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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
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Class
ZTbe THniversttp of
FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES
IN ISAIAH 40-66
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE
DIVINITY SCHOOL, IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DECREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(DEPARTMENT OF OLD TESTAMENT LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS)
BY
ALOIS BARTA
CHICAGO
1901
PRINTED BY
IHnfversftE ot Gbfcago press
1901
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66.
The summaries in the following pages represent in part the
results of a systematic study of the syntax of sentences in Isaiah,
chaps. 40-66. My object was to investigate the different kinds
of sentences and classify the results. This was done without
reference to the literary and critical problems connected with
the book.
The purpose of the tables is twofold : first, to present some
of the more interesting stylistic and syntactical characteristics of
these chapters ; second, to show their bearing on the question of
the unity of the book. Syntax may not be the strongest argument
in a discussion of literary authorship ; it has nevertheless at least
as much weight, if not more than enumeration of words and
phrases. For it has been correctly observed that syntax indicates
more clearly a writer's method of thinking than does his choice
of words and phrases.
The division of the book adopted is due chiefly to recent dis-
cussions of the problems connected therewith. Stade, 1 Cornill 3
et al. doubl that chaps. 63-66 come in their present form from
the author of chaps. 40-62; Duhm, 8 Marti 4 et al. assign chaps.
56-66 to a different writer. This suggested the division into
chaps. 40-55, 56-62, 63-66. The first section was subdivided
into chaps. 40-48, 49-55, not only because 40-48 form a uniform
and closely unified series of prophetic discourses, but also for the
sake of convenience in comparisons. Two classes of passages,
which required special notice, have been separated from the rest
of the book : first, the Ebed Yahweh passages (42:1-4 ; 49:1-6 ;
50:4-9; 52:13 53:12); then two passages on the foolishness
of idolatry, which are treated as glosses by Duhm (44:9-20;
46:6-8). It is impossible in this connection to take up all the
other alleged glosses of minor importance. The different sections
1 Oeschichte des Volkes Israel, II, p. 70, note. 3 Das Buch Jesaia, p. xviii.
2 Einleitung in das Alte Testament*, p. 161. * Das Buch Jesaia, pp. 361 sq.
3
^ *?
4 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
are indicated by the following letters : A chaps. 40-48 ; B =
49-55 ; C = 56-62 ; D = 63-66 ; E = the Ebed Yahweh pas-
sages ; I = the two passages on idol-worship.
A discussion of the syntactical features of doubtful and
difficult passages is impossible in the brief space allowed, and
inconvenient because it would seriously interfere with the unity
of presentation. Notes on special passages have been reserved
for future publication. As my purpose was to classify the
material presented by our present Hebrew text, only those
textual changes have been made which were demanded by
syntax.
1. Table I. shows how the pronominal subject (both of nominal
and verbal sentences) is strengthened either by repetition, e. </.,
43:25, or by an apposition (pronoun of the third person, e. g.,
41:45, or a noun, e. g., 41:47).
I. INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS AS SUBJECTS.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
Strengthened by
(1) repetition
3
1
1
5
(2) the pronoun of the third
person
4
4
8
(3) nouns
13
1
2
1
17
Remark 1. Usually the pronoun is in the first person, and
God the logical subject ; the nominal appositions are as a rule
divine names. This is due to the controversial style of the
earliest chapters, where Yahweh is so often introduced as speaker
and his uniqueness and power contrasted with the nothingness of
heathen idols.
Remark 2. Some of the cases under (2) in the table are
doubtful. In some cases the pronoun of the third person might
be perhaps treated as a copula (e. g., 43:25a ; 46:4 ; 51:12a, 19a,
etc.). This position is strenuously defended by Konig. 5 On the
other hand, Kautzsch denies even that flSH in 51:19o is a copula
and translates it "ilia." 6 In some cases, e. g., 43: 10, 13, etc., the
pronoun is explained as predicate by Davidson ; 7 this is most
probably the case in 48 : 12. 7 The material in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66,
is hardly sufficient to decide the question, but it seems to me that
& Syntax,
6 Gesenius-Kautzsch, 122g.
i Syntax, 106, rem. 2.
SYNTAX or THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
most of the cases can be explained as pronominal appositions.
The pronoun of the third person as a copula is very rare in these
chapters.
II. ORDER OF WORDS IN THE NOMINAL SENTENCES
(SIMPLE PROPOSITION).
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. Regular:
Subject-predicate
29
9
16
10
8
]
73
2. Inverted (pred.-subj.), the
predicate being
(ci) a noun . . .
4
4
4
2
14
(b) a participle
(c) an adjective
3
2
3
'i
'i
5
4
(d) a preposition . .
4
1
1
6
11
10
2
4
3
29
2. In the verbal sentences only a few peculiarities of the
predicate have been noticed :
(a) Verbal apposition in 47:16, s 56; 8 52:16.
(b) Infinitive absolute for a finite verb, 42:20a (Kt. perfect),
206, 9 22; 10 59:46 (four times), 13 (six times).
(c) STfi and participle for a perfect, 59:2a, 15a, /3.
Remark 1. The text of 44: 14a, where an infinitive construct
is used independently, is undoubtedly corrupt. The infinitive
cannot be connected with anything that precedes or follows.
Either a finite verb is fallen out before it (Dillmann : HblT) or it
is an error for fTG (Duhm et al.). Cf. Dillmann, ad loc.
Remark 2. The predicate is wanting, e. #., 42:19a; 43:27,
but easily supplied from the context ; absence of the predicate is
an evidence of a corruption in the text in 44:12a; 49:19a;
66:18a.
III. SOME USAGES OF THE VERBAL PREDICATE.
A
B
c
D
E
I
Total
1. Infinitive absolute
2. mn -f partic. (= verb, fin.)
3. Verbal apposition
2
2
i
10
3
1
13
3
3
Second fern. sing, continued by third plur. masc. (indefinite for passive).
9 Cf. Marti, ad loc. ; Gesenius-Kautzsch, 113z. Duhm's change of the text is not
necessary.
10 The text very doubtful. Cf. commentaries, ad loc. (Even R, V., "They are all of
them snared in holes").
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
IV. OKDER OF WORDS IN SIMPLE VERBAL PROPOSITIONS.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. Regular
156
52
77
67
27
39
418
2. Predicate, etc. : "
on account of emphasis. .
because of chiasm
38
4
5
30
3
8
3
84
7
3. Subject, etc. :
emphasis
45
17
29
25
11
3
130
chiasm
2
3
3
1
2
11
4. Object, etc. :
emphasis .
15
5
11
4
5
4. .
44
chiasm . .
13
3
20
2
I
39
5. Adverb, etc. :
emphasis
2
4
2
1 *
1
10
chiasm
1
1
6. Preposition, etc. :
emphasis
1
18
18
10
14
6
67
chiasm ...
1
1
1
2
5
7. Pred. nom., etc. :
emphasis
1
1
3. In connection with the copulation of the sentences I have
observed the following peculiarities in the tenses of the verb :
(a) In some cases *] simple and the perfect are used to continue
a perfect, where we would expect as a rule 1 consecutive and the
imperfect, e.g., 40:127, S ; 41:4a; 43:12 (twice), 146; 48:156;
55:10e; 55:10?; 44:15a, 7.
(6) Sometimes 1 simple and the imperfect occur instead of
the consecutive 1 with the imperfect. This seems to be due to the
desire of an editor or copyist to transform a statement concern-
ing the past into a prediction. The text ought to be changed
undoubtedly to read 1 consecutive, 12 41:5a; 42:6a; 13 43:9a, 28a;
48:3/3; 49:56; 51:28; 57:17a; 63:37, *, *, 6a, 0, 6a, 0, 7.
