11 rf California! Regional Facility (Tfcr *>^^ ZJ£> zny (Or* hey ^LOS 1 55 £5 \ A"** i ° -! Hi! 11 *3 ' — iSli il \k M (7fc! ^LOSANGEU 0A.ILI BR. U b ^J^sps fr/i/vu/u-r our'. 7 Taykrjcujp. T7r?.IiJ>T. ANEW DIRECTORY FOR THE EAST-INDIES: CONTAINING, I. The firir. Difcoveries made in the Eaft-Indies by European Voyagers and Travellers. II." The Origin, Conftru&ion, and Application of Nautical and Hydro- graphical Charts. III. The natural Caufes, and ob- ferved Phenomena, of the con- front and variable Winds, Trade- Winds, Monfoons, and Currents, throughout the Eaft-India Oceans and Seas. | IV. A Defcription of the Sea Coafts, Iflands, Rocks, Harbours, Shoals, Sands, Sea-marks, Soundings, &c. in the Oriental Navigation. V. Directions for navigating in the Eaft-India Seas, to the beft Ad- vantage, at different Times of the Year. VI. Directions for failing to and from the Eaft-Indies, as recom- mended and pradtiied by expe- rienced Navigators and Mariners. THE WHOLE BEING A Work originally begun upon the Plan of the ORIENTAL NEPfUNE, AUGMENTED and IMPROVED By Mr. WILL. BERBER?, Mr. WILL. NICHELSON, and Others ; AND NOW METHODISED, CORRECTED, and further ENLARGED, B Y SAMUEL DUN N, Teacher of the Mathematical Sciences, London. SIXTH EDITION. To which is added an APPENDIX. — — .i.jm imnm... ■ _ LONDON: Printed for Meffrs. Gilbert and Wright, N? 148, LeadcnhaB Street. M DC CX C I. -< in o CD I CO) I Q (-/ nv T O THE HONOURABLE THE COURT of DIRECTORS O F T H E United Company of Merchants of England, Trading to the E^ST-INDIES, THIS WORK IS MOSTHUMBLY INSCRIBED, BY THE EDITOR, SAMUEL D U N N. R E F A C I d\.S Geography is a defcription of the Earth, fo Hydrography is a defcriptioti of the Oceans and Seas, with all the things appertaining to them ; fuch as the coafts, rocks, fhoals, fands, foundings, currents, winds, calms ; and whatever elfe is incident to that great afTemblage of waters, which is bounded by the fea-fhores, throughout the world. In the fcience of Hydrography, the principal places near the fea coafts arc laid down in maps and charts, from accurate aftronomical pbfervations ; and the interjacent places are delineated by furveys and draughts taken on the fpot ; the foundings or uneven depths of the fea s, are meafured ; the currc are obferved ; the conftant and variable winds, at different times and places, are noted ; and finally, the knowledge of thele, and whatever elfe is incident to the track or path in which a fhip is to be conducted, being attained, it is applied for facilitating voyages, from the fhorter ones to thole of the moll diftant places. In the prefent Treat ife, the fcience of Hydrography is treated in the following order, namely : i ft. An historical account is given of the voyages that were made by Europeans, in order to dilcover the Eaft-Indies ; who the p'erfons were, and the fteps, from time to time, by which the difcoveries were made. 2d. The reafons for forming hydrographical charts, the principles on which they are constructed, their life, and the improvements that have been made in them by the hydrographers of different European Countries. 3d. The caufe of the winds that are either conftant or variable ; the trade-winds and monfoons ; with a large account of them as they are found at fea, over all the oceans that are palled, in voyages to, from, and throughout, the Eaft-Indies. 4th. An ample defcription of the currents, as they are found in thofe oceans and leas; with the caufe of their formation, changes, and alteration. 5th. A defcription of the coafts throughout the Eaft-Indies, and other places touched at by the Eaft-India ftiips ; together with an account of the hills, fea-marks, rocks, Ihoals, fands, foundings, tides, 6zc. that are ntctflary to be known, ill order either to prevent ftiips from being loft in thole kas, or from prolonging their voyages. b 6th. il PREFACE.- 6th. A particular account of the advantages and difadvantages to be expected from the winds, weather, and other caufes, at different places of tho e oceans,. and at different fealbns of the year. 7th. A large collection of general and particular directions, for failing to, in, throughout, and from, the Indian Seas, to the greateft advantage, as found by the experience of the be ft navigators. As this work hath already gone through feveral imprefiions, and the prefent edition contains whatever was of confequence in the former, it may be neceftary to give fbme account of it here. The fourth edition, printed in 1775., contains whatever was in any of the former editions ; and confifts of thefe parts. 1 ft. A new Directory for the Eaft-Indies, with general and particular directions, for the navigation of thofe feas ; wherein the French Neptune Oriental has been chiefly confidcred and examined : with additions, corrections, and explanatory notes, by William Herbert, Hydrographer. The fourth edition with additions, 1775. 2. Sundry remarks and obfervations made in a voyage to the Eaft-Indies, on board his Majefty's fhip Elizabeth, from the beginning of the year 1758, to the latter end of the year 1764 : with the necefiary directions for failing to and from India, and in the feveral ports and harbours thereof. Being a J ment to the New Directory for the Eaft-Indies. By William lckeLson, Mafter of the faid fhip. The fecond edition, with additions, 3rd. An account of the conftant and periodical trade- winds, or monfoons, the land and fea breezes, and the variable winds : together with an account of the fetting of the currents, and the ftrength of them, as they moll commonly happen in the different parts of the Eaft-Indies. The whole illuftrated by examples taken from the journals of feveral European and Country ftiips ; {hewing the reafon why fome have made their paflages, whilft others in the fame feafon (or perhaps at the fame time) have loft, or at leaft prolonged theirs. Bv Philo-Nauticus. The fecond edition, 1774. 4th. ' An account of the Swift Grab's track, from Bencoolen toward the Seychelles Mantis ; in which fhe fell in with the fhoals, and Iflands of Chagos ; determining the fituation of tho r e dangers more exactly than heretofore known. By Captain Thomas Neale, Commander of the faid Grab. In a letter to r. William Herbert, late Editor of the New Directory for the Eaft-Indies, *77S- As PREFACE. 1.1 As the work was thus compofed, not only at different tin";. . by different perfons, writing on different parts of this fubject, each foll< ■ . i'ng one another, and endeavouring to fupply the defects of the former, it -awv/ be fuppo ed that the reading in the former editions was difcontinued through the feveral parts of the whole ; and that an arrangement of the, (eve lI fubjecls, in a methodical and natural order, would make it more til and perfect. The Proprietor of this Treatife, having committed to my care this alteration with other improvements, I have ufed my utmoil diligence and attention herein; and hope a companion with the former editions, will give the Readei i fatisfketion in every thing that relates to me as the Editor. From the improvements mentioned in my Treatife of Magnetic Variations', it was the more eafy for me to judge what expreilions, or numbers, for the variation of the compais in this Treatife, were proper to be retained ; and wl alterations were necefiary, where the variation has altered conliderably, fince thefe works were firft. publiihed. Without this, a retention of the former number for the variations, would have made this work very imperfect. In fettling the longitudes of places mentioned in this Treatife, I have confulted the befr authorities, and raoft authentic aftronomical obfervations ; and fuppofed the prime or firft meridian, to be that palling through St. Paul's, London, (from which it has been long a cudom on board Engiiih fhips to reckon the longitude at lea, and probably will continue lb) : but, feeing that the tables i:i the Nautical Ephemeris are adapted to the meridian of Greenwich, and Greenwich is nearly 6 minutes of a degree of longitude eaff of London, it will be necefiary to make that allowance, in reducing the longitude from the meri- dian of one of thofe places to that of the other. The Charts which are appendant to this work, are publiffied under the following title ; namely, A New Directory for the Eaff-Indks, containiuo- general and particular chart*:, of the oceans, feas, ffraits, coafrs, iflands, cape?, gulfs, bays, harbours, rocks, lands, foundings, /.Manley Sect. CXCI. Page 155 *. Of Bencoolcn, Sillabar, Buffalo, and Manna Points. Of the Coaft, in Sailing from Bencoolen toward Mocha-Mocha. Sect. CXCII. Page ,157*. Of Single Demoon Point, Catown, and Siblat, Ippce, Bantall, 1 rederickett, and Mocha- Mocha. Of Iflands in the Indian Ocean, Sect. CXIII. Page j S 9 *• Of the Comero Iflands. Sect. CXCiV. Page 161*. Of the Baff'as de Palram, and Baffas de Amber. Sect. CXCV. Page 161 *. Directions for Ships bound to Bombay. Sect. CXCVT. Page 162* Cautions to be obferved in Sailing towad Bo. 1, bay. Of th Sedfons, Winds, and U \iher\ He. St. Aiiguftine's Bay; or Madagafcar and the Continent.', in all the .'■■ out s f the Tear. S~ct. v XC VU. Page 1 6a*. C I tiu V. mds a 1 Weither ; o the Soui •- u-Eail Mohfooas-. S.-cr.CX. MIL Page 164*. 01 '. . CXCIX, : ' - :o 5 * O . CC. Page 167*. c Sect. CGI. Page 167 ' . Capt. T tomas Meal's Account of Pafiage, in the Swift Grab, from Ben- coolen toward the Dalies de Chagos, and the Seychelle Iflands. Sect. CCII. Page 170. An Abflract of the Swift Grab's Joura 1! . from Bencoolen toward the Seycl Iflands. The be ft Methods and times for m Ships from Port to Port in India, in Confequence of the I Finds and Curie. 1 . Sect. CCIII. Page 176. From Bombay to the Red Sea, in November and December. Sect. CCIV. Page 176. From Aden to Mocha. Sect, CCV. Page 176. From Bombay to the P.ed Sea, hi January, February, March, arid April. Sect. CC VI. Page 177. From Mocha to Judda. Sect. CC VII. Face 178. From the Malabar Coaft to the Red 5ea. Sect. CCVIII. Page 178. From Surat and Bombay to Periia. Sect. CCVIX. Page 179. From the Malabar Cqaft to Peifia. Sect.CCX. Page 18'b. Of Working along Shore, near the Coafts ot Malabar and Periia. Sect. CCXI. Page 1 Si. In the Gulf of Periia, from October to March. Sect. CCXII. Page 182. The Cafe of the Graadifon, Ca^t. FentOD, and others, XV 1 CONTENTS. Sect. CCXIil. Page 183. From Bengal to the Coaft of^Coromafi- del, &c. inAugufi September, October, November, December, January, February, March, and April. "Sect.CCXIV. Page 189. From Bengal to Surat and Bombay, in Auguft, October, December, January, and March. Sect. CCXV. Page 198. From the Coromandel Coaft to Ben- gal, in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Auguft, September, and October. Sect. CCXVI. Page 207. Of Voyages from the China Seas, and other Eaftern Parts, to Bengal. Mr. Nich el ftm's Account of a PaJa%efrom Madrafs to and from the lftand "Diego Rayes, or Rodrigues, in the South-Weft ..." / Oil.' Sect. CCXVII. Page 210. Of the Paffage from Madrafs to the Illand Rodrigues. Sect. CCXVIII. Page 211. A Defcription of the Ifland Rodrigues. Sect. CCX1X. Page 215. Return from Rodrigues to Madras. Sect CCXX. Page 215. Of a paffage from Madras to Trinka- malay in the Ifland Ceylon, in order to fhun the petty Monfoon. Sect. CCXXI. Page 217. The Method of making a Paffage from Trinkamalay to Madras or any other part of the Coaft of Coromandel, in the North- 1 ..ft Monfoon. Sect. CCXXII. Page 217. A Defcription of Trinkamalay Bay, the Haibour of Back Bay, &c. Sect. CCXXHI. Page 219. -Directions for a Ship coming from the fouthward., bound into Trinquemalay or Trinkamalay Harbour. Sect. CCXXIV. Page 220. Directions for (hips coming from the northward, and bound into 1 rinkamalay Harbour. Sect. CCXXV. Page 221. ? larks for turning into Trinkamalay Harbour. Mr. Nichelfon's Directions for making a Paffage from the Coaft r/Corom:m:'cl to Bombay, in the South-Weft Monfoon. Sect. CCXXVI. Page 224. Of fhips ftretching off the Coaft nea 1 ' Madras. Sect. CCXXVII. Page 227. Directions for Ships bound to the Ma- labar Coaft from Acheen-Head. Sect. CCXXVUI. Page 227. Mr. Nichelfon's Defcription of the Road and Harbour of Bombay. Sect. CCXXIX. Page 223. Inftruclions for knowing the Land about Bombay Harbour. Sect. CCXXX. Page 229. Of the Dangers going into and out of Bombay Harbour. Sect. CCXXXI. Page 231. Directions for a large Ship to round the Roi of Old Woman's Ifland, into Bombay Road and Harbour. Sect. CCXXXII. Page 232. Directions for turning into Bombay Harbour. Sect. CCXXXIII. Page 233. Directions for {landing in toward the Eaftern ihorc of Bombay Harbour. Setc. C O N T E N 'V X. II Sect. CCXXXIV. Page 234. Marks (or anchoring in Bombaj Har- bour. Sect. CCXXXV. Page 235. Directions for Sailing out of Bombay Harbour. Sect, CCXXXVI. Page 236. Marks for coming into Bombay Har- bour in hazy Weather. Sect. CCXXXVII. Page 237? The fetting of the Tides, in and out of Bombay Harbour. Sect. CCXXXVIII. Page 237. Of Wooding and Watering at Bomba} ■ Sect. CCXXXIX. Page 238. Of Provifions and Refreshments at Bom- S ect.CC XL. Page 23 S. Other Directions for knowing theLand, going into Bombay Harbour. Sect. CCXLI. Page 240. Directions for (hips that are obliged to fail from Bombay in the Time of the South-Weft Monfoori, and bound to the Souhvaard. Sect. CCXLII. Page 243. Directions for Vifiagapatam Road. Sect. CCXLIII. Page 243. Directions for rounding the Reef off Point Pal miras, andfo into Ball afore Road, by Night or Day by Captain Jonathan Ranfon. . Sect. CCXLIV. Page 246. Directions for Sailing from Point de Gail to Cape Gomorin, or from Cane Go- morin, to Point deGall in either Morifoo.n. Mr. Nichelfon. Sect. CCXLV. Page 217. Directions for Coafting along Zeloan, fro:. I . 11 to Caltura, and crofting froratb C pe'Comorin.jintheNorth- EaftMonfoon. d Sect. CCXLi I. ' ftions for fbips boui bfCo 1 . and the Co Sect. CCXLV II. Page 2 . Directions for Sailing row ' • Indian Ocean, from the Nicobur If! Sect. GCXLVHI. Page 250. Directions for Sailing from the Coaft of Coromandel to the Coaft of Malabar, Ma- lacca, Batavia, and other Places. Sect. CCXL1X. Page 251. Dire6tions for Sailing from tire Coro- mandel Coaft to Acheen. Sect. CCL. Page 256. Directions for Sailing to different Places near the Gulf of Bengal, at different Sea- fons of the Year. Sect. CCLT. Page 259. Directions for Sailing from the Coro- mandel Coaft to Mergui, from the Be- ginning of Auguft to the Middle of Sep- tember. Sect. CCLIL Page 263. Directions tor Sailing into, and cominsr out of, the Bay of King's Ifknd. Sect. CCLIII. Paa-e 264. Directions for Sailing to and horn Mergui. Sect. CCLIV. Page 2 '6. Directions for Sailing from the Coro- mandel Coaft to Mergui and Junk-Se'ilon, in the North-Er.il M nl on. Sect. CCLV. P:> Directions for : idras to Pegu, in the ind Great Moi-foons. Sect. CCLV I. Page 272. The Situation of Ouras. General and Particular- DireB'wtsfi) S to, in, and from, the Eafl- Indies. Sect. CCLV II: Page 273. Directions for Sailing from die Lizard to XVJU CONTENTS. to the Ifland Madeira, the Canary Iflands, Cape de Verde Iflands, and the Equi- noctial Line. Sect. CCLVT1L Page 273*. Directions for Sailing into Porta-Praya Road, in the Ifland St. Jago. Sect. CCLIX. Page 274. Directions for Sailing round the Cape of Good Hope. Sect. CCLX. Page 278. Directions for going into Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope. Sect. CCLXI. Page 281. Directions for Sailing into Simon's Bay, on the Weftern Coaft of Falie Bay. Sect. CCLX1I. Page 283. Directions concerning the Cape of Good Hope and the Southemmoft Part of Africa. Sect. CCLXIII. Page 2S3. Directions for Sailing from off the Cape of Good Hope, toward the Inner Paflaee for India. Sect. CCLXIV. Page 284. Directions for proceeding toward the Inner Paflage, or between Madagafcar Africa. Sect. CCLXV. Page 286. Directions for avoiding the BalTas de India, Sect. CCLXVT. Page 288. Directions for making the Land of Madagafcar and St Auguftine's Bay. Sect. CCLXVII. Page 289. Directions for Sailing into St. Auguf- 's Bay. Sect. CCLXVIII. Page 292. Direalons for Ships that go the out- India ; or for thofe that d to China, through the Straits ofLombock, Bally, or Sunda : as com- municated to Mr. Nichclfon, by an expe- rienced Eaft-India Commander. Sect. CCLXIX. Page 294. Directions for the Straits of Lombock ; by the fame. Sect. CCLXX. Page 295. Directions for going through the Straits of Bally ; by the fame. Sect. CCLXXI. Page 297. Directions for the Back of Banca. Sect. CCLXXII. Page 297. Directions for the Straits of Sunda. Sect. CCLXXlIl. Page 298. Directions for Ships bound to India, or China, early in the Seafon. Sect. CCLXX1V. Page 299. Directions for Ships bound to India, palling the Cape of Good Hope, late in the Seafon. Sect. CCLXXV. Page 300. Directions for Sailing toward China, through the Straits of Sunda, Banca, -&c. Sect. CCLXXVI. Page 314. Directions concerning a Sand to the Weftward of the Two Brothers, on which the Sandwich was a-ground in 1749-50. Sect. CCLXXVII. Page 3 1 5. Directions for the Straits of Banca. Sect. CCLXXVIII. Page 320. Directions for Sailing from the Straits of Banca to Pulo Timoan. Scct. CCLXXIX. Page 322. Directions for Sailing from Pulo Con- dcre toward China, to the Eaftw aid of the Paracels. S^ct. CCLXXX. rage 329. Captain D'Auvergne's Account of the Ship Scarborough linking on the South CONTENTS. six South Maroona, off the Coaft of Luconia, September 12, 1748. Sect. CCLXXXI. Page 331. Directions for Sailing through the Straits of Sunda, to Bantam, or Batavia, in the Weftern Monfoon. Sect. CCLXXXII. Page 333. Directions for Sailing from Batavia to the Straits of Banca. Sect. CCLXXXIH. Page 333. Directions for Sailing from Pulo Sapata toward Canton in China, in the South- Weft Monfoon, and back again in the North-Eaft Monfoon. Sect. CCLXXXIV. Page 334. Prognoftic of a Tuffoon on the Coaft of China. By Antonia Pafcal de Rofa, a Portuguefe Pilot of Macao. Sect. CCLXXXV. Page 335. Directions for Sailing to Malacca from the weftward, in the wefterly Monfoons. Sect. CCLXXXVI. Page 342. Directions for Voyages to Malacca, in the Eafterly Monfoon. Sect. CCLXXXVII. Page 345. Directions for returning from Malacca to the Coaft of Coromandcl, Bengal, and other weftern Parts, at different Seafons of the Year. Sect. CCLXXXVIII. Page 346. Directions for Sailing from Malacca to Pulo Timoan, through Governor's Straits, commonly called the Straits of Sihcapour. Sect. CCLXXXIX. Page 356. Captain John Hallet's Directions for Sailing through the Straits of Dryon. Sect. CCXC. Page 353. Directions for Sailing from Pulo Ti- moan to Siam, in the Weftern Monfoons. Sect. CCXCI. Page 3 6r. Directions for returning fn n to Pulo Timoan, in the Eafterri Mont- Sect. CCXCII. Page 362. Directions for Sailing from Pulo Ti- moan to Pulo Condore, in the Weftern Monfoons. Sect. CCXCIII. Page 363. Directions concerning Pulo Condore. Sect. CCXCIV. Page 367. Directions for Sailing in the Wefterly Monfoons, from Siam to the River of Cambodia, Tonquin, and China, to the Weftward of the Paracels, along the Coaft of Cambodia, Tiiompa, and Cochinchina. Sect. CCXCV. Page 379. Directions concerning the Iflands lying off* the Coaft of Tiiompa. Sect. CCXCVI. Page 381. Directions concerning the Coafts of Tfiompa and Cochinchina. Sect. CCXCVII. Page 386. Directions for the Paflage to China, between the Bland Hai-Nan and the Paracels. Sect CCXCVIII. Page 389. Directions for Sailing from the Bland Sanciam, or St. John's, to Amoy ; with the Defcription of the Coaft of China, from one to the other. Page 302. Sect. CCXCIX. Directions for Sailing from Madras to Manilla, through the Straits of Malacca, in the South-Welt Monfoon. By Mr. Nichelfon. Sect. CCC. Pa«e 413. Directions for Ships boafod to Manilla, crofting the China Seas. Sect. XX CONTENTS. Sect. CCCI. Page 419. Direct i.. g from Manilla to the Sti Sinca] ir and Malacca, in the North-Eaft Monlbon. - Sect. CCCII. Page 430. Directions for Sailing from China to India, or Europe, through the Straits or Sunda. Sect. CCCHI. Page 438. Directions for Sailing from Bombay, or Surat, for China, through the Straits of Malacca. Sect. CCCIV. Page 439. Remarks made in Sailing from Bom- bay to the Cape of Good Hope through the Inner Paffage, or between Madagaf- car and the Coaft of Africa, By Mr. jn. Sect. CCCV. Page 446. Directions for Siding from the Cape of Good Hope to the Iflands St. Helena, Afcenfio'n, and from thence toward the Brhiih Channel. By the fame. Sect. CCCVI. Page 451. Directions to be obferved coming into the Englifh Channel. By the fame. APPENDIX. A'fhort A count of a Paffage fron China, &c. Page 455. Remarks for Gafpar Paffage, by Mr. Robertfon. Page .160. Remarks after pafling the SE Point of Banka, &c Page 462. Strait of Alias. Page 465. Account' of Bombay Ifland and Har- bour, by Mr. M Cluer. Page 467. Directions for navigating the Gulph of Cambay, by W. Auguftus Skynner. Page 472. Capt. Taylor's Remarks in the Ship Ceres. Page 476. Remarks on the Monfoon in the Bay of Bengal. Page 482. A New correct. Table of Latitudes and Longitudes. Page 484. , A Table of Latitudes and Lcn. with the Variations of the Compais, &c. Page 493. Obfervations of the Varitions of the Ccmpafs near Land, &c. Page 495. A NEW DIRECTORY FOR THE EAST INDIES, &c. I. Of the frjl Voyages from Europe toward the East Indies. -DEFORE the time the Portuguefe had doubled the Cape of Good-Hope, the advantage which a trade with the Eaftern nations in India would bring to Europe was little known ; and till that time they had only ventured along the coafts : the great difficulty which they imagined might happen in traverfingthe vaft Eaftern Ocean, made them abandon the projects which they had formed of vifiting thefe foreign places. Thofe nations who had their own intereft moft in view, were contented with drawing to themfelves the profit of the trade carried on with Afia, by means of the Red Sea, and the Perfiaa Gulf. Alexandria by this means was a very flourilhing place; out of the ruins of which, Venice has fmce been raifed from a fmall hamlet to one of the moft opulent ftates in Europe : there went yearly large fleets from thence to the coafts of Afia Minor and Egypt, where the Eaftern traders began to enjoy the great gains which they found arife from the exchange B given 2 A AVw Directory for the East-Indies. given for their goods by the weftern people. That wife republic, being convinced that fhe owed all her wealth to the fituation of the place, and fleets which were yearly fent out, took all the pahis poffible to improve it, and in time eftablifhed it fo well, as to oppofe the force of feveral powers joined together, at different times, with a defign to deftroy it. As the riches of India fpread themfelves over Europe, Europeans became defirous of having lettlements in a country, wherein Nature feemed prodigal in all things that might fatisfy mankind. The compafs being now in ufe, emboldened the mariner to leave the coafr; and being certain to return back to the fame place, he foon got the better of the obftacles which (according to the general opinion) ferved as hindrances to the ancients. Some Normans and Bifcayans having ventured to the Canary IfTands, about the end of the 14th century, and given an account of the beauty and fertility of them, a defire for new difcoveries became general. Excited by this motive, John de Bethencourt, accompanied by feveral other Normans, in the year 1401, ranged the coaft of Africa, as far as beyond Cape Non, made a defcent on the ifland Lacerotta, conquered and fortified it, but rinding himfelf too weak to fubdue the reft, returned to France to afk for affiftance. At that time, (about the end of the reign of Charles VI. and during that of Charles VII.) the troubles ■which were in the kingdom filled their minds, and they could not undertake a foreign expedition. Seeing then his endeavours were in vain, he addrefled himfelf to Henry III. of Caftile, who fupplied him with fufficient force to carry on his project, to get the fovereignty of thefe iflands, and the title of king, upon condition that he and his fucceflbrs fhould do homage to the crown of Caftile. While the chief maritime powers of Europe were lofing, by their divifions and wars, the advantages which might have been got by new fettlements abroad ;■ Portugal, one of the moft inconfiderable among them, put herfelf in a good condition to profit by it. Thev, as well as Spain, were long a prey to the incurfions of the Moors. This power was delivered firft from them, carrying their victorious arms even into thofe barbarous nations. The infant Don Henry III. fon of John I. king of Portugal, taking advantage of thefe favourable circumflances, laid the foundation of the glory which in after-ages his nation fo defervedly gained. This prince was not only dii'tinguiihcd from other men by his fuperior genius, but alfo by his virtue and bravery : his love for the fciences evidently appeared, by his encouraging men of learning with his favour and libcrallity. He founded feveral Of the fir jl Voyages from Europe toward the East-Indies. 3 feveral Academies for the inftru&iori of youth, and gave part of his revenue for their fupport : in fhort, never did prince mew himfelf more attached to the love of arts and fciences than he did. Far from employing the leiiure hours which the tranquility of his kingdom afforded him, in pleufure and diverfions, he betook himfelf to ftudies of different kinds, of which mathe- matics was the chief. He quitted the court that he might give himfelf up entirely to fcience, retired to one of his country leats, near the little town of Sagres, by Cape St. Vincent, and being accompanied by learned men, he executed all the projects which he had before begun, endeavouring chiefly to perfect himfelf in navigation. The notions which he had of geography, together with the converfation of fome Moors, who had penetrated very far into Africa, gave him a very favourable opinion of the fettlements that might be made on thefe coafls. Full of thefe hopes, the prince thought he could do no better for his kingdom, which was confined within very narrow limits, than to increafe his power and wealth by new difcoveries, and foreign fettlements. Thefe advantages, however great they might appear, were not the only ones which determined him : animated with a zeal for his religion, he was glad of an opportunity to propagate it, by converting many millions from Idolatry and Mahometanifm. The great ignorance of navigators at that time was the leaft obftacle which that prince got the better of. In order to difpofe their minds for enterprifes cf this kind, he was under the neceffity of deftroying their notions of the globe being divided into five zones, which do&rine the ancient geographers had eftablifhed. Between thefe zones, they reckoned only two temperate or habi- table ; they thought thofe near the poles were inacceffible, by reafon of the great cold at all times ; and the torrid zone as a region of fire, where all was burnt up by the heat of the fun. This opinion, however ridiculous it now appears, was then the eftablifhed doctrine : from thence proceeded the fears, and chime- rical notions, which prevented them from making new difcoveries. Notwith- ftanding the pains he took to get good feamen and the beft of pilots, yet moft of them, intimidated by the leaft appearance of danger, returned home ; others contented themfelves with landing on the coaft of AfricJ, on this fide Cape Non, where they ended their voyage: fo that he faw himfelf fruftrated, for feveral years, in the hopes he had entertained of the fuccefs of his enterprife. But this did not make him quit his defign, nor difcontinue mildnefs towards his captaixis; concealing his difcontent, he encouraged them by his promifes. B 2 II. Of 4 f thefe, there D has 1 8 A New Directory for the East-Indies. has been a neceflity to have recourfe to the working of fhips tracks : but to fupply the defecl of this method, the lhorteft voyages have been- ufed, as they are lefs liable to errors ; likewife, thofe journals whofe obferved latitudes, and latitudes by account, agreed bed with each other ; alio, thofe made at the be°;innin«; and toward the end of the monfoon. Out of a great number of journals, (having made choice of thofe which were found moil: correct, and reducing their tracks as above mentioned, the following diftances have been found. From Cochien to Cape Guardafoy the courfe is W 4? 2>°' N. 466 leagues, which gives 23? 40' difference of longitude. Now the longitude of the former being 73? 40', that of Cape Guardafoy muff, therefore be about 50?' By another operation the Eafl-moff. point of the Ifland Soccatra bore from Cochien W 1 6? N. 408 \ leagues, which makes the difference of longitude 20? 40',. by which that point mult lie in 55? And as the difference between that point and Cape Guardafoy is 3? there remains 50? for the longitude of the latter ; as in the prefent charts. From Bombay to Cape Guardafoy, two fhips made their courfe S 68? 30' W. and S 69? 30' W. the medium being S 69? W. cuts the parallel of 11? 45', which is the latitude of the Cape, in 50? of longitude as before. In like manner Cape Aden bears from Cochien W 4? N. 584I leagues. From Mount Dilla, on the Malabar coafr, in latitude I2?3'N. and 72? 39' longitude, to the above-mentioned cape, it is W 1? N. 558 \ leagues. From Cape St. John to the Burnt Ifland or Garbora, S 68? 30' W. 482 leagues. By the two former, Cape Aden lies in longitude 43? 58', or 6? %' W. from Cape Guardafoy %, and by the latter, 46? &' is the longitude of Burnt Ifland. In this place it may not be improper to take notice of two errors in the ancient charts of this part of the entrance of the Red-fea. The nrfl of theie is in the diftance between Cape Guardafoy and Cape Aden ; Peter Goos and the Englifh Pilot making it from 85 to 86 leagues, whereas it is 120. The other, is in the latitude of the Arabian coait, near Maculla ; the fituation whereof is 47' more Southerly than thofe authors have placed it, Peter Goos makes the difference of longitude between Goa and Cape Guardafoy 22? 37', inflead of 21? 25'. If you confult the tables of latitude and longitude at the end of the Englifh Pilot, you will find the difference between Goa and Cape Guardafoy is 12? 40'.. This mult be a miftake, as there the longitude of Goa is 79? 50', and that of Cape Guardafoy 58? \d Ea Award from the Lizard ; fo that the difference between them is 21? 40'. The error appears 10 have rifen from counterchanging the figures of the degrees. Of the Bparings of Places in the East-Indies. iq degrees. By this, Cape Guardafoy will lie in 40? 45' Eaft Longitude from the Obfervatory at Paris. Edward Wright places this cape in 52? 25' from the meridian of London, which agrees exactly with the belt charts. After giving Cape Aden a proper fituation from Cape Guardafoy, the different parts of the Arabian coaft are placed according to their respective bearings and diftances ; and fo by continuing that method, Cape Rozal^at is found in longitude 37? 30' E. of Paris, which confirms the reckonings of the lhips from Goa, Bombay and Cape St. John, to this cape. The chart of the Gulph of Perfia, in this collection, is looked upon by the mod experienced navigators to be the raoft correct and exact of airy yet publifhed. That part of the general chart, which contains the coaft of Perfia, from Cape Jafques to the Gulf of Guzurar, inclufive, is from the Englifh charts, their trade from the river Sinde making them better acquainted with thefe parts than any other nation. The condruction of the other general chart is founded upon better prin- ciples, becaufe, in fixing the chief places, agronomical obfervations made at Pondicherry, Malacca, Siam, Pulo Condore, and Canton, have been applied for regulating the fituation of places near them. Having regulated the coaft of Coromandel, Golconda, Sec. agreeable to the longitude of Pondicherry, the Kail coaft of the Gulf of Bengal becomes regulated alfo. The coaft of Malayo, Queda, Tenaflerim, and Pegu, are drawn from feveral correct plans of thofe parts. There is nothing now remains, with regard to the Gulf of Bengal, but the determination of the NW. part of the Ifland Sumatra, on which depend thofe of the Nicobars, and other adjacent iflands. This is of lb much the more importance, as thefe places are generally made by fhips paffing and rcpaffing the Straits of Malacca. It is by the calculation of a. feries of triangles made by the bearings and differences of latitude of feveral remarkable objects, lying between Malacca and Acheen, that the longitude of the latter is 95? 34' E. from London, and its latitude, according to the obfervations made there, 5? 24' N. The cor- rectnefs of this pofition may be depended on, if it be confidered that the feveral objects above mentioned are ib fituated as to be feen at the fame time, or to have them bearing in one. Though the feveral bearings may be hereby pretty exactly determined, efpeciallv with a Knight's comoafs, yet for want of the true diftances, in a feries of triangles, the error in both latitude and longitude will be considerable, D z in 20 A New Directory for the East-Indies. in proportion to their number ; as is evidently the cafe here, with regard to the latitude of the iflands encompafling Acheen. The error of Peter Goos, in his pofition of Goa, muft neceffarily extend to all parts of India, fuppofing their refpedtive diftances were exact. We will now examine the different fituation of fome particulars. The longitude, 28' E. of Pondicherry, is 78? E. from Paris, and that part of the coaft, he makes 102? io'E. from Teneriff, equal to 84? io' from Paris, differing only 6? 10' inftead of 7? 30', from Goa, whereby the dif- ference of the meridians of thefe two cities, whereon the breadth of Indoflan depends, is 1? 20' lefs than it mould be. Malacca is placed in the fame chart in longitude 122? 30' from Teneriff: the difference is 4? 45' inftead of 6? io', which it would have been, if the difference of meridians between Pondicherry and Malacca had been conformable to the difference by the obfervations. Therefore P. Goos has made the meridian diftance between thefe two places 31] leagues, or 1? 35' lefs than it mould be. This error affedts particularly the breadth of the Gulf of Bengal, between Acheen and Pondicherry, which the fame author has made 13? 5 3' inftead of 15? 14', as it is made by working the bearings and diftances of Acheen from Malacca. The plain chart in the Endilh Pilot is ftili lefs exact. The Dutch having fettlements on the Weft coaft of Sumatra, have cau fed to be made new charts thereof; from them thefe are conftrucfed. But here is an entire new one for Java Bland from the Dutch, rectifying the latitude and bearings of feveral places on the South coaft, according to the obfervations of feveral able navigators ; only the exact, longitude of fome place is neceffary, whereby to regulate that of others refpeclively. An obfervation at Batavia has been applied, and of great fervice. This remote city is the moft con- fiderable of the European fettlements in that part of the Southern hemisphere. Its longitude has of late been exa&ly found : that of 98? 