B ULLET1N 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DEEJSSZEJIK 
 
 VOL. 23. SALEM: JAN., FEB., MAR., 1891. Nos. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 AN AID TO A COLLECTOR OF 
 
 THE CCELEXTERATA AND ECHINODERMATA 
 
 OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 BY J. WALTER FEWKES. 
 
 
 I. Introduction. 
 
 II. Kinds of Collecting. 
 
 A. Shore Collecting. 
 
 B. Dredging. 
 
 C. Collecting of "Surface" animals. 
 
 a. Freeing the Net of its Collection. 
 
 ?>. Collecting Surface Animals by Observation on the 
 
 Water. 
 c. Places for Collecting Surface Animals. 
 
 III. Coelenterata. 
 Ilydro/oa. 
 
 Hydroida. 
 
 1. Free-swimming Larva?. 
 
 2. Attached Young. 
 
 a. Athecata. 
 
 1>. Thecaphora. 
 Trachy medusae. 
 Siphonophora. 
 Acraspeda. 
 
 Free-swimming Larva?. 
 
 KSSKX IN'ST. BULLKTIN, VOL. XXTIT. 1 
 
 (1) 
 
CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 Ctenopliora. 
 
 Free-swimming LarvsB. 
 Actinozoa. 
 
 Actinoida. 
 
 Alcyonoida. 
 
 IV. Echinodermata. 
 
 Asteroidea. 
 Opiiiuroiclea. 
 Ecliinoidea. 
 Holothurioidea. 
 
 V. General Directions. 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is very difficult for one wishing to study the develop- 
 ment or anatomy of any marine animal to know when and 
 where to find the eggs, young and adult. It is also not 
 easy to recognize the young of certain members of our 
 marine fauna, when they are found. It is also difficult to 
 identify the adult. 
 
 The following pages are intended to serve as a help in 
 the identification of the adults and young of the more 
 common Ccelenterata and Echinodermata of the waters of 
 New England. They are written for those 1 who wish some 
 means by which to learn the names and the general exter- 
 nal characters of the common forms of life, which have their 
 homes on our coasts. The author follows with admira- 
 tion the plan adopted by Philip Gosse in a too little known 
 Manual of Marine Zoology, which without claim for orig- 
 inality he has simply modified to meet the necessities of the 
 present case. The lament which Gosse makes that the 
 information necessary to identify the common animals of 
 Great Britain is scattered through monographs, many of 
 
 iThis key to the identification of New England Coelenterata and Echinodennata 
 was prepared for the members of the Teachers' School ol Science who attended my 
 course of lectures in the winter of 1890. It is intended to be used as an introduc- 
 tion to a study of their notes on some of those lectures. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 3 
 
 which are in a foreign tongue, may with still greater em- 
 phasis be repeated by us in New England, especially as far 
 as the young of our marine animals are concerned. These 
 chapters are written as introductions to larger works and 
 more exhaustive monographs. 
 
 These pages may be of use to those who, while not be- 
 ginners, have yet made such progress in the study of our 
 marine animals as to wish some guide in the determina- 
 tion of a few of the different specific forms of lower marine 
 life which he meets. It is not a monograph nor an origi- 
 nal contribution to the subject. It is an aid to the col- 
 lector, and is intended to meet certain difficulties which 
 even the professional naturalist encounters in the identi- 
 fication of animals. 
 
 II. KINDS OF COLLECTING. 
 
 It is well for the student of our Ccelenterata and Echino- 
 dermata to be familiar with methods of collecting in three 
 different regions. 
 
 A. Shore Collecting, or collecting of animals from the 
 littoral zone. 
 
 B. Dredging, or collecting from depths below low tides. 
 (7. Surface Collecting, or collecting from the surface 
 
 of the water. 
 
 A. SHORE COLLECTING. 
 
 In order to study the marine larvae of jellyfishes and 
 starfishes, it is often necessary to raise them from the 
 egg. The capture of adults with ova is therefore a de- 
 sideratum. The apparatus employed in shore collecting 
 is very simple. A jar or pail for specimens, a shovel or 
 trowel and a hand net are all that is required. The time 
 for collecting is generally at low-tide, and as more animals 
 are washed up after rough weather, the last days of a storm 
 give the best results. 
 
 284454 
 
4 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 On the line between high and low tide many genera of 
 Echinoderms are found thrown upon the beach. Several 
 Holothurians are found by digging in the flats. 
 
 The hydroids of jellyfislies and many of the Actinozoa 
 occur in sheltered pools or caves just below low tide, and 
 can easily be captured with a hand-net by a little wading. 
 I have found the roots of our large Laminaria, or "Devil's 
 Apron String," when placed in pure water and allowed to 
 stand for a length of time, to give up a rich collection of 
 young starfishes, some young Holothurians and many 
 Ophiurans. Hydroids are abundant on certain seaweeds 
 washed on the shore after a storm. It is well to transfer 
 to our aquarium any object which when thrown on the 
 beach has apparently been recently torn from the bottom 
 or has the appearance of having been floating for a con- 
 siderable time. These objects almost invariably will be 
 found to be the home of a rich coelenterate life. 
 
 B. DREDGING. 
 
 The use of the dredge for the capture of the adults with 
 ova cannot be neglected. The great majority of the adults 
 and some of the young are taken iu this way. 
 
 For dredging down to fifty fathoms, which is the limit 
 
 DREDGE FOR USE IN SHALLOW WATER. 
 
 of the animals treated of in this volume, a very simple dredge 
 can be constructed by any blacksmith, and with a rope 
 suitable for that purpose, will cost only a few dollars. 
 The dredge which I have used consists of a rectangular 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 frame made of iron of about twice the length of the height. 
 The longer sides are made of flat bars which are more or 
 less flaring. The rope is attached to two iron arms which 
 move readily on their attachment to the frame and which 
 have eyebolts at their free ends. The rope is firmly at- 
 tached to one of these ; the attachment to the other is by 
 means of a smaller cord which will break when the dredge 
 is caught, and allow the obstruction to be avoided by a 
 change in the direction of the dredge. A weight is fas- 
 tened to the dredging rope about five feet or a fathom from 
 its junction with the dredge, to insure success in the dredge 
 being dragged along horizontally. The length of the rope 
 used must be somewhat longer than the depth of the soiind- 
 ing, and may be determined by the various conditions, as 
 depth of the water, or time of the tides. The simple 
 drifting of the large sail boat is force enough to work 
 with a small dredge. 
 
 The net of the dredge is fastened to the iron frame, 
 and is protected by a coarse canvas bag which prevents 
 the meshes from being torn. The time the dredge may 
 be left out must be determined by experience. 
 
 The most convenient place 1 for shore collecting is at .Re- 
 vere Beach and Nahant. The piles of Beverly Bridge fur- 
 nish many Actinoids and Hydroids. 
 
 The dredging off Nahant is among the best in New Eng- 
 land. Off Race Point, Province town, a rich harvest may 
 be expected. The channel between Castle Hill and Co- 
 nanicut Island is rich in certain genera, especially Arbacise 
 and Echinarachnii. Dredging off Baker's Island is good. 
 
 The ledges in the middle of Plum Island river off Great 
 Neck, Ipswich, and the adjoining deep water are good 
 places for Asteroids and Echinoids. 
 
 Grand M:inan is one of the best collecting places for lit- 
 
 1 This is written for teachers living near Boston. 
 
CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 toral and shallow water animals on our coast. The Crip- 
 plings" furnish one of the best places for surface genera. 
 At Eastport the channel between the Old Friar and Treat's 
 Island is the richest known to me. The surface fishing 
 there is good. Newport affords an abundant surface fauna 
 which is characteristically southern in its facies. 
 
 Surface fishing, as distinguished from shore collecting 
 and dredging, pertains to those animals which habitually 
 swim at or very near the surface of the sea. 
 
 The fauna of the ocean surface is known as the pelagic 
 fauna, from the Greek word, -niXa-foc;, meaning the sea. 
 Since, however, the word pelagic from its derivation means 
 the sea as a whole without special reference to the surface, 
 the adjective aequorial, from "sequor" the surface, would 
 more accurately designate the character of the fauna with 
 which a part of our subject deals. 
 
 The methods of surface fishing are easily acquired and 
 require no complicated outfit. A simple hand or drag- 
 net made of muslin or bolting cloth for collecting ; a water 
 bucket or jar for the reception of specimens captured ; and 
 a boat to seek out the tide eddies where the animals which 
 we are to study are most common, are all that is necessary. 
 This method of fishing needs but a few general hints for 
 successful prosecution. 
 
 The best collecting ground must be learned from expe- 
 rience. Tide eddies, edges of currents, sheltered nooks 
 and small bays into which the floating life is accidentally 
 lodged or driven by the wind and tides, are most prolific 
 in the abundance of surface life. Wherever the tidal cur- 
 rents collect flotsam of any kind, there, if not too far from 
 the open ocean, one can look with promise of success for 
 wealth of aequorial life. The same causes which bring in- 
 animate objects into these places will lead to accumula- 
 tion of floating forms of life in the same localities. 
 
 The time for profitable collecting is influenced by the 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 7 
 
 tides, the winds and some unknown conditions. Other 
 things being equal, at the month of a bay as at Newport 
 the full tide is best for oceanic larvae, or if one is situated 
 near a small bay where floating material is caught during 
 an ebbing tide, about an hour after the tide begins to fall 
 will generally yield the best results. The first hour of the 
 flood is commonly the poorest time for surface collecting and 
 the last of the ebb generally gives us the larvae of the litto- 
 ral fauna rather than the oceanic. The best condition of the 
 sea in which to collect surface animals, adult as well as 
 larvae, is during a calm. \Vhen this happens in Narragan- 
 sett Bay at high tide, after a strong south, or southeasterly 
 wind we may, if ever, expect to find a most abundant and 
 varied life captured in our nets. Smooth places on the 
 surface called "slicks" afford good collecting. Night-time 
 during that calm state of the water which commonly takes 
 place between eight and nine o'clock, is one of the best 
 hours for successful surface fishing. The amount of "phos- 
 phorescence" in the water is an indicator of the abundance 
 of surface life. The character of the animal life which 
 causes the glow can be in a measure made out by the color 
 of the emitted light. 
 
 As most of the larvae which are treated of in these chap- 
 ters are very minute, almost invisible when swimming in 
 the sea, it is often necessary in collecting to drag the net 
 about apparently at random, "skimming" as it is called the 
 surface of the water, and then lightly washing off into the 
 water of the collecting jars the small animals which al- 
 though not seen have been caught on the meshes. An 
 examination of the capture for identification must be made 
 in a more favorable time and place than at night in the 
 boat. The water into which the animals have been washed 
 from the drag-net is commonly placed in glass dishes over 
 a black background (tile preferred) and allowed to be- 
 
CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 come quiet. It is well also to place the dish in such a 
 way that direct light shines on one side in order to look 
 through it from the other. The black ground and the 
 light passing through the water make it possible to detect 
 more easily sm al swimming larvae. Commonly also, 
 when the water in the dish is quiet, the minute embryos 
 and larvae come to the surface and can be seen and easily 
 picked out with a pipette, from which they are transferred 
 to a "live box," or watch crystal for study. 
 
 The present work goes no farther than the identifica- 
 tion of the larvae. Their method of treatment as objects 
 of embryological research with reagents and with the mi- 
 croscope belongs to another chapter of marine zoology. 
 Those who seek in these pages a fauna! catalogue will 
 find many omissions. I have tried to write an introduc- 
 tion to the fascinating study of the adult and larval stages 
 of the lower animals which are found in our bays. 
 
 (7. COLLECTING SURFACE ANIMALS. 
 
 (WITH TOW OR DIP-NET.) 
 
 The animals which constitute the surface fauna are ob- 
 tained by what is called a towing-net. The towing-net is 
 a bag made of strong linen or bunting and is dragged 
 
 TOW-NET FOR ^SQUORIAL ORGANISMS. 
 
 through the water after the boat. The mouth of the net 
 is kept open by a metallic ring to which the mouth of the 
 net is fastened. The net should be about a foot deep, and 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 9 
 
 the diameter of the ring of wire possibly twenty inches. 
 The wire should be large enough not to be bent under a 
 
 O O 
 
 considerable strain. 
 
 Three pieces of line about the size of cod-line and about 
 two feet long are fastened at equal intervals in the ring. 
 These are all joined at one end and attached to the tow- 
 ing-line. Enough of the towing-line should be let out to 
 cause the net to work just below the surface. The length 
 of the towing-line must be learned from experience. 
 
 The towing apparatus, thus rigged, is used in the fol- 
 lowing way : After the net is thrown over the stern of 
 the boat, a moderate headway is given to the boat. The 
 length of time the net must be dragged is regulated by the 
 abundance of surface life. Care should be taken that the 
 headway of the boat is not lost, as in such a case the ani- 
 mals are washed out of the net. To obtain life from zones 
 below the surface the net can be weighted by a weight de- 
 termined by the length of the tow-rope, the velocity of the 
 boat and other circumstances. Care should betaken, if 
 the direction of headway is changed, that the net is always 
 kept distended in its original direction. When there is a 
 coastward current under a bridge, the towing-line may be 
 fastened to the bridge and the force of the current utilized 
 to distend the net. 
 
 a. Freeing the net of its collections. 
 The net is hauled on board and the contents simply 
 washed into a pail of pure water by turning the net wrong 
 side out. An ordinary water bucket is a good collecting 
 vessel. For detection of the specimens the best plan is to 
 use glass vessels over a black ground. Mr. A. Agassiz uses 
 
 O O O 
 
 flat glass pans over a table of black tiles. Altaian recom- 
 mends a white glazed earthenware pan such as is used in 
 dairies for holding milk. If the bowl is placed in a deep 
 
 K3S3X IX ST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 1* 
 
10 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 glass jar or finger bowl so that the light passes through it, 
 small animals can be detected through the sides. Most of 
 the small animals seek that side of the vessel on the surface 
 turned to the light and one can easily find them there. 
 Small glass finger-bowls in which larvae can be raised, can 
 be examined by holding them between the light and the 
 eye. The animals may be picked out by pipettes or tubes. 
 The water in which the animals are first placed, if crowded 
 with life, soon becomes vitiated. When few animals are 
 found they can be left in the pan in the same water in which 
 they were captured. It is a- good plan to add in such cases 
 some pure water, and keep in the pan small genera of 
 bright green algae. 
 
 b. Collecting surface animals by observation in tJie 
 water. 
 
 Although the dip and the drag-net yield the best re- 
 sults, it is often necessary to see the animals in their na- 
 tive habitat, in order to pick out what is wanted. The 
 surface is often so crowded with Salpae, for instance, that 
 the net gets clogged with them, and a person in search of 
 anything else cannot use the net to advantage. 
 
 If the sea is very smooth, very small animals can be de- 
 tected by the eye from the boat. I have used a water-glass 
 with advantage. The fishermen in Villa Franca, southern 
 France, carry a bottle of oil in the boat and use oil to 
 quiet the surface. A blackened plate of tin, lowered in 
 the water, renders it possible to detect very small animals 
 in the water above it. When once detected, it is not dif- 
 ficult to capture the animal with glass dishes or hand nets. 
 
 c. Places for collecting surface animals. 
 The best localities must be learned from observation. 
 Tide eddies are favorable points, and the water in the vi- 
 cinity of floating masses of seaweed is sometimes crowded 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 11 
 
 with life. The time of day seems not to matter but the tide 
 is a great factor. At low tide we expect littoral, at high tide 
 pelagic animals. At night conditions are favorable at about 
 half-past eight when the sea appears calm. Calm weather 
 is a desideratum, and a glassy calm is a very favorable op- 
 portunity. 
 
 In night-fishing an incandescent electric light may be 
 hung at the mouth of the net to attract animals. The color 
 of the phosphorescence corresponding to different animals 
 must be learned by experience. 
 
 III. COELENTERATA. 
 
 The animals of this group have a great variety of ex- 
 ternal outlines, but several common anatomical likenesses. 
 In their simplest form the bodies consist of a simple gelat- 
 inous bag, fixed to the ground or free-swimming. There 
 is an opening called the mouth at one pole, while the whole 
 cavity of the sac serves as a stomach or is in free commu- 
 nication with the exterior medium through the mouth-open- 
 ing. In most of these animals the body cavity is continu- 
 ous with the stomach. In many there is no body cavity 
 except the stomach, a characteristic which has given the 
 name of Coelenterata to the group. 
 
