UC-NRLF 257 am AKY SCHOOL SPELLING-BOOK BIMA1U SJ BY WILLIAM D. SWAN WPEKTIIM CO :, . . . . oxin?ton.C. S. ;. ;n :-BuSalo,T. &M. Butler. p EXCHANGE PREFACE. THIS little work has been teachers of Primary and Intermediate Schools with a systematic series of exercises in English orthog- raphy. It is arranged upon the plan of the author's larger Spelling-Book, and the following extract J from the preface of that work is here inserted : " Experience has convinced the author that the old method of requiring children to study words in columns, arranged according to their accent and number of syllables, and to spell them orally, with- out reducing the exercise to practice by writing the words, is a useless task, and will never accomplish its design. Children may be able to spell words correctly when pronounced by the teacher ; but, J without frequent practice in writing, they will mis- \ spell them in composition. The recent reports of \ school committees, upon this subject, bear testimony ^ to the truth of this conclusion. " There are great and paramount difficulties in learning to spell correctly the English language. These difficulties arise principally from the anom- alous and peculiar structure of the language from the variety of sounds given to the several vowels from silent consonants ia certain classes ; of words and from the similarity of sounds in ; syllables formed by different combinations of let- ters. To obviate these difficulties to classify and arrange them tinder distinct heads, that they may be mire xeadily and easily learned and remem- beredBpn^p been the principal design of the author, v " Easy words, illustrating the simple sounds of vowels and consonants ; words containing one or more silent consonants ; words pronounced alike, \l but differing in orthography and signification, > have been arranged into distinct classes. But the ji great and distinguishing feature of the work is the }[ arrangement of Exercises for Writing, in connec- tion with the several classes. It has often been urged, and with good reason, against the spelling- books in common use, that children are required to learn to spell words, of the meaning and use of which they have no idea. These Exercises for Writing provide a remedy for this defect. Most of the words in the qolumns occur in the sentences, and the learner is thus shown their meaning and application." The words in sentences may be used for lessons to be spelled orally by small children who have not learned to Write. Boston, May, 1850. THE PRIMARY SCHOOL SPELLING-BOOK. * t ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography treats of letters, syllables, words, and spelling. A letter is a character used in printing, or writing, to represent the sound of the human voice in speaking. The English alphabet consists of twenty-six letters. There are/cmr kinds of letters ; name- ; ly, Roman, Italic, Old English, and \ Script. The letters have severally two forms, : by which they are distinguished ; namely, ; capitals and small letters. Capitals are used for the sake of em- j inence and distinction. Small letters ; constitute the body of every work. j See Rules and Exercises for the Use of j 5 Capitals, page 97. 1* THE ALPHABET. ROHAN LETTEBS. [ Capitals. Small Letters. Capitals. Small Letters. Jt * a N n B b o C c P P D d a q E e R r F f s s G g T t H h U 11 I i V V J J W w K k X X L 1 Y y , M m Z z 12345678 9 10 I fs*fSf+srss+ssrss*ss+, ^XXXXX^VM t \ THE ALPHABET. ! ITALIC LETTERS. 1 ! Capitals. Small Letters. Capitals. Small Letters. A a N w B b o C c p P 1 D d Q E e 12 r F / $ 8 G g r | H h ?7 M I i F U J J fF C K k X a; L I F y M m Z % 1 * language ; as, harm, great. > A derivative word is one that is formed \ \ from some simpler word in the language ; t as, harmless, greatly. $ A simple word is one that is not com- > pounded ; as, book, man. \ J A compound word is one that is com- < $ posed of two or more simple words ; as, $ \ bookseller, watchman. \ Permanent compounds are sometimes united into \ ^ one ; as, bookseller : others are formed by the hyphen ; \ \ as, glass-house. A syllable is one or more letters pro- $ \ nounced in one sound, and is either a \ J word or a part of a word. There are as \ J many syllables in every word as there are J j distinct sounds ; as, gram-ma-ri-an. A word of one syllable is called a mon- osyllable ; a word of two syllables, a dis- , \ \ syllable ; a word of three syllables, a \ J trisyllable, 'and a word of more than three J > syllables, a polysyllable./ ^x^^^xx^^xxxxxxxxx^xxx^xxxxxxx^xxxxxxxxxx^xxxx^ 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXS^XXX 12 THE PRIMARY SCHOOI* SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. A has five sounds ; as in hate, hat, bar I and ball. E has three sounds ; as in we, met, : and her. \ ! / has three sounds ; as in mind, thin, < ; and birth. O has five sounds ; as in note, not, ; ; born, come, and tomb. U has four sounds ; as in use, us, full, : and rude. SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. B has always the same sound ; as in | bad, crab, and sabre. C is hard before a, o, and u ; as in ; ' came, cold, and cut : and soft before e, t, \ and y ; as in cell, cite, and cymbal. D has always the same sound ; as in i dim, bad, and rider. \ F has always the same sound ; as in < fat, if, and swift.* G has two sounds : hard, before a, o, } and u ; as in game, got, and gun : and j * Except in the word of. ; soft, before e, i, and y ; as in gem, giant,* ] and gymnastic. If is aspirated; as in herd, heel, and \ hit : or unaspirated ; as in heir, herb, and i J has the sound of g soft ; as in jest. \ K and L have always the same sound ; j as in kick, lately. M is invariable ; as in mud and muss. ] N and P never change ; as in not, pen. \ Q is always followed by u, and is : sounded as in quake. R is rough ; as in rob : and smooth ; as in hair and more. S has two sounds : hard, as in those ; soft, as in this. T and V never change ; as in tin and ; it ; vain and verb. W, when a consonant, never changes, but is sounded as in win and won. X has three sounds ; as in Xenophon, fix, and exist. Y, when a consonant, is invariable ; as in you and yes: when a vowel, is \ sounded as in day, key, and boy. Z has but one sound ; as in zeal. * With some exceptions ; as in giddy, girl, and a few others, which have g hard. $ 14 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ^ \ \ \ SPELLING LESSONS. 'be go by he lo fy / / \ ve ao vto \ S ir \ * & fo \ \ me no my me no wiy> \ / * we so shy W6 4O drtM J f \ *r- ye wo thy we wo tnu \ V w \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. So we go. \ Lo ! I go by. Q? *s0 we ao. O / *JF GO VM* i \ Ye go by me. &/ fl Me go .6y> me. < V <7 ff < Be ye so. No, ye go. I/TO, ue ao. i/ 9 NOTE TO TEACHERS. The learner should be re- \ quired to spell the words in columns orally. The \ exercises for writing should be copied by the learner ; \ but at recitation, the sentences should be read aloud > by the teacher, and the learner should be required to \ write them again. As the learner progresses, the seq- tence may be read by the teacher, and only the words to which particular attention is called, may be written. Sentences not in the book should also be dictated by the teacher. The punils may then exchange slates, and review each other's work. SPELLING-BOOK. 15 ! i| am in or am in ov, \ i| an is ox an id ox \ as it up ad it ufo at of us at of ud \ V j: if on ii on \ / \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. i| Lo ! I am he. \ It is an ox. I If it be my ox, go on. : If he be in, I go. > / ; It is on my ox. : If it be he, go in. *st id on mu o&. ^// it ve ne, ao vn. ; : ff V ; Do ye as I do. | Am I to go in ? | Is he to do it? i/v>m *s to ao in *Sd* netodoit? ! He is to go in. &ve id to ao in. ^XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX > 16 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL 3 fane fan kine \ kin ; fate fat pine pin j hate hat ride rid : made mad site sit i \ mane mate man mat wine hope win hop pane pan mope mop rate rat note not tape tap robe rob bite bit rode rod :\ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. ]: I hate a hat made of fur. He made the man mad. 1 1 The rat ran at a fine rate. His mate sat on a mat. ;! This pin is not made of pine. Sit on the site of the hive. if, get rid of it, I go to ride. jj Do not rob me of my robe. !; SPELLING-BOOK. a date tat 9nade mane mate fame tat mad man mat fian tat mofie note torfe tode EXERCISES FOR WRITING. tide tite a not made o/ tut. made tne man mad. tat tan at a fine tatb. mate tat on a mat. fein i& not made 'te o/ tne nive. 7 itj 18 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL i < . . . 