PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE 1762-1907 PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION NUMBER THIRTY-THREE AS A SOUVENIR OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS INSTITUTION UBRARY SCHOOL CLF. W. Marshall, M. R. Hal- laday, Harold Eugene Winslow, Michael J. McHugh, Artists. C Frank M. Mills, George M. Murray, Nacib Boyoshian, Al- bert Rueckert, Charles Gorman, Photo-Engravers. C. Providence Printing Co., Hugh F. Carroll, Manager; Anita Metivier, Ed- ward Leslie Pike, Maurice E. Hughes, Compositors. C, Theo- dore A. Miller, Pressman, Providence, R. I. C. Thomas Hearn & Co., Binders, Boston. Nineteen Hundred and Seven. Vzz LIBRARY SCHOOL INDEX Introduction 5-8 Providence Newspapers Before 1800 . . . . . 9-20 Democratic Newspapers in Providence 21-26 Rhode Island American 27-28 The Providence Journal 29-38 Dorrite-Knownothing 39 The Morning Mirror . 40 Press and Star 41-42 The Providence News 43 The Evening Record 44-45 The Tribune 46-47 The Labor Press 48-50 List of Daily Newspapers 51 Sunday Newspapers 52 Fifty- Year History of Providence Typographical Union . . 53-93 The Reorganization 94-174 The Eight-Hour Day and the Great Strike in Providence . 175-188 The Book and Job Section 189-208 Reminiscent 209-212 The Journeymen i-xcvi Subscribers xcvii-xcviii ILLUSTRATIONS Opposite Page Souvenir Committee 4 Printer Pubhshers 12 Early Providence Newspaper Headings .... 20 Providence Journal Co. Building, 1905 .... 28 Homes of the Providence Journal 36 Tribune Counting Room ....... 44 Providence Typographical Union : 1857 Charter Members 52-60 Presidents of No. 33 68 L T. U. Delegates 76 Officers of No. 33 for 1907 ...... 84 Groups of the Journeymen : Journal Employes 92-100-108 Tribune Employes 116-124 News-Democrat Erhployes 132 Headquarters Chapel 140 Former Providence Printers Now Employed on Boston Globe 148-156 In the Composing Room 164 Work on the Evening Bulletin Momentarily Suspended . 172 Women's Auxiliary, No. 51 180 Famous Providence Printers 188 Early Printing Houses 204 754 PREFACE To prepare for the proper observance of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the organiza- tion of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, a committee of five was appointed at the December meeting of the Union, 1903. The original committee consisted of William Carroll, William J. Meegan, William Palmer, George B. Sullivan and John A. Shannon. Mr. Shannon removed to New York City in a short time, and John J. Horton was ap- pointed in his place. This was the onlj"^ change in the personnel of the committee dur- ing the four years of its existence. At the organization of the committee, William Carroll was elected Chairman and John A. Shannon, Secretary. William J. Meegan succeeded Mr. Shannon as Secretary. The committee was without specific instructions from the Union. At the first meeting, however, plans were adopted that have been closely followed. It was decided that the most fitting memorial of the anniversary would be a book, containing as much as possible about the craft since its establishment in Providence. The work of research was divided among the members of the committee, and frequent meetings were held, at which progress was reported. Valuable aid was given by many members of the Union, by persons whose ancestors had been connected with the craft, and by proprietors of various printing establishments in which the men were employed. To gain a knowledge of men and events preceding the organization of the Union in 1857, newspaper files of that period and the City Directory from 1824 to 1857, were carefully studied. The records of the Union since its organization, files of the Typographical Journal, and cor- respondence and consultation with printers scattered in various portions of the United States and Canada, have furnished information covering the period of the last fifty years. The effort to establish an Eight-Hour Day in the craft, with its accompanying heavy financial burdens, retarded the collecting of the necessary money and delayed the date of publication beyond the time fixed for celebrating the anniversary. Notwithstanding the financial difficulties confronting the committee, a decision made at the beginning, to exclude advertisements from the book, has been adhered to. At the meeting of the Union last February, it was decided to issue 500 certificates, to be sold for $2.00 each, and when the amount received from their sale should reach $200, the committee was author- ized to make a contract for the printing of the book. Later the number of certificates was increased to 1000. The contract was signed April 26, 1907. At the August meeting of the Union the committee was authorized to borrow $500 in the name of the Union, to assist in completing the book. As further aid the proceeds of a one per cent, assessment were granted at the November meeting. The committee desires to acknowledge the assistance it has received in its labors from the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Providence Journal Co., the Typographical Journal, and all those persons and organizations who have assisted it in any way, and especially those whose names appear in this book as subscribers. The unexpected death on November 26, 1907, of Rudolph DeLeeuw, who had been designated in the resolution creating the committee, its treasurer, occasioned sincere regret. Mr. DeLeeuw had the honorable distinction of being the longest continuous member of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33. He had held many important offices in its gift, the last one that of treasurer, of which office he was relieved, at his earnest request, at the regular November meeting of the Union, held two days before his death. He was buried in Hartford, Conn. The Union and the Journal and Bulletin Chapel were officially represented at his funeral. .JoHn J rioRTOjsI INTRODUCTION Gregory Dexter was a stationer and printer in London, England. He came to Providence as early as 1638. In that year he had a lot of land assigned to him in this town. On July 27, 1640, he signed an agreement for a form of government for the town. While he resided here he continued his connection with the printing office in London. When Roger Williams went to England in 1643 for a charter for Providence Plantations he had printed in Gregory Dexter's office in London his "Key Into the Language of America." A copy of the book in its original edition is in the collection of the R. I. Historical Society, and the first volume of that society's pubhcations is a reprint of the book. Dexter's reputation for skill in his craft is indicated by the fact that he was summoned in 1646 to Boston, Mass., "to set in order the printing office there, for which he desired no other reward than that one of their Almanacks should be sent him every year." While he was the first printer to live in Providence, there is no supposition that he worked at printing here. It was not until 1762 that a printing press was set up in the town by Wilham Goddard. The population of Providence at that time was about 4000. There was but one house on Westminster street, and that street was not passable for carriages above Empire street, being obstructed by a high hill. Since that time there have been many changes in the printing trade as well as in the looks of the town. Goddard may have had an assistant in getting out the first number of the Gazette, but he could have attended to all the details alone. From the little writing required for the weekly paper first published, down through the process of clipping from other newspapers, putting the copy into type, making up the four small forms, inking the pages with leather balls, putting the damp paper on the tympan and the impression on the press, and finally dehvering the edition to the subscribers, the whole operation was within his accomplishments, and perhaps he had time for it all. As the book and job business increased, specialization followed. The earliest adver- tisements for journeymen indicate that some printers could not work at both case and press, and there, probably, was where the first subdivision came. It must have been found advantageous to keep one man steadily at work at the press, if there was business enough to warrant it. The proprietor attended to estimating, did the buying and some of the mechanical work, and also the editing, if a paper was published and he was capable. Whatever the duties of an apprentice were before the PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE substitution of the roller for the ink ball, it is certain that with the adoption of this improvement he was put to manipulating the crank that controlled the roller, and ever after held that position unchallenged until the press came into use whose rollers worked automatically. For the first sixty years of printing in this town, and until radical improvements in presses began to appear, no important advance in the manner of conducting the work in printing offices is mentioned. There is a possibihty that the first printing outfit was purchased from Benjamin Franklin, and also that he was interested in the enter- prise as a partner. Many printing offices in the Colonies were estab- lished with his aid. "Franklin would send a printing press and a certain quantity of type, and take one third of the profits and debts for his share. His partnerships lasted for six years, and all accounts were settled quarterly." Parker's office in New York city, where Goddard learned the trade, was started in that way. When Goddard abandoned his venture here and went to New York he did not take his printing materials with him, although he had use for them there and they were suitable for his work. In 1767, five years after the starting of the printing office, John Carter came from FrankHn's office in Philadelphia, and became a partner with Mrs. Goddard. The next year the business came into Carter's possession. On the other hand, in the obituary of Mrs. Sarah Goddard, •printed in the Gazette in 1770, it was stated that "through her means her son was instructed in the printing business and settled in a printing house in the town of Providence, to which place she soon after removed and became a partner with him in the business." There is no description in existence of the first press set up here. Robert Hoe of New York has furnished the committee with a picture of the Blaew press, so named from improvements made by William Jensen Blaew of Amsterdam about 1620. This press was used by Franklin while a workman in London. When he set up in business in Philadel- phia he bought his press and type in London, and as there was " little improvement in the printing press until 1798 " it is fair to presume that he purchased a Blaew and also that a similar press was first used in Providence. Robert M. Pearse has described the Ramage press in his story about the first issue of the Providence Journal. Adam Ramage of Philadelphia about 1800 made some improvements in construction on a hand press then in use without patenting them. Hence the name. A writer in the Pawtucket Gazette and Chronicle, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, had this to say about the press that did the work of that office for about 30 years : INTRODUCTION "The old Wells hand press, upon which the paper was printed, and in fact everything else which was printed in the office, from a visiting card to a poster, was one of the first iron presses brought into Rhode Island. The Providence Patriot, published by Jones & Wheeler, was originally printed on this press. It was sold for old iron at half a cent a pound in 1855." While the output of printing offices was limited to the capacity of hand presses, profits were necessarily small and offered httle induce- ment to capital. Goddard gives the cost of the materials in the Gazette office at the start as £300. A better outfit could be purchased now for one-third the money. The ambitious apprentice who could procure backing, at the end of his term of service either bought a share in some established office or started in business for himself. THE BLAEW PRESS (Courtesy of Riil)eit II(W) The Journal was printed on an Adams press in 1836. In 1842, Knowles & Vose, owners of the Journal job office, used a Ruggles, advertising its accomplishments as follows : "Ruggles' Patent Job Printing Engine. — One of these machines is now in operation at the subscriber's office, No. 15 Market Square. It prints any job that may be desired, from an address card of a single line, to the size of a medium quarto, produces better work than any hand press, and executes, with the labor of but one person, about 10 or 12 times as rapidly. It reduces the cost on large orders from 25 to 50 per cent." PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE It was worked with a treadle and was the first advance toward the modern job press. The first Hoe cyhnder press used in this city was brought to the Mirror ofl^ce. Steam was used for the first time in 1856, to operate a new single- cyHnder Hoe press in the Journal office. That newspaper has led all its contemporaries in the introduction of improved machinery except in the matter of the single and double cylinder and color presses. The Evening Press used the first double cyhnder, and the Evening News was the pioneer with the color press. The Journal followed its single-cylinder press with a double in 1862, a four-cylinder rotary in 1871, and a six- cyhnder rotary in 1875. In 1881 the first stereotyping plant in the city came to the Journal oflftce with a new Hoe web-perfecting press, fol- lowed by four other presses before it occupied its new building, when two new sextuple color presses were introduced. The Journal began to use Merganthaler Linotype machines in 1889, the first paper in New England to have its composition done in that way, and the fifth office in the world. The division of work in the Journal office of to-day, with its 250 employes, illustrates the changes from the conditions prevailing in the first printing office in the town. Five divisions exist in its composing room, viz : Admen, hnotype operators, make-ups, machine tenders and proofreaders. Different trades prevail in the art, photo-engraving, stereotyping, mailing, press room and pubHshing departments, with subdivisions in some of these. The Hterary work is subdivided, and there are more janitors employed than there were employes of all kinds in the beginning of the paper in 1820. PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPERS BEFORE 1800 William Goddard opened a book and job printing house in Provi- dence in 1762, in a building "opposite the Court House." Probably he began work early in July, as he occupied his first location until about the first of the following July. Another indication that the time could not have been much earlier is found in what is said to be the first work printed in the office, a hand-bill headed "Moro Castle taken by Storm." The Cuban fortress surrendered on the 30th of July and it took some time to bring the important news by sailing vessel to this town. The first number of the Providence Gazette and Country Journal was issued from this office Oct. 20 of the same year. The Gazette was a three-column foHo, 8 x 14 inches, requiring the setting of about 22,000 ems for the first issue. This amount was lessened thereafter by about one-quarter, the standing advertisements filling about one of the pages. Probably four full days of each week were consumed by one printer on the composition and press work for the paper. An average operator would set the entire matter for the Gazette on a Hnotype in less than four hours. The hand press used in those days could print about 200 papers an hour. The forms were inked by leather balls and the paper was fed into the press twice before both sides were printed One of the two sextuple perfecting presses made by R. Hoe & Co., and installed in the Journal press room in June, 1905, will print, fold and count 48,000 twelve-page papers an hour. An apprentice was advertised for in the Gazette of June 11, 1763. This would indicate a feeling of stability in the mind of the proprietor, as the obligations on both sides at that time were more strict than now, when no written guarantees are given by either party. The age for beginners has increased sHghtly, newspapers now preferring boys of at least 16 years. The wording of the advertisement follows: " Wanted, as an apprentice to the printing business, an ingenious lad about 13 or 14 years of age, who can read well and write a tolerable hand." The original indentures of Daniel Bowen, apprenticed to John Carter in 1774, have been preserved. They were presented by A. J. Danforth to the Journal, and are now in the composing room of that paper, carefully pasted between glass and framed. A fac-simile will be found on another page. July 9, 1763, the imprint announced a removal " to the store of Judge Jenckes, near the Great Bridge, and pubhshed at his book shop just above it, at the sign of Shakespeare's Head, at both which places 10 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN . PROVIDENCE This Indenture witneffeth, That U^a/Uc/^/^^^n^ *5^ ^/^riCi^^^^u/^rz, ^{/1'£:^.^^M'/'p ^/at-y %i:yT,^»^^ . . ^ — ^ — ^ . hath put /* and i\ccord, Z/ /u> Aru Trade, or Mvtttry, ahdiftfrihe Manner of in Appr.-nr.'ce. to >c Ttrm of ^ i/^t'!tn uAitr^ tL ■—, -^ — - uing, to be corof'e^ ^fl^cisJ- Dunng all which faid Tci/h, t':c fi.U ptic and liinJ to Ifarn /*<< fcrve froVn "T during the ....... .. m^^,^- ~ ~.^.~~^ — . : -= -j-, -r . ^ next enfuin'^, to be corof'e/t aa^nded. During all which faid Tci/h, t :c fi.U ApprentKe r^i^ \xv\ yM/^ l;^^^ fa:(hn;lly ftall forvo, >^6/- 3corCi5 keep, n*^ la\vful;2^n:iands gladly obey : )^ fhall do no Damjf^c to /it^ \xA ^y^M/terr~ -^fec it done by otheri, without letting or gi-y or any other unlawful Game,' f^ (lull not playyf hereby At^ faid £y/lji^i^i/_ — '. — . may have Da^ge. \Viih_ A^ -jrO'J-n Goods, or the Gooc' "•■'■ ■withouuLiccnce frorn ^/^- fhaJl n()t ablent /ft^n Service, withouf^ but in all "Dnngs belu^^ towards -A tameLson.. J82.9 - 1884- . PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPERS BEFORE 1800 13 " near the sign of the Golden Eagle, next door below Knight Dexter's, Esq.;" " at the sign of Shakespeare's Head, in the same building with the Post Office ;" " at the Printing Office near the Great Bridge ;" "de- livered either from the Post Office, near the Court House, or Printing Office near the Great Bridge ;" " both Post Office and Printing Office were removed to the house lately occupied by Mr. John Alpin, nearly opposite to Knight Dexter's, at the sign of the Golden Eagle ;" " at the sign of Shakespeare's Head, near the Court House, in King street ;" "the Printing and Post Offices are removed to Meeting street, nearly opposite the Friends Meeting House." [Now No. 21 Meeting street.] This last building was used when Carter came into possession. There were few houses in the town. A building might be opposite another and still be two or three streets away, or it might be next to another and half a dozen empty lots intervene. Only an acquaintance with the layout of the town could straighten the matter. With the establishment of a printing office came the necessity of having a paper mill. The industry was started in 1764, but the first evidence in the Gazette of its existence was an advertisement, June 7, 1767, that John Waterman wanted an apprentice to learn paper making, at his mill on the Woonasquatucket, in the present Olneyville. Two years later Waterman added a printing press and types to his business at the paper mill. Isaiah Thomas says : " In 1769, he [Waterman] purchased the press and types which were for many years owned and used by Samuel Kneeland of Boston." Kneeland died that year. The name of [Ezekiel ?] Russell was associated with Waterman in the printing office. Several small books were printed there, among them the "New England Primer," dated 1775, two copies of which are now in existence, "one in the Lenox Library, New York, and one in a private library in Hartford, Conn." Waterman died Feb. 7, 1777, and his successors at the paper mill abandoned the printing part of the business and devoted their energies to other lines, including the making and dyeing of cloth. When the materials used in the Gazette office needed replacing Carter ordered a new dress of types in England. Before it arrived the Revolutionary War had started, and when the type reached New York it was confiscated by the King's custom house authorities. Carter then purchased the printing materials at the paper mill. This sale occurred early in 1779. Solomon Southwick had published the Mercury in Newport up to the occupation of that town by the British. He then buried his types and press and sought safety in Providence. Here he found that the only way in which he could supply himself with materials for carrying 14 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE on his business was through John Carter, He succeeded in inducing Carter to sell the press and part of the types that the latter had pur- chased from the Waterman heirs "at the cost price to himself with a verbal proviso" so Carter says, " that they should not be set up in the town, or used to oppose a friend in business who had served him in distress." Southwick at first started in business in Rehoboth, Mass., but secured one-half of the Rhode Island State printing and April 1, 1779, in company with Bennett Wheeler, began to publish The American Journal and General Advertiser, using the Updike house, next door to Carter's, for an office. There was much feeling displayed by Carter at Southwick's alleged treachery. The latter denied having made any such agreement as claimed by Carter. Southwick was connected with the Journal only until the December following, when it came into possession of Bennett Wheeler, who con- tinued it until Aug. 29, 1781. The last seven months it was issued as a semi-weekly, Wheeler printing two pages on Wednesday and two pages on Saturday. This was the first semi- weekly paper printed in the town. It was also the first paper to be printed on the west side of the river. The issue of Dec. 2, 1779, contained the following notice : "The printing office is removed from the house of Capt. John Updike to the store of Mr. Thomas Jones, next door but one to the sign of General Washington, on the west side of the Great Bridge." The Updike house was the one just west of No. 21 Meeting street, and is still standing. The Revolutionary War did not excite the newspapers very much, judging by the brief accounts of important events. The destruction of the Gaspee was described in 163 words, and from the beginning of the trouble to the end of the inquiry was referred to but five times by the editor of the Gazette. About a month after the end of the investigation an attempt was made to indict Mr. Carter for libel, the first of the kind in the town. The Gazette of July 3, 1773, tells the story as follows : "Last week, at the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the County of Providence, a bill of indictment was preferred to the Grand Jury against the printer of this paper, for printing and publishing by request, not ' a false, scandalous and malicious libel,' but a well-known established truth, which cannot be disproved, viz: that J — n C — e, Esq., (a member of the committee of correspondence appointed by the General Assembly ) had, 'in a very flagrant manner, shamefully violated and betrayed the faith and confidence reposed in him by his country, in yielding obedience to a mandate from the commis- sioners of enquiry, and answering interrogatories before them on oath, thereby fully acknowledging their jurisdiction, and endeavoring to counteract the laudable design of the House in appointing the said committee'-— and that a motion hud been made, at a meeting of the freemen for the town 'to instruct its Representatives, that in the next session of Assembly they use their influence to displace the said J — n C— e, Esq., from being a member of the committee of correspondence.' This very extraordinary attempt to destroy the liberty of the press became a matter of great expectation, and did not fail to alarm the PViends of Freedom ; their apprehensions, however, soon subsided, the honest jury having returned the bill ignoramus." PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPERS BEFORE 1800 15 The story of the battle of Lexington occupied nine inches in the Gazette with this significant statement from the editor : " Thus has commenced the American Civil War." Bunker Hill was told in six and one-half inches. The royal coat of arms was omitted from the heading of the Gazette May 11, 1776. The scarcity of material to make paper from was severely felt during the war. Blue tinted paper was sometimes used, and the size of the paper reduced one-half. March, 1777, an advertisement announced that " four coppers per pound will be given for fine linen and cotton rags, and two coppers for coarse, by John 0. Waterman, at the paper mills in Providence, and by the printer of the Gazette. A cart from the paper mills will go through the town of Providence once a month for the purpose of collecting rags." The price of the Gazette had risen from 7 to 42 shilHngs by June, 1778, but the price was not changed in cases where pa>Tnent was made in country produce. Aug. 31, 1779, the freemen of the town voted to fix the price of certain articles, including wages for printers and other tradesmen, at 20 per cent less than the prevaiHng rate. Notwith- standing this attempt the price of the Gazette rose to £6 per quarter in May, 1780, and in July of the same year $1 per pound was offered for rags. An extra was issued Oct. 25, 1781, containing the story of the capture of Lord CornwalHs, and on Nov. 8, 1781, another extra told of the surrender of York and Gloucester. When the Revolutionary War ended, the Gazette procured new printing materials. The first number issued in January, 1782, was printed from new types and with a new heading. Mr. Carter added bookselhng to his business in 1783, importing directly from London. A supplement was issued Dec. 3, 1783, which contained a "scoop" of the whole newspaper press of the country. In these words the editor announced the important news: " By the brig Don Golvez, Capt. Silas Jones, arrived in the river from London, we have received a copy of the long looked-for Definitive Treaty, which we embrace the earliest occasion of handing to the public." This was the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States that ofiicially ended the war. On the 1st of January, 1784, a rival to the Gazette appeared. The United States Chronicle, Political, Commercial and Historical, was begun by Bennett Wheeler, in an office "on the west side of the river." The Chronicle lived a little more than 20 years, until May 24, 1804. It was moved five times. Its editor made the first attempt at reporting on record. He attended the Legislature during the session of 1788 and reported the proceedings for his paper. There is no evidence that he 16 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE persisted in the business of reporting. His presence was probably more valuable in his printing office. The second building erected specially for a printing office was built for the Chronicle on land now occupied by the National Exchange Bank, corner Westminster and Exchange streets. The assessed valuation of the land was $1,100 and it was leased from Jacob Whitman, Jr., who then kept a store at the " Sign of the Turk's Head." Wheeler announced his purpose Jan. 28, 1796, as follows : " The subscriber having it in contemplation to erect a building, for the purpose of prosecuting the printing, book-binding and book-selling business, upon a more enlarged scale than heretofore, offers to receive of any of his customers or of any person indebted to him, ranging-timber, joists, boards, plank, shingles, laths, clapboards, nails, lime, brick, stone, or mason's and carpenter's work. Those who are indebted, and cannot supply any of the above articles, will please to furnish a little cash, which will also be wanted." The building was occupied by the Chronicle Sept. 28, 1796, Toward the end of its career the Chronicle became the organ of John Dorrance, an aggressive opponent of Gov. Arthur Fenner, and its course in that capacity provoked the General Assembly of the State to take action. At the October session in 1801, the following was adopted by that body : "Forasmuch as several publications have of late been made, in a certain newspaper, printed at Providence by Bennett Wheeler, called the United States Chronicle, slandering and defaming the Governor, Supreme Court, and other constituted authorities of this State, one of which publications was subscribed by John Dorrance : " Resolved, That, in the opinion of this General Assembly, the said publications tend to" discredit this State abroad, and to disquiet the good people of the State, by weakening public confidence in the constituted authorities thereof. " Resolved, That, in the opinion of this General Assembly, his Excellency the Governor, the Supreme Court, and the other constituted authorities of this State, are well entitled to the public confidence, and have deserved v/ell of their fellow citizens, by a faithful and meritorious execution of the trusts reposed in them by the people. " Voted, That the above resolutions be published, for three weeks successively, in all the newspapers printed in this State." On the whole Wheeler's conduct of his paper compared favorably with his contemporaries. There are few portraits in existence of the printers of those days. The following caricature from the Phoenix of Sept. 14, 1802, may convey some idea of Wheeler's personality : "I was, d'ye see! a Gentleman, As neat and spruce as any: Betwixt th' 'Change and Billingsgate Bar, I caught the eye of many. With dress so tight, And head so white. Small shoes with pointed toe, I've oft surveyed myself and said, 'Damme, I'm quite a beau.' When fresh from under Tonsor's hand, I strutted through the city, No cauliflower e'er could boast, A head so great and empty, With hat in hand, I'd often stand. My frizzled pate to show. And every lass that saw me pass, Exclaimed, 'O, what a Beau.' " PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPERS BEFORE 1800 17 Mr. Carter of the Gazette was Postmaster of the town from July, 1772, until June, 1792. In those days letters were sometimes dehvered without payment of postage. After 18 years service, Mr. Carter gave notice that as "the Postmaster being obliged to settle his accounts quarterly with the General Post Office, and make payment on the very day a quarter becomes due, finds it particularly inconvenient to advance money for discharging the debts of others when he cannot collect his own," postage of letters in future must be paid on deUvery. November, 1793, Mr. Carter formed a partnership with WilHam Wilkinson who had succeeded him as Postmaster. Wilkinson was a bookseller. A building had been erected for the new firm, the first in the town for a printing office. This building was afterwards known as the "Old Coffee House." Canal street was then called North Water street and Market square Market street. The building was at the comer of North Water and Market streets. The Post Office was re- moved to the new building. Bookselling, bookbinding and printing were carried on by the firm of Carter & Wilkinson. The Gazette was enlarged Jan. 3, 1795, and column rules were used for the first time. Towards the end of December announcement was made that the Gazette would be issued semi-weekly, but the plan was abandoned. The partnership of Carter & Wilkinson expired May 9, 1799. The printing office was continued by Carter. The partnership did not end amicably, judging by the complaints of Carter in the Gazette. Letters and exchanges were missed. Isaiah Thomas, Deputy Postmaster at Worcester, wrote to Carter on April 26, 1799, as follows : " It is a fact, that since 1793 I have addressed several letters to you ( I think not less than three) and sent them by mail. In future, I will endeavor to write you by a private conveyance. But are letters to be stopped by Postmasters with impunity?" And Carter added to this in the Gazette, that " at a proper time and place the editor will be ready to testify on oath, that neither of the letters referred to in the above extract ever came to his hands ; and as the mails between Worcester and this town had never been robbed on the road, he has every reason to beheve that his letters arrived safe at the Post Office in Providence." Two extracts from the Gazette referring to*the disagreements of the recent partners will show Carter's style when he intended to be satirical : " To be let, and entered on the 5th of July next ( the present ground lease expiring on the 4th of that month.) The first floor of a large and commodious three-story building, 40 by 21 feet, in the center of the Town of Providence, originally erected in 1793 for the purpose of furnishing sentimental repasts ; but which, perhaps from a mutability peculiar to this strange world of ours, has been for some time transformed, as if by art magic, into — a corn and meal store ! an ironmonger's shop ! a cotton factory ! &c. &c. &c. 18 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "Also to let, a large and commodious cellar, very handy for storing nail-rods bound, if not lettered — iron in sheets — oysters, open or shut — cider — beef — pork, and such like miscellaneous and heterogeneous works, and raw materials. "One quarter's rent to be paid constantly in advance ( a condition of the ground lease) that the proprietor of the building may save a little, in case the tenant should prove to be a professor of hocus pocus or legerdemain — or should fin^sse, make over his property in trust, and prepare for washing to fouler stains, in the laver of an act provided for the relief only of honest men. An advance would also be proper from another consideration : Disputes might arise, in which case the tenant could propose submitting matters and things to referees, and require sixteen months to manufacture tragicomic accounts for their inspection and amusement! " For terms, please to enquire on the second floor of said building, situated very near the east end of the 'Great and general' bridge, or — (if not out of the way) at the NEW COTTON WORKS in Pawtucket. " Providence, June 28, A. D. 1800, 24th year of American Independence, and of the compass and square 5800." In January, 1802, the last reference to the trouble was made, as follows : "Book-keeping Improved. — We learn that a celebrated accountant, who has long paid great attention to the subject, and made deep researches in the business of pounds, shillings and pence, is about to favor the world with the result of his labors, by publishing a method of book-keeping on a plan entirely new, which comprises some discoveries in that line highly interesting to every man of business, being an improvement on all other systems of bookkeeping. It proceeds neither by single nor double entr>', but in a variety of cases requires no entry whatever. As for cash-book, sale-book, journal, invoice-book, and such like lumber, they are on this improved plan rendered totally unnecessary, whereby a very considerable saving will be made in bank-books, quills, ink, clerks' wages, &c. It is admirably adapted to co-partnership concerns, as after the dissolution of the firm, not more than seven years will be required to settle accounts between the co-partners. " The ingenious projector ( William Swindle, Esq., Master of Arts, and Professor of Legerdemain ) it is said, proposes not only securing the copy -right in the usual way, but intends also an application to Congress for a patent." The State Gazette and Town and Country Advertiser, a semi-weekly paper, was started Jan. 4, 1796, by Joseph Fry. It lived less than a year. Fry was a partner with Henry C. Southwick in a printing office in Albany, N. Y., in 1798. In 1813 he compiled and pubHshed the first Directory for that city. Southwick was a son of Solomon Southwick. John Carter, Jr., established the Providence Journal and Town and Country Advertiser, Jan. 3, 1799, issuing the paper on Wednesdays from "the new printing office, west side of the great bridge." The father was printing the Gazette on Saturdays and the son the Journal on Wednesdays, practically a semi-weekly. The Journal was a little larger than the other papers, and printed the laws of the United States, using one-half its space for this purpose. By separating the half sheets of the laws from the other half sheets of the paper, each subscriber received a complete copy of the laws of the United States in a form to be folded in a pamphlet unmixed with any other matter. This was by instruction of the Secretary of State. The Journal lived just three years. The Impartial Observer was issued by Benoni Williams in January, 1801, from No. 3 Market House Chamber. There were few advertise- ments in the paper. The body type used was sometimes as large as 24 PROVIDENCE NEWSPAPERS BEFORE 1800 19 point. It was opposed to the Federalists. Oct. 10, 1801, Williams issued the following : " I want money ! and money I must have — and money I will have, ( if I can get it.) I must pay for paper — I must have ink — they must have wages — and house rent they think. The party feds are so mad they will not suffer those who fear them to take the Impartial Observer. Four and six pence is easily paid. Therefore I shall expect that each one indebted for the paper will bring or send it to me without delay, and receive my thanks." The paper stopped March 6, 1802. Distributing newspapers has always been an important part of the business. Carriers were used in the town from the beginning. News- papers carried in the United States mails were by act of Congress, for estabhshing the Post-Office and Post-Roads, subjected to a postage of one cent each for any distance not exceeding 100 miles, and 1 1-2 cents for any greater distance. This law went into effect June 1, 1792. Printers were required to dry their papers and to wrap them in strong covers. All paper was subjected to a wetting in those days before being printed. The following advertisement of the post rider from Providence to Connecticut is taken from the Gazette of April 2, 1803 : "PAY THE POST, THAT HE MAY PAY THE PRINTER. "I who have been two years at most ( Strange as't may seem ) a riding Post And worn my poor old Dobbin's shoes out With riding hard, to bring the news out. And made wry faces at the storm, While yet the news was moist and warm, That you might read, before the fire. Of battles fought, and sieges dire. What politician now is vext, Who's dead, and who is married next. And such like entertaining story. Which I have always laid before ye — Solicit, my friends, the amount Of what is due ON old account. ALBE STONE." The price of the Gazette was raised to $2 per annum in May, 1805. In 1808 it claimed to have a circulation of 1300. The dollar sign ($) was first used in the paper May 20, 1809. The building erected for the paper and so long occupied by it was sold at auction Sept. 7, 1811, and on May 30, 1812, the imprint read " Removed to the building at the southeast corner of the Market House, directly opposite the street leading to Brown University." Feb. 19, 1814, the business came into possession of Hugh H. Brown and WilHam H. Wilson. Both of the new owners had learned printing with Carter, who had conducted the business 45 years. He died on Aug. 20, 1815, and was buried in St. John's churchyard, on North Main street, where a monument, erected by his daughter, marks his grave. 20 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Wilson was publisher of the Gazette for the week ending June 15, 1816. The next week Brown was the publisher and continued in that relation until Jan. 3, 1820, when Walter R. Danforth, who had married Elizabeth, daughter of John Carter, became a partner and editor. A new hand press was added and also new types. The Gazette at last became a semi-weekly at $3 per annum. Danforth retired on the 1st of January, 1825, and was succeeded by Albert G. Greene as editor, with Brown owner of the plant. The following October announcement was made of the union of the Gazette and American, and the issue of the 8th of that month was the last, within two weeks of 63 years after the first one was printed. Brown retained the book and job printing materials and conducted that portion of the business until his death in 1863. The Directory, started in 1824, was printed there; also the Rhode Island Register and occasionally the City Tax List. But it never progressed beyond the hand press stage. Alexander M. Robertson worked in the office getting out the Tax Book for 1857, and has furnished the following as his recollections of the man and the establishment : " Brown was a rather short, thickset man, who had grown exceedingly nervous in his long connection with the printing business. The office was in the attic story of an old building at the southwest corner of South Main and College streets. It was a dusty old place and its press facilities were limited to a hand press. There were no regular employes, Brown doing all the routine work himself. When the Tax List or Directory was to be printed special compositors were hired, and the press work was done at A. Crawford Greene's. "A story was often related about Brown going up to a press on which was being printed one of the forms, and exclaiming to the pressman : " 'Here, here, stop! You are working my form without p'ints! ' "In times gone by, both on hand presses and on the first Hoe book presses, 'points' were thought indispensable for getting a correct backing or register when the sheets were turned and run through the press a second time." At Brown's death in 1863 the materials went to the junk shop. Probably the original press brought here by Goddard in 1762 was in- cluded in the dump. [Vo-- XIII i r PROVIDENCE A--t> COUNTRY iVot, Mli] THE [t!^y., C;-j.] RO F J D E NC E GAZETTE; C o u J4MERICAN GENERAL (N"".. 9S) JOURNAL, '©X U NITED STATES Political, Commercial, and Hiftorical. [• To^';^7 ro^'XTRY m:)M^rtiser. i 'Elie |)roi)CD«uc-fotmial. AND TOWN AND COUNTRY A D \- F. R T 1 S E R. P.W*«. . NESOAVS '''""^,';'21%*;.r.v,/;""\;i*i";":'',':,rf'-''''- ■' t No. b ■■: WEDNESDAY, Febm.rv 16. ,8oe^ , L Vol. It. ] s ^ TUK-nDAV, M-1. THE AMERICAN. *■•"•""' 1- PnOVIDESCE. TVESUAy,. J.I.\L;.lliy k>. I80». Ni»ia.« ■2\. THE MICROCOSIU. DEMOCRATIC NEWSPAPERS IN PROVIDENCE The Providence Phoenix was begun May 11, 1802, to help the organization of the Democratic-Republican party, under the leader- ship of Thomas Jeiferson, then President of the United States, and further the political interests of Hon. Theodore Foster, whose term as United States Senator from Rhode Island was about to expire. From its starting until the spring of 1873 that party was never without an organ in Providence. In the period from the beginning of the century until the Civil War the Democratic party was in control of the public patronage in Washington 48 years and the electoral votes of Rhode Island were cast for the candidates of that party five times. Of the Providence men who were financially interested in these Democratic papers, Bennett H. Wheeler and Welcome B. Sayles became Postmasters, Gideon Bradford, Collector of the Port, and William Jones Miller, Col- lector of the Ports of Warren and Bristol. The imprint on the first Phoenix read : " Printed by William W. Dunham for T. A. Foster and W. W. Dunham, at their printing office nearly opposite the Hon. Theodore Foster's house, Westminster street." The Theodore Foster residence stood at what is now the northeast corner of Westminster and Eddy streets, where the Journal Building is located. Theodore Foster was one of the first United States Senators from Rhode Island, serving from 1790 to 1803. The type used on the Phoenix was not new. Dunham was the practical printer of the concern. The price of the paper was $1.50 per annum. In October the Phoenix was moved to Market square, and for the first five months of 1803 Samuel J. Wilhams was the printer. Then Dunham again took up the work and continued it until July, 1804, when William Olney bought the business. Olney purchased new type and enlarged the paper. One paragraph of his address to the patrons of the paper follows : "As his education or 'patriotism was not imbibed in the schools or the jails of England or Ireland,' nor learnt from British or Irish instructors, he professes not to be swayed by British, Irish or French politics; he will therefore endeavor to introduce into his paper, those principles and politics which shall be truly American." Olney raised the price of the paper to $2 per annum and made it the largest and best looking paper in the town, but death cut his career short on Jan. 10, 1807, at the age of 24. 22 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Josiah Jones and Bennett H. Wheeler then became its publishers. In a few weeks the name was changed to The Phenix. The next January another change in name made it The Columbian Phenix and two years later the words "or Providence Patriot" were added. From Jan. 15, 1814, to the end of its existence, Dec. 29, 1832, it was known as Providence Patriot Columbian Phenix. It was issued semi-weekly from Jan. 2, 1819, until about six months before its end. During the year 1819 Barzillai Cranston was in the firm with Jones & Wheeler. Under the editorial guidance of Wheeler the paper was fiercely aggressive, and so popular with the townspeople that in 1820 the Gazette made this complaint : " The Patriot has the largest circulation and their advertising patronage is the largest, notwithstanding it is a Democratic paper and the town is Federal." Imagine a paper of to-day making such an admission with regard to its business. Wheeler was appointed Postmaster in June, 1823. The next May, Eaton W. Maxcy, just out of his apprenticeship, acquired an interest, which he retained for one year. William Simons succeeded Maxcy in the partnership, retaining the connection about four years. He then went to the Republican Herald, which his son had purchased from John S. Greene. The Patriot languished after the departure of Simons. J. 0. Rockwell was its editor for the first five months of 1831. He died in June of that year. Josiah Jones retired at the end of 1832, and although Cornelius, his son, proposed to continue the paper, that was probably the end. The message of President Jefferson, dehvered Oct. 27, 1807, reached Providence four days later, and was the occasion of an " extra " from the Phenix office. The last stage of the journey, from New York to Providence, was made by water. The first-class steamers of to-day make the passage in about 12 hours. Here is the time made on that occasion : " By the fast sailing packet Juno, Capt. Comstock, in the remarkably short passage of only 19 hours from New York, the editors of the Phenix were favored with a copy of the highly interesting State paper." The Repubhcan Herald made its first appearance July 1, 1828, as a weekly. Its office was located at No. 7 North Main street and John S. Greene was its pubHsher. A year later Wilham Simons, Jr., bought the paper and the elder Simons became its editor, retaining that position until his death, which occurred at Baltimore, Md., March 6, 1845, while returning from a visit to Richmond, Va. The son died three years later. Aaron Simons, another son, probably conducted the paper until it was united with the Weekly Post in 1853, although his name was not in the imprint. DEMOCRATIC NEWSPAPERS IN PROVIDENCE 23 The Herald was issued as a semi-weekly Jan. 7, 1832, and a man- power press was used in November, 1842. Col. Simons and his three sons, WiUiam, Aaron and Edward T., all printers, were a notable family. From the editorial room of the Herald the democracy of the State was dispensed. There met with the editor James Fenner, candidate for Governor 18 times and successful 13 times, and his Heutenants, Dexter Randall and Jonas Titus, constituting the " Big Four." Nearly every issue of the Herald contained an attack on the opposition paper, generally of a witty turn, or an acknowledg- ment of some courtesy from it in the way of loaning matter or materials, which the Herald could not have obtained from any other source. Occasionally the Journal people would threaten to refuse such favors, but the point of absolute refusal never seems to have been reached. The suffrage issues of 1840-43 were handled gingerly by the Herald. To satisfy the Dorrites a weekly paper, the New Age, and a daily, the Express, came into existence. After the excitement was over, the Herald explained that it had the choice of silence or the destruction of its plant, and it chose the former alternative. When Dorr returned to Providence in 1843, he went to the residence of Col. Simons, then opposite the City Hotel, on Weybosset street, and was arrested there Nov. 1. The Providence Daily Gazette was started April 20, 1844, by Joseph M. Church, at 11 College street. The printing was done at the office of WilHam Jones Miller. Its pohtics were neutral at the beginning, but it soon developed into a strong supporter of the Democratic party. The pubHcation office was moved to the Granite building Nov. 16, 1844, and early in the following March a weekly paper was issued, The Demo- cratic RepubHcan. At that time the daily claimed the largest circulation in the State and was an interesting evening paper. When ex-President Andrew Jackson died it took nine days to transmit the news of the event to Providence. Miller ceased to do the printing in June, 1845, and was succeeded by J. Howell Wilson. Publication was suspended Nov. 7, 1846. William Jones Miller, a practical printer, had been connected with the pubHcation of the Dorrite Express in 1842-3 and the Daily Gazette in 1844-5. March 18, 1850, in company with Welcome B. Sayles, then Postmaster, he started the Providence Daily Post, at No. 15 Market square. Clement Webster was editor. The Weekly Post was issued from the same office. Webster's name disappeared from the editorial column in February, 1852. On the 1st of January, 1853, the RepubHcan Herald and Weekly Post were consolidated and Aaron Simons was admitted to the partnership. For about a year from Nov. 6, 1854, 24 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Edwin Metcalf s name was carried at the head of the editorial column. Sayles retired May 6, 1858, Gideon Bradford, Collector of the Port, buying his interest. In March, 1859, the columns were lengthened two inches, and in September, 1860, a column was added to each page. A new dress of type and a cylinder press enlarged the capacity of the office. But the outbreak of the Civil War the next year, and possibly the unpopularity of the politics of the Post, caused the paper to shrink to its old size on July 1, and early in January, 1862, the property passed to Alfred Anthony, who had some money to lose. Only Miller and Simons's names were signed to the transfer. The Post now resumed its largest size, but the increased cost of white paper caused a shrinkage again after an experience of one year and five months. Anthony continued its pubHsher until Sept. 7, 1866, when Albert S. Gallup, a cotton broker, tried his luck as publisher. After a six months expe- rience he oif ered the plant for sale to the Democratic pohticians of the State, with the understanding that if it was not sold by May 1st, 1867, the newspapers would be discontinued. Thomas Steere had written the editorials for the Post since 1864. The politicians either had no money or no pressing use for the papers and they were stopped May 11. Albert A. Scott had been foreman of the composing room. In company with Noah D. Payne, a broker, he began the publication of The Morning Herald, May 20, 1867, using the equipment of the defunct Post. The paper was enlarged, and the weekly Herald was continued. Scott retired in September, 1868, going to New York, where he worked as a journeyman for years on the Sun. Payne continued the publication until the end, which came May 21, 1873. The A. & W. Sprague Co. had controlled the Herald, and the approaching troubles of that firm hastened the paper's collapse. In December, 1871, the editorial, composing and press roooms were removed to the Crabb building, junction Dyer and Peck streets. James A. Miller, George W. Danielson, Seabury S. Tompkins, Albert A. Scott, George W. Barry, Edward B. Rose and Edward A. Carter were at diffierent times foremen of the Post and Herald. Payne established a large job printing establishment after the demise of the Herald, now known as the Marion Printing Co. After the death of the Morning Herald in the spring of 1873, the city was without a Democratic paper until December, 1875. From the fifth of that month The Sun was issued weekly from No. 5 Washington row by Mann & Mellor, (Henry Mann and J. H. Mellor.) Mann had married a Rhode Island woman and had become interested in the State. He came from the New York Sun, at that time the leading Democratic DEMOCRATIC NEWSPAPERS IN PROVIDENCE 25 paper of the country. A daily Sun was announced for Nov. 20, 1876. It was then thought by many that Samuel J. Tilden might be the next President of the United States. The Daily Sun did not survive the verdict of the Electoral Commission, which declared R. B. Hayes elected to the Presidency. Lester E. Ross was the publisher after Dec. 4, 1876. There was another break in the chain of Democratic papers from the demise of The Sun until June 14, 1879, when Albion N. Merchant, who had come from Vermont, began to pubhsh The Rhode Island Democrat from the Brownell Building, 91 Westminster street. Merchant died suddenly on May 15, 1884, and the Democrat came into the possession of Schofield & Trumpler (John H. Schofield and Peter J. Trumpler.) Trumpler withdrew at the end of the year. Schofield remained with the paper until Sept. 27, 1889. Two years later Eldora J. Schofield sold it to the Rhode Islander Pubhshing Co., of which Benj. F. Evans was manager. The office had been removed four times since the death of Merchant. In March, 1892, Evans sold the paper to the proprietors of the Newport Herald, and it was removed to that city and became the weekly edition of the Herald. The Telegram was started as a Sunday paper in 1876 by Charles C. Corbett, who had been a poHceman in this city and had made a success as a writer on the Sunday Dispatch. In 1879 an evening edition was added. A year later David 0. Black, who had successfully managed the Providence Opera House, became a partner of Corbett's. At this time the printing office was at 57 Weybosset street, next to the Arcade, and the business office at No. 1 Weybosset street. June 21, 1881, Black became sole proprietor. The following June the printing office was moved to 49 Peck street. September, 1884, it was again moved to corner Peck and Friendship streets. The size, pohtics and color of the Telegram about this time varied according to the demands of a pohcy that announced agreement with the popular will. Where now pages are added to the size of newspapers to meet the demands of news and advertisers, in 1883 columns were added in that office. Pink paper was often used instead of white. The Telegram's politics were undoubtedly independent. The labor sentiment of the State was at its height and the Telegram did much to aid its progress. The 1883 reorganization meeting of Providence Typographical Union was held in its composing room, and it had the first real printers' chapel in the city. The three years between 1886 and 1889, while F. A. Crandall was its editor, were marked by an editorial influence unequalled in the paper's history, and an improved typographical appearance. Crandall 26 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE came to this city from Buffalo, N. Y., where he had risen from the ranks of the compositors. After nine years control of the Telegram David 0. Black sold his interest to the Telegram Publishing Co., Sept. 29, 1889. The Telegram was to become a Democratic organ, and David F. Lingane took the helm, which he held until Feb. 13, 1906. The business office had been at 7 Weybosset street. April 21, 1892, the whole plant was installed in the Barton Block, the former home of the Journal. On that date the Telegram contained an historical sketch of its career. The plant was moved to the Francis building, 138-144 Westminster street, next west of the Arcade, on the evening of Saturday, Dec. 9, 1899. The Weekly Telegram was begun Jan. 30, 1899 at 50 cents per annum. In February, 1906, Lingane sold the Telegram to a group of news- paper men from the Journal, who continued the name in connection with that of the Tribune for a while, but changed the pohtics of the paper to RepubHcan. WiUiam H. Barbour, James H. Russell, Andrew F. Moran, Charles W. Oberton, Arthur C. Bierce, Charles M. Clark and Harry E. Gatrell were foremen of the Telegram before the change of management in February, 1906. RHODE ISLAND AMERICAN The American was started as a semi- weekly by Dunham & Hawkins (William W. Dunham and David Hawkins, Jr.,) Oct. 21, 1808, at the sign of the American Eagle, opposite the Market; $3 per annum. In May, 1812, Hawkins was sole publisher, and in October, 1813, it was pubHshed by Miller & Mann, (John Miller and William M. Mann.) Miller afterwards started the Journal, and Mann is believed to have made the first heading for the Journal. With this change in ownership the office was removed to the " Old Coffee House." In April, 1814, WilHam G. Goddard, son of the original printer of the town, entered the partnership. Goddard edited the paper for ten years, and was well equipped for the work. Under his direction the American took high rank for excellence and character. In January, 1815, Miller withdrew, and from April, 1817, until July, 1819, Goddard was sole pubHsher. Then he took his foreman, James D. Knowles, into the firm. This arrangement lasted until October, 1820, when Goddard again became sole pubHsher and continued as such until he bade good-bye to his readers, Oct. 7, 1825. The American was then consoHdated with the Gazette and pubHshed by Cariile & Brown (Francis Y. Carlile and H. H. Brown.) The office was removed, "together with Brown's job printing office, recently kept at No. 3 South Main street " to No. 4 Union buildings. About 18 months later the partnership was dissolved, Brown taking the job printing materials and Carlile the newspaper. B. F. Hallett, who had been editor of the Journal up to the day before, become editor of the American and Gazette April 3, 1827, and on Aug. 31, The Microcosm, which had been pubHshed by W. R. Danforth as a weekly since June 10, 1825, was purchased. It was to continue as a weekly, made up with the principal articles published in the American and Gazette. F. H. Manson bought an interest and became superintendent of the mechanical department. The circulation of the American and Gazette was said to be 1200, but the editor was candid enough to say, in reply to an article in the Journal, that "it is idle to boast about advertising patronage, where none of us but barely get a living with all our patronage." The Literary Cadet and Saturday Evening BuHetin was issued as a weekly on April 22, 1826, by Smith & Parmenter (S. J. Smith and John 28 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE C. Parmenter) from 9 Market square at $2 per annum. One year later it was made a semi-weekly, and July 21, 1829, it was united with the American. Daniel Mowry, 3d., had become part owner with F. Y. Carlile of the united establishments and the name of the paper was changed to the Rhode Island American, Statesman and Providence Gazette. B. F. Hallett continued as editor, and the printing was done by F. Y. Carlile and J. C. Parmenter. Walter R. Danforth started a weekly paper. The Microcosm, June 10, 1825, and continued it until Aug. 31, 1827, when he sold it to the proprietors of the American and Gazette. From this office the first daily newspaper printed in this city, the Providence Daily Advertiser, was issued July 20, 1829, one day before the Daily Journal appeared. The proprietor of the latter paper had not intended to start a daily at that time, but was forced into the enterprise by the appearance of the Advertiser. Carhle ceased to have any con- nection with the office the following November. B. H. Wheeler was removed from the office of Postmaster in July, 1831. About that time a partnership must have existed between B. H. Wheeler, Joseph Knowles and D. Mowry, 3d, as the following notice, signed by the three, was printed May 9, 1832: " The connection between B. H. Wheeler and Joseph Knowles, in the printing business and publication of the Daily Advertiser, and Chronicle and American, is dissolved and the establishments revert back and will be continued by Daniel Mowry, 3d, the said Wheeler having withdrawn under an arrangement with said Mowry and Knowles, satisfactory to the parties." Plans for deliberate suicide were perfected and announced in the following notice, Jan. 15, 1833 : " The patrons of the Daily Advertiser, and American and Gazette, are hereby informed that these papers will be discontinued on the 1st day of February, 1833. The patrons may enquire what are the reasons for this sudden change? The answer is, I have hinted that a Methodist clergyman is suspected of having committed an atrocious murder in Tiverton, in this State, and have displeased that church; and these papers I intend shall give the whole history of that most foul transaction, without fear or favor, and the subscription list then, in my opinion, will be of no value. "The Microcosm and Weekly American not being concerned in the sin of exposing this foul murder, will be continued with unabated energy, and will be forwarded to all subscribers of the Rhode Island American after the first of February. " Whilst managing these papers, as a printer, I have endeavored to go by the rule I followed whilst tilling the ground — that is, to deal justly in all business transactions, live soberly and work early and late. I have made no new debts since I have been a printer, that are unpaid, to my knowledge; if there are any, I am ready to settle them. The labor and paper I have always paid for weekly. I have, therefore, a clear conscience, a stout heart, and some money in my pocket. "DANIEL MOWRY, 3d." The name of the minister accused of the murder referred to was Avery. The Advertiser was discontinued, and the Microcosm, American and Gazette were continued as late as July 27, 1833, by James S. Ham & Co. 1_ — - - S!SK!i*5S!!»^ THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL A semi-weekly paper was issued from the printing office of Miller & Hutchens, in the " Old Coffee House," on Jan. 3, 1820. Its name was the Manufacturers and Farmers Journal and Providence and Pawtucket Advertiser. Miller had been concerned with the publication of The American in the years 1813-14, and had conducted a job office in the meantime, Hutchens was a bookseller. The new paper was intended to be neutral in politics, but to strongly advocate the protection of American industries. Among its backers were the leading manufac- turers of the State, including Samuel and John Slater, David Wilkinson, Timothy Green, Benjamin Aborn, George Jackson, Amasa and William H. Mason, James Burrill, William Anthony, Samuel Arnold, William Valentine, Richard Anthony, Joseph Harris, Richard Jackson, Nathan W. Jackson, WilHam Sprague and his two sons, Amasa and Wilham, and James, Christopher and William Rhodes. These names are men- tioned by William E. Richmond, the first editor of the Journal, in a letter written for the 50th anniversary number of that paper. Con- sidering the small sum of money required to supply such a plant as the Journal then needed and the deficiency in running expenses possible, when even the editor was not to receive a salary, it is conceivable that the cash support of these leading manufacturers of the State was not very extensive. In all the subsequent changes in ownership there is no evidence that any of them owned a dollar's worth of property in the enterprise. Mr. Richmond also describes in his letter the condition of the news- paper business at that time. He says: "There was no systematic and well-managed journalism. A printer and publisher, for the purpose of extending his business, put forth proposals and issued a subscription for a new paper. If the number of subscribers were, in his opinion, sufficient to pay the expense, he engaged a person to edit and supervise the paper. At that time literary labor of this description was so meanly compensated, that no lawyer, physician, or schoolmaster would undertake the business for merely the monetary remuneration. In the case of the first editor of the Journal, there was no demand or stipulation for pay. That person saw the necesssity of a sacrifice by some one for the advancement of great public interests, and he consented to a temporary supervision of the Journal.* * * It was almost exclusively in the night season that the Journal was edited, as a relaxation from the daily labors of another profession; and it was understood from the beginning, that so soon as the Journal could be considered as securely established, another editor should be procured. At the end of the first year the name of the editor was omitted from the imprint, in consequence of the increase of professional business, but he continued for several years thereafter an informal oversight of, and contribution to its columns, for which, and for all previous labors, he received the sum, of $500." 30 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Deacon Robert M. Pearse was apprenticed to the printing firm of Miller & Hutchens in 1819, and set some of the type for the first number of the Journal. This is his story, somewhat abbreviated, printed in the Journal June 24, 1886: "The foreman of the office was Samuel Avery, a Boston printer. Four compositors were required to set the type for the Journal when it was first issued. The pay of a journeyman at that time was $8 per week. The hours of work were from sunrise to sunset, and as early as they could see to pick up the type in the winter, with a brief lay-off for supper, and then back to their cases or their presses until 9 o'clock, when the First Baptist bell would warn them that the time had come to quit. "The press used to print the Journal on was of the 'Ramage' pattern, with a platen of wood and a bed of stone, which required two pulls at the lever to each full impression ; or, rather, the form was run half way in, an impression pulled, then run clear in and an- other impression pulled, (very much the same sort of a press as was used by Franklin.) The lever worked a screw, there being no spring to lift up the platen after the impression, except what was given by some bookbinders 'scaleboards' placed in the top of the frame; consequently the lever had to be pulled around and then literally pushed back. The ink was put on by the old-fashioned ink-balls, and 200 impressions per hour were considered fast work. Later a second press of the same make but of a larger size and with an iron bed, instead of one of stone, was used. In 1823 the office was moved into the Union building, and then an iron press was procured of the Wells make for printing the Journal, the first iron press in the city. About this time the ink-balls were laid aside for a large roller, made of blankets and covered with buckskin, which was laid on two smaller wooden rollers or cylinders, fixed in a frame behind the press and turned b)' a crank. The apprentice had the manipulation of the rollers, keeping the crank twirling that the ink might be evenly distributed, pushing the large roller over the form after each sheet was printed, and putting on ink in obedience to the orders of the pressman, who sang out 'right!' 'left!' or 'centre!' as he wished more color on either of those places. "The cut for the heading of the Journal, which contained, besides the name, an eagle bearing in his beak the legend, 'Encourage National Industry,' and representations of farming tools and farm products, mechanical implements, an anchor, &c., was made in the office. The plate was cast by a workman named Mann [probably William M.] from old type, in a wooden mould, then planed down to the required height, and then engraved by an engraver named Horton. The paper went to press Sunday and Wednesday nights at or about midnight. The first edition was about 250 copies." Hutchens withdrew from the partnership Aug. 7, 1823, and the office was moved to the Union building on the west side of the bridge. It was again moved Nov. 29, 1824, to the Granite building, corner North Main street and Market square. Sept. 1, 1825, the Independent Inquirer was absorbed, and under the name of the Rhode Island Country Journal and Independent Inquirer was issued as a weekly until Oct. 8, 1897, when it was discontinued. Fire destroyed a large portion of the plant on March 30, 1827. No important change was made in the typographical appearance of the Journal during the first nine years of its existence. There had been a number of semi-weekly papers printed in the town. Three of them were consohdated and their manager then felt strong enough to venture a daily. The circumstances attending its publication and that of the starting of its rival, the Journal, are told in an editorial, probably written by Miller, and printed in the Journal at the time, as follows: "More than a year since we contemplated issuing a daily paper, but abandoned the project from the belief that it would much injure the semi-weekly papers as to compel them also to come out daily. THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL 31 "At this time we have been compelled in our own defence to publish a daily Journal. Had not the union of the American and Statesman produced a daily paper, we should have willingly remained as we were. "On Friday last [July 17, 1829,] we called on the proprietors, publishers and editor of the American and Statesman with a view of ascertaining if it was their determination to issue a daily paper, and informed them if they did, we should be compelled to. From what the editor said, we concluded to issue a daily the next morning; but being informed subsequently by one of the publishers that they had not agreed to publish a daily paper, and that we should have seasonable notice if they did so agree, we changed our determi- nation, under the hope that we might not be driven to the measure. "On Monday morning [July 20, 1829,] after the Journal was out, we were informed that the American and Statesman was to come out a daily the next morning, and that the proprietors were then by themselves and their agents engaged procuring subscribers. We immediately determined, in self-defence, to publish the Journal daily, and gave notice accordingly to our friends and the public. Upon the receipt of our notice, which was long before the Daily Advertiser was put to press, it was determined to issue that paper on Monday [July 20] as in anticipation of Tuesday. This was, as we believe, in conse- quence of our notice and against their previous determination. " We find no fault with the publishers or editor of the Daily Advertiser, and publish this statement only to counteract the insinuation that the Daily Journal was got up to injure another establishment." Evidently Miller did not consider a daily newspaper necessary at that time, but the birth of the Daily Advertiser forced him to follow it one day later with the Daily Journal, and the increased expense prob- ably led to his forced withdrawal from the concern seven years later, and the loss of his entire interest in the newspapers and book and job business. On the first of May, 1833, the office was moved to College street and George Paine became a partner. Fourteen months later Knowles & Burroughs did the printing at their office, showing the loss of the plant from which the papers had been issued and the increasing financial difficulties of Miller ; and on Feb. 23, 1836, George W. Jackson became pubhsher. Dec. 18, 1837, Miller pubHshed a warning to the pubHc not to purchase the property of the Journal, then in the possession of George W. Jackson, without the consent of John Miller, but one year later Jackson disposed of the entire plant to Knowles & Burroughs for $2500. An Adams press had been used to print the papers since 1836. Miller left the city not to return until his death in 1848. Both of the new owners were practical printers and of extensive experience. Up to that time the news from the South and West had been cHpped from the New York papers and printed in the Journal 24 hours after their arrival in Providence. W. H. Burroughs, son of WilHam L. Burroughs, in a letter dated June 15, 1904, tells of an im- provement in news service that his father accomplished while connected with the Journal, as follows: "When interested as part owner in Journal, he had also a printing office at 113 Fulton street. New York, afterwards sold to Wynkoop, Hallenback & Thomas. I am informed that in the days before telegraphs, he set up one side of the Journal in New York and sent forms to Providence by Stonington boat. New York being a news centre, that side of the paper could be filled with news during the day and reach Providence in type as soon as the news itself could be received." 32 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE What was really done is slightly different. The type was set in New York city and put into the forms here, after its journey by boat and railroad. Burroughs continued with the paper seven months and then John W. Vose purchased his interest. Seventeen months later Henry B. Anthony bought a third interest, and the Journal secured a writer who was destined to guide it to popularity and financial success. It was further benefited by having a practical and economical printer Hke Knowles in control of the mechanical departments. This combi- nation of writer and mechanic gave the Journal an advantage that no other paper in Providence possessed, and possibly explains its success where so many other newspapers failed. The plan of bringing matter for the Journal from New York prob- ably ceased with the retirement of Burroughs, This paragraph, printed in the 250th anniversary number [June 24, 1886,] would indicate a different condition in the composing room after Senator Anthony became the head of the concern : "For many years the Journal went to press at about the hour when the work on a morning paper now begins; and there is a tradition that an old foreman [Joseph L. Burroughs] once complained to Gov. Anthony that the news was coming in so late that two or three men were obliged to work after supper." The telegraph service was utiHzed in 1848, just before the pres- idential election. Little attention was paid to local happenings, except matters that related to the government of the State and city until 1860. The policy of the paper in that respect is stated in the imprint, as follows : "No report, resolutions or proceedings of any corporation, society, association or public meeting, and no communication designed to call attention to any matter of limited or individual interest can be inserted, unless paid for as an advertisement." Reporters were not employed, except that the compositor who set the ship news also went along the river front and collected the local events of interest in that line of business, and scanned the exchanges for news of Providence vessels away from home. William Jones Miller was foreman of the composing room of the Journal for sometime previous to March, 1842, when he was succeeded by Joseph L. Burroughs. The other employes of the room in July, 1845, were : D. B. Taylor, Marcus B. Young, Seth Simmons, Thomas M. Rounds, Samuel S. Wilson, WilHam B. Maxfield, Jethro T. Briggs, apprentice. In the same year, the names of Jonathan P. Helme, W. Martin and John T. TiUinghast appear. Other journeymen who worked there were: George T. Arnold and Nathan M. Ormsbee (1846), J. W. Cory (1847), Alvin S. Arnold (1848), Albert N. Angell, Henry Phare and Stephen G. Holroyd (1849), E. Cheever, George Lafaye and Cyrille A. Carpenter (1850), T. Peterson, D. Doland and John Simmons (1851), G. W. Johnson (1852), J. F. Collins, R. Hughes and Orrin Scott Pond THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL 33 (1853), Edward B. Hall (1855), E. W. Guilford, B. A. Sweet, F. E. Kelly, D. S. Pearce, E. Sullivan, C. N. Caswell, George Whelden, Edward T. AngellandE. P. Hicks (1856), H. Leis, F. J. Connor, John P. Davis and James H. Elsbree (1857), Volney Austin, Jeremiah N. Thomas and Peter H. Massie (1858). For 16 years after the death of John W. Vose, which occurred Nov. 12, 1847, the business was conducted by Knowles & Anthony. When the transfer was made to that firm, the plant was valued at $16,000. The most important change during that time was made in the press room, where a Hoe single cylinder press, propelled by steam, was introduced in 1856. Gradually the greater portion of the work in the composing room had shifted from day to night, as the character of the news changed from newspaper cHppings to dispatches and local reports. The junior partner was elected Governor of the State in 1849 and again in 1850. In May, 1858, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he served until his death, Sept. 2, 1884. Senator Anthony's duties in Washington precluded his giving the attention to the Journal that it now required. Newspapers everywhere were beginning careers made possible by the introduction of improve- ments in printing presses. Wider fields and more systematic manage- ment were necessities. James S. Ham filled Senator Anthony's place temporarily, but Prof. James B. Angell became the editor in 1860 and continued in that position until 1866. On his retirement, George W. Danielson, who had been admitted a partner Jan. 1, 1863, conducted the editorial department as well as the entire management of the paper until his death. In the same month that he entered the partnership, Danielson started the Evening Bulletin. His selection for membership in the firm was due to his practical experience, gained in the composing rooms of several newspapers and as partner in the publication of the Evening Press. His management of the Journal covered the period of develop- ment from a double cylinder press to the web perfecting press, with stereotyping machinery, and from the four-page to the eight-page size. The day that it was decided to increase the size of the Journal to eight pages, Mr. Danielson informed Foreman Rose that that would be the limit in their time, yet "Doc" has seen a forty-eight-page Sunday Journal. From the birth of the Journal in 1820 until Danielson's death in 1884, except the two years when George W. Jackson owned the paper, there had always been a practical printer in the firm of publishers. Danielson was the last of these journeymen owners. 34 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE What wages the journeymen printers received for their labor before 1820 is not now known. Deacon Pearse, in his reminiscences, says that $8 per week was paid at that time. The hours of labor were from sunrise to sunset in summer, and from daylight until 9 p. m. in winter. Albert N. Angell says that 20 cents per 1000 ems was paid in 1839, when he started to serve his apprenticeship. The pay roll in the composing room of the Journal for one week in July, 1845, totalled $43.57. This sum was paid to a foreman, who received $10, five compositors and an apprentice. The largest sum paid to a compositor was $9.48. The apprentice received $2.25. Four years later the Journal pay roll had nearly doubled, amounting to $81.30. The largest "bill" that week was $13.76. Evidently there was no apprentice at work there then nor for many years after, as the smallest sum paid was $8.82. In 1851 the cost of the room for one week had risen to $103.86, the extremes paid to the compositors being $15.15 and $8.99. The journeyman receiving the larger sum had to average 12,625 ems per day for the six days, pretty fast work. A week in June, 1856, showed a still larger payroll ($110.55) and a larger sum for the fastest compositor — $16.17; but the price per 1000 ems had risen to 28 cents for night work. After the organization of Providence Typographical Union in 1857, an unsuccessful attempt was made to advance the scale to 30 cents for night work and 28 cents for day work. The pa3Toll in the Journal composing room continued to increase, reaching $131.02 for a week in June, 1858, the largest "bill" amounting to $18.94 and the smallest to $9.37. The issuing of morning and evening editions from one plant caused important changes in the Journal composing room. Before the Bulletin was started the compositors distributed their cases in the afternoon, consuming about two hours in that work, and set type for two hours, when there was copy. The principal part of the composition was done between 7 P. M. and 4 A. M. At first the evening edition required but a small amount of new matter ; but later, when the paper became more important, it required the best efforts of every workman in the room to prepare its three daily editions. There was small limit then to the hours that a compositor might work. He could begin as early as 10 A. M. and keep busy until 4 o'clock the next morning. A small day force was maintained, but the great bulk of the work was done by the regular night force, who were supposed to be ready to " lift " copy not later than 1 P. M. and continue composition until 4 P. M., when the Bulletin went to press. Distribution then went on until 6 o'clock, when an hour was taken for dinner, after which, at 7 P. M., composition was begun again and continued until about 4 A. M., with an half hour out about ' THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL 35 11 P. M. for lunch. The average pay for this long day was about $4.50, but double that amount was often earned when a lucky compositor got a " jumbo," the name for a large advertisement. All the composition was paid for by the piece, and the " fat " went to each journeyman in rotation. Edgar Yates, a proofreader on the Boston Post, describes his entry into Providence and the Journal composing room in a letter to the Souvenir Committee, dated May 10, 1904. His experience was dupli- cated by many others who stopped in this town for a few days or a few years in the "hand-set " days. The letter follows : "I appeared in Providence in the latter part of the winter of 1881-2. I got in a couple of weeks in the Rhode Island Printing Company's office on Weybosset street, and then went across the street to E. A. Johnson's, where I stayed until Memorial Day of that year. Newspaper subs were scarce and I was asked to work one night on the Journal. I lived through it, and Ira Tew asked me why I didn't leave Johnson's and stick to the Journal. So, seeing that Doc Rose had written my name on the sub list, I concluded to stay, and with a slight intermission, when I went down East to teach school, I worked on the Journal until the spring of 1884. Of course, I got cases after a while, and was slug 9, in the centre alley to the left of the head of the old stairway. On my right was Leavitt, now of Washington, and on my left was Jim Williams, who I understand has since died. Other celebrated printers in the same alley were Ira Tew, John Dolan (now of the Boston American), Withee (slightly lame in one foot), 'Am' (whose name was Amsden ) and Press Willard, who both chewed tobacco, set type and swore with remarkable ease, skill and fluency. I won't try to give you a roster of the office, but it was certainly made up of the greatest gang of 'characters' that ever gathered under one low and stifling roof, from Bobby Brannan to Frank Eddy and Jim Muspratt. One of the Journal old-timers. Jack Rodgers, has been here with me on the Post until two or three weeks ago, when he left to go on the Globe, and he and I frequently used to swap reminiscencesof the dayson the 'D. 0. J.' and wish that we could put in a few nights there again on solid agate just for fun." The introduction of linotype machines in 1889 revolutionized con- idtions in the composing room. Regular employes were encouraged to learn to operate them and the day scale was paid until the men became proficient. Twenty cents per 1000 ems was then paid. There was much difficulty in keeping the machines going, owing to the unfamil- iarity of the operators with the care of machinery. In most cases it was the journeyman's first acquaintance with machines of any kind. The average product of the machines was not more than 3500 per hour. It was believed by many that if the Hnotype could not do better work and more of it than those in the Journal composing room were turning out, nothing was to be feared from them. And as there was plenty of work in Boston, New York and other cities, many of the compositors left the city in preference to learning the hnotype. While their judg- ment was correct and agreed with that of Mr. Mergenthaler, he had already almost completed another Hnotype which has finally overcome all criticism. The possibiHty to err in correcting was enormously increased by the introduction of the Hnotype. Not only could other and worse errors 36 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE creep into the line that had to be reset for an error in the original one, but the new Hne could be misplaced in many exasperating ways. Old customs had to be forgotten in correcting and revising proofs. Italics and small caps went out of use until the double matrix was introduced. Soon after the introduction of the machines, it became apparent that a shorter work day was necessary for the operators. The force was arranged in two divisions, the day squad to begin at 9 A. M. and continue to 4 P. M., with half an hour intermission at 11.30 A. M. for lunch ; the night squad to begin at 7 P. M. and continue to "good night," with half an hour at 11 P. M. for lunch. This day has been still further shortened by taking one-half hour off the day side and one hour off the night side. A sHght change has been made iu the length of the day for the proofreaders, to bring their total time within 48 hours per week. The ad men are required to work eight hours per day or night. When the latest type of machine was introduced, the price of com- position was reduced to 13 cents per 1000 ems for night operators and 11 cents for day operators. The increased speed of the new linotypes and their greater perfection made these prices more generous than 20 cents had been on the old machines. To show the effect in the composing room caused by the machines, two weeks are selected, one in 1887, about 18 months before, and one in 1892, about 30 months after their introduction. At the latter date all work except displayed advertisements was done on the linotype. Week of Dec. 24, 1887. 1— James Muspratt 8— W. M. Leavitt 16— J. P. Farwell 2— J. P. Bowes 9— A. L. Randall 17— E. S. Flanagin 3— Alvah Withee 10— Ira N. Tew 18— A. E. Morrill 4— C. P. Willard 11— M. S. Bouret 19— James E. McClintock 5— A. P. Brown 12— F. W. Haven 20— J. C. Hurll 6— Joseph Newton 13— John A. Kopp 21— E. T. Spencer 7— J. P. Dolan 14— George H. Huston 22.