30', inferted in the Ephemerides of M. Defplaces, cannot be right, nor is it adopted by any modern geographer. To confirm its fituation then, it will be neceflaiy to have recourfe to experiments made ufe of for the pofition of Acheen, making Malacca the ftandard. In order to render this pofition the more exatt, it is neceffary to have re- courfe to the former method, for determining the longitude of Acheen. Thefe gave the true fituation of the intervening places, the errors thereof in former charts, and the means of correcting them. For this purpofe, the ieveral charts of the Eaftern part of the Straits of Malacca have been com- plied with the memoirs, instructions, and journals relating thereto. The Of the Bkaiungs o/Places in the East-Indies. zi The infhuclions in the Englifh Pilot feem tolerably good in fome places ; but their incorrectnefs upon the whole will foon be difcovcrcd, on examining whether the places fituatcd between them (Malacca and Batavia) are placed according to their true bearings and diftance, and whether the account con- tained therein be natural. That chart is yet more erroneous in refpeft to the iflands lying to the Northward of the Straits of Banca : moil of the journals of voyages to China take notice thereof, and experience hath made it clear ; fo that fuch a chart is not at all preferable to a number of other manufcripts, which raife one's indignation, on account of the carelefihefs and ignorance of copyifts. Batavia ferves to fix the longitude of all the. iflands Eaftward of Java, as far as New-Holland : the Iflands of Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas, are alfo adjufted by it. With regard to their pofition otherways, the Dutch charts have been confulted. The fituation of Juthia, capital of the kingdom of Siam, in latitude 14? 1 8' N. and 98? 30' E. longitude from Paris, having been regulated by fo many correfponding obfervations, there remains no doubt of its exactnefs. By it the Gulph of Siam, and the Iflands Timoan and Condore, at the extremes of the mouth thereof, are adjufted. The firfr. is placed, according to its latitude and bearings with Point Romanic, at the Eaft end of the Straits of Malacca ; the fecond, by the aftronomical obfervations of P. Gaubil, in latitude 8? 40' N. and longitude 105? E. from Paris. The places thus fixed, the Weftern coaft of the Gulph is adjufted by Pulo Timoan and Juthia ; as the Eaftern is by Juthia and Pulo Condore. The Gulph of Tonquin is fo little frequented by Europeans, that but little could be met with better on the lubjccl than the ancient charts, and fome remarks made whilft that navigation fubfifted. As to the Ifland Hai-nan, and the coaft of China, to the Macao Iflands, included, M. D'Anville, according to the defcription of the Jefuits, have been followed, being of opinion that thefe fathers, who were employed by the Emperor of China to make maps of the different provinces, muft be fuppofed thereby to have had a better opportunity of defcribing the coaft than navigators. The fituation of Canton is as well confirmed as that of Juthia, by aftronomical obfervations ; fo that Macao and the adjacent iflands are well regulated thereby. Peter Goos placing Siam or Juthia in longitude 104? 5c/, differs 6? 20' fiom the obfervations, which ib 1° 35' more than the difference of Malacca. Ic 2t A New Directory for the East-Indies. It is lefs with regard to Pulo Condore, the fame author making its longitude but 4? 55' more than it is. In placing Canton in 134? 43', or 116? 4', from Paris, it differs juft 6? from its true pofition. Hence it follows, from the two hit. companions, that the Dutch charts have placed Canton 1? %' further to the Eaftward of Pulo Condore than it really is. It is to this, and not to the currents, that navigators ought to attribute the difference they have experienced in their departure from Pulo Condore to Macao ; for, although moil make ufe of manufcript charts, (very neceflary for navigating in thefe feas) they moitly have this error ; and although there have been the helps of agronomical obfervations for fome time, yet the authors of them had rather copy the defect than correct it. The En glim Pilot puts Canton 7? 30' Eaft of Pulo Condore ; this is 1? 37' too much. This is fufficient to prove the new charts better adapted to the ufe of navigation. The coafr. of China, from Macao to Amoy, including Formofa, is taken from a manufcript chart, agreeing with the courfes and remarks of thofe who have frequented this coafl. The Phillippine Hands are more particular than any of the former ones, being drawn from a furvey of thefe lflands, made by the command of the viceroy of Manilla, and engraved here in the year 1734. As to the lituation of that citv, in latitude 14? 3c/ North, and longitude 118? it agrees with that inferted in the Connoifiance des Temps. The reciprocal fituation of the SW. point Of the Ifland Pa'ragoa, and that of the North point of Borneo, cannot be right in the other charts, unlets you allow the former a greater length and different bearings; but there niult be new furvey s made before that can be corrected. Moil navigators perfuade themfelves that the charts on a large fcale are preferable to others, efpecially for coaiting ; and make no fcruple to enlarge the very fmall ones ; becaufe places would be con fu fed or imperceptible, if thev were omitted in the fmall ones. By fuch omiffions ihips are expofed to dangers, lo much the more to be feared as they are unknown. In other words thus : clangers being omitted in charts on a large fcale, caufeth the navigator to conclude there are none, and thereby puts him off his guard. Thefe forts of charts are fo multiplied, that it requires a particular ftudy to diffinguiih the copies from the originals. IX. The ( *3 ) IX. 1'he Construction ami Cause of the Winds, as they depend immediately on the Aclion of the Sun. Since the heat of the fun raifcth and fupporteth the air, ami the air being intermixed with aqueous exhalations and vapours, and put in motion in al- moft an horizontal direction, forms the wind blowing, as it is ufually termed, in that direction ; it follows, that the fun, by continually throwing his rays on the air and circumambient vapours of the earth and fea, muft have fome power for forming the winds, and giving them particular directions at dif- ferent times and places. There have been different fuppofitions made by philofophcrs concerning the exact manner how the minuter particulars of the air and atmofphere are effected in the production of thefe phenomena, and fome difputes have arifen concerning them ; but the beft reafoners on this iubject, amongft whom is M. Leibnetz, a famous foreigner, have given their opinions nearly as follows. Since air is an elaftic fluid, and its particles do freely intermix with watry particles and vapours, and thefe are copioufly contained in the lower parts of the region of the air, near the furface of the earth and fea ; and farther, fince it is the natural confequence of air and vapours to expand by heat ; it there- fore follows, that the particles of the atmofphere, from the higheft to the lowed part thereof, do endeavour to expand and enlarge themfelves, by the elaftic power contained in them, when they are expofed to the presence and heat of the fun. It is farther obfervable, that in fuch a conjeries of globular vapours, each of them may have its internal or central part replete with matter fpecirically lighter than the external cruft or fhell ; on which account the globular vapour may be fpecifically lighter than a globular vapour of the fame dimenfions that is formed of true permanent air itfelf ; and therefore it may become fit for the formation of wind ; or, what amounts to the fame thing, it may be eafily obftru&ed or put in motion horizontally by any fmall external power acting upon it. X. Of the apparent diurnal Motion of the Sun. It is manifeft from obfervations, that the fan appears fir ft in the morn- ing of every day toward the eaft, and difappears in the evening toward the weft, 24- A New Directory for the East-Indies. weft, as viewed from all places on land or at Tea. This is called the appa- rent motion of the fun from eaft to weft, performing one whole revolution of 360 degrees, to appearance, in the fpace of 24 hours. Near the 20th of of March, and 20th of September, this motion is nearly in the arch of the great circle which is equidiftant from the earth's northern and fouthern poles ; and therefore the fun is then faid to move in the equator, or over the earth's equinoctial line. But the laws of the folar fyftem being fuch, that near the 20th of June, the fun is apparently 23 degrees and a half north of the equator, and near the 20th of December 23 degrees and a half fouth of the equator, a viciflitude or change of the feafons, from fpring to fummer, autumn, and winter, is afforded for both the northern and fouthern inhabitants of the earth. Thefe two apparent motions, the diurnal from eaft to weft, and the annual from north to fouth, and from fouth to north, have no hiconiiderable fhare in producing that variety in (ome cafes, and conftancy in others, which are obferved in the winds of the Torrid Zone. XI. Of the perpetual Trade-Winds, that blow from East to West, in the Torrid Zone. In the Torrid Zone, where the fun's apparent motion over the inhabitants is almoft in a vertical manner, riling nearly eaft, and fetting nearly weft, and his rays at noon fall nearly perpendicularly in a compact m inner, and the fun-burnt earth neither overloads them with moifture, nor v ..v ualiry of the lea makes reliftance to their operation, the wind muft tx nd univerfal, tending diurnally to the weft, and annually towards the n rth and fouth ; and its motion muft be purfuant thereto, as long as the obviating coafts and mores will permit the air to move the fame way, without any deflection, or impediment of fome other kind. Dr. Halley demonftrates, that it neceilarily depends on the diurnal courfe of the fun: thai the air, winch is lefs rarefied by his heat, and more pon- derous, muft have motion towards thofe parts which are more rarefied and [( ponderous, to bring it to an equilibrium. Again, the prefence of the fun continually miffing to the weftward, that part to which the air tends, by reafon of the rarefaction made by his greateft meridian heat, is carried weftward, and consequently the tendency of the w i.ole body of the lower air is that way. Hence Of the perpetual Trade-Winds. 2 j Hence is formed a general wind, blowing weftwardly, which being imprcflcd upon all the air of a vaft ocean, the parts impel one the other, and fo keep moving till the next return of the fun, whereby fo much of the motion as was loft, is again reftored ; and thus the wind is made perpetual. XII. Why the Winds blow North-wejlwardly or South-wefwardly ; alfo, the Cause of Calms at particular Places in the Oceans. From the fame principles, Dr. Halley tells us, it follows, that this wind mould, on the north fide of the equator, blow from the northward of the eaft, and, in fouth latitude, from the fouthward thereof, while the fun is upon or near the line ; the air being there more rarefied, and his motion fwifter, than at any diftance from it. Thefe motions, by his account, being fuperadded to the former wind, anfwer all the phenomena of the general trade-winds. Such is the tendency of the general trade-winds, near the line, while the {m\ is near the equator, as Dr. Halley has clearly demonftrated. Hence it is, that when the fun is near his greateft declination north, the winds to the northward of the line afford ftronger and freftier gales, by the fun's prefence there, and his quick apparent diurnal motion to the weft ward ; the air being there more rarefied, and his motion fwifter than at greater diftances north and fouth of the equinoctial. But wherever the fun is vertical, it generally produces fqualls and rain, more or lefs, according to the fituation of the place. Again, when the fun is in the northern hemifphere, the winds to the fouthward of the line are drawn even acrofs the line into north latitude. This effect has the fun over the winds between the Coaft of Guinea and the Weft-India Iflands. When the fun is in the fouthern hemifphere, and near the fouthern tropic, then are the winds to the fouthward of the equator ftronger by the fun's prefence there ; and the winds to the northward of the line are drawn even acrofs the line, into fouth latitude. This effett has the fun over the winds between the Coaft of Brafil and the Coaft of Angola. Hence it is that twelve degrees, viz. fix on each fide of the line, are commonly afligned for the fpace of tranquillity or calms, occafionally produced by the fun's declination, fome- times to the northward and at others to the fouthward of the line ; and the calms upon the line are moft likely to happen when the fun is upon the line, or within a few degrees on either fide of it. E Although 26 A New Directory for the East-Indies. Although geographers commonly allow twelve degrees for tranquillity, the fun's tropical declination being extended more than twenty-three degrees, this- more than doubly fufficeth to draw the faid vacuity from one fide of the line to the other, with an half-yearly viciilkude, as is rnanifeft from obfervations. XIII. Of Winds from 30 to 50 Degrees o/*North or South Latitude. The wind, by adhering to the fun's diurnal courfe, upon its advance to- twenty-eight or thirty degrees of either latitude, blows to the wefhvard per- petually, efpecially at fea, where no land impediments fall in its way, either to obftruct or divert it. Yet, from twenty-eight to thirty degrees of either latitude, there being a fpace of two degrees tranquillity intermediating between the faid north and fouth-eafterly winds, it muft need ftagnate into a calm of fo confiderable a breadth ; and this may juftly be termed the Shifting line of the Winds from eaft to weft. This vacuity of two degrees may be faid to hinder the faid op- pofite fluxes of air from approaching each other : hence it is, that the fame wind was firft carried wefterly by the diurnal courfe of the fun, and fecondly declined, by his annual motion, more north and fouth, thirdly, is often deflected more obliquely by the inclinations of the fhores, and fourthly,, is returned back again, periodically or perpetually, from near the oppoiite points by the fea's iituation, which is finally (by the concurrence of its flux underneath) carried perpetually quite contrary to the diurnal courfe of the fun. XIV. Of the Line in which the Winds_/t ft themfeives without the To rrid Zone. From thirty to fifty degrees of either latitude, there is a periodical or per- petual wefterly wind blowing from the fouth-weft to north-weft, according" to the different fcafons of the year, it being always influenced by the fun. In the northern hemifphere, when the funs pre fence is there, the winds are generally from weft to fouth-weft ; but, when the fun is abfent from that hemifphere, the winds are generally from weft to north-weft, accom- panied wjth frequent ftorms, the influence of the fun drawing the winds from the northern to the fouthern hemifphere. Such are the winds in the Weftern, Ocean between North America and Europe. Li Of the Line in which the Winds/'//? without the Torrid Zone. 27 la the fouthcm hemifphere, when the fun's prcfence is there, 'the winds are generally from weft to north-weft ; but when the fun is abfent from that hemifphere, the winds are generally from weft to fouth weft, accompani ed with ftorms and bad weather ; the influence of the fun drawing the wind from the fouthern to the northern hemifphere. Such are the winds in the Ethiopic Ocean, between the Coaft of Brand and Cape of Good Hope, to the Coaft of New Holland. In the aforefaid fpace, from thirty to fifty degrees of either latitude, the wefterly winds are either periodical or perpetual, according to the fea's fituation. XV. A general Account of the Trade-Winds, and their Jbifting, by Dr. Halley. " In the Indian Ocean the winds are partly general, as in the Ethiopic Ocean partly periodical ; that is, half the year they blow one way, and the other half near upon the oppofite points ; and thefe points and times of fhiftin°- are different in different parts of the ocean : the limits of each track of fea, fubjeft to the fame change or motion, are certainly very hard to determine ; but the diligence (fays he) I have ufed to be rightly informed, and the care I have taken therein, have in a great meafure furmounted that difficulty ; and I am perfuaded that the following particulars may be relied on. " 1 ft, That between the latitudes of ten degrees and thirty fouth, between Madagafcar and New Holland, the general trade-wind, about fouth-eaft by eaft, or eaft fouth-eaft, is found to blow all the year long, to all intents and purpoies, after the fame manner as in the fame latitudes in the Ethiopic Sea. " 2dly, That the aforefaid fouth-eaft winds extend to within two deo-rees o of the equator, during the months of May, June, July, &c. to November ; at which time, between the fouth latitudes of three and ten decrees, beine near the meridian of the north end of Madagafcar, and between two and twelve, fouth latitude, being near Sumatra and Java, the contrary winds from the north-weft, or between the north and weft, fet in and blow ftronsr, accompanied with dark rainy weather, for half a year, viz. from the beginning of November to April ; and this monfoon is obferved as far as the Molucca Iflfes'j " 3dly, That to the northward of two degrees, fouth latitude, over the whole Arabian or Indian Sea, and the Gulf of Bengal, from Sumatra to the Coaft of Africa, there is another monfoon, blowing from October to April, E 2 upon A Nezv Directohy yor the East-Indies. u r ja the north-eaft points; but, iii the I other half year, from April to October, upon the oppoiite points of the fouth-weft and weft fouth-weft, and that with rather more force than the other, accompanied with dark rainy weather ; whereas the north-eaft blows clear. It is likewife to be noted, that the winds are not fo conftant, either in ftrength or point, in the Gulf of Bengal, as they are in the Indian Sea, where a certain and fteady gale fcarce ever fails : it is alio remarkable, that the fouth-weft winds in thofe feas are generally more foutherly on the African fide, and more wefterly on the Indian. " 4thly, That, as an appendix to the laft-defcribed monfoon, there is a track of fea to the fouthward of the equator, fubjecl: to the fame changes of the winds, viz. near the African Coaft, between it and the Ifland of Madagafcar,. or St. Laurence, and from thence northward as far as the line ; wherein,, from April to October, there is found a conftant frefh fouth,- and fouth fouth- weft wind, .which, as you go more northerly, becomes ftill more and more wefterly, fo as to fall in with the weft fouth-weft 'winds mentioned before, in thofe months of the year, to be certain, to the northward of the equator." Thus far Dr. Halley. In the other months of the year, that is, from November to April, in the beforemcntioned track of fea, to the fouthward of the equator, and between Madagafcar and the Continent, there are found two very different and oppofite winds, viz. from the equator to the north end of Madagafcar, the north-eaft monfoon blows frefh and fteady gales ; between Madagafcar and Mofambique, and as far to the fouthward as St. Auguftine's Bay, or the fouthern tropic, the winds are from north-weft to north and north-eaft, with frequent ftorms and dark rainy weather. Thefe winds reach as far as the fouthern tropic, where they are met by the foutherly or fouth-eaft winds, which blow at the fouth end of Madagafcar at all times of the year : and they blow very ftrong at this feafon of the year. Thefe foutherly or fouth-eaft winds, forcing themfclves to the northward between Madagafcar and the Continent, and meeting the ftrong north-eaft, north, or north-weft winds, repel each other with great fury : this occalions terrible ftorms and tempefts. The fouth-eaft or foutherly winds generally carry it againft the northerly winds, efpccially to the fouthward of the fouthern tropic, where the fouth- eaft, fouth, or fouth-weft winds blow all the year. From October to April, the fouth and fouth-eaft winds moftly prevail from the fouth end of Madagafcar, all along the coaft of Africa, quite to the Cape A general Account of the Trade-Winds. 29 Cape of Good Hope, where the fouth-eaft winds blow very ftrong, and are conftant at this feafon of the year. From the faid Cape to St. Helena the iouth-eaft winds blow a freih and fteady gale, and thence to the equator. XVI. Of the Shifting Trade-Winds, and their Dependence en the Sun's Declination, and how they are in the Arabian Sea. So ftrictly does the mutual concourfe of the north and fouth-eafterly trade- winds obierve the equator, while the fun's diurnal motion is near the line ; but, when his annual declination withdraws his vertical rays, and the air grows cooler in his abfence, the direction of the faid winds, following clofe to his greateft meridional heat, muft allb decline with him into the lame latitude, whether it be to the north or fouth ; and thofe winds muft make their half-yearly returns of fummer and winter alternately on each fide of the equator. Befides, the faid fpace of rarefied air, ftill attending the fun's declination fucceffively towards each of the tropics, and ftill intermediating between the faid north and fouth-eafterly winds, muft needs ftagnate into a calm of fo confiderable a breadth, on each fide of that fhifting line defcribed by the fun's declination, as to hinder the faid oppofite flux of air from approaching each other at their congrefs, this geographers commonly affign for a track of ten degrees of tranquillity. The fun's tropical declination being extended to twenty-three degrees and 4, it more than doubly fufficeth to draw the faid vacuity from one fide of the line to the other, with an half-yearly viciffitude. The Arabian Gulf, or that part of the Indian Sea which the faid fhifting north and fouth-eafterly winds chiefly effect, being near the equinoctial, it concurs very opportunely with the motion of the fun, either to remove them all alternately out of that compafs, as not exceeding ten degrees on the fouth of the equator, and twelve degrees to the northward of that line ; or, at leaft, to abate their force in fuch meafure, that they cannot refift the fouth and north-wefterly monfoons, which of courfe fucceed them from the oppofite points every half-year, at their refpective feafons, in order to fupply the vacui- ties left behind them. Hence it comes to pafs, that the north and fouth-eaft trade-winds never blow both at once within the compafs of the gulf or fiea aforefaid ; the one being no fooner drawn off by the fun's declination, than the other is brought on again by its own weight, to fill up the vacuity left on the other fide of the equator. So it happens in April, when the fun, having pafie'd the line into the 30 A New Directory for the East-Indies. the northern figns, at once carries off the north-eaft trade-wind or monfoon from it, and draws thither the fouth-eaft wind after it ; which, from the fituation of the aforefaid lea or gulf, turns it to the fouth and fouth-weft, and, having repalTed it again to the fouthward, brings thofe winds back again, and lb carries them backward and forward ; the one towards the line, and the other forwards it, by an half year viciilitude. It is father obfervable, that thofe eafterly trade-winds, and wefterly mOn- foons, which happen at the fame time, blow jointly either towards the north or fouth ; fo from April to October, they both blow to the northward, pur- fuant to the fun's declination. On the contrary, they jointly, from October to April, attend his prefence in the fouth. Therefore the wefterly monibons, inafmuch as they blow north and fouth, are as effectually influenced by the annual courfe of the fun, as the eafterly trade- winds are to blow hither or thither at the fame feafon. Hence it comes again topafs, that the laid fouth-eafterly winds, as Dr. Halley obferves, extend from the aforefaid ten degrees fouth latitude, near the equator, during the months of May, June, &c. to October, while the fun remains to the northward of the line, to draw them thitherwards. On the contrary, that there is blowing a north-eaft wind for the other half-year, from November to April, the fun being on that fide of the line to attract it. Now why, or how, thofe two eafterly trade-winds, fo intermixing, mould each be fupplied for its refpective half-year by a wefterly monfoon from the oppolite point, and to afllgn a caufe able to produce fo conftant an effect, leaves a phenomena of the fhiftinsr trade-winds unaccounted for. o XVII. How the South and North -Western Monsoons are refpeC.:.dy / regulated in the Arabian Sea. Having fhewn in the former, that the fouth-eafteilv wind, which blows perpetually from thirty to ten degrees of the fame latitude, is drawn eight degrees nearer the line, on the caft tide of the Arabian Bay, from Apnl to October, by the fun's declination northward; and that the fouth-weft monfoon, Iv virtue of his laid declination, blows to the northward at the lame time ; let us fee how it acquires a wefterly turn, by the faid bay's fituation on that fide. 1 [ere it is obferveable, Firft, that the African fhores, which coaft the ocean towards the weft, cl eaft-northcrly from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Corientes ; and from Of the Monsoons in the Arabian Sea. jt from thence it tends north-eafterly from Cape Corientes all along the equator, and beyond it to the bottom of the faid bay, the land being high for the mod part ; and the fea-winds being a heavy meteor, muft confequcntly, as ftrictly obferve their direction, as rivers do the banks which bound them. The winds mufl follow as far as they reach, efpecially at that feafon ; becaufe a ponderous load of winterly air, and foul weather, drives them thither- ward with more vehemency (as Dr. Halley takes notice) than any other winds that trade in thofe leas. Moreover, it is evident from experience, that in the winter feafon, whether ftormy or otherwile, the winds generally follow the direction of the coaft or fhores. From the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Corientes jt is moftly from weft to fouth-weft ; and from Cape Corientes to the equator, it is moftly fouth fouth-weft, as the coaft or fhore lies. Befides, the faid fouth ocean (whofe fuperficies fuftains that fouth-weft wind all the while) fending its tide directly northward to the faid bay, and its being contracted on that fide by the inclining fhore, the flux of its coafting current muft be proportion ably haftened, and confequcntly communicate to the fuperincumbent fouth- wefterly monfoon a more fixed and fteady deter- mination : this drives its flux as deep into the bay as it went before. In confequence whereof it is obferved, that a conftant current of the fea, for all that track from Madagascar to the equator, entering the fouth-weft corner of the Indian Ocean, (where the monfoon s firft begin to fhiftj carries the fuperincumbent air along with it down into the Arabian Gulf; and, as Dr. Halley affirms, a conftant frefh fouth-wefterly wind, blowing along that coaft on both fides the line, which, the further you go northerly, ftill blowing more wefterly, falls in (fays he) with the fouth-wefterly monfoon, or rather gives it a beginning, by falling in with it in April, and ending with it in October. This plainly demonftrates, that they compofe, and become, as it were, the fame undifcontinued flood of water and wind conjoined, without any diftinction, while the fun's north declination encourages the fouth-weft wind to blow, and withdraws that north-eafterly wind, which otherwile would oppofe it. This monfoon blows more foutherly on the African fhore, and more weft- erly on the Indian ; and further to the northward it blows more wefterly. Hence it comes to pafs, that the fouth-weft monfoon being derived from the joint current of wind and water aforefaid, and following the fouth-weft- erly direction of the African Shore, which contracts and enforces it both by land and fea, having palled the equator, its proper limit is the bottom of the Arabian 32 A New Directory for the East-Indies Arabian Bay ; whereas the fouth-eaft trade-wind, which blows at the lame time on the fouth fide of the line, never reacheth it, for want of the like afliftance from any more, or current to help it forward ; but on the contrary falls (hort of its natural courfe at leaft two or three degrees, being repulfed by the contrary motion of the wind and fea. To derive the north-weft monfoon regularly from the fame fource, or current of water refluxed, which brought the other monfoon directly from the fouth- weft ; it is to be noted, that the bay wherein they are both propa- gated is of a triangular figure, the fubtenfe of whofe north angle, pointing dire&ly eaft and weft, feparates the faid bay, on the fouth, from the wide ocean, with a barrier compofed of ifles and mallows ; whereon the faid fouth- wefterly current falling obliquely, and entering into the gulf at its fouth - weft angle, it is reflected from near the corner thereof, toward the other end of the faid barrier, where the ftream refunds it again, by an eafterly outward- bound paifage, into the ocean whence it came ; drawing the incumbent north-weft monfoon after it from October to April, its proper feafon. Conformable to the fcheme of the fouth-wefterly flux, and north-wefterly reflux, of the faid current, Dr. Halley affures us, that a frefh wefterly wind attends it down the bay, in which, the further you go northerly it ftill blows more wefterly, till they both approach near the eaftern fhore, where the current (being now on its return towards the ocean) veers about to the northward, and thence wefterly, till it falls in with the oppofite eaftern coaft, following its direction as far as the Maldivia Iflands, which tending lineally to the fame point, it fteers on its courfe forward ten degrees further, till it reaches the equator. Whilft the faid current, defcending into the bay, goes on difperfmg its ftream into almoft calm water, the oppofite eaftern fhore re-collecT:s it again, and revives its motion by the like degrees, till it has palled the faid Iflands up to the line, where it falls in exactly with the north-weft monfoons ; and thereby ftirs up a motion in the incumbent air of that tendency, the oppofite iouth-eaft trade-wind being already withdrawn by the fun's declination. Therefore it muft carry that monfoon, io raifed, along with it, and in the fame direel ion ten degrees further, to its proper limit, till it meets with the faid wind to flop it ; and then the ftream underneath, having pafled over the aforefaid barrier of ifles and lhoals, is refunded into the ocean whence it came. Thus both of the wefterly monfoons are equally beholden to the fame current; that, from the fouthward, as being carried down the Arabian Bay towards Of Monsoons in the Bay a/" Bengal and China Si^as. %■$ towards the north-cair, by its direct courfe ; and this, from the northward, as returned back again by its reflux into the fouth-caft, in compliance with the ftreams underneath ; yet with this difference, that, becaufe the water meets no oppoiite ftream to difpute its paflage, it is perpetual. On the contrary, the concomitant fluxes of the wefterly monfoons upon the oppofmg trade-winds, alternately deiift, and become periodical ; thofe eag- erly winds within their compafs overpowering all oppofition, lb as either to reftxain the contrary monfoons, or fet them at liberty, while the fun's fouth or north declination, by half-yearly returns, alternately fets on^ the cafterly winds, or takes them off again. Hence it is, that the fouth-wefl monfoon begins to blow in April, whea the fun's entrance in the north figns withdraws the oppoiite north-eaft trade- wind, which difcontinues till October. But when the fun, by repafling the line into the fouth latitude, brings it on again, the north-weft; monfoon blows, and continues the other half-j'-ear, from Oclober to April ; from the equator to ten degrees fouth latitude, and then delifts, with regard to the fouth-eaft trade-wind, which raifeth to coun- termand it. Thus land breezes, which follow the ftreams of frefh rivers, are naturally perpetual ; neverthelefs they are driven back periodically, by the fait floods, till their ebbs gives them leave to return again, and blow feaward as they did before. Again ; from Oclober to April, notwithftanding the north-eaft trade-wind has driven back the oppofite louth-weft monfoon from its adhefion to the direct courfe of the fouth-wefl: current which produceth it, its ftream being refluxed, and retaining in former force, muft gradually decline the motion of the incumbent air from the eaftward to the weftward of the north, till it has repafled the line to the fouthward, and effectually raifed the north-wefterly monfoon. Otherwife there might be produced a calm. Hence it is that thofe north and fouth-eafterly -winds, which follow the diurnal courfe of the fun, never blow on both fides of the equator at once; and that that current of the fea, to which are afenbed the contrary fouth and north-wefterly monfoons, ferves only, when and where thofe eafterly winds intermit, to determine the motion of the air that way, and to fupply their refpeftive vacuities till their return. Farther, that thofe two fhifting winds, which blow at once, tend jointly either to north or fouth, and ftill towards the fun ; that the inequality of their fummer's levity, and winter's gravity, may give force and celerity to the F " motion, 34 -A Nine Directory fr the East-Indies. motion, fo a? to be the fame north and fouth winds, but differently directed on each fide of the equator ; eafterly by the fun's diurnal tendency, and weft- erly by the current aforefaid. XYI1L ILzv the Shifting Winds or Monsoons, are propiigiitcd in the Bay of Bengal and the China Seas. Forafmuch as the Bay of Bengal and Sea of China, are alike affected by the weftern monfoon, and at the fame time ; and all three lie collaterally to each other, and lineally to the fame ocean which produced the aforefaid current ; the tidal tumour thereof (to render the caufe co-extenfive with it? effect) mil ft fpread it fell" comprehensively over them all at once, to produce a general and uniform commotion in the air. Farther, if that monfoon be not (o conftant in ftrength in the Bay of Bengal as it is in the Arabian Bay, it is becaufe the ocean, being contracted all along the African Shore, more immediately affects it, and fo muft needs give the wind a more fixed and ftead) determination there, than after it is dilated by a greater expanfion. Befide, the Bay of Bengal being of a triangular figure, as well as the Arabian Bay, and they lying reflectively in the fame horizontal pofition, the tidal motion of the lea, which, with the aforefaid current, fills into them both with the lame obliquity, muft equally effect them directly \\ ith a fouth- w efterly monfoon, and reflexcdly with a north-eafterly one. But it is farther to be obferved, that both of thefe bays are conjoined and open towards the fouth, and are alike fubtended by the barrier aforefaid ; therefore on that fide, the, north-weft monfoon, as being jointly directed by them both, m ich co-extenfivelv along with it, from the eaftward of the north end ot Mad ar to Sumatra, and from the equator to ten d rees louth latitude, as is found by obfervation. A But as to the Chinefe Sea, although it lies on the - fame fide of the line, and according to the f.une fouth- weft direction, with open mouth towards the Indian' Ocean, and partakes of the laid fouth-weft monfoon, yet its chan- nel more refpecfuig the north and fouth points than the bays aforelaid do, it- flux of air, as well as of water, muft needs deflect the fame way. Farther, it being an oblong track of water, and not triangular, beliJe being a thoroughfare paflage out of one lea into another, it can by no means : its ftre^m, either ( i water, back towards the fouth- eaft in favour of a north-weft monfi ... From Of Monsoons m the Bay of Bengal and China Seas. 35 From what hath been faid on this fubjecl, it appears plainly, that a place fo affected with the monfoons muft lie upon or near the equator, to fhift them with the fun's declination, both northward and fouthward, according to the different feafons of the year ; therefore all Teas of any other polition, are incapable of the like alteration. Beiides, the figure of that part of the Indian Ocean which is fo affected, muft be triangular, with an inlet at its fouthweft angle, to receive the dream of water which conducls the fouth-weft; monfoon into the bay. It muft likewife have an outlet at its fouth-eaft corner, to fet the north-weft monfoon off again by the oppofite point ; as this appears by the fpecial fervice of every part of the faid bay. Further, it was requifite that a barrier, confifting of iflcs and fhoals, fhould pafs between the fouth-weft and fouth-eaft pafikges, to ftrengthen the afore - faid current into a ftream, becaufe it almoft ftagnates in the middle of the gulf, in order to ftir up the incumbent air into a north- weft monfoon. Withal, it was to be of a proportionable breadth, to continue its flux over that rampire for fix degrees together into the foutberly ocean, to meet the fouth-eaft trade-wind, which was to flop it before it ceafed. This barrier was to be but of a mean ftature ; neither fo hi eh as to hinder the tide or current from pafling over it, that it might be favourable to both the fouth and north-weft monfoons, by letting the one enter the bay as freely at the weft end, as the other to go off at the e.ift ; nor yet .0 low, as to admit its flood in fo full a manner, as to controul or obftruct their fhifting motion. Moreover, the fouth-weftern current of the wind, which coafteth the African Shore, from near the Iflc of Madagafcar to the equator (to which Dr. Halley allows a periodical flux from April to October, yet terms it only, an appendix of the fouth-weft monfoon till it hath pafled the line) till it hath pafled the equator, it remains out of the fun's power to give it check, and return it whence it came by his Southerly declination. XIX. Of the Winds which are contrary to the Trade-Winds and Monsoons ; or which are acherfe to the general Eafterty JFiuds and are perpetual. Firft, Northward of the line, between four and text degrees of latitude, and between the meridians of Cape Verde, and the other eafternmoft iflands that bear that name ; Dr. Halley tells us, there is a track of lea, wherein it were improper to fay there is any trade-wind, or yet variable. The little F i winds 3& A New Directory for the East-Indies.