1 ! AY and EY. ACE and ASE, ;:'plo*/ grey race case ? stray they trace vase \ sway whey space chase AID and ADE. AIL and ALE. aid fade ail dale : braid blade fail gale ; laid cade snail vale \ I paiJ ladfe pail bale ; ' staid shade hail pale ] mawZ glade frail stale AIM and AME. AIN, ANE, and EIN. | \ aim name draw carae rein \\ \ claim frame fain bane vein ;| : maim fame gram plane skeiw ;: EXERCISES FOR WRITING. They play* Horses race. Flowers fade. A blade of grass. The money was paid. Life is frail. The beautiful | vale. A bale of goods. A gold cham. ; The rein of a bridle. A skem of silk. ;! The mane of a horse. Fair fame. A ;| good name. The same claim. A sane ;| man. The frame of a house. ^^^^^x^xxx^x^xxxx^^wx^vx^^x^xx^x^xx^ (> Xxxysx^*xx^<^ \ 22 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL EAN and EEN. EAP and EEP. \ bean seen heap deep \ > mean green leap keep \ $ lean queen neap peep ] \ clean sheen reap weep \ I gleam screen cheap creep \ wean spleen sheep \ \ EAR and EER. EAT and EET. dear beer feat beet fear peer heat meet near veer neat street rear queer peat fieet sear sheer bleat sheet \ tear sneer cheat sweet \ year steer treat sleet $ clear cheer wheat greet $ EASE, FEZE, and IEZE. \ please sneeze frieze EXERCISES FOR WRITING. I have seen a bean. A green tree. ^ A black sh eep. I fear the steer will run > \ with the wheat. I will meet him. He J will not cheat. Walk in the street. \ Rear him sneeze. Try to please. SPELLING-BOOK. 23 ; OAM and OME. OAN, ONE, and OWN. foam dome moan bone floivn i I loam home roan prone sown \ ; OAR, ORE, OOR, and OUR. ; hoar gor door \ roar snore floor OAT and OTE. boat note ; coat vote ; bloat smote \ ; soar store flour OSE, OZE, and ows. [ rose doze blows prose froze grows OME and UM. come hum some drum UE, EW, IEU, a blue few li< g\ue crew true brew 1 sue heiv pi nd IEW. m view UME and EUM. ume rheum UCE, USE, EUCE, uicE, and .OOSE. { truce use deuce juice loose EXERCISES FOR WRITING. k Cl A 1 f /""* 1. A . $ See the foam. Go home. A roan $ \ horse. A large boTie. The bird has ^ \ flown. The winds roar. The door of \ \ the store. A bank note. A black coat. % The rose bush grows. He had a view of \ the crew. It is trae. A flag of truce. ;! 24 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL V j|j; EUD, UDE, and EWD. feud rude lewd * UIT and UTE. suit lute > fruit bmte UR and IR. fur stir slur . sir URB and EHB. curb verb IRD, EARD, and ORD. gird heard word URGE, ERGE, IRGE, and OURGE. purge merge dirge scourge \ surge verge I URK, IRK, ERE, and ORE. lurk dirk jerk work Turk kirk clerk URL, EARL, and IRL. i curl earl girl furl pearl twirl EXERCISES FOR WRITING. > A rude child. He is a hrute. Sweet 4 : fruit. A for cap. Do not stir. He j ; heard the word. The dirge was sung. > He stood on the verge of the rock. A i steel dirk. Yuri the flag. A good girl. \ A white pearl. < Axxxxxxxxxxxxx, SPELLING-BOOK. 25 ERM, IBM, and OEM. germ firm worm URN, ERN, and EARN. burn fern learn turn stern yearn TTRST, IRST, and ORST. burst first worst durst thirst T7RT, ERT, and IRT. hurt dirt pert shirt OUR and OW'ER.* sour ipow'er hour dow er scour cou) er EARTH, IRTH, and ORTH. earth birth worth EXERCISES FOB WRITING. See that worm. The stake is firm. It will not turn. You can learn. Do not burn the fern. The first shell is bwrsJ. It is the worst. Do not hurt the dog. He will play in the dirt. This hour I will try my power. The e#r/fc is round. It is worth a dollar. * The accent of a syllable is a stress of the voice in pronouncing it. It is marked thus ('.) $ 26 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL I AY and EY. J de lay 1 o bey 7 V'de fray sur vey ACE and ASE. de face 7 e rase 7 un lace de base $ ^ AID and ADE. j a fraid' ti rade' \ up brai? bro cade \ AIL and ALE. ^ as sai/ 7 re ga/e 7 ^ de tail in hale % \ I AIM and AME. | ac claim 7 be came 7 | de claim in flame i| dis claim de fame \ AIN and ANE. J com plain 7 pro fawe 7 ^ do main hu mane \ ex plain in sane AIR and ARE. af fair 7 de clare 7 \ re pair be ware im pair pre pare AIT and ATE. a waitf 7 de bate 7 ^ re late I va cate AZE, AYS, AISE, and EYS. a maze 7 de lays 7 dis praise 7 con veys f em blaze dis plays ap praise sur veys EXERCISES FOR WRITING. I will o6ey. He will defray the pense. Do not deface it. Erase ex- the mark. I am afraid. He will assai/ him. Boys declaim. I will not complain. He will repair the desk. Await the result, He surveys the scene. V^<^XXXXXX^X^"fo * SPELLING-BOOK. 27 * EDE and EED. im pede 7 sue ceed' se cede in deed EME and EEM. ex treme 7 es su preme re deem ENE, EAN, EEN, and INK. con vene' ob scene se rene ter rene sin cere' ad here aus tere ma chine 7 \ de mean 7 un see/?/ un clean be twee/i ra vine ca reen ton tine nan keew rou tine ERE, EAR, en dear 7 ap pear ar rear EER, and IER. ca reer 7 cash ter 7 com peer fron tier ve neer ETE, EAT, EET, EIT, and EIPT. con cre/e 7 de com plete re re plete en treai se crete re treatf dis creetf 7 con ceit 1 de ceit re ceipt EXERCISES FOR WRITING. They accede to the demand. He suc- ceeds well in business. The men redeem their pledges. The Supreme Ruler of * the universe. The unseen power. The i > air is serene. His career was short. An | } austere man. A sincere Christian. The > ^ edifice is complete. The retread was | ^ disastrous. A strange conceit A receipt. \ 28 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL AL, EL, and LE. dVal du'e/ st vi al cru el ap pie re al lev el sad d/e o val reb e/ treb /e tri al gru e/ mar ble fa ta/ fu e/ set tie natal .iew e/ cattle to ta/ grav el a ble re gal ves se/ era die lo ca/ par eel bi b/e fo ca/ bush el hum b/e^ pe na/ shov e/ turn b/e co pal mar ve/ crum ble plu ra/ bev e/ era die vas sa/ gos pel la d/e ves ta/ ken nel can d/e den ta/ la be/ baf f/e bri do/ pan e/ spin die EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The dial of a clock. They fought a ; duel. He found an apple. A glass vial. The crue/ man fell from the saddle. A marb/e statue. The pane/ of a door. ! The fata/ act. An bumble man. The vesse/ has sailed. Rocks crumble. Light |T the cand/e. Bring the parcel. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx<& SPELLING-BOOK. 29 } ENCE and ENSE. com mence 7 im mense de fence in cense * pre tence pre pense ; ; of fence sus pense ; ; science expense ENCE and ENSE. ' ca 7 dence dis pense 7 1 flor ence sub tense ] es sence con dense ] pres ence pro pense ] ab sence in tense ATE, ET, and ETTE. pa! 7 ate re grei 7 bru nettef \ ; leg ate mag'netf co quetfte sen ate plan et pal'ette prel ate sig net ga zette' ISE and IZE. de vise 7 as size / ISE and IZE. re vise 7 ap prize* ICE and is. maWce ba x sis lat tice gra tis 1 no tice glot tis [ sur plice ax is EXERCISES F( I He will commence I expense. He was i fc time. I regret that [ gazette. The Sem [ States will devise a p I the estate. He was ICE and is. cor 7 nice gla 7 czs of fice trel lis bod ice cri sis j ser vice the sis ^ )R WRITING. ^ the defence at any \ n suspense a long \ it appeared in the ite of the United Ian. I will apprize in office. 3 * 30 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL IN INE, and AIN. ; dol'phi/j Tap'ine fountain \ bod kin des tine moun tain : nap kin pris tine chief tain ur chin jas mine cap tarn { spav in doc trme vil km | dau phm fam me chap lain | ver mm en gme mur ram : vir gm san guzV^ cur tain ; mar gm er mine . cer tarn o and ow. cai^go sor'row he TO pil low ne gro win dow t bra vo ar TOW tri o shad ow , o and ow. I SO X 10 foWoK? mot to bel low \ grot to mar TOW J can to far row j ze ro spar TOW ; ODE and OAD. ^ ex plode' un loa^ 7 EXERCISES F [ He was certain 1 [ there. The captain S anrl 0-avp an appnnnt ODE and OAD. ; fore bode' re loaJ 7 : OR WRITING. hat the engine was ; heard of the famine, \ nr it in tno marfrm of his letter. He sold his cargo. A tale, of sorrow. He was a hero. See the shadow. SPELLING-BOOK. 31 \ OL and OLE. con trol' con dole' \ pa irol con sole OL and OLE. en wl' pa wlef un wl pis tole ' OSE and ows. \ dis pose 7 wid x ow;s pro pose win dows OSE and ows. trans pose 7 sparrows com pose mead ows ; OTE and OAT. de note' a floai 7 OTE and OAT. de vote 7 waist 7 coai : UE and EW. \ en due' be dew? 7 [ ac crue a new? : em brue re new? UE and EW. ven due' cur' few i sub dwe sin ew? en swe mil dew? ; USE and UCE, : ex cwse 7 in duce' a bwse tra dwce : dif fuse e duce re cluse de dwce ; EXERCISES F He could control t t conso/e him. He c f windows. I will ren [ due him. He can [ I will indwce him tc + trxf\t//*0 Viim USE and UCE. ab strwse 7 se duce' ; ob twse con duce ] refuse pro duce ; dis use' in duce ; OR WRITING. ; limself. I could not ; ,ould dispose of the ; ew? it. He can sub- J prodwce an excwse. \ > study. I will not | > 32 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL \ UTE and UIT. UTE and UIT. ; ; con fute' nnr o/j/7// IJU.1 SUtll tribute TP PT1/7 /' 1C \sL Wl/v EB, BE, OB, and AR. ^ ru'ler a'cre tu'mor War tra der li vre ru mor fri ar cor ner sa bre tre mor nee tar tim ber me tre clam or mor tar un der fi bre can dor schol ar mut ter ni tre sa vor pop lar bet ter spec tre er ror col lar lin ger mau gre vie tor so lar bin der cen tre vig or po lar ten der lus tre doc tor lu nar quiv er om bre ** tu tor dol lar \ ves per o chre fac tor , ce dar \ pros per lu ere fa vor beg gar j i[ fes ter seep tre lie tor pil lar ^ bri er som bre major vie ar i help er mea gre pas tor vul gar ; EXERCISES FOR WRITING. He was -' T>m/-i 4-v-i V-/> it in pursuit of his horse. He ^ r> +si W-rArt-iY^ A l-isv/v* wrill ii/-vf 3 prosper. No one will favor him. A beggar sat under the tree. I gave th@ doctor a dollar. He called it lucre. The brier grew in the centre of the garden. 