 Rising higher than the simple sac, whose walls serve 
 as the linings of a stomach and whose opening is a mouth, 
 we pass to those where thread-like organs called tentacles, 
 which serve to capture food, are placed in a ring about the 
 mouth, and higher still to those where portions of the body 
 walls are inflated into a bell-like structure for locomotion. 
 Here Ave find added also sense capsules and complicated 
 sucker-like oral appendages, the modifications in which 
 will be more minutely described in considering the differ- 
 ent genera. These organs generally take a radial arrange- 
 
12 CCELENTEBATA AND 
 
 nient about the polar mouth opening. It was that radial 
 symmetry which Cuvier first recognized and which led 
 him to unite these animals with others in the group of lln- 
 diata. 
 
 The Coelenterata include the Medusae and Actinias. While 
 these animals have much in common in their anatomical 
 structure, their external resemblances are oftentimes very 
 distant. Compare, for instance, the filmy, gelatinous 
 body of the jellyfish and the hard, stony coral as we see 
 it in our museums. Yet the calcareous and other hard 
 secretions of the body of the coral once removed, the soft 
 parts which remain betray anatomical peculiarities of the 
 stomach and body cavity already mentioned, and therefore 
 close resemblances to jelly-fishes. 
 
 The Coelenterata are divided into the Hydrozoa, Cteno- 
 phora and the Actinozoa. The two former groups, known 
 as the jelly-fishes, are well represented by their larvae in 
 the surface waters of New England, while only a few forms 
 of the latter occur, or come within the scope of this ac- 
 count. While the larvae of some Actinozoa inhabit the 
 surface waters, there are few genera in Narragansett Bay 
 as compared with the other groups. 
 
 CLASS I. HYDKOZOA AND CTENOPIIORA. 
 
 {Jelly-fishes.') 
 
 These animals have hyaline, gelatinous bodies ; live soli- 
 tary or united in colonies; bodies bell-shaped, tubular, 
 mushroom-like, cup-shaped, or resembling a floating bag 
 or disk. "When bell-shaped, a fleshy protuberance of 
 folded membrane hangs down from the under side and 
 serves as the stomach. The centre of the body is occu- 
 pied by a cavity out of which slender tubes or vessels ra- 
 diate to the bell- margin. These vessels may be united by 
 a circular tube about the periphery or may end blindly 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 13 
 
 near the rim. They sometimes pass directly from centre 
 to rim, at other times subdivide, bifurcate and coalesce. 
 Different tubes in the same bell may have a straight or a 
 tortuous, or a marginal course. The movement of a nutri- 
 tive fluid in the tubes can be seen through the bell-walls. 
 Bell-cavity present or wanting. When present, it is some- 
 times partly closed at its entrance by a washer-like body 
 called the velum. 
 
 The bell margin of the Hydrozoa is either entirely cre- 
 nated, slightly notched or scalloped. Small, transparent 
 cells, the sense capsules, otocysts, with enclosed calcareous 
 grains called otoliths, are commonly present. The number 
 and structure of these organs vary in different genera. In 
 the Hydrozoa, when present they are placed around the 
 bell margin and their number is from four to sixteen ; in 
 the Ctenophora there is, in the adult, a single polar sense 
 capsule. The sense-capsules of the former group are par- 
 tially covered on the upper side by a small, gelatinous lap- 
 pet which is called the " hood." Jelly fishes which have a 
 hood are called the " hooded-eyed" ; those without, the 
 " naked-eyed" Medusae. 
 
 Small, thread-like bodies, called tentacles, varying in 
 number and size, hang down sijgly or in clusters from the 
 under side of the body at or near the bell-margin. In 
 those genera (Ctenophora) which have a single polar sense 
 capsule opposite the mouth, there are either two long ten- 
 tacles with side branches with numerous smaller body fil- 
 aments, or these structures may be wholly wanting. 
 
 These animals are generally small, transparent, phos- 
 phorescent in darkness when the water is agitated. Many 
 are highly colored. Water forms the great mass of the 
 body substance. Their larval forms are among the most 
 abundant animals found on the surface of the ocean. The 
 Hydrozoa are classified as follows : 
 
 Order I. Hydroida. Bell-shaped bodies, without flap 
 
14 COELENTERATA AND 
 
 (hood) over the sense capsules and with or without mar- 
 ginal sense bodies; with bell-cavity, the entrance into 
 which is partially closed by a velum. 
 
 Order II. Tracliymedusoz. Bell-shaped, often disk- 
 like bodies. Four or eight sense capsules with or without 
 hood. Bell-cavity with velum. 
 
 Order 111. iSipJtonopJtora. Tubular or bag-like bod- 
 ies. Many individuals of different shape and function 
 united in a colony. With or without bell-shape and ge- 
 latinous appendages. When present, these resemble those 
 of Hydroida. 
 
 Order IV. Acraspeda. Disk-shaped bodies with four, 
 eight or sixteen marginal sense-capsules. No bell-cavity. 
 No velum. 
 
 Order V. CtenopJiora. Single polar sense-capsule with- 
 out hood. Locomotion by means of eight meridional 
 rows of vibratile flappers on outside of body. 
 
 Order I. Hydroida (free) . 
 
 A. Without sense capsules ; sexual organs never free 
 from the base of the proboscis. 
 I. Tubes four, unbranchcd. 
 
 No tentacles Pennaria. 
 
 One tentacle Hybocodon. 
 
 Two tentacles Stomatoca. 
 
 Dinernatella. 
 Four tentacles Sarsia. 
 
 Dipurena. 
 
 Ectopleura. 
 
 Zan,clea. 
 More than four single tentacles. Turns. 
 
 Dysmorpliosa. 
 
 Stmirophora. 
 
 Calicopsiis. 
 
 Modeeria. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 15 
 
 Four clusters of tentacles . . Nemopsis. 
 Eight clusters of tentacles . . Lizzia. 
 
 II. Tubes four, branched .... Willia. 
 
 III. Tubes eight, unbranched . . Melicertum. 
 
 Mabella. 
 
 B. With sense capsules ; sexual organs suspended from 
 radial tubes. 
 
 I. Tubes four, unbranched. 
 
 a. Stomach without peduncle. 
 
 Tentacles numerous, without smaller basal 
 " spurs." 
 
 Obelia. 
 Oceania. 
 Clytia. 
 
 Tentacles numerous, with basal "spurs." 
 
 Eucheilota. 
 
 b. Stomach with peduncle. 
 
 Tima. 
 Eutima. 
 
 II. Tubes numerous. 
 
 Zygodactyla. 
 
 A. I. 
 
 Pennaria. Bell ovate ; tubes four, broad. Tentacles 
 slight projections of the bell-margin at the junction of the 
 radial and circular tubes. 
 
 P. gibbosa. 1 
 
 Hybocodon. Bell globose, asymmetrical. Tubes four, 
 slender. Single tentacle generally with a cluster of bud- 
 ding Medusae at its base. 
 
 H. prolifer. 
 
 Authorities for specific names are given in the index at the end of the paper. 
 
16 
 
 CXELENTERATA AND 
 
 Stomatoca. Bell oval, with tall, conical, apical projec- 
 tion. Tubes four, broad, often with jagged edges. Tenta- 
 
 STOMATOCA. 
 YOUNG DINEMATELLA. 
 YOUNG LIZZIA. 
 
 DINEMATELLA. 
 YOUNG TIM A. 
 
 CALICOP8I8. 
 
 cles two, opposite, long, very flexible. Their bases have a 
 claret-red color. Proboscis trumpet-shaped, swollen near 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 17 
 
 the bell. Lips flange-like, extending barely outside the 
 bell-opening. 
 
 /S. apicata. 
 
 Dinematella. Bell ovate, with tall, conical, apical pro- 
 jection in which is found a cavity shaped like the frus- 
 trum of a cone, and which is in free communication with 
 
 that of the proboscis. Tubes four, with jagged edges, 
 broad. Tentacles two, opposite, long, flexible. On the 
 bell-rim between the long tentacles are situated small ten- 
 tacular processes with pigment spots. Proboscis large, 
 swollen at base, light-cream color. 
 
 D. cavosa. 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 2 
 
18 COELENTERATA AND 
 
 jSarsia. 1 Bell oval. Tubes four. Tentacles -marginal, 
 four, long, flexible, each with a single bright red pigment 
 spot on under side of base at the extremities of the ves- 
 sels. Proboscis very long, highly contractile ; when ex- 
 panded the extremity reaches far outside the entrance into 
 the bell-cavity. Lips simple, ovaries inconspicuous. 
 
 jS. inirabilis. 
 
 Dipurena. Bell half egg-shnped. Tubes slender, four. 
 Four stiff, short tentacles with an enlarged club-shaped 
 distal extremity. Eye-spot at the basal end. Proboscis 
 very long, with large swellings crowded with ova in fe- 
 male. Lips simple. 
 
 D. strangulata. 
 
 DIPURENA. 
 
 Ectopleura. Bell ovate with a slight apical projection. 
 Tubes four. Eight rows of lasso-cells arranged on the 
 outer wall of the bell in pairs, each pair arising from the 
 base of a tentacle and extending to the apex of the bell. 
 Tentacles four, generally coiled about their origin at the 
 bell rim. Each tentacle in adult with clusters of lasso-cells 
 at intervals in its length. Proboscis two-thirds the height 
 of the bell cavity. Lips simple. 
 
 E. ochracea. 
 
 Closely related to this is the free form of Hydrichthys which is attached to wall 
 of fish Seriola zonata. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 19 
 
 Zanclea. Bell oval, with slight apical prominence. 
 Tubes four. Tentacles four, each with lateral branches 
 formed of a small pedunculated cluster of cells. Proboscis 
 extends to opening into the bell-cavity. Bell walls with 
 cluster of lasso-cells above the origin of the tentacles from 
 the margin. 
 
 Z. gemmosa. 
 
 YOUNG TURRIS. TURRIS. 
 
 OTOCYST OF EUTIMA. EUTIMA. 
 
 Turns. Bell mitre-shaped, with apical prominence. 
 Tubes four. Tentacles numerous and of two kinds. The 
 
20 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 longer bear eye-spots at their very origin from the bell- 
 margin ; the latter from a point a little above the rim. 
 Proboscis large, swollen at the base. Mouth trumpet- 
 shaped. Lips complicated. 
 
 T. episcopalis. 
 
 Dysmorphosa. Bell ovate with slight apical promi- 
 nence. Tubes four. Tentacles numerous. Proboscis 
 of medium size, with four spherical ovaries at base. Lips 
 have a " frosted appearance " on account of the clusters of 
 lasso-cells. 
 
 D. fulgurans. 
 
 This genus is said to occur in New England. See A. 
 Agassiz, "Sea Side Studies." I have never collected it. 
 
 Staurophora. Bell disk-shaped, cream colored, with flex- 
 ible walls. Tubes, four. Tentacle numerous, so crowded 
 together that their bases at the union with the bell margin 
 touch each other. Tentacles short, flexible, with single 
 eye-spot at union with bell-rim. In addition to tentacles, 
 small club-shaped bodies likewise. arise from bell rim. 
 Ovaries depend in part from the tubes in that halt nearest 
 the proboscis apd from the proboscis. 
 
 S. laciniata. 
 
 Calicopsis. Bell ovate or globose. Tubes, four, Numer- 
 ous short tentacles. Four ovaries at base of proboscis. 
 Lips with four clusters of lasso-cells which impart a "frosted 
 appearance" to them. 
 
 C. typa. 
 
 Modeeria. Bell mitre-shaped with apical projection, 
 and thin walls. Tubes four, broad, with jagged edges. 
 Tentacles numerous, flexible. Proboscis long, inueh 
 swollen at the base. Lips simple. 
 
 J\f. miiltitentacula. 
 
 Nemopsis. Bell oval. Tubes, four, broad. Tentacles 
 in four clusters, each cluster situated at the union of radial 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 21 
 
 tubes and bell margin where there is a tentacular bulb 
 with a row of pigment spots. Ovaries from tubes and 
 proboscis. Proboscis short, with four oral dendritic ten- 
 tacles. 
 
 N. BacJiei. 
 
 Lizzia. Bell oval with apical projection and lower wall 
 thin. Tubes, four. Eight clusters of tentacles from the 
 
 ZANCI.EA. 
 
 YOUNG CALYCOPSIS. 
 
 MODEKRIA. 
 
 LIZZIA. 
 
 bell-rim. Four of these have five tentacles in each cluster 
 and arise from the margin of the bell near the radial tubes 
 and the remainder of three each alternate with these. 
 Proboscis short, generally with budding young on its side;*, 
 with a quadrate mouth, each angle of which bears two 
 clusters of lasso-ceils. 
 
 L. ocfopuncfata. 
 
22 
 
 CGELENTERATA AND 
 
 A. II. 
 
 Willia. Bell disk-like with small clusters of lasso-cells 
 at intervals on the external walls. Tubes branched, four 
 at origin from the proboscis. 
 
 W. ornata. 
 A. III. 
 
 Tubes eight. Tentacles 
 
 eight. 
 Proboscis small with lateral 
 
 Mabella. Bell globose, 
 numerous, short, flexible, 
 buds. 
 
 M. gracilis. 
 
 Melicerlum. Bell oval, tall, mitre-shaped. Tubes 
 eight. Tentacles numerous, long and very flexible. Pro- 
 boscis with complicated lips. 
 
 Tubes with ovaries along 
 
 their whole length. 
 
 M. campanula. 
 
 MELICERTUM. 
 
 . I, a. 
 
 Obetia. Body disk-shaped, transparent, colorless. 
 Sense-capsules with numerous otoliths, arranged at irreg- 
 ular intervals about the bell rim. Numerous rigid tenta- 
 cles. Four tubes. Ovaries spherical, pendent from the 
 tubes. The bell o ten reversed, and turned in such a 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 23 
 
 manner that the proboscis appears to arise from its con- 
 vex side. Velum narrow. 
 
 0. gelalinosa. 
 
 Clytia. Bell disk-shaped, transparent, colorless. Tubes 
 four. Tentacles numerous. Sense-capsules, eight. Ten- 
 tacular bases thickly pigmented. Proboscis short, lips 
 simple. 
 
 C. bicophora. 
 
 STAUROPHORA. LIRIOPE. 
 
 Oceania. Bell, very flexible, disk-shaped, transparent, 
 and moves with a languid motion. Four tubes with elon- 
 gated ovaries. Tentacles numerous, thread-like, flexible. 
 Proboscis short. Ovaries found on the peripheral two- 
 thirds of the radial tubes. 
 
 O. languida. 
 
24 
 
 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 EucJieilota. Bell disk-shaped, flexible, transparent. 
 Tubes four. Ovaries spherical, hanging from the tubes. 
 Sense-capsules, eight. Tentacles of two kinds, eight long, 
 
 YOUNG EUCHEILOTA. 
 
 EUCHEILOTA. 
 
 and sixteen small ; shorter called spurs. Each long ten- 
 tacle has a pair of spurs. Tentacular bulbs pigmented. 
 
 E. ventricular is. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 25 
 
 B. I, b. 
 
 Tima. Bell hemispherical with thick walls. Tubes 
 four. Tentacles, numerous, long, flexible. Ovaries rib- 
 bon-shaped on the tubes. Sense-bodies, numerous. 
 Stomach mounted on a transparent peduncle. Lips, four- 
 parted, margin with clusters of lasso-cells. 
 
 T. Bairdii. 
 
 MABELLA. 
 
 SPH^ERULA. 
 
 SKCTOR OF ZYGODACTYLA. 
 
 YOUNG ZYGODACTYLA. 
 
 Eutima. Bell oval, with thin walls, flexible. Tubes 
 four. Tentacles of two kinds ; four long at extremity of 
 the tubes ; pairs of small tentacles at intervals about the bell 
 margin. These latter also accompany the long tentacles 
 and may be called spurs. Stomach mounted on a slender 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 2* 
 
26 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 peduncle which extends far outside the bell opening. Lips 
 quadrate. Ovaries ribbon-like on tubes and base of pe- 
 duncle. 
 
 E. gracilis. 
 
 B. II. 
 
 Zygodactyla. Bell disk-shaped, cream colored, also 
 pinkish. Tubes numerous with ribbon-shaped ovaries. 
 Tentacles numerous, short, very flexible, generally coiled. 
 Sense-capsules numerous. Proboscis finger-like folds of a 
 delicate membrane which seldom closes forming the mouth 
 opening. Rows of small tubercles on the walls of the 
 bell-cavity between the chymiferous tubes. 
 
 Z. Groenlandica. 
 
 free-swimming larvae. 
 A.I. 
 
 Pennaria gibbosa. The young Pennari-a closely re- 
 sembles the adult. This stage is rarely found free-swim- 
 ming on the surface, although if a colony of the hydroids 
 be kept in a glass jar for a short time, the buds if mature 
 easily drop off and swim away. 
 
