F 826 C91G Cummings Great Natural Bridges of Utah THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GIFT OF LDJDLEY BMJ1I BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY of UTAH VOL III. SALT LAKE CITY, NOVEMBER, 1910 NO. 3 PART I The Great Natural Bridges of Utah by BYRON CUMMINGS First Archaeological Number PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH. ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER, JUNE 16, 1908, AT THE POSTOFFICE AT SALT LAKE CITY, UNDER ACT OF JULY 16, 1904 :: :: :; :: School of Arts and Sciences "*HE School of Arts and Sciences is * the oldest of the four schools now comprising the University of Utah. The founders of the institution and those who, from time to time, have been instrumental in its development, have ever kept in mind that the chief function of state institutions is to produce broad- minded, well-equipped citizens. Real- izing this, the School of Arts and Scien- ces endeavors to provide that true and liberal culture that must ever form the foundation for the best professional and technical education. It aims through mutual helpfulness to weld all departments of the institution into a unit for the aid and improvement of the young men and women of Utah. The Great Natural Bridges of Utah. Introduction A State University, to fulfill its function in the common- wealth, must know the field of its opportunity. It must seek not only the material development of the State but also set a worthy standard of intelligence and a depth and breadth of culture that insures living citizens. She must send out from her immediate circle a constant supply of men and women who are not merely sufficiently clever and well equipped to provide bread and butter for themselves and those dependent upon them, but who also add to the happiness of the world by increasing respect for honest effort and clean living and by creating a larger interest in nature's beauties and the steps by which man has climbed to his present plane of achievement. A State University is not something apart from and beyond the people, and should continuously seek their welfare in im- proving their conditions and in helping to solve the problems that confront the intelligent world. With these thoughts before us w y e have been at work now for several years, as vacations have given opportunity, endeavoring to make the great natural wonders and beauties of Utah better known and to investigate thoroughly and systematically the life of the ancient people who once inhabited a large portion of our state. Our investigations naturally divide themselves into two parts : the natural wonders and the ancient people ; and so we have arranged this report in the form of two bulletins. This first pamphlet aims to set forth briefly the results of the work of exploration; and a second will follow on the life of the early inhabitants. More detailed papers on special features of the archaeological work appear from time to time in the publications of the Archaeological Institute of America, under whose general supervision we have carried on the investiga- 712428 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN tions. Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, Director of American Archaeology of the Institute, has shown himself deeply interested in the Utah Society, the State University, and the development of a State Museum, and has been exceedingly helpful in his wise suggestion and direction. Colonel E. A. Wall ever shows a deep interest in the ad- vancement and upbuilding of Utah. He has taken a lively interest in the University's work of exploration and investiga- tion, and generously contributed the expenses of the expedi- tions of 1907 and 1908, and the work done in Arizona in 1909. The State Legislature at its last session appropriated the sum of $2,000 to aid in this work a part of which fund was used in the summer and fall of 1909. No one connected with any of the expeditions has received any pecuniary remuneration therefor except a few white men and Indians who have been employed as guides and helpers when it was impossible other- wise to pursue the work profitably. Our grateful thanks are due to the students who have so cheerfully endured the hardships of many a severe march and privation and who have so heartily turned their hands to every form of toil confronting investigators in a rough, dry country, far from white man's habitation. Mr. Neil Judd of Salt Lake has been an indispensable co-worker in the expedi- tions into San Juan during the summers of 1907, 1908, and 1909. Mr. Fred. Scranton of Salt Lake, Mr. Joseph Driggs of Sandy, and Mr. John C. Brown of Ogden took part in the expedition of 1907, while Mr. Burl Armstrong and Rev. F. F. Eddy accompanied the same expedition as representatives of the Salt Lake Republican and the Tribune, respectively. Mr. Clifton Lockhart of Park City was a member of the expedi- tion of 1908 and helped to make the first trip into northern Arizona. Mr. Stuart Young of Salt Lake and Mr. Donald Beauregard of Ogden were the artists of our party in the summer of 1909 and produced results with the camera and brush that speak for themselves. Dr. William Blum, now of Washington, D. C., also spent a month with us studying the geology of the region. In the summer of 1908, Mr. A. V. Kidder of Harvard Uni- versity had charge of the excavations on Alkali Ridge and Mr. UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 3 De Fritz and