(c) There are a few cases where 1 simple (separated from the
verb) is used for 1 consecutive with the imperfect, 1 * e. g., 40:18/9,
246; 44:236(?); 45:13/9; 49:13S(?); 44:146, 18/9, 19a(?),
20/9(?).
Remark 1. Changes of the order of words due to chiasm are
very common in Isaiah, chaps. 4066.
Remark 2. Contraction of sentences (about eighty cases, if
we count only those in which two or more parts of the contracted
sentences are different) is most common in the early chapters, and
is due to their poetic form.
11 Usually with slight modifications of the regular order.
12 Cf. Gesenius-Kautzsch, 1076, note ; Konig, 366, and commentaries, ad loc.
13 Parallel with a perfect. 1* Cf. Konig, 366.
SYNTAX OP THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
Remark 3. A positive statement is restated in negative
terms, or vice versa, e. g., 41:93; 42:166, 246, etc. Very often
this form is used to make more emphatic statements concerning
the uniqueness of Yahweh, e. g., 43:11 ; 44:66, 86, etc.
Remark 4. Questions (usually rhetorical) continue some-
times simple positive or negative propositions, or vice versa
(syndetically), e. g., 43:9, 136; 44:7a, 86; 45:96; 48:6a, etc.
V. GROUPING OF SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
a. Chiasm
40
17
21
14
92
6. 15 (I) 16 Syndetic
133
71
112
86
17
27
446
Asyndetic
159
55
74
42
14
20
364
(2) 17 Syndetic
83
30
50
27
25
2
217
Asyndetic
31
18
15
6
6
1
77
(3) 18 Syndetic
18
11
15
16
5
3
68
Asyndetic
5
2
3
2
12
(4) Posit.-negat. or negat.-
posit
8
1
4
2
2
17
The same referring to
Yahweh's uniqueness
10
10
c. Cltf
18
6
24
D3 or D31
6
2
3
11
Tfc*..
4
1
5
y
"IDb or IID"!?!? . . .
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
"^3 or DX"" 1 ^
3
2
5
4. Both the imperative and the jussive are used quite fre-
quently to make the style more vivid. The different sections are
often introduced by a command to the prophet to preach, or to
the audience (frequently imaginary) to listen. Persons, nations,
lands, etc., are addressed directly, as if the prophet (or his God)
spake to them ; coming events are represented as due to imme-
diate commands of Yahweh, etc.
Remark 1. Sometimes (when absent persons or poetic per-
sonifications are addressed) (a) the imperative passes into a
jussive usually of the third person 41:la( ?), 19 21sg.; 45:116
(jussive of second person), 21a; (6) the jussive is followed by
an imperative, 41:22.
is Syndesis and asyndesis. i Progressive. 1? Synonymous. is Contrast.
19 Text doubtful; J1D IS^blT most probably dittography from 40:31a (Duhm et al.
following Lagarde). Dillmann's explanation, "strength is needed for controversy with
Yahweh," is weak. Such an idea is never even suggested in the numerous controversial
passages in 2 Isaiah. The phrase is out of place in the context.
8
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
Remark 2. The rhetorical uses of the imperative and the
jussive may be roughly divided into the following four classes :
(a) introducing a new strophe or section (usually verbs of
speaking and hearing), e. g., 40:1, 9 ; 41:1 ; 42:18 ; 44:1, 21, etc.;
(b) adding color or emphasis to a description, e. g., 40:3, 9 ;
41:1, 21; 44:11; 43:9, 26, etc.;
(c) ironical, 47: 12 sq.; 57: 13 ; 20
(d) making statements concerning the future more vivid and
more emphatic, or representing them as due to direct commands
of Yahweh, e. g., 43:6, 8; 44:26,28; 47:lsgg., 5; 48: 20, etc.
Remark 3. The cohortative is not very frequent; it occurs
in 41:18, 226 (twice), 23 (3), 26 (2); 43:26a; 50:8)8; 56:12a
(twice); 59:10a, /3. In the last passage it is used to express an
obligation, "We must "
VI. RHETORICAL USES OF THE IMPERATIVE AND JUSSIVE.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. Introducing a strophe or
section ....
18
8
1
1
1
29
2. Adding color (or emphasis)
to description
12
5
1
1
19
3. Ironical
1
1
2
4. = Emphat. or vivid future .
8
7
2
2
19
VII. EXCLAMATORY PARTICLES AND NOUNS.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
i nan
9
5
6
11
1
32
in
5
7
4
2
3
1
22
Total
14
12
10
13
4
1
54
2. "hn
2
1
3
3. ra
2
2
4. Vip
2
1
3
6
5. *HIDK
1
1
VIII. OATHS AND OPTATIVE SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. Oaths
pi
2 22
123
>
3
2
2 Optative sentences
20 If the text is correct. 21 1}J$ ifj (Yahweh). 22 Imperfect + Qfcj} .
23 Nominal sentence without special indication. 24 Rffo + perfect.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
9
5. Few peculiarities have been found in interrogative sen-
tences. The following points may be noticed here :
(a) 44:19f,77; 25 63:157; 64 :4S 26 are probably questions with-
out special indication of their interrogative character. They may
have been indicated by the tone of the speaker's voice ; in the
absence of that criterion their character is doubtful and to be
decided chiefly by their context.
(b) The members of a double question are synonymous in
66:8/3,7 (H + D), 49:24a-6 (Jl + QSfi); 40:28a-/3 (ribn +
rib"Dfc<) ; the second is the restatement of the first in negative
terms in 50 : 2S-e (n + "$ EfcO), and vice versa in 66:9a-6
(rib n
IX. SOME RHETORICAL USES OF THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1.27 abn
12
1
1
1
15
2. 28 n
4
1
1
1
7
Some with i , !TD
8
2
1
2
4
17
s. 29 msb .
1
1
1
n?i
3
4 30 Form various
5
L- 1 -' J
1
6
5. 31 "
6
4
1
8
4
23
(c) The use of interrogative sentences is mostly rhetorical.
Hence an answer is rarely given or expected and the questions
pass easily into positive or negative affirmations.
(a) Interrogative sentences with ribl"! are used for emphatic
positive statements, e. g., 40:21 ; 42:24a; 43:19/3, etc.
(13) Many questions occur instead of emphatic negative propo-
sitions ; questions introduced by H (all cases in Isaiah, chaps.
40-66, e. g., 44:88; 45:97; 49:15a, etc.), by ^ (= Nobody
did , e.#.,40:13sg.,18a,&,25a,etc.),by fta (= Nothing ,
45:97), and by fit " (= Nowhere . . . ., 50:1/3).
25 C/. DiUmann, ad loc.
26 The text is doubtful. The sentence 7^131 might be translated " but we shall be
saved ;" but it would not suit the context as weU as a question : "Thou (O God) art gracious
to those who keep thy statutes (4a). But we have sinned against them ; can we be saved T'
(C/. Revised Version.) The question expresses wonder and doubt. Recent exegetes emend
the text, suggesting various parallels to ^tinS 1 ! ^riSl of Ewald would be perhaps the
most suitable reading ; c/. LXX, ejrAavTjflijMev! *"
27 = Emphatic positive statement. 28 = Emphatic negative statement. 29 = A rebuke.
so Interrogative sentence expressing a wish, prayer, or command, etc.
3! Interrogative sentences with a shade of doubt or wonder.
10
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
(7) Questions with TOb have the meaning of a rebuke
(40:27a; 55:2a; 58:3a; except 63: 17o?).
(S) Some questions express a prayer, wish, or command, e. g.,
40:21; 42:23; 43:9% 19/3; 48:6/3; 63:17a (negative).
(e) Many of the questions have a shade of doubt or wonder,
e. g., 40:21; 40:28; 43:19/3; 44:10a, etc.