 Hybocodon prolifer. The larvae of this medusa can best 
 be studied by a comparison of the different medusa buds 
 found on the tentacular bulb of the adult. Free forms are 
 extremely rare and after they attain the stage when they 
 separate, their resemblances to the adult are very close. 
 
 tStomatoca apicata. Larva like adult with tall bell which, 
 however, is destitute of apical prominence. Tubes four, 
 broad. Tentacles, two, opposite, long, very flexible. No 
 little tentacular projections on the bell-rim between the 
 tentacles. Proboscis shorter than in adult, extending to 
 the bell opening. 
 
 Dinematella cavosa. Larva without apical projection 
 on bell apex. Cavity at base of the proboscis small, want- 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 27 
 
 ing. Small finger-like projections on the bell margin 
 wanting. Color of larva like that of adult. 
 
 Sarsia mirabilis. Larva resembles adult. 
 
 Dipurena strangulala. Larva not studied. 
 
 Ectopleura ochracea. Larva like adult. 
 
 Zandeagemmosa. Bell ovate without apical prominence. 
 Tubes four. Tentacles two, each with numerous lateral 
 branches. In some young forms the two additional bud- 
 ding tentacles are seen. Bell with clusters of thread cells 
 as in adult. 
 
 Tarris episcopalis. Larva with characters of adult. 
 
 Dt/smorphosafulgurans. Larva not observed. 
 
 StauropJiora laciniala. Larva like adult. 
 
 Calicopsis typa. Larva like adult. 
 
 Modeeria multitentaculata. Larva not observed . 
 
 JVemopsis Hachei. Larva has few tentacles in each 
 cluster. Dendritic labial branches less complicated. 
 
 Lizzia octopunctata. Larval forms of Lizzia in all stages 
 of growth found on the sides of the proboscis. The young 
 can be studied from these buds. 1. Youngest bud has 
 single tentacle at each end of the radial tubes and single 
 intermediary tentacle. 2. The next oldest has a cluster 
 of three tentacles at end of each tube and three interme- 
 diary in cluster. 3. Oldest with five tentacles at the end 
 of each tube with three in intermediary clusters. The 
 stages 2 and 3 are free, and have rudiments of the second 
 generation of buds on the outside of proboscis. The very 
 immature buds also found in younger stages have half 
 formed probosces. 
 
 A. II. 
 
 Willia ornata. Larva with four tentacles one at each 
 end of the four unbranched tubes. Alternating with these 
 on the bell walls a small cluster of nematocysts. Apical 
 tube visible. 
 
28 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 A. III. 
 
 Mabella gracilis. Larva not observed. 
 Melicerlum campanula. Larva like the adult. 
 
 B. I, a. 
 
 Obelia diophana. Larva like adult. 
 
 Glytia bicophora. Larva in youngest form with two 
 tentacles opposite each other and eight otocysts. 
 
 Oceania languida. Larva in youngest form with two 
 opposite tentacles, four otocysts. Proboscis small, incon- 
 spicuous. 
 
 Eucheilota ventricularis. Larva like adult. 
 
 B. I, 6. 
 
 Tima Bairdii. Larva like adult. Tentacles short, 
 numerous. Proboscis small. Otocysts like adult. 
 Eutima gracilis. Larva not observed. 
 
 B. II. 
 
 Zygodactyla Grcenlandica. Larva in youngest form 
 found with four tubes, four tentacles. Numerous otocysts. 
 Next oldest larva has four complete tubes and four addi- 
 tional tubes extending half way from junction of probos- 
 cis and bell margin. 
 
 Order I. Hydroida (attached). 
 
 Many of the jelly-fishes originate as buds from an at- 
 tached zoophyte known as a hydroid. To become familiar 
 with the different forms of the young of the Hydrozoa, it 
 is necessary to be able to identify these animals. 
 
 The lixed hydroids are algae-like organisms, simple or 
 branching, with soft or hard axis. They are solitary or 
 social, and give rise to medusae by budding or by proc- 
 esses resembling fission. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 29 
 
 Athecata. 1 
 Without thecae for hydranth or sexual bodies. 
 
 A. Forming calcareous encrustations. . Hydractinia. 
 
 B. Erect, plant-like, not parasitic. 
 
 I. Solitary. 
 
 a. Tentacles capitate, scattered over the 
 
 body Acaulis. 
 
 b. Tentacles filiform, in two circles. 
 
 Corymorpha. 
 
 II. Associated. 
 
 a. Tentacles of one kind. 
 
 Tentacles capitate in single whorl. 
 
 Clavatelia. 
 Tentacles filiform. 
 
 a. Two separate rings of tentacles 
 
 with free medusae. Ectopleura. 
 
 b. Two tentacular circles without 
 
 medusas . . . Tubularia. 
 
 c. Scattered, with hydranth on branch 
 
 of stem .... Tubiclava. 
 
 b. Tentacles in single verticil, without 
 
 bosses. 
 
 Polyps sessile . . . Podocoryne. 
 Polyps on stem, with trumpet-shaped 
 proboscis .... Eudendrium. 
 Hydranth without covering, Avith coni- 
 cal proboscis. Gonophores on ccen- 
 osarc. 
 
 a. Arborescent . . Bougainvillia. 
 
 b. Small, simple habit. 
 
 Perigonemus. 
 
 >Thc,*or;cnpS surrounding the hydranth or stomach with a crown of tentacles 
 about a mouth. Athecata; a, 0>jKa, without a cup. Thecaphora; 0rjKa-<f>e'pw, cup 
 bearing. 
 
30 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 b. Tentacles of two kinds. 
 
 Upper, capitate; lower, rigid in single 
 verticils . . . . . Cladonema. 
 
 Upper, capitate ; lower, filiform in sev- 
 eral verticils . . . Stauridium. 
 
 c. Tentacles in several whorls. 
 
 Capitate without free medusae. 
 
 Coryne. 
 Capitate with free medusae. 
 
 Syncoryne. 
 C. Parasitic on Seriola zonata (osseous fish). 
 
 Hydrichthys. 
 
 No tentacles, two kinds of individuals. Hydroicl reduced 
 to a botryoiclal cluster of medusa). 
 
 Thecaphora. 
 
 Hydroids with hydranth and sexual bodies enclosed in 
 a cup. 
 
 A. Calycles 1 erect and free, hydranths retractile. 
 
 I. Calycles supported on a short process from 
 
 the stem ; hydranths partially retractile. 
 With tentacular organs over the coenosarc. 
 
 Ophiodes. 
 
 Without tentacular organs over the ccenosarc. 
 
 Halecium. 
 
 II. Calycles bell-shnped. 
 
 a. Operculated Lovenella. 
 
 b. Non-operculated. 
 
 Clytia. 
 
 Obelia. 
 
 Campanularia. 
 
 Thaumantias. 
 
 Gonothyraaa. 
 
 J Cui)-like structures, hydrothecae, in which the hydranths are protected. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 31 
 
 III. Calycles not bell-shaped. 
 
 . Calycles conical, long . Campanulina. 
 
 b. Calycles with conical operculum, con- 
 
 stricted at base ; pedicellate. 
 
 Calycella. 
 
 c. Sessile ; not constricted at the base. 
 
 Cuspidella. 
 
 d. Calycles without conical operculnm, 
 
 scattered Lafcea. 
 
 B. Calycles adnate, disposed along the stem and 
 branches. 
 I. Without nematophores. 1 
 
 a. Calycles cylindrical and disposed on all 
 
 sides of stem Salacia. 
 
 b. Calycles on creeping stem (not erect). 
 
 Filellum. 
 
 c. Calycles in two series. 
 
 1. Alternate, with^operculum. 
 
 Sertularella. 
 
 2. Without operculum. 
 
 a. Gonothecse with cleft margin 
 
 and internal marsupium. 
 
 Diphasia. 
 
 b. Orifice of gonotheca, plane ; 
 
 no internal marsupium. 
 
 With verticillate branches. Sertularia. 
 
 Without verticillate branches. 
 
 Antennularia. 
 
 1. With mesial nematophore attached to part 
 
 of calycle. Aglaophenia. 
 
 2. Without mesial nematophore. 
 
 Plumularia. 
 
 J Small cup-shaped structure resembling small calycles in which a protoplasmic 
 thread-like body is found, and Irom the inner base of which it arises. 
 
32 
 
 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 VIEW OF ANTERIOR END 
 OF ACAULIS, SHOWING TEM- 
 PORARY TENTACLES tt. 
 
 ADULT ACAULIS. rt, TERMINAL OPENING OF THE BODY THE INTERIOR OF THIS 
 BODY IS "DARK REDDISH PURPLE;" &, CENTRAL, PURPLE-COLORED BODY WALL; 
 C, SMALL PAPILLJE THESE, AS WELL AS THE EXTERNAL BODY WALL, ARE LIGHT 
 
 PINK; d, RIDGKS OR FOLDS IN THE EXTERNAL WALLS OF THE BODY, OF A "WHITE 
 COLOR;" e, TERMINAL CONTINUATION (UNATTACHED) OF THE BODY OF THE YOUNG 
 ACAULIS; g, GONOPHORES THE INTERIOR OF TIIESK CLUSTERS is DARK PURPLE, 
 THE EXTERIOR, WHITE GRANULAR; tf, PERMANENT TENTACLES "SUCTORIAL TEN- 
 TACLES;" tt, TEMPORARY TENTACLES. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 33 
 
 A. 
 
 Hydractinia. Clavate sessile filiform tentacles from a 
 conical proboscis from the ccenosarc. Naked polypary. 
 Some polypites are partially developed and bear spheri- 
 cal clusters of thread cells. No medusas. Found on shell 
 inhabited by Eupagurus, or on floating woodj spiles, etc. 
 
 H. echinata. 
 
 B. 
 
 Acaulis. Solitary, cylindrical, terminated above in a 
 conical proboscis. Adherent. Tentacles scattered, small 
 over whole body. Gonophores clustered about base. 
 
 A. primarius. 
 
 Corymorpha. Polypite solitary, in delicate sheath. 
 Two sets of filiform tentacles. Oral tentacles in several 
 verticils placed close together. Prominent proboscis. 
 Roots attached in sand. 
 
 C. nutans. 
 
 Ectopleura. Stem delicate, slightly branched. Twenty- 
 four oral ; thirty lower tentacles. Medusse developed be- 
 tween the two series. 
 
 E. ochracea. 
 
 B. II. b. 
 
 Tubularia. Stem simple and branched, rooted by a fil- 
 iform stolon with inverted polypary. Filiform tentacles 
 in two whorls. Gonophores on peduncles between two 
 whorls of tentacles. Young has an actinula form. 
 
 T. indivisa. 
 
 Clava. Clavate, tentacles smooth, sheathed in chiti- 
 nous polypary. Buds borne in clusters. No medusae. On 
 Fucus. 
 
 C. leptostyla. 
 
 Tubidava. Erect stem with branches and creeping 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII. 3 
 
34 
 
 CXELENTERATA AND 
 
 stolon. Sheathed in chitinous polypary. Buds in clus- 
 ters below lower tentacles. No medusse. 
 
 T. cornucopice. 
 
 Podocoryne. Ccenosarc thick network ; polypary forms 
 a continuous crust which forms a small cup-like invest- 
 
 TUBULARIA. 
 
 CORYMORPHA. 
 
 CLAVA. 
 
 ment round the base of poly pi tes. Single verticil of ten- 
 tacles. Gonophores borne below the tentacles. Free me- 
 dusse. Gonosome bell-shaped. Short manubrium with 
 oral tufts of thread cells. P. cornea. 
 
 Eudendrium. Stem branched with creeping stolon. 
 Chitinous perisarc. Hydranths borne at the end of 
 branches, vase-shaped. Single verticil of filiform tentac- 
 ula. Gonophores from polypites below the tentacles or 
 from the stem with fixed sporosacs. 
 
 E. dispar. 
 
 ramosum. 
 
 rameum. 
 
 cingulatum. 
 
 capillare. 
 
 tenue. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 35 
 
 Perigonemus. Ccenosarc chitinous. Stem branching 
 with thread-like stolon. Single verticil of tentacles ; gon- 
 ophores developed from coenosarc. 
 
 Medusa, Stomatoca. 
 
 Bougainvillia. Stem branched, rooted by filiform 
 stolon. Coenosarc with chitinous covering. Single circle 
 of tentacles round base of conical proboscis. 
 
 Medusa, Nemopsis and Bougainvillia. 
 
 JV. Bachei. 
 B. superciliaris. 
 
 Cladonema. Stem simple, slightly branched. Four 
 capitate, tuberculate tentacles, from false tentacles which 
 are stiff, and rounded at the extremities. 
 
 C. radiatum. 
 
 Stauridium. Creeping stolons, stem simple. Four 
 whorls of cruciforrnly arranged tentacles, which are rigid, 
 extending at right angle to the body. 
 
 Syncoryne. Stem simple or branched, rooted stolon 
 wholy covered in tube. Medusa is Sarsia. 
 
 S. mirabilis. 
 
 C. 
 
 Hydrichthys. Parasitic on body walls of a fish. No 
 tentacles ; no terminal mouth opening. Sexual clusters, 
 botryoidal. 
 
 H. mirus. 
 
 Tkecaphora. 
 
 A. 
 
 Ophiodes. Stem, branching, base enclosed in cup ; sto- 
 lon root-like ; non-retractile hydranths which are divided 
 by a constriction into two regions. Webbed tentacles in 
 a single verticil. 
 
 0. mirabilis. 
 
36 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 Halecium. Plant-like, branched, rooted by creeping 
 stolon. Hydrothecse biserial, tubular, bell-shaped, sub- 
 sessile, jointed to short lateral process. Hydranth par- 
 tially retractile. Fixed sporosacs. 
 
 H. gracile. 
 
 Lovenella. Stem simple, branched, thread-like stolon. 
 Hydrotheca turbinate, elongate, crowned with a conical 
 operculum. 
 
 L. gracilis. 
 
 Clytia. Stem simple, branched slightly. Creeping 
 stolon. Hydrothecse bell-shaped. No operculum. Hy- 
 dranths with large trumpet-shaped proboscis. Medusae on 
 stolon and stem. 
 Medusa, Clytia. 
 
 C. Johnstoni. 
 
 Obelia. Stem branching, plant-like, creeping stolon. 
 Bell-shaped. No operculum. Gonothecse on stem and 
 branches. 
 
 0. gelatinosa. 
 commiwrdlis. 
 
 Campanularia. Stem simple, branched, filiform stolon. 
 Hydrothecae bell-shaped. No operculum. Hyaline. Hy- 
 dranths with cup-shaped proboscis. 
 
 Gonophores fixed sporosacs, which mature in the cap- 
 sule. 
 
 (7. caliculata. 
 
 Thaumantias. Stem simple or branched, rooted to 
 thread-like stolon. Calycles campanulate, with funnel- 
 shaped proboscis. 
 
 Gonothyrcea. Stem erect branching, thread-like stolon. 
 Hydrothecse bell-shaped, transparent. Proboscis promi- 
 nent, contractile. 
 
 G. tennis. 
 Campanulina, Stem slender, annulated. Calycles thin, 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 37 
 
 membranous, pointed, produced. Hydranths with webbed 
 tentacles. 
 
 C. acuminata. 
 
 Leptoscyphus. Stem simple or branching, attached by 
 a thread-like stolon. Hydrothecse with operculum com- 
 posed of convergent segments. Hydranths cylindrical 
 with medusiform zooids. 
 
 Medusa, Lizzia grata? 
 
 Lafoea. Stem simple, creeping tubular fibre, or erect 
 and composed of many aggregated tubes rooted by a fili- 
 form stolon. Hydrothecae tubular, sessile or with a short 
 pedicel. No operculum. Hydranths cylindrical with con- 
 ical proboscis. 
 
 L. robusta. 
 
 Cali/cella. Stem a creeping tubular fibre, erect, com- 
 pound branched, rooted by a filiform stolon. Hydrothecse 
 tubular with an operculum formed of convergent segments 
 or a plaited membrane. Hydranths cylindrical with coni- 
 cal proboscis. Fixed sporosacs. 1 
 
 C. humilis. 
 B 
 
 Solatia (Grammaria Stimpson). Stem erect, com- 
 posed of aggregate tubes, branch ing ^rooted. Hydrothecse 
 cylindrical, sessile, no operculum, adnate for part of length. 
 Disposed on all sides of the stem in regular and equidis- 
 tant longitudinal series. 
 
 $. robusta. 
 