- winds there, are only fome fudden or uncertain gufts of very little continu- ance, and a fmall extent, which he affigns to the track between two contrary winds ; one on the north fide, blowing eafterly from the faid Cape toward Guiana in America ; and the other on the fouth, from Brafil toward Guinea in Africa. Probably this might turn the interjacent air into a whirlwind, did not that part of the ocean, where the Atlantic and Ethiopic floods meet, concur to keep it fixed, thefe being neither to flux nor reflux, that might difturb its quiet. Secondly, In that track of fea, which on the fouth lies next adjoining to this, the foutherly and fouth-weft winds are perpetual, viz. all along the Coaft or Guinea, for above five hundred leagues together, from Sierra Leona to the Ifle of St. Thomas. Thus the fouth-eaft trade-wind, upon its entrance into the Straits (in compliance with the fouth- wefterly tendency of the fea current along the Brafilian Shore) becomes fouth, fouth-eaft, and by degrees full fouth ; but, in being carried down with the ft ream toward the Guinea Shore, veers about to fouth-fouth-weft, and by degrees to fouth-weft and weft-ibuth weft : at laft, the current of water is repulfed by the eaftern fhore of Guinea, returns toward the fouth (whence it came) to make reftitution ; and, being ingulfed by the tides detumefcency, is carried off by libration thither, and deflects the fuperincumbent current of air into the fouth' after all, to complete its circulation. To thefe reafons, afiigned by Dr. Halley, may be added the following- inftances of the fame truth. Firft, All along the weftern coaft of Peru, for above five hundred leagues together, from near the Magellanic Straits as far as the Gulf of Panama, an. uninterrupted and almoft perpetual flux of air attends the current of water which fupports it, blowing from fouth. to north, or within a point or two to the weftward, according to the different inclination o[ the fhore. The exhalations which compote this wind fall down from the Andes out of the eaft, and the u cftern Pacific Ocean lies wide open to receive them, yet without giving a beginning to an eaflerly trade- wind, for all that length of fhore, till fifty leagues off at fea. Secondly, A perpetual flux of air or wind adheres to the coafting current of the African Shore on the Ethiopic fide, from the Cape of Good Hope to near the moil foutherly part of Guinea. This conftantly blows foutherly, by the draught of the ftream underneath ; the wind keeps that flux of water on foot, by its conftant defcent from the adjacent lhcre, and both tend thitherward by the mutual afiiftancc of each other. Such A general Account of the Trade-Winds. 37 Such is the adhefion of the incumbent air to the water, when they are got into motion, and have free liberty to follow the fame direction. Otherwife each may be flopped, or both be deflected feveral ways at once, as the fouth-weft monfoon before mentioned. It may be there obferved, that whilft the fouth-eaft wind was withdrawn, and the wind was pafling along the Coaft of Africa down into the Arabian Gulf, jointly with the ftream that conducted it, and after the current had ftagnated in the middle of the bay ; as foon as it revived its motion toward the fouth-eaft, it began to purfue its reflected direction : but, when the fouth-eafterly wind put a flop to its career, and the current reflected towards the north-weft began to revive and gather ftrength, the north-weft monfoons did {o too, and fell in with it, attending it through the fouth-eafterly paflage into the wide ocean, where both ceafed together. By this means fea-faring winds disorder thofe of the eaft, which are conflant by the influence of the fori. In fome feas they are promoted too foon, and accelerated, as near Cape Verde. In fome other feas they are retarded. In others, they are extended and enlarged far beyond it, as all along the Guainean Coaft. In others, thwarting by their tranfverfe courfe from fouth fo north ; as on the weftern fhores of Angola and Peru, for a thoufand leagues together. In others, blowing directly from the oppofite point ; as along the louthernmoft part of Guinea, from Sierra Leona to the bottom of the bay. All this perpetually. Yet, in the Indian Ocean, thefe fea bred gales are fo complying as to yield readily to the periodical forces of eafterly trade-winds, and reflectively to fupply all the vacancies left behind them in their abfence. From the fame principles it may be inferred,, that on the Coaft of India, when the calms are more frequent than ordinary, tempefts and hurricanes happen, as on the Coaft of Coromandel and Sea of China. Thefe conftantly arife at the end of the wefterly monfoons, and therefore are commonly called the breaking-up of the monfoons ; and every where a calm attends them. Of the Conflant Trade -Winds, Monfoons, periodical Trade-Winds, Land and Sea Breezes, and variable Winds that conw/onlj bk%o in the Eaft-Indies. XX. Of the conjlant South-East Trade- Wind. In the Eaft-Indies, there is only one trade-wind that blows conftantly from the SE. quarter, between the latitude of 12? to 28? or 30? S. and from New Holland quite to Madagafcar, and the eaft Coaft of Africa. This trade, from 38 A New Directory for the East-Indies. from the middle of" May to the middle of September, extends more northerly, viz. to the latitude of 8? 6? 2? S. and fometimes to the equator, efpecially in the eaftern parts of India. Though this is faid to blow conflantly, yet it doth not, properly fipeaking ; but fomtimes varies quite round : this however is feldom. When it happens near the equinoxes, mips between Mauritius and the Cape have very ftormy weather. XXI. Of the Periodical Trade-Winds, or Monsoons. The periodical trade-winds, or monfoons, are ufually faid to blow fix months from one quarter, and fix months from the oppofite quarter ; of which there are four in India, viz. the SW. and NE. the SE. and NW. monfoons. The SW. monfoon blows from about the middle of April to the middle of October ; and from the latitude of 2? S. as far northward as Japan, except in tli a Perfian Gulf and the Red Sea. The NE monfoon blows through the fame track, from the middle of October to the middle of April. The NW. monfoon and its oppofite are confined to a more narrow fpace, viz. between the latitudes of 2? and 1 2? S. and from New Holland to the north end of Madagafcar. The NW. prevails in this track, all the time the NW. monfoon blows to the northward of the equator ; and the SE. monfoon, during the other half of the year ; which is all the time that the SW. monfoon blows in north latitude. XXII. Of the fair and rainy Seasons. All over the Eaft-Indies, the wefterly monfoon, as well NW. as SW. brings the rainy feafon, with frequent fqualls and dirty weather ; and the Eaflerly monfoon brings fair weather, except on the Coaft of Coromandel, and the north part of Zeloan, where the rainy feafon is from October to January. XXIII. Of the changing of the Monsoons. The changing of the monfoons is commonly gradual, and fome years happens near a month fooner than in others. The change of the NE. and SW. monfoons is often attended with violent fiorms, which to the eaflward of Malacca are called TufFoons, and to the weftward the Breaking-up of the Monfoons, They ilem much the fame as Weft-India hurricanes ; but never happen at the change of the N W. and SE. monfoons, though in thofc tracks, at that feafon, there is often very bad weather. XXIV. Of Corf ant Trade-Winds and Monsoons In the East Indies. 30 XXIV. Of the Land and Sea Breezes. The land and fca breezes prevail, more or lets, near almoft all the coafts in India, during the NE. monfoon: they alfo blow fomctimes during SW. monfoon, but not fo general. XXV. Of the variable Winds. The variable winds prevail chiefly in the Straits of Malacca, Perfian Gulf, and Red Sea : likewiie all over the Indian Seas northward of 1 2? South latitude, near the changing; of the monfoons. XXVI. Of the South -We st Monsoon.. The SW. monfoon begins to blow, near the Coaft of Africa, foon in March ; and towards the end of that month, along the fhores of Arabia Felix (within the Red Sea) to Cape Rofulgat. Early in April, it prevails along the coafts of Guadel, Seindy, Guzurat ; and quite to Surat, by the middle of that month. But, from Bombay, along the Coaft of Malabar, as far as Cochin, this monfoon is not well fet in till between the latter end of May, and the middle of June, by which time it is general. • From Cochin fouthward to C. Comorin, the monfoon begins half a month fooner than at Bombay ; and at Tuttacareen Bay, and along the fouth fide ■ofZeloan, about a month fooner than at Bombay, viz. between the end of April and the middle of May. At Bengal, and along the Coaft of Orixa, this monfoon begins early in March ; but more to the fouthward, fo far as Due Point, it begins fifteen or twenty days later ; and on the Coaft of Coromandel, it is between the latter end of April, and the middle of May, before it is well fet in; but, along the NE. fide ofZeloan, from Crankanella to Point Pedro, it begins earlier by half a month, viz. between the middle and ejid of April. Along the eaftern fhores of the Bay of Bengal, it is between the middle and latter end of May before the SW. monfoon prevails, by which tune it is general. In the Bay of Siam, 'and along the Coaft of Cambodia, Cochin-china, Tonquin, and China, the SW. monfoon begins, as on the Coaft of Golconda, between the beginning and end of April : this is along the fhores ; but at a diftance from the land, it is near a month later. For this reafon, along the north end of Borneo, Luconia, &c. it does not blow till between the firft and la ft of May. XXVII. 40 A New Directory for the East-Indies. XXVII. Of the North-East Monsoon. As the SW. monfoon continues only fix months, and begins foonefr. near the fliores, it therefore ceafes there firft ; and the oppofite one (NE.) begins nrft near the fliores, (except clofe to the Malabar and Guadel Coafts, where it never blows fteady) and then fpreads like the other, till it becomes general through all thofe feas, as above mentioned, where the periodical wind blows. ■ To know therefore when a particular monfoon begins at any given place, it ought only to be confidered at what time the oppofite monfoon begins, and in what track ; and about fix months afterwards the other monfoon may be expected. XXVIII. Of Monsoons in the Strait of Malacca. The Strait of Malacca has not yet been mentioned, though it lies in the track of the S\V. and NE. monfoons, becaufe the influence of thofe monfoons, that blow only the breadth of Sumatra from it, and of the land and lea winds upon the adjacent fhore, is fo great, that it may rather be called a track of variable winds ; for no monfoon prevails long here. During- thofe feafons that the S\V. or NE. winds blow ltroncreir. without the Strait, it commonly blows gentle gales moft part of the day, from the fame quarter within ; that is, from the eafhvard in December and January, and from the weftward in June and July. XXIX. Of the South-East and North-West Monsoons. The SE. and N\V. monfoons differ in nothing from the SW. and NE. monfoons, but in the track and quarters they blow from, as both already mentioned. The SE. winds fet in from ten to twenty days fooner to the eafhvard of the meridian of Bengal, than to the weftward of it. XXX. Of Land and Sea Breezes in Malacca Straits. Through all India the NE. and NW. monfoons, when near done, blow faint ; and then the land and fea breezes begin near the fliores, and continue to blow, more or lefs, (except on the Malabar coaft) until the oppofite monioon commences, and gathers fufficicnt ftrength to blow fteady : confequently there are land and fea breezes in February aiid early in March, along the north coaft of Africa, the Coaft of Arabia Felix, and eafhvard near Guzurat, which yield to the SW. monfoons that prevail in March and April. The fame is to be underftood of land and fea breezes along the fliores of China, Cambodia, Of Land and Sea Breezes in the Malacca Straits. 41 Cambodia, Siam, the weft coaft of Sumatra, Java, Straits of Banca, and the Eaftern Iflands ; alfo over all the Bay of Bengal. la the fame manner the SW. and SE. winds, having continued for five or fix months, grow weak : and fooner or later in October, according as the place lies, the land and fea breezes begin to blow, from four to fix, along the laft mentioned fhores of Africa, Arabia, Zeloan, Bengal, China, Sumatra, Java, &c. but not fo frequent nor ftrong, as in oppofite feafons ; except on the Malabar Coaft, where they begin to blow from Surat fouthward to Cape Com or in. XXXI. Of the Land and Sea Breezes on the Malabar, Guzurat, and Guadel Coasts. Though the NE. monfoon is in general faid to blow in its feafon, where- ever the oppofite SW. wind blows ; yet this is not (ftrictly ipeaking) true ; the Malabar, Guzurat and Guadel Coafts being an exception to it ; for, though the NE. wind blows (in the proper feafon) through the fea weftward, from the coafts to Africa, yet near the above fhores it never blows fteady for any time. On the contrary, between the latter end of October and middle of No- vember, the land and fea breezes begin along thefe coafts, and continue for four 'months and iometimes longer. Thefe are fucceeded by almoft conftant winds from NNW. to WNW. winch continue till the SW. winds prevail, in May and June. Therefore there are little and no land or fea breezes on thefe coafts, between the decay of the NE. and beginning of the SW monfoons ; but from the failing of the SW. monfoon (October or November) till the ftrength of the oppofite wind is almoft (pent (February or March) there are almoft conftant land and fea breezes ; which is three times longer than any other open coaft in India has the advantage of. A fhip bound to the weftward, between the middle of November and the middle of January, will foon crofs the track of the land and fea winds on thefe coafts, and get into the fteady NE. winds ; but later, fhe muft be a great way off fhore, before fhe reaches the NW. monfoon ; not that the land and fea breezes ever reach far off fhore, but the winds from NNW. to WNW. do ; and, if fo late as the middle of April, me will fcarce have any NE. winds at all ; but will be obliged to work with the winds from between the north and weft until the SW. monfoon commences. G XXXII. 42 A New Directory for the East-Indies. XXXII. Of the North-West Winds on the Coafl of Malacca. Thefe NW. winds in February, March, and April, blow fometimes fb frefh, and caufe fuch a fea, for fourteen or fifteen days, that even a good fhip cannot work to the northward ; but they feldorn or ever blow with fuch violence forty, fometimes thirty leagues off more. If a land wind blows from thefe coafls, either in the night or morning; a fhip, working along, may depend on a fea breeze, or at leafl a wind along the coafl: from the north-wefhvard, to cany her in more again : and neither is the land or fea breeze ever attended with fqualls of thunder or rain, as the land winds frequently are on every other coafl in India. XXXIII. Of Land and Sea Breezes in the Bay of Bengal. When the land and fea breezes fail on the Malabar Coafl, they begin (about the middle of February, or beginning of March) at the north end of Zeloan, the Coafls of Coromandel, Golconda, Orixa, Bengal, Aracan, Pegu, and Tanaffary. They are ufually moderate, as thofe on the Malabar Coafl: ; but near the end of March (and fometimes fooner) the land winds begin at Bengal to come off from the NW. quarter, with a furious fquall, much thunder, lightening, and rain ; though fometimes without rain. XXXIV. Of Land Squalls from Bengal to Zeloan. Soon after what hath been before mentioned, the land fqualls begin to come off at Bala fore, the Coafl of Orixa, Golconda, and fo proceed fouth- ward to Zeloan, where they begin to blow late in April, and continue to come off, at times, during the whole SW. monfoons, quite from Zeloan to Bengal. They blow oftener, and ufually (but not always) more violent, in April, May, June, and July, than in Augufl or September, efpecially between Vizagapatam and Point Palmiras. XXXV. Of Land Squalls Eastward to China. The land fqualls prevail in the fore-mentioned months along the Coafls of Aracan and Tanaflary, Cambodia, and China ; but not fo frequent, and feldom io violent, as on the Coafl of Orixa. The coafl of Pegu, frum the Negrais to the Syrian, is feldom or never troubled with them ; but on the weft Coafl of Sumatra, and both fides of Java, in March and April, the land winds come off, almofl every evening, in a fquall ; fometimes very hard, with thunder, lightening, and rain ; which bcins O/'Land Squalls Eastward to China. 43 being foon over, is fucceeded by a fair, moderate laud breeze, that continues uiually until the Tea winds begin. The fea winds on this coaft, in April and May, fet in fometimes with a violent, though fliort fquall ; which feldom or never happens on any other ihore. Along the Coafts of China, Tonquin, Cambodia, the weft Coafl of Sumatra, and Java, a land breeze is certainly fucceeded by either a fea breeze, or a wind along fhore, diffident to bring any (hip, that ran off with the land breeze, in with the land again, in the fame manner as is mentioned on the Malabar Coafl. It is quite otherways on the NE. fide of Zeloan, the Coafts of Coromandel, Bengal, Tanaflary, and the weft fide of the Bay of Siam ; for there the land wind, or rather the prevailing wind, will blow fteadily for three, four, to twelve days, and at Bengal, and Coafl: of Tanaflary, often longer. This happens on the Coaft of Coromandel, and on the weft fide of Siam Bay, during the ftrength of the SW. monfoon, in May, June, and July ; as thole along the Coaft of Tanaflary and Bengal happen at the oppofite months of November, December, and January. In the fame manner, the SW. monfoons conftitute a frefh, fometimes a violent fea wind on the coaft of Tanaflary, Pegu, Aracan, Bengal, Malabar, and Cambodia, that blows with little variation during the months of May, June and July ; as the NE monfoons do on the oppofite lhores of Siam Bay, the Coafts of Coromandel, Zeloan, and north Coaft. of Africa. XXXVI. Of the Variable Winds in the Indian Seas. At a dhtance from the lhores, the winds become variable, through all the Indian feas, northward of 12? S. latitude, in March, April, October, and November; that is, near the changing of the monfoons. In the fea between Africa and the Malabar Coaft, the NE. winds growing weak in March, are frequently interrupted ; fometimes with the wind from the SE. or SW.- but uiually from the NW. quarter. Therefore the winds may be faid to vary only between the NNE. and WNW. for in the middle of this fea, late in April, the wind has been known to blow a gentle gale for eight days, at NWbW. and NW. and, when the SW. monfoon grows weak, late in September, the fame (WNW. to NNE.) winds commonly prevail till the NE. monfoon commences. In much the fame manner and time (March and October) the variable winds prevail in the Bay of Bengal ; but as it commonly blows from the NW. G 2 quarter, 4+ A New Directory for the East-Indies. quarter, between Africa and the Malabar Coaft, fo in this bay they commonly prevail more from the NE. than any other quarter : thefe laft are however ha the other leas. XXXVII. Of the Winds in the China Seas. Throughout the China feas, the variable winds perfectly refemble thole in the Bay of Bengal. In the ibuthern track of fea, between 2° and 1 z? South latitude, the winds about the changing of the monibon, are more perfectly variable rhan any where in India ; however, if they prevail more from any one point than another, it is from the weftern quarter, or NW. to WSW. XXXVIII. Of the Winds in the Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. The Red Sea, and Gulf of Perfia, though only feparated by Arabia, have different winds. The winds blow almoft nine months in the year up the Red Sea, from the fouthward, viz. from the end of Auguft to the middle or latter end of May, when the wind veers to the N. and NNW. and commonly blows fo till late in Auguft. In the Perfian Gulf, the winds blow almoft nine months down the gulf, from the NW. quarter, and about three months up. Thefe winds are not {o regular, nor of fuch duration, as thofe in the Red fea ; for they frequently interrupt each other, and are frequently interrupted by hard gales from the SW. chiefly off Cape MufTe Idem, and fometimes by land breezes, which lafl prevail fometimes in the Red Sea. In the Perfian Gulf, the NW. and WNW. winds prevail almoft all the time the Ibutherly winds blow in the Red Sea, viz. from the end of Sep- tember to July ; from which time, till near October, the SE. winds are moft frequent. XXXIX. Of Storms and great Calms in India. Squalls and very bad weather fometimes happen in moft parts of Indi;?, cfpecially during the wefterly monfoons ; but devouring florms, and tedious calms (almoft as bad in their coniequences as florms) generally happen near the Ihirting of the monfoons ; that is, the florms, from the middle of April to the middle of June, and from the end of September to the end of November ; the calms, in March, April, and May. Between Of Stoums and great Calms in India. 45 Between the Malabar Coafit and Africa, when thefe ftorms happen (which is not every year) they nfually blow harder, and happen oftener, between the middle of May and middle of June, than in October and November. They firft begin with hard fqualls and rain, and blow chiefly from the WSW. and are preceeded by a very great fquall from that quarter, one, two, or three days. Thofe that happen in November commonly begin in the eaftern quarter, and veer round to WSW. and SW r . The calms in this fea are feldom of long continuance; but are moft troublefome to fhips bound weftward, in March and April, from Cochin, &c. through the Lacadive 1 (lands ; where fome- times very little progrefs will be made in five or fix days. XL. Cf Stokms and great Calms in the North Part of the Bay ^Bengal. In the Bay of Bengal, there fometimes happen as fevere ftorms as any in the world : thefe are, however, more violent at Bengal, and along the Coafts of Orixa, Golconda, and Coromandel, than any of the ihorcs eaftwatd of Cape Negrais. They happen alfo oftener ; and are generally, though not always, more violent in October and November, than in the oppofite fieafous of April, May, or June. At Bengal, and all northward of Cape Negrais, the ftorms that happen in 'October and November (for they feldom or never come earlier or later) begin with a drizzling rain, and the wind about ESE. the wind then increafes, and veers to E. ENE. NE. and N. and ends there ; except it is extremely furious, in which cafe it fometimes veers to NNW. and NW. where it ends, blowing hardeft from the NNE. to NNW. or NW. quarter, with heavy rain the whole time. At this feafon a ftorm will fometimes blow for a day or two, from E. ENE. to N. and then all calm for a few minutes ; and then begin to blow feverely at SSW. for half an hour, and quickly end with fair weather. This is not near fo hard as the laft-mentioned ftorms ; but is like them, attended with much rain, and continues much longer, for the fevere ftorms laft not above fix or eight hours. At Bengal, the ftorms that happen at the beginning of the SW. monfoon, are early in June : the moft fevere begin at WSW. with rain, and veer to W. WNW. and NW. where they blow ten or twelve hours with great fury, and end. A ftorm at this feafon, to the fouthward of Point Palmiras, will fometimes begin as above ; and then veer from NW. to N. NNE. and NE. after which, falling calm for a quarter of an hour, it will begin again, and blow hard at SW. for an hour or two longer, and then end ; or it will begin at ESE.. veer to 46 A New Directory for the East-Indies. to E. ENE. and NE. then fall calm, and begin again at SW. &c. as above. Thefe lbrras are not neat io hard as the laft-mentioned, that end in the NW. quarter; all of them are attended with rain. XLI. 0/"Storms #// too near the fhore ; fo that, if the cable parts, they have not room to veer; for it feldom or never blows lo hard but a fhip may carry her courfes, and clear the land, Handing to the. ibuth-eaftward. Calms are feldom of long continuance here : they happen chiefly in February, March, and April, in the middle of the Bay, and near the eaftern lhores ; alio along the NE. Coaft of Sumatra, quite up to the Straits of Malacca. v. XL1I. Of Storms and great Calms in the China Seas. The China feas and adjacent illands are liable to fevere ftorms and fhort calms, at the lame feafons, and from the lame quarter, as thole in the Bav of Bengal, northward of the Negrais ; fo that what is already faid of them, is, in all rclpccts, true here: only let it be added, that ftorms happen fometimes {boner Of Storms and great Calms in the China Seas 47 fooner here than in Bengal ; for they have been met with in Anguft and September, as well as October and November : thofe in September and October are moft frequent and violent. XLIII. Of Calms near the Equinoctial Line. Between the latitudes of 12? and 2? S. it is already faid, violent ftorms feldom or never happen : however, there are calms that laft four, five, and fix weeks. Thefe calms happen always, more or lefs, in March and April ; and between 2? or 3? north, and 2? or 3? fouth latitude ; and between the meridian of Bengal, and that of the Maldivia Ides. They are not of long continance every year, though femetimes they extend beyond the above- mentioned limits. Of the Monsoons on the Coast of Malabar. XLIV. Of the Setting-in of the North-East Monsoon. After the full or change of the moon, near the latter end of October, or early in November, the fair weather fets in, and puts an end to the SW. monfoon, which is the bad weather and rainy feafon. This monfoon generally breaks up with thunder and lightning ; and a ftorm of wind comes on in the SE. quarter, which blows violently for feveral hours, with abundance of rain ; then veers round the compafs, and moderates. So ends the SW. monfoon. If the SW. monfoon breaks up without a ftorm, there generally happens a ftorm in December, as was the cafe in 1 76 j. After the NE. or fair-weather monfoon is let in, as above, you may fail up or down this coaft with great- iafety, the winds then blowing from the NW. N. to NE. not only without ftorms, but without fqualls, or any kind of uncertain weather ; ib that you may carry all your fails, night and day, without any fear of fqualls, ftorms, &c. The weather then is fo ferene, clear, fair, and pleafant, that no weather in any part of the world, can be compared to this on the Coaft of Malabar. This weather continues during the months of November, December, January, and February : therefore thefe are the beft months for the navigation up and down this coaft. XLV. 48 A New Directory for the East-Indies. XLV. Of the Land and Sea Breezes. Every day, about eleven or twelve o'clock, the wind comes from the fea, and is called the fea breeze ; this generallv comes on at WSW. or W. a fair pleafant gale, and veers round gradually to the northward. Towards fix, eight, or ten o'clock in the evening, fooner or later, as it happens, the wind comes off the land ; fometimes after a fhort interval of calm between the breezes, and fometimes none. The land-winds, which blow between the NE. and ESE. are fometimes but faint when they firft come on, but foon increafe into a fine frefh gale, which continues till nine or ten o'clock the next day, and then turns to light airs, or calm, till the fea-breeze comes in, as abovementioned. This regula- rity of the land and fea breezes greatly facilitates the navigation of mips failing up and down this coafr. During the time of the land winds, you ought to take care to get a good offing in thirty fathom water or thereabouts, in order to make advantage of the lea-breeze. In that depth of water you will be five or fix leagues off fhore, in fome places more or lefs. Alfo take care to be within two or three miles of the ihore by feven or eight o'clock in the evening, before the wind blows from thence. You may, in moil: places along this coaft, ftand in fhore to twelve, ten, or eight fathom; and, if you find yourfelf near the land before the wind blows from thence, you may either 4-^> or make a fmall trip of it, as there is no current at this feafon. XLVL Of Currents near the Malabar Coast. A great regard mud: be had to the currents, which, during the calm that intervenes the change of the breezes, may in a little time make you lofe the advantage you have gained. If you find the current fets ftrong againfr. you, it is beft to c}-} with your coafting-cf-}, and wait for the breeze, either from the land or fea. In the months of November, December, January, and February, by experience there are found little or no currents. From Cape Comoiin to Bombay, in that feafon, a ihip hath palled in twenty days without letting go an 4A. In the months of March and April, the fca-breezes are ftronger than in the f ur laft months : the land winds are very faint, and fcldom come off till the morning; the fea-wind, or rather the N\V. or north-wefterly winds conti- nuing Of Winds near the Coast of Malabar-. 40. nuing till then ; and when the land-wind comes off, it is very leant (about NNE. or NE. by N.) fo faint, and its continuance fo mort, that you reap but little advantage from it, being obliged to run right off more with it to get au offing, in order to make the raoft of the fea-winds. The fea-wind generally comes on to the northward of weft, and foon veers round to the northward ; and frequently with little winds and calms. It often happens that the fea-wind (with which you fometimes lie a tolerable flant along more) will induce you to {rand on longer than you intended ; by which means you get clofe in more, in hopes to get a fpirt of land-wind, to run you off again ; but perhaps find yourfelf deceived. In this cafe you may be obliged to ftand off, with the wind at NNW. or NW. very much to your difadvantage. During the months of March and April, there are little or no land-winds ; therefore you mufl have no depen- dence on them. The winds blow almoft for a conftancy from N. by E. and NNE. to NNW. and NW. and fometimes WN W. but moftly in the N W. quarter : and at the full and change of the moon it blows very ftrong at NW. with a large lea, and a ftrong foutherly current, which makes the navigation up the Coaft of Malabar at this time of the year, very tedious; but on the contrary, very favourable for failing down it. There 'are fometimes fpirts of wind foutherly, which continue for three, four, five, or fix hours, moie or lefs ; fometimes a frefh breeze, at other times very faint ; fometimes you will have fmart fqualls off the land, but they are very foon over. XLVII. 'To fail up the Coast of Malabar to advantage . Thofe who are determined to fail up along the coaft, in thefe months, ought to keep a very good offing, as the general method will not now do ; and when they ftand in more in the evening, with the fea-breeze fas the wind generally northerns in the evening) inftead of <=f-^» to wait for the land breeze, ought to ftand off again, with the northerly wind, into 30, 35, or 40 fathom water, and there in a calm, near Barbarian ULnd, by a current, or a tide letting at the rate of three miles an hour, right upon the more ; but dreams are not frequent, nor of long duration. The ufual general current along the fouth fide of the ifland, runs in June and November, from 2 to 37 miles an hour. The current on the NE. fide of the ifland is feldom or never fo ftrong. In Tuttacareen Bay, in June and Novem- ber, the current feldom exceeds eight miles a day, off fhore. Near Zeloan it fometimes runs filler ; but near the main there is ieldom any current. LXXXIV. 