfaces are nearly as they were left by the removal of great 
 spalls; but the edge is ground, and has that peculiar slope belougini: 
 to old axes battered on the corner away from the workman. There i.^ 
 as yet no indication of groove or haft notches, and, therefore, if the
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTlQriTIES I\ WKST INDIES. 741 
 
 >]K'cimen was used with a liandle, tlu' blade iimst liaxc 'm-cii inscitrd or 
 laslied (see Fig. 14). 
 
 Length, 4i% inches; greatest width, 3 inches. 
 
 Fig. 2. A rudely-chipped blade of black cohir. Tin- outlim- is ln-jl- 
 shaped, and with sullicient giiiiding and polish in.:;- would rcsciiibic sonic 
 of the more beautiful objects in the collection (see Fig. Go ami others). 
 
 ,..„.;.>r*<r'«' 
 
 ;: . 
 
 ■J\i^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■«'- 
 
 
 V 
 
 '.\- ■ 
 
 
 ■V-' ■- ■ 
 
 
 '■'i<-^' >■ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -■■■■■-■/■ vv-v./;.::^^::};,w^v^,r^ 
 :.:/ '-■'■■-::■-- '■:;^':..;:^--,--. ■..:,;::;,/v:| 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The implement has already a pleasing outline, and the form re-api)ears 
 in Costa Eica and Chiriqui, where great numbers of celts of this shape, 
 but smaller, were recovered. 
 Length, 5^ inches ; width, 3j% inches. 
 
 >-y^* 
 
 .^^-. ., 
 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 3. A chipped blade of veiy light brown surface, subtriangular 
 in outline. Much of the surface is untouched, and there is just enough 
 of lateral notching, &c., to show that the great variety of form in such 
 implements after they are finished is partly due to nature and ]>artly 
 to the workman's desire to ])roduce a certain kiiul of imi)lenuMit. It is
 
 742 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 very iiiucli like our liiiiulwritino-; we try to imitate certain copies, but 
 we only preserve the type while we stamp our own individualities ujjon 
 them. All sorts of pebbles lie at the hand of the savage mechanic, 
 none of them jnst what he wants. He selects the best and founds a 
 new type for the learned archiieologists. A collection of pebbles from 
 the West Indies would be very instructive in showing just how far 
 nature had been the draughtsman and the teacher of the aboriginal 
 artisan. This implement, though rude, shows much use, and rather 
 hints that fine polish is evidence of age and much use in many cases. 
 Length, S-j^ inches ; greatest width, 3fo inches. 
 
 ^t&:. 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 Fig. 4. A coarsely-chipped blade of purplish-brown surface. The 
 spalls have been taken off with great boldness from the faces and the 
 groove. The specimen is so broken at the edge as to make it uncertain 
 whether it has been used at all. 
 
 Length, 1-^ inches ; width, 4 inches. 
 
 "^1??w 
 
 ,^^.:^r^^^^: ' .^W^ 
 
 „-=»f5 
 
 _ , , -iv^;"^ 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Fig. 5. A chipped blade of beautiful orange-brown surface, which has i- 
 been much modified by grinding. In type it belongs to a low order of 1 
 axes, having only lateral notches. On the faces are very slight haft
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIgUlTIES IN Wi;sr LNKIKS. 743 
 
 liivities, sliowing- plainly tlie peckin*;. Flint iniplciiu-nts with siiiuoth 
 ed.iies and partially ground sides are (piitc nunicrons in I'nropcan eol- 
 Uetious, leading to the conviction tliat ])()lislu'd celts are of two kinds 
 those polished at once and those polished l»y years of grindinJ,^ 
 Length, 7^ inches; width, i-jV inches. 
 
 -if' 
 
 ^^^Ik'. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 6. A chipped blade of slate-brown color. The shape is that of 
 the typical hoe, the sides being rather incurved than decidedly notched. 
 The surfaces are much worn and the edge ground away unevenly, fur- 
 nishing another example similar to those of England and the Continent, 
 above noticed, made of flint. It is in many cases <lifficult to decide how 
 much the change of surface is due to use and how much is due to 
 weathering. 
 
 Length, T-^^ inches ; width, 4^ inches. 
 
 /-y: 
 
 \»,% 
 
 .d^* , ?i '•■'." ;»J 
 
 f 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 7. A chipped blade of light-brown color. The form decidedly 
 resembles that of the chipped hoe occurring in many i)artsof the rnitcd
 
 744 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. | 
 
 States. By this it is not meant that the maker of the implement was an 
 afrricnlturist. There are slight indentations at the sides for hafting, and 
 the ed"-e is slightly worn off on what we may be allowed to call the out- 
 side. 
 
 Length, G-^o inches ; width, 4-i% inches. 
 
 Fig. 8. A chipped blade of brown color on the weathered portions. 
 There can be no question, from the general outline of this rude speci- 
 men that we have here blocked out, what was designed to be a finished 
 
 
 
 ^"^i^i. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 blade with small butt (Figs. 193, 191). The edge chippiugs exhibiting the 
 natural black color of the stone, seem to be much more recent than the 
 rest, and may have resulted from accidental breakage. 
 Length, iuches ; greatest width, Sj^o* 
 
 II. POLISHED BLADES WITHOUT HAFT-GEOOVES. 
 
 The typical "celt" of the West Indies is the almond-shajjed variety, 
 called " petaloid " by Mr. im Thurn, so distinctly recognizable that 
 John Evans receives an alleged Scottish specimen of the same shape 
 with suspicion. But this petaloid or almond variety runs into other 
 forms, notably what we might call the Papuan type. The petaloid 
 type was doubtless inserted or " perserted " ; but the flatter Papuan 
 form was always inserted, and served with sennit or other twine. The 
 hafts also were of different shapes; that of the former was straight, 
 that of the latter lambdoidal. In certain portions of the Antilles the 
 greatest abundance of shell chisels are found, and it would not be mar- 
 velous to discover in stone implements a close resemblance to some of 
 these. 
 
 When we remember that we are speaking of a maritime people who 
 had the greatest abundance of ship timber at hand and leisure to work 
 it, and that they had the very best volcanic rocks to convert into imple- 
 ments, we have only to turn either to New Guinea or Queen Charlotte
 
 t 
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF AXTIQUITIES IN \\i;sr INDlKs T-l. 
 
 slands to reconstruct in part the lost social fabric of lliost> who usetl M. 
 Guesde's stoue adze blades. 
 
 The Caribs had two kinds of boats — a very large canonia ami a small 
 couliala. both dug out of a single trunk. The former attained a h'ngth 
 of 40 feet and ^^ere 7 or 8 feet wide. They couhl carry lilty persons 
 with arms and baggage, and were worked with oars and sails. The 
 coulialas were not more than 20 feet long and 3 or 4 wide ; they were 
 propelled with paddles. The Indians of the Nt)rthwest Coast have the 
 same distinction of dug-outs. In the National ^lusenm at Washington 
 _may be seen both the immense family boat, over GO feet long, and the 
 smaller, more shapely whaleboat, about 12 feet long, from the same 
 people, carved from the Thuja gigantea. 
 
 FUi. 9. 
 
 Fig. 9. A. celt or blade of the simplest form, and dark brown in 
 color. In this specimen we have an example of economy in working. 
 Just as the ancient flint-workers of France began their celts by grind- 
 
 Fie. 10. 
 
 >jt1' 
 
 m- 
 
 '^'^^^^^'^^^^^Sl^&mm^^., 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 ing down the edge of a chipped core; so the ancient West Indian levied 
 upon 2^ature for all the work he could extort from her, and was more 
 fortunate than his brethren of France, for Nature did his polishing for
 
 746 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 him. There woiiUl seem to be two edges to this specimen, but the] 
 smaller one is si little modilied from the natural shape. 
 
 Length, 7^ inches; width, 2 inches. 
 
 Figs. 10 and 11. Two blades or celts of brown surface and highly 
 l)olished. These objects should certainly be called chisels if any are to 
 receive that name. Figure 10 has sloping sides, while in Fig. 11 they 
 are almost parallel. The outline of each is perfectly symmetrical and 
 the edges so neatly bevelled as almost to create a suspicion of their sav- 
 af'e origin. These specimens would be considered unique in any area of 
 lithic culture, and certainly the West Indies have produced no others 
 similar. (See Timehri i, p. 265, 1-7.) 
 
 Length of 10, 6^%- inches ; of 11, 5^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Fig. 12. Polished blade from Few Caledonia. The material is of a 
 clear green color resembling jade. Professor Baird has given the name 
 jadoid to this whole class of minerals so well known to archaeologists. 
 This shape is well known throughout: the Papuan area, most of the 
 blades being mounted in curiously-wrought lambdoidal handles, very 
 thin and wide above and at the blade. The wonder is how such tools 
 could have been used with any effect (see Fig. 14). 
 
 Length, o-^\ inches ; width, 3 inches. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Fig. 13. Polished blade from Is^ew Caledonia, of light-mottled green 
 color. It resembles Fig. 12 in general appearance, but the edge has 
 been much used, indicated clearly by the battering on the outer side. 
 
 Length, 7^% inches ; width, 3-^^ inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 747 
 
 Fig. U. Hatted blade from New Guinea, of dark-ijreeii colored 
 material, probably serpentine. The lambdoidal haft and the serving are 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 shown, but M. Guesde's figure conveys too much the idea of an adze. 
 The plane of the blade splits the haft, is not perpendicular to the i)lane 
 of the haft. 
 Length of shank and blade, 12^ inches; width of blade, 3 inches. 
 
 Fig 15. 
 
 Fig. 15. A beautifully polished blade of hard, black colored material. 
 This specimen is remarkable for its curved butt, straight si(h's. llattened
 
 748 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 faces, and line edj^e. The elongated hexagon in section is not uncom- 
 mon in the West Indies, and occurs very frequently in Costa Rica. The 
 bent bntt of the blade is a very common feature in shell blades. Per- 
 haps the only truth about the shape is that the savage found it so and 
 let it stay. 
 Length, 4^- inches; greatest width, IjV inches. 
 
 in. FACES CONTINUOUS, SIDES INCURVED OR NOTCHED. 
 
 The next type which is to be considered is that in which the faces are 
 continuous from the edge to the opposite extremity, but the sides, near 
 the l)utt, have been modified in various ways, apparently to aid in haft- 
 iug. The butt, or head, also passes through a variety of modifications, 
 almost as numerous as the proximal end of leaves. Such implements or 
 forms have a certain number of possibilities. They may have been fell- 
 ing axes, hoes, adzes, battle-axes, ceremonial axes, or simply works of 
 art. That is to say, similar objects have been found performing these 
 functions in dift'erent parts of the world. Keverting to our typical areas 
 we are at a loss to proceed. The Hi'ida do not use implements of these 
 shapes; the Mound Builders did, however, and many of this class can be 
 duplicated in our collections. 
 
 '^ 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 Fig. 16. A long, slender blade, of blackish-brown color. The butt is 
 irregularly curved, and rimmed or hollowed at the notches. The haft- 
 ing space is hardly to be called a notch, passing imperceptibly into the 
 sides below. The latter are not alike and the edge has been recently 
 broken. A natural seam mars the surface from top to bottom. 
 
 Length, Hi iu(;hes ; greatest width, 4^. inches. 
 
 Fig. 17. A rude blade, of very dark-colored material that has weath- 
 ered to a creamy yellow on the exposed surfaces. The butt is rough 
 and truncated. The hafting spaces have different curves and widens 
 sharply to the sides of the specimen ; the latter pass insensibly into the 
 edge. In Mr. E. F. im Thurn's Timehri Plate viii, Fig. 6, is a similar 
 lingulate form, where the sides continue to the truncated butt, and the
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTlgl'lTlKs IN wi.si I.NDIKS. 749 
 
 little notches for liaftii)g are only abont onc-l'ourtli (>t;m inch wiilc :iinl 
 deep, and are sqnarely cut in. 
 Lengthy 7 inches; greatest width, 4yV inches; notcli. ;i inches wide. 
 
 " "grrr ^ iv 
 
 '•''^. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 ^^^'^^..^^. 
 
 .^' 
 
 . ^^' 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 "Tf-*"-* 
 
 '•»fv 
 
 r^^. 
 
 ■>-v. 
 
 ^-•h, 
 
 i- 
 
 v.. 
 
 ^^'atij,^ 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 lA' 
 
 y 
 
 .^' 
 
 Fig. 18. A rude, massive blade of bright brown c(»lor. The butt is 
 triangular in outline. The attachment of tlic liiiiidlc was scciircil by
 
 750 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 concavities at the sides and a very slight pecking on the faces. The, 
 edge is niiicli broken, and hirge fractures on the sides, as well as the! 
 weathering, give to the implement the appearance of great age. This! 
 form is very common throughout the United States, especially in those 
 areas where the aborigines were agriculturists. 
 Length, lOJ inches ; width, 6^ inches. 
 Fig. 19. A massive blade of orange-brown patina. In general appear- 
 ance the specimen resembles Fig. 18, but the polish is finer and the butt 
 more acute, the unlikeness of the two lateral hafting spaces being 
 very notable. The edge has been broken and ground again. 
 
 Length, 11.^ inches; greatest width, 5^ inches; the edge could not 
 have been more than 4 inches. 
 
 Fig. 20. An elongated ellipsoi- 
 dal blade of light-brown color. 
 ^ . a' ^'^ The butt is gracefully rounded 
 
 ^ and rimmed or bent down over 
 f "S thenotcheslike therimof apot. 
 
 ', The latter notches pass insensi- 
 * bly into the unsymmetrical 
 sides. 
 ««!.-!»-"->•' Length, 5 inches; width, 2-^^ 
 
 inches. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fu,. 2U. 
 
 h 
 
 '^. 
 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 Fig. 21. An enormous blade of cafe au lait color, not only the largest 
 in ^l. Guesde's collection, but no other has been reported from this area 
 that approaches it in size. The attractiveness of the specimen is equal 
 to its size. The butt, concavities, sides, and edge form one unbroken 
 curve. A slight bulging on the lower side and the worn appearance
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTU^HITIKS IN WKST l.NniKS 7.")1 
 
 of the edge on the same side lead to the siispieioii that l>la»l«'s di" tliis 
 type were made with iuner and outer sides. 
 Length, 12^ inches; greatest width, 7',' iiiclii's. 
 