 Filellum. Stem creeping, filiform, reticulate, im- 
 mersed in chitinous crust. Hydrothecse tubular, decum- 
 bent, adherent. No operculum, irregularly arranged 
 along the stem to which they are attached by short stalk. 
 
 tiertularella. Plant-like. Stem branching, jointed, 
 
 1 Sacs in which the spores are contained ; gonosac, sac containing the male 
 sexual elements. 
 
38 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 rooted by a creeping stolon. Hydrothecae biserial, alter- 
 nate, orifice toothed. Operculum of several pieces. 
 
 $. polyzonias. 
 
 Diphasia. Plant-like. Stem branching, jointed, rooted 
 by a creeping stolon. Hydrothecae opposite, pair on each 
 internode. Valve-like operculum. Gonothecae scattered, 
 different in male and female. 
 
 D.fattax. 
 
 Sertularia (Dynamena) . Plant-like; stem branching, 
 jointed, rooted by creeping stolon. Hydrothecae biserial, 
 opposite or alternate. No operculum. Gonothecae scat- 
 tered . 
 
 tS. pumila. 
 
 Antennularia . Plant-like. Stems simple or branching, 
 with verticillate branchlets and rooted by a mass of fibres 
 Hydrotheese cup-shaped. Nematophores bithalmic on 
 stem. 
 
 A. sp.? 
 
 Plumularia. Hydrothecae sessile, unilateral. With 
 nematophores or minute cups which contain an extensile 
 offshoot from the ccenosarc, with or without nematocysts. 
 Gonozooids fixed. 
 
 P. Verrillii. 
 
 Aglaophenia. Plumose, simple or branched, rooted. 
 Hydrothecae cup-formed. Nematophores on the Hydro- 
 thecae. Gonothecae in the form of corbulae. 
 
 A. arbor ea. 
 
 Order II. Trachy medusae. 
 
 Sense-bodies with a hood. With a bell-cavity and ve- 
 lum. Medusas transparent, of small size resembling in 
 many particulars the Hydroida. Body disk-like, spheri- 
 cal, conical ; colorless. Walls sometimes rigid, sometimes 
 flexible. Marginal tentacles stiff, sometimes easily decid- 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 39 
 
 nous in single row. Often obscurely "hooded eyed." Pro- 
 boscis and radial tubes generally present, often absent. 
 
 A. Without proboscis Cunina. 
 
 B. With proboscis. 
 
 I. Body-walls rigid .... Trachyneraa. 
 
 II. Body-walls flexible Liriope. 
 
 Cunina. Body disk-shaped, inflexible, destitute of ra- 
 dial tubes. Tentacles rigid, arise from sides of the body 
 
 j 
 
 CUNINA. 
 SECTION OF THE BELL RIM OF TRACHYNEMA. 
 
 YOUNG TRACHYNEMA. 
 
 not from disk margin. Velum muscular, forming the lower 
 floor of stomach-cavity. 
 
 (7. discoides. 
 B. I. 
 
 Trachynema. Umbrella mitre-shaped with rigid walls, 
 with quick spasmodic movements in propulsion. Onward 
 motion caused in part by vibration of velum. Tentacles 
 numerous with rigid bases. Eight radial tubes, generally 
 
40 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 % k 
 
 stump-like on account of deciduous extremities. Eight 
 bright-red sense-capsules without covering lappets or 
 "hoods." Proboscis pedunculated. Lips quadrate with 
 numerous lasso-cells. Eight sausage-like ovaries hanging 
 in bell-cavity from radial tubes. 
 
 T. digitalis. 
 
 LIRIOPE. 
 MODEEBIA (TURRITOPSIS). 
 
ECHINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 41 
 
 B. II. 
 
 Liriope. Body mushroom-shaped with flexible walls. 
 Tentacles long, flexible, four in number. Four radial tubes. 
 Proboscis pedunculated. Otocysts naked, with accompa- 
 nying tentacular appendages. Ovaries on radial tubes, 
 heart-shaped, slightly pendent from the inner walls of the 
 bell. 
 
 L. scutigera. 
 Free-swimming farvce. 
 
 The larval forms of the Trachymedusse are very rare in 
 Narragansett Bay. The youngest Trachynema which was 
 found has a disk-shaped body, very obscure proboscis and 
 eight tentacles alternating with eight otocysts. The sur- 
 face of the body and the tentacles are ciliated. 
 
 C. discoides is a very rare medusa in New England wa- 
 ters and only two forms have been found ; one with eleven 
 and the other with fourteen tentacles. 
 
 Order III. Siphonophora. 
 
 Polymorphic medusse generally with a tubular-formed 
 body. With or without a float. With flask-shaped stomachs 
 (polypites) , from which depend long, contractile tentacles. 
 Many have swimming-bells (nectocalyces), covering-scales 
 and characteristic flask-like bodies called tasters. Colo- 
 nies monoecious or dioecious. : Reproduction by ova and by 
 budding. 
 
 A. With a float ....... Physophorse. 
 
 I. With an axis Agalmoides. 
 
 Nanomia. 
 
 II. Without an axis .... Physalia. 
 
 B. Without a float Calycophorse. 
 
 A. I. 
 
 Agalmoides. Body tubular, with colored axis, size of 
 
42 CXELENTERATA AND 
 
 a knitting-needle; float small. Nectocalyces arranged in 
 two opposite rows on the third of the axis below the float, 
 called the nectostem. Covering-scales flat, quadrangular 
 in shape. Stomachs or polypites, arranged at intervals on 
 lower two-thirds of the axis called polypstem. Tentacles 
 long, contractile, dotted with lateral appendages (tentac- 
 ular knobs). Each tentacular knob with pedicel ; coiled 
 cork-screw part (sacculus) covered by an involucrum ; 
 two terminal filaments and spherical vesicle. Ova and 
 spermatozoa on the same individual or colony. 
 
 A. elegans. 
 
 Nanomia. Body tubular with colored axis ; float small. 
 Nectocalyces arranged in two rows on the third of axis. 
 Covering-scales flat, quadrangular. Stomachs or poly- 
 pites, on two-thirds the axis. Tentacles long, contractile, 
 when retracted thrown into festoons. Tentacular knobs 
 with sacculus, involucrum and single terminal filament. 
 Ova and spermatozoa in respective bells on same colon} 7 . 
 
 N. car a. 
 A. II. 
 
 Physalia. Body bag-shaped, floating on the surface of 
 the water, with appendages hanging down in the water on 
 the lower side. Float pointed at one end with raised 
 chambered crest on the upper side. Tentacles very long, 
 contractile, armed at intervals with reniform thickenings 
 of lasso-cells. Polypites numerous. Sexual bodies in 
 the form of buds on a branching axis. 
 
 P. Arethusa. 
 
 Diphyes. Two small gelatinous nectocalyces placed end 
 to end with openings into cavities pointing in same direc- 
 tion. Anterior conical, with four radial tubes of unequal 
 length and single blind tube called the somatocyst in the 
 bell walls on one side. Posterior bell with radial tubes 
 of the same length, no somatocyst. Axis long, flexible, 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 43 
 
 with clusters of individuals at intervals. Sexual Organs 
 connected with these clusters. 
 
 D. formosa. 
 
 EUDOXIA LESSONII. 
 DIPLOPHYSA INERMIS. 
 
 Free-swimming larvae. 
 
 Agalmoides elegans. The egg is dropped from the bells 
 in the cluster of female sexual bodies and goes through its 
 segmentation in the water. 
 
 There are three larval stages in the progress of the de- 
 velopment which are called : 
 
 1. Primitive larva. 
 
 2. Athorybia stage. 
 
 3. Physophora stage. 
 
 All of these are found free-swimming in surface fishing; 
 the tirst is rare, the second and third are taken almost 
 
44 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 every summer in Narragansett Bay. The Physophora 
 larva is the most common. 
 
 The primitive larva consists of a primitive polypite 
 formed directly from the egg or budded from its side, a 
 helmet-shaped covering-scale, the primitive covering-scale, 
 or hydro phy Ilium, through which pass anunbranchal prim- 
 itive canal and an embryonic tentacle with transitory 
 tentacular knobs. The primitive larva swims at moderate 
 depths in the aquarium. 
 
 The Athorybia stage has no primitive covering-scale, 
 but a circle of serrated, provisional covering-scales, a 
 transitory tentacle with tentacular knobs, a float, polypite, 
 taster, and is destitute of nectocalyces. The axis from 
 which the circle of serrated covering-scales in this larva 
 arises is also probably transitory. The Athorybia stage is 
 generally found free on the surface of the water. 
 
 The Physophora larva resembles closely the adult with 
 the exception that it still retains the embryonic tentacle 
 with its characteristic tentacular-knobs. Float and necto- 
 calyces like those of the adult. The portion of the stem 
 below the nectocalyces, called the polypstem, is enlarged 
 at its very extremity somewhat as in the genus Physo- 
 phora. Covering-scales like those of the adult are present, 
 and the permanent tentacle with the knob characteristic of 
 the adult coexist with the embryonic. Both depend from 
 the extremity of the stem opposite the float. A small 
 cluster of immature buds just below the lower pair of nec- 
 tocalyces are undeveloped polypites and tasters. 
 
 Physalia. The youngest Physalia has a float and poly- 
 pite with a single tentacle. Of the very young Physalia 
 little is known. There are no known provisional organs. 
 The float is small, spherical or slightly oval in form. 
 
 The young stages of Diphyes have never been observed 
 in Narragansett Bay, yet certain forms called the Diphy- 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 45 
 
 zooids may be described here. A Diphyzooid is a frag- 
 ment of a Calycophore which has an independent life. 
 Two forms of Diphyzooids have been found in Narragan- 
 sett Bay. They are known as Eudoxia Lessonii and Di- 
 plophysa inermis. 
 
 Diplophysa inermis. This species is the diphyzooid of 
 Monophyes gracilis, and in the cycle of development we 
 have, according to Chun, stages corresponding with the 
 following genera : 
 
 1. Monophyes. 
 
 2. Muggisea. 
 
 3. Diplophysa. 
 
 Monophyes has not yet been recorded from New Eng- 
 land. Muggisea has been taken once or twice. 
 
 Order IV. Acraspeda. 
 
 Body or umbrella, disk-shaped. Sense bodies with a 
 hood. Velum obscure. Without a bell cavity. Body gel- 
 atinous, flexible, convex above, generally colored. From 
 centre of under surface hang long projections, or curtain- 
 like folds, which enclose a stomach. Filaments (tentacles) 
 arranged in bundles or simple rows around or near the disk 
 margin. Sense bodies alternating with the tentacles on 
 the bell rim, covered with "hoods." 
 
 A. Eight sense-bodies on umbrella margin. 
 
 Cyanea. 
 Aurelia. 
 Dactylometra. 
 
 B. Sixteen sense-bodies on umbrella margin. 
 
 Callinema. 
 
 A. I. 
 
 I. Body red ; mouth parts in folds ; tentacles long, con- 
 spicuous, in clusters Cyanea. 
 
CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 A. II. 
 
 II. Body white ; mouth parts four tentacular bodies ; 
 tentacles short, inconspicuous . . ... Aurelia. 
 
 TOUNG CYANEA. 
 AURELIA. 
 
 A. III. 
 
 III. Body pink ; mouth parts in four long tentacular 
 bodies ; tentacles long, in series . . . Dactylometra. 
 
 A. 
 
 Cyanea. Umbrella depressed with scalloped edges in 
 which lie eight sense bodies, alternating with eight bun- 
 dles of tentacles. Lips formed of curtain-like folds with 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 47 
 
 many ruffles. Chymiferous tubes dendritic. Color red 
 and blue. Body very large. 
 
 O. arctica. 
 
 Aurelia. Umbrella disk-shaped with a single row of 
 marginal tentacles. Eight hooded otocysts. Lips in the 
 form of four fringed arms. Chymiferous tubes branched, 
 not dendritic. Color cream or white. Body large size. 
 
 A. flavidula. 
 
 Dactylometra. Flexible umbrella, globular, discoid, 
 with many marginal tentacles and incised edges. Lips 
 in form of four long projecting tentacle-like appendages. 
 Color pinkish ; tentacles red. Tubes of body unbranched. 
 No peripheral vessel. 
 
 D. quinquecirra. 
 
 B. 
 
 Callinema. Umbrella flat, thick with apical protuber- 
 ance. Tubes radial, anastomosing in sixteen segments. 
 Circular vessel with radial extensions. Sixteen sense lap- 
 pets. Tentacles long, numerous, arising from circular 
 vessel. Lips in curtain-like frills. 
 
 C. ornata. 
 
 Free-swimming larvae. 
 
 The only free-swimming larvae of Acraspeda yet de- 
 scribed from New England are called the Ephyrse. Al- 
 though other genera occur I have found only this stage 
 of the two above-mentioned genera. The ova are borne 
 in the folds of the mouth and their development into free 
 planulse can be easily traced into the sessile stages, Scy- 
 phistoma 1 and Strobila, descriptions of which do not come 
 in the province of this work. The youngest free larva 
 
 ^ucernaria, which is closely allied to Scyphistoma, has cup-shaped, very con- 
 tractile body with peduncle and is found attached to Zostera or some similar 
 foreign object. Tentacles small in clusters of tuft-like bodies. Color brown or 
 light green. 
 
48 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 between the Strobila and adult is called the Ephyra. The 
 Ephyrae of Cyanea and Aurelia closely resemble each other ; 
 that of Cyanea is, however, a little larger than that of 
 Aurelia andhas a brown or reddish color. Both have aflat, 
 disk-shaped body, deeply emarginntedby sixteen incisions 
 of two depths ; in the more shallow of which the otocysts 
 are placed, while a single tentacle is found as a mere stump 
 in the deeper. The lips are very simple and without folds. 
 In vibrations of the umbrella the marginal lappets are 
 commonly raised above the aboral region of the bell and 
 then brought suddenly down below the mouth. 
 
 A larval stage of Cyanea older than the Ephyra, which 
 approaches in many particulars the form of the adult, is well 
 marked on account of the great development of small fila- 
 ments placed at intervals over the aboral region of the bell. 
 
 The larval stages of Gallinema and Dactylometra are 
 not known. 
 
 Order V. Ctenophora. 
 
 Free-swimming, gelatinous animals with spherical, 
 thimble-shaped or ovate forms. The external walls of the 
 body crossed by eight meridional rows of paddle-like flap- 
 pers. With or without tentacles. Single, large, compound 
 otocyst at one pole. Chymiferous tubes radially arranged. 
 Without proboscis. 
 
 A. Ctenophora without tentacles (Nuda) . Beroe'. 
 
 B. Ctenophora with tentacles (Tentaculata). 
 
 I. Body spherical, without lateral lobes. Rows 
 
 of flappers of same length. Pleurobrachia. 
 
 II. Body with large lateral lobes. Rows of 
 
 flappers unequal in length. Mnemiopsis. 
 
 A. Nuda. 
 
 Beroe (Miiller) . Body ovate, hat-shaped, with pinkish 
 color. No tentacles, no body lobes. Large central body 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 49 
 
 cavity. Chymiferous tubes anastomosing, with many lat- 
 eral branches. 
 
 B. roseola. 
 
 B. II. 
 
 Pleurobrachia. Body spherical, transparent, colorless, 
 of relative hard consistency. Meridional rows of flappers 
 of equal length extending direct from the sense to the oral 
 pole. Tentacles very long with lateral branches of crim- 
 son color, capable of being retracted into a chamber on 
 each side of body. 
 
 P. rhododactyla. 
 
 Mnemiopsis. 1 Body transparent, compressed laterally 
 and with two prominent lobes. Body colorless, with 
 walls flexible. Tentacles short. Rows of locomotor flap- 
 pers of unequal length. Four ear-like, ciliate ( ?) ap- 
 pendages ("auricles") near the mouth. 
 
 M. Leidyi. 
 
 Free-swimming larvae. 
 
 The larvae of the Ctenophora are among the most com- 
 mon of all the medusae found in surface-fishing. The eggs 
 sometimes occur in great numbers in the collecting jars 
 where any of the different genera have been allowed to 
 remain fora short time. They are sometimes found single, 
 sometimes in strings. Ova are small when single as in 
 Mnemiopsis and others, but can be observed with the 
 unaided eye. These little transparent globes enclose an 
 egg, the growth of which can easily be followed through 
 early stages of segmentation. The larvae of the Cteno- 
 phora, after leaving the egg sac, are difficult to refer to 
 
 1 Bolina alata is closely allied to this genus, 
 ESSEX IN8T. BULLETIN, VOL. XXm, 4 
 
50 CGELENTERATA AND 
 
 their respective genera. Those of Beroe never have 
 tentacles. Of the tentaculated genera Pleurobrachia and 
 Mnemiopsis, the former has long tentacles which never 
 diminish in size with age and is destitute of lateral lobes, 
 while the latter has widespreading lobes which increase 
 very greatly in size with advancing growth and the ten- 
 tacles become smaller and smaller in the progressive 
 growth. The adult has rudimentary tentacles. The 
 young of the Ctenophora are never sessile, with no inter- 
 mediate asexual form ; consequently the development is 
 said to be direct. 
 