0/*Currents between the Coasts of Africa and Malabar. In the large track of fea that lies between this Coaft and Africa, there is feldom any great current ; but in Auguft and September the frefhes from the Cambay rivers ulually caufe a current to the louthward, of from eight to thirty miles a day. This is chiefly found to the northward of 17?; near the land it gradually diminishes till December, during which month, and the two following, there is little, and often no current. In March the almoft nor- erly winds caufe a lmall ftream to the Southward, of from eight to thirt. mile Of Currents near Zeloaw. -j$ miles a day ; but this is not conftant. Ships going weftward find a constant current to SE. and SSE. during the months of February, March, and April, of from twelve to thirty miles a day : they meet with it from 23 to 40 leagues off the more ; and before they have pafled it, they muft be from 100 to 140 leagues weft-ward of Cochin. The rivers of Sindy, &c. co-operating with the NE monfoon, caufe a current to the WSW. and SW. along the Coafts of Guadel, Arabia and Africa, to Cape Bafles ; from September to February, of from eight to thirty miles a day. In March the oppofite current begins, and runs with much the fame force ; but neither is conftant, for a current has been found off Cape Rofalgat, early in January, of thirty miles to the northward in a day, though the wind at the fame time blowed very hard at NW. LXXXV. Of the Currents in the Persian Gulf. The current that happens in the outward Gulf of Perfia, between Cape Rofalgat and Cape Jafques, is fluctuating, and not frequent ; and along the mores, in the inner gulf, there are pretty regular tides. A current runs often in the middle of the gulf, and fometimes, though rarely, along the more. That in the middle is generally down, as thole near the mores run ufually up the gulf. Neither are very ftrong (from 8 to 20 miles in a day) nor of long continuance ; and the times they prevail are uncertain. LXXXVI. Of Currents in the Red Sea. The fhores of the Red Sea have fome tides ; but they are not half (o ftrong, conftant, nor regular, as thofe in the Perfian Gulf. The currents are ufually near the middle of the fea, and run from ten to twenty miles a day ; this is chiefly true below Mocha ; for between Mocha and Judda the current often runs to the northward in June, when the northerly winds blow itrongeft ; and there is a ftrong current, at the fame time, running fouthward, off Babel-Mandel. A Defcription of the Eaft Coaft of Africa, from the Equinoctial to the Straits of Babel-Mandel. LXXXVII. Of the River Dos Fugos. From the river Dos Fugos, fituate under the equinoctial line, to Cape Balles, the coaft inclines to NEbE. The iflands of Brava, fituated under J? L of 74 A New Directory for the East-Indies. of north latitude, to the NE. of a cape that projects a little from the land. The northern moft of thefe iflands has, at the NE. point, a fandy bay. The SW. point is higher than the reft of the ifland, which may be of about 1 1 league extent, NE. and SW. The foil of thefe iflands is dry and barren, as is the whole coaft : there is no other particular mark for this coaft, which may be feen eight or nine leagues at fea. It is unknown what foundings are off it ; the Memoirs we have of this part making no mention of any. LXXXIX. Of Cape Basses. The latitude of Cape Baffes is 4? 45' north. It is lb called from a reef that furrounds it, and projeds about \ a league. This cape is only known by the different form of the coaft, which from NEbE. ftretches to the NNE. as far as 9? 50' N. as appears by the journals of the fhips le Royal Philippe, FUnion, and le Mer). This coaft is of a middling height, and may be iecn nine or ten leagues off. Its foil is fandy, dry and barren. There is nothing farther remarkable. In coafting this part are Ceen feveral bights, or bays, concerning which we have no account. There are foundings in 20 or 30 fathoms, 3 or 4 leagues off more. It is beft to fail along this coaft in the day time, it being unfafc to approach it at night ; on the contrary, it is neceflary to fteer a quarter of a point wide of it. XC. Of Cape dal Gada, or de la Goada. Cape dal Gada, or Cape de la Goada, is in latitude 10? 7' N. by Hadley's quadrant ; 4 leagues to the fouthward of which is another point ; and the land which lies between thefe two, may be perceived 12 leagues. It is very even at top, fteep, and has white fpots along the fea fide. The chief mark to diftinguifli the cape, in coming from the fouthward, is, that the coaft feems to difappear, and forms a large bight, or bay, to enter which care muft be ufed, not only becaufe it is unknown, but on account of the S. eafterly winds, which render it very difficult to fail out again. The bottom of the bay cannot be feen in palling by. XCI. Of Cape Dorfui. Being off Cape d.d Gada 3 or 4 leagues, Cape Dorfui may be feen, bearing- NEbE. This is the moft eaftwardly land of all Africa. Coming from the fouthward, it appears like an ifland, Hoped to feaward. To the weftw ! of this is a mountain, like a barn, which is joined thereto : by low ground, this Of the Coasts of Africa and Arabia. 75 this is the reafon that at a diftance they appear feparated. The land to the northward of Cape Dorfui cannot be perceived, till the Cape hears NNW. The cape is very high and ftccp ; its latitude is 10? 20' N. XCII. Of Cape Guardafui. From Cape Dorfui to that of Guardafui, the courfe is N. wefterly 21?, and diftance 30 leagues. Between the two, and cloie within cape Dorfui, is a great bight : thence the coaft runs NNE. as far as Cape Guardafui. Thefe lands are very high, and the beach very fteep, whitifh, and rugged at the top : they appear Co to within a league to the fouthward of Cape Guardafui; whence this extremity, as it defcends, ieems to form feveral ftcps. The cape itfelf is low land, yet almoft fteep to. Its latitude, on comparing many obfervations, is found to be about 1 1? 45'N. This coaft is very bold, having foundings a mile from the ftiore. XCIII. Of Cape or Mount Felix. From Cape Guardafui to Cape Felix, or Mount Felix, the courfe is WbN. northerly, diftance 14 or 15 leagues. The coaft continues high and fteep for 8 or 9 leagues ; the reft as far as'Mount Felix, is a barren plain, and uneven alone the lea fide ; but within land are hi°;h mountains. This coaft is without danger: neverthelefs, if it benight, fteer a little wide of the two capes, on account of a point of land that jets out between them. The variation here was 10' degrees wefterly in 1746. Mount Felix is a high and fteep cliff upon the low land, which occafions it to be taken for an ifland, in coming from the eaftward. In fine weather it may be feeh 15 or 16 leagues. By feveral accurate obfervations, the latitude of Mount Felix is 1 1? 53'N. XCIV. Of Cape St. Peter. Having pafled Mount Felix, you may fee the low land continue along the fea fide, for about 5 leagues, and incline to the S. weilward ; thence the land is very high for 5 or 6 leagues, and terminates in a plain of a middling height, which lies WbS. about 2 leagues. From the. weft end of this plain to Cape St. Peter, is reckoned 6 leagues. This laft coaft is high, and bordered with rugged mountains. The extremity of this chain of mountains is what is called Cape St. Peter. About two leagues from this cape, is Teen by the fea fide a white fipot, looking like a imall fandy bay. Mount Felix and Cape St. Peter lie ENE. and WSW. diftance 1 6 or 17 leagues. L 2 XCY. j6 A New Directory for the East-Indies. XCV. Of the Island Mette. From St. Peter's Cape to the ifland Mette, the courfe is WbS. about ar leagues : the Coaft between them forms a bight, where the more is of a mid- dling height, and very uneven, but within land are high mountains. About 3 leagues to the eaftward of the ifland Mette, is a penifula of middling height, covered with hillocks, which appear feparate. Between the penifula and the ifland there is a bight, the fea coafl of which is not high ; but within land is a chain of lofty mountains. The Ifland Mette, next this penifula, is of a middling height, and is covered with hillocks, the higheft of which, in the middle of the ifland, refembles at the top the form of a hat, or rather a Dutchman's cap. The inland part of this ifland, and of the whole coafl, is extremely dry and barren. XCVL 0/~Burnt or White Island. From the ifland Mette to White Ifland, the courfe is nearly weft rS or 19 leagues. The main land between the two, is moderately high. This ifland is no more than a high rock, which mav be feen 10 leagues. The dung of the birds which cover it, makes if look white. Some navigators call' it Burnt Ifland ; but it is called by the Englifh, Bird Ifland. It is about 3 leagues from the Continent, in lat. 1 1? 22N. When it bears SW. it appears very round, and encompafled with other little rocks ; but when it bears fouth, it feems to extend 4 of a league E. and W. From Burnt Ifland the coaft continues to the weftward, and is very mountainous within land. But, as this coaft is feldom frequented, no better account can be given of it ; for the fhips generally leave the Ethiopian Coaft, when they are got as far as Burnt Ifland, and ftretch over to that of Arabia. XCVII. O/Cafe Aden. Cape Aden, in coming from the weftward, looks like a high ifland, fcragged at the top; and, upon a nearer approach, refembles two iflands. The low land of the bay, which lies to the northward, and can only be feen upon a near view, occafions this appearance. When this Cape bears NE. it appears like a rugged mountain, its fouthern extremity is lower than the northern. Its latitude is 1 2? 40' N. To the NW of this Cape there is a mountain about the fame height, equally ru^ed, hish on the SE. fide, and low on the NW. and between the two CO 7 O are little hills refembling rocks, which being on low land, imperceptible at the diftance of eight or nine leagues, appear feparate. XCVIIL Of the Coasts of Africa and Arabia. 77 XCVIII. Of Cape St. Anthony. From Cape Aden to the low point of Cape St. Anthony, the courfe is WbS. 19 leagues ; the land between the two is low to feaward, with here and there fome downs of fand, till within about 6 leagues of this point, where it rifes ; being formed by a high mountain, which winds a little to the weftward, and then ftretches away in-land. This ridge (before you raife the low land) makes the cape appear high, coming from the fouthward. If, by contrary winds, you are obliged to turn along this coaft, come no nearer than 13, nor fail above 30 fathoms from it, on account of fand and coral rocks, that you may 4-^ in cafe of a calm : otherwife you may be expofed to the violence of the tide, which fometimes runs very ftrong, and be thereby driven upon the Abyffine Coaft, towards the Gulf of Zela, where you will be in danger of being loft. There is a fmall fhoal off the low point of Cape St. Anthony, but it doth not run far out ; fo, by keeping in the above depth, there is nothing to fear. XCIX. Of Cape Babel-Mandel. From the low point of Cape St. Anthony to Cape Babel-Mandel, the courfe is WbN. northerly 15 or 16 leagues. Between them the land is low along more, forming a deep bay. This makes the cape appear feparate ; and the ridge of mountains above mentioned extends to the NW. till about 5 or 6 leagues from Cape Babel-Mandel, where they terminate of a moderate height, like a gunner's quoin, rifing gradually from north to fouth > the peaked part to the northward, and blunted a little more northerly. In foggy weather, or otherwife, care muff, be taken to avoid entering this bay, as feveral mips have been loft there, thinking to fail into the Straits, and miftaking (for want of experience) Cape Babel-Mandel for the ifland of the fame name. Neverthelefs it is eafy to avoid this miftake ; the cape making as above defcribed, and the ifland being low and fmooth : the two extremities of it defcend alike from the middle, like Penguin Ifle near Cape Good Hope. C. Of Babel-Mandel Strait. Between the ifland and the cape is the Little Strait, fo called to diiliuguifh it from that to the fouthward. This ftrait is four miles broad. There is no danger, obferving to keep rather nearer the ifland than the cape ; in irregular fbundings, j8 A New Directory for the East-Indies. foundings, from 20 to 10, 14 and 9 fathoms, coarie fand, and now and then 7 fathoms, upon a fmall bank, hut no danger. Having pafled this ftrait, if there is not time enough to get to Mocha by- day -light, it is better to +->, than run the hazard of overfhooting it. In this cafe you muft fhut up the ftrait, and °}-} a little to the northward of Cape Babel-Mandel, where the water is always very fmooth. If you 4-^ with the mouth of the ftrait open, you ftand a chance of lofing your cables and °f-}» as many mips have done. Either entering or coming out of the Red Sea, it is better to pafs through this ftrait than that to the fouthward of Babel-Mandel Hland ; becaufe in a calm you are there expofed to the currents ; and there is no <)-$ ground but near the riland. CI. Of Mocha Road. From the entrance of the Straits of Babel-Mandel, to Mocha road, the courfe is NNW. 13 or 14 leagues. The land is low along the fea-fide, but within land are high mountains. Keep about. 17 or 2 leagues off fhore, in 9, 10 or 12 fathoms water. On the beach you may perceive a little fandhill ; it is fomewhat nearer to Mocha than Cape Babel-Mandel. The approach to the town is known by the date-trees, which extend about 2 leagues to the fouthward, along the fea-fide. Thefe are the only trees to be fecn along this coaft, which is very barren. . When you are hereabout come no nearer than 13 fathoms, in order to avoid a bank, that encomp.afles the road on the fouth fide, on which there are but 2 fathoms. This bank is lb much the more dangerous, as it is fleep to; for, from 10 fathoms, you iuddenly have 3 or 2. Then keep in this depth till you bring the fpire of the givat mofque to bear SSE. when you may haul in for the road, and cf^ in wHat depth you think proper. You have a good birth with the following bearings; namely, The north fort SEbE. The fouth fort SbE. The great mofque ESE. off fhore three or four miles. Of the Coajis of Arabia and Feriia. CI I. Of 1 he Winds ,'.WCuree;;ts n<\v the Coasts 0/" Arabia and Persia. - It is neceflary to inform navigators, that from the beginning of April ro the end of Auguft, the winds blow upon this coaft from SW. to SSW. varying to the ucil, in hard lljualk, and ibmctirn.es accompanied with rain. Therefore, during Of the Coasts of Arabia and Persia. 79 (luring this part of the year, working to windward along this coaft is impracticable : for there is no port to fhelter you from the ltorms ; and, in many places, no foundings further than 2 leagues off fhore. But, though it may be impracticable to gain a paffagc, after the SW. winds are fet in, by keeping on the Arabian coaft, (or even out in the middle of the ftraits, where the currents then fet ftrong to the eaftward) yet it may be obtained by keeping the African fhore on board, as much as poflible, till paft ihe meridian of Aden, and then ftretching over for the Coaft of Arabia. In September the winds blow a little frefh from the eait, with ftrong currents to the weftward, and continue fo to the end' of March, with frequent land and fea breezes, which blow very faint from the weftward, but very frefh fiom the eaftward. Hence it is that the mips that fail from Mocha toward the end of Augufr. or later, bound to the eaftward, fliould avoid this coaft, and keep more foutherly, in order to take the advantage of the WSW. winds, that blow there till the middle of September. Many fihips have loft their paffagc for want of attention to this obfervation. CIII. 6/Maculla Bay. The Bay of Maculla is about 3 leagues deep and 6 wide. The land fs very high. On the NE. point is one mountain, fomewhat higher than the reff , under which is the road, which' ferves for flicker from the winds blowing; from ENE. to NW. Here is fafe anchorage, a cable's length from a little rocky point, where all the danger is in fight. NW. three cables length from this point, there lies a reef of rocks under water, upon which the fea fometimes breaks. The marks for °j-> here are the eaftern point of the bay SE. one league, and the wefternmolf. point SW. in 3' fathoms. For the reft of the bay, you may 4-) in 1 5 or 16 fathoms, at 1 league off more. In the bottom of this bay is the little town of Foa ; and on the point, fome fifhermen's huts. Fifh here are plenty and good; but water and other proviiions are fcarce, and very dear. CIV. Of Shahar Point. From Maculla bay to the point of Shahar the courfe is ENE. 12 or ■ } leagues. There are many villages fcen along; this coaft. whole inhabitants are not very fociable. From the eaftern point of Maculla, you may coaft it in 9 fathom, or nearer on occaiion. Shahar appears a fine town, fituate by the fea fide, and may be feen 5 or & leagues at fea, refembling feveral white cliffs : it is known by two hills, one ttf 8d A New Directory for the East-Indies. to the northward, and the other to the fouthward. The inhabitants are civilized ; that is to fay, they can behave well for their own intereft, and with good looking after. They have a king, who gives a kind reception to ftrangers. The marks for 4-} aic > the northernmoft hill NEbN. and the wefteramoft hill, weft by the compafs ; in 9 fathoms, fand and ouze, The variation, according to the Englifh Pilot, was 14 or 15 degrees in the year 1709, and in 1746 about 11 degrees. CV r . Of Cave Boccouas-Hova or Bogathsua. From Shahar to Cape Boccouas-Hova, or Bogathfua, the courfe is eair, 1 5 or 16 leagues, a clear bottom, without any danger. The coaft is pretty high. There are from ^o to 60 fathoms, 2 leagues off fhore. One league from the cape there are but twelve fathoms ; and, as you approach, it fhoals gradually. CVI. OyKissEK or Kaisun Point and Cape Fortuack. From Cape Boccouas-Hova to KifTen Point, the courfe is ENE^N. 31 or - 22 leagues. The inland part between them is high, and may be feen at leaft 10 leagues ; but the coaft is low. Here are feen many villages. All this coaft is very fafe, having from 30 to 40 fathom, 1 \ or 2 leagues off fhore. Kiflen Point is high land, which may be feen 10 leagues at fea, and i> remark- able by two peaks, that make like afles ears, when they bear EbN. and ENE. and when they bear NbW. you may fee the two little towns of Kiflen and Durja. Their roads are to N\V. in what depth you think proper. From Kiflen Point to Cape Fortuack, the courfe is NEbE. E. 21 or 22 leagues. The coaft between them is low to feaward, and high within land : there are feen fome villages. The foundings here run farther out; for 2 leagues off vou find ^ fathoms, which fhoals gradually failing nearer fhore. But at Cape Fortuack, there are 40 or 50 fathoms within half a league. This cape is very high, and may be feen 20 leagues at lea. To the north- ward of it, the coaft forms a large bay, which hath good foundings, and holding ground. There is no great depth to be found but about the cape. You may 4-), in this bay, in what depth you will; but when you have pafled it, you meet (as in many other parts of the Coaft of Arabia, where the fhore is high and fteep) with no convenient depth for <}-}. * CYII. Of Capes Doffar and Morir \t. From Cape Fortuack to Doffar, the courfe is NEbE'E. Opinions differ about the diiknee : the Englifh Pilot makes it but 48 leagues, others 54. Thole Of the Coasts of Aparia and Persia. Si Thofe who make this track ought to take notice of the difference. Three or 4 leagues before you come to it, you perceive high champain land. Doffar is a little town furrounded with trees ; its road is quite flrait. They °|-^ a mile oft more, in 5 or 6 fathoms, the highefl houfe in the town ENE. Here is the befl ground in the road. It is reckoned 8 leagues from Doffar to Moribat, where moff. mips abide, that lofe their paflage. It is faid, that this road is exceeding good, during the eafrerly monfoons : however, this may be uncertain. The tides are very irregular along this coaft ; they rile at certain times 7 or 8 feet. The currents commonly fet with the wind, except at the new and full moons : then they run for 3 or 4 days very ftrong to the windward. This change "is of great fervice to thofe who lofe their paflage. Many navigators, who are not acquainted with this accidental difference of the winds and currents,' are fearful of failing near the fhore. This muft and may be done without danger ; for the winds feldom blow ftrong on the fhore, during the eafrerly monfoons. There are many places upon this coaft where the inhabitants are not to be trufted, as at Shahar, Kiflen, and above all at Dollar, where the Chriftians are not all beloved ; and confequently are not real friends, whatever they may pretend. CVIII. Of the Island Soccatra. The body of die ifland Soccatra is in latitude 12? 45' N. The eafternmoft point is 5 leagues diftance'from Cape Gardafui. It is about 25 or 26 leagues from eaft to weft, and 10 from north to fouth ; the land is mountainous. When the eafternmoft point of high land bears either N. or Sj it makes not unlike a dolphin's nofe ; and from thence the land trenches away to the eafhvard, for about three miles, till it terminates in a low point, from which a led ore of rocks, even with 'the water, runs out to the S, eaftward, about a league. There are two 4-} places : that for the eafterly monfoon is at the WSW. part of the ifland, oppoiitc one of its coafts, which extends about 1 o leagues SE.. and N.W. To fail- to this cf}, if you are to the eaftward of the ifland, waft along more in 20 fathoms, as fir as the WSW. point ot the ifland, which is high and bluff. By keeping that depth, the bottom is fandy, but in 1 5 fathoms there are rocks ; fo that there is no 4-} there, in cafe of a calm, without the hazard of lofmg your °H>. Having palled this high point, keep in from 15 M to 8z A New Directory for the "Ems T-Xm hits. to 25 fathoms ; and when you are oppofite a high round hill, in the middfc of this part of the coaft, near which there is another fmaller, fpUt 1 the middle; and when this laft bears north, you may 4-} in 18 fathom's, landy ground. Here refremments may be had, but the water is a little unpalatable. There- is better to be had in iome places thereabout, but with great difficuly. The Bay of Tamrida, on the north fide, where the viceroy refides, is the moft convenient place in the ifland for refreshment and plenty of provifions ; but the there is not good, being too near fhore. That place is known by a point of fand, which makes the eaftern fide of the bay. After you have doubled it, you may perceive the town, oppolite to which you may 4-} half a league from the fhore, in 10 fathoms, fand and coral. The water is very good, and provifions cheap. On the north coaft, coming from the eaftvvard, as you fail, towards Tamrida bay, you may obferve two white fand-hills, the wefternmoft of which is much the largeft : the town lies about four miles to the weftward thereof, under the higheft and fcraggieft part of the land. You may except at Teyvvce or Tagwell, and Curiat ; and there it is within piftol-fhot of the Ihore. You muft keep this fhore on board, in the months of April, May and June, if you would arrive at Mufkat, or enter the Perfian gulf. Mufkat is in the latitude of 23? 25' N. The town is encompafied with a good wall, and the port big enough to contain fifty or iixty fail of mips. There are no foundings a mile off more. The reft of the coaft from Mufkat to Cape Mozandon or Mofenden, is bordered with iflands and leveral dangers. Of the Coaft of Perfia. CXII. Of Cape Jasqhes or James. The courfe, from Mufkat to Cape Jafques or James, is NNW. dlftanc about 54 leagues. The eafternmoft point of this cape forms the eritrai :e of the Perfian gulf, and is, according to the generality of navigators, iri latitude 25? 50' north. This point is very low, and upon it there is a white fquare cliff, like a monument, ftanding in the fea ; but it cannot be feen, when you are in the road. In Ja^m^s Road, the bottom is fand ; except very- near the fhore, or at the eaftern point. To the northward of this point there is a little river, where veflels of about 10 feet draught may ride very fecure. Within this river you have 44 fathoms at low water, when on the bar there are but five feet, which encreafes with the flood to (even or eight feet. CX1II. Of Cape Guapel or Goadel. Cape Guadel is of a moderate height, lying in the latitude of 25? 25'N. and bearing from Cape Jafques EbS. The Englifh Pilot makes the latitude of Cape Jafques 25? 30'N. and that of Cape Guadel io' more northerly; but this will not agree with the bearings, which he makes, with the variation allowed, WbN. and EbS. The latitude of Cape Jafques is exadlly 25? 5o'N and Cape Guadel 25 more fouthcrly ; but the navigators fhauld be upon their guard. The diftance per medium of various accounts, is fixed in the new charts at oo leagues. M 2 As 84 A New Directory for the East-Indies. As to a particular description of the coaft, none of the journals or dl ftonea make anv farther mention than to avoid coming; too near it in the ni: bt : becaufe the land near the fhore is very low and not to be ieen far off, though it is high land up the country. There are no foundings, but very near the fhore. CXIV. 0/ Sandy River. The land to the fouthward of the mouth of this river* is called by the natives Divelle, or leven months : it fhews very low, and three or four miles off the fhore there is not above 4 or 5 fathoms water, hard ground, being a fort of coral. The river Sindy, (Sinda or Cinda) hath a bar at the entrance, of about 13 or 14 feet at high water. The mark for coming in is a white monu- ment, which will fhew itielf about four miles off. The river Sindy would be very hard to be found, were it not for this monument, which is always kept white, to ferve as a marki Bring this monument to bear NE. from you, and fleer directly with it, till you come to the foot of the bar, where, on occalion, you may cf-^ in 3 or 3 ' fathoms ; and then the aforefaid monument being brought NE'E, you may go over the beft of the bar, fleering NEbE- The bar going into the river is narrow, and has not above 2 \ fathom at fpring tides. But as there can be no dependence on inflrucliois for palling the bars of great rivers, becaufe the banks generally fhift their places every year or two, therefore I would adviie the rjjycuring a pilot of the place. The firft place of any note, after palling the bar, is Laribunda, about 5 or 6 leagues from the fea ; but the principal place of trade is Tatta, about 4a miles difhnce from Laribunda. CXV. Of the Coast of Guzu rat. The Coaft. of Guzurat, from Giant's Point to that of the weft end of Diu, lie, SE. and NW. 45 leagues. The fhore is of a modciate height, but it is very mountainous up in the country. There are foundings of 36 fathoms, land and fftells, about 7 or 8 leagues off fhore. CXY1. Of Diu and Point Courba. Diu lies in 20? 45'N. The harbour between the iftand and the continent is Very farhmbdious, but the entrance is nan mv and difficult. This city his been of great note, and the capital of Guzurat ; but now it is, in a mariner, only a heap of ruins. From Of the Coast of Plrs:a. 85 From the eaft point of Diu to Point Courba, the courfe flretches NEbE; diftance 19 leagues. It is very mountainous, inland; and the coaft of a moderate height. From this point there runs out a reef of rocks, both above and under water, jutting out above 2 leagues, which mult be carefully avoided. When you have doubled the reef off Point Courba, your courfe to the ifland Peram is NbE. 11 or 12 leagues. Come no nearer this coaft than 11 or 12 fathoms (this you have about 3 leagues off more) on account of the (helves which encompafs it. CXVII. Of Peram Isle and Goco. Peram ifland is furrounded with rocks. If you are bound to Gogo, which lies NNVV. of this ifland, you muft bring it to bear weft, about 1 league ; and from thence fleer NW. into the road which is deep enough for large fhips, it having 4 fathoms a league offfhore. It is very fecure at all times ; for the ifland, and the fhoals which appear at low water, break the wave?, and keep them off. The tides here are very ftrong, efpecially the fprings, when it is high water at four o'clock. Gogo lies in 21? 45' N. it is the only place for trade on this coaft : notwith- ftanding what is here faid of it, thole who would go there, or to any other part of the gulf, fliould take a pilot, becaufe this navgation is both difficult and dangerous. Of the Coaft from Point de Gall, or Gaula. on the Ifland Z'jloarij to Surat. CXVIII. Of Point de Gall, or Gaula. Point Gaula is placed, in, the new charts, in 6? N T . according to feveral oblervations agreeing with each other, with as much exadtnefs as can be wifhed. The longitude is 80? ij'E. of London, as adjufted by that of Cape Comorin, and that of Pondicherry. In comparing the reckonings of fhips, whether failing from Cape Comorin to Point Gaula, or returning from Point Gaula to this cape, their bearings are found to be SEiE. and NW4W, diftance 68 leagues. Mr. Nichelfon makes W 33? N. 65 or 66 leagues from Point Gaula to Cape Comorin. CXIX. 86 A Kcw Directory for the East-Indies. CXIX. Of Winds and Currents near Point de Gall. If you fhould he becalmed in coafting along Zeloan, in 30 fathoms, left you be carried off the coaft by the currents. In eroding from one to the other, obferve, that (during the eaflerly monfoons) the currents about Point Gaula fet WSW. and athwart the Gulf of Manara, to the S\V. fo that feveral fhips have been driven unexpectedly upon the Maldivia iflands. To avoid this, be careful to coaft the Ifland Zeloan, nearly as far as Colombo ; from whence you may fafely crofs to Cape Comorin ; but if you fhould make the land to the eaft ward of the cape avoid coming near the coaft ; for it is encompafled with dangers. In the wefterly monfoons, you muft (contrary to what has been faid) take care of the currents, which fet with great rapidity into the Gulf of Manara, whereby many fhips have been horfed to the northward of Negumbo, and with great difficulty got out of the gulf again. For want of this precaution a fhip may be afliore in the night-time, when you reckon her 15 or perhaps 20 leagues diftant. The ikilful navigator, either way, will be upon his guard. CXX. Of Cape Comorin and Point Cadiapatam. Cape Comorin lies in between 7? 56' N. and 77? 37' Eaft longitude, from London. The latter was determined by the bearings of the Coaft of Malabar, from Cochien to this cape. Its extremity is low, and, covered with trees. To the northward rifes a little hill, which appears like an ifland, when it bears eaft. The chart reprefents two different views of this cape ; one as it appears from the weft, the other from the eaft. Some Directories take notice of two rocks, 2 leagues SW of Cape Comorin. There was alfo a rock, even with the water's edge, feen by Mr. Nichelfon, (on board his Majefty's fhip Elizabeth, in the year 1759 :) it lies in about the latitude of 7? 43' NT. and bears nearly SW. from the little hill, to the northward of Cape Comorin, diftance about 7 leagues : there are two to the SE. but they are not above a league off fh ore. From Cape Comorin to the Point of Cadiapatam, the courle is WN-W. vvefterlv, 6 leagues. This remark is taken from a draught and directions made upon the fpot, which were communicated by the governor of Pondicherrv, and commander in chief of the French fettlements in the Eaft Indies. Between the two, but nearer to the cape, is the river Manacoudv, whole entrance is encompafled with rocks. Point Cadiapatam forms the eaftern extremity of Colecha biv or road, which lies between two leagues to the NW. Several great trees are feen on the extremity of it. About Of the Coast from Point de Gall to Surat. Sj About | of a league to the SSW. of this point there arc two little iflands, furrounded with rocks ; to the SW. of which, about half a league, according to fome, and i{ leagues according to others, there is a rock almofr. even with the water, the top of which appears like a buoy. Thofe who fail near the coaft ought to be the more careful to avoid it, as it feldom breaks. The °h^ge of Colccha is in 14 fathoms, about half a league to the we ft ward of the wefternmoft of the above-nientioned iflands. CXXI. Of the Island Enciam, the River Tengayapatnam and Point Veniam. It is reckoned 8 leagues WNW. from Point Cadiapatam to Point Veniam. Half way between the two lies a little ifland called Enciam, quite clofe to the Continent, upon which a church is built. To the eafhvard of this ifland there are feveral rocks, above and under water ; and to the northward of thefe rocks is the river Tengayapatnam, or Tegapatam, which runs a great way in the land. In the rainy feafons long-boats may enter ; but in dry weather there is a bar at its mouth, which fhuts up the entrance of it to all but fmall craft ; though within the bar this river is very navigable. At z\ or 3 leagues from the river Tengayapatnam, is feen a large wood; at the weft end of which begins high red land, intermixed with white, and very fteep to the feaward. Thefe high lands continue a league beyond Point Veniam, which forms a bluff of the fame lands. This point is known by the eoaft ftretehing from thence to the NNW. The village of Veniam, and the river of the fame name, are 1 league NbW. off this Point. Here the red land ends. From Cape Comorin are feen a number of churches along the fea fide. The coaft is of an height to be feen 8 or 9 leagues at fea ; beiides a chain of high mountains, that are feen inland, and extend above 150 leagues northward. Thefe are called by Geographers the Mountains of Gatta. It is not like the fame coaft from the river Veniam to Anjangay it being low to feaward, and only difcovered by trees upon it. A rock is fuppofed to be 14 leagues to the W. by N. of Point Veniam. The Englifh Pilot lays it down in latitude 8?io'N. whereas, in our new charts, it is placed in 8? 17'N. The meridian diftance in both, about 6 or 7 minutes E. of Ccchien. CXXIL 88 A Neiv Directory for the East-Indie". CXXII. Of Winds on the Coasts of Malabar, Canara, &c. It is proper to obferve, that from the month of April to October, the winds blow there from NW. to SW. with florins, tempefts and much rain : therefore there is no navigating without much trouble near this coaft, during this monfoon, particularly in June and July. The feafon growing a little finer in Auguft, the mips that have wintered there depart thence for the Coaft of Coromandel, and other parts eaftward. After the full moon in October you may fail in this part very fafely ; the winds then blowing; out at fea, from NNE. without florins ; and along; the coaft, fo favourably, that every day, about eleven or twelve o'clock, they come from the fea, and at midnight from the land. This regularity facilitates the navigation of thofe (hips who would fail up or down the coaft ; which you muft always do pretty near, in order to take the advantage of one breeze or the other. If you find yourfelf near land, before the wind blows from thence, come to in the mean time with a fmall +^, fo as not to fleer a difadvantageous courfe. If you are fufficiently diftant from it, you mould cf->, and wait for a breeze, in order to recover the coaft. Above all, great regard mud be had to the tides, which, during the calm that intervenes the change of wind, may (in a little time) make you lofe the advantage you have gained. Often with a little wind you think you get, when in fact you lofe : this may be perceived, being; near fhore. In the day-time you mav make fome obfervation by the land ; but in the ni CT ht, it is neceflary to have recourfe to the lead to know by ; or, let the lono--boat 4-> near you : this may ferve for a companion, whereby you will know whether the current is favourable, or contrary. If the latter, it is belt to cf-^ and flay till it is diminifhed or changed. This inftruction may be ufeful to thofe navigators who are not experienced, as it may ferve to make them avoid the errors that generally prolong their voyages. CXXIII. Of Anjanga, Coislan and Coc'Bien. From Veniam Point to Anjanga, the courfe is NbW 6; leagues. The coaft is low and woody; and you have foundings in 23 or 24 fathoms, it league off fhore. Anjanga is an Englifh town ; the fort is fquare, defended by baflion , and there arc feveral houfes that make it a very pretty place. There is a riser about 100 paces from the fort; but it is not very considerable. The Of the Coast from Point de Gall to Suk at. S9 The latitude of Anjanga has been obferved 8? 