 ^<Sf 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 Fig. '22. Fig. r.i. 
 
 Fig. 22. A meri shaped l)lade of shite-brown color. The interesting 
 feature about the specimen is that the sides and butt are squared even 
 more than is shown bj' the drawing. 
 
 Length, 4/0 inches ; width of blade, 3i inches. 
 
 Fig. 23. A thin, tlat blade of mottled-blue and cream-colored marble. 
 In type it is similar to several in Sir Thomas Graham Briggs' collection 
 from St. Vincent and Antigua {Timehri, 11, 203; in, 111). ^I. (lue.sde 
 says that identical forms have been found in Dutch Guiana. Mr. im 
 Thurn believes this form to have been used like a hoe or adze rather 
 than as an ax. The side notches relegate the specimen to the hoe class. 
 Especial attention is here called to the slight offset on the left of tlic 
 butt and the beaked form of the right. Both of these features will 
 
 '"^,. 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^^i^^'" '"•" 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 appear again in many forms much more elaborated. This specimen was 
 found in St. Anne. 
 
 Length, Tfo inches; greatest width, Ofy inches.
 
 752 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 i^H- 
 
 
 -:;'S; 
 
 
 /•f-Vf, 
 
 •tx 
 
 
 ■i'lisy 
 
 
 Fl«. 25. 
 
 ".iv. 
 
 
 
 '% 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 Fig. 26.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQl'ITIKS l.\ WKST INDIES. 753 
 
 Fiji'. 24. A bell-shaped blade of brown ]>atin:i and rlon^^atcd Itndy. It 
 is difficult to conjecture how such a blade ctmld be Jasteued in a haft. 
 There are found in the Antilles frequently implements for Rmo^)thin^', 
 sliai)ed like this si)ecinien inverted. Tliis foiin witli tln' cd-i' at tin*, 
 small end is uni(ine. 
 
 Lenj^th, 5-i*„ inches ; width of blade, 2-^%- inches. 
 
 F\^. 25. A very plain blade, of lijiht-brown color, it is rn(h' and 
 iriegular in outline, and shows considerable age. This type, howrvrr, 
 is well preserved, one continuous line bouudiugr the specimen fium one 
 extremity of the butt to the other. 
 
 Len<2^th, o^-q- inches; width, 4j'\, inches. 
 
 Fig. 2G. A blade of very light color, but of better finish than the 
 preceding. The butt is well curved, and the rest of the outline forms 
 a coutinuous curve. It is very interesting to observe the multitude of 
 forms in which a continuous curve bounds the implement below the 
 butt. 
 
 Length, 5^ inches; width, 5-^ inches. 
 
 ^,5?«5^H^!SE?S5<V..H^,.. 
 
 X. 
 
 vt»^ 
 
 '^'-' 
 
 K 
 k 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fir:. 27. 
 
 Fig. 27. A square-edged blade of very dark patina. If one were allowed 
 to use the term ax for West Indian stone implements, thisexample should 
 be called a broad-ax. The characteristic features are the convex butt, 
 the deep antero-posterior notches, the very slight swelling ov<'r Ihe 
 notch on the faces, not always shown in the drawing, the dissimilar 
 sides — the one convex, the other straight — and the squared and bevi-k-d 
 edge. The difference of sides again points to the conclusion that these 
 savages had begun to have a front and rear to their axes. 
 
 Length, o^ inches; width, 4^o inches. 
 S. ]\Iis. 33 48
 
 754 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fi«. -^- A large, broad blade, of blackish-brown color, and in contour 
 resembling a wide-mouthed jar. At the butt the upper line is a long 
 curve and the beaks quite slender. The lateral notches are tolerably 
 
 I 
 
 k: 
 
 .r^^-li 
 
 #■ 
 
 ^'^t' 
 
 y^,. 
 
 B 
 
 
 '4'^ 
 'fi \ 
 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 "^^ 
 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 /Vv 
 
 symmetrical, their lines passing gracefully into the sides. The edge is 
 squared, but broken on the right corner and reground. 
 
 Length, 8^ inches; width of body, 6^ inches; of neck, 3 inches; of 
 butt, 5 inches.
 
 I 
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIKS IN WKM INKIKS. 7r>5 
 
 Fig. 29. A pear-shaped blade of very dark material and i'x<iiii.site 
 polish. Especial attention is called to the l()nj,'itu(linal i^Toovt- at tlir 
 butt, the length of the beaks, the unequal notches, the asyninu;tr.v of 
 the sides, and the obliquity of the edg:e. I'roni Maric-dulantc. 
 
 Length, 8^ inches; greatest width,."),',, inclics; width of neck, L'.^.v 
 inches. 
 
 Fig. 30. A broadly-spatulate bhide, nearly black. It is tolnal.lv 
 symmetrical until the sides nu-rge into the edge. On the nppcr margin 
 are seven scallops, the same feature occurring in aiu)ther type. M. 
 Guesde thinks the scallops were useful in lashing. 
 
 Length, 7^ inches; greatest width, 5/„- inches. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Fig. 32 
 
 Fig. 31. A hoe-shaped blade, of the double-beaked variety and light, 
 marble color. The beaks are reduced to the simplest form and divided 
 by an emargiuate curve. The lateral notches are not separatetl from the 
 other parts, their lines being continuous from beak to beak. The highly 
 polished and finished condition of this specimen separate it from the 
 agricultural class, although its shape is that of the plantation hoe. A 
 similar, but clumsier, butt is seen in im Thurn's volume (Timehri iii, 
 Plate vii, Fig. 2). His blade, also, is nearly rectangular. 
 
 Width, 3^ inches ; width of neck, l^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 32. A massive blade of mottled yellow and brown color. Tlie butt 
 is very gracefully rounded and rendered beak-like by a notch or chamfer 
 on each side. This feature of the beak and crest should be especially 
 noticed, because it will have a higher evolution further on. The original 
 curves of the hafting-space are unequal and terminate abruptly at the
 
 756 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 sides, Avhich are tolerably straight. They are also of unequal length, 
 and the edge has the customary appearance of one sidedness. 
 Length, S/o inches ; greatest width, (K^ inches ; shank, 3-^0 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 ,?f^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 '4 
 
 
 ■■'Z "♦ * 
 
 '-rf 
 
 -1 
 
 . - "* ''■'.';*? V-:.-, .-,,.«&-.-.^"^k""'' 
 
 yiG. 33. Fig. 34. 
 
 Fig. 33. A massive blade of yellowish-brown color, belonging to the 
 two-beaked variety. The butt is narrow and deeply scalloped ; possibly 
 it was formerly mucronate at the apex and had a double countersunk 
 jierforation. The beaks are mere bosses or projections. The concavi- 
 ties of the haft-space are very unequal, preparing us for the type further 
 on characterized as the bill-hook (Figs. 77-83). The edge is correspond 
 ingly modified. 
 
 Length 10"i^o- inches ; width 5^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 34. A finely-polished, massive blade of dark, slate-brown color. 
 It is of the two-beaked type, but severely plain and symmetrical. The 
 butt is squarely truncated, and the beaks are without flutings of any 
 kind. There is a double countersunk perforation midway between the 
 beaks. No depressions are made for hafting, the lower part being 
 shaped like a tunic. Mr. im Thurn (Timehri, i, 263, Fig. 1), an interme- 
 diate form between this and the next example. The crests are made 
 distinct by a median square notch, and there is just the least attempt to 
 produce the long, trapezoidal neck of our next figure. The most re- 
 markable feature about im Thurn's specimen is the engraving on the 
 face of a lozenge, having lunate figures above and on either side. Sim-
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST IM.ll. 
 
 (•M 
 
 ilar implements are reported to be in tlic lilackmon- .Museum, ».im' rn.iu 
 Guiana. 
 Length, lO-i^o inches; width, o^^ inches. 
 
 
 f 
 
 mi. 
 
 ?■•■.■"■•• .'•■ I 
 
 ^^iii;.:. :..sP-^ '"'% 
 
 Fig. ;W. 
 
 Fig. 35. A very symmetrical blade, of puri»lish-bhick jiatina. The 
 butt, though very plain, belongs to the double-beaked variety, and has 
 a long, shallow chamfer on the top. A slight swelling on the sides of 
 the butt relegates this specimen to the rimmed class. It is retained 
 here, however, as a connecting link to more elaborate forms. The haft- 
 ing space or neck is long, tapering, and shouldered at the sides. The 
 sides also taper outward and the edge is unsymmetrical. The surface 
 of this example is pecked, and it is quite possible that it is a " double- 
 eagle" blade unfinished. 
 
 Length, 7^ inches ; width of edge, 3-^^ inches ; of haft-space, 1^^. 
 inches. 
 
 Fig 36. A finely-polished blade, of brown color. The general outline is 
 that of ashouldered hoe-blade. The edge is quite regular, the tapering 
 sides nearly alike, the neck symmetrical, and the faces continuous nearly 
 to the perforation. The butt is flared out at the sides like a cruteli, the 
 concave of which is occupied by a narrow, i)erforated ridge, ^^'itll this 
 should be compared a specimen from St. Vincent (Timehri, Vol. I, p. 
 264, Fig. 3). The latter is more ornamented on the upper border, l>Mt
 
 758 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 tlio l)(Mly falls far below that of M. Guesde's specimen. A splendid ex- 
 ample from St. Lucia is also in the collection of Mr. Cropper. (Timehri 
 I, 263, tig. 2.) 
 Length, 7^ inches ; greatest width, 4 inches. 
 
 <f"o 
 
 '%■ 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 nj *• 
 
 oil 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 **-i 
 
 
 
 
 ?r»V 
 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 / ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 * i 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Fig. 37. This beautiful blade, up to whose form the last few specimens 
 have been leading us, is of a dark-green color, and presents some inter- 
 esting characteristics. The butt resembles two eagle heads facing 
 outward. The long haftspace or neck widens gracefully outward to 
 where it is joined to the sides by abrupt shoulders. The faces are 
 highly polished and continuous over the entire specimen. The lower 
 side of the edge has been broken and reground. 
 
 Length, d^g inches ; greatest width of blade, 4^ inches j greatest 
 width of haft-space, 2-j^ inches. 
 
 im 
 
 
 .^-^/■^> 
 
 «^. ' ■. ^«j>'"*?a?;.'*';>y/?i7.'iv.-',''j.v'' 
 
 
 "•^Ji^tiiii^' ' 
 
 Fig. 38.
 
 I 
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF AN'JH,>riTIKS IN WKM INDIKS. 759 
 
 Fig. 38. A massive aud graceful blade of dark sooty-brown patina, 
 tis iu perfect preservation, highly polished, and almost jierfeetly syni- 
 metrical. The butt has the double eagle head, the crests forming a 
 gradiued depression in the center. The haft-si)ace or neck has in-arly 
 parallel sides, connected with the body by shouhlers. The sides spread 
 rapidly outward to meet the broad, finely curved edge. 
 
 Length, 1 l-f^ inches ; width of edge, 1-^%- inches ; top of blade, i luiihcs ; 
 width of shank, 3 inches ; w idth of butt, 5-/^ inches. 
 
 -^'^- ^^^^^^?jC?^ -"^•'''- ■^' '•'''~^'*^'. '% 
 
 
 
 ^•^■'^i 
 
 Ipil^igl 
 
 
 ^ti?' 
 
 Flc. :i9. 
 
 Fig. 39. An elaborate blade of deej) brown color. This specimen 
 really belongs to three of our classes. The butt is two-beaked and ])er- 
 forated, the beaks with long, prominent crests, (Fig. 38). There is no 
 wide extension of these beaks, however, and the long, tapering haft- 
 space or neck is abruptlj' shouldered. The body is of the meat-chopper 
 form to be seen further on (Figs. 116-118). Its upper side has the coun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 40.
 
 7C0 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 tersiink perforation to be observed on several specimeus in this collec- 
 tion. 
 
 Length, G^ inches ; width, 4i inches. 
 
 Fig. 40. A double-edged blade of rich brown color. The butt is large 
 and irregularly rounded. The lateral notches are deep aud long, giving 
 to the object the contour of a shoe-sole. The curved sides approach each 
 other, reducing the edge to a very narrow line. The faces, indeed, are 
 continuous, but this is the only mark in common with its predecessors. 
 The following examples in this section will all exhibit striking individ- 
 ualities. 
 
 Length, 6fo inches ; greatest width, 3 inches ; width of neck, 1^ inches. 
 
 V-?':."!:^:V!iS^:-5!5^?S^/^^?*KVi'^/7j.. 
 
 m- 
 
 •J:i^' 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 Fig. 41. A long aud slender blade, of light brown color. Indeed, we 
 have here something like a true northwest coast adze. The butt is 
 wedge-shaped. The hafting space consists of a shallow notch on either 
 side and a groove along one side. The faces are flatfish and, the sides 
 are so inclined as to give a slight curve to the whole blade. 
 
 Length, 6^ inches ; width, 1^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 42. A blade of reddish brown color. It is long, narrow, hollowed 
 on one side, and slightly notched on the other. It resembles Fig. 41, but 
 it is more graceful and brighter colored. 
 
 Length, 6^0 inches ; width, 1-j^ inches ; notch, 1^ inches from the top. 
 
 Fig. 43. A two-edged blade, of dark brown color. This object needs 
 only a pierced cylindrical short axis to bring it into formal relationship 
 with the North American ceremonial tomahawks. 
 
 Length, 2 ^ inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES 1\ WEST INDIES. 7G1 
 
 Fig. 44. An unique blade, of dark biowii color. This spcciiiKMi is 
 noticeable for its very long butt and short bhub', the fonin'r \K-iuii twice 
 the latter. The surface is also quite rough, the result of pcckiii"- a 
 kind of mauipulatiou very rare in ^[.Guesde's edged specimens. 
 
 Length, 3^^ inches; width of edge, 1 1^„ inches. 
 