Remark. In the coordinated sentences, 50:2a, y8; 58:3a, /3 ;
66:9a, 6, the second has an interrogative force, the first is tem-
poral, 32 e. g., 58:3a, "[When] we fast, why dost thou not see ?"
6. The following minor points have been noticed in the nega-
tive sentences :
(a) btf is used once with a noun in prohibition, 62:66 (bx
'32T = "Let there be no peace to you" = "Do not keep
quiet ;" c/. ve. la : ib W Wltl
X. THE NEGATIVE PABTICLES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. tfb -j- perfect
34
3
13
16
7
2
75
fcfcb -j- imperfect
39
23
23
17
11
7
120
fcfcb -j- noun
2
1
4
2
9
fcw -I- preposition
6(5?)
2(-f4)
12
2. b3 -f- perfect
3
3
521 -j- imperfect
1
3
4
3. bfcfc -}- jussive
12
6
4
4
26
bfcfc -j- noun
1
1
4. "p8 + noun or participle. . .
p} _|_ preposition
29
7
1
11
5
1
53
1
5 OStf or ^DSK ....
5
1
6
(6) fcfcb and 'pSl sometimes form one concept with a noun,
e. g., 55:26 (Ofib Kb Wl'iob tfb b and infinitive construct!);
65:27 (lit) Kb = "not good" = "bad"); 40 : 29/3 (D"31 ftf =
" weak," governed by preposition b) ; 59:10/3 (DT? f = "blind,"
governed by 5).
(c) 1 b is used for J*b^ ("without") in 45:13e; c/. 55:16;
48 : l (four times) ; the meaning is doubtful in 48 : 10a (Kautzsch-
Ryssel, 33 following the Vulgate, read t|03'3' bl); likewise )"
(47:1/8), 1^1 (57: la; 60:15a), -pO (57:16).
32 Or with a concessive shade of meaning, 58:3a, 0(T) ; 66:Ba, 6(1).
33 Die Heilige Schrift deg Alien Testaments : Textkritische Erlftuterungen, ad loc.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
11
(d) "ptf and OS&* may be strengthened by TO and preposi-
tional phrases :
(a) TO, 45:5a, 67, He, 186, 226; 46:10/3; 47:8/3, 106;
() Tjteo with pronominal suffixes, 43:11; 44:65; 45:
6/3, 21 7 .
(7) ftblT with pronominal suffixes, 45:5/3, 215.
7. The use of asyndetic relative sentences 34 (without relative
particles and pronouns) in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66, is large and free.
Remark. Some asyndetic sentences after nouns governed
by 3 of comparison seem to be in a transitory stage. It is impos-
sible to decide in every case whether 3 is a preposition or a con-
junction. This seems to be the case in 53:77, S; 61:10e, f, Ha
(not in 62:15; Tfito is parallel with fiM3) ; 63:14a. It is
noteworthy that in five cases (except 53:75; 61:11/3) the noun is
determined, while, as a rule, the antecedent of asyndetic relative
sentences is undetermined.
XI. THE RELATIVE SENTENCES.
1. Syndesis (a) and asyndesis (b).
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
a. (1) ^TDtf
10
15
11
14
2
1
53
(2) Article
(3) IT
2
2
(4) 112 (indef.) .,
2
M
2
"1
Total. . .
12
18
12
14
2
1
59
6. (5) Asyndetic
31
21
16
11
4
83
2. The antecedent.
a. Syndetic:
(1) A substant. with article
(2) Proper name
'i
4
2
2
4
8
(3) A substantive partially
determined .
3
4.
6
5
18
(4) An undeterm. substant.
6. The anteced't of the asynd.
relative sentence :
(1) An undetermined noun
(2) A noun partially deter-
mined
1
13
2
1
8
3
10
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
8
36
14
(3) A proper name
3
1
4
(4) A substant. with article
(5) A pronoun
4
1
1
1
1
6
2
3* Cf. Gesenius-Kautzsch, Hebrdische GrammatikW, 155d; Eeckendorf: Die syntaUi
schen Verhdltnisse des Arabischen, 171.
12
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
XI. THE RELATIVE SENTENCES (CONTINUED).
3. The place of the independent relative sentence in the main sentence.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
a. The syndetic :
(1) the subject
1
3
4
(2) a vocative
1
1
(3) An object (accus.)
2
2
1
2
1
8
(4) A genit. after a constr. .
(5) Gov'n'd by a preposit.:
b. The asyndetic relative sen-
tence is :
(1) A subject
'i
3
'i
'i
2
2
2
5
3
(2) a vocative . . .
2
2
(3) A pred. nomin
2
2
(4) An object-accusative . .
(5) A genit. after a constr. .
(6) Gov'n'd by a preposit. . .
4
1
*2
4
1
2
4. The retrospective pronoun.
a. In the syndet. rel. sentence :
(1) As object
omitted . ...
2
1
3
1
7
expressed
2
1
1
4
(2) Genitive expressed
(3) Gov'n'd by a preposit. :
omitted
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
7
8
expressed
1
2
1
1
5
b. In asyndet. rel. sentences :
(1) As object
expressed . .
6
2
8
omitted
4
4
3
11
(2) As genitive suffix ex-
gressed
3
1
2
6
ov'n'd by a preposit. :
expressed
3
1
3
1
2
10
omitted
1
2
3
8. The circumstantial sentences present hardly any peculiar!
ties. They may have various shades of meaning : causal, 41 :24$
53:5a, 13, 12&(?); temporal (65:245), concessive (43:8a, 6)
etc.; but there is nothing unusual in their usage in Isaiah
chaps. 40-66.
9. The subject and object clauses are
(a) asyndetic, 42:21/3; 48:87;
(6) introduced by h 3, e. g., 41 : 23 ; 43:105; 45 : 23e
50:75, etc.;
(c) infinitive clauses, e. g., 42:24; 47:11/3, 7; 50:4/3
51:13e, etc.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
13
Remark. Verbal apposition takes the place of an object
clause after qO" , 47:16, 56; 52:16; 35 after H&O , 53:lla. 36 The
first case is remarkable ; the governing verb is second person
sing, fern., but the apposition is third person plur. masc. (indefi-
nite for an impossible passive).
XII. SUBJECT AND OBJECT CLAUSES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1 Independent
2
2
2. With 13
15
2
6
23
3 Infinitive construct
7
5
1
13
4. Infin. construct with b
2
1
..
3
6
XIII. CAUSAL SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. 13 :
18
32
25
15
1
2
93
2. W 1 * . .
1
3
4
3. TCtf 37 with preposition
1
1
2
Total
19
32
26
18
2
2
99
Infinitive with preposition . . .
1
[1?]
1
Remark 1. Simple parataxis for a causal sentence is found,
e. g., 48:21/8.
Remark 2. In 65 : 127, & ; 66 : 47, 8 two coordinated sentences
are introduced by the causal conjunction, which properly belongs
to the second the first in the place of a temporal sentence.
Similar is the case of comparisons, where the conjunction pre-
cedes the protasis, the apodosis being a causal sentence, 55:9,
10 sg.; 61:11; 62:5a, ; 66:22 (cf. 44:3).
Remark 3. In some passages the causal sentence does not
give the cause of the statement immediately preceding, but rather
of a section as a whole in a general way. This is true especially
of mT TflK TO "*!D, when introducing a new section, e. g., 45:1 8a;
52:3a, 4a ; 57:15a; not in 56:4a; 66:12a, where HIIT TDK TO
is put in to make the following statement more emphatic. Cf.
also 54:9a, though the text is very doubtful. 38 It is doubtful
35 C/. K0nig,361.
86 Cf. Kautzsch-Ryssel in loc. The verse is freely emended by recent exegetes ; cf. Duhm,
Marti, ad loc.