— F. F. Sorbie 15 — Charles E. Andrews The above were night regulars. The figures give the slug numbers. The average earnings of each journeyman was $21.93. Morning news- paper compositors rarely worked more than five days per week at that time, and, therefore, five is a better divisor than seven to get the average per day. 27— J. J. Locklin 33— F. B. Amsden 42— M. E. Hughes 28— A. M. Robertson 34— Gordon E. Shepard 43— W. Lewis 29— James Williams 35— W. A. Newell 45- H. McCutchen 31—1. C. Hargraves 36— E. T. Angell 46— H. W. Burns 32— H. C. Barnes 40— Roscoe N. Lawton 48— R. E. Newton 41— J. L. Bicknell The above constituted the day force. Their average earnings were $16.76. Homes of the Providence Journal "WHIPPLE BUILDING' College Street Journal, 1833-1844 "WASHINGTON BUILDING " Journal, 1844-1871 And Numerous Other Printing Firms m^^Q n [ ■-«>.;^^:sr— - ^ "BARTON BLOCK" Journal and Bulletin, 1871-1889 Evening Telegram, 1892-1899 FLETCHER BUILDING' Journal and Bulletin 1889-1905 THE PROVIDENCE JOURNAL 37 H. H. Boardman J. F. Courtney John E. O'Connor C. E. Burtwell John E. Hurley C. H. Partridge L. W. Brow James J. Hay William Palmer William Carroll W. J. Jolley Edwin W. Smith P. J. Coogan J. H. McCann Robert Grieve John O'Meara The above were the substitutes. Their average earnings were $14.30. A rotary sub hst was in operation, causing a fairly equitable division of the subbing. Make-up and Bank Force — E. B. Rose, night foreman ; John Robinson, Jr., Robert Quinn. John Milne, day foreman; Charles W. Oberton, Charles H. Murray. Proofreaders and Copyholders — A. J. Keach, Rudolph DeLeeuw, W. A. Potter, F. E. Jones, T. F. O'Rourke, William A. Pratt. Week of Dec. 24, 1892. Ad Men— W. A. Newell, William J. Meegan, Gordon E. Shepard, John J. Locklin. Machine Operators — Thomas W. Dalling, M. S. Bouret, William Warner, George H. Huston, John H. Sullivan, John J. Murphy, James Rafferty, H. F. Davis, I. C. Hargraves, L. W. Brow, A. P. Brown, J. P. Choquet, William Lewis, William Palmer, F. B. Amsden, J. H. Dwyer, Charles H. Hopkins, A. H. Choquet, F. J. Capron, S. J. Riley, M. J. McHugh, Joseph Dove, E. P. Walters, J. H. McCarthy, Joseph A. O'Brien, H. N. Burrett. Copy Cutters, Bank Men, etc. — R. E. Newton, Roscoe N. Lawton, E. W. Smith, Clarence E. Burtwell, E. T. Angell. Thirty-four journeymen — average earnings $23.43. The average for all the journeymen in 1889 was $17.66. Apprentices — William Curran, John O'Hara, William McManus, James Scanlon, P. E. McElroy, W. J. Lanigan, James A. Fitzgerald. The foreman was WilHam Carroll, with John H. Milne, E. B. Rose and Charles H. Murray as day assistants, and Frank Havens and A. E. Morrill, night assistants. A week just before Christmas, twelve years later, shows an increased number of journeymen employed and better wages earned, although the latter is accounted for to some extent by overtime that was neces- sary because of the limited space in the composing room, which prevented the employment of a greater number of journeymen. Week of Dec. 24, 1904. Ad Men — John P. Keenan, Francis L. Reeney, Carl C. Robb, Daniel E. Mooney, Daniel O'Connor, William Donovan, William D. McKenzie, Eli Alford, Frank C. Howard, John J. Horton, William H. Doran, James P. Bowditch, John W. Mahoney, Thomas F. Bowen, L A. Beals, H. C. Barnes, Edward A. Emery, D. Otis Evans, William J. Meegan, John J. Locklin, Charles E. McAndrews. Earnings for eight hours $21 for day and $24 for night. Overtime brought the average for each man to $30.54 for day and $28.05 for night. Machine Operators. Day — Harry F. Davis, Alfred J. Rose, Joseph A. O'Brien, William Lewis, John H. Dwyer, Harry G. Glasby, Martin J. Crofwell, George H. Huston. Night — Michael J. McHugh, John J. Dwyer, John H. Sullivan, Frederick J. TuUy, John F. O'Hara, Joseph Crowley, E. A. Murphy, S.J.Riley, Charles Carroll, Hugh F.Dolan, Edward G. Warner. Composition on machines 11 cents for day, and 13 cents for night. Day operators averaged $29.63 ; night operators (including Warner and Dolan, substitutes,) $27.93. 38 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Proofreaders and Copyholders — Ira Tew, Rudolph De Leeuw, Thomas F. O'Rourke, Gordon E. Shepard, Edward C. Hoopes, I. C. Hargraves, William Scott, George Burroughs, John J. Murphy, John P. Lenahan. Wages for proofreaders, $21 for day, $24 for night ; copyholders $15 day or night. Their overtime was insignificant. William Carroll, foreman, with Robert E. Newton, A. E. Morrill and John P. Carroll, day assistants; Willis Tobie, copy cutter; Andrew F. Moran, night foreman, with Fred C. Hall, assistant; Clarence E. Burtwell, copy cutter, and E. W. Smith, bank man. The machinists were John Burger, day, and Ernest Klausch, night. Apprentices — F. G. Sullivan, John A. Powers, John J. Laffy, John F. Russell, Walter B. Davis, Cornelius C. Cusick, Joseph Harvey, Joseph Gerhard. Less than one year after the death of Senator Anthony, the Provi- dence Journal Company was incorporated. Richard S. Rowland was elected Manager and Treasurer and A. L. WilHams, Editor. Under Mr. Rowland's direction the business acquired great development. The Journal expanded from eight pages to sixteen pages ; the Bulletin, from six pages to as high as thirty-six. The Sunday Journal was started in July, 1885, with the opposition of many of the regular readers of the Daily Journal on reHgious grounds. Its first size was ten pages. It has reached forty-eight pages. The Providence Journal Almanac has been issued annually since 1887. In the summer of 1903 the Block Island Wireless was issued daily on Block Island. Since 1902 the employes have enjoyed an outing annually on some summer day at the Warwick Club Grounds, and on that occasion in 1905, 1906 and 1907 the Providence Journal, Jr., has been issued. In June, 1905, a portion of the new building, corner Eddy and Westminster streets was occupied. Two new sextuple Roe presses dis- placed the old ones. The pages of the newspapers were shortened and narrowed by taking off one column, and since Nov. 1, 1905, adver- tisements have been excluded from the first pages of all the papers issued by the Journal Company. In June, 1906, the entire new building was occupied. The composing room is one of the finest in the country. Mr. Rowland succeeded Mr. Williams as Editor in 1891. Since that date the following changes have occured in that position : October 1898, Frederick Roy Martin, Associate Editor ; July, 1904, David S. Barry, Editor-in-Chief ; February, 1905, Frederick R. Rowland, Manager ; Feb- ruary, 1906, Frederick Roy Martin, Editor and Treasurer. DORRITE - KNO WNOTHING The Dorrite movement was deficient in newspaper representation until the Rhode Island Suffrage Association started the New Age and Constitutional Advocate, a weekly paper. J. A. Brown managed it from the first issue [Nov. 20, 1840,] until the Providence Daily Express was added, just before the State election in the spring of 1842. Millard, Low & Miller then became the publishers of both papers. Owing to a " boycott " by the merchants, it was said, the Express suspended pub- hcation during the summer. It had been issued as a morning paper, but when it was revived [Sept. 13, 1842,] it was as an evening paper. After the State election of 1843 both papers were stopped. The owners did not possess a printing plant, but hired the typesetting and press work, four printing offices at different times being concerned in the work. The Daily Evening Chronicle, began March 30, 1842, by J. M. Church, without any particular hobby, Hved until Sept. 29, 1843. Israel Amsbury was a partner with Church for about nine months of the paper's existence. The Narragansett Chief was issued as a weekly. In January, 1844, Amsbury published the Daily Transcript and Chronicle and also the Weekly Transcript. Evidently he thought Church had made a mistake in the width of the columns, for he crowded six columns in the same sized page in which Church had found room for only four. The following October, Joseph S. Pitman became editor and partner, and eight months later proprietor. Green & Shaw acquired the papers in July, 1847, and changed the name to The Daily Evening Transcript. The next July A. Crawford Greene became sole proprietor, and in September, at the opening of the presidential campaign, the words "and Free Soil Advocate" were added to the name, and carried until May, 1849, when they were dropped. For the year 1857, John F. Greene was a partner with A. C. Greene, his brother. March 8, 1858, the Transcript was absorbed by the Tribune. The Providence Daily Tribune was started June 13, 1853, by Greene, Amsbury & Co., with Clement Webster and Benj. Colby as editors. The following editorial announcement, printed Jan. 1, 1856, indicates that it was the organ of the Know Knothing party : "Still do we believe intemperance a great social and moral evil, to be uprooted by the combined power of moral suasion and legal prohibition. And still can we see no reason why we should lay aside our armor and remit our opposition to popery, that other curse, though assuming the hallowed name of religion ; and against it, therefore, shall we war with all the weapons committed to us, to battle its errors and resist its encroachments." Benj. Colby & Co. were its pubhshers at this time. Oct. 10, 1857, J. Flagg Carr & Co. acquired control of the paper and when the Tran- script was absorbed the name was changed to the Providence Daily Tribune and Transcript. It probably suspended in December, 1858. THE MORNING MIRROR In the spring of 1849 Messrs. Rowe & Co. wh6 kept the only news- paper store in Providence at that time, and were also dealers in teas and coffees at No. 24 Market square, commenced the publication of The Morning Mirror, and continued to publish the paper until the fall of 1854. The first location of the office was in the upper story of the Granite Building, corner of Market square and North Main street. The press work was done in the office of A. Crawford Greene, who ran a job office in the same building. The Mirror office was afterwards moved to a new brick building, corner Exchange place and McNeil lane. Several months later fire destroyed the entire estabhshment. When new mate- rial was obtained, the office was located in the basement of the Frankhn House on College street. The store and office were connected in the rear. All the printers "ran" with the Water Witch Engine Company, No. 6, then located on Benefit street, where the Court House now is ; and when an alarm of fire was announced by the bell of the Second Baptist Church, then located on the present site of the Masonic Temple, the entire force on the paper, foreman, compositors, pressman and the man who turned the wheel, went out through the doors and windows, "bent" on the " tail-rope " of the engine, as she came down College Hill, and away to the fire. The business of the office was suspended until the fire was out, when the printers returned to their duties at the office. Philip A. Marks was the first and only foreman employed on the Mirror. He was an Englishman, very short in stature, and always wore a silk high-crowned hat. Among the compositors were George Cranston, Amos B. Cranston (Mouse), Nelson Boyle, Franklin A. Chase (Crumles), Billy Barbour and Scott Pond. In 1853 there turned up in the office, Ben C. Truman, who had run away from a Shaker village in New Hampshire. He entered as an apprentice and remained 20 months. He received the name of "Shaker." His subsequent career was a most distinguished one and will be found in another portion of this book. Capt. George H. Pettis says: "I joined the force in August, 1849, and remained on the paper until I went to California, in May, 1854, excepting when I would be laid off for a day or two every month for scrapping with the foreman, when I would be sent for and would resume work again. As I came here from Cohoes Falls, New York State, I received the cogncmien of "Cohoesey," which name has remained with me to this day. When the office removed to Exchange place a second-hand Hoe large cylinder press was installed in the office and Ned Angell was employed as pressman. John Neafi, an Irishman, whose office name was "John Mickey," was employed to turn the wheel. This was the first Hoe press used in this State. Among the Editors of the Mirror I can recall the names of Clement C. Webster, "John of York" Colby and a lawyer by the name of Dave Parmenter." PRESS AND STAR After several failures in attempting to publish a daily newspaper in this city George W. Danielson succeeded with the Evening Press. He was foreman of the composing room of the Daily Post in 1858, and witnessed the end of the Daily Tribune in December of that year, leaving Providence without an evening paper. Probably Danielson then began to prepare for his next newspaper venture, as in the follow- ing spring [March 14, 1859,] the Evening Press was launched, in time for the closing events of the State election. Albert R. Cooke was his partner. The Press was immediately successful. When it was one year old it was enlarged and became "the largest newspaper in the State." It was the first evening paper to issue more than one edition regularly; and on April 13, 1861, when Fort Sumter had been fired on, it issued a "postscript," the first in the city. At the beginning of 1861 it announced the following improvement : "Wilcox's Double Cylinder Air Engine, a Rhode Island contrivance, which, within its sphere, eclipses anything known to us. By its means we are enabled to print one sheet on our Hoe cylinder press at the rate of upwards of 1800 impressions per hour, at the same time it also runs in our job printing department three other presses, an Adams, a Gordon and a Ruggles." Stephen Wilcox, Jr., of Westerly, R. I., was the inventor. A double cylinder Hoe printing press was added in October of 1861, the first used in the city. Danielson retired in October, 1862. The circulation was claimed to be above 9000 per day at that time. The Civil War was in progress and there was a large demand for newspapers. But it must have taken the double cyhnder at least three hours to print one side of the paper. In the presidential campaingn of 1864, from August until the end of the year, the Press was issued both as a morning and evening paper. Cooke, Jackson & Co. were its publishers after the retirement of Danielson until March 28, 1864, when Hiram H. Thomas & Co. acquired control. At the end of October, 1865, " The Providence Press Co." was organized to conduct the paper, and Rev. Sidney Dean became its editor. In October, 1869, Dean was forced out to try George Seilheimer, who retired at the end of three months, after improving the paper very much but probably increasing the cost in a corresponding ratio. During this management the Morning Star was started [Dec. 6, 1869] . Dean again assumed control and there was no further change in management for about ten years. When the hard times of 1873 came, the price of the Press was reduced to three cents and that of the Star was raised to two cents. Between this time and 1880 Dean had a hard struggle to maintain the papers, but by good management and strict economy succeeded. In October of 1880 a number of rich men in the State acquired the controlling interest in the company and brought Z. L. White, Washington correspondent of the New York Tribune, to 42 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE this city to become editor-in-chief. New type was purchased, a large amount of money was expended for news, etc., and in 1882 a Scott perfecting press was installed, together with a stereotyping plant. The political policy of the paper was also changed in a manner to repel some large advertising patrons. The morning after the assassination of President Garfield, a Sunday edition of the Star was begun. This was for a time a financial success. But the continual loss of money by the other papers caused the moneyed men to drop off, and in September, 1884, the newspapers came into possession of White, the Press Co. retaining the book and job departments. This portion was finally acquired by Snow & Farnham, who have successfully conducted the business and are now located in the Hanley building on Washington street. White discontinued the Press immediately and started the Evening News the next day, Oct. 1, 1884. The latter paper lived until the following March. The Evening Item was started in the summer of 1886 and continued until Nov. 22 of the same year, when the ownership passed to Edmund S. Hopkins, who had been interested in the business for some time. The Star and Item were " consolidated " under the title of The Provi- dence Star, which was issued as an evening paper. The pages of the Item were arranged to open Hke those of a law brief. The entire business was discontinued March 6, 1887. The political odor of the Star had become so bad that it was not considered safe to continue the paper through the State election, which was only a month off. A campaign paper called the Republican was printed for a few weeks and then the establishment was broken up and dispersed. That year the Democrats won the governorship, their first State victory since 1860. Isaac Whiting, Robert P. Boss, Henry A. Barnes and George E. Cooley were among the foremen of the Evening Press; Edward A. Carter, Charles E. Burchfield, A. P. Brown, William Carroll and Herbert A. Darling were foremen of the Morning Star. Table of wages and cost of Morning Star composing room for week ending Dec. 25, 1886 : No. of men Highest Lowest Average Dec. 19— Saturday 9 $3.89 $2.34 $3.13 Dec. 20— Sunday 14 6.52 3.24 4.10 Dec. 21— Monday 8 3.16 2.34 2.66 Dec. 22— Tuesday ... 9 4.57 2.05 2.88 Dec. 23— Wednesday . . 8 3.42 2.41 3.00 Dec. 24— Thursday .... 8 3.27 2.41 2.86 Dec. 25— Friday 8 3.89 2.73 3.25 For the week 4.10 2.50 3.12 For seven days each man averaged $21.84. Cost of labor in room $341.10. Price of composition 36 cents per 1000 ems. THE PROVIDENCE NEWS In 1888 the Journal ceased to be the organ of the Republican party of Rhode Island by formal announcement in a convention of that party. The elections in the five years following were hard fought and the need of a newspaper organ was felt. John L. Heaton, who had acquired newspaper experience in New York city, assisted by his wife, Mrs. Eliza P. Heaton, attempted in September, 1891, to fill the want by estabhshing the Providence News. The publication office was at 10 Pine street and the business office at 7 Weybosset street. A. J. McConnell was foreman of the composing room, which was strictly union. The paper was enlarged in February, and the Republican State convention [March 15, 1892] endorsed it as the " ofl[icial organ of the RepubHcan party of Rhode Island." The Weekly News [12 pages, $1 per year] was started June 24, 1892. In October the plant was removed to 24 and 25 South Water street and about this time the paper passed out of the hands of Mr. Heaton. D. Russell Brown became interested in its publication. In a few months the union force in the composing room was discharged and a non-union force substituted. July 15, 1897, the News by announcement became a " newspaper, not a party organ," after Messrs. R. W. Bryant, Charles W. Bacon and Stephen A. Hopkins had purchased the controUing interest, and the trio became publisher, editor and business manager respectively. This arrangement lasted until Sept. 22, 1897. On the latter date J. W. Watson became publisher and manager and Charles H. Howland editor. M. C. Day, G. F. Mackinnon and C. H. Howland had left the Journal and attempted to make the News successful. Their efforts failed and at the end of their contract Torrey E. Wardener came from Boston [Sept. 28, 1900] and made a sensational splurge which ended in a libel suit. On the 1st of July, 1902, the plant was moved to corner Washington and Mathewson streets. Here the first newspaper color press used in the State was installed. Mr. Brown continued owner until May 10, 1906, when he sold to Messrs. Trumpler and Dillenback, who changed the name to the News-Democrat and also changed the paper's politics to the support of the Democratic party. The News- Democrat is the only newspaper in Providence that uses the label of the Allied Printing Trades Council, and it also prints a daily depart- ment devoted to the doings of the local labor organizations. A. J. McConnell, C. M. Clark, Fred A. Manson, I. A. Beals, Albert Ridge, George B. SuUivan and William Simmons have been foremen of the composing room. THE EVENING RECORD The date of the first issue of The Evening Record is unknown to even those now hving of the small coterie who were its sponsors. It is certain that it existed for more than a year as a daily paper, during which time its place of publication was changed three times, not in- cluding the location of its first office, 54 North Main street. Each change of base was made not for the better but of necessity. From North Main street the plant was moved to the loft of a low brick building then standing at the corner of Exchange street and Exchange place, now covered by the Industrial Trust Co. building. Only because of the demoHtion of this building did the Record seek new quarters. Of the tenants of this old block, the Record was the last to move. The removal of the roof, sides and front of the building did not hasten the Record to vacate, and not until only a shelving of floor remained, the stairway to which had been removed, did the proprietors of the publication seek another location. Its third home was the street floor of a dilapidated building on Friendship street. While at this place the Record secured, by award of the committee on city printing, that part of the city advertising which had formerly been given to the Telegram. This seemingly good fortune on the part of the Record might have been of material assistance to its publishers had not an attachment been placed in the hands of the City Treasurer covering the amount of money due from that source. This incident did not interfere with the regular pubhcation of the paper, however. Perhaps the Record would not so soon have left the Friendship street quarters for others on Eddy street but for the reason that two brawny men, armed with monkey-wrenches, walked into the ofllice one afternoon and proceeded to disjoint the press, an undertaking in which they were eminently successful in a very short space of time. The press itself was a unique specimen of that class of machinery — single-cylinder, two-revolution, equipped with folder and jogger — or something like that. The "make" is unknown ; pictures of it cannot now be found even in catalogues. For a while — a few days — the forms were carried by express to a printer on Eddy street and there the edition was run off. There was lots of room in this Eddy street office and the Record soon occupied space therein. Moving was easy on this, the last shift, an electric motor, lost in the Exchange place building, and the press, removed from the Friendship street headquarters, constituting the heaviest items in the Record's original plant. THE EVENING RECORD 45 Everything in connection with the Record's pubhcation was now being done on a cash basis. The man who furnished the paper had to have his money before he left his bundle; the expressman with the "plate matter" presented a c. o. d., and even the printer, with whom the pubHshers had practically cast their lot, demanded his hire before beginning to print Notwithstanding these and many other drawbacks, the Record Hved on and would have undoubtedly hngered longer but for this exacting printer meeting with the same hard luck as the Record in having his press taken away one day by two brawny, but diif erent men. That event and the demise of the Record occurred the same day, no effort being made to find another home. The Evening Record's title was changed several times, perhaps as often as the location of its business. Starting as the Record-Herald, change was made because of objection by parties claiming right to the title of Herald. World-Record was chosen as a fitting substitute, only to be met with a like grievance by another party who claimed the World as personal property. The Evening Record, whether or not its third distinguishing title, served as the name under which the paper was printed for a year or more. During the mayoralty campaign of 1891, the Telegram, the demo- cratic party organ, betrayed its faith, and it was for the purpose of rebuking its owner, its editor and those democrats who had compassed the defeat of the regular nominee of the democratic convention that the Evening Record was started. That purpose was never lost sight of and all who were regarded as responsible for the party's defeat of that year were mercilessly scored by the Record up to its dying day — Aug. 4, 1892. THE TRIBUNE The first number of The Evening Tribune was issued on Monday, March 12, 1906. A month before this, the plant, franchises and good will of the Providence Telegram Publishing Company had been pur- chased by a company of active newspaper men of the city, consisting of Matthew S. Dwyer, Frederick H. Rowland, Frederic N. Luther, Timothy F. Dwyer, Daniel J. Dwyer, Albert C. Rider, John J. Rosenf eld, Edmund E. Eastman, Charles R. Thurston, Frank E. Jones, Horace G. Belcher and Thatcher T. Thurston, all of whom had been connected with the Providence Journal for periods of from twelve to thirty-four years. Associating with them a large number of others who had worked with them in their former positions — reporters, foremen of mechanical departments, compositors, stereotypers, pressmen and clerks — they under- took to test their belief that there was room in the field for a penny paper differing in appearance and in quality from any previously offered in the city, at the same time furnishing what in the present has come to be the rare example of a newspaper owned and controlled by those who make it. The paper they put out was an entirely new one in every respect, in no way Hke that which it superseded, but it at once found popular favor in substantial degree with both readers and advertisers. The circulation of the superseded paper at the time of its purchase was 17,000. With the eighth issue of The Evening Tribune the management announced that there had been obtained a permanent minimum circu- lation of 27,500, and the advertising patronage required the use of sixteen eight-column pages. From that time on growth has been steady until now the average circulation is over 32,000 and on the heaviest advertising days it has been necessary to issue twenty-two pages, which make, it is claimed, the largest newspaper sold anywhere for one cent. The Sunday Tribune was issued in connection with The Evening Tribune from the first, its more distinctive feature, perhaps, being the supplementing of its main sections, for the first time by any Providence paper, with a large and handsomely illustrated magazine section in the modern tabloid form. Satisfied with the experiment and encouraged by the degree of material success attained, the management issued on July 4, 1906, the first number of The Morning Tribune, also a penny paper, giving Providence, for the first time in many years, a second morning paper. THE TRIBUNE 47 This experiment also proved justified. Starting with nothing, the morning issue obtained a circulation that since the first day has not fallen below 9,000 and is at present over 11,000. For the first two months and a half. The Morning Tribune's tel- egraphic news was obtained from the PubHshers' Press Association, supplemented by the special service of the New York Herald. But at the quarterly meeting of the Board of Directors of the Associated Press, Sept. 20, 1906, it was unanimously elected to full membership in that Association. The management then announced that with a full com- plement of regular issues — Morning, Evening and Sunday — with a complete equipment of news service for each, it would thenceforth devote itself to making its publication a recognized and firmly estabhshed Rhode Island institution. Immediately after the purchase of the Telegram plant, the mechan- ical equipment was improved by the addition of considerable new machinery, a modern photo-engraving department was established, ad- ditional space was taken in the building for the accommodation of the editorial and reportorial staffs and the general facilities for getting out the paper were liberally increased. Later, at the beginning of 1907, the business office was doubled in extent, entirely refurnished, and pro- vided with special conveniences for patrons and the general public. At the conclusion of its first year, March 12, 1907, The Tribune editorially said of itself: "Its material success has surpassed the highest expectations of its management and makes, it is beheved, a new record in New England journalism." THE LABOR PRESS An attempt to establish a labor paper in Providence was made by the Rhode Island Co-operative Printing and Pubhshing Co., of which E. C. Pierce was President and Robert Grieve Secretary-Treasurer. Shares were sold at $5 each and a large number were disposed of in small lots. The weekly paper that was issued by the company was named The People. The first number appeared Saturday, Dec. 5, 1885. Robert Grieve was editor, George Farnell reporter, Joseph C. Barker foreman and Henry Burrett apprentice. It almost immediately secured a wide circulation and was enlarged twice, in February and again in April, 1886. The financial results were not satisfactory, however, and in June, 1887, a reduction in size was made and Holmes W. Merton became publisher and John Francis Smith editor. Aug. 27, 1887, one column was added to each page. From Oct. 15, 1887, to May 19, 1888, Harry C. Vrooman edited The People. The paper suspended May 26, 1888. The Providence Labor Tribune was issued from No. 5 Washington Row from Sept. 3, 1886, to Aug. 27, 1887, by F. E. Corbett, but was made up almost entirely of plate matter and had little influence. Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, began the publication of a daily, The Evening Call, Tuesday, April 20, 1889, at 64 North Main street. The Call was " set up and produced by the printers who until last Saturday [April 27] were in the employ of * * * the Telegram, and were then locked out * * * because they would not forfeit their honor and continue to work with non-union men headed by a person who was a member of the Typographical Union and betrayed his comrades in that body by organizing a gang of non-unionists to fill the places of the Union men." Frank E. Jones was editor for a time. The trouble in the Telegram composing room was caused by a new scale of prices which went into effect the previous February [25th]. It had been agreed to and signed by the Telegram's manager, but in a few weeks he was dissatisfied at the increased expense. After an inter- view with the Executive Committee of the Union the scale was modified to suit his views at a meeting of the Union. The revised scale went into effect April 1 and was signed by the Telegram's manager and the President of the Union. Notwithstanding this apparent settlement preparations were made by the Telegram management to fight the Union, with the result that the entire force of 37 men refused to work with the non-unionists that had been gathered and quit the ofl^ce April 27. THE LABOR PRESS 49 The Call was issued to take advertising business away from the Telegram and to rally the working people of the State to the support of the printers. Pawtucket Cigarmakers, No. 94; Iron Moulders, No. 41 and No. 9 ; Tailors, Masons and Carpenters Unions of Providence almost immediately passed resolutions condemning the Telegram. When the matter came before the Central Labor Union the Telegram manager asked for a hearing and was present at the meeting of May 26, but declined to make a statement on the ground that a number of printers present were not regular delegates. He asked for a committee of con- ference, but expressed a wish that no printers be placed upon it. The labor sentiment was against the Telegram, but it was not as potent a factor as in the days of Knights of Labor supremacy. The Call continued to prosper and was enlarged on May 27 and the publication office was changed to the third floor of Billings Block, No. 21 Eddy street. The non-unionists in the Telegram office formed a branch of the P. P. F.'s, known as Rhode Island Printer's Protective Fraternity, No. 29. At the meeting on May 5, Charles W. Oberton was elected President. At that time there were about 400 members of that organization in the United States, and they had attempted to "rat" Kansas City, Mo., Milwaukee, Wis., Jacksonville, Fla., IndianapoHs, Ind., Louisville, Ky., and the New York Tribune. The Telegram management attempted to convince the labor people of the State that the P. P. F.'s were a rival labor organization to the International Union, and advertised as follows : "Wanted, a few good compositors. Union men preferred." It was well known that members of the International Union could not work in the office with the P. P. F.'s. The Central Labor Union adopted resolutions against the Telegram June 24, and on the same date its manager notified the officers of the Union, manager of the Call, and members of the Executive Committee of the Union, of his intention to prosecute. President Randall was arrested June 26 for libel ; damages placed at $5000. Francis F. Sorbie, Joseph D. Hall, Jr., and Financial Secretary George E. Boomer were arrested June 27 ; John W. Clarkson, James P. Bowes, P. J. Coogan and J. J. Nolan on June 29, damages fixed at $1000 in each case. A warrant was out against James Moore, but was not served until July 19. All were promptly bailed. Announcement was made on July 14 that the Call was being printed on its new Scott press. At a meeting between a delegation from Iron Moulders Union, No. 41, and the Telegram manager, the latter agreed to put his former 50 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE foreman, James H. Russell, in full charge of the Telegram composing room on July 17, but backed out later. George W. Wilson was arrested July 19 ; damages $5000. Textile Workers Union, No. 16, of Olneyville, denounced the Telegram on July 22; Pawtucket Typographical Union, No. 212, followed July 30; and Woonsocket Typographical Union took action Aug. 2. A large number of full sheet posters, giving the resolutions adopted by the R. I. Central Trades Union, were put up throughout the State by unknown persons. The day before the annual convention of the Knights of Labor, the Telegram manager held a conference with Russell, officers of No. 33 and leaders of the Knights of Labor, at which it was again agreed that Russell should become foreman of the Telegram on the following Mon- day. The Knights of Labor took no action at their convention on Saturday in consequence, but the alleged agreement was not carried out. The obstacle in the way of a settlement was beHeved to be a $3000 forfeit, that had been put up in New York before the lockout by the Telegram manager, to guarantee his contract with the National Protective Fraternity of New York, in order to secure non-union help for his composing room. President Plank of the L T. U. came to Providence Aug. 13, to endeavor to aid Providence Union, but nothing tangible resulted. The Telegram was sold to Joseph Banigan and others, Sept. 29, and the contract with the non-unionists was inherited. Many of the Telegram compositors had left town, linotypes had been introduced into the Journal composing room, causing many changes in that office, and plate matter began to appear in increasing quantities in the Call, indicating that the fight was practically over as far as the Union was concerned, although nominally the paper continued to appear in its name for some time afterwards. It had made a very creditable record. The International Union had furnished financial assistance. Justice was started Sept. 2, 1893, "by the Central Labor Union, for and in the Interests of the Toilers." At first it was directed by " The Committee." Publication ceased from Dec. 23, 1893, to April 7, 1894. George E. Boomer revived it on the latter date and continued it until Nov. 30, 1895, when final suspension took place. LIST OF DAILY NEWSPAPERS The list of daily newspapers that have had an existence in Provi- dence is a long one; the survivors number but five. The Daily Adver- tiser heads the list. It preceded the issue of the Daily Journal one day. In fact, its appearance forced the publishers of the Journal to start before they considered a daily necessary. Following is the list: Daily Advertiser (1829). Daily Journal ( 1829 ). Free Press (1830). Daily American ( 1831). Public Ledger (1831). Daily City Gazette ( 1833). Commercial Advertiser (1834). Evening Star ( 1834 ). Daily News ( 1834 ). Morning Courier ( 1836). Daily Express ( 1842 ). Evening Chronicle (1842). Daily Gazette (1844). Transcript and Chronicle ( 1844). Daily Sentinel (1846). Daily Star ( 1849 ). Morning Mirror ( 1849 ). Daily Post ( 1850 ). Daily Tribune ( 1853 ). The Plaindealer ( 1855 ). American Citizen (1855). Evening Telegraph (1858). Evening Press (1859). Evening Bulletin (1863). Morning Herald ( 1868 ). Morning Star (1869). Evening Chronicle (1874). Daily Sun ( 1876 ). Evening Times (1877). Evening Telegram (1880). The Mail (1884). Evening News ( 1884). Evening Item (1886). Providence Star (1886). Evening Dispatch ( 1886). Daily Republican (1887). Daily Dispatch (1887). Evening Call (1889). The Providence News ( 1891 ). Evening Record ( 1891). The News-Democrat ( 1906). Evening Tribune (1906). Morning Tribune (1906). Of the journeymen printers who have been concerned in the management of these daily newspapers, Joseph Knowles, William Jones Miller, Clement Webster, George W. Danielson, George 0. Willard and Peter J. Trumpler have met with the greatest success. Knowles was identified with many printing partnerships, and must have been a keen business man ; Miller was an ardent Dorrite and acquired journalistic experience while publishing the Daily Express and Daily Gazette. Afterwards he was influential in establishing the Daily Post. Webster was a clever writer, and Danielson, after some failures, began the pub- lication of the Evening Press and later the Evening Bulletin, two most successful newspapers. Willard, after many years' successful work on the Evening Press, went to Pawtucket, and in partnership with George E. Cooley, started the Evening Times in that city. Trumpler's ability was displayed in securing advertising business for the Evening Tel- egram, and later in the same line for the Pawtucket Times, and as business manager of The News-Democrat. SUNDAY NEWSPAPERS The first Sunday newspaper published in Providence was started in 1874. Its name was The Sunday Dispatch. Edwin D. White was its manager and the printing office w^as located at 57 Weybosset street. The size was four pages, and there were few special features. Saturday night's news was covered practically as the daily papers covered the news of the other six days of the week. Preston D. Jones bought the Dispatch in 1875, and the printing was done by the firm of Reynolds, Mackinnon & Trumpler, at 5 Washington row, where the Providence Journal office had been. In 1879 P. D. & E. D. Jones were the owners of the Dispatch and the office was located at 18 Custom House street. In 1880 P. D. Jones became sole owner and the location was at 81 Dyer street. P. D. Jones died Oct. 31, 1884, and soon after Trumpler & Abell acquired the property and printed the paper at 30 Eddy street. In 1886 W. B. W. Hallett was owner and the pubhcation office was at No. 7 Union street. In September of that year The Evening Dispatch was issued as a two cent daily, by Orville Remington and C. C. Corbett. It was stopped Feb. 5, 1887. Corbett was then the publisher. Three days afterwards the Providence Daily Dispatch was issued as a morning paper from the same plant. Later the business office was moved to 54 Westminster street and the composing and press rooms to their former location on Washington row. An Evening Dispatch was soon substituted for the morning paper. While at this location in 1889, there was a strike of the compositors, and the union force was replaced by non-unionists under the foremanship of Cohick, who had acquired notoriety a few years before in the lockout on the Boston Post. Lewis Burtnett, now editor of the Greensboro (N. C.) Labor News, was among the strikers. He relates the following incident that came under his notice when employed on the Despatch: "While the Dispatch was living, under the management of 'Charlie' Corbett, and after he had made a stock company of it, one of the stockholders, a woolen mill man from the Pawtuxet Valley, made a kick because the payroll was so large, and asked Corbett why it was that the ads. could not be set on time instead of by the piece. Corbett, who had been raising a rumpus for a long time about this very same thing, told the wool man that he had been trying to have the ads. set on time, 'but' he added, 'the damn church or chapel, as they call it out there in the composing room, won't allow it.' That was before 'Charlie' turned evangelist." The life of the evening paper went out May 13, 1889. E. A. Corbett was issuing a Sunday Dispatch in 1894 at 174 Weybosset street. Other Sunday papers not connected with daiHes were: Sunday Gazette (1878), Sunday Morning Transcript (1879-85), Sunday World (1886-92), Sunday Courier (1887-90), Sunday News (1889), Sunday Republican (1889-91), Sunday Times (1890). f/1// LLIAM FIFTY-YEAR HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 1857-1907 When it was first decided to attempt a history of printing in Provi- dence it was thought that, so far as the "Union" was identified with the story, all would be plain sailing. Several years previous to the beginning of this work the Union had, through the efforts of one of its officers, fortunately recovered two lost volumes containing the records of the first seventeen years of its existence. It was then thought that the date of the formation of the first association of Providence printers was identical with that of Typo- graphical Union No. 33, but the committee, in its quest for material other than that pertaining to the Union, discovered evidence of the existence of an earher society. In the Providence directory for 1854 is printed a fist of . officers of the Providence Printers' Union, as follows: George W. Danielson, President; Nathan Hall, Vice-President; Israel Amsbury, Secretary; Albert N. Angell, Treasurer. This Union met every Saturday evening at 24 Westminster street. The object of this Union, when it was formed and when it ceased to exist, cannot be determined by available data, but it is believed its purposes were of a social nature and unlike those actuating the organ- ization of trades unions. Evidence that Providence Typographical Union was formed in 1856 is offered by the records of Boston Union for that year in the following resolution adopted by No. 13 at its August meeting: "Whereas, This society has learned that 'Little Rhody' is awake and that a 'Union' has been established at Providence, "Resolved, That this Union tenders the right hand of fellowship to the printers of Providence, and promises them our hearty co-operation in carrying on the good work of forming and establishing a society which may prove honorable to themselves and of permanent importance to the craft. " Resolved, That experience having proved that organization is necessary not only to ensure a fair remuneration for labor, but to establish a regular system in offices, and elevate the character of the profession, which has too long suffered from the incursions of 'rat-dom,' this society 'trusts in Providence' that printers in other cities and towns will speedily organize, confident that the benefits arising therefrom would be speedily felt and appreciated." The resolutions were presented by Mr. McCoubray and were adopted unanimously. 54 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE This is substantiated by the first volume of Providence records, referred to above, the title of which reads: RECORD of the PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, No. 33 Instituted June, 1856 But it is also evident that the Union was not formally organized until 1857. Permanent officers were not elected under the adopted con- stitution and by-laws until April, 1857, and application for charter from the National Union was not made until August of that year. That the charter was not received during 1857 appears to have been no fault of Providence Union. Repeated inquiries brought no response from National headquarters until March, 1858, when information was received that the " charter would be forwarded as soon as practicable." It is plain, then, that Providence Union could not have obtained its number from the National Union previous to making application for the charter, although the Union might have been assigned the number previous to the forwarding of the parchment itself. Therefore, as " Providence Typographical Union, No. 33," and as a recognized subordinate body to the now International Typographical Union, 1857 must be regarded as the birthyear of our organization. Facts do not justify the selection of an earlier date, notwithstanding they do certify an earlier association. Still, whatever may have been the status of the Union during the year 1856, it is only justice to admit that the enrolled membership of that organization was the rock upon which the present Union built. The following is, we beheve, a complete Hst of the members previous to April, 1857: Stephen B. Potter George Whelden. Jeremiah N. Thomas. Amos B. Cranston. George H. Cranston. Charles J. Hicks. Nelson Boyle. E. A. Willcox. Alexander P. Niger. Francis E. Kelly. Robert A. Pierce. Albert A. Scott. Henry R. Sawyer. Ashton H. Gardiner. Martin S. Budlong. Jabez Lord. William H. Barbour. Peter H. Massie. George T. Arnold. In the book of records labeled Vol. I, the first recorded meeting is under date of April 11, 1857. At this meeting a committee previously appointed reported that " they had interviewed almost all the journey- men in the city and but three had refused to sign the scale." The report was received and the committee continued. Officers were then elected to serve until June, thereafter to be elected semi-annually, according to the Constitution. The committee on "Scale " submitted the following circular, which was adopted and ordered presented to all employers on Monday, April 13 : HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 55 CIRCULAR. At a meeting of the Providence Typographical Union, held on Saturday evening, April 11, 1857, the following Resolution was unanimously adopted: Resolved, That on and after Monday, April 20, 1857, we will demand the remuner- ation for our labor specified in our Scale of Prices, adopted on the 4th inst., and that we hereby pledge our names and our professional honor to prove true to the stand we have taken. SCALE OF PRICES. Daily (Morning) Papers. Compensation per week, 10 hours to Composition per 1000 ems ... $ 0.30 constitute a day's work .... $10.00 Compensation per week, 10 hours to Book and Job constitute a day's work . . . . 12.00 Composition per 1000 ems .' . . . 0.28 Evening Papers. Compensation per week, 10 hours to Composition per 1000 ems ... . 0.28 constitute a day's work .... 10.00 Compensation per week, 10 hours to Pressmen constitute a day's work .... 10.00 Compensation per week, 10 hours to Weekly and Semi-Weeky. constitute a day's work .... 10.00 Composition per 1000 ems .... 0.28 Several " sticksful " of argument why the advance should be granted follow the " scale," and attention is called to the unenviable situation of the morning newspaper hand in these words: "One evening in the week is all that is allowed him to spend in the company of his wife and children ; the * sound of the church-going bell ' calls him not to the sanc- tuary, but to the ' case,' to commence one more week of enervating toil." At the meeting held one week later — April 18 — reports were received from the several offices. Mr. A. B. Cranston, from the office of the Daily Tribune, reported that the pubhshers would pay the advance ; J. A. Ward, from the Tribune job office, reported that the proprietors would pay the prices demanded ; Wm. H. Barbour, from Mr. Young's office, reported favorably ; Mr. Whelden, from the Journal office, said that the proprietors desired to compromise the matter, agreeing to- pay 28 cents instead of 30 cents per 1000 ems ; Mr. Gordon, from the Post, reported that the Post management suggested a willingness to pay 28 cents instead of 30 cents ; E. B. Hall, from Mr. Tillinghast's job office, re- ported favorably. After considerable discussion the "scale" was amended so as to read "28 cents" instead of "30 cents." The inquiry committee returned a favorable report upon the names of ten appHcants, and the gentlemen were duly elected to membership. No other meetings of the Union were held during April, but on May 2, a special meeting was called, presumably for the purpose of taking action on a letter received from Boston Union, but before that document was presented an anxious individual was on his feet with a question for information. Mr. Whelden, in reply to the question, stated that everything was satisfactory at the Journal office. 56 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "Boston, April 2, 1857. "To THE President of the Providence Printers Union: Dear Sir — I take the liberty to inform you, and through you the journeymen Printers of Providence, that the Printers of Boston deeply sympathize with you in your determination for an advance of wages; and I believe I express the wishes of the whole society of which I have the honor to be President when I say we are with you heart and soul. We have already issued handbills and will do all in our power to sustain you in the glorious cause. "Hoping to hear from you soon, and that you have succeeded in gaining the advance asked for, "I remain, "Yours respectfully, "H. W. Harrington." The President and Secretary were appointed a committee to answer the above, which they did by offering the following resolutions: "Resolved, That we tender our heartfelt thanks to the Boston Printers' Union for the generous sympathy transmitted to us through their President, and trust that by proving true to ourselves we may in a measure cancel the obligations we feel towards them, and at the same time giveassurance to our brother Printers throughout our common country that while we labor for our personal advantage we are not unmindful that all honest means employed for an increased compensation, and a strict adherence to those principles laid down for good and intelligent workmen, will prove a blessing to the craft, and give tone and dignity to the trade, which its merits deserve. "Resolved, That we shall always remember with pride the interest felt in our behalf by those gentlemen, members of the Boston Union, who so generously visited us, and by their counsel and advice made us understand what we before believed, that we had friends abroad upon whom we could rely in time of need. " Resolved, That the above resolutions be signed by the President and Secretary, and transmitted to the Boston Printers' Union." Adopted. Mr. Ormsbee moved that a committee be appointed, one from each office, to report the state of trade in their respective offices. The motion was carried and the President appointed the following : Alexander P. Niger A. C. Greene's Job Office. Stephen B. Potter Post Job Office. John B. Ingraham H. Brown's Office. Edward Hall Tillinghast's Job Office. George Whelden Journal Office. Henry R. Sawyer Transcript Office. James A. Ward Tribune Job Office. Nathan Hall Mr. Young's Job Office. Amos B. Cranston Daily Tribune Office. W. A. Leonard The Schoolmaster Office. At the next meeting the above gentlemen reported that all things were lovely in their respective offices, with these exceptions: At the Journal office the pressmen were not receiving the advanced wage, and in the office of Mr. Young one employe was working under price. Mr. Ormsbee inquired what action was to be taken with members who were known to be working for less than the Union scale. The query developed an animated discussion during which the pressmen were hustled about and finally dropped overboard by the adoption of the following resolution : HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 57 "Resolved, That our Scale of Prices be so altered and amended as to expunge the remuneration of pressmen from it, and that one month's time be given them and any others who may have objections to bring the same forward." At the meeting held June 20, 1857, officers were again elected, and from this time on elections were held semi-annually, in December and June, until 1864, when the tenure of office was changed to one year, and elections held annually in December. July 10, 1857, Mr. Sawyer was directed to call upon the late secre- tary and obtain the books in his possession belonging to the Union. (This must refer to the secretary serving previous to April, 1857, as the same secretary elected at the April meeting was re-elected in June.) At the August meeting, the secretary was instructed to take im- mediate measures to procure a charter from the National Typographical Union, and he was also authorized to draw upon the treasury to pay for the same. The first charges of unfair conduct to be preferred against a mem- ber were offered at a special meeting held August 15, 1857. The secre- tary was directed to notify the member that further action would be taken at the next meeting, and to invite him to be present and defend himself as provided by the constitution. William Madigan, of Boston, then addressed the Union at length upon the duties and responsibilities of the members and the prospects before them, and was followed by WilHam Graham of the same city in a neat and forcible speech. The following resolutions were then presented and adopted: "Resolved, That the thanks of this Union be, and they are hereby tendered to Messrs. William Madigan and William Graham of the Boston Printers' Union for the interest manifested in our behalf, in visiting us on the present occasion and the encour- agement offered in their words of counsel and advice. "Resolved, That the thanks of this Union be, and hereby are, further extended to the members of the Boston Printers' Union for the many acts of kindness and sympathy heretofore transmitted to us, and we assure them we shall always remember them with gratitude, and refer to their organization with feelings of the greatest pride, and hope to conduct ourselves so as always to merit their approval." The resignation of the secretary, William A. Leonard, was accepted at the September meeting, and resolutions were passed thanking him for his services and wishing him success in his travels. Note. William Madigan was a vigorous type of the Union man and one of whom any profession or craft might be proud. Among the first to lend his services in the formation of Boston Union, he never tired in his efforts to maintain and upbuild that organization. So, too, at the call to arms, he was among the first to enlist in defence of the Union — his country. May, 1861, Boston Union presented him with a sword, suitably inscribed, he having, been appointed Captain of Company C, Ninth Regiment, M. V. M. Word was received July 12, 1862, by Boston Union, that Capt. Madigan had been killed while leading his Company in a battle before Richmond. June, 1863, Col. Guiney of the Ninth Massachusetts notified Boston Union of the finding of Capt. Madigan's "Union sword," and at the July meeting of the Union the sword was presented to Capt. Madigan's father. William Graham was also one of the Boston Union pioneers. He deposited a Boston card with Providence Union and worked for a while in this city. 58 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE September 18, 1857, the following resolution was passed : "Resolved, That our organization, not yet being a subordinate division of the National Typographical Union, finds it utterly impossible to enforce and maintain the principles for which it was formed. "Resolved, That we consider it one of our first duties to use everj' means in our power to procure a charter from that body, and to the furtherance of that object it is therefore further "Resolved, That the corresponding secretary of this Union be, and hereby is ordered to open a correspondence with the corresponding secretary of the National Union in regard to obtaining a charter and travelling cards. "Resolved, That the correspondence be commenced without delay. "Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the secretary of the National Union." At the October meeting the secretary stated that, in relation to the charter, no answer had been received from the secretary of the National Union. At the November meeting, however, a letter from Baton Rouge, dated Oct. 2, 1857, was received and read. A communication from Dubuque Union, designating as a " rat " an ex-member of that Union, was read at the October meeting, and the name and title is heavily underlined in the records. The "gentleman" is distinguished as being the first recorded "rodent" on our books. Immediately f ollawing appears the name of one of our own towns- men, with a similar appellation, the title being conferred at the same meeting. A special meeting was called November 28, 1857, to consider matters in relation to "Subs " and "Subbing," and it was voted that a committee be appointed, one from each office, to attend to the wants of the "Subs." The standing committee reported that a certain member was working for $6 per week. The accused, being present, and unable to give satisfactory reasons for his conduct, was dishonorably dis- charged. January 9, 1858, a committee was appointed to take into consider- ation the subject of "State Printing" and take such action as they deemed advisable. At the February meeting the committee reported that it was inexpedient to take any action at present. Committee discharged. The necessity and propriety of a charter was again discussed at the February meeting, and the corresponding secretary was instructed tc forward to the National Union the amount necessary to pay for same. The travelling card of F. A. Kelly, issued by Boston Union, No. 13, was received at this meeting. This is the first travelling card recorded as deposited, but it is beHeved to have been that of F. E. Kelly, a charter member of Providence Union. March, 1858, a communication was received from L. Graham, secre- tary of the National Union, acknowledging the receipt of $10 forwarded HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 59 by the corresponding secretary and stating that the charter would be sent as soon as practicable. One hundred blank travelHng cards were also received. At the meeting held April 10, 1858, a communication was received from a member stating that he had been out of work for several months and now proposed to go to work at a price lower than that fixed by the Union, and requesting that he be permitted to withdraw from the Union. The request was not granted. On the other hand, the man having admitted that he intended to violate the scale, and it being stated that he was actually at work contrary to Union regulations, it was voted that he be expelled. At the May meeting another letter was received from the same gentleman, stating that he sincerely regretted the step he had taken; hoped that the Union would overlook and forgive the offence and again receive him as a member, assuring his former associates that he would not again transgress, and that he would always stand ready to honor their commands and respect their laws. Admitted upon the payment of a fine of $1. The dues of a member who had been sick for some time were remitted at this meeting. A committee was appointed to correspond with Boston Union relative to representation of this Union at the annual meeting of the National Union to be held at Chicago, May, 1858, and a special meeting was held April 24 for the purpose of acting upon the committee's report. In accordance with the suggestion of Boston Union, in its reply, Mr. H. W. Harrington, who had already been appointed a delegate from that body, was authorized to act in a like capacity for Providence Union. It was voted that $5 be sent to Boston Union to pay a portion of the expenses of the delegate, the secretary of Boston Union, in his letter, having suggested that amount as amply sufficient. It was also " voted that $2 be sent to the National Union as the dues of this Union, although the regular percentage would not amount to that sum." Upon reaching Chicago Mr. Harrington evidently selected J. S. Thompson of that city to represent Providence ; that gentleman's report as delegate being read and ordered placed on file at the semi-annual meeting, June 12, 1858, and the following resolution adopted: "Resolved, That the thanks of this Union are due, and are hereby presented to Mr. J. S. Thompson of Chicago for the very able manner in which he represented this Union as its delegate in the late convention of the National Typographical Union, and that the corresponding secretarj^ be instructed to transmit the same with this resolution." A letter from Mr. Harrington was also read and ordered filed. New Orleans Union was having its share of trouble at this time, as a list of 15 expelled members was read at this meeting. 60 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The meeting of the National Union evidently aroused the master printers of Chicago to an effort to stem the tide of unionism and reduce prices, as a communication setting forth these facts and requesting the usual courtesies in such cases was received from Chicago Union. July 10, 1858, a committee was appointed to ascertain if a suitable room could be procured for the use of the Union, and the probable cost of furnishing and maintaining the same. At the September meeting the committee reported that a cheap and convenient room in the Granite building could be had for $65 per annum, and recommended that the same be immediately secured. The committee was directed to engage the room forthwith. At the next meeting the committee made a lengthy report, which showed that a bonus of $15 had to be paid to secure the room because of an offer of other parties of that amount. The expense for fittings amounted to $52.07. It was recommended that a committee be appointed, whose duty it would be to keep up all neces- sary supplies and see that every article was kept in a clean and neat manner. It was also recommended that a vote of thanks be tendered N. Bangs Williams for the gift of a table and picture, and resolutions to that effect were adopted. The committee on the care of the room was known as the Room Committee, and its reports during the Union's occupancy of the same are interesting reading. Rules governing the use of the room were adopted and rigidly enforced, and all expenses care- fully itemized. The Union was notified previous to the expiration of the lease that the rent of the room would be increased to $125 per annum, and the committee was instructed to look about for a suitable room for less money. September 10 the committee reported that a room in Waterman block could be had for $75 per annum. This room was not rented, however, as the October meeting was held in Unity Hall, the committee stating that the hall had been engaged for that meeting only. Further the committee says : " In accordance with the decision of the Union not to retain the room lately occupied by them, we have caused the effects of the Society to be removed and stored in a place of safety and under the immediate supervision of the President. The bracket upon which stood the bust of Franklin, and the remainder of the coal in the box were disposed of and the money received transferred to the treasurer." It was also stated that the ante-room to Brown's Hall, sufficiently large for the use of the Union, could be obtained, opened, warmed and Hghted for $2 per night. The committee was instructed to procure the ante-room for as long a time as it deemed proper. The November meeting was held in that room, and the committee reported that it had disposed of the stove for $6.00 and a spittoon for 33 cents. N. THOMAS Alexin BELRj HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 61 The resolutions of thanks above referred to was couched as follows : "Resolved, That the thanks of the Providence Typographical Union be hereby tendered to N. Bangs Williams, Esq., for favors conferred upon it in furnishing its room." To fully record the doings of the room committee would fill a book itself, so return will be made to the general story. July 10, 1858, it was voted that dehnquents be notified that unless their indebtedness be cancelled forthwith they would be expelled. The threat was made good at the August meeting by the expulsion of five members for non-payment of dues. An attempt was made at the July meeting to raise the dues from 25 cents to 50 cents, but the motion was negatived. The matter was again considered at the September meeting. A motion to lay on the table was lost; the main question was then put and lost It was agreed that the subject should be considered an open one that might be taken up at any future meeting. At the October meeting the motion was lost, and at the November meeting the dues were raised to 35 cents. At the meeting held September 11, 1858, a communication was received from a member notifying the Union that he no longer wished to be considered a member. This proved to be a "celebrated case" long drawn out. Opinion was divided as to the propriety of allowing a member to withdraw while still employed at the business, although a majority opposed the establishment of such a precedent. The argu- ments advanced by the opponents of such a course were clearly convincing, but the Union acted cautiously in the matter. A committee was appointed to ascertain the reason for such action, and obtain, if possible, a withdrawal of the communication. The gentleman, however, refused to enlighten the committee, but later sent another communica- tion to the Union setting forth as a reason that he could not obtain the Union scale, and emphasizing his right to withdraw. The committee having the matter in hand was instructed to reply, and the matter was debated month after month, when the President of the National Union was appealed to for a decision. That ofl^cial referred the matter back to the local Union for "adjudication," and after notifying the gentleman of the Union's intended action and receiving a reply threatening legal proceedings, he was expelled June 11, 1859. A motion to reconsider the matter at the July, 1859, meeting was indefinitely postponed. The secretary was instructed to notify the President of the National Union and all sister Unions of the circumstances of the case and the stand taken by Providence Union. There seems to be no doubt that Providence Union was first to establish the principle giving birth to the axiom : "Once a union man, 62 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE always a union man." And time has proved the wisdom of the action. At that time, Boston Union allowed members to withdraw for the sole- purpose of working under the "scale," and the reply of the President of the National Union warrants the belief that like action had not been previously taken by any Union. The discussion of the application for withdrawal overshadowed all other business at the meetings of November, December, January and February, but a vote passed at the March meeting to proceed to the election of delegates to the National Union Convention seems to have stemmed for a time the flow of oratory on that subject. It was voted that the number of delegates be two, with the privilege of electing a third at the next meeting. For first delegate, the vote was a tie on the first, second and third ballot, between Mr, Massie and Mr. Whelden. The President, not having voted on the first two ballots, cast his vote for Mr. Whelden on the third and that gentleman was declared elected. For second delegate, William Foster, Jr., was elected on the third ballot by a majority of two. At the April meeting Mr. Foster declined serving as delegate and to fill the vacancy several ballots were taken without a choice. A special meeting was held April 16 for the purpose of electing a successor to Mr. Foster and to provide means to defray the expenses of the delegates. Jabez Lord was elected as second delegate and the membership assessed $1 each, payable on or before the 25th inst. A communication from Robert C. Smith, President of the National Union, was read at the October meeting, announcing the appointment of Thomas J. Walsh as secretary and treasurer, vice George W. Smith, resigned. At the regular meeting held April 9, 1859, the standing committee reported adversely upon the application for membership of an employing printer. The report of the committee, in part, says: " Notwithstanding the theory that every new member adds strength to the organ- ization,* * * your committee is of the opinion that when this Union was established it was the intention of its founders that it should consist solely of journeymen, for whose benefit it was created. They are aware that this rule has not been carried out; partly from necessity, partly from choice: two members having been journeymen members at the time they became employers and one employer having been elected by the requisite vote. Your committee also believe that the presence of any considerable number of employing printers at the deliberations of the Society would have a tendency to place a check upon the true sentiments of its members, and it is more than probable that they might, at some future time, on any important question, by the influence they would have with those in their employ, hold the balance of power. Your committee see no good reason why any more employers should be admitted as members." A motion that the gentleman be admitted, notwithstanding the adverse report, was lost, the vote being a tie. May 14, the standing committee submitted another unfavorable report upon the appHcation of a printer giving Boston as last place of HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 63 •employment. The action of the committee in this case was determined hy a letter received from A, W, Tebbitt, corresponding secretary of Boston Union. The application was rejected. It was at this meeting that resolutions were passed establishing the principle that application for honorable withdrawal of journeymen mem- bers could only be entertained from those having retired from the business. The resolutions were the preliminary steps taken to settle a matter that had consumed much time and involved a great amount of corre- spondence. At the meeting following, June 11, 1859, the incident was closed by the expulsion of the member making the application, for non- payment of dues. The corresponding secretary was instructed to open correspondence with the ''Stick and Rule Club," an organization of printers in New Haven, Mr. Whelden introduced the matter and appears to have been anxious that it should be so recorded. At the semi-annual meeting, Saturday, June 11, 1859, the recording secretary, in his report, congratulates the Union upon a recent triumph of union principles. W. N. Sherman, pubhsher of the Pendulum, the report states, found it impossible to carry on business by " rat " power. Every specie of the rodent had been tried, and he had personally declared them worthless and unreliable. A union men was now em- ployed by Mr. Sherman, who had stated that business had never before progressed so satisfactorily. The secretary concluded his report as follows : "Let prudent and wise counsel rule our deliberations and each one act with an eye sole and single to the interests of our organization and ere long the banner of victory shall float on our battlements." Jabez Lord was re-elected President at this meeting, but declined, and Mr. George T. Arnold was elected. " Mr. Lord, on retiring from the chair, made a neat speech," say the records, " which was listened to with interest." " Mr. Arnold also made a very good off-hand speech on taking the chair, which was applauded throughout." Mr. Lord, in behalf of the delegates who represented the Union at the session of the National Union held in Boston, offered about " steen sticks " of resolutions overflowing with appreciation of the treatment accorded the delegates by Boston Union. The three employing printers who were members of the Union tendered their resignations at the July meeting, assigning as reasons the report of the standing committee in re employing printers and the Union's attitude toward that class as evidenced by the action taken at 64 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE the April meeting. The resignations were accepted and resolutions were passed explanatory of this action. The President appointed as chairmen of the different offices the following : Nelson Boyle Daily Tribune. Albert A. Scott Daily Post. Jabez Lord Evening Press. P. H. Massie Daily Journal. James A. Ward Tribune Job Office. Stephen B. Potter Post Job Office. Lewis L. M. Arnold Tillinghast's Job Office. Fears, imagined or real, for the safety of the charter prompted the presentation of the following : "Whereas, Circumstances has led us to believe that we have enemies around us, and that it becomes us to use all means to thwart their purposes, therefore "Resolved, That the charter of this Union shall be given to the safe keeping of its presiding officer, and by him, at the expiration of his term of office, shall be handed over to his successor." Amended by adding : "And he shall be answerable to the Union for its safe keeping." Passed as amended. While the precaution here taken served the purpose of preventing the actual theft of the charter, still in 1867, eight years later, when in- quiries were made as to its guardian it was traced to the possession of an expelled member. It was returned to the Union, however, upon demand. Before placing the charter in the hands of the President for safe keeping the recording secretary was instructed to have the names of the present (June, 1859) active membersof the Union inscribed on the charter. An item of expense in the treasurer's report attests that the secre- tary attended to this order. At the semi-annual meeting, Dec. 10, 1859, the treasurer, after submitting an itemized account of receipts and expenditures, remarked : "The treasurer is happy to be able to say that the Union, from a financial point of view, is in a prosperous condition. One year ago to- night, at the commencement of my duties, the sum total in the treasury was $2.05. That sum has gradually increased to $41.60, the sum now in my hands. I would suggest the propriety of depositing such part of this money as the Union may think proper, (I would recommend $25,) in some Savings Bank, as a foundation for a fund in case of need." Ofliicers were elected and President Cooley appointed as chairmen of the different offices the following : George T. Arnold Daily JournaL Albert A. Scott Daily Post. (ieorge H. Cranston Evening Press. J. N. Thomas Journal Job Office. J. A. Ward Post Job Office. L. L. M. Arnold Tillinghast's Job Office. M. W. Collins A. C. Greene's Job Office. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 65 It was voted that the treasurer be instructed to deposit in his own name, as treasurer of Providence Typographical Union, the sum of $30 (thirty dollars) in some suitable banking institution. At the meeting January 14, 1860, there was a general weeding out of delinquent members, ample notice and sufficient time having been given to all to square up. The secretary was instructed at the February meeting to look over the records and find a resolution in relation to "subbing;" that it be read at the next meeting, and that the Union now abide by the same. The secretary stated at the March meeting that he had searched the records and was unable to find any resolution relating to "subs" or "subbing." The fact is that while no resolution appears in the minutes the matter of "subs" and "subbing" was discussed at the November (1857) meeting, as previously noted in these pages. A special meeting was called February 25, 1860, " to take into con- sideration the propriety of allowing a * rat ' to work on the Providence Daily Post." Upon the subject the Union went into committee of the whole, and upon arising, resolutions were adopted criticising those members who had remained at work after one of their number had resigned his situation rather than work with a " rat," and hoping that their actions in a like case in the future would be such as to merit confidence and dispel suspicion. March 10, 1860, the inquiry committee reported, without recom- mendation, the application for membership of a journeyman pressman, and upon motion the question of admitting the applicant was indefinitely postponed. Action was based upon the resolution previously adopted in regard to pressmen. It was voted that hereafter the secretary be required to only notify the chairmen of the different offices of the time of holding regular meetings, instead of sending printed notices to individual members, and to act according to his own discretion in regard to special meetings. A special committee appointed at this meeting, to ascertain whether the means could be obtained to send a delegate to Nashville, made a lengthy report at the April meeting, which showed that $59 had been raised by subscription. It further stated that from_ reliable information it was believed that the expenses of a delegate would amount to $100. The amount subscribed not being in itself sufficient, three ways were suggested to meet the emergency: 66 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "1st. To assess each member an amount sufficient to pay the whole expense and return the money already subscribed. "2d. To draw from the treasury an amount which, added to that subscribed, would equal the amount desired. "3d. To elect some member as delegate who stands fair before the Union, who will accept the amount subscribed as an equivalent for the expense of his journey, loss of time, etc., if such member can be found." The committee did not, however, approve of drawing upon the treasury. After a thorough discussion of the matter the committee was ordered to refund to the subscribers the money collected, and the question of electing a delegate was indefinitely postponed. A resolution reducing the monthly dues to 25 cents was laid on the table, and the following resolution was laid over until the next meeting and at that meeting indefinitely postponed. "Resolved, That on and after the Providence Typographical Union claims no jurisdiction over book and job printers." The semi-annual report of the treasurer, June 9, 1860, showed a balance in the treasury of $73.55. July 14 the corresponding secretary read a prospectus for reprinting the records of the National Typographical Union from its formation to that time. It was voted "that the Union approve of the undertaking and recommend the work to the members of the craft." An honorary list was established at this meeting by the adoption of the following : " Whereas, Members of Providence Typographical Union having ceased active con- nection with the business, but still desiring to maintain their connection with the society, and as it is for the interest of this Union to retain the good wishes and sympathy of all members of the craft, therefore, "Resolved, That such members desiring to continue their connection with the Union be, and they are hereby constituted honorary members." It was evidently a hard proposition to maintain the " scale " in the book and job offices during these times. Time and again reports were made by chairmen that different members were suspected of working under price, but investigation usually failed to prove the charges because the members' own word was about the only evidence available, and but two members so charged pleaded guilty. This condition of affairs prob- ably prompted the submission of the resolution relinquishing control of book and job printers at a former meeting, and may have been responsible also for the following, offered at the September meeting : " Resolved, That Union men be allowed to work in job offices, provided they shall not work for a less sum than eight dollars per week." The resolution was indefinitely postponed. At this same meeting (September 8, I860,) the chairman of the Daily Post in his report, revealed a condition in that office inimical to estab- lished Union principles. He stated that the " ads " were being set in the HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 67 Post job office, and wished to know what action the chapel should take in the matter. A Hvely discussion was precipitated by the announcement, and a motion that the Union go into committee of the whole was carried. After arising the following resolution was adopted : "Resolved, That the hands in the Post newspaper office refuse to work any longer unless the advertisements be restored to that office, and that Mr. be ordered to discon- tinue work on the same; and if their request is not acceded to, they shall all strike." It is believed the strike was inaugurated Monday, September 10, 1860, for the reason that a special meeting was called Tuesday, September 11, to consider the matter. It was voted at this meeting to go into committee of the whole and to allow Mr. Webster, editor of the Post, to take part in the proceedings. After a lengthy discussion, participated in by Mr. Webster and several of the members, the committee arose. Previous to withdrawing, Mr. Webster stated that Mr. Simons was perfectly willing to pay 28 cents per 1000 ems for the ads, provided the regular hands were able to set the matter. This statement resulted in the appointment of a committee to confer with the publishers of the Post, and they reported at a special meeting held September 16, that the only hitch in a settlement of the difficulty was the refusal of the publishers to re-employ two of the members who had participated in the strike. The Union then refused to consider a settlement under any condition except the return of every man involved, and another meeting was called for September 17. Little can be gleaned from the minutes of that date as to the status of the strike. Charges which had been preferred at the previous meeting against the foreman of the Post job office were at this meeting sustained, although the accused submitted the opinion of Mr. Madigan, a vice-president of the National Union, that such action could not be taken by a local Union for the reasons assigned. The vice-president tendered his resignation at this meeting and travelHng cards were granted to Messrs. Lord, Barbour and Kelly. Evidence that the strike had been adjusted is found in the minutes of October 13, by the appointment of Mr. Willcox as chairman of the Post for the remainder of the term. That proved to be the last echo of the first strike authorized by Providence Typographical Union and, as far as can be determined from the books, the Union was the victor. February 9, 1861, it was moved that the recording secretary be authorized to purchase a new record book, the expense not to exceed one dollar and a half. The records state that there was some debate on the subject, in which Messrs. Whelden, G. T. Arnold, Massie, G. H. Cranston and Willcox participated. The motion was finally adopted. 68 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE At the meeting held March 9, 1861, a proposition to send two dele- gates to the National Union convention was carried, and it was voted that the election be held at the next regular meeting. At the April meeting the President read the circular of the National Union President in regard to the convention, and the election of the delegates was taken up. For first delegate there were six candidates. Israel Amsbury received a majority of the votes on the first ballot and he was declared elected. After the first ballot, with no choice for second delegate, it was voted that, providing there was no choice after three ballots had been taken, all candidates but the two standing the highest on that ballot be withdrawn. There were six candidates on the first ballot and seven candidates on the second ballot.