 
 Wi^iy^W'' 
 
 
 '^!^^|^S^ 
 
 '^■iiMl'i^^'''""^ 
 
 
 Fig. 4:{. 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^^0^"^^ 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Ki( 
 
 Fig. 45. In this specimen we are getting farther from the preceding 
 examples, the common bond being a continuous surface. This lilade 
 is black and presents three edges of different form. The lower resembles 
 that of an axe, the two upper ones are different from the lower and from 
 each other. It would not be difficult to lash this blade to a handle, but 
 the form is very rare. 
 
 Length, 4^^ inches ; greatest width, 3^ inches.
 
 762 I'AI'KRS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fijr. -l^. A curiously formed blade of dark color, and biglily polished. 
 It is not altogether unlike Fig. 45, the chief peculiarity being tlie pro- 
 jection upon the upper side. This characteristic does not appear on any 
 other specimen in the collection. 
 
 Length, Un; inches; greatest width, S^V inches. 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 Fig. 4fi, 
 
 Fig. 47. A three-edged blade, of very dark color and veined with 
 white. It resembles Fig. 45, but the workmanship is far superior. The 
 faces and sides are quite flat, giving a rectangular section. One feature 
 is to be remarked, not only here but further on. It is the decided turn 
 of the edge to the bottom, making a pyriform curve. 
 
 Length, 8i inches; greatest width, 4-1^0 iuches. 
 
 SS*J»M!V-J*?^^TW^^je:-.^^.^ , 
 
 Fio. 47. 
 IV. BUTT DISTINCT, FACES NOT CONTINUOUS. 
 
 The next form of blade to be considered is that in which the butt or 
 head is distinct. This implies a more definite hafting-space, an encir- 
 cling groove or neck of some kind rather than autero-posterior notches 
 or concavities. It will be seen by running along the members of this 
 section that there are gradations of form, and that this idea of a sepa- 
 rate butt is not co-ordinated with any especial kind of haft-space, sides, 
 faces, or edge. Commencing with the simplest type of ax, we pass
 
 I 
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQl'ITI Ks |\ \\ i.sT IMUKS. 7(i:i 
 
 "rough one series of forms to tlie frraceliil patn-putii: tlnoii;;!, anotlicr. 
 houklered variety, to the chopper-kiiife ijatrcrn. 
 
 It must be repeated that uo such desij^us of classiluMiion an' Immv 
 ,ttributed to the ancient Antillians, Tliey may or may not havr Im-.h 
 lorainated by them. We are only hmkinj; at three forces componiKliii;,' 
 ind resolving to bring about a great variety of results, accoi.ling to 
 he influence of each in any example. These forces an* the natiirr ami 
 mginal form of the pebble, the tyi)e-form into whose nt'ighborlio(Ml tin- 
 irtist aimed to come, and that sense and pride of achievement which 
 •ules in the savage and civilized bosom alike. 
 
 , ii 
 
 Fig. 48. KiG. 49. 
 
 Fig. 48. An asymmetrical tongue-shaped blade of yray-brown color. 
 The butt is nearly flat. The groove is very shallow on the faces and 
 deeper on the sides. The latter are not curved alike, a feature rpiite 
 common in these West Indian specimens. From Canoe. 
 
 Length, i-i-g inches; width, 2-fu inches. 
 
 Fig. 49. A very common type, of chocolate-brown i)atina. The butt 
 is quite flat and bounded by a sharp rim. The haft-space or neck has no 
 boundary below, and the sides are continuous with the edge. These fea- 
 
 5 
 -3 
 
 ^'i ^ 
 
 •;w»->i,f,x.-v».'' 
 
 tt?>- 
 
 Fig. 50.
 
 764 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 tures, with greater or less rudeness, are characteristic of the class now 
 under consideration. From Abyiues. 
 
 Length, 4 inches; width of neck, 1^^ inches; of blade, 8^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 50. A very unsym metrical meri-shaped blade of seal-brown color. 
 The butt is conoid, with irregular base, and overhangs like a cham- 
 pignon. The pyriform outline, to be subsequently considered, is quite 
 marked in this specimen. The edge is oblique and very irregular. 
 
 Length, 7i inches; greatest width, 3}^ inches; least width, -^ inch. 
 
 Fig. 51. An unique blade, semi-ovoid in shape, made of smooth ma- 
 
 IE-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FlG. 51.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IX WEST INDIES. 765 
 
 ''Cerial of a dark brown color. ]\r. Gncsdo coni]);iros the vi}<rv with that 
 of a yataghan. In American ardiicolony its general ontline is that uf 
 rhe "woman's" knife, so common in collections of Enkim(> iinphMiHMits. 
 The latter are mere blades of slate, to be inscrtj'd into :i gn«>ved han<lle. 
 In a large collection of these in the National ^Insemn then- is :i /r.-Mr 
 iliversity in the method of attaching a handle. 
 
 Length, 6^% inches ; width, 3i inches ; width of gr<)ov«', 1 ,'„ mtlics. 
 
 Fig, 52. A very plain blade, of deep brown color. It consists of two 
 elements — the ronnded bntt, bonnded by a much fainter line than the 
 drawing shows, and the right portion, conforming to the tyi)e we arc now 
 considering. The asymmetry of sides and edge is again thrust promi- 
 nently into view. This type is said by im Thnrn to occur in n-uuirk- 
 able abundance in St. Lucia and St. Vincent. 
 
 Length, 8 inches; greatest width, 4i^ inches. 
 
 %;v-v:^li^^s^^'*^r-;V 
 
 
 i;Ki!«uii«-"-''" 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 
 
 :-»t. 
 
 -% 
 
 ,.:::p;^;--:;/:.-::-:^ 
 
 %■ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 53.
 
 76G PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 53. A very gracefully outlined blade, of drab material. The butt 
 is gently rounded and bounded by a trenchant rim, whose plane is 
 curved upward in the middle. All the other parts are continuous. 
 The sides, however, remind us how averse the ancient Antillians were 
 to symmetry. 
 
 Length, S/o inches; width, 4-,\ inches. 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 Fig. 54. This figure represents a large and beautiful blade, very heavy 
 and close-grained, and black in color. It would take a strong arm to 
 wield this implement. In shape it approaches still nearer to the Kew 
 Zealand men, but the handle is still too wide. The sides are very much 
 alike. From St. Eose. 
 
 Length, 9^ inches; greatest width, 5^^^ inches ; neck, 2^^ inches. 
 
 ■ .,..;:.,.# 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 Fig. 55. A long, thin blade of peculiar pattern, and dark brown in 
 color. The butt is large in proportion to the body. The two sides do 
 not quite correspond, and the edge is adapted to this fact, showing just 
 the slightest tendency to the bill-hook variety, to be described further 
 on. 
 
 Length, 8 inches ; greatest width, 2fQ inches. 
 
 Fig. 56. A broad, meri-shaped blade of dark surface. The butt is 
 small, rounded, and overhanging. The lower side is much more promi- 
 nent. The whole appearance of this specimen indicates that it came t(? 
 its present shape without much artificial modification. 
 
 Length, 7^o inches ; width, 4-^, inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST 1 M.IKS. 7(J7 
 
 Fig. 57. A broad, inerTsbapcd blade of dark scalbrowu colcr. Kx- 
 ceptiug the slight fractures on the face, the iini.U'iiuMit is i.crfrct, iinU'SH 
 the truncated portion on the lower side at the edge is an attcrtlHmght, 
 
 f'' 
 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 having been ground off to hide a break. We are now apj.roachlng th(^ 
 real m^ri and may imagine ourselves in the neighborhood of New 
 Zealand. 
 Length, 5 inches; width, 3J inches ; neck, 1^ inches. 
 
 w 
 
 irf 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 Fig. 58. A beautifully polished blade of light brown color. It fs 
 meri-shaped. The butt is gently rounded, bounded by a ridge, <iirv«'d 
 transversely in a "line of beauty," and ornamented with iiiiu' inaiii- 
 miform i)rotuberances. The other elements form one continuous and 
 graceful outline, save a slight fracture on the right extremity of tlu' edge- 
 
 Length, G^ inches; Midth, 4:i\,- inches; width of neck, '2-^\, inches. 
 
 Fig. 59. A broad, meri-shaped blade of bright brown color. The
 
 768 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 butt is very slightly rounded and the neck or handle almost long 
 enough for the hand. There is a very slight division In this specimen 
 between the butt and the neck, and between the sides and the edge. 
 Length, 8 inches ; width, 6 inches. 
 
 
 
 \-^t^-^^- ,.. 
 
 
 
 'f : 
 
 '^MA 
 
 :■■-.■:.••■. '^..^-^^ 
 
 ■-•V:'- 
 
 Hv^ 
 
 'CW 
 
 "m^ 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 t>»SM"' 
 
 Fig. 60. This blade of green and brown mottled appearance approaches 
 nearer still to the typical meri. The butt is formed by a bent surface 
 having a rim about two millimeters in thickness. The neck or handle is 
 nearly three Inches long. The straight and the bulging side can read- 
 ily be seen here, and the edge shows good signs of use. From Lamen- 
 ton.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IX WEST INI. IKS. 7<JM 
 
 Fig. 
 
 
 Length, 7^ inches; width of butt, 2 inches; of neck, l-,^„ inches; of 
 blade, 3^^ inches. 
 
 
 i 
 
 J? 
 
 
 . ,-. ViS 
 
 
 
 .■•■:A 
 
 
 &:^'-' /■ 
 
 •■/■ --.VV-iA 
 
 
 /SyV'". ;.'/.'-• •■ 
 
 •',..*■* ;■'..■.' f-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 #;^"'''"' 
 
 '■'!^ 
 
 fe -^ 
 
 
 r? 
 
 ^^ '-- 
 
 
 
 'vyp- 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 Fig, 61. A very finely polished, massive blade of black color. Tho 
 meri shape is apparent, but the general appearance is too stout an<l 
 broad. Especial attention is called to the unlikeuessof the sides. The 
 S. Mis. ?,?, 10
 
 70 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 right is not unlike many others, with a tapering neck shouldered at the 
 side. The left side repeats this character, adding sinuosities on the 
 side below the neck. The edge is quite symmetrical, and the specimen 
 is a very attractive one. From Marie Golante. 
 
 Length, OA inches; width of butt, 3/o inches; of neck, 3 inches; 
 greatest width of blade, S^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 62. Ifew Zealand meri, introduced here by M. Guesde to illus- 
 trate the type and climax of blade which is now under consideration. 
 The material is a green jadoid. Gustav Klemm draws attention to the 
 
 I 
 
 
 .}!V'''.W'«jf. 
 
 
 
 
 1; 
 
 
 
 Jv<ii.. 
 
 :i:-;-i-vi^ 
 
 Fig. C3. 
 
 
 .# 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 B 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 Fig. G4.
 
 GUE8DE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES I\ WEST INDIKS. 771 
 
 fact that on the coast of New Zeahiiid extensive layers of Hat and Ida.U'- 
 shaped pebbles of nephrite furnish the natives with ready niat«'nals fur 
 the fabrication of Iiatchets, knives, and oth«'r iinph'iiuMits. No U'ss trui* 
 is it that in tin- West Indies, wliere no cah-areous llint occurs, ''Naitun-. 
 the kind old nurse, took her child upon her kner," and taujjht hiiu to 
 utilize the materials at hand for their convenience" and liappiiifss. Tlir 
 term mer (pronounced may-ree) is in-efencd to i>atu, tlic latter tnin 
 meaning' f^enerically any striking; weapon. 
 
 Length, 13 inches ; width, 3-j% inches. 
 
 Fig. G3. .1 blade of slaty-black material. The butt is very small and 
 knob like, and the haft-space shallow. The sides widen out unevcnlv 
 so as to give the contour of a scapula or handax. The form is rare, 
 and serves to connect the ruder meri with the two following examph's. 
 
 Length, 6 inches j width, o-n,- inches. 
 
 .-••V-'^.-AV 
 
 
 
 "r*---. 
 
 
 
 .^<-: ''V' 
 
 
 
 "SS 
 
 :i-'^:~'. 
 
 ^^'-: 
 
 
 
 ■^MiHui^ 
 
 Fig. 65.
 
 •72 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. (54. A blade of the liaiul-ax type, of a bright brown patina. The 
 bntt is gradined in a peculiar manner and bounded by a prominent ridge. 
 The work of ornamenting the butt is admirably done, giving the ap- 
 pearance of hollow dishes fitting one into another. The unsymmetrical 
 sides are also visible here, although the implement does not show much 
 use. A similar butt and edge with parallel sides is seen in a specimen 
 from St Vincent, belonging to E. B. Griffith {Timehri, ill, p. Ill, Fig. 5), 
 and a very much ruder specimen in Fig. 1, p. 264, of Volume i. 
 
 Length, 5 inches ; width of edge, 4 inches ; of neck, 2 Inches. 
 
 Fig. <)."). A finely polished blade of brown color. This is one of the 
 most beautiful specimens in the collection. The butt has a bounding 
 ridge very jirominent, the curved surfaces above and below nearly alike. 
 Two gradines above this are carved in the shape of an opera hat or the 
 sheath ot the lace palm doubled in and dented on the top. The unlike 
 sides are very well seen here. 
 
 licngth, 5iV inches ; greatest width, 4-jio inches. 
 
 I 
 
 .^^ 
 
 ^smmt 
 
 m: 
 
 
 i^i^ 
 
 .*ir; 
 
 s^^ 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 
 ^Mt-'-'^!&0^4^^^ii^^^^W^ 
 
 s^ 
 
 Fig. GO. A very common form of blade, of light brown color. The 
 butt is coarsely made and slightly ridged. The hafting or lateral notches 
 very unlike, which also causes asymmetry in the sides and edge. This 
 specimen will serve as an introduction to what may be called the meat- 
 chopper type, more fully developed further on. From Marie Golante. 
 
 Length, 4J inches ; width of blade, S-j^g- inches. 
 
 Fig. 67. A very smoothly finished blade, but of the same type as the 
 last and very dark in color. Without ornamentation or wear, the parts 
 are all strikingly distinct. 
 
 Length, .5 j% inches ; width, 4^0 inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OK ANTIQUITIES I\ WEST INKIKS. 773 
 
 Fig. G8. A very common form of blade of soal-lnnw n cnUn\ tu'vuiiuaiit 
 have been cut from a simple pebble by excavatiii;,^ an encircling' groove, 
 hooded above and running out on the sides and laces. The dilfcn-ncc 
 of depth in the groove between the sides and the faces is wrll marked 
 by the contour of the neck on its lower border. Tln' asymmetry no 
 frequently noticed is very strong here. 
 