43 : 46 ; 'X nHH , 53 : 12y. 38 cf. DiUmann and Duhm, ad loc.
14 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
whether "* Tatf HID "0 in 49 : 25 is in its proper place ; it separates
the answer in vs. 25 from the rhetorical question in vs. 24. Duhm
transposes it to the beginning of vs. 24 ; Marti rather freely cuts
out vs. 24 as a gloss.
11. Very few conditional sentences occur in Isaiah, chaps.
40-66. "Jin occurs once (54:15a). To treat it as a particle of
exclamatioii 39 is against the context : "Oppression and terror will
not come near thee [vs. 24] ; if anyone fights against thee it is
not from me [= with my approval, 15a]; whoever strives with
thee will fall." Konig's claim, that an apodosis would be want-
ing, fails, because 02^ and its supplement may be an independent
sentence; c/., e. #., 46:9; 47:8, 10. The indefinite relative h E
introduces a condition in 54:156: If anyone . . . .*
12, 13. Concessive and restrictive sentences are rare in Isaiah,
chaps. 40-66, and do not present any peculiarities.
14. In comparisons various forms are used :
(a) Coordination (asyndetic) appears in 62:5a.
(6) The following conjunctions are used :
(a) In protasis ^izto, in apodosis , 51:13; 41 66:206;
(/?) " " "llDto, " " p, 52:14 sq.; 55: Wsq.; 65:8;
(y) " " nm " " "p, 54:9/8;
(3) --, " p, 55:9a; p, 40:76.
Remark 1. An infinitive clause introduced by 3 stands in
the place of a comparative sentence in 64: la and is continued
asyndetically by a verbal sentence (imperfect).
Remark 2. There are some cases of shortened comparisons
(besides the simple 3 with a noun) :
(a) The inner accusative in 62:56: "Thy God will rejoice
over thee with the joy of the bridegroom over the bride."
(/3) 3 and participle, 63:26: "Thy garment is like the gar-
ment of one treading in the wine press."
(7) One of the things which are compared is the subject, the
other a predicate (both participles), 66:3a, e.g., "He that kills
an ox (is like him) that slays a man ;" c/. Revised Version, Dill-
mann, Duhm, Marti. The translation of Kautzsch-Ryssel creates
39 KOnig, Syntax, 3907-
40 The text of the verse is doubtful, and its meaning not clear. Cheyne emends it freely
Duhm and Marti treat it as a gloss.
"As if " . . . .; c/. Revised Version, margin, Kautzsch-Ryssel, Dillmaim; "when,"
Revised Version, Duhm,
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
15
an unnecessary anacoluthon between 3a and 36: "He that kills
an ox (but at the same time) slays a man . . . ."
Remark 3. A nominal sentence seems to be governed by 3
in 53:36. Taking "ifrM with Dillmann and most recent exegetes
to be a noun we may translate : "(He was) like (one) from whom
faces are hid." The Revised Version (margin) translates: "He
hid as it were (his) face from us." The context favors strongly
the first translation (contempt of the people for the suffering
servant).
Remark 4. In 59:18a the second b?3 is most probably a
dittography (Dillmann, Kautzsch-Ryssel, Marti) ; it is a preposi-
tion and requires a noun. Duhm changes the verb DVlZT to a
noun DVlzi, but such usage of b^lD does not occur anywhere
else.
XIV. COMPARATIVE SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1. Asyndetic
1
1
2. Apodosis 13
1
1
2
3. "TOO
1
1
2
4 "ItDfcb 13
1
1
1
3
T - 1 "
5. ITES 13
1
1
15. The following conjunctions are used in the temporal sen-
tences :
(a) ^3 (a) with a perfect in the main sentence a gnomic
perfect, 40:77; 42
(yS) with an imperfect (future) in the apodosis imperfect
(future), 43:2a;
(7) with an imperfect (contin.) in the main sentence a per-
fect (present?), 54:67 ; 42
(5) with an imperfect (iterative) in the apodosis 1 con-
secutive with the perfect, 58:77.
(6) "TO with an imperfect (future), while in the main sen-
tence we find
(a) an imperfect (future), 42:4/3, 7;
(/3) a jussive (negative), 62:76.
*2 The temporal use of "<3 is doubtful in 40 : 7y ; 54 : 6y. In 40 : 7y it may be either tem-
poral (G. A. Smith, ad toe.; Marti(l), ad loc.) or causal (Kautzsch-Ryssel, Duhm, Cheyne;
cf. Dillmann, ad loc.).
16 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
(c) D*VB (only 65:24a) or D"]p with an imperfect and
(a) an imperfect in apodosis : iterative, 42:97 ; future, 65: 24a
(*) separate introducing apodosis).
(/3) a perfect (historical) in apodosis, 48:57; 66:7a, /3. (In
ft introduced by 1, in a asyndetic).
Remark 1. An independent sentence instead of a temporal
sentence is found in 48:136.
Remark 2. Infinitive clauses governed by S, "], and tW?
have a temporal meaning, 52:86; 53:9/3; 55:6a, ; 57:13a;
64:2a; 44:77; 48:167.
16. (1) Simple coordination 43 of sentences with a final shade
of meaning is quite common in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66.
(a) Imperative after an imperative, 45:22a; 46:8a;" 47:
28(?); 45 55:2 7 ; 48:14a.
(6) Cohortative :
(a) after an imperative, 41:228 (twice), 23; 49:208; 51:
238; 55:37;
() after a jussive, 41: 238 ; 46 66:5?;
(7) after a perfect, 41: 26a. 47
(c) Jussive(?) (resp. imperfect with jussive force):
(a) after a jussive, 45 : 87 ; 48 55 : 7y ( ?) ;
(/3) after an imperfect, 46:67 ;
(7) after a perfect, 41: 26/3 ; 47
(8) after a nominal sentence, 41: 286. * 9
(2) Another "lighter" ( ?) 50 way of expressing purpose is the
use of infinitive construct with b, quite frequent in Isa. 40-66.
(3) Sentences introduced by conjunctions, all regular in form ;
the imperfect tense is used :
(a) -gttb, 41:20a, /3; 43:106, 266; 44:98; 45:3 7 , 6<* ; 66:
lla, 51 6; 51 "
(6) "jB (negative: that not, lest), 48:57, ^7.
43 A "lighter" way of expressing purpose. Davidson, 148a, - c/. Gesenius-Kautzsch,
108, 2a; 109, 2a; 165a; Davidson, 64, 65.
44 The second imperative is a a?ra A., its meaning uncertain. *5 Asyndeton.
Continued by a jussive Kt. 8131 (Marti, ad loc.; Gesenius-Kautzsch, 109eJ; Oort's
reading K^DIi from fc$"P does not fit Yahweh as speaker; c/. vs. 21). Vol. imperfect
(Dillmann) or rather imperfect cohortative; c/. Gesenius-Kautzsch, 750-
*7 After a question ; c/. Davidson, 65d ; from our point of view, rather consequential.
*8 With an emendation: IfP ' ' HpTpn *ti ^^ ' H^SnV fW HnSPl ; the
transposition of rPTQSri removes the syntactical difficulty of the present text.
49 After a negative sentence; c/. Davidson, 65 (ibid., classed by mistake in 65d inter-
rogative).
so Davidson, 1486. 51 Continued by 1 and perfect consecutive.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
17
XV. FINAL SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1 Syndetic imperative**^
3
1
1
5
" conorteitive .
5
3
1
9
Jussive
3
1
i
5
Total
11
5
1
2
19
2 wab
5
2
1
8
3. ""JB (negative)
4 * and infin construct
2
9
10
22
8
4
2
2
55
17. (1) Consequences of a certain action are stated some-
times in
(a) an asyndetic sentence, e. g., 63:193; 64:18; or
(b) in a sentence connected with the preceding by a *], e. #.,
46:56, 53 7/3; 53:26.