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX^ SPELLING-BOOK. 33 \ * \\ ; i 1 EN and ON. ha'ven ma 7 son ta ken par don gar den par son war den cot ton lis ten pris on cho sen crim son to ken but ton \ us and ous. ge 7 nws jea! 7 ows bo nus zeal ous cir cus lep rows re bus pi ous sur plies fa mows gram pus ner vows ' isth mws pompows INE and IGN, re pine 7 en 7 sign su pine as sign' con fine con dign de cline de sign INE and IGN. re cline 7 re si^n 7 de fine ma lign in cline be ni^n car x bine con s^n ITE and IGHT. u nite' a light' in dite de light po lite a right excite affright EXERCISES F IT 1 1 ^1 ITE and IGHT. * con 7 trite in 7 sight fi nite fore sight le vite twi light re quife 7 fort mght OR WRITING. the garden. A 'plows man. In crossing \ the isthmws he saw a grampws, which ^ made him quite nervous. I will not re- > pine. It is a good design. Define the - words. Unite them with delight. I can ^ indite. He lived a VXxxxxx, 34 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ER and UR. ER and UR. < de fer 7 de mwr 7 con fer 7 in cwr 7 \ | de ter re cwr pre fer oc cwr ERSE, ERCE, and URSE. | per verse 7 co erce 7 im burse* > dis perse a merce dis bwrse i| im merse com^ merce ac cwrse > ERN, URN, and EARN. ; con cera 7 re twra 7 un learn' , ERT, URT, and IRT. in serf x un hurt' be girtf AU and AW. AU and AW. ; aw 7 ger aw 1 ful aw 7 gust awk 7 ward ^ aw (dit awn ing aw spice dawn ing s aw tumn fawn ing aw thor fawn er caw tion law ful aw burn law less caws tic law suit awe tion law yer aw stere 7 raw ness caw tious saw dust EXERCISES FOR WRITING. I will defer my visit. It will not recwr. He told the mob to disperse. He could \ not coerce. Write the word disbwrse. \ Retwm, and unlearn, and concern have \ different terminations. I can insert it. J 1 He was unhwrf. The lawyer came home | < in ^fwgust. SPELLING-BOOK. 35 \ IE and EI. brief ei 7 ther grief nei ther thi^f lei sure fief sei zure chief con ceive 7 grieve de ceive L IE and'Ei. be lieve 7 re ceive' I re lieve de ceit re prieve re ceipt \ re trieve per ceive a chieve con ceit be siege EER, IER, and ERE. en gi neer 7 brig a dier 7 in ter fere 7 dom i neer cav a lier per se vere gaz ct teer gren a dier cas si mere pri va teer fin an cier . ; TT, EU, UE;BW, EAU, and IEW. du f ty new 7 ten; rwe 7 ful dew/ drop ; du el new tral 1 dew; y fw el plew ri sy beaj^ ty view; less ; : EXfeRCISES FOR WRITING. The thief 9id not r0ceive his deserved $ punishment. We are often deceived by ^ the appearance of grief. The receipt re- \ lieved him from embarrassment. The \ grenadier was clothed in cassirnere. The \ auctioneer was compelled to interfere. 36 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ANT and ENT. va' cant ar x dent fra grant pen dent in fant co gent dor man*- strin gen* con stanJ cur rent dis tan> ur gent er ran* fer ven2 fla grant fre quenl AKCB and EBCE. bal x dis in stance sub sem ut ter ig no Tance ra di pra x ere ca dence si lewce sci ence in flu ence con flu ence neg li gence. EXERCISES TOB WRITING. A fragrant flower. A constant friend* A distant object. His reasoning was co- gent He was urgent in his request. The balance was paid. The confluence of the \ two rivers. His utterance was bad. The \ radiance of the sun. ^^*v** ... . K ^/XXXXXXXXXXXv^XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX^XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX^ SPELLING-BOOK. 37 ^ t *"" t ABLE and IBLE. 5 lau' da 6/e plau 7 s/ 6?e prob a ble cred i ble sol va ble sen si ble ca pa 6/e au di 6/e ten a ble for ci ble ; nm ta 6/e leg i 6/e li a ble flex t 6/e cul pa ble fran gi ble port a 6/e fu si 6/e ; af fa 6/e vis i ble tax a ble pos si 6/6 trac ta 6/e tan gi ble \ pal pa ble ven di ble \ no ta ble fal li 6/e ford a We ed i 6/e ^ par a 6/e feas i 6/e ^ leas a 6/e ris i ble \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. $ A laudafr/e desire. A plausi&Ze tale. ^ v A pioba&/e event. A sensible man. His ^ \ position was not tenable. A portafi/e \ $ desk. A frangi&fe vessel. His conduct \ ^ was culpa6/e. The stream was forda6/e. ^ N The writing was legift/e. He understood ^ < the paraWe. His organs were flexible, v ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxA 38 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL { Y and EY. Y and EY. 1 sha 7 dy ab 7 bey hap 7 py val 7 ley | mer ry mon ey love ly gal ley ; slee py vol ley : gree dy tur key lone ly med ley state ly kid ney } kind ly chim ney bod y bar ley } dain ty ker sey gid dy par ley : folly jersey , k sal ly mot ley \ si and ci. ^ \ ne ces 7 si ty ve rac 7 i ty ; im men si ty lo quac i ty in ten si ty ra pac i ty di ver si ty sa gac i ty u ni ver 7 si ty te nac i ty : gen er as i ty ca pae i ty an i mos i ty fe roc i ty cu ri 05 i ty i a troc i ty ^ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. J : A shady bower. The abbey received \ ; his money. A lovely valley. A body of { ; men. The turkey was fed on barley. A $ ; motley crew. A smoky chimney. A gal- $ ; ley slave. The enemy demanded a par- \ : ley. The deputy made a long journey, i ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/x<| N SPELLING-BOOK. 39 CIAL and TIAL. so 7 cial nup 7 tial spe cial mar tial i ju di 7 cial par ft'a/ \ of fi cial po ten 7 tial ^ fi nan cial es sen tial com mer cial sub stan Jz'a/ pro vin cial im par tial CIOUS and TIOUS. gra 7 cious cau 7 tious spe cz'ows fac snow. His gestures are clumsy. The v : gypsy left a small legacy. The hazy \ i atmosphere. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-^ SPELLING-BOOK. 43 > eel 7 e brate lib e rate des e crate op e rate tol e rate gen e rate ven e rate rec re ate pen e trate per pe trate ad e quate del e gate nu me rate con se crate dep re cate con gre gate ex e crate E and i. ab' di cate med i cate in d/ cate ex in cate can d* date ob li gate crim i nate nom i nate mil i tate hes i tate cul ti vate grav i tate cap ti vate vin di cate cog i tate em i grate as pi rate EXERCISES FOR WRITING. \Ve celebrate the birthday of Wash- ington. They desecrate the Sabbath. H$ was a candidate for office. He extri- cates himself from difficulty. The church was consecrated. He vindicates his claim. He was a delegate to nominate a candidate for office. <-^xx, i| 44 THE PRIMAR 1 IT SCHOOL *++4 ii SION and TION. , > pas 7 sion na x tion i i mis sion ra iion j SeS Sion sta txon ! pen sion ten sion fac fe'on trac tion 1 ver sion o mis 7 sion cap ftVm j; pro fes sion sal va fo'ow op pres sion v ad mis sion no ta to'on du ra fo'on dis mis sion dis cus sion plan ta tion de vo ft'o/i \ sue ces sfon e mo tion I sus pen sion pro gres sion im pres sion con ces sion pro mo tion de tec ft'ow re cep tion de ten fo'oft \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. He received a pension. The faction $ \ was divided. His emotion was great. The nation suffered from oppression. There was an omission of the capft'on. ; He filled the station with dignity. There $ \ was a Suspension of hostilities. ^x^xxx*^xx^x^^*v**xx SPELLING-BOOK. 45 $ lam& jam6 lim& clim& SILENT LETTERS. B. dum& plum& num& tom& crum& bom& thumft dou&t 1 de&t de&t 7 or su&t le re dou&t 7 \ c. \ in diet 7 in diet 7 ment vict 7 u As czar D. > hand 7 some Wednes 7 day hand 7 kcr chief $ I _^ G. sign deign gnash phlegm ^ de sign 7 feign gnaw poign 7 ant J as sign reign gnat seign ior $ con dign ar raign 7 gnarled im pugn 7 \ en 7 sign cam paign bagn 7 io im pregn < EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The lam& bleats. They clim& the hill* > The bom& burst. The de&t was paid- ^ ^ fle was indicted for murder. The czar \ \ was cruel. The ensign signed the paper. \ ^ The de&tor assigned his property. The \ \ gnarled oak. He gnashed with his teeth. \ \ In the reign of the late sovereign. Gnats $ bite. J 46 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL K. knack &nell &nob knave &nit know knee knight knew fcnead &nife fcnown kneel knot &nock CH. drtcAm yacht schism L. a?ms calf balk ba/m half calk palm calve chalk psalm halve stalk qua/m salve talk could would walk should be ha/P al' mond EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The &nave was compelled to bow the fcnee. The fcnell was heard. The knife \ was broken in a knot. A glass knob. He 5 asked for a/ms. A balmy breeze. His ; mind was calm. Almonds are bitter. ; The sa/mon was caught. A stalk of \ grass. The vessel was so/dered. 4 SPELLING-BOOK. hynw kiln N. con denw' con tenw p. prompt 1st tempt psal ter emp' ty psalm isle chastf' en hast en christf en glistf eo- listf en moisf en s. sous T. en soft x oft en fast en cas le bus tie jos tie sol 7 enw au tunw re ceipt 7 ex empt symp 7 torn \ land gris 7 de whis tie this rte rus tie pes le wres de EXERCISES FOR WRITING. He gave the man a sous to carry him over to the island. Chasten thy son, and hasten to be wise. Listen to instruction. The castle was taken. The leaves were moistened. The busde was great. This- ties grow in meadows. He heard the sound of the whistle. t 48 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL S p brogue league [ rogue teagwe vogue vagwe t tongue plagwe mosque o paqwe x pique col league ob lique' pro rogwe fa tigue ec x logwe in trigue prol ogi^e ha rangue di a logwe cat' a logue dec a logwe ped a gogwe ep i logwe syn a gogwe tri a logwe . ap o logz^e dem a gogwe EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The rogtje speaks with a brogue. A league was formed against him. The intrigue was discovered. He was ex- hausted with fatigue A prologue is spoken before, and an epilogue after, a play. Repeat the decalogue. Dema- gogues addressed the crowd. He read the catalogue. The boys recited the dialogue. They worshipped in the syn- agogue. SPELLING-BOOK. 49 .guard guess guest guide guile guilt built build wrap wrath tweak wreck wreath whole rarest wretch u. buy quay quote con 7 quer cir cuit buy er bis cuit guin ea w. write wring writ wrist writhe wrote wrong wrung wry 'tal quo rum quo ta quo tient guit ar 7 be guile dis guise liq 7 wor wri 7 tng wrin kle writ ten wres tie sword whoop an 7 swer tow ards knoid edge bought bought EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Gward against gialt. James some biscwits. The drunkard some liquor for a guinea. The lady played on the guitar. It is wrong to $ turangle. The cruel boy wrung the \ wren's neck. His faith made him whole. \ An ansitfer was given. The si(?ord was I broken. He wrote the letter. ^<^x^xxxx^ THE PRIMARY SCHOOL *ss-& SOUNDS OP LETTERS. cAaise cAi cane' cAa grin ) cAa 7 os cAasm cAoir cAord cAest cAair cAaff cAalk cheap cheese chance CH like SH. made 7 mois cham paign CH like K. cho / ral chol er cAo rus C/irist CH like TSH. charge change charm chaste chat cheer choke ma chine 1 soucAong c/iiv 7 al ry 1C cAron i cle cAor is ter CAris tian cAoice cAoose cAurch cAurl cAurn ry cher ub L 4> EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The macMne The cAoir sang a cAorus 1 The chain was broken. was invented. in the