ROBERT CAVELIER [i] UNIT. OF CALIF. LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES ON THE ROCK OF QUEBEC : Far away, through these forests and across these cataracts, I believe with you there lies a little Kingdom of Content, where you and I nill one day reign." [p. 86 ] ROBERT CAVE LIE R The Romance of the Sieur de La Salle and His Discovery of the Mississippi River BY WILLIAM DANA ORCUTT ILLUSTRATED BY CHARLOTTE WEBER CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG & CO. MCMIIII Copyright* 1904, BY A. C. MCCLURG & Co. Entered at Stationers' Hall, London All Kighta Reserved Published April 9, 1904 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. [iv] To my Wife Louie Thompson Orcutt In Token of Comradeship [v] 21317B7 PAGE FOREWORD xi CHAPTER I A Novice Challenges the Holy Order of Jesus .... 3 CHAPTER II The Novice Becomes a Priest without a Change of Heart 16 CHAPTER III The Assumed Priest Becomes a Fugitive upon Strange Seas 30 CHAPTER IV The Birth of a Mystical City 42 CHAPTER V The Hero Becomes an Explorer ' . 60 CHAPTER VI The Hero Contents Himself with Haifa Loaf .... 82 CHAPTER VII An Attempt is Made to Mix Oil and Water 93 CHAPTER VIII The Heroine Discovers an Ally 120 CHAPTER IX The Explorer Finds not That for which He Seeks . . . 128 CHAPTER X The Hero Meets a Great King 145 " [vii] CONTENTS CHAPTER XI PAGE The Sieur de La Salle Finds a Rare Gem in a False Setting 164- CHAPTER XII The Power Behind the Throne 180 CHAPTER XIII The Great King Accepts the Judgment of the Church . . 197 CHAPTER XIV Fate Proves Itself more Potent than Strategy .... 209 CHAPTER XV A Fair Maid Returns to New France 222 CHAPTER XVI The Sieur de La Salle unexpectedly Resumes his Explora- tions 237 CHAPTER XVII The Explorer Discovers a Great River and Satisfies his Ambition 251 CHAPTER XVIII The Priest Throws off his Cassock 264 CHAPTER XIX The Savages Foil a Greater Savage . ..... .283 CHAPTER XX The Priest Becomes the Supplicant and the Explorer Claims His Own 299 EPILOGUE . 311 ILLUSTRATIONS ON THE ROCK OF QUEBEC. Frontispiece " Far away, through these forests and across these cataracts, I believe with you there lies a little Kingdom of Content, where you and I will one day reign." [ p. 86 ] IN THE HOUSE OF THE NOVICES. Facing page 14 "I will wrench myself free in spite of all, just so sure as God lives and is my witness." ANNE INTERRUPTS THE CONFERENCE. Facing page 66 " The hood of her cape had fallen back, permitting the wealth of chestnut hair, in its disarranged beauty, to form a frame to the fair face beneath." THE FETE AT VERSAILLES. Facing page 166 " The King and the Queen led the assemblage down the broad walk to the edge of the grand canal." Louis XIV. AND MME. DE MAINTENON. Facing page 186 " They call the popes ' Your Holiness,' and kings ' Your Majesty.' You, Madame, should be called ' Your Solidity.' " THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Facing page 262 " In the name of Louis the Great, I do now take possession of this great river of the Mississippi." #** Cover Design and Chapter Decorations by Frederick Garrison Hall. [ix] FOREWORD HEN SO HIGH AN authority as Sir Robert Wai- pole exclaims : " Anything but history, for history must be false," the modern author surely has the privilege of 1 W F= *W accepting what he chooses and of discarding that portion which fits not into the .weaving of his plot ; yet so much re- mains to us of authentic knowledge concerning the life and labours of Robert Cavelier de La Salle that there is little temptation to depart from the most reliable authorities. Henri de Tonty gives us a vivid account of the expedition in which he himself took a prominent part ; and Nicolas de La Salle, "little Nicolas," as he is known in history, contributes a narrative which, while less inter- esting, is perhaps no less reliable. Parkman has gathered together the testimony of the various witnesses for and against La Salle's [xi] FOREWORD honours in such a manner as to leave little for later chroniclers to add, and to him is due an acknowledgment of gratitude from all students in the fascinating field which he has so admi- rably covered. No one, however, can read what these and others have written of La Salle without becom- ing conscious that throughout his exciting and adventurous career ran a thread of romance, intensified by the persecution of the Jesuits and the treachery of his brother, Father Jean Cavelier. In this story the author has en- deavoured to pick this thread apart from the others which make up the warp and the woof of his life, adhering closely to the historical facts in such portions of the hero's adventures as have been retained, but throwing the light more strongly upon the characteristics which raised him above the aspirations of a mere adventurer. The relations of Louis XIV. to New France form an important part in the history of his remarkable reign, and the influence which Madame de Maintenon wielded over the " Sun King " changed the destinies of the world. In the present narrative the author has considered this wonderful woman as the tool of the Jesuits in the