 CLASS II. ACTINOZOA. 
 
 Coelenterates attached or free. Stomach bag-like, with 
 linear mouth opening into body cavity. Radial septa in 
 body cavity. Internal sexual bodies. Without medusi- 
 fovm gonophores, solitary or colonial. Body soft with 
 mural spicules, calcareous septa horny, flinty axis. Often 
 shrub-like, branching. . 
 
 Actinoida. 
 
 Tentacles twelve or numerous, hollow, sometimes per- 
 forate, rarely branched. Bodies soft. Skeleton when pres- 
 ent calcareous. Spicules absent in body. 
 
 A. Bodies soft, generally solitary, attached or free. 
 
 Tentacles numerous Actiniaria. 
 
 I. Adherent. 
 
 Disk lobed . . Actinoloba (Metridium). 
 Disk not lobed. Body covered with warts. 
 
 Bunodes. 
 
 Coenosarc developed. Colonial, two circles 
 of tentacles . . Polythoa (Zoanthus). 
 Tentacles, many circles. Solitary. 
 
 Tealia (Rhodactinia, Urticina). 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 51 
 
 II. Communal and adherent. 
 
 a. In branching colonies 
 
 b. In calcareous encrustations 
 
 III. Not adherent. 
 
 Lives in sand, not colonial. 
 
 Lophohelia. 
 Astra ngia. 
 
 ACTINOLOBA (METRIDIUM). 
 
 a. Tentacles simple, slightly retractile. 
 
 Ilyanthus. 
 
 b. Tentacles in two sets, posterior opening. 
 
 Cereanthus. 
 
 Body covered in sand, colonial. Individuals 
 
 not connected with coenosarc . Edwardsia. 
 
 Parasitic in Cyanea .... Philomedusa. 
 
 A. I. 
 
 Actinoloba. Body fixed. Outer surface smooth. Ten- 
 tacles small, on lobes, retractile, Reproduction; fission, 
 
52 CXELENTERATA AND 
 
 gemmation and ova. Hermaphrodite. Eggs develop in- 
 ternally. Abundant everywhere at low tide. 
 
 A. marginata. 
 
 ACTINOLOBA WITH BODY CONTRACTED. 
 
 Bunodes. Body with thick walls, covered externally 
 with warts. Tentacles short, not numerous, in four rows. 
 
 B. spectabilis. 
 
 Polythoa. Polyps in clusters connected by living cceno- 
 
 sarc. Attached to shells inhabited by hermit crabs, worms, 
 
 etc. P. parasitica. 
 
 Tealia. 1 Solitary, tentacles in many series. Base large. 
 
 Body bright red, smooth; when retracted, flat. 
 
 T. crassicornis . 
 nodosa. (?) 
 A. II. 
 
 Lophohelia. Colonial, branched. Polyps irregularly al- 
 ternate, widely separate. Calycles cup-shaped, slightly 
 protuberant. Axis solid, zigzag. Deep water. 
 
 4 L. prolifera. 
 
 * Urticina. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 53 
 
 Aslrangia. Skeleton calcareous encrustations. Not 
 branching. Individuals closely crowded. Corallum cir- 
 cular, sometimes polygonal by crowding. Septa of equal 
 size, not prominent, peripheral wall. Polyps cylindrical, 
 tentacles numerous, dotted with clusters of nematocysts. 
 Terminal clubs. Tentacles retractile. Ova vomited 
 through mouth when laid. South of Cape Cod. 
 
 A. Dance. 
 
 A. III. 
 
 llyanthus. Body free, tapering posteriorly. Tenta- 
 cles slightly retractile. No posterior orifice. 
 
 /. loevis. 
 
 Cereanthus. Body elongated, vermiform. Two series 
 of tentacles which alternate with each other. Posterior 
 part present. 
 
 C. borealis. 
 
 Edwardsia. Colonial, not attached by ccenosarc. Pos- 
 terior extremity inflated, not perforate, membranous. Ten- 
 tacles on a retractile column. Motion in retraction rapid. 
 Color white. Young, Arachnactis.* 
 
 E. sipunculoides. 
 
 farinacea. 
 
 sulcata. 
 
 carnea. 
 
 lineata. 
 
 Philomedusa. Body vermiform with posterior sac. 
 Posterior opening? Tentacles few, short, thick, conical. 
 
 P. parasitica. 
 
 Madreporaria. 
 
 Solitary or colonial. Secrete lime skeletons. Tenta- 
 cles numerous, hollow ; no external opening, retractile. 
 
 1 The young of E. lineata 1 is said to be the Actinian parasite of Mnemiopsis. 
 
54 O03LENTERATA AND 
 
 I. Solitary, not attached 1 .... Pennatulacea. 
 
 II. Attached. 
 
 a. With axis . ..... Gorgonacea. 
 
 b. Without horny axis " . . . Alcyonacea. 
 Body with circular base with calcareous septa. No ring- 
 shaped wall. Six peripheral tooth-like extensions of cal- 
 careous septa. Septa large and small, alternating in two 
 or more series. Each septa with lateral ridges. Unat- 
 tached. Lower surface ribbed. Deep water. 
 
 Deltocyathus. 
 
 Body horn-shaped, prolonged to a posterior projec- 
 tion. Two axes of different lengths. Peripheral wall. 
 Large prominent septa which rise above the upper surface ; 
 no centrifugal peripheral teeth. One series of septa. 
 
 Flabellum Goodei. 
 
 Alcyonoida. 
 
 Compound corals with eight pectinate or branched ten- 
 tacles. With or without sclerobase. When sclerobase is 
 present, horny, calcareous or siliceous. With a cortical 
 layer formed of consolidated or scattered spicules. 
 
 Pennatulacea. Free or with base buried in sand, pen- 
 shaped, composed of an axis and leaf portion. With spic- 
 ules. Sclerobase small flexible rod. Polyps on edge of 
 leaf. Zooids small on axis. 
 
 Gorgonacea. Rooted, plant-like, branching. With 
 horny or siliceous sclerobase or loosely consolidated spic- 
 ules in axis. Cortical layer present or absent in dry 
 specimens. 
 
 Alcyonacea. Attached, fleshy, with scattered spicules. 
 Massive, colonial. Without sclerobase. 
 
 J Deep Avater; not strictly belonging in this paper. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 55 
 
 Pennatulidce. 
 
 Pennatula. Polyp region with prominent flat leaves 
 which are two ranked, opposite. Polyps marginal. 
 Shaft smooth. Color of leaves reel, shaft at end white. 
 Phosphorescent. Aperture of polyps with spinose spic- 
 nles. 
 
 P. aculeata. 
 
 Balticina. Polyps in oblique rows, two in each row. 
 Leaves not prominent. Calycles (polyps) spinose. Zo- 
 oids on the axis between the leaves. Axis below the leaves 
 smooth. With terminal .polyp. Leaves pale-purple. 
 Axis salmon color. 
 
 B. Finmarchica. 
 
 Virgulariadce. 
 
 Virgularia. Stem filiform; polyp region linear with 
 sessile curved lobes on upper end. Polyps marginal. 
 Pinnae wanting;. 
 
 V* Ljungmanni. 
 
 &' 
 
 GORGONACEA. 
 
 Alcyonacea. 
 
 A. Without sclerobase, the axis formed of consolidated 
 spicules. 
 
 Alcyonium. Polyps prominent ; solitary. Bodylobed, 
 with spicules. Prominent circumoral spicules. Pores 
 star-like. Encrusting submerged bodies. White or red, 
 axis generally white. 
 
 1. Large, markedly lobed . . . . A. carneum. 
 
 2. Small, nodose, bright-red . . . A. rubiforme. 
 
 Paragorgiidce. 
 
 B. With horny or siliceous scierobase and generally 
 with cortical layer. 
 
56 C(ELENTERATA AND 
 
 1. Sclerobase with nodes and inter nodes. 
 
 Paragorgiii. 
 Anthothela. 
 Acanella. 
 
 2. Sclerobase horny. 
 
 Acanthogorgia. 
 
 Paramuricea. 
 
 Primnoa. 
 
 B. 1. 
 
 Paragorgia. Coral large, brandling with axis formed 
 of spicules. No horny deposit. 
 
 P. arborea. 
 
 Anthotliela. Coral irregular with spicnlose axis of fus- 
 iform spicnles. Calycles prominent, not retractile. Ccen- 
 osarc thin. Spicnles warty in ccenosarc and calycles. 
 
 A. insignis. 
 
 Acanella. Branched with nodes larger than internodes. 
 Nodes very hard. Ccenosarc thin. Tentacles stiff with 
 spicules. 
 
 A. J^ormani. 
 
 B. 2. 
 
 Acanthogorgia. Coral slender, flexible, branched, 
 bushy. Ccenosarc thin with small, curved, wart-like spi- 
 cules which do not project. Calycles elongated. Disk 
 surmounted by eight groups of long, divergent, spine-like 
 spicules. Body spicula, rarely projecting. 
 
 A. armata. 
 
 Paramuricea. Differs from Acanthogorgia in possess- 
 ing shorter calycles and shorter marginal spines. Spic- 
 ules irregular, flat, branched. 
 
 P. boreatis, 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 57 
 
 Primnoa. Central axis horny, branched ; cortical layer 
 hard, with difficulty separated from the sclerobase. Caly- 
 cles protuberant, with scales. Calicular apertures (mouths) 
 with eight scales. Cortical layer rough on external surface. 
 
 * P. reseda. 
 
 IV. ECHINODERMATA . 
 
 The animals which are included in the Echinodermata 
 are all marine and are distinguished by a spinous integu- 
 mentary covering. The integument may be filled with 
 calcareous deposit in the form of sharp, pointed, immov- 
 able warts, or plates closely joined together, bearing sculpt- 
 ured and fluted movable spines. In some cases the 
 integument is smooth and has embedded anchor-shaped cal- 
 careous spicules. The existence of spines has given the 
 name of theJGchinodermata, "hedge-hog skinned," to the 
 group. 
 
 The form of the body varies very considerably. It has 
 sometimes the form of an oblate sphere with immovable 
 calcareous plates, as in the sea-urchins. In others the 
 body is soft and vermiform. The majority are star-shaped, 
 in which a central body and peripheral rays can be differ- 
 entiated. In the ordinary star-fishes the body and rays are 
 with difficulty distinguished. In the group of brittle-stars 
 the body is sharply marked off from the rays which extend 
 as long, 'highly flexible, worm-like bodies. These rays 
 may be filamentous, as in the feather-stars, or divided and 
 subdivided as in the basket-fishes. In the common star- 
 fish we have ordinarily but five rays, while in the sun- 
 stars the rays are numerous. In the pentagonal star-fishes 
 the interval between the rays is filled up, the tip only 
 extending beyond the five angles, and the distinction be- 
 tween the central body and peripheral arms is almost lost. 
 
 The star-shape disappears wholly in the sea-urchins 
 
58 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 which have a spherical body with no arms. The body is 
 ordinarily spinous, whence the name of the typical genus, 
 Echinus. In Echinarachnius, the " sand dollar" or "sand 
 cake," the sphere is flattened into a thin, slightly conical 
 disk. 
 
 In most of the Holothurians, "sea-cucumbers," the bod^ 
 is columnar; in some vermiform. In this group portions 
 of the body may be covered with scales without prominent 
 spines, but is leathery, or soft and flexible. 
 
 The stellate Echinoderms are distinguished by an oral 
 and an aboral region. The oral region in the star-fishes 
 is situated below; in the Crinoids above, as the animal is 
 ordinarily placed. A mouth is found at or near the centre 
 of the oral region. The vent when present is, in the star- 
 fishes, on the centre of the aboral region. The brittle-stars 
 have no vent. 
 
 The oral surface of the star- fishes is formed of five 
 double rows of plates extending from mouth to extremity 
 of the ray. These plates are called ambulacral plates and 
 from the intervals between them arise the feet which are 
 often with suckers at the free end and with a single or paired 
 inflation or ampulla at the opposite end in the body . These 
 feet are in two or four rows in each ray. In the brittle- 
 stars the ambulacral plates are covered by a ventral series 
 of plates or integument. 
 
 In the spheroidal Echinoderms the aboral surface of the 
 star-fish is reduced to a small circle at the pole opposite 
 the mouth. The ambulacrals appear as meridional rows 
 of plates extending from mouth to aboral circle. In the 
 "sand dollars" a portion of these plates on the upper sur- 
 face is specialized into a rosette of five pairs of plates 
 arranged in a series known as the petaloid region. The 
 position of the anus varies in the sea-urchins from the 
 neighborhood of the mouth to a point on the opposite pole 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 of the body. Our common sea-urchin sometimes exca- 
 vates cavities in the solid rock. 
 
 In the "sea-cucumbers" the structure of the ambula- 
 
 SEA-URCHINS IN EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 cral plates is obscure. In some genera a foot is formed by 
 the modification of three of these series ; in Cucumaria we 
 find five double rows, and in Thy one the suckers are ir- 
 
60 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 regularly distributed. Certain sea-cucumbers and brittle- 
 stars have feet destitute of suckers. 
 
 The nervous system is exposed to the water in star- 
 fishes, but is covered by a series of plates in brittle-stars 
 and sea-urchins and is internal in sea-cucumbers. Eye- 
 spots are found at the ends of the rays in star-fishes ; in a 
 ring about the aboral region in sea-urchins and are want- 
 ing in Crinoids and brittle-stars and possibly in sea- cu- 
 cumbers. Special organs of smell exist on the under or 
 oral surface of the star-fishes as shown by physiological 
 studies. Otocysts are known in deep-sea genera. 
 
 The ovarian openings lie in the angles of the rays or in 
 the vicinity of the mouth in star-fishes ; in a circle about 
 the aboral region in sea-urchins and on the lateral cirri in 
 Antedon. In brittle-stars there are four broad openings 
 on the side of the disk, called by some genital slits. By 
 many naturalists these are regarded as respiratory open- 
 ings. Holothurians generally have a single sexual open- 
 ing near the mouth. 
 
 A madreporic body or convoluted prominence is well 
 marked in star-fishes and sea-urchins and hidden or want- 
 ing in snake-stars and sea-cucumbers. 
 
 The sexes are ordinarily separate. Some star-fishes, 
 snake-stars and the sea-cucumbers are probably hermaph- 
 rodite. The Echinodermata have a direct or indirect de- 
 velopment, and some are viviparous. 
 
 The Echinodermata of our coast are divided as follows : 
 
 Free Crinoidea. 
 
 Body with pinnate rays, with jointed cirri on the aboral 
 region. 
 
 Aster oidea. 
 
 Body stellate or pentagonal, with an aboral and oral 
 region, the latter only crossed by five or ten double radial 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 61 
 
 rows of protrusible legs. No line of demarcation be- 
 tween body and arms. 
 
 Ophiuroidea. 
 
 Body stellate with a central disk and peripheral arms 
 sharply marked off from each other. 
 
 Echinoidea. 
 
 No peripheral arms, body spherical or discoidal, spinif- 
 erous, inflexible. 
 
 Holothurioidea. 
 
 No peripheral arms, body columnar, flexible, tegu- 
 mentary, partially squamous or leathery. Not spinifer- 
 ous. 
 
 ASTEROIDEA. 
 
 Body stellate, with no separation between disk and arms. 
 Abactinal region large, flexible, with embedded calcareous 
 deposits. Spines on the abactinal region small. With suck- 
 ers and ampullae arranged in two or four rows in each 
 arm. Ambulacral plates not covered. Nervous system 
 and water system of the arms naked. Eye-spots at ex- 
 tremity of the arms. Ovarian openings in the angle of the 
 arms. Madreporic body conspicuous on aboral surface. 
 Stomach and hepatic cceca in both arms and disk. Polian 
 and racemose vesicles. Young a free brachiolarian, or 
 viviparous. Pedicellarire sessile, bipatted. 
 
 A. Body stellate, five or six rays. 
 
 B. Body stellate, with numerous rays. 
 (7. Body markedly pentagonal. 
 
 Asterias. Body star-shaped with normally five arms 
 (six? in one species). Rays with marginal spines and 
 plates, and with four rows of ambulacral plates. Arms 
 long, inflated. 
 
 a. Five rays (in normal specimens). 
 