 Length, 2-^% inches; width, 2 inches. 
 
 ..ejjr^^^^«f.j..,^ 
 
 '~"-^-^':^«a 
 
 €: 
 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
 Fig. 79. A much worn blade of black color. The original shape may 
 have been like a meri, but constant grinding has brought it more to the 
 chopper form. 
 
 Length, 3J inches ; width, 3yo inches. 
 
 Fig. 70. A much worn blade of black color, (}uite like the njodern 
 chopping knife, or Eskimo woman's knife. The butt is rough and small, 
 the neck long and taiiering, suddenly widening below to the edge. From 
 one of the islets of Pointe-4-Pitre. 
 
 Length, 3j^ inches ; neck, 1 inch ; width of blade, 3--^^- inches. 
 
 '■■ly 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Fui. 70. 
 
 Fig. 71.
 
 774 
 
 PAPERS KEIaTING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 71. A blade of very dark color, which in outline resembles a 
 shoemaker's hainuier. The butt is nearly as wide as the blade, neatly 
 curved, and bounded by a tlat border. The neck is gracefully curved 
 and hooded. The faces are flat as if much worn. A portion of the 
 edge is wanting. From Marie-Golante. 
 
 Length, G inches; width of blade, 4^ inches; of neck, l-^^o- i aches ; 
 of butt, 3^ inches. 
 
 Fig, 72. A very symmetrical and substantial looking blade of dark 
 brown color. The lines on this specimen are all nearly true, but the 
 noticeable feature is the appearance every where of sharp boundaries. 
 The butt is bordered below by a flat band, and a chamfered surface on 
 both faces bounds the haft space or neck and the edge. Here we have 
 the chopper shape completely developed. 
 
 Length, 5^ inches; width, 4^ inches. 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 Fig. 73. A chopper-shaped blade, very thin and well preserved, of 
 brown color. The lines on this specimen are still more sharply defined, 
 but the edge has no bevel. Especial notice should be taken of the 
 square sides, giving a true rectangular section to the haft-space, and the 
 hooks at the ends of the edge. 
 
 Length, 3-j^ inches ; width of butt, l-^^ inches ; of neck, 1-^ inches ; 
 of blade, i^^o inches. 
 
 Fig. 74. An ornamental blade of the chopper-knife variety, and in 
 color a seal bro.vn. By comparing this with the last specimen an ad- 
 vance in elaboration will be noticed in the curves and gashes at the 
 extremities of the edge.
 
 GITESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDir- 
 
 There are several cliopper-blades in the collection, n-niiiKlin^' oiio uf 
 the Gaveoe Indians of Brazil, mentioiu'd in Flint Chap. p. in,(iii.)trd 
 from Proc. Soc. Antiquaries, 128 S, vol. 1. 
 
 ^: 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 Fn;. Tl 
 
 Length, 4 inches; greatest Avidth,4-i\,- inches; least width, I,,, inclics. 
 
 Fig. 75. A very beautiful blade of light brown color. The butt has 
 a sharply defined ragged border. The terraced appearance liefore 
 noticed is here visible, but curtailed, the middle ridge not being con- 
 tinuous. The neck slopes gracefully to the edge, the extremities of 
 which rise out of the sides so as to give the effect of a thin «'dge in- 
 serted. There is not the slightest defect in this example. 
 
 Length, 4^0 inches; width, 4^ inches. - 
 
 *- 
 
 ^ ' 
 ?• 
 
 
 
 %'--■ 
 
 
 Fio. 7.").
 
 776 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 76. A biglily-polished blade, of dark, sooty browu patina. The 
 elements of several previously-mentioned blades are here to be seen. 
 The butt has the double eagle head with central perforation, seen in 
 figure. The tapering haft-space has been frequently mentioned, while 
 the triple scallop with perforation of figure 39 is here bilateral. This 
 example will form the climax of this type of blades, and it is well worthy 
 to hold that position. 
 
 Length, 9 J inches; width of blade, 8 inches; of haft-space below, 
 4| inches; width of butt, 4^ inches. 
 
 
 -%: ■ ■■ ■ # 
 
 Fig. 76. 
 V. BLADES WITH HOOKED EDGES. 
 
 In the small series of blades now to be presented, a characteristic 
 previously noticed as being more or less apparent in the work of those 
 barbaric peoples who work without compass or rule, will be brought 
 more prominently into view. Indeed, to use the language of biology, 
 varietal marks become fixed and specific. Another wonderful law of 
 biology is also noticeable. It is this, that no part of a structure can 
 undergo any great modification without profoundly affecting many 
 other i^arts. Kature has changed her key-note and the whole com- 
 position must be played on another scale. It is hard to guess what 
 this bill-hook form in so many bladescan signify. In vain we turn to 
 Polynesia or Queen Charlotte Sound for help. In higher civilization 
 the billhook does good service, first in the hands of the soldier, then in 
 those of the hedger. Coming to view in this Carib environment we are 
 left to wonder. Most of M. Guesde's specimens of this class are very 
 large, massive indeed, and most carefully polished. We shall be able to 
 show a gradation of form beginning with suggestion and ending with 
 unmistakable realitv.
 
 GUESD.E COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WKST INDIKS. 77? 
 
 Fig. 77 A massive blade of black color, the largest specimen in M. 
 Guesde's collection. The general type iscomnidn cnongh in tht- Antilli-s, 
 and indeed maybe seen almost every whf re. However, the two sides 
 
 #% 
 
 •?.»•■ 
 
 ^:?; 
 
 pi 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. 77. Fin. 78. 
 
 are decidedly unlike, the right nearly straight, the left bulged ont : and 
 by this fact the edge is so modified that the left is continuous with the 
 side, and the right uearly arrested by a corner. 
 
 Length, 16-fo- inches ; greatest width, C inches. 
 
 Fig. 78. A specimen resembling the last described, of light gray-brown 
 color. The butt is not elevated, and its band is emarginatiMl at the siih's. 
 Here we may see a little greater modification from the ty|)e by tin* in-
 
 778 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 curviuft- of the left side and a nearer approach to a hook below. The 
 surface is finely polished and the combination of marks unique. 
 Leuuth, 8^ inches; width of butt, 2^^^ inches; of blade. 3^ inches. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 it 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^i 
 
 Fig. 79. Fig. 80. 
 
 -:% 
 
 Fig. 79. A massive blade of brown color. The lower border of the 
 rounded butt is nearly square with the axis of the specimens, and 
 evenly rimmed; the sides, however, are very different. The break at 
 the most important point at the bottom prevents our knowing just how 
 the hook was finished. 
 
 Length, 12 J inches; greatest width, 5 inches. 
 
 Fig. 80. A massive blade, of dark brown color. The lower margin 
 of the butt is not horizontal, its facial outline forming a sigmoid curve.
 
 GUESDE CELLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INIUK- 
 
 In some other examples the butt is modified by the lateral a.syiimn'try. 
 The point of coalescence of the left side witli the t'df^e is quite distmrt 
 although it is not yet quite a hook. 
 Length, 11 inches; greatest width, 'i^^ inches. 
 
 Fifl. 81. 
 
 Fig. 81. A beautifully polished massive blade, of light drab color. 
 The inner edge of the butt is nearly straight and baiulcd. In tin* 
 other parts our type is carried out, the only advance being the chang*' 
 of curve near the edge at the lower side. The specimen is highly lin- 
 ished and would be an attractive object in any collection. 
 
 Length, ISj^ inches; greatest width, 4^^ inches. 
 
 ^fe' '■ ."^'.i.-- 
 
 y'"*' 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 V*' 
 
 Fig. 82. 
 
 Fig. 82. A giant blade, of mottled color, resembling marble. Ucri' 
 will be seen the bill-hook type quite fully developed. The sloping butt, 
 the totally unlike sides, and the extension of the edge well beyond the 
 line of the lower side are all noteworthy. Theremain.sof tinting, visilth- 
 all around the sides and edge, stamp this specimen with a form to w liich 
 Nature has not contributed a suggestion; they also show how such im- 
 plements were constructed. 
 
 Length, 14j^ inches ; greatest width, 6-]% inches. 
 
 Fig. 83. A massive blade of light brown color and highly polislu-d. 
 The small, lOugh butt belongs to (piite another ordtT, indeed, in thi.s
 
 780 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 respect, the specimen ranks very low. Aside from this, however, it is 
 an attractive example of its type. The bulging of the hooked side is 
 noteworthy but not unique. 
 
 Length, 10^ inches; width, 4f inches. 
 
 Fig. 84. A broken blade, of blackish brown color. It is placed here 
 for the purpose of showing that in archaeology a little prediction may 
 be indulged in. In every other particular the specimen resembles the 
 bill-hook type. Should the missing portions be found, therefore, the 
 upper side would pass on in a continuous curve with the edge to the lower 
 extremity of the under side, where it will form an angle or a hook. 
 
 Length, 11^ inches ; greatest width, 4^ inches. 
 
 ''""^"^"''^ 
 
 ,=p^%.,s^; 
 
 
 v.. 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 Fig. 85. A smaller bill-hook or pyriform blade, of light brpwn color. 
 The rudeness of the butt and groove is remarkable. The other lines 
 are very graceful, especially that of the upper side. 
 
 Length, 4,^ inches ; width l-^o inches. 
 
 j.'-^X^?V^y>l»^^t. 
 
 ^ 
 
 '■^'"^'•"••.tsvv.Ag-^JS' 
 
 Fig. 85.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WKST INDlKs. 781 
 
 Fig. 86. A massive blade, of the bill hook typr, and slaic lnuwn in 
 color. The butt still has some eccentricities, niorr than coiniu ns.itrd 
 for, however, by the elepmce of the other portion. 
 ' Length, 9 inches; greatest uidtli. 4 iiicJM's. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 v-3^ 
 
 ■•Uivi: 
 
 
 :i^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 9 
 
 Fig. 86. Fi... frT. 
 
 Fig. 87. A perfect blade, brown in color and of exquisite iiolisli. It 
 is not massive. The butt is horizontal and the hooked side unnsnally 
 curved. The hook is more decidedly formed in this than in any other 
 members of the class. 
 
 Length, 5^; width of blade, 3 inches ; neck, ly^f inches. 
 
 Fig. 88. A finely- polished blade, of the bill-hook type and of a rich 
 brown color. Aside from the fidelity with which the typical ideas are 
 carried out, should be noted also the change of curve in the edge and 
 
 ^iE^l?^'''. 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. &8.
 
 782 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 iu tlie margin of the butt nearly over it. This is the last specimen 
 of this variety which will receive notice. 
 Length, l-^o inches ; width, 4fV inches. 
 
 VL BLADES WITH ENCIRCLING GROOVES. 
 
 The next type of blades embraces many examples in the Antillian 
 area, extending from a very rude form to some of the greatest beauty. 
 The encircling grooves or excavations for hafting in a large series of 
 stone implements will be found to include many geometric figures in 
 other parts of the implements, such as the circle, ellipse, vesica piscis, 
 and any of these may have one or two truncations. The grooves will 
 also differ in their position on the blade, in depth, width, and the con- 
 struction and parallelism of their borders. In the series of hafted ham- 
 mers, hoes, adzes, and axes in the National Museum at Washington, 
 one can readily ])erceive that even the savage workman was not shut 
 up to a single device in hafting his tools. Indeed, such is the diversity 
 of methods that one familiar with a large numBer of specimens learns 
 to pick out localities and nations by the methods nsed. 
 
 Another fact illustrated in this series is the easy transition from use- 
 ful to highly ornamental forms. Beginning, as Klemm has advised us, 
 with little modified pebbles, we culminate in examples wherein every 
 vestige of nature and use is lost. 
 
 Fig. 89. A sn)all blade of blackish color. The very least opportunity 
 is afforded for hafting, but we may refer again to John Evans. Marie- 
 Golante. Neither this nor the following example can fully claim to be 
 a grooved blade. 
 
 Length, l^V inches. 
 
 Fig. 90. A small blade of dark brown color. This specimen is a little 
 more highly finished than the last, but the characteristics are identical. 
 
 Length, 2 inches. 
 
 ^1 
 
 -■:>• 
 
 Fig. 89. Fig. 90. Fig. 91. 
 
 Fig. 91 . The smallest blade in M. Guesde's collection ; light drab color 
 mottled with brown. The groove is now encircling and distinguishes 
 the butt entirely from the body. 
 
 Length, 1^ inches ; width, 1^ inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IX WEST INDIKS. 785 
 
 Fig-. 92. A grooved blade of very dark brown color. TluMf is a t\v 
 lightfnl negligee about the Hues of this example. Tht-rc is nrithiT sym- 
 metry uor parallelisui where either one sliouhl be fomul iu !i iicrfect 
 specimeu. The marks of much wear are visible on the edge. 
 
 Leugth, 2-^ inches. 
 
 •.y 
 
 Fig. 93. A very irregular blade of light brown color. There is every 
 reason to believe that the only change wrought in the original stone is 
 the groove or neck hooded above and running nearly out below, so as 
 to be undistiuguishable from the faces and the ground edge. 
 
 Length, 1-^^ inches ; width of edge, 4i inches. 
 
 SKXl^-: 
 
 -i 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 Fig. 94. A beautifully polished blade of drab color. Tiie type is very 
 similar to that of the last described, but the original stone was more
 
 784 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 shapely. Here for the first time we encounter a definitely-cut encircling 
 groove. 
 Length, 2^ inches ; width, 2 inches. 
 
 Fig. 05. 
 
 Fig. ! 
 
 '•S. 
 
 hu 97 
 
 Fig.! 
 
 Fig. 95. A grooved blade, of light brown color. The butt is quite 
 symmetrical, the groove uniform and transverse, and the edge nearly 
 regular. The typo is common all over the world. From Marie-Golante. 
 
 Length, 43L iuches; width, 3 inches. 
 
 I
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION-OF ANTlgriTIKS IN WKST INDIKS. 7H5 
 
 Fift'. 96. \ massive blade, with very small head and i^roovr, «»f vrry 
 dark brown color. The asymmetry of the sides is notireahlc, and tht*n« 
 is just a slijiht hook on the lett. This stami)s our elassilieation as 
 purely artificial. If we re.ijard the irriKive we must cast nejzlect some- 
 times ui)on the ed^e. From San ]\Iahanlt. 
 