accomplishment of their defined purpose, but absolutely conscien- [xii] FOREWORD tious in what she believed to be her Divine mission. The picture of Versailles and its life and that of the women of the French Court is drawn largely from the fascinating contribu- tions of Saint-Simon and Saint- Armand upon these subjects, and to them the author ac- knowledges his obligation. iii J ROBERT CAVELIER [i] CHAPTER I CHALLENGES THE HOLY^ORDER JESUS HE TAPERS HAD LONG been snuffed out in the House of the Novices in Paris, and the professed and the novice alike had thrown their erring bodies upon the hard floors of the cells for their much- needed rest, save those who had penance to perform or lost sanctity to regain. Yet not all, for in one cell, where the novice was supposed to be thankfully accepting his opportunity to relax himself from the ever- lasting vigils, the grey light of morning, just creeping in through the small barred window, betrayed the occupant rapidly pacing up and down the narrow compass. His tall, strong fig- ure, even through the novitiate gown, showed him to be a man well built and vigorous, and his face displayed determination and the am- bition of youth. His hands were clenched tightly together until the nails almost brought the blood, and upon his forehead stood great [3] ROBERT CAVELIER beads of perspiration, though the cell was bitter cold. Back and forth he strode, now with his arms behind him, now waving them wildly in the air, until the breaking dawn warned him of the elapsing time. Suddenly he stopped, and resting his shoulders against the cold stones looked abstractedly out of the window. He felt the cool air upon his face, and it seemed to calm the passion which controlled him. He pressed his fore- head with both his hands, and then seated him- self upon the edge of a rude stool, the only furniture the cell contained. He remained sit- ting for a moment as if in meditation, and then the pent-up fury burst forth again. " I cannot, and I will not," he cried. " To live a lie like this is worse than death. Why should I surrender my liberty, renounce my ambition, and relinquish my will ? And for what ? To be a novice, a scholastic, a co- adjutor, or even a professed! " Fool that I was ! " he went on. " Or even a professed ! I cannot and I will not ! I believed that smooth-tongued tutor when he told me that here all the soul's thirsts and crav- ings would be satisfied more fully than in the carnal world ; that here the spiritual ambitions would so far replace the temporal that thought of all outside these four grey walls would be [4] CHALLENGES THE JESUITS forgotten. And what do I find ? That those who enter here become human automatons, to be adjusted by the priests with minute exact- ness to the execution of a secret and a terrible work, whose nature they are forbidden even to surmise. That they who were men before, with intellect, soul, reason, and will, become so paralysed by this awful influence, so broken by this mysterious and relentless obedience, that the bodies alone retain human semblance. And into these degraded shells is infused the ' spirit of the Order,' so that mechanically they shall perform whatever task is imposed upon them, ignorant of its purpose, powerless to escape." With a final sob which convulsed his powerful frame, the novice threw himself upon the floor of his cell, and waited for the hour of the con- fessional. No sleep visited those roving eyes, but power and self-control came with repose. When he rose, all signs of the conflict had passed, and nothing remained in his face save a determination which was too pronounced to be mistaken. In spite of the opposition of the Huguenots and the Jansenists, in spite of the persecution of the government, and in spite of the brilliant but merciless raillery of Pascal, the Society of [5] ROBERT CAVELIER Jesus, composed of the followers of Loyola, had gained a foothold in France, and had estab- lished its House of the Novices in Paris. Oppo- sition seemed to be the food upon which the new-born prodigy thrived best, and the middle of the seventeenth century found it, though yet in swaddling clothes, full of strength and tenacity. The opportunity offered to its vo- taries to become early martyrs proved irresist- ible to the enthusiastic casuists, who embraced its tenets with a steadfastness and a devotion which brightened in the glare of the stake and the agonies of the torture-chamber. By 1666 the antagonism of the government to the sect was reduced to a forfeiture of in- heritance, and the House of the Novices at Paris had received into its faith many of the sons of wealthy and prominent families, who sought refuge from the world's turmoil and sin. The Jesuits had not scattered themselves throughout the country in the capacity of tutors for naught, and the seeds so carefully planted between the leaves of the instruction books were beginning to bear fruit. The enthusiasm of the younger devotees exceeded, if possible, that of their elders, and the fathers offered the marvelous zeal displayed by the novices as further evidence of the divine sanction to their