30' N. The anchorage is to the SW. of the fort, in 12 fathoms, at two milts off fhore. From Anjanga to Coiflan or Quilone, which is a Dutch factory, the coaft lies NNWtW. 6l leagues. The land is low to fea-ward, except 2 leagues to the north ward of Anjanga, where there is a red beach, fteep at the fea fide ; then the coaft continues low as far as Coiflan. Two leagues SSE. of this laft place, is a little river. You have foundings, 1 \ league off fhore, from 1 5 to 24 fathoms, muddy fand. Coiflan is known by its flag, and the feveral tall trees that appear above the fort, which is encompafled with high white walls. The road is oppofite the fort. Before the fort is a reef of rocks, that may be avoided, by coming no nearer the fhore than 12 fathoms. From Coiflan to Calicoulan, or Carnople, another Dutch factory, in latitude 9? N. it is 5I leagues. On this coaft you fteer NWbN. and NNW. coming no nearer it than the depth above mentioned. It is reckoned 21 leagues NNWfW. from Calicoulan to Cochien. The land between them is low, and woody along fhore. You may coaft it in 7 fathoms, fand and mud. If you turn it, ftand off no further than 24 fathoms, nor nearer than the depth above mentioned. Coming from the fouthward, the town of Cochien can fcarcely be feen ; the trees almoft hiding it. You only perceive fome houfes and the flao-, which is hoifted upon a tower. This town is the chief fettlement belon«inp- to the Dutch, upon the Coaft of Malabar. It is encompafled with a good brick wall fortified with baftions. The river, at the mouth of which it is fituate, is very- deep within the bar. They build fhips there from 200 to 300 tons. This river may be confidered as an arm of the fea, forming many little iflands alono- the coaft. This entrance is between two reefs, that extend themfelves alon^r the coaft north and fouth, and project ~ of a league into the fea. If you would go to the town, in a boat or canoe; to know the right channel, fteer towards the ftarboard point going in ; and when you are near the fhoals turn fhort to the larboard, and go between the two reefs. When you are near fhore, and have doubled the ftarboard point, fteer by one of the ^ates of the town, where there is a pier to land on. .The beft anchoraee in the road in the eafterly monfoons, is in 5 or 6 fathoms, with the flag-ftaff ENE. There is a little bank before the entrance of the river, on which is j fathom hard ground ; but you run no hazard by 4-}mg in the depth already flievvn, where the bottom is ouze, and very good holding. The town of Cochien is plainly feen, coming from the northward ; it appears on that fide very diftincl. Its latitude is 9? 5#'N T . and its longitude 76? 8' Eaft from London. N exxrv. 00 A New Directory for the East-Indies. CXXIV. Of Cranganor, Peniana, and Callicut. Fom Cochicn to Cranganor, (another of the Dutch fettlements) the coaft lies NbW. 8^ leagues. The land is low and fwampy along fhore, and only perceivable by the trees ; but inland exceeding high mountains, making pare of thofe which, as was before obferved, extend from Cape Comorin. To the eafhvard of Cranganor are feen two peaks, on the tops of theie hills ; which make like the ears of a hare, when you are right off them. Seven leagues N^W. from Cranganor is Peniana, which is a Dutch fettle-- ment. To the northward of this place there is a little river, by which the pepper is brought ; but there is no paffage into it for any but the very fmali country veflels. From Peniana to Callicut, the coair. extends NNW. 14 leagues. About half-way from one to the other you fee Tannore ; and 3^ leagues from thij laft is the entrance of the river Beypour, which is alfo 3 leagues SSE. of Cal- licut. The fmall country veflels go in there. The coaft between Peniana' and Callicut is all the way woody : when you approach this laft, you perceive fbme little hills, near the fea-iide, and at a diftance the chain of Gatta mountains. There are alfo, in feveral places, little pagados near the fhore, which appear white. You may fail along this coafl without fear, in 8 fathoms,, muddy ground, if you come from the fouthward, although you are neas lhore. The town of Callicut is not quite feen, becaufe it is in a little bay. You fee only to the northward three white pyramids, which are called the Tombs : by thefe it is known. Another mark, equally ufeful,' is a little hill upon the land, detached from the re it, which appears like two breads, and which, though more foutherly than Callicut, appears to the northward of it, coming from the fouthward. This town is the capital of the Samorin, and the place of his refidence. A considerable trade is carried on here in pepper and cardamums. The Eng- lifh have here a factor, and the French another ; each of them hoifling their flag upon their factory. The latitude of this town is 11? i8'N. In the road of Callicut, well: of the En gliih factory, lies a rocky bank, upon which you muft avoid 4-}, left you lofe your there. At a little diftance from it there is no danger. Small veflels may «f-} between the fhore and the bank; 1 ut for large flaps the beft is off the river's mouth, in 6 or 8 fathoms, muddy ground. About 10 or 11 leagues NWbN. from the entrance of the river Mangalor, lies the fouthcrnmoft of the St. Mary's iflands. Thefe are feveral little iilands that lie along; the coaft north and fouth, as far off as the river Bacanor or Caleanpour, being about 6 leagues. There is a paflage between them and the Continent ; C)f the Malabar Coast. 93 Continent ; but yon muft be experienced, in a fmall veflel, to attempt this paflage, on account of clivers rocks that lie under water in many places about them. There are alio the Permera rocks above water, lying in the latitude of 13? Come no nearer them in the night than 16 fathoms. In latitude 13? 50' north, NbWiW. 5 leagues from Bacanor, runs the river Barfalor, to the northward of which are two little iflands, in Ihore ; and to the fouthward, a chain of rocks that extend alono; the coaft. Nine leagues NW. of the mouth of the river Barfalor, in 14? 8' north lati- tude, is Pigeon Ifland : though it is fmall, it may be {cen 8 or 9 leagues at fea. It lies WSW. of the river Batecala, and 2 \ or 3 leagues off more, where are feen again feveral little iflands. Pigeon Ifland has a rock, or little ifland, off it to the SE. and another to the Eaft. Some make thefe, one S\V. the other W. CXXVIII. Of Carwar, and the Islands of Angedive. Fourteen leagues NbW. off pigeon Ifland, is Carwar, which belongs to the Englifh. Juft by, are the Angedive Iflands, on the largeft of which the Eng- lifh had a fort. You may 4-} at Carwar, with the Duckey or Oyfter rocks, which lie at the entrance, NNW{N. and a fmall rock in the road, open with the ifland of Angedive, to the NbW[W. diftant 2 leagues. Or you may <\^ oppofite the ifland of Angedive, the body of the ifland NEbE. i of a league, and the fouth point of Carwar NbE. in 10; fathoms. The paflage into Carwar Bay, is between the Oyfter rocks and the little ifland, near the fouth point. In this bay, near the faid point, is a fmall cove, the entrance into which is SE- E. Small lhips may ground, if becalmed, or the tides are againft you. Between Bombay and Becaim the tides let NbE. and SbW. 3 or 4 leagues off. The floods then fet to the NWbN. and the ebb SEbS. as far as Cape St. John. The frefhes out of the country make the water very thick. Before you come to Bacaim, you meet with a river, and a little port called Barfabas ; it bears EbS. when the fouthernmoft part of the hill, iituate to the fouthward of Bacaim, bears EbN. There ic a point that projects a little into the fea, from which extends a reef of rocks above water. The town is within this point, in which is built a little tower, encompaffed with cocoa trees ; it is on this tower the Portu- guefe hoift their flag, and have a battery of guns that front the road. The O coaft 98 A New Directory for the East-Jndies. coaft to the northward of Barfabas is Candy ; and in fome places are rocks? which do not extend, at fartheft, above a quarter of a league off fhore. About Bacaim the coaft is even ; and at the end is a valley, wherein the town is fituated. To the fouthward of the town is a high round hill, on which the Savejee has a fort. When this fort bears eaft, you then have open the entrance of the port of Bacaim. The opening is between two little iflands or rocks, between which you muft pafs, one on the north fide, the other on the fouth. This port has- but little water, and is only fit for very fmall veffels. Some years ago a considerable army of the Marattoes, after a- fiege of 1 8 or 20 months, took the city and fort of Bacaim from the Portuguefe. To the NNW. of Bacaim is an ifland covered with trees, and detached from the coaft. It is reckoned 12 leagues NNW. from Bacaim to Cape St. John. In this- part keep off fhore at leaft 3 \ leagues, on account of the rocky banks which advance into the fea at 2 or 3 leagues. From latitude 19? 40 'N. at this diflance, the depth is 1 7 or 1 8 fathoms. Ifneceffity obliges you to turn it,, you muft come no nearer than 16 fa- thoms, for fear of falling fuddenly on fome places of 7 or 8 fathoms, foul ground. The tides, which generally fet NNE. and SSW. fometimes incline, toward fhore. You muft obferve this, and not °h}> unlefs you find it im- poiTible to ft em the current. CXXXVI. Of Cave St. John, Road of Surat, *W Surat-. Cape St. John lies in 20? 2 or 3'N. Three or four leagues inland-, to the- fouthward of this cape, are two high hills or peaks, one called) the Peak Anoul, inform of a pyramid, the other like a caftle. All the coaft is high from thence to the cape, the extremity of which is higheft. Along fhore the land is low, and covered with trees. When you have doubled this cape, and are bound for Surat road, keep the mid-channel, where you have 16 or 17 fathoms, mud. Above all, take care of failing too far to the weftward, and of nearing the outer banks farther than 20 or 22 fathoms, mud. If you find, upon founding, either fafid, gravel or rock, you will be near thefe fhoals, over which you cannot pais, even at high water : then you muft immediately ftand to the ealtwaid, to regain the channel. On the eaft fide you muft not come under 10 fathoms ; but if your; foundings are gravel or rocky, ycu muft ftand right off to the weftward. 1 00 Of the Coast of Cokcan. 9) Too near the had is dangerous, the currents horfmg you thereon in a calm ; and a good way out lie feveral rocks under water. Take particular notice of this till you are got to the northward of Demawn ; then you may near the coaft at pleafure, for the bottom all along is foft mud as far as Surat road. The coaft between Cape St. John and Surat river is low and even. About 3 or 4 leagues to the Southward of the entrance there are three little hills. They ge to the Malabar coaft. This is called the Ten-degree Channel. The belt latitude to keep in, to go through this channel, is 9? 36' or 9? 4o'N. By keeping in this latitude you will fail through this channel with fafcty to the Malabar coaft ; but if you want to make either of the iflands, you muft keep in a latitude accordingly. You will fee Seuhelipar in latitude 9? 49'N. and Malique in latitude 9? 25'N. Be careful to keep your parallel of latitude in failing through thefe iflands ; for, though the current in general fets to the fouthward, or fouth-weftvvard, it fometimes fets to the northward. It fets feven, eight, or ten miles to the northward, in twenty-four hours ; but in general it fets to the fouthward and fbuth- weft ward, as before mentioned. Suppole a fhip in the Indian Sea, between Cape Baffes and the Laccadive Iflands, fleering to the eaftward, in the SW. monfoon, in ordej to go through the Ten-degree Channel, in the parallel of 9? 36', or 9? 40' N. and has reduced the variation to 2? 30' W. fhe is then about 3? of longitude to the weftward of the Ifland Seuhelipar. When the variation is 1? 30' or 1? 27" W. fhe is about 1? 40' or 2? to the weftward of Seuhelipar ; and when the variation is reduced to 1? or 1? 5' W. fhe is as far to the eaftward as the abovementioned ifland, and may depend upon it, is not far from it, if in the latitud 36'' or 9? 40' N. Therefore fleer to the eaftward in this parallel of latitude, and you will fafely go though this channel. If you fee either of the iflands, you may take a frefh departure, and direu. your courfc for Cape Comorin ; but if you pafs through this channel with- out feeing any of the iflands (which is often the cafe, as the weather in the SW. monfoon is generally very cloudy and hazy) you muft continue to fteer to the eaftward, in the above-mentioned parallel of latitude, till you ftrike foundings on the coaft of Malabar. CXLII. Of the Islands Calpenny, Kelay, ^//^Nine-Decree Channel; mid Soundings near Malabar Coast. The Ifland Calpenny lies nearly due eaft of Seuhelipar about 27 leauges, and from Cocheen 2? 1 1 / W. its latitude 10? 4' N. The Ifland Kelay bears from Malique SbEfE. diitance 17 or 18 leagues. Kelay's latitude 8? if N. and longitude from London ?£ 9' E ; from Cocheen 2? 46' W. and from Anjanga 3 16' W. Between the Ifland Malique and the Ifland Kelay is alfo a very good paffage to the Malabar Coaft: this is called the Nine-degree Channel. The belt P latitude 106 A New Directory for the East-Indies. latitude to keep in, to go through this channel, is 8? 45' or 8? 50' N. Be lure to keep your parallel of latitude, and you will go through this channel with fafety ; and run to the eaftward till you get foundings on the Coaft of Malabar, &c, In latitude 9? 40' N. which is a little to the fouthward of Cocheen, you will ftrike foundings at 60, 50, or 40 fathom, 15, 13, or 11 leagues off the coaft ; and the water will fhoalen gradually as you run for the coaft. In the above latitude, and in clear weather, you can but juft fee the land from the deck, in 23 fathom water, diftance off fhore 6 or 7 leagues. Cocheen Flag-ftaffE. by N. 3 leagues, you will have 13 fathom water, ouzey ground. You will find a foutherly current, which will fet you twenty-four miles to the fouthwat^ in twenty-four hours. If you go into 28, 30, or 32 fathom water, that will be as near ihore as you need go ; you will in the above depths, be 8, 9, or 10 leagues off fhore. You may then fleer a SSE. courfe, which will lead you along fhore ; or you may here take a frelh departure, and direct your courfe for Zeloan or Ceylon. As you run to the fouthward, you will deepen your water. In latitude o^^N. and 28 and 30 fathom water, you will not be more than 5 or 6 leagues off the land. If you go by your foundings, keep in 40 fathom. OffAnjanga, in latitude 8? 40' N. you have 24 fathom, within five or fix miles of the fhore. Off Ruttera Point you will have 25 or 26 fathoms within three miles of the fhore. Keep out in 40 or 50 fathom, and you will go without the rock discovered by his Majefty's ihip Elizabeth in 1759: this lies in 35 fathom water. If you have 40 or 4 \- fathom water off Cape Comorin, you will be diftant from the Gape 8 or 9 leagues, and may then take your departure from it, and make Point de G Of the Coaft: of the Iiland Zeloan cr Ceylon. CXLIII. Of Manara, Aripa, and the Island Caridien. Manara, or Manaar, whole fouthernmoil: part lies in S? 57' north latitude, difcovei itfelf by the clufters of cocoa-trees, to the weftward of the river, < r pa'flSge' between^ the iflands Manara and Zeloan ; at the entrance of w Inch is 15 or 14 feet water. A fhip of any tolerable iizc fhould not 4^, but at a croud league off, to the weftward of this channel. Aloiv;- the call end of Manara 0/ the Coast of Zeloan or Ceylon. 107 Manara ifland j within gun-fhot of the more, you have 20 or 21 feet water. In the fair way there is a reef, which lies NW. and SE. off Aripa, the fouth end of which bears from the paflage of Manara SWbS. about 4 leagues, and the north end, WSW. 44 leagues. This reef is compofed of craggy rocks; over which there are feveral different paflages. Thefe arc qnly navi- gable for the country veflels, and in calm weather ; for when the winds blow a little frefh from the fouthward, it breaks over all : you fhould therefore ftand to the north- weftward, 'till about a league off its north point ; and then you may (in fmall craft) fhape a courfe without fear toward the paflage of Manara, or any other place you think proper. Within this reef, toward the ftraits, or paflage of Manara, the depth decreafes gradually to thirteen or fourteen feet water. From Manara to Aripa, the courfe is SWbS. 14 miles. The coaft forms a fort of bay between the two. Aripa is known by a fmall village, and a little church; off which, NWbW. two miles or thereabout, you meet with a rock, which hath 8, 9, or 10 feet water; i'o that the country veflels Can pais over it. In the right channel you find 14, 15, or 16 feet water. It is convenient then, in failing between Manara and Aripa, to keep this depth, and come no nearer, nor ftand farther off more. The barks or fmall veflels, bound from the fouthward to Manara, mould obferve, when they are to the northward of the weft point Cardiva, or Gardive, to keep about 3 leagues off fhore, in 18 or 20 fathoms, pebbles; then to fteer NNE. and NEbN. till they bring the church of Aripa to bear eaft. Keeping this courfe, when in 4 or 5 fathoms, they w ill fee the reef break, and the rocks from the fhore to the reef : then they fhape their courfe by keeping in the above depth of 1 4 or 15 feet rocky ground. If you are bound from the fouthward to Manara, in larger mips, when you are 3 leagues to the weftward of Cardiva Point, in the above-mentioned depth, be lure to fleer north till you fee the reef break, and then ftand off to weftward about a league, till you are round it. From thence you may fee the Ifland of Manara to the NE. You may then bawl in again, and approach it juft as is convenient for your fhip, conftantly founding and keeping a good look-out. It fometimes happens in this track, that from the depth of 20 to 25 fathoms, it diminifhes 2 or 2 fathoms all at once. This ludden change ■ happens either near the land or reef: but you need not be at all concerned, - if it is off the ifland ; for, having once got into 7 or 8 fathoms, you have regular foundings, decreafing gradually toward Ihore to 5 fathoms, fmdy ' P 2 ground. 108 A New Directors far the East-Indies. ground. If, when you are near the reef, you have 8 fathoms, j and gravel ; it is to be avoided. From Aripa to the ifland Caridien, it is 7 or 8 leagues SWbW. 1 is ifland is about 2 leagues in length, and is of an irregular form, of ieveral points. The fbuthernmofl: lies in 8? 26' : it is a reddiih hill, fteep and almofl: in the fliape of a cone. You have 8 or 9 fathoms, 4 leagues off, rocky ground. In clear weather, coming from the weftward, 4 or 5 leagues off, you may fee the bottom in 15 or 20 fathoms. In approaching it, the depths are un- equal, and require to keep the lead going. Be not furprifed if, after having but a few fathoms, you on a mdden find 8 or 9 ; becauie from 3' leagues off more, as you ftand toward it, the depths are very uneven, between 8 and 9 fathoms, to about a league off the ifland, where there is a bank of but 3. fathoms, the bottom of flint. When you have paffed this bank, the bottom, •is fandy, in 5 fathoms. To the fouth eafhvard of this ifland, there is a_ bay about two leagues from Calapeten or Calpentin. CXL1V. Of Point Calapeten, the River Chiloa and Morabelv From the fouth point of the ifland Caridien to the wefternmofr. point of the ifland Calapeten, the coaft is SW. 4 1 leagues. Uneven foundings are in this part, nearly as above. The inner edge of a bank of 3 fathoms, is fltuate within a muflcet fliot of the fhore, and extends beyond Calapeten : about two miles from thence lies a ledge of rocks, on which the fea breaks. This point is eafily known bv a tuft of trees, exceeding thick : there is nothing- like it, except on the main to the eafhvard, on the ifland Zeloan, where you perceive about too cocoa-trees. Between theft trees and this thicket, at the bottom of a little valley, is a bight which is called Navcrary, or Nevccary bav, which affords no flicker from the wefterly winds. The bottom and the adjacent parts are fo foul and dangerous, that there is no , even within the bank of 3 fathoms; except very near Caridien or Calapeten, in 4 or 5 fathoms. From the point of Calapeten to Chiloa, it is reckoned 8 leagues. The courfe, to fail clear of all, is SSW. To the ibuthward of the bay Naverary begins a ledge of rocks and coral, which extend along the coafl to within a league northward of Lhiloa, where, as it widens about a league, it may be proper to keep the lead going : farther ofFfhore the bottom is fandy. The liver Chiloa diicovers itfclf by a fandy mountain, on which may be fcen Ibme bufhes, and a little round hill inland. If you come from the fouth* ward, Of the Coast of Zeloan or Ceylon. 109 ward, you may fail near the coaft, till oppofite this river ; but, to the north- ward of it, you mud keep, for two miles, wide of this ledge of rocks and coral, before you {land in for the fhore. The bottom between Calapeten and Chiloa is of fine fand, fometimes a little coral : but, the nearer you approach Calapeten, the ground is ftill worfe for °f-}' From the river of Chiloa to Morabel, the couife is SbW. Wefterly it is deeper between thefe two places than any above mentioned. You may approach the coaft, by the help of the lead. Morabel is known by two or three gardens of cocoa-trees, which trench a little inland, and (^coming from the northward) refemble thofe of Naverary or Calapeten. CXLV. Of the River Cayanel, Negombo, Colombo, Galketin, Panture and Calitura. From Morabel to Cayanel the coaft lies SbW. 4 leagues. Cayanel is a river that makes a fort of point, in failing from the northward ; on it are a number of cocoa-trees. The bottom is good between thefe two places, especially near fhore. From Cayanel to Negombo, the courfe is SbW. 2 leagues. From the northward, the land feems to form a bight. If you are to pafs by Cayanel, you muft edge a little from it, on account of a ledge of rocks, which are found between this place and Negombo ; and keep 2 leagues off fhore, in 7 or 8 fathoms till you bring Negombo to bear SEbS. By this means you avoid a rock, which lies NNW. off the flag-ftaff, or the north point of the fort ; at the foot whereof you have 6 fathoms, and upon it 10 feet. When bound to Negombo from the fouthward, bring the fort to bear SE. and keep that courfe till you +-}, without borrowing any more to the northward. Negombo is known by a point the moit projecting upon the whole coaft, on which is a thick wood of cocoa-trees. Off this point lies a ledge of rocks, of fmall extent. It is computed 6 or 7 leagues SbE. from the outer point of Negombo to Colombo. You find a good bottom all the wa\ r , except it be over-agaiuft a little river, where a rocky point projects about two miles. Keep in 10 or 12 fathoms. You may <4-^ before Colombo in from 6 to 7 \ fathoms, the flag-ftaff bearing fouth ; but come no nearer the river, becaufe of the rocks lying at its mouth, and round the fouth point. From Colombo to Galketin the courfe is fouth, 3 leagues. It is a little round bay, open and without fhelter. Ships generally coaft it about 4 miles off, in ! 3 fathoms, fandy ground. Fron no A New Directory for the East-Indies. From Galketih to Panture it is $\ leagues, foufh. To faU from one to the other, keep in 18 fathoms, becaufe under ten fathoms is rocky ground. Panture is a river, known by two rocks above water ; they are on the north iide of the entrance, at the diflance of two gun- mots. The 4-^age is to the fouthward of thefe rocks, in 10 or 12 fathoms, two miles off fhore. From Panture to Calitura is SbE. diflance about 3^ leagues. To the northward of Calitura lies a rocky bank ; on the fouth fide of the river is the fort, built on a little eminence. If you purpofe to 4-} at this place, take for your guide two other little hills (befide that the fort is built on) near each other, and not far from the more. The northernmoft is the loweft. As foon as you fee the fort between thefe two, fleer right for them, into 4 or 5 fathoms ; but come nothing to the fouthward of thefe hills, for fear of danger. Obferve that, (landing toward the fort, the bottom is very foul in 15 or 16 fathoms, but tolerably good from 6 to 4 fathoms. CXLVI. Of Barberin Island, Point Cocacheire and Ragamma. It is reckoned about 2 leagues from Calitura to Barberin ifland, you fail along fhore in 7 or 8 fathoms. To the fouthward of Calitura is a rock 12 or 13 feet under water ; it bears SW^S off the fort, and SWbWjAV. off the little hill of Makvenien or Makvene. The paffage is good, in 4 fithoms, between the fhore and this rock, which is about 2 miles wide; but it is better to go without, coming no nearer than 6 fathoms. Between Makvenien and Barberin, the bottom is foul in 15 fathoms, and tolerable from 15 to 20; but above 20 it is very bad, rock and coral, fo that, in founding, fcaree a grain of fand will come up with the lead. Barberin is an ifland, known by its fmall diflance from the main land of Zeloan. You may <+-> to the northward of it in 6 or 7 fathoms ; there is alio a little bay for barks, or long-boats. Care mult be taken in rounding the weflern point, where there are feveral rocks. The °|->age of this bay is in 2 or 3 fathoms, fandy ground, a fmall mufket-fhot off fhore. From Barberin Ifland to Point Cocacheire, the courfe is SSE. 4 leagues. Between the two, about two miles from Barberin ifland, runs the river Alican, or Beiieto ; to the fouthward of which is a little fort, upon an eminence. The'oj-^ao-e is good, in 12 or 13 fathoms; black fand. To the north- v. aid of this river are two rocks, plainly to be feen. At 4 leagues oil", between Barberin and Point Cocacheire, you have from 28 1030 fathoms, hard ground. From ttiis Lit place, you may coaft it very near, in 7 or 8 fathoms ; but Of the Coast of Zelo ax or Ceyi.on. i 1 1 but, at 4 leagues diftance, ioo fathoms are not enough (fometimes) to reach the bottom. From Point Cocacheire to Ragamma, the courfe is SE. and the diftance 5 leagues. Between the two is a little m er or '-.rook, in which boats can fcarcely enter ; to the fouthward thereof is a little red hill, fteep to feaward. About a muiket-fhot to the northward, is a garden of cocoa-trees, called Amlamgoda : from thence to Ragamma, it is reckoned 3 leagues. Four miles to the fouthward of Amlamgoda, a reef runs out about two miles, upon which the lea continually breaks. You mult come no nearer, in this part, than 20 fathoms. ' At 15, the foundings are irregular, and very foul to 9, 8, and 7. It is in fome places landy, but not very clean. Prudence requires thofe who fail along this coaft, not to come under 20 fathoms. Ragamma advances like a point into the fca : there are upon it fome clutters of cocoa-trees ; and, on the edge of the more, fome large high rocks, by which it may eaiily be known. CXLVII. O/ToiNT de Gala or Gaula, WRed Bay. From Ragamma to Point de Gala or Gaula, the diflance is 4 leagues SEbE. In coafting it, you mufl not come under 25 fathoms. A good league to the fouthward of Ragamma lies a rock, having only ii or 14 feet water, and 15 or 16 fathoms all round it. Look out for a little reddifh hill, on the edge of the coaft ; the. rock of Gendore being over-againft it. To the fouthward of Gendore or Grandere, are alio two rocks under water : about a cable's length without thefe, you have 15 or 16 fathoms. 1 hefe rocks may be eaiily known ; they are but 5 or 6 feet under water, and the fea breaks over them continually. Boats or fmall veflels may pals between thefe rocks and the fhore, in 9 or 10 fathoms ; but it is better to go near the rocks than the more, becaufe the foundings are irregular, and increafes or diminiih z or 3 fithoms at a call ; yet you, never have lefs than 4 or 5 fathoms. Within Point de Gala or Gaula, is a bay. The Dutch have there a confider- able fettlement, well fortified, with a good garriibn. They do not fuffer any ftrange fhip to enter, without fending them one of their pilots, in order to preferve the knowledge of the pilotage thereof to themfelvcs.- There is nothing to be remarked, concerning this place, unlefs to come no nearer it than 16 or 18 fithoms, the flag-ftaff bearing NNE. if you would <+-> in good ground. Before M2 A New Directory for the East-Indies. Before the Bay lie two rocks under water, one whereof is covered with 1 5 feet, the other with 17 feet; they have round them 1 o or n fathoms. If you come no nearer than 15 fathoms, you run no danger of foul ground. On the eaft fide of the bay is feen a rock, on which the fea breaks. Point Gaula is in 6? 6' north latitude, and 80? 10' eaft longitude from London. From Point Gaula to Red Bay is 5^ leagues, the coaft trenching EbS. About a league to the weftward, or WbN of this bay, is feen a little ifland, planted with cocoa-trees, and called Woody-Ifland. In failing from the weft- ward, to enter Red Bay, you muft coaft it 12 or 14 fathoms, till you have doubled a red fteep point, which makes the entrance of this bay. Then you difcover a reef very near fhore, by which you muft fail, (in the depth above- mentioned) till you perceive, on the weft iide of the bay, a little ifland near fhore, and a rock within the reef. You muft keep on to the eaftward, till you bring the rock and the ifland in one. When they bear N. and NbW. you muft near the rock, to within a ftone's throw ; and having pafled it a cable's length, 4-^ in 4 J- or five fathoms ; but two cables length from it, you Hand a chance of running into very foul ground. Eefore you fteer with the rock and ifland in one, bring them to bear NNW. to round the reef, becaufe at the point of the reef lies a rock under water, which hath but eleven or twelve feet. This caution is absolutely necelTary, to prevent beino; loft here. To the eaftward of this bay are high lands, and a little village called Maitre ; but it is impofiible to come near this coaft, on account of a ledge of rocks, which furround almoft three parts of the bay. To go out of the bay, you muft fteer contrary to the inftructions given you to enter it ; and when you have got again into 1 4 fathoms, you may proceed as you pleafe, keeping the lead going, and a good look-out. CXLVIII. Of Matura Riveh, Dondrehead, Gael'es Bay, ana DlCKWELL. From Red Point to Matura, the diftance is about 3 leagues EbS,o I latura is a river, at the mouth of which arc two or three rocks : about a gun -(hot to the eaftward, you fee a little ifland near the main, like Woody Ifland above mentioned. Athwart this bay or river there is a reef or ledge of rocks, ftretching out from the weftern fhore, about two miles. To cf-^ before the river Matura, you muft come no nearer than 12 fathoms, till the ifland Of the Coast of &ELOAN i>r Ceylon. 113 ifland bears NbE. and NNE. then you may {land toward this ifland (in a fmall fhip) as near as you pleafe. Or you may within the ledge of rocks oppoiite to the river, in 4^ fathoms ; but you muft firft round the reef, as aforefaid. From Mat ura river to Dondrehead is reckoned 4 miles SZ. There is a ledge of rocks running out about a mile SW'. from the well part of Dondre- head, upon which there are but 9, 10, and 12 feet water. On the outer tide are 6 or 8 fathoms, and within, toward the more, 3 or 4 fathoms ; therefore great care muft: be taken in approacbing them. Being off Matura, in 1 2 fathoms, if you fleer EbS^S. you pafs Dondrehead, at 2 miles diftancc in 15, 1 6, and 18 fathoms. This point is low, and on it is a pretty large clufter of cocoa-trees, which makes it eafily known. « From Dondrehead to Gaelics the courfe is E3?S. 1 league. The point of Gaelies is high and fteep. To °|-^ within it, you muft round it, within bah a muiket-fhot of the fhore ; otherwife it is exceeding difficult to enter, and to come to without danger of loiing your oj-^ ; therefore you will do well to keip as clofe to it as you can. The danger, however great, is vifible. Gaelies is a little round bay, to the Weftward. Ships may lately <^> here in 4 or 5 fathoms, mud. They are here fheltered from the wefterly, northeily, and foutherly winds ; but the eafterly winds raife a fmall l'well. From Gaelies, to Dickwell the coaft lies ENE. 2 ' leagues. Bamberand is between the two ; and between this laft and Dickwell lies a ledge of rocks, near two miles from the fhore, on which the fea oftens breaks. You muft come no nearer than 1 5 fathoms. Dickwell is known by an orchard of cocoa-trees, which feems to be two miles in length. There is alfo, between the ledge of rocks above mentioned and the fhore, a reef about a muiket fhot off fhore. From Dickwell to Nielwell is reckoned 2 leagues ENE. You mav coaft it in 12 or 14 fathoms, within a cannon fhot of the fhore. CXL1X. Of the Bays of Nielwell, Coenacker, Tangal Poixt, Waelue River, Mago Point, and Elephant Hill. Nielwell is a 'bay, the weft part of which affords fhelter from the SSW. and weft winds. On its weftern point is a little hill, 'which in failing along that coaft (coming from the weftward) looks very much like a little ifland, covered with cocoa-trees. You muft pafs as near it as that of Gaelies, in 1 2 or 14 fathoms. Oft the eaft point lies a rock above water. In the bay you Q_ need ii4 -A Ktiv Directory - for the East-Indie?. need fear no danger, except three flat rocks near the fhore, and over which (it is laid) the largeft fhips may pafs. It may not be unnecefiary to enquire into this by founding. From Niehvell to Coenackcr, or the bay of Kerketoes, is reckoned two miles ENElE. It is a large bay. You muft keep near fhore, as above mentioned, in 12 or 14 fathoms. Exaelly in the middle of the bay you per- ceive a large rock, and to the weftward a fmall fteep point, like that of Gaelies, near which you muft fail to get into the bay. From Coenacker to Tangal are 2 leagues ENE^E. It is a point, under which is a little bay. You may keep along this coaft in 12 or 14 fathoms. From Tangal to Waelue is reckoned 4 leagues ENEiE. The land between, the two is low and fandy on the coaft, but high and fteep in land. You may coaft it 4 miles off fhore in 20 or 22 fathoms. The bottom is find, mixed with coral. Waelue is a large river, which hath to the northward a little mountain. Oppofite the river's mouth, about four miles off" fhore, there lies a rock, on which the fea generally breaks. You may pafs within it, in 7 or 8 fathoms, fandy ground. From Waelue to Mago, the courfe is ENE. northerly.. Mago is a point furrounded with rocks. Half-way between them, the bottom grows foul ; therefore you fhould keep in 22 or 24 fathoms. You may fee, between Waelue and Mago, the fait houfes of Mazen. This is a little bay, wherein nothing but boats can enter. It is laid there is a rock within this bay. The Englilh Pilot fays, that to the eaftward of Mago, about 8 miles off fhore, lies a rock above water. Pollibly thefe may be fome rocks of the Great Banes, nearer fhore than others. Many perfons who have pallid near this ceef, have allured that this is the only foundation for this account. Thole who make this coaft fhould be upon their guard. From Mago to a little remarkable hill, called the Elephant, fituatcd near tjie fhore, it is reckoned 6 leagues. The bearings NE. and SW. To the S'E. of the Elephant, you find the Gieat Baftes ; a ledge of rocks, on which,. ac:cor,djiig to the natives of the country, there was formerly a pagado of brafs. The inhabit ints to this day call it Crow ncotte in their language. CL. Of the Great Basses and Little Basses. The Great BafTes extends about a cmnon-fhot in length, and the fame in breadth. The fea breaks here very high, and fome of thefc rocks fhew them- felves Of the Coast of Zeloan or Ckyi.on. i 15 felves above water. You mud: give them a good birth, and come no nearer than 30 fathoms. It lies 3 leagues off fhore, and you may fail within it, by- keeping a little nearer the land than 8, 9, 10 and 12 fathoms. You mud come no nearer the fhore than 8 fathoms, nor the Great Bafies than 12. This is to be obferved till the Elephant bears NNW. when, if you are mid-channel, fleer ENE. or if you are nearer land, EbN. till you get into 30 fathoms ; then fleer NE. to fail without the Little Bafies. The Englifh Pilot fays, that to fail from Dondrehead, to get clear of the Great Banes, it is neceflary to fleer ESE. According to this courfe you would fail very wide of it ; and probably there would be great danger of being drove off the coaft, with much difficulty to regain Zeloan ; becaufe, during the wefterly monfoons, the currents fet flrong to the call ward in this part. It is true, that in lhaping your courfe by night, you mufl beware of the cur- rents : they fet in fhore as well as to the eaflward. It feems fufficient, being 2 leagues fouth of Dondrehead, to fleer eaflward. Mr. Nichelfon is of opinion, that a fhip, being 2 or 3 leagues off Dondrehead, may lately fleer EbN. which will carry her 4 or 5 leagues without the Great bafies ; the currents being very changeable. Quere, whether they are not regular tides ? Or if cur- rents, a competent knowledge of their fhifting may be in time procured : this will be the navigator's furefl guide in the night. In the day, obfervation m be made by the land, and the courfe fleered accordingly. This courie will carry you 8 leagues fouth of the Great Bafies ; which I take to be fufficient for the fet of the currents to the northward : however, you fhould take care to found from time to time. You mufl flill obferve, that, though it is 20 leagues from Dondrehead to the Great Bafies, yet, when you reckon you have failed 1 5 leagues, you will be oppoiite to it ; feveral {hips have even thought they had got no far- ther than 12 leagues. This obfervation is worth attending to, as well for lhaping your courie as for the diflance. The courfe from the Great to the little Bafies is NE. and the diflance 7 leagues. The Englifh Pilot makes it NEbN. but in fleering NE. you fail no farther from one than the other. When this reef does not break, the b-fl mark to know whether you are near the Little Bafies,- is a little hill on the fhore, on which is a rock, refembling a chimney.