 Length, 11 inches; width, G inches. 
 
 Fig. i 7. A grooved blade, of dark slate color. The butt and the b(»d\ 
 are nearly regular; the former occupying one-third of the object. 
 
 Length, 2i inches. 
 
 Fig. 98. A grooved blade, of light brown color. The noticealjh* fea- 
 ture is the hatchet edge extending on both sides to the groove. The 
 butt is the most finished yet in this class. 
 
 Length, 2^^ iuclies. 
 
 wr. 
 
 
 ■/■ 
 
 /- 
 
 A 
 
 y^ 
 
 ■■;^' 
 
 
 .!>' 
 
 ,u>' 
 
 '^'^^^^^^^'^^^l^il^^i^i^^'" 
 
 Fig. 99. A giant blade, of light brown color. When en 
 have been an imposing object. The butt originally was 11 
 very symmetrical, the groove broad, deep, and i)aralh 
 body is of the chopper variety mentioned in the last class 
 following). 
 
 Length, 10 inches ; greatest width, .S-^^ inches. 
 S. Mis. 33 .50 
 
 tire th 
 
 lit topi 
 d side( 
 (Figs. 
 
 is must 
 
 x'd and 
 
 1. The 
 
 70 and
 
 786 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 100. A much worn blade of very light color, showing that it has 
 been '' battered by the shocks of doom to shape and use." The con- 
 formity to the shape so common in the United States ought to be 
 noticed. The edge and faces are well ground away. 
 
 Length, 4 inches; Avidth, 3f,y inches. 
 
 ^!>;s\v?^^^>-?r^■v■••:•v.■-'^i-^i'.■-?'9'.>^, 
 
 .-- ,.■••••.!>. ..■..- •;-^v./.>v.i;;'<:;:^ 
 
 J 
 
 
 M-^ 
 
 i? .'. 
 
 
 -m^-: 
 
 Fig. 101 
 
 
 Fig. 101. A small grooved blade, which M. Guesde calls a mace. 
 Unless the painting is misleading it is a very pretty, unpretentious ex- 
 ample of the small, grooved ax. 
 
 Lengtb, I-jA^- inches ; width, 1^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 10-'. A long thin blade of light brown color. The butt is cylin- 
 droidal and rough topped. The notch is shallow and the sides are 
 nearly parallel. This is a rare form in the Antillian area. 
 
 Length, 7^ inches; width, I-j^q- inclies. 
 
 ^;>'l 
 
 'e^5.: 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 
 Fig. 103. A long slender blade, of blackish color, shaped eomething ^ 
 like a ten-pin. The butt and encircling groove are one. The long, flat 
 faces terminate in a squared edge. 
 
 Length, 6-^^ inches; width, 2^0 inches. 

 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTH/ITHI.s 1\ W IST INDIKS. 7S7 
 
 /' "' 
 
 
 
 • ->^w^*-A»k&.^ 
 
 <«, 
 
 Fig. 104. 
 
 Fig. WS. 
 
 Fig. 104. A grooved hliiilr ot" daiU hrowu 
 color. It resoinblcs I'ig. Id.?, i-xicptiug that 
 the butt is more distinet and the si(h-s tliver- 
 gent. The edge is imieh worn by use. and 
 the concave grinding very uneominiMi. 
 
 Length, 4 inches; widtli of blade. .'5,^„ 
 inches. 
 
 Fig. 10."). A very attractive bhich- ot bright 
 
 brown color. The object shows great ago 
 
 ^,^ by reason ot" the grin<ling whidi has taken 
 
 \ away a portion of the l)utt and ciianged tlie 
 
 -§, outline of the lower border of the gioove. 
 
 '' The polish and unbroken condition of a 
 
 specimen so nnndi worn are remarkalth-. 
 
 Length, 5/\,- inches 5 width, 5 j^ indies. 
 
 K "•/'''' 
 
 € 
 
 
 
 
 'vt'X^? 
 
 ■A 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Fio. 105.
 
 788 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 100. A very smooth and rare form of blade of dark brown. The 
 butt is of the cbanipiguon type and has very little boundary below. 
 The two sides are unlike giving the face the appearance of a shoe sole. 
 The edge is also one sided. 
 
 Length, 5-j^ inclies; width, 3-fo inches. 
 
 
 :>^ 
 
 
 Fig. 106. 
 
 Fig. 107. A highly polished blade of brown-black color. It is almost 
 a i)erfect ellipse in outline excepting the interruption of the groove. 
 The borders of the groove are slightly ridged. By this is meant that 
 from the crest of the ridges the surfaces decrease both ways by a con- 
 cave curve. 
 
 Length, o\^o inches; width, 3| inches. 
 
 I
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIgi'ITlHS IN WMST INDIKS. 7,SD 
 
 Fig. 108. A polished blaiU* of l>ri«rlit l.inwn ((.lor. This spiTiiiirii. 
 though not extraordinary in fonu is one uf tin- most attractive in thr 
 collection of ]\r. Gnesdo. It oonld Imnlly Iw more r«'j:id:ir if it had Imtii 
 formed in a lathe. The shield shaped faces are nne. ami iIi.- shuuld.r 
 ing of the faces worthy of notice. 
 
 Length, 7 inches; width of neck. 2 inehes; of l)lad<'. t ', inehes. 
 
 t: 
 
 
 ■k 
 
 4 
 
 
 Flii. luf«. 
 
 Fig. 109. A double-edged, grooved blade, of light brown color. The 
 form is common enough elsewhere, but certainly it seems to l)e the first 
 appearance in this area of an ax with both ends alike. 
 
 Length, 7^^ inches ; width, 3-^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 109.
 
 790 
 
 I'APERS RKLATIXG TO ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 Fig. 110. A beautilully i)oli.slie(l blade, of bright brown color. In 
 8ba])e it resembles a butcher's cleaver, well worn. It should be com- 
 pared with figures 77 to 88. In the curv^e of the right side the bill-hook 
 form recurs, and, in this respect, this specimen should have been de- 
 scribed in the last chapter. 
 
 Length, l-^g inches ; greatest width, 4^ inches. 
 
 '"*^*^**i"i*Uii!k^i!iis»^ 
 
 Fig. 111. A massive blade of slaty gray color. This specimen also by 
 its edge goes to the bill-hook type. (See figures 77 to 88.) The sinuate 
 groove and broken sides should be noticed. It is customary to take 
 the groove on axes largely into account, but in this example, as well as 
 in figures 93, 94, 96, and 110, the salient feature is the twisting of the 
 contour of the implement to one side, forming a decided hook in many 
 exami)les. 
 Length, 12 inches ; greatest width, 4^% inches. 
 
 ^ Fig. 112. A grooved blade of gray color. This 
 form is so common in the United States and so ab- 
 solutely unknown in the West Indies that the prob- 
 abilities are against its genuineness. M. Guesde, 
 however, is our authority for placing it in Guade- 
 of ax-blades from the United 
 
 ^^'' 
 \ij^-- 
 
 Fig. ii;; 
 loupe. Looking over a large number 
 States, one is struck with the ])revalence of this particular type, with 
 the left boundary of the neck ridged up on both sides, in areas widely 
 separated. 
 
 Length, 3/o inches ; width, l/g- inches. 
 
 Fig. 113. A grooved ax of reddish brown color. It is of a very com- 
 mon pattern, excepting the bulging of the right side, which gives it the 
 appearance of having been cut out for a shouldered handle. (See Fig. 
 118.) 
 
 Length, oh inches; average width, 2^^ inches.
 
 I 
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WKsl INDIKS. 791 
 
 ••'**-. 
 
 /'■■.■:■-■ 
 
 
 
 .■S-l^^"-?'>^." 
 
 ?s . . .'. •■.* ■ 
 
 
 
 •■ .■.■.\' 
 
 >■•:'•. y;^' 
 
 
 
 Fig. 111. 
 
 Fig. 114. A gracefully formed blade of very dark material. The re- 
 markable characteristics are the double furrow and cup ornament of the 
 butt, the elongated groove, and the tongue-shaped fa<^s. The wmk- 
 mauship is very fine. 
 
 Length, 4j% inches ; width of blade, 2 j^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 115. A beautiful blade of greenish brown color. The reiiiarku- 
 ble features are iour little mamma* at the apex, the bellshajK'd butt, 
 the slender groove, and the small faces. 
 
 Length, 4i inches ; width, 2 ^j inches.
 
 792 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 
 .^'ij^gjil^'-, 
 
 -''L. 
 
 X^h 
 
 
 %. 
 
 "%..-. . 
 
 '■*iv.V.«>-^-'" 
 
 Fir,. 1,1. 
 
 Fio. 115. 
 
 Fig. 116. A chopper-shaped blade of brick-red color. The butt and 
 the face are boat-shaped, the former much smaller. The groove or neck 
 is much thinner and cut away at both extremities. The sides are not 
 symmetrical. (See Evan's figure, from Brazil, a war ax of the Gaveoe 
 Indians, in the British Museum, described in Ancient Stone Implements, 
 figure 95. Compare also figure 96.) 
 
 Length, 3^ inches; width, 3^ inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^Siiifc^ 
 
 Fig. 116. 
 
 ^, 
 
 Fig. 117. A chopper-shaped blade of bright brown patina. There is 
 in this specimen an interesting combination of characters. The butt has
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 703 
 
 a delicate double beak. The haft-space <»r neck widens iMpidlv. hiit is 
 slitjhtly shouldered all around its base. A similar luiti and vt\<n', with 
 parallel sides, is to be seen in a speeinuMi from St. \inreiii. I>ehin;:in;; 
 to P:. ];. Griflith (Timchri, iii, pi. vii, Fijv. ;{ ; aiid a very nnieh rndei 
 si)ecinien in Id. I, 2(U, F\<*;. 1). 
 
 Length, 5 inches; width, 4 inches. 
 
 i' w'syi?,*?'^'" 
 
 y 
 
 Fk;. 11.- 
 
 Fig-. lis. A grooved blade of dark brown color and line polish. The 
 butt wedge shaped and rounded. The hafting space is a complex affair, 
 consisting of four parts, two narrow-faced grooves, a groove on the lower 
 side a little wider, and a long, wide notcii on the upper. Tiie section of 
 the groove is rectangular. The same idea of a shoulder on one side of 
 the blade may be studied in a s])ecimeii from INIennithorjx', Yorkshire. 
 England. This latter one, how^ever, is very rude, and far behind the 
 Guesde's example. (Evans' "Ancient Stone Implements," Fig. S2.) 
 This blade lashed to a shouldered handle would be a very eft'ective tool 
 or weapon. From Marie-Golante. 
 
 Length, G inches ; width, 2-i% inches. 
 
 I 
 
 FUJ. 119.
 
 794 
 
 I'APEKS RELATING TO ANTIIKOPOLOGV 
 
 Fig. 111). A well-finished blade, of mottled-drab color. The central 
 column is a flattened cylinder. The right portion is spread out like a 
 smoothing tool. The Clallam Indians of Washington Territory, who 
 excel in all kinds of hasketry, use a little wooden implement exactly 
 like this to smooth and regulate the woof in their grass and bark mats. 
 Tlie left end is canoe-shaped, and the edge extends to the extremities 
 of the body. 
 
 Length, 5/o inches; width of blade, 3^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 120. A grooved implement of light brown color. It is introduced 
 here to follow Fig. 119 on account of similarity in groove. The ax 
 function is lost in that of the smoother or rubber. There is a great deal 
 of nice work on this example; indeed, as a work of art it is nearly 
 laultless. The furrows of the sides continued across the bottom of the 
 shaft or neck below give a pleasing impression. 
 
 Length, 6fo inches; width of lower blade, 4^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 120. 
 
 Fig. 121. A specimen of unknown function, light brown in color. This 
 form wanders still further away from Fig. 119 than the last one de- 
 scribed. The lower portion was formerly fluked, but the points are gone- 
 Length, 4 inches ; greatest width, 2^^ inches. 
 
 5f.' 
 
 fcl- 
 
 I in. 121. 
 
 'H- 
 
 
 
 Fig. 122.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST IMIHES. 795 
 
 Fig. 122. A highly polished blade of seal Itntwii color, resrnihliiig a 
 cliopper knife. It would be ditlicnlt to rcconstnicl tin* lost pari, Imt it 
 iviiiiiids one of the African and I'.ra/.ilian battle-axes with t-resci-nt 
 blades. (Compare Timehri., iii, pi. H.) 
 
 Length, 2^ inches; width, 2j'j inches. 
 
 ^.^^mm^'S^ 
 
 ■^^i^M^^^"" 
 
 Fig. 123. 
 
 Flo. 1'.'4. 
 
 k 
 
 <^^- 
 
 ..^''' 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 Si-;. 
 
 tSA. 
 
 »^.":---- 
 
 
 4 
 
 <\»«
 
 796 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 1 
 
 Fiji- ^-^' A double-beaked blade of reddish brown surface and black 
 interior. This and the followino- si)ecimeus should be compared with 
 beaked specimens without grooves. There is a slight resemblance 
 between this example and im Thurn's Plate C, Fig. 1, at least in the 
 long groove and the general outline of the blade. 
 
 Length, 8 inches; width, 4f^o inches. 
 
 Fig. 12rt. A double-beaked blade of bright drab color. The ridge 
 beneath the groovt} gives to this example a very pleasing outline. In- 
 deed, without excess of ornament, the whole contour is harmonized 
 with great skill. 
 
 Length, 9 inches ; width, 5^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 125. A double-beaked massive blade of brown color. The curves 
 beneath the beak and the fluting on the top are more elaborate than 
 in the last one described. 
 
 Length, 11^ inches; width, 5^ inches. 
 
 :y'^m 
 
 m 
 
 wy 
 
 '¥ 
 
 #" 
 
 %- 
 
 .r 
 
 Fig. 126. 
 