Mr. Parsons, two Harvard students, spent two weeks assisting in the work at that place. In the work of November and December, 1909, very effi- cient help under exceedingly trying conditions of rain, snow, and extreme cold, was rendered by Mr. George Barton. Mr. J. M. Redd, Jr., and Mr. John Redd, three young men of Monticello. We wish to express here our hearty appreciation of the valuable and untiring assistance given by Mr. and Mrs. John Wetherill of Oljato, Mr. Kumen Jones and Mr. Francis Nielson of Bluff, Mr. J. Munroe Redd of Monticello, and Dr. John Williams of Moab. To the many others who have given us helpful good cheer and assistance, we would also express our gratitude. Berlin, August, 1910. M#r OF- (Nor/n^Toshla. I Avista} %z$r P.kyabo'' 3 n<f. YVyorrptrjt 7 -32" Sketch Map of Utah. Utah's Great Natural Bridges. In speaking of the resources of a country we no longer think merely of the fertility and depth of its soil, the amount of mineral hidden beneath its surface, or the wealth of timber growing on its mountain slopes. Alaska, has aJl of these and yet its climatic conditions are such that the highly developed animal man cannot make a comfortable habitation in the greater part of its territory. Health and homes in which a good degree of comfort may be maintained, are essential fac- tors in the development and progress of any people ; and when you add to these, surroundings that are beautiful and uplifting, you have the most necessary external conditions for human happiness and manly growth. The great deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron, and oil found beneath the rugged summits of Utah's mountains have long been known; and since her rich bottom lands and sunny slopes first felt the courageous touch of the pioneer, they have poured forth nearly every variety of fruit, grain, and vegetable helpful to the life of man and beast. But the citizens of this commonwealth, so rich in its natural possibilities, are only beginning to realize the great advantage they have in making their homes in these valleys. To breathe the pure air that sweeps down through these rugged canyons, to live and grow in the sunshine that is forever giving to their battlemented cliffs a warmth and glow and an ever changing color that rests and inspires, to be able to see how nature is molding and shaping this earth's crust, is no mean inheritance. We cross the continent and then the Atlantic to climb the Swiss mountains and gaze into the clear waters of their lakes and mountain torrents when grander mountains, more beautiful lakes, and glancing waterfalls are found here at our doors with a welcome invitation to come and enjoy their beauty and coolness. We spend our thousands to see sunny Italy and the orange groves of Florida and southern California, for- getting that Utah's "Dixie" in the southwestern part of the state, and the realm of the San Juan and the Grand in the southeastern section, furnish just as sunny skies, a more in- 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN vigorating atmosphere, and more delicious fruit than any of the former far famed regions. Why do we yearly pour our money into the laps of other less favored sections and why do UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 7 we each winter give a "God speed" to the multitudes on their way to southern California and say nothing about the life-- giving resources kind nature has showered upon us? You answer, ' ' There is no way to get to Dixie, and Moab and Bluff are so far from the railroad. ' ' Yes, it is true ; but is it to be always thus? Utah has some of the most attractive scenery found any- where on the globe. The grandeur of her rugged mountains on the east and the picturesque beauty of their clear lakes and dashing torrents and the wonderful coloring of the great Inland Sea and the western desert at sunset have been enjoyed by many. But in the far southeastern part of the State, nature has molded the earth's crust into forms so strange and fantastic and dyed them in a coloring so richly warm and varied, and spreads over all such bright sunshine and such clear, whole- some atmosphere that the few who have penetrated this more The Navajo Twins. remote section realize much more fully how favored Utah is in its great natural resources. Grand and San Juan counties cover 11,784 square miles, or one-seventh of the entire state. The greater part of their sur- 8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN face is a high plateau of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, formed of the massive red sandstone beds that have been spread out over all this region. From this plateau rises the remnants of a still more lofty mesa that in places cover large areas, but for the most part stand out as isolated cliffs. All the -softer portions have been washed down and used to help form the plains below, while the harder parts still remain, worn into mighty monuments, castles, domes, and spires that lift their heads far above the lower mesa upon which they stand. In some places these cliffs are quite alone, as for instance "organ rock," while in others they are grouped near together. An illustration of the latter is " Monumental Park." situated in Utah and along the Utah-Arizona line fifty miles southwest Monument Park. of Bluff. Here within a radius of three miles from monu- mental divide are nine cliffs varying in size from slender spires to mighty bluffs a thousand feet across, and