62 
 
 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 I. Color reddish, madrcporic body dull in color. Free 
 larvae take the form of brachiolaria. 
 
 A. vulgar is. 
 
 II. Color brownish, madreporic body bright red or more 
 often orange. 
 
 A. Forbesii. 
 b. Six rays. 
 
 Spines scattered, large, slight constriction between 
 arms and disk. 
 
 A. polaris. 
 
 Leptasterias . Body stellate, five-rayed with prominent 
 scattered spines ; color white or light gray. Young vivi- 
 parous, attached by a cord on the oral region. 
 
 L. tenera. 
 
 ASTERIAS. 
 
 Cribrella. Body smooth, stellate, five rayed, covered 
 with short spines and spine warts, porous integument. 
 Lateral spines small and inconspicuous. Two rows of 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 63 
 
 sucker- feet. Bright colored. Young bright red. Devel- 
 opment direct. Young carried about the mouth. 
 
 C. sanguineolenta. 
 
 Solaster. Body smooth with short spines. Lateral 
 spines small or inconspicuous. Radius of disk large as 
 compared with that of the star-fish. Color red. 
 
 8. endeca. 
 
 Crossaster. Body and abactinal region of the rays 
 
 studded with tufts of spines. Color red. 
 
 C. papposa. 
 
 PTERASTER. 
 
64 COELENTEKATA AND 
 
 Ctenodiscus. Aboral surface paved with short, thickly 
 set spines. Madreporic body large. Central protuber- 
 ance in centre of aboral surface. Edges of rays paved 
 with rectangular plates which bear spines. Kays termi- 
 nated by a single median rounded plate. 
 
 C. crispatus. 
 
 Asterina. Body pentagonal, thick, flat with thin mar- 
 gin, destitute of rectangular plates. Small. 
 
 A. borealis. 
 
 Pteraster. Body with aboral region covered by a thin 
 tent-formed integument stretched over the body poised 
 upon the tips of clusters of aboral spines to which it is 
 joined. Tent-like membrane flexible. There is a central 
 opening in tent-like membrane. Madreporic body hidden 
 and seen by cutting off the covering. Young carried in 
 the groove-formed marsupia extending from the sexual 
 openings to the central orifice. P. militaris. 
 
 Hippasterias. Body with short, stumpy spines. Bright 
 red color; obscurely pentagonal. Aboral plates of uni- 
 form size. H. phrygiana. 
 
 OPHIUROIDEA. 
 
 Stellate echinoderms with central disk and long, flex- 
 ible, simple or branched arms. Body markedly separate 
 from the arms. Ventral surface of the arms covered with 
 plates or integument. Stomach and ovaries confined to 
 the disk. No ambulacral suckers ; locomotion by spines, 
 hooks and motion of the arms. Viviparous, or young have 
 the form of pluteus. 
 
 Rays simple, not branched, ventral plates present. 
 
 Ophiuridae. 
 
 Rays branched, ventral plates replaced by a leathery 
 skin. Arms capable of infolding about the mouth. 
 
 Astrophytidae, 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 65 
 
 Opkfuridce. 
 
 Disk circular and togumentose above, with or without 
 radial plates. No anus. Madreporic body small, or 
 wanting. Arms simple, with aboral, lateral and ventral 
 plates. Ambulacra! plates hidden under the ventral. 
 Blood system and nerves covered by ventral plates ; feet 
 in single row at edge of the ventral plates, without suckers 
 or ampullae. Motion by jerks. Hermaphrodite or bisex- 
 ual. Young has a free pluteus, or adult viviparous. 
 Genital slits large. 
 
 Ophiop holts. Disk with small spines. Teeth. No 
 teeth papillae. Arm-spines flat, stout, arranged on the 
 side plates. Color 
 generally brownish- 
 red. Primary plates 
 in brachial and in- 
 terbrachial regions. 
 Young, pluteus. 
 
 O. aculeata. 
 QpMoglypha. Di^k 
 with crowded, nak- 
 ed, distorted scales. 
 Radial shields swol- 
 len. Arm-spines few 
 (three). Tentacle 
 scales numerous. 
 Color gray with light OPHIOPHOLIS. 
 
 bands on the arms, also yellowish. Probably viviparous. 
 
 0. Sarsii. 
 
 Amphiura. Disk small, delicate, with naked overhanging 
 scales. Arms slender. Arm-spines short. Arms four and 
 one-half times the diameter of body. Color brown. Vi- 
 viparous. A - squamata. 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 5 
 
66 
 
 C(ELENTERATA AND 
 
 < Astrophytidm. 
 Disk and arms with thick scaleless skin. Radial shields 
 
 extend to centre of disk, forming elevated radial ribs. 
 
 Arms branched many times. No arm-spines except at tip 
 
 of bran chlets, where there 
 are microscopic booklets. 
 Arms folded ventrally. 
 Radial ribs yellow ; in- 
 terbrachial region brown 
 or red. Radial ribs with 
 short conical spines. In- 
 terbrachial region of disk 
 smooth or with short 
 spines. Ventral plates 
 replaced by integument. 
 Gorgonoce halus Agas- 
 
 GORGONOCEPHALUS. 
 
 SIZll. 
 
 ECHINOIDEA. 
 
 Body cylindrical, disk-shaped, without arms. Calcare- 
 ous, inflexible, composed of immovable plates. Apical 
 area with anus or destitute of same. Ovarian openings, 
 eye-spots and madreporic body around the apical area. 
 Locomotion by suckers and spines. Five double rows 
 of ambulacra! and five rows of inter-ambulacral plates. 
 The teeth are highly specialized into an apparatus called 
 the Aristotle's lantern. Pedicellariee pedunculated, tri- 
 fid. 
 
 1. Echinoids. Body spherical with ambulacral zones 
 equal in length, unmodified from apical to oral region. 
 Aristotle's lantern. Development with pluteus. Ovaries 
 five. 
 
 //. Clypeastroids. Body flat, disk-shaped ; ambula- 
 cral openings on the aboral surface, modified into five pairs 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 67 
 
 of petaloid openings. Anus on edge of disk. Aristotle's 
 lantern. Development with platens. Ovaries five. 
 
 ///. 8pa tang oids. Body swollen, globular, elongated. 
 Ambiilacnil zones of different lengths, and more or less 
 modified mouth and vent asymmetrical. No Aristotle's 
 lantern. Development with pluteus. Ovaries four. 
 
 Echinoids. 
 
 Arbacia. Body globose ; vent and mouth opposite ; 
 two kinds of spines, the larger few in number ; color pur- 
 ple. Anus closed by four triangular plates. Pluteus with 
 two lateral anal rods. 
 
 A. punctulala. Lam. 
 
 STRONG YLOCENTROTUS. 
 
 Strong ylocentrotus. Body globose ; anus and mouth op- 
 posite. Spines ot one kind, short, small, greenish color. 
 
68 
 
 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 Apical area with irregular plates. Pluteus without anal 
 rods. 
 
 S. Drobachiensis. 
 Clypeastroids. 
 
 Echinarachnius. Body nearly circular, very flat with 
 sharp, entire margin. Vent close to edge. Petaloid re- 
 
 
 ECHINAR AC HNIUS . 
 
 gion nlarked. Spines small, short, brown or reddish color. 
 Pluteus without anal rods. 
 
 E. parma. 
 Spatangoids. 
 
 Schizaster. Body heart-shaped, irregular, oval with 
 avenues on the upper surface. Mouth asymmetrical. Test 
 thin, fragile. Ambnlacral zones depressed and petaloid. 
 Pluteus with single median calcareous rod on the anal lobe. 
 
 jS. fray His. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 69 
 
 HOLOTHURIOIDE A . 
 
 Body elongate, vermiform with oral and anal openings 
 at opposite poles of the animal. Skin leathery often cov- 
 ered with scales, sometimes spinous, often with embedded 
 spicules or anchors. Ambulacra! suckers wanting or'pres- 
 ent. When the latter are present, in three to five rows. 
 
 With suckers Pedata. 
 
 Without suckers Apoda. 
 
 Pedata. 
 
 Cticumaria. Suckers in five regular rows, alternate in 
 each row, closely oppressed. Tentacles ten. Dental ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 C. frondosa. 
 
 Lophothuria. Suckers in three rows and on one side 
 which forms a soft foot. Other ambulacra! furrows rudi- 
 mentary ; absent. Body covered with scales. Tentacles 
 ten. 
 
 L. Fabridi. 
 
 Thyone. Body with scattered wail-like suckers. Ten- 
 tacles ten. Teeth filamentous. 
 
 T. scabra. 
 
 elongata. 
 Apoda. 
 
 Caudina. Body long, whitish without suckers, pro- 
 longed into a long appendage at one end (anal). No 
 "respiratory tree." 
 
 C. arena ta. 
 
 Leptosynapta. Body vermiform, long, transparent. No 
 suckers. No jaws. Tentacles long, divided into finger- 
 like branches. Kespiratory tree. 
 
 L. Girardii. 
 
 Larvce of Echinoderms. 
 
 The larvse of New England Echinoderms are either car- 
 ried by the mother or free-swimming, The development 
 
70 (XELENTERATA AND 
 
 is either direct (without metamorphosis) or indirect. The 
 larvae of the free-swimming kind are as follows : 
 
 A. With long flexible ciliated arms. Transparent. 
 
 Brachiolaria. 
 
 B. With long inflexible ciliated arms. , Each arm with 
 calcareous axis Plnteus. 
 
 (7. No arms, with rounded prominences, not ciliated, 
 bright red, opaque False pupa. 
 
 D. No arms, barrel-shaped, girt by parallel bands of 
 cilia . ... . ..;', . . Pupa. 
 
 E. No arms, with irregular lines or bands of cilia. No 
 eye-spots. 
 
 1. Single convoluted band about mouth. 
 
 Young Brachiolaria. 
 
 2. Double convoluted band non -continuous. 
 
 Auricularia. 
 
 A. Brachiolaria. 
 
 The Brachiolaria is the young of the star-fish, Asterias. 
 It has a bilateral arrangement of long flexible arms. 
 Transparent, slightly pigmented arms. With large open 
 mouth, oesophagus and intestine. Elongated water-tube 
 on each side of stomach. Dorsal pore. Young star-fish 
 appears on left water-tube at or near region of stomach. 
 
 B. Pluteus. 
 
 1. Pluteus with two arms, very long . Ophiopholis. 
 
 2. Pluteus with anal arms Arbacia. 
 
 3. Pluteus with epaulettes . . Strongylocentrotus. 
 
 4. Pluteus without epaulettes . . Echinarachnius. 
 The pluteus is the larval condition of the Ophiuroidea 
 
 and Echinoidea. It is distinguished by the possession of 
 calcareous axes in the arms. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OP NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 71 
 
 1. The adult pluteus of Ophiopholis has two arms very 
 much longer than the others. 
 
 2. The pluteus of Arbacia has eight oral and two anal 
 arms. No other New England pluteus has the two anal 
 arms as far as known. 
 
 3. The pluteus of Strongylocentrotus has eight oral 
 arms and epaulettes, ciliated appendages formed by the 
 outgrowth of the ciliated chords at the angle of the junc- 
 tion of the arms (larger) with the body. 
 
 PLUTEUS OF OPHIOPHOLIS. 
 
 4. The pluteus of Echinarachnius is without epaulettes, 
 with eight arms, six of which bear marked pigment spots 
 near their extremities. 
 
 C. False pupa. 
 
 The false pupa is probably a young of Lophothuria. It 
 is globular, bright red in color, opaque, with a cluster of 
 knobs at one pole and two knobs on one side. The former 
 develop into the tentacles of the adult, the latter into feet 
 of the soft foot-like region of the body. 
 
72 
 
 CCELENTERATA AND 
 
 D. Pupa. 
 
 A pupa has been found at Newport which is referred to 
 Leptosynapta. Body, barrel-shaped, girt by rows of cilia 
 in bands. Mouth at one extremity and tentacles seen 
 through the body walls. Calcareous deposits in the walls 
 under the ciliated bands. The young of this pupa is an 
 Auricularia. 
 
 YOUNG OP AMPHIURA. 
 
 Attached young. 
 
 The young of the following New England genera of 
 Echinoderms are attached, borne on the mother or have an 
 indirect development. 
 
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 73 
 
 OPHIURANS. 
 
 Amphiura squamata. 
 
 This species is hermaphrodite and the young reach a 
 stellate form before they leave the parent. Provisional 
 spines corresponding to the plutean spines are developed, 
 to be later lost. 
 
 Ophioglypha Sarsii. 
 Said to be viviparous ? 
 
 ASTEROIDS. 
 
 Larva with club-shaped, opaque larval body carried 
 about the mouth. Color, white or brownish. 
 
 Leptasterias. 
 
 Larva without club-shaped body. Color, bright red, 
 carried in a pouch made by an infolding of the mouth. 
 
 Cribrella. 
 
 Larva carried in pouches between a tent-like covering 
 on the back and the back (aboral) region of the adult. 
 
 Pteraster* 
 
 No Echinoid found in New England is known to have a 
 direct development. 
 
 Aster ina. 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 5* 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 As will be noticed, the preceding pages are almost wholly 
 devoted to means and methods of collecting, and identify- 
 ing unknown Ccelenterata and Echinodermata when they 
 are found. It likewise seems appropriate in an article of 
 this nature to aid the collector by approaching the subject 
 from a somewhat different side. Where shall one go, and 
 how collect certain of these animals the systematic posi- 
 tion and name of which are known? Information as to the 
 locality where any desirable genus of these groups can be 
 found without failure, and hints as to special methods to 
 be followed in procuring it may also with advantage form 
 a part of this work. Teachers desiring for instance a 
 supply of star-fishes or sea-urchins for class instruction 
 might regard it a help if some information be imparted in 
 this direction. Hints as to how to procure certain typi- 
 cal larval forms may also not he out of place here. 
 
 I have therefore chosen a few available types from each 
 group, and endeavored to offer suggestions as to modes 
 of collecting and places to be visited, which rarely fail to 
 reward the collector. 
 
 Some of the Ccelenterata and Echinodermata are grega- 
 rious ; others live apai t more or less isolated. The time 
 and place of the appearance of nomadic animals are not con- 
 stant, and no rule can be laid down which will be sure to 
 guide one in the collecting of such genera. Moreover, the 
 home of many may vary in different months, and even 
 
 (74) 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 75 
 
 some of the sedentary genera may retire to deep water in 
 certain seasons. Except that one might mention a local- 
 ity where he had collected them, it is next to impossible 
 to direct a collector to a place where the large majority 
 can always be found without failure. 
 
 Among the Hydrozoa the problem of habitat is perhaps 
 more difficult to solve than among the other groups. 
 Most of the free genera are so sporadic in their appear- 
 ance that it is difficult to say where one should go on any 
 fixed date, and not be prepared for failure. The places 
 where these have been taken are so widely spread along 
 our coast that they may be said to occur anywhere along 
 the shore, but for the great majority of nomadic genera 
 there is great uncertainty that at any definite time they 
 can be found in numbers at any one of these places. With 
 the fixed hydroids it is however different, on account of 
 the nature of their habitat. 
 
 The several genera of fixed hydroids prefer as a general 
 thing a rocky bottom just below low-tide mark. Their 
 favorite habitats are rocky cliffs exposed to the sea, or quiet 
 pools left by the retreating tide. They are also fond of 
 the fronds of Laminaria and Fucus, buoys and submerged 
 parts of wharves and landing stages. The bottoms of 
 boats which have been continuously in the water for some 
 time are often covered with these animals. Although the 
 majority are to be found in these and similar places there 
 are a few which are attached to the sand or live in the mud. 
 
 Clava leplostyla, which may be taken as an available 
 type of the so-called Tubularian hydroids can always be 
 found at low tide on the small ledge of rocks near Beverly 
 Bridge. This locality I have repeatedly visited for the 
 purpose of collecting Clava, and have never been disap- 
 pointed in obtaining a large number. It is found attached 
 to the Fucus which hangs from these rocks into the 
 water. 
 
76 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Tubular ia indivisa can always be found at low tide 
 clinging in clumps to the piles of Beverly Bridge, just be- 
 low low-water mark. With it are associated great num- 
 bers of Campanularise and Obelias. 
 
 If one wishes the common Sertnlaria (8. pumila), one 
 of the best collecting places for this most common hydroid 
 is Eevere Beach at low tide. Almost every fragment of 
 Laminaria or "oarweecV washed up after a storm will be 
 found to be peopled with this delicate species. It is more- 
 over common at all times of the year. 
 
 The shells of Lunatia inhabited by the so-called hermit 
 crab are favorite habitats for Hydractinia echinata, but it 
 is also found encrusting submarine objects, floating logs, 
 water-soaked ropes, and the under surface of buoys. 
 