- Thi^ hill lies direflly N\V. of the Little Bafies. A little to the northward you fee another hill not fo high, with a i'mall rock on the top of it, like a p.agpda, from whence it' derives its name. It is farther in-land than that of the chimney, and is not to be diflinguifhed from the other little hills but by this mark. Q 2 CLI. ri6 Jl New Directory for the East-Indies.. CLI. Of Julius Nave, the Point of Low Bakk, Aganis, Aeecam, Poawegam and Eatacola. Between the two Bafles, about equal difrance from one to the other, there is a fmall bank, on which is found out 8 fathoms ; but thole who fail here need not fear to approach it. From the Elephant to the high fandy point, called Julius Nave, is about 5 leagues NEbE. between them are tv.-o reef?, one near more, and the other 2 miles off fhore, upon which are i or 8 feet water. Within this fandy point is good over-againft the river, a mile off fhore, in 7 or 8 fathoms. Several cocoa-trees difperfed along more facilitate the knowledge of this part : befide that, the land trenches from thence NWbN. CLII. Of the un-equal Depths East of the Islan d Zelo an and VendeloosBav. It is neceffary to obferve, that no regard mould be paid to the irregular foundings in the part eaft of the Ifland of Zeloan. There are holes in feveral places. From 20 fathoms fometimes the foundings will iuddenly come to 400 fathoms. It will happen fometimes, that being near ihore, in 7 or 8 fathoms, you fhall prefently find yourlelves in 40 fathoms. Thofe who coaft this ifland ought to obferve this ; alfo the currents, for they fometimes fet in more. From Batacalo to Vendeloos the courfe is NWbN. Vendeloos is a bay, on the north fide of a point ; it may be known by a fmall hillock, a little way in-land, called the Sugar Loaf, to the fouthward of which, at lomc diftance, are two or three other little hillocks. At a gun-mot from the coaft the depth is 8 or 9 fathoms, but very foul ground in feveral places ; fo that you muft °}-^ further off. The fhips that have buiinefs at Point Pedra mould from Batacalo keep near fhore ; otherwife they rilque their being able to fetch in. » CLIII. Of Provedien Island, Cotiaris Point, Trinqltemale Bay,, and Pigeon Island. From Vendeloos to the Ifland Provedien is about 3 leagues NWbN. between: thefe two the coaft forms a bisrht. Here is exceeding; foul around. You muft keep ah offing of %\ leagues, in 16 or 18 fathoms. The Ifland Providien is a white rock, like the fail of one of the country veffels. The ground continues foul for 5 leagues more to the northward. From the Ifland Providien to the point of Cotiaris, or Coetier, the courfe is NWbN. diftance leagues. Cotiaris 1 1 8 A New Directory for the East-Indies. Cotiaris Point is low and even. About 2 or 3 leagues to the fouthward of it the °|->age becomes better; but this not above two miles oft" fhore, in 10 or 12 fathoms. Fiom this point to about the middle of the bay, you find °-ood 4-}a°-e from 20 to 24 fathoms, but more towards Trinquemale : it is too deep to in. From Cotiaris to Trinquemale Eay, (or Trinkamalay or Crankanella Bay) is about 3 leagues NW. This bay is large and deep, extending about 2 leagues. It has on the north fide high land, and fome good harbours, fheltered from all winds. The entrance of the bay is very clear, and without danger, though very deep. On the north fide are two rivers and three toward the fouth. Trinquemale fort is in latitude 8? 35' N. From the entrance of Trinquemale Bay to Pigeon Ifland, the courfe is NW. 4 leagues. There is no «f}age between the two, on account of the great depth. From Pigeon Ifland to Crofs River is 4 miles. CLIV. Of Rio-Carty, Molewall, Point Pedra, and Kareycall River. From Crofs River to Rio-Carty, (or Rio Sorto) the courfe is NW. diftance about 4 leagues. The coaft is low and even. You may °K> four miles off fhore, in 16, 18, or 20 fathoms. From Rio-Carty to Molewall (or Paffake) the diftance is 5 1 leagues NW. You may before Karey-Kal in 5 or 6 fathoms. The marks for cf-} depend upon the monfoon in which you are there, viz. In the foutherly monfoon, bring the flag-ftaffto bear WSW. and in the northerly, weft. By this means you facilitate the paflage of boats paffmg and repaffmg. CLVI. 0/~Trankabar, Cabripatnam, Triminivas River, Coloran River, Porto Novo, and Fort St. David. From Karey-Kal to Trankabar, the diftance is 1 J - league N4?W. You keep along Ihore, in 6 or 7 fathoms ; but in approaching the fort of Tranka- bar you muft fteep off a littl.e, on account of a bank near the river. This bank doth not project much ; and, provided you keep in the above depth, you have nothing- to fear. Trankabar is the chief fettlement belonging; to the Danes in India : the town is very neat, and the fort remarkable by its exceeding whitcnefs, which they take care to keep fo. The Indians call this place Tirangampadou, whence is corruptly derived the name of Trankabar. Two leagues and a half to the northward of Trankabar is Cabripatnam or Kaweripatnam, appearing like a fort of fort, without baftions : juft by are R two i22. A New Directory for the East-Indies. two fmall pagodas, very near each other, in-land. There was formerly;, about half a league from this place, a fmall French factory. The little river of Triminivas, on which (lands the tower of Tiru-mala- wauel, is 2 leagues north of Cabripatnam; It takes it name from a pagoda that is fern in-land, Off its mouth there is a bank about a mile diftant ; but it is not dangerous, as the depth decreafes gradually in approaching it. The land to the northward of the fiver is fomewhat higher than the reft of the coaft, which from the pagoda of Canimere is not feen, but the trees and buildings near it. In coafting about a league offfhore you have 9 or 10 fathoms water. About 3 leagues north from the river Triminivas is that of Coloran. Mr. Nichelfon calls this river, Davecotta. This laft difcovers itfelf by thick buihy wood near the fhore, through which one of the mouths of theie rivers feems to make a paflage : from thence extends a bank, the point of which reaches i| league from the fhore. It is fteep to, and dangerous. From 12 fathoms vou fall in fome places fuddenly into 3 or 4 fathoms. At the mouth of this river ftands the town ofTirukotty, where the Englifh have a fort encompafied by the river. A large fliip that fails along this coaft ought to come no nearer than 14 or 15 fathoms. In this track are to be fcen, up in the country, four remarkable edifices. Thefe are the four porticos of a famous pagoda, called' Chalembarang or Shidam-barang, but Chalanbron, according to D'Anville : Mr. Nichelfon has it Chillambrum. It bears due weft of the opening in the- a\ ood above mentioned, and is e'afily found thereby. The fiouth fide of the entrance of Coloran or Colderoon river, feems to form' a point, efpccially when you come from the fouthward, and iail near it, becaufe the coaft, whofe direction was hitherto north, forms an elbow, and extends 3 ' leagues to the NNW. as far as Porto Novo. The land is low and even, and nothing elfe is remarkable but the buildings above mentioned. Porto Novo is an Indian town of great trade. Here the French and Dutch have factories or houles for trade, on which ihey hoift their flags. As you pafs the fhoal off Coloran, to go to Porto Novo, you mull bring the French and Dutch flatrs at Porto Novo to bear NWbW. before vou ftccr by this point of the compafs ; that you may be fure you have doubled the north point of this bank. In July, (boner or later, from Triminivas to Porto-Novo, the waters are thick and muddy, as an inundation : this is the more furpriiing, as it feldom rains on the Coaft of Coromandel at this time of the year. This foul water proceeds Of the CoROMANDEL Co^ST. I 23 proceeds from Coloran River, which takes its rife among the mountains of Gatte on the Coaft of Malabar, where the frequent rain:; oceafion this inun- dation, efpecially at Coloran, at which place is the greateft outlet of this river. Its other principal outlets are at Ncgapatnam, Karey-Kal, Trankabar and Tri- minivas. From Porto Novo to Fort St. David, belonging to the Englifli, the courfb is NbE. diftance 6v leagues. In failing along the coaft you mult keep a league off more, in 8 or 9 fathoms. Half a league to the northward of Porto Novo bee;in the fand-downs, which extend along the coaft. At a diftance, this part of the coaft refembles feveral iflands : and this proceeds from thefe land-downs appearing higher than the land behind, which is exceeding low. Fort St. David is fituate on the edge of the coaft, and L of a league to the fouthward, you fee the town of Goudelours or Koodeleur. There is a fmall bank about ~ of a league off Fort St. David. They 4-^ in 7 or 8 fathoms. CLVII. Of PONDICHERRY. From Fort St. David to Pondicherry, the courfe is NNE. eafterly diftance ' 14 miles. At a league off fhore, you have 8 or 9 fathoms. There is nothing remarkable between them. The land is fandy to lea-ward, and woody in-land. In failing from the fouthward you fee the town and fort of Pondicherry, at the foot of black land, a little higher than the reft of the coaft. This black land, about 3 leagues in length, is NW. of the town, the fort, is built on low land by the fea-fide. Pondicherry hath been the chief of the French fettlements in the Eaft- Indies, and the refidence of the governor general and head council. It is in 11? 56 / north latitude, and 77? 34/ eaft longitude from the obfervatory at Paris, and 79? ^/E. from London. The king of Vafapour granted it to the French, in 1672, in conlideration of fervices done him by M. Martin, who 2 years afterwards was appointed governor thereof. The prudent conducl of this officer preferved it for his king, in fpite of the revolutions that happened in 1677, and fome time after in Carnatte or Karnateka, by the invafion of prince Sivagy who confirmed the grant in 1680. O As foon as the declaration of war between France and Holland was known in India, the Dutch (jealous of this fettlement, where the trade daily increafed) became refolved to make themfelves matters of it, and tried all manner of ways to fupply the weaknefs of their own inability. R 2 Thcv 124- -d New Directory for the East-Indies. Thev engaged the Great Mo°;ul to affiit them in the attack ; and fearing! this ally would .not prove fufficient, they fent to Ali-Raja, governoi oi the province, with many prefents to win him to their interefts, promifing him a confiderable fum for the fubiifhnce of an army which they required of him*, The negotiation had, at that time, no other effect than to induce M. Martin to take proper meaiures to defend the place ; and he doubled his care in 1690 and 91, till the Englifh joined the Dutch, and threatened to befiege and raze it to the ground. The Dutch not difcouraged by the bad fuccefs of their fir ft attempt, continued their foliciiations, and in 1692 obtained a caoul, or recommendatory letter fas appears by the original treaty) frcrn Raja-Ram Sacrapatti, king of Gingy, who permitted them to attack the French in Pon- dicherry with their utmoft ftrength, as well by land as lea, in order to reduce the place ; with a promife, on his part, to affift them (at the Dutch com- pany's expence) with a iurficient force of infantry and cavalry for the entei- prife. This prince on his part contracted (after the conqueft) to yield them up the fort of Pondicherry, with the lands therto belonging, to enjoy and poffefs them in the fame manner as the French had done ; belides all the effects, gold, fdver, and other merchandizes they fhould find there, with the remittance of all the rights that Raja- Ram could claim therein. He farther engaged, for himfelf and his fuccefiors, to eftabliih and maintain them in their pofleiiion, and to fuccour them with all his forces againft any who fhould hereafter attempt to moleft or difturb them in it. The Dutch on their part obliged thcmfclves to pay this prince the fum cf ?, 1. ,000 pagodas (178,500 livres, or 7437 pounds fterling) half to be advanced; and the other half on the reduction of the place. This caoul was confirmed by another king of Gingy, called Pialada Niragi, of the Bramin's calf. All thefe negotiations colt the Dutch above 50,000 pagoda.s. With this pcrmiffion they armed for the execution of their delign. In 1693 they prefented thcmfclves before Pondicherry, with a force capable of attack- ing the ftrongeft place in the Indies. Their fquadron was compofed of 19 men of war, fcveral (loops, boats and country veilcls, having on board obove 1500 regular troops, bolides feamen, boughies, macaflars and chingalas, to the amount of above 2000 ; 15 or 20 pieces of brafs cannon, 18-pounders, 24 field-pieces, 6 mortars, and warlike ftores in abundance. This army was increaied by another from the king of Gingy. This great preparation was attended w itfa a favourable fuccefs. The defence of Pondicherry at that time coiililted Of the COROMAKDEL CoAST. 125 confifted in a brick wall, .of an irregular form, 238 fathoms in circumfcrrencc, which inclofed the magazines and apartments of the principal factors ; 4 fmall baftions, able to mount only 6 guns, flanked the curtains. This place was attacked and defended with vigour ; but after about a month's fieo'e AT. Martin was obliged to furrender it to the befiegers. It was afterwards rcuorcd to the French by the treaty of Ryfwick ; and this fame governor again took poflcflion of it, in 1699, in the name of the French company, who immediately gave him orders to fee it fortified. They fent him M. de Noon, in quality of chief engineer, and from his plans and defigns they began in 1 701 to build the citadel. It is a regular pentagon of 90 fathoms round the exterior polygon, ftrongly built with brick, with a ditch full of water, 10 fathoms wide, and well covered. The baftions are built with orillons, and port-holes in them, and with barbets on the flanked angles. The royal gate fronts the fea ; it is orna- mented with a beautiful piece of architecture. This fort may be confidered as the bed: of its kind in the Eaft Indies. It ftands in the middle of the town, by the fea-iide, and the hou r es extend north and fouth. In 1724, M. de Beauvoillier, who was governor of it, began to inclofe the town. Father Lewis, a capuchin, had the management thereof. It confifts in a brick wall, flanked with baftions, in the modern way. In 1 740 and 41, under the government of M. Dumas, thefe fortifications were augmented, by the care of M. de Coifigny, an engineer of reputation and merit, on account of the Marattas, who threatened to deftrov the town. Their army, affifted by that of feveral other Gentoo princes, amounted to above 150,000 men. After having conquered the Moors or Moguls, and ravaged all the province of Carnatte, they purpofed to treat the Europeans fettlements in the fame manner, efpecially Pondicherry, the governor of which had afforded a retreat to the Mogul's viceroy, with his family, and the remains of the army after their defeat. The care that this prudent commander took in putting th'e place in a condition of defence, the relblute courage wherewith he anfwered the Mahratta generals, and the foiid arguments he made ufe of to reprefent to them the injuftice of their pretentions, made the officers and foldiers not only to change their purpole ; but their chiefs fent the governor a firaph, or ferapah, a pre.ent that confifts of a complete drefs of filk and gold in the country fafhion, being a mark of efteem and fiicndfhip to thofe on whom it is beftowed. This news reftored tranquillity in Pondicherry. This town is now one of the ftrongeft places in the Eaft Indies. It is 3000 toifes, or 1 1 league in circumference. It was belieged by Admiral ' • Bofcawen iib A New Directory for the Ea«t-Indies. Bofcawen in 1749; but he was obliged to raife the fiege on account of the monfoons. It 1 760 it was blockaded at fea, by the Admirals Cornifh and Stephens, and Colonel Coote by land, and obliged to furrender at diicretion ; the garrifon being fhort of provifions., This place was afterwards totally demolifhed, as the French had done by fort St. David's ; but was reftored to them again by the peace of Paris in 1 763. It has been lately taken by the Englifh. This laft acquiiition has been made chiefly through the intrepidity and bravery of the officers and fervants of the Englifh Ea.m Of the CoROMANDEL CoAST. 131 From Montepoly to Petapoly the courfe is ENE. 6[ leagues. About a league weftward of the town runs a Utile river, and oppoiite the town is a gi eve of palm-trees, remarkable for its being flat and even, for which reafon it is called the Table of Petapoly'. CLXI. Of Point Divy, Massui.ipatan, and Narsapour. From Petapoly to Point Divy the coaft runs eaft, about 14 or 15 leagues. You mull: keep in 6 or 7 fathoms, 2 or 3 leagues off fhore. About 4 leagues eaft of Petapoly there are the entrances of feveral rivers, that run along the low land, and form iflands of it ; but are not perceptible to thole who fail along fhore. Thefe rivers ebb and flow. A navigator hath obferved the water here to rife and fall 4 feet, being at an +■} m 5 fathoms puze. On the weft coaft of Point Divy, at 4 or 5 leagues diftance, you perceive the entrance of 3 rivers. In lading from athwart Divelan (the mountain of Cerara NWbN.) to go clear of the bank of Montepoly, you muft fleer NE. Take care to keep in 10 or 12 fathoms, ftirF ground, and there is nothing to fear; but if the depth increases, and the bottom becomes fofter, edge in, and fhape a courfe to the eaftward of Petapoly, in order to get into 9 or io fathoms ouzy ground. To go to MafTulipatan (or Maiulipatnam) when you are oft Point Divy, at l\ leagues diftance, you muft keep in 8 or 9 fathoms, to avoid the bank of Divy When Point Divy bears weft, you muft round it in 7 or 8 L.ujoms, and fteer NNW. borrowing more or lefs from the weftward, according as yo\j find yourfelf nearer or farther from the fhoal ; then edge away by little and little, in 5 fathoms ouze, always avoiding the hard ground. V- hen the depth exceeds 6 f. thorns, you muft borrow more from the weft, and (leer thus as tar as the road of MafTulipatan, before which you , but neareft the north more. On the fouth fide of the great hill is the entrance of a river, and another to thtf northward of a little hill, on which is ieen a fmall white pagoda, which is not difcovered in failing from the weftward, till you have palled the great hill. From Vifigapatnam to Bimelipatnam (or Bimilipatam) the coaft runs NE, 4J leagues; It is known by a long mountain, which runs in-land. from the lea fide. You perceive alio upon the fhore a little hill, about 2 leagues to the weftward of Bimelipatnam, like a fu gar-loaf : when you have palled it, you may fee the Dutch factory on the weft fide of the river. You may anc' there in 6, 7, or S fathoms, fioft ground, the factory bearing WbS. To lie on. the other fide of the river it muft bear SW, From 13+ A New Directory for the East-Ind:es. From Bimelipatnam to the river of Conar or Canary, the courfe is NEbE. diftance 8 miles. In coafting you keep in 6 or 8 fathoms, and 9 fathoms at fartheft : this carries you clear of the rocks. From Conar river to the point of the fame name, the coaft runs NNE. 4 miles. To the eaft ward of Conar you fee a thicket of palm-trees, SEbE. 2 leagues from which, are the rocks of Conar or Santipelly. If you would fail between' the main and thefe rocks, the beft channel is to keep in 7 or 8 fathoms; but at fartheft, no more to feaward than 9 or 10 fathoms, nor nearer the fhore than <; or 6 fathoms. If you intend to fail without this danger, you fhould not come nearer than 16 or 17 fathoms. In this cafe the fureft way will be to keep in 20 fathoms, which will carry you 2 leagues wide of thefe rocks ; near which the currents fet ftrongly on them. From the point of Conar to Ticacoel or Chicacol, the coaft trenches NE^E. diftance 34 miles ; the land between them forming fo me what of a bight. Chicacol is by a fiver, near which are 3 or 4 great trees, and fome palm-trees, You may keep il league offing, in 13 fathoms, fandy ground. From Chicacol to Calreigapatnam or Calingepatam, the bearing is NE. diftance 13 miles. This place is known by 3 or 4 great trees to the northward. You have 13 or 14 fathoms a league from the fhore. From Calreigapatnam to Caletaer (Alelareor Aleture) the bearing is NElE. diftance 19 miles. The depth is the lame as above mentioned, at an equal diftance from the coaft. You fee betweem them 2 thickets, each confuting of about 10 or 12 palm-trees. CLXI1I. O/PoNDY, BARVA, SOMMAVERON, K.ARAPAR, tffl«/MANIKPATNAM. From Caletaer to Pondy, the coaft trenches NE. eafterly, diftance 5* leagues. The depths are 12, 15, and 17 fathoms, at 1 \ league from the fhore, land mixed with large gravel. Clofe in fhore, before the river of Pondy are 10 or ) 2 rocks, and within land fome high rugged mountains, which thwart the- river ; thofe along the coaft are of a middling height, but equally rugged. From Pondy to Barva or Barrar, the bearing is the fame as above mentioned, and the diftance 5 leagues. To fail from one to the other, keep. about 4 miles offing, in 15 or 16 fathoms, fandy ground. The mountain of Barva ia high, and round it are lome hillocks; the moft remarkable is to the fouthward of the river. To the northward of the mountain are feveral others like it ; but ibmewhat higher. From Of the CoRoMANDEL CoAST. I35 From Barva to Sommaveron or Ganjami the coafl inclines to i difhnce 8 leagues. You mult keep an offing of 2 ' league-", in 20 or 25 fathom ; nearer, the foundings fhoal \ery fall. To the fouthward of Ganjam riv , id a thicket of palm-trees, that feems to be of the extent of a cannon-mot. Oil approaching it, you di cover another, even at the top, like the table of PetapoJy ; and to the northward, 5 tops of hills, making 5 iaddlcs. Near this river is a little fort. From Sommaveron to Karapar (or Kampare) it is reckoned 6 ' leagues NfvjE. There is nothing remarkable between them but the 5 tops of hills above noticed, and the pagoda of Montercotta, which Hands by itfelf, upon a moderate low land, woody and pretty even. A fort called Monterkotta is laid to be upon a fmall round hummock, on the fouth fide of the river (Campare) which is the utmofr. hounds of Golconda. Three leagues NE. of this pagoda appears the mountain of Karapar ; when it bears NNE. it may be known by its fhape, being like a long tomb, a little fleep on the fide next the fhore, towards which it declines. The more in-land hills run off in the direction of the coaft. This different direction makes the mountain Karapar form an angle with the others, towards the NW. between which, to the fouthward, a plain extends as far as the 5 tops of hills above mentioned. From Karapar to Manikpatnam or Manicapatam, the bearing is NEbE|E. diftance 9 leagues. The coaft makes a bay between them ; in which there is no good of-} ground, but about 3 leagues to the fouthward of Manikpatnam. This bay ought to be avoided, efpecially with a SE. wind. From Karapar, the mountains that go no further to the northward, leave between them and the fhore, a plain of reddifh foil, efpecially near the lea-fide. Off Manikpatnam a bank of land projects 2 miles : it fhoals from 10 fathoms fuddenly to 4 fathoms, lo that you muft come no nearer than 1 2 fathoms. The Soundings, a league from the lhore, are landv ; and muddy at 2 leagues. Manikpatnam may be leen when the Mountain of Karapar bears WSW. 7 or 8 leagues. It is known by a little pagoda, encompafled with houfes and other buildings, with iome large trees. CLX1V. Of Jagrenat Pagoda, the Black Pagoda, False Point, and Point Palmiras. From Manikpatnam to Jagrenat or Jakaranat, the courfe is ENE'E. diftance c leagues. There is no danger alotv>- this coair ; therefore you may keep at what diilance you think proper. The depth is the fame as above mentioned, 136 A New Directory for the East-Indies. mentioned, and the land of the fame colour. Jagrenat is one of the moft celebrated pagodas of India. Here is a large town about two leagues from the lea- fide ; the height of its building (hews it far off. As foon as you are off Manikpatnam, you may perceive the pagoda from the mafthead : at this diftance it appears like a large fhip under fail ; but on approaching it, it looks like three pagodas, near each other. The SW. one is exceeding high and round, fmiihed aloft with a large ball on the top of a ipike. The fecond, which almoft joins to the firft, appears lefs round at the top. It has alio a fpike and a bill, as has likewife the third, which is the lead, and round like the firft. Thefe three pagodas form a high and large building. P. Noel, by aftronomical oblervation, made its latitude 19? 50' N. Four leagues EbN. of Jagrenat pagoda, is the Black pagoda, which at a diftance (like the former) reiembles a large fhip under i.ft ; but on a nearer view it lofes fomewhat of its magnitude. When you bring; it to bear NNE. it looks hke two buildings joined at the bottom, and leparate aloft, which finifh in a peak. About a leage WbS. there is another little pagoda, fituate like this on an even ground, reddiih and without trees. This circumflance io Efficient to diftinguifh the Black Pagoda from that of Jagrenat. About a league WS W. of the little pagoda, you difeover, between jagrenat and the Black Pagoda, a riling ground, with fome trees thinly planted : and though there is another nearly hke this, at a league beyond Manikpatnam, you cannot miftake them, if you obferve never Co little the diftance of the one from the Black Pagoda, and its different appearance from that of Jagrenat. From the Black Pag;oda to the Falie Point is reckoned about 18 leagues," the firft 5 leagues EbN. the next 3 ENE. and the laft 10 leagues NE. r l coaft between thefe two places is encompaffed with a bank, which nrcjccls half a league into the lc,\, and in fome places a liidc ieis. Off falie point it extends 1 \ league. The 4 firft leagues the land is pretty even, and without any thing remarkable : the 4 following leagues it apj ear. in downs or hillocks offend; at the end of thefe 4 laft leagues runs the river Marfepour, near which is feen a fmall thicket. Three leagues to the northward there is another little river. The coaft concaves a little between the two ; it is very low, for 3! more northerly. Afterward it appears higher, by rc'afbn of a thick that mikes it appear more To than any fctn from I. n. Up; n aproaching Falie Point or Karreagazan, you would take it (although it is tl : land) for a little ifland, by rea'on of a default of wood, or the trance of a river. This part, which appears L arated, is the FaL.c Point. From Of the COROMANDEL COAST. I37 From this place the coaft (whole direction was NE.) ftretches to die north- ward, and more wefterly, forming a great bight. Many navigators, deceived by this appearance, have taken Falfe Point for the Point of Palm-trees, or Point Palmiras ; and this miftake hath occafioned the lofs of fevcral ihips. The knowledge of the depth alone, is not fuflicient to prevent this error. Upon the eafterly border of the bank of Falfc Point, you find, for 2 or 3 cafts of the lead, the fame as at Point Palmiras ; and the bottom, of a muddy fand, gravel and lmall flat ftones, black, and without fhapc, like bruifed pepper; but with this difference, that at the Falfc Point you are but 2 leagues from the land, in 15 or 16 fathoms, and may difcern the coaft plainly, appearing like a regular hillock. At Point Palmiras, you find this depth only to the eaft of its ifle, and at 4 leagues from the coaft, which being much lower is hardly feen ; 3 downs of land, a little to the fouthward, are the only elevations it hath. ' When you come from fea-ward to make Falfe Point directly, you do not fee the marks before mentioned, except a thick and even wood, which has nothing of the kind near it, and which is the principal mark. Having failed about 4 leagues from Falfe point ; when it bears SW. there is to the NE. an opening, like the entrance of a middling river. Off Falfe Point, in 14 or 15 fathoms, the courfe to attain the fame depth (to the eaft ward of Point Palmiras) is NE. 18 leagues; but you muft allow for the ebbing and flowing of the tides : they are SE. and N W. The beft depth is to keep in 1*4 or 16 fathoms, foft ground. If in this track you fhould find a different bottom, you need not be furprifed. About 5 leagues NEbE. from Falfe Point, fleering NE. foundings have been had of red fand, for above 3 leagues, and from thence ou/v, as far as Point Palmiras. The change of the fand mews you ore near the bank, which is fine and hard fand. Eaft and weft of this bank, the foundings are fand, gravel, broken lhells, and ftones without form, like bruifed pepper. You often find, in 17 or 18 fathoms foundings of black and red ouze, with broken (hells. Near the land, in 1 1 or 1 2 fathoms, it is fand and red gravel. When in the night time you find thefe laft foundings, you may round the bank, fteering N. and NbW. When in this courfe you rind foft ground, you may eaiily knew whether the bank is doubled, becaufe in fuch cafe the depth decreafes but a fathom and a quarter for the fpace of a league. On the contrary, it decreafes very quick when it is not doubled. If the winds blow from the weftward, you may lie clofe to the bank, in loor n fathoms, without fear. You have then foundings of T fine 138 A New Directory for the East-I.;dies. fine fand, frequently mixed with fine gravel : fometimes they are unequal, as from ic, to 7I fathoms. You mini: beware of coming into 5 fathoms ; for then you approach very near the border of the bank, and the rocks appear difunclly upon the fhoaleft part. Be careful not to keep too fir oft* the bank, during the weftern monfoon, becau'e you run the rifqe of lofing foundings, by the winds winch then blow from that part, and by the currents then fetting to the eaftward. If this happens, you muft lofe your pafiage, and will be obliged to go to winter at Chittigong, whence you cannot get out till November or December. When the winds blow from S. to Si. (as it often happens in April, May and June) you may keep in 16 or 17 fathoms, till you have doubled the outermoft part of the bank. The Ifland of Point Palmiras is very difcernable in coming from the fouth- ward, appearing very far apart ; though not above half a league at mofr. If you are got down within the bight, between Falfe Point and this ifland, fo that it bears to the eaftward of north, you muft bawl directly off, to keep clear of an elbow of the bank, which tuns out 2 leagues to the SEbE. of this ifland. You may approach it in 1 2 fathoms ; but come nothing under. In cafe of a foutherly wind this inftruction is more ufeful than before becaufe then you will have the greateft difficulty to clear it. The Sieur de la Touch e, in his Memoirs, fpeaks of a bank, bearing EbS. 9 leagues from. Point Palmiras, on which he was told a fhip had been loft. A Danifh captain aiYured him he had feen this bank when dry,, and that, having been carried off the coaft by a gale of wind, the depth increafed upon him to 60 fathoms and afterwards diminifhed by little and little to the fight of it. This bank hath been fearched for accordingly, but could not be found ; therefore it cannot be amifs to keep the lead going. CLXV. Of Bali.asore Road, the Nelgringe Mountains end Piply Road. Having doubled the bank of Point Palmiras, when the ifland bears WbS. a little foutherly. the belt courfe to go to °j-} in Ballafore road, in 5 fathoms at low water, is NNW. about 9 leagues. The navigator fhould be careful to obferva which way the wind blows, in order to be fure of his courfe, becaufe in the wefterry winds you muft keep your luff to avoid falling to the leeward 6f Ballafore' Road. You muft therefore keep the coaft on board, 1117 or S fathoms ; but you may approach Ballafore Road in 6 fathoms. You meet no danger Of the CoROMANOEL CoAST. 139 danger in this bay, but the bank of Canaca, which breaks at low water, and on its ed°;e has c fathoms, hard fand. The weft coaft is planted with trees, all alon"-; except for the fpace of a fmall league to the weftward of the river. This part, void of trees, ferves to (hew the entrance of it, which has on the weft fide a little white houfe (the Englhh banklhail or ftorehdufe). On the eaft fide are forae find-downs, behind which you fee plainly a little wood, when you go too far to the eaftwavd of the entrance. The marks for good 4-}age, when the Nelgringe or Nellgare mountains are to be ken. ift. The end of the long mountain to the fouih weftward of the others W^S. 2. The middle one, which appears the higheft, and is feparate from the reft, WNWlW. 