all lift their per- pendicular sides five, six, seven and eight hundred feet above the high plateau upon which they rest. "Within a radius of twenty miles are many strange shapes that can be seen wholly or in part from this divide. Among this number are "train cliff" and "organ rock." Avhile among the first nine are found the buttes where Mitchell and Myrick, seekers of famed rich mines, lost their lives at the hands of Navajos. Their rich, red sandstone sides standing out against the clear sky, make u picture that one is willing to travel many miles to behold. In comparison with this handiwork of time, the celebrated "Garden of the Gods" pales into mediocrity. Virginia has long been known for its great natural bridge. As youths we were fascinated by the description of it in our school readers and the illustrations of its massive proportions found in our geographies. Yet Utah, can boast of four great One of the Monuments. natural arches, any one of which is larger than Virginia's wonder. They are the "Nonnezoshie," northwest of Navajo mountain, the "Carolyn" and the "Augusta" in White Can- yon, and the "Edwin" in Armstrong Canyon, the last three are near the Orejas del Oso (Bears' Ears) in the central part of San Juan county. Under Nonnezoshie, the greatest of Utah's arches, could be placed two of the Virginia bridge, and yet have some room to spare. Underneath its mighty span, the eastern towers of the Salt Lake Temple could stand with ease. The supporting columns of the "Augusta," the largest of the White Canyon bridges, could stand, one at the corner of the Templeton Building and the other in the corner of Tcm- 10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN pie Block, Avhile its mighty arch would rise 222 feet into the air and look down upon the Deseret News Building; and yet the Nonnezoshie could rest on the other diagonal corners of The Nonnezoshie Bridge. the square and its arch would completely clear the top of the "Augusta." These great natural wonders were well known to tho ancient cliff and pueblo dwellers, as is evidenced by the ruins of their houses and altars found near them; and the modern tribes of Utes, Pahutes, and Navajos have been familiar with them for generations. The White Canyon bridges were first visited by white men in September, 1883, when Mr. Cass Hite, accompanied by Indian Joe, Edward Randolph, and Scotty Ross, made a trip into that region. Mr. Hite gave these bridges the names of the President, the Senator, and the Congressman. Several cattlemen from Bluff frequently saw them when riding for cattle in that region; but they were unknown to the out- side world until Mr. Scorup of Bluff led Mr. Long to them in 1903. The result of that trip was an article in the Century Magazine of August, 1904, which did a great deal to awaken UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 11 interest in these natural bridges and direct attention to the scenery of Utah ; but no careful measurements were made, their size was overestimated, and the comparisons with the United States Capitol and other buildings erroneous and misleading. The Salt Lake Commercial Club expediton, sent out under the direction of artist H. L. A. Calmer, visited these structures in April, 1905, and secured photographs and sketches of them from which the famous paintings of the bridges by Mr. Culmer have been made. Besides Mr. Culmer. the party consisted of The Augusta Bridge. Mr. Carleton Holmes, together with Mr. S. T. Whitaker as photographer and Mr. Scorup and Mr. Adams as guides and helpers. In the summer of 1907, an expedition went out from the University of Utah under the direction of the Archaeological Institute of America to explore as much as possible of that part of San Juan county lying north of the San Juan river. The party visited the "White Canyon bridges and made a study of them and their surroundings. Mr. Scranton and Mr. Brown made a survey of the bridges and the land in their immediate vicinity. Mr. Scranton prepared a topographical, and Mr. Judd and Mr. Driggs a geographical map. designating 12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN also the most important ruins in the locality about the bridges. These were forwarded to Dr. Hewett at Washington and were used by him in his report to the Land Board from which President Roosevelt issued a proclamation April 16, 1908, creating the "Natural Bridges National Monument." There are three of these large bridges in the monument, generally known as the "Augusta," the "Carolyn" and the "Edwin," while high up in the cliffs between the "Augusta" and the "Carolyn" are found two other small arches. The names of Augusta and Carolyn were given by Mr. Long and Mr. Scorup in honor of Mr. Long's wife and Mr. Scorup's mother, respectively, while the "Edwin" was christened by the Salt Lake Commercial Club expedition in honor of Colonel Edwin P. Holmes. An additional survey was made in 1908 by Mr. W. B. Douglass, Examiner of Surveys for the United States government. In September, 1909, President Taft issued a second proclamation on the Natural Bridges National Monu- ment by which the former boundaries were changed somewhat, two large cave springs a few miles away included, and the names changed to the Owachomo, the Kachina, and the Sipapu. The earlier names, however, have been so long associated with the structures by the people of the region and through the various magazine articles that have appeared that it will