(2) Special means of indicating a result are :
(a) infinitive clauses (a) with b ; (ft) with "jft (negative
consequence). 54
XVI. CONSEQUENTIAL SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
1 Asyndetic
2
2
2 Simple syndetic
1
1
1
3
3 b -j- infinitive
1
1
2
4. T52 4- infinitive (nesr.1 . .
2
8
2
12
18. I. Parenthetical sentences are used to strengthen or to
explain certain parts of the main sentence, as :
(1) (a) the subject God in all cases 42:8/3; 45:18/3, 55
8; 55 51:157; 52:67; 54:5/3, 8; 57:15/3;
(&) the object, 48:6a (H^S) , the object of SlTJj , being also
the object of IWSlj ) >
(c) the predicate, 56 52:14/8, 7;
& 2 Simple syndesis with a final shade of meaning.
53Orfinal(?).
5* Addendum (b) mZJX with imperfect (after imperfect future).
55 After participles.
56 The parenthesis is introduced by ^5 and takes the place of a causal sentence (" Many
were astonished, because," etc.) ; PiniD'D to be taken most probably with Duhm, as parti-
ciple hoph. nntpia .
18 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
Remark 1. The parenthesis refers to the divine name
"BTD, 42:8; *1OT tYtoS MVP, 51:157; 54:5/3 57 ), to Yahweh's
uniqueness (45:18/3) and wonderful actions (45:185).
Remark 2. h p|M in 52:67 has been translated as direct
discourse after ISHp (Dillmann, who compares 40:9; 41:27;
Kautzsch-Ryssel, Revised Version, margin). But (1) *CfI alone
before direct discourse is unusual ; (2) the parallels of Dillmann
do not prove anything ("172^ in 40:9; independent in 41:27)
< Revised Version, Duhm, as in (1) (a) [Cheyne, Marti transfer
*03M (or rather M5M~"M) to the beginning of vs. 7, which they
emend quite freely].
II. The parenthesis is used to mark the direct discourse. 58
(1) (a) It may be the defective nominal sentence :
(a) M1M" 1 D&), usually at the conclusion of the discourse,
41 : 147, etc. ;
(/3) once "ftl s Tltf DM in the beginning of the verse, 56 : 80.
(2) It may be a verbal sentence, either with the perfect or
imperfect of ""fiStf in predicate.
(a) The perfect is used
(a) once with an indefinite subject, 45:24ay
(/3) very commonly with M1M h , or similar expressions as sub-
ject, 45:13?, etc.
(b) The imperfect is used only five times, 40:16, 25 ; 41:21/3 59
= 66:9afo 41:21S. 59
Remark 1. It is interesting to compare the various ways in
which certain verses (or passages) are stamped in Isaiah, chaps.
40-66, as divine oracles. We find the following :
(a) The introductory formulas : 61
(a) *Efi MTT ^ Mb, 43:14a, 16a; 44:2a, 6a, 24a ; 45: la,
lla, 14a; 48:17a ; 49:7a, 8, 25a ; 52:3a; 56:la; 65:8a;
(ft) '* *fl& '& M'3, 49:22a;
(7) s 'OftfT* ' Mb, 51:22a;
(8) M1M* 1 b^M ' Mb, 42:5a;
(e) ' <#!&"& Mb "3, 45:18a; 52:4a;
(?) '"Ufien ' Mb ^3, 57:15a;
57 Addendum: 57:15/3,
58 Cf. Remark 2.
59 ft: mm Tafch n *: ipy^ ^btt TO^,
60 mm Ta^l paraUel with ^nb "Itttf in vs. 9ft.
6 ' Sometimes with the addition of various modifications.
SYNTAX OP THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
(rj) '" "fta 'K H3 ^, 65:13a;
(0) mrr Tg nn?% 49:5a ;
(*) mrr "?hX DM,'56:8a. 62
(6) The parenthetical sentences :
A. Verbal (always *)) :
(1) The perfect:
(a) MVP IBS, 48:22; 57:196; 59:21 (twice); 65:7/3;
66:20a, 21, 236; T
(ft) tVliOX ' ', 45:13?;
(7) ^Tfttf T0 54:65; 66:96. 63
(B) TOf', 57:21;
() '* ^r '** 54:10e.
(2) The imperfect :
(a) DDTlbX n?^, 40:16;
(/8) IZJinj: s , 40:25; Op evidently a proper name; =
b^oiir 'p ?) ; T
<T (V) mr '\ 41: 21/3 ; 64 66:9a; 65
(5) npr -rjbtt '", 41: 215 ; 64
B. The nominal niri" 1 DX5 (as a rule, concluding an oracle),
41 : 14 7 ; 43: 10a; 43:126; 49:186; 52:5 (twice); 54:175; 55:86;
59:206; 66:2^, 176, 22a.
Remark 2. The use of the imperfect is exceptional. It is
variously explained.
(a) Praesens historicum (Konig, 1596; cf. Targ., TaK, Pesh.
' e mar) 66 is improbable, because even the perfect TQ^ is used
usually of oracles, which are present from the speaker's point of
view (perf. praesentiae).
(6) "The call is not a single, momentary one ; it is repeated,
or at least continued" (Driver, 33a, O.). This would hardly
explain cases (like 40:16, 256; 41:21/3, 5) in which the imper-
fect occurs at the beginning of new sections ; repetition or dura-
tion is hardly the important feature here.
(c) It seems that the presential moment is emphasized in
contrast with something that happened, or used to happen (cf.
Davidson, 406). 67
62 If the Massoretic division of verses (followed, e. g., by R. V., Dillmann, Duhm, Marti)
is correct; Ewald, Kautzsch-Ryssel (following LXX) connect it with vs. 7.
, vs. 9a. 64 Parallel.
But LXX : Ae'-yei Vulg. : dicit.
67 C/. Duhm on 40: 1, " prasentisch, zum Gedichte passend."
20 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
XVII. PARENTHETICAL SENTENCES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
Strengthening (or explaining)
(1) the subject 68
3
4
1
'2
8
2
1
(2) the predicate
(3) the object
1
XVIII. FORMULAS INDICATING DIVINE ORACLES.
A
B
C
D
E
I
Total
I. Introductory:
1. Verbal, consisting of
mm TOK, etc. 69
12
7
2
1(?)
4
1
2
5
1
3
23
1
13
5
12
2. "i DtfD
II. Parenthetical : (a) verbal,
(b) nominal
a. (1) containing the per-
fect of "Vatf 69
2
4
3
2
5
(2) containing the im-
perfect lEfcO 69
b. (3) mm DXD
SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
I. Some special points in the syntax and style :
1. The copula in nominal sentences is very rare.'
2. The irregular order of words both in nominal and verbal
sentences is very common.
3. 1 and a perfect occurs after a perfect, where historical
Hebrew uses 1 consecutive with the imperfect.
4. Instead of waw consecutive with the imperfect, waw sepa-
rated is sometimes used with the imperfect.
5. Commands are used to introduce new sections (verbs of
hearing and speaking), to add force and color to the discourse,
to describe future events in a vivid manner.
6. Rhetorical questions are often used for emphatic positive
or negative statements, to express a command or wish, doubt or
wonder.
7. The negative particles fcfcb and "p^ sometimes negate a
noun (like German "un-") ; pa , -pR] , an d "pCl are used like fcfea
(r= without).
8. The asyndetic relative sentences are used very frequently,
even as independent parts of the main sentence.
68 In all cases God. 69 With various modifications.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66 21
9. The preposition 3 passes into a comparative conjunc-
tion.
10. Purpose is more commonly expressed by simple syndesis
(with a final shade of meaning), or by an infinitive construct with
preposition, than by final sentences.