 Fig. 126. A massive two-beaked blade of dark brown color, and so 
 highly polished that it seems to have been recently made. The treat-
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INhlES 707 
 . ,■ .i..i.nfti^ a little aitlWeiit iVom that in tli.- pn'vi«.«is i-xuni- 
 
 ;c:y^^:o^ ;;;wui;i. of ,.. s,,...,,.,,. ■.■„,. ,„.,..•. ..„.. is „.,.,... 
 
 and the crests near the center. 
 
 X ^■^. ^ - iiipht^^ • width, <> inches. 
 
 rt:' .; 1 r^ beau,.,! bh.,U. „r ,...U >„-.nv ,„,.. Th,. l..^- pav, 
 
 . *' ,;,t,l Mid fi-a.'tuml. The orna.u,.nta(i,.u Wis at ti.e 1"|, ""li- 
 
 «::r;i™ro:Sn:;tuiaver^ t, ....,„. ,,. 
 
 occurs til other specimens. 
 
 Length, T.i inches; width, 3,% inches. 
 
 j?;??;*:,. 
 
 
 .«#: 
 
 
 m 
 
 Fit:. IJ 
 
 1-h.. 1- 
 
 
 
 Fui. 129.
 
 79(S PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. l-J.S. A two-beaked blade of blackisb-drab color, aud perfectly 
 sniootb. The lines of this specimen are everywbere bold and graceful. 
 The slender beaks, high crests, and other characteristics are very taste- 
 fully (•(•inbined. 
 
 Length, 5fo inches ; width of edge, 2-^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 121). A massive two beaked blade of mottled, marble-colored 
 stone. The distinguishing feature is the ridged, seal-like depression 
 between the beaks. 
 
 Length, ll^V inches; width, 0^*0 inches. 
 
 VII. HAMMERS, GRINDERS, AND POLISHERS. 
 
 In most aichtBological collections a series of implements are brought 
 together under the titles given above. The idea or concept is that 
 pounding, grinding, rolling or mulling-food, paint, incense, wedges, or 
 human heads, are processes that have no broad dividing lines. Indeed, 
 among a people so highly civilized as the ancient Antilliaus a great 
 variety of such operations would be performed. Mr. im Thurn thinks 
 that since these people were mainly cassava eaters they had little need 
 of mills. True, but grinding is not contined to food even. The Haida 
 and Thlinkit Indians make beautiful mortars and pestles to grind a 
 native tobacco into snuff, aud to pulverize dried fish. The Pueblos 
 use grinders for corn and wild seeds, for paint, aud to grind up de- 
 grai.«isant for their pottery. The innumerable uses of hammers will 
 occur to every one. The order followed in the description is almost 
 arbitrary, the prevailing motive being to proceed from less to greater 
 completeness. 
 

 
 GUESDE COLLECTIUN OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST IM.IKS 799 
 
 Fig. 130. At tlie risk of inissir^-, a -iicss mav l.c vcntiirr.l ihai this 
 si)e<;iiiieii of dark brown stone is a liamiiicr for wo.mUmi \\«Mljjrs. A 
 ;-reat variety of wedge hammers of stone for split tin;; h.-is is used by 
 the American N^orthwest Coast Indians, ilic Unjjer pits on tlie fau'H 
 slionld be noticed. 
 
 Height, 4^^ inches. 
 
 
 Flc. l.-^l. 
 
 Fig. 131, A slightly modified water-woru i)ebble of dark brown coldr. 
 just as likely as auj'tliing else to have been used in rubbing <lown poi 
 tery. 
 
 Length, 3J inches. 
 
 j^firT''''\ 
 
 Fig, 132. 
 
 
 Kin. i:m. 
 
 Fig. 132. An ellipsoidal form of blackish color. The noticeable fea- 
 tures are the flat faces and beveled contour. In the Pueblo conntry 
 such pebbles are used to rub down the pots Ix-fore baking. I'rom 
 Gosier. 
 
 Length, 2^ inches. 
 
 Fig. \'A3. A grinding stone of deep brown color, fnniHMl in the shap»' 
 of a double conoid. The form is rare in the Antilles. 
 
 Height, SjV inches. 
 
 Fig. 134. A blackish stone, elliptical in ontline and leniicnlar in sec- 
 tion; highly polished. 
 
 Diameter, 4^o- inches.
 
 800 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHKOPOLOGY. 
 
 KiG. 135. 
 
 Fig. 135. A shoe-shaped specimen of reddish browu patina resembling 
 *li<ihtly the whetstones of the mounds. 
 Length, G inches. 
 
 Fig. 130. A hammer-head of dark brown color, which would have 
 done good service also as a mace or club bead. The upper portion is 
 i30Dvex, the groove uniform and the lower portion parallel sided. 
 
 Length, 2-^^^ inches. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-i 
 
 
 
 '>-J-,v.'- ■. ■' •"' 
 
 Fig. 137.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQIITIES L\ WEST IXUIES. 801 
 
 Fifj. 137. A small hammer of light bmwii coU)!. There arc sevunil 
 implements of this class in M. (xuesde's collection, which the owner 
 considers casse-tetes. This may be, bnt they are just as pidbahlx h.nn 
 mers or rubbers. 
 
 Height, 2-iV inches. 
 
 ^' 
 
 4 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 «f 
 
 ivi"' 
 
 Fig. 138. 
 
 Fl(i. KiO. 
 
 Fig. 138. A grooved hammerresembling an old-fashioned printer's pad 
 or an inverted mnshroom. The function of the class is still in the dark. 
 See Stevens " Flint Chips," p. 223. 
 
 Height, 3iV inches. 
 
 Fig. 139. A grooved hammer of dark brown patina evidently made 
 
 
 J^' 
 
 W':-' 
 
 I ^^f^-: 
 
 1^:: 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 '^^^m^^'^-y't 
 
 w^ 
 
 Fig. 140. 
 S. Mis. 3;] 51 
 
 :jfi' 
 
 % 
 
 '**^tii^iii 
 
 Ik;. 141.
 
 802 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 from a pebble witli little modification. The groove is sinuous and shal- 
 low. In outline this specimen resembles an ax, but in M. Guesde's notes 
 it is called a casse-tete. 
 Length, 2-fQ inches. 
 
 Fig. 140. A grooved hammer resembling the last, but larger. The 
 groove also is wider and has abrupt turns in direction. 
 Length, 2-^ iiu-lies. 
 
 Fig. 141. A doubtful form of light 
 >^ brown color. The truncated cone rest- 
 
 ^^ ing on the bisecting plane of a hemis- 
 
 ,: ^ phere is absolutely unique. 
 
 - <- . '"^ Height, 3^ inches. 
 
 V;;^ ; , ' Fig. 142. A finely polished speci- 
 
 ,. ■■ men of chocolate brown color. The 
 
 i. 1^ 142. ornamentation is of a high order. It 
 
 was probably a rubbing stone or muUer. 
 Height, 3 inches. 
 
 /€' 
 
 'si 
 
 Fig. 143. A grooved hammer or pestle of brown color and very irreg- 
 ular in its details, the climax of asymmetry in fact. We are coming 
 nearer to the typical hammers and triturators of the Korthwest coast. 
 Many as rude as this are found in the Ohio Valley. 
 
 Height, 4^5 inches. 
 
 Fig. 144. A grooved hammer or jjcstle of dark brown color. Mr. H. 
 H. Hill, of Cincinnati, has a very large collection of slanting hammers 
 or mullers taken from the mounds in that vicinity. 
 
 Length, 4J inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 803 
 
 
 Fig. 144. 
 
 Fig. 145. A slautiug grooved hammer or pestle similar to the last 
 two. The function, however, is still in doubt. 
 Length, 4^ inches. 
 
 
 %. 
 
 
 ^«^?^ 
 
 
 Fig. 145. 
 
 Fig. 146. A grooved hammer of light brown color. The implemmt 
 was made and polished with great care, and the form is rare. I^sjhm - 
 ially noteworthy are the truncated top, the uniform groove, antl cvliii- 
 drical sides. A similar implement from Antigua is figured in Timeliri 
 (III, p. 115, pi. 10, fig. 14). 
 
 Height, 5 inches. 
 
 Fig. 147. A grooved hammer or pestle of green and brown color. 
 This long, pestle-like form is unique, in the Guesde collt'i-ti(Mi.. 
 
 Length, 4i inches.
 
 804 
 
 PAPERS RELAT1I>G TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 -:^i. 
 
 Fig. 146. 
 
 Fiu. 147. 
 
 Fig. 148. A bell-shaped hammer of blackish color. The very large 
 ciirrecl base is not uuknowu to hammers or pestles outside of the West 
 Indies. Several of nearly the same shape may be seen from the Haida 
 Indians in the National Museum. The offset on the rim below at the 
 base of the neck is unique. (See Timehri, iii, pi. 10, fig. 19.) 
 
 Height, 5^ inches. 
 
 
 s^.^iss^:.. 
 
 
 w 
 
 ''^sljiyv 
 
 ;<;viJ>- 
 
 Fig. 148. 
 
 Fig. 149. Grooved hammer of brown color, and verj highly polished. 
 It is perfectly refreshing to stand once more on solid ground. Whatever
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIKS IN W Ks T INDIKS. .S05 
 
 doubtmay rest on tlie pncediiij;- I'xainph's.tlM'H' is moim- Ii.-h-. TUr Na 
 
 tioualMuseiiiiiatWrtsliinjrton('()ntaiiisalar^MMminlu'i(»fpi)lislir«ls.'riMMi 
 tine haniuiers of precisely this shape. The y:reat n-d cclar al«>iiinls 
 from Sitka along the Pacific Coast to California. The various irilti-s uf 
 this coast, Thlinkits, Haida, Chinisian, Hilhoula, formerly lelh-d the.se 
 trees with stone imi)lement8, and by means of a long linr of hard wood 
 wedges split the logs into jdauks to be used in their houses and fnrni 
 ture. These wedges were skillfully drivm by means of these st-rpi-n 
 tine hammers. The ancient Antillians felled large trees and both built 
 houses and excavated dug-out boats. There is little doubt, therefore, 
 that we have here the ancient carpenter's handmaid. 
 Length, 3-^^ inches. 
 
 •'!'^/ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 M 
 
 .f/ 
 
 Fig. 149. 
 
 - ' '•' Fig. 150. A grooved club-head, widely exca- 
 
 C' vated around three fourthsofitscircumferenee. 
 
 Stones wrapped with sinew or leather and 
 
 lashed to a wooden handle were a common 
 
 ^, - ' weapon with the ancient Dakotas. 
 
 Length 2-j^„ inches. 
 Figs. 151-154. Four grooved discoidal stones 
 
 , of unknown function. Comparing things iin- 
 
 FiG.150. known with things known we may declare 
 
 these to have been club-heads or sinkers or playing ston«'s or even ear 
 studs. 
 
 Fig. 155. A fiat, grooved club-head shaped like a two-edged battleax. 
 The groove is very sharp, or triangular in .section, and is deejjly cut in. 
 Length, 4-1% inches. 
 
 Fig. 156. A spindle-shaped implement. ])erhaps a rolling-pin, of brown 
 color. In Yucatan the natives now u.se a roller of this shape, but of
 
 806 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 different material. Some of the old metutes have hollow beds, also in 
 dicatiug rollers, or mullers, thickened in the middle. 
 Length, 12-1% inclias ; width, 1^ inches. 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 Figs. 151, 152. 
 
 Figs. 153, 154. 
 
 ^'^.. 
 
 '■% 
 
 
 'A^^' 
 
 S&iissiil'i^i'^SrVSiii?"; 
 
 Fig. 155.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST LNDIKS. 807 
 
 Fig. 157. A carved rubbing stone, of brown color, 'riic sliuitint; (.u>l 
 uuiu'and much-curved base, as well as the lateral ihuin^s, »-xtfn.lin^' 
 everywhere except along the bottom, are uote\voril.\ IVatiiics. Tlu* 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m- 
 
 i 
 
 1/ 
 
 Fig. 157. 
 
 Fio. LOO. 
 
 Kskimoof Norton Soaud and uortbward e:.cel "' f'>tiT"r ,'7!,diT,','s''.T'o 
 handles to fit ,he nrtisan'.s hand. At Sitka tho '■";';;'" ''^ "'•-" 
 cut oat the upper ,>ortion of the stone hand-.naul to l.t Ih. h.unl. 
 Ijength, 4-1% inches.
 
 808 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 158. A boot-shaped rubbing stone, of dark brown color. The 
 specimen resembles one in the Latimer collection of the National Mu- 
 seum ; but this example is much heavier and more finely polished. 
 
 Length, 15J inches. 
 
 
 ^^^ft^J^-^.'-'^t'.-?;.:^", '..■'■• ■■'■.', ' : J • .-4 
 f^'\<- :■'■;.■■ -■■:■- •■ ■■ ■ ■ ,-■. • ••■-•;■■ •,-v>;«"K!=-*x5':;^ ■ 
 
 •'^^A*^'''' « \"'' - " ' "■ ■ ' ''■' ' '*■'•' '"' '■ ' • ■■"■■'-* ■'.'''"i^.x'^rs'-'"..' 
 
 Fig. 158. 
 
 Fig. 159. A carved and ornamented rubbing stone, of light brown 
 color. Mr. im Thurn figures {Timehri, iii, pi. 10, 11, 12) several forms. 
 The specimen now under consideration is much more highly ornamented. 
 
 Height, 3-1% inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WKST INDIES. SOU 
 
 Y -■,-■".:. 
 
 
 V; ' 
 
 i;i«^iS«'' 
 
 X' 
 
 Fig. 159. 
 
 Fig. UiO. Thi.s oljjoct is 
 Ik entirely unique, and indeed 
 
 outlandisli to the Antilles. 
 It is adniinibU' in workman- 
 ship and has been preservril 
 :- , without a scratt'h. Thcnia- 
 
 W], j terial is mottled jxrren and 
 
 ■*(:; brown. It woubl not In* dif- 
 
 i'T/ ficult to j;ut'ss, jjrantinjr thi.s 
 
 to be j;enuine, lliat tlir pro 
 cess of stone carvinj; went 
 A on after 14!KJ, the year in 
 wliic'h Columbus di.seovered 
 '^}- (Inadeloup*-, and that some 
 
 ^i., - " ,:J ingenious lajiiilary lia«l uii 
 
 5#^ dertaken to imitate a hook 
 in the tackle. Tliere is noth- 
 ing improbable in this, lor 
 the Haida slate carvers, to- 
 day, imitate steamers and other inventions of the whites in making 
 their curious pipes. 
 Height, 5-1^0- inches. 
 