be very difficult to secure a general recognition of the Hopi names now applied by the government. Ages ago the great sandstone beds overlying this entire region must have been pushed upwards by the internal forces of the earth until in the places of their greatest elevation the various strata separated, mountains were formed, and large cracks opened up that extended in zigzag lines away through the slopes of this vast tableland. This process of elevation was undoubtedly a gradual one; and, as the waters of the mountains sought a lower level, they took their courses through these irregular crevices, searching for the ocean which was then not far away. Their rushing currents and surging eddies wore off the sharp corners, sought out the soft places in the yielding sandstone, dug out deep caverns and recesses in the cliffs, and left behind them a series of graceful curves and fantastic forms that amaze and delight the traveler at every UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 13 turn. As the formation was pushed upward from time to time, these rushing torrents and surging estuaries kept on with their work of cutting, smoothing, and filling until they have produced the deep box canyons so prevalent in this section, which sometimes widen out into small valleys of rich alluvial deposit and again narrow down to mere slits between huge masses of cliffs. This elevation and opening of the formation often left a narrow section of the cliff extending out into the gorge for rods, around which the stream had to make its way as it rushed onward in its course. The constant surging of the waters against this barrier revealed a soft place in the sand- stone, where it gradually ate out a half-dome-shaped cave. In a few instances as the water swirled around the other side of this barrier, they reached the corresponding soft place on the opposite side and ground out a similar half-dome there. When, in the course of time, the backs of these two semi-circular caves came together, the waters found a shorter course through that opening, enlarged the archway and smoothed off and rounded into graceful curves the sides of its massive but- tresses. Thus a bridge was formed and became a mighty span of enduring rock, whose foundations and graceful superstruc- ture were laid by the ages. All of the White Canyon bridges and the great arch of Nonnezoshie evidently have been formed in this manner. The "Edwin" (Owachomo) is located in Armstrong Can- yon about three miles above where it opens out into White Canyon. It is a graceful structure, as seen in the accompanying illustration, having a span of 194 feet and an elevation of 108 feet. This long arch of sandstone is only ten feet thick in the center; and thus one sees how these proportions give an im- pression of lightness that is most pleasing to the eye. Near it are domes and turrets fashioned by the same hands that pro- duced the bridge; and nestling in a cave worn in the sunny side of the cliff near one end are the deserted homes of a "cliff dwellers" village. Three miles below, near the junction of Armstrong Canyon with White Canyon, one finds his way almost blocked by a cliff that rises before him in amazing proportions. On the UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 15 right and on the left similar cliffs seem to be endeavornig to elbow the visitor out of the way. However, seventy-five feet above, at the right, one notices that the barrier has been worn away and sees plainly the course of the mighty stream that once pursued its winding current among these cliffs. A little farther on. to the left, the end of the Armstrong Canyon is reached; and one stands in the shadow of a great archway which the waters of White Canyon have cut through this bar- rier that just now seemed to block the course of the Armstrong. This is the "Carolyn" (Kachina), with a span of 186 feet from The Carolyn Bridge. side to side and 98 feet high in the center, while the total height of the bridge is 205 feet with a width on top of 49 feet. Sharp corners and broken lines here and there in the arch and buttresses show the unfinished work of the artisan. Na- ture has not yet given the final touches; but wind and storm and driving sand will continue to chisel and polish until the lines are all graceful curves, adding greater beauty to the most massive of the bridges. Beneath its broad arch, a spring of cold water invites one to "bide a wie and dinna fret." It is a veritable "fountain of youth"; and by its side, inspired by 16 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN its life giving elixir, surrounded by the rich greens of cotton- wood and oak and the warm reds and buffs of the cliffs, while the strange homes and mysterious writings of a long forgotten people peer down from the ledges, one indeed imagines that the world is young again and he is part and parcel of its simplicity. Passing to the right up the main fork of White Canyon, winding in and out between lofty cliffs that send out their towers and battlements and in the hollows of whose seamed and scarred sides are seen the homes the fortifications, and the granaries of an ancient population, after a walk of about two miles, one stands under the arch of another of nature's wonders, the "Augusta" (Sipapu) bridge. This span is 157 feet high and 261 feet long at the bottom. It is 222 feet from the creek bed to the top of the bridge, and the road bed is 28 feet wide. The Augusta, therefore, is