 I am not acquainted with a single locality which will al- 
 ways reward the collector with numerous specimens of the 
 different genera of Ctenophoraand Siphonophora, although 
 it is safe to say that a few weeks at Eastport with constant 
 examination of the water about the wharves will probably 
 reveal a limited number of specimens of Beroe and Bo- 
 lina, and possibly an unexpected multitude of Nanoynia 
 car a. 
 
 I have found the ebb tide at the "draw" at Beverly 
 Bridge to sometimes bring down many large examples of 
 the acraspidote medusa, Aureliaflavidula, but as with all 
 floating jelly-fishes no locality can be mentioned where it 
 can be found without failure in quantities. Cyanea arc- 
 tica may sometimes be seen by the score about the Boston 
 docks and near the bridges, yet many visits to these places 
 might be made without seeing a single specimen. Dacty- 
 lometra and Callinema are rare Acraspeda. 
 
 Our most common Actinian, A. marginata, can always 
 be collected in abundance on the piles of Beverly Bridge. 
 This is one of the most easilv obtained of all of our ma- 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 77 
 
 rine animals, and can be had ir* quantity in every month 
 of the year. As it is very hardy it can readily be trans- 
 ported alive, and kept in good condition for some time in 
 the class room. 
 
 Alcyonoids are as a rule not gregarious and must be ob- 
 tained by dredging. I can recommend for some of the 
 genera of this group the broken shelly and clay bottom 
 half-way between Eastport and Campobello. One or two 
 of the genera attach themselves by preference to the inte- 
 rior of broken Mytilus shells, but they are rarely found in 
 multitudes, although at a single haul of the dredge at the 
 place mentioned I have often taken more than a dozen. 
 
 Echinoderrns are found on rocky or clay bottoms, in 
 sand, among broken shells and in the coralline zone, from 
 moderate depths to the line of low tide. Among the Oph- 
 iuroidea, Opliiopholis aculeata can always be found just 
 below low tide at Nahant. It is a habit of this and some 
 other genera of snake-stars to avoid the light, so that one 
 must search for them under stones and in the crannies and 
 crevices of rocks or similar secluded places. If a large 
 number of Ophiopholis is desired, a visit to Clarke's ledge, 
 Eastport, will reward the collector with as many as he can 
 well take care of. 
 
 The best grounds for collecting Gorgonocephalus Agas- 
 sizii are the Race off Race Point, Provincetown, and the 
 Cluumel at Eastport off the Old Friar, Campobello, but this 
 genus can never be found in shore collecting. The genus 
 is gregarious. 
 
 Asterias, the common star-fish, is found in abundance in 
 many localities. A visit to Beverly Bridge, Revere Beach 
 or Nahant, is sure to reward the collector with at least a 
 few. If one wishes a larger number, Eastport, or best of 
 all Grand Manan will be more profitable. Cribrella, like 
 most of the other star-fishes, prefers a rocky bottom, but 
 
78 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 occurs at times on a sandy shore. Crossaster is a rare star- 
 fish and no assurance can be given as to the certainty of 
 finding it in numbers in any single locality. Razor Island, 
 Eastport, almost always contributes a few specimens of 
 Pteraster and Ctenodiscus to the dredge. The latter 
 genus can be dredged in abundance off Treat's Island, 
 Salem. 
 
 Decaying meat or fish is a good decoy for many Echi- 
 noderms, especially star-fishes and sea-urchins, and when 
 a box is baited with this and left over a tide under water 
 these scavengers are generally found collected in it. 
 
 The Echinoids make their homes on both rocky and 
 sandy bottoms. If one wishes a large number of Stron- 
 gylocentroti he will find them almost anywhere along the 
 Maine and Massachusetts coast where there is a rocky shore. 
 At low tide at Grand Manan one can gather them by hun- 
 dreds and the sea bottom of the littoral zone is there paved 
 with these animals at certain points. The largest area 
 which I have ever seen covered with these animals is near 
 Mr. Cheeney's house at the Point, Nantucket Island, Grand 
 Manan, but it is also very common at Eastport and farther 
 south. 
 
 Echinaraclmius parma prefers sand as a dwelling place. 
 It can be dredged in great numbers off Revere Beach, in 
 Provincetown Harbor and off Ipswich Beach. The chan- 
 nel which separates Nantucket from the main island of the 
 Grand Manan group is a very profitable dredging ground 
 for these animals. The Cove at Eastport and the adjoin- 
 ing beach afford a sheltered habitat for this genus. 
 
 The Holothurioidea live on gravelly, clayey or rocky 
 bottoms, and some genera prefer to burrow in the sand. 
 
 Pentacta frondosa lives in numbers in the Eastport 
 waters and can be dredged a half mile from the wharf. 
 Indian Island is a profitable place to visit for this species 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 79 
 
 for in the waters near by it is more common than else- 
 where. The days following a violent storm almost cer- 
 tainly find Revere Beach strewn with multitudes of Cau- 
 dina arenata. Leptosynapta is abundant in the littoral 
 zone in front of the large hotel at the Point of Pines, but 
 it must be dug out of the sand for it lives buried in the beach. 
 I have never discovered a good locality where more than 
 a few specimens of Cucumaria can be found on a single 
 collecting trip. 
 
 A few special hints in regard to collecting ova and 
 younger larval stages may have some value. 
 
 A means of obtaining the free Medusae of the Hydroida 
 is to keep the attached hydroid in an aquarium until the 
 zooids are dropped. In that way, if successful, a large 
 number of individuals may be obtained, but the collector 
 must beprepared to meet with many failures, for most of the 
 hydroids are not hardy, and the laws 1 which determine the 
 time when individual hydroids mature their zooids are not 
 easily formulated. Obelia, Campanularia, Syncoryne, and 
 Clytia are good genera to use in endeavors to raise the 
 zooids. 
 
 Artificial fecundation may in some cases be resorted to 
 for an abundant supply of the young of several of the 
 New England Coelenterata and Echinodermata. While it 
 will probably be found that a majority of the genera com- 
 posing these groups can be successfully reared in this way, 
 up to the present time only a lew have been experimented 
 upon with satisfactory results. 
 
 1 Various circumstances probably retard or accelerate the rate of growth of the 
 young of the Coelenterata and Echinodermata. One of the most important is, pos- 
 sibly, difference of temperature. As the temperature rises Ophiopholis eggs ma- 
 ture more rapidly, and pass through their segmentation and larval conditions more 
 quickly, and the same may also be the case with many other genera. Various other 
 conditions, as amount of food, also have an important influence on the time of ov- 
 ulation and the rate of growth of larvae, so that until these facts are better known 
 it is not possible to understand completely the laws governing periodicity of ovu- 
 lation and growth. 
 
80 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Possibly the best success in this line h;is been with the 
 Echinoderms. Echinarachnius is a good genus from which 
 to obtain a series of larvae by artificial fertilization. The 
 sexes are distinct, male and female sexual glands being 
 found in different individuals. While it is not always 
 possible to determine the sex by external coloration, an 
 examination of the interior just under the middle of the 
 upper side will easily betray it. To artificially fertilize 
 Echinarachnius the observer may first make a ring-shaped 
 incision through the aboral calcareous wall allowing the 
 animal meanwhile to remain in the water. Carefully re- 
 move the incised portion, and suck up in a pipette a few 
 fragments of the dark red organs which lie just about the 
 apex. Place these in a watch crystal filled with pure water, 
 and if the fragments thus transferred contain ova they 
 will soon give up little transparent globules dotted with 
 bright red spots. The ovaries are dark red, and the sper- 
 maries white or yellow. 
 
 When a larger quantity of ova is desired, place the fe- 
 male Echinarachnius in a small dish, glass preferred, and 
 with gentle streams of water from the pipette wash out 
 the small globular eggs with care, and then remove the 
 Echinarachnius and larger fragments of the ovary which 
 may have been ruptured from the gland. Then suck up a 
 small quantity of the white fluid from the male Echina- 
 rachnius into the pipette and place it in the watch crystal or 
 dish with the ova. Stir the mixture gently and set aside 
 for an hour and a half at which time, if the process has 
 been a success, the ova will begin to segment. The young 
 plutei can be easily reared from these eggs in great quan- 
 tities, but care must be taken to change the water at least 
 every two days. It is also well to pick out any fragments 
 of sexual glands which may befoul the liquid. 
 
 A limited number of Amphiura young may be collected 
 in August and September, possibly in other months, in the 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 81 
 
 following way. If a gravid specimen is kept in the aqua- 
 ria a short time the young may crawl out through the 
 genital slits and will then be found in the jar in which the 
 adult is kept. If it is desirable to hasten the parturition 
 the top of the disk of the parent may be removed and then 
 the young washed out gently with a pipette from the sacs 
 in which they are formed. 
 
 The young of Pteraster must be searched for in the 
 grooves on the back covered by the tent-like membrane 
 which is stretched from the tips of the spine ; those of 
 Leptasterias may be found attached near the mouth. 
 
 Asterias may be artificially fertilized and ova collected 
 in numbers by a method similar to that described for Echi- 
 narachnius. Strongylocentrotus and Arbacia can also be 
 treated with success by the same method. 
 
 It may happen in surface fishing that a large number of 
 Ccelenterata and Echinoderm larvae may be taken with the 
 dip net in the method described under the use of that in- 
 strument. This method of collecting, however, does not 
 yield the numbers, except in exceptionally good fishing 
 that one can obtain by keeping the adults in confinement 
 until the eggs are dropped or impregnated by artificial 
 methods. 
 
 The collecting of young Coelenterata and Echinoder- 
 mata with the dip net to fill out a series has one among 
 many advantages. From the fact that there is a slight 
 variation in the time of ovulation, larval stages of marine 
 animals in all conditions of growth may often be fished out 
 of the sea in the same excursion. It thus happens that, 
 for instance, in the case of the star-fish one may find the 
 stages of growth from the youngest gastrula to the brachi- 
 olaria in the same collecting trip. By the method of col- 
 lecting with a dip net it is thus possible to obtain more 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXHI 6 
 
82 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 hardy 1 specimens of older stages which sometimes through 
 various causes have lost their vitality when raised in con- 
 finement. 
 
 The time of the year which is best suited for collecting 
 depends closely upon the genera desired. For shore col- 
 lecting and dredging, all the summer months are equally 
 good depending on the state of the weather. Sedentary 
 genera are not sensitive to the various conditions of winds, 
 calms, tides, and other influences. With floating marine 
 animals and the various larval forms of most sedentary 
 genera the problem is somewhat different. Their appear- 
 ance and abundance vary 2 from month to month and from 
 year to year. It is difficult to say what month of the sum- 
 mer is best for collecting larval Ccelenterata and Echino- 
 dermata. The strong autumnal winds blow to the shore a 
 large number of floating genera, but the number of quiet 
 days in each month when these approach the surface of the 
 water is limited. In midsummer months the weather is 
 less boisterous and opportunities to capture animals are 
 greater. My experience has taught me that August and 
 September are more profitable for collecting floating genera 
 than June and July. There isj of course, a connection 
 
 iFor some reason \inknown to me some larvae after having been raised through 
 a number of early conditions invariably die, and new fishing has to be resorted to 
 for more advanced stages. This is no doubt in most instances due to imperfect 
 aeration of the water, neglect to providS proper food, or lack of proper care. The 
 treatment of larvae in confinement must vary more or less with the different 
 genera. 
 
 2 The periodicity in the time of the appearance is by no means constant. In 
 some years great multitudes of certain medusae appear day after day, and on a 
 subsequent year not a single individual will appear. On my first visit to Grand 
 Manan thousands of the beautiful Siphonophore, Nanomia cara were seen every- 
 where in the water so that they literally clogged my drag net. Suddenly, how- 
 ever, these all disappeared and in succeeding years in the same months I did not 
 see a single individual. Every naturalist can probably mention similar equally 
 remarkable instances of the sporadic appearance of some genus of marine life, 
 and I am not familiar with any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon. 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 83 
 
 with the time of ovulation for many genera cast their ova 
 throughout the summer, although the ovulatiou of a ma- 
 jority is probably in the spring. Violent winds interfere 
 with dredging and drive most of the floating life far below 
 the surface. The early morning generally gives the smooth- 
 est water and at that time the sea often has a glassy calm 
 which is most advantageous for the capture of many genera. 
 Night collecting is claimed by many to yield the greatest 
 number and variety of floating life. 
 
 The ever-increasing interest in the study of the marine 
 surface fauna renders it timely that observations be re- 
 corded and tables be prepared containing the dates when 
 pelagic larvae of different genera can best be collected in 
 some well-known locality. It would, to mention one of 
 the advantages of a table collated from such observations, 
 be of great help if anyone desirous of studying these ani- 
 mals could accurately know when the larvae or adults with 
 ova are most likely to be found, and could regulate his 
 visit to the seashore by the information thus afforded. 
 In some of the older marine zoological stations in Europe 
 this has been done either in the form of card catalogues 
 or published faunal lists with dates and places of capture. 
 
 It has been shown that there is a pronounced periodicity 
 in the occurrence of these larvae, and year after year an 
 abundance of marine larvae is looked for in certain months 
 and at no other time. 
 
 It is not in the scope of this paper to consider why this is 
 so, and if it were the author has many doubts whether any- 
 one is familiar with enough data to suggest any satisfactory 
 explanation for it. Continued observation for a number of 
 years is necessaiyto arrive at any trustworthy conclusion, 
 and it is desirable to gather statistics enough to justify gen- 
 eral conclusions in regard to the probable time when larvae 
 can best be obtained for study. Most of the observations 
 
84 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 on the time of the appearance of pelagic animals have been 
 made in the summer months and very little is known of 
 the genera characteristic of winter months. Our rigorous 
 
 -> o 
 
 climate, however, does not invite collecting at that time 
 and probably very little embryological work could be suc- 
 cessfully carried on in the colder months. Of the life 
 which I have collected in midwinter by surface fishing, 
 larvae and young form a very small proportion of the 
 whole. 
 
 Every collector has his own preference for the best place 
 to visit to collect marine animals, and it is not strange 
 that it generally corresponds with the place which he has 
 most often visited. I have worked at only a few stations 
 in New England and am no doubt prejudiced in their fa- 
 vor. The wealth of floating life at Newport is the greatest 
 known to me on the New England coast, but in the few 
 excursions I have made at Wood's Holl, it has seemed to 
 me that there was little difference in the amount of float- 
 ing life in the two places. 
 
 For dredging, however, neither of these places can com- 
 pare with Eastport and Grand Man an. The latter place 
 is a paradise for the collector of Ccelenterata and Echino- 
 dermata. Several circumstances combine to make it such. 
 The enormous tides which sweep around the islands lay 
 bare a littoral zone of great breadth. They also, since 
 their volume is so great, bring a large number of floating 
 animals from deep water. " The opportunities for work 
 at Grand Manan with the dip-net in the study of free- 
 swimming animals are very great. The student of these 
 forms of life is particularly recommended to visit the so- 
 called "ripplings" or tide eddies, several miles from the 
 shore, near the line where the platform of the islands sinks 
 to the deeper sounding of the Bay of Fundy. These ed- 
 dies are favorite feeding places of many marine animals, 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 85 
 
 from the whale to the minute Medusae and Crustacea, and 
 at a proper time of the tide afford most profitable collect- 
 ing places." The distance from the shore and the diffi- 
 culty of access are the only drawbacks, but if possible they 
 should be visited by every collector who is interested in 
 the collecting of marine life in its natural habitat. A world 
 for investigation here awaits the attention of the naturalist. 
 
 An advantage in working at Grand Ma nan is the ease 
 with which delicate marine animals can be kept alive in 
 small aquaria for a considerable time. The water is very 
 cold and the change in temperature not as sudden as in 
 more southern parts of New England. My experience 
 has been that the difficulty in keeping the water in small 
 glass vessels used for aquaria at an even temperature with 
 that of the bay is not as great in northern New England 
 stations as in southern and the consequent danger of mor- 
 tality is lessened. The constant fogs, however, are draw- 
 backs which limit the number of days when collecting can 
 be prosecuted. The small island of Nantucket 1 of the 
 Grand Manan group is most favorably situated for a lab- 
 oratory or for a point from which to reach the different 
 collecting grounds. 
 