3d. The little one on the ME. fide NWbN. The entrance of the river north, and NbW. It flows in Ballafore road, at full and change SSE. and NNW. The fea rifes here 10 feet in the fpring, and 7 in the neap tides. The (hips that intend to 4-} in 5 fathoms, at low water, ought to pay great regard to this. If in cloudy weather (when the Mountains of Nelgringe cannot be (ten, and the entrance of the river is hardly to be diftinguilhed) you feek the 5 fathoms (becaufe in this depth you are at leaft 4 leagues off fhore) you muft have recourfe to the marks already mentioned, namely, the void of trees to the weftward, and the downs which lie along the eaftern bank. It is reckoned about 9 leagues EbN. and ENE. from Ballafore Road to Piply Road. In this track you keep in 6 fathoms, at low water. Piply is known by a pagoda to the weftward of the river, and a thicket of trees very near it, which are fufficient to dillinguifh it. If you can fee the pagoda, you muft bring them to bear NWbN. to get into good <+->age. If in a imall (hip you coaft it in a lefs depth, you muft take care of a bank oppolite the river, which projects 4 miles off the coaft. It is computed about 4 leagues from the +^agc of Pipley to the firft brace or channel to enter the Ganges. The (hips bound up the Ganges are not always obliged to 4-} in Ballafore Road for pilots, becaufe you frequently meet their boats as foon as you have doubled Point Palmiras. Each nation have their peculiar ones, nor is it proper to ufe them promifcuoufly ; nor is it proper to ufe thole of another nation when as good of your own may be had. Sad accidents have happened by trufting to unikilful pilots ; the heft (hould always be preferred. Mr, 140 A Neiv Directory for the East-Indies. Mr. Nichelfon's Defer iption of the Goads of Malabar, Canara,- Decan and Concan. CLXVI. 0/ Cape Comorin. Cape Comorin is in latitude 7? 56' N. and longitude 77? 25' E. from London* The variation, 1763, was 41' W. The extremity of this cape is level, low land covered with trees, and cannot be feen from a (hip's deck, more than 4 or 5 leagues ; fo that few mips coming this way fee the cape, but a little hill to the northward thereof, which appears like an ifland, when it bears from NEbN. to ESE. This is what people in general take for the cape, and fet it as fuch. A little to the northward of this hill, begins the chain of very high- mountains, which ftretch a great way in-land to the northward, and are called the Mountains of Gatta ; which may be feen 8, 9, or 10 leagues at lea. There are good foundings all about Cape Comorin. To the eaftward, the cape bearing NW. you have from 35, 30, 25 to 22 fathoms, coarfe brown fand, about 5 leagues off: the cape bearing NbE. 4 leagues, you have 20 fathoms; ditto NEiN. 4 or 5 leagues, 24 fathoms ; ditto NEbE. 3 leagues off more, 24 fathoms, coarfe land; ditto E^S. and the extremes of land to the northward, NbW'W off fhore 4 leagues, 30 fathoms. The cape, from NNE. to NEbN. 7 or 8 leagues, 38 fathoms, muddy ground ; ditto NEbN. 6 or 7 leagues, 35 fathoms, ouze, with iome find ; when the extremes of the land to the northward will bear NbW. The cape ENE. and the extremes, of the land to the northward, NbW'W. off more about 4 leagues, you have 24 fathoms, fandy ground. On Nov. 13, 1759, being at noon, b\ r a good obfervation, in latitude 7? 46' N. the little hill that appears like an ifland to the northward of the true Cape Comorin bearing NE'N. and the extremes of land to the northward . off fhore 6 or 7 leagues, had 35 fathoms. From noon to 2 P. M. the courfe fleered was NbE. 2': miles, when we faw breakers on a funken rock, which mull: be very near the furface of the water, by the lea breaking on it, whilft elfewhere it was fo very, f moot ii. We law the breakers very plain lor 15 or 20 minutes, and palled within a mile of them. When they bore SE 1*1. about 1 '. mile, we founded and had 35 fathoms; the extreme part le hill, which we fet for Cape Comorin, bearing NE. a little northerly; and i.hcrnmoft land in fr'ht NbW. Our diftance from what we took for Mr. Nichelson's Dcfcrijtion of the Malabar Coast. 14 r for the cape, as near as we could judge, was 6 of 7 leagues. • This i> at dangerous rock, but It is very imall. CLXVII. Of Point Cadiapatam, fwajmall Islands, and a Rock. From Cape Comorin, to Point Cadiapa:am, the courfe is AVNW'iW. diftance 6 leagues. This point of Cadiapatam forms the eaft fide of Colcche Bay, and is very remarkable ; being a very red fteep land, clofe to the fea, with a grove of tall trees on the extremity of it. From this point inlandward the land rifes to a tolerable height, at the top whereof is another grove of tall trees, which feem very regular : this is the highefc land in light near the fea. SSW. from Cadiapatam Point, diftance 3 or 4 miles, there are two little fflands furrounded with rocks and foul ground; and S|E. from the northern-- moft of thefe there is a rock even with the water, except only about the bi'mefs of a calk of it above water. This is the fame with that mentioned in the New Directorv, as appearing like a buoy. It lies about 6 or 7 miles off fiv.H-e, and has 13 fathoms within a boat's length of it ; 17 fathoms about 7 of a mile without it ; 197 and 20 fathoms about 7 a mile without it ; 22 fathoms about a mile without it ; and only 23 fathoms 1 r or 2 miles without it, fandy ground. I have founded all about this rock, and took the following bearings upon it, viz. the northernmoft of the lfnall iflands N4\V. the outermofh high land of Cape Comorin EbN^N. the outermoft low land, which is the very pitch of the cape E. diftance about 5 leagues ; Point Cadiapatam NNEiE. and the extremes of the land to the northward NW-'-N. otflhore, 6 or 7 miles. I would not advife you to go under 28 or 30 fathoms hereabout in the night-time, or hazey weather ; for the coaft hereabout is very foul and dangerous, having many ftraggling rocks lying a great way off fhore. CLXVIII. Of Coleche Bay, Ruttera Point, Anjanga, Quilon, Pokca, Cochin, and Panian. From Point Cadiapatam, 4 or 5 miles to the weftward, is Coleche Bay. On the fhore hereabout are fevcral buildings like pagodas, On the weft lide of Coleche Bay, begins a pretty high red land, _ intermixed with white, near the fea, and very fteep to lea-ward. This land continues about 2 or 3 leagues to the weftward of Coleche Bay, and there ends. From Coleche Bay, as tar as Ruttera Point, you fee high mountains in 1. and fome fmall diftance from the fea, vou fee tolerable hi-h land, which ftretches 142 A New Directory for the East-Indies. ftretches to the north waid as far as Ruttcra Point, and there it end* Ruttera Point is clofe to the Tea, and f'eems to ftretch from the bit-mentioned hig& land. It is a low, level land, terminating in a bluff to feaward, and is higher than any land hereabout near the Tea. There is a church a little to the Southward of this point, by which it may be known ; and feveral other buildings are along more. From Point Cadiapatam to Ruttera Point the courfe is NW'W. 1 1 or 12 leagues. You have foundings between them from 24 fathoms 3 leagues off Cadiapatam, to 50 fathoms 4 or 5 leagues ; to ■$$ or 40 fathoms 6 or 7 leagues off fhore. When you are to the northward of Coleche Bay, you may go into 20 fathoms 2 miles off fhore; to 30 or 34 fathoms 4 or 5 leagues off more. Off Ruttera Point the water deepens, there' being 24 and 27 fathoms 3 or 4 miles from it ; 23 fathoms 4 leagues off; and 35, 40, or 45 fathoms from 4 to 6 leagues off, fandy ground. Here it may not be amifs to oblerve, that the Coaft of Malabar lies NNW. and SSE. fo that, being 5 leagues off Ruttera Point, a NNW. courfe will carry you along fhore to the Ifland Kanary, (a little to the fouthward of Bombay) and as far without it as you were from Ruttera Point ; and a SSE. courfe from Kanary will carry you the lame diftance off Ruttera Point, as I have feveral times experienced. There are good and regular foundings all along this coaft, only in lome places deeper, and others fhoaler water. From Ruttera Point to Anjanga, the courfe is NbW~W. diftance 7 leagues; the coaft between them is low to feaward, but covered with irees, which makes it feen at a pretty good diftance. There are high mountains in-land, at a o-reat diftance; and along fhore there are feveral buildings: the coaft is bold and clear, having 1 1 or 12 fathoms within 1 * mile of the fhore; 24 or 25 fathoms z\ or 3 leagues off ihore: and 30, 35, to 40 or 45 fathoms, from 4 to 6 leagues off fhore. Anjanga lies in latitude 8? 42' N. and longitude 76? 25'E. from London. The variation here, 1763, was 28' W. You may of-}, in Anjanga Road, in 11, 12, or 13 fathom water, the Red Cliffs bearing NNW! W. the flag-ftaff ENE;E. the extremes of the land to the fouthward SE^S. off fhore \\ or 2 miles. About 4 or 5 miles to the northward of Anjanga there are fome pretty high and fteep red cliffs, clofe to the fca, where may be had frefh water; but there being always a great furf on the fhore makes it very tedious watering. The water at Anjanga is both bad and fcaice. About 5 leagues to the northward of Anjanga, is the Dutch fettlcment of Quilon, a very inconfiderable place. From the Red Cliffs, which are 4 miles to Mr. Nicheison's Defcripiion Iff the M.m.abau Co/.sr. 143 to the northward of Cochin, the Coaft is very low, and only to be difcernep by the trees upon it. The foundings are gradual to the fhore ; you have 10 or 11 fathoms 2 miles off more ; 22 or 23 fathoms 3 leagues off fhore ; ami 28 fathoms 5 or 6 leagues off fhore ; which is as far as you can fee the land oft deck. From Anjanga to Cochin the coaft lies NNW,' ( W. diftance 28 leagues. You may coaft it along fhore in from 10 to 20 fathoms ; and after you arc to the northward of Quilon, you may coaft it to Cochin, from 7 to 16 fathoms; in which depths you will be from 4 miles to 4 leagues off fhore. From Porca, or Porcat, a Dutch fettlement, to Cochin, and as far to the northward as Banian, another Dutch fettlement, is the fhoaleft part of all the Malabar Coaft, but no danger, there being gradual foundings to the fhore. You have 6 or 7 fathoms ij or 2 miles off fhore ; 12 or 14 fathoms 3 or 3^ leagues off; and 22 or 23 fathoms at 6 leagues diftance, when you can but juft fee the land off deck. The bottom hereabout muddy and ouzy. As you fail along the coaft you cannot fee the town of Cochin, on account of the many trees that are about it. It would be difficult to know it, but for its very high flag-ftaff, and large flag, which being ere died on a very high tower, may be feen over the tops of the trees. The town and fort of Cochin is the chief fettlement of the Dutch on the Malabar Coaft, and a place of great trade. It is fituated on the fouth fide of the river, at the entrance, and is in latitude 9? 58" N. and longitude 76? 8' E. from London. The variation, by feveral obfervations, in the year 1763, was 1? 34' W. You may 4-^ in Cochin Road from 5* to 6^ fathoms, muddy ground-; the flag-ftaff bearing ENE. or EbN;N. off fhore 1 ' mile. Here you may get plenty of wood and water. Poultry and all kind of refrr fhments are to be had in great plenty here. Being in the offing, any where about Cochin, 6 or 8 leagues to the northward or fouth ward of it, .you will but juft fee the land off deck, ia - 22 or 23 fathoms, or about 6 leagues off fhore. You have 16 fathoms, 3 leagues off, with gradual foundings to the fhore ; all muddy ground, excepting as follows. There is a fhoal with 4 fathoms water on it, lies off the Dutch fettlement Pauian, or a little to the northward thereof, in latitude 10? 34'N. about 4 miles off the fhore. Within this fhoal there are 6| and 6 fathoms within a mile, or a mile and a half of the fhore ; and there are 9' or 10 fathoms, a mile without it, muddy ground ; and 14 fathoms, a mile and a half or 2 miles without 144 -A AVw Directory for the East-Indies. \\ ithout it. His Majefty's fhips Weymouth and Cumberland were on this fhoal in 1758. The Weymouth had 4 fathoms water on it : and the Cumber- land, miffing flays, °|-}ed on it in 5 fathoms water, and founded well about it. The Weymouth ed a mile without it in 9 J fathoms water, and founded well about this fhoal. This fhoal is but fmall, and we do not know that there is any lefs than 4 fathoms water on it ; but it is alarming to come fuddenly, in the fpace or" a mile, from 11 or 12, into 4 fathoms; therefore great mips mould keep out in 1 3 or 14 fathoms hereabout, in order to keep clear of this fhoal, and to prevent their being furp riled by coming too fuddenly into fhoal water. CLX1X. Of Callicut, Tillicherry, Mahe, Mount Dilla, and Cananore. From Cochin to Callicut the coaft lies NNW. a little northerly, diftance 20 leagues. The land near the lea is low. and woody, but clear of danger. As you come near Callicut, if the weather is clear, you , may fee, a great way in-land, exceeding high mountains ; thefc are part of the great chain of moun- tains which extend from Cape Comorin, and run a great way farther to. the northward, called the mountains of Gatta. You may coaft it along from Cochin to Callicut in S, 9, or 10 fathoms, muddy ground, at 2 1 01-3 miles off ffiore ; and "you will have 20, 25 and 30 fathoms, fi;om 4 to 5 and 6 leagues oft fhoje. Callicut may be known by the many little hills near the fca, and very high mountains in-land ; there are alio feveral little pagodas near the ihore, which appear very white. Here the Englifh, French, Danes and Portuguefe, have each a factory-houfe, whereon they hoi ft their flags. This is a place of coii- iiderable trade, in pepper, timber, and cardamums. The latitude of Callicut is 11? 2 FN. and longitude 76? 3'E. from London. The variation by obser- vation, 1763, was 30'E. You may > a large .ihjp.V hull oui the Mr. NichelsonV Defcription of the Malabar Coast. 145 the water, and deep to 011 all fides. It lies about 3 leagues from the Conti- nent, and is very white, being covered all over with bird's dung. Its latitude is ii?36'N; the variation, 1763, was 14/YV. I never was through between this ifhnd and the main, but have fecn (hips go through, and been informed by thofe on board them, that there is a good channel, with 8 or 9 fathoms clear ground, and regular foundings. By going within- fide this rock, you make a fhorter cut to Tillicherry. You have foundings from Callicut to the Sacrifice Rock, from 6 or 7 fathoms, to 14, 15, 16, and 17 fathoms, 14- mile without-lide the rock ; and 24 or 25 fathoms about 4 or 5 miles off it. In the night or hazy weather, 1 would advife you not to come under 20 fathoms, but keep in 20 or 22 fathoms ; this will carry you clear of all danger. From Sacrifice Rock to Tillicherry the courfe is NlYV. diftance 7 leagues. Being in 17 fathoms water, 1 \ or 2 miles without the rock, you will have very regular foundings between that and Tillicherry, from 17 to 5^ fathoms, ouzy ground. You may =f^ in 5J- or 5 fathoms, the flag-ftaffat Tillicherry bearing NEbN. Green I (land (a pretty high ifla, d, covered with trees) NbVVlW. off fhore \\ or \\ of a mile. There are fcveral great rocks to the northward of the town, but no danger, as they are clofe in fhore. Tillicherry is an Englifh fettlement, in latitude 1 1? 5o'N. and longitude 75? 45TS. from London; the variation, 1763, by feveral oblervations, was i?W. Here may be had good frefh water, and other refreshments. About 2 leagues to the fouthward of Tillicherry, flood the forts and town of Mahe, which was the chief fettlement belonging to the French, on the Malabar Coaft. They had built the town and forts, and made it a ftrong place. The principal fort was fituate on a bluff point, at the mouth of a little river, which is navigable for only fmall country veflels ; there were 2 other forts, both built on hills. This place was taken by the Englifh in February, 1760, and deflroyed. The beft °H>ing in Mahe Road, in fine weather, was in 5 or 6 fathoms, the flag ftaff EbN. or EbN^N. 1 \ or 2 miles off fhore. The coaft: between Callicut and Tillicherry is low, and covered with wood ; but there are feveral high hills a fmall diftance in-land, and very high moun- tains a great way in-land. FromTillicherry'to Mount Dilla the coafl lies NW^N. diilance 7; leagues, and is low and woody ; but high hills are feen in-land. You may coaft it between them in from 10 to 14 or 15 fathoms, from 4 to 6 miles off fhore ; but off Mount Dilla, in 14 or 15 fathoms, you will not be more than 3 or 4 miles off fhore. I have palled it in 10, ii, or 12 fathoms, 2 or 3 miles off U it. 146 A Ndtv Directory for the East-Indies. it. The foundings of it are very regular. In the offing between Tillicherry and Mount Dilla, you have foundings from 20 to 26 fathoms, ouzy ground, from 4 to 5 leagues off more; and from 25 to 30 and 35 fathoms from 5 to 6 or - leagues off more. When Mount Dilla bears from EbN. to SEbE. diftance 6 or 7 leagues, you have 31, 32, or 33 fathoms, fandy ground. About 2 leagues to the northward of Tillicherry is the Dutch fettlement of Cananore. Mount Dilla is a high mountain, lying ENE. and WSW. and forms a point of land that projects into the fca. The French had a fmall fort on the outer part of it, next the fea, which may be feen as you pafs it. Coming from the northward or fouthward it appears Separate from the coaft, the land within it, and on each fide of it, being very low ; i'o that at a diftance it appears like an iftand, which renders it very remarkable to navigators. The latitude of Mount Dilla is 12? 6'N. the variation off it, 1763, 34/E. It may be feen 9 or 10 leagues in clear weather. CLXX. O/Mangalor, Annanore, Bassalore, the Permira Mid St, Mary's Rocks. From Mount Dilla to Mangalore, the coaft lies NNW. diftance 16 leagues and frill continues low and woody, as well as clear of all danger. About 5 or 6 leagues to the northward of Mount Dilla, and fome difhnce in-land, there is a high hill called mount Formoia ; and about 6 leagues to the north- ward therof is a long, high, Hoping hill, called Barn Hill, w'ith feveral other hills further in-land. You may Hand in more to 7 or 8 fathoms with fafety, and coaft it in 9 or 10 fathoms, at 5 or 6 miles diftance. In the offing between them you will have 16 fathoms 1\ leagues off ffiore ; and from 27 to 30 fathoms, ouzy ground, from 5 to 6 leagues off ffiore. Mangalore bearing E : iN. and Barn Hill ESE. off more 4! or 5 leagues, you will have 2 r or 22 fathoms ; and Barn Hill EbSfS. and Mangalore eaft, off ihore about 6 leagues, you will have 30 fathoms, land and ouze. Mangaldfe, a pl.ee of great trade ffr rice, is Situated at the mouth of a river, navigable only for fmall (hips, as it has a bar. On the fout'a fide of thi there is a fort, belonging to the Portuguese, where trieyTioift their eolou'is, which mav be feen a great way at fea. The i f-^nge in th the iiver in 5, 6, or 7 fathoms, foft muddy ground. 1 place is 1 2? 5C/N. The* variation, 1763, was j^^V. Here;. pretty high. - Mr. NiciiELSoNV Dcfcription of the Malabar C<-ast. 147 From Mar.g-alore to Annanore, the coaft lies NNW. 21 leagues. A little to the northward of Mangalorc, the coa(l bcgias to be very high. About 8 or 9 leagues to the northward of Mangalcrc, there is a Moors fcttlement, called BalL'dore, at the back of which is a very high mountain, with a remark/ peak, called the Peak of Balfalore. It continues high and mountainous a great way to the northward of Annanore. This high land is not clofe to the lea, though it appears fo : for the coaft near the fea is low and woody, wi'.h Regular foundings toward the fhorc, and continues lb to that part oppoiite Pigeon I Hand, which bears from Mangalore NNWiW. 28 leagues. Between Mount Dilla and Pigeon Ifland, you have foundings further off the land than any other part of the coaft. From 30 to 40, 50, and 56 fathoms, fine land, from 7 to 10, 12, or 14 leagues off more and very regular foundings. From Cape Comorin to Mangalore, is the proper Coaft of Malabar ; and from thence to Bombay the Coaft of Canara : but people in general call the whole by the name of the Malabar Coaft. The Permira Rocks bear from Mangalore NWbN. 10 or ri leagues ; they lie 3 or 3! leagues off fhore, in latitude 13? 17'N. are as high as a Imall fhip's hull out of the water, and may be feen 3I or 4 leagues from a fhip's deck. Come no nearer thefe rocks, in the night or hazy weather, than 18 fathoms. I have founded well about thefe rocks, and have pafted them in 16 J, 16$, : 6, 15} fathoms, at 2 or 22 miles diftance without them ; and you will have no lefs water cloie to them : the foundings are regular and even, fand and ou?e. You have 17 fathoms 3 miles without thefe rocks ;. 18I fathoms about 4 miles without them ; and 20 or 21 fathoms 5 or 6 miles without them ; and then you will be 5 or 6 leagues off fhore. The variation of thefe rocks, 1763, was 28'W. The St. Marv's Rocks are feveral little iflands., or rocks, lying 2|or 3 leagues off fhore, in latitude 13? jo'N. lome of which are as high as the hull of a fmall fhip, others low and flat ; they bear NNW. 4 or 5 leagues from the Permira Rocks, and may be feen 3 or 31 leagues from a fhip's deck. You have 151 or 16 fathoms 2 or 3 miles without thefe rocks. I would not advife you to come nearer them than 16 fathom's; and in the night or hazy weather, not nearer than 17 or 18 fathoms, in which depth you will pals 4 or 5 miles without them, you have 21, 22, or 23 fathoms, 6, 7, or 8 miles without them, when you are 5 or 6 leagues off fhore. The variation, 1763, was 43' W. From St. Mary's Rocks to Pigeon Ifland, you have regular foundings toward the fhore, viz. from 10 to 12 fathoms, 4 or 5 miles off fhore ; 15 or 16 U 2 , fathoms 148 A New Directory for the East-Indies. fathoms 3 leagues off; 19 or 20 fathoms, 4 leagues off; 24 or 25 fathoms, 5 leagues off; and $0 to 2,3 fathoms, 6 or 7 leagues off: vc-.y regular found- ings, a;;d ouzy clear ground. CLXXI. 0/"Pigeon Island, Hog Island, Annanore Road, Anjedivjb.' Isle, Cape Raimas, W St. George's Island. Pigeon Ifland is a fmal!, but very high round ifland, which may be fecn 9 or 10 leagues in clear weather. It lies about 3 leagues from the Continent, in latitude 1 4.? 4' N. has a little ifland, or rock, to the fouth-eaflward, and another to the eaftward of it. The variation, 1763, by leveral obfervations, was 1? a'W. From Pigeon ifland, E*S. z| leagues, lies a fmall, but very high ifland, with a peak much like the top of a iugar-loaf, called Hog Ifland. It lies near the Continent, with feveral fmall iflands or rocks near it, and has gradual foundings toward them from 8 to 9 fathoms. The Continent hereabout is very high and mountainous. You may with great fafety go between Pigeon and Hog Ifland. You have 16 or 17 fathoms mid-channel, to 11, 10 or 9 fathoms on the continent fide. When to the northward of Hog Ifland, you may coaft it along to Annanore Road, in 7, 8, or 9 fathoms, 3 or 4 miles off fhore, without danger. In Annanore Road you may 4-^ in from 5 to 6 rathoms, foft muddy ground; the flas;-ftaff at Annanore bearinsr EbN. or ENE. Fortified Ifland, NbW. off fhore 1 j or 2 miles ; and Pigeon Ifland SbW. 31 or 4 leagues. A confiderable Indian town is lituated at the mouth of a falt-water river, where the Englifh have a factory ; it is noted for producing great quantities of rice and pepper ; its latitude is 14? 14'N. The variation off this place, 1763, was 1? 16' \V. There is no frefh water to be had here. About r§ mile to the north ward of Annanore, is a high oreen ifland, level a-top, a imall diftance from the Conti- nent, with an Indian fortification on it ; therefore it is called Fortification Ifland; In the flream of Pigeon Ifland, you have 20 and 21 fathoms. I have palled without this ifland feveral times, within 3 or 4 miles of it, bearing from E'bS. to EbN 7 . and had 24, 24 and 25 fathoms. In the night or hazy weather, a Ihip lhoxdd not come nearer than this depth. You will have 30, 32, or I L.hom c , 3 or 4 leagues without it, when you are 6 or 7 leagues off fhore : regular foundings, land and ouzo. From Annanore, NWbN. 15 or 16 leagues, is the ifland Anjcdive ; and the Duckty or Oyilcr Rocks, from Pigeon Ifland NbW. 17. leagues, and from Cape Mr. Nichelsok's Defcription of the Malabar Coast. 149 Cape Raymas SEbS. about 5 leagues. They lie in latitude 14? 55' N. at the entrance of Carwar, which is a large and deep bay. The fettlement of Carwar, which formerly belonged to the Englifh, but now to the Portuguefc, is on the north fide of the bay : the fort is iituated on a hi >h point of land, and is very white; this makes it very conipicuous a great way at fea. When the fort at Carwar, and the Duckey Rocks, are in one, ENE;E. diftance off fhore 3 leagues, and from the rocks 7 or 8 miles, and Cape Raymas NiW. you have then 16 and 1 7 fathoms. In the offing, in 19 and 20 fathoms you will be 32 or 4 leagues off fhore. You have 25 to 28 or 30 fathoms, from 5 to 7 leagues off ihore ; fandy ground. Between the Duckey Rocks and Cape Raymas, you have 14, 15 and 16 fathoms, from 5 to 7 miles off ihore. From Annanore to Cape Raymas, the coaft lies NNWiW, diftance 21 leagues; and from Pigeon Ifland, NbWiVV. 22 leagues. It is high and mountainous, but bold and clear of all danger. Cape Raymas (coming either from the northward or fouthward) fhews itfelf a very high, ileep, bluff head-land, and has, on the top thereof, an Indian fortification. It is in latitude 15? 7' N. The variation off it, in 1763, was i° 26' W. I have paffed within 2 miles of this cape, in 1 1 1 and 12 fathoms, regular foundings, fandy bottom. When it bears from EbS. to EbN. 3 or 4 miles diftance, you have from 14 to 153 fathoms ; and 5 miles off this cape, you have 16 and 162 fathoms ; and hkewiie 5, 6, or 7 leagues off, you have 30, 36, to 45 fathoms ; from which depth to the ihore it fhoalens gradually. From Pigeon I (land to Cape Raymas, you have 10, 11, 12, or 13 fathoms, from 2 to 3 leagues off fhore. There is a high rock, fome diftance from the fhore, off a point a little to the northward of Cape Raymas. From Cape Raymas to Goa, the coaft lies NbW. diftance 8 leagues. The land between them, near the lea, is low and woody ; but at fome diftance in- land it is high. This part of the coaft is clear from danger : you may coaft: it along Ihore, as far as St. George's Ifland, in from 13 to 12, 11, or 10 fathoms, recrular foundings, {and andouze; but attemot not to 2:0 between St. George's Ifland and the Continent, there being no pafl'age that war. From Cape Raymas to die outer part of St. George's Ifland, the courfe is NNW|W. diftance 6 or 6± leagues. You have foundings between them, 22 or 3 leagues off fhore, from 17 to 18 fathoms. I have paffed feveral times, within 3 or 4 miles of St. George's Ifland, in 15 and 15! ftthoms, regular foundings, fandy bottom : this was in the day time ; 150 A New Directory for the East-Indies. time ; but in the night or hazy weather, I would not advife you to go into le s than 18 or 19 fathoms ; in which depth you will pals 5 or 6 miles without it, clear of all danger. You have from 25 to 30, and 35 to 40 fathoms, from 4 to 6 or 7 leagues without this ifland. Its latitude is 15? 23' N. It may be {cen 6 or j leagues in clear weather. A little to the northward of St. George's Ifland lies the Ifland Marmagou Salfet, being a long, high., but level ifland, breaking oft almoft perpendicularly at both ends ; the north point of which is called \Iarmagon Point. When this point and the north part of St. George's Ifland are in one, or touching, they bear NNE, and from this point the Algarda Fort, at the north fide of the entrance into Goa, bears N|E. diftance 7 or 8 miles : you have foundings between them from 16 to 14, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5! fathoms ; in which depth you may °f-> in Goa Road. From the outer part of St. George's Ifland, to the head-land on the north fide the entrance into Goa Bay, which is a high table land, and breaks off with a Hidden flope towards the fea, the courfe is N1E. diftance 3 or 4! leagues. CLXXII. Of Go a Road or Bay, Alguarda Fort, the Anchorage, Tides and Soundings. This head-land being high and level at top, is eafy to be known, there being a church on the inner, and a light-houfe on the outer part of it, in which the Portuguefe keep a light during the S\V. monfoon. The latitude of this head-land is 15? 31' N. and longitude 73? 44' E. from London ; the variation, by feveral obfervations, 1763, 1? 50' \V. Near the light-houfe is a fmall fort, which has a line of communication with the Alguarda Fort, fituated at the foot of the laid high land dole to the fea, which has a great number of guns, and commands all the Bav of Goa. In this fort is the watering-place where fhips get all their water. Oppofite to the Alguarda Fort is the monaltery Noftra Seinora de la Caba, iituate on a hLh, fteep point of land, which makes the iouth fide of Goa Bay. This being a large building, kept very white, and of an elevated iituation, is very confpicuous, may be feen a great way at fea ; and by it Goa may be ealily know n. St. George's Ifland is alio a good mark to know when you are the length of Goa.- The Bay of Goa is large and round, but very fhallow water all over it : the deep If water is on the r.orth fide; there you have no more than 5$ or 5 fathoms at high, and 4J or 4!. at low water ; loft, muddy bottom. It is not only (hallow, .but rocky, on the fouth lide of the bay, towaids Noftra Seinora de Mr. Nichelson's Defcription of the Malabar Coast. 151 de la Caba, from which there runs out a reef of rocks above water, and under Water : thele fliould be avoided. This bay is a very good road, where fhips. may lie in great fafety during the NE. monfoon ; but in the S\V. monfoon they are expofed to both winds and fea, which then rage with great violence. In the beginning, or toward the middle of May, it is reckoned dangerous for fhips to lie in this bay. The Portuguefe then lend inch of their fhips a; can go, into the river, where they lie all the monfoon in great fafety. Such as. cannot get into the river, go and lie for the monfoon at Marmagon Salfet : they moor clofe under that ifland ; there they are flickered from the S5\V. W. and WNW. winds, which are the prevailing winds in that monfoon. They are likewiie pretty well flickered from the fea, though there forfcetimes rolls in a large l'wcll to the road where they lie : this is called Marmagon Road, it being the only place the Portuguefe have for their great fhips to lie in, during the bad-weather feafon. The ground is clear and good °f-> a g e « If, coming from the fouthward, you are bound into Goa, being off Marmagon Point in about 15 fathoms, fleer to the northward till you bring the head-land on the north fide of Goa Bay to bear NE. cr the flag-ftafF at the Alguarda Tort ENE. in order to avoid a dangerous flioal of rocks under water * of the way between Marmagon Point and the Monaftery of Noftra Seinora de la Caba. You may fleer in for Goa with the Alguarda flag-ftafF: ENE. or EbN. having gradual foundings from 15, 14,' 12, u, 10, 9, 3, 7, 6, 52 : fathoms, in which depth you may +} in Goa Road ; or in I lefs 5 fathoms, the flag-ftaft at the Alguarda Fort NNE. the Monaftery of Noflra Seinora de la Caba SE. and the outer point on the north fide of the bay, NbW. diftance oft fliure ■§- or t mile. You may 4-} flili further in, and nearer the Alguarda Fort, in 4* fathoms ; the flag-ftafF bearing; NbE. or N. diftance I or I of a mile; and the entrance into Goa River EbN. or EbNJN. I have in good ground in Gaula Road, come no nearer than 18 or 20 fathoms water, the flag- flail' bearing between NNE. and NEbN. As to the °b} a ge within the harbour, I need take no notice of it for the reafons above mentioned. There are two rocks under water, going into Gaula, upon one of which the water breaks very high ; and to the wefhvard of Gaula there are alio feveral {haggling rocks under water, on which thr fea breaks very high. You ought «ot to come under 25 fathoms hereabout. CLXXVL ijS A New Directory for the East-Indies. CLXXVI. 0/"Woody Island, Red and Matura Bays, Dunder-head, NlVELLE, and NlEBWELL. The Coaft from Point de Gall to Red bay lies about EbS. 5^ or 6 leagues ; and about a league to the wefhvard of this Bay is a fmall ifland covered with trees, called Woody Ifland. To the caftward of this Bay are high land-;. From Red Point, (which is the eaflernmoft point of Red Bay) to Matura, the coaft lies EbS. about 3 leagues. Matura is a Dutch fettlement, having a fmall fort, which may be feen a great way at fea, bearing from NN\V. to NE. as the coaft is pretty high hereabout. Matura Bay is very open ; but you may oj-^ before Matura, and ride fmooth enough there, in the NE. monfoon, in 22 or 20 fathoms ; fand mixed with ihells and ouze ; Matura Ifland bearing NElN. and Dunder-head NEbE. or ENEofffhore about 2 miles. Under 20 fathoms, in Matura Road, is foul ground, unlefs in fome fmall fpots, which the Dutch fhips are acquainted with. Here you may get plenty of wood and good water. Matura Ifland is imall and rocky, much refembling a hay-cock, and lies oppofite the fort : behind the ifland is a good flicker for boats, where they come to 4->, as they cannot land on account of the furf, and the fhallownels of water. The Dutch fend off canoes, to carry people out of the boats on ihore. The entrance of the river is about \ a mile to the wefhvard of the fort. Boats go into the river a fmall diftance to fill water, which is very good ; but the entrance of the river is dangerous by rocks which lie under water, and the outfet of the river is very ftrong ; fo that, if the boats ihould touch on thefe rocks, they would be in danger of being overfet, and the people drowned : it is therefore befl to have the country people to pilot them in and out ; and then you may water here very expeditioufly. Matura Fort bearing NNW. and Dunder-head N!\V. 3 leagues, there are no foundings at 90 fathoms. From Red Point to Dunder-head the courfe is EbS-S. diftance about 4I leagues ; and from Matura to Dundcr-hcad it is Kcckoned SEIE. 4 or 5 miles. Off Dunder-head there lies a ledge of rocks, ftretching out to the gWbW. about ii mile, upon which 1 have feeh the lea break very high. As far as I could judge from appearances, great fhips ihould not come within 25 fathoms, the foundings being very uncertain hereabout. Dunder-head is a low point of land, its extremity being very low, -and having on it a large chiller of high cocoa-nut trees, which makes it eafilj known. The Mr. Nichelson's Description of the Malaba* Coast. The Red Cliffs a pretty high remarkable land, clofe to the fea, a little to the eafhvard of Dunder-head) bearing NEIE, and the extremes of the Ian ; the weftward NW|W. off ihore about 3 leagues; there are no foundings at 100 fathoms. The coaft is very fteep hereabout. A little further to the eafhvard of Dunder-head is the point Gaelies, an high fteep land, with trees on it by which it may be known. Nivelle is a place of fome trade ; it may be known by a pretty high fteep point on the weft fide of it : there is on this point a large white building with a cupola, which makes it very remarkable. Off this place you will have 31 fathoms, 4 miles off fhore : here I faw a large Dutch {hip lying in the roach You will have 52 fathoms between 2 and 3 leagues off Ihore ; without that no foundings. Off Nivelle in 32 fathoms water, in latitude 5? 49/N. diftance off fhore 4 or 5 miles, you will fee Gaelies Point bearing WbN. diftance 5 or 6 leagues. Between thefe two laft mentioned places there is a bay, called Niebwell or Nielwell Bay : the weft point thereof appears like an ifland ; it has a row of very high cocoa-nut. trees from the one end to the other, by which it may be known. This point bearing NE. diftance 3 leagues, there are no foundings at 50 fathoms. CLXXVII. Of the Soundings between the Coast and Great Basses. Between Dunder-head and the Great Bafles there is deep water near the coaft : you will not have foundings any where along this part of the coaft above 2 leagues from the fhore, and in fome places not above 2 or 3 miles off fhore ; therefore let none trait to their foundings along this part of the coait in the night-time, but keep a good look-out, Ships that fail along this part of the coaft, in the SW. monfoon, have no bufinefs in Ihore after they pais by Dunder-head, or the Red Cliffs ; but, as they have a fair wind, they always fhape a courfe from thence to go clear of the Great Baffes. Ships in the NE. monfoon, being off the Bafles, and bound weftward, having alio a fair wind, fhape a courfe from thence to the Red Chris or Dunder-head. A WbS. courfe from the Great Bafles, diftance iS leagues, will bring them fair with Dunder-head, Within 4 or 5 leagues of it ; but truft not too much to your courfe, for the current lets ftrong to the SW. and will fet you off the land ; therefore keep the fhore clofe aboard. Within 2 or 3 leagues, there is no danger. Ships 160 A New Directory for the East-Indies. Ships taking their departure (as it were) from the above-mentioned places, in the different monfoons, and fhaping their courfe as above mentioned, make this part of the coaft, between thefe places, very little frequented. I have been more than once coming this way in the month of October, and beginning of November, and have met with ftrong wefterly winds, which obliged me to keep in with the land, and coaft it along more : this gave me an opportuniry of feeing and founding the coaft. There is no place of note between the Baffes and Dunder-head ; but there are feveral places where the Dutch coafting veflels frequent, of little or no confequence. The coaft between Dunder-head and the Great Baffes lies nearly ENE. and WSW. diftance 17 or 18 leagues : in this diftance the more is fteep, and tolerably high near the fea, but much higher in-land. In moft places you have from 30 to 36 and 40 fathoms water, 3 or 4 miles off the (hore ; and in fome places you will find the water deepen, the nearer you go to the fhore ; all foul rocky ground. There are no foundings without 50 fathoms, and you will have that depth not above 6 or 7 miles off (hore ; fo that there is no dependence on the foundings. There is foul ground and rocks, in fome places full two miles off the fhore. It is reckoned 20 leagues from Dunder-head to the Great Baffes. The Englifh Pilot and the New Directory differ much in regard to the coaft. The Englifh Pilot fays you fhould fleer ESE, and the Directory, that you fhould fteer Eaft, which will carry you 8 leagues to the fouthward of the Great Bafles ; and that he takes to be fufficient for the fet of current to the northward ; but that you fhould take care to found from time to time. I muft beg leave to differ fiom them both in regard to the true courfe from Dunder-head to the Great Baffes ; it being my opinion, that a fhip 2 or 3 leagues off Dunder-head, may with great fafety fteer EbN. which will carry her 4 or 5 leagues without the Great Baffes. The currents are very changeable, and as often fet to the weftward as to the eaftward, and much oftener to the fouthward than to the northward, moftly lbuth-wefterly ; and take this caution in regard to the diftance. Though it is 20 leagues from Dunder-head to the Great Bafles, vet, when you reckon you have failed 15 or 16 leagues, you will be oppoiite to it; feveral fhips have even thought they had got no further than 1 2 or 13 leagues. This bbfervatiori is worth attending to, as well for fhaping your courfe, as for the diftance. I have been feveral times cruizing off the Friar's Mood and the Baffes in the months of July and Auguft, being the very height of the SW. monfoon, and always Mr. Nichelson's Defcripiion of the South Coast o/*Zeioan". i 6 i always found ftrong fbuth-weftefry currents, which have let the (hip 40, 50, 65, or 75, miles to the (buthward or (buth-weftward, in 24. hours more th; u the run (by log) gave. I have alio coafted it this way in the months of October, November, and December, being the beginning and the middle of the NE. monfoon ; and have found the current on an average, run 24 and 30 miles (and fome days 60 or 70 miles) more to the (buthward than the run would give. In the months of February, March, and April, I have found a itrong fouthern or fouth-weitcrly current ; but not io ftrong as in the fore- mentioned months ; and in general, about the Friar's Iluod and Bafles, the currents run more or lefs to the (buthward or fouth-weftward all the year round. I have tried the current feveral times, in light of the Bafles, and alio in fight of the Friar's Hood, and found it let to the SWbW. SW. or SVVbS 2 and 2| knots ; which will fufficiently (hew the (trength and fet of the current about this part of the Coaft of Zeloan. CLXXVIII. Of the Great Basses, the Elephant, Little Basses, Chimney and Pagoda Hii.ls. The Great Bafles are a clufter of rocks, extending about 1 ' mile in length, and as much in breadth : the fea breaks very high on them, and fome of them are a considerable height above water. You muft give them a good birth, and come no nearer them than 34 or 35 fathoms, or, in the night, than 40 fathoms. They lie about 3 leagues off fliore. It is laid there is a channel within them. The latitude of the Great Bafles is 6? ic/N and longitude 81? 45'E. from London ; the variation 25' eafterly, for 1760. The Elephant is a remarkable high rock near the lea, and ferves as a fca- mark, &c. for there being no other hill or rock near, it is very confpicuous ; and, -as its fituation is clofe to the fea, it may be feen at a great diltance either from the northward or fouthward. It bears from the Great Bafles N^W. about 3 leagues. When the Great Bafles and Elephant were in a line, N|W. about 3 miles from the Bafles, we had 35 fathom water, coarfe brown fand, with (hells. Chimney Hill then bore NNE. about 4 leagues. When the Elephant and Great Bafles were in a line diftant from the Bafles 5 or 6 miles, we had 38 fathoms, coarfe brown land with (hells. The Elephant bearing N^E. and the Great Bafles NbE^E. 4 or 5 miles, diltance offfhore about 3 leagues, we had 39 fathoms, brown find and (hells. We founded every quarter of an hour, and, as we were {landing WNW. the next cad had 25 fathoms ; then Y 14 fathoms \Gz A New Directory for the East-Indies. 14 fathoms, brown {and: tacked fhip to the outhward, the Great Bafles bearing NNE. 4 or 5 miles, and the diftance off fhore 5 or 6 miles. I would therefore advife the keeping further off fhore hereabout. The Elephant NbW. about 5 leagues, we had 50 fathoms, brown land. The Great Bafles NjE. about 3 leagues, we had 34 fathoms, dark-grey land. By working the courfe and diftance from the Great to the Little Bafles, by fleering NE^E. and SW'W. you fail no further from one than the other, and coniequently they bear thus one from the other ; the diffance about 7 leagues. You may coaft it along between the Bafles, about 3 \- or 4 leagues offfhore, in 35 or 36 fathoms water ; though there is no trufting to foundings hereabout. 1 The Little Bafles are rocks under water, no part of them being feerf ; but the fea generally breaks on them very high. Should the lea be fo uncom- monly fmooth as not to break on them, keep the Elephant W ^ or ^ N. until you bring Chimney Hill to bear WNWjW. you will then be clear to the northward of them. By the appearance of the breakers they may be about a mile in length, and as much in breadth : they feem to lie about 2 or ^\ leagues from the fhore ; are the more dangerous as there is deep water clofe to them, having no ground with 30 fathoms, and the next caff 16 fathoms, within half a mile of the breakers. To know when you are near the Little Bafles, there is a pretty high peaked hill on the fhore, near the fea, without any other bill near it ; on the north fide of which, near the top, there is a remarkable rock, reicmbling a chimney, which occafions its having the name of Chimney Hill. When Chimney Hill is on with the Breakers of the Little Bafles, it bears exactly N\V. and when the breakers of the Little Bafles and the Elephant are in one, they bear W[S. When Chimney Hill bore WbN. and the Little Bafles SW. diftance off fhore 7 or 8 miles, we had 19 fathoms water; tacked to the eafhvard, and m ide our way about ESE. 4 miles, and had no ground with 50 or 60 fathoms of line; at the lame time tried the current , and found it fet SWbW. 1 \ knot. A little to the northward of the Chimney Hill, and in-land, is another hill, not quite lo high, which has upon the top, or near the top, on the north fide of it, a rock rifing up in the lame manner as that on Chimney Hill, but much larger, refembling a pagoda, or rather a caflle. It is not to be diftin- guifhed from other hills, but by this mark. When Chimney Hill bears NW. it is then touching the north foot or part thereof; and when Chimney Hill bears Mr. Nichelson's Defcription of the South Coast of Zeloan. 163 bears NW-fN. The Pagoda Hill is fhut in witn it. The land hereabout is an high broken land ; it hath many hills, and is mountainous. CLXXIX. Of Juuus Nave, the Fkiar's Hood, False Hood, Acuin Peak, jw/Batacalo River. There is an high white fandy point, clofe to the fea, called Julius Nave, bearing about NNW4VV. from the Little Bafles, and diftance about 3 or 3'- ieagues. There are a great number of remarkable mountains in-land on this part of the Ifland Zeloan ; but the higheir, and moft remarkable, is called the Friar's Hood, on account of its rcfembling, at its extremity, a friar's hood ; but it makes only in this form whilfl it bears from W. to S. When it bears NW. or WNW. its peak is like the top of a pyramid. The Friar's Hood is a part of Zeloan, which mips often fall in with, and as often take their departure from: the latitude is 7? 1 6'N. in 22 fathoms, about 2 or 3 leagues off more, and the Friar's Hood bearing nearly weft. The longitude of the fea-coaft, in the parallel of the Friar's Hood, is 82? S'E. from 'London. The current fel SbE. 1 knot. The variation was 35' cafterly in 1760. There is another mountain fouthward of the former, which is not quite fo high, and is called the Falfe Hood, as it bears a great refemblanee to the true Hood, and is fometimes miftaken for it. Being 4, 5, or 6 miles off the Little Bafles, you may fleer NNE. 9 or 10 leagues, keeping in 30 to 25 fathoms. This courfe and diftance will bring you a-breaft of a hillock, near the lea-fide, called Aguin, or Aganis f I , which has a fmall peak like a tower ; and a little to the northward of the faid peak, but further in- land, lie 2 fmall hummocks near each other. Aguin is the laft high land you fee near the fea, until you come to Trin- kamalay ; the land all the way between them being one entire low and fiat plain, both to fea-ward and invland. Nothing remarkable is to be feen but the Sugar-Loaf Hill, which is a great way in the country, and feems to be in the middle of the plain. Two other fmall hills are much farther in the country than the Su°;ar-Loaf. When the Pagoda Hill and the Peak of Aguin are in one line, WbS. diftance off more about 3 leagues ; the extremes of land to the northward bore N|W. and we had 20 fathoms water. Being 2'f or 3 leagues off Aguin Peak, you may fleer N^E. or a N. courfe, along more, in between 20 and 25 fathoms water. The diflance from Aguin Y 2 Peak 164 A New Directory for the East-Indies. Peak to ' Batacola, is 18 or 19 leagues; you find nothing remarkable between them, the land bein^ all extremely low and flat,, as above mentioned. The currents hereabout little or none ; fometimes letting to the northward, and ibmetimes to the louthward. You may coaft it along fhore, from the Little Bafles to Batrcalo River, at the diltance of 5, 6, or 7 miles.; and have foundings from 40 to 30, and from 30 to 20, and fometimes 17 or 1 S fathoms ; but moftly between 25 and 30 fathoms. No regard fhould be paid to the irregular foundings in this part of the Ifland Zeloan, There are holes in feveral places, having from 1 8 to 20 fathoms, and fuddenly to 60 or 70 fathoms ; Ibmetimes ioo fathoms, or perhaps no ground; and afterwards in 2 or 3 carts, to 40, 30, 25, or 20 fathoms. Thole who coaft it about this ifland, ought to obferve this, and not to be furprifed at it, nor at the currents, which fometimes fet on fhore, as well as off lhore. Batacalo is known by the mouth of a fmall river, which you cannot fee till you are to the northward of it. It is very narrow, turns fhort round to the fouthward, and is parallel to the beach along fhore- On the north fide of the entrance, the Dutch have a fmall factory-noufe, with a flag-ftaff on it, by which alio this place may be known. The land hereabout is very low. When the Friar's Hood bears SW^W. you are off Batacalo. I have palled Batacalo feveral times in the day-time, within 2 or 3 miles of it, and had 19, 20, and 22 fathoms water, but faw nothing of the reef that both the Englifh and French talk fo much of. We kept our lead con- ftantly going, and a good look-out with fair weather and fmooth water ; yet law frothing of it. CLXXX. Of Vkndelos- Bay, the Sugar Loaf, Provedien Isi.e, Foul Point, Trinkamalay Bay, Pigeon Is-lano, and ^\Iollv. Wall. From Batacalo to Vendelos Bay, the coaft lies NWbN. diltance about 9 les; the land between them is low and woody. Small fhips may coaft it in 10 or 12 fathoms; but great fhips muft keep out in 20 or 25 fathoms, 2 or q leagues off more; this will cany them clear of all danger. 7 ndelos is a fmall bay, on the north fide of a frecp rocky point of Imd : it may be known by a finall hillock, which lies a long way iu-Lind, and fe to be in the middle of the plain, as before mentioned : this hillock is called the Sugar Ixxtf, from the great refemhlance it has to the top of a fu "ar-loaf broke oil". When the Sugar-Loaf bears W»S. you are oil" Vendelos 11' v. South u and >r'j D'Jlription of i he South Coast o^Zeloan. 165 Southward of the Sugar-Loaf", at fbme diftance, are 2 or 3 other hillocks ; but they are further in the country, as before mentioned Ships bound to the northward in the §W. monfoon, mould keep this coaft clofe on board ; for, if once they get off from the Lnd, they will nut eafily regain it. In more hereabout is little or no current; but if a (hip once gets off from the land, Hie will find a ftrong current letting to the NNE. which will prevent getting hold of the land again. From Vendelos Bay to the Ifland Provedien or Providence, the courfe is NNW.W. or NNW^YV. 3^ leagues: the land between them lies rounding in a bight ; and the ground all along foul, which makes it bid anchoring, Hereabout the foundings are irregular, ihoaling or deepning 2 or 3 fithoms at a caff In more here, the bottom rocky, and the foundings irregular, from 22 to 17 fathoms, 4 or 5 miles off fhore. Keeping in between 20 and 24 fathoms, 2 or 3 leagues off more, carries you clear of all danger. The Iiland Provedien is a white rock clofe to the more, and makes like the fail of a fampan ; fo that it may be eafily known. It appears like a iail when 3 or 4 miles off it. The coaft hereabout is low and woody ; to the lea- ward it is ffecp ; iron-coloured rocks. The coaft continues foul for 3 or 4 leagues further to the northward. From the Ifland Provedien to the SE. point of the great Bay of Trinkamalav, (fometimes called Foul Point, or the Point of Cataris) the courfe is NNWi-W. diftance 7 or 8 leagues. The coaft is. low and woody, and there is a fine white fandy beach all the way between thefe places. By keeping in from 18 to 22 fathoms, 3 or 4 miles off fhore, you go clear of all danger. From Batacalo to the SE. point of the great Bay of Trinkamalav, or Foul Point, the coaft lies NNW-^W. diflance 18 or 19 leagues. Being 3 or 4. miles off Batacalo, by fleering this courfe it will carry you clear of all danger; or keeping in between 20 and 25 faihoms, you will pal's 3, 4, or 5 miles from the fhore. Foul Point is low and even, covered with trees. Three or four leaeues to the fuuthward of this Point is good oj-^age, about z miles off ihore, in 14 or 15 fathoms water; and no danger if vou 2,0 into 10 or 12 fathoms. A clear fandy bottom from 4 leagues all die way to the point. From Fold Point there is a dangerous fhoal runs out to the NNE. at leaft a mile and a quarter,, being all rocky and foul ground, which gives it the name of Foul Point.* Come no nearer this Point than 14 or 15 fathoms. When round Ifland is a fid's breadth open to the fouthward of Marble Point, you are clear of all danger off Foul Point. From 166 A New Directory for the East-Indies. From Foul Point to the Flag-ftafF Point at Trinkamalay, the Coaft is NW'W. diftance 8 or 9 miles. You will carry foundings from Foul Point I of the way toward the Flag-daft Point from 15, 20, 30, 3$, and 40 fathoms; then no ground, until you come within a mile of the Flag-ftafF Point, when you will have foundings at 45 or 50 fathoms, and fhoal gradually as you approach the fhore. The Flag-ftaft Point at Trinkamalay, is a very high, fteep bluft point; at the top thereof the Dutch hoift a flag, which may be {een a great way at fea. There is no danger near this point : you have 17 or 18 fathoms within a fhip's length of it. Being 3 or '4 miles to the eaftward of the Flag-ftafF Point, a NNW courfe will carry you clear of Pigeon Ifland, which you may pafs at 2 or 3 miles diftance, in 22 or 23 fathoms. The diftance between Flag-ftafF Point and Pigeon Ifland is 12 or 13 miles. From the land a-breaft Pigeon Ifland to Point Pedra, the coaft lies NWbN. a little wefterly, diftance 25 or 26 leagues ; the coaft low and even, covered with trees ; and good clear cj-^ing-ground all the way : but you muft be careful of feveral ihoals that lie off this part of the coaft. The fTioal of Molle Wall lies 3 leagues oft" Ihore, with 3 and 2 * fathoms water upon it. Between Molle Wall and Point Pedra there is another fhoal, about 2 leagues off fhore, with only 2 fathoms ; and EbN. 2 '. or 3 leagues off" Point Pedra, lies a dangerous rock, with only 9 feet water on it ; alfo a bank of fand 3 ' or 4 leagues off fhore, with very unequal foundings on it. It is dangerous for fhips to come near it ; therefore you fhould be very cautious in failing along this part of the coaft, and keep your lead conftantly going. From Pigeon Ifland, to clear the fhoal of Molle Wall, the courfe is NNW. 10 or 11 leagues, taking care to keep in from 18 to 20, 22 or 24 fathoms. Having run NNW. 10 or 11 leagues, and you are in 19, 20, or 22 fathoms, you may then fteer NNWf W. or NWbN. 14 or 15 leagues, according as you find yon deepen or fhoalen your water, taking care to keep in from 20 to 24 or 25 fathoms; having as much regard to the depth of water as the cour.'e fteered. The above courfe, diftance, and depth of water, will run you clear of all danger from, and bring you a-breaft of Point Pedra. CLXXXI. Of Point Pedra and Negapatnam. Point Pedra is very low land, with only fhrubs and brufhes on it. It runs out into the lea in fucb a manner, that at lbmc diftance it looks like the wrecks of Mr. Nichels n s Defcription of the South Coast o/"Zeloan. 167 of old fhips in the water. In this manner I have feen it very plain from the deck; (being becalmed a little to the lbuthward of Point Podia) we had no ground with • oo fathoms of line ; but lading, in half an hour we had 50 fathoms, and then 40 fathoms. Soon after there coming on a light air at north, we flood WNW. 4 miles, and had from 40 to 30, 20 and 15 fathom-, and when in the latitude of about 9? 30' N. the extremes of the land bore from WbNf N. to S. diftance off fhore about 3 leagues: we then fleered out NNE. till we deepened our water to 20 fathoms : then fleered NNW. till we had 26 fathoms: then NNW|\V. till we had 30 fathoms: then fleering NW. and NWbW. for Negapatnam, had no foundings. The latitude of Point Pedra is 9? 48' N. the longitude So? 31' E. from London; the variation 25' eafterly, 1760. Being a-breaft of Point Pedra, in 20 or 24 fathoms you will foon deepen your water to 28, 30, 35, 40 and 50 fathoms; and then no ground. When you have deepened your water to 30 or ^S fathoms, you may haul up NW. orN'vYbW. in order to get hold of the Coromandel Coafl, about Negapatnam; and about mid-way you willlofe foundings. The courfe and diflance between them is N 42? W. 27 or 28 leagues. In crolfing from Zeloan to the Coafl of Coromandel, fhips fhould be very careful to keep well to the weflward, and make the land about Negapatnam, on account of the weflerly winds which blow very flrong off this Coafl, in the SW. monfoons, and prevent fhips making the coafl; and frequently very flrong northerly currents will horfe a fhip to the northward in a furp riling manner. Many fhips, by not obferving this precaution, have been driven to the northward of their deligned port, before they could get hold of the coaft ; by which means they have loft a great deal of time, and have been put to many inconveniencies. We always, by obferving the directions above, fell in exactly with Nega- patnam. I have feen. -from the deck, the flag on the high black pagoda, a little to the northward of the town, called the Chinefe Pagoda, in 1 4 or 13 fathoms, bearing WNW. 5 or 6 leagues : this is the fir ft thing to be feen near this part of the coafl, the land being very low, though it is covered with trees. To the fouthward of the town is a thick wood, higher than the reft of the trees along this part of the coafl. The higheft of the five pagodas, which are to the northward of Negapatnam, is very high, and being white, may be feen a great way at lea. I have feen it much about the fame diftance as the former, bearing WNW. in 14 fathoms; when i68 A New Directory for the East-Indies. when firft feen, they look like fo many fail of fhips. I have feen the land about Negapatnam, from the mail-head, in 35 fathoms. Without 40 fathoms you have no foundings; and from 36 to 40 fathoms, or no foundings, it is not more than 2 or 3 miles. Negapatnam is the moil confiderablc place belonging to the Dutch on the coaft. of Coromandel ; it has a coniiderabic trade, though very few vefiels belonging to the place. The fort is a fquare, regularly fortified ; and has a good ditch, with water, furrounding it. The town lies to the northward of the fort ; and to the fouthward of the fort is the mouth of a fmall river, capable of receiving fmall country vefiels. On the north fide of the entrance of this river is a batterry of 14 guns, to which boats, that enter the river, muff, go within the length of their oars ; and the landing place is clofe to it. There is a bar at the mouth of the river, which, in bad weather, breaks very much, and makes it dangerous for boats to go over it. We uled to 4-^ in Negapatnam Road in 7 fathoms, clear and good holding ground; the flag itaff bearing W~S. and the higheft of the five pagodas NW in Porta Nova Road in 6 fathoms water, the flag-ftaff at Porta Nova WfN. and the fouthernmoft of the 4 pagodas at Chalambarang SW'iW. off more 2 miles. The latitude of Porta Nova is 11? 32'N. CLXXXIII. Mr. Nichelson's Decfription of the South Coast o/"Zeloan. 171 CLXXXIII. O/Fort St. David's WCuodalore. From Porta Nova to Fort St. David's (belonging to the Englifli) the coaft lies NbE. 6 leagues : you may coaft it along more hereabout in 8, 9, or 10 fathoms, about a league off more. A little to the northward of Porta NoVa begin the white fand-hills, which extend along the coaft near the fea. At a diftauce this part of the coaft refembles feveral iflands, the land bank near the fea being higher than any other part of the coaft, which is exceeding low. About 3 miles to the fouthward of fort St. David's are the town and river of Cuddalore. The river is mallow, with a bar, fit only for boats to enter. We lay feveral months in Cuddalore Road, during the blockade of Pondi- cherry, and 4-}ed in Ci fathoms, clear and good holding ground; Cuddalore Bar WSW. the flag-ftaff NW1N. the ruins of Fort St. David NNWAY. off more ix mile ; the current fetting to the northward at the rate of a mile an hour, as it always does off this place in the SW. monfoon. Here we we were Supplied with plenty of frefh provifions, vegetables, fruit, and other refrefhments. The latitude of Fort St. David's is 1 1? 48' N. longitude, 80? 5' E. from London; and the variation 3C/W. 1760. From Fort St. David's to Pondicberry the coaft lies NNE;E. 4! leagues. You may coaft it along between them in 10, 1 2 or 14 fathoms, 4, 5, or 6 miles off more. In the offing you will have from 38 to 40 and 42 fathoms, 5 or 6 leagues off more, and without that no foundings. There is nothing remarkable between them ; to feaward the land is low and fandy, and woody in-land. From Fort St. David's to Sadras the coaft. lies NNEiE. 21 leagues. CLXXXIV. Of Pondichf.rry, Sadras, Alemparva, the Seven Pagodas, Covolam, and St. Thomas. Pondichery has been the chief of the French fettlements in India, the refidence of the governor-general and head council, and, before it was deftroyed by the Englifh, was by much the largeft and moft beautiful European fettlement In India, affording a moft delightful profpeet. from the fea. The latitude of Pondicherry is 1 1? 56' N. and longitude, by feveral aftronomical oblervations, 79? 57'E. from London; the variation 30' W. 1760. Some diftance in-land, there is a remarkable black land on a flat hill, with a grove of trees on it, higher than any other part of the coaft or country Z 2 hereabout, 172 A New Directort for the East-Indies. hereabout, which is the firfr. thing you will fee on th'.s part of the coafl: coming in from the fea, and by which you may know Pondicherry : we called it the Tuft of Trees m-Iand from Pondicherry. When on with the middle of Pondicherry, bearing W|N. ^\ or 3 leagues we had 15 fathoms, and WbN. 5 leagues, we had 38 fathoms: there are no foundings without 40 or 42 fathoms, then the bank goes off very fuddenly. The French mips generally anchored right off the town in 7 or 8 fathoms, about -I of a mile, and fmall ihips in 5 or 6 fathoms, £ a mile off fhore. VV e anchored in 10 fathoms, the flag-ftaff WIS. and the tuft of trees on the high land at the back of Pondicherry WNW. off fhore z\ miles; the bottom clear, and s;ood holdino; ground. In June the current fets NbE. 1 knot, fometimes more or Iefs. To the northward of this place, and clofe to the north baftion,< is the entrance of a river capable of receiving pretty large country velTels over i,ts bar, which makes it very convenient for trade. ' From Pondicherry to Sadras the coafl: lies NNEIE. diftance 1 6 leagues : the the coafl is low, with, fome land hills, and in-land it is woody. About 9 leagues to the northward of Pondicherry, on the fame courfe, are the ruins of Alem-Parva, formerly a French iettlement, but deflroyed by the Englifh. You may coafl: it along to Alem-Parva, in 10, ^2, or 14 fathoms, 4, 6, or 8 miles off fhore ; in the offing 38, 40, or 44 fathoms, 5, 6, or 7 leagues off more; and without that, no foundings: the bottom fand and gravel. From Alem-Parva you may fee the high land of Sadras, a chain cf high mountains (lbme of which are very ragged) up in the country at the back of Sadras: the coafl between thorn lies NNEIE. 7 leagues. You may coafl it along fhore in 10, it, or 12 fithoms, at 5, 6, or 7 miles off fhore. In the offing you hive from 30 to 40 and 45 fathoms, coarfe brown fand and gravel, 5 or 6 leagues off fhore. The high land of Sadras NW. 4 or 5 leagues; 30 fathoms. The flag-ftaff WSW. 3 leagues ; 25 fathoms. The flag-ftaff NWiKT. 3 or 4 leagues 5,30 fathoms. No foundings without 45 fathoms. When the fouth part of the high laud of Sadras bears NW. then Sadras hears W. About zi or 3 leagues to the fouthward of Sadras, there is a thick wood extending about 2 or 3 miles to the northward: off this wood the water is fhoaler than to the northward or fouthward thereof: it is beff, therefore to keep a Utile further off fhore hereabout, in 11 or 12 fathoms. About 5 or 6 miles to the northward of the above wood there is another thick wood, which (as you come from the fouthward) feems to run out into the Mr. Nichelson's Defcription of the Coromandel Coast. 173 the Tea, and form a point of land. From the fouthern part of this thick wood you may fee Sadras (a Dutch fettlcment) with a high flag-ftaff, which fhews the flag over the trees, and may he feen a long way at fea. Were it not for this, Sadras would not, be eafily discovered, on account of the thick wood that furrounds it. From Sadras to Madras the coaft lies NbE. 12 or ^leagues: the land near the fea is low and woody, but feveral high mountains in-land. The coaft. from Sadras to Covolam, and to the northward thereof, is fteeper to, and has deeper water than off Sadras, or fouthward of it. You may coaft it along fhore from Sadras to Covolam in 20, 22, or 24 fathoms, 4, 5, or 6 miles oft fhore; in the offing you have from 30 to 40 fathoms 4 or 5 leagues off fhore ; and without that no foundings. About ^\ or 3 leagues to the northward of Sadras are the Seven Pagodas, which are thus fituated : there are 2 pagodas near the fea, 4 in the valley near the foot of the fouthernmoft high land, and one on the very pitch thereof. The fight of thole in the valley is often intercepted by the woods, efpecially when they bear about Weft. From the Seven Pagodas to Covolam the coaft lies NbE, a little eafterly, diftance 5 leagues. You may coaft it along fhore between them in 18, 20, 22, or 24 fathoms, at 4, 5, or 6 miles off fhore. In the offing you have from 30 to 40 fathoms, at 4 or 5 leagues off fhore; and without that no foundings. Covolam is a Portuguefe factory-houfe, on which they hoift their flag : and the houfe is very white; by this it may be known. From Covolam to the town and church of St. Thomas the courfe is as the coaft lies, NbE. 3I leagues. This alio is a Portuguefe town, fituated clofe to" the fea; and the church ftands quite upon the beach, by which it may be known. You may coaft it between them in from 20 to 15 or 14 fathoms diftance from 6 to 3 miles off fhore. In the offing you have from 30 to 40 or 44 fathoms, at 4, 5, or 6 leagues diftance; and without that, no fbundin .-. In-land there are high mountains, the northern moft of which is the loweft, and is known from any others round it by being a lower and flatter hill, with a church built at the top of it, which is plainly to be i'cen, failing along fhore: this is called St. Thomas's Mount. From the town or church of St. Thomas to Madras the coaft lies NbE 3 miles You may coaft it in 10, 11, or 12 fathoms water, 2 or 3 miles off iiiore. About half way between them is a remarkable high black pagoda. CLXXXV. 174 A New Directory for the East-Indies. CLXXXV. Of Madras or Fort St. George, and Pullicat. Madras, or Fort St. George, is the chief Englifh fettlement on the Coro- imandel Coaft, the feat of a luperior governor and council, and very well fortified. It is a place of great trade, though few or no (hips belong to it, and is divided into the White and Black Town ; the former of which is fmall, but well built, and {lands within the walls of the garrifon ; the Black Town is considerably larger, and lies to the northward of the fort. Here a fmall river, over which there are two bridges, empties itielf to the fouthward of the town, forming an elbow in its courfe from the northward; whereby it furrounds moil part of the fortifications : this adds greatly to the ftrength of the place. The watering-place is about \\ mile to the northward of the fort; but your (hip muff, be watered by country boats, as none other can land, on account of the great furf ; and they are often overfet in it. The latitude of Madras is 13? 12'N. its longitude is 80? 32'E. from London, and the variation was 25' W. 1760. The road is bad and open : you lie there expofed to all winds that blow, with a large fwell perpetually rolling in upon the fhore ; which makes fhips labour very much in this road. The bell: marks for °f-}ing are, the flag-flaff and the cupola of the town-clock in one, NWbW. St. Thomas's Mount SW^W. and the high black pagoda WSW. in 10 fathoms, off fhore \\ or 2 miles. The bottom is muddy, and good holding ground ; but further to the northward it is reckoned foul, there being many wrecks, loll anchors, &c. I have known many fhips fpoil their cables in this road. There is generally a northern current in the SW monfoon, and a fouthern one in the NE. mon.oon, at fome times running very llrong, at others little or none. Here is to be had plenty of all forts of provilions and refrefhments for a fl of men of war, or other (hips. The country hereabout is extremely beautiful, plcafmt and plentiful, and affording a charming prolpecl ; but wood is a very fearce article. The landing place is at the fea-gate ; but the furf breaking very high on the fhore, makes it very dangerous landing, the furf being greater here than at any other part of the Coall of Coromandel. The m mi r of landing is thus : the (hip's boat cf-^'s juil without the furf, where what we call the bar-boats come, take out the pailengers or goods, carry ti em through the furf, and bring them on fhore. Thele boats are fomeiimes oveilet, the people drowned, and goods loll. As at this time we went no further to the northward on the Coall of Coro- mandel ; and, according to my original delign, not intending to give any description Mr. Nichelson's Defcription of the Coromandel Coast. 175 defcription of thofe parts where I have not been ; yet, as in a fucceeding voyage, from Diego Rayes to Madias, we fell in with Pullicat, off which there is a very dangerous fhoal, I (hall therefore in this place proceed to give fome account thereof, and fo conclude this defcription of the Coafl of Coromandel. From Pullicat to Madras the coaft lies SbWlW. diftance 7 or 8 leagues. You have from 18 to 14 fathoms water, 3 or 4 miles off fhore ; and from 30 to 35 fathoms, fandy ground, 3 or 4 leagues off fhore. The land near the iea is low and woody ; though in fome places, the trees (being pretty high) make the land appear, at a diftance, like hillocks or very broken land. In- land there are very high mountains, called the High Land of Pullicat ; they are at a great diftance from it, and not to be {een in hazy weather. The flag-ftaff at Pullicat is very high, and when the flag is hoifted, it may be feen 4 leagues. When the high land of Pullicat bore WbS. and the extremes of land from WSW. to WNW. off fhore about 4 leagues, we had 36 fathoms; and when the flag-ftaff of Pullicat bore WSW; W. about 3^ or 4 leagues, we had 30 fathoms. The latitude of Pullicat is 13? 40'N. the longitude 80? 3S'E. from London ; and the variation was 42 W. ] 760. There is a dangerous fhoal off Pullicat, with only 15 or 16 feet water on it ; and the outiide fleep to. I once $-$ed in the night off this fhoal, in 10 fathoms, having fhoalened it luddenly from 12 fathoms; and imagining we were coming on the fhoal, we veered away I a cable (the wind being eafterly) and had but 8 fathoms. In the morning, at day-light, fent the boat a found- ing on the fhoal, and found (a cable's length within where the fhip lay) no more than 3 fathoms; the diftance from 12 to 3 fathoms was not 2 cables length. A great fhip fhould not come nearer this fhoal than 13 or 14. fathoms. If you have a leading gale, you may clear the north part of this fhoal by keeping the flag ftaff off Pullicat WbS. but if the wind fhould be northerly, it will be neceffary to allow it a larger birth, and fleer in WSW. You may