cAurch. The chest was broken open. The cAaplain was sitting in the cAancel. A cAeap book. Cheese is made of milk. The hunter fell during the cAase. t ^^. SPELLING-BOOK, 61 G hard before E, i, and Y. gird give stagger girl gave an ger gut geese boggy gift get fin ger gig target gid dy gild an ger pirn let gills dag ger lin ger gimp rag ged hun ger PH sounded like F. phrase sphere ci' phlegm ]ymph eph od phe 1 nix cam! phoi phys ic ptieas ant pam phlet tro phy phren sy ,-~or phan tri umph pha lanx soph ism ep i taph pha e ton soph ist eu pho ny phan torn ser aph al pAa bet ; EXERCISES FOB WRITING. Gird on your armor. The girl received ; a gift. His finger was cut with a dagger, i A gimlet is a small auger. The ^Aenix | arose from its ashes. The peasant was caught. The propAet was in a phrensy. The seraph spake. i 52 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL \ \ x sounds like GZ. \ ea: act 7 ea: ist y ea: as 7 per ate | $ ea: alt ea: ult ea: or bi tant | N ea: haust ea: am 7 ine ea: ec u tive 1 \ ea: hort ea: am pie ea: ec u tor \ ea: empt ea: ot ic ea: ec u trix } ea: ert \ ea: em pla ry ea: on er ate \ \ x like KS. \ $ ea: 7 it ea: pect 7 ea: clu 7 sive \ ea: tant ea: pel ea: 7 pi ate \ ea: tract ea: press ea: qui site ^ :| ea:toF ea: tend ea: ere ment \ $ ea: eeed ea: pose ea: tat 7 ic J ea: elude ea: cise ea: hib it J ea: treme ea: pound ea: cheq uer > ea: eel ea/ e cute ea: cur sion \ ex cept ea: er cise ea: claim 7 \ ea: cess ea: clu 7 sion lua: 7 u ry \ i ' \ ! EXERCISES FOR WRITING. ; ! The amount was ea:act. He ea:alts himself. The funds were ea;hausted. The boy ea:erted all his powers. He made his ea:it. Only a part of Livy is ea:tant. An ea:tract from Caesar. The judge ea:pounded the law. The scholar was ea:tolled. > x^xx** xxxxx>^ l SPELLING-BOOK. xxxxxxx/^x^^^^^ 53 nant, accented on the last syllable and preceded \ [ by a single vowel, double the final consonant J * before a termination beginning with a vowel. | rob rob' bing cut cut' ting > ; rub rub bing fret fret ting ; drop drop ping shed shed ding \ fan fan ning hop hop ping > nod nod ding stop stop ping | dun d.un ning fan fan ning | beg beg ging drum drum ming U uit quit ting sup sup ping \ ^ sin sin ning war war ring t ship ship ping win win ning v shut shut ting bid bid ding sit sit ting stir stir ring run run ning plan plan ning pun pun ning sun sunning EXERCISES FOR WRITING. 1 The beggar w r as staged by the robber. ! $ He was running. The maid was fanning } her mistress. He was beginning to learn. The little drummer sat in the inner room sowing. The craggy rock was over- grown with ivy. The evidence was \ summed up. The prisoner was acquired. \ He was cubing the rigging. ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ SPELLING-BOOK. 55 > \ RULE IV. Words ending with two consonants J \ do not double the final consonant when they \ \ receive an additional syllable ; as, ^ march march 7 ing sigh sigh 7 ing \ ^ morn morn ing ring ring ing * { warn warn ing gird gird ing x ^ turn turn ing burn burn ing ^ \ churn churn ing think think ing j s mock mock ing drink drink ing > ^ charm charm ing fast fast ing \ $ ford ford ing thank thank ing ] \ rest rest ing sing sing ing \ yield yield ing pest pest ing } work work ing err err ing $ slight slight ing vaunt vaunt ing \ carp carp ing fawn fawn ing ^ sack sack ing mourn mourn ing t press press ing dress dress ing i \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The army was marc/ling early in the morning. The warning was not heeded. The bells werp ringing. The bards were singing. The music was charming. The laborers were resting. The man was dressed in mourning. He was resting. \ The boy is drinking. xxxxx**^ 4* ^xxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ 56 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL \ RULE V. If a diphthong precede the final con- \ ^ sonant, or the last syllable be not accented, the v \ consonant remains single ; as, \ suit suit' ing boil boil' ing fail fail ing view view ing oil oil ing keep keep ing hail hail ing learn learn ing } \ earn earn ing deal deal ing 3 reap reap ing yield yield ing } toil toil ing leap leap ing \ keep keep ing bear bear ing \ soar soar ing creep creep ing j cook cook ing feast feast ing } meet meet ing greet greet ing \ look look ing seek seek ing speed speed ing fleet fleet ing o wail wail ing rail rail ing \ lev el lev el ing model mod el ing EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The farmer was reaping his grain. \ The boy was learning his lesson. The $ eagle was soaring in the air. The din- $ ner was boi/ing. The servants were \ waiting. The crew were landing. They $ had been toi/irig all night. He was leve/- > ing the ground. He was greeting his j friends. ^ SPELLING-BOOK. RULE VI. Words ending in E final drop the E before terminations beginning with a vowel. hope bake live sue tune come have use place rule shine dance fade save graze hop 7 i bak ing liv ing su ing tun ing com ing hav ing us ing pla cing rul ing shin ing danc ing fad ing sav in graz ing rise ride prove praise serve judge love hate lodge scale raze force give gaze like ns 7 ing rid ing prov ing prais ing serv ing judg ing lov ing ha ting lodg ing seal ing raz ing fore ing giv ing gaz ing lik ing EXCEPTIONS. Words ending in CE or GE retain the E before a ble, to preserve the soft sound of c or G ; as, change, changeable ; peace, peaceable. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. ~ The water was rising, baking. The boy flowers were fading, ing. The cattle were soldiers were scaling the walls, ing was provided. ing. The birds are coming. b . The bread was was riding. The The snn was shin- grazing. The A lodg- The girls were danc- ! 58 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL RULE VII. The final E is not dropped before terminations beginning with a consonant ; as, life force name shame guile taste grace sense blame care life 7 less force less name less shame less guile less taste less grace less sense less blame less care less like rude pale base same bare Scarce fierce hoarse like 7 nessX rude ness %, pale ness L guide guide less cease cease less base base less peace peace ful hate hate ful grate grate ful base ness same ness bare ness scarce nessl fierce ness hoarse ness coarse coarse ness sure "Tnire ness polite ^polite ness wake wake ful waste waste ful care care ful dire dire ful V EXERCISES FOR WRITING. A lifeless mass. A true likeness. A shameless bard. He is guilty of base- ness in his business. A blameless life. He was grateful for the gift. A direful calamity. He was careless of his health. The child was wakeful. He was very careless. The rudeness of the boy was noticed. SPELLING-BOOK. 59 ^ \ RULE VIII. Words ending in Y, preceded by a \ \ consonant, change Y into i when a termination is ^ N added ; as, i mer 7 cy mer 7 ci ful3 mer 7 cies \ \ fan cy fan ci ful fan cies \ du ty du ti ful du ties \ boun ty boun ti ful boun ties * > pft y V p'ft i fai P^ * es beauty beau ti ful beau ties \ EXCEPTIONS. Dry and shy in their derivations \ \ usually retain the Y. J i $ RULE IX. Words ending in Y, preceded by a t \ vowel, retain the Y ; as, ^ play play 7 ing pray pray 7 ing ^ $ say say ing joy y joy ing N \ stay stay ing cry cry ing $ ^ EXCEPTIONS. Day, pay, lay, and say, which ^ \ make in their derivations daily, &c. \ Words ending in IE change those letters into Y ^ ^ before ing ; as, die, dying ; lie, lying ; vie, vying. \ $ $ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. $ A merciful man. A dutiful son. A ^ \ beautiful scene. The beauties of nature, j N The boys were playing in the field. Daily v * food. * Sr.'+Si^ \ ^ 60 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ^ $ ^ i WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERING A $ IN ORTHOGRAPHY AND SIGNIFICATION. * A. ail, to feel pain ale, a kind of drink. air, the atmosphere. \ heir, one who inherits. ere, before. e'er, ever. all, the whole. awl, a sharp instrument. al x tar, a place for sacrifice. \ al ter, to change. aunt, a relation. ant, a small insect. as sent 7 , agreement. as cent, steepness. aught, any thing. ' ought, obliged by duty. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. What ails you ? Three different ales. \ The cold air. An heir to an estate. If y \ e^er it happen. Ere you go. All his \ \ goods. A shoemaker's awl. Alter the v ^ O v ^ shape of the church altar. My aunt found ^ ^ an anfs nest. The ascent of a hill. I j ^ gave my assent. If aught prevent ys. \ i You ought to go. SPELLING-BOOK. 61 $ arc, part of a circle. ark, a vessel built by Noah. a loud 7 , with a loud voice. al lowed, did allow. aisle, a passage in a church. isle, an island. .u' ger, an instrument. ;ur, one who foretells. ^^er, a liquid measure. an chor, of a vessel. adds, increases. ail' au adze, a kind of axe. B. bad, ill. bade, did bid. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The arc of a circle. Noah's ark. You $ will be allowed to read aloud. The \ aisle of a church. The isle of Wi^ht. v The carpenter lost his auger. The \ augur foretold the event. The ship was ^ held by the anchor. The anker was well ^ filled. The miser adds to his property. ^ The cooper's adze. He bade the bad boy \ reform. * 62 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL bail, surety. bale, a parcel. ball, a round substance. bawl, to cry out. bear, an animal. bare, without covering. bark, the rind of a tree. barque, a small vessel. base, vile. bass, a part in music. bay, a part of the sea. \ bey, a Turkish officer. \ bell, a sounding vessel. belle, a fine young lady. be, to exist. bee, m insect. beach, the shore. beech, a kind of tree. \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. ^ A bale of goods. Out on bail. Throw ^ ^ the ball. Do not bawl so loud. Polar \ bear. Bare feet. The barque has sailed. \ \ The bark of a tree. The man sings the < A base act. The beii sailed on the bay. The 6e//e of the village. Ring the $ bell. Be quiet. The 6ee stings. The % beech-tree never grows on the beach. SPELLING-BOOK. 63 > beat, to strike. beet, a root. ber' ry, a small fruit bur y, to inter. blew, did blow. blue, a color. bough, a branch. bow, an act of reverence. bourn, a limit. borne, carried. bread, a kind of food. bred, educated c. can 7 non, a great gun. can on, a rule, or law. eel lar, a vault. sel ler, one who sells. \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Beat the carpet. Sugar is made of \ * beet-root. Bury the 6ern/ in the garden. ] j The wind blew the blue flag. The bough ; i of a tree. Make a 6#?tf. He was borne ' * away. The bourn from which no traveller \ returns. Bake the bread. Well-bred chil- ^ dren. The canons of the church. Fire \ the cannons. The se//6T of rags lived in J a 64 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ces 7 sion, a giving up. ses sion, a sitting. col lar )t /br the neck chol er, anger. coarse, not fine. course, way, direction. creak, to make a noise. creek, a small inlet. ceil 7 ing, a covering. seal ing, setting a seal. clause, part of a sentence. claws, the na s of animals. cite, to summon. v sight, the act of seeing. site, situation. climb, to mount. clime, climate. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. A session of parliament. The cession \ [ of a province. His choler rose. The i \ collar of a coat. The traveller pursued \ ^ his course. He bought coarse cloth. The i J door creaks. The coast has many creeks. \ i He used sealing-wax. The ceiling of a ^ $ room. Eagle's claws. A clause in a \ > w r ill. I ; had a sight of the site for the $ \ house. I will cite him to appear. Climb > \ the tree. Eastern climes. J ^vxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'ixx'xxx SPELLING-BOOK. 65 cruise, to sail up and down. crews, ships* company. cyg x net, a young swan. sig net, a seal. com 7 pli ment, expression of civility. com pie ment,^// number. eoun cil, an assembly. coun sel, advice. cru el, barbarous. crew el, worsted. cous in, a relation. coz en, to cheat. .. dear, beloved, costly. dear, beloved, costly. deer, an animal. due, owing. dew, vapor. \ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. During the cruise, the crews mutinied. \ $ A cygnet can swim. A signet ring. Give $ $ my compliments. A full complement of ^ \ men. The council adjourned. His coun- \ \ sel was followed. His acts were cruel. \ * The lady worked on crewel. His cousin \ | tried to cozen us. My dear son. He shot \ ^ a deer. The money is t^e. The efei0 is J i on the grass. ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvxxxxxxxxxxx^ 6* X^xxxxx xxxxxx> N 66 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL done; performed. dun, brown color. deign, to condescend. Dane, a native of Denmark. die, to expire. dye, co/or. doe, a female deer. dough, unbaked paste. dost, draft, a bill of exchange. draught, of water. F. ^feat, an exploit. feet, the plural of foot. \ faint, languid. feint, a pretence. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Well Jorce. It was baked to a 5 color. The Dane would not rfejgw to \ speak. I fear he will die. Dye the cloth. \ Bake the dough. Doe, an animal. Z)0^ \ \ thou know that he was covered with \ J dust ? A Jro/i: on a banker. A draught $ ^ of water. He performed a feat by jump- ^ \ ing three feet. He made a feint of being \ SPELLING-BOOK. 67 I fare, food. fair, handsome. flew, did fly. flue, a pipe. flour, ground wheat. flow 7 er, the blossom of a plant. fore, in front. four, fw number. fowl, a fo'rdf. foul, filthy. flea, a# insect. flee, to J G * grate, made of bars. great, large. guilt, crime. gilt, adorned with gold. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. \ Coarse fare. A fair lady. The bird ; \flew up the flue of the chimney. Flour : > is made of wheat. Flowers are fragrant. ^ \ The wagon has four w r heels. Thejfore \ \ wheels were broken. Carve the fowl. ^ \ Foul weather. Flee away and be at rest. \ \ PL flea bit the dog. The f^e grate in the * \ great room. The prisoners guilt. A gilt \ frame. 68 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL x gait, manner of walking gate, door, or entrance. grease, melted fat. Greece, a country. groan, to sigh. grown, increased. guessed, conjectured. guest, one entertained in a house. H. hair, of the head. hare, an animal. hall, a large room. haul, to. pull, or hart, an animal. heart, the seat of life. hale, of sound health. hail, frozen rain. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. An iron gate. A shuffling gait. The $ history of Greece. Soap is sometimes $ made of grease. A deep groan. The s ^ tree is grown. I guessed he was your ^ \ guest. He caught a hare. His hair was ^ $ white. Haul the net. He is in the hall. \ \ A hart darted into the heart of the forest * * A hale, hearty man. A hail-storm. SPELLING-BOOK. 69 > ;! heal, to cure. heel, part of the foot. hear, to hearken. here, in this place. high' er, more high. hire, wages. him, objective of he. hymn, a divine song. hole, a cavity. whole, all, the entire. hoard, to amass. horde, a wandering tribe. hour, sixty minutes. our, belonging to us. i. in diet 7 to accuse. in dite, to compose. . EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Can he heal a wound on the heel? Come here. Do you hear ? He works for | hire. A higher wall. Tell him to sing i a hymn. The whole day. Dig a A0/e. J He hoards his money. Hordes of bar- ^ barians. Stay an hour in owr house. He \ \ was indicted. He can mrft'fe a poem. ^x^x : 70 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL inn, a hotel. in, within. K. key, for a lock. quay, a wharf . knead, to work dough. need, want. knave, a rogue, nave, a part of a wheel. kill, to deprive of life. kiln, a large stove. knew, did know. new, novel, fresh. knight, a title of honor. night, time of darkness. knot, a tie, a difficulty. not, q word of denial. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. In great haste he arrived at the inn. I ; '\ lost a key walking on the quay. You J \ need not knead the dough. The knave [ broke the nave of the wheel. They \ will kill him. A brick kiln. I knew it. A new; coat. The knight came in the He could not untie the " SPELLING-BOOK. 71 know, to understand. no, not any. \ lain, past participle of lie. lane, a narrow path. lead, a kind of metal. led, conducted. leak, to rim owtf. leek, a kind of onion. lief, willingly. leaf, o/*# Zree. li x ar, owe wA0 fe/ lyre, a harp. lo, behold. low, noi /wgft. loan, a???/ thing lent. lone, solitary, alone. ^ EXERCISES FOR WRITING. ^ > TVo, sir. I know it. The horse had \ \ lain down in the lane. He was led by \ \ the lead mines. The vessel leaks. Leeks ^ \ grow in the garden. I would as lief 'as ^ ^ not. A willow /e/! He is a /zar. Strike ^ J the lyre. Lo, how Zow; he descends ! A ^ } lone man. Z/oa?z him a hat. \ X XX XX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X 72 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL N les sen, to make less. les son, a task. M. made, finished. maid, a girl, or maiden. \ male, tfAe masculine kind. * mail, a bag for letters. mane, the hair on the neck of a horse. \ v V \ main, strength, force. } mar 7 shal, the highest rank in an army \ mar tial, warlike. mead, meadow. meed, praise. meat, food. meet, to come together. $ mean, low. ? mien, air, look. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. I will lessen his lesson. The wtm'Z \ made the tart. A maiY-coach with two j \ male passengers. The mane of a horse. \ { With all his might and main. The mar- \ \ shal had a martial look. The flowery J \ mead. His meet? of praise. Carve the ^ $ meat. Where shall 1 meet you ? What ^ co you mean ? A noble mien. ^xxxxx^xx^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXr'xxxV SPELLING-BOOK. 73 | maize, Indian corn. maze, an intricate place. might, strength. mite, any small thing. moan, to lament. mown, cut down. more, in quantity. mow 7 er, one who mows. mi ner, one who digs. mi nor, under age. mare, a female horse. may or, chief magistrate. \ nay, not so. $ neigh, the voice of a horse. > EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The maize grew in the maze. I \ might have come. The widow's mite. $ I heard him moan. The grass is moivn. The mower mowed more grass. Minors are not of age. Miners \vork in mines. ^ The mayor rode a white mare. Horses | neigh* Do not say nay. \ 74 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL * 1 * oar, to row with. ore, a mineral. o'er, for over. one, in number. won, d/d win. ode, a j?oem, or song. owed, was indebted. p. pail, a wooden vessel. pale, ivhite. pane, a square of glass. pain, suffering. pair, a couple. pare, to czrf thinly. pear, a fruit. peak, /Ae /op. pique, a grudge. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. He lost his oar rowing o'er the lake. ^ Copper ore. They won one battle. Re- $ cite the ode. He owed money. A pail \ \ of milk. A j?a/e face. Acute pain. A J pane of glass. You cannot pare a pear \ with a pair of scissors. The peak of Ten- eriffe. They pique themselves on this. ^ rrt ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, SPELLING-BOOK. 75 peer, an equal, a nobleman. pier, post of a bridge. place, locality. plaice, a kind offish. plane, a tool. plain, smooth, level. pole, a long staff. poll, f/ie head. paws, feet of animals. pause, a stop. peal, a loud sound. peel, rind, or sAm, pray, to beseech. prey, feooty. profit, gam. . prophet, 0#e who foretells. plum, a &md of fruit. plumb, a leaden weight. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. A British peer built a pier. Taste this ; ? plaice. A pretty p/ace. A jp/am state- $ ment. A carpenter's plane. A peal of $ bells. Orange peel. Vie prays daily. A ;J bird of prey. He deserved praise. Profit \ by good advice. A false prophet. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvxxx^ 76 THE 'PRIMARY SCHOOL pore, small passage. pour, to empty out liquor. peace, quiet, rest. piece, a portion. please, to give pleasure. pleas, pleadings. plait, to fold. plate, a dish. R. rain, water from the clouds. reign, to rule. rein, part of a bridle. raise, to lift up. rays, fceaws of light. raze, to /e#eZ t0if A the ground. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. He pours out water. The pores of the body. A piece of cloth. First in war and peace. A silver plate. She plaits the linen finely. The rain fell. Hold \ the rein tight. The reign of terror. The sun's rays. Raise him gently. They \ intended to raze the city. ^XXXVXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX^MS; SPELLING-BOOK. 77 ! rite, ceremony. right, /ws. wright, a workman. write, to wafce /e/ters. ring, a circle. wring, to twist. rap, to strike. wrap, to roll together. rye, kind of grain. wry, crooked. rung, did nng-. wrung, twisted. rough, not smooth. ruff, - - - stare, to look with wonder. stair, a step. see, to behold. sea, the ocean. stake, a post. steak, a slice of meat. straight, right, direct. \ strait, a narrow passage. stile, steps. style, manner of writing. \ some, part of any whole. sum, the amount. T. tacks, small nails. tax, a rate. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. $ Do not stare. The lowest stair. See * \ the blue sea. A beef-steak. The stake \ \ was made of wood. A straight line. The | i strait of Magellan. Jump over the stile. \ > A style of writing. Give me some idea \ \ of the sum total. Give me two tacks. \ \ The income tax. 80 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL V tale, a story. tail, the extremity. tear, water from the eye. tier, a row, a rank. team, a f/o&e of oxen. teem, to produce. their, belonging to them. there, m that place. threw, did throw. through, jfrom owe ewe? to tfAe otf/ier. toe, part of the foot. tow, coarse jpartf of flax. time, measure of duration. thyme, a fcmd of plant. to, w/ifo, towards. too, a/so, overmuch. two, toice owe. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. A sad tale. The tail of a horse. He shed a tear. The upper tier of boxes. A team of oxen. The villages teem with inhabitants. They left their carriages there. He threw himself down, and slept through the night. He put a piece of tow cloth over his toe. The thyme grows in a short fo'me. Come to me. We are too late. Two apples. ^ SPELLING-BOOK. 81 tide, rising and falling of the sea. tied, bound. tare, a weed, an allowance in weight. tear, to rend. v. vain, empty, false. vane, a weathercock. vein, a blood-vessel. vale, a valley. - veil, covering. \ w. way, rofl J, course. \ weigh, to try the weight, weak, feeble. week, the space of seven days. wain, a wagon. wane, to groio less. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. The tide rose. His hands were tied. $ He tears his clothes in pulling up the tares. The physician opened a vein. He was a vain man. The vane points south. The vale of Tempe. A silk veil. Weigh \ M 1 1 ^""1 . 1 T / T ^ the goods. Come this way. I felt weak \ \ ^ last week. ^XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<5 ^ 82 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL V , ' GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. J \ Af 7 ri ca Ban 7 gor 1 \ Al a ba 7 ma Bar ba ry k t Al 7 ba ny Bar re $ J Al giers 7 Ba ta 7 vi a i Al 7 ie gha ny Bel 7 fast I Am boy Bel gi um A mer x i ca Ben gal 7 I 1 \ Am' herst Ben 7 ning ton < , ; Am ster dam Berk shire 1 1 An do ver Ber lin 1 ; An dros cog 7 gin Ber mu 7 das ! ; An nap 7 o lis Bev 7 er ly ', k Ant 7 werp Bir ming ham , ' Ap en nines Bis cay _! A ra 7 bi a Bo he 7 mi a ; : Ar 7 a rat Bom bay 7 , | Ar kan 7 sas Bos 7 ton I A 7 si a Bra zil 7 j| Au gus 7 ta Brem 7 en ; Aus 7 tri a Bridge wa ter Ba 7 den Brigh ton Bai kal Bris tol : Ba lize 7 Brook lyn ; Bal 7 tic Bruns wick Bal ti more Brus sels ^ Ban ca *Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^xxxxxxx^ Buffalo J ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ t SPELLING-BOOK. 83 ! Bur 7 gun dy Con nect 7 i cut \ * Bur ling ton Co pen ha 7 gen $ > Cal cut 7 ta Cor 7 inth ; Cal i for 7 ni a Cor si ca 1 Cam 7 bridge Da mas 7 cus 1 i Cam den Dan 7 ube i \ Can a da Da ri en Car pa 7 thi an Dart mouth j Car tha ge 7 na Del a ware J Cas 7 pi an De troit 7 $ Cas tine 7 Dor 7 ches ter | \ Cats 7 kill Dub lin \ Charles ton Eas ton ] \ Charl ton N Ghat ham E gypt Eng land ! \ C helms ford Erie ! i < Chel sea Eu rope i Ches a peake Gal ves ton 1 Chi ca 7 go Gan ges , , \ Chick a pee x Gen e see/ i ! Chi 7 le Ge ne 7 va , Chil li co 7 the Geor 7 gi a $ Chim bo ra zo Ger ma ny ^ Chi 7 na Gib ral 7 tar ^ Chit ten den Glas 7 gow $ Cole raine 7 Got ten burg $ Co lum 7 bi a Green land ^ ^ Con 7 cord Hal i fax $ Q-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ 84 > Ham 7 burgh Ir ra wad 7 dy $ Hamp shire Is 7 pa han i Han o ver 11 li nois 7 \ ^ Har ris burg In ver ness $ Hart ford Jaf 7 fa Hat te ras Ja va Heb ri des Jed do ^ Hen lo 7 pen Jer sey ^ Hoi 7 land Jes so i Hu ron Jor dan \ ^ Hum her Ju ra $ Hun ga ry Jut land $ Hud son Ja rnai 7 ca % Hot ten tots Ja nei ro \ \ Ho hen lin 7 den Je ru sa lem i \ Hou sa ton ic Kas kas ki a Hon du 7 ras Ka tah din \ His pan i o 7 la Ken tuck y \ Ice 7 land Kil lar ney \ In dies Kil mar nock \ \ In dus Ken ne bee 7 \ Ips wich Ken ne bunk I : Ire land Kil dare ; Ith a ca Jtin ross > It a ly Lab ra dor 7 y Iv i ca Lan 7 cas ter [ In di a Lap land $ J In di an 7 a Leb a non i ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^* SPELLING-BOOK. 85 ^ Le 7 high Leices ter (Les ter) Leom in ster Le vant 7 Lex 7 ing ton Li be 7 ri a Li' ma Lim er ick Lin coin Lis bon Litch field Liv er pool ;> Lorn bar dy \ Lon don \ Lon don der 7 ry \ Lou 7 is burg \ Lou is i an 7 a * Lou 7 is ville * Low ell | Lu beck % Lu cerne 7 $ Lu nen burg $ Ma chi 7 as 'i Mad a gas 7 car $ Mad a was ca Mad 7 i son Maine Mai a bar 7 Ma lac 7 ca Mai 7 a ga Mai den Mai ta Man ches ter Ma nil 7 la Man 7 tu a Mar ble head 7 Ma ren 7 go Mar i a 7 na Ma ri et ta Ma 7 ry land Mas sa chu 7 setts Mat a mo ras Ma tan 7 zas Mays 7 ville Maz at Ian 7 Mec' ca Meek len burg Med i ter ra 7 ne an Mer 7 ri mac Mer sey Mex i co Mi am 7 i Mich i gan 7 Mid 7 die bor ough Mid die bu ry Mid die town r^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ 8 5 86 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL * ' \ \ Mil wau 7 kie Ni ag' a ra \ Mis sis sip 7 pi North amp 7 ton $ Mis so Ion ghi North Car o li 7 na j Mis sou' ri Nor 7 way < Mo bile 7 Nor wich \ Mont pe 7 li er No 7 va Sco 7 ti a $ Mont re al 7 No' va Zern 7 bla Na hant 7 Og 7 dens burg Nan tuck et O hi 7 o Na 7 pies On ta ri o Nash u a Or 7 e gon Nash ville O ri no 7 co Natch ez Os we 7 go I New ark O we go ^ New bern Ox 7 ford ^ New bu ry Pa ler 7 mo New bu ry port Pal 7 es tine C New cas 7 tie Pal my 7 ra \ New 7 found land Pa 7 le Al 7 to \ New Gre na' da Pam 7 li co \ New Hamp 7 shire Pan a ma 7 \ New Ha 7 ven Par 7 is \ New Jer sey Par nas 7 sus \ New 7 mar ket Pas ca gou 7 la | { New Or 7 le ans Pas sat 7 ic \ New 7 port Pas sa ma quod 7 dy i $ New York 7 Pat a go 7 ni a New Zea 7 land Pat 7 ter son r SPELLING-BOOK. * Paw tuck' et \ Perm sy\ va 7 ni a ^ Pe nob 7 scot \ Pen sa co 7 la ^ Per nam bu 7 co * Pe ru 7 $ Pe 7 ters burg a del 7 burg phi $ Phil i Pitts 7 < Plym outh $ Port land \ Ports mouth ^ Port u gal ^ Po to 7 mac $ Prov 7 i dence \ Pyr e nees \ Que bee 7 ^ Ra 7 leigh } Rar i tan ^ Read 7 ing * Re ho 7 both \ Rhode Is' land * Rich 7 mond ^ Ro an oke 7 ^ Roch 7 es ter ^ Rot ter dam $ Rox bu ry 5 Rut land ^xxxxxxxxxx, St. Au gus tine 7 St. He le 7 na St. Law 7 rence St. Lou 7 is Sa 7 lem Sand wich Sar a to 7 ga Sa van 7 nah Sax 7 o ny Sci o 7 to Scot 7 land Si be 7 ri a Sic 7 i ly Smyr na Som er set South Car o li 7 na Spitz berg 7 en Steu' ben ville Stock holm Ston ing ton Su ma 7 tra . Sur i nam 7 Sus que han 7 na Swe 7 den Swit zer land Tal la has 7 see Tal la poo sa Tar 7 ta ry $ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvxxxx^^ >xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/*xxxxxx^&- ; 88 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL * : Taun 7 ton War 7 wick \ Ten e riffe Wash ing ton \ Ten nes see' Wa ter ville ^ Thorn 7 as ton West min ster \ iTo ron 7 to West pha 7 li a \ Trip 7 o li Win 7 ches ter \ Tu nis Wind sor \ Tur key Wis cas' set \ U nit 7 ed States Wis con sin \ Val pa rai 7 so Worces 7 ter \ [ Van cou 7 ver Yar' mouth \ Vicks 7 burg Zea land : War saw ' PROPER NAMES OF PERSONS. MEN'S NAMES. Aa 7 ron Al 7 fred I Abel Al phe 7 us A bi 7 el A 7 mos \ A bijah Am 7 a sa \ Ab 7 ner Am brose \ Ad am An drew ^ A 7 bra ham An tho ny \ A dol 7 phus Ar te mas \ Al 7 bert A pol 7 los N Al ex an 7 der Ar 7 thur 1 **xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*vxxxxxxxxxxx>xx^ ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-4^ SPELLING-BOOK. 89 ^ A 7 sa E le a 7 zar A saph E li 7 ab 1 , Ash er E li a kirn 1 Au gus' tus E lias ^ * Az a ri 7 ah Elihu ;! Bar 7 na bas Elijah <; Bar zil 7 la i E li sha ; ' \ Be 7 la E li pha let i ' Ben ja min E 7 noch Ben e diet E nos 1 1 Be no 7 ni E phra im Be ri ah E ras 7 tus 1 Be thu el E 7 than i Ca 7 leb 1 Eu gene 7 \ Cal vin E ze 7 ki el \ Ca mil 7 lus Ez 7 ra N Ce 7 phas Fer 7 di nand | Charles Fran 7 cis Chris' to pher Fred er ic Clem ent George Cy rus Ger' shorn Dan i el Greg o ry Da ri 7 us Gid e on Da' vid Gil bert Eb en e' zer Gus ta 7 vus * \ Ed 7 mund Hen 7 ry Ed ward Her mon \ * Eg bert Hez e ki 7 ah 8* ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx4> ^ 90 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL \ Hi 7 ram Jon 7 a than Hor ace Jo seph Ho ra 7 ti o Josh u a Ho se a Jo si 7 ah Hugh Ju 7 li us Hum 7 phrey Laz a rus Ich 7 a bod Lau rens Ig na 7 ti us Leb be 7 us \ I 7 ra Lem 7 u el I saac Le vi Is 7 ra el Lew is $ Ja cob Lloyd Ja bez Lo am 7 mi Jai rus Lu 7 ci us \ James Luke Ja 7 red Lu 7 ther Ja son Ma no 7 ah Jed e di 7 ah Mar 7 cus Jeph 7 thah Mark Jer e mi 7 ah Mar 7 tin Jer 7 e my Ma son Jer ome Mat thew Jes se Mat thi 7 as $ Je thro Mi 7 cah J Joel Mi cha el \ John Mo ses ^ Jo 7 nah Na hum Jo nas Nar cis 7 sus \ > SPELLING-BOOK. 91 J \ 2 Na 7 than Roy 7 al Na than 7 i el Sal mon Ne he mi 7 ah Sam son Nich 7 o las Sam u el ; No ah Saul Obed Seth Oc ta 7 vi us Si 7 las Ol 7 i ver Si moil O tis Sim e on Pat 7 rick Sol o mon Paul Ste phen Pe 7 leg Syl va 7 nus Pe rez Syl ves ter Peter Thad de us Phi Ian 7 der The 7 o dore Phil 7 ip The oph' i lus Philo Thorn 7 as ; Phin e as Tim o thy ; Phi le 7 mon Titus Ralph U ri 7 ah Reu 7 ben Wai 7 ter Ren el .William Rho dol 7 phus Zab di el Rich 7 ard Zach a ri 7 ah ; Rob ert Zac che 7 us Row land Zach 7 a ry Rufus Zeph a ni' ah $ [ . i 92 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL I WOMEN'S NAMES. Ab 7 i gail Hel 7 en Al ice Hen ri et 7 ta A man 7 da Is a bel la A me li a Jane An' na Ju 7 lia Anne La vin x i a Au gus 7 ta Lau 7 ra ^ Car 7 o line Lou i 7 sa Cath a rine Lu cin da Char lotte Lu ere ti a Chris fci 7 na Lu 7 cy ^ Clar 7 is sa Clem en ti 7 na Lyd 7 i a Mar 7 ga ret Cor ne 7 li a Ma ry El 7 ea nor Mar tha ; E liz 7 a beth Nan cy Em 7 ma Ra chel Eu nice Re bee 7 ca Fran ces Sa 7 rah Han nah So phi 7 a Har ri et Sir san NAMES OF THE MONTHS. 1. Jan 7 u a ry 4. A 7 prii 2. Feb ru a ry 5. May 3. March 6. June XXXXXXXXXXX^* SPELLING-BOOK. 93 7. Ju I/ 10. Oc to' ber 8. Au ; gust 11. No vem' ber 9. Sep tern' ber 12. De cem' ber NAMES OF THE DAYS. 1. Sun 7 day 5. Thurs' day | 2, Mon day 6. Fri day 3. Tues day 7. Sat ur day 4. Wednes day NAMES OF ANIMALS. Buf 7 fa lo Rein 7 deer Badg er Leop 7 ard \ Bear Pan ther [ Goat Por 7 cii pine An te lope Hip po pot 7 a mus I \ Bea ver Rhi noc 7 e ros \ Gi raffe' Buz 7 zard Mar 7 mot Os trich Wolf Ea gle ^ Rac coon' Pel i can O pos 7 sum Tur key \ Al x li ga tor Vul ture ;! \ Rat tie snake Con dor $ Squir rel Hawk V ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, i 94 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL El 7 e phant Owl Ti ger Pheas 7 ant \ Li on Cue koo Ze bra Wood peck er | Mag pie Grouse Tit mouse Mag 7 pie i ; Bui finch Swal low Her on Gull Pidg eon Goose Cor mo rant Ma caw 7 ABBREVIATIONS. A. B. Bachelor of arts. A. M. Master of arts. A. C. Before the Christian era. A. D. In the year of our Lord. A. M. In the year of the world. A. U. C. From the building of the city. B. D. Bachelor of divinity. B. M. Bachelor of medicine. C. Cent, A hundred. D. D. Doctor of divinity, e. g. For example. Ibid. In the same place. Id. The same (author.) i. e. That is. Incog. Unknown, concealed. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*^^* 4*xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ SPELLING-BOOK. 95 ^ J. H. S. Jesus the Savior of men. \ LL. D. Doctor of laws. L. S. The place of the seal. \ Lib. Book. M. D. Doctor of medicine. \ N. B. Note well ; take notice. > Nem.con. No one opposing it. Per cent. By the hundred. P. M. In the afternoon. Prox. Next (month or term.) P. S. Postscript (written after.) Ult. In the last (month.) Vid. See thou ; refer to. Viz. To wit ; namely. J &c. And the rest, and so forth. Acct. Account. Apr. April. \ Anon. Anonymous. > Aug. August. v B. A. Bachelor of arts. Bart. Baronet. \ Bbl. Barrel. $ Bp. Bishop. Capt. Captain. i Chap. Chapter. \ Co. County or Company. \ Col. Colonel. \ Cr. Creditor. v ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^- 96 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL Dec. December. Dr. Debtor or Doctor. Do. Ditto ; the same. E. East. Esq. Esquire. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. F. A. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. S. A, Fellow of the Society of Arts, Feb. February. Gent Gentleman. Gen. General. Gov. Governor. Hhd. Hogshead. Hon. Honorable. Inst Instant, present month. Jan. January. Jr. Junior. Knt. Knight. Lat. Latitude. Lieut. Lieutenant. Lon. Longitude. Messrs. Gentlemen. M. C. Member of congress. Mr. Master, (Mister.) Mrs. Mistress. MS. Manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. SPELLING-BOOK. 97$ N. S. New style, (1752.) N. North. Nov. November. No. Number. O. S. Old Style. 8vo. Octavo. Oct. October. oz. Ounce. Pres. President. Prof. Professor. 4to. Quarto. Rep. Representative. Rev. Reverend. Sec. Secretary. Sen. Senior. S. South. Sept. September. St. Saint. U. S. A. United States of America. W. West. RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 1. The first letter of the first word of ; every sentence, and after every full stop, should begin with a capital; as, "John < walks." " .What do you want ?" xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ 98 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL \ 2. The first letter of every line in ^ poetry should begin with a capital ; as, ^ * * ^ " These are thy works, Parent of Good, . $ ^ Almighty ! thine this universal frame, ^ Thus wondrous fair ! Thyself how wondrous then !" ^ \ 3. Proper names should begin with $ \ capitals ; as, "I saw William and Fran- i $ cis." u Washington is the capital of the ^ ^ United States of America." \ 4. Qualities personified should begin * ^ with capitals ; as, " Hence, loathed $ \ Melancholy." \ 5. Every appellation of the Deity \ ^ should begin with a capital; as, "The ^ $ Lord Jehovah reigns." 6. The pronoun /, and the interjection $ \ 0! should always be capitals. 7. Titles of honor and respect, when ^ ^ followed by names, should be distin- } ^ guished by capitals; as, "The Governor ^ \ of Ohio." When no name follows a title, ^ ^ it need not be written with a capital ; ^ $ as, " The governor spoke to the presi- \ ! dent." j 8. Nouns denoting a religious sect ^ \ should begin with a capital; as, a Friend, \ ^ a Calvinist, a Baptist, a Unitarian, a $ XXX*^X^ ^(^**'/ > ^^X^X/' SPELLING-BOOK. 99 ^ ;! Methodist, a Universalist, an Episcopa- \ \: lian, &c. J 9. The principal words in the titles of \ books should begin with capitals; as, Pope's " Essay on Man." EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Boston is the capital of Massachusetts?"* Cincinnati is on the Ohio. St. Louis is 5 a beautiful and flourishing city on the Mississippi. When we were at New York, last June, many^ vessels arrived there from England and France. Co- lumbus discovered America. The Great Britain steamship stranded on the coast of Ireland. Put your trust in God. The Creator and Ruler of the world. The "Messiah," was written by Klopstock, a German poet. Titus, the Roman em- peror, who took Jerusalem, was styled The Delight of Mankind." The Pyre- nees divide France from Spain. Virginia was settled A. D. 1607. Boston is supplied with water from Lake Cochitu- ate. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson. Great Britain comprises England, Scotland, and Wales. 100 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL i POINTS OR MARKS USED IN WRITING. $ \ Comma j Hyphen Semicolon 9 Paragraph H \ Colon Quotation " " \ $ Period Index ft?* ^ $ Interrogation ? Section ^ ji \ Exclamation 1 Asterisk < Apostrophe J Obelisk f 3 *Dash . Parallels II $ \ Parenthesis () Ellipsis * * * \ Brackets [] Diaeresis ; ; Caret A < : COMMA (0 1 . 1 /V i < 1 The Comma is used to mark off cer- ; \ tain clauses in sentences. : SEMICOLON ( ; ) The Semicolon is used to mark off > those parts of a sentence which require \ to be more distinctly separated than by a ^ $ comma. COLON ( : ) The Colon is used to mark off those | ^ parts of a sentence which require to be " N more distinctly separated than by a semi- \ colon. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx* SPELLING-BOOK. 101 \ \ PLRIOD ( . ) The Period is used at the end of a $ sentence, and shows that its sense is * I complete. It is also used after abbrevi- ations and contractions INTERROGATION (?) The Note of Interrogation is used in asking a question. APOSTROPHE ( ' ) The Apostrophe denotes the omission of one or more letters ; as, lov'd, loved. : > It also marks the possessive case ; as, a \ boy's hat. EXCLAMATION ( ! ) The Note of Exclamation is placed \ after expressions of sudden emotion or ^ strong feeling. DASH ( ) The Dash is used where the sentence ^ is left unfinished, and where there is a ![ sudden change of the sentiment. PARENTHESIS ( ) The Parenthesis is used to include \ something explanatory or incidentally i introduced. *xxxxxxxxx<> 9* 102 Ti;^ PXJMAR3T SCHOOL Brackets are used for the same purpose as the parenthesis. '' CARET (A) The Caret is used to show that a letter j: or word has been accidentally omitted in $ 771 writing; as, comence. HYPHEN ( - ) The Hyphen is used to connect com- ; : pound words, and is placed after a sylla- i ble ending a line, to show that the remainder of the word begins the next ] ; line. : i PARAGRAPH ( fl ) ^ c The Paragraph is used in the Bible to ; denote the beginning of a new subject QUOTATION ( " n ) The Quotation is used to signify that the words so marked are taken from some <; other author. INDEX (EP 3 ) The Index is used to show that special j attention is required. C^x^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ ^ SPELLING-BOOK. 103 > s ^ \ SECTION ( ) \ The Section is used to mark the smaller \ ^ divisions of a discourse. ASTERISK, OR STAR ( * ) The Asterisk, or Star, refers to some- l thing in the margin or at the bottom of \ the page. OBELISK ( t ) AND PARALLELS ( || ) The Obelisk and Parallels are used for \ \ references, the same as the asterisk. ELLIPSIS (***) The Ellipsis is used to denote the i omission of some letters or words; as, ^ 7*****, Thomas. DLZERESIS ( ) The Diaeresis, placed over the latter of J two vowels, shows that both of them are \ sounded; as, cooperate. < ROMAN NOTATION. J The Romans counted up to three by ^ \ single marks, supposed to represent the < ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^xxxxx-rxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ \ 104 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ^ ^ fingers of the hand : thus, I. stood for ^ ^ one ; II. for two ; and III. for three. $ \ A smaller figure placed to the left of a | j larger is meant to be subtracted from it ; \ \ thus IV. means I. (one) subtracted from $ \ V. (five ;) that is, IV. V. stands for five. It represents the five fingers of the hand, and was origi- nally written thus, ^ ; afterwards, the , middle fingers were left out, and the figure stood V. A smaller figure placed to the right of $ a larger is meant to be added to it ; thus \ VI., VII., and VIII. stand, respectively, ^ for six, seven, and eight ; that is, five \ and one, five and two, and five and \ ^ three. $ IX. stands for nine ; that is, I. (one) J > from ^. (ten.) ^i. stands for ten. It represents two \ \ fives placed vertically ; thus, J. XL, XII., XIII. , eleven, twelve, thir- teen ; that is, ten and one, ten and two, ten and three. XIV., fourteen ; that is, ten and (one from five) four. [ XV., fifteen; that is, five added to \ ten. / xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ^xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ \ SPELLING-BOOK. 105 | XVI., XVII., XVIIL, XIX., sixteen, J seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen. XX., twenty ; that is, two tens. XXL, XXII., &c., twenty-one, twenty- two, &c. XXX., thirty ; that is, three tens. XL., forty; that is, ten from fifty. L., fifty. This letter stands for fifty, as being the half of one hundred. The Romans expressed one hundred by C., the initial of Centum, (the Latin for a hundred.) In many manuscripts the letter C is found in this form, E. A horizontal line drawn across it gives the lower half, L ; and hence the application. LX., sixty ; that is, fifty and ten. LXX., seventy ; fifty and two tens. LXXX., eighty ; fifty and three tens. XC., ninety; that is, ten from one hundred. C., one hundred, (Centum.) CC., two hundred. \ CCC., three hundred. CCCC., or CD., four hundred. \ D., five hundred. This letter stands \ \ in the same relation to a thousand that L \ \ (fifty) does to C (one hundred ;) that is, \ \ it represents the half of a thousand. The ^ ^ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-^ ^>xx. ^ 106 THE PRIMARY SCHOOL | initial letter M, of Mille, a thousand, was $ used to represent that number. An $ ancient form of this letter is CO. A line $ drawn vertically through this letter, ^ leaves, on the right hand side, a D. ; and i hence its application. } DC., six hundred. 5 DCC., seven hundred. DCCC., eight hundred. DCCCC., nine hundred M., a thousand. EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Express the following sums in Roman * ^ numerals : < One thousand eight hundred and forty- J $ eight. Twelve hundred and forty-two. \ Six hundred and forty-two. Eighty-four. ^ Nine hundred and forty-four. Fourteen ^ hundred and fifty-three. Two hundred $ and nine. Four hundred and fifty-six. | Eighteen hundred and forty-nine. One ^ thousand six hundred and twelve. Three J hundred and forty-three. Eleven hun- dred and fourteen. One thousand and ^ sixty-six. Thirteen thousand seven hun- ^ dred and twenty-seven. Ten thousand six hundred and fifty-four. ^xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx^ SWAN'S SCHOOL READERS. THE PRIMARY SCHOOL READER, PART I., i Which is intended for beginners. It contains a lesson \ upon each of the Elementary Sounds in the language, Exer- > cises in Syllabication, and a few simple, interesting Stories v for children ; and is designed to aid the teacher in laying the J \ foundation for an accurate and distinct articulation. \ $ THE PRIMARY SCHOOL READER, PART ll. y | ^ Contains Exercises in Articulation, arranged in connection \ \ with easy Reading Lessons. The utility of this arrangement J \ will be obvious to every experienced teacher, as it will tend ^ V to secure daily attention to this important subject. ^ > THE PRIMARY SCHOOL READER, PART III., * \ Is designed for the First Class in Primary Schools, and for \ ^ the Lowest Class in Grammar Schools thus enabling the \ pupil to review his studies after entering the Grammar \ ^ School. ^ THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL READER \ Is designed for the Middle Classes in Grammar Schools. ^ ^ It contains Exercises in Articulation, arranged in connection ^ \ with Reading Lessons. \ THE DISTRICT SCHOOL READER .* ^ ^ Is designed for the Highest Classes in Public and Private > \ Schools. It contains Exercises in Articulation, Pauses, In- \ jj flections of the Voice, &c., with such Rules and Suggestions ^ \ as are deemed useful to the learner. It also contains a com- \ { plete Glossary of the classical allusions which occur in the ^ ^ Reading Lessons. \ THE YOUNO LADIES' READER ^ Is designed for the Highest Classes in Female Schools. It ^ \ contains a Treatise upon Elocution, and selections for read- \ \ ing, in prose and verse. The book was compiled with special \ ^ reference to the wants of Female Schools. > $ THE INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTRUCTIVE $ \ READER ^ \ Is designed for Primary and Intermediate Schools. THE INSTRUCTIVE READER V ^ Is designed, as its title indicates, to impart useful instruc- \ ^ tion while the pupil is learning to read. > T*^^^ education, are in the hands of the Publishers, among which \ are the following letters : From Thomas Sherwin, Principal of the English High School, > Boston. \ Accept my thanks for a copy of your series of Readers, > which you have kindly sent me as they were issued from the \ press. I have carefully examined these volumes myself, and ^ have heard, in private, the uniformly favorable opinions of V many gentlemen well qualified to judge of their merits. ^ Allow me to say, that I think they are admirably adapted to > the objects for which they are designed, and that I heartily v recommend them to the favor of aU interested in the cause 5 of English education. v From E. Wyman, A.M., Principal of the English and Classical \ High School, St. Louis. J On the first announcement of your series of Reading Books, \ I was prepared to expect some decided improvement upon all J similar Works in use ; and in a subsequent careful examina- \ tion of them, I find myself in no respect disappointed. The J philosophical arrangement of the elementary principles of \ good reading, (treated as an art and a science,) is an impor- \ tant and valuable characteristic of the books ; the rejection \ of emblems is another ; and the unexceptionable character \ of the contents, another. In short, these books are just such * as, in the hands of a skilful teacher, must lead to a nice dis- \ crimination, a distinct articulation, and a fluent utterance of ^ , the elements of our language. The books are valuable, and \ \ I shall labor to introduce them. ^ From Samuel S. Greene, Principal of the Phillips Grammar \ School, Boston. I have examined your series of Reading Books, and am \ happy to say that I am much pleased with them. The plan seems to me admirably fitted to accomplish the important wgrk of developing the organs of speech, and of securing a graceful and easy elocution. I cordially commend the books to the attention of teachers and school committees. From Joshua Bates, Jr., Principal of the Brimmer Grammar School, Boston. $ I most cheerfully and fully concur with Mr. Greene, in his ; recommendation of your series of Reading Books. J -YA 00326 887642 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY H. COWPERTHWAIT & CO., BOOKSELLERS AND PUBLISHERS, PHILADELPHIA, Have for sale a large stock of Books in every departmert of knowledge. Their of school Books, of .their own publication and of others, is unugu;. great; aud they are prepared, at all times, to supply orders on the most favorable terms. Among their valuable publications are the following School Books : l ^ v ~^ /v ~' v< "'^'^> 1 '^'^'^'^^/^/^J~^^ MITCHELL'S SEEIES OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES. SWAN'S SEBIES OF SCHOOL READERS AND SPELLERS GREENE'S GRAMMATICAL SEEIES. BERARD'S HISTORY. A Scho< History of the United States, by E Berard. This work is very beautif-lly illustrated, entirely from original designs. It < wiitte.i in an. attractiee style, and presents the prominent ever, , history in so pleasing a manner, that it cannot fail great', the pupil. ARITHMETIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS;" Designed as a text-book for Common Schools, High Schools, and Acadej" P. Colburn This work contains many new and original features, an 1 is warmly common * . teachers who have given it an examination. PICOT'S SERIES OF FRENCH BOOKS. (7RCULLITS SPANISH GRAMMAR. URCULLTTS GRAMMATICA KffGLESA. JARVIS'S PHYSIOLOGIES. PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY; or, Anatomy aud Physiology applied to Ile&Hh. For the use of Schools and Families. Revised Edition, with Seventy Engravings. PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY, with numerous Illustrations. Designed for the use of Schools. Those books are intended to be exclusively practical. They describe onl<- organs, and teach only those principles, which are necessary f o be known for the correct ma~"gernont of our system, the maintenance of health, and the preservation of life.