labours. [6] CHALLENGES THE JESUITS The novice descended to the chapel, as the matin bell struck, and ranged himself with the others behind the scholastics. He seemed un- conscious of those around him, and was im- patient for the services to conclude. As the solemn procession passed out from the chapel, he fell behind, and, bowing his head upon his breast, astonished the Father Superior by bar- ring the exit. " What means this interruption ? " said the priest, sternly. " Have you a sin too grievous for the public confessional that you seek me thus abruptly ? " " A sin, yet not a sin, my father," proudly responded the novice. "A sin if I stay on here, a living lie, when all my hopes and thoughts are far beyond ; and not a sin that I confess it now, and ask to be absolved of all my vows, that I may go out once more into that world which is my world, and into that life which is my life." The father was silent for a moment. Even in the dim light of the chapel the novice could see the convulsive twitching of his features, as he struggled to hold back the storm which the younger man knew was about to break. " What madness is this, my son ? " the old man finally said. " What evil spirit has pos- sessed you that you dare to suggest breaking m ROBERT CAVELIER your sacred vows, and to address your Father Superior with such disrespect ? " "This is no madness, father," replied the novice, firmly. " My vows have surely lost their sanctity long since, or my will would not call so loudly for release ; nor do my words contain lack of respect to you other than the fact of my determination." The father realised that here was a spirit which perhaps might be moulded, but never broken. His voice assumed a kindlier tone. " My son, have you so soon forgotten the example which the life of the saintly Loyola has given us ? Do you not remember that he, like you, was proud and worldly, until God, in His infinite mercy, caused him to be wounded in the breach of Pampeluna ? Have you for- gotten the weeks of physical and mental suf- fering which followed, until, in the cave of Mauresa, the mysteries of Heaven were re- vealed to him ? Think of the joy with which he passed from the agonies of death to the transports of life, in which he devoted himself to his new calling. He was still a soldier, my son, but the battle he waged was for souls, and not for blood. In founding this society of ours, think you that Loyola sought merely to create a company of monks who should aspire to reach Heaven through penance, prayer, and medita- [8] CHALLENGES THE JESUITS tion ? Nay, rather to organise a powerful army of might and zeal to subdue the world to the dominion of those truths which had been revealed to him. Is this the inactive, monoto- nous existence which causes you to long for the old life, without purpose, and filled with pitfalls ? " " Ah, my father, how plausible it sounds as you speak it ! " replied the novice ; " it was thus that my old tutor talked when he persuaded me to give up my freedom. But he, and you too, veil right skilfully the most important part of all your tenets. You do not tell me, in recit- ing the story of Loyola, that his dying words were of such terrible import, * Let each mem- ber of the Order be in the hands of his superiors but as a corpse.' I did not know this until recently ; I did not realise how definite was the attempt to destroy my individuality. You have sought to stimulate in me, a novice, all those energies which would make me a power- ful instrument in the great purpose of your Order, yet you would rob me of volition. You have endeavoured to excite my enthusiasm to its intensest pitch only that you might command me, in the name of religion, to yield absolutely my intellect and will in slavish abnegation to you, the Father Superior, whom I must recog- nise as God's representative on earth." [9] ROBERT CAVELIER " Nay, nay, my son," interrupted the Superior, hastily ; " this sacrifice of intellect and will is not to me, but to your Maker, and the more complete the resignation the more glorifying to the individual." " A mere differing in the words, as you well know, father," replied the novice. "You will find no difficulty in forcing the wills of the other novices, who have come to you at an earlier age than I, to be subservient to yours, but at twenty-three years of age one's reason is not so easily overthrown. When I was persuaded to enter here I came with no little enthu- siasm, thanks to the zealousness of the tutor whom my brother placed over me. I was ready to accept the life for which I was in part pre- pared ; but as I began to be conscious vaguely, rather than to realise, that every noble thought, every tie of affection, every generous impulse, must be strangled by this crushing submission and obedience, I felt such a chill come over my heart that for a time I became inert and passive, just as you expected me to be. But then followed a self-examination which brought me to a full realisation of the hideous truth. It was death, a living death, for which I was preparing myself, instead of the life spiritual which had been drawn for me in such