11. Some points, which have a bearing on the unity of the
book:
1. The pronominal subject with strengthening pronominal or
nominal appositions 70 is found often in A and B ; rarely in C ;
never in D, E, and I.
2. rm with a participle instead of a finite verb occurs only
in C (three times).
3. The proportion of syndesis to asyndesis is ca. 2:1 in A,
B, E, I ; 2J : 1 in C ; 3 : 1 in D.
4. Chiasm is very common in A, B, C, D ; wanting in E and I.
5. Restatement of a positive proposition in negative terms
(or vice versa) does not occur in I ; when referring to Yahweh's
uniqueness it is found only in A.
6. b?l with the perfect occurs only in A, with the imperfect
once in A, thrice in I. D3|S as a negative is used only in A
and B.
7. "p^ as a causal conjunction occurs only in C and D.
8. Use of simple copulative waw (with the jussive, etc.) with
a final shade of meaning is frequent in A, B, I ; rare in D ;
wanting in C and E ; but the infinitive construct with b is very
common in C, D, E, less frequent in A and B.
9. Parenthetical sentences emphasizing the subject (God, as a
rule) are used three times in A, four times in B, once in C, twice
in E, never in D or I.
10. Formulas marking the discourse as a divine oracle are
common in A, B, C, D, wanting in E, I.
CONCLUSION.
Syntax of the sentences can be used as an argument for sepa-
rating C and D, and probably E and I, from A and B. It cannot
be used to divide C and D. It is interesting to note, that the
study seems to confirm, from a different point of view, the critical
conclusions set forth by recent exegetes, especially by Duhm in
his commentary.
70 Usually divine names.
22 SYNTAX OP THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
APPENDIX I.
INFINITIVE CLAUSES.
I. Infinitive construct 71 without a preposition :
(1) It occurs in 40 : 16a ; 46 : 2/3 ; 47 : ll(/3) 72 5, 12 7 ; 53 : 10a ; 56 : 11)8, y ;
58 : 2/3, 5/3, 6/3, 7, 5, 95 (twice), 13 7 ; 60 : 14a. 73
(2) The subject of the infinitive
A. is expressed by a noun following the infinitive, 58 : 5? ;
B. is omitted (a) when it is the same as the subject of the main sen-
tence, 42 : 245 ; 46 : 20 ; 47 : ll(/3) 72 5, 12 7 ; 53 : 10a ; 56 : 11/3, 7 ; 58 : 13 7 ; 60 : 14a ;
57:20/9; 58:2/3; (b) when indefinite, 40:16a; 58:95; (c) when parallel
with the subject of continuing finite verb, 58 : 6/3, 7, 5, 7a.
(3) The object of the infinitive
A. is expressed (a) by a noun following the infinitive, 46 : 2/3 : 58 : 20,
5/3, 6a, /3, 7, , 7a, 95, I3y ; (6) by a pronominal suffix, 47 : ll(/3)5 ; 53 : 10 ;
B. is omitted, 40 : 16a; 56 : 11/3, 7.
(4) The order of words in the infinitive clause corresponds usually
to the regular order in the verbal sentences : predicate, subject (when
expressed otherwise than by a pronominal suffix), object (when expressed
otherwise than by a pronominal suffix), etc. The only exception is
42 : 245, 74 where a prepositional expression precedes the infinitive ; this is
probably due to special emphasis 75 (Dillmann).
(5) The infinitive clause is (a) an object after the verbs J"Q8 , 42 : 245 ;
rP, 47: 11/3; 56:11/3,75 b^, 46:2/3; 47: 11 7 , 12 7 ; 57:20/3; ysn, 53:10;
58 : 2/3 ; 76 (b) genitive after a construct, 40 : 16a 77 (^) ; 58 : 5/3 (DV) ; (c) an
adverb, "modi," 60:14a; 78 (d) an expression of negative consequence
58:137 (supply TJ3 from rQUDft); () subject (resumed after JT[) 58:
60, 7, , 7.
II. Infinitive construct with prepositions :
(1) (a) b , 40 : 205, 225 ; 42 : la, /3, 186 ; 43 : 20* ; 44 : 106, 13e, 15a, 190, 286 ;
45 : 17, e, 18f; 47 : 14e, f ; 48 : 96, 17 7 ; 49 : 5 7 , 6/3, 7, 6, 8, 9a ; 50 : 25, 4/3
(twice), 5 ; 51 : 13e ; 52 : 40 ; 54 : 166 ; 55 : 20, 75 ; 56 : 16 (twice), 30, 60, 7 (fern.), *,
96, 10y, 5; 57:7 7 , 15e,f; 58:40,5,57,125; 59:70,145; 60:9 7 , 11% 137,
215 ; 61 : 1 7 , e, f, 2a, 3a, 0, 6 ; 63 : 16, 126 ; 64 : 17, 60 ; 65 : 8f ; 66 : 156, 18a,
7J Absolute in 42 : 245 ; 57 : 20/3 ; 58 : 7a.
72 Vs. 11/3 after emendation.
73 KOnig, 117, 1, inf. absolute in shortened form( 1 ) ; but inf. constr., 402d, b.
7* Addendum : 58 : 7a, where a dative (emphatic) precedes the direct object.
75 Aramaism? (Duhm, Marti, et al.). 76 Add. : Hiph. of *^0 , 58 : 9S.
77 Parallel with Tlbi? "H; c/. Gesenius-Kautzsch, 45a. Konig's designation (400c),
u Attributiv-satz," is subject to misunderstanding, especially because he applies the same
name to relative sentences.
78 An inf. absolute used in a similar way, 57:17/3, "IDDH, "with a hiding (of my face)"
= in anger ; continued by 1 imperfect ; c/. Konig, 402d.
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66 23
236; (b) -|B, 44:77, 18/3, 7; 48:4a; 49:15/3; 50:2 7 ; 79 54:9 7 ,S (twice);
56 : 2 7 , 8, 65 (= 27) ; 58 : 13*, f (twice) ; 80 59 : la, ft, 26 ; (c) a , 52 : 85 ; 53 : 9ft
(plur.) ; 55 : 6a, 6; 57 : 13a ; 64 : 2a; 47 : 9e, f ; 79 (d) Jnlin , 60 : 15a; (e) fi?
(composite), 48 : 16 7 .
(2) The subject of the infinitive
A. is expressed (a) by a noun, 47:9e, f; 51:106; 52:86; 54:9 7 ;
(6) by a pronominal suffix, 44 : 7 7 ; 48 : 16 7 ; 81 55 : 60, 6 ; 57 : 13a ; 60 : 15a ;
64:2a;
B. but most commonly is omitted and is to be supplied from the
context. It is identical with (a) parts of the main sentence: (a) with
its subject, 42 : 7a, /3, 82 186 ; 43 : 20* ; 44 : 19 ft ; 48 : 96 ; 49 : 5 T , 82 8e, 82 f, 82 15/3 ;
50 : 4 2 (inf. governed by an inf.) ; 51 : 14a, 167 (twice), 8 ; 52 : 4/3 ; 54 : 95 ;
55:75; 56:1 7 , 5, 2 T , 83 3/?, 65 (= 2y), 6/3, 83 7, 96, 10f; 83 57 : 7 7 , 15e, f;
58 : 2/3, 4ft 5, 13e, f ; 59 : 145 ; 60 : 9 7 ; 63 : 16, 126 ; 83 64 : 6/3 ; 83 65 : 8f ; 66 : 156,
18/3, 236 ; (ft) with the object, 40 : 205 ; 44 : 13e ; 48 : 175 ; 56 : 25 ; 61 : 17, e, f,
3a, ft ; 84 (y) with the predicate nominative, 49 : 6/3, 85 7 ; 58 : 125 ; (8) with a
genitive (noun or pron. suffix) connected with the subject, 44 : 18/3, 7 ;
50:27; 53:9/3; 59: la, /3, 7/3; 60:215; 61:36; (e) with a prepositional
suffix, 50 : 25, 4/3 1 (Hjnb), 5 ; (6) the subject of the following verb (finite),
60:13 7 ; 86
C. is indefinite, 40 : 225 ; 44 : 15a ; 87 45 : 18f (= 40 : 225) ; 47 : 14, f (f =
40:225); 55:2/9;" 60:11 7 ; 58:5 7 , 87 95.