the crowning glory of the three bridges. It combines massiveness with gracefulness of proportions that give an altogether pleasing and satisfying effect. One sits within its shadow and gazes up at its mighty arch curving above him and wonders how many ages it has taken to complete such a magnificent piece of work. One climbs to the cliff above and watches the play of sunshine and shadow upon the warm coloring of the rich reds and browns of the enduring sandstone that forms its arch and buttresses and comprehends the gracefulness of its outlines and propor- tions as a whole, and he seems unable to tear himself away from the spell its might and beauty throw about him. He feels inclined to take up his abode in one of the numerous cliff dwellings near by and become a child of nature again live near to God and let Him speak to b.im through the majestj- and beauty of His handiwork, unmarred by the careless, thoughtless hand of man. The greatest and the most recently known specimen of Nature's bridge building, however, is the Nonnezoshie arch, situated northwest of Navajo mountain in the extreme southern part of Utah near the Colorado river. This was probably first visited by white men when the Utah Archaeological Expedition party and the government surveying party under Mr. W. B. Douglass of Washington, D. C.. found the structure August UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 17 14th, 1909. Mr. Cass Hite of Hite, Utah, who has traversed this region more extensively, probably, than any other living white man, says, ''The bridge found near Navajo mountain is located in about the only spot in that region that I did not o> o m u 18 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN explore or prospect. No, I did not sec the bridge you sent me the picture of, and I don't think any white man ever saw it until your party did." President Taft by proclamation May 13th, 1910, set aside this arch with the land about it as the "Rainbow Bridge National Monument." In appearance it is not so much a real bridge as the structures in White Canyon, because the top of the span is not level. It is a graceful arch of magnificent proportions, 308 feet high and 274 feet long, that has been chiseled out of the cliff under conditions similar to those that have produced the "White Canyon bridges. Here, however, the sandstone has been more yielding and the forces at work, perhaps, more constant, so that erosion has progressed much farther and left only a curving arm of the harder rock that still stretches gracefully out across the canyon. This canyon, called by the Indians "Nonnezoshieboko" (Great Arch Can- yon), is a gorge that takes its winding course from the slope of Navajo mountain northwest into the Colorado river. Non- nezoshie spans this deep gulch from the cliff on one side to a bench on the other about six miles above the mouth of the canyon. In places below the arch, the cliffs that tower far above and form practically perpendicular walls on either side, draw so olose together that there is barely room to pass through by wading the small stream in the narrow channel. During the high waters in the spring or after a heavy shower at any time of year it would be impossible to traverse this gorge. Good water is quite abundant in that immediate vicinity ; but grass is scarce and the region so rough that it has been little frequented even by Indians. The setting of wild scenery and interesting physiographic features, however, make it one of the most attractive spots on the globe. On the northern slope of the Navajo mountain are two other smaller arches, each of which would be attractive in itself, were it not overshadowed by the great arch of Nonnezoshie. The gorge through which the San Juan flows for miles in that vicinity is a grand canyon of the Colorado on a little smaller scale. Evidently there once has been a white man's camp at the junction of this canyon with the Colorado ; but no traces of the Caucasians were found elsewhere in this or in the other canyons. The ruins of a few very primitive cliff UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 19 dwellings are found in the caves of the cliffs that form the walls of these gorges ; and in the shadow of Nonnezoshie stand the remains of what appears to be an ancient stone altar. But the occasional bark of the coyote and the mournful call of the dove are the only sounds that now re-echo among these silent cliffs. In the following September, Mr. Wetherill guided Mr. A. K. Townsend of Telluride, Colorado, and his sister to this bridge, and to Miss Townsend undoubtedly belongs the dis- The Pikyabo Bridge. tinction of having been the first white woman to penetrate this wild region to gaze on nature in all the grand simplicity she there displays. For men and women who enjoy horseback riding and camping-out, a trip to Nonnezoshie from Oljato or to the White Canyon bridges from Bluff is not a terrible under- taking. The outdoor life in such an invigorating atmosphere, the new and interesting scenes continually spread before one, and the very difficulties to be overcome repay one on the capital invested with an interest that compounds itself. In November, 1909, under the guidance of Dr. John Wil- liams of Moab, we visited a natural bridge in the edge of Grand county that deserves to be classed with those of San Juan county and counted among the great natural wonders of our continent. This is a graceful arch with a total elevation of 62 