attractive form. The bandage has fallen from my eyes, [10] CHALLENGES THE JESUITS father: the surroundings have become hateful to me, and I ask you to release me from my vows." The face of the Father Superior betrayed more clearly than he would have wished the importance he attached to this interview. Rob- ert Cavelier came from such a prominent family, and his conversion had been considered so excel- lent an example to sons of other important families, that to have him sever his connection with the Company with such clear ideas of the principles of the Order, would be a serious misfortune. " I have listened patiently to your childish conclusions, my son," said the priest at length, ** because I wished to learn how far you had wandered from the truth. Nothing could be more unfair than for you to leave us with such erroneous conceptions of our purpose. And have you forgotten that before taking your present vows, you were given full opportunity to depart if you so elected ? Then was the time to leave us, my son, for our Order refuses to accept any save those who come freely to its protecting arms. Then was the time, not now, when the day approaches which shall make of you a worthy instrument in the hands of the Lord." " It is even as you say, father," replied Rob- [11] ROBERT CAVELIER ert, bitterly ; "I accepted the long term of solitude and trials cheerfully, believing it to be my duty. At the end of this period, knowing me to be utterly exhausted both in mind and body, you told me that I was free to rise and go forth from my cell if I desired. Full well you knew that my only desire at that moment was that merciful death might free me from my sufferings. It was well timed, father, but the cleverness of it did not escape me. When my strength returned, and I realised that the mo- ment had passed forever, I hated you and the Order the more. It is useless for us to argue. You yourself have taught me that power is at the centre and not at the circumference, and it is at the centre that 1 mean to be." The voice of the Father Superior trembled with anger and apprehension as he spoke. "Then you demand of me a release from those vows which bind you to our Order ? " " I do." "You are willing yourself to break those solemn covenants which you have made with your Creator ? " " I am willing to break such covenants as I have made with you under misapprehension, thinking them to be with my Creator." " Do you understand fully that while the Order may release you, you are quite powerless [12] CHALLENGES THE JESUITS to release yourself ? " asked the priest, ignoring the distinction Robert had made. " I understand that I have already released myself, father, by the position which I have taken. I appreciate the importance of an oath, and that is why I come to you and ask my free- dom ; but should you refuse to grant my re- quest, it would make no difference. No power on earth can keep me here, and it is useless to attempt it." " Listen, my son," said the priest, thoroughly exasperated ; " if you were to leave this house without my permission you would leave it as a renegade brother of our Order, and with our curse upon your head. Vows taken with us, my son, are not so lightly cast aside. And if you do go from here, whither would you turn ? From your family inheritance the State has al- ready barred you since you entered our doors. Without this, what could you hope to do ? And no matter where you might go, or whither you might turn, you would find us there against you. Before you try this hazardous experiment, my son, it will be well for you to consider the matter carefully ; and in order that the other novices may not be contaminated, I shall place you in solitary confinement, at least until your brother Jean may be summoned. Perhaps he may bring you to your senses." [13] ROBERT CAVELIER " It is indeed fitting that my brother should be present at the final act of the tragedy which he himself has forced upon me," replied Robert, bitterly. " Place me in solitary confinement if you will, I admit your power; but understand well that not even you, nor Jean, nor stronger walls than these of this prison-house, can keep me long. I will wrench myself free in spite of all, just so sure as God lives and is my witness!" " Take not the sacred name of God in your useless boastings," commanded the priest, sternly. " Remove those vestments of the Church, which in your present mood you but defile. Prepare yourself for the punishment which you have so richly merited, and remain in solitary confinement until your brother can be summoned." Robert hastened to comply, and quickly tore off the black cassock which enveloped his body, throwing it, with his beads, to the chapel floor. In the mean time the Father Superior sum- moned Father Anselm, and for a moment be- fore breaking the silence the two regarded the angry figure facing them. " Father Anselm," said the Father Superior, severely, " into your keeping I give this rebel- lious novice, who has suddenly become bereft of all sober sense. I will instruct you further concerning him at a later hour." [14] s*w Enyravtd by John Andnic