(3) The object of the infinitive is omitted not only with verbs which
are often used without it in finite forms, 89 but also in others, as
44:15a(c/.40:16); tYtran, 51:13*; rf)D, 55:76; 90 r^fi, 58:4/3;
61:3a; 3^1ZJfrl 63:16.
(4) The order of words in the prepositional infinitive clauses corre-
sponds usually to the regular order in the verbal sentences : predicate
(infinitive), subject (when expressed otherwise than by a pronominal
suffix), object (when expressed otherwise than by a pronominal suffix),
etc. (43 cases). Exceptions are due (a) to varying emphasis, (6) to chiasm :
(a) infinitive, prepositional phrase, 91 object (or pred. nominative), 45 : 17, e ;
58:45, 5 7 ; 60:117; 61:le,fc 30; 63:126; 66:15 7 ; 92 (56:65); (6) object,
infinitive, 49 : 67.
79 A different noun formation used instead of an inf. ft*HB in 50:2y (c/. 59: la),
in 47: 9^.
so IE of the first infinitive (fcOSBE) to be carried over also to the second
81 JTJ ! its meaning is not clear, probably a neuter, the things that happened (Dillmann)
imited by some especially to the work of Cyrus (Duhm, Marti; parallel with H^S! in vs. 14).
82 But see note (1) . 83 All after a participle. 84 On 59 : 2& see note (1) .
85 So most probably the Hebrew text, Kautzsch-Ryssel.
86 Cf. note (1) . 87 Cf. 40 : 16a.
88 The clause is practically one concept governed by 2 ([that which is] not [fitj for
satisfying = poor food ; c/. Dnb~^b).
89 E. g., yjOflj , flXI 90 This verb used absolutely in finite forms sometimes.
91 In most cases the order was undoubtedly influenced by the close connection with
the verb.
92 Reversed to the regular order in S by chiasm.
24 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
(5) Uses of the infinitive clauses with prepositions.
A. With b: (a) purpose, 40:205, 223; 42:7a, /3, 93 186; 43:20e;
44 : 10& (negative, Tlbnb), 13 ; 45 : 1 7 , 94 e, 94 18f ; 47 : 14e, f ; 48 : 96 (nega-
tive Tlbnb); 49:5 7 , 94 '8e,>,9a; 50:4^, 5; 51 : 106, 16 7 (twice), 5; 52:4/3;
54:166; 5.4:2/3; 56:6/3,7,5, 96; 57 : 7 7 , 15*, f; 58:4/3,5,125; 59:7/3; 60:9 7 ,
, 13 7 , 215; 61:1 7 , e, f, 2a, 3a, /3, 6; 63:126; 64:1 7 , 6/3; 65:8r(neg.
; 66:156, 18/3,236; (6) consequence, 44:19/3; 50:25; 95 (c) expli-
cativum, 44: 28/3 ; 96 56:3/3. ib^b is remarkably rare, after a verb of
speaking introducing a direct discourse only in 56 :3/3; (d) specification (?),
modifying an adjective, 97 56 : 16 (twice) ; 63 : 16 ; (e) indirect object, 98
51:14a; 58:5 7 ; (/) direct object, 50.-4/3 2 (after ttnb); 51 : 13e (after
"D-D) ; 55 : 75 (after i"J2fP) ; 55 : 10 7 (after SjteV), f (after partic. constr.[!]
"QJl&O ;" (0) predicate accusative, 48 : 175(?) ; 100 (h) predicate nominative,
44:~15a(f); 100 (i) subject, 49:6/3, 7 .
B. With a : (a) temporal, 52 : 86 ; 53 : 9/3 ; 55 : 6a, ft ; 57 : 13a ; 64 : 2a ; 101
(6) concessive, 47 : 9e, f.
C. With "p : (a) temporal, 44 : 7 7 ; 48 : 16 7 (WJ) ; (6) negative con-
sequence, 102 49 : 15/3 ; 44 : 18/3, 7 ; 50 : 2 7 ; 56 : 2 7 , 5, 65 (= 2 7 ) ; 58 : 13e, f ;
59 : la, j8, 26 ; (c) negative object clause, 54 : 9 (thrice) ; 103 (d) causal,
48 : 4a.
D. With ftnn the infinitive clause is practically a substantive,
60 : 15a || '$ m fi$& and ^ 'vftXfa (exchange). 104
NOTES.
1. Owing to the nominal character of the infinitives, the need of
expressing a subject or object was not so much felt as in the common
verbal sentence. Even the context, our best guide, fails to help us in
several cases to discover the unexpressed subject of an infinitive clause.
Attempts have been made to reason it out by general considerations
(circumstances, theology, etc.), with varying success ; some cases remain
very doubtful, as 42 : 7a, /3, where we have three views :
(a) The subject is the '* ^QJ? because of 49 : 5 sq. (Dillmann).
(6) The subject is Yahweh himself, as in 49 : 6, (a) because in 2 Isaiah
Yahweh himself is the chief actor, using men only occasionally as his
instruments, like Cyrus (Duhm) ; (/?) to take Israel ( s *Q3?) as subject
makes an ill-balanced sentence ("einen schleppenden Satz;" Marti;
rather forced and fanciful).
93 See note (2) ad loc. 94 Continued by "1 separ. and imperfect.
95 Cf. KOnig, 4066. 96 Cf. note (5) ad loc.
9 ? Similar to the Latin supine; cf. Allen and Greenough, Latin Grammar, % 303.
98 KOnig, 3996. 99 Addendum, 59 : 148 (after bD n )
100 Or is it final ? 101 Probably with a causal shade of meaning.
102 Cf. Brown's Lexicon, p. 583 under 76 ; Konig, 406. 103 c/. KOnig, 406*.
10* Grouped by Konig ( 403) among causal-infinitives ; but the emphasis is on the con-
trast between the present desolation and the future glory, which Yahweh will bring about
in its place (vs. 156; cf. vs. 17 ; 61 :3; Duhm, ad loc. ; Kautzsch-Ryssel ; Dillmann).
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66 25
(c) It is admitted that grammatically both constructions are possible
(cf. Dillmann and Marti, ad loc.) ; on general grounds, Duhm's opinion
seems to be the stronger one.
58 : 67 : The subject is possibly indefinite ; but the suffix 'ITZJfcO (and
the third person sing. masc. in the continuing finite verb) favors DIU^ of
the preceding clause.
59:26: Though the connection between "face" and "hearing" is
somewhat awkward, the subject of 2TG11J7- is evidently implied in D^DS
(used for the face of God, God in his relation to man ; cf. Duhm, Marti,
et al.).
In 60 : 136 the trees enumerated in 13a might be taken as subjects of
"ijssb ; two things are against it : (a) first person is used in 135 ; (/3) the
usual subject of 1&O , whether used in Piel or Hithp., in Isaiah, chaps.
40-66, is Yahweh (55 : 5 ; 60 : 7 ; cf. 60 : 21 ; 61 : 3, etc.).
2. It is very hard to draw a line always between the different uses
of the infinitive clause governed by b From the primary meaning of
the preposition 105 many different uses have developed, indicating, in
general, the goal or aim of a certain action, then even introducing an
object-clause (cf. b with a nominal object), or a subject -clause (due to
analogy ?).