 Fig. 161. A rough mortar in the form of a California soapstoiie olla. 
 Very little art has sufllced to bring this specimen to its pre.sent form. 
 This is the only regular stone mortar as yet reported from tin- Antilh-.s. 
 Height, 2^71- inches ; diameter, 5 inches. 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 •:::0^ 
 
 Fig. ICO
 
 SlU 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 
 M, 
 
 
 '■x^r 
 
 '*^', 
 
 Fig. 161. 
 
 Fig. 162. A bowl-sbaped mortar of rieh brown color. Tbis form also 
 seems out of place in tbe West Indies. The almost jierpendicular sides 
 and regularly beveled edge carry tbo mind to tbe Queen Cbarlotte 
 archipelago, where beautiful, small disb-like mortars were used for trit- 
 urating tbe native tobacco. 
 
 Height, 2^ inches ; diameter, 6^o inches. 
 
 ■';-''i^%^?^ 
 
 
 p;vi^;- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 162. 
 
 Fig. 163. A cylindrical stone dish, of dark brown patina, and very 
 carefully made. Stone dishes quite as debcate come from Sitka, iu 
 which the an cient snuff-taker triturated his tobacco. 
 
 Width, 4-j% inches ; depth, 2^ inches.
 
 GIJESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES L\ WIST LNIUKS. 611 
 
 Fig. 1G4. A cylindrical iiiortar and pfstlc i»f brown color. The mor- 
 tar is c^iiiulrical in form and ;i cnpsliapi'd dt'iticssion •K-cii|m--s the 
 center. The pestle is of the dumh-lu'll iiattcrn. vci\ sviiinuf i i.' il in 
 
 i 
 
 
 Fio. 163. 
 
 form. This apparatus would serve much better as a sniill inulhr ili;in 
 for hard pounding. 
 
 Height of mortar, 4 inches; length of pestle, 4i% inches. 
 
 Fig. 165. A stone hammer, of 
 
 'fe.>,.. 
 
 seal-brown patina. This style of j^=^^\ 
 
 implement is generally called a 
 pestle. But no one has ever seen 
 a savage wasting his time polish- ''^^^ 
 
 ing a hard stone, and putting a 
 shoulder around the bottom for 
 the purpose of knocking it off the a-'-^ ' 
 
 first time he used it. On the other, 
 hand, any one who will visit Van- 
 couver Island maj' see such stones 
 in use, to-day, for driving wedges 
 into cedar logs to split them. It 
 is reasonable, therefore, to call . . 
 this specimen a hammer. \'/ 
 
 Length, 7]^ inches. c:-J,... 
 
 Fig. 166. A large grinding im- *^ 
 
 piemen t, of blackish surface, re- 
 sembling a cook's rolling-pin. The central portion is ccuivex on the 
 upper side, and flat beneath. The club-shai)ed ends were evidently to 
 be grasped in the hands. This is the rarest of forms. 
 
 Fio. 164.
 
 »12 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 'C-^:m^^^- 
 
 Flo. 165. 
 
 From St. Amie. 
 Leiigtli, 14 inches. 
 
 Fig-. 167. A shallow, irregular uiortar, of very dark browu color. 
 Among Il^orth American relirs this would be called a paint mortar. 
 Fortunately the practices of our Pueblo Indians show us to what an 
 enormous extent paint was used by the American aborigines. In Zufii, 
 for instance, the paint mortar never ceases. They are called into daily 
 use by the potters, the warriors, and by the whole tribe, in the elaborate 
 preparations for dances and ceremonies. 
 
 Height, 2^ inches ; diameter, 6^ inches. 

 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 813 
 
 Fig. 168. A paint mortar, of brown color. It is proviilnl with a han- 
 dle partly broken. It is not an unusual tliiuf; anion j; modern Indi.im. 
 to use paint mortars with handles. 
 
 Width, 3-^ inches. 
 
 j^' 
 
 M^ 
 
 Mm 
 
 'h 
 
 M 
 
 
 :^'''^&&^^^^^^M^^''-''^ " 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Fig. 169. A pretty dish of rich brown color. It is oval outline, and 
 perfectly polished inside and out. The two ends are not quite sym 
 metrical. 
 
 Diameter, 5^ inches. 
 
 if.-' 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 Fir.. 1(39. 
 
 Fig, 170. A double concave disk of dark brown color, very smooth 
 and beautifully rounded. Archieologists sometimes call sueh beautilul 
 objects paint-mortars and sometimes chuugke stones. The Navaj(»s,
 
 814 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 says Dr. Wasliington Matthews, at the present day phiy with the in- 
 teusest exciteineut a gaiue called "turkey claw." Two players contend 
 iu the following manner: Each one is provided with a pole, twice a 
 man's span in lenj^th, consisting of two parts lashed together by a long 
 leather thong, either end of which hangs loose for about a yard. At 
 distances of nearly a loot on these loose ends are sewed crosswise simi- 
 lar leather thongs so that there seems to be two tassels of five strands 
 each. At a given signal a ring, made by wrapping rawhide strings 
 around a hoop, until it becomes very thick and heavy, is rolled along 
 the ground. The players aim to throw their sjiears so that the ring in 
 falling will gather up and become entangled with several of the leather 
 strands. The number and position of strands lying on the ring enables 
 the players to decide the game. There is no reason why such a disk 
 should not be thus used. The statement made by writers that the pole 
 should pierce the ring is not strictly true. 
 Diameter, 5j^o inches. 
 
 Fig. 170. 
 
 Fig. 171. A very highly polished imi)lement of dark brown color, 
 and presenting one of those enigmatic forms that are ever springing 
 upon us in the West Indian area. The general outline is that of a 
 ladle. Upon the reverse the face is flat, but the broad portion of the 
 obverse is slightly concave and bordered by a molding which is car- 
 ried nearly to the narrow portion. The latter is Ungulate in form and 
 has ten concentric ridges terminating in the border which is fluted ex- 
 ternally. There is no duplicate of this form. 
 
 Length, 12^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 172. An unique specimen of light-brown color and quite rough. 
 It is hollow like a mortar, but the most remarkable feature about it is 
 the seiies of flutings on the surface. M. Guesde is of the opinion that 
 it was rather a cover for something than a grinding stone. In defer- 
 ence to this opinion it is drawn with the broad part downward. 
 
 Height, 6| inches. 
 
 Fig. 173. A smooth mortar of very dark color. The figure of a fly- 
 ing creature is well executed and beautifully polished. The cavity is 
 also made with great care. It would not be wild speculation to imag-
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQIITIES IN WEST LNDIES. 815 
 
 •iS- '.-:;.'" ■.•'^' :•"'" 
 
 ..•X 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 ^^^&y 
 
 Fig. 171. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 172. 
 
 ine this the cosmetic mortar of some proud cacique long before the 
 days of Guanecagaro. (From Porto Rico.) 
 Length, 8-j% inches ; width 9 inches. 
 
 VIII. PERFORATED STONES. 
 
 The perforation of stone by the American aborigines has l>een I'aitli- 
 fnlly studied by Dr. Charles Ran and otliers. When the boring is for a 
 short distance two conical excavations are made from opposite sides, mak- 
 ing a cavity shaped like an hour-glass. The process of boring a similar 
 hole is commonly called countersinking. The West Indians as well as 
 other aborigines of our continent also understoo<l how to pnMluee long 
 excavations through very hard material, but never with the uniformity 
 of a steel drill. One of the best tests of genuine relics of this elass is 
 the method of i)erforation.
 
 816 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHKOPULOGY. 
 
 i*^ • -cffi'ifJ 
 
 
 'S^- 
 
 <"'f^'^■^.7.,••J;s^i;;^f»W!^^ 
 
 Figs. 174-178. Ordinary pebbles with a double countersink perfora- 
 tion near the border, generally so located that the long axis will be ver- 
 tical. These are beautifully polished, and there is little doubt that they 
 were worn as pendants. 
 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 ^«^'.^-v. 
 
 
 Fig. 175. 
 
 Flo. 176. 
 
 Long diameter of 174, 1^ inches. 
 Long diameter of 175, l-jV inches. 
 Long diameter of 176, 3^ inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES L\ WEST INDIES. "81 7 
 
 
 Fio. 170. 
 
 Fl(i. 17 
 
 U'^^: 
 
 Xiu.'i:...--*»-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 178. 
 
 Long diameter of 177, 2^^ inches. 
 Long diameter of 178, l^^^- inches. 
 Long diameter of 179, 1-^^ inches. 
 Long diameter of 180, 1-ji- inches. 
 
 181. A perforated cylinder, of drab color, beautifnlly ixilisht-d. This 
 is a larger bore than is usual in West Indian specimens. Tlu' aiici»Mit 
 lapidaries of this area excelled in the fineness of their perforations. 
 
 Length, 13*0 inches. 
 
 182. A stone ring, ovoid in outline, pierced by 
 a double countersink in the middle. Stones of 
 
 the same treatment arc found in Porto Eico too ,":^-: ^ 
 heavy for a man to lift, Avhich are undoubtedly -?:'•■■ 
 unfinished collars. Length, 3 inches. 0v:,-.'- .. "■ 
 
 Fig. 183. A stone ring of great asymmetry. ;^' 
 This perforation was probably made by pecking, %,■ . 
 its faces being rubbed down afterwards. '^ ' . - 
 
 Dimensions, 5f^ x Jr-pj inches. %; 
 
 Fig. 184:. A stone ring of still greater finish. 
 Were it not for the material one might suppose 
 
 M. Guesde had collected the specimen on the Santa Barbara islands, 
 in California. These rings have caused considerable guessing among 
 archaeologists, who call them whorls, digging stick weights, casse- 
 tetes, etc. 
 
 Diameter, 4j% inches. 
 
 S. Mis. 33- 
 
 -52
 
 818 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY, 
 
 .,-=«s^- 
 
 ■% 
 
 "^'''. 
 
 
 1 ':^:-^' 
 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 
 ^^■::. 
 
 
 ,..^,r^lf^!^^Sf) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 184. 
 
 Fig. 185, 1 and 2. A beautifully finished stone pulley. The points to 
 be noticed are the nearly circular outline, the countersink perforation, 
 the curved sloi)e of the sides, and the groove in the circumference. 
 This last feature is unknown to the author of these notes in any other 
 stone implement. The edge view is enlarged to exhibit the groove, 
 
 Diameter, 1-^% inches.
 
 % 
 
 ©UESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 81J» 
 
 Fig. 185.— 1. 
 
 
 c^-v-: 
 
 ''^■"'*'--~'''^*^^-f^yA'i^^''i'feift^'^^ 
 
 Fig. 185.— 2. 
 
 Fig. 186. A spool-shaped object, bighly polished. The excavation 
 does not pierce the stone. As the natives of this area distoiuled their 
 ears to a great extent, we may be allowed to call this an earplug. 
 
 Height, 1^ inches. 
 
 IX. ORNAMENTAL FORMS. 
 
 In this group have been brought 
 together those specimens in which 
 ornament is of more importance than 
 use. They are not all made of stone, 
 and a few of them are not in M. 
 Guesde's collection. The last named 
 have come into the National Museum 
 since the description of the Latimer 
 collection in 1876. (Smithsonian Ee- 
 port, 1876, p. 372-393.) It is not to 
 be supposed that the makers designed 
 any such division of their artefacts. 
 
 Fig 187, 1 and 2. A beautifully polished object, and synunet 
 formed in face and profile, the outlines of the edge view makin 
 pleasant combination. 
 
 Length, 3^^ inches. « 
 
 ./ 
 
 \ 
 
 ncallN 
 a verv
 
 820 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 
 ii^^Ti-: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 187-1. 
 
 '^ ■ 
 
 ^^^:&: ■ ■ 
 
 ^^■-■■-■':^ 
 ^ ■ ■' ■ 
 ^■^ '■ '-■■■■ 
 
 S^" ^ ■■■; 
 
 Fig. 187-2. 
 
 Fig. 188, 1 and 2. A similar object to that last described but not nearly 
 so well formed. 
 Length, 3i^o inches. 
 
 
 '^^U;, 
 
 S!S^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Sf^f-rlr. . 
 
 ^fe^K^:- '-■.•:;:.;: ;.-^ 
 
 t.<ii»'-^^ .■..■■■-•::■ 
 
 ife^;. :;.-.-•••■■■: 
 
 «>v^^: ^ •'-.-,-i- :■■ • :■■■ 
 i^-li: \ •'::':■:■ ■:'.::■ 
 
 '^lS:> '■" ■ ■■■''•'■■ 
 
 ^^i: ¥:.;• ■■'1 
 
 
 Fig. 188-1. 
 
 Fig. 188-2.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IX WEST INDIES. 821 
 
 Fig. 189. A pick-shaped object, oiio projocrion I.n.k.n. Th.- <m\Mr 
 is beautifully polished. 
 Length, 7 iuches. 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 '•■>.>■ 
 
 m- 
 
 &?i^:^^: 
 
 '■::''--B, 
 
 i-fj^'-^: ..:,■.: ■ 
 
 : ■ ■ ■ '::'' ,^' 
 
 pi^^v;-; 
 
 
 
 >.- '. ■ y.-' V 
 
 y-:,: ' 
 
 ,■ ;■■ " O'i-' 
 
 
 
 
 . ■. ■ . i-^" 
 
 
 -. •' .■ ::^- 
 
 .<1 •.. .". 
 
 ■•i^^ 
 
 :m 
 
 ■m:^ 
 
 K>-X- ■ 
 
 \'--y 
 
 ..■;v:>.vvB: 
 
 Fig. 189.
 
 g22 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Fig. 190. A curved object of light brown color. If the lapidary de- 
 signed to produce the outline of a banana he succeeded admirably. 
 ^Length, 6 inches ; width, 1.^ inches. 
 
 ■.•'^!5^'".v^'>J ->■>•-» 
 
 ■•k-.'>V; 
 0' 
 
 «P:v^-: -:-■■ 
 
 
 
 *=^^^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 %:c 
 
 riG. 190. 
 