feet and a span of 122 feet long and 49 feet high. It stands 20 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN beside the cliff on the western edge of Pritchett valley; and has been fashioned under somewhat different conditions from those prevailing during the construction of the natural bridges already described. Here there has been no narrow zigzag- canyon through which waters surged in former times, but quite a large valley, some three miles long and from one-fourth to one-half a mile wide. On the sides of this irregular basin rise rugged cliffs that jut into the valley here and there in sharp points and rounded domes. The upper surfaces of these cliffs stretch back in bare undulating fields of sandstone, much eroded by wind and w r ater. Caves have been hollowed out of these cliffs at various points and numerous natural reservoirs are found scattered on the surface of these bare rocks where soft places have been found in the stone, or whirling eddies in former ages have ground out cisterns. Some of these are mere shallow tanks, while others reach down twenty feet and more through the solid sandstone. Some are irregular and winding in their course, while others look as though they had been sunk by some Titanic drill when the gods were playing with the earth's crust. A few drain considerable areas of the cliff, and in time of storm many a rushing torrent loses itself in their depths. In a few instances such a reservoir has been formed directly behind a cave that was being hollowed out of the side of the cliff. As the walls of the cave gradually extended backward farther and farther into the cliff, the reservoir was sunk deeper and enlarged little by little until its bottom broke through into the back of the cave. Then the waters formerly gathered into the reservoir and held, surged through the cave and lost themselves in tht valley below. Every downpour of rain and every driving wind carried the work a little farther until the former roof of the cave became an arch. When the reservoir held the w r aters until its depth about equalled that of the cave, then the gracefully curving arch of the cave became a real bridge as in the case of the fine arch already mentioned, which we have christened Pikyabo (Pee-kya-bo). the Ute name for water tank. In two others near by, the w r alls gave way when the bottom of the cistern was near the top of the cave, and as a result the arches appear to be only partially hew r n from the cliff. In another, across the narrow r canyon from Pikyabo bridge the bottom of a cis- UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 21 tern 50 feet long and 25 feet wide has broken into the top of a cave 90 feet from front to back and thus formed an immense Needle Rock. skylight to this large rock-hewn cavern, which we named Wigwam cave. The mouth of the cave is an excellent arch 75 feet wide and 40 feet high that looks out over the valley from a shelf of rock 50 feet above the base of the cliff. In Dark Canyon, between the western spurs of the Elk mountains, is a fine arch that seems to have been constructed in the manner just described, but severe snowstorms prevented our examining and photographing it when we were there in November. A short distance from the arches in Pritchett valley, a 22 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN needle, that deserves mention in connection with this interest- ing section, stands beside the bold cliffs. It is a shaft about 150 feet high and 10 feet through at the base. It is remark- able that so slender a column has so long withstood the buffet- ings of time. The best trail out of Pritchett valley leads one around to the head of Pritchett gulch past a strangely fashioned remnant Ostrich Rock. of the cliff, christened Ostrich rock, and a point of jutting cliff in which a small bridge has been formed by the breaking and falling of large sections of the strata beneath. The view down Pritchett gorge and the well worn cliffs beyond give one a little idea of the interesting features that appear on every side as one threads his way down this canyon to the Grand, and along that beautiful stream flowing between lofty walls of red sandstone to Moab, the land of "milk and honey" and of real promise. Mr. Frank Hall very kindly took the time to show us a Block Bridge. Pritchett Gorge. 24 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN Balanced Rock. peculiarly balanced rock that stands on the edge of Wilson mesa a.bout 15 miles east of Moab. The formation is greatly eroded along the edges of this mesa a lofty tableland extend- ing along the western slopes of the La Sal mountains. At this particular point a section of the cliff has been worn into the form of a graceful pear that seems to stand poised on its stem. It is impossible to get near enough to the rock to actually measure it; but from the nearest approach it seems to be fully 15 feet from its top to the bottom of the pedestal and about 10 feet in its longest diameter, while the stem or pedestal is not more than eighteen inches to twenty-four inches in diameter. It probably will not stand many years longer. As one looks from this mesa out across Little Castle val- ley and then lets his eye make a sweep of this whole region, he can well understand that this, too. as well as ancient Thes- saly, has been a battle ground for the gods and the giants the forces of the earth and the air. SALT LAKE CITY. 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