In 42 : 7a, /3 the infinitives have been regarded as gerundiva (explica-
tive : opening the eyes, etc.) by Duhm and Marti ; as final infinitives by
Dillmann, Kautzsch-Ryssel, et al. The latter seems more plausible and
fits easier into the context (vs. 7 giving the purpose of the divine call of
the servant of vs. 6).
56 : 16 : The two infinitives have been classed by KOnig with the
object-clauses ( 399w), but rQ'inp is an adjective. The primary mean-
T 'l
ing of b 105 plays its part here in the selection of the preposition : "near
to"(war<l). 106
3. The infinitive clause in 64 : 2a connects very poorly with vs. 26
(MT.,R.V., " When thou didst terrible things .... thou earnest down "),
better with vs. 16, ". . . . nations may tremble, when [because] thou
doest terrible things " Vs. 26 is most probably a gloss, which
came from 63 : 196 (Dillmann, Duhm, Kautzsch-Ryssel, et al.).
4. 52 : 147, 8, "32 with nouns representing shortened infinitive-clauses,
e. 9-, TZh* fit - 107
5. In 44 : 286 hbtfbl continuing a finite verb is rather unusual ; *\ may
be epexegetical (= German "und zwar ;" cf. Gesenius-Kautzsch, 114 p.),
but it seems best with Kautzsch-Ryssel to strike it out (after Oort) ; Dill-
mann would emend it to T^l , or to *i;CXn ; (so also Marti) ; Duhm
strikes out 44 : 286 as a gloss (variant to 266).
6. Addendum: 2) + infinitive, 64: la. Subject noun, object noun;
order regular ; comparison, continued by an asyndetic verbal sentence
(imperfect iterative).
105 Indicating direction (mostly ideal) ; see Davidson, 101 Rb ; Gesenius-Kautzsch, 114 sq.
iw> Likewise after verbs of coming, going, etc. 107 Cf. Konig, 406n.
26 SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66
APPENDIX II.
USE OF THE PAKTIOIPLES IN ISAIAH, CHAPS. 10-66.
The participle presents some difficulties of treatment on account of
its double nature (verbal + nominal). There are some participles fre-
quently used in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66, which are used as common nouns
( e > Q-> bfrfo > W'" 1 > etc.), and need not be considered here. Even if we
exclude those, the use of participles may be called large.
I. WITH THE AETICLE.
The determined participle is used
(a) as subject, 40 : 26a 108 (?) ; 42 : 17 (twice) ; 45 : 206 1 , 47 : 136; 46 : 6a ;
57 : 136; 59 : 56; 63 : 116 (twice) ; 65 : 16a, 6 (passive), 206; 66 : 17a (twice) ;
59 : 55 (passive) ;
(6) as predicate, 44 : 266, 27a, 28a; 45 : 36, 51 : 96, 10 (twice) ; 52 : 66 ;
(c) as attribute, 109 43 : 16a, 17a; 47 : 8a ;
(d) in apposition to a noun, 109 46:36; 48: la (?); 57:5a (passive);
65 : 26, 3a, 4 sq. (three times) ;
(e) as a vocative, 62 : 66; 65 : 11 (three times);
(/) as a genitive after a noun in the construct state, 43 : 7 a (passive) ;
45 : 246 (passive) ; 66 : 106 ;
(g) more or less independently, 40 : 22a, 6, 23a ; 51 : 206.
II. WITHOUT THE ARTICLE.
The undetermined participle occurs in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66,
(a) as subject, 110 (a) 41: 4ft 7a ; 43:156; 45:206; 46 : 16 m (passive) ;
49:106,176; 51:lla, 196; 54:5a; 57:15(2); 59:15/3; 61:6/3; 62:9a, 6;
(ft) in negative sentence with -p, 41:266 (3); 43:116, 13/3; 47:156;
51:18a, 6; [ad. (a) 47:136, Q] (a) "54:106; 50:8a; 63:12sg. (3); 66:3a
(4); ()59:4a,/3, 16/3; 63:5a,0; 64:6a,/3;
(6) as predicate, 40 : 10/3 ; 41 : 13a, 17a ; 42 : 96 ; 43 : 3/3, 19a, 256 ; 45 : 7
(5); 44:246 (3), 26a; 46: la, 16 (passive); 45:196 (2); 48:136, 176(2);
49:10, 266(2); 50:10a 2 ; 51:106, 12a, 15a, 19a; 52:56 (passive), 12 (2);
54:10a, lla; 53:3a (2, passive), 5a (2, passive), 7a? (passive); 56:46;
57 : 1/3 ; 60 : 166 ; 61 : 8a, p ; 64 : 76 ; 65 : 246 ; 66 : 3 (3), 12, 22a 2 , 22a l ; 112
(c) as attribute, 40 : 28/3 ; 40 : 29a ; 42 : 5 (4) ; 43 : la ; 44 : 24/3 ; 45 : 15a,
6, 2l7;,18(3); 48:12 (passive); 51:13(3), 20a (passive); 54:16/3, 7 ; 56:
26 (2), 3/3, 113 6a, 8a, 106 (3[?]); 49:5a; 65:2a; 66:5, 12/3, 19a;
108 Defective answer to a question (?). m Text uncertain.
109 Sometimes impossible to distinguish. 112 65 : 17a, 18a, b; 66 : 66(7).
no Addendum : 66 : 17a. us With a slight emendation,
SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCES IN ISAIAH 40-66 27
(d) in apposition to a noun, 114 46 : 10a, 6, lla ; 57 : 36, 56; 65 : 36 (2) ;
(e) as a vocative, 51 : la, 7a ; 51 : 216; 52 : 116; 65 : lla ;
(/) as a genitive after a noun in construct state, 40 : 3a, 115 6a ; 115 52 : 7 ;
60:14a, /3; 56:6 J 3 1 ; 59:8 7 ; 61:96; 66:10a;
(g) as object : 41 : la ; 44 : 20a ; 116 56 : 66 2 ; m 64 : 4 (2) ; 65 : 9a ; 49 : 26a ;
(h) as predicate nominative, 47 : 13 7 ; 59 : 2a, m 15a, 117 /3 ; 117 63 : 86 ;
(i) predicate accusative, 53 : 46 (3, passive) ;
(k) with preposition, 63 : 26 (3) ;
(/) after ^H , 45 : 9a, 10a ;
(m) independent, 41 : 76( ?).
11* Sometimes hardly distinguishable from the attribute,
us After bip (exclamat.).
ii 6 Casus pendens resumed by a pronominal suffix of the verb,
in With J-pn = finite verb.
VITA.
v
I, Alois Barta, was born in C6slav, in eastern Bohemia, on
the 28th day of July, 1874. After attending for five years the
parochial school of the Reformed Church, I studied in the gym-
nasium of Caslav, Nemecky Brod, and Kolin, and received a
certificate of maturity for university study with honors in Kolin
on June 20, 1892. I took then the regular course in the Union
Theological Seminary, of New York, and graduated therefrom on
May 14, 1895. After a year's pastorate in Weston, Nebraska, I
entered the University of Chicago in the fall of 1896 and spent
therein eleven and a half quarters, pursuing my studies in the
departments of Old Testament Literature and Exegesis and of
Semitic Languages and Literatures.
I wish to acknowledge with gratefulness my great obligations
to my teachers, especially to the Rev. Vincent Dusek and Pro-
fessor Francis Krsek, both of Kolin ; to Professors Francis
Brown and Charles P. Fagnani, of Union Seminary ; to President
William R. Harper and Professors George S. Goodspeed, Robert
F. Harper, Ira M. Price, and James H. Breasted, of the Univer-
sity of Chicago.
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