 Fig. 191. A hook-shaped stone, very similar in finish to the last. 
 From Canoe. 
 Length, 8 inches.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 823 
 
 A^ 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 Fig. 192. A V shaped object of light brown color. It is p<>,s.sil.|\ an 
 amulet worn suspended from the neck. This should be compared with 
 an ornament called by the Caribs, Caracoli,or Coulljucoli, and mad.- 
 of a metal resembling gold, obtained from the Alloiiagurs, of Sonth 
 America. 
 
 Width of limb, 4^^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 193. The object sketched in this figure resembles some of the 
 plainest specimens of mammiform stones from Porto Kico, in the Lat- 
 imer collection. (Smithonian Eeport, 1876.) No head or legs are indi- 
 cated in the projections from the base. The lower face, ni»t seen in the 
 drawing, is concave and there is a hole in the apex. On either face of 
 the mamma are distinct ridges. Mr. im Thurn fignres one of these ob- 
 jects and calls attention to exami)les from San Domingo in Blarkninre 
 Museum. His own specimen is <lescribed as having animal liea<ls at 
 either end. This does not correspond with the one in the Latimer series, 
 in each of which there is a head at one end and feet at the other. Their 
 use as stools is very questionable, because that would bring the unsightly 
 portion upward ar.d bury the ornamental portion out of sight. The 
 owner of the small island of Canouan, says Mr. Low, has a mammiform 
 resembling Fig. 42, Latimer collection, with carved lines like tho.se on 
 Fig. 43. (See also Timehri, i, 2(J.s, 2(j!).) 
 
 Length, 11^ inches; height, 7 inches.
 
 824 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 
 0' 
 
 M' 
 
 ■^^^^f^0: 
 
 ^t\f'' 
 
 ^•:.'.:- •".•■..■■ .<.iw.j«rf'>-5v,-«^_»» 
 
 VV--^.':-.'/.->'.. -■ .■'••■.:■■ 
 
 *.«!.•••••••■' - - • 
 
 Fig. 193. 
 
 Fig. 194. This object is absolutely unique, for we have in it a min- 
 iature fire-place or altar, both faces of which are identical. Four rude 
 steplets conduct to a landing place partly covered by a niche. At the 
 top an excavation is seen which may have served for a statuette. The 
 c^^iect was found at Abymes, but the evidence of aboriginal origin 
 should be strong just in comparison to the outlandishness of a specimen. 
 Height, 6 inches. 
 
 Fig. 195. An ornameu- 
 M- ^ ''''"'''"^'''■'^:^ tal piece, of bluish green 
 
 ■::^ color. It is rare in form, 
 
 .; ;f but not absolutely unique. 
 
 . : In the American Museum 
 
 at New York is a similar 
 specimen. The chamfer- 
 ing and fluting are grace- 
 ■;: fully blended. The left- 
 
 /"vv hand extremity is perfor- 
 
 i ated for suspension. From 
 ^ !f^ Punto Duo. 
 
 ,..,.. Length of long, limb, 8 
 
 inches ; of short limb, 5^^ 
 inches. 
 
 Fig. 196. A highly or- 
 namented specimen, one portion of which is plain, resembling the edge 
 of a cleaver ; the remainder is covered with ornament. Let us imagine 
 this to be a stone ax, the most beautiful in the world. The following 
 characteristics claim our attention : The hafting notches are extended, 
 that on the upper part by a narrow gutter almost parallel with the edge 5 
 that on the lower part sweeping outward in a curve which combines 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '•^•i<: 
 
 ''•v»ii; 
 
 Fig. 
 
 194.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OP ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES 825 
 
 ''^iT-i-:- 
 
 
 Fio. 10.-) 
 
 the lower portion and both faces in a continnon.s pattern. This is a> 
 suredly M. Guesde's jewel iu the ax class. 
 Length, 5J inches. 
 
 \ 
 
 Fir,. 196. 
 
 Fig. 197. An ornamental stone of a niarljh- ;^i;i\ ri)l(jr. Tin* right 
 part is couoidal and has near its middle a raised band. Tliis may Iia\ «• 
 fitted a socket. The left part resembles a liberty caji, lH)iinded at its 
 base by the curve of beauty. On the two sides of the enhirgrd middh* 
 are compound scrolls in relief, resembling the implements ,sohl to 
 draughtsmen for making curves. 
 
 Length, 11^ inches. 
 
 Fig. 198. A'stone collar of very dark limwn i>atiiiii. 'I'his brlitngs to 
 that class of enigmatical objects wliich t'onncd such an atti;n'ti\<' ft-atiirf 
 in the Latimer collection from I'orto Kico. (Smithsonian iti-port. 1S7«», 
 372-393.) It is of the left shonldered variety; that is, imagining the 
 object suspended from the neck bkc a regalia, there is a ]»rojeeli<ni on
 
 326 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 v.. \ 
 
 Mm^- 
 
 ,!^"' 
 
 Fig. 197 
 
 Fig. 198o 
 
 Fig. 198.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES. 827 
 
 the left side faintly resembling' a lashin"; of tin- two i-nds of a hoop. 
 This being on the left, the ornamental panel is on the rijriit. Tlu' ••!»• 
 ments of this panel are not unique. Notice lirst tlu' b»'a<liii}; loopi'd on 
 the right side at the top of the panel, and w ideuing d()\vn\vard tt» in 
 close the key ornaments and to pass quite around the boss below. Tht- 
 border ou the edge outside and in front of this beiul has a hiiinan faee 
 between two opposing scrolls. The bas-relief ornaiiu-nt iiisid.- the bt-a*! 
 consists of a double ring in relief, with two oniaiiients as nearl\ alike 
 as the varying space would admit. 
 
 Length, 17i% inches ; thickness of side, l-,^„ inches, (('omitaie table 
 in Smithsonian Report, 187C, p. 300.) 
 
 Fig. 1!M>. A collar Irom San Dnm- 
 ingo, pr(>bably obtained in Porto 
 Rico. It does not belong to M. 
 Guesde's collection, but tiie figure 
 will explain some features omittfd in 
 the last. This is also left shouldered. 
 The shoulder projection, the looped 
 bead, with its herring-bone ridges, 
 inclosing triangular excavations, the 
 boss, and the slight onnnnent on the 
 shouldered side are all well exjuessj'd. 
 Although both these are lett shoul- 
 dered, there are many right-shoul- 
 dered ones, plainly showing that they 
 were to be use<l in pairs. 
 
 Fig. 200, A stone stool t)r chair of 
 
 the variety mentioned and illustrated 
 
 £ ^ in the Smithsonian Report, lS7<i, p. 
 
 B '. 370, The material of thost' there de- 
 
 f. scribed, however, is either sandstone 
 
 or wood, and the device is some ani- 
 mal form. In ^l. (iues«le's specimen 
 : the material is a dark brown v«)lcanic 
 ' stone, and the device is the human 
 .. form. Moreover, the ])osiiion is in- 
 .' verted. The nuin is Iving on his 
 back, with his feet drawn uji t«> torm 
 the legs of the stool. Ilis arms, with- 
 -"" .r out auv attem])t at accuraev of delin 
 eation are doubled on his neik. The 
 eyes and mouth are like the same 
 ■^-.^ : k..,n-'??# features in all aboriginal stan 
 
 ■ ^ ^ . . -^--^^....^ I :^ j^jijj beautiful shells were ilou!' 
 
 '^^ukd ^ '^ inserted in them. The ears have 
 
 Fig. 200. large oi)euings in which were m-
 
 828 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 sertotl plug's of wood, stone, shell, or feathers. The legs of the 
 chair, just beneath the man's shonlders, are mere projections from the 
 stone. Tlie iiiarkiugs in tlie head and forehead are quite tastefully de- 
 signed. The back does not slope upward as much as in the Latimer 
 specimens. In Dr. Liborio Lerda's "Eldorado " is figured a mummified 
 human body seated on a stone stool in a cist. The figure in this paper 
 an<l notes of im Thurn {Thnehri, i, 271) should be consulted. The im- 
 possibility of using such objects as mealing stones was pointed out by 
 the author of these notes ten years ago, and im Thurn adds the very 
 pertinent argument that the ancient West Indians did not grind maize, 
 subsisting mainly on cassava. Dr. Joseph Jones quotes Sheldon as 
 saying, "When a Carib died his body was placed in the grave in an 
 attitude resembling that in which they crouched around the fire or the 
 table when alive, with the elbows on the knees and the palms of the 
 hands against the cheeks." 
 
 Length, 16 inches; Avidth, 6^ inches; height of head, G^ inches; of 
 feet, 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 Figs. 201-202. A low wooden stool from Turk's Island, collected by the 
 late W. M. Gabb. This form is similar to those described in a iirevious 
 publication, and referred to by the historians of Columbus. The orna- 
 mentation of the countenance of the human head are best shown in Fig. 
 202 a. The labyrinthine design of the seat ornament, the scrolls, loz- 
 enges, and chevrons in the head ornaments are most praiseworthy. 
 Length, 46 inches. (202 «, b, c, d.) 
 
 Fig. 202 d. 
 
 Fig. 203. A human figure carved from a single log of wood. The 
 portions broken away render it impossible to tell how large the image 
 was originally and what position the figure occupied. Especially notice-
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDlEi?. 82U 
 
 \A I 
 
 %'
 
 830 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 able are the ear-plug-s and the bands drawn tightly around the muscle 
 of the arms. This feature is explained in the next figure. Length, 43 
 inches. 
 
 Fig. 203,
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST INDIES 831 
 
 Figs. 1M)4, 205. This carving represents two individuals Hoat<Ml on :i 
 canopied chair. Tlie whoU' thing is inteicsting to the highest th-gree. 
 The chair has a high back ornamented w ith scrolls and concentrii- rings. 
 Both individuals have embroidered skull caps, the nearest approach t<) 
 which are the basket work, dose-titting (Mubroidered hats «»!' the Indians 
 of the Great Interior Basin of the United States. Tht* ears miidi di> 
 tended are to be looked for. The most noteworthy featun-, ho\\ 
 the bauds of embroidered cotton just above the calves. In his mhuihI 
 voyage, cruising among the Caribbee Islands, Cohunbus came on the 
 10th of November, 1493, to Santa Cruz Island. Here he had a fight 
 with some natives in a dug-out and wounded some of them. "Th«' hair 
 o£ these savages was loug and coarse, their eyes were encircle«l with 
 
 -i!aW»- 
 
 Fio. 204.
 
 832 
 
 PAPERS DELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 paint so as to give them a hideous expression ; and bands of cotton were 
 bound tiinily above and below the muscuhir part of the arms and legs 
 so as to cause them to swell to a disproportioned size." (Irvmg's Colum- 
 bus, I, 333.) Heiglit, 31 inches. 
 
 Fig. 205. 
 
 Figs, 200, 207. Spoon and cup carved from the guava fruit. The 
 spoon and mug are both of European form, but it would be exceedingly 
 interesting to obtain some of the ancient forms. It is more than prob- 
 able that the gourd and jicara fruit and cocoa played an important part 
 in this portion of the economy of the ancient Caribs. 
 
 Fig. 208. In this figure is represented an inscribed slab found in a 
 portion of Guadeloupe, properly so called. It weighs several tons and
 
 GUEbDE UULLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WK.'^l- 1M)1K>. H6'i^ 
 
 Fig. 206. 
 
 ,•5* r 
 
 
 r / 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 Kio. 207. 
 
 it is impossible to remove it. lu the vicinity are t«. be seen inanv .., 1.,-. 
 rocks bearing inscriptions, but this is the most Haborat.- ot the ^m....]. 
 The general appearance of the figures is not .lissin.ilar to- those ..n the 
 cover of the journal published in Den.erara, ealle.l Fn.^rhn, -0.s, a. 
 S. Mis. 33 :53
 
 834 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 
 
 
 Air 
 
 
 r '-...... %,■ 
 
 :<ss^'C^'ii, .•;;:? 
 
 
 
 
 I - 
 
 ^V 
 
 f^ 
 
 Fig. 208. 
 
 Fig, 208 a. 
 
 Fig. 209.
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WEST IND1E>. 835 
 
 . Figs. 209-213. Specimeus of pottery in M.(iue8(le'8colIwti(Ui. Tlu-y 
 do not ditier at all t'loni tbose found throu^dioiit tlir Wvm Indit-s. Tlu' 
 material is poorly worked but well baked and most of the .l..i ,,. .,., 
 the handles are boldly conceived. (iSee also Timehri, iii. pi 
 
 ' y, ; 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 -'t 
 
 Fig. 21 u a. 
 
 ~\ 
 
 I 
 
 
 < 
 
 Fig. 210 b. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 **> ■- ...^ jf 
 
 MM M 
 
 A*-'-' 
 
 
 i. 
 »?•' 
 
 Fig. 211. 
 
 w 
 
 Fi<;. 21J. 
 
 Fig. 214. This is the l>est preserved fragment of pottery a.s yet ti^Mired 
 from this area. The cylindrical mouth and the ornamental b<Mly point 
 to a vessel of some pretensions. It is impossible to conjecture what w.is 
 the continuation of the lower portion.
 
 836 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY, 
 
 ^' 
 
 m^ 
 
 ■:-v^ 
 
 . V9» 
 
 I: 
 
 ■■>v'. 
 
 ^^v.„. 
 
 ^''-: 
 
 Fig. 213. 
 
 Figures 215, 215 a. In the introductiou to this paper M. Guesde 
 speaks of shell celts ; they are also mentioned over and over again in 
 Stevens' "Flint Chips," and those familiar with the arts of Polynesia 
 will recall the beautiful adze blades scarcely distinguishable from chal- 
 cedony, keeping clearly in mind the fact that the people of each area 
 utilize always the best materials and processes consistent with their
 
 GUESDE COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES IN WKsr IM.IK>. .^37 
 
 grade of civilization. Tlu' whole subject of art in shfll is rxliaustively 
 treated by W. II. Holmes in Second Annual Kcpoit of tin* IJuirau of 
 Ethu(.lo-y, pp. 203-i'(ir). (See also Timdni, iii, j.!. Vi.) 
 
 Fig. 215. 
 
 Fkj. ii'xi.
 
 I
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
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