 The reader is reminded that there is no one locality on 
 our coast where all the genera here recorded can be col- 
 lected. Marine animals have their homes which are 
 limited by as sharply drawn lines as those of any forms 
 of organic life. Continued research on the facies of the 
 New England marine fauna indicates the existence of con- 
 ditions on the coast which separate the northern from 
 
 1 Grand Manan had on my visits a tri-weekly communication with Eastport by 
 a small steamer. Eastport can be reached from Boston by the steamers of the In- 
 ternational line, also called the St. John's steamers. There is a daily stage from 
 North Head, the landing place of the steamer from Eastport to Grand Manan, to 
 Woodward's Cove, which is near Nantucket island. Comfortable accommodations 
 can be had at Mr. Cheney's home on the island. 
 
86 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 the southern faunas by a line of demarcation of the most 
 rigid character. The coast of Maine and Massachusetts 
 bay is bathed by a cold Arctic ocean current which is re- 
 placed south of Cape Cod by warmer water. Although 
 several genera straggle from one zone into the other, 
 the majority are limited to their homes by this powerful 
 climatic influence. Hence it is that one may expect to 
 find a great difference in the marine life of Narragansett 
 Bay and that of the Bay of Fundy, and while I have at- 
 tempted to consider both in this article even the best of 
 collecting places will not yield more than a small propor- 
 tion of the genera considered. That part of my work 
 which deals with floating life and with larval forms is nec- 
 essarily very incomplete. 
 
 LIST OF CCELENTERATA AND ECHINODERMATA FOUND IN 
 NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 In the accompanying list I have mentioned the majority of the genera 
 and species of Coelenterates and Echinoderms which occur in New- 
 England waters. It is believed that this list includes the more com- 
 mon species of these animals which the teacher is liable to collect on 
 his excursions. The identification of the majority of the animals of 
 the list will, it is hoped, be facilitated by a knowledge of the generic 
 and specific differentiation indicated by the diagnosis which is given of 
 the more common types. 
 
 HYDROZOA. 
 HYDROIDEA. 
 
 Acaulis primarius Stimpson. Antennularia Kirsch. 
 
 Aglaophenia arborea (Desor) Blastothela rosea Verrill. 
 
 Verrill. Bougainvillea superciliaris Ag. 
 
 NOTB. The figures of Modeeria ( Turritopsis) , Zanclea and Cunina, in the preced- 
 ing pages were originally published in works by the author from drawings loaned 
 him by Dr. A. Agassiz; that of Acaulis from drawings by Prof. A.Hyatt. To 
 these naturalists and to all others to whom the writer is indebted, in the prepa- 
 ration of ihis Aid, the writer t;ikes t'ds occasion to express his appreciations of 
 his obligation, and his sincere thanks. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 87 
 
 Calycopsis typa Fewkes. 
 Calycella plicatilis Hincks. 
 " humilis Hincks. 
 " producta G. O. Sars. 
 " pygmaea Hincks. 
 " syringa Hincks. 
 Campanularia caliculata Hincks. 
 Campanularia flexnosa Hincks. 
 " fragilis Hincks. 
 
 " neglecta Hincks. 
 
 Campanulina acuminata Alder. 
 Cladocarpus cornutus Verrill. 
 " spectabilis Verrill. 
 
 " Pourtalesii Verrill. 
 
 Clytia bicophora Ag. 
 Clytia intermedia Ag. 
 " cylindrica Ag. 
 " Johnstoni Hincks. 
 Cladonema radiatum Dujardin. 
 Clavatella Uiucks. 
 Clava leptostyla Ag. 
 Clavula vesicaria Verrill. 
 Corymorpha nutans Sars. 
 Coryne (Gaertner). 
 Cunina discoides Fewkes. 
 Cuspidella costata Hincks. 
 " humilis Hincks. 
 Dicoryne flexuosa G. O. Sars. 
 Diphasia fallax Ag. 
 " rosacea Ag. 
 " mirabilis Verrill. 
 Dinematella cavosa Fewkes. 
 Dipurena strangulata McCr. 
 Dysmorphosa fiilgurans A. Ag. 
 Ectopleura ochracea A. Ag. 
 Eucheilota ventricularis McCr. 
 Eudeudrium ramosum Ehr. 
 " dispar Ag. 
 " rameum Johnston. 
 " cingulatum Stimp. 
 " capillare Alder. 
 " tenue A. Ag. 
 Eupliysa virgulata A. Ag. 
 Eutima gracilis Fewkes. 
 Filellum (see Reticularia) Hincks. 
 
 Gemraaria gemmosa McCr. 
 Grammaria abietina Sars. 
 Globiceps tiarella (McCr.) Ayres. 
 Gonothryrea hyalina Hincks. 
 " Lovenii All man. 
 
 " gracilis Allman. 
 
 Gonothryrea teuuis Clark. 
 Halopsis cruciata A. Ag. 
 " ocellata A. Ag. 
 Hydmllmania falcata Hincks. 
 Hydractinia echinata Johnston. 
 Hybocodon prolifer Ag. 
 Halecium gracile Verrill. 
 Malecium articulosum Clark. 
 " Beanii Johnston. 
 " muricatum Johnston. 
 Hydrichthys mirus Fewkes. 
 Lafcea pocillum Hincks. 
 
 " dumosa Sars. 
 
 " grandis Hincks. 
 Lafea robuhta Verrill. 
 Lafcea fruticosa Sars. 
 Lafoea gracillima Sars. 
 Leptoscyphus Allman. 
 Liriope scutigera McCr. 
 Lizzia octopuuctata Forbes. 
 Lovenella gracilis Clark. 
 Lytocarpia myriphyllum Kirch. 
 Mabella gracilis Fewkes! 
 Melicertum campanula Esch. 
 Modeeria (Turritopsis) multiten- 
 
 taculata Fewkes. 
 Myriothela phrygia Sars. 
 Nemopsis Bachei Ag. 
 Obelia gelatinosa McCr. 
 Obelia flabellata Hincks. 
 
 " diaphana Allman. 
 
 " geniculata Hincks. 
 
 " polygena (A. Ag.) 
 
 " parasitica (A. Ag.) 
 
 " pyriformis (A. Ag.) 
 
 " fiisiformis (A. Ag.) 
 
 " dichotoma Hincks. 
 
 " longissima Hincks. 
 Oceania languida Ag. 
 
88 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Opercularella lacerata Hincks. 
 
 Ophiodes mirabilis Hincks. 
 
 Parypha crocea Ag. 
 
 Pennaria gibbosa Ag. 
 
 Perigonimus S;irs. 
 
 Podocoryne carnea Sars. 
 
 rtychogena lactea A. Ag. 
 
 Plumularia Verrillii Clark. 
 
 Beticularia serpens (Filellum ser- 
 pens') Hincks. 
 
 Khizoget on fusiformis Ag. 
 
 Sarsia mirabilis (see Syncoryne) 
 Ag. 
 
 Salacia robust a Hincks. 
 
 ISertularia abietina Lin. 
 " filicula Lin. 
 
 Sertularia argentea Ellis & Sol. 
 
 S. argentea, var. divaricata Clark. 
 
 Sertularia latiuscula Stimp. 
 " cupressina Lin. 
 " pumila Lin. 
 
 Sertularella tricuspidata Hincks. 
 " rugosa Gray. 
 
 Sertularella polyzonias Gray. 
 
 S. polyzonias var. gigantea Hincks. 
 Sertularella Gayi Gray? 
 Stauridium Dujarclin. 
 Staurophora laciniata Ag. 
 iStomobrachium tentaculatum Ag. 
 Syncoryne mirabilis Allm. 
 Syncoryne reticulatum (A. Ag.). 
 Stomatoca apicata Ag. 
 Thamnocnida spectabilis Ag. 
 
 " tenella Ag. 
 
 Thaumantias Eschscholtz. 
 Tiaropsis diademata Ag. 
 Tima Bairdii Ag. 
 Tubularia indivisa Lin. 
 Tubularia Couthouyi Ag. 
 
 " stellifera Couth. 
 Tubiclava cornucopice Norm. 
 Thuiaria articulata Flern. 
 Trachyneina digitalis A. Ag. 
 Turris episcopalis Fewkes. 
 Willia ornata, McCr. 
 Zygodactyla Groenlandica Ag. 
 Zanclea (see Grammuria) Gegen- 
 
 baur. 
 
 SIPHONOPHORA. 
 
 Agalmoides elegans Fewkes. 
 Diphyes sp. 
 
 Diplophysa inermis Gegenbaur. 
 Eudoxia Lessonii Huxley. 
 
 Nanomia cara A. Ag. 
 Physalia arethusa Til. 
 Porpita sp. 
 Velella mutica Esch. 
 
 ACRASPEDA. 1 
 
 Aurelia flavidula Per. et Les. Cyanea arctica Per. et Les. 
 
 Callinema ornata Verrill. Dactylometra quinquecirra A. Ag. 
 
 To these are allied the Lucernaridse for which the reader is referred 
 to H. J. Clark and E. Haeckel, System der Medusen. 
 Haliclystus auricula Clark. Lucernaria quaaricornis Mull. 
 
 Halinocyathus platypus Clark. Manania auricula Clark. 
 
 Beroe roseola (Ag.). 
 Bulina alata Ag. 
 Lesueuria hypoptera A. Ag. 
 
 CTENOPHORA. 
 
 Mertensia ovum Morch. 
 Mnemiopsis Leidyi A. Ag. 
 Pleurobrachia rhododactyla Ag. 
 
 1 This group has been known by several names of which Discophora and Scy- 
 pliomedusae may be mentioned. At the present time the latter is thought by some 
 naturalists to be the best name for the group. 
 
APPENDIX. 89 
 
 *, ACTINOZOA. 
 
 ALCYONOIDA. 
 
 Acanella Normani Verr. Cornulariella modesta Verrill. 
 
 Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. Paragorgia arborea Edw. &Haim. 
 
 Alcyonium rubif orme Ehr. ? Paramuricea borealis Verrill. 
 
 " carneum Ag. Pennatula aculeata Dan. 
 
 Anthothela insignis Verrill. Primnoa reseda Verrill. 
 
 Balticina Finmarchica Gray. Virgularia Ljungmanni K611. 
 
 ACTINOIDA. 
 
 Actinoloba marginata Edw. Epizoanthus Goodei Verrill. 
 
 & Flaim. Flabellum angulare Mosely. 
 
 Astrangia Danae Agassiz. llyanthus Icems Verrill. 
 
 Bolocera Tuedise Gosse. Lophohelia prolifera Edw. & 
 
 Caryophyllia borealis (Mosely). Haim. 
 
 Cereanthus borealis Verrill. Philomednsa parasitica (Verr.) 
 
 Deltocyathus Agassizii Pourtales. Tealia nodosa (Fabr.). 
 
 Edwardsia sipunculoides Stimp. " crassicornis. 
 
 " lineata Verrill. 
 
 ECHINODERMATA. 
 
 HOLOTHUKIOIDEA. 
 
 Cauclina arenata Stimp. Pentacta assimilis (Dub. & Kor) 
 
 Chirodota laeve Grube. Verrill. 
 
 Cucumaria frondosa Jaeg, Psolus phantapus Oken. 
 
 Leptosynapta Girardii Verrill. " regalis Verrill. 
 
 Lophotlmria Fabricii Verrill. Stereoderma unisemita Ayres. 
 
 " squamata Verrill. Thyone scabra Verrill. 
 
 Molpadia oolitica Pourt. " el on gata (Ayres) Verrill. 
 
 Molpadia turgida Verrill. Thyonidium hyalinum (Forbes) 
 
 Pentacta minuta (Fabr.). Verrill. Norm. 
 
 Pentacta calcigera Stimp. Thyonidium productum Stimp. 
 
 ECHINOJDEA. 
 
 Arbacia punctulata Lam. Strongylocentrotus Drobachien- 
 
 Echinarachnius parma Gray. sis A. Ag. 
 
 Schizaster frag His Dan. & Kor. 
 
 ASTEROIDEA. 
 
 Asterias vulgaris Stimp. Asterias polaris (Mull. & Tros.) 
 
 Asterias Forbesii Verrill. Verrill. 
 
 Asterias stellionura Perrier. Asterina borealis Verrill. 
 
 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 6* 
 
90 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Cribrella sanguineolenta Liitk. Leptasterias compta (Stimp,) Ver- 
 
 Ctenodiscus crispatus Dan. & Kor. rill, t 
 
 Crossaster papposus Mull, and Hippasterias phrygiana Agassiz. 
 
 Troschel. Pteraster militaris Mull. &Trosch. 
 Leptasterias tenera (Stimp.) Ver- 
 
 rill. 
 
 OPHIUROIDEA. 
 
 Amphiura squamata Lyman. Ophiacantha bidentata Ljung. 
 
 Amphiura tenuispina Ljung. Ophioglypha Sarsii Lym. 
 
 Gorgonocephalus Agassizii Stimp. Ophiopholis aculeata Gray. 
 
 NOTE. The author has indicated by italics in the above list several genera and 
 species which cannot be identified by the use of the "Aid." In addition to those 
 there are several others which the author has never seen, and others which more 
 properly belong to deep water than to the regions indicated for the scope of this 
 article. Kor the introduction of these the author claims the kind indulgence of the 
 reader. Many genera found in very deep water are omitted. 
 
 The author's studies of marine animals upon which he has mainly relied in the 
 preparation of this "Aid" were made during his connection with Dr. A. Agassiz' 
 Marine Laboratory at Newport, R. I., and the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
 at Cambridge. He takes this opportunity to express his gratitude for the advan- 
 tages afforded him at those places. 
 
 He has spent portions of four summers at Eastport and Grand Manan, and 
 made frequent excursions to Provincetown, Beverly Bridge, Chelsea Beach and 
 Ipswich. 
 
 A more complete list of the Act.inoids and Echinodermata will be found in "Ver- 
 rill's List," which has been of great help to the author in the preparation of this 
 Aid, and for which he wishes to express his thanks. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acanella, 56. 
 Acanthogorgia, 56. 
 
 Actiniaria, 50. 
 Actinoida, 50. 
 Actinoloba, 51, 76. 
 Actinozoa, 50. 
 Acaulis, 29, 32, 33. 
 Acraspecla, 14, 45. 
 Agalrnoicles, 43. 
 Aglaophenia, 31, 38. 
 Alcyonacea, 54, 55. 
 Alcyoniurn, 55. 
 Ampliiura, 65, 73 
 Antennularia, 31, 38. 
 Anthothela, 56. 
 Arbucia, 70, 71. 
 Asterias, 62. 
 Asteroidea, 60, 61. 
 Asterina, 64, 73. 
 Astrangia, 51, 53. 
 Astrophytidse, 64, 66. 
 Athecata, 29. 
 Aurelia, 46, 47, 48. 
 Auricularia, 70. 
 
 Balticina, 55. 
 Beroe, 48, 50. 
 Bougainvillia, 29, 35. 
 Brachiolaria, 70. 
 Bunodes, 50, 52. 
 
 Calicopsis, 14, 20, 27. 
 Callinema, 47, 48. 
 Calycella, 31, 37. 
 Calycophorse, 41. 
 Campanularia, 30, 36. 
 Campanulina, 31, 36. 
 Caudina, 69. 
 Cereanthus, 51, 53. 
 Cladonema, 30, 35. 
 Clava, 33, 75. 
 Clavatella, 29. 
 Clypeastroids, 66. 
 
 Clytia, 15, 23, 28, 30, 36. 
 Ccelenterata, 11. 
 Corymorpha, 29, 33. 
 Coryne, 30. 
 Cribrella, 62, 73. 
 Crinoidea, 60. 
 Crossaster, 63. 
 Ctenodiscus, 64. 
 Ctenophora, 14, 48. 
 Cucumaria, 6!. 
 Cunina, 39, 86. 
 Cuspidella, 31. 
 Cyanea, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 76. 
 
 Dactylometra, 45, 46, 47, 48. 
 Deltocyathus, 54. 
 Dinematella, 14, 17, 26. 
 Diphasia, 31, 38. 
 Diphyes, 42. 
 Diplophysa, 45. 
 Dipurena, 14, 18, 27. 
 Dysmorphosa, 14, 20, 27. 
 
 Echinaraclmius, 68, 70, 71. 
 Echinodermata, 57. 
 Echinoids, 66, 67. 
 Echinoidea, 61, 66. 
 Ectopleura, 14, 18, 27, 29. 
 Edwardsia, 51, 53. 
 Ephyrae, 47, 48. 
 Eucheilota, 15, 24, 28. 
 Eudendrium, 29, 34. 
 Eudoxia, 45. 
 Eutima, 15, 25, 28. 
 
 False pupa, 70, 71. 
 Filellum, 31, 37. 
 Flabellum, 54. 
 
 Gonothryrsea, 30, 36. 
 Gorgonacea, 54, 55. 
 Gorgonocephalus, 66. 
 Grammaria, 37. 
 
 (91) 
 
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