- Peter A. McDonald received a majority on the third ballot and, on motion, was declared the unanimous choice. May 11 the President announced that the session of the National Union had been postponed without day. It was voted to reimburse the Pres- ident for the expense of telegraphing in regard to the meeting. Nothing of importance transpired for several months, in fact nothing but matters of a routine nature is recorded for a full year, when in April, 1862, the corresponding secretary read a letter from the President of the National Union in relation to the session of that body, which he had called to assemble in New York on the first Monday in May. There was also read at the same meeting a letter from the New York Union (the "Famous Circular") discouraging a meeting of the National Union at that time and citing reasons for its opposition. It was voted that in event of the session being held, the delegates elected to represent Providence at the session which had been postponed be authorized to act at the coming session. A special meeting was held April 26, to take further action in regard to representation at the convention. The delegates were "instructed to urge that the per capita tax of 25 cents per member is due for one year only," and to inquire into the expediency of biennial sessions of that body. At the May meeting a committee was appointed to receive and entertain the Boston delegates returning to their homes from the con- vention, providing stop was made at this city. The delegates to the National Convention made report at the June meeting as follows : "To THE Officers and Members of the Providence Typographical Union: "Gentlemen — Your delegates appointed to represent this Union in the National Typographical Union at its Tenth Session holden in New York, in May, 1862, beg leave respectfully to submit the following as their report: "The National Convention met in the Council Chamber of the City Hall on Monday, May 5th, at 10 o'clock. The delegates were called to order at about 11 o'clock by Pres- ident Farquhar, who made a brief address congratulating the convention on so large a representation in these troublesome times, and expressed the hope that at the next annual HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 69 meeting he would see all the Unions — North and South — represented. He regretted in strong terms the occurrence of events which have interrupted its harmony and deliber- ations the past year. "Sam Slawson of St. Louis, Corote of New York, and John Gorman of Boston, were appointed a committee on credentials, who subsequently reported thirty-three delegates from nineteen Unions in attendance, "Sam Slawson rose to a question of privilege. He wished the President to decide whether any delegate could vote, if objections were taken, if the Union he represented had not paid but one year's per capita tax. The President declined to decide this question and referred it to the convention for action. This elicited a sharp discussion. It was, however, finally decided, by a vote of 22 to 6, that the per capita tax for 1862 must be paid and that for 1861 remitted. "On Tuesday the election of officers for the year ensuing took place with the following result: "President — John M. Farquhar of Chicago; First Vice-President — William A. Mont- gomery of Boston; Second Vice-President — J. H. Walker of Chicago; Secretary and Treasurer — Thomas J.Walsh of New York; Corresponding Secretary — Theodore Nagle of St. Louis. "The report of the Secretary and Treasurer was submitted and read by Mr. Walsh. It states the receipts of the National Union to have been for the past two years, ( the session of 1861 having been omitted,) $662.87; the expenditures, $598.33; the balance on hand May 30, 1862, $74.54. It further states that the Troy ( N. Y. ) Union disbanded on the eighth of February, 1862, finding that the pressure of the times made the purpose of their organization impracticable. A large amount of correspondence had passed between the National Union and the subordinates, chiefly growing out of the national difficulties, of an unhappy but now uninteresting character. Letters to similar organizations in the British Provinces, proposing co-operation with this National Union, had been sent but no answers as yet had been received. On the Canadian frontier our subordinate Unions had exchanged fraternal intercourse with those of Canada, where their principles were nearly the same, but no general arrangement of exchange had been made. "At the commencement of the afternoon session, a long and protracted discussion ensued on a proposition of Mr. Slawson of St. Louis, to have the name of George McKay Luken placed on the roll of permanent membership of the National Union. It appeared that he belongs in Memphis, Tenn., and that he was the last authorized delegate from the subordinate Union there in 1861, and was prevented from taking his seat by the post- ponement of the National session of that year. Mr. Slawson said he intended it merely as a compliment to the gentleman named without claiming it as a right. Mr. Walker of Detroit wished to ascertain whether Mr. Luken was loyal to the government of the United States before he was compelled to vote on the proposition. On this point an animated discussion ensued. The prevailing sentiment, however, was that they had better avoid all description of sectional difficulties. The name was ordered on the roll by a vote of 19 for and 8 against. " On Wednesday morning. President Farquhar presented his annual report. It was a very able document, reviewing the growth and prosperity of the National organ- ization from the commencement to the present time, and embracing all the points of interest that had come under his observation respecting the subordinate Unions. He had granted charters for several new Unions, and represented most of the Unions in the loyal States in a healthy condition. He animadverted in severe terms on the course taken by the officers of this body on the postponement of the National session last year, and censured the course taken by the New York Union in issuing its famous circular and endeavoring to postpone the present session. These points he handled with boldness, and expressed his opinions with characteristic independence. " This report was referred to a special committee. "The President announced the standing committees. Providence Union was rep- resented — one on the 'committee on appeals,' and one on the 'committee on unfinished business.' "The special committee on the 'President's Annual Report' reported a resolution censuring the officers of the National Union of 1861 for postponing the session of that year, stating that their action was 'unnecessary and ill-advised.' "This resolution met with violent opposition, and occupied most of the day in its discussion. The New York delegates showed most conclusively that it was not only necessary but eminently proper to postpone, as the city was in an uproar on account of 70 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE the rebellion — that the streets were full of soldiers recruiting and departing for the war — that business of all kinds was suspended — and that the convention would, most probably, have been mobbed had a Southern delegate with Southern sentiments been present, such was the excited state of the public mind. The objectionable features of the resolution were stricken out and the resolution adopted by a large vote. "The committee on unfinished business reported a resolution which was laid over from 1860, recommending the per capita tax of 25 cents be reduced to 10 cents on ever)^ member without regard to his standing. This resolution drew forth a lengthy discussion. It was contended that a small tax on every member, instead of a larger one on those only who were in good standing, would be more equal and practical in its results. An effort was made to go back to the old system of per cent, on the receipts. This propo- sition met with opposition on the ground of inequality, as St. Louis and other Western Unions paid 50 cents per month, while Philadelphia and some other Unions paid onl}' 10 cents per month, "The resolution was finally laid over until the next sessicn of the National Union, owing to the low state of its finances. "On Thursday we held but one session, as the City Council met in the afternoon in the chamber where we held our meeting. "Several resolutions were offered and adopted, in reference to the practical workings of the craft. "One, offered by Mr. Adams, abolishing, as far as practicable, departments in offices. "Another, offered by Mr. Nagle, recommending that the Union located nearest to a town having no Union, but employing ten journeymen printers, to enter into a corre- spondence with said journeymen in reference to the establishment of a Union with them. "Another, recommending that apprentices be admitted to Unions on the fifth or last year of their apprenticeship — without being taxed, or the privilege of voting. This last met with opposition as some offices discarded apprentices altogether. "Friday's proceedings were mostly of a general character. "Daniel W. Flynn offered a resolution giving the President discretionary power in assembling the National Union. Laid over to the next session. "Your delegate offered a resolution, which was laid over, altering the Constitution so that there shall be a biennial session instead of a yearly one. "Ex-President Smith offered a resolution, which was adopted, condemning the practice of giving banquets and other entertainments to the National Union as detrimental to the best interests of the organization. It was stated that when the National Union met at New Orleans, the Union there spent $1,500 in entertaining the National body, con- sisting of thirteen delegates; and the New York Union had raised and appropriated $7,000 for the same purpose last year had the convention been held. "Only one case was referred to the committee on appeals. This was presented by Mr. Nagle of St. Louis. A member from the Nashville Union presented a card from that Union to the St. Louis Union, headed 'Confederate States of America,' and without the official signatures of the President or Secretary of the National Typographical Union. The President of the St. Louis Union^Mr. S.'Slawson— refused to receive it. On this decision the member from Nashville appealed, stating that this was the only card he could procure, and claiming that it was sufficient evidence that he was a Union member in good standing where he last worked. "The committee on appeals recommended that the decision of the President of the St. Louis Union be sustained, which recommendation was unanimously adopted after a debate. "Cleveland, Ohio, was selected as the place for holding the next session. The vote on the second ballot was nearly divided between that place and Detroit. St. Louis was preferred by many, but her delegates thought it too soon to hold a session there. They preferred to wait until the Southern Unions were in a position to return to the National body. "The name of J. S. Thompson was added to the roll of 'Permanent Members' as a representative from Providence Union, No. 33. ''A vote was passed authorizing the secretary to print 1500 copies of the proceedings of this convention and circulate them among the various Unions. "A committee was appointed who subsequently reported resolutions appreciative of the sentiments of the convention toward the New York Union and citizens for the numerous courte.sies extended to them. "In presenting the above, your delegates have only touched upon some of the most important points that were brought before the convention for consideration. Thev would HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 71 refer you to the official minutes, when published, for a more detailed account of its deliberations. "There were many gratifying incidents connected with our visit to the Island City, and our social intercourse with the members of the New York Union. The ride to Central Park and High Bridge, on Sunday— the visit to the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the receiving ship North Carolina — the moral and instructive lessons we learned in examining the different corrective institutions and hospitals on Blackwell's Island— the intellectual and musical treat at the rooms of the Franklin Typographical Society — the patriotic and cheering address of Hon. Horace Greeley and others on that occasion — the ride out to, and the feast and social festivities at Bay View on Long Island — the dramatic entertain- ments at Niblo's Winter Gardens, and other theatres. These, and numerous other civilities, we can appreciate, but words entirely fail to express the feelings of our grateful hearts toward our New York brethren for so many distinguished attentions shown us, and their unceasing efforts to make our leisure hours pleasant. A complete overflow of all the elements of kindness were showered upon us. Their magnanimity of soul and generosity of feeling were unbounded. " Your delegates would also here take occasion to express their heartfelt thanks to their brother members of Providence Union for the honor conferred upon them in being privileged to represent their cause in so honorable and intelligent a body. The generous confidence you thus reposed in us we shall cherish as long as we have an existence. To each individual member of this Union we extend the salutation of fraternal peace, pros- perity and happiness; and, in conclusion, we say, in the language of another — 'Surely, your God is our God — your faith our faith — your joy our joy — your prosperity our satis- faction.' Then let us unitedly work together for the preservation and perpetuity of a common inheritance. It may be, thereby we can maintain the position which other and older Unions hold in helping forward the great objects for which we are organized. "Respectfully yours, "I. Amsbury, "P. A. McDonald." Several members of the Union who had enhsted without taking the steps necessary to obviate the accumulation of dues and consequent expulsion were protected by the passage of the following resolution at the meeting of October 11, 1862 : "Resolved, That the dues of all members who are in the service of the United States be remitted until their safe return." February 14, 1863, Mr. Massie offered the following: "Whereas, Mr. Charles W. Felt, now of this city, has manifested a desire to come before this Union and give a lecture upon his system of 'combination type,' therefore, "Resolved, That this Union cordially invite Mr. Felt, et als., to come before this Union and deliver a lecture on the subject of 'combination type' and the benefits to be derived therefrom, on Saturday, February 28." Had Mr. Massie been more discreet in the phrasing of his resolution chances are that favorable action would have been taken. One super- fluous word in the resolved paragraph offended the fine feelings of Mr. Lord, giving as he thought, a patronizing aspect to the affair, and to that he objected. He moved to amend by striking out the word "cordially." The discussion thereby started consumed time and ended in the indefinite postponement of the resolution. Just what combination type was cannot be stated, but is supposed to have been "logotypes" of words most frequently used. March 14 the secretary was instructed to notify members that an election for delegate would be held at the next meeting. 72 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A committee was appointed to revise the " Scale of Prices," and instructed to draw up a schedule similar to that of the Boston Union, a copy of which was submitted. In its report the committee explained the changes from the existing rates as follows : "On morning papers the advance is from 28 cents to 30 cents, two cents behind our sister Union of Boston; evening papers in the same ratio, 25 cents to 27 cents, which is three cents less than Boston rates ; weekly work on morning papers has been increased two dollars per week, but the ratio has been preserved by making the hours of labor twelve hours per day; evening newspaper work, done by the week or hour, to be governed by the hours and prices of job work. In the book and job scale the price of labor per week has been put up one dollar, making it read $11, instead of $10 per week, hour work from 17 and 20 cents to 20 and 25 cents for day and over work. Book work by the piece 27 cents." To the foregoing the committee added : "Your committee hopes the Union will give this matter, which interests vitally, not only the members now, but all who may come on the stage hereafter, grave and careful consideration. Attention is called to the fact that all classes of the laboring or producing population are demanding and receiving an increase of wages.* * * They would also impress on the Union the necessity of united action as the only means of securing this very desir- able object. It is the only course. Therefore, we urge upon the members to express themselves; express their ideas freely, calmly, and to the point, so that there will be no uncertainty as to the means and as to the result." Upon motion a committee of nine (six appointed by the chair and three elected from the floor) was instructed to draft a memorial for presentation to employers. Messrs. Massie, Whelden, McDonald, Lord, Potter, Amsbury, G. T. Arnold, Thompson and Barbour comprised the committee. May 9, 1863, the committee submitted the following as the result of their labors and the same was accepted : "Gentlemen — Under existing circumstances, produced by this rebellion, which has so reduced the value of the currency of this country, enhanced the price of even,- article of necessity in life, and which has caused a proportionate advance in the rates of all other kinds of labor, your employes, in justice to themselves, respectfully ask an advance in the price of their labor. They would ask you to compare the wages of the printer with those of any other mechanic — even the laborer upon the wharf receiving 25 cents per hour — feeling confident you will find none requiring the same amount of brain who is so inad- equately compensated. "In thus calling your attention to this subject they profess to be actuated only by motives of necessity, past and present experience being their prompter. They consider it unnecessary here to enter into a detailed account of the many obstacles which they are called upon, from time to time, to surmount with the present inadequate return for their labor, feeling confident that their employers, after having their attention called to the subject, will readily and cheerfully admit the fairness and justice of it. "If any argument were necessary, they deem it sufficient simply to point to the fact that in Boston and New York, and elsewhere, where the prices of labor among their craft have always been over ten per cent, more than in Providence, and where, within a few months, they have again been advanced in a like ratio, and that, too, in cities where the necessaries of life are at least ten per cent, less than they are in this city. And this increase is not confined to printers alone. Nearly every, if not all branches of business have found it necessary to advance the reward of labor. In some instances it has been given without asking, and in others simply by asking. "With these facts staring them in the face, and experience convincing them that their compensation must be increased or their troubles aggravated, they feel that they are doing no more than they should expect were they in your position under like circum- stances. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 73 "As members of the Providence Typographical Union, an institution that has labored for the past six years to bring the trade to perfection in this city, they are aware that it may become necessary for you, in granting their request, to make a proportionate advance in your own rates of subscription, advertising and jobbing. Under these circumstances, knowing that the interests of the employer and employe are indentical, they are ready and most willing to co-operate with you in any manner which you may deem best to secure this end. "Trusting that the above suggestions will meet with your approval, which you will please make known at the end of this financial week, they remain, "Most respectfully, (Employes' signatures.) "For the committee "P. A. McDonald, Secretary." "P. H. Massie, Chairman." It was voted to head the memorial "To our Employers," the same to be presented to the proprietors of the different offices by the chair- men thereof, together with those portions of the "Scale" apphcable to each. The date and hour for presentation was fixed for Monday, May 11, between the hours of 12 and 1 o'clock. The meeting then adjourned to meet again May 16, at 5:30 P. M. This meeting was called to order at the appointed time, and the following communications in reply to the memorial were read: " Office of the Evening Press, "No. 16 Weybosset street, "Providence, May 11, 1863. "Gentlemen — Your communication of this date asking an increase of the rates of compensation has been received and considered. The subject to which it relates has had our consideration previously, as we are not unmindful of the just claims of our employes, and are not insensible to the reasons why they should receive higher prices for their labor than have been paid heretofore. " Situated as we have been since the very serious rise in the price of paper, accom- panied by heavier expenses of publication in other respects, we cannot really afford to add anything to the rates now paid you. "But we do not think of refusing your very reasonable request. We may have to retrench in the amount of work done, but shall cheerfully agree to give the new prices for whatever work is still to be done. "We are not without hope, however, that business affairs will take such a turn that we may be able to meet the increased expense without diminishing the amount of labor performed in our establishment. "With continued wishes for the prosperity and happiness of each and all of you, we are, gentlemen, " Yours very truly, "Cooke, Jackson & Co." The above letter was addressed to the members of the Press chapel and submitted to the Union by the chairman of that office. The docu- ment was ordered to be placed on file. Mr. Scott, chairman of the office of the Post, made report as follows, which was accepted and ordered filed : "To Providence Typographical Union: "Gentlemen — I have the pleasure of reporting, on behalf of the office of the Provi- dence Daily Post, that the proprietor thereof has freely acknowledged the justice of and acceeded to the request of the employes in said office for the proposed advance of wages. "A. A. Scott, "ChairmanP. D. P." 74 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Mr. Barbour, chairman of Journal office, presented the following reply to the memorial : "To Messrs. George T. Arnold, George Whelden and others, Compositors on the Journal: "Gentlemen — The publishers of the Journal are in receipt of a communication, evidently not originating with j^ou, but bearing your names, asking an advance in the price of your labor, and presenting a 'Scale of Prices as reported by the committee on revision.' The enhanced price of living, and the advance in the rates of other prices of labor, are urged as reasons why the wages of our employes should be increased. "The publishers of the Journal desire to maintain the most amicable relations and complete understanding with the men in their employ. They desire to treat them not merely with justice, but with liberality. They desire that the workmen shall take pride in the office, and the office be proud of the workmen. They would not withhold from the laborer his hire, nor interpose an obstacle in the way of his advancement. " But it is proper, before acting definitely upon this memorial, that clearly is the result of a view of the question from one standpoint alone, that the other side should be presented to your consideration, with the not improbable consequences of impulsive action in the premises, at such an unprecedented time as the present. "In the first place are you not in error in speaking of the 'reduced currency of the country?' The fact that the precious metals temporarily command a fluctuating premium hardly warrant the assumption that we have a depreciated currency; and the man who pays his three years' note maturing at this time finds his dollar of no less value now than when he received the loan. By comparing our price current of family marketing with that published three years ago, you will doubtless be struck with the remarkable similarity of prices, affording evidence alike that the rebellion has not reduced the currency, and has not 'enhanced the price of every article of necessity in life.' House rent, moreover, is no higher now than then, and so with various other items that enter into the family expense account. The grocer and the clothier, from causes which we all hope cannot be of long continuance, are enabled to demand increased prices, thereby bringing home to each of us the realities of the war, and prompting us to labor and hope for a swift succession of victories that shall restore to our country the blessings of peace. "You allude to the advance in the wages of other kinds of labor. That to a very considerable extent is so. The draft of men for the army has so reduced the general labor supply that wages have increased. When the army is disbanded, the increased supply of labor will, by the same law, have a tendency to reduce the price perhaps even below the former standard. These fluctuations ought not to govern to any extent the compensation of newspaper printers. Their labor is interrupted by no changes in business prosperity. Whether times are good or bad, whether the publisher reaps any reward for his labor, experience and invested capital or not, the employes of the established news- paper have continuous employment and an unabated stipend. A significant illustration of this is found in our own experience. In a single item of our expenditures the present increase, as compared with last September, amounts to about $9000 per annum. Yet this enormous addition to our expenses, which it is entirely impracticable to meet by any advance in our rates of business, has not affected you, notwithstanding the fact that the labor bills presented almost the only salient points for the application of increased economy. The manufacturer pays treble price for his new material and receives treble price for his goods. The employing carpenter, if need be, can advance the wages of his men when there is increased demand for labor, for he charges it in his bill of work. But newspaper rates of subscription and advertising are a fixed part of its good will, and cannot be advanced and reduced to suit the exigencies of the times. The few papers that have survived the attempt in this crisis are returning to their former rates, thus con- firming the view that must commend itself to the sound judgment of every reflecting man in the business. "Under these circumstances would it not be well to consider whether there is not a possibility— to quote from a familiar fable— of killing the goose that lays the golden egg. Assuming that the income of subscription newspapers is fixed and cannot be suddenly increased at will, and that the unprecedented expenditures now imposed upon such estab- lishments has rendered them unprofitable, and in many cases burdensome to their pub- lishers, is it wise for the journeymen to enter into a combination that will have the effect to close entirely some fields of labor, and to impose additional burdens upon others, resulting in the end in throwing many workmen out of employment and reducing the prices to a figure much below that now ungrudgingly paid, there is no other kind of HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 75 business as precarious at the present time as the publishing of newspapers, and another year of war will doubtless reduce their number so much that men will be careful to retain any situations that will afford them a weekly compensation of $16.37, the average of your pay roll for the last week. Aside from the increased expense at a time when an increase of expenses is most to be avoided, some inconvenience would result to both parties from a compliance with your request. We are informed, not unfortunately by your memorial, that the 'committee on revision' fixed the price for evening papers at 27 cents per thousand ems, one cent less than the price we are now paying. Should we be compelled to submit our business temporarily to outside government, the composition on the Evening Bulletin would be done by a different set of hands employed for the purpose and paid by the evening schedule, or by the week. We should also be compelled to introduce appren- tices into the office — a course that we have set our face against heretofore, very much to our pecuniary disadvantage. We are not desirous of commencing the practice, and shall be driven to it only by necessity. The proposed arrangements relative to the Bulletin and apprentices, would enable us to pay to such men as we retain the price asked without materially increasing the burdens of the office. But it is questionable if the plan would offer many advantages. The publishers of the Journal ask for these statements your careful consideration. They are submitted to you, and not to parties with whom we have no business relations. "We cannot avoid the impression that the proper 'committee on revision' of the prices paid at the Journal office, include only yourselves and ourselves. We should be loth to make that a condition of giving employment, but we may be compelled to do so. If, in view of all the circumstances, you feel inclined to demand the increased compen- sation, we must say that until other expenses are abated we cannot increase the com- position bills. If the rate is higher a reduction must be made elsewhere. " Trusting that you will see how untimely is your present movement, and that in this business the burdens of the war cannot be borne by the employers alone, we subscribe ourselves, "Yours very respectfully, "Knowles, Anthony & Danielson." After the reading of the above, Mr. Barbour stated that the proprie- tors of the Journal wished one week more in which to consider the matter, when, if they concluded to pay the advanced rates, it would be paid for the week ending May 23. It was then voted to give Messrs. Knowles, Anthony & Danielson one week in which to act. A resolution expressing the thanks of the Union to the pubhshers of the Press and Post for their expressed wilHngness to pay the revised scale, the same to be pubhshed in the city papers Monday, May 25, was adopted. Mr. Lord then offered the following which was adopted : "Resolved, That the Providence Typographical Union guarantee to such members as may be thrown out of employment by the insistance upon the present scale all the support, by means and money, it is in their power to give." Receipts $1. Adjourned to May 23. At the adjourned meeting held May 23, Mr. Barbour presented the following which was accepted and placed on file : "Providence, May 23. " To THE Members of Providence Typographical Union : "Gentlemen —In behalf of the employes on the Journal, I am happy to report that the advanced price for composition was paid this morning for the work done this current week; and would thank the Union for their very generous action in allowing them one week extra time before taking final action in the matter. "Respectfully submitted, "William H. Barbour, "Chairman Journal Office." 76 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The resolution relating to the publication of a card passed at the previous meeting was reconsidered, and a motion that no card be pub- Hshed was adopted. A committee appointed at the June meeting to endeavor to induce those journeymen employed in job offices, who were not then members of the Union, to join, reported at the July meeting that nothing could be accomplished in the premises. The report focused the limeHght very strongly upon the handful of members from that branch of the business, and the virtue of their membership was greatly magnified thereby. One admirer of these true exponents of the " Union spirit " proposed the thanks of the Union " to the gallant few of the job branch ; " also providing for exemption of dues and a place on the honorary list. Probably because of precedent established in re withdrawal of members, when still employed at the printing business, the matter was laid on the table. A resolution of welcome to our typographical friends of the 11th R. I. Regiment who had returned safely, was passed. A communication from P. H. Massie, chairman of the Journal office, resigning that office, was read, as was also a communication from the same gentleman resigning his membership in the society because of having left the business. On motion of Mr. Barbour, Mr. Massie's name was transferred to the honorary fist. The same action was taken in regard to P. H. McDonald at the December meeting, that gentleman having left the printing business. At the meeting held October 10, 1863, the recording secretary tendered his resignation, for the reason that his duties required him to visit each office the week previous to a meeting, and that on his last visit to the Journal office he had been met by G. W. Danielson and told never to enter the office again. The resignation was laid over one month, and then laid on the table, Mr. Lord, the secretary, completing his term of office. November 14 a communication was read in which a member charged that the Union was controlled by a certain few for certain purposes, and expressed the desire to be no longer considered a member. The com- munication was laid on the table. One month later the same member was elected door-keeper. An informal ballot was usually taken, previous to an election, for all important offices, and at the semi-annual meeting, December 12, 1863, the gentleman having a majority for President on the informal ballot did not receive one vote on the formal ballot. The candidate may have HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 77 been satisfied with the expression of confidence accorded by the informal vote and declined an election, but it's funny reading without an ex- planation. About this time there seems to have been an awakening among the book and job printers of the city. Their activities were directed towards forming an organization of their own class. Members of the Union regarded the movement as an attempt to break up their organization, and resolutions were adopted denouncing the promoters and calling upon all good Union men to thwart and arrest such "mahcious mischief," and to perpetuate and strengthen the bonds of unity. To attain results in harmony with the tenor of the resolution, a committee of five was appointed to visit personally every journeyman printer and pressman (pressmen were previously rejected) now working in the city, or to meet a committee from them, or to meet them in a body, as the said com- mittee might think proper, and urge upon them the importance of joining the older organization. This committee reported January 9, 1864, that they had called a meeting January 5, to which all interested had been invited, and that four men from the Journal job oflfice and a boy from Greene's had attended. No definite action had been taken because of the slim at- tendance. It was recommended that the matter be further agitated. Meanwhile the "branch" had been busy; had actually organized, and January 16, 1864, a special meeting of the Union was called for the purpose of taking action upon a communication from " The Providence Book and Job Printers' Association." The communication explained that the "Association " was about to demand $1 more per week than that set forth in the Union scale, and desired that the Union guarantee that its members would not interfere in their attempt to obtain a higher rate. After the reading of the communication, Mr. Willcox waxed indig- nant and moved that the Union have nothing whatever to do with the matter. That motion was negatived. The biting sarcasm of the communication was apparent and the indignation of Mr. Willcox justified, but his motion was too peremptory. Contemptuous silence on this subject might be misconstrued. Mr. Lord, the records of the Union show, was always ready to inject "whereases" whenever needed, and on this occasion he sustained his reputation by contributing several, followed by a series of " resolveds." Separately or collectively, they form a complete answer to the com- munication. We quote one " resolved " in full : "Resolved, That the character, history and associations of the Providence Typo- graphical Union are, and ought to be, a sufficient guarantee to the said printers or association of printers that no member thereof would interfere with them in their laudable efforts for an adequate compensation for their labor." 78 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Whatever success the "Association " may have had, of course, is not recorded in the Union's books. At the meeting on January 9 reference was made to a strike in New Haven, and the formation of a Union at Portland, Me., was an- nounced. That the "Association " might not have anything on the Union, a proposition for an advance in the scale was offered at the February meeting, and was referred to a committee, one from each office, for consideration. It was proposed to not only raise the job scale, but to considerably advance the newspaper prices. Under the new schedule 35 cents per 1000 ems was to be demanded. The committee to whom the matter was referred made no report at the March meeting, but the proposition was taken up, discussed and adopted. The chairmen of the different offices were then instructed to present the same to their employers, and the meeting adjourned till March 19. On that date a communication from the publishers of the Evening Press agreeing to pay the new scale was read. Mr. Lord repHed verbally for the pro- prietors of the Daily Post, stating that they were unable to pay 35 cents, but would willingly pay 33 1-3 cents. The vote adopting the new scale was reconsidered, and amendment offered and adopted making the price 33 1-3 cents. A letter from Jethro T. Briggs was read and disposed of in a manner unhke that of any previously or subsequently recorded. After a motion to return the letter to its sender was negatived, Volney Austin moved that the document be consigned to the flames ; carried. At the adjourned meeting of March 19, 1864, Mr. Austin stated that he had taken the responsibihty of having an engraving of a " rat " made for the use of the society, believing that there was some probability of its being called into use in the near future. Mr. Haven moved, and it was voted " that the action of Mr. Austin, relative to the aforesaid quadruped, be sanctioned by the society and that the bill of Mr. Hoyt be paid." Mr. Hoyt is believed to have been the engraver. " Rat " is a synonym for " scab," in the language of the printer, and was attached to those of the craft who deserted the Union in times of trouble. Until about 20 years ago it was the custom to issue circulars bearing the picture of a big rat, underneath which was printed the name of the victim of the Union's scorn. Following the name was matter descriptive of the " rat's " character, replete in derogatory detail. These circulars were scattered broadcast. March 26, 1864, at an adjourned meeting, the Journal office was declared a " rat " office. Three members were expelled for " ratting," HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 79 one for " ratting and obtaining a card under false pretenses," and one suspended " until he could make his mysterious conduct clear to the Union." The Labor Temple of to-day is the dream fulfilled of the printer of old. As early as April, 1864, a committee was appointed to confer with the other unions in the city relative to the establishment of a Trades Union Hall. If there were no co-operation among the unions of other cities along this same line at that time the item is important, and that the unions of other cities may have progressed more quickly or achieved the object sooner, detracts not from the originators of the idea. May 2, 1864, Mr. Whelden reported for Mr. Barbour and himself, that Nashville Union, in which jurisdiction they had been working, had refused to grant them cards when leaving. These two members of Providence Union had been employed on a paper issued by Ben C. Truman, a former Providence printer, but then Provost Marshal at Nashville, and had deposited their Providence cards with Nashville Union. There is no record how the matter was settled. The chairmen appointed June, 1864, were as follows : Jabez Lord Daily Post. William H. Barbour Evening Press. L. M. Phinney Morning Press. Charles Haven Press Job Office. William Macpherson Greene's Job Office. J. P. Helme Journal Job Office. At the July meeting another increase in the scale was proposed, to go into effect with the financial week ending August 20. For compo- sition on morning papers 40 cents per 1000 ems and $20 per week was asked, and on evening papers the rate was to be 35 cents per 1000 ems, and $15 per week. Strenuous opposition to its adoption was offered at the August meeting, all agreeing that the scale should be raised, but it was argued that it was a certainty that but one paper in the city — The Press — would pay the advance. The matter was laid over until the October meeting, and at that meeting there was no quorum present. Later, an increase of 1 1-3 and 2 cents per 1000 ems, night and day, respectively, was obtained without trouble. August 13, a committee was appointed to inquire into the matter of apprentices to the printing business — the length of time which ought to elapse before they were to be considered journeymen, etc. The committee submitted a lengthy report at the September meeting, in which it stated that the hiring of persons above the age of 21 years as apprentices was detrimental to the interests of journeymen, in that it left "loop holes," through which a person might crawl if disposed to " rat." Situations for " two-thirders " were plentiful where it was impos- sible to obtain work as a journeyman, and for the sake of steady 80 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE employment it was believed that some would die of old age before they would declare themselves competent journeymen. The committee, therefore, offered the following resolution which was adopted : "Resolved, That no person who has arrived at the age of 21 years be allowed to work as an apprentice to the printing business in any Union office, unless he is personally known to members of the craft in this city, and unless there is good evidence that he was deprived of the privileges while in the employ of his former master, and that said appren- tice shall engage himself to work as an apprentice for a certain length of time, not ex- ceeding three years, and at the expiration of that time he shall be declared a joume>Tnan." The Combination Type Company, it may be safely asserted, was first to estabhsh an eight-hour printing plant in Providence. The innovation was not fully appreciated by the Union, however, as the standing com- mittee was instructed at the September meeting to inquire into the condition of affairs in that office, then in charge of Robert Manning. November 12, the committee reported that Mr. Foss, a Union man, was working at the Combination Type Company's office, eight hours a day for $10 per week. The general opinion expressed during the dis- cussion of this subject was that Mr. Foss was establishing a bad precedent, by accepting a proportional rate of compensation for less than ten hours' labor, if not, in fact, violating the spirit of the constitution. The speakers believed it an innovation upon the original design of the Union, and seemed to think that a workman should receive the stipulated price laid down for hour work (30 cents), if he worked less than ten hours per day. Mr. Foss defended himself at length. He did not beheve the constitution prohibited, either in letter or spirit, such a course. Propor- tionately, he was receiving more than the scale (job, $12), and to require the individual to ask more for eight hours' work than the Union scale demanded for ten was unfair alike to the employe and employer. A motion that Mr. Foss be requested to leave his present situation was carried. At the meeting held December 10, 1864, after an amendment to the constitution had been adopted, providing for the annual election of officers, Mr. George Whelden was elected President. On taking the chair, the minutes say, Mr. Whelden made a few remarks appropriate to the occasion, and hoped to see an increased interest taken in the affairs of the Union and a full attendance at its meetings in the future. Alas, for the hope! The January (1865) meeting was not held as there was no quorum present. The subject of holding a ball was discussed at the February meeting but no definite action taken. No mention is made of the matter at the March or April meetings, but at the May meeting a resolution was passed providing that the treasury be drawn upon for a sufficient amount to secure Mr. George H. Cranston against any loss in advancing money to defray the expenses of the ball given by the Union, HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 81 It was voted at the May meeting, to send a delegate to the N. T. U. convention, and William H. Barbour was chosen. Nothing of importance transpired at the June meeting, and as there was no proper place provided for holding the July meeting, adjournment was taken to July 15, at which time no quorum appeared. August 12, 1865, Mr. McDonald spoke of The Voice, a newspaper printed in Boston by Union men, and urged the Union to lend assistance by the purchase of stock. No action is recorded. At this meeting two delegates were appointed to represent the Union at a Trades Assembly to be held August 23. Messrs. McDonald and Sherman were the delegates, and at the September meeting Mr. McDonald reported that he had attended the convention or assembly but no meeting had been held, adjournment being taken to August 30. Nothing was accomplished at that meeting, however, and another was scheduled for that evening (September 9). He said that if the Union so desired he would attend. The committee was instructed to attend. Mr. Sherman reported at the October meeting, that the delegates had attended several meetings of the assembly and that an Eight-Hour League, instead of a Trades Assembly, had been organized. Mr. Sherman also stated that he had been elected secretary; that meetings were being held regularly and the League was in a prosperous condition. How long the Eight-Hour League flourished cannot be told, as mention was never made of it again in the minutes. A committee of three was appointed at the September meeting to inquire into the expediency of imposing a fine upon members for non- attendance. The matter was tabled at the November meeting. January 13, 1866, Messrs. Whelden and Barbour, ex-delegates to the National Typographical Union, were appointed a committee to circulate a memorial in behalf of the family of the late Thomas J. Walsh, financial secretary of the New York Union, and for a long time secretary-treas- urer of the N. T. U. March 10, Mr. Whelden read a letter from Gilbert Vail, Esq., acknowledging receipt of $39, that being the amount sub- scribed by the members of Providence Union. February 10, 1866, a committee was appointed for the purpose of holding an entertainment under the auspices of the Union, providing the same be deemed expedient. At this meeting was also passed a resolution providing for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the practicability of de- manding an increase of pay. This committee reported at a special meeting held February 24, recommending that the scale be increased and immediate action taken. The report was approved and a committee appointed to prepare a scale. Recess was taken for fifteen minutes. 82 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Committee reported. Report was not accepted and committee retired to amend report, a recess being taken for five minutes. The committee reported its inability to agree. Committee was discharged. Meeting adjourned. During the excitement at the special meeting the entertainment committee reported that it would be inadvisable to hold an entertainment at that time. An amendment to the scale of prices, offered April 14, and adopted at the May meeting, provided that compositors, when summoned to the office after having finished a day's work, should be allowed $1 and double price paid for all work performed. May 12, 1866, a proposition to send a delegate to the N. T. U. con- vention to be held at Chicago, was laid on the table. At a special meeting held May 19, Mr. Barbour read a letter from Mr. Menamin of Philadel- phia, volunteering to represent Providence Union at the convention, and upon motion Mr. Menamin was elected delegate. A letter was received from Mr. Menamin and read at the June meeting, thanking the Union for the honor conferred and assuring the Union that he would discharge the duties involved to the best of his abihty. No quorum was present at the meeting held July 14, and adjourn- ment was taken to August 11, when ten or twelve members assembled at the hall; but, owing to the neghgence of somebody, were unable to obtain admittance. Another attempt was made to raise the scale at the September meeting. The prices suggested were : For morning newspapers, 40 cents ; for evening newspapers, 37 1-2 cents; for book work, $15 per week. Laid on table for one month. The matter was made the special order for November 17, and on that date was indefinitely postponed, 9 to 7— 25 members being absent and not voting. Announcement of the death of Peter A. McDonald, President of the Union, and for many years one of its most active members, was made at a special meeting held November 24, 1866. Arrangements were made to attend the funeral. A marshal was selected to officiate and bearers were chosen. Resolutions testifying to the upright character of Presi- dent McDonald were adopted, and the Union adjourned to assemble at the hall the following morning. Mr. McDonald's term of office as President was brief. He was elected October 13, 1866, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dennis J. Scannel. The secretary's account of the funeral is as follows: "Sunday Morning, Nov. 25, 1866. "The members and friends assembled at the hall at 11 o'clock. At 11:15 the meeting was called to order by the Vice-President, and it was voted that the marshal now take charge of the body assembled. That official at once formed the line, the bearers being HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 83 on the right, and marched to the car waiting for them, arriving in Pawtucket at 12:20. The procession then marched to the residence of the deceased, and after listening to appropriate services, marched to the street; every member on passing out taking a last look at our departed brother. As the bearers brought the body from the house the members were formed on each side of the walk with uncovered heads. After placing the corpse in the hearse the society marched in procession behind and the bearers on each side, to the Mineral Spring Cemetery, where the remains were deposited. The line was formed on each side of the grave, the members standing with uncovered heads while the bearers lowered the corpse to its last resting place, after which the resolutions were presented to the relatives of the deceased by Mr. Edward A. Willcox. The society then marched to the car, and taking seats, arrived in Providence at 2:30 o'clock, where they were dismissed by the marshal." A committee appointed November 10, 1866, to purchase a testimonial to be presented to Mr. Menamin in recognition of his services to the Union, reported at the December meeting that it would be unable to decide just what to purchase until some certain sum had been appro- priated. Twenty-five dollars was thereupon voted, and the committee fulfilled its mission by the purchase of a ring, which was suitably inscribed and forwarded to Mr. Menamin. The committee in its report submitted a copy of the letter accompanying the ring and Mr. Menamin's reply to the same. E. A. Willcox, Thomas Allen and S. G. Smith con- stituted the committee. It was voted to place Mr. Menamin's name upon the honorary list. April 13, 1867, the bill of the Providence Press Co. for $16.75 was ordered paid. The secretary stated that there was an error in the bill amounting to $2 in favor of the Union. It was ordered that the error be corrected and the $2 paid to the Press Co. An amendment to the scale of prices fixing the rate of composition at 37 1-2 cents per 1000 ems for morning, and 35 cents per 1000 ems for evening papers was adopted at this meeting. The amendment also provided for double price on morning papers and price-and-a-half on evening papers, when call was made for composition after "Good Day" was in. The chairmen were instructed to notify pubhshers of the action of the Union. Resolutions were passed denouncing the proscription by employers of men taking active part in the affairs of the Union, and providing that should such action be taken, every man should leave his work. A special meeting was provided for in case the scale should not be agreed to. This meeting was not called and as no further mention is made of the matter it is presumed the advance was obtained. At the May meeting it was voted that Mr. George H. Cranston's name be forwarded to the President of the N. T. U. as a candidate for membership on the executive committee. No quorum at the June meeting. 84 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE July 13, 1867, the resignation of Mr. Whelden as corresponding secretary was received and accepted and his successor elected. The new secretary was instructed to ask for an explanation of the following sentence in Mr. Whelden's letter of resignation : " Without dwelling to discuss the question whether some members of the Union have acted in good faith towards me." Mr. Whelden's explanation was read at the August meeting and ordered filed with the rest of the Union's documents. The secretary was instructed at the August meeting to call at the home of an ex-member and ask for the charter of the Union. At the September meeting the secretary announced that he had secured the charter, and the same was ordered hung up in the hall. The name of S. K. Head was proposed for membership, the secre- tary stating that Mr. Head was a bona-fide member of Boston Union, but that a clause in the constitution of that Union prevented a person from drawing a card unless he had been six months a member. The matter was laid over until the September meeting, Boston Union in the meantime forwarding Mr. Head's card, which was duly received at that meeting. Tha card of Charles H. Witherup, Pittsburg, No. 7, was presented at the September meeting, accompanied by $3.45, which, Mr. Witherup stated, had been advanced by Indianapohs Union on his card. The secretary was instructed to forward the money to Indianapolis Union. The secretary read a circular from the N. T. U. in regard to sub- ordinate Unions establishing a national fund. Tabled. October 12, 1867, $40 was appropriated for the benefit of a member who had been sick for some time. A committee appointed at this meeting to consider the constitution framed by the National Union reported at a special meeting held October 19, as follows: " Providence, R. I., October 17, 1867. "To THE President and Members of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33: " Gentlemen — Your committee to whom was referred the ' Constitution for Subor- dinate Unions,' and the act creating a 'National Fund,' passed by the National Typo- graphical Union at its last session, held in Memphis, Tenn., in June last, beg leave to make the following report: "After a close examination of the above named documents, we believe it unwise to place the power in the National Union to frame a constitution for subordinate Unions, as it would be continually subject to, and undergoing amendments to suit different localities, no matter how carefully drawn, and would be more detrimental than beneficial to the local organizations. We would therefore recommend its rejection. "We are also opposed to the establishment of a 'National Fund,' for, in our opinion, it would be of no benefit whatever, but would be dangerous and injurious to our local organizations. "We believe that the adoption of a national constitution, without due notice and time, as provided in our national constitution — under which we have successfully labored for many years — to be illegal, null and void, and of no binding force; and that we should • elect our delegates to the ne.xt session of the National Union, to be held at Washington in June next, without regard to this so-called new constitution. Rixdolph Del-eeLt-w; T're.CLScc-nen . Eli Alfor-a. Covre-^poodingSeor-e+cm^'. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 85 "We herewith present the following resolutions, and recommend their adoption: "Resolved, That the manner of adoption of the so-called new national constitution, by the National Union, which met at Memphis, Tenn., in June, 1867, was an act of nulli- fication, and as such is not binding on subordinate Unions. "Resolved, That the act known as 'The Constitution for Subordinate Unions,' and 'An act creating a National Fund,' having been passsd by virtue of the powers assumed by this new constitution, are null and void, and of no binding force. "Resolved, That we will not comply with the demand for sixty cents per capita tax until the same shall have been adopted in a constitutional manner. "Resolved, That we elect our delegates to a session of the National Typographical Union, to be holden in Washington, D. C, in June next, the same convention being ruled by the constitution in force at the Fourteenth Annual Session, held in Philadelphia. "Resolved, That we call upon all sister Unions to elect their delegates in the same manner, and join with us in rebuking this disregard of the national constitution, and the rights of subordinate Unions. "D. A. Sherman, "M. C. Harris, " VoLNEY Austin, "John F. Lonsdale, "William H. Barbour, Committee." On motion of Mr. Foss, the resolutions were adopted. Ayes, 15 ; nays, 5. This appeal to sister Unions throughout the country met with such hearty co-operation that at the Washington convention, the following June, the action taken by the Memphis convention was annulled, a decided triumph for Providence Union. It is said that the Memphis convention was controlled by an element whose loyalty to the Union was subordinate to that of a secret organization foreign to the craft at large, but the prompt action of Providence Union, with the generous support of sister Unions prevented the consummation of their plans to rule the Typographical Union. While Providence Union may be held responsible for defeating the establishment of a "Strike Fund" in 1868, it claims the distinction of reviving the agitation for its enactment. The delegate from Providence to the New York convention of 1885, was instructed to bring before the convention a proposition incorporating an " International Strike Fund," and a number of appeals for financial assistance from sister Unions were given the delegate to be used as an argument for the adoption of some such legislation. The present fund and the laws governing strikes are the direct result of the proposition adopted at that convention. The following is all that is recorded under date of November 9, 1867 : "Regular monthly meeting. Meeting met at 8 o'clock ; President in the chair. The secretary being absent, it was voted to adjourn." A special meeting was called by the President Sunday morning, December 8, 1867, for the purpose of attending the funeral of George H. Cranston. The minutes read: "At 10:30 o'clock the meeting was called to order by the Vice-President, who appointed as marshal to take charge of the body assembled, Charles C. Gray, and as bearers, Messrs. Lonsdale, Simpson, Reid, Barry, Boss and Chenery. The marshal then took charge, formed the line and marched to the residence of the deceased, where after appropriate 86 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE • services were listened to, marched to the North End Burying Ground, where the remains were deposited in the tomb, after which the members and the friends of the deceased marched back to the hall, where they were dismissed by the marshal." Appropriate resolutions on Mr. Cranston's death were passed at the regular meeting held December 15. Notice was received at the January, 1868, meeting, that the Union could no longer have the use of the hall then being occupied. It was said that a hall on Weybosset street could be had for $2 per meeting, and Mr. Chenery was appointed to arrange for the same. A resolution providing for the payment of ... . sum to the relatives of a member in case of death was offered by Mr. Lonsdale at the meeting held February 8, 1868, but what action, if any, was taken is not recorded. Resolutions were passed thanking the American Protestant Asso- ciation, No. 2, for their kindness in leasing Friendship hall for the February meeting and for past favors. It was voted that every member of the Union contribute the equiv- alent of 1000 ems towards the erection of a monument to the memory of Charles Brown (Artemus Ward), printer and philosopher, " said con- tribution to be collected on the 6th day of March next." The chairmen of the different offices were, by vote, instructed to assist the financial secretary by collecting the dues in the respective chapels over which they presided. At the April meeting it was debated whether a delegate would be sent to represent Providence in the convention to be holden at Wash- ington on the first Monday in June next. The secretary was instructed to write Mr. Menamin and learn if he would act. It was voted at the May meeting to elect a delegate to act with Mr. Menamin, and Mr. E. A. Willcox was chosen. A committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions for defraying the expenses of the delegate. An influx of New York printers was responsible for a motion August 8, 1868, instructing the secretary to write New York Union and ask that printers leaving that city be advised to seek other fields than Providence. At the meeting held November 14, 1868, the secretary read an amnesty proclamation from the President of the National Union, and at the December meeting it is recorded that the life of the amnesty had been extended to February 1, 1869. An examination of the admissions during that period show that a number of delinquents took advantage of the act. Because of a strike in New York city, it was voted at the meeting held March 13, 1869, that $50 be loaned to the New York Union. There is no record of the loan having been cancelled. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 87 April 10, 1869, the investigation committee reported unfavorably upon an application for membership, " because," it said, " this man meekly performs work for which the proprietors pay but 28 cents per 1000 ems." To revise the book and job scale a committee was appointed May 8, 1869. The committee was given power to call a special meeting for immediate action, if necessary. No special meeting was called, however, and at the June meeting it was stated that the committee had attended to its duties but was unable to make a full report at that time. The committee was continued with the same powers. There was no meeting during July because of lack of quorum, and at the August meeting the committee was discharged and the whole matter laid on the table. At the May meeting it was voted to send a delegate to the N. T. U. convention, and Stephen Booth was elected, the expenses of the delegate to be raised by subscription. June 12, 1869, Mr. Whelden made some remarks in regard to "departments" in newspaper offices, and recommended that the men holding such positions pay a premium in order that wages be equalized. Others spoke on the same subject, but no action was taken. This is the first and last reference to "blood," so called, in the minutes of Providence Union. The "department" system flourished in many cities before the introduction of machines. The "ad" department was the best paying, many holders of that "sit" paying more than 50 per cent, of their earnings for the privilege, the bonus being distributed equally among the holders of regular situ- ations. For instance, if the holder of a "department" set 30,000 ems in a day and the percentage demanded was one-half, 15,000 ems was taken from his "string" and cut into fifteen 1000-em "takes" and distributed to the men in numerical order. In the big offices of large cities "departments" were numerous, and it was not an unusual occurrence for a man to receive two " takes " of "blood," or 2000 ems bonus in one night and that notwithstanding fully 100 men were employed. Depart- ments were scarce in Providence, however, and their "fatness" never warranted the payment of a very large percentage by the holders for the privilege. At the meeting held August 14, 1869, a resolution was presented providing for the election of chairmen of chapels by the members employed in the different offices. The resolution was adopted at the September meeting. Previous to that time the chairmen of chapels had been appointed by the President of the Union, and those then serving in that capacity were requested to resign, which they did at the October meeting and their resignations were accepted. 88 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE September 11 chairmen were instructed to prevent strangers going to work in their respective offices before depositing a travelling card, and it was voted that 500 working cards be printed. December 11 the secretary was ordered to issue the cards to the chairmen of the different offices, to be by them distributed to the members of their respective chapels. Embodied in the order or motion was the principle, still adhered to, that no card be issued to extend for a period longer than one month. October 11 a special meeting was called to make arrangements for attending the funeral of Thomas E. Jennings. Bearers were appointed and the members proceeded in a body to the home of the deceased. November 13, 1869, a circular was ordered printed inviting non- union printers to become members. At this meeting, the gentleman who was the cause of all the corre- spondence and debate in connection with his application to withdraw from the Union, and whose ejection from the society was effected in the face of threatened legal entanglements, made application to renew his membership in the Union. The report of the committee on the appli- cation was made December 11, and was, in part, as follows: "This gentleman is known to most of the members of this Union, but to those who are not familiar with his case, perhaps a few words of explanation will be acceptable. Mr. ... is nearly 70 years of age and entered the printing business about 52 years ago, so that now he is the oldest printer in the State. He was a charter member of this society, but gained its displeasure by working below the scale, and was excluded. He is now at work in a Union office on piece work and in order that he may continue to do so, he asks to be reinstated. We recommend that he be admitted on the same conditions that apply to a new applicant. "A. M. Robertson, "Nat. L. Reeves, Standing Committee." February 12, 1870, ballot was taken on the application which re- sulted in the gentleman's reinstatement, and at the meeting held March 12 he again took the obligation of membership. It was the common practice of the time for travellers to "strike" town without a card, although entitled to one from the jurisdiction in which they were last employed. This neghgence on the part of the tourist caused not a little trouble for corresponding secretaries in writing for the cards of strangers. To reimburse the secretary for this extra work that official was authorized to charge five cents for each letter written for such a purpose, the applicant to pay the same. This action was taken at the meeting held December 11, 1869. A resolution offered by Edward Quinn at the meeting held April 9, 1870, was referred to a committee of three for report at the next meeting. The resolution read : " Whereas, The good standing and influence of this Union have for some time past been greatly injured by a certain class of men belonging to the craft who indulge in the use of intoxicating liquor when they should be attending to their business, therefore. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 89 "Resolved, That any person, a member of this Union, who shall vacate a frame which he may hold, or on which he may be subbing, through the influence of liquor, the same shall be posted in every union city under the jurisdiction of the National Union." The committee appointed to handle this matter was Messrs. Booth, Robertson and Gray, and at the May meeting the report of the commitee was adopted. What were the recommendations of the committee is not given. May 14, 1870, it was voted that R. S. Menamin represent Providence Union at the convention of the National Union to be held at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 6. A committee was appointed to mail instructions as to his actions on certain matters to come before the convention. July 9, 1870, an amendment to the constitution was offered, fixing the number required to constitute a quorum, by the following addition : "And all members failing to attend said meetings to be fined 25 cents." Laid over to August meeting. At that meeting, although receiving a majority vote, the amendment did not receive the two-thirds necessary to carry. January 14, 1871, an amendment increasing the salary of the recording and financial secretary from $20 to $40 was laid over, and a committee appointed to consider the matter. The committee's report favored an increase and the amendment was adopted February 11, 1871. An amendment to the scale of prices was also offered at the January meeting and rejected at the February meeting. The amendment called for 45 cents per 1000 for morning, and 42 cents for evening papers ; hour work 40 cents, and book work $18 per week, ten hours. An attempt was made at the March meeting to increase the dues to 50 cents per month. Laid over until the April meeting, when it was defeated. The amendment was again offered at the July meeting and defeated August 12, 1871. At the meeting April 8, 1871, it was voted to elect a delegate to the Baltimore convention. Two informal ballots were taken without developing a favorite. On a formal ballot Henry A. Brown received 41 votes out of a total of 69 cast. A motion to make the vote unanimous was lost. At the next meeting it was voted to amend the minutes by erasing the word "lost" and inserting the word "carried," thereby making the election unanimous — or did it? July 8, 1871, a committee of five was appointed to confer with the pressmen of the city and try and persuade them to join the Union. A letter from Hartford was read at this meeting, acknowledging receipt of $35 from this Union, and the secretary was instructed to purchase a Black Book in which to register the names of "rats" appearing in the circulars from sister Unions. This book cannot be found. 90 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE February 10, 1872, the jurisdiction of the Union was hmited to the city of Providence. The second strike in which Providence Union became involved occurred during April, 1872. Pursuant to a call signed by Eben Gordon, Frank E. Burroughs, John Walsh, Charles W. Burroughs, J. H. Wilson, R. A. Pierce, A. W. Forsythe, Samuel K. Head and N. B. Bowers, a special meeting was held April 5, 1872, to consider matters relating to affairs in the Herald office. Mr. Gordon stated that first a request and then a demand had been made for a raise from 40 to 45 cents per 1000 ems, by the men employed on the Herald, and moved that the Union endorse the action. After a spirited discussion the motion was carried. Amos B. Cranston, the foreman, then inquired if he would be justified in filling vacancies with Union men. A motion that he be allowed to do so was lost. The meeting then adjourned. ■ The minutes of this special meeting were corrected at the regular meeting held April 13, so as to read that the foreman of the Herald should not employ printers at less than 45 cents per 1000 ems. At the regular April meeting the Union went into committee of the whole, and Herald office affairs were debated at length. During the discussion Mr. Cranston stated that he misunderstood the vote at the special meeting, being under the impression that he was allowed to employ Union men at 40 cents until such time as the scale should be amended. He denied having employed any but Union men, having engaged but one man, a member of Ottawa Union; Noah D. Payne put the other men to work. The corresponding secretary was instructed to write Ottawa Union in regard to this man, and the recording secretary was directed to wait upon the gentleman and find out his standing as a Union man. An amendment to the scale was presented and laid over until the May meeting. The proposed scale called for 45 cents per 1000 ems for morning, and 40 cents for evening papers. This was amended at the May meeting to read 42 and 38 cents, respectively. In all probability the adoption of the 42 and 38-cent rates served to settle the matter, as no mention is again made of that particular diffi- culty. Later on, however, Thursday, January 2, 1873, a special meeting was called to consider grievances directly traceable to the former trouble. The call reads: "To thp: Pkksidknt ov Providence Typographical Union, No. 33: "Dear Sir We, the undersij^ned, members of Providence Typographical Union. No. 33, held a chapel meeting; this afternoon, at which time it was decided to strike the office for infringing a rule of the International Typographical Union, and hereby request you to call a special meeting of this Union at six o'clock at most convenient place. "E.A.Carter, "Thomas Hynes, "C. E. Lyons, "William Carroll, "A W. Forsythe, "John Powers, " T. C. Cawley, "Robert O'Connor." HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 91 The meeting was called to order in the composing room of the Evening Press, and after an explanation of the grievances it was voted to sustain the action of the chapel. At the time of the strike of April, 1872, as was the custom, some of the men most responsible for the Union's embroilment gathered their belongings and left the city, leaving the Union to settle the difficulty as best it could. Later, the management of the Herald evidently found that the men engaged to fill the vacancies thus caused were even less tractable than those who had been previously employed, and it was because of an attempt on the part of the management of that paper to re-engage one or more of those men that gave occasion for the more recent trouble. The difficulty was promptly adjusted. Experience has taught Union printers that strikes initiated under circumstances similar to either of the above instances are not conducive to progress, and stringent laws now prevent occurrences of that kind. It was voted at the April meeting not to send a delegate to the I. T. U. convention. A special meeting was called December 20, 1872, in the composing room of the Evening Press, for the purpose of initiating Charles A. Peabody and John H. Campbell, who were unable to attend a regular meeting. January 11, 1873, the chairmen of the different offices were in- structed to notify all non-union men working in the chapels over which they presided to send in their applications for membership forthwith. The sergeant-at-arms was instructed at the February meeting to confer with the trustees of Mechanics' Temple of Honor in regard to leasing hall. That official reported at the March meeting that he had engaged a hall from the trustees of the American Protestant Association. A committee was appointed March 8, 1873, to nominate candidates for delegate to convention of the I. T. U. The committee presented the names of two candidates as contestants for the honor at the April meeting, and on ballot Volney Austin received all but one vote. Pro- viding the losing candidate cast that one vote himself, others who may have pledged support surely had a job on hand to demonstrate to the candidate's satisfaction their fealty on that occasion. The delegate reported at the July meeting as follows : "To THE President AND Members of Typographical Union, No. 33: "Gentlemen — Your delegate to the 21st session of the International Typographical Union of North America, held in Montreal in June last, respectfully submits the following for your information and consideration : It would be useless for me to detail the pro- ceedings of the convention, as the official copy of its actions will soon be received from its secretary, but I may give you some information that cannot from its nature be embodied in his report, and call your attention to some of the more important doings of the session. 92 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "A caucus, comprising delegates from the Northern, Middle and Western States, was held at the Ottawa House on Sunday evening, May 31, 1873, for the purpose of co- operation, and with a view solely to make all coming proceedings in the convention harmonious. William J. Quinn of Boston was chosen chairman, and he announced the caucus ready for business. Your delegate nominated William R. McLane of Washington as candidate for President ; the nomination was seconded, but the nomination was with- drawn for the purpose of appointing a committee to formulate a general ticket. One delegate from each subordinate Union represented comprised the committee, whose duty, in addition to the selection of candidates for the various offices, was the selection of a site for the next annual session of the International Union. "After selecting Mr. McLane as the Presidential nominee, Mr. Quinn of Boston was nominated for Vice-President. Mr. Quinn, however, did not wish to compromise in any manner the claims of Boston as the place of meeting of the 22nd convention, and his name was withdrawn as a candidate. Your delegate was then nominated for the position which, for the honor of Providence Union as well as for myself, would gladly have been accepted, but believing that a generous declination by all New England delegates of any offices in the convention would secure the point so much desired, I declined the nom- ination. "Business was then proceeded with and a full ticket named. "A long discussion then ensued on the respective claims of Boston and St. Louis as the next place of meeting, the committee finally deciding to make no recommendation to the caucus. "The proceedings of the convention, as I have before remarked, will soon be had in printed form, but I will call attention to a few points requiring immediate consideration. "The constitution of No. 33 requires the payment of 25 cents for each travelling card. The International Union at this session has declared that no subordinate Union has a right to make any charge whatever for a travelling card. Although seeming somewhat arbitrary at first glance, I am of the opinion that the ground taken by the International Union is substantial and just. "A resolution recommending the abolition of all sub-lists was almost unanimously adopted. " The new International Union charter is now ready and I recommend that the corresponding secretary be requested to send for it. "If the members of this Union could have heard the loud and prolonged applause called forth by the corresponding secretary's report, denouncing a class of parasites that now infest almost every printing office in America, a species of that vermin that has brought the great art of all christian intelligence and learning into contempt, they would seriously think of a matter that has become of almost vital interest to all good craftsmen. " The unanimous sentiment of the International Union calls upon you not only to refuse to aid in any manner this horde of tramps, boarding-house jumpers, dead beats, and all others who cannot give a clean card, but to denounce and drive them out on every occasion. By firm and unflinching action only can this be done. Gentlemen, as you regard your own welfare and self-respect, I ask you to seriously consider this matter. "Probably the most important subject brought before the International convention, and to consider which the only special committee of the session was appointed, was what is known as the 'Rouse's Point matter.' The President appointed the following as the committee : Messrs. Livesey, Freehan, McNamara, Quinn, Craft, Griffard, Austin, Curtiss and Allbe. At a meeting of the committee your delegate was elected secretary, and after a thorough discussion of the subject a conclusion was reached which was reported to the convention. " When I receive the proper papers to carry out suggestions, I will inform you more fully in the matter, which is of great interest to all parties concerned in the material and mechanical production of books, and more especially those interests of the Middle States, New England States and New York State. "The members of the Montreal and Jacques Cartier Unions entertained us very hospitably and I should be pleased to think that the presence and harmony of the Inter- national convention has softened the bitter feeling existing between the generous mem- bers of 97 and 145. "There were 92 delegates present and is, I believe, the largest number ever gathered at any session. "And now, gentlemen, for your generous appropriation accept my sincere thanks ; for the unanimity of your votes in selecting me to represent you, words cannot express my gratitude. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 93 " I endeavored, during the session, to do whatever should ennure to the benefit of journeymen throughout North America. If I have accomplished anything creditable to the Providence Typographical Union I am satisfied. "Yours truly, "Providence, July 12, 1873." "VoLNEY Austin." One hundred and ten dollars was the amount appropriated for the delegate's expenses, and an entry in the books shows that the delegate attempted to return a part of the appropriation as an unexpended bal- ance, but was prevented from accomplishing the rash act by the Union's voting that he retain the money. The exact amount is not given, the sum being indicated as . . . dollars. This in itself would seem to distinguish Mr. Austin as a marvel among delegates. None of his fellow-fortunates before or since that time ever attempted such a thing, and that he failed of his purpose at that time can hardly be offered as an excuse for no effort to emulate his example by those who have followed. A motion to elect a chairman for the Journal office was defeated at the December meeting. At the meeting held February 14, 1874, Myron W. Dibble was appointed chairman of that office. April 14, 1874, resolutions on the death of George T. Arnold were adopted. There was no quorum present at either the June or July meetings. At the November meeting, a member was removed from the room for being intoxicated and the case referred to a committee. The com- mittee recommended that the offending member be fined $2 for violation of Article XIII., Sec. 2. of the constitution. The recommendation was adopted, but later the fine was remitted. The minutes for the greater part of the four years following are missing, and those that are preserved show a decided lack of interest on the part of the membership for a proper record of the Union's doings, and gross carelessness or incompetency on the part of the secretary. The following is taken from a journal of Alexander M. Robertson, one of the first members of the Union : "The last meeting of the Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, was held in Haggai Hall, Weybosset street, on Saturday evening, May 11, 1878. There were present: Asahel P. Brown, Henry A. Barnes, Joseph B. Leavens, Frank H. Sears, Henry R. Sawyer, Clarence E. Burtwell, Ahira Hall, John Croil Ryan, Samuel T. B. Trimmer, William E. Tourtellot, William E. Cooke, Frank Capron, Alexander M. Robertson. A vote of disso- lution was passed, there being only three or four dissenting votes, and the charter was at once returned to the International Union. Cause of dissolution— lack of interest and lack of funds to send a delegate to the coming meeting of the parent body, an imperative re- quirement once in two years." THE REORGANIZATION In the fall of 1882 steps were first taken in the movement toward the reorganization of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33. The charter of the old Union had been surrendered in 1878. In the summer of 1882 a communication was received by R. J. Faulkner from Chicago, signed Mark L. Crawford, then secretary-treasurer of the I. T. U., stating that "typographical matters were booming all over the country" and asking why "'Little Rhody' should be behind," and winding up with " I will torture you with communications till you take some action in the matter." After considerable investigation as to the material to work on, and correspondence with Mr. Crawford and George Clarke of St. Louis, then President of the I. T. U., Mr. Faulkner, in conjunction with E. Leslie Pike, thoroughly canvassed the city, and at the request of Mr. Clarke to "go ahead and organize and the I. T. U. will back you up," started in on the work. The result was a list of 32 journeymen who announced a wilhngness to join the movement. The first meeting recorded in the books of the reorganized Union is under date of April 1, 1883, and was held in the composing room of the Telegram office for the purpose of receiving the report of the charter committee, appointed at a previous meeting, and to take the necessary steps to re-establish No. 33. The meeting was called to order by C. A. Faller, chairman of the Telegram chapel. The chairman of the charter committee reported for that committee, the charter was presented and accepted, and the committee discharged. Temporary officers were then elected as follows : President — George Westfield; Treasurer — James Moore; Secretary — E. Leslie Pike. The meeting then resolved into a committee of the whole. A com- mittee on organization was appointed ; every member holding a card was assessed one dollar; the committee arose and reported progress. The committee on organization recommended that a committee on constitution and by-laws be elected. The recommendation was adopted arid a committee of five elected. The meeting adjourned subject to the call of the committee on organization. A meeting was held the following Sunday (April 8) in the Provi- dence Temperance Cadet's Hall, and was called to order by the tempo- rary President, George Westfield. The report of the committee on organization was accepted and an order of business adopted. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 95 The following cards were received and accepted : Rudolph DeLeeuw, Boston; H. T. White, New Haven ; Richard J. Faulkner, Boston ; James J. Jones, Washington, D. C. ; Charles T. McKinley, Boston ; E. Leshe Pike, Boston ; Ed. P. Rollins, Buffalo, N. Y. ; WilHam B. McCann, New York ; George H. Westfield, New York ; Robert W. Carhsle, Boston. The following were then obligated as members : William McCann, George W. Flynn, George W. Turner, Joseph N. B. Meegan, WilHam M. Leavitt, John P. Dolan, Edwin T. Morse, E. T. Spencer, James J. Murray, WilHam Palmer, James P. Bowes, Thomas L. Horan, Joseph G. Hodg- kinson, Owen M. Gledhill, James H. Russell, Joseph F. Doyle, George E. Boomer. The election of permanent officers was taken up and resulted as follows : President — Richard J. Faulkner ; Recording and Corresponding Secretary — Thomas L. Horan; Financial Secretary — E. LesHe Pike; Treasurer — W. M. Leavitt ; Sergeant-at-Arms — George W. Flynn. A vote of thanks was tendered the Providence Temperance Cadets for the kindly use of their hall free of charge. The next meeting was held in the same hall one week later, and the permanent officers elected at the previous meeting were installed, with the exception of W. M. Leavitt as treasurer, who asked to be excused. The request was granted, and J. A. McGuinness was nominated, elected and installed as treasurer. The Union voted thanks to George H. Westfield for the efficient manner in which he had conducted the two previous meetings. At this meeting the travelHng cards of C. A. Faher, New York, and T. B. Somers, Boston, were read and accepted, and the foHowing gentlemen obHgated : John J. Nolan, James Moore, J. A. McGuinness, Thomas M. Nolan, Eugene N. Lancaster, Samuel M. Bower, Frank N. Shaw, WilHam Donovan, Charles W. RandaD, Alfred A. Devenish, John Rodgers, Gordon E. Shepard. For several months following no business of great import came up for consideration, the members keeping busy with the work of gathering in delinquent " card-holders " and interviewing those journeymen who had never belonged to the Union. Their efforts were flatteringly suc- cessful, and a large percentage of those employed in the newspaper branch of the trade were soon affiliated with the organization, notwith- standing the obstacles thrown in their way by Mr. Danielson of the Journal and Z. L. White of the Star and Press. The employes of the Journal were required to sign a card stating that they were not mem- bers of Typographical Union, etc., and those of the Star and Press were notified that summary discharge would be the penalty meted out to those identifying themselves with the movement. 96 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE While this had a deterrent effect on some of the employes in both offices, quite a number signed the card in the Journal office at the request of the executive committee and still held their membership, and some of the employes of the Star and Press also joined or deposited their cards with the Union. The investigating committee at the September meeting recom- mended that the Union take summary action on the cases of several gentlemen who had been backward in fulfilling their plain obligations to No. 33. The report was received but no definite action was taken on the recommendation. The "strike fund" was ah unknown institution in those days, and appeals for aid from sister Unions and from Unions of other crafts con- sumed much of the time of every meeting. These communications were usually read, received and placed on file — that spindle upon whose piercing point so many pathetic prayers have been impaled. However, in cases where the circumstances warranted more substantial consider- ation, financial assistance was seldom withheld. It was at this meeting (September 30, 1883) that the first appropri- ation was made in behalf of a sister Union; the secretary being in- structed to forward the sum of $5 to Sacramento Union, whose members were then on strike. The secretary, at the same meeting, was also authorized to pay the bill of $3 for one-half page ad in the " Proceedings" of I. T. U. convention for 1883. The members were evidently in good humor at the November meeting. E. P. RoUins was tendered a vote of thanks for faithful efforts in behalf of the Union. It is also recorded that Mr. Rollins lost his situation because of those efforts. The Union's philanthropy in- creased 100 per cent, at this meeting, and Ottawa Union was the bene- ficiary to the amount of $10. The spirit of forbearance was also shown in further delaying action on the cases of delinquents, which was still further postponed at the December meeting. The business of greatest importance at the December meeting was the election of officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as follows: President — Meyrick Waites; Vice-President — J. George Hodgkinson; Financial Secretary — John A. McGuinness; Treasurer — William Don- ovan; Sergeant-at-Arms— Willian B. McCann. President Faulkner administered the oath of office to President-elect Waites, who in turn swore in the remaining officers-elect. The first meeting of 1884 was called to order Wednesday, January 30, by President Waites. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 97 Under the head of "New Business" the President suggested that a committee be appointed to interview other labor organizations of the city and vicinity in regard to forming a Central Labor Union. The President was given the power to select such a committee and he named Joseph C. Barker and James M. Gould to act with himself in the matter. The President also called attention to the defectiveness of the con- stitution and by-laws then in use by the Union, and a committee was appointed to remedy the defects. The secretary was instructed to inscribe on the roll of honorary members the name of P. P. Pomeroy, a printer, who had not worked at the business for over a year at that time. This gentleman, therefore, is entitled to the distinction of being the first honorary member under the reorganization. At this meeting, also, a committee was appointed to arrange for a grand ball, and Meagher Guards' Armory was the scene, and April 21 the date of the brilliant affair. From 9 P. M. until 4 A. M. the next morning, according to newspaper accounts, "the Knights of the stick and rule threw themselves into the mazes of the merry waltz with as free abandon as etiquette and good breeding admitted." The Alpine Orchestra, E. A. Young, leader, furnished the music for the occasion, and Caterer Davis of the Dorrance Hotel, supphed the bounteous feast. WilHam Donovan was floor director and Meyrick Waites assisted Mr. Donovan. J, H. Russell, James M. Gould, William Comyn, WilHam Donovan and Thomas C. Shanley acted as committee of arrangements. Mr. Russell, for the committee, reported at a later meeting that, socially, the affair was a grand success, but financially, the Union was $29 to the bad. A costly souvenir programme, given with each ticket, was held to be responsible for the deficiency. At the February meeting the chairman of the investigating com- mittee reported that it had ratified an agreement between the pub- Hshers of the Morning Star and Evening Press and their employes. President Waites explained the advantages gained by the employes in general and the Union in particular, and recommended that the Union sanction the ratification of the investigating committee. This action was taken by unanimous vote, and the President was thanked for his services in the matter. The agreement referred to above is incorporated in that part of the history deahng with plate matter. President Waites reported at the meeting held March 27, that a convention was to be held in Temperance Cadets' hall on Thursday 98 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE evening, March 29, for the purpose of organizing a Central Labor Union. Two delegates were elected (Messrs. Waites and Pike) to represent No. 33, and the officers of Providence Typographical Union were ap- pointed by President Waites as a reception committee to receive the delegates to the labor convention. April 30, 1884, a committee was appointed to inquire into the feasi- bility of holding an excursion during the summer, either as a Printers' Day, or as a celebration in conjunction with the Central Labor Union. At the May meeting the date for holding the excursion was fixed for July 9, but was later changed to July 22, the same to be known as " Printers' Day." The excursion on this occasion was not exclusively a Union affair, the original Union committee having interested a number of printers who were not members at that time. Previous to taking boats for Rocky Point a short street parade was made. The line was formed on North Main street at the foot of Waterman street, at 9 o'clock, as follows : Platoon of police ; Chief Marshal George W. Barry ; Aids, T. M. Nolan, J. A. Belcher ; Herrick's Brigade Band, J. 0. Casey, leader ; Typographical Union, Meyrick Waites, marshal. At the Union depot the line was augmented by a number of guests who had been received by James H. Russell. The visitors included Charles Miller, Nashua, N. H. ; Andrew F. Moran, Charles Sanford, John Burns, Charles H. Bigelow, Edgar Collins, New York ; James Rice, Charles Hubbley, Fred Reilly, Harvey Chappell, William McGrath, Theodore B. Somers, Frank McNamee, Henry White, Percy B. S. Thaj^er, Charles Baker, Edward Quinn, Frank Brayton, John Whittem, Wilham Hayes, James Pym, L. Cates, Martin Kelly, John Hayes, J. Noonan, W. RoebbHng, C. Wixon, F. Falvey, T. J. Murphy, James Harvey, George Appleton, John Galvin, B. B. Newell and others from Boston. The committee representing the Union on this occasion consisted of James H. Russell, James Gould, William Donovan, John Clarkson, Thomas M. Nolan and William Carroll. The excursion was a pro- nounced success in every particular. The idea suggested at the time of the appointment of the above committee, of combining with the Central Labor Union in a like cele- bration, met with such favor that before the time of celebrating "Printers' Day" the Union had accepted an invitation from the Central Labor Union to take part in a grand parade and excursion to Rocky Point under the auspices of that body. This action was taken at a meeting held July 3. Aside from celebrations inaugurated since the establishment of Labor Day and held on that day, the demonstration on that occasion was probably the greatest ever made by the Union forces of Rhode Island. August 19 was the date of the event. The line was HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 99 headed by Sergeant Murray, now deputy chief, and a squad of police, followed by Hedley's Band, Drum Corps, Emmett Cadets, Delegates Central Labor Union, Typographical Union, Guests from Woonsocket and Attleboro, Tailors' Protective Union, Guests from Boston, Hartford and Lowell, R. L Fife and Drum Band, Enterprise Association, Olney- ville Labor Association, Fall River Labor Association, Pawtucket Cigar- makers, Representatives of Mechanics, Carpenters and Shoemakers. After a short parade through the downtown streets, the party embarked on the steamer Day Star, on which were as guests of the Central Union Gen. Benj. F. Butler, of Massachusetts ; Senator A. W. Blair, of New Hampshire; Frank K. Foster, of Haverhill; and Hon. William Sprague, ex-Governor of Rhode Island. Upon reaching Rocky Point the guests were escorted to the cohseum, where addresses were made by General Butler, Frank K. Foster, Louis F. Post of New York, and others. Seated upon the stage were Secretary Howard, of Fall River Textile Association; Henry Oscar Cole, ex-President International Bricklayers; Doctor Garvin, Thomas Robinson, of Pawtucket; Mrs. B. C. Hillsman, Mrs. Abbie Lawrence and Mrs. E. M. Bowles, who was delegate to the Indianapohs convention which nominated General Butler for the Presi- dency of the United States. Letters of regret were read from John Swinton, Henry George and Congressman Foran of Ohio. It was announced from the stage that as soon as Senator Blair stepped from the boat he was handed a telegram which necessitated his immediate return home. Final arrangements for the parade were made at a special meeting held August 15, in the composing room of the Telegram. A banner to cost not more than $15 was ordered at this meeting, as were also badges. It was voted to insert a card in the daily papers calling upon members to meet at 54 North Main street, Tuesday, August 19, to take part in the parade. The resignation of President Waites was presented at the May meeting, and laid upon the table, and it was not until the September meeting that the resignation was finally accepted. In August a delegation from the New York Bricklayers Union was given the privilege of presenting their appeal for financial assistance from the floor of the Union, and they evidently convinced those present of the worthiness of their errand, from the fact that a donation of $25 is recorded. Resolutions of condemnation of the New York Tribune for the vio- lation of an agreement with its employes, were passed at the November (1884) meeting and a boycotting committee appointed in conformity 100 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE with the request of No. 6, and the matter brought before the Central Labor Union. In March, 1887, the boycotting committee made a final report to the effect that the sale of the Tribune had been practically suppressed in this State ; that no copies of that paper were then exposed for sale at any newspaper stand in this city. The year 1885 was a most strenuous one in Union affairs. Matters, then of great importance to the craft, came up for consideration and reconsideration month after month at regular and special meetings, and in some cases the subject of discussion was not disposed of until the lapse of years. " Plate matter " was one of the questions which perplexed the mind of the printer during that year, and for a long period following, and occasioned a flow of oratory that seems to have been checked only by the degeneration of the subject as a matter of importance. Because of the volume of preambles and resolutions, arguments, appeals, communi- cations and decisions, this matter will be treated as briefly as the impor- tance of the subject will admit. The Standard Dictionary defines plate matter as follows : "Matter for newspapers and periodicals, cast in stereotyped plates and sold to be used by several papers at practically the same time." The invention of plate matter made possible the enlargement of newspapers owned by the less successful publishers, who could not compete with their more fortunate brothers were they compelled to pay the price of hand composition to increase the number of their pages. Plate matter came in column lengths— telegraph, miscellany and stories. Six columns of telegraph per day, 36 columns per week, cost $15. The same amount of hand composition would cost about $70. Naturally, publishers all over the country who could not otherwise afford to en- large their papers adopted the " boiler-plate " method. The International Union, because of a diversity of opinion through- out its jurisdiction upon the subject, referred the matter of its regulation to subordinate Unions. It was claimed by the defenders of its use that Union men were employed in setting up the type for the ready-made matter ; that papers now being published would be enlarged ; that new papers would be established, and that it would eventually prove beneficial to the craft. The argument that Union men were employed in its manufacture seemed of httle consequence to the opponents of its use, since the work of a few threw hundreds out of employment, they claimed. They be- heved that the publishers, instead of enlarging their papers, would curtail composition ; they denied that new papers would be established or flourish by its use ; rather was it an imposition upon the reading public and a present menace to the craft. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 101 The first daily papers of this city to make use of plate matter to any great extent were the Evening Press and Morning Star and for several months they enjoyed the benefit undisturbed. To the employes of the Press and Star it looked as if the abolition of " plates " would mean the early suspension of those papers, thereby depriving about 30 printers of work, hence the stubborn fight of those printers against Union interference. The question of its regulation or control first came before a special meeting of the Union held September 17, 1885. James M. Gould, chair- man of the Telegram chapel, announced that D. 0. Black, then proprie- tor of the Evening Telegram, wished to introduce plate matter into that oflftce. After lengthy discussion the matter was referred to a com- mittee to confer with the proprietors of the Telegram, Press and Star. This committee made a verbal report at a meeting held September 21, and also read an agreement between the compositors and Z. L. White of the Star and Press, and one between the Union and Z. L. White. A resolution was offered that Z. L. White be notified of the termination of all agreements existing between Providence Typo- graphical Union and himself 30 days from date of said notice. Point of order raised that this meeting was called to consider the question of " plate matter," and that the agreement could not be acted upon. The chair ruled the point not well taken. Amendment was made that the agreement be continued. Ruled out of order. The original resolution was passed. Notice of appeal to I. T. U. was given. The following is the full text of the appeal in which is included the agreement previously referred to : "At a full meeting of the Star chapel, held Wednesday afternoon, September 23, 1885, for the purpose of considering the action of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, at special meetings held September 17 and 21, it was voted unanimously to make an appeal to the President of the International Typographical Union, and a committee was appointed for that purpose. The following is their appeal : "To Martin R. H. Witter, President, International Typographical Union: "The undersigned, members of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, do hereby make an appeal to you, as President of the International Typographical Union, on the points hereafter enumerated, and for the reasons herein stated: "A call was issued, dated September 16, 1885, 5:30 o'clock P. M., by the executive committee of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, for a special meeting, to take place on Thursday, September 17, 1885, at 5 P.M. The object of this meeting is: to discuss the proposition of Mr. D. 0. Black to use plate matter on the Telegram. "Another call, stating the object of the meeting to be, 'to discuss the introduction of plate matter into Union offices in this city,' was also posted in the Star office, but Mr. Palmer, a member of said executive committee, states that said call was changed in his presence by the President of the Union, Mr. John P. Horan, after it had been signed by the secretary, and without authorization from the executive committee. 102 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE " [See Mr. William Palmer's affidavit, Exhibit I. See also Exhibit IV. We desire you to rule on the legality of such a call.] "At the special meeting of Thursday, September 17, Thomas L. Horan offered the following: "Resolved, That this Union insists that where plate matter is used in Union offices, or in offices where Union men are employed, it shall be paid for at full composition rates, and to that end proof slips of such matter shall be taken, cut up and placed upon the hook as regular copy. "Seconded. " Mr. Carroll made a point of order that the above resolution was establishing in part a scale of prices, and therefore could not be legally considered at a special meeting. See Articles XV. and XVI., viz: "ARTICLE XV. "SCALE OF PRICES. "The scale of prices established by this Union shall, in all cases, be considered a part of this constitution; and no member shall, on any pretense whatever, work for less prices than are therein specified, without permission from this Union. "ARTICLE XVI. "ALTERING AND AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. "An alteration or amendment of this constitution must be offered at a regular meeting of the Union, and, if seconded, shall be entered on the minutes. At the next stated meeting it may be considered, and, if agreed to by the votes of two-thirds of the members present, said number being not less than twenty, shall become a part of the constitution ; provided, that any alteration or amendment receiving a unanimous vote at any regular meeting shall become a part of this constitution without previous notice. " The point of order was overruled and the decision of the chair sustained by a majority vote. "A substitute motion, to appoint a committee of five to confer with the proprietors of the Morning Star and Evening Telegram, was moved and carried in place of the preceding motion, and the committee was directed to report at an adjourned special meeting to be holden on Monday, September 21, 1885, at 5 o'clock P. M. "[We desire you to decide on the point of order stated above.] "At the adjourned special meeting on Monday, September 21, the special cpmmittee of five reported their interviews with Mr. Z. L. White, publisher of the Star, and with Mr. D. 0. Black, publisher of the Telegram, but made no recommendations. Their report disclosed the existence of a contract between Mr. Z. L. White and the printers in his employ, which had been sanctioned by the Union. "[For copies of agreement, etc., see Exhibit II.] "The report of the committee also disclosed the fact that Mr. D. 0. Black did not intend to use plate matter, but that he only wished the Union to take action to prevent Mr. White from using it. The report was received. "Mr. Tanner offered the following: "Resolved, That the executive committee be instructed to notify Mr. Z. L. White of the termination of any and all agreements existing between him and Providence Typo- graphical Union, with the specified thirty days notice. " Seconded. "Mr. Carroll made a point of order that the above resolution was not in order, in that the special meeting had been called to consider the subject of plate matter only. "The point of order was overruled, an appeal to the Union taken, and the chair sustained. " The vote on the resolution was announced as 36 to 21 and the chair decided the resolution carried. "Mr. Carroll then called attention to Article IV, Section 1, of the constitution, viz: "ARTICLE IV. " DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. "Section 1. The executive committee shall consist of five members i, including the recording secretary ); they shall have charge of all matters pertaining to the interests of the craft, or such other business as may properly be laid before them ; they shall take, in all cases (except ordering strikes, ) such action as will further the good and welfare of the Uniim ; they shall decide on all matters referred to them by a vote of the Union, and their decision shall in all cases be binding until reversed by a two-thirds vote of the Union at any meeting; they shall have power in cases of special emergency to appropriate HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 103 money out of the treasury by a unanimous vote of the committee; the secretary of the Union, as presiding officer, shall have the casting vote in all the meetings of the committee. "Mr. Carroll claimed that it required a two-thirds- vote to reverse action taken by the executive committee. " The President ruled the point hot well taken, and before a vote was reached on the point of order, the meeting adjourned. "[We desire you to rule on the two points — in regard to the legality of the special meeting to break said agreement, and also on the required vote necessary to overturn a decision of the executive committee.] "At the regular meeting of September 27, the executive committee reported as follows : "Providence, R. I., Sept. 27, 1885. "To THE Officers and Members of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33: "The executive committee would beg leave to report that it has acted on the matter referred to it; namely, the resolution passed »at the last special meeting of this Union, and has decided, by a majority vote of the members of the committee, to give such notice to Mr. Z. L. White of the termination of the contract or agreement existing between Providence Typographical Union and the Star office management. "The notice has been drawn up, and would have been sent on the 26th inst., but for the fact that the signatures of all or a majority of the members of the committee could not be obtained. The notice will be sent in to-morrow. The committee have been directed by the President to instruct all members of the Union employed in the Star office who have signed the contract or agreement between the employes and management of the Press Company, whether members of the Union at the time of signing said contract or agreement, or having since joined, to notify Mr. Z. L. White of the termination of said contract or agreement, on the specified thirty days' notice, and the committee will so in- struct the employes of the Star office after notice shall have been served on Mr. Z. L. White. "According to a clause in the General Laws of the International Typographical Union, entitled Suspensions, Agreements, page 154, all such contracts or agreements are illegal, and the contract or agreement between this Union and the management of the Star office is, therefore, null and void; but as the management of the Star office may not be aware of that fact, it is deemed proper by the committee that they should give the thirty days' notice called for by the contract or agreement, as a matter of courtesy on the part of Providence Typographical Union. "All of which is respectfully submitted. "J. A. McGuiNNESS, Chairman, "0. M. Gledhill, "Charles H. Stiles, "The report was adopted. "Charles H. McPherson, Executive Committee "[We ask you to rule whether our agreement ( Exhibit II. ) with Mr. White, of the Star, was illegal under the laws of the International Typographical Union.] "The committee in making this appeal as directed by the Star chapel can say that they, and those they represent, are actuated solely by a desire to secure justice and harmony ; but they feel that if the proceedings of our Union are to be conducted in ways that seem to them contrary to all the provisions of our local constitution and also contrary to the spirit and letter of the general laws and all recognized parliamentary practice, that there is no security for us in the future against unwise and hasty action. "(Signed) "Robert Grieve, "William Carroll, "William B. McCann, Committee Star Chapel. "Joseph C. Barker, "William Carroll, "Edwin W. Smith, "Robert Grieve, "A. H. Nutting, "William B. McCann, "S. T. Trimmer, "Robert W. Carlisle, " W. J. Meegan, "John Duffy, " H. A. Darling, "Elias S. Nickerson, "J.C.Ryan, "R.J.Clowes, "William Palmer, "F. P. Creamer, " C. E. Burtwell, "Thomas H. Phillips, "A. P. Brown, " E. L. Pike. "Note. Mr. Charles H. McPherson was one of two extra members added by the President to the committee; but he was not at the time he was so appointed a member of the Union, as his card had not been accepted at a meeting of the Union. 104 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE " It was voted by the Star chapel that Messrs. William Palmer and Robert Grieve, members of the executive committee of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, be re- quested to transmit to the President of the International Typographical Union, a copy of the statement they had made to the Star Chapel, as to what had occurred at a meeting of the executive committee, Tuesday evening, September 20. The statement is as follows: "[Copy.] "A meeting of the executive committee of Providence Typographical Union, Ne. 33, was held Tuesday evening, September 20, about 6 o'clock, in the editorial room of the Evening Telegram. The whole committee, consisting of Messrs. McGuinness, Gledhill, Stiles, Palmer and Grieve were present. After the satisfactory settlement of one point of business, a discussion was entered into concerning the recent action of the Union, Messrs. Grieve and Palmer holding it to be illegal, and Messrs. Stiles and Gledhill maintaining an opposite view ; but still the discussion was being conducted in a ver}' friendly and broth- erly spirit. Early in the discussion, Mr. John P. Horan, President of the Union, came in, and offered as an excuse that he was locked out of another part of the building, and would consequently remain with the committee and listen. Nothing was said and he re- mained. Mr. Stiles and Mr. Grieve in continuing the discussion, differed on the point as to the bearing of the general laws of the International Typographical Union, in regard to contracts between employers and employes, and Mr. Stiles was proceeding to show Mr. Grieve the sections of the International law bearing on the subject, when Mr. Horan objected, saying that he wished to hold that point in reserve for his own subsequent use. Mr. Grieve then demanded from Mr. Horan what right he had to be present and take part in the deliberations of the executive committee, and Mr. Horan answered that as President of the Union, he had a right to be present and have a voice in doings of all committees. Mr. Grieve refused to recognize that alleged right, and demanded from Mr. Stiles that he proceed as if Mr. Horan was not present and had not objected; but Mr. Stiles did not so proceed. The discussion then went on in a general way for a few minutes longer, when an interruption was again made by Mr. Horan, who, in an angry tone of voice said substan- tially : 'If this discussion goes on as it is now doing, and the committee does not take the action which it has been directed to do by the Union, I will within one hour add five more members to the executive committee.' Mr. Palmer made a motion to adjourn, which was seconded, but not put by the chair, whereupon Messrs. Palmer and Grieve departed, refusing to stay longer after receiving, what seemed to them, an insult from the President of the Union, or at least a threat from him that if they did not pursue a certain course he would do certain things. "(Signed) " William Palmer, "Robert Grieve. " [Exhibit I.] "I, William Palmer, a member of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, and also one of the executive committee of said organization, depose and say that on Wednesday evening, September 16, 1885, about 5:30 o'clock, I met John P. Horan, President of the Union, on Custom House street, in said city, and Mr. Horan did then and there show me a call, purporting to be issued by the executive committee, for a special meeting of said Union, to be held next day, and said Horan changed the wording of the object of the call in my presence, substituting the words 'Union offices,' for 'Telegram office,' and made such other alterations as such change rendered necessary. "William Palmer. "State of Rhode Island, Providence Plantations. "Providence Sc. — Subscribed and sworn to before me, this 26th day of September, 1885. " William A. Phillips, Notary Public. " [Exhibit II.] " [Copy.] "Providence, R. I., Feb. 26, 1884. " It is mutually agreed between the Providence Press Co. and the compositors em- ployed in its newspaper composing room, whose names are appended to this instrument : "1. That the Providence Press Co. will remove the restriction now in force in ac- cordance with which it refuses to employ any printer who is a member of the printer's Union. "2. That the compositors whose names are hereunto appended, agree that, as long as they are in the employ of the Providence Press Co., they will not engage in, counte- nance nor advise any attempt on the part of any person or persons, whether in the employ HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 105 of the Providence Press Co. or not, to prevent, on account of his membership or non- membership in any printers' Union, the employment of any compositor by the Providence Press Co. in the usual manner, or the dismissal of any one upon the customary week's notice for just cause. And further, that they will not interfere with the right of any such printers to work unmolested on account of their connection or non-connection with any printers' Union or other organization. "3. It is further agreed by the compositors in the employ of the Providence Press Co., whose names are appended to this, that they will not, while they remain in such em- ploy, engage in, countenance nor advise interference by any printers' Union, or other organization, with any of the internal arrangements of the Providence Press Co.'s office, until all methods of adjustment provided in this agreement shall have failed, or with the rates that shall be paid for labor, but will leave all such matters to be adjusted by mutual agreement between employers and employes. And in case of disagreement in regard to any of these matters, it is also agreed that the compositors aforesaid shall not inaugurate nor engage in any strike in the office of the Providence Press Co., without having given to the manager at least one month's notice of their intention to do so. And that said Providence Press Co., on their part, agree to give one month's notice in writing to said compositors before enforcing any change which may affect the interests of said composi- tors, such notice on each side to date from the time when a definite decision shall have been arrived at by either of the contracting parties. "4. Any wilful violation of this agreement by any compositor in the employ of the Providence Press Co. shall terminate it so far as it relates to him, and shall terminate also his employment by the company. "5. This agreement may be modified at any time by the mutual consent of the parties to it, or it may be terminated by either party upon giving to the other not less than 30 days' notice. "Providence Press Co., " Z. L. White, Manager. "Frederick M. Simons, "James L. Bicknell, "John Locklin, " J. Croil Ryan, " Henry W. Potter, "Henry R. Sawyer, "S. T. B. Trimmer, "Joseph B. Levens, "G.W.Wilson, "Joseph C. Barker, "Meyrick Waites, "Elias S. Nickerson, "William Carroll, "Henry A. Barnes, " John J. Nolan, "Edwin W. Smith, "H. A. Darling, "A.P.Brown, "Thomas M. Nolan, "William Palmer, "George E. Cooley, "H.C.Barnes, "D. McCann, "William E. Tourtellot, "Ahira Hall, "E.L.Pike, " J. J. Hanlon." " C. E. Burtwell, A modification of this agreement was afterward made so that only- Union men could work in the office (excepting those men already em- ployed there). "[Copy.] " Providence, R. I., Feb. 26, 1884. " We, the undersigned, members of the investigating committee, and officers of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, by virtue of the power vested in us by its con- stitution, do hereby indorse and ratify the action of those of the members of said Union, who have subscribed, or who may hereafter subscribe, to the agreement entered into between the printers employed by the Providence Press Company and the manager (Mr Z. L. White), on behalf of said company, this 26th day of February, 1884, by which the restrictions against the employment of Union printers by the Providence Press Com- pany are removed. "Edward L. Pike, Chairman Inves. Com., "James M. Gould, " J. H. Oldfield, "William Palmer, "Meyrick Waites, Pres. Typo. Union, No. 33. " [Seal.] "J. A. McGuiNNESS, Cor. and Rec. Secy. Note. The investigating committee under the constitution adopted at the reorgan- ization of Typographical Union, No. 33, and the executive committee under its present constitution are synonymous. 106 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "[Exhibit III.] "[Copy.] " Office of the Providence Press Co., Providence, R. I., Sept. 29, 1884. "Dear Sir — The Providence Press Company, having disposed of its newspaper prop- erty, will have no further use for your services after the publication of the Press on Tuesday, September 30. "Truly yours, "Providence Press Co., " Z. L. White, Manager. "[Copy.] "Providence, R. I., Sept. 29, 1884. "Dear Sir — Having acquired the newspaper property of the Providence Press Com- pany, I shall take possession after the publication of the Press on the 30th inst. I desire to engage your services in the same position, at the same pay, and on the same conditions as those upon which you have heretofore been employed by the Press Company. "Truly yours, "Z.L.White. "[Exhibit IV.] "The call for the special meeting of September 17 on its face purported to come from the executive committee of the Union, but Mr. William Palmer and Mr. Robert Grieve, regular members of that committee, and members in good standing of the Union, who were neither absent from the city nor in hiding, and who were both easily accessible, were neither of them notified of any meeting of the executive committee immediately preceding the special meeting of September 17, and knew nothing of it until they read the call. "(Signed) "William Palmer, "Robert Grieve." The President was authorized, at a meeting held November 1, to choose two members of the Union to assist him in preparing an answer to the Star chapel's appeal to the I. T. U. By mutual consent, however, the appeal was withdrawn, but the subject was not dead by any means. At a special meeting held February 4, 1886, called by the executive committee at the request of the Telegram chapel, the following question was submitted for consideration : "Shall members of this Union be permitted to work in newspaper offices where plates or blocks, technically known as 'plate matter,' are used as reading matter to the exclusion of composition?" This was decided : Nay 64; yea 24. At the same meeting it was moved and adopted, " that all matters pertaining to 'plate matter' be, in the future, referred to the executive committee with power to act." The executive committee at a later meeting presented a resolution to the eif ect that the use of plate matter to the exclusion of composition was injurious to the members of this Union and the craft in general, and that the delegate to the I. T. U. convention to be held at Pittsburg be instructed and directed to influence legislation preventing its manufac- ture; and that they (the executive committee) be directed to inform the proprietors of the different papers in this city that the Union con- siders the use of plate matter detrimental to the interests of printers and an imposition upon the public. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 107 At this point William Carroll said that he understood that the chair- man of the executive committee had in his possession a communication from the President of the International Union on the subject before the Union, and hoped that, if the gentleman had such a communication, it would be read. The chairman of the executive committee replied that the com- mittee desired to retain for the present the information they had on the subject. The resolution was then adopted. At the meeting following, March 7, 1886, it was voted that the chairman of the executive committee read the communication referred to at the last meeting. The following were then read by Mr. Dolan: [Telegram.] "St. Louis, Feb. 8, 1886. " To John P. Dolan, Journal Office. "Executive Council will not support strike against plates. Will write. "M. R. H. Witter." [Letter.] "St. Louis, Feb. 8, 1886. "John P. Dolan, Chairman Executive Committee: "Dear Sir — My telegram to you announces a decision formed by the executive council soon after the laws went into effect, and is based on the divergence of opinion in the craft as to the effect on the business of the use of plates — there being no agreement whatever. While, therefore, the plates are under the jurisdiction of local Unions, the executive council have uniformly declined to tax those ( not a small number) who think them no injury, to support a strike against their use. "Hoping you will find some amicable settlement possible, "I remain fraternally, " M. R. H. Witter, President I. T. U." No action is recorded as having been taken on this communication, which evidently aiforded cold comfort to the "anti-platers," and for three months the matter was held in abeyance. In the meantime the executive committee having secured a copy of the laws referred to in the President's communication, and with which they were previously unfamiliar, decided to present to the meeting to be held July 25, the following preamble and resolutions as the wisest and best course to pursue in the premises: "Whereas, Since the passage of the new laws touching upon plate matter by the I. T. U., the use of said manufacture has increased in this jurisdiction to such an extent that members of this Union have been thrown out of employment; therefore, it is "Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed for the purpose of collecting all the facts in relation to the question, and laying them before the executive council of the I. T. U. for action. " Resolved, That this Union believes its material interests to be threatened by the continued use of 'plate' in its jurisdiction and request authority from the executive council of the I. T. U. to strike against such use should other means fail to effect its dis- continuance. And it is further "Resolved, That in the event of said executive council refusing such authority to strike, this Union demand of the President of the I. T. U. that he, or someone by him appointed, personally visit Providence, investigate the matter and advise the Union of its duty. 108 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The matter was referred back to the executive committee to carry out the recommendations. Plate matter was not again mentioned until the November meeting. Dr. L. F. C. Garvin and Robert Grieve, from the Board of Directors of The People, were allowed to address the assembly. Their statements were to the effect that they would have to reduce the force in the composing room of The People and intended to use plate matter in the columns of that paper. This renewed the controversy and plate matter continued as a hve topic until April 27, 1887. At that meeting reference to the subject was made in form of a resolution praying that the International Union take positive stand in opposition to its manufacture. From the time of the introduction of the controversy to the period of its conclusion, the changes wrought in the printorial affairs of Provi- dence were of a kaleidoscopic character. To summarize: The Star and Press were of those to be remembered. The Item, launched auspi- ciously, had foundered, and The Republican, issuing from the wreck, had grounded in the shallows of poverty; The Evening Mail, a democratic organ, had been attuned to life and died of dividendal discord. Plate matter had made its appearance in the columns of The Telegram, and many of those printers who had, in the past, bitterly antagonized its employment were now its flaccid defenders or silent witnesses to its extensive use. And as a finial to the "pot metal" debate, suppressing further discussion of that matter without restoring the compositors' equanimity, came the announcement of the introduction of typesetting machines in the office of the Journal. At the January (1885) meeting a clipping from one of the daily papers of this city was read, announcing the establishment of a depart- ment of instruction in printing at the State Reform School. After pro- longed discussion it was voted that the executive committee investigate the matter and report upon the advisabihty of holding a public meeting to protest against the creation of such a department. After Hstening to the report of the executive committee at the next meeting action was indefinitely postponed. It was believed by those who favored its abolition that the instruc- tion to be dispensed would not redound to the benefit of the craft nor to the dignity of the art, and an examination of the work produced at the school and an acquaintance with some of its " graduates " proves that the apprehension felt at that time was entirely correct. In addition to his report, made June 28, the International delegate presented a resolution of thanks to George W. Childs of the Philadelphia Ledger, for his courteous invitation to the I. T. U. delegates to visit him m J ^ c -^ := x: . n o — 1 c/3 •£ H O > Z g Q >-■ = • 3 CL. . X • I) ^ , . «a ° -'^. 2 "? c W c Ji ■ S3< S • « J fc SC fc J S, nA (^ O >•£ ^ Mug. y a = 2 S £ J .S I 5 0% " „ OS S ^ -i! ° ^ n £ 2 ffl HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 109 at his home in Philadelphia, free of expense. The resolution was adopted, and the delegate, WilHam Carroll, was thanked for his able representation of No. 33 at the convention. The inquiry committee was instructed at the August meeting to ascertain the names of all non-union printers then employed in the city. The committee evidently failed of its purpose as no report is entered in the books. A preamble and resolution of censure, directed against those indi- viduals known as " frame jumpers," was offered at the August meeting and was referred to the delegate to the I. T. U. Several special meet- ings were held during September for the purpose of discussing " plate matter," and at the time of the holding of the regular September meet- ing, the delegate, having more important business on hand, failed to report on that particular matter. The phraseology of the preamble and resolution is unfortunately omitted from the minutes, but the author is named and, to those who know the gentleman, it does not require a very vivid imagination to glean from between the lines of the simple announcement of its introduction, the tenor of the resolution, nor to fancy the causticity of its vituperation. Many of the travelling frater- nity — the itinerant subs — had a weakness for accepting work and failing to fulfill the engagement, to the great annoyance of the lords of the com- posing room. Joseph C. Barker, the father of the resolution referred to, was not a foreman at that time, but evidently sympathized with the unhappy lot of the holders of that responsible situation. At a special meeting held September 21, Mr. McKay, " a gentleman from the Cigarmakers Union of Pawtucket," was given the privilege of the floor, and he asked that the Union use its influence in suppressing the sale of cigars called " Roman Punch," the labels on which had been surreptitiously obtained. These cigars were on sale at a place much frequented by printers, and the committee appointed to handle the matter reported at the regular meeting, held one week later, that they had succeeded in accompHshing the object for which they had been appointed. The permanent organization of the Rhode Island Co-operative Printing and Publishing Company was announced at an adjourned meeting held November 1. A change in the management of the Providence Journal Company was regarded by the Union as a favorable opportunity to have the re- strictions against the employment of Union men in that office removed. As a result of a " chapel strike " in the Journal office June 12, 1875, the management drew up the following card, to which all printers subse- quently employed in that establishment were obliged to subscribe: 110 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE " Some years ago, when the compositors in the Journal office were ordered to leave their employment without notice, on a question involving less than 25 cents a month, by the votes of men working for a lower rate of compensation, the publishers of the Journal decided that thereafter they would employ no men whose responsibility to any outside organization was greater than to the men for whom they had contracted to work. Under these circumstances, which imply a non-affiliation with any organization in this city known as a Printers' Union, if you desire employment on the Journal, will you please re- turn this card with your name upon it. We wish to influence no man in the independent management of his own concerns, and simply intend to maintain the same rights for our- selves which we freely concede to all others. "Knowles, Anthony & Daniei>son." July, 1885, an editorial, very favorable to organized labor, appeared in the Journal. A letter was sent to Richard S. Howland, the new manager, quoting the editorial and asking that he concede to the em- ployes of his composing room, and to the other printers of the city, the privileges advocated in the article. July 15 a sub-committee, delegated by a committee appointed for the purpose, was received by Mr. Howland, and the question of abohshing the requirement of signing the above card was discussed. Mr. Howland said he desired to confer with his associates before acceding to the Union's request, but would later communicate with the committee. His reply was unfavorable, undoubtedly because the employes of the old management had become the advisers of the new. It was then decided to boycott the publications of the Journal Company, The matter was taken up by the Central Labor Union and District Assembly K. of L., and a joint committee from those two organizations made effort to have the card withdrawn. October 25, 1885, this joint committee was given the courtesy of the floor of the Union, and reported that Mr. Howland was willing to remove the restriction provided it could be demonstrated that it would be to the interest of all concerned. A committee was then appointed to act in conjunction with the joint committee with that object in view. At the meeting held November 30, this committee reported that the mission for which it had been appointed had been accompHshed. During the space of one month the committee had secured from Mr. Howland an agreement to submit the matter to arbitration, had selected arbitrators, and had successfully presented their case before the arbitra- tion board. The following are copies of the official reports as recorded : "Providknce, R. I., November 28, 1885. "To THE President and Members of Providence Typocraphicai, Union, No. 33: "Your committee appointed to boycott the Providence Journal Company respectfully announce that they have accomplished the object for which they were appointed and that the restrictive card heretofore existing in the Journal office has been removed, and appended are fac-simile copies of decisions of the arbitration committee. We also desire to make honorable mention of the Newsdealers' Protective Union, and recommend the members thereof to the patronage of our members as recompense for the aid afforded. " Respectfully submitted, " C. H. Stii.es. Chairman, "JosEi'H C. Hauker, "Rkhakd J. Kaui.kner. "C(mimittee of Providence Typo. Union, No. 33. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 111 "(Copy.) "Terms of Agreement. "Mr. Howland agrees to submit to an arbitration board consisting of two membfts chosen by himself, two members chosen by organized labor, and one member to be ap- pointed by the four thus chosen, the question as to whether the restrictive card now in force in the Journal office, prohibiting the employment of Union men shall be removed or not. "On behalf of the Journal, "R. S. Hovk^LAND, Manager. "On behalf of organized labor, "J. P. HORAN, "Joseph Normandy. "A true copy attest, " C. H. Stiles, Secretary. "Providence, R. I., Nov. 28, 1885. "To Typographical Union, No. 33. " Gentlemen — The arbitrators appointed by your committee to meet the representa- tives of Mr. Howland, beg leave to report that they have concluded their labors, and are proud to record that the struggle has terminated entirely in favor of your organization. Not only has the card been removed, but the arbitrators have, in their decision, seen fit to introduce some very complimentary remarks with regard to the Providence Typo- graphical Union. Appended is the decision, signed by the full board. Congratulating you upon the result of our joint labors, we remain, "Respectfully and fraternally yours, "John P. Horan, "James A. McKay. "Arbitrators representing organized labor. "A true copy attest, " C. H. Stiles, Secretary. "Providence, R. I., Nov. 24, 1885. " The undersigned, who were appointed arbitrators under the foregoing agreement, have heard the parties and their allegations and evidence, and do find and determine that the restrictive card now in force in the Journal office, prohibiting the employment of members of the Typographical Union, causes injury to the Union, and that the with- drawal of the requirement to sign the card will work no present injury to the Providence Journal Company. The arbitrators are further satisfied that the present purposes and policy of the Typographical Union are not such as to threaten any unfair action toward the Company or their employes, and they do therefore decide that those employed by the Company shall no longer be required to sign the card. "G. M. Carpenter, "A. B. Chace, "LuciAN Sharpe, "John P. Horan, "James A. McKay, "A true copy attest, "Board of Arbitrators. "C. H. Stiles, Secretary. "Joseph Normandy, Chairman." William Carroll, who had presented the Union's argument before the board, was appointed a committee to draw up suitable resolutions of thanks to the members of the arbitration board. Out of a total of 57 men in the composing room of the Journal at that time (November, 1885,) 39 were Union men. The matters considered during 1886 were mostly of minor import- ance, but the "plate matter" question added zest to dull routine through- out the year. Resolutions denunciatory of the copyright bill introduced by Senator Hawley, and endorsing the bill of Senator Chace, were adopted at the 112 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE January meeting and forwarded to the Senators and Representatives of I^hode Island. At the March meeting the Union appropriated $10 for the purpose of assisting to defray the expense of a constitutional amendment torch- light parade. At the same meeting the proposed amalgamation of trades unions with the Knights of Labor was discussed. The matter was to be acted upon at the convention of the I. T. U., and while the opinion was held that such amalgamation, in so far as the Typographical Union was con- cerned, was inadvisable, the delegate to the I. T. U. convention was not instructed as to his vote in the matter. May 30, 1886, the following scale of prices was adopted : "For Night Work. " 1. Composition, 40 cents per 1000 ems. " 2. Work by the hour, to be paid for at the rate of 40 cents per hour. " 3. Tabular matter shall be paid for as follows : Five columns of figures or words, or words and figures, with or without rules, double price; three or four columns of figures or words, price and a half; type set in half measure which shall contain two columns of figures or words in each half stick, price and a half. "4. Copy shall be furnished continuously for seven hours from the calling of 'time,' and all waiting time within said seven hours shall be paid for at the rate of 40 cents per hour. "5. All single measure cuts in reading matter shall be measured by the compositor." Substituting 35 cents for 40 cents, the scale for day work was iden- tical with that for night work. A miscellaneous addenda provided for the payment for all changes from copy made in the proof, and the payment of $1 to the compositor who might be called to accommodate the office after work had been commenced. At the June meeting John Mulleda and Patrick F. McGrath, repre- senting the Journeymen Bricklayers' and Masons' Union, were given the privilege of the floor and pleaded for financial assistance in a struggle then being waged by that Union for a shorter workday. Typographical Union responded by voting $50 — almost depleting No. 33's treasury — to the Bricklayers. A situation on a co-operative weekly newspaper proved no sinecure to the Union printer, and because of a denial by the Rhode Island Co- operative Printing and Publishing Co. of many "rights" demanded and received of the capitalistic press, that company was time and again reported as violating the scale. Committees appointed had failed to make the issue fully clear to the board of directors of that concern, and at the May meeting a committee was appointed to explain to the board the "real" trouble between the Union and that paper. This committee reported at the August meeting that it had comphed with instructions from the Union, but that no answer had been received from the board HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 113 of directors as promised. President Horan then produced and read a letter which he had received from the secretary of the Rhode Island Co-operative Printing and Publishing Co. It was moved that the report of the committee be received and that the letter read by the President be laid on the table. Amended that the letter be laid " under " the table; the amendment was adopted. An appeal from Cleveland Union was read at the September meet- ing. The appeal stated that owing to a technicahty Cleveland Union was not entitled to benefits from the " strike fund," then in operation, and a circular, signed by the executive council, was attached, which stated that after careful investigation it had concluded that local Unions would be doing a noble act in assisting Cleveland Union in its battle with the Cleveland Leader. The secretary was instructed to communicate and ascertain as to the technicality. At the December meeting the Union donated $20 to Cleveland Union. A flurry was caused by the action of a member at the October meeting. Balloting upon the name of a candidate had just been com- pleted and upon the announcement of the candidate's election this member " arose from his seat and approaching the President, threw his card upon the desk and withdrew from the meeting." A committee was immediately appointed to take possession of the card and to ascertain the reason for such action on the part of a member. A satisfactory apology was made to this committee by the offender and no further ac- tion was taken by the Union in the matter. Later on it was voted that all reference to the matter be stricken from the books. The first banquet and social of the reorganized Union was held Thanksgiving night, 1886, in Slocum Light Guards' Armory. Gelb & Norton were the caterers on that occasion, and the Alpine Orchestra fur- nished the music for the dance which followed. Thomas L. Horan acted as toastmaster of the post prandial exercises, and F. J. Crandall, editor of the Telegram, being unable to be present, responded by letter to the first toast, "The President of the United States." Messrs. Barnes, Elsbree, Hurley and Stratton, a quartette of members from the Journal office, then sang, and was followed by President John P. Horan in re- sponse to the toast, "Providence Typographical Union." Mrs. Maxime Bourett read an original poem, filled with allusions to the craft. " Our Honorary Members" was eloquently responded to by Hon. George J. West. Other toasts were responded to as follows : " The Press," Martin C. Day of the Journal; " Our Chapels," by Andrew Moran of the Journal, James H. Russell of the Telegram, J. Croil Ryan of the Star, and Howard E. Sherman of the Dispatch. Joseph Newton of the Journal and Al. Devenish of J. A. & R. A. Reid's, were heard in comic songs. 114 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The last toast of the evening, "The Ladies" was responded to by 0. M. Remington of the Dispatch. At the close of the hterary exercises the hall was cleared for dancing and soon all were "footing it to a merry measure." The committee in charge of the affair were : Wilham Carroll, of the Star ; William M. Leavitt, of the Journal ; James J. Murray, of the What Cheer Print ; Wilham Palmer, Star ; and Thomas L. Horan, Telegram. Letters of regret were read by the toastmaster from Hon. George M. Carpenter, Judge of the United States Circuit Court ; A. M. WilHams, editor of the Journal ; R. S. Rowland, manager of the Journal and others. At the December meeting the Hon. George M. Carpenter was elected to honorary membership, and the secretary received in answer the following reply which was read at the January meeting : "United States Courts, "Providence R. I., Jan. 25, 1887. "Mr. John P. Dolan, Corresponding and Recording Secretary: "Dear Sir — I have your favor of 24th instant notifying me that the Providence Typographical Union have voted to place my name on their honorary roll. I accept with much pleasure this expression of your regard, and with best wishes for the prosperity of your members, I remain, " My dear Sir, "Yours, very truly, " G. M. Carpenter." The auditing committee at the January, 1887, meeting added the following to its seport : " Your committee desires to call attention to the large amount of money collected by the secretary, Owen M. Gledhill, and to express their unanimous approval of his manner of conducting the affairs of his office. Not an obscure or doubtful point appears in his accounts, and all moneys have been handed over to their proper custodian." Because of ill health Mr. Gledhill tendered his resignation at the same meeting. The resignation was regretfully accepted, and the re- tiring secretary was further thanked by the Union. Later, before turning over his books to his successor, Mr. Gledhill discovered a short- age of $7.90 in his accounts, explained how the error occurred, and asked that the auditing committee be excused for overlooking the item. At the February meeting the secretary was instructed to notify the Hon. George J. West that he was welcome to attend any and all meetings of the Union. This action was taken in recognition of Mr. West's legal services gratuitously given to the Union. Mr. West was formerly a printer and a member of the Union and at the time this resolution was passed was an honorary member. March 27, 1887, vote was taken for the election of two delegates to the Buffalo convention of the L T. U. There were four candidates in the field and 113 votes were cast. Joseph N. B. Meegan and James P. Bowes were elected by large majorities. Sixty dollars each was the HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 115 amount appropriated for the delegates' expenses. The nine-hour pro- position was voted on at this meeting and resulted in a vote of 52 for, 10 against. In compliance with the request of the I. T. U. it was voted at the April meeting that an assessment, equal to the scale price of 1000 ems, be levied on all working cards on the occasion of the birthday of George W. Childs, the same to be applied to the fund then being estab- lished that the Childs-Drexel gift might be accepted. At the August meeting a letter from Mr. Daily of the Childs-Drexel Fund was read, acknowledging the receipt of $50.75. The committee appointed to incorporate the Union under the State Laws reported at the May meeting, and presented the charter to the Union. The report was received as one of progress and the committee instructed to glean full information as to the legal phase of the charter before the same be accepted. At the January, 1888, meeting the final report of the committee was presented and accepted, and the charter hung on the wall. At the same meeting the following resolution was adopted: " Resolved, That we respectfully recommend to His Excellency Governor Davis the appointment of Josiah B. Bowditch as commissioner of Industrial Statistics, being well assured of his ability in statistical pursuits and of his impartial and incorruptible char- acter as a man and in full sympathy with the purposes for which the Bureau of Indus- trial Statistics was created." It was voted that a committee be appointed to lay the matter before the governor, and at the next meeting the committee reported that Mr. Bowditch had been appointed to the position. The cigarmakers' label was discussed at the May meeting, and the members earnestly urged to purchase none but "blue label" cigars, and at many subsequent meetings this manner of assisting the cigarmakers was advocated. The May meeting was held in the composing room of the Telegram, because admittance to the hall could not be had. The Union was requested at the July meeting to adopt some meas- ure to reHeve the dullness of " subbing " on the Telegram. The matter was left in the hands of the executive committee. A motion appointing a committee to soHcit subscriptions for a ban- ner was reconsidered, after listening to an appeal from Indianapolis Union, and it was voted to send $6 a month to that Union as long as its strike lasted. The chairmen of the different oflices were instructed to collect by subscription as much as possible for this purpose and thereby reheve the treasury. The following is a supplementary appeal received from Indianapolis: ^ . „ ,„„„ "Indianapolis, Ind., July 27, 1887. "To Sister Unions: " We appeal to you, in this, our time of need, to assist us financially to the extent of your ability, to enable us to continue the fight against the rat Protective Fraternity, who 116 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE have come upon us about seventy-five strong, and captured the Morning Journal and Sentinel offices. " Their unmolested stay here will be a menace to all sister Unions, and give them courage to attempt the capture of other offices at the first opportunity. They boast openly of their intentions of doing so. " Hoping to have a favorable reply from your Union at the earliest possible date, we remain, " Yours fraternally, "The Committee." At the August meeting acknowledgement of the receipt of $22 by Indianapolis Union was read, and at the September meeting it was announced that $16 additional had been contributed. At the December meeting contributions to IndianapoHs Union were suspended. At the June meeting, under the head of reports of chairmen, that officer for the Telegram stated that he had no report to make. It was then voted that the report be accepted. A committee was appointed to make arrangements for the Union to take part in a labor demonstration to be held July Fourth, under the auspices of the Central Labor Union. At the July meeting $4 was ordered to be paid to the C. L. U. as Typographical Union's share of the expenses incurred on that occasion. Three dollars additional was voted at the August meeting. A communication from Boston in relation to Boston printers coming to Providence on an excursion was read at the July meeting, and a committee on entertainment appointed. August 24 a game of base-ball was played between nines representing Providence and Boston printers on the grounds corner of Atwell's avenue and Eagle street. These grounds are now covered by the buildings of the Providence Brewing Co. September the committee reported that the Boston printers had been royally entertained and that it held a balance of $12.42. This sum was voted a member who had been on the sick list for a long time. It was voted in August to pubhsh in The Craftsman, a printers' publication issued at New York, a notice to printers to stay away from Providence for the present. At the September meeting the secretary was instructed to notify the delegates to the Central Labor Union to attend to the duties of their office or suffer the provided penalties. The financial secretary was ordered to prepare a list of all non- union men and send the same to the State Deputy. "Cashing strings" was discussed at the October meeting, and the chairman of the Telegram office was instructed to investigate and report at the next meeting as to the allegations that the practice was employed to the extent of abuse in that chapel. The chairman reported by letter at the November meeting, and by amendment to the motion, eg b a 2 E X I « ^ to ii -o X ^. ,■ U .ti 2 E CQ CQ ■H b HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 117 that the letter be laid on the table, the executive committee was given charge of the matter. A "string" was the "pasted and measured" result of a printer's day's labor, and its value was determined by its total "ems." The im- provident printer, in need of ready money, sacrificed his "string" to "Shylock," a fixture in every printing office in the hand-set days. Five per cent, was the minimum charged by "Shylock" for the accommoda- tion, and to the discount the impecunious printer cheerfully acquiesced. International law proscribed the practice of members taking advantage of their more unfortunate brothers, and in those offices where attempt was made to enforce that law the business was transferred to another, usually employed about the building, but not a member of the Union. In the office under investigation Shylock was known as the " Boiler," no doubt because the individual who cashed the strings was employed as engineer, and instead of " cashing " the practice was referred to as " boiling." Nothing was done about the matter as far as the reports of the executive committee show. At the November meeting the Union voted to exempt female mem- bers from all dues and assessments. A letter was read from Chicago Union asking for a loan of money, and the same was laid on the table for one month. At an adjourned meeting, held December 18, 1887, a circular from the executive council of the I. T. U. was read in relation to the strike at Chicago, urging the assessment of $1 on each member of the Union for the purpose of aiding Chicago Union, and a committee, consisting of Messrs. DeLeeuw, Duggan and SulHvan, was appointed to solicit subscriptions from members. It was also voted to have 200 copies of that appeal printed and circulated. The committee reported at the January meeting, after which the Pres- ident read a letter received from I. T. U. headquarters, in which it was claimed that a certain amount was due the I. T. U. because of the assessment above referred to. The following letter was then drawn up and ordered sent to the executive council, I. T. U. : "To THE Honorable Executive Council of the I. T. U.: "Just previous to receiving your circular recommending (for such was the interpre- tation put upon it by this Union, ) a per capita assessment of one dollar to aid the Chicago strike, we received an appeal from the Chicago Union asking financial aid. Our funds being very low no immediate aid was rendered, but the matter was still under consider- ation when your circular was received. The question was discussed at length, and it was argued that in view of the numerous assessments in the past, and the raising of dues 10 cents per member, as ordered by the I. T. U., it would be to the detriment of this Union to levy a compulsory assessment at this time. It was therefore voted to make the assess- ment a voluntary one, and the sum of $44 was collected and forwarded to the Chicago Union." 118 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE It would be a pity to overlook this entry under date of November 27, 1887 : "A motion was made and seconded that the Union remain in its present quarters and that the hall committee look around for a better hall." Could it have been that the Union had become tired of the presence of its hall committee? Or, perchance, did the Union believe that an or- namental body like its hall committee should occupy more luxurious quarters ? At the November meeting a committee of six, including the Pres- ident, was appointed to arrange for a grand ball. The committee stated at the adjourned meeting, held December 18, that the ball would be held February 14, 1888, in the Emmett Guards' Armory, the music to be fur- nished by Alpine Orchestra. It was also stated that tickets would be sold for not less than $1. At the regular December meeting the com- mittee was instructed by motion not to allow the sale of intoxicating hquors at that function, but at a special meeting, held January 6, 1888, called for the purpose of reconsidering that motion, the point was raised that the Union had no right to further instruct its committee, after giving it full power, without first reconsidering the vote giving it that power. The chair decided the point well taken, and that the prohib- tory motion passed at the last regular meeting was null and void. Appeal was taken from the decision, but the chair was sustained. Charles G. Wilkins injected the point, to the discomfort of the purists and the joy of the other fellows. By the way, a careful scrutiny of the minutes fails to reveal wherein the committee was given full power. The original committee consisted of James H. Russell, chairman ; John C. Hurll, James J. Murray, John E. Hurley, William Donovan and John A. O'Niell. John C. Hurll resigned, and it was voted to fill the vacancy, but his successor is not named in the minutes. Forty-seven dollars was the amount added to the treasury as the accrued profit on that occasion, and '' it was voted that the thanks of the Union be tendered to Andrew P. Martin for services rendered at the ball." Mr. Martin, an honorary mem- ber of the Union, was at that time a member of the police force of the city and at the present time occupies the position of warrant officer. The Portland, Ore., locked-out printers were assisted by the pur- chase of a package of tickets at the adjourned meeting held December 18, 1887. The resignation of James J. Murray as treasurer was accepted at this meeting, and for his long and faithful service in that office he was rewarded with a vote of thanks. At the regular meeting held December 2vS, 1887, Mr. Jolly " moved that a folding board, for the purpose of hanging up reports, be pro- cured." The motion was lost. January 29, 1888, Mr. Jolly renewed HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 119 his motion, viz : " That a folding board be purchased." This motion was indefinitely postponed. At the same meeting he proposed that a "board" be purchased, and that motion was 'lost. February 26, 1888, Mr. Jolly moved to reconsider; lost again. December 30, 1888, ten months later, Mr. Jolly gave notice that at the next meeting he would introduce a resolution that the Union purchase a folding board. In so far as the January, 1889, meeting is concerned the records show that that notice was a " jolly," but at the February meeting Mr. Jolly pro- duced the resolution and the Union rewarded his persistence by adopting it, Mr. Jolly was appointed a committee of one to purchase the folding board, the expense being limited to $6. The details of this matter are not given to demonstrate the value of a folding board, but to emphasize the importance of keeping everlast- ingly at it. Mr. Jolly's achievement is a practical illustration of the success which attends persistent endeavor intelHgently directed. At the regular meeting held January 29, a committee of seven was appointed to work up membership among job printers. John C. Hurll, on behalf of A. Judson Keach, presented the Union with a memorial tablet at the February meeting. The secretary was ordered to return thanks to Mr. Keach, and to have the tablet framed. Provision for the election of a delegate to the I. T. U. was made at the February meeting, and WilHam M. Leavitt, Alvah Withee, F. F. Sorbie, B. Murphy, J. H. Russell and N. J. Rodgers were placed in nom- ination. The contest proved to be the most bitter ever waged for the honor. There had been husthng and protests before, as there have been since, but in this case the battle was carried to the floor of the convention, which was held that year at Kansas City, Mo. A recess was taken at the March meeting for the purpose of bal- loting for delegate, and after counting the votes the tellers appointed for that purpose announced the following result : Leavitt 53, Russell 48, Sorbie 13, Murphy 9, and six protested ballots, sealed and not counted. A motion was made that the report be received and the tellers dis- charged. Amended that the report be received, the six protested ballots counted and resealed. The chair ruled that the protested ballots could not be counted pending a decision from the President of the I. T. U. Appeal was taken, and the ruling of the chair was not sustained. The amendment was then passed, and the tellers recounted the vote, in- cluding the protested ballots, and announced as the result : Leavitt 53, Russell 53, Sorbie 13, Murphy 10. It was then voted to take another ballot because of the tie, and to keep the polls open one hour. In the meantime many of the mem- bers, believing the matter had been settled for the time being, had left 120 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE the hall, while some others who remained refused to take part in the second election. The result of the vote, as reported by the tellers, was: Russell 48, Leavitt 38. Mr. Leavitt gave notice of appeal. At the April meeting the President read a letter from the President of the International Union, and declared William M. Leavitt elected delegate to the I. T. U. convention. Mr. Russell gave notice of appeal to the convention. The convention committee, to whom the controversy was submitted, recommended that both delegates be seated, for the rea- son that Providence Union was entitled to two delegates and because the contestant had travelled so great a distance. At the same time the committee made plain that Mr. Leavitt was the one regularly elected. The question as to whom should be paid the voted expenses of delegate then agitated the placid deliberations of the Union. Both principals to the controversy were about equally represented at the meetings of the Union and motions, amendments, points of order, etc., with oratory, combined to delay definite action. At the May meeting a motion that the sum of $127 be sent to the secretary-treasurer of the I. T. U., to be paid over to the seated delegate, was declared out of order by the Pres- ident. An appeal was taken from this decision which the chair refused to entertain. A resolution expressing a lack of confidence in the chair was presented and the President vacated his seat. The Vice-President then refused to entertain the resolution, and amid great confusion the Vice-President declared the meeting adjourned. Mr. Leavitt made a report as delegate to the I. T. U. convention at the June meeting, which was received and laid on the table, and it was voted that the $127 be held by the Union until the International secretary-treasurer be heard from. The secretary's letter, which was read at the July meeting, did not settle the matter, however, and the executive committee was in- structed to ask the President of the I. T. U. to decide who was entitled to the money. The decision of the President was unfavorable to Mr. Russell, and Mr. Leavitt was voted the $127, so long held up, at the August meeting. The following is a copy of the letter which brought the delegate wrangle to a close: "International Typographical Union. "Office of President, "Indianapolis, Ind., August 11, 1888. "Rudolph DeLeeuw, Chairman Executive Committee, Providence Typocraphicai. Union, No. 33: "Dear Sir- Yours of 8th inst. is at hand, submitting to me the question: 'Who was the legally elected delegate as recognized by the convention, and who is entitled to the money voted by said Union to its delegate? ( No. ^?i voted to send but one delegate. )' "Supplemental report of committee on credentials ( I copy from proof of their report verified by original report) says: 'Your committee has carefully gone over the papers and affidavits presented by the regularly accredited delegate from Union No. 33, Provi- HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 121 dence, Mr. Leavitt, and also those of Mr. Russell, the contestant for the former's seat, and after giving both gentlemen a verbal hearing, are unanimously inclined to the belief that Mr. Leavitt is entitled to the contested seat in the convention. Both gentlemen have come quite a distance to attend the session of this convention, and both would evi- dently have been sent as delegates had Providence Union felt able financially to do so; therefore, in the interest of harmony and in view of the fact that Union No. 33 is entitled to two delegates, the committee unanimously recommend that both gentlemen be given seats in this convention.' "This report was signed by the members of the committee and adopted by the con- vention, and gives the contested seat to Mr. Leavitt. [As your Union intended to elect but one delegate, and made provision for but one, the emoluments, if any, should of right go to the delegate who was declared to be entitled to the seat. Under the law as it then was (see Con. Art. 11, Section I, p. 160 Proc. 1887, ) the International Typographical Union had nothing to do with the pay of delegates, the subordinate Unions and the delegates being interested only]. I think there can be no question as to which of these two gentle- men was entitled to the seat under the ruling of the convention. "Fraternally, "Edw^ard T. Plank, Pres. I. T. U." To take up the important doings of the Union during the months in which the delegate question was a live topic, necessitates a return to the April meeting, at which Mr. Wilkins gave notice that at the next meeting he would " rise to a question of distinguished privilege." As recorded above, the May meeting, at which Mr. Wilkins was scheduled to "rise," was abruptly adjourned by the Vice-President, which may ac- count for no reference in the minutes to Mr. Wilkins' ascension. At the November meeting, however, the gentleman did "rise" under the specified conditions, but the altitude attained cannot be learned by reading the minutes of that meeting. The "distinguished privilege" became rather popular, and for a while afterward different members availed themselves of the opportunities afforded by the introduction of that edifying exercise. For neglect of duties the delegates to the Central Labor Union were requested to tender their resignations at the July meeting, and a new set of delegates were elected. A committee was appointed at the July meeting to prepare a book and job scale of prices and to revise the newspaper scale. This com- mittee presented a printed report at a special meeting called Novem- ber 15, and that part of the scale relating to the newspaper branch was, with some amendments, adopted at that meeting, adjournment being had to November 18 for consideration of the book and job scale. After the adoption of the job scale by sections, ballot was taken on the adoption of the scale as a whole, which resulted in a unanimous vote. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Wilkins, Coogan and Ward, for the newspaper branch; and Donovan, Murray and Vinal for the job branch, was appointed to interview employers as to their acceptance of the scale. The committee made a report at the regular meeting November 25, 1888, but the nature of the report is not given. It is remembered, however, that the report was not very encouraging. The Telegram management 122 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE could not be induced to sign, and only a verbal agreement was had with the Dispatch proprietors, the scale to go into effect at the latter office February 25, 1889. The formation of Pawtucket Union, No. 212, was announced at the November meeting. The summary discharge of three members of the Union in the Telegram office was the subject of discussion at a special meeting held December 11. A yea and nay vote taken at the meeting shows that 99 members were present. A motion that a committee be appointed to investigate the matter was lost. It was then voted that the executive committee demand the immediate reinstatement of the three discharged members. The reason for the discharge of the men is not divulged by the minutes. Briefly stated the facts are : Messrs. Ayres, Boomer, McGuinness and Wilkins began the publication of a weekly newspaper (The Paper) devoted to labor matters. Ayres, Boomer and Wilkins held situations on the Telegram, and in the second issue of The Paper there appeared an article offensive to D. 0. Black, then pubhsher of the Telegram, for which he ordered the discharge of the men last named. At the regular meeting, December 29, the executive committee reported that the three men had been reinstated. The reinstatement of the men was accomplished, however, only by resort to the " strike," which was ordered by the executive committee at 7 o'clock Saturday evening, December 15, 1888. The management of the Telegram capitulated, and the men returned to work at 8.30 the same evening. Twenty-nine men and three apprentices were involved in the trouble. A committee was appointed October 28, 1888, to prepare for a ban- quet and social to be held Thanksgiving night, November 29. Slocum Light Guards' Armory was the scene of the festivities. The following exercises followed the feast: Toasts— Providence Union, responded to by JohnP. Dolan; President United States, George M. Carpenter; State of Rhode Island, Royal C. Taft; City of Providence, Gilbert F. Robbins; International Typographical Union, C. G. Wilkins; The Compositor, W. F. Elsbree; The Sub., J. J. Murray; The Ladies, John E. Hurley; Our Visitors, E. P. Tobie. Songs by Mr. Black (not D. 0.) and Etta Bren- nan ; recitation by Katherine Loughran. Committee— James J. Murray, chairman ; James Moore, Walter F. Walsh, William Donovan, John C. Hurll, Matthew J. Cummings. It was voted at the February, 1889, meeting that the committee be discharged and the deficiency on account of the entertainment liquidated. It was announced at the regular meeting held December 30 that there was not enough money on hand to pay bills then due, and several HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 123 efforts to levy an assessment were defeated. The financial secretary- stated that considerable money was due the Union from the chairmen of the different offices. It was voted that the chairmen be notified to liquidate immediately. January 27, 1889, a letter was read from a member then in Woon- socket, demanding that the Union forward his travelling card. The financial secretary was instructed to notify the gentleman that upon payment of his accumulated dues and the price of three banquet tickets his card would be forthcoming. James P. Bowes, chairman of the Central Labor Union delegation, reported from that body at the January (1889) meeting that a move- ment was on foot looking toward the formation of a State Branch of the American Federation of Labor, and asked for an expression of feeling by this Union on the matter. The delegation was instructed to favor the scheme. An assessment of 25 cents per capita was levied at this meeting. The following resolution was passed: " Resolved, That no member of this Union patronize any saloon, hotel, drug store, cigar store or other dealers in cigars, who do not keep Union made goods, and that any member violating this resolution shall be disciplined by this Union." At the February meeting it was voted, 35 to 34, to send a delegate to the L T. U. convention to be held at Denver. Andrew F. Moran was chosen to represent Providence. The executive committee was instructed to wire request to the congressmen from this State to vote in favor of the Chace copyright bill, then under consideration before the House of Representatives. The February meeting was held on the 24th, and a committee pre- viously appointed looking to the unionizing of the Journal office reported progress. The following day there appeared in the columns of the Telegram a statement which read substantially as follows: "The management of the Providence Journal is to be turned over to the printers, and one of its proprietors, who superintends the work of the composing room, is to be compelled to join the Union, which is reported to be maturing plans for lessening the profits of the Journal. Mr. Howland, when seen, had not been notified of the demands to be made upon the paper. When the time comes the statement of Mr. Howland will be truthfully given, and not garbled and distorted as was an account given by the Journal of trouble with one of its contemporaries." The executive committee was instructed to have a card inserted in the Providence Journal and the Telegram denying the statements made in the above article. February 25 was the date set for the estabhshment of the new scale in the Dispatch office. Saturday, February 23, Charles C. Corbett, editor of the Dispatch, who had for some time been on bail because of a $10,000 libel suit, was surrendered by Richard Thornley, one of his bondsmen, and was not released from durance vile until the Wednesday following 124 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE at about 10 P. M. Before starting for Cranston, in custody of the officer, Corbett assured the men working in the office that he had made provision for the payment of wages in case he should not be on hand the following Monday. The ghost did not walk, however, but the men were told that the money would be ready Tuesday at 4:30. At a special meeting of the Union held that afternoon it was reported that the money did not ma- terialize at the hour specified. The executive committee was instructed to make effort to collect, and to employ legal talent, if necessary. The committee reported back to the same meeting that it was unable to obtain the money due the men. It was then voted that the men be "called out." Wednesday, February 27, the Dispatch was not printed, but it was announced on the bulletin board of that paper that it would appear the next day as usual. The only person about the office on the 27th, according to the Providence Journal's report of the strike, was the engineer, who, when asked why he was there, answered that he was there "to prevent the place from being blown up." Twenty-three at- tachments were placed on the property February 27, and the next day two more attachments were filed against the paper. On March 1, according to the same authority, " two or three non-union compositors had been secured and one column of original matter was set up and locked in a form with plate matter." This form, with three others of plate matter, was transferred under pohce protection to the office of the Rhode Island Democrat. The present Chief of Police was one of the officers forming the cordon. No sooner had the form arrived, however, than a deputy sheriff was on hand and placed a keeper in charge, but allowed the paper to be printed. The sheriff then notified the Dispatch people that they must issue the paper from their own plant in the future. Editorially the paper said an improvement in its appearance would be made in forthcoming issues. On Wednesday, March 7, Deputy Sheriff McCabe released the 25 attachments on the receipt of $786.18, the sum total of the amounts due the employes. March 6 the Dispatch secured the services of Al. Cohick and a gang of "rat" printers from Norwich, Conn., and elsewhere. The executive committee reported at the March meeting that polit- ical pressure was being brought to bear in the Dispatch trouble. Accepted as progress. The President of the Union and the chairman of the Telegram chapel were instructed to call upon Mr. Black of the Telegram and obtain his signature to the scale of prices. A special meeting was called April 17, for the purpose of taking action in regard to the issuing of a travelling card to an apprentice member. Michael H. Donahue, employed in the Telegram office, had been E £ ^ £ > c« HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 125 discharged before the completion of his apprenticeship. Before his dis- charge the boy had been admitted to the Union as an apprentice member, and upon his discharge he made application to the executive committee for full membership. The committee granted Mr. Donahue a travelling card. It was for the purpose of revoking the action of the executive committee that the special meeting was called. After a bitter wrangle the committee was sustained by a vote of 28 to 10. Twenty or more members present did not vote. That the executive committee exceeded its authority in this matter there can be no doubt, and had the 10 members who so ably opposed its action appealed their case to the I. T. U. officials they would as surely have been sustained. Trouble developed fast for Providence Union after the adjournment of this meeting. With the Dispatch still in the breach, the Journal an open office, the job branch in a demoralized condition and everything looking all but rosy, on April 27, 1889, at the close of composition on the Evening Telegram, Mr. Black appeared in the composing room of that paper and announced that all who desired to remain in his employ must immediately sign a contract, which he thereupon presented. A chapel meeting was called by the chairman, George W. Wilson, who stated the conditions of the contract, and it was voted unanimously that the con- tract be not signed. Mr. Black then gave notice to the men that their services were no longer required, and every man took leave of the Telegram. In refusing to sign the contract the men were justified in that they, as a chapel, did not have the authority, and as individuals would be obHged to sever their connection with the Union. The regular meeting of the Union was held the next day, Sunday, April 28, and the following resolution was adopted and ordered com- municated to the Rhode Island Central Labor Union : "Whereas, D. 0. Black, publisher of the Evening and Sunday Telegram of this city, having locked out the compositors and Union men from his employ and declared his office a non-union shop, thereby placing himself on record as opposed to organized labor, there- fore, be it "Resolved, That the Central Labor Union of Rhode Island do pledge itself to stand by Providence Typographical Union in its struggle for its rights, and will use all lawful efforts to bring said D. 0. Black to terms with said Union." Notwithstanding all the trouble on hand and no apparent decrease in the visible supply of that article, this meeting was marked by seem- ingly reckless prodigahty. One member was voted $42 strike benefits, to be paid out of the local treasury, and the executive committee was instructed to present a claim for that amount to the I. T. U.; the dues and assessments of all female members, with the exception of per capita taxes, were remitted; $175 was voted for expenses of the I. T. U. dele- 126 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE gate, and bills to the amount of $59.63 were ordered paid. An assess- ment of 10 per cent, of the earnings of the members was voted for the purpose of conducting the fight against the Telegram. In less than one week after the lockout on the Telegram the ex- ecutive committee had estabhshed a daily paper, The Call, and the Union continued its publication for about eight months. While no special meetings of the Union were held during the month of May the executive committee and the locked out members of the Telegram chapel held frequent meetings, at which the welfare of the Call and the progress of the fight with the Telegram were discussed. The May meeting was devoted almost entirely to the reports of committees and officers. The manager of the Call, Frank E. Jones, also made a report, and he was instructed to correspond with Messrs. Remington, Bowditch and Crandall in regard to the editorial man- agement of the paper. The minutes of the June meeting show that J. D. Hall, Jr., had succeeded Mr. Jones as manager of the Call, Mr. Jones having assumed editorial control. Mr. Hall was thanked by the Union for the able manner in which he was conducting the paper. Mr. Hall explained that the dull season for advertising was at hand and that the Union must take that fact into consideration if the business to be done for a few months to follow showed a decrease. August 10, a special meeting was called by the executive committee to consider an offer made by Messrs. Pease and Bowditch for the purchase of the Call. The amount offered was $1000 for the plant and good will of the paper, with the understanding that they be allowed to use " plate matter " without restriction. The offer was accepted, by vote, after considerable dis- cussion. For some reason the deal was not consummated, and at the regular meeting August 25, Mr. Hall, manager of the Call, was reported as sick and A. L. Randall was appointed manager during Mr. Hall's illness. At the October meeting Mr. Hall reported on the condition of the Call. The report was referred to the executive committee, and at the November meeting his report was referred to a newly appointed finance committee. A special meeting was held December 8, 1889, and J. H. Russell, representing other parties, offered $700 for the Call plant. At that meeting it was voted to sell the property to the highest bidder during the next three days, the price to be not less than $700, and a committee was appointed to consummate the sale and adjust finances. ■ Evidently this committee was unable to carry out its instructions, for at the regular meeting held December 29, it was "Voted, That if the Call is not sold by January 15, 1890, it shall be suspended." The ex- ecutive committee and the manager of the Call were instructed to attend HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 127 to the details. Final reference to the Call as the Union's newspaper was made at the January (1890) meeting, and is expressed in these words in the minutes: "Mr. Hall made report on the Call matter. Accepted." During the eight months' life of the Call as a printers' paper, very little business, other than discussing the policy and prospects of the venture, had been transacted at the Union meetings, the battle against the Telegram being waged through the columns of the Call. The sale of the paper transferred the struggle to the floor of the Union. A letter from A. M. Williams, editor of the Providence Journal, was read at the meeting held June 30, 1889, returning the $100 death benefit of James Williams, and requesting that the money be devoted to the aid of sick and disabled members. It was voted to accept the money for the purposes assigned in the letter, and the secretary was instructed to forward the thanks of the Union to Mr. Williams. At the July meeting $5 was donated to the Central Labor Union to help defray a deficiency incurred by its Fourth of July picnic. Nothing of interest is recorded in the minutes of the meetings for the six months following, ordinary routine to a degree depressing ruling the assemblages. January 26, 1890, it is recorded that the Union men employed in the Telegram office had been " ordered out " by the executive com- mittee since the last meeting of the Union, December 29, 1889. The reason alleged for the action being " discrimination and unfair treat- ment of members of the Union." At the February meeting resolutions were adopted and forwarded to the congressmen and senators from this state asking their support in the effort then being made by Columbia Union to have restored the prices current previous to March 3, 1877, in the Government Printing Office. Rudolph DeLeeuw was elected to represent Providence Union at the Atlanta convention of the I. T. U., and he was instructed to sustain the executive council in the Albany matter. The "Albany matter" was an appeal by Albany Union from a decision by President Plank of the I. T. U. The appeal and decision were read at the meeting held March 30, 1890, and the above action taken. A committee was appointed at the June meeting to devise means for entertaining the I. T. U. delegates to the Boston convention to be held June, 1891. A motion to appoint a committee to formulate some plan for the admission of non-printer hnotype operators, the same to be submitted to the I. T. U. executive council, was lost; the secretary was instructed to correspond with unions where machine operators were employed in 128 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE regard to rules they may have for the admission of non-printer operators. Mr. Martin, President of the Union, at the September meeting, suggested that two shares of the Call be purchased. The matter was referred to the executive committee with power to act. A committee was appointed at the December meeting to make effort to form a beneficial society among the printers employed in the Telegram office. The purpose of this move was to organize the men in that oflfice in a manner intended to give no offence to the manage- ment. Of course, the object was to eventually gather the society into the Union fold, but — alas, the motive was too apparent. December 30, two days after the appointment of the committee, three Union men were discharged from the Telegram. A special meeting was called December 31 to consider the matter. The meeting was held in a room of the Hotel St. George, southeast corner of Washington and Mathew- son streets. The building in which the hotel was located has since been demolished to make way for the widening of Washington street. It was decided at this meeting to prepare a statement for publication, and a committee was appointed for that purpose. Four delegates were appointed at the meeting held January 25, 1891, for the purpose of attending a Labor Conference to be held Sun- day, February 8. No report of the delegates is recorded. It was voted that $5 be forwarded to Sacramento Union. Nominations for delegate to the Boston convention of the I. T. U. were made at the February meeting, and at the March meeting Frank- lin P. Eddy was declared elected. The delegate was instructed at the May meeting to vote in favor of the death benefit provision ; against the permanent place of meeting, and uninstructed as to the general amnesty proposition. The records for the June, July and August meetings are missing. It was voted at the September meeting to endorse the action taken by the Central Labor Union in regard to the Record and News. The action of the Central body referred to was an endorsement of the atti- tude of those two papers in regard to organized labor. November 1, 1891, a special meeting was held, at which it was voted that the Union withdraw its permission to members to work in the Telegram office. It was provided that to those coming out the sum of $7 per week would be paid for a period of eight weeks. It was then voted that all working in the Telegram office after 9 A. M. on Novem- ber 2, would forfeit their Union ties. The finance committee reported at the meeting held November 30, that it had borrowed $50 to be used by the Telegram committee, and at HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 129 the same meeting $10 was voted to Pittsburg Union in response to an appeal for aid ; besides it was gallantly voted to present to a female applicant for membership her initiation fee — $2. At the December meeting the sentiment was expressed by vote that it would be economically wise and prudent for the city of Provi- dence to establish its own electric lighting plant. The committee having the Telegram matter in hand was dis- charged at this meeting. The Typographical Union Label is first mentioned in the minutes of Providence Union under date of January 31, 1892, and in conform- ity with the following resolution a committee was appointed to have custody of and authority to permit its use : " Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed, two of whom must be book or job printers, to take entire charge of placing a Union label in job and other offices; provided that no label be issued to any office unless said office becomes what is known as a ' card ' office. And that said committee be hereby directed to at once procure a Union label from headquarters and draw money from this Union to pay for the same. And said committee shall, at least once a month, cause to be published and sent to every Union connected with the R. I. C. L. U. the name of every firm entitled to use said label." The following preamble and resolution was adopted at the same meeting : " Whereas, In the Sunday Telegram of January 24, there appeared a letter signed P. H. Quinn, District Secretary and Treasurer D. A. 99, K. of L., in which was given what purported to be a statement of the relations of the Knights of Labor to the Providence Typographical Union in the past and present, and " Whereas, Said statement was in the main false and wholly uncalled for, and especially as it supported the Telegram in opposition to the Typographical Union ; be it therefore " Resolved, That this Union requests a retraction and apology for the publication of said statement, the request to be made through the District Master Workman of the K. of L." The Union approved the expressed intention of the Rhode Island Central Labor Union to pubhsh a monthly " Union Bulletin," provided the pubhcation would not entail assessments upon the component Unions. The Union also approved the report of the Commissioner of Indus- trial Statistics, in which he recommended that the law be so amended as to prohibit the employment of children under 13 years instead of 10, in factory, mercantile estabhshment or workshop, and hoped that the recommendation would be favorably acted upon at the present session of the Legislature. The bill introduced in the General Assembly by Representative Hughes of Cumberland, making the first Monday in September a legal hohday, to be known as Labor Day, was heartily endorsed, as was also the bill introduced by Senator Garvin, establishing a 9-hour day or 54- hour week. 130 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Ten dollars was appropriated to aid in bringing the weekly payment bill before the Supreme Court. Quite a politico-economic record for one meeting. And still another resolution along the same Hues was laid on the table, the proposal of a vote of thanks to the committee on city printing for its action in award- ing the printing of the city to friendly firms, meeting that fate. It was voted at the February meeting to send one delegate to the I. T. U. convention to be held at Philadelphia the following June. At the April meeting it was announced that George B. SulHvan had been chosen to act as the Union's representative. The expense appropriation w^as $35. It was stated by the committee having the matter in hand that $22.25 had been collected for the purpose of helping defray the cost of bringing the weekly payment bill before the Supreme Court. An invitation to attend a lecture to be given at Bell Street Chapel on March 18 was accepted at this meeting. In March a resolution was passed expressing sympathy and guar- anteeing moral support to the Clothing Salesmen's Association in their struggle with two firms persisting in keeping their stores open after 6.30 P. M. At the November meeting these firms were placed on the "We Don't Patronize List," after which Mr. Whitaker, representing the salesmen, addressed the Union, and upon his retirement a com- mittee of one to act with representatives of other organizations was appointed to call on the proprietors of these stores in the interest of the salesmen. Al. C. Howell explained to the Union the reason of the recent visit of George Chance of Philadelphia, and a committee of five was appointed to solicit funds to aid Philadelphia Union. Fourteen dollars was obtained in this manner and forwarded to Philadelphia. The following is entered on the minutes of the April meeting : "The sound of martial music being heard it was voted to take a recess of five minutes to allow the members an opportunity to feast their eyes on a company of soldiers." Mr. Grieve, explaining the absence of George E. Boomer, stated that he had found him at Pawtuxet painting a boat, said boat belonging to a syndicate of which said Boomer was a member, which act, Mr. Grieve asserted, was "in direct contravention of both Biblical and International law, which prohibits a man from working seven days a week." The secretary was ordered at the May meeting to write to Boston Union in regard to the Telegram obtaining plate matter from a Union shop. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 131 An attempt to raise the dues to 75c. per month, with a rebate of 25c. for attendance at meetings, was made at the June meeting and laid over to July. At that meeting the matter was laid on the table for two months and then evidently forgotten. At the July meeting a committee was appointed to make arrange- ments for a delegation of printers to participate in an excursion of the Weavers' Union on August 20. August 28, a communication from New York Union, No. 6, an- nounced that the New York Tribune had become a strict Union office. An invitation to attend the Journeymen Plumbers' fair was ac- cepted at the September meeting. A special meeting of the Union was held October 17, 1892, because it was believed at that time that affairs in the Telegram office demanded immediate attention. The progress made by the executive committee in dealing with the Democratic city committee was reported. The executive committee was given full power to further negotiate with the leaders of the Democratic party. At the regular October meeting the committee reported another conference with the Democratic city committee, from which body a committee of ten had been appointed to call on Mr. Banigan; that they had also had an interview with the Democratic State Central Committee, a committee from that organiza- tion being appointed to co-operate with the committee of ten above referred to. An answer from the joint committee had not been re- ceived up to October 29, the date upon which one was promised. A scale of prices was adopted at this meeting, 35c. per 1000 ems being the rate for afternoon and weekly papers and 40c. for morning papers. At a special meeting held December 14, 1892, the secretary was ordered to apply to the executive council for permission for this Union to grant a general amnesty in accordance with Sec. 110 of the I. T. U. constitution. The minutes of this meeting were, by vote, suppressed until ordered read by the executive committee. At the regular December meeting a communication from P. H. Quinn was received, asking that the Union be represented at the ban- quet of the Industrial Alliance. The executive committee called a special meeting January 3, 1893, at which it reported that Providence Union had been granted the priv- ilege of a general amnesty. The committee was given full power to act under the order. A committee appointed December 18, 1892, to consider the advisa- bility of some form of entertainment reported in favor of a concert at the special meeting January 3, 1893, and after discussion the com- 132 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE mittee was instructed to carry out the idea suggested. At Blackstone Hall on the night of January 31 a good-sized audience enjoyed the dehghtful programme arranged by the committee: The Providence Handel Club Orchestra opened the concert with " Fletterwoch Over- ture," the Weber Ladies' Quartette sang two selections, and William Hanrahan, tenor, rendered " Margherita," responding to an encore with "Let Me Like a Soldier Fall." Miss Florence Williams told of the fortunes and misfortunes of " The Whistling Regiment," and was followed by the Palma Mandolin and Guitar Club with enlivening selections. Mrs. Minnie H. Vaughn, soprano; J. H. Jennings, banjo soloist ; Miss Emily J. Ballou, contralto ; Charles H. Bosworth, bass, and Charles Tisdale, responded to encores. The committee in charge of the concert consisted of John J. Nolan, Joseph H. McGuinness, J. D. Hall, Jr., William Donovan, Rudolph DeLeeuw and George E. Boomer. The receipts of the concert amounted to $132, expenditures $55.37, leaving a balance of $76.63. At the regular meeting held January 29, 1893, a committee was appointed to aid in the formation of a Pressman's Union, and it was voted to advocate the purchase of Union-made goods and Union-label goods as opposed to K. of L. goods and K. of L. label. At the February meeting announcement was made that the Central Labor Union had received a charter from the A. F. of L. It was also stated that the Unions identified with the building and constructing industries were to hold a meeting for the purpose of forming a Build- ing Trades Council. Protest by resolution was made at an adjourned meeting held April 9 against the appointment of Charles William Edwards as Public Printer at Washington. A committee was instructed to wait upon the Democratic representative and ask that he object to the appointment of said Edwards; and to also lay the matter before other labor organi- zations. April 30 the executive committee reported that conditions in the Telegram office were very satisfactory. Wilham Palmer was elected delegate to the L T. U. convention to be held in Chicago. Seventy-five dollars was voted the delegate- elect, and at the May meeting an additional $25 was voted. A committee from the Rhode Island Central Labor Union was given the privilege of the floor at the May meeting. This committee stated that their visit was due to the fact that it had discovered that the working cards of the Typographical Union did not bear the Union label, a condition which the Central body did not approve and could not conceive its toleration by No. 33. An examination of their cards by ^ # #^'^|^:^£ «r> •i"i> «>^ ^ HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 133 the members revealed the truth of the committee's assertions, and the financial secretary, Franklin P. Eddy, since deceased, was asked to explain. That officer's defence is not recorded, but is remembered by one who was present at that meeting. During the Hfe of the secretary it was jokingly remarked that there was no hole so small through which he could not crawl, and on this occasion he stated in explanation of the " unfortunate " occurrence that he had found a number of cards which had been printed before the label was adopted and, for sake of economy, had made use of them. After hearing the secretary's excuse the com- mittee withdrew and the regular order of business was taken up. It was then voted that all printed matter issued by the Union here- after must bear the Union label, regardless of cost, and the secretary was instructed to notify the Central Labor Union of the action taken. At the June meeting a member stated that he had heard that P. H. Quinn of the K. of L. wanted to " bury the hatchet." The " lockout " on the News was also announced at this meeting. At an adjourned meeting held next day, Monday, June 26, it was stated that every man affected by the action of the manager of the News had reported for work that morning, as usual, and that of the 25 men involved but four had been retained ; that 14 or 15 non-union men were at work. Mr. Hutton, the pressman, volunteered to assist the Union in any manner the men might suggest. It was " Voted, That it is the sense of this body that the action of the News management is a lockout." The meeting decided to ask that a special meeting of the Central Labor Union be called and the matter placed before that body, and adjournment was taken to Tuesday, June 27. At Tuesday's meet- ing Mr. Grieve reported that the Union men who had worked in the News office Monday had individually resigned their positions. The pressmen and stereotypers had also resigned, and men from the Eastern Electrotyping Company were reported to be assisting the News in its stereotyping department. District Organizer Keyes of the I. T. U. was introduced and stated that he had an appointment with Mr. French, manager of the News, for to-morrow. He beheved, however, that Mr. French did not care to settle the matter. Mr. Grieve then presented the following, which was given to Mr. Keyes as a basis for negotiations : "Providence, R. I., June 27, 1893. "Mr. George French, Editor-in-Chief Providence News: " Dear Sir — If you desire to employ Union printers on the News it is within the power of Providence Union to furnish you all of the men that were engaged upon the paper last week, and the men will be notified at once if you so desire. It is inconsistent with the laws of the Union for any of them to work under the present foreman. "If the dull season necessitates saving in running expenses the Union printers will do all that is consistent, and are willing to submit the whole affair to arbitration. "J. D. Hall, Jr., President, " For Providence Typographical Union." 134 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE At the meeting held June 28 the District Organizer reported that Mr. French had stated that he had nothing to arbitrate ; that Governor Brown had been interested in the matter and had interviewed Mr. French but had accomphshed nothing. Mr. Keyes assured the men affected by the lockout that they would receive strike benefits. Presi- dent Hall announced at the November meeting that he had received assurances that the new manager, Mr. Wardner, of the News would Unionize the paper at an early date. A committee appointed February 25, 1894, to interview the manager of the News reported at the April meeting, and the report was accepted and the committee discharged, with thanks. July 30, 1893, the Telegram was declared an open oflfice. The declaration was rescinded at the August meeting. Owing to a depleted treasury and the doleful outlook, Franklin P. Eddy, the financial secretary, stated that he would willingly accept a reduction of salary. It was voted not to reduce. The executive committee announced at the meeting held August 27, 1893, that it had suspended the action taken by the Union at a pre- vious meeting declaring the Telegram an open office. A committee was appointed to make arrangements for the Labor Day parade with authority to expend not over $15. Prescott Post hall was the place where the members were to assemble on the morning of that day, and from there march in a body to the place assigned by the chief marshal. George E. Boomer was elected a visiting delegate to the convention of the Massachusetts State Tj^pographical Union, without power to bind Providence Union to any course of action. Five dollars was allowed the delegate for expenses. A committee appointed September 24 to make arrangements for holding a concert under Union auspices reported later that the time was inopportune. October 29, $17.10 was received from the Central Labor Union as No. 33's share of Labor Day profits. A communication was read requesting members to purchase only from Union clerks, and $10 was voted the Olneyville strikers, regret being expressed that the finances of the Union did not warrant a larger appropriation. John J. Nolan was appointed press representative for the Union at this meeting. The amount of cash on hand November 26, 1893, was 17 cents, and according to the treasurer's report was divided as follows : " (n-tural fund $0.17 " HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 135 As compared with the December statement the November rating might be termed gilt-edged. An examination of the bills presented for that month and a peep into the strong box, revealed an indebtedness of $19.70 in excess of the available coin. No report of the Union's finan- cial standing is given for January, but the statement for February 25, 1894, shows that the Union had again begun to accumulate riches, the treasurer on that date announcing a balance on hand of six cents. How the amount was apportioned is not recorded. An effort to have a committee appointed to draft a scale for machine operators was tabled at the January, 1894, meeting. A communication from the New England Typographical Union was read at the February meeting. The communication urged Provi- dence Union to affihate with that organization, and after laying on the table for one month, favorable action was taken. The most ungallant action recorded in the history of the Union was taken at the meeting held March 25, 1894. It was brought to the attention of the Union on that date that girls were to be employed in a local printing office to the exclusion of men, and it was voted that the President wait on the proprietors of that office and request that the girls be not allowed to go to work. The President at a later meeting reported that he had interviewed one member of the firm but had received no satisfaction. May 29, 1894, the special committee on government ownership of the telegraph reported that the Central Labor Union had endorsed the letter to our senators and representatives urging them to favor its passage. A protest from the manager of the Visitor was read at this meet- ing, to the effect that while he was paying 35 cents per thousand other weekly papers were paying but 30 and 33 cents. That he did not object to the payment of 35 cents, but thought that others should be charged as much, and felt that he should be protected in the matter. The secretary was instructed to assure Mr. Walsh of the Union's appre- ciation of his attitude ; also that some other papers paid 35 cents, and the Union hoped that the friendly feeling existing between it and Mr. Walsh would be continued, to the end that those paying less might be induced to pay more. The proposed appointment of a new city official to be known as Superintendent of Printing was discussed at this meeting. The Rhode Island Central Labor Union had already voted to endorse any candidate No. 33 might suggest. It was then voted that the Union endorse Mr. Grieve for the position should the office be created. 136 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE August 26, 1894, the secretary was ordered to procure 100 badges in old gold, to cost not more than 5c. each, for the use of members Labor Day. The limit was later raised to 8c. Two delegates were appointed to attend a meeting of the Union for Practical Progress. At the September meeting Rudolph Modest addressed the Union in relation to the troubles of New York cigarmakers. October 30, 1894, no quorum. It was broached at the November meeting " that Justice was em- ploying a suspended member of this Union." Justice was advised to comply with its agreement or give up th£ label. The trouble was amicably adjusted and Justice pursued the even tenor of its way. The year died naturally, the December meeting being given up to the election of officers for 1895. March 31, 1895, Charles G. Wilkins, deputy organizer for the first district, spoke of the effect of typesetting machines in different parts of New England. Mr. Duggan of Worcester and Mr. Moffitt of Fall River also addressed the Union. Upon invitation of Pawtucket Union, No. 212, it was voted to appoint a delegation to attend a mass meeting and parade of the differ- ent labor organizations of that city to be held April 17, 1895. A communication from Philadelphia Union asking for a 50-cent subscription to the Childs' memorial was read at the April meeting and referred to the executive committee. The assessment was levied at the November meeting, 1896. The delegates from No. 33 to the Central Labor Union were un- seated for non-attendance, according to a communication read at the April meeting. The same delegates were then re-elected and requested to attend to their duty in the future. May 26, 1895, N. W. Reese was elected delegate to the convention of the New England Typographical Union, which was held that year at New Bedford. , Twenty-three members were expelled at that meeting. At the June meeting the secretary was instructed to correspond with the chairman of the Boston Post and the President of Boston Union in reference to a proposed banquet and ball game between the employes of the Post and those of the Providence Telegram. At the July meeting letters were read, in reply to the secretary's communica- tions, from John F. Duggan of Worcester, Charles G. Wilkins and John Douglas of Boston. The answers showed that the game was arranged with a view to organizing the Telegram force. Providence Union did not appreciate the effort, however, and the President and secretary were HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 137 instructed to officially protest against the game between Union and non-union men. A communication from the Carpenters' Union was read at the November meeting, severely criticising Typographical Union's member of the Labor Day Committee. George B. Sullivan, of Pawtucket Union, who acted as chairman of the Labor Day Committee, was present and stated that the matter could be of little concern to any individual Union represented, and advised that the matter be dropped. No action is recorded at this meeting. FrankHn P. Eddy was unanimously endorsed for the position of State Organizer for the New England Typographical Union at the July meeting, and at the same meeting Mr. Eddy was formally appointed to that office by President Moffitt of the N. E. T. U., who was present. The August meeting was not held because of no quorum. A committee on entertainment appointed at the September meet- ing was discharged at the November meeting, nothing having been accomplished in the matter. A letter from an individual who had made application for member- ship was read at the December meeting. In it the appHcant withdrew the application for the reason that he had secured a job in an office where a card was not necessary, and therefore the Union could be of no benefit to him. The salary of the financial secretary was reduced from $100 per annum to $5 per month. The matter relating to the action of our representative on the Labor Day Committee came up again for consideration at the January, 1896, meeting on the reading of communications from the Painters' and Decorators', the Carpenters' and Joiners' and the Building Trades' Council. At this meeting a committee was appointed to investigate the matter, and in April the committee reported that the action of our representative had caused great annoyance and delay in settling affairs of Labor Day. The matter was then amicably adjusted. The recording secretary apologized at the March meeting for his absence at the February meeting, the minutes of which are not recorded in the books. At the April meeting William Abell and Franklin P. Eddy were elected delgates to attend the Hartford convention of the N. E. T. U. Five dollars was voted to the committee having in charge the Eugene V. Debs labor rally to be held in Music Hall, June 23, with the proviso that no ads. were to be placed in the Telegram or News. 138 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE At the July meeting a committee was appointed to procure a drag for the use of members Labor Day. Flags, bunting and badges were ordered purchased. A committee was also appointed to prepare resolutions for presen- tation to the family of the late Hon. George J. West, an ex-member of the Union, and at the time of his death an honorary member. August 30, it was voted to withdraw from the Central Labor Union. John H. Cook of the Carpenters' Union, accompanied by John McGlucky of Homestead, Pa., asked the privilege of addressing the Union at the August meeting and the request was granted. Mr. McGlucky gave a blood-curdling account of the great Homestead steel strike, displaying to the awe-stricken members present numerous bullet wounds alleged to have been received from encounters with Pinker- ton's sharpshooters. An appeal for financial assistance by Mr. McGlucky was deferred until the next meeting, and then laid on the table. The President informed the Union that he had received a letter from Organizer H. Thomas Elder, an answer to which he had returned, and at a future meeting he would divulge the contents of the letter and the answer. The secret evidently died with the promise. A suspension of hostilities against the News was voted at the September meeting, and the entire matter was taken from the hands of the executive committee and placed in charge of the President and two members. November 18, 1896, an assessment of 50 cents per member was levied, the same to be forwarded to the trustees of the Childs-Drexel fund. At the December meeting a communication from Woonsocket Union was read, asking the support of Providence Union in advancing the candidacy of Leroy B. Pease for the position of Public Printer under the McKinley administration, and a committee was appointed for that purpose. Correspondence from senators and representatives was read at the January (1897) meeting, assuring hearty support. The commit- tee reported that the Central Labor Union had endorsed the petition, and that Boston Union had been visited and that Union had reconsid- ered previous action and had endorsed Mr. Pease. The committee was discharged in April, 1897, and while it was unable to report that it had been successful, the committee was thanked by the Union for its strenuous efforts. December 27, 1896, amended rules and regulations governing the use of the label were proposed and adopted. The amendments were HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 139 introduced with a view to enhance the value of the label and to pre- vent abuse of the privilege of its use. That the Childs-Drexel assessment might be considered in the light of a Christmas gift, it was voted to draw on the treasury for an amount based on the number of members then in good standing. A committee was appointed at the February (1897) meeting to inquire into the reorganization of the Central Labor Union, and report at the next meeting. Upon a favorable report it was voted to re-affili- ate at the March meeting. March 28 it was announced that the I. T. U. per capita tax had been increased 5c. per month, but it was deemed advisable to make no increase in local dues until the amount then being paid proved inade- quate to meet expenses. The secretary was instructed, April 25, 1897, to notify sister Unions that antagonism toward the News on the part of Typographical Union had been withdrawn and the trouble satisfactorily adjusted. Two delegates, Messrs. Eddy and Roxburgh, were elected at the April meeting to attend the convention of the N. E. T. U. at Salem. Fifteen dollars each was voted the delegates. May 30, it was voted that the delegates endeavor to have the convention meet in Providence, June, 1898, and at the June, 1897, meeting a committee on ways and means was appointed to prepare for the convention's reception one year hence, the Union's delegates to Salem having reported that they were successful in securing for Providence the 1898 meeting. Delegates to the Labor Day Committee were appointed at the May meeting, and June 27, 1897, it was voted to apply to the Central Labor Union for No. 33's share of last Labor Day's profits. The formation of a chapel in the News office was announced July 25. The condition of the Union's banner was the subject of a discussion at the August meeting. Mr. Eddy remarked that " Providence Union should be proud of the distinction of being the oldest trade Union in the city, but of having the oldest banner— Never ! " Mr. Shaw volunteered to poHsh up the brass work on the pole, and Mr. Roxburgh promised string to tie up the loose pieces. At the October meeting application was made for the label by the proprietor of an Italian newspaper. November 29, 1897, the salary of the financial secretary was increased to $75. The reorganization of the Central Labor Union under the name of the " Rhode Island Central Trades and Labor Union " was announced at the January, 1898, meeting. 140 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A committee was appointed at this meeting to formulate a scale of prices for offices using typesetting machines, but was at a later meeting discharged. Committee on ways and means for the reception of the N. E. T. U. reported progress at the February meeting, and sub-committees were appointed on hotel, hall, badges, banquet, etc. At the May meeting the sub-committee on hall reported that St. George Lodge, K. of P., would, on the night of the banquet, rehnquish its hall to the printers and that organization was thanked for the courtesy. William Palmer and Charles S. Shaw were elected at the April meeting to represent Providence at the convention. President John McMorrow of the Brewers' Union was introduced at the May meeting and appealed to the Union to place before the N. E. T. U. the necessity of printers assisting the Brewers' Union in their fight to unionize the breweries of this city. The comphmentary banquet ticket problem was settled by a vote authorizing the President to use his discretion in the matter. The convention of the New England Typographical Union was held in Journal hall, June 14-15. Twenty-nine delegates, representing 14 Unions, attended the convention. The delegates were tendered a banquet and entertainment on the evening of June 15, at which the following programme was successfully carried out: Welcome, Presi- dent WilHam J. Meegan; toastmaster, A. E. Morrill; remarks. Gov. Ehsha Dyer; "N. E. T. U. and Alhed Trades," John Moflitt; song, selected, Daniel Knoepfel ; " The Power of the Press," Robert Grieve ; remarks, Joseph D. Hall, Jr. ; piano solo, " The Witches' Flight," Miss Clara E. Burtwell; "The Nine-Hour Question," James J. Nolan; " Industrial Development," Hon. Henry E. Tiepke ; song, selected, H. CorneHus Barnes ; " Employer and Employe," Col. L. B. Pease ; " The Union Label," Thomas M. Nolan; piano solo. Miss A. Bernice Abell; " Municipal Ownership," Silas Gamble ; reading, Charles S. Shaw ; " Our Lady Guests," Charles E. Smith ; " Auld Lang Syne." Commit- tee in charge, Frankhn P. Eddy, E. Leshe Pike, George B. Sullivan, WilHam Abell, William Palmer, Charles S. Shaw, Richard W. Roxburgh. William Abell was elected delegate to the International Convention at the election held the last Wednesday in July, and at the August meeting the delegate gave a glowing account of the doings of that body and intimated that there was $2,500 somewhere that this Union could have by applying to somebody. The president, financial secretary and recording secretary were elected a committee to immediately annex the $2,500, but a diUgent search failed to reveal the whereabouts of the princely treasure. The convention was held at Syracuse, and the mazuma may have been salted. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 141 There was no quorum present at the July meeting, owing, as the minutes state, to the inclemency of the weather. Sunday, August 28, the financial secretary was " instructed to pro- cure at least 25 badges for Labor Day, which, in addition to those in his possession, is expected to be sufficient." At the September meeting a committee was appointed to draw up a circular protesting against the methods of the N. E. T. U. October 30, 1898, an invitation to attend Pawtucket Cigarmakers' fair was accepted, and complimentary tickets to the Journeymen Bakers' Union masquerade ball were received. The meeting of November 27, 1898, was called to order by the recording secretary and, owing to the absence of a quorum, immediately adjourned. The secretary makes a note that " This was the day of the big snowstorm." Because of lack of a quorum the December meeting was adjourned. There was a very sHm attendance at the January, 1899, meeting. Because no business had been transacted since the October meeting, a great deal of routine matter had accumulated. This fact, and the I. T. U. law, which required subordinate Unions to meet at least once in three months, seemed a sufficient reason for the President to ignore a point of order that there was no quorum present. Appeal was taken, but the attitude of the President was sustained. A committee appointed at this meeting to prepare a scale of prices for hand, machine and job composition was, at a later meeting, dis- charged for non-performance of duty. March 26, 1899, a ballot taken on a proposition to levy an assess- ment of five cents per week for a period of twelve weeks, resulted 33 for, 12 against. The financial secretary was given discretionary power as to the method of collecting the assessment at the April meeting. A committee of one was appointed at the April meeting to inter- view all printers in the city who were not members of the Union and ascertain their reasons for not joining. The recording secretary was to keep a record of such reasons on file. At this meeting the Union voted to withdraw from the New England Typographical Union. It was voted also to elect a delegate to the I. T. U. convention at Detroit ; and after the names of three candidates had been placed in nomination, it was voted that any member, so desiring, could become a candidate by filing his candidacy with the financial secretary. The election was held in the ante-room of Journal hall and Rudolph DeLeeuw was chosen to represent Providence Union. Mr. DeLeeuw desired instruction as to his vote upon certain matters to come before the convention, but the Union expressed confidence in its delegate's good judgment on all matters. 142 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The report of the Central Labor Union delegates at the meeting held July 30, 1899, showed that the action of the I. T. U. in assuming control of linotype machinists was condemned by that body. It was reported at the August meeting that No. 33 had been given the right of line in the Labor Day parade. September 24, 1899, a communication from L T. U. headquarters, asking that financial support be given for the contest with the New York Sun, was received, and a committee, one member from each office, was appointed to solicit subscriptions. A special meeting was held October 1, to consider ways and means for unionizing the Telegram. Organizer McMahon gave an account of his work up to that time, and Herbert W. Cooke of Boston made a vigorous appeal for united action. The executive committee was in- structed to act in conjunction with the organizer in the matter. October 29, 1899, Messrs. Raphael and Strauss, two members of the National Cigarmakers' Union, addressed the meeting in relation to cer- tain brands of non-union cigars. A committee of three was appointed to attend a conference to be held in the interest of the cigarmakers. Delegates to the Central Labor Union reported that a mass meet- ing, preceded by a parade, would be held under the auspices of that body on November 16. A committee was appointed to assist in making the affair a success. At a special meeting, held November 18, the secretary was in- structed to communicate with New Haven Union and demand an ex- planation of its action in refusing to accept a travelling card issued by Providence Union. The executive committee was authorized to receive Samuel B. Donnelly, President of the L T. U., who was expected to visit Provi- dence. November 26, 1899, John Mee addressed the Union in behalf of the Waiters' Alliance. The label committee reported that it had granted probationary use of the label to the Journal of Commerce. The President then stated that the foreman or superintendent of that company had withdrawn permission to the Union to do missionary work in that office. A committee of two was appointed to attend a meeting of the Textile Workers. The Union voted to reaffiliate with the New Eng- land Typographical Union. December 31, 1899, the Label League delegates reported that the league was working for the passage of a bill through the State legisla- ture in the interest of labels, trademarks, etc. February 25, 1900, it was stated that the Label League had dissolved. At the May meeting the passage of the label law was announced. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 143 At the December meeting it was " Voted that all pressmen belong- ing to this Union be given a withdrawal card and instructed to affiliate with the Pressmen's Union." A committee was then appointed to confer with the pressmen, stereotypers and others for the purpose of organizing an AUied Printing Trades' Council. January 28, 1900, Mr. McDermott, a representative of the SociaHst Labor party, addressed the Union upon the subject : " Socialism vs. Trades Unions." At the conclusion of the address several members of the Union spoke in refutation of the ideas advanced by that gentleman. A vote of thanks, however, was extended to Mr. McDermott. It was voted that hereafter meetings of the Union be held in the hall known as the Labor Temple. A committee was appointed at the January meeting to make arrangements for a ball ; and on Monday, February 26, 1900, Winslow Hall was comfortably filled with devotees of Terpsichore, who thor- oughly enjoyed the exercises. Included in the committee were: Bed- ford Codrington, chairman; Austin E. Malone, Frederick J. Tully, Brandon Shaw and Thomas Graham. Mr. Malone acted as floor direc- tor, and Mr. Tully as assistant floor director. William Donovan, George B. SulHvan, Franklin P. Eddy, WilHam Palmer and James H. Russell served as a reception committee. The affair was reported at the March meeting as a social and financial success, about $40 being added to the Union's bank account. The committee was discharged with thanks, and the boys assisting Mr. Russell in the coat room were voted $1 each. At the February meeting Mr. Raphael addressed the Union on grievances of the cigarmakers, and the moral support of Providence Union was unanimously extended. Delegates to the Central Labor Union reported at the March meet- ing that a mass meeting would be held in Music Hall on Friday, March 30, and that the meeting would be preceded by a parade. A committee was appointed to assure proper representation in the proposed parade, and, if possible, to secure Mr. Cooke of Boston to speak at the mass meeting. The delegates reported also that a committee from the C. L. U., awaiting in the ante-room, desired admission to present charges against one of our members. The committee was admitted; and upon their retirement, it was voted that the charges be considered cognizable by the Union, and a trial committee was appointed to hear the evidence. At the March meeting this committee, in its report to the Union, exon- erated Bedford Codrington, the accused. It was voted that the secretary call the attention of the chairmen of all poHtical parties to the Union label, and urge their endorsement of that emblem by its use on printed matter. 144 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE The financial secretary was instructed to subscribe for five copies of the Typographical Journal, to be distributed at his discretion. (At this time the I. T. U. had not provided for the Journal's distribution to all members, its circulation depending upon local Union or individual subscription.) Mr. Raphael of the Cigarmakers again addressed the Union at the March meeting. Messrs. Cook and Barrett from the Central Labor Union addressed the members at the April meeting, urging the endorsement of a propo- sition of the C. L. U. to employ a business agent. It was voted to con- tribute our proportionate share of the expense such an undertaking would incur. At the same meeting a scale of prices, submitted by a committee previously appointed, was adopted by sections. The same was adopted as a whole at the July meeting. This scale called for $14 per week and a 9-hour day in book and job offices, and 40 cents per hour for hand composition on newspapers. For machine composition, it demanded $24 and $20 per week for morn- ing and evening newspapers, respectively, and specified that 45 hours should constitute a week's work. Piece work on machines was to be 13 and 11 cents — morning and evening. Candidates were nominated for one delegate each to the Interna- tional and New England Typographical conventions. At the May meeting it was announced that Austin E, Malone was duly elected delegate to the International convention, and Hugh F. Carroll to the New England convention. Ten tickets to the Printing Exposition, under the auspices of " Big Six," New York, were ordered paid for by the financial secretary. Two special committees were appointed at the May meeting to endeavor to have the label appear on City and State printing. A communication from Painters' and Decorators' Union was read at the June meeting, thanking Providence Union for financial assist- ance. Arrangements were completed at the August meeting for the Labor Day parade. John P. Dorl was elected marshal, and it was voted that he devote one day to canvass the membership to the end that a creditable showing would be made. It was also voted that " Johnny " McGuire, apprentice on the News, be engaged to carry the banner, and that $1 be the compensation therefor. Ten dollars was appropriated to assist Galveston Union at the Sep'tember meeting. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 145 It was voted that the President appoint a committee of 30 for the purpose of handling the reorganization of the Telegram, the names of said committee to be made known at an adjourned meeting to be held October 8, at 8 P. M. In the meantime the executive committee was instructed to obtain the affidavit of a Union man who had been dis- charged from the Telegram solely because he was a Union man. At the adjourned meeting the President announced the names of those comprising the committee, and methods of procedure were dis- cussed. ' A committee was then appointed to confer with the master printers in relation to the scale adopted at the July meeting, and it was voted that the same become operative January 1, 1901. According to the minutes of the October meeting the committee of 30 on the Telegram reorganization "reported briefly" ; and Mr. Brown, for the committee on conference with the master printers, " reported steps taken by that committee." Both reports were received as reports of progress. " Typothetae " was substituted for " master printers " in recording the report of the " Committee on Conference " at the November meet- ing, and the report again accepted as one of progress. It was provided that, if necessary, a special meeting might be called. At the special meeting held October 8, it was voted that the dele- gates to the Central Labor Union confer with the delegates to that body from the Pressmen's Union, to the end that a resolution be pre- sented to the City Council urging that the label appear on all city printing. " That the delegates act before the coming election " was attached as an amendment. A bill of $4, contracted by the latter com- mittee, was ordered paid— one-half of said bill to be charged to the Pressmen's Union. At a regular meeting held October 28, 1900, a member inquired as to the propriety of his writing fraternal order notes for the Telegram. The idea was expressed that such action by a member was ethically improper, and he was advised to discontinue his writings and use his influence among lodge members to refrain from patronizing the Telegram. A committee was appointed to wait on the women employed in a certain office and endeavor to have them join the Union. Copies of the Report of the Commissioner of Industrial Statistics were distributed to those present. At the December meeting it was "Moved that all members em- ployed in printing offices which shall refuse to pay the scale decline to go to work on January 1, 1901." The matter, after discussion, was 146 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE laid over for action to an adjourned meeting to ])e held the following evening at 8 o'clock. A committee, one man from each office, was selected to request the payment of the scale by the office in which each was employed, and to report at the adjourned meeting. At the adjourned meeting, every one of the committee reported an adverse reply to his request. President Donovan and Organizer McMahon then gave an account of their reception by the different pro- prietors — not at all encouraging. A telegram from President Lynch of the I. T. U. was read, notifying the Union that a strike could not be endorsed unless all regulations governing same were complied with. After considerable discussion, a committee of three was appointed to confer with the Pressmen's Union (then in session in the same building) and to report result. The committee, upon its return, reported that the Pressmen's Union had voted to await a final answer from headquarters before taking aggressive action. A recess was voted and the Pressmen were invited to discuss the situation. The invitation was accepted by the Pressmen. After all who so desired had expressed their opinions on the subject, the Pressmen withdrew and the Union resumed business. It was then unanimously voted to strike two of the largest offices on Tuesday, January 1, 1901. The strike lasted two days, and resulted in a victory for the Union. A special meeting was called Friday, January 25, 1901, at the request of President Lynch of the L T. U., who, however, was unable to be present, for the purpose of taking action on an agreement between the Providence Telegram PubHshing Company and the International Typographical Union. After a reading of the agreement, the instru- ment was ratified by the Union, and thus ended an unpleasantness which had existed for almost twelve years between the Union and the Telegram management. At the regular meeting, Sunday, January 27, the "committee of 30" was discharged, the object for which it had been appointed having been accomplished. The committee was composed of the following members : BowKN, Thomas, Horton, J. J., O'Connor, Daniel, BuRRKTT, H. N., Hoffman, Max, Ogden, C. S., Barnes, H. C, Irons, Ernest, Russell, J. H., Carter, D. E., Keenan, John P., Reeney, Frank, Choquet, a. H., Lewis, William, Rees, N. W., Clowes, Robert J., Lyons, James, Shaw, W. S., Dorl, John P., Malone, A. E., Shannon, J. A., Dolan, H. F., Mahoney, F. J., Smith, Fred, DeFini, Vincent, Meegan, W. J., Tully, F. J., Donahue, J. H., Madden, F. C, Williams, D. E. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 147 The Union voted to indorse the proposed agreement between the American Newspaper Publishers' Association and the International Typographical Union. The election of officers, postponed from the December meeting, was taken up at this meeting. A committee was appointed to appear before the City Council Printing Committee in relation to awarding the contract for city printing. February 24, 1901, it was voted to hold a "smoker" in Labor Temple hall some time during the month of March. The committee having the affair in hand provided a lengthy miscellaneous programme which was greatly enjoyed by all who attended. George B. Sullivan acted as chairman of the exercises. Mayor Fitzgerald of Pawtucket made an address, and letters of regret were read from Mayor Granger of Providence, who was ill, and Frank E. Fitzsimmons of Lincoln, who had to attend an important meeting of the school committee. Edward Leslie Pike recited " Barbara Frietchie," with star-spangled accessories. Am.ong others taking part in the exercises were Brandon Shaw, who sang, and ex-President Martin, who made a short address. While the " smoker " was in session a ballot, taken on the ratification of the agreement between the American Newspaper Publishers' Asso- ciation and the International Typographical Union, resulted in a unani- mous vote. Tuesday evening, March 19, 1901, was the date upon which the exercises were held, and" the committee in charge comprised Messrs. SulHvan, Russell, Eddy, Gattrell and Evans. March 31, 1901, Mr. Sullivan, for the committee, reported a very successful affair— at an expense of about $44. The financial secretary was instructed at the February meeting to subscribe for one copy of the Typographical Journal to be sent to the Providence Public Library. At the meeting following, a letter from Librarian Foster was read, thanking the Union for its thoughtful action. William A. Newell was granted an honorable withdrawal card. A committee was appointed at the March meeting to draft resolu- tions upon the death of Franklin P. Eddy. The death of no member since the time of reorganization had been more keenly felt than that of Brother Eddy. Notwithstanding his frail physique he had devoted to Union matters the energy of a giant and, outside of the Typographical Union, in the local labor world, he had wielded a powerful influence which, in turn, had accrued to the benefit of No. 33. At the April meeting it was decided to send no delegate to the I. T. U. convention, but it was deemed advisable to send one to the 148 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Lowell convention of the New England Typographical Union, and Eh Alford was elected. Twenty dollars was allowed the delegate for expenses. The Central Labor Union delegates, at the May meeting, announced the formation of a Retail Clerks' Union, and urged members to patron- ize Union clerks exclusively when making purchases. A committee from the Barbers' Union was given the privilege of the floor at the June meeting, and it requested that members patronize only Union barber shops. Cards bearing the Typographical label were distributed on which was printed a Hst of the Union barber shops. Five dollars was appropriated for the benefit of black-listed railroad employes. At the July meeting, at the suggestion of President Lynch, a com- mittee was appointed for the purpose of label propaganda. It was voted at the August meeting that the Union should parade Labor Day. Eli Alford was chosen marshal for the occasion, and Carl Robb was elected unanimously to carry the banner. George B. SulHvan was authorized to invite Pawtucket Union to parade with No. 33, and the financial secretary was instructed to procure badges. The financial secretary's salary was increased from $75 to $120 per annum. Ten dollars was donated to the Steel Workers to be used in their battle with the trust. A committee vested with discretionary powers to arrange for a ball, reported at the November meeting that its mission had been accomphshed, and while the affair had been a huge success socially, yet financially it had not reached the committee's expectations. Only $5.05 was realized on the venture. The ball was held October 29, 1901, in Labor Temple hall, and music was furnished by Fay's Belmont Orchestra. The committee comprised J. H. Graham, Daniel O'Connor, William Abell, F. J. Mahoney, Carl Robb and Charles J. Rothemich. The floor director was C. J. Rothemich, F. J. Mahoney acting as assistant. The aids were Daniel O'Connor, WilHam H. Jillson, Thomas Bowen, N. A. McPherson, James Cox and Daniel E. Mooney. Messrs. Donovan, Palmer, Abell and Russell served as a reception committee. A communication from the Barbers' Union, stating that it had voted to have all its printing bear the Union label, was read at the September meeting. Delegates to the Central Labor Union were instructed to call the attention of that body to the discourteous treatment accorded a com- HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 149 munication from this Union, requesting C. L. U. officers to patronize Union printing offices. Mr. Robb asked that the secretary write a letter to the German Brewers' Union, thanking its members for their efforts to unionize Anzieger. It was so voted. At the October meeting a torchhght parade, to be followed by a mass meeting in Infantry Hall, was announced for November 22, by the delegates to the Central Labor Union, and a committee was appointed to carry out the suggestions contained in a circular in rela- tion to the same matter. October 27, 1901, resolutions expressing sympathy and offering financial assistance to New York Union in its fight with the Sun, were adopted. Delegates to the Central Labor Union reported that after many attempts they had secured the adoption of a resolution calling for the use of the Union label on all printed matter ordered by that body. A motion to endorse the candidacy of Lucius F. C. Garvin for Governor was ruled out of order by President Donovan, for the reason that it introduced partisan poHtics into the Union. On an appeal from the decision of the chair, democracy triumphed, the decision was over- ruled and the motion passed. November 24, 1901, $5 was voted to the AUied Printing Trades' Council to help defray the cost of a " sangerfest." Attention was called to the expiration of the Chinese Exclusion Act, generally known as the " Geary Law," and appropriate resolutions were passed, advocating the immediate re-enactment of a similar law. A vote of thanks was extended to the Barbers' Union, Electrical Workers' Union and Central Labor Union for the interest manifested by those bodies in the Union label. Sunday, December 29, $15 was voted to the International Brother- hood of Blacksmiths for use in San Francisco, where a vigorous fight for eight hours was being waged. At the meeting held January 26, 1902, the Allied Printing Trades' Council delegates reported that they had had an interview with the City Council committee on printing, and expressed the behef that they had made an impression on that august body. A communication from a member who desired to have his name " crossed off the Hst " was laid on the table. For negligence of duty on the part of the inquiry committee for the past year, a vote of cen- sure was passed as an amendment to a motion that the members be fined. The retiring President, Mr. Donovan, was thanked for faithful and efficient services. 150 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE February 23, the organization of the Bartenders' Union was an- nounced by the Central Labor Union delegates, and printers were advised to quench their thirst only in those cafes employing the wearers of the I. B. L. blue button. The delegates stated also that a sacred concert, under the auspices of the Central Labor Union, would be held at Infantry Hall, Sunday, March 16. A communication from President Lynch of the L T. U. in relation to the International Union's hability for strike benefits to members called out of non-union or open shops, was read at the February meet- ing, and it was voted to voice the protest of Providence Union against the International law as interpreted by President Lynch. An adjournment was taken from the February meeting to March 9 for the purpose of revising the scale of prices. The proposed changes were adopted by sections at the adjourned meeting and adopted as a whole at the regular meeting, March 30. It was voted at the April meeting to send one delegate to the Cin- cinnati convention of the I. T. U., and one delegate to the Manchester convention of the N. E. T. U. William Donovan was chosen to act as delegate to the former convention, and Daniel O'Connor to the latter. The delegate to Cincinnati was instructed to do all in his power to have a law passed by which all Union men should be guaranteed strike benefits when called on strike, whether they be employed in Union offices or not. The delegate to the N. E. T. U. convention was in- structed to urge the disbandment of that organization on the ground of having outHved its usefulness. Mr. Donovan was allowed $100 for expenses and $15 was appropriated for the use of Mr. O'Connor. May 25, 1902, an agreement with the News Publishing Company, identical with that of the Telegram, was reported as having been signed, and the appHcation of the News Company for the Union label was referred to the Allied Printing Trades' Council. It was announced that the name of the Rhode Island Central Trades' and Labor Union had been changed. Providence being substi- tuted for Rhode Island. It was voted to send ten delegates to the next meeting of the Economic League. June 29, 1902, a committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions for a banner. A communication from Stereotypers' Union relating to the refusal of the Central Labor Union to seat its delegates was read at the June meeting, but no action taken. The strike of the Providence Street Railway Employes' Association against the United Traction Company was endorsed, and it was voted HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 151 to levy a fine of $1 on any member of this Union patronizing the cars of that company during the continuance of the strike. Little but routine business was transacted at the July meeting. Several vacancies on committees were filled, and a motion by Mr. Carl Robb that $40 be appropriated for the purchase of a new banner was ruled out of order by the presiding officer. It was then voted to parade on Labor Day, and Eli Alford and Carl Robb were elected as marshal and standard bearer, respectively. The re-election of these two gentle- men to the offices they had so ably filled one year previous evidenced the Union's appreciation of work well done. For some time there had been dragging along in the courts an action of the Union vs. J. J. Ryder & Co., for infringement of the Union label. At the August meeting the delegates to the Allied Printing Trades' Council reported that Mr. Ryder had been fined $30 for use of a counterfeit label. Governor Garvin was endorsed for re-election, and at the Novem- ber meeting his appointment of Joseph McDonald as factory inspector was endorsed by resolution. The name of George H. Pettis was placed on the Honorary List at the August meeting. September 28, a communication from the Eight-Hour Work Day Committee of the L T. U., urging action along hnes suggested in an accompanying circular, was received and a committee was appointed to attend to the matter. A communication from the International Women's Auxiliary was received at the meeting held October 26, 1902. The formation of an association of retail cigar dealers in opposition to the tobacco trust was announced at the October meeting. The new association had agreed to sell only Union cigars, it was stated, and members who were in the habit of using B. L. plug tobacco were advised that L. B., a Union-made plug, was an admirable substitute. November 30, 1902, members were allowed to wear their hats dur- ing the meeting, because the janitor had failed to have the room com- fortably heated. The banner committee reported that the object for which it had been appointed was in sight— not ocularly, but prospectively. Three delegates were appointed by the chair to attend a convention called to consider the advisability of organizing a State Branch of the American Federation of Labor. At the December meeting the dele- gates announced that a branch had been duly organized and recom- mended affihation. The report was received and recommendation adopted. 152 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A ballot taken by the members present at the November meeting on the Los Angeles assessment proposition, resulted in a vote of 33 in favor of the assessment and 3 against. Two amendments to the constitution were offered at the January (1903) meeting, both relating to Article VII., governing " Dues." One was for a flat assessment of 60 cents per month. The other was based on the percentage plan. Both were laid over to the February meeting, and at that meeting the former plan was adopted. A committee appointed at the January meeting to wait on the printing committee of the City Council, to urge that the city printing be given to Union ofl^ices, reported at the February meeting that they had been courteously received and given a fair hearing. That, how- ever, was all. Ten dollars was voted to Owosso-Carunna Union. William S. Waudby of Rochester was endorsed for the office of United States Labor Commissioner at the March meeting. March 29, 1903, a committee of three was appointed to wait on the Pressmen's Union — for the purpose of formulating a joint proposition calling for increased wages and shorter hours. It was voted to procure a ballot box and a copy of Cushing's Manual. Along in the fall of 1920, President Lynch of the I. T. U. sent a letter to Richard S. Howland, editor-in-chief of the Providence Journal Company, in which was set forth the relations then existing between the International Typographical Union and 95 per cent, of the pubhsh- ers of daily papers in the United States. Mr. Howland, for a period covering several months, investigated the matter and found that Presi- dent Lynch had not overstated in any particular the friendly feelings existing between those proprietors and the Typographical Union. On April 2, 1903, M. S. Dwyer, then publisher of the Journal, acting for Mr. Howland, instructed the foreman, WilHam Carroll, to ascertain if the men in the composing room desired that the office be made strictly Union or remain as it then stood. After work had ceased that after- noon, WiUiam Donovan, at the suggestion of the foreman, called the men together in the composing room, and Mr. Carroll stated the object of the gathering. The proposition was a surprise to the men, and that fact caused an inquiry as to the purpose of it — there being a suspicion on the part of some that, as the Union scale, then existing, called for less than that paid by the Journal Company, it might be for the purpose of reducing wages. Mr. Carroll said that although the matter had not appeared to him in that light, he felt assured that he could, without consulting Mr. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 153 Rowland, inform the men that such action was not intended. He stated further that he beheved, if the men desired the office strictly Union, it would be made such. If they wished to have it remain as it was, that would be the end of it. It was then moved and seconded that the office be made a Union office. The motion was put and carried unanimously. The same question was asked that evening of the men who worked nights, with the same result. Information of the result was given to Mr. Dwyer by Mr. Carroll, and Mr. Dwyer asked that a committee from the Union call upon Mr. Rowland to arrange for the contemplated change. A special meeting of the Union was called April 5, 1903, for the purpose of appointing a committee to confer with Mr. Rowland, and at that meeting it was voted that a committee consisting of the I. T. U. Organizer, the President of the Union, and three members to be appointed, meet Mr. Rowland the following day. President Palmer appointed Andrew F. Moran, Ira N. Tew and James R. Russell, to act with himself and I. T. U. Organizer McMahon. The committee was given full power to consummate negotiations, and at the regular meeting held April 26, the committee submitted a signed agreement and a scale of prices. The new scale provided for an advance in wages ranging from 12'^/^8 per cent, to 33 '^ 3 per cent., and in all respects the best scale ever negotiated by Providence Union up to that time — the agreement to continue until February 6, 1906. The scale submitted by the committee was adopted at the meeting as the scale of the Union ; the agreement was ratified and the commit- tee discharged with thanks. Mr. Robb, for the committee appointed to purchase a new banner, reported that $30 had been subscribed by members, and asked that the Union appropriate the balance necessary for its purchase. It was voted that $25 be placed at the disposal of the committee. At the August meeting the committee reported the purchase of a banner at a cost of $50, leaving a balance of $5, which was returned to the treasury. The resignation of President Palmer, presented at the April meet- ing immediately after the ratification of the agreement and adoption of the scale of prices, was taken from the table at the May meeting. Before action could be taken, Mr. DeLeeuw asked permission to make a few remarks out of the regular order. Re then presented to Presi- dent Palmer $100 on behalf of the members employed in the Journal, Telegram and News chapels. Mr. Palmer replied fittingly. A motion that the resignation be accepted did not reach a vote, Mr. Palmer with- drawing the resignation. 154 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A book and job scale, embod>ing the 8-hour day and $16 per week, was adopted at the meeting held May 31, 1903, the same to go into effect September 14, 1903. A compromise was effected between the Typothetae and the Union in relation to this scale, the Typothetae agreeing to the increase of wages with no reduction of the working hours — 54 for the week. June 28, 1903, it was reported that some members of the Press- men's Union were, at times, called to work on the " case " in two of the large offices, and it was voted that the Pressmen's Union be requested to instruct its members to cease the practice. The Press- men's Union replied that it could do nothing in the premises. It was then decided to call the attention of the I. T. U. officials to the matter. It was voted at the July meeting to protest against the action of the Board of State Charities and Corrections in importing a man to act as instructor of printing at the Sockanosset School when many capable men were available at home. A copy of the protest was sent to Governor Garvin, and by His Excellency returned to the Union, with the information that the chief executive was powerless to grant relief in the premises. At the August meeting George B. Sullivan was elected to represent No. 33 at the convention of the State Federation of Labor to be held at Woonsocket. Ten dollars was appropriated for the benefit of the Journeymen Horseshoers' Union of Providence. A special meeting was held at AUied Printing Trades' Council hall, 98 Weybosset street, on Sunday, September 13, 1903, to receive the report of a committee appointed to submit to the master printers the scale of prices adopted at the May meeting. Mr. SulUvan, for this com- mittee, gave a full account of the conference with the Typothetae, and also read a counter proposition submitted by that organization. The committee recommended that the proposition be rejected. This action was taken. It was then voted that the scale of prices, as adopted by this Union, be enforced as soon as sanctioned by the I. T. U. executive council. The Union was called together again the following Friday (Sep- tember 18). The hall of the Providence Workmen's Beneficial Asso- ciation was occupied on this occasion. Mr. Shannon, for the scale committee, read a revised proposition submitted by the master printers. It was then voted to accept the revised proposition, of which the following is a copy : HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 155 AGREEMENT BETWEEN AND PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, No. 33 For Book and Job Offices Time Work Section 1. Book and job compositors, when employed by the week, shall receive not less than Sixteen dollars per week ; fifty-four hours to constitute a weeks' work. Sec. 2. Overtime shall be paid for at the rate of time and one-half until 12 o'clock, midnight. When required to work until 9 P. M. or later, one half hour shall be given and paid for by the office. All work done on Sundays or holidays shall be paid for at the rate of double time. By the term " holidays " is meant Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Sec. 3. Apprentices shall be limited as follows : One apprentice to every four journeymen or less, and one apprentice to each additional four journeymen or majority fraction thereof, but in no case to have more than three apprentices in a less proportion than one to eight journeymen. The term of apprenticeship shall be four years. Sec. 4. No apprentice shall run a typesetting machine until within six months of the expiration of his term of apprenticeship. All apprentices shall be registered accord- ing to International Typographical Union regulations. Sec. 5. The hours of labor shall be between 7 A. M. and 6 P. M. The above scale of prices is hereby agreed upon between, etc., etc. The scale adopted May 31 was then amended to comply with the above agreement. At a later meeting it was reported that every large firm in the city had signed, except one. George B. Sullivan reported as delegate to the State Federation and received the thanks of the Union for the excellent manner in which he had represented No. 33. The finances of the Union at no time warranted the inordinate bonding of its treasurer. That something might accumulate within its "strong box," however, time and again it had been proposed to increase the dues, and time and again the proposition had been defeated. Such was the fate of the proposition offered at the October meeting, providing for an increase of dues of 10 cents per month per member. The proposed amendment to the constitution read as fol- lows: " The dues of this Union shall be seventy cents per month, ten cents of which sum shall be set aside as a fund to enforce eight-hour legislation." Other amendments were offered at the same time to those sections of the constitution which would necessarily be affected by the adoption of the above amendment. Notwithstanding the provision in the above amendment that set aside the increase for the exclusive benefit of the job printers, it was just that element that compassed its defeat. 156 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A counter proposition was offered, providing for the assessment of dues upon the percentage plan, the amendment reading : " The dues of this Union shall be one per cent, per week of weekly earnings." Both amendments were laid over until the following meeting, when both were defeated — the percentage plan receiving 38 votes to 35 against, and the 70-cent flat assessment receiving 41 votes to 31 against. Mr. Manshell, of the Sun Printing Company, was extended a vote of thanks for furnishing the Union gratuitously certain printed matter. A political circular, bearing the Union label, reflecting upon the Union principles of a former member and ex-President of the Union, which had been under investigation for some weeks, was discussed at the November meeting. The committee having the matter in charge reported that it was satisfied that there had been no unlawful use of the label and recommended that the matter be dropped, inasmach as a resolution exonerating the gentleman accused had been passed at the October meeting. December 27, 1903, the committee intrusted to prepare this history of the Union was appointed, and resolutions defining its powers and privileges were adopted. The committee, as originally organized, com- prised the following: WilHam Carroll, John A. Shannon, William Palmer, George B. SulHvan and WiUiam J. Meegan. At the time of the appointment of this committee it was believed, and in reality is a fact, that Providence Union was organized June, 1856, and that its 50th anniversary would, therefore, occur June, 1906 ; but, for reasons stated in the introduction, 1907 was chosen as more appropriate under the circumstances. Twenty-five dollars was voted for the preliminary expenses of the committee at the adjourned meeting held February 7, 1904. The minutes of the meeting held January 31, 1904, are missing, but it is remembered, as the record of the following meeting suggests, that no business of importance was transacted, adjournment being taken to the following Sunday that the members might attend the funeral services of Charles H. Hopkins. The adjourned meeting was held February 7, 1904, in Allied Print- ing Trades' Council hall, 95 Westminster street. Resolutions of respect for our departed brother, Charles H. Hopkins, were adopted, and the charter of the Union ordered draped for a period of 45 days — one day for each year of his life. A committee which had been previously appointed to consider the advisability of holding a ball or entertainment of some sort, reported the proposal as inexpedient at that time. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 157 The Los Angeles Times committee reported progress in its work. A dues scheme — something of a straddle of the flat rate system and the percentage plan — was defeated ; ayes 27, nays 23. A propo- sition to levy an assessment of 10 cents per month for a period of six months was also defeated. The regular February meeting was held Sunday, the 28th. The Allied Printing Trades' Council delegates reported that the label had been taken from the Telegram. The discussion which fol- lowed was somewhat animated and prolonged. It was finally voted to ask the council to restore the label pending the arrival of Organizer McMahon. It was also voted that President Geer proceed to Boston to confer with the organizer, to the end that the matter might be settled as quickly as possible. The trouble was precipitated substantially as follows: A News- paper Writers' Union had been organized in this city, and soon after its formation its President was discharged by the Telegram manage- ment for the reason, as stated by the deposed President, that he belonged to the Union. The Telegram management denied that the man was discharged for any such reason. Being represented by dele- gates in the Allied Printing Trades' Council, the newspaper writers succeeded in having that body remove the label from the Telegram. After the adjournment of the February meeting it was expected that something definite would be accompHshed in regard to the matter before the time for the March meeting, but such was not to be. Presi- dent Greer was not present at the March meeting, he having accepted work in Boston. Organizer McMahon had not visited Providence in the meanwhile. Things remained in statu quo. It was then voted that the I. T. U. oflicers be fully informed of the situation. The label was not restored to the Telegram until July, delegates to the Allied Printing Trades' Council reporting to that effect. In the meantime, the Newspaper Writers' Union had ceased to exist. An honorable withdrawal card was granted to H. B. Ladd at the meeting held March 27, 1904. Ex-Financial Secretary Abell, who had retired from the business, was present at the March meeting and gave an interesting account of the "simple life" he was then practicing, and extended a cordial invitation to all members to visit him " down on the farm." At the April meeting it was voted to send one delegate to represent Providence at the I. T. U. convention to be held at St. Louis. The names of six members were placed in nomination, four of whom with- drew before the election. An assessment of $1 per member was levied on the June card. At the May meeting the election committee reported 158 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE that William J. Meegan had been elected delegate, and $100 was appro- priated for expenses. At the July meeting $50 additional was appro- priated A donation of $5 was voted to Parkersburg, W. Va., Union at the April meeting. Mr. Paquette of the Bakers' and Confectioners' Union addressed the members at the May meeting, and asked the moral support of the printers for the Bakers' Union, which was then on strike for recogni- tion as an organization. George B. Sullivan was endorsed as Providence Union's candidate for I. T. U. Organizer, and a committee appointed to present his candi- dacy to other Unions for endorsement. To a member who had been ill and who wished to return to his native home, $10 was voted. At the June meeting Mr. Reed of the Western Federation of Miners addressed the members and gave a graphic account of the doings of the " Citizens' Alliance " in the mining districts of Colorado. The Union sympathized with the miners to the extent of $10, and a committee appointed to solicit contributions for the same purpose for- warded to miners' headquarters $12.50 more. It was voted that the July meeting be held in Squantum woods, and a committee was appointed to make arrangements for shelter in the event of bad weather. The secretary was instructed to notify all members of the change of place of meeting. In accordance with the above vote the July meeting was held in the woods, it not being necessary to seek shelter, the day being delight- ful. Twenty-four members were present. An ideal spot, surrounded and shaded by a group of hemlocks, was selected ; and after President Daniel O'Connor had wormed himself into a comfortable position upon the ragged edges of a huge boulder, he declared the meeting open for the transaction of business. The executive committee reported that a bundle of tickets from Norwalk Union had been disposed of to individual members and the proceeds forwarded to that Union, and an appeal for financial aid from Freight Handlers' Union was laid on the table because the strike for which the aid was asked had been declared off. Delegates to the Central Trades' and Labor Union reported that a meeting of delegates from all organizations intending to take part in the parade on Labor Day would be held Tuesday evening, August 2, for the purpose of electing a chief marshal. Six delegates were appointed to attend that meeting, and by vote, Ceorge Wilson of the Cigarmakers' Union was endorsed for the position of chief marshal. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 159 A committee was appointed to decide where it would be advisable to hold the next meeting. The August meeting was called to order in the Union's regular quarters in Labor Temple. William Carroll was elected delegate to the State Federation con- vention to be held at Newport. Tickets for a ball to be held Labor Day at Trinidad, Col., were received and laid on the table, and a communication announcing a ball game between Outlet clerks and Photo-Engravers' Union was received and placed on file. The delegates to the C. T. and L. U. were instructed to protest against sending the Labor Day Programme to Boston to be printed. September 25, 1904, delegates to the Central Trades' and Labor Union reported that a committee had been appointed by that body for the purpose of organizing a Woman's AuxiHary, to be composed of the wives and daughters of members of the different Unions affiiliated with the C. T. and L. U. A committee of five was appointed to draw up a new contract for book and job offices, and the committee was instructed to hold itself in readiness to meet a committee of master printers, that agree- ment might be had for the year 1905 between employing printers and the Union. The committee was also empowered to formulate a scale for weekly newspapers. George B. Sulhvan reported at a meeting held December 18, that the committee had met the master printers and had submitted a scale of prices differing sHghtly from the one then in oper- ation. A communication was read in which a discussion of the eight-hour day was dechned by the master printers. At the January (1905) meet- ing the committee reported that an agreement had been reached, and asked that the same be ratified by the Union. That action was taken and the committee empowered to obtain signatures to the contract. February 26, 1905, the committee reported nine offices signed and an agreement with the proprietor of the Weekly Visitor. March 26, prac- tically all offices were reported signed. A committee was also appointed at the September (1904) meeting, for the purpose of revising the constitution. At the October meeting this committee was ordered to report at the November meeting, under penalty of discharge for failure. The committee protected itself from the disgrace so generously provided by submitting a printed Ust of proposed amendments. The report was received and laid on the table for one month. At the meeting held December 18, 1904, consid- erable progress was made with its reading and several sections were adopted. Amendments to the proposed amendments, however, began 160 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE to interrupt the work, and the greater part of the printed Hst was laid over until the next meeting, and at that meeting consideration of the amendments was postponed. At the May (1905) meeting a new com- mittee was appointed to correct and revise the constitution, and at the July meeting this committee requested members to bring in their changes and proposed amendments that the committee might be able to offer a report which would, perhaps, meet with less objections. No further progress was made with the work of adopting the amendments until at a special meeting held November 15, 1905, when about one-half of the unfinished matter was gone over. That ended consideration of the amendments until May 26, 1907, the matter being postponed from month to month. At the May meeting it was voted to devote one-half hour to the consideration of the amendments at that and each subse- quent meeting until the adoption of the constitution as amended be completed. The matter is still before the Union. Still another committee appointed at the September (1904) meeting, was one authorized to prepare for some form of entertainment of the members. On Tuesday evening, November 15, 1904, the committee in charge provided a bounteous feast, consisting of a turkey supper with all the fixings, coffee and ice cream. Because of a boycott on one of the leading caterers by the Bakers' Union, the affair was held in Labor Temple hall, and the supper served by a member of the Waiters' Alli- ance. After the tables were cleared away the members gathered about to hsten to the exercises provided by the committee. President O'Con- nor made a felicitous address and introduced William Carroll as toast- master. Hugh O'Halloran, ex-President of Boston Union, made the principal address, in which he ably set forth the duty of members to the Union, and the benefits to be derived therefrom. Other speakers were George B. Sullivan, President Charles A. Salisbury of Pawtucket Union, James Muspratt, Samuel R. Macready on " The Oldest Printer," and Wilham J. Meegan on the " Printers' Envelope." Singing, dancing, and a sparring match between Monk, the Newsboy, and Little Mike, gave variety to the programme. William Carroll, John P. Dorl and Wilham Lewis comprised the committee. November 27, 1904, the request of a Mr. Olyott that he be given permission to practice on a spare Mergenthaler machine in the News office was refused. Because the regular December meeting was scheduled to fall on Christmas Day it was voted to hold the next meeting on Sunday, December 18. The death of Clarence E. Burtwell was announced at the December meeting, and the secretary was instructed to obtain the names of all HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 161 deceased members and have the same inscribed on the memorial tablet, presented some years previous by Judson A. Keach. Delegates to the Central Labor Union reported at the meeting held January 29, 1905, that many of the Union labels were being counter- feited or imitated, and that the word " Union " was being used as part of the name of many non-union articles. At this meeting the treasurer reported a notification from the International Union that Providence Union was in arrears for per capita tax. Charges were then preferred against the financial secre- tary for withholding Union moneys. The charges were deemed cog- nizable and a committee appointed to take testimony. A great amount of labor on the part of the auditing committee was necessary to arrive at a just conclusion as to the amount involved. The aif air was event- ually settled by the Union accepting a note for $150, payable in six months. Bitter feehng was engendered during the discussion of the matter at the different meetings, at one of which charges were pre- ferred against the President for neglect of duty. These charges were, however, deemed not cognizable by a unanimous vote. That the Building Trades' Council was about to issue a monthly magazine was announced at the January meeting, and it was voted to take space in the book for the purpose of advertising those offices using the Union label. A committee of two was appointed at the meeting held February 26, 1905, to appear before a legislative committee and favor the adop- tion of a law requiring the labeling of convict-made goods. This committee reported March 26, and recommended that a standing com- mittee be appointed to attend to such matters in the future. The official handbook of the Barbers' Union, not bearing the Union label, was given to the delegates to the AlHed Printing Trades' Council for investigation. The delegates reported later that the work had been done in a Union office. A communication from Pawtucket Union in relation to the transfer of matrices from a Providence paper to one in Pawtucket, was referred back to Pawtucket Union. Notice of a field day to be known as May Day, and to be held Sun- day, May 7, by the Central Trades' and Labor Union and Building Trades' Council was announced at the March meeting. The attention of the Union was also called to a resolution adopted by the Central Trades' and Labor Union, denvHng moral or financial support to any organization refusing to submit its contract for inspec- tion by that body before the same shall be formally signed. At the meeting held April 30, 1905, the death of William H. Jillson was announced, and a letter from Mr. Jillson's father, expressing thanks 162 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE for the many courtesies extended to his son, was read by the President, who stated that the death benefit had been paid to the senior Mr. Jillson. A case or cover for the preservation of the banner was ordered at this meeting, and Carl Robb was delegated to procure the same. It was voted to send two delegates, one from the book and job branch and one from the newspaper branch, to the Toronto convention of the International Typographical Union. Six candidates were nomi- nated — three from each branch. At a special meeting held in Musi- cian's hall, May 10, 1905, a committee was appointed to attend to the election, and it was voted to keep the polls open from 4 to 8.15 P. M. The election was held May 17, at 93V2 Clemence street. Eli Alford for the newspaper branch and Maurice E. Hughes for the job branch were elected. The total number of votes cast was 136. At the May meet- ing a motion to assess the membership $1.50 was laid over to the June meeting, and at that meeting the assessment proposition was withdrawn and a motion was passed transferring $150 from the eight-hour fund to the general fund, provision being made to replenish the eight-hour fund with the money soon due on note for $150. This amount was divided between the delegates. There were 31 members present at the meet- ing at which the transfer was made, the meeting being held at Boyden Heights. At the May meeting it was voted to give up Labor Temple for a period of three months, it having been voted to meet at Boyden Heights June, July and August. Edgar 0. Beacham was elected delegate to the New England Allied Printing Trades' convention at Fall River, $10 being voted as expenses. An eight-hour committee was appointed and given power to call a meeting at any time. June 25, 1905, the meeting was called to order at " The Lookout," a high point of land overlooking Narragansett Bay, and close to the Squantum Club grounds. Delegates to the Central Trades' and Labor Union reported that the President of that organization had, upon his own request, been author- ized to issue a weekly paper. The project had been opposed by No. 33's delegates because of abuse of like privilege in the past and the danger involved in giving one man authority to speak for so great and diver- sified interests. The July and August meetings were held in the open air and near the same locality as the June meeting, the minutes all being dated Boyden Heights. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 163 At the July meeting there were 27 members present and a com- mittee of five was appointed to draw up a scale of prices for newspaper work, to replace the scale appearing in the agreements expiring Febru- ary 1, 1906. After adjournment the minutes state that ample justice was done to a shore dinner in honor of Organizer Charles Scott, who was present. At the August meeting the committee on summer outings made a final report, and the secretary was instructed to thank the manager of Boyden Heights for courtesies extended to the Union. John Moffitt, President of the New England Allied Printing Trades, gave a brief history of the work accomplished in the Providence district. A committee was appointed to make arrangements for a parade on Labor Day, and it was voted that all members not parading be fined $3. The secretary was instructed to call the roll on Labor Day. It was also voted to provide carriages for female members. Cards, bearing a list of label offices, were ordered printed and distributed. A motion that " no printer be allowed in the hne on Labor Day unless he shall wear Union-made shoes, clothes and hat," was lost. The mover of the motion then gave notice that he would refuse to parade with any printer who did not wear Union-made clothing. WiUiam Carroll was elected delegate to the convention of the State Federation of Labor at Westerly. The meeting of September 24, 1905, was held in Labor Temple hall. The eight-hour and newspaper scale committees reported progress. It was voted that the President and secretary notify the master printers that the Union would ask for a change in the book and job scale, January 1, 1906. On motion, John J. Horton was elected reading clerk, that office having been created at the same meeting. The minutes state that Mr. Horton was escorted to a chair amid great applause. The organization of a Typographical Union in the Pawtuxet Valley was announced at this meeting. A communication from Boston Union requesting the attendance of a delegate to represent Providence Union at a conference of New England Unions, to be held at Boston for the purpose of discussing the proposed demand for an eight-hour day, was received, and H. S. Richard- son was chosen to act for Providence Union. Four dollars per day was voted the delegate for expenses. At the October meeting the delegate read the resolutions adopted at the eight-hour conference. 164 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE George H. Brown, delegate to the Central Trades' and Labor Union, recommended that Providence Union draft some sort of a resolution of protest against having the official Labor Day Programme printed in Boston. The delegate was instructed to attend to the matter himself. October 29, 1905, the newspaper scale committee presented its report, and it was voted that the same be made the special order at the next meeting, all members to be notified to that effect. At the Novem- ber meeting those of the proposed changes differing radically from the scale then in operation, were defeated. The scale as adopted was still further compromised by the committee negotiating the contracts with the newspaper publishers, the result being practically the same scale as the one previously in force. The President announced that he had notified the master printers in regard to a change in the book and job contracts for January 1, 1906, and also said that he had called a special meeting two weeks previous for the purpose of discussing the amendments to the constitution, but that the meeting had not been held because few had attended. It was then voted to call a special meeting within 30 days for the purpose of consid- ering the constitution. It was voted that in event of the passage of the 50-cent assessment, a ballot on which was about to be taken, the Union pay the same for all members who may be unemployed during the life of the assessment. The count of the vote showed that Providence Union had endorsed the proposition — 52 to 6. The resignation of William Abell as financial secretary, and that of EU Alford as recording secretary, was laid on the table for one month. At the meeting held November 26, 1905, a motion that the scale, as adopted, be submitted to the Central Trades' and Labor Union for approval, was laid on the table. The scale was ordered printed and the scale committee discharged. A committee was then appointed to nego- tiate contracts. At the December meeting the proposition to submit the scale to the Central Trades' and Labor Union for ratification was defeated, and on motion the delegates to that body were instructed to maintain a discreet silence about the whole matter. A communication from the International Typographical Union in regard to the 50-cent assessment was read, and the suggestion made that the assessment be raised to $1, the additional 50 cents to be retained by the local Union to help finance the eight-hour movement. It was voted to so assess all earning over $15 per week. To obtain exemption of the assessment, out-of-work members were required to report to the financial secretary. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 165 A motion that the salary of the financial secretary be increased to $10 per week, with $2.50 per week for office hire, was laid on the table for one month, and at the December meeting the matter was laid on the table, where it still remains. The resignation of the financial secretary was accepted at the November meeting and the names of three candidates were qffered in nomination to fill the vacancy. Charles Carroll was elected. The resignation of the recording secretary was not accepted. Officers for the ensuing year were then nominated. A special meeting was held December 26, 1905, in Musicians' hall, at which the proposed International Typographical Union assessment of 10 per cent, on weekly earnings was discussed. Organizer Scott and John Moffitt of the New England Allied Printing Trades spoke in favor of the proposition. To obtain the sentiment of those present, a test ballot was taken, which showed but one dissenting vote. Communications from various members of the Typothetae were read, in which Httle encouragement was given of a peaceable accept- ance of the eight-hour contract. The letters from the independent firms were, on the contrary, most favorable. The book and job scale was then taken up, and it was voted that those sections be considered adopted to which no objection was offered at their reading. The scale was then adopted, no objection or amend- ments being offered to any of the sections. A motion to postpone the adoption of the scale as a whole until the following Sunday was carried, but later reconsidered, and the vote was then taken. The count showed that the scale had been adopted by a vote of 58 for, one against. The committee appointed to collect and count the vote on the 10 per cent, assessment proposition announced that they had secured Hall No. 2, Labor Temple, and that the polls would be open Wednesday evening, December 27, from 6 to 8 P. M., for the accommodation of those members who did not vote in chapels. The committee reported at the meeting held December 31, that a total vote of 136 had been cast — 123 for the assessment, 13 against. The President announced that the eight-hour committee would hold an open meeting in Musician's hall, Friday night, December 29, at 8 o'clock. The amount in the local treasury, as announced by the treasurer at the special meeting, was $846.32. The meeting adjourned at 11 o'clock P. M., after having been in session about three hours. At the regular meeting held December 31, 1905, a communication from President Lynch was read, which advised that no men be called 166 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE from " open " or non-union offices, until such a course was sanctioned by the executive council of the International Typographical Union. President O'Connor stated that he, in conjunction with the executive committee of Providence Union, after considering every phase of the matter, recommended that the men be called from every office where the eight-hour day had been refused. A motion passed at the special meeting just previous, "that the President be authorized to instruct the members at the next meeting what course will be taken on January 1, 1906," was no doubt responsi- ble for the President's recommendation, which was concurred in by the Union. The executive committee reported that during the month they had received a communication from the Providence Printing Pressmen's Union, protesting against one of our members doing pressv/ork. Inves- tigation showed that said member was foreman of the office and clearly within his right in peforming any work under his control. The newspaper scale committee reported that the management of the Telegram was ready to meet the committee, but insisted that the committee must possess full power to negotiate the contract. The com- mittee was clothed with the proper authority. At the meeting held January 28, 1906, the committee reported contracts closed with the Telegram and Journal companies for a period of five years. At the February meeting the committee reported that the signing of the con- tract with the News had been delayed and that a conference between the chairman of the committee and Mr, Brown of the News, held that morning, February 25, 1906, had resulted in a deadlock. The com- mittee, however, were of the opinion that the matter would be satis- factorily adjusted on or before March 1. The report of the committee at the March meeting was received as one of progress. The signing of the contract with the News occurred shortly after the adjournment of that meeting. The secretary was instructed at the December (1905) meeting to ask the Board of Directors of the Musicians' Union to use its influ- ence with members of that Union to employ the Union label on their individual business and address cards. At the meeting held June 24, 1906, the secretary was instructed to draft a suitable answer to a com- munication from the Musicians' Union stating that the printers' inter- ests were being attended to. J. J. Manning of the Barbers' Union was endorsed as a candidate for appointment as member of the Barbers' Commission. A communication from the International Ladies' Auxiliary, urging the formation of a local branch, was read, and three ex-delegates, HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 167 Messrs. Meegan, Alford and Hughes, were appointed a committee on organization of a local auxiliary. At the January (1906) meeting the committee reported that it believed it would be possible to organize an auxiliary by the expenditure of a little money. The committee was given full power to go ahead. At the February meeting the committee reported progress, and at the March meeting the committee recom- mended that the Union provide for an open meeting of the auxihary, and also asked that No. 33 pay for the auxiliary charter and the first quarter's dues of the members then enrolled. The recommenda- tions were adopted. The open meeting was held in Gelb's parlors on the night of Ash Wednesday, the committee unfortunately selecting that date without being aware of its significance to many who might have attended. However, a permanent organization was perfected, and for a while the auxihary held its meetings at the homes of different members. A hall has since been secured for its gatherings, and the auxihary is now in a thriving condition. At the first meeting held for the purpose of organizing the auxihary, John W. Hays, First Vice- President of the International Union, was present, and addressed the ladies assembled. Mr. Hays commended the purpose of the gathering, and gave a brief outhne of the progress of the eight-hour strike. At the close of the meeting a social hour was enjoyed, during which hght refreshments were served. The 50-cent local assessment was discontinued at the December (1905) meeting. The " strike " for the eight-hour day was inaugurated January 1, 1906, and at the meeting held January 28, President O'Connor, who had been assigned to handle the matter, made a report of the situation, showing conditions that existed in the shops before and after the incep- tion of the strike. At this meeting the strike benefit was increased from $5 to $7 for single men, and from $7 to $10 for married men. An account of the strike, written by Financial Secretary Charles Carroll, covering all of its sahent features from the beginning up to September 1, 1907, win be found immediately following this story. A committee from Pawtucket Typographical Union was given the privilege of the floor at the January meeting, and asked that Providence Union endorse a resolution which Pawtucket Union had adopted, call- ing upon the Legislature to place the Union label on State printing. The resolution was endorsed and the delegates to the Central Trades' and Labor Union and the Alhed Printing Trades' Council were in- structed to present the resolution to their respective bodies for adoption. A communication from President Lynch, offering all needed financial aid during the strike, was read at the meeting held February 25, 1906. 168 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE One year's subscription to the "Progressive Printer" was ordered, the magazine to be addressed to the Providence Public Library. The death of Harry F. Davis was announced at this meeting, and a communication from Henry R. Davis, his father, was read, thanking the Union for its expression of sympathy. Charges were preferred against a member for entering into a private contract with his employer, at the February meeting, and a committee appointed to take testimony. At the May meeting the member was expelled for " ratting," after having been found guilty. Communications from Erie in regard to poster work being done in unfair shops in that city for Providence firms, and from New York, urging a boycott of certain magazines, were referred to the strike committee. At the March meeting the label committee distributed copies of a book containing the names and business addresses of 325 firms and individuals who had agreed to have the Union label on all printing ordered in the future. Two members (Messrs. Houle and Pike) were appointed to repre- sent Providence at a Union label demonstration to be held at Brockton. They were accompanied by Mrs. Abell and Mrs. Hughes of the Ladies' Auxihary. The financial secretary's report for March was $2,640.25 collected. At the meeting held April 29, 1906, it was voted to send one dele- gate to the Colorado Springs convention of the International Union. Eight candidates were nominated, four of whom withdrew before the day of election. Daniel O'Connor received a pronounced plurality and within a few votes of a majority over the field of candidates. A motion to set aside $150 for use of the delegate was defeated at the June meet- ing. At the July meeting a motion was passed appropriating $150 for that purpose. It was decided by vote at the September meeting not to allow a bill presented by the delegate for $50 for expenses incurred over and above the original appropriation, and a resolution appropriating $50 for that purpose, offered at the same meeting, was laid on the table. The executive committee reported at the April meeting that the men employed by the Providence Linotype Company had been ordered out. It also reported that $15 had been contributed to the San Fran- cisco earthquake sufferers, and the Union voted to open subscription lists in all offices within its jurisdiction. Committees were appointed to draw up suitable resolutions on the deaths of James L. Bicknell and Charles Williams. It was also voted at this meeting that overtime in newspaper offices be made accumulative. HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 169 At the May meeting Charles H. Lee was elected delegate to the New England Allied Printing Trades' convention at Springfield. Twenty dollars was voted for expenses. Report had been made to the executive committee by the chairman of one of the newspaper offices that he had been insulted by a member of the Union while in the pursuit of his duties as chairman. The executive committee at the May meeting recommended that said chair- man be instructed to fine said member one day's pay ($3.50), to be paid on or before the next regular meeting. It was provided that the chair- man might accept an apology in heu of the fine. The recommendation of the committee was adopted, but the chairman failed to carry out instructions. In view of the number of Italians seeking admission to the Union, it was voted to add an Italian member to the inquiry committee. The apphcation of a member on strike for permission to leave the city and at the same time draw strike benefits was denied by the execu- tive committee, and the action sustained by the Union at the July meeting. Resolutions condemning the RepubHcan party for its failure to give a hearing on the eight-hour proposition submitted at the 1906 session of the State Legislature, were passed at the July meeting. During the campaign which followed, these resolutions were the subject of much newspaper comment and political oratory. It was voted to parade Labor Day, and a committee of six was appointed with full power to make arrangements. It was also voted that all members not parading be fined $2. The names of those members who did not parade were read at the September meeting, and the secre- tary was instructed to collect the fine provided. At the meeting held January 27, 1907, the secretary was again instructed to collect the fines due the Union from members who did not parade Labor Day. The fine was assessed on the February card, and, after having been col- lected, at the February meeting the fines were remitted and the money returned by the secretary. Organizer Scott was present at the August (1906) meeting and stated that he had been authorized to offer $75 to Providence Union for the purpose of pushing the label campaign. The gift was accepted with thanks. The Central Trades and Labor Union delegates were instructed to endeavor to have the Labor Day book printed in Providence. Charles H. Lee was elected delegate to the State Federation con- vention. William Carroll and Samuel R. Macready were elected dele- gates to attend a special convention of the State Federation. 170 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE A special meeting was held October 8, 1906. The meeting was held for the purpose of taking action on the following propositions : " Shall a local assessment of three per cent, be levied on the earnings of members of Providence Typographical Union for the purpose of assisting in financing the strike in this jurisdiction ? " " Shall Providence Typographical Union endorse the candidacy of one of its mem- bers, William Palmer, for the office of Secretary of State, and take such action as, in its judgment, will best further the interests of his candidacy?" Both propositions were carried unanimously, and a committee was appointed to promote Mr. Palmer's candidacy by securing the endorse- ment of other Unions. The three per cent, assessment was supended at the regular October meeting. At the meeting held October 28, a member of a committee appointed at the September meeting to sohcit campaign funds to be used by the State Federation of Labor, related his experience and asked that the committee be discharged. Five dollars was appropriated for the purpose of establishing an apprentice column in the Typographical Journal. The chairman of the Journal office was instructed to use his good offices to persuade the Journal barber to join the Barbers' Union, and a committee was appointed to assist the Stationary Engineers in their effort to unionize the Journal boiler room. Twenty-five dollars was voted the Lithographers' Union to assist them in their effort for an eight-hour day. A communication from a member desiring to withdraw from the Union was placed in the hands of the strike committee, with instruc- tions to urge the member to consider the seriousness of his contem- plated action. A recess of 45 minutes was taken at the meeting held December 30, 1906, for the purpose of electing officers. A committee of four was appointed at the December meeting to investigate the origin of several defamatory circulars which had been issued during the heat of the campaign for local Union offices. Imme- diately after the January meeting, at which but one member of the committee was present, there appeared an anonymous satirical booklet, comprising about sixteen pages, which purported to give an idea of the methods pursued by the committee in its investi- gation. Besides the references to the committee, the booklet exploited the pecularities of a number of well-known Union characters. At the February meeting the committee reported its inability to place the responsibility for the circulars, and asked that it be discharged, but was continued, the latest publication to be included in a further inquiry. March 31, 1907, the literary sleuths were discharged after reporting " non est inventus." HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 171 At the meeting held January 27, 1907, a committee was appointed to prepare for the celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Providence Typographical Union, and the committee on history of the Union was given one month to report ways and means for its publication. At the February meeting this committee presented a plan of procedure which was sanctioned by the Union. The International Typographical Union per capita card was adopted at the January meeting. At the February meeting an invitation to attend an open meeting of the Woman's Auxiliary, to be held March 19, was accepted. The executive committee was instructed to communicate with the executive council of the Foresters of America in regard to using the label on its printing. The resignation of Rudolph DeLeeuw as treasurer was laid on the table. Mr. DeLeeuw was induced to withdraw his resignation, and is still serving the Union in that capacity. Delegates previously elected to the Label League reported at the February meeting, and at the March meeting an assessment of one cent per member was voted to help defray the expense of publishing the Label League Bulletin. A communication from the State Federation in regard to making election day a legal holiday, was endorsed at the March meeting. The ball de luxe of Providence Union was given by a committee appointed at the November (1906) meeting. At the December meeting this committee was authorized to go ahead with the venture. At the Eloise on February 4, 1907, at 8 o'clock P. M. the dance was on to the music of the Standard Union Orchestra. From that hour until one o'clock A. M. about 75 couples enjoyed the 22 numbers on the pro- gramme. A quartette composed of Percy J. Cantwell, George Libby, Thomas Franey and Edward Young sang several selections during the evening. Charles J. Rothemich acted as floor director, with Robert E. Newton as assistant. The aids were Walter B. Norton, Thomas A. Scales, Walter B. Davis, Daniel E. Mooney, Joseph E. Devenish and EH Alford. The committee of arrangements were Daniel O'Connor, Charles H. Christie, Carl C. Robb, C. J. Rothemich, R. E. Newton. Reception committee, Percy J. Cantwell, Carl C. Robb, Mrs. R. E. Newton and Mrs. George Clayton. The dances on the card were dedicated to the different officers of the Union and Auxiliary and to friends of the committee. A deficiency of $26.20 is recorded as part of the committee's report. The application for an honorable withdrawal card by a member who was in ill health, and who desired to return to his native country. 172 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE was received and allowed at the March meeting. A testimonial sub- scription was then headed by the Union with a contribution of $25. Carl C. Robb and John P. Dorl were elected delegates to the New England AlUed Printing Trades' convention, to be held in Providence, June, 1907. It was voted to send a delegate to the Hot Springs convention of the International Union. Five candidates were nominated, two with- drawing before the day of election. In the three-cornered contest, Charles Carroll received a clear majority of the votes cast. The amount allowed the delegate for expenses was $150. At the May meeting a former member who had lost his card by being attached to a local which had surrendered its charter, was given the floor that he might explain the circumstances, after which he was, by vote, admitted to good standing. Frank J. Mahoney was elected a delegate to attend a meeting of the Rhode Island State Branch of the American Federation of Labor, to be held June 9. Several sections of the new constitution were adopted at this meeting. The celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Providence Typo- graphical Union, which had been scheduled by the committee having charge of the matter to occur during the week of the holding of the New England Alhed Printing Trades' convention, lasted three days — June 10, 11, 12. Monday evening, June 10, the Union tendered an informal recep- tion to the delegates to the New England AUied Printing Trades' con- vention. Delegates to the State Branch of the American Federation of Labor, Providence Central Trades' and Labor Union, Providence Build- ing Trades' Council, Providence Allied Printing Trades' Council and the Union Label League were among the invited guests. Carl Robb, James Moore and Robert Hunt, the committee in charge, had provided an abundance of good things, and interesting impromptu speeches by prominent labor men enlivened the proceedings. Tuesday, June 11, the crowning feature of the celebration, a banquet attended by nearly 250 printers was held in Infantry Hall. On this occasion also the delegates to the New England Allied Printing Trades' convention were guests of Providence Typographical Union. Other invited guests present were Mayor P. J. McCarthy, Wilfred H. Munro, President of the Rhode Island Historical Society and Professor of History of Brown University; Frederick Roy Martin, Frederick H. Howland and Hon. D. Russell Brown, editors and publishers, respect- ively, of the Journal and Bulletin, the Tribune and the News-Democrat ; HISTORY OF PROVIDENCE TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION 173 Charles T. Scott, New England organizer for the International Union ; the President of each of the alHed printing trades and of each of the local central labor bodies, and Hon. Francis E. Kelly and A. M. Robert- son, surviving charter members of 1857. Letters of regret, because of their inability to attend, were received from President James M. Lynch, Secretary-Treasurer J. W. Bramwood, Governor James H. Higgins, the Right Rev. Matthew Harkins, Bishop of Providence; the Right Rev. WilHam N. McVickar, Bishop of Rhode Island; the Rev. W. H. P. Faunce, President of Brown University; Congressman D. L. D. Granger and Samuel Gompers. President Percy J. Cantwell welcomed the guests and introduced as toastmaster WilHam Palmer. Owing to Vice-President Hays' un- avoidable absence, the toast assigned to him, "The International Typographical Union," was responded to by Organizer Scott. When " Providence Typographical Union " was called for, William J. Meegan reviewed the history of Providence Typographical Union, and read interesting extracts from its records. Professor Munro, in an interest- ing manner, told the story of the development of type printing from the block printing of playing cards. Henry McMahon, of Boston, reviewed his experiences as an organizer in Providence, and James R. McGirr responded for the " New England AUied Trades." Speaking of " Printing in Providence," WilHam CarroH, after commenting on the changes in methods which had revolutionized the business, briefly mentioned a few of the Rhode Island printers who had become famous. The addresses of Frederick Roy Martin, who responded for "The Journal " ; Frederick H. Howland, for " The Providence Tribune," and D. Russell Brown, for "The News-Democrat," were cordial and congratulatory. Edgar 0. Beacham had a word to say for " The Union Shop," and Thomas J. Griffin, Jr., of the Franklin Press, gave " A Master Printer's Opinion of the Eight-Hour Day." Mayor P. J. McCarthy's address on "The Newspaper as a Creator of Public Opinion " was, he said, a " caref uHy prepared extemporaneous speech," and throughout his reply to the toast, wit was his master card. Lateness of the hour prevented the completion of the programme, which included addresses by Daniel O'Connor, Charles Carroll, Charles H. Lee, George H. Huston, Samuel R. Macready and Ephraim Harris. Wednesday evening, June 12, the members of the Ladies' Auxiliary were entertained at a complimentary hop given at the Casino, Roger WilHams' Park. The committee having charge of the anniversary celebration com- prised the foHowing : Percy J. Cantwell, chairman ; EH Alford, secre- tary; John F. Lennon, treasurer; Charles CarroH, William Carroll, 174 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Rudolph DeLeeuw, George W. Flynn, Robert Hunt, Charles H. Lee, James Moore, Charles J. Rothemich, Andrew F. Moran, Daniel O'Con- nor, Carl C. Robb and William Simmonds. The total cost of the celebration was $501.21. At the meeting of the Union held June 30, after the reports of the delegates to the New England Allied Trades' convention had been received and upon the reading of communications wherein it appeared that methods of soliciting advertisements for the report of the conven- tion which were disapproved of by Providence Typographical Union had been used by a person claiming to represent the New England Alhed Trades, it was voted to withdraw from that body. At the same meeting a communication from J. J. Dirks, of St. Louis, in regard to an International Typographical Union pension plan, was laid over to some future meeting for discussion. Boyden Heights was selected as the place for holding the July meeting, the adjournment of the June meeting marking the close of Providence Typographical Union's fiftieth year. The first Constitution and By-Laws of Providence Typographical Union, No. 33, was issued in 1857. But one copy of this book is known to be in existence. That is in the possession of William Carroll, who has also a copy of all subsequent revisions, except that of 1865. Alex- ander M. Robertson possesses the only copy of the 1865 revision. Other revisions were issued in 1870, 1873, 1885 and 1901. The 1857 book con- tains a fist of the members, and the 1865 revision has a list of the mem- bers from 1857 to 1865. Subordinate Unions connected with the National and International Typographical Union, in the 60's and 70's, issued annual circulars con- taining a list of members and those members admitted, withdrawn and expelled during the year. The earliest of these circulars that the Souvenir Committee has found was that of 1866. It found also copies of the 1867, 1875 and 1877 circulars. THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY AND THE GREAT STRIKE IN PROVIDENCE It is too early yet to write a history of the Eight-Hour Strike of 1906-7, because the first campaign in that great industrial movement is scarcely finished ; it is too early to write a fair story of twenty months of that strike, because the passions of the men engaged in the struggle have not yet cooled sufficiently to render their perspective clear and their opinions of the relative importance of things and events unbiased. But " Printers and Printing in Providence," pubHshed in 1907, would not be complete without at least one chapter devoted to a record of what has been one of the most momentous events in the fifty years of existence of Providence Typographical Union. Discriminating judg- ment and sound sense of proportion are seldom found upon a battlefield from which the smoke has scarcely fitted. Some time in the future, when the Union has planned and executed its last raid upon the shop of an unfair employer, when the last Bourbon among the master printers has forsaken his mediaeval idea of the relation of master and journeyman and has capitulated, when the Holy Alliance represented by the United Typothet^ has dissolved, when the Eight-Hour Day and Union Shop are universal, when industrial warfare has passed into oblivion and differences are settled under the sunshine of arbitration and concihation ; then, and then only, can an authoritative and satis- factory story of the strike be written. In the joyous day of industrial peace, when master printer and journeyman, grievances and cross- purposes and mistaken ideas of separate self-interest no longer separat- ing them, are working in perfect harmony for the betterment of the world's most valued art, both may co-operate to record truly the then " late unpleasantness." No sudden fancy, no wild dream of power and mad desire to exercise it, no Wind following of ambitious but indiscreet and dema- gogic leaders, far too often causes of industrial disturbances, precipitated the Eight-Hour Strike of 1906-7. Fifty-five years of militant effort to promote the welfare of its members, half a century of victories and reverses, each teaching its own lesson and each marking a new mile- stone on the road of progress, have chastened the great International Typographical Union of North America, but find it still in the flower of vigorous youth, still leading and pointing out the way for other associations of labor men. If diplomacy has succeeded the strike as an eif ective method of securing improvement of conditions in the printing 176 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE trades, and if, as war in diplomacy, strike is the last word used in nego- tiations between the Union and employers, that is an indication, not of degeneracy or failing strength, but of conservatism, of calm conscious- ness of power held in reserve, with full realization of the waste and suffering that inevitably attend industrial warfare and a determination to avoid them, if possible. The great strike of 1906-7 in the book and job departments might have been averted if the master printers, repre- sented by their most powerful association, the United Typothetae of America, had delved more deeply into works on international law instead of wasting their time, their energy and their money on " flying squadrons" and other mihtary tactics. Drunk as with new wine, deceived by a sense of the untried strength of their new organization, encouraged by promises of assistance and subsidies from the Citizens' Alliance and the Manufacturers' Association, led on by unscrupulous leaders who concealed beneath a pretext of merely resisting the en- croachments of the Union a desire to destroy it, the master printers gathered their hosts and went forth to battle with ears deaf to pleas for calm consideration and arbitration. The Eight-Hour Day was no new slogan ; for years the Interna- tional Typographical Union had endeavored to establish it by contract with employers. Success had crowned the Union's effort in the news- paper field. The production of a printed record must follow, as it cannot precede, the event. The man of the world demands news- papers containing only the latest and freshest and crispest news; all else he regards as stale and scorns. It is inevitable, therefore, that, as it attempts to cover events of the period nearest its hour of pubhcation, the modern newspaper shall be produced in the shortest period of time possible. Thus expediency goes hand in hand with the shorter work- day in the newspaper office. Typesetting machines and other improve- ments have merely made possible the satisfaction of an actual demand for speed. To the credit of the newspaper pubhsher be it said that, in most instances, he has ungrudgingly, by paying better wages and requiring shorter hours, shared with his employes the increased profits accruing from improvements. Wise in his day and generation, he has avoided friction, and where requests for changes were fair has granted them. He has realized the benefits of industrial peace and has secured it by an agreement which now binds the Newspaper Publishers' Association, the largest employer of labor in the world, and the International Typographical Union, the oldest and strongest Union, to arbitrate all differences. The Union never has seriously combatted the master printer's argument that improvement in the book and job departments of THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 177 the trade has not been so rapid as in the newspaper department; on the other hand, the Union has recognized a difference in conditions by conceding to book and job master printers a lower scale of wages than to newspaper pubHshers, the pubHshers of Providence paying $5 per week more per man than book and job proprietors. The principle involved being recognized by both sides, and the possible difference of opinion being actually the proper monetary measure of the differ- ence in conditions, the granting of the Eight-Hour Day, from this point of view, involved merely the negotiation of a new scale if the prevail- ing scale were not satisfactory to both parties. The master printers of Providence in a letter to Providence Typographical Union in November, 1905, dechned to consider any proposition for a reduction of hours of labor which did not include a corresponding reduction of wages. It is unfortunate, perhaps, that Providence Typographical Union did not see its way clear to go into conference on that basis, but prevaihng opinion was then, and is yet, that the book and job scale in Providence, at $16 per week, is too low. Besides, at that time the question of the Union Shop had entered into the controversy. Sudden demands for increased wages or for shorter hours are unjust to an employer ; master printers, for instance, who had made long-term contracts on the basis of prevailing wages and hours, could not fulfill them on an Eight-Hour basis without pecuniary loss. Realizing the situation, and with a view to giving master printers ample time to prepare for the change, as well as with a view to recruiting its strength for enforcing its demands if they were not granted, the International Typographical Union gave at least eighteen months notice that it would on January 1, 1906, demand the Eight-Hour Day for all its mem- bers not working then under contracts for longer hours. The conven- tion of 1904 voted to levy an assessment of one-half of one per cent, upon the wages of the membership as a defence fund, and the membership by referendum vote ratified the assessment and the date for inaugu- rating the Eight-Hour Day. International officers were empowered to open negotiations with the United Typothetae of America, and local Unions where contracts expired prior to the date named were in- structed to make new contracts only on an Eight-Hour basis after January 1, 1906. From the first the Typothetae were defiant. All overtures looking toward negotiations for establishing the Eight-Hour Day were rejected. The United Typothetae declared itself inalterably opposed to any re- duction of hours from 54 per week, and announced that it would oppose any attempt to establish a shorter work-day. At the Toronto convention of 1905 representatives of the Typothetae present reasserted 178 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE their intention to resist, and advised the International Typographical Union to recant. The Toronto convention ratified the proposition to enforce the Eight-Hour Day, January 1, 1906, but gave the Executive Council power and authority to negotiate an Eight-Hour agreement with the master printers. Clothed with this authority, President James M. Lynch and Vice-President John W. Hays visited Niagara Falls, where the Typothetas met in 1905, and submitted a proposition that representa- tives of the Typothetae and the International Typographical Union should in conference consider an agreement looking to the " ultimate establishment of the Eight-Hour Day." Their proposition was dis- missed with scant courtesy, and negotiations ceased. We have already answered two reasons assigned by master printers for not conceding the shorter work-day, namely the differences exist- ing between conditions in newspaper offices and those in the book and job trade; and, secondly, the injustice of a change as affecting contracts. The second, if ever genuine, ceased to exist when the United Typothetae in convention rejected a proposition looking to the " ultimate estabhshment of the Eight-Hour Day." If time were needed, here certainly was the Typothetae's opportunity. Two other reasons which master printers might assign for refusing to concede shorter hours, as they involve economic principles affecting labor and capital, deserve attention. First of these is the doctrine that shorter hours, enforcing idleness of machinery, diminish the productiveness of capital. Concretely, the master printer's position may be explained by taking, for example, a printing press. Pointing to this press, the master says : " By enforcing the shorter work-day you rob me of 1000 im- pressions from that press to-day, 6000 impressions this week, 313,000 this year, and every year until the press is worn out." Estimating the life of a press at a certain number of years, this master printer can tell you just what the Eight-Hour Day would cost him. He regards the press as a certain amount of fixed capital ; he may tell you that he paid for it out of the profits earned from its product for the first six months he owned it. He does not know that each impression printed on the press helps to pay for it, and that unless he maintains a fund for repairs and maintenance and replacement, his "fixed capital" is gradually wasting away. His error consists in measuring the life of his press in years, disregarding the plain fact that, even allowing for a deterioration of machinery when standing idle, the principal cause of wear and tear of machinery is use. A press run six hours per day will wear approxi- mately twice as long as a press run twelve hours per day. At the end of the first year under eight hours the master printer has a press capable of delivering 313,000 impressions more than the same press THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 179 could deliver if it had been operated nine hours per day. The master printer who grants the shorter work-day diminishes not the product- iveness of his capital, but merely the speed at which profits may be earned by his capital. He has in the specific instance postponed receipt of the profit on 313,000 impressions from his press. We have now reduced the first reason to simply a phase of the second reason advanced by the master printer, which is his " absolute right " to use his own as he sees fit, to run his presses as many hours a day as he pleases, to turn over his capital as many times a year as he can, to produce profits as fast as he wishes, and as a correlary to use his employes as many hours a day as he can get them to work. Free and independent, he denies the right of any man or any body of men to say that he shall not do all these things. Doctrines of political economy first concretely illuminated and explained by John Stuart Mill, brutal and inhuman as they are, still dominate the social and economic structure of the present day, and are especially dear to the capitalist. He views men and things ahke as instruments which he may manipulate for his own profit. Things he may own absolutely ; men he would own if he could. Solely through Unions have men avoided a wage slavery as dejected and low as serf- dom. The doctrine that the best interests of the State demand that no curb or limitation shall be placed upon individual ambition, or effort, or rapacity, or upon the amount of the world's wealth which an individual may acquire and hold, fundamental in a system of poHtical economy which preaches the production of wealth as the principal aim of men and nations, is still an unmoved foundation-stone in twentieth century economics. Men who criticise conditions and propose as remedies for admitted evils of the present day changes in the industrial system, are branded as anarchists and socialists, and such they are truly as seen through the eyes of the capitalist. One may believe that no better system than the present has yet been devised, but if the existence of evils is admitted, and it is also known that those grow out of the present system, shall he despise the man who is truly trying to alleviate them ? Imperfect it may be, contrary to principles of political economy, not entirely satisfactory, subject to abuses, but the Union has been found to be and still is the only effective method of placing the indi- vidual workingman on a plane where he may deal with his capitalistic employer on anything approaching a nearly even basis. The journeymen printers of America, members of the International Typographical Union of North America, 50,000 of the most competent and ambitious and enlightened and best-educated workingmen in the United States and Canada, do not contest the legal or the economic 180 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE right of any master printer to conduct his printing estabhshment as he sees fit, to work it as many hours a day as he pleases, to reap all the profit he can from it ; they do not deny the right of any man to work such hours as he pleases, but they have determined that they will not work for any man more than eight hours per day, and consequently they are selling to employers who choose to do business with them on these conditions eight hours per day, and they are doing with the remaining sixteen hours what they please. They regard the relation- ship of master and journeyman as purely contractual and as interested parties to every contract they demand a proviso for eight hours and no more. Themselves free and independent, they claim an absolute right to determine how many hours per day they shall work, and they deny the right of anybody to say that they shall work more than eight hours. Conceding that the principle underlying the Trades Union move- ment may be contrary to the economic doctrines of Mill, we pass over as debatable matters requiring for their demonstration an array of figures, facts and argument too long for publication here, reasons for the Eight-Hour Day based upon the prosperity of the country and the right of the journeyman printer to demand as one portion of his share of that prosperity a shorter work-day. One other reason, paramount to all others and not generally appreciated or even understood, alone is sufficient. Printing ordinarily is not classed as a hazardous occupation because violent deaths in the trade are not numerous ; and yet nearly one-third of deaths among printers are caused by diseases of the respiratory organs and another large percentage by diseases of the kidneys and bladder. Printing offices, even the cleanest and brightest and most wholesome in the world, are unhealthy. The percentage of apprentice boys forced to leave the business with a trade half learned, of young men forced out on account of their health, is enormous. Lead dust and oxides of lead carried in the air, shaken from type cases and tables in use, hfted from the floor while walking, falling into open receptacles for drinking water or into drinking water cups, taken into the mouth with drinking water or from the fingers while eating lunch, breathed into the lungs, absorbed through the pores of the skin, aflflict most printers with plumbaic poisoning and gradually weaken the heart, clog up the pulmonary system, demoralize the stomach and kidneys, and leave the printer scarcely able to withstand the attacks and ravages of disease germs. The only remedy is a work-day so short that the printer may find outside the shop sufficient time for recreation by daylight in which to recuperate his strength. ji O 3 THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 181 One other issue was involved in the strike of 1906-7, and that is the Union Shop, or the " closed shop" as the Post and Parryites choose to call it. So far as the International Typographical Union is con- cerned, the Union Shop means that in composing rooms under its juris- diction no persons other than members of that Union or apprentices to the number allowed by the Union shall be employed. On this restric- tion is based the cry of " labor trust," shutting out the " independent " printer so dear to the heart of the master printer. But why demand or enforce it ? The Union Shop has been well styled the Union printer's insurance; it is designed to protect him against the "independent" printer. It protects him against the unfair competition of the printer who, by working under the Union's scale of prices, would lower the standard of living won for printers by the Union; it protects him against the underhanded employer who would undermine that same standard by first replacing Union by non-union men and then deahng with his employes not protected by the Union as individuals, offering them contracts for low wages and long hours ; it protects him against discharge for whim or fancy when his competency and good workman- ship have won him a steady position. But why, says the master printer, shall I not buy labor in the cheapest market, and why may I not hire whom I please and discharge whom I please; am I not a master? The International Typographical Union concedes to any employer the right to buy his labor in any market he pleases ; but if he finds, as he inevitably will, that competent labor in supply to suit his de- mand is found only within the Union, then he must deal with the Union ; and in deahng with the Union and with Union men he must surrender his position as master and become merely a contractor. The International Typographical Union offers to any master printer who desires to deal with it his choice of any one or more of its 50,000 competent members ; from these he may hire whom he pleases ; but it insists that when he has hired one of its members he shall pay him at least the scale of wages determined by his local Union, work him not more than Eight Hours per day under fair conditions, and that he shall not discharge the man so hired except for incompetency, to reduce his force of work- men when business is slack, or for violation of shop rules, which must be displayed conspicuously. The Union does not demand high wages for incompetents ; so far as these are concerned the right to discharge is absolute. The question is often asked, " What provision does the Union Shop make for the printer not a member of the Union ? " None whatever. The International Typographical Union does not concern itself particu- larly with the welfare of the printer outside its ranks. For fifty years 182 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE it has fought the battle for him as well as for its members ; for fifty years he has profited by every improvement in conditions won by the Union ; and yet for fifty years he has fought the great organization which has accomplished so much good for him ; he has filled the places left vacant by men who stopped work because they found conditions intolerable ; he has acted as a strike breaker ; he has underbid for the place held by the Union man. This is the type of man dear to the hearts of the United Typothetae — the man whose independence they would protect. Even at this hour, the hour of triumph and victory, the International Typographical Union extends the hand of fellowship to him and bids him come into the fold, that therein he may learn that individual hberty is best preserved by united effort. With these issues, the Eight-Hour Day and the Union Shop, clearly defined, the battle for their establishment or destruction opened in earnest shortly after the United Typothetae had rejected the Union's last proposition. Desiring to precipitate the struggle before the Union's preparations were complete, as well as to discourage the Union by giving it an advance sample of what might be expected, the United Typothetae locked out members of the Union in several cities in October, 1905. On January 1, 1906, members of the Union employed in estabhshments which had not granted the Eight-Hour Day and which were not covered by contracts for nine hours extending beyond that date, dropped rules and sticks, folded up their aprons and walked out. Thus was opened one of the most remarkable strikes in the world's history; remarkable for the stubbornness and endurance of the combatants, for the loyalty of striking members of the Union, for the method in which the International Typographical Union financed its strike, meeting the unlimited resources of the master printers and their allies with money contributed by its loyal working members ungrudgingly. Over four million dollars have been collected and spent by the International Typographical Union in its fight for the Eight- Hour Day, and the battle has been won. Few members of Providence Typographical Union will ever forget the meeting of the Union held December 31, 1905. The largest attend- ance in years was present ; and when every chair had been filled, late arrivals lined the walls of the hall. The Union was on the eve of a great battle for a principle which had been agitated for forty years or more. In 1865 delegates had been elected to a trades assembly, which organized an Eight-Hour League. The reports of these delegates, P. A. McDonald and Daniel Sherman, and a letter written by John A. Lonsdale, then a young and active member of the Union, show that the league flourished for a time, though otherwise its career is lost to THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 183 history. When routine business had been disposed of in a methodical manner and final instructions from International headquarters had been read, the motion to strike on the morrow was carried almost unani- mously, the result of the vote being received with vigorous applause. Forty of forty-seven members of the Union working in shops which had refused to grant the Eight-Hour Day obeyed the strike order, and three men not members and five apprentices joined the strikers on the first day. The strikers organized immediately with Edward LesHe Pike as chairman, Charles R. Christie as secretary, and Maurice E. Hughes as treasurer. When the gravity of the situation was fully realized, President Daniel O'Connor took charge of the strike, succeeding Brother Pike as chairman. A hall for meetings of the strikers was secured, committees were appointed and siege was laid to the struck shops, pickets being placed with instructions to attempt by peaceable persua- sion to induce the men who had remained at work to join the Union, and to head off strike-breakers who might be brought to Providence from other cities. Ten shops, among them the largest in the city, were aif ected on the first day ; subsequently five others were added to the unfair fist as the strike extended and men not previously members of the Union enlisted in the movement for shorter hours. Eleven proprie- tors granted the Eight-Hour Day, and four others have since been added to the fair list, one after a three-months strike early in 1907. Most of the Union shops were small establishments when the strike started ; all have grown and flourished as the demand for the label has been created and nourished by the efforts of the strikers ; so that at the present time, September, 1907, the number of members of the Union working eight hours per day in job shops is just double what it was January 1, 1906. Within a few days after its inauguration the strike settled down to a monotonous routine of daily meetings, picketing, persuading strike- breakers, distributing Union literature and booming the Union label. Important incidents of the first month were an unsuccessful attempt of the master printers to coerce the striking apprentices to return to work by threats of lawsuits, and an unsuccessful attempt to introduce into the struck shops boys from the Reform School at Sockanosset. Percy J. Cantwell succeeded Daniel O'Connor as chairman of the strikers early in March, and when Charles R. Christie found employment the oflfices of secretary and treasurer were combined. Treasurer M. E. Hughes holding both. Organizer Charles T. Scott being seriously ill at this time, Providence and all New England was deprived of the benefit of his energetic services. Vice-President John W. Hays of the Interna- tional Union visited the city in March, canvassed the local situation 184 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE thoroughly, reported to headquarters that the strike in Providence was being handled in a satisfactory manner and recommended that the International Typographical Union render to Providence Typographical Union further financial assistance. In accordance with his recom- mendation, the proceeds of the ten per cent, assessment then being collected were retained and spent in Providence for strike purposes, the International Typographical Union paying the benefits provided for by the international constitution in addition. Mr. Hays also ad- dressed a meeting called for the purpose of presenting to the public the strikers' side of the Eight-Hour question. An attempt to open up negotiations with the master printers failed, their answer to the Union's overtures being that they had nothing to arbitrate and did not desire a conference. Throughout this period the Union pickets were successful in turning away many strike-breakers, the struck shops never being allowed to increase their forces beyond the number of men at work January 1, 1906. Chairman Cantwell resigned in April to assume charge of the Whitney Press and Charles H. Lee was appointed chairman to succeed him. Missionary efforts among strike-breakers and men still in the shops proved very successful; several of the best men remaining at work joined the strikers. Thoroughly aroused, the master printers determined to make an effort to break the strike by importing enough men to fill all places. A representative was sent through northern New Hampshire and Vermont to enlist the services of country printers ignorant of the real situation. He was followed by a representative of the Union, who gave close pursuit and undid the work of the Typo- thetae agent by explaining to the countrymen the real purpose for which they were being hired. In Canada advertisements for printers were inserted in newspapers. On the date set for the arrival of the army of strike-breakers, the representative of the master printers was followed to Boston by three representatives of the Union, who con- fronted him as he stood dumbfounded in the north terminal station, surprised and disappointed at the non-arrival of his cohorts. Explana- tions were exchanged, and an acquaintanceship was established which in a few weeks bore fruit, for the Typothetae agent and the woman who alone of all those whom he had visited came to Providence, both joined the Union. This expedition cost the master printers of Provi- dence nearly $1000. Thereafter strike-breakers came to town individ- ually or in pairs, sent forward by agents in New York or Boston. Many were not printers at all, but sought to extort money from masters and Union alike; a few succeeded, but a great many were turned away in short order. The Union continued its successes in winning over the real printers. THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 185 July 4, 1906, the Morning Tribune made its first bow to an expect- ant public. This new publication offered many situations, which were filled by strikers, and the Daily Journal, which increased its working force in order to meet the rivalry of the Tribune, took a few more off the list. The burden which the Union had been carrying was reheved, but the esprit de corps of the strikers was weakened, many .active workers in the cause being thus drawn into another field. The strikers have been cheerful and contented throughout the struggle. In the sum- mer of 1906 a base ball team was organized and had a very successful sea- son. An outing at Emery Park was also thoroughly enjoyed. In Octo- ber, 1906, the master printers again refused to enter a conference. There has been little out of the ordinary in recent months. The strike has been quietly conducted, without violence or a poHce record. The efforts of the strike committee have been devoted to finding positions for men carried on the rehef roll, to missionary work among printers not mem- bers of the Union and to booming the Union label. The energy put into the label campaign has borne direct fruit in a large volume of business diverted from struck shops into Union offices. A few members realized at the start of the strike that while a strike might prove suc- cessful temporarily, permanent success must depend upon an actual demand for the products of Union labor, evidenced by calls for the label on printed matter. Prominent in this work was John S. Houle. Almost alone he secured hundreds of signatures to agreements to insist upon use of the label, and he published two editions of the Union Man's Reference Guide, a classified list of merchants and business men who had signed agreements. When Mr. Houle left Providence to seek work in New York, the Guide was abandoned, the Bulletin of the Union Label League taking up the work in a broader manner. The label committee has distributed thousands of stickers for use on printed matter issued without the label. These have been placed in the hands of friends of the movement, and their general and effective use has been demonstrated by many calls for explanations, which when given have won over many an advertiser. In several instances thousands of circulars or advertising cards have been destroyed and new ones with the label ordered. Nearly 20,000 blotters, showing the Union Printers' Home and requesting support for it through use of the label, have been placed on the desks of business men. Cards and folders attractively gotten up have been distributed, and the label has been advertised in various Union publications. An increase in the amount of advertising matter with the label now in circulation testifies to results. Three theatre programmes now bear the label, and the oflicial score card of the Providence Base Ball Club is fair this year. In 1906 the privilege 186 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE of selling score cards was sold to a notorious foe of Union labor, and efforts to persuade him to use the label failed. Finally the Union entered the field and published a score card of its own, which drove the " oflftcial " card out of the market. One other signal success crowns the efforts of the label committee. Providence Lodge of Elks, said to be the. first organization of the B. P. 0. E. to take the step, has ordered the label on all printed matter handled or issued by its committees. Vice-President John W. Hays, who made a flying trip to Providence at the request of the Union, deserves the greatest share of credit for this accomplishment . Of 48 original strikers 12 still remain on the strike roll. From a maximum of 80, the relief roll, which contains the names of over 100 men and women, has been reduced to 28. Beginning vdth the first week of the strike, $5 per week was paid to single and $7 per week to married men. In February an extra benefit of $2 per week for single and $3 per week for married men was authorized. In addition special assistance was rendered in cases where the needs of the strikers were apparent, a relief committee taking care that nobody suffered actual want. Up to September 7, 1907, $36,061.12 had been paid to strikers as benefits or special assistance. Total strike expenses had been $41,877.40, the remaining $5816.18 having been expended as follows: For transportation of men leaving town, including bonuses paid strike- breakers induced to go away, $1307.36 ; for picket expenses of all kinds, including money paid directly to strike pickets for special service and the expenses of men sent out of town on special picket duty or to inter- cept strike-breakers, $965.37; for rent of headquarters, including all rooms used for strike purposes, $482.75; for printing and postage, including all sums applied directly to booming the label, $884.93 ; for salaries of strike officials, $1404.90 ; for miscellaneous expenses, $770.87. Strike expenses have been gradually reduced from a maximum at some periods of $700 per week to less than $200. It is pleasing to note that all the strike money has been collected and spent without a breath of scandal or suspicion of graft or dishonesty. The strike committee and financial officers have at all times enjoyed the utmost respect and the complete confidence of the members of the Union. Reports have been carefully audited, and the record books are complete and in splendid condition. Determined efforts have been made to conduct the strike economically and to keep the benefit rolls free from the names of men which ought not to be there. In other jurisdictions the fight for the Eight-Hour Day and Union Shop has been more successful than in Providence. Four hundred Unions have the Eight-Hour Day, and an army of 10,000 strikers has THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY 187 been reduced to less than 1000. The gradual reduction in the amount of the assessment collected for strike purposes is good evidence of progress. The one-half of one per cent, assessment levied under author- ity of the referendum of 1904 was succeeded in October, 1905, by a 50-cent per week per capita assessment. January 1, 1906, the assess- ment, by authority of another referendum, was made 10 per cent, of earnings. This assessment was reduced to 7 per cent, in October, 1906 ; to 5 per cent, in December, 1906 ; to 3 per cent, in February, 1907, and to 2 per cent, in March, 1907. The proceeds of the various assessments colletced in Providence have been : One-half of one per cent, assessment $633 96 Fifty-cent assessment. 668 00 Fifty-cent assessment, paid for members out of work 36 50 Ten per cent, assessment 12,162 67 Seven per cent, assessment 1,541 56 Five per cent, assessment 1,888 50 Three per cent, assessment 399 82 Two per cent, assessment (to Sept. 1, 1907) 1,755 19 Total $19,086 20 In addition members of the Union have paid two local assessments, one of 50 cents per week during December, 1905, and the other of 3 per cent, of earnings during October, 1906. These assessments netted : 50-cent assessment, $329 ; 3 per cent, assessment, $317.37 ; a total of $646.37. September 1, 1907, find the Eight-Hour Day won. The Interna- tional Typographical Union at its convention in August, 1907, dis- charged its Eight-Hour Committee and turned over to the Executive Council the task of winding up the strike. It is proposed to transfer strikers still unemployed to centres where the demand for labor now exceeds the supply, to encourage strikers to learn to operate type- setting machines and to render assistance to men to whom the Union still owes a duty because of the sacrifices which they have made for the benefit of their fellow men. In cities Hke Providence, where the fight is still on, there is to be no diminution of activity, the methods to be pursued for the present being continued missionary work among non-union men and agitation for the use of the label, the local label campaign to be supplemented by an international label campaign. A magnificent victory has been won. The close of the first cam- paign finds the United Typothetae in full retreat, demoralized and dis- organized. Only 30 delegates attended its September, 1907, meeting at Niagara Falls, " a disconsolate, disgusted and utterly routed relic of a once great organization." The International Typographical Union 188 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE stands triumphant; it has demonstrated that Citizens' Alliance and Manufacturers' Association cannot crush united labor. Standing in the present, gazing through a rift in the mist-hke veil which conceals the future, with a full knowledge of the past to clarify our vision, we behold printed in letters of light across the heavens this glorious sentiment : "Sitbrrta aub Huion, nnr aub inar;iarablr, nava mib fnrrurr/' And the man who printed it there did not forget to place under it the label of the grand old International Typographical Union of North America. An4oineHeillieurer^|; Edward l.An.geU, "FrencKy" ~ " Uncle Ned. THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION In the first seventy years of printing in Providence the wooden frame and stone bed of the hand-press were changed to iron. The composition roller superseded the ink ball. These were the important improvements in the materials for carrying on the business. Book and job work was probably more profitable than publishing a newspaper. The latter occupation called for a certain expenditure, regardless of receipts, while activity in the former was regulated by actual business demands. After the first makes of the Adams' and Ruggles' presses were introduced, the possibility of profits from the business became more certain and the one-man plants began to give way to larger print- ing offices. The sketches following cover the period of evolution. Albert N. Angell worked continuously at printing for more than 60 years, beginning his apprenticeship April 3, 1839, in the job printing oflfice of Knowles & Vose. His wages for the first year were $30 and board, for the second year $40, the third year $50, and the fourth and last year $100. On the anniversary of his golden wedding, July 16, 1899, he told some of his experiences : " He went to board with Mr. Vose, but, unlike apprentices in country offices at that time, he was not obliged to take care of a horse and cow or run on errands for his master's family. " He learned about ' strap oil,' and ' type lice,' and ' round squares,' and how to ' jeff. ' He washed rollers and built fires, and rolled for the hand-press, and boiled the glue and molasses to make rollers, and picked up type under the printers' cases, when he swept out, and swept up pi, and made his share of it. Incidentally he learned a little about typesetting. After doing the general work just described for several months, young Angell asked to be put on the case, and he was sent to the newspaper composing room on Market square. Here he soon became proficient at the case, and he did news- paper work most of the time during the rest of his apprenticeship. After he had finished his trade he worked by the piece as a journeyman printer. During his apprenticeship, after working his allotted ten hours, he often had an opportunity to work overtime, for which he was paid the regular price — 20 cents per 1000 ems. In this way he earned con- siderable money, and had saved enough soon after he became a journeyman to purchase an eighth interest in the job office. " The gas works had not begun business in 1839, and the printers, when working nights, used the old-fashioned ' petticoat ' oil lamps. Each printer had two— one each in his 'c' and 's' boxes — but the light afforded was so poor that it was difficult to set rnore than 500 ems an hour by them. There were no sewers at that time, and the apprentices took the dirty water from the office sinks in pails, which they emptied in the middle of the street. " After Mr. Vose's death in 1847, his partner in the job printing business, Joseph Knowles, soon divided the property into eight shares, and, retaining one share, sold the other seven. Among the purchasers were Senator Anthony, Charles J. Wheeler, John W. Angell, John S. Sibley, Samuel M. Millard, Josiah Jones and John S. Hammond. Some of the partners soon disposed of their shares and E. L. Freeman and James A. Reid were among the purchasers of them. " Mr. Angell bought the two shares of Mr. Millard, and afterwards purchased, one by one, the shares of the others, until, in 1868, he was sole proprietor. Meantime he retained his 'frame' in the Journal composing room, and when he finally retired he had done continuous work upon the paper 29 years. 190 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE " Under Mr. Angell's management the job office did the State printing one year and the city printing for 13 consecutive years. It did a large general business, at one time eight papers, whose publishers could not afford to own their plants, were issued from the office. The printing of the courts was done there to a large extent. He disposed of the business in 1887." The condition of the job printing business in Providence about 1840 is described by B. W. Pearce, who came to the city from Fall River in 1837 to finish learning his trade. In a talk before the South- ern Rhode Island Press Club, September 2, 1895, he told of his impres- sions of that period : " In August, 1837, I entered with Knowles & Vose, to ' finish my trade ' at $3 a week. That firm then had the contract for printing for the Rhode Island school fund lottery, and employed eight or ten hands in the work. Finding that I was handy at press work, doing my token and a half an hour, they decided to teach me that branch of the business, and kept me steady at it for six months, during which time I did not set a line of type or do anything else but swing the old hand-press. In an interview with Mr. Vose he told me the firm had no intention of teaching me any other part of the business, and I there- upon resigned my situation. " The office of Knowles & Vose was then the leading one in the town. It was located in the southeast corner of the Granite building, on Market square and North Main street, of which it occupied a portion of three stories. Aside from the work for the lottery its business was small. Mr. Knowles did about all the job printing that came in, and he did not half work at that. He occupied a room about 16x20, in which were some fonts of type, a stone and a hand-press. It was the first office in Rhode Island to introduce bronze printing the method of doing which was for a long time a secret with that firm. " The other job printing offices in the city were run by Barzillia Cranston, in the Granite building ; H. H. Brown, in an attic on the corner of South Main street and Market square ; the Republican Herald, 15 Market square, and B. T. Albro, on the comer of North Main and Meeting streets. Neither Mr. Brown nor Mr. Albro had facilities for printing anything more elaborate than an auction bill or a pamphlet. All the work, even to a single line visiting card, was done on hand presses. " About 1842 Knowles & Vose got the exclusive right for Rhode Island for ten years to use one of the new Ruggles' job presses, paying $1000 for the privilege. This press would print 800 to 1000 impressions an hour, while 200 to 250 was the usual rate of the hand-press. This monopoly was maintained for nine years, when Ruggles could stand it no longer, paid back the $1000 and left the press with the firm. " Benjamin F. Moore, an accomplished printer, about 1841, got together an establish- ment of entirely new material, embracing all the lastest styles of type, and opened an office on Westminster street, below the Arcade on the opposite side. He turned out some verj' handsome jobs, employing three or four hands." The What Cheer Printing office traces its origin to the business established in 1856 by Pierce & Berry (Robert A. Pierce and WilHam H. Berry), at 36 Westminster street, in the second story of the building known as the Barton Block. Pierce & Budlong (Martin H. Budlong) succeeded them in 1860, and carried on the business at the same loca- tion until 1870, when Martin S. Budlong became agent, serving until 1875. While under his management the office was removed to the Penholder Building, corner Dorrance and Friendship streets. Lester E. Ross was the proprietor from 1875 to 1877. Porthouse & Carleton purchased the office in March, 1877, removing it to No. 125 Broad street. It continued under this management until 1880, when 0. A. Carleton & Co. became proprietors. The entire second floor of the THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 191 Amasa Mason Block, No. 129 and 131 Eddy street, opposite the Narra- gansett Hotel, was then leased and fitted up expressly for the new establishment, which became the principal office for poster work in the city, although the business was not confined to that particular branch. The office again removed in 1892 to the building corner Pine and Eddy streets. Since the office was first estabHshed it has absorbed several smaller plants, among them, in 1864, William Maxfield's outfit ; in 1872, the "Weekly Review"; in 1873, the "The Voice of the Truth"; in 1875, " The Sun " ; in 1877, Porthouse & Carleton's job printing office ; in 1880, Sweet & Porthouse's show printing office, and also W. N. Sher- man's job printing office in East Greenwich. James A. Reid, long a master printer of Providence, tells of the office of A. Crawford Greene, where he finished his apprenticeship, when he came from Bristol in 1862 : " The office was at that time located on Canal street, near Meeting, in a brick building partially occupied by the Gorham Manufacturing Company. It had in its equipment several of the famous old Adams' book presses, a number of jobbers, a little quarter-sheet, and a great big hand-press, which would take a sheet of 29x42 dimen- sions. There was a standing press of large size to do the dry pressing of the book work, a good assortment of wood type for posters and handbills, plenty of body type for book work, and a generous variety of display type for job work and the advertisements on the weekly papers of which the office made a specialty. " Of ' pi ' there seemed to be no end at any time, and in discontinuing about this time The Daily Transcript, the impos- ing stones were almost covered with these evidences of its demise. My induction into the office was in the capacity of pi-dis- tributor and devil-in-general. Having an ambitious tendency and a fair capacity for picking up the points of the trade, I was soon put to 'sticking' type, and brought into personal contact with Colonel Greene, who ' was all over the office,' showing the diversity of his trade knowledge and the versa- tility of his talent. " He had established the office in 1845, when he was 21 years old. When I joined the force in 1862, there were a number of pretty good men and women there, who have been more or less conspicuous in the typographical life of Providence. Among them were Major William Macpherson, Colonel James Moran, ' Mike ' Mullaly ( the foreman ), George J. West, Alexander and Frederick Niger and Charles Burrill (three colored com- positors ), Daniel and Joseph Farnham, occasionally ' Jim ' Williamson, Henry Murray, ' Steve ' Tillinghast, Alfred M. Pease and ' Pat ' Fanning. Oscar A. Carleton had charge in the counting room. "Colonel Greene would tackle anything which came along— a three-sheet poster, the State printing, 20,000 or 100,000 circulars, a whole newspaper, or a visiting card of the daintiest style then in vogue — quite a school for a young printer, and, with all its faults, a good office. A. CRAWFORD GREENE 192 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE " The establishment was removed to Railroad Hall, over the old station, in 1865. It was roomy, overlooked the old ' cove,' and made a fine home for the rejuvenated print shop." Alexander M. Robertson describes the composing of the Adjutant General's Report of 1865 in the book room of the Providence Press Co. : "It was in the spring of 1866, during the latter part of the administration of James Y. Smith, and General Burnside's administration was to follow. It was a race against time, to complete the work during the Smith administration, so that it would have the credit for the important work, and Henri Crandall, the Adjutant General, from whose office it was issued, had an ambition to be its distributor. The main body of the work fills 832 pp.; introductory' pp., 42; total, 874 pp. It consists of sketches of each regiment fol- lowed by the name of each officer and member and his military record in tabular form. The sketches are set in small pica size type and the tables, four columns, in brevier. In the first 100 pages of the body of the work there are 86 pp. of tabular matter to 14 pp. of sketch matter, and this was about the proportion throughout. It may be inferred that the whole book was no fool of a job to hurry out in a Providence printing office 40 years ago. During the latter part of the time, when we had got into full swing, six or seven men worked on it about 14 hours a day. The col- umns of tables were set with temporary leads or rules between by the compositor, and I had the full make-up to attend to, breaking the matter into pages and putting in the right- sized rules, and imposing and getting ready for the press, and giving out the copy. Two editions were printed, a small paper edition on white paper, printed eight pages and turned; and a larger page on tinted paper. Both of these were from the same size type-page — the size of paper only varied. Halving the eight pages and printing and then backing with the other four." James A. Reid became a partner in the printing firm of Hammond, Angell & Co. in 1868. He tells of his impressions of the office at that time: " For many years 5 Washington Row was a noted place. It was the brick and stone block running along the western side of the river between Exchange place and Westminster street. Up the stairway at this entrance, many of the loyal adherents of the Providence Journal and Bulletin flocked morning and evening to get their papers from this famous counting-room. On the opposite side of the hallway, Doyle & Joslin, with Thomas A. Doyle at the fore, held forth as auctioneers, real estate dealers, and mayors of Providence. Upstairs, over the newspaper offices, was the home of the jobbing annex of Knowles & Anthony, out of which was born the firm of Hammond, Angell & Co. In 1868 the shareholders were John N. Hammond, Albert N. Angell, Charies J. Wheeler, Joseph Knowles, Jeremiah N. Thomas, William H. Chenery and James A. Reid. In pre- vious years Edward L. Freeman and Alden S. Sibley, both now deceased, had been members. " As a connection of the Journal, the office had had a very successful career and had received the patronage of many of the leading concerns of the State and city. It made lottery tickets when they could be made, labels for the American Screw Co., cloth tickets THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 193 for nearly every mill in 'Little Rhody,' manufacturers' labels by the million for the Fletcher Manufacturing Co., wrappers by the hundreds of thousands for Perry Davis' Pain Killer. Every week, for a number of years, it printed The General Advertiser. Occasionally it had the city contract,, and it turned out a good catalogue annually and triennially for the college ' on the hill.' Besides, it did fair job work for everybody, and book work in a reasonably good style. "The office contained a number of cylinder presses, some Adams' platen presses, three or four hand-presses, on which the huge cloth tickets for the mills were printed, and a few small job presses. These last were run by steam which was furnished by a poor old engine which had used itself up in promoting the success of the firm. There was a fine array of book type and job letter, but the greater part of the whole establish- ment had seen better days. " John N. Hammond was manager at the time when I was invited to purchase of Albert N. Angell a share of the stock at $3000. William' H. Smith was foreman of the job department, and Jeremiah N. Thomas was chief of the book department. Highly appreciating the honor of a connection with Mr. Knowles and The Journal, and not knowing much about what an office should be, I assumed the share enthusiastically and became assistant to Mr. Smith, with the prospect in view of succeeding Mr. Hammond as manager when he should lay aside the cares of the head man. " The working force of the establishment consisted of about 25 men and boys. In the counting-room was Mr. Hammond, a genial, pleasant-faced gentleman, who had the amiable, courteous manner essential for meeting successfully college professors, manu- facturers, stationers and booksellers, city and state officers, and a select class of custom- ers such as the office had fortunately drawn to it. To aid Mr. Hammond in waiting upon this clientage, Mr. Smith had an equally agreeable manner ; and that end of the business was certainly in good hands. Among the employes were Robert M. Pearse, Samuel S. Wilson and Frank Farrell, all pressmen ; Jonathan Helme, Jerry Thomas, William H. Chenery and Albert N. Angell, compositors. R. A. Reid, my brother, was one of the young job compositors. " Mr. Hammond soon retired by reason of an injury which he had received in falling from a car at East Greenwich, and I was selected to take his position as manager. This place I held for about 2 Vz years, gaining considerable in experience but not much in hard cash, as the requirements for new material to put the office in condition to handle properly the demands for modern production were too imperative to allow of paying both the stock- holders and the type-founders. Then, satisfied that the place was a 'misfit' for me, I resigned the management and went 'back to the case.' " Some time after this the establishment was bought in by Albert N. Angell. Later still it came into the hands of the Ackerman Co., and is now known as the Standard Printing Co. Some of the best book work done in Providence has been produced in the office under the present management." John A. O'Neil, now an employe of the Boston Globe, describes his entry into the printing business and subsequent experiences in various job offices in Providence : " In February, 1872, a boy of 15, I went out to look for work, On Weybosset street, at No. 57, in the building now'occupied by E. A. Johnson & Co., printers, I noticed a large sign, which read ' Millard & Harker, Steam Printers.' I applied there for work and imme- diately began my career in the printing business. Thomas M. Harker had just died and the firm was styled Millard, Gray & Simpson. Samuel Millard was quite an old man, and for many years previous had been connected with the Journal job office. Millard and Gray worked on the presses, Simpson at the case, together with Rhodes T. W. Collins, Alexander Niger, Henry Orme and occasionally George J. West. William Snow and John Sullivan, the latter better known as ' Yankee,' were also pressmen in the office. " ' Yankee's ' great fault lay in his habit of swearing, and his vocabulary of ' cuss ' words was very strong and original. When Millard & Harker were doing business in the old Rubber Works building, at the corner of Dorrance and Dyer streets, 'Yankee' had his hand crushed in a press. He was taken to a doctor's office, located where the Outlet building now stands. The doctor decided to amputate the hand. ' Yankee ' let loose ; the doctor could not stand the profanity and ordered 'Yankee's' friends to take him away, which they did, going to another physician in the vicinity, who dressed the wound and saved the hand. 194 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE "The foreman of the office at that time was William H. Smith, who for many years after was connected with the Board of Public Works, The cases in the office had been labelled by the celebrated pedestrian printer, 'Jim' Williamson, and quotations from past literary gems were used. I recall but two, and quote from memory: 'On yon Grampion hills my father feeds his flocks.' ' Down deep in hell the devil hurls bad type.' "Like all apprentice boys I was often sent out to 'borrow a line,' and by this means became quite well known and made many acquaintances in the other offices. Hammond & Angell's was then the largest and oldest in the city. It was a typographical' museum in a way. There were many reverential-looking, white-bearded, old-school printers em- ployed there. I often saw one of them printing ' headings ' on a hand-press. The regis- ter could not be more perfect, and the impression was clear and distinct. One day the boys tied a turtle to the string holding the copy guide of one of these patriarchal-looking compositors, who, after making many ' outs ' and vain attempts to keep his guide in place, declared the office to be haunted, and went home. Cornelius Jones published the General Advertiser there and set type on his own paper. There were Adams' book presses there, and a queer-looking job press that went ' ker-chunk ' when taking an im- pression, and behind which you could stand and unlock the form on the platen. "Another office was run by Tourgee & Maxfield, located where the Bristol Hotel now stands. Charles C. Gray graduated from there. "Henry Tilden, a dignified gentleman in appearance and a Lord Chesterfield in deportment, conducted a job office just below 57, on Weybosset street. It had oil cloth on the floor and paintings on the wall, and was kept very neat. 'Jimmy' Bowen, a bright, red-headed boy, was ' devil ' there, and when Tilden was moving his residence from Fountain street to Broadway ' Jimmy ' was sent to help in the operation. Upon him devolved the duty of carrying the family pet, a parrot, to its new home. On the way the bird made some inquiries about ' Jimmy's ' nationality, which elicited a warm reply that was afterwards repeated by the parrot to Tilden. When 'Jimmy' told me thfe story he was afraid that he was going to lose his job, but Tilden appreciated the joke too well to punish the boy for it. "About that time there was a small amateur office in the basement of a house on Carpenter street that I visited evenings in company with ' Bill ' Chadsey, who, together with E. A. Johnson, was interested in it. This was the Bethlehem of the E. A. Johnson Co., which has since assumed such large proportions. "Another office doing a large business at that time, paid its help in orders for groceries, clothing, etc. A compositor who was asked to take a couple of gallons of whiskey in part payment for money due him, refused for the reason that he ' did not propose to feed his family on that kind of poison,' but he had to go without his wages. "In the spring of il873 Thomas Simpson withdrew from the firm of Millard, Gray & Simpson, and became United States consul at St. Thomas, San Domingo. On the after- noon of the day that he; left Providence, J. C. Hall, of the firm of Bugbee & Hall, came to the office and had a long conversation with Gray. It was then that the R. I. Printing Co. was born. Negotiations for the formation of the company continued all summer. Dur- ing the progress of the negotiations I was informed by an outside party that they could not agree on a name. The office was then doing much work for the Rhode Island Insur- ance Association. I suggested the name, R. I. Printing Co. to my friend, who proposed it at a meeting and it was adopted. When the company began business ' Yankee,' Collins and your correspondent went with them. An hour or so after I went to work, Capt. George W. Barry put in an appearance and began his first day of over 30 years' em- ployment in that office. He is the only printer whom I ever saw wear a white vest at work. At the end of the week it was fit for a Westminster street Sunday' afternoon parade. It was in this office that the pocket check book, now used all over the world, was first brought out. The firm of Bugbee & Hall then controlled it and paid a royalty to its inventor, the late Col. George E. Waring, then of Newport. " I would like to jog the memory of the ' old guard ' about our ball games on ' cold spring lot' and the many 'ways-goose' parties participated in, particularly the one on which John Belcher issued his famous order, ' Go below there, Horace,' to his son, Horace Greeley Belcher, (then a boy of ten years.) Those were happy days." For twenty years J. A. & R. A. Reid conducted a printing office in Providence. Its development, success and failure is told by J. A. Reid, now a resident of St. Louis, Mo. : " In September, 1874, James Allan Reid and Robert Allan Reid, two young printers, began at 87 Westminster street the career of a firm which was destined, by reason of its THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 195 productions, to make itself and the city of Providence more or less famous. J. A. Reid 'served his time' on the Bristol ( R. I.) Phoenix and with A. Crawford Greene in Provi- dence, afterwards holding positions as journeyman with the Providence Press Co. in the book and job department ; with the Hammond & Angell Co., as partner and manager ; a frame on the New York World from 1869 to 1872, and on the New York Daily Graphic, an illustrated newspaper, in the summer of 1874. R. A. Reid served his three years in the Journal job office, and had a good ' round ' in Chicago afterwards. Their practical experience gave them a very good capital to pit against the dollars which were furnished the new firm as balance of its working stock by Robert and Jean Allan Reid— mother and father of the 'boys,' who came to Rhode Island from Dairy and Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1842. "The new firm had very fair success in most of its ventures, their business grew quite rapidly, and soon required larger quarters, which caused the first move, to 56 Wey- bosset street, were they were located some years in the building owned by the late Judge Eli Aylesworth. Not content with the ordinary op- portunities for making money and reputation as book and job printers, the firm originated many publica- tions which gave them a larger field for the exercise of their talents. " After awhile, finding their headquarters on Weybosset street were not just what was wanted for a growing plant, the office was again moved, this time to No. 24 Custom House street, where it was located for ten years, and where most of the fame and reputation of the firm was made. In this commodious building they had one of the best plants, and produced some of the finest work turned out in New England. The pride of the firm was staked on pro- ducing the very best work in all their lines, and a laudable aspiration to excel was created in the minds of their apprentices, journeymen, ar- tists and solicitors. " While located here ' Pictur- esque Washington' a finely illus- trated book on the National Capitol, with the text written by Joseph West Moore, a Providence newspaper man, was pub- lished. It reached a sale of nearly 50,000 copies. 'Three Decades of Federal Legis- lation,' a volume projected as an offset to 'Blaine's Book,' and written by the Hon. S. S. ('Sunset') Cox, was also published during this period, and reached a sale of about 25,000 copies. ' The Providence Plantations,' a large quarto, costing about $20,000 to produce, reached 7,500 in its various editions. Their lives of ' Burnside,' by Ben : Perley Poore, and ' Phil Sheridan,' by Colonels Hinton and Burr, were moderate successes. Some of their children's books reached up into flattering figures, and many of their lighter publications, like ' Christmas Bells,' reached annually into hundreds of thousands. Altogether the firm originated and printed nearly 100 independent publica- tions during its business career, probably surpassing the achievements of any other one house in its line up to 1894, the year of the accident to J. A. Reid, which was the over- powering reason for the final suspension of the firm. " During its occupancy of the Daniels building the firm experienced two serious fires, one of which was general in its scope and caused heavy loss to a large number of firms in the vicinity. The other was limited to this particular building. The firm was struggling from the effects of the second fire when, in 1894, Mr. J. A. Reid, who had ROBERT A. REID 196 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE assumed the entire burden of the business, was thrown from an electric car and 'downed' completely through concussion of the brain. " The plant of J. A. & R. A. Reid was well supplied with modern presses — a number of them from the famous manufacturers, C. B. Cottrell & Sons of Westerly and New York — with the best and latest faces of job type, and a great variety of letter for fine book work, catalogues, newspapers, small poster work, railroad time tables, and the diversified orders which come to a well-equipped printing office in these days." William P. Bittman, of Denver, Col., gives his impressions of the office of the R. I. Printing Co. and its employes at an interesting period of its existence : " I went to work at the R. I. Printing Co. in the early part of 1882, as a temporary or emergency hand. It was a fine office, and turned out some of the finest work done in Providence, was abundantly supplied with all the latest and up-to-date creations of the different type foundries ; was kept in apple pie order — a place for everything and every- thing in its place. All the type was nickel-plated. About six regulars and one or two apprentices were employed at the time. During working hours — by way of deviation, social problems were solved, politics discussed, and Butler's 'Hudibras' quoted by the square yard. It was not necessary to resort to prison rules to keep the men in line, and the utmost latitude was extended to everyone. When a new comer received a job to do by the foreman, it was generally accompanied by the remark : ' Take your time ; we look to quality and not quantity in this office.' "John A. Belcher was the foreman. John was a master at the art, a good proof- reader, and an all-round clever fellow. Unfortunately, John possessed an ungovernable temper, and when he got his 'dander' up, at some real or fancied 'outrage' perpetrated on him or in violation of the established rules and regulations of the office, then you could look out for ' Das Donnerroetter,' to use a German cuss word. A Kansas cyclone or an eruption of Mount Vesuvius was nothing in comparison with it. These outbursts were infrequent, however, and were generally aimed at the innocent, harmless and much- abused Joseph, his brother, one of the neatest and most artistic job printers in the city of Providence ; among the rest of the typos they created considerable merriment. "Among the employes of the R. I. Printing Co. during my time were the following, who bore pompous and weighty names, to wit : John ' Hamilton Boyd ' Kidd, John ' Adams ' Belcher, Joseph ' Warren ' Belcher, ' Zopher Randall ' Cummings, and last, but not least, my esteemed, amiable and ancient friend, familiarly known as the ' Antiquated Captain,' George ' Wellington ' Barry, who, I learn, is still on deck, although he must have passed the four-score mile post of his life, and bids fair to rival in longevity the illustrious ' Iron Duke ' of Waterloo fame, whose name he bears, and who passed from time to eternity in his 83d year. Great Scott! Captain, are you never going to say '30'? There you have it, comedy, tragedy, war, peace — all the elements necessary, and right at hand, too ! "There is no doubt that the weight of their names was oftentime a mighty load, and their efforts at dignity were not always successful. Still, one might be sure of a warm heart beating under the waistcoat, covering the overwrought chest so often thrown out with either real or imaginary military ardor or literary pride. " I remained in Providence about two or three years, working at the Rhode Island and occasionally subbing on the Visitor, Sunday Dispatch, etc., and then went to Boston. In 1894 Boston Typographical Union sent me to the Union Printers' Home. The climate was so beneficial that I left the Home and settled in Denver. A generous increase in my pension from the United States Government enables me to live way up on the sunny side of Easy street, and spend the remaining few years of my life in the dolce far niente." His first day's experience in a Providence printing office as an apprentice is told by Albert P. E. Doyle, now of Washington, D. C. : "In 1889, E. A. Johnson, head of the firm bearing that name, offered the annual apprenticeship to me without further agreement than the admonition, ' If the job don't suit you, git; if you don't suit the job, gitto!' I was informed that Mr. Joseph H. O'Vcrdine was to be my boss, but a few hours' labor in the book-room demonstrated that Miss Emma Ballou, Mr. John Henry Whalen, the Misses Cora B. Wilson, Katie Kiernan, Gracie Fisk, Messrs. George Washington Cutting, Charles Dickens Gardiner, A. B. C. D. Frost, Frank Fort Fuller, with many others to hear from, were also in command of the ship. THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 197 "Naturally of a modest and retiring disposition I fell over myself in complying with the various orders of my numerous foremen and foreladies, everybody taking a whack except Mr. J. H. O'V., and by 10 o'clock occasional comments of satisfaction told me that I was solid, and that the office had at last secured a truly good boy. " At the expiration of that time, however, presuming that I had become sufficiently acquainted with the various sections of the office so as to receive and digest instruction in the ' art preservative,' Mr. William Wallace, the senior ' devil,' condescended to teach the ' young tree ' how to wash the ink-slab without soiling the instructor's hands, taking care meanwhile to impress upon him the fact that if those before mentioned were captains, he was commodore. Willie promptly initiated me into all those graces and virtues which made my presence so welcome to J. Henry Whalen and to J. Henry Dillon throughout the remainder of my apprenticeship. " To resume, while nearly a year's full residue was being soaked and scraped and scraped and soaked from the ink-slab, John Henry Baxter was laboriously, but fastidiously covering the tympan of the old Washington hand-press with new felt and packing. John was probably as proud of his handiwork when finished as was the new devil of the re- splendent ink-slab, which by this (and be it truly chronicled for the last) time, fairly glistened in immaculate purity. " John laid out an eight-page form on the now rejuvenated press, sullied the fair face of my ink-slab with a daub of ink which is on it yet, inked the form, pulled a proof, and I can yet see the look of intense satisfaction spreading o'er his features as he stepped back and surveyed the impression. He ordered Wallace to pull nine more proofs. Wal- lace ordered me to assist in pulling the lever over. With a thrill of pride I jointly grasped the handle with W., and learned by the time the lever reached its centre that instead of my assisting Wallace, Wallace was assisting me, and very feebly at that. " As the lever would very likely be on the far side of the press yet, had I not pulled it over, it looked to me like finding the nickle Wallace bet that I could not push it back alone. Two feet braced firmly against the well-filled and Will-filled ' hell-box,' and the almost superhuman shove on the lever ' did ' something. A quick glance at the debris and a quick glance at J. H. B. as quickly told me that something else would soon be ' did.' As there was only three stories under us, I moved for the entry at about John's pace (no, gentle reader, John was not walking), for had I not noticed there were no fur- trimmed Juliets over his E-12 white socks, and heard him say, ' Water will rot the bottom of a ship,' and observed that he did not make a practice of praying during working hours, not to mention that he was the sole custodian of the filigree type ? No, I vvas convinced that John was not a fit associate for me at that moment. I reasoned that if I stayed in the entry long enough to count ten billion ten times matters inside would shape them- selves so that at least I could get my hat and coat. I had hardly finished counting my seventy-fifth million when Mr. John Henry Whalen came out and invited me to return. The good lord knows that I was waiting for Wallace, but, J. Henry, why did you grin ? "When I finished with J. Hen. my promotion was rapid, for I was then and there installed admiral of the fleet, and remained in that capacity until ' Billy ' Donovan took me under his sheltering mantle just 365 days afterward, but first informing me that he was the pilot of the craft and if I desired to reach my destination I would have to ship as a common land-lubber. As I received able-seaman's papers right after leaving his care, it seems needless to mention that the pilot's orders were sacredly obeyed." The John F. Greene office is probably the oldest in the city, having been started in 1828, by John S. Greene at 7 North Main street. Wil- liam Simons, Jr., purchased it the next year and it was moved to 15 Market square. It was the home of the Republican Herald, the leading Democratic semi-weekly newspaper, until 1853, when a consoHdation with the Daily Post was accomphshed, which continued until 1867. In that year John F. Greene became its owner, it was separated from the newspaper, and moved to 56 Canal street. In 1886 John F. Minchin and Elias S. Nickerson purchased the office and it was moved to 81 Dyer street. When Mr. Minchin died in 1906, John A. Belcher took his place in the firm. 198 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Snow & Farnham's book and job oflfice, now located at 63 Wash- ington street, was originally connected with the Evening Press news- paper, started in 1859. From 1861 to 1900 the office was in the building at the northwest corner of Dyer and Custom House streets. The printing for the State was done there for many years, and also the city printing. In September, 1884, the book and job department was separated from the newspapers, and shortly after came into possession of its present owners, Edwin M. Snow and Joseph E. C. Farnham. Twice the plant was almost completely destroyed by fire, the last one causing removal to the present location. A very large and successful business has been done by the firm. In 1882, Frank D. Livermore and Richard D. Knight formed a partnership under the name of Livermore & Knight. Both partners had been conducting printing offices for a few years previously. Their first location was at 18 Custom House street. In a few years the in- crease of business caused a removal to 74 Weybosset street, which location was occupied for about ten years. The Lauderdale building on Westminster street next accommodated their growing business for about seven years, when another removal was made to Pine street, cor- ner Hay street, their present home. Printing is but a small part of the product of this firm, but the quality is first class and their field of operations very extensive. The Remington Printing Co. was started in 1891 by P. S. Reming- ton at 43 Weybosset street in a modest way. Two years later it was located at 153 Dorrance street and F. M. Mason and John E. Hurley became members of the firm. The growth of the business compelled another moving in 1895. This time the present ample quarters in the Hanley building, 63 Washington street, were occupied. In 1900 B. P. Moulton purchased P. S. Remington's interest. The Franklin Press, now located at 63 Washington street, is the successor of J. L. & E. N. Casey, who opened an office at 7 College street in 1892. The Caseys were students at Brown University and their first venture in Providence was as editors and publishers of the Brown Daily Herald, still issued regularly during the College terms from the Frankhn Press. J. L. & E. N. Casey were succeeded in 1893 by Casey, Murch & Co., in 1894 by Casey Brothers, and in 1896, when the plant was moved to its present location, by the Franklin Press. The latter has changed hands but not its name several times, the pres- ent officers, Charles A. Dalton, President, and Thomas J. Griffin, Treas- urer, having taken charge in 1901. The plant is splendidly equipped for first-class work of all kinds, and the largest force of Union job com- positors in the city is employed at the F'ranklin. The veteran Fred- THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 199 erick B. Amsden has set the type for the Brown Daily Herald so many years that he has come to be regarded as an indispensable adjunct to its publication. The Franklin Press granted the eight-hour day Jan. 1, 1906, without friction of any sort. It has profited by the label cam- paign incident to the strike, having doubled its force of compositors to meet the requirements of new business. One of the best-known Union shops in the city is that conducted at 33 Washington street by the William R. Brown Company, A. W. Wood- cock, proprietor. William R. Brown's first venture as a master printer was located on Dorrance street, removal being made to 47 Eddy street, and later to the present location. Mr. Woodcock was admitted to the firm just previous to Mr. Brown's death, which occurred in 1903, and he has since conducted the business. The Wilham R. Brown Company makes a specialty of badge work, and does more printing for secret and fraternal societies, perhaps, than any other ofl&ce in the city. It is, however, well equipped for other work, and conducts a profitable busi- ness. The eight-hour day went into effect there Jan. 1, 1906, and the shop is thoroughly Union. In 1889 James H. Mathews bought out a printing partnership which he had entered at 1052 High street less than a fortnight pre- vious, and moved the plant to 1851 Westminster street, where he has been in business continuously since then, in later years as partner with his younger brother, Thomas J. Mathews, under the firm name of J. H. & T. J. Mathews. James H. Mathews learned his trade in Westerly, R. I., and was foreman of the Westerly Sun previous to coming to Providence. The plant is very well equipped for all classes of work, and has been enlarged several times, a new press having been installed in October, 1907. This firm was the first in the city to carry a Union label. The Mathews brothers are staunch Union men, both carrying cards, James H. as a pressman, and Thomas J. as a member of Provi- dence Typographical Union. In 1898 Charles Manshell opened a small printing oflice at 19 Mill street, moving in 1899 to 339 North Main street, and in 1901 to 115-119 Pine street, where the business is still continued under the name of the Sun Printing Company, in quarters several times enlarged since the moving to Pine street. The plant is an extensive one, including the largest cylinder press in the city and a new model ticket machine, which is the first of its kind to be installed here. Mr. Manshell is one of the most enterprising and energetic master printers in the city, and the large and increasing business of the Sun Printing Company is ample evidence of his keen sagacity and sound business sense. To Mr. Manshell principally is due credit for the demand for the Union label 200 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE among the large Hebrew population of the city. The Sun invariably advertises as a Union printing house; it granted the eight-hour day Jan. 1, 1906, and Mr. Manshell still carries a card, although doing very little work at the case in recent years. The Loose Leaf Manufacturing Company was reorganized early in 1907, a combination being made w^ith H. M. Coombs, a famous Providence binder, who was then conducting a bindery at 63 Washington street, to which the plant of the L. L. Manufacturing Company was moved from Sabin street. The older L. L. Company had moved its plant to Louisville, Ky., in 1905, but reopened toward the close of that year in this city. A change of management brought Irvin B. Stites into con- trol, and he consummated the combination with H. M. Coombs. Mr. Coombs retired from the reorganized company in October, 1907, open- ing a new bindery across the street. The Loose Leaf Company has one of the finest equipped plants in the city, and has facihties for turn- ing out the finest quahty of work of any description, from a simple dodger to a bound volume, including ruHng and blank book w^ork of all kinds. Quality is the watchword at the Loose Leaf. A sHght un- pleasantness in 1906, when the Loose Leaf Company returned to a nine-hour schedule, was settled early in 1907, and the Loose Leaf Com- pany has since then carried the Union label. The Alpine Printing Co., George L. Hammond, proprietor, was started in 1892. It is located at 94 Snow street and does a large and profitable business, Bushman & Co., 290 Eddy street, moved its plant in June, 1907, from 489 Westminster street, to the present more commodious quarters. The proprietors are enterprising young men and are building up a good plant and a large business. James R. Day, at 37 Weybosset street, has a well estabhshed busi- ness, begun in 1888. Mr. Day is a badge specialist, but his patronage among the commercial houses and banks of the city is large. He is re- liable, punctual in fulfilling promises and well liked by those who are his customers. Holland & Son, John and Oscar, conduct a small commercial plant at 131 Washington street, the father as pressman and the son as com- positor. They have a wide circle of friends and their business is profitable. The Ideal Printing Company, 45 Eddy street, George H. Webb, proprietor, is well equipped for good work. The Industrial Printing Company, 43 South Main street, is con- ducted by another hustling and enterprising young man, George H. Brown. Mr. Brown's business has grown by leaps and bounds in recent THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 201 years, removal to more commodious quarters two years ago, promising duplication by simple necessity within the near future. The Oxford Linotype Composition Company was organized in August, 1907, by Henry W. and John F. O'Hara. One machine was installed at 24 North Main street. In September the printing plant of the Visitor was absorbed and the Oxford Company moved across the street to the old Visitor office, at 27 North Main street. The Providence Printing Company, at 24 North Main street, was estabUshed early in 1907, by Hugh F. Carroll, who has more than once in recent months demonstrated the possibiHties of a small plant. "Printers and Printing in Providence" is from the press of the Provi- dence Printing Co. George W. Hope conducts the Star Printing Co. at 910 Westmin- ster street, well known as a Union house. The Whitney Press, at 45 Waldo street, has a well-equipped plant. H. Beck & Co., 191 North Main street, are new comers in Provi- dence. Carl C. Robb, a popular member of No. 33, in October, 1907, opened an office at 211 Indiana avenue, where he prints. Ralph Freeman, in June, 1907, became manager of a small printing plant owned by the Boys' Club, at Eddy and Weybosset streets. The Capitol Printing Company, 95 Westminster street, was organ- ized in 1907, John F. Keenan, Richard D. Lacy and Frank G. Sullivan, employes of the Journal and Bulletin, being the proprietors. The Capitol is almost the first enterprise in Providence conducted by print- ers who are not directly connected with its mechanical department. An imprint about 1800 reads " Printed by Nathaniel and Benjamin Heaton for Joseph J. Todd, Providence, at the sign of the Bible and Anchor." One of these Heatons was in partnership with Samuel J. WilHams in 1804. No other mention of the Heatons has been found. Some of the book and job offices not otherwise referred to are included in the following fist: 1824-36 — Henry Trumbull at 26 and 34 1833 — Edward and J. W. Cory at 9 High St. Market sq. 1826 — Barzillai Cranston at 10 North 183 3 — James S. Ham and S. R. Weeden Main st. 1828 — Cranston & Marshall at at 9 Market sq. 4 Market sq. 1830 — Cranston & Ham- 1840 — Benjamin T. Albro at 9 Market mond at 1 Union buildings. 1832 — Bar- sq. 1844 at 2 Canal st. 1847-50 at 5 zillai Cranston at 4 Market sq. 1836 at Canal st. 1853-56 at 11 Market sq. 14 Market sq. 1838 and later at 1 Mar- 1841 — Benjamin P. Moore at 19 Mar- ket sq., where he also conducted a book ket sq. 1844 at 12 South Main st. store. 1852 — Marcus B. Young at 2 4 West- 1826-28 — Smith & Parmenter at 9 Mar- minster st. 1859 at 33 Westminster st. ket sq. 1870 — A. S. Reynolds. 1873 — Reynolds 182 8 — William Marshall at 4 Union (M. M. ), Mackinnon (G. F. ) & Trumpler buildings. 1830 at 12 Market sq. 1836 at (P. J.) at 9 Calender st. Christian Union 19 Market sq. and Daily Chronicle were published from 202 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE the office while at this location. 1875 at 5 Washington row. Sunday Dispatch printed in the office. 1878 — Moved to East Greenwich. 1854 — Henry Tilden at 32 Westminster St. 1871 at 29 Weybosset st. 1880 at 4 Westminster st. 1857 — Henry L. Tillinghast at 9 and 12 Market sq. 1865 — George H. Whitney at 7 Market sq. 1871 — Logee (W. K.), Maxfield (W. B.) & Co. 1873 — Valpey, Angell Co. & Maxfield. 1877-1907 — E. L. Freeman & Co. at 3 Westminster st. 1867 — Millard (S. M. ) & Harker (T. M.) at 131 Dorrance st. 1869 — S. M. Mil- lard at 57 Weybosset st. 1870 — Millard, Gray (C. C.) & Simpson (T.). 1874— S. M. Millard. 1877 — Millard, Morris (J. F. ) 6 Co. (E. W. Woodley) at 111 Broad st. 1878 — J. Frank Brigss instead of Wood- ley. 1879— Peter H. Massie. 1882 at Slade building, Washington st. 1871 — James J. Easton at 14 Westmin- ster St. 1871 — M. A. Walsh at 16 North Main st. 1873 — Trumpler (P. J.) & Burchfield (C. E.) at 98 Westminster st. 1873 — Thomas A. Carpenter & Co. at 125 Broad st. 1873-4 — Hutchinson (A. S. ) & Trenn (W. H.) at 156 Westminster st. 1873 — Joseph F. Morris at 20 Westmin- ster St. 1874 at 9 Calender st. 1874 — Edward K. Aldrich at 24 3 West- minster St. 1875 — E. K. & Thomas W. Aldrich. 1878 — E. K. Aldrich at 217 West- minster St. 1875 — Star Printing Co. at 256 Public st. 1875 — John Francis Smith. 1880 at 49 Peck St. 1881 at 21 Friendship st. 1885 at 235 Westminster st. 1891 at 123 Dor- rance st. 1S93 at 154 Dorrance st. 1875 — William H. Tilley at 5 Marshall St. 1879 at 444 High st. 1880-86 at 606 High St. 1875 — Frank E. Nickerson at 5 Wash- ington row. 1876 — Charles Atwood at 2 Major st. 1878 at 9 Winter st. 1876 — Andrew P. Martin at 359 North Main st. 1876 — Dow B. Talbot at 18 Cranston st. 1878 — Thomas S. Hammond at 49 Wey- bosset St. 1882-1907 at 98 Weybosset st. 1907 at 26 Custom House st. 1878 — George B. Arnold at 135 South Main st. 1878 — Henry N. Leader & Co. at 87 Westminster st. 1878 — Mylon C. Merriam at 81 West- minster St. 1878— John S. Kellogg at 7 Market sq. 1879 at 19 Westminster st. 1881 at 5 Washington row. 1883-89 — Kellogg Print- ing Co. 1878 — Noah D. Payne at 12 Page st. 1879 at 25 Potter st. 1880 at 82 Academy av. 1883 — Yankee Notion Printing Co. at 202 Westminster st. 1888 — Marion Print- ing Co. at 129 Westminster st. 1893 at 157 Westminster st. 1899 at 25 North Main st. 1900 at 108 Eddy st. 1904 at 37 Weybosset st. 1905-7 at 19 Page st. 1879 — W. Ward Fuller at 98 Weybos- set. 1880 — Fuller, Upham & Co. at 91 Westminster st. and 31 Exchange place. 1881 — W. Ward Fuller. 1882 at 109 Orange st. 1879 — Farmer, Livermore & Co. at 27 Custom House st. ; Richard D. Knight at 24 Custom House st. 1880 at IS Custom House St. 1881 — Knight & Remington (R. D. Knight and C. R. Remington, Jr.). 1883 — Livermore & Knight. 1880 — H. L. Thompson & Co. at 75 Westminster st. 1880 — J. C. Hall & Co. at 62 Weybos- set St. 1891 at 60 Weybosset st. 1899- 1907 — The J. C. Hall Co. at 68 West Exchange st. 1881 — A. C. Beaman at 3 Weybosset st. 1881— Chadsey (W. N.) & Clarke (E. M.) at 97 Weybosset st. 1882 at 23 Wey- bosset St. 1888 at 9 Custom House st. 1893 — W. N. Chadsey at 44 Custom House St. 1881 — H. A. Townsend & Bro. at 98 Weybosset st. 1882 at 188 Eddy st. 1883 — F. H. Townsend. 1897-1907 at 95 Pine St. 1881 — Charles C. Bigelow at 97 Wey- bosset St. 1882 at 26 Washington st. 1884 — Bigelow Printing Co. 1888 at 4 5 Eddy St. 1889 at 21 Eddy st. While located here the presswork for the Evening Call, the daily newspaper issued by Providence Typographical Union, was done by this company. In July a Scott perfecting press was used. 1882 — Myron R. Briggs at 30 Admiral St. 1884 at 348 North Main st. 1883 — F. E. Capron at 13 Market sq. 1883 — Charles W. Littell & Co. at 243 Westminster st. 1891 at 267 Westminster St. 1893 at 333 Westminster st. 1895 at 206 Weybosset st. 1896-1907 at 333 West- minster St. 1883— Crandall (W. C.) & Tucker (H. W. ) at 243 Westminster st. 1883 — Whittemore ( D. H. ) & Thompson (H. L.) at 54 North Main st. 1886-1907 — Whittemore & Colburn (J. G. ). 1883 — Edwin B. Evans at 18 Hammond St. 1886 at — Cranston st. 1890 at 292 Westminster st. 1884 — George E. Craiidiill. Jr.. at 7 Mar- ket sq. 1884— J. T. R. Proctor at 174 Westmin- ster St. 1884-88 — George M. Webb at 208 Pine st. 1884-86— R. D. Gerrish at 1 Irons Block, Olneyville. 1884 — Almon B. Hart at 235 Westmin- ster St. 1885 — Francis (R. ) & Walker (G. F. ) at 19 Fenner st. 1885 — John H. Siholield at 5 Washing- ton row. 1885— George F. Chapman & Co. at 27 Pine St. and 62 Weybosset st. 1894 — Perrv Printing Co. 1895— William H. Walton, Supt., at 25 Pine st. 1899-1907 at 57 Wey- bosset St. THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 203 1885 — A. H. Field & Co. at 57 Weybos- set St. 1899 at 186 Mathewson st. 1903 at 180 Mathewson st. 1905 at 124 Washing- ton St. 1907 at 775 Westminster st. 1886 — Farmer (E. G.), Girsch (C. W.) & Co. at 18 Custom House- st. 1887 — B. G. Farmer & Co. 1887 — A. H. Gary at 255 High st. 1889 at 33 Snow st. 1887 — O. T. R. Greene at 11 Washing- ton St. 1893 at 21 Washington st. 1907 at 5 Washington row. 1887-8 — N. L. McCausland & Co. at 21 South Main st. 1887-91 — Avondale Printing Co., Her- man L. Calder, manager, at 258 Westmin- ster St. 1888 — Ideal Card and Printing Co. at 65 Dorrance St. (P. W. Rounds and F. W. Smith). 1888 — E. W. Kenyon at 235 Westmin- ster St. 1888 — Cummings (M. J.) & Dow (J. C.) at 771/2 Dorrance st. 1889 — M. J. Cum- mings. 1892 at 112 Dorrance st. 1888 — Edward H. Morrissey at 235 Westminster st. 1888 — R. I. Label Works at 33 Beverly St. 1895 at 91 Sabin st. 1888 — T. W. Schurman at 254 Westmin- ster St. 1889 at 262 Westminster st. 1888 — Star Printing Co. at 255 West- minster St. David Seide, manager. 1888-9 — Frederick B. Wood at 45 Eddy St. 1889 — George D. Niven & Co. at 998 Broad st. 1889 — H. I. Gould & Co. at 282 West- minster St. 1893-1901 at 400 Westmin- ster St. 1890-92— W. E. Burbank at 227 Eddy St. 1890 — Ryder (James J.) & Dearth (Henry B.) at 146 Westminster st. 1892 —J. J. Ryder Co. 1898-1907 at 47 Wash- ington st. 1890-92— Sholes (W. F. ) & Searle (E. W.) at 33 Snow st. 1895 at Hoppin Home- stead Building. 1898-1905 at 189 Mathew- son st. 1890-1907 — Standard Printing Co. at 5 Washington row. B. F. Briggs, manager. 1890 — James N. Arnold at 30 Eddy st. 1890 — Louis Basinet at 255 High st. 1891 at 376 High st. 1893 at 890 West- minster St. 1901-7 at 35 Cranston st. 1890 — George A. Wilson & Co. at 21 Eddy St. 1895 at 101 Sabin st. 1897 — Journal of Commerce Co. 1891 — Standard Steam Printing and Pub- lishing Co. at 39 Snow st. 1891-2 — Walter J. Ellis at 269 West- minster St. 1891 — Charles H. Heptonstall & Bro. at 1076 High St. 1893 at 1962 Westminster st. 1891-3 — E. A. Risley & Co. at 24 Cus- tom House St. 1891 — Sibley (Edward F. ) & Johnson (Clarence P.) at 107 8 High st. 1892 — Edward F. Sibley. 1893 at 1964 Westmin- ster St. 1899-1907 at 1 Olneyville sq. 1891 — Buker Publishing Co. at 19 West- minster St. 1894-9 at 21 Westminster st. 1891 — P. S. Bowe-n at 282 Dyer st. 1892-3 — Claude Gardiner at 366 High st. 1893 — Providence Printing and Publishing Co at 874 Westminster st. 1892 — R. I. Publishing Co., B. F. Evans, manager, at 9 Calender st. 1892 — Taylor Card and Printing Co. at 4 Mathewson st. 1893 at 186 Mathewson St. 1900 at 179 Richmond st. 1904 at 257 West Exchange st. 1893-5 — Chace (Robert A.) & Young (Richard A.) at 47 Sprague st. 1893 — Providence Albertype Co. at 80 East George st. 1900-2 — Piatt Albertype Co. at 35 North Main st. 1893 — E. M. Clarke at 41 Dorrance st. 1894 at 44 Custom House st. 1899-1907 at 332 Prairie av. 1893-1903 — Eagle Printing Co. at 12 Moulton St. 1893 — Ellis Printing Co. at 28 North Main st. 1893-1901 — Elmwood Printing Co. at 76 Fifleld av. C. E. Bailey, Jr., Manager. 1893 — Herald Printing Co. at 75 West- minster St. 1897 at 49 Westminster st. 1893— Madden (P. C), Bell (J. D.) Co. at 76 Dorrance st. 1894 — American Press Co. at 216 Wey- bosset St. Henry Lindsay, proprietor. 1894 — Diamond Printing Co. at 24 North Main st. (James D. O'Hern and Albert P. Doyle.) 1901 — James D O'Hern. 1894 — Pond (W. H. ) & Raymond (G.) at 75 Clifford st. 1899 — William H. Pond & Son (L. G.) at 83 Page st. 1900 at 110 Richmond st. 1894 — Charles H. Ross at 121 Weybos- set St. 1895 — Bannon & Co. at 64 North Main St. (John L. Bannon). 1896 at 43 North Main st. 1897 at 874 Westminster st. 1900 — H. W. Goodnow & Co. 1901 — Rapid Printing Co. at 63 Washington st. 1895-7 — Continental Printing Co. at 97 Dver St. James C. Gregg, secretary. 1895 — John Cray, Olneyville sq. 1899 at 34 Plainfield st. 1902 at 16 Plainfield St. 1907 at 65 Plainfield st. 1895 — Narragansett Printing Co. at 99 Friendship st. 1898 at 155 Orange st. 1900 at 9 Calender st. 1901 at 21 Eddy St. 1905-7 at 45 Eddy st. 1896 — Herbert Barnett at 926 Man- ton av. 1896-1907 — P. W. Card at 741 West- minster St. 1896 — David Evans at 767 Westminster St. 1897 — Evans Printing and Regalia House at 141 Weybosset st. 1896 — Fox (C. J.) & Saunders (H. L. ) at 12 Market sq. 1897 at 137 Weybosset St. 1907 at 236 Aborn st. 1896 — Globe Printing Co. at 37 Wey- bosset St. 1896 — Gunn & Wilcox at 87 Weybosset St. (Harry E. Gunn.) 1896 — J. D. Hall & Co. at 101 Sabin st. 1896 — Charles E. Littlefleld at 206 Weybosset st. 1896 — F. C. Madden at 10 West Ex- change St. 204 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE 1897 — Bacon (James G. ) & Graham (Thomas) Printing Co. at 348 Westmin- ster St. 1897 — John D. Bradshaw at 74 Bog- man St. 1898 at 890 Westminster st. 1899 at 7 Trasli st. 1897 — Cashman (Asa) & Rollinson (John) at 4 7 Washington st. 1898 — John Rollinson & Co. 1899 at 97 Dyer st. 1906-7 — Rollinson & Hey. 1897-1902 — The Robinson Press at 151 Pine St. (Thomas C. Robinson.) 1897 — Edward E. Zulegan at 612 Doug- lass av. 1898 — Chaffee-Mclndoe Co. at 7 Eddv st. 1898-1907— H. T. Hammond at 74 Wey- bosset St. 1898— Edwin S. Godfrey at 207 West- minster St. 1899 — Williams & Co. at 45 Eddv st. (David H. Williams). 1903 at 96 Math- ewson St. 1899 — Williams (Charles W.) & Pricker (Alexander) at 141 Weybosset st. 1901- 5 — Williams, Fricker & Co. 1899 — Thompson & Thompson (Fred D. and Henry L. ) at 163 Pine st. 1905 at 52 Richmond st. 1906-7 at 33 Broad st. 1900 — Columbian Job Printat 687 Man- ton av. 1904-7 — Sander P. Wilson. 1900-2 — Frost Bros. (W. L. and H. B. ) at 233 Ohio av. 1900-1 — German- American Printing Co. at 125 Snow st. 1902 at 69 Richmond st. 1900 — Pentecostal Printing Co. at 877 Eddy St. 1904-7 at 212 Oxford st. 1900-4 — Place & Wells Co. at 8 Niantic av. Emory L. Place, manager. 1901-7 — Brandt Printing Co. at 297 Canal st. (Soloman S. Brandt.) 1901 — F. Curzio & Co. at 84 Spruce St. 1904-5 at 32 Spruce st. 1901 — Excelsior Printing Co. at 15 Dor- rance st. (Frank S. Bowen, manager.) 1903 at 121 North Main st. 1905 at 124 Washington st. 1907 at 775 Westmin- ster St. 1901 — New York Printing Co. at 21 Washington st. 1902 at 9 Washington row. 1907 at 15 Exchange place. (E. L. Meyers. ) 1901 — Walford B. Read at 1 Olney- ville sq. 1901-7 — Benoni Sweet at 862 Broad st. 1902 — Robert F. Belcher at 400 West- minster St. 1904 at 124 Washington st. 1902 — John H. Donahue at 348 West- minster St. 1903 — Empire Mfg. and Print- ing Co. at 131 Washington st. (William Leach, J. H. Donahue and T. P. Da\"is. ) 1902-4 — E. B. Evans & Co. at 936 Man- ton av. 1902 — Keystone Press at 77 Dyer st. 1902 — H. K. Phillips at 15 Dorarnce st. 1902 — George E. Williams at 110 Rich- mond St. 1903-7 — Acme Printing Co. at 35 West- minster St. 1903-5 — Joseph G. Haunch at 15 Dor- rance st. 1903 — Maine Printing Co. at 43 Cran- ston St. 1904-7 — W. H. Leland & Co. at 144 Westminster st. 1904-7 — Charles S. Reynolds & Co. at 37 Weybosset st 1904 — Fred Smith at 31 Broad St. 1904-6 — Vendome Mfg. Co. at 45 Eddv St. 1904-7 — "^'•eybosset Printing Co. at 141 Weybosset st. 1904 — O. P. Clarke at 98 Weybosset st. 1905-7 at 97 Dyer st. 1904 — La Liberta Publishing Co. at 155 Atwell's av. 1904-7 — Colorgraph Printing Co. at 49 Weybosset st. 1905 — Edgewood Press at 120 Washing- ton St. ; 1907 at 390 New York a v. 1905-7 — Providence Linotype Co. at 26 Custom House st. 1905-7— E. C. Spencer at 8 Niantic av. 1906 — Gideon Carlstrom at 279 Wey- bosset St. ; 1907 at 13 Burrell st. 1906 — C. M. Cunha at 55 Arcade. 1907 — Aronson & Gustafson at 186M; Prairie ave. 1907 — Samuel P. Harris at 95 Pine st. 1907 — L. M. Phelps & Co. at 95 West- minster St. 1907 — International Printing Co. at 155 Atwell's av. From 1772 until 1793, " the sign Shakespeare's Head was erected upon a pole eight or ten feet high on the sidewalk in front of what is now No. 21 Meeting street." The sign was first mentioned in connec- tion with the Gazette, July 9, 1763, when the paper was published at Judge Jenckes's book shop, at the sign of Shakespeare's Head. The Gazette was moved " to the building at the southeast corner of the Market House, directly opposite the street leading to Brown Uni- versity," in 1812. The building with Hugh H. Brown's sign is the one. It was torn down to widen College street. In 1827 Market square was a veritable printing house square, as the Patriot, Journal, Microcosm, Cadet, Christian Telescope, Religious Messenger, Pawtucket Chronicle, Anti-Universalist and Rhode Island Early Printing Houses 'SHAKESPEARE'S HEAD" Providence Gazette, 1772-1793 "THE COFFEE HOUSE" Providence Gazette, 1793-1812 Rhode Island American, 1813-1826 Providence Journal, 1820-1823 "ABBOTT 'STILL' HOUSE' Providence Gazette, 1812-1825 H. H. Brown, 1856-1863 "THE GRANITE BUILDING" Providence Journal, 1824-1833 Centre of Printing Industry in 1827 THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 205 Register, together with numerous printing offices, were located there. The buildings in which they were located were the Granite building and the Old Coffee House. The great gale of 1815 occurred on September 23. In a diary kept by Bennett H. Wheeler, now in possession of Mrs. Frederick R. Hoard, is a vivid account of the terrific storm of wind and water, and of his efforts to rescue his family and others from the flood. Mr. Wheeler and Capt. Josiah Jones were at that time publishers of the Patriot. Their printing house was at the corner of Market square and North Main street. From this point Capt. Jones witnessed the carrying away of the bridge. The first vessel that dashed against it brought up, but the second one made a clean sweep through, and the bridge was gone. Barzillai Cranston was at work at the time of the gale in the office of the Rhode Island American, then located in the third story of the Old Coffee House, corner Market square and North Water street, (now Canal street.) About 10 o'clock the hurricane drove in two or three of the windows, and the printers accepted that demonstra- tion as a notice to 'quit. The Providence Directory was first printed in 1824 by Brown & Danforth, (H. H. Brown and Walter R. Danforth); in 1826 by CarHle & Brown, (Francis Y. Carlile); in 1828, '30, '32, '36, '38, '41, '44, '47, '50, '53 and thereafter annually until 1860 by H. H. Brown. June 1, 1860, Brown sold his interest in the Directory to Adams, Sampson & Co., of Boston, who have continued to pubHsh it since. Some changes in the name of the firm have occurred. Providence has had several weekly newspapers that depended upon the revenue received from advertisements for their expenses, and were distributed free to the public. The most notable one was the General Advertiser, started in 1847 by Cornelius S. Jones, son of Josiah Jones. It had an existence of more than 40 years. Comparatively few books have been produced in Providence print- ing offices. The pubhcations of the city and state governments have JOSIAH JONES 206 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE been the most important and also the most profitable. Few of the periodicals issued have had either a healthy or extended existence. The following is an incomplete hst of the latter : Liberty's Ccntinel. S. J. Williams. 1803. Rhode Island Farmer. Weekly. David Heaton and Benoni Williams. 1804-0.5. Providence Centinel and War Chronicle. Weekly. Herman B. and Daniel Man. 1212. Rhode Island Literary Repository. Month- ly. Isaac Bailey, editor. 1814. ■Invenile Gazette. Origen Bachelor. Wil- liam H. Smith, successive editors. 1818. Rhode Island Register. H. H. Brown. 1819. Religiotis Intelligencer. Weekly. James D. Knowles, editor. May 13, 1820, to Nov. 4, 1820. Barber Badger. May 26, 1821-24. Rhode Island Baptist. Allen Brown. 1823. The Beacon. William S. Spear. 1823-2 6. The Ladies' Magazine. Monthly. 1823. Hopkinsian Magazine. Otis Thompson. 1824-40. Christian Telescope. Rev. David Picker- ing. Jacob Frieze. 1824-29. (Univer- salist). Town and Country. 1825. (Temperance). The Ladies' Museum. Eaton W. Maxcv. 1825. Religious Messenger. Weekly. Origen Bachelor. 1825. James N. Seaman. 1826. William Goodell. 1827-28. Literary Museum.. Eaton W. Maxcy. 182 6. Literary Cadet and Saturday Evening Bul- letin. Weekly. Smith & Parmenter. 1826. Semi-weekly. 1827-29. Free Will Baptist Magazine. Quarterly. Zalmon Tobey. 1826. Monthly. 1828-30. Anti-Universalist. Origen Bachelor. 1827. The Investigator and General Intelli- gencer. James B. Yerrington. 1827-2 8. Removed to Boston. Gospel Preacher. David Pickering. 182 7. (Universalist. ) Juvenile Gazette. Weeklv. Oliver Ken- dall, Jr. 1828. The Toilet or Ladies' Cabinet of Litera- ture. Weekly. Owen G. Warren, Samuel M. Fowler, successive editors. 182 8-29. The Original. Monthly. Frances H. Whip- ple, editor. 1829. Beacon Light. W. A. Brown. 1829. The Brunonian. Monthly during college year. 1829-31. Revived in 1868. Con- ducted by the undergraduates. The Little Geniiis. W. A. Brown. 1829. Literary Subaltern. Semi-weekly. S. S. Southworth. editor. William Marshall and John S. Hammond, printers. Jan. 1. 1829. Weekly. June 30, 1829. J. W. D. Hall and Brown Simmons. Oct. 2, 1829. Brown Simmons. Oct. 15, 1830-32. The Olla Podrida. John Bisbee. 1830. Juvenile Repository. Samuel S. Wilson. 1830. Providence Free Press. Stearns & Whea- ton. 1830. (Anti-Masonic.) Chronicle of the Times. Semi-weekly. Binnttt H. Wliceler. 1831. R. I. Journal and Sunday School and Bible Class Advocate. Rev. David Benedict. 1831. R. I. Temperance Advocate. Fortnightly. Jos. A. Whitmarsh. 1833. Literary Journal and Weekly Register of Scie7ice and Fine Arts. Albert G. Greene, editor. 1833-34. City Gazette. Weekly. 1834. The Constitutionalist. 1834. (Suffrage extension). New England Family Visitor and Literary Journal. Weekly. Knowles & Bur- roughs, publishers. 1834. The Voice of the People. Mr. Doyle. 1834. The Pupil's Monitor. Fortnightly. Silas Weston. 1834. Free Will Baptist Quarterly. 1835-56. Removed to Dover, N. H. The Light. Joseph A. Whitmarsh. 1835. More Light. Jacob Frieze. 1835. The Penny Post. Weekly. Samuel S. Wilson. 1835. The Weekly Visitor. Samuel S. Wilson. 1835. Rhode Island Temperance Herald. Week- ly. Charles Jewett, L. D. Johnson, Abel Stevens, successive editors. 1838-40. Providence Temperance Herald. 1838-39. The Cradle of Liberty. Monthly. 1839. (Anti-slavery.) John the Baptist. John Tillinghast, edi- tor. 1840-43. (Six Principle Baptist.) Gospel Messenger. Weekly. Zephaniah Baker, S. P. Landers, A. A. Davis, Har- vey Bacon and Dunbar B. Harris were at different times editors. 1840-43. (Universalist.) Gaspee Torchlight. Weekly. William R. Watson, editor. 1840. (Campaign paper — Whig.) The Extinguisher. Weekly. Jacob Frieze, editor. 1840. (Campaign paper — Demo- crat.) Cold Water Gazette. Wyllis Ames. 1840. (Temperance campaign paper.) The Samaritan. Samuel S. Ashley, Thomas Tew, editors. Weekly and later fort- niglitly. 1841. Narragansett Chief. Weekly. Joseph M. Church. 184 2. The Suffrage Exaininer. 1841. (Anti- slav«'r>\ ) Christian Soldier. Fortnightly. J. Whit- temon', T. H. Bachelor, editors. 1842- 4 3. (I'^ree Will Baptist.) Independent Weekly. W.S.Sherman. 184 4. Tribune of the People. 1846. R. I. Temperance Pledge. Amsbury & Lincoln. 184 7. The Day Star. 1849-50. Constellutio7i. E. S. Hill, John Muijilo, Henry L. Tillinghast. 18,50. R. I. Educalional Magazine. E. R. Potter, editor. 1S.-.2-.54. Una. Monthly. Mrs. Paulina Wright. 1853-54. In tlie interest of women. THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 207 R. I, Freevian. Dunbar B. Harris. 1854- 57. (Anti-slavery.) The Schoolmaster. Monthly. Rev. Robert Allyn, editor. 1856. W. A. Mowry. editor. 1857-74. Thomas W. Bicknell, editor. 1874-75. Merged with N. E. Journal of Education. The Gleaner. 1855. High school students. Bangs' Trumpet. Weekly. N. Bangs Williams. 1857-58. High School Magazine. 1858. Providence Preacher. Monthly. Rev. Thomas Williams. 1858-59. Delphic Oracle. High school students. 1862. Voice of the Truth. Monthly. J. H. Lons- dale. 1864-73. (Religious.) The Bibliomanias. S. S. Rider. 1867. New World. Weekly. T. A. Carpenter. 1869-71. R. I. Lantern. Weekly. 1870. Three Links. G. T. Bradley, John C. Kerr. 1870. Temple of Honor. Monthly. Ferrin & Hammond. 1871-76. In the interest of temperance. New England Register. T. A. Carpenter. 1871. In the interest of mill operatives, who were striving to obtain a 10-hour day. Freemasons' Repository. Weekly. Fer- rin & Hammond. 1871. Monthly. E. L. Freeman & Sons. 1882-1907. Ottrs Illustrated. Monthly. Webb Broth- ers & Co. 1872-73. Yours. Weekly. Trumpler & Burchfleld. 1873. Living Christian. Weekly. D. Schindler, editor. 1873. Herald of the Centennial. Monthly. By Providence women in the interest of the Centennial Exhibition. 1875. Church Union. Edward E. Nickerson. 1875. Town and Country. Weekly. S. B. Keacli. 1875-79. The Record. Weekly. Rev. W. G. Com- stock. 1875. Weekly Visitor. (Catholic.) 1875. Dr. Michael T. Walsh, editor. 1876. Provi- dence Visitor. Incorporated 1881. Wil- liam F. Kennefick, manager. 1897. James I. Conway, manager. 1905-07. Weekly Visitor. 1876. Removed to Cen- tral Falls. Providence Anzeiger. F. Rueckert. 1876. Gustav Saacke. 1890-1907. Odd Fellows' Register. Reynolds & Mac- kinnon. 1877. The Jeweler. Monthly. W.J.Pettis. 1877. High School Budget. 1877. Deutscher Anzeiger. Weekly. Karl Peter- man. 1878. Providence Times. Weekly. W. H. Goffe. 1878. The Cosmopolitan. "Weekly. 187 8-79. The Parrott. Monthly. Porthouse, Carle- ton & Goffe. 1878. The Echo. 1879. Providence Herald. Weekly. Brown & Corbett (E. A.) 1879. A. D. Sawin. 1887. Now Corbett's Herald. Confidential Reporter. Monthly. J. C. Gooding. 1880. Providence Indicator. Weekly. Claude DeHaven. 1881-88. The Peoiile. John F. Smith. 1881. N. E. Anzeiger. C. C. Hentzmann. 1881. Narragansett Historical Register. Monthly. James N. Arnold. 1882-1891. Household Magazine. Monthly. D. P. Buker, Jr. 1882-86. The Hypophet. High school students. 1882-83. R. I. Wochenblatt. Weekly. W. Alden- kircher. 1883. The Comet. 1883. Art Folio. J. A. & R. A. Reid. 1883. Book Notes. Sidney S. Rider. 1883-1907. The Manufacturing Jeioeler. Monthly. Al- bert Ullman, John A. McCloy. 1883. Fortnightly. Walter B. Frost. 1884- 90. Weekly. 1890-1907. Bilker's Illustrated Monthly. D. P. Buker, Jr. 1884-94. The Rhode Islander. Weekly. 1884-94. The Helper. D. P. Buker. 1885. R. I. Citizen. Benj. F. Evans. 1884-85. The Outlook. Mary A. Babcock. 1885- 1905. Missionary Helper. Mrs. M. M. Brewster. 1885-86. Short Hand and Type Writing. Monthly. 1885. R. I. Farmer. Weekly. F. E. Carbett. 1886-87. Commercial Bulletin. Weekh'. D. P. Buker, Jr. 1886-90. Black Board and Crayon. Quarterly. 1879- 81. Sunday School Sxt,perintendent. Monthly. 1881. E. G. Taylor, editor. 1879-87. Miss L. O. Ordway, editor. 1SS7. The Times. Robert Grieve. 1887-88. (Railroad and steamboat guide.) The Paper. Weekly. Charles G. Wilkins, editor. 1888. Rhode Island Repiihlicun. E. A. Corbett. 1887. Foresters' Repository. Fortnightly. F. N. Shaw. 1888. Beulah Items. Monthly. Rev. F. A. Hil- lery. 1888. Beulah Christian. 1892- 1904. Weekly. 1905. Olneyville Times.. Weekly. Sibley & Johnson. 1888-93. Edward F. Sibley. 1894-1907. R. I. Military Journal. Monthly. Cole- man Wells. 1889. hidependent Citizen. Weekl>'. John H. Larry, editor. 1889-98. Board of Trade Journal. Little & Bos- worth. 1889-93. Providence Journal of Commerce. J. D. Hall, Jr., George A. Wilson, Robert Grieve. 1893-9 8. Joxir- nal of Commerce and Board of Trade Journal. 1899-1907. Rental Guide. Lake, Shibley & Co. 1888. B. S. Lake & Co. 1889-1907. Tiden. Weekly. Dr. J. F. Haller. 1889. William Hallender. 1891. (Swedish.) Broicn Magazine. Monthly. 1890. Con- solidated with The Brvnonian 1898. The Critic. Weekly. E. A. Risley & Co. 1890. Providence Ledger. Weekl.\'. J. D. Hall, Jr. 1890-91. 208 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE R. I. Military Journal. 1890-94. The Watchman. Weekly. Jolin Water- man. 1890. N. E. Torchlight. J. W. Hender.son. 1890- 1907. N. E. Wine Merchant and Brewers' Ga- zette. F. E. Corbett. 1890-92. Financial News. H. K. Stokes. 1890. Church Messenger. Monthly. Mis.s Cora A. Wells, editor. 1891. ( Y. P. S. C. E. ) Pomona Herald. A. S. Fitz. 1891. (Ag- riculture.) Home Guard. Monthly. Mrs. B. T. Smith. 1891-1900. The World. Louis G. Phillips. 1891. (Daily and Sunday.) Brown Daily Herald. 1891-1907. Con- ducted by the undergraduates. About Town. Weekly. " W. W. Spencer. 1892-93. R. I. Republican. Weekly. E. A. Cor- bett. 1892-1907. Roger Williams Herald. 1892. R. I. Anti-Cruelty JournaX. Monthly. J. D. Hall, Jr. 1892. Courrier du Rhode Island. Weekly. J. B. de Vicq de Cumptich. 1892. (French.) Providence Allehander. Weekly. 1892. Framat. Weekly. M. Halting & Co. 1893. Le Philanthrope. Monthly. 1893. (French.) The Church Bells. 1893. Greater Providence Magazine. P. W. Lovell. 1893. Olneyville Tribune. Weekly. David E. Parmenter. 1893-94. Atlantic Medical Weekly. Fredeiick T. Rogers. 1893-98. R. I. Medical Science. Monthly. 1893-95. Dimes and Dollars. Monthly. G. A. Millay. 1893. Providence Commercial Bulletin. J D. Hall & Co. 1894. R. I. Israelite. Samuel Mason. 1894. Narragunsett Observer. H. E. Lewis. 1894. Jewelry Magazine. Monthly. W. F. Teft 1895. Folket's Rost. Weekly. John Charholm. 1895-96. The Pointer. John H. Larry. 1895-97. German Evangelical Church Messenger. Monthly. Rev. F. B. Cunz. 1895-96. Faith and Works. Weekly. G. G. I<"ra.ser 1896-1900. Weekly Messenger. C. E. LittlcfieUl. 1896. L'Atirora Novella. Weekly. Collano & Evans. 1896. N. E. Brewers' and lAqnor Dealers' Jour- nal. 1896. Nursing World. Monthly. Harry O. Brown, M. 1). 1896. L'Eco Del Rhode Island. Weekly. Frcd- erico Curzio. 1897. (Italian.) Skandinavia. Thorsten Berzelius. 1897. Arvid Janson^. 1898. C. J. Ljangstrom. 1900-07. Providence Triangle. Fortnightly. 1897- 98. Jewelers' Herald. Weekly. Claflin & Angell. 1898-99. Manufacturers' Gazette. Albert Chaffee. 1898. Club Life. Quarterly. A. A. Fraser. 1898-1907. Providence Despatch. Weekly. E. A. Corbett. 1898-1907. Providence Herold. Weekly. W. Brend. 1898-99. (German.) American Historical Register. 1899. Providence Weekly Guide. W. E. Clark. 1899-1903. Brown Alumni Monthly. Henry R. Palmer, editor. 1900. R. I. Picket. Monthly. F. E. Carpenter, editor. 1900. (Sons of Veterans.) Providence Medical Journal. Quarterly. 1900. Providence Watchman. Rev. W. S. Hol- land. 1900-03. (In the interest of col- ored people. ) Svea. Weekly. Arvid Janson. 1900. John S. Osterberg. 1901. Aron Matt- son. 1902-07. New England Woodman. Monthly. M. M. Pierce. 1900-01. The Sepiad. Monthly. 1901. (Women students at Brown University.) Now a quarterly. Association Notes. Weekly. Alfred Ar- mitage. 1901-07. ( Y. M. C. A.) Publicity. Monthly. 1902-03. R. I. Advertiser. Monthly. J. S. Grisin- ger. 1899-1906. F. R. Jelleff. 1907. La Liberta. Weekly. F. Moracci. 1902. Alfred Pisco. 1903-04. Vittorio Tala- mini. 1905-07. Providence Weekly Official Guide. 1904- 07. Providence Anzeiger. Weekly. Dr. Felix Hamburger. 1904-07. The Bowler. Weekly. C. P. Shattuck. 1905. Le Petit Journal. Weekly. J. S. Bowdon. 1905. The State. Weekly. 1905-07. N. E. Automobile Journal. KortiiightU-. 1906-07. Standard Weekly. Louis Blumenthal. 1906. Ike Advance. 1907. Le Courrier. Weekly. 1907. Daily Trade Record. 1907. The Uni07i Man's Reference Guide. 3. S. Houle, editor. 1907. 'I'he Union Worker Magazine. Clarenct> Spooner. 1907. R. I. Label League Bulletin. P. L. Murtha. Charles H. Lee. 1907. REMINISCENT THE ORIGINAL NIGHT LUNCH MAN. Walter Scott. Walter Scott, newspaper pressman, veteran fireman and originator of the night lunch wagon business, was born in Cumberland, R. I., Nov. 28, 1841. The family re- moved to Providence when Walter was very young. At the age of eleven he left school to go to work, as his father had become blind. Scott peddled candy, fruit and news- papers, going into the jewelry and machine shops, foundries and printing offices. News was brought from Europe by ships in those days, and the Crimean war and Indian mutiny caused the newspapers to issue extras, which the boys would sell, crying three or five days later from Europe, as the case might be. Gradually Scott added little pies, sand- wiches and coffee to his bill of fare, until in 1858, the morning newspaper printers in- duced him to visit the composing rooms at midnight and serve lunch. He learned to run the printing presses, and all through the Civil War he was depended upon for work when some pressman was sick or extra work was to be done. He had been rejected by the army doctors because of defective eyesight. In the early days of the war an extra Journal, half -sheet, was issued four times a day, but when George W. Dan- ielson came to the paper, in 1863, the Evening Bulletin took its place. Scott worked on it more or less, and in July, 1863, had his left hand caught in the gear of the double cylinder press and badly mangled. The power was not on, but his assistant, Abel Head, threw the press off the centre when Scott had his hand in it, setting an ink roller. With presence of mind he calmly said, "Abe, turn that press back a little," so that Abe would not get rattled and turn the wrong way. When free, Scott walked around to where Dan- ielson was making up a "form," the blood spouting from the severed artery. The sight was too much for Danielson and he fainted. Scott would soon have fainted, too, but Fred Ryder, the mail clerk, grabbed his arm as hard as he could, pressed his thumbs on the broken artery, and stopped the bleeding as much as possible until a surgeon arrived. Al- though the wound took four months to heal, Scott was back at work in three days with one arm in a sling. At this time Scott was a member of hand engine Union 3, housed on Page street, and when that company was disbanded to put in a steamer, he joined Ocean 7, on Rich- mond street, remaining a member while that company existed. When important war news came on Sunday, Scott would arrange with Danielson to get out an extra at his own risk, paying a certain sum per hundred for the papers and doing the press work himself. He would then distribute them to the newsboys, some- times on shares, and when the city was supplied, he would hire a carriage and go through the towns of the Blackstone Valley. When Lee surrendered, he tried to sell a big edition and got stuck on 1400 copies. When the Morning Star was started Scott took a regular situation as pressman on it. At this time he was an active member of Providence Typographical Union, of which he is now an honorary member. He stopped working as a pressman when he bought his first lunch wagon. At the beginning he had not intended to sell from the wagon, but to use it to carry his baskets and coffee from place to ploce. After a while he would find a few persons waiting to get a lunch from him when he came out. Restaurants were not open after 8 p. m. at that time. Finally he found it most profitable to have his wagon ( a covered express) stand in one place, with a boy to attend it while he visited other cus- tomers. It stood in front of the Barton block for 16 years, when the Journal occupied that building. Danielson usually left the office at 2 a. m. He preferred to ride to his home on Broadway in Scott's wagon than to walk or to take one of the night hacks, and for seven years, until within four weeks of his death, he rode home in Scott's lunch wagon. Danielson had great sympathy for his employes and knew them all intimately. But he was very much shocked at one time, when one whom he trusted greatly went on a spree and came to him with a story that his wife was dead and borrowed $50. Next day the wife came to the office in search of her husband. Night lunch wagons increased faster than the business warranted. The demand caused one firm in Worcester, Mass., to go into the business of building. A wagon that customers could go into was produced, and then the business spread all over the country. But the beginning was with Scott's old covered express wagon. 210 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE THE BIRTH OF THE LINOTYPE. John Burger. In the year 1886 there was shipped from Baltimore to the office of the New York Tribune the first Mergenthaler linotype machine that was ever built. It was the inven- tion of Ottmar Mergenthaler, a watchmaker by trade and a mechanical genius of great ability. It had been on exhibition in Baltimore. The machine was different in construc- tion but not in principle from the linotype of to-day. It had a vertical single magazine, not interchangeable ; a mold which would cast but one size of body and up to 22 ems measure ; only one-letter matrices, largest face 11 point, delivered by an air-blown at- tachment. The first 12 machines built were installed in the offices of the New York Tribune and Louisville Courier-Journal. These were followed by the manufacture of a second lot of 100, which were distri- buted between the Chicago Daily News, Washington Post, New York Tribune and Louisville Courier-Journal to the number of 65, leaving 35 on hand at the factory. Up to this point it certainly could not be claimed that the machine had proved either a pecuniary or practical success. But sev- eral of the larger stockholders were also influential newspaper proprietors and they were determined to fully test the labor-sav- ing device. It was at a time when the suc- cess of the machine looked very dubious that the management of the Providence Journal decided to install a battery. The shipping, setting up and initial operation was looked after by one of the stockholders of the Mergenthaler Company in person and no expense was spared in the effort to make a good showing. Up to this time all machines manufactured had been installed in offices of stockholders, and the Provi- dence Journal was the first disinterested newspaper to experiment with them. The first few months' operation of the machines in Providence was neither encouraging to the Mergenthaler Company nor satisfactory to the management of the Journal. It was realized that the discarding of the machines by the Journal, on account of impracti- cability, would mean at least temporary failure and heavy financial loss to the stock- holders. Changes were instituted in the Journal composing room with gratifying results, and in a short time the Providence Journal was credited with being the pioneer establish- ment to demonstrate the success of the Mergenthaler typesetting machine as a substitute for the old method of hand composition. From that time dates the now almost universal use of the Mergenthaler linotype machine, those now in operation being known as the second model, the first model being discarded. UNACCEPTABLE APPRECIATION. Joseph W. Belcher. A picturesque old printer who used to work occasionally for the R. I. Printing Co. was William Bittman. The last heard of him he was enjoying a pension, having been a soldier in the Civil War, and was spending his winters at Los Angeles, Cal., and his sum- mers at Denver, Col. Bittman would occasionallj' imbibe too much. On one of these occasions he was unable to work for several days, and the foreman, John A. Belcher, sent John E. Hurley (then apprentice) to Bittman's house to see what the matter was, as every man was needed to get out some hurried work. On his return. Hurley said he found the old man in bed and pretty sick from the effects of his intemperance. He tried, but ineffectually, to conceal the cause of his sickness. Then, dropping all reserve, he pleaded with Hurley to deceive the foreman, evidently feeling afraid he would lose his job if the truth were known. " Don't give me away, John," whined the old man. "Tell him a big lie, John ; you can do it ! " THE FIRST LINOTYPE THE BOOK AND JOB SECTION 211 A WESTERNER'S VISIT IN 1885. Franklin Heimbach. I worked in Providence in the spring of 1885. Charies P. Stiles, Charley Ayres, Daniel Wilson and William A. Orahood (killed by cars) were there together. We all worked on the Evening Telegram. Its compositors were a fine lot of gentlemen case-holders. Richard J. Faulkner was chairman, and in handing out copy mornings, if the regular was not there when time was called, he would hand the "take" to the nearest "sub." This beat anything I had ever seen. If the regular came up the stairs at that moment, he was lost and had to go back again, and the chances are he would go right across the street to the old Englishman's and get himself a glass of ale to drown his bad luck. We were all Western printers, and it was some time before we could get used to drinking ale, with scarcely a six-point foam to it. They used to play policy there then, and have the numbers telegraphed from Louis- ville, Ky. Well, one morning we were in the old Englishman's retreat, and I suggested that three of us subs put in 10 cents apiece and each play the number of the "slug" he worked for the day previous, as we had all worked. I worked on 5, Stiles on 19 and a gentleman whose name I forget on 26. That evening we were all sitting in the afore- said Englishman's when another printer came and wanted to look at our ticket, saying that he thought we had won. He had been there in the morning and heard us making up the "gig." I had the ticket and hurried around to the policy shop (as we were about out of change then,) and what do you think? Our three numbers were in the first five numbers on the blackboard. We got a dollar for every cent invested, so I came back to the saloon with $30. The third party to the investment was asleep in a chair, and we could not wake him up. So we had several rounds of drinks immediately, and I told the old Englishman that the sleeper had won $5 (instead of $10), and when he woke up to give it to him. We had use for the money, and I did not see how a man asleep could appreciate more than $5, because he could not buy fast enough. WHEN BASEBALL WAS EPIDEMIC. John J. Dillon. In the very early 80's the press work for the Evening Telegram was done by E. A. Johnson & Co., while the type was set in an adjoining room. " Billy " Barbour was fore- man, about eight compositors were employed, and for furniture there was the regulation ink roller, a marble slab and the stands, cases and type. The noon hour in those days was not so short as it is at present in evening newspaper composing rooms, and Johnson's typos and those of the Telegram spent part of their nooning in playing ball in the com- posing room of E. A. Johnson & Co. The ball field was a space not more than 20 square feet in area, with the upright boiler of a Baxter engine at short stop, while the first base- man was perched on a stove, but a few feet away from the home plate. Almost every one had the baseball craze at that time. Providence was in the National League and its team was well up among the leaders. One would think that the old oflice sponge with the water squeezed out would have served for the ball ; but no, nothing less than a $1.25 league ball would do. The bat was a piece of gas pipe one inch in diameter and about 2 ij feet long. The players generally, with the exception of Jim Russell, were careful in batting and throwing the ball. It was not necessary, nor was it allowable, to bat the ball very hard. But when it was Jim's turn to bat, ye gods, he would lunge at the ball as if he were in a 10-acre lot, notwithstanding the wild protestations of Johnson (who was as big a crank on baseball as the rest, forgetting his dinner in order to be in the game ) to " for heaven's sake, Jim, bat light." Sometimes Jim would " bat light," but would soon forget and let loose again, and then biff, bang, the ball would go against the boiler or wall with everybody ducking. One day Jim had an unusual batting fever on. He swung at the ball, fouled, and the ball went bounding along the floor towards Weybosset street and out the window onto the street. It struck a pedestrian squarely on top of the head, and by the time the bewildered man became aware of how it happened, a number of heads were poked out of the windows, four stories above, and the voice of Jim rang out with, " Hey, mister, hold that ball until I come down." Business in Reids' was rather dull one summer, especially in the press room. Some, body had to be laid off in turn a day* at a time. This was a duty Fred Vinal, the foreman- did not like. One day he went up to Bill M. and said : " Bill, have you a clam rake ? " " No, by gosh ! " says Bill, " but I can get one." "Well," says" Vinal, "get it, take a day off to-morrow and go clamming." 212 PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE THE DOCTOR'S STORIES. E. B. Rose. On a Sunday when the Morning Herald was printed in the Aylesworth building on North Main street, on looking over his force, the Doctor i E. B. Rose ), found that every regular had a "sub" on, and that every "sub" was drunk, except the "Big Injun" (James Ryan ). The Roger Williams Hotel was located across the street, and was then a noted Sunday resort for those in search of liquid refreshments. Regulars were sent for and the "subs" were discharged. The latter immediately started to "frog" it out of town. Al- though sober, the anticipation of pleasures in store for the "subs" was too much for the "Injun," and about 5 in the afternoon he came to the Doctor and said: "I believe I will 'frog' it, too, Doctor," and he quit, although it meant permanent disbarment from the office. In the evening some gentlemen who had been conducting a temperance meeting in East Greenwich came to the office with a two-column report of the meeting. The Doctor was exasperated with the day's ex- periences, and said to one of the temper- ance men, "Pretty thing to be going down to East Greenwich to talk temperance, when all my men have been made drunk in Providence." Inquirj' led to a disclosure of conditions at the Roger Williams Hotel and thereafter printers were turned from its doors on the Sabbath. On another occasion when the Herald was printed in the same place there were two or three men off without "subs." Billy Barbour was one of the delinquents. He was reported as having lost part of a finger. About 10 o'clock Nelson Boyle came in on a friendly visit. He was then ticket agent for the Bristol Railroad and stationed at Fox Point. He had a funny story : "Billy Barbour and Tom Allen were having a great game of 'peek-a-boo' around the Phenix building." When he heard Doctor's side he wanted to take it back. It was too late. Barbour would have to find a new job. Boyle was induced to work the balance of the night, although he had $700 of the rail- road company's money in his pockets, and was in fear of being robbed. When the Herald was printed in the Crabb building, junction Peck and Dyer streets, Francis E. Kelly, now of Woonsocket, at one time held a "frame" there. One day there was a lot of profanity in the direction of Kelly's "frame" and Doctor went there to in- vestigate. "Doctor, I have been trying to read this copy for 15 minutes and I can't get started." It was copy written by Mr. Bowers, afterwards City Editor of the N. Y. Trib- une, and was very blind. Not a word could be deciphered. "Frank, put your coat on and take a walk around the block for 15 minutes, including something warm, and then come back," was Doctor's advice. It was followed. The copy was taken to Mr. Bowers, who fixed it so it could be read, and Frank set it when he got back from his walk. George W. Danielson had occasion to send a telegram. In the telegraph office it could not be read and was sent around the room until it reached the manager, Mr. Brad- ford. He failed to decipher it and sent it back to Danielson, with the comment, "that the writer should take a course at night school and study penmanship." When Danielson was told this he remaked: "There is a night school around the corner on North Main street where reading is taught." E. B. ROSE THE JOURNEYMEN CHARLES H. ABBOTT— Born Salem, Mass., Nov. 2, 1867 ; learned printing in Boston ; came to Providence in 1895 as foreman for Snow & Farnum, wlaieh posi- tion he now holds. JAMES ABBOTT — Born Woburn, Mass., Sept. 12, 1866 ; learned printing in Lynn, Mass. ; admitted by card to Providence Union October, 1889 ; since transferred to Pressman's Union. ARUNAH SHEPHERDSON ABELL — Founder of the Baltimore Sun, died April 19, 1888, at Baltimore, in the 82d year of his age. His death was the result of gradual decay of the vital powers, due to advanced age, though he was confined to his room only two waeks during his last ARUNAH SHEPHERDSON ABELL illness. Mr. Abell was born in Rehoboth, Mass., now East Providence, R. I., Aug. 10, 1806. He received the elements of a plain education, and at the age of 14 years began life as a clerk. He subse- quently learned the printing trade in the office of the Providence Patriot. He after- ward went to Boston, where he worked at his trade, and then to New York city, where he formed a business connection with William M. Swain and A. H. Sim- mons, both practical printers like him- self, with the view of establishing a daily newspaper. They entered into articles of agreement Feb. 29, 1836, and decided to start their business in Philadelphia. It was at first intended to call the new paper The Times, but on the suggestion of Mr. Abell the name of The Public Ledger was substituted. The first mnnber of The Public Ledger appeared Friday, March 25, 1836. When the success of this ven- ture seemed to be assured, Mr. Abell. with the assent of his partners, went to Baltimore, where on the 17th of May. 1837, he founded The Sun, which was also successful from the start. Mr. Abell iden- tified himself with the conduct and man- agement of The Sun. He sold his interest in The Public Ledger in 1864, and four years later became the sola owner of The Sun. In the management of The Sun and carrying out its objects, he concentrated his personal ambitions. It was his life work — the work in which he saw the fulfillment of the ideas which lie had .announced in the Vjeginning as controlling its policy — the furtherance of the com- mon good. No other occupation, dignity or honor had any attraction for him. During his long and honorable career in Baltimore he contributed greatly to the growth and beautifying of the city. He was an intelligent and earnest promoter of many important mechanical inventions by which the art of printing has been so much advanced and the field of news- paper enterprise widened. The Sun was printed on the first rotary printing machine, the invention of Hoe. Mr. Abell personally and in his paper took the lead in supporting and promoting that marvel of modern times, the electric telegraph. The first document of any length trans- mitted over the experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore was the President's Message, which was telegraphed to and published in The Sun with an accuracy that established all the claims which had been made for the wonilerful invention of Morse. Mr. Abell married in 183 8 Mary, the daughter of John Fox, of Peekskill, N. Y; Mrs. Abell died in 1859, leaving a large family of children. On May 17. 1887. wlien he celebrated the semi-centennial of The Sun, he associated his sons — ■ Edwin F. Abell. Geor.ge W. Abell and Walter R. Abell — with himself as co- partners. The sons are now all dead. KUvin I'\, the eldest, died a few days after the great fire which destroyed The Sun's iron build- ing, wliich was the first iron buildin.i;' erected in the world. Arunah S. Abell left an estate vahicl at many millions. lli' was Ijuried ui Greenmount Cemeter>-, Baltimore. Ai>ril 21. 18SS. Tile Sun is now conduct mI \>y his griind- II PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE sons, Walter W. Abell, Arunah S. Abell and Charles S. Abell. The Abell family is mentioned in Reho- both (Mass.) history as early as 1654, when Robert Abell kept an "ordinary" in that town. Capt. Robert Abell, grand- father of A. S. Abell, was a Revolution- ary soldier, and the hitter's fatlier, Capt. Caleb Abell, was in the War of 1812. The Captain was elected Town Clerk of Rehoboth in ISOl, and held the office until 1812, when the town of S3ekonk was set off from Rehoboth, and he fell within the limits of the former place. Seekonk continued him in the office until his death, and his son, Thompson, followed him in the position. The old Abell homestead is located in East Providence Centre. The Abell burial lot is in tiie old Rumford Cem?tery. Mr. Abell was always a friend of the Typographical Union ; and from the time of the first issue of The Sun to the day of his death, no non-union printer was ever employed in either the composing room of the paper or the job office oper- ated in connection with it. His successors have followed his example and the Bal- timore Sun is the oldest continuous em- ployer of union printers in the United States. Baltimore Typographical Union was organized in 1831. One of the old-timers tells of an interview which he had with Mr. Abell while the Civil War was raging in regard to an increase in the rate for composition. The Sun was inclined to favor the South, and its columns were closely scrutinized daily by the military authorities of the United States Govern- ment for some evidences of treason, and the proprietor was frequently threatened with suppression. It appears that the committeeman from the Union entered the sanctum just as the Provost Marshal took his departure. The committeeman made known his business at once, and Mr. Abell replied : "Between the Provost Marshal and the Baltimore Typographi- cal Union it is hard to tell who does own the Sun. However, you may tell the men up-stairs to go to work at the advanced rate and A. S. Abell will see that they .are paid off on Saturday." Mr. Abell never refused to pay an ad- vance in the .scale of wages established by the Typographical Union nor made a request for a reduction in wages. WILLIAM ABELL — Born Huntington county, N. J., Nov. 12, 1836; learned printing at Flemington. N. J., beginning in 18.")1 ; came to Providence June 1, 1870, first working for A. Crawford (Ireene and later on tlie Journal, and losing Ids situa- tion by the strike of 1875, In October, 1876, he became foreman of tlie Taunton Gazette, holding thi- position until May, 1878. He then n-turni'd to I'rovidence and was foreman of the Rhode Island Democrat and of the Mall, and worked on tlie Press .and for eight years on the Weekly Visitor. Before coming to Provi- dence he published a weekly paper in Clinton, N. J., 1858-1862, and in Hack- ettstown, N. J., 1862-1867. He also pub- lished a weekly paper in East Providence for a short time in 1903. Mr. Abell joined Providence Union by card Dec. 9, 1871. He was financial secretary in 1874, and again from 1895 to 1903, and in 1905 until Nov. 26 of that year; delegate in 1898; President in 1894. He is a resident of tills city and active in union work. JOSEPH Z. A. ADAM — Learned print- ing in Manchester, N. H. ; initiated into Providence Union April 29, 1900 ; has worked in Woonsocket and Pawtucket. ROBERT A. ADAMS — Born St. Bos- wells, Ro.xburglishire, Scotland, November, 1870; served apprenticeship of seven years at Hawick. Ro.xburglishire, Scot- land, beginning August. 1883 : initiated into Scottish Typographical Association March, 1890 ; admitted to Providence LTnion October, 1906, and has worked in tills city since. SAMUEL ADAMS — Died New York city, Oct. 17, 1841, the victim of a sensa- tional murder. He was born in Providence about 1811, learned printing here in the office of Smith & Parmenter, and at the time of tlie murder was in business in New York city as a book publisher. In attempting to collect a debt from John C. Colt, the latter killed Adams. Colt was convicted of the crime and sentenced to be hanged, but committed suicide a short time before the hour appointed for e.xecu- tion. JOSHUA ADDY— Born England, May 9, 1863; learned printing at Knight & Howland's, New Bedford, Mass., begin- ning in 1880; initiated into Providence L^nion Jan. 25, 1885, and worked liere until 1890; at present located in New Bedford. EDWIN ADYE— Printer, died Warwick. R. I., Oct. 2. 1817, aged 22 years. — Provi- dence Patriot. BENJAMIN T. ALBRO— Born Provi- dence May 23, 1812; died South Scituate Nov. 30, 1873. His ancestors owned a farm on what is now called Federal Hill. He learned tiie printing trade. In 1836 Mr. Albro lived on AtwelTs avenue ; in 1840 he was in business for himself at No. 9 Market stiuare, from whii-h office the first number of tlie Doriile paper, the New Age and Constitutional Advocate, was issued; in 184 4 ids office was at No. 2 Canal street; and from 1847 to 1850 at No. 5 Canal street, on the present site of the Central Hotel. It was wlide he was at this latter stand that he had as a "devil" a hul wlio later became one of the best known printers and newspaper men in tile city, Henry B. Ladd, the famous "I'ica." In 1857 h? engaged in tiie boot and shoe business at No. 119 Nortli Main THE JOURNEYMEN in street, and after the Civil War he re- moved to South Scituate, where he owned a farm adjoining the large Thomas W. Field estate. H^re he was killed by being thrown from his wagon by the sudden starting up of a vicious horse he was driv- ing. He was buried in the North Burial Ground, Providence. ELI ALFORD — Born Manchester, Eng- land, Nov. 21, 1870 ; learned printing at offlce of George Falkn?r & Sons of that place, beginning in 1884 ; worked in sev- eral printing offices in Manchester and other places in England ; deposited travel- ling card with Providence Union 1896, and has worked in Providance at Snow & Farnham's, Remington Printing Co., Jour- nal of Commerce, E. A. Johnson, J. C. Hall and Providence News ; has also worked in Boston ; at present employed in the "make-up" department of the Evening Bulletin. Elscted recording secretary of No. 33 for the years 1904. '0.5, '06 and '07 ; I. T. U. delegate in 1906; N. E. A. P. T. delegate 1901. F. L. ALLEN — Born 1879 ; learned printing in Providence and was initiated into No. 33 May 27, 1900. JOHN W^. ALLEN — Born Lewiston. Me., March 12, 1866; learned printing at Port- land, Me., beginning in 1878 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at July meet- ing. 1905 ; participated in the effort for eight-hour day in 1906 ; now night ad man on Journal. ISRAEL AMSBURY — Died Feb. 15, 1887, in his 73d year, in Poland, N. Y., where he had resided for the last three or four years of his life. He had occupied a very prominent part in the printing trade of Providence, beginning in 1842 as partner in the firm of Church & Amsbury, publishers of the Evening Chronicle ; in 1844 he was interested in the publication of the Dally Transcript ; in 1847 member of the firm of Amsbury & Lincoln, which published tlie R. I. Temperance Pledge ; in 1853 partner in firm of Gr?ene, Ams- bury & Co., publishers of the Daily Trib- une ; in 1855 he worked at 24 Westmin- ster street; in 1856 and 1857 was foreman of the Tribune, and for about 20 years before he retired from business was fore- man of the book and job offlce of Hiram H. Thomas & Co., afterward the Provi- dence Press Co. He was secretary of the first organization of printers in this city in 1854; initiated into Providenc? Union Sept. 8, 1860; vice president in 1860 and 1861 ; President and also delegate in 1862. WILLIAM N. AMSBURY — Died Provi- dence Aug. 10, 1849, in his 45th year. In 1844 he was employed at the Transcript offlcs. FREDERICK B. AMSDEN — Born Chico- pee, Mass., Jan. 31, 1850 ; learned printing in book room of Springfield Republican, beginning 1866 ; worked at Knoxville, Tenn., Chicago, III., Adrian, Mich., Toledo, O., Boston, Mass. ; on Providence Journal for about 18 years; became a member of Providence Union by card Jan. 10, 1874; was initiated into the reorganized Union Feb. 28, 1886 ; at present employed at Franklin Press. LAWRENCE ANDERSON — Born Jul- land, Denmark, Aug. 11, 1885 ; came to the United States in 1890 ; learned printing at J. C. Hall's and Perry Printing Co., be- ginning in 1901 ; came out of the Perry Printing Co. in tlie eight-hour strike and was initiated into Providence Union in January, 1906. LINDSAY ANDERSON — Born Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 19, 1839 ; learned printing in offlce of Paterson ( N. J. ) Guardian, beginning in 1854 ; came to Providence in 1859 and worked for Hammond & Angell and at Greene's on the Pendulum until he enlisted in the Civil War ; after the war he returned to printing at Greene's, but in 1865 went into the restaurant business and for more than thirty years conducted one of the best restaurants in the city. CHARLES E. ANDREWS — Admitted to Providence LTnion by card Feb. 27, 1884 ; worked on Journal until 1889, when he went to Boston, where he is at present employed on the Transcript. ALBERT N. ANGELL — Born Olney- ville, then known as "The Hollow," Dec. 21. 1822; died Providence April 17, 1901. He began to learn printing in the Journal job offlce April 3, 1839, and finished his apprenticeship in the newspaper offlce, wliere he continued to work 29 years ; he had been gradually purchasing shares in the Journal job office until in 1868 he was sole proprietor, when he assumed the man- agement of that office and continued in that position until 1887. He then sold the job office and returned to work at the case. He was treasurer of the first print- ers' society known to exist in this city, in 1854. EDWARD T. ANGELL — This is his own story as told to a Journal reporter Sept. 3, 1906, the 40th anniversary of his begin- ning work on the paper : "The 26th of next March I will be 67, and I have lived all the time in this State. I went to school in this city and in the country — to the Scituate Seminary, a boarding school. "When I was 18 I started in to learn the printing trade, and began at the Jour- nal job office on Washington row. After serving my time I went to Newport and then came back to this city and worked on the Post. Next I tried the New Eng- land Diadem, a weekly temperance paper. I set type in B. N. Sherman's offlce in Pawtucket. on the Morning Mirror in this city, the Kent County Atlas and the Provi- dence Tribune. "About the time I first V>egan the trade IV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE I joined the firs department, almost as soon as it was started. I used to run witli tlie boys and stayed with tliem until pay was received for services, wlien I left, as that was the time when I came on tlie Journal and I couldn't att?nd to it. "The fir.st piece of work the foreman of the Journal gave me was an article from the London Times. It was about the great race for the America's cup. (This was in 1852, when he subbed for a regular.) It was nearly a column in length and I got it all. In those days the man at the case set the entire article, big or little, just as it happened to run. If he needed as- sistance. wh?n some of the other men were through with their wurli they would set some of the last end of the copy for him." Sept. 3, 1896. the employes in the Jour- nal composing room presented Ned with a largs and handsomely decorated meer- schaum pipe, with a yard or more of plug tobacco. Everybody gatliered about the old man as he curiously looked around on the circle of his fellow workers. This speech was read by one of the men : "In view of tliy fact that you have been employed on the Journal for a period of two score years, and to commemorate the occasion, your fellow employes have dele- gated me to present to you on their behalf this beautiful meerschaum pipe, with the hope that the only smoking you do will be done in this world. We also hope that you will be very careful of it, as the best medical authorities, including Drs. Rose and Eddy, say that 'hitting the pipe' is very injurious to the health. In conclusion we wisli you many years of happiness." Ned was initiated into Providence Union Dec. 9, 1891. He died June 26, 1902, in his 73d year. Interment was at ths North Burial Ground. JOHN W. ANGELL— Born Smithfield, R. I., Sept. 17, 1823; ditul Central Falls April 7, 1890 ; learned printing in ths office of Wheeler, Jones & Co., Providence, and worked in this city at the Journal job office until 1863, when he went to Central Falls, with E. L. Freeman, remaining with Mr. Freeman imtil his death. The latter wrote of Mr. Ang?ll as follows : "John W. Angel! was as good an all-round job printer as I ever met witli and as likely a man as ever walked." B. E. APPLEBBE — Died Hartford, Conn., March 12, 1897. He was admitted to Providence Union liv caid at the July mr-eting, 1887. CIODRGE AR1-:XSHKRG — Born Pitts- l>uig. I'a.. and in Ills early boyhood £>anicd his living as a iicwslfoy. He learned print- ing on tlie Dispatch and at the age of liltecn lie made application for member- ship In Pittsburg Union and was reject -d on account of liis youth. A year later \\,- Was admitted and soon after began his travels. His lirst stoi'ping place was New- Orleans, wlieri' l\t,- I'liion wouhi not admit him, deeming him illegally a member by reason of his youthful appearance. Failing to get employment, he worked his passage to Memphis as a cabin boy, where he obtained employment on the Bulletin. He next turned up in Louisville, where he remained 18 months. He returned to his native city and worked on the Commer- cial, and afterward on The Paper until the latter suspended publication. In Wash- ington, D. C, we find him next — working on the Patriot until its suspension. He went to New York in 1869, where ha ob- tained a situation on the New York Times. He had at this time secured a widespread notoriety for fast typesetting, and Mr. George Howe, at that time employed on the Times, soon after liis arrival chris- tened him "The Velocipede," and he was never afterward able to part company with the title. While employed on the Times he set the match against time which made him famous — 2064 ems in one hour. Fi-^om New York he went to Philadel- phia ; then he returned to Pittsburg. He then visited Cleveland, Toledo and Cin- cinnati. He held a situation as copy-cutter on the Cincinnati Enquirer and was one of that office's "Big Ten" who challenged any number of printers from one to ten from any office in the United States to a match at typesetting. From Cincinnati he went to Louisville and Chicago, thence to Cin- cinnati again. He then took an extended tour through the East, visiting all tha principal cities and towns, receiving flat- tering notices of typesetting ability. He visited Providence in 1882 and also in 1884. Aug. 27 of the latter year he deposited his card with Providence Union ; returned to New York city in 1885, where he worked on the Times and resided until the time of his death, which occurred at Bellevue Hospital, New York city, on Wednesday, July 28, 1888. His best public records are as follows : New York Times office, Feb. 19, 1870, 2064 ems, minion, 17 ems to lower case alpha- bet, 23 2-3 ems to line (allowed to count 24), break line to each stick, not empty- ing sticks. New York Sun office, a few weeks later, 1800 ems minion, very lean, in 59 minutes 30 seconds. Philadelphia, March 27, 1870, time 1 hour, type nonpa- reil, 15 ems to lower case alphabet, meas- ure 36 ems wide, five Ijreak lines, equalling two full lines of blank ; 49 lines by 36 ems, 1764 ems. Philadelphia, May 10, 1871, he won the solid silver stick offered by R. S. Menamin in the international contest, setting in one hour 1822 ems of solid nonpareil, 16 ems to lower case al- phabet, 27 ems measure. IIIONRY A. ARMINtn^ON— Died Provi- ileiice June IS. IS:t5; learne.l printiiiK in III.- office of th . Ruiiiford Ch.'niical W.uUs. lienimiin^ in INtiS. and worked there iinlll ills death. .\RTHim ARMSTRONG— Born Sah-m. X. J.. Dec. 27. 1870; learned printing in THE JOURNEYMEN office of National Standard, Salem, N. J., came to Providence 1893 ; joined No. 33 Feb. 24, 1901 ; now on Tribune. FRANK W. ARMSTRONG — Born Provi- dence Aug. 22, 1869 ; learned printing in office of the Providence Press and worked in this city from 1889 to 1894; now located in New York city. JOHN W. ARMSTRONG — Born Wheel- ing, W. Va., Aug. 12, 1852 ; learned print- ing on Wheeling Intelligencer, beginning in 1868 ; admitted to Providence Union by card January, 1887 ; has left printing and is now a member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, lo- cated in New York city. ALVIN S. ARNOLD — Died Providence Dec. 30, 1862, in his 62d year; he began work on the Journal in September. 184 8, and continued in that office for a number of years. ALVIN S. ARNOLD, JR. — Died Provi- dence Nov. 3, 1865, in his 38th year; he Isarned printing on the Republican Her- ald ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 8, 1857 ; had worked on the Journal for a score of years before his death. His father was Alvin S. Arnold, also a printer. GEORGE O. ARNOLD — Died Provi- dencs Oct. 29, 1885, aged 64 years; his name appears in the 1850 Directory as a printer, and until 1856, when he kept a periodical depot at 17 8 North Main street. GEORGE TAFT ARNOLD— Died Provi- dence March 8, 1874, aged 49 years; he began work on the Journal in August, 1846, and continued there, with occasional absences, until his death. He was a char- ter member of Providence Typographical Union in 1857. LEWIS L. M. ARNOLD (Deacon) — Born Providence in March, 1833; began to learn printing in the office of the Daily Post, but left to go to sea. After spending several years in the coasting trade he returned to printing, working in the job office of Henry Tillinghast, on Market square, and also on the Norwich Bulletin. He served in the Navy during the Civil War ; was a petty officer on the Hartford when that vessel was Farragut's flagship, and was in h?r during the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the Mis- sissippi, below New Orleans. He returned to printing again in 1864 in the Journal composing room, remaining there the bal- ance of his life. The sobriquet of "Dea- con," by which he was known to hundreds of the craft, was given to him by George T. Arnold for the quiet, sober way in which he went about his duties. In emer- gencies he often acted as foreman of the Journal. He was initiated into Provi- dence Union Feb. 11. 1871. He died at the Rhode Island Hospital Jan. 12, 1885, in the Henry B. Anthony free bed. CHARLES L. F. ATKINSON — Born Newport, R. I., Jan. 15, 1833; learned printing with James Atkinson in that city ; worked in Providence in 1869 ; died in Newport Feb. 7, 1892. JAMES H. ATKINSON — Died at the R. I. Hospital Sept. 22, 1904, aged 78 years. He was the oldest son of Hon. James Atkinson, for several years Mayor, and at one time Postmaster of Newport. On his mother's side he was related to Gov. Wanton, and was a cousin of Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman, the poetess. He was a lineal descendant of Gov. Walter Clarke of Newport, who held office in 167 6. At one time his father was pub- lisher of the Newport Advertiser. The first record of him as a printer in this city is in the 1850 Directory, and since that year he worked in the book and job offices here until a few years before his death. He was initiated into Providence Union Sept. 11, 1869. JOHN B. ATKINSON — Born Newport, R. I., Feb. 27, 1831 ; learned printing in that city with his father, James Atkinson, beginning in 1847 ; worked on the Daily Post in Providence in 1850 ; died in Lowell, Mass., June 10, 1852. James Atkinson, father of James H., John B. and Oliver M., was a famous Newport printer. OLIVER M. ATKINSON — Born New- port, R. I., July 28, 1838; learned printing in his father's (James Atkinson) office in that city, beginning in 1847 ; initiated into Providence Union March 11, 1865 ; died in Newport June 2, 1880. VOLNEY AUSTIN— Born England in 1840 and died in Pawtucket Dec. 15, 1875, aged 34 years, 4 months and 5 days. With his parents he came to this country in 184 8. They settled in Woonsocket, R. I., where the elder Austin found em- ployment as a weaver. In 1851, when 11 1/2 years old, Volney was apprenticed to Mr. Foss, publisher of the Woonsocket Patriot. Volney continued in the Patriot office about five years and tlien came to Provi- dence. He was initiated into No. 33 April 18, 1857, and his name appears on the Journal pay roll for the first time May 1, 1858. He represented Providence Union in the Montreal convention of 1873 and took a prominent part in its proceedings. For a number of years he collected com- mercial news for the Evening Press and also "set" it, besides editing the telegraph copy. SAMUEL AVERY (of Boston, Mass.) — Was foreman of Miller & Hutchens' print- ing office when the Manufacturers and Farmers Journal was started in 1820. A letter from Charles H. Phinney (May 15, 1905) says: "On Aug. 2. 1805, 'The Society of Printers of Boston and Vicin- ity' was formed, and three years later, in April, 1808, the name was changed to 'F^austus Society.' Samuel Avery's name VI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE appears as a signer of the constitution. ♦ * * Joseph T. BuckinKham. a well- known biographer of early Boston master printers, mentioned him as alive in 1859." JOHN AYLESWORTH — Died Providence April 9. 1861. in his 78th year. From 1830 to 1836, according to the Diractory, he was a printer. CHARLES E. AYRES — Born Dayton. O., Aug. 19, 1853 ; learned printing in office of Cincinnati Gazette ; joined Typo- graphical Union in 1874 at Indianapolis, Ind. ; deposited a card in Providence Union jJec. 27, 1885 ; worked in Providence on the Telegram, Star, Sunday Dispatch and The Paper ; at present located in Worces- ter, Mass. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: JAMES ALLEN, April 13, 1861 (The Aeronaut). THOMAS ALLEN, March 11, 1865. THOMAS E. ASH, March 13, 1869. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: GEORGE ADAMSON, May 29, 1904. W. R. ANDERSON, June 30, 1901. JOHN L. AHEmNS, August, 1888. A. C. ALGER, May 31, 1891. ALFRED ARCHER, Dae. 18, 1892. GEORGE ARMITAGE, Feb. 24, 1901. FRANK ARNOLD, Feb. 27, 1884. F. S. ARTHUR, December, 1SS4. JOHN ATZBACK, August, 1888. CHARLES W. BABCOCK — Applied for membership in New Bedford Union Feb- ruary, 1898 ; had worked in Providence and Boston. JAMES G. BACON — Born Fo.Kboro, Mass., Nov. 21, 1846; began to learn printing in Foxboro in 1863; initiated into Providence Union March 9, 1867 ; worked in this city 1866-67 and 1872-76 on the Journal and in book and job offices ; President of Hartford Union three years ; delegate to Washington in 1903, and has held many other positions in that Union ; at present located in Hartford. BARBOUR BADGER— Worked in this city in 1819; May 30, 1821, he started The Religious Intelligencer and had it printed at the American office. In 182 4 he lived in Boston, Mass. A. C. BALLOU — Born Burrillville. R. L, April 10, 1876; began to learn printing at Pascoag, R. I., in 1891 ; worked in New York and Providence. BELLE J. BALLOU — Born Norton, Mass., June 1, 1852 ; learned printing at Riverside Press, Cambriiige, Mass. ; worked in Providence from 1872 to 1892 on the Herald, Press and in some of the book offices ; initiated into No. 33 Jan. 31, 1886; is sister of Kmily J. (Ballou) Pilling; at present (1904) with Ginn & Co., East Cambridge, Mass. EMILY J. PILLING, nee BALLOU — Born Norton, Mass., Sept. 27, 1854; learned printing at Riverside Press, Cam- bridge, Mass. ; worked in Providence from 1872 to 1892 on the Herald. Press and in some of the job offices ; initiated into No. 33 Jan. 31, 1886 ; at present (1904) employed in a job office in Brock- ton. Mass. WRIGHT BARBER — Born Ashton- under-Lyne, England, Sept. 22, 1868; learned printing in his native town in the Reporter office, beginning in 1882, serv- ing seven years. He came to the United States in 1900, depositing a card in Providence Union at the Novemlier meet- ing of that year ; participated in the effort for eight hours in 1906 ; now located in Boston. FRANK A. BARBOUR — (Son of Wil- liam H. Barbour) ; born Providence Nov. 21, 1861; learned printing at What Cheer Print, beginning in 1876 ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 28, 1883, and worked in this city until 1893, when he removed to Boston, where he Is at pres- ent located. WILLIAM H. BARBOUR — Born near St. Clairsville, Belmont county, Ohio, April 1, 1836; learned printing in Ohio, coming to Providence in 1855; was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857, delegate to Philadelphia in 1865, and held many offices in No. 33 up to 1878, when the charter was surrendered. In 1864, when Ben C. Truman was Pro- vost Marshal of Nashville, Tenn., after the Confederates had evacuated the city, he sent for Mr. Barbour to take the fore- manship of a newspaper that was issued from the remains of two Nashville news- paper offices ; Mr. Barbour accepted the position, but soon returned to this city. In 1873 he was foreman of the Journal. His card was received in the reorganized Providence Union July 1, 1883. He died in January, 1892. JOSEPH C. BARKER — Born Halifax, N. S., May 4, 1851; learned printing on British Colonist in that cit.w beginning in 1863; initiated into Hartford Typographi- cal Union in 1869 ; member of Providence Union in 1883 and later; worked on Jour- nal and Star ; was proofreader on Tribune in 1906, but has since left the city. ANDREW J. BARNES. JR. — Born at Rockport, Mass., April 17, 1874 ; learned printing in New Haven, Conn. ; worked in Providence in 1899 on the Telegram; in 1904 was living in Hartford, Conn. H. CORNELIUS BARNES — Born Provi- dence Feb. 8, 1864 ; learned trade at office of Provitience Press, beginning in 1880; worked as compositor on Press, Mail, Telegram, Bulletin ; as operator on Tele- gram and office of Snow & Farnham ; at present employed on Bulletin in the "ad" depai'tnieiit ; became a member of Provi- dence Union May 30, 1886. THE JOURNEYMEN VII HENRY A. BARNES — Died Providence May 2 8, 1903. He was a native of Soiithington, Conn., and first came to this city in July, 1862, worlving in the Journal job office. He left shortly after to work in New London and Norwich, Conn., ra- turning here in May, 1863. Hearing of opportunity for work in New York in 1864 he went there, but found a strike in progress on the Times, and came back to Providence the next day. He began work in the composing room of the Jour- nal, later going to the Evening Press, of which paper he became foreman in 1871, holding that position until 1876, when he took the commercial "sit." When the Press died he worked for a short time on the Mail, and Jan. 8, 1885, accepted the position of Instructor in Printing at the Sockanosset School for Boys, holding it until he died. Under his administration the Howard Times was started as an institution paper. Mr. Barnes was initi- ated into Providence Union Nov. 14, 1863, its secretary from 1865 to 1870, and dele- gate to I. T. U. in 1871. Before coming to Providence he travelled extensively on the Pacific Coast, going as far south as Valparaiso, where he worked at his trade. Mr. Barnes was a private in Company D, Sixth N. Y. Cavalry, from August, 1861, to June 28, 1862, when he was honorably discharged for disability. He was a mem- ber of What Cheer Lodge, No. 21, A. F. and A. M. ; of Providence Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star ; of Roger Williams Lodge, L O. O. F., and of Rachel Lodge, Daughters of Rebekah. Mrs. Barnes, his wife, fed to the press the first Evening Bulletin, printed Jan. 26, 1863, through the pressure of war news. SIMEON E. BARNES — Died Provi- dence May 26, 1903. He had worked for the R. I. Printing Co. as a compositor. WILLIAM C. BARNES — Born London, Can., March 24, 1844; learned printing on the Tilsonburg (Ont. ) Observer and the Woodstock (Ont.) Sentinel; in the summer of 1883 he worked in this city on the Journal ; his reputation as a fast compositor was national. He took first prize in local trials of speed at Hartford, Conn., and Montreal, Can. On Sept. 10, 1885, in the office of the New York Times, for a money wager, he set 2001 ems in 55m. 30s., and 2160 ems in one hour, which stands as his best record. He won the first prize in the Chicago tournament held in 1886. In this contest Barnes's best gross time was 3011 ems in 11/2 hours; best time (after deduction for time consumed in correcting), 2954% ems in IVi hours. Total for 21 hours, gross, 40,675; time correcting, 58 minutes; total net, 21 hours, 39,22514. In the Philadelphia tournament, held March 16- 27, 1886, his best gross time for 1 14 hours was 3220 ems; best net time", 31741/2 ems; total for 33 hours, 66,783 ems ; time correcting total amount, 42%m. ; total net amount, 60,71414 ems. Mr. Barnes made two records on work never before attempted by any other compositor. At Chicago, dui-ing the first national tournament, in one hour he set 1822 ems with the lower case reversed; also in one hour 1005 ems blindfolded, with but one error in spacing and one typographical error. At Philadelphia, during the second national tournament, he set in 11/. hours 2744 ems with the lower case reversed, occupying but 30 seconds correcting the same, and in 11-4 hours 1635 ems, blindfolded, with but six errors. Mr. Barnes, with the assistance of Joseph W. McCann and Alexander Duguid, edited and compiled a book rela- tive to fast typesetting, which they pub- lished in 1887. Mr. Barnes was "make- up" on the New York Evening World in 1905. THOMAS HARRY BARNETT (Rev.) — Born Frome, Somertshire, England ; learned printing with Butler & Tanner at Frome; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 9, 1873, and worked in the book room of the Providence Press Co. until 1877, when he returned to England. He then entered Rawdon College, was or- dained and is now a missionary in India in connection with the London Baptist Missionary Society. EDWARD P. BARRY — Born Evans- ville, Ind., March 16, 1862; learned print- ing in that city, beginning in 1879 ; ad- mitted to Providence Union by card at the June meeting, 1888, and worked here that summer ; joined Evansville Union, No. 35, in 1882, and served as its Presi- dent and also as its secretary ; delegate to Detroit in 1899 (I. T. U.) ; delegate from Indianapolis, No. 1, to State Federation five times ; also to Central Labor Union of Indianapolis seven years and its Presi- dent four terms and its secretary one term ; now foreman machine department Indiana Newspaper Union. GEORGE W. BARRY — Born Ticonder- oga, N. Y., Feb. 2 7. 1835 ; began to learn printing in Brattleboro, Vt., in 1841, and finished apprenticeship in the Phoenix job office. Bellows Falls, Vt. His indentures stipulated for $20 the first and second years, $25 the third year and $30 the fourth year, with board, but he received $25 the first year, $30 the second, $35 the third and $50 the fourth, with board. He went to Worcester in 1856 ; was fore- man of the Woonsocket Patriot from 1857 to 1859. The latter year Capt. Barry came to Providence. He was initi- ated into No. 33 Aug. 13, 1859. He worked in the newspaper offices until the Press job office was started, when he went there, staying until 1861, and then going to the war. After his service in the Army he came back to the Press job office ; was foreman of Maxfield's, then located where the Bristol Hotel now is ; went to Boston to work on the Post, and in 1873, when the Rhode Island Printing Co. was organized, came again to Provi- dence to work in that office, where he has VIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE remained until tlie present time. He was President of Providence Union in 1871. Capt. Barr>- was in the Navy for about one year before the war, having enlisted in Boston for a cruise on the U. S. frigate Merrimac, afterward the famous Confederate ironclad. WILLIAM F. BARRY — Was elected an honorary member of Providence Union at the February meeting in 1887. He was then district recording secretary of the Knights of Labor. Afterward he prac- ticed law in this city and in 1904 went to one of the Southern cities to reside. JAMES W. BARTON — Died Warren, R. I., Aug. 14, 1877, aged 68 years. He learned printing in the office of the Rhode Island American, but immediately went to sea after finishing his apprentice- ship. He continued to follow tha sea for about 30 years, mostly as a whaleman, rising to the position of captain. In 1866 he established the Warren Gazette and conducted it about 11 years, until a few months before his death. LOUIS A. BASINET — Born Durham, Qu3bec, Can., May 18, 1860; learned printing at Cowensville, Quebec, begin- ning in 1877 ; worked in Providence since 1882, with the exception of five years, 1884-89; initiated into No. 33 Oct. 31, 1897 ; at present conducting a printing office at 35 Cranston strset, this city. F. W. BAXTER — Born 1877; learned trade at Philadelphia, Pa. ; worked at Remington Printing Co., this city, in 1902 ; applied for admission to No. 33 Nov. 30, 1902. JOHN BAXTER — Born Ireland June 24, 1844 ; came to the United States when two years old ; learned printing with A. Crawford Greene, beginning in 1856; initiated into Providence Union May 12, 1866. In the Civil War Mr. Baxter served with the 11th R. I. EDGAR O. BEACHAM — Born Ravan- na. Mo., in 1865 ; learned printing at Trenton in that State, starting at the trade in 1879. He was initiated into Providence LTnion Dec. 18, 1892 ; served as its President in 1906, during the first year of the eight-hour struggle ; at pres- ent assistant foreman on Tribune. ISAAC A. BEALS— Born Halifax, N. S.. where he learned the printing trade ; ad- mitted to Providence Union by card Sept. 30, 1900, and was foreman of the Evening News the same year ; for a time he worksd in Hartford and was President of the Union in that city. Now located in Boston. JOHN K. BEATTIK — Born Scotland Nov. 27, 1861; learned printing at Hawick, Scotland, beginning in 1876; ad- mitted to Providence Union by card at tin- July meeting, 1889 ; worked in Providence about seven years in nearly all the prin- cipal shops and at E. L. Freeman & Son's, Central Falls, about eight years ; at present in Boston, Mass. WILLIAM F. BEEBE — Initiated into Providence Typographical Union Dec. 10, 1870. He worked in the job office of M. B. Young in 1871. ADELBERT M. BEERS — Born Spen- cer, Mass., March 5, 1848; learned print- ing trade in Hartford, Conn., beginning in 1867 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Aug. 27, 1884 ; worked in this city on the Journal, Telegram, Press and Star ; was in the United States Navy during the Civil War ; at present located in Providence. HORACE G. BELCHER — Born Pater- son, N. J., Sept. 21, 1872; learned print- ing with R. I. Printing Co., beginning in 1888; at present editor of Sunday Trib- une. JOHN A. BELCHER — Born Ea^le Valley, Orange county, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1850 ; learned printing trade in Paterson, N. J., and New York city, beginning in 1863; worked in this city from 1874 to 1905 (31 years) at R. I. Printing Co.; in 1905 became partner with Elias S. Nick- erson in firm of John F. Greene Co. ; resident of Lakewood and Tax Assessor of Warwick, R. I. JOSEPH W. BELCHER — Born Eagle Valley, Orange county, N. Y., March 31, 185 3 ; learned printing on the Paterson Daily Press, beginning in 1868; worked in Providence for Chapman & Carter, 1873; R. I. Printing Co., 1873-1884; John F. Greene, 1884 ; George F. Chapman & Co.. 1884-85; R. I. Printing Co., 1885-87, 1889-1903; in Boston for L. Barta & Co.. 1887-89; initiated into Boston Typo- graphical Union in 1S87 and into No. 33 Feb. 22, 1903 ; at present employed In Government Printing Office, Washington. D. C. JAMES M. BELL — Born Mt. Sterling. 111., June 16, 1858; learned printing in Quincy, 111., beginning in 1870; admitted by card into Providence Union at the April meeting, 1888; at present located in New York city. Mr. Bell is best known to the craft as "Park Row" in old Union Printer and other typographical pul)lications. He is the author of many humorous stories and poems. JOHN D. BELI., — Born 1870; learned printing in office of Canadian Champion at Melton, Ont. ; worked in Fall River. We.'iterly and at Snow & Farnham's, Providence, in 1901 ; joined Providence Union March 27, 1901. BENJAMIN I. BENNETT — Born Paw- tucket, R. I., Jan. 31, 1874; learned pi lilting on I'awtucket Times, begiiuiing In ISS.S; admltt'd to Providence I'nion bv card June 28, 1903, and worked In this city until March 23, 1904 ; now lo- cated in Boston, Mass. THE JOURNEYMEN IX GEORGE BENNETT — Born Maysham. Lancashire, England. Nov. 24, 1871 ; learned printing in Visitor office, More- cambe, Lancashire, working tliere about 12 years in all, "and on leaving previous to coming to America was the recipient of a handsome travelling bag as a token of regard from the companionship." He was a member of the English Typographical Association more than 10 years. He came to Providence in 1903, depositing a card Sept. 28 of that year. JOATHAM BENSON — Born 1871; learned printing at Biddeford, Me., be- ginning in 1889 ; initiated into Providence Union July 28, 1901 ; participated in the eight-hour strike in 1906 ; left Providence in March, 1906. WILLIAM H. BERRY — Name in 1853 Directory ; in 1856, in company with Robert A. Pierce, he started the Franklin printing office at 36 Westminster street ; in 1858 his application for membership in Providence Union was rejected, proba- bly because he was a proprietor ; name does not appear in Directory after 1861. FRANK N. BERTHERMAN — Born Ottawa. Can., in 1870 ; learned printing at Bay City, Mich., beginning in 1885 ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 25, 1900; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 19 06 ; at present em- ployed on Evening Bulletin. HENRY BERTRAND — Born St. Johns. P. Q. ; learned printing in Lowell, Mass. ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the November meeting, 1886, and worked on the Telegram ; in 1905 located in Brockton, Mass. JAMES L. BICKNELL — Born John- ston, R. L, Feb. 20, 1839. He was taken West when a small boy, and in 1850, in Evansville, Ind., on the Morning Journal, he began to learn the printing trade. Ajrter finishing his apprenticeship he worked on the Pittsburg Dispatch, Cin- cinnati Enquirer, Louisville Journal. Mem- phis Appeal, New Orleans Bee, Norwich Bulletin and on the Providence Herald, Press, Journal, Telegram and News. He served three years in the Fifth Regiment. R. I. Heavy Artillery, in the Civil War. Mr. Bicknell was initiated into Provi- dence Union March 11, 1865. He died in Providence April 28, 19061 WALTER S. BINGHAM — Born Spen- cer. Mass., Feb. 21, 1863 ; learned print- ing in office of J. E. Farwell & Co.. Bos- ton, beginning in 1879; initiated 'into Boston Typogi-aphical Union in 1894 ; worked in Providence at E. A. Johnson & Co.'s in 1900-01 ; located in Brockton, Mass., in 1905. WILLARD MILTON BISHOP — B;nn Kentville, N. S., Dec. 26, 1863; started in 1879 to learn printing on the Western Chronicle of that town, continuing one year on the Wollville Star, and finished at Rand & Avery's, Boston ; was with the latter firm until 1888; admitted to Providence Union by card Sept. 28, 1903 ; was employed at Remington Printing Co. until December, 1905, when he left Provi- dence; worked in Boston early in 1907. WILLIAM P. BITTMAN — Born Cin- cinnati, O., Sept. 7, 1833; learned print- ing in that city, beginning in 1847 ; worked in Providence 1882-92 ; Civil War veteran ; at present rotates between Los Angeles, Cal., and Colorado Springs, Col. RICHARD BLACK — Born County Cavan. Ireland, in 1860; learned printing at Mohill, county Leitrim. and at Glas- gow, Scotland ; joined the Union in Ayr, Scotland, March 1, 1881 ; came to America in June, 1889, and deposited card that month in Providence Union ; worked for J. A. & R. A. Reid six months, and then for E. L. Freeman & Son, Central Falls, two years; in 1891 entered the office of J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston ; moved to Norwood with that firm ; charter member of Norwood Union. F. W. BLAKE — Deposited Boston card with No. 33 October. 1906 ; withdrew card March. 1907 ; worked on Tribune as machinist. FRANCIS BLIVEN— Printer ; died in Providence, April 3. 1816, aged 22 vears. — Patriot. CHARLES H. BLOUNT — Born Lisbon. N. Y., in 1865 ; learned printing in Ogdensburg, N. Y., beginning in 1881 ; admitted to Providence Union by card October, 1888; at present on the Boston Globe. HENRY H. BOARDMAN — Born Nor- wich. Vt.. April 14. 182 7 ; learned printing in Windsor, Vt., beginning Jan. 26, 1842 ; worked on the Boston Journal 37 years, from 184 8 to 1885 ; on the Providence Evening Bulletin from 1886 to 1890; was one time publisher of the Newton (Mass.) Graphic ; always interested in chess and checkers ; represented Boston in the National Convention of 1851 ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 28, 1887; resided in Jewett City, Conn., in 1904. GEORGE A. BOLTON — Born South- bridge. Mass., in 1853 ; learned printing in that town, beginning in 1870; worked in Providence since 1902 ; at present with the R. I. Printing Co. GEORGE E. BOOMER — Came to Provi- dence from Madison, Me., where he had learned printing ; initiated into Provi- dence Union at the first meeting when it was reorganized, April 8. 1883 ; worked on Journal and Telegram ; editor of Jus- tice from April 7. 1894, to Nov. 30, 1895; went to the Pacific Coast States. STEPHEN BOOTH — Born England Nov. 30, 1840; learned printing in Woon- PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE socket, R. I.. 1857-61 ; worked in Provi- dence from November, 1864, to Marcli, 1872; joined No. 33 Marcli 11, 1865; was its President in 1866, treasurer in 1869 and secretary in 1S71. Tlie contest for thie latter position was the "most hotly contested" the Union liad ever witnessed. The opposing candidate was Henry A. Barnes (Brown), tlion secretary and also foreman of the Press. Before his term expired Mr. Booth removed to Boston, to work on the Globe, where he has been ever since, with the exception of the year 1883, spent in the West. He was President of Boston Union in 1882. ROBERT P. BOSS — Born Newport, R. I., Jan. 11. 1840; learned printing on the Newport Mercury; in 1861 he enlisted in the Navy and served until 1864 as master's inate ; participated in the cap- ture of Roanoke Island, the smashing of the rebel fleet at EHzabethport. the cap- ture of Newberne and seige of Washing- ton, N. C, the battle of the Blackwater at Franklin Bridge, etc. In 1865 Mr. Boss came to Providence, working first on the Journal. From there he went to the Evening Press and was elected fore- man of that paper by the compositors and confirmed in that position by the management, holding it for two years. Thence he went to the Herald for one year and then back to the Press, where he was again made foreman through a change in management. He held his sec- ond foremanship on the Press about three months. Mr. Boss's name was proposed in Providence Union in 1860. On account of his absence in the war he was not initiated until Oct. 14, 1865. In 1871 Mr. Boss went to Boston, and in March. 1872, was made night foreman of the Globe. In August, 1873, he was made Superin- tendent, and held that position until his health failed. Mr. Boss is a member of St. John's Lodge, No. 1. F. and A. M., of this city ; Grand Army of the Repub- lic, Kearsarge Association of Naval Vet- erans, Boston Tytiographical Union, An- cient and Honorable Artillery of Boston, Royal Society of Good I-'ellows and Knights and Ladies of Honor. He repre- sented Boston Union in the I. T. U. con- vention of 1882. MAXIME S. BOURET — Learned print- ing in the offlce of the Woonsocket Reporter; initiated into Providence Union July 29, 1883; worked on the Star ami •Tournal ; published a Sunday paper in Woonsocket for four weeks, beginning M;iy 3, 1885, in company witli Edward B. Condon ; learned to operate a linotype on the Journal ; has been witli tlie Bo.'^ton Globe since leaving Providence; in 1898 delegate to I. T. V. from Boston. CHARLES RUSSELL BOUTELLIO^ Born Providence in 1875; leained f)rint- ing at Snow & Karnhani's. biginning in 1890, and is now employed in th.it (itticc He was initiated into Piii\ id( ncc I'niou June 24, 1900. JAMES P. BOWDITCH — Born Berk- shire, Vt., March 2, 1877 ; learned printing in Providence, beginning in 1891 ; initi- ated into No. 33 March 31, 1905 ; at pres- ent employed on the Evening Tribune. JOSIAH B. BOWDITCH — Born July 31, 1842, in Fairfield, Vt. ; learned the print- ing trade in St. Albans and Richford, Vt.. beginning in 1858. April 20, 1861, he enlisted, serving through the Civil War, and was mustered out June 24, 1865. He owned a weekly paper and general print- ing office in Richford from October, 1866, until March, 1875. Was a reporter and editorial writer on St. Albans and Rut- land papers in 1875 to 1S79, editor, col- lector and advertising solicitor on Paw- tu.xet Valley Gleaner from October, 1881, to July, 1886; editorial writer, telegraphic editor and proofreader on Providence Telegram from August, 1886, to July, 1887, and editorial writer on same paper in 1889. Mr. Bowditch owned the East Greenwich Pendulum from January, 1888, to December, 1889; was a proofreader and compositor for the Continental Print- ing Co. in 1896, and has been a contribu- tor to the Providence Journal since 1890. At various times Mr. Bowditch has been a compositor in Springfield, Boston and Quincy, Mass. THOMAS F. BOWEN — Born Provi- dence Oct. 31, 1876; learned printing at Reids', beginning in 1892 ; initiated into No. 33 Feb. 25, 1900; at present employed on Evening Bulletin. JAMES P. BOWES — Born Sackville, N. B. ; died in this city March 6, 1894. For many years was employed as a com- positor on the Journal, and on the intro- duction of machines here went to the New York Herald. He was delegate to the I. T. U. convention at Buffalo from No. 33. He was obligated at the first meeting of the reorganized L^nion in 1883. NELSON BOYLE— Born Albion, R. I., Dec. 19, 1829, and died while on a visit to his parents in Jewett City, Conn., Dec. 28, 1872. He began to learn printing about 1849 with Samuel Foss in Woon- socket. In 1850 he was employed on the Providence Post, and in 1857 was a char- ter member of No. 33. He was station agent for the Warren and Bristol Rail- road at Fox Point. Pro\idence, for sev- eral years before his death. He is buried in Pawtueket. LESLIE BOYXTON— Born Woonsocket, R. I., Jan. 2, 1876; learned printing on the Providence Telegram and worked there six years ; located in New York city in 1904. JOSEPH H. BRACKETT — Born Cam- bridge. Mass.. Aug. 25, 1871; leaineil printing at Hitchcock Musical Publishing Co.. New Yoi-k city, beginning in 1886: admitted to Providence Union by card at Seiitember meeting, 1905. Left printing in I 'Hid, taking ui> the show business. THE JOURNEYMEN XI ARTHUR BRADBURY — Born Bury, Lancashire. Eng., Feb. 14, 1884 ; learned printing on the Bury Guardian ; admitted to Providence Union at October meeting, 1905 ; came out of John F. Greens's on the strike for eight hours in 1906. Left Providence in October, 1906, and worked in New Bedford in 1907. JOHN BRADY — Born Providence in 1854 and died here Aug. 10,1902; learned printing in the Journal office, finishing his apprenticeship in 1870; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 11, 1871 ; worked for about 10 years on the Evening Press and then established a retail shoe busi- ness, which he carried on until a short time before his death. JOHN W. BRAMWOOD — Secretary- Treasurer of the International Typo- graphical Union ; born Sept. 27, 1856, in Fall River, Mass., whers in his early youth he was employed in a cotton mill. At the age of 12 he entered the office of the Fall River News to learn printing. Shortly afterward he moved West with his parents. He became a member of Denver Union, No. 49, In May, 1872, being at the time less than IG years of age. Mr. Brainwood has worked on all the dailies and magazines of note in the larger cities of the United States and Canada. He finally settled down in Den- ver, and during his residence there filled every official position within the province of the local Union, serving two terms as its President. He was also an active worker in the Central Labor Union of Denver, and for two years its presiding officer. At the Louisville convention of the International in 1894 he represented Denver Union, and was elected as one of the International delegates to the Ameri- can Federation of Labor. That office was occupied two years, during which he at- tended the sessions of the American Fed- eration of Labor in Denver and New York city. As an appreciation of his ser- vices Denver again selected him to rep- resent it at the Colorado Springs meeting of the International Union, held in 1896. He was there elected secretary-treasurer of the International Typographical Union. He was re-elected to his present office by a referendum vote in 1898, 1900, 1902, 1904 and 1906. Besides being secretary- treasurer of the International. Mr. Bram- wood is secretary of the executive council, a member of the board of trustees of the Union Printer-s' Home and secretary- treasurer of the Union Printers' Home Corporation. He is also editor of the Typographical Journal, the official maga- zine of the craft. He is regarded as one of the most conservative men in the labor movement and has a host of friends throughout the country. He was admit- ted by card to Providence Union Dec. 26, 1884. SOL. L. BRANDT — Born 187.3; began to learn printing in 18)0 ; elected a mem- ber of Providence Union Sept. 28, 1903. ROBERT BRANNAN — Born Fred- erickton, N. B., Oct. 24. 1882; he learned printing there and in 1865 moved to Boston ; he remained in that city less than a year, beginning work in the Provi- dence Journal composing room in 1866. From that time until two weeks before his death he continued with the Journal. He died in the harness, having stood to his work until he was carried from the composing room to the Rhode Island Hospital, where he died Aug. 15, 1886, in his 65th year, succumbing to the wear and tear of years and work. At his funeral representatives of every depart- ment of the Journal were present. Messrs. H. C. Barnes. William Elsbree and John H. Hurley of the composing room sang the h%mn, "Nearer, My God, to Thee." His remains lie in tlie North Burial Ground. Mr. Brannan was initiated into Providence Union Nov. 14, 1868. GEORGE A. BREEN — Born Webster. Mass., Sept. 10, 1872 ; learned printing at office of Webster Times ; worked in Provi- dence in 18 91 at Remington's and Snow & Farnham's ; admitted to Providence Union Dec. 30, 1900, by card; located in New Bedford in 1904. JAMES H. BREH.A.UT — Born Sum- merside, P. E. I.. March 12, 1864; learned printing on the Summerside Journal ; worked in Providence on the Telegram from February to November, 1891 ; ad- mitted by card to Providence Union Feb. 22. 1891 ; at present employed on the Boston Post. WILLIAM ALBERT BREHAUT — Born Summerside, P. E. I., Oct. 5. 1868: died Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 1904, at the Massachusetts General Hospital ; learned printing at Summerside, starting in 1880 ; was initiated into Providence Union at the January meeting. 1887; worked on the Star until it stopped, in March of that yeai-, then went to Boston and worked on the Post until the lockout in 1891 ; then returned to this city for a few weeks' work on the Evening Telegram ; returning to Boston, he labored there mostly on the Post until stricken with his last sickness in tlie fall of 1904. He was a brother of James H. Brehaut. He is buried at Forest Hills, Mass. FRANCIS J. BRENNAN — Born 1874: learned printing with Buker Publishing Co.. Providence ; worked in various job offices in this city : applied for admission to No. 33 in 1906. JOHN P. BRENNAN — Born Ireland. 1877 ; initiated into Pi-ovidence I'nion Aug. 27. 1906 : admitted to Rhode Island bar 1906 ; now attorney-at-law in this city. CHARLES A. BRIGGS — Born Cromp- ton, R. I., Aug. 31. 1856; learned printing with G. B. & J. H. Utter, Westerly, R. I., beginning in 1S71 ; initiated into New London Union ; admitted to Provi- dence Union by card Sept. 28, 1902 ; xn PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE worked in various book and job offices liere ; was a cliarter member of War- wick Typographical Union, and was in Providence for a sliort time in 1906; now resides at Phenix, R. I. JETHRO TILLINGHAST BRIGGS — Born Fall River. Mass., 1825; came to this city in 1S40. and in 1815 was an apprentice on the Journal, where he learned the ftrinting trade. He was a charter member of Providence Typo- graphical Union ; worked in about every printing office of any note in the city during his time at the business. He died Feb. 11, 1888. . WILLIAM F. BRIGGS — Born Attle- boro, Mass., Dec. 1, 1869 ; learned print- ing at E. L. Freeman's, beginning in 1887 ; participated in ths effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; worked in Provi- dence since 1903 ; lost left hand in 1897. THOMAS BROUGHTON— Born Kent. England, July, 1876; learned printing in the Mercury job office. New Bedford, Mass. ; admitted by card to Providence Union Oct. 27, 1901 ; worked at J. J. Ryder's and at Standard Printing Co. ; also on the Pawtucket Times and Attle- boro Sun ; employed on the New Bedford Sunday Times in 1904. LAUGH LAN W. BROW — Born Taun- ton, Mass.. Maich 14, 1863 ; learned printing in the office of the Bristol County Republican, beginning in 1880; worked in Providence at J. A. & R. A. Reid's for a short time in 1885, and from June of that year until December, 1894, in the Journal office, wher? he learned to operate a linotype ; initiated into No. 33 Nov. 30, 1885 ; since leaving Providence he has been Employed on the Boston Globe, but resides in Taunton. ASAHEL P. BROWN — Died Aug. 3, 1898, after suffering four .years from a .shock of paralysis. He was born in New- port, R. I., in 1847 ; learned the printing trade in tlie job office of Knowles, Anthony & Co., whence he went to the Evening Press; from 1872 to 1886 hy was foreman of the Morning Star ; then he went to the Journal, wliei-e he learned to operate a linotype ; his last work was copy-holding. Mr. Brown was initiated into Providence Union Dae. 15, 1867 ; President in 1873 and 1874, and delegate to the I. T. U. in 1875 and 1876. GEORGE H. BROWN — Born Provi- dence Feb. 10, 1879; learned printing at office of William R. Brown & Co., begin- ning in 1896; became a member of Provi- d:'nce Union Oct. 29, 1899; was fuicman of Brown's, and is now iiniprictur <>!' tlu' Industrial Printing Co. IIIONRY A. BROWN — IniHatii until 1S79. when he retired from a(ti\e Im.siness. Hi' died Jan. 30, 1907. D.WII) JAMIOS BROWNE — Born 1883 ; li.iiiied machinist trade at Belfast. Ire- l:iiul ; worked on Kvening Tribune in Providence from June to December, I'.KH!; withdrew I. T. U. card April, 1907. THE JOURNEYMEN XIII EDWIN A. BROWNE — Was a member of Providence Union before,, 1865 ; liis card was received again on April 11, 1868, and May 14, 1870. WILLIAM E. BROWNE — Died New London, Conn., Nov. 12, 1888, aged 63 years. He learned printing in the office of tlie Pawtuclvet Gazette and Clironicle, but most of liis life was a writer, worlt- ing for tlie Pi'ovidence Journal nearly' 25 years. CHARLES R. BROWNELL — Born Providence July 8, 1871; learned printing at Standard Printing Co., beginning in • 1888; initiated into Providence Union July 27, 1902 ; worked in tlie Journal and other offices in Providence ; participated in eight-hour strike in 1906 ; at present with Economical Printing Co. RICHARD M. BROWNING — Born Mallow, Ireland, Jan. 7, 1867; learned printing at Chronicle Printing Co., Paw- tucket ; worked in Providence on News in 1898 ; now employed in tax assessor's office, Pawtucket. ROBERT B. BUCHANAN — Born Bris- tol, R. I., in 1849 ; learned printing at Hammond, Angell & Co.'s, beginning in 1869 ; worked in this city more than 35 years, mostly in book and job offices ; initiated into No. 33 Sept. 28, 1890; par- ticipated in the effort for eight-hour day in 1906. NICHOLAS W. BUCKLEY — Born New York city, on Eighth avenue, Aug. 31, 1844 ; learned printing in Dunkirk, N. Y., beginning in 185 8 ; admitted to Provi- dence LTnion by card June 11, 1870; "in 1874 'Little Joe' Oakiey, John Tiger, Her- man I. Wolfers and myself worked on the Journal, having walked from Worces- ter, Mass.;" treasurer of Bradford (Pa.) Union in 1904. STEPHEN J. BUCKLEY — Born New- port, R. I., Dec. 26, 1870; learned print- ing in office of Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner at Phenix ; admitted to Providence LTnion Feb. 26, 1893; employed in office of New- port Herald in 1904. MARTIN S. BUDLONG — Died Provi- dence Sept. 22, 1900, aged 71 years. He learned printing in the office of the Republican Herald ; was one of the founders of Providence Typographical Union in 1857 ; member of the job print- ing firm of Pierce & Budlong (Franklin office) ; worked on the Journal and Tele- gram, holding the "ad" situation on the latter paper for several years ; as a vol- unte?r hreman Mr. Budlong was captain o' the Sevens and in the paid department he was captain of a steamer ; he was also a member of the LTnited Train of Artil- lery. CHARLES B. BURCHFIELD — Born Meadville. Pa., in 1842, and died in Taun- ton, Mass., in 1876; he began to learn printing at a very early age, and in 1858 went to California to join two older brothers ; he worked two years in the office of th3 Grass Valley Gazette and then crossed the mountains into northern Nevada ; the writer first met Burchfleld in a mining camp in that State in 1862 ; he was foreman of a daily paper ; we were shopmates and became fast friends, and were scarcely ever separated there- after until his death; in 1869 Mr. Burch- fleld came East, first visiting his parents in Pennsylvania, and then to Providence ; he worked on the Journal, was foreman of tlie Directory in the office of A. Craw- ford Greene, foreman of the Morning Star, worked for a while on the Woon- socket Patriot and was foreman of the Taunton Gazette, holding the latter posi- tion at time of death ; he was initiated into Providence Union Dec. 11, 1869, and was its President in 1872. — F. E. Kelly. JOHN BURGER — Born Wurtemberg, Germany, May 15, 1862 ; learned machin- ist trade in Basel, Switzerland, beginning in 1877 ; began to work for Mergenthaler Co. under Ottmar Mergenthaler in Balti- more, Md., in 1886; helped build the first linotype machine that was put on the market; came to Providence in 1890 to cai-e for the linotypes in the Journal composing room, and was the principal factor in their successful operation ; has remained in the position since ; initiated into Providence Union in 1903 ; visited his native country in 1907. JOSEPH R. PURGES — Died Provi- dence Feb. 14, 1883, aged 67 years; he had been a member of the printing firm of Paine & Surges. MICHAEL F. BURKE— Born Holdem, England, Feb. 14, 1879 ; learned printing in the office of the Providence Telegram, beginning in 1896 ; located in Fall River on the Herald in 1904. WILLIAM BURKE — Died Providence Nov. 25, 1888; he was initiated into Providence Union Jan. 29, 1888. CHARLES T. BURLINGHAM — Born Harris, R. I., Sept. 23, 1868; learned printing in the office of the Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner, beginning in 1885 ; initi- ated into Providence Union Jan. 31, 1892 ; worked at Snow & Farnham's and on the News ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; now proprietor of a job printing office in Phenix, R. I. HENRY yv. BURNS — Born Taunton. Mass., April 2, 1865; learned printing in office of Providence Journal, beginning in 1884, and worked in this city until 1889, when he went to Boston ; initiated into No. 33 Oct. 29, 1889; at present employed on the Boston Globe. RICHARD H. BURNS — Born Clinton. Mass., March 22, 1868; learned machinist trade with J. B. Parker Machinery Co., XIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE beginning in 1887. Mr. Burns is one of the best known linotype machinists in the business, having begun to care for tlie macliines when tliey were first intro- duced ; from the factory he first went to the Bridgeport Standard and stayed there six years ; then back to New York to the Tribune for tliree years and to the New York Herald until he came to Provi- dence in 1907 ; he joined the I. A. M. in 1892, and stayed with that organization until the linotype machinists were affili- ated with the International Typographi- cal Union ; he served on the executive board of No. 6, on ball committees, and was elected delegate from that Union to Colorado Springs I. T. U. convention in 1906, the first machinist that ever repre- sented "Big Six" in that body ; he was admitted by card to Providence Union in 1907 and is now employed on the Evening Tribune. HENRY N. BURRETT — Born Lowell, Mass., Nov. 30, 1868; began to learn printing at West Union, Iowa, in 1883 ; came to Providence Sept. 23, 1885, and finished trade on East Providence Record and The People ; initiated into Providence Union July 25, 1886 ; worked on Dispatch, Telegram, Star and at E. A. Johnson's ; since June 3, 1888, has been employed on the Journal and Bulletin, where he learned to operate a linotype. CHARLES WHEELER BURROUGHS — (Son of Joseph L. ) ; born in Provi- dence Dec. 27, 1853 ; learned printing on the Providence Journal, beginning in 1867 ; initiated into Providence Union March 11, 1871 ; up to that time was the youngest man ever admitted to No. 33 ; worked in Boston, Springfield, Worces- ter, West Brookfield and other places ; gave up printing in 1886 ; worked as a stationary engineer seven years, then be- came a farmer, at Bridgewater, Mass., where he died March 13, 1907. FRANK E. BURROUGHS — (Son of Joseph L.) ; born May 23, 1847, in Mid- dleboro, Mass ; attended school in the old Arnold street grammar school in Provi- dence until 1863, when he began to learn printing on the Journal ; initiated into Providence Union April 9, 1870; 1868 to 1870 had ship news "sit" on the Journal; 1870-72 worked on Star and Press and Herald; May, 1872, went to Woonsocket Patriot for a couple of weeks and then went to the Boston Herald; 1873 went with O. Scott Pond, as foreman, Sam K. Head and others, to Worcester to work on the Press, a new paper just starting ; remained thare six weeks, and tlien wont back to the Boston Herald, remaining there until September, 1894 ; stayed on his brother's farm in Bridgewater mitil Feb. 5, 1895, when the Brockton Times was started, and work;Mi until June, 1896, on that paper; tried farming again until August, 1897, when he started in witli the Talman Job Print in Brockton. wIi.tc he was employed in 1905. GEORGE H. BURROUGHS — Born Worcester, Mass., Nov. 16, 1860; learned printing in office of Windham County (Conn.) Transcript, beginning in 1879; worked in office of Providence Press Co. 1886 ; at present partner Pawtucket (R. I.) Chroncle Printing Co. JOHN A. BURROUGHS— Born Lynn. Mass., June 2, 1880; learned printing in Boston, beginning 189 8 ; worked in Provi- dence 1906-07 ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day ; now located in this city. ■ JOSEPH L. BURROUGHS— Born New- port, R. I.. Feb. 12, 1818; died Middle- boro, Mass., July 23. 1889. Oct. 6, 1831. he left Newport for New Bedford to learn JOSEril L. BURUOIGHS. the trade of printer. He entered tlie office of the New Bedford Gazette, pub- lished by his brother, Willia.m L. Bur- roughs, and Jolin Thornton, under the firm name of Thornton & Burroughs. In the latter part of 1833 tlie Gazette was sold to the Democratic party, and J. G. Harris became ostensible proprietor, and P. W. Leland editor. He remained witli his brother in New Bedford until March, 1834. to settle the business of the coni'ern. In May, 1834. they left New Bedford for Providence, and Joseph began work for the firm of Knowles & Burroughs, in which William L. liad bought an Interest. This lirm, in August, 1834, became tln> printers of tlie Providence Journal, and in July, 1838, bought the paper. In Miircli, 1842, Joseph L. Burroughs was foreman of the Journal and retained that position until 1S67. b'rom that time until he rc'inoved from I'l'ovidt'nee. Aug. 19, IST.'I. he was emjilojed on the Bidletin. lie then took up farming in MIddleboin. Mass., and spent tli<' I'emainder of his THE JOURNEYMEN XV life in that town. It is said of Mr. Bur- roughs tliat, during his career on the Journal, at one stretch he worked 11 years with a vacation of but one day. and that was to attend a funeral. He was one of the swiftest compositors and most expert foremen of his time. Mr. Bur- roughs was wounded, accidentally during the Dorr War excitement. The Journal of July 2, 1842, said: "Joseph L. Bur- roughs of this office was wounded Satur- day by the accidental discharge of a pistol, which fell from a member of one of the companies. The blow discharged the pistol and the ball entered the leg of Mr. Burroughs. It fell out a few hours afterwards." WILLIAM L. BURROUGHS — Died Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1858. He was born in Newport, R. I., and was a brother of Joseph L. Burroughs. In 1830 he was a printer in Providence ; the next year and until 1833 he was publisher of the New Bedford Gazette in partnership with John Thornton. Coming to Providence in 1834, he entered into partnership with Joseph Knowles. Aug. 2 of that year they became printers of the Journal, and July 1, 1838. they bought the paper from George W. Jackson. While interested in the Journal, Mr. Burroughs was also a partner in a book and job office at 113 Fulton street. New York city, afterwards sold to Wynkoop, Hallenbeck & Thomas. In this office was set the New York, Southern and Western news of the day and shipped to Providence by the Ston- ington Line, arriving here in type as soon as the New York newspapers, from which all such news had been clipped. The Journal forms were held for this matter, and the paper gained 24 hours thereby. This was before the telegraph was invented. Feb. 1, 1839, Mr. Bur- roughs sold his interest in the Journal to John W. Vose. About the year 1844 he made two whaling voyages from New Bedford in the brig Acton, for the benefit of his health. He went the first voyage to learn and the second to command. His death was sudden and unexpected. LEWIS E. BURTNETT — Born Ohio March 19, 1858; began to learn printing in 1871 at Sedalia, Mo. ; was admitted to Providence Union Jan. 30, 1884, by card, and again in July, 1887, when he re- mained until 1889. At the time of the strike on Charles Corbett's Dispatch he went to Hartford. Conn. At present he is editor of the Labor News of Greens- boro, N. C. CLARENCE E. BURTWELL — Born Fall River (Tiverton), then a part of Rhode Island, July 27, 1851; he learned printing in the office of the Fall River Daily News ; came to Providence in November. 1868. and secured employment in the office of the Providence Press Co., remaining there 18 years, until Novem- ber, 1886, when he went to the Journal, where he was employed at the time of his death, on the night copy desk. Mr. Burtwell was working on the Evening Press Dec. 31, 1868, when fire destroyed the office, and he was one of the men who came down on the chain. He witnessed the September gale of 1869, when the tide rose to such a height that it covered ths streets in the vicinity of the Press build- ing and its occupants were transferred from it to the Post Office in boats. Mr. Burtwell was initiated into Providence Typographical Union Jan. 9, 1869, and was treasurer in 187 8, when it disbanded. He was initiated again June 28, 1885. In 1904 he wrote: "There are very few con- nected with the Union now that were members in 1869. The success of an organization depends upon the conserva- tism of its officers and members. Provi- dence Union has been just to its mem- bers and to the master printers, with the result that friction has been avoided." Mr. Burtwell died Dec. 10, 1904, of pneu- monia. WILLIAM A. BUSHMAN — Born 1876; learned printing in office of J. B. Peters & Son, Burlington, Vt. ; worked in Provi- dence for Providence Publishing Co., J. A. & R. A. Reid and Fox & Saunders ; initiated into No. 33 Dec. 29, 1901 ; now of the firm of Bushman & Co., printers. WILLIS H. BUSSEY — Born Hope, R. I., Jan. 12, 1854 ; learned printing at Chronicle office, Pawtucket ; initiated into Providence Union April 29, 1888; worked at Remington's and J. C. Hall's ; with- drew from No. 33 to become a charter member of Pawtucket Union, No. 212 ; participated in the effort for the eight- hour day in 1906 in Pawtucket; now sec- retary of Pawtucket Union. JOHN W. BUTLER — Born Birming- ham, Eng.. 1881 ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in Providence in 1906; now employed at Franklin Press Co. GEORGE V. BUTTERFIELD — Died Boston Dec. 21, 1900, aged about 65 years. He was admitted to Providence Union May 21, 1864, and was elected sec- retary that year in June and December. He went to Boston in the early 70's and in his later years was a proofreader on the Boston Globe and Herald. JAMES BYRNES — Born Bri.stol, R. I., March 28. 1883 ; learned printing trade in office of Bristol Phoenix ; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 28, 1903 ; worked on Tribune and Bulletin. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: FRED BAINTON, April 29, 1888. WILLIAM S. BAKER. Sept. 8, 1866. JOHN L. BANNON, March 29, 1896. CHARLES BARDENS, Jan. 9, 1864. EZRA A. BAXTER. April 5, 1888. THOMAS E. BENNETT, Feb. 26, 1893. C. E. BIDWELL, Oct. 12, 1861. XVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE FRANK BODWELL, July 13, 1872. DOVER H. BOST, Oct. 10, 1868. NORVAL B. BOWERS, Aug. 8, 1868. SAMUEL M. BOWER. April 15, 1883. GEORGE F. BRADLEY, Jan. 15, 1870. ELMO G. BRADLEY ; withdrew I. T. U. card Dec. 8, 1906. GEORGE F. BRANNON, Dec. 12. 1868. JOHN D. BRIDGES. Dec. 11, 1869. GEORGE N. BROOKS, July 30, 1899. GEORGE W. BROWN, May 17, 1888. HENRY BROWN, March 30, 1889. B. C. BUFFUM, Jan. 31, 1897; also by card April 29, 1900. WILLIAM F. BURKE, Dec. 30, 1888. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: MICHAEL BACHMAN, Jan. 30, 1884. MAURICE BAIN, May, 1885. CHARLES BAKER, July 25, 1897. WILLIAM BAKER. Jan. 30, 189 8. LOUIS BALLIN ; deposited L T. U. card April 19, 1907 ; withdrew same April 30. 1907. ALEXANDER H. BARKER, June 26, 1892 WILLIAM C. BARRINGER, July 13, 1872. JOHN A. BARWOOD, June 24, 1900. MORRIS S. BEANE, November, 1888. F. P. BENNETT, Boston card, May 11, 1872. W. D. BENT, JR., December, 1883. JOSEPH F. BEYER, June, 1889. ARTHUR C. BIBRCE, Feb. 27, 1884. E. M. BILLINGS, Dec. 29, 1895. JOHN BLACK, April 12, 1871. WILLIAM H. BLACKHURST, July, 1888 WILLIAM BLAIR, March, 1888. JOHN BLANCH. Feb. 28, 1897. W. R. BLEAKMORB, April 22, 1883. C. W. BOBO ; worked on Evening Trib- une in June, 1906 ; deposited I. T. U. card June 13. EUGENE BOOTH ; from Hartford in 7 O's. E. E. BOWERS, January, 1889. ROBERT T. BOYLE, Oct. 8, 1870. F. L. BRADEN, July, 1887. HORACE B. BRADLEY, April 8, 1871. M. J. BRADY, June 8, 1872. THOMAS BRAZELL, May, 1886. E. B. BRECK, December, 1888. H. C. BREGGEMAN, Feb. 14, 1874. E. J. BRENNAN, June, 1886 ; May, 1888. JOHN F. BRENNAN, D?c. 12, 1868. THOMAS BRETT, June 9, 1873. 10. BRIMMER, from Harrisburg, I'a., JuiK' 13, 1868. FRED E. BROWN, April 22, 1883 (dead). J. P. BROWN, Sept. 27, 1891. WILLIAM BROWN, Dec. 12, 187 4. JOSBIMI A. BRYAN, April 30, 1884. W. P. BRYAN, July 28, 1901. WILLIAM J. BRYANT, Septemb.r, 1888. JOHN C. BURKE, Nov. 27. 1892. S. H. BURKETT, Doc. 14, 1872. J. J. BURNS, Oct. 12, 1874. JOHN BUTLER, from New York, May 13, 1871. Names from Providence Directory: AUGl^STUS N. BERRY— 1859-61. MARTIN V. BLY— 1853 and 1854 worked at 29 Market square; 1856 at 3 Soutli Main .street. ALBERT E. BOWERS — 1850 worked at 15 Market square; 1855 at Journal job office. STEPHEN H. BRANCH — 1830 ; in 1832 he was clerk at Post Office and in 1838 agent Cloth Hall Co. WILLI.VM A. BROWN — 1828 worked at 9 Markt't square. WILLIAM E. BROWN — 1850 to 1857. CHARLES J. BURR — 1850 worked on Daily Post. Printers Known to Have Worked in Provi- dence: MARY E. B.\RTON (of Warren, R. I. ) : granted honorable withdrawal card April 26, 1903. W. D. BASTABLE ; at Journal offlie in 1884-85. A. C. BENTLEY ; name in 1870 consti- tution. H. E. BLANCHARD ; January. 1885. ALFRED BOTTOMLEY; worked in this city fall of 1906. JOSEPH BOWDITCH; in New York city in 1906. DANIEL BOWEN ; began his appren- ticeship with John Cart?r, April 14, 1774. FRANK BOWMAN ; worked in Provi- dence in 1906. JOHN BRADY; at Journal office 1860- 65 ; reported dead. SAMUEL W. BURBANK — Died Provi- dence S?pt. 24. in his 33d year. CHARLES BURRILL (colored) ; at A. Crawford Greene's in 1862 and later. H. D. BURRILL: at Journal Otlice in 1873 ; belonged in Grand Rapids. Mich. JOHN H. CADIGAN — Born Spring- field, Mass., April 10. 1862 ; learned print- ing on Springfield Republican ; came to Providence in 1880 to witness the Hop Bitters regatta and worked on the Star and the Sunday papers in that year, and off and on in this cit.\' since ; now copy- holder on Bulletin : admitted by card to Providence Union Sept. 27, 1891. JOHN CAIRNS — Born Quebec City. P. Q. ; learned printing in Toronto, Can., on the Telegraph and Mail, beginning In 1870; ailmitted to Pro\iilence Union by lanl April, 1SS6. "I travelled a great deal and have worked in 20 States ; am leav- ing Toronto (1904) for 'Old Virginia.' going into the stock-raising business ; quit the 'road' In 1891 ; expect to spend the rest of my days on the stock farm with a good withdrawal card of I. T. U. hanging framed in my bed room. Ad- dress will be 'Cismont 1'. O., Albemarle Co., Va." " THE JOURNEYMEN XVII W. O. CALDWELL — Died Worcester, Mass., April 11, 1904. He was born in that city in 1851, and learned the print- ing trade there. His father was also a printer. Mr. Caldwell's card was depos- ited in Providence Union Oct. 12, 1872, and he worked in the office of the Morn- ing Herald. For 25 years he was in the employ of the Worcester Spy, and was foreman of the composing room for a large portion of the time. He was em- ployed on the Worcester Telegram at the time of his death, and for about six years before. He was a member of Worcester Typographical Union. ARCHIE CAMERON — Born Almonte, Ont., April 8, 1858; learned printing in Gazette office in that town, beginning in 1872 ; worlied in Providence in winter of 1885-86, and was admitted by card to No. 33 Dec. 27, 1885; at present (1904) em- ployed on the Jersey City Journal. FRANCIS H. CAMPBELL— Born New York city Feb. 26, 1864 ; began learning to care for linotype machines in 1891 at Mergenthaler factory, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; worked on The Wheel, New York city ; Glen's Falls Times, both the Troy Times and the Record, and Meriden (Conn.) Record ; admitted by card to Providence Union at the June meeting, 1907 ; worked on Journal summer of 1907. JOHN H. CAMPBELL — Born Phenix, R. L, May 27, 1849. The family moved to Providence in 1856, and it was in this city, in the office of the Evening Press, that he learned printing. From a night "sit" on the Star he went to the fore- manship of the North Attleboro Chroni- cle in 1876. Later, in partnership with Reuben E. Capron, he started the Paw- tuxet Valley Gleaner in his native town of Phenix. Shortly after he became its sole owner and continued in that con- nection until his death, Feb. 11, 1904. Mr. Campbell was a representative in the General Assembly from Warwick for three years, 1891-93. He was initiated into Providence Union Nov. 9, 1872, and retained his membership until 1877. JOHN W. CAMPBELL — Born Alexan- dria, Va., Sept. 5, 1846 ; learned printing in office of McGill & Witherous, Wash- ington, D. C, beginning in 1865 ; worked in Providence in 1868-69 ; at present (1905) at Union Printers' Home, Colorado. JOSEPH H. CAMPBELL — Born Natick. R. I., June 18, 1873; learned printing on the Pawtucket Times, beginning in 1888 ; worked in Providence on the Telegram and News ; initiated into Providence Union May 17. 1888; in New York city h.- worked on the Sun until the stiike (Aug. 5, 1899) ; now employed on Evening Journal of that city. WILLIAM CAMPBELL— Born Natick, R. I., Dec. 18. 1S69: learned printing at K. L. Freeman & Son's, Central Falls ; initiated into Providence L'nion July 30. 1893; worked in Providence from 1887 to 1900, and the two latter years had charge of United States Government Stamp Department at J. C. Hall's ; at present employed in Pawtucket police depart- ment. PERCY J. CANTWELL — Born Souris. P. E. I., June 21, 1879; learned printing at Charlottetown, P. E. I., be-ginning m 1893 ; became a member of Providence Union June 30, 1901, by card ; came out of the What Cheer office in the effort for eight hours in 1906, and for some time was chairman of the strikers ; President No. 33 in 1907 ; at present on Evening Bulletin. WILLIAM P. CANTWELL — Born Bos- ton, Mass., Nov. 16, 1875 ; learned print- ing in Charlottetown. P. E. I., beginning April, 1890 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at Au,gust meeting. 1906 ; linotype operator on Journal. FRANK J. CAPRON — Born Providence Dec. 15. 1868 ; learned printing at Journal office, beginning in 1887 ; admitted to Providence Union Sept. 29, 1889, as an apprentice ; worked in this city until June, 1898, and later on the Boston Her- ald, Pawtucket Times and Worcester Telegram ; returned to Evening Bulletin in 1906. WILLIAM H. CAPRON — Born Provi- dence Nov. 25, 1849 ; learned printing on Evening Press, beginning in 1869 ; initi- ated into Providence Union Dec. 14. 1872. and admitted by card May 31, 1883, re- maining in this city until 1890 ; now in New York city. ALFRED H. CAREY — Born 1854; learned printing in Providence ; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 30, 1900. JAMES CAREY — Worked in the Gazette office in Providence in 1826, and from 1832 to 1841 his name appears in the Directory as working at 15 Market square. In 184 8 a James Carey was prominent in the formation of the Boston Union. His portrait is in the Boston Souvenir, issued in 1898. He is buried in Mt. Hope Cemetery, in the printers' burial lot. FRANCIS Y. CARLISLE — In 1825 bought from William G. Goddard the American, and in partnership with H. H. Brown consolidated it with the Gazette. Otlier papers were absorbed anil changes made in the partnership until in 1829 the first daily newspaper printed in Provi- dence was issued by the firm. In the latter part of 1829 Carlisle sold his inter- est to Daniel Mowry, 3d, and went into till' brokerage business. The following reminiscence is interesting in connection witli his sulisequent career: Jolin L. Clark was ei>gaged in a brokerage busi- ness in the city of Providence, selling lottery tickets. He became involved in tlie affairs of the Burrillville Bank. The l)ank wa.*! incorporated in 1818. Mr. XVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Clark's connection with it began in Sep- tember, 1S31, when he was made Presi- dent. Its circulation was then $2000. Seven months later, irf April. 18.32, its circulation had increased to $.')6,000, and it then failed. In March, a month before the failure, Clark removed all the books to Providence and cut from them all leaves bearing entries of bills delivered to himself, but these leaves were after- ward recovered. Clark ran away, but was arrested in New York in May, 1832, and brought back. He was tried in March. 1834. and sentenced to pay a fine of $.5000 and to stand committed until the fine was paid. The General Assembly at the January session (1835) remitted the fine and he was released upon his making an assignment of his property to com- missioners who had been elected by ths General Assembly to clope the affairs of the Burrillville Bank. It took 12 years to finish its labors, but cost only $500. to be divided between three. The principal assets of the bank consisted of notes and indorsements of Francis Y. Carlisle, who was a clerk in the offlce Ol Mr. Clark. Long litigation followed with Carlisle, which resulted in the commissioners' ob- taining judgment against him for an amount over $100,000. A compromise was finally made with him, he giving bonds to redeem the circulation and pay the other debts against the bank, with the excep- tion of such debts as miglit be due Clark, he being the only real stockholder. Clark committed suiciie July 26, 1836. He was then 31 years old. Carlisle continued for two or three years, endeavoring to grasp the business which Clark had left, and in the meantime purchasing the bills of the Burrillville Bank, which he was bound to redeem. He finally left Providence and travelled through the South and West, v^-riting occasional letters to the Journal. ROBERT W. CARLISLE— Born Ban- gor, Me., Feb. 4, 1853 ; learned printing in ofllce of Whig and Courier of that city, beginning in 1869; first came to Provi- dence in 1873: chirter memV)er at the reorganization in 1883; held cases on the Journal and Star and for a time was a "sub" on the Telegram ; was employed at the Norwood Press (Norwood, Mass.) in ]!I04. (;YRIL a. carpenter — Died Sept. 3, 1865, aged 52 years; from tlie Direc- tory of 1832 it is lenrned that he wa."! a printer, working at 12 Market s(iuare ; in 1835 he publislied for a short time the Weekly Visitor; in 1841 ship news collec- tor for tlie Journal; in 1854-55 marine reporter for M(jrning Post ; became a bookkeeper in 1856. GEORGE MOITLTON CAUIMONTER — Born Portsmoutli, R. I., April 22. 1811; filed suddenly from apoplexy at KatwiJU aan ;^ee, in Holland. July 31, 1840. lie was educated in the luiblic schools of New Bedford and Providence, graduated from Brown Univrisit\- in I SO I .and ad- niitti'cl t Isl.aiid in 1867. He was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the State in 1882, and Jan. 1. 1885. was appointed by President Arthur. Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, which last position he occupied at the time of his death. In November, 1885, Judge Carpenter was the fifth member of the Board of Arbi- tration which settled a question in dis- pute between organized labor and tha Providence Journal. He had been selected by the four other members, A. D. Chace and Lucian Sharpe for the Journal and John P. Horan and James A. McKay for organized labor. At the December meet- ing (1885) of Providence Typographical Union Judge Carpenter was elected to honorary membership and later accepted the honor in a letter to the Union. An extended obituary of Judge Carpenter is to- be found in Vol. V., 1897, "Publica- tions R. I. Hist Society," p. 62. EDWARD CARR— Died Newport Aug. 25, 1837, ag?d 38 years; served his ap- prenticeship in the office of the Rhode Island Republican, beginning in 1812. The paper was then published by Col. William Simons, at Newport. When Mr. Simons came to Providence Mr. Carr came with him and worked on the Patriot and Republican-Herald, living in his employer's family all the time, as was the custom in those days. STEPHEN CARR — Died Pawtuxet, R. I., Saturday, March 31, 1832. aged 20 years. He served an apprenticesliip in the printing oflice of the Providence Patriot. WILLIAM E. CARR — Born Taunton. Mass., in 1880; learned printing in tliat city ; admitted to Providence Union Viy card Dec. 21, 1902 ; linotype operator on Tribune. CHARLES CARROLL — Born Provi- dence June 8, 1876; learned printing in Journal oflice ; joined Pro\idence Union in April, 1903 ; educated in Providence public schools ; at Brown LTniversity, whence he was graduated. A. B., in 1898, second in class of 120 ; and at Harvard Law School, whence he was graduated, LL. B.. in 1901 ; editor of Brown Daily Herald, 1897-98; member of Rhode Island Alpha of Phi Beta Kappa ; financial sec- retary of Union during eight-hour effort in 1906-07; delegate to L T. LT. conven- tion. Hot Springs, 1907 ; admitted to Rhode Island bar 1901. HUGH F. CARROLL — Born Provi- dence in 1871; learned printing in J. A. & R. A. Reid's, beginning Nov. 1, 1887; initiated into No. 33 March 27, 1892 ; was foreman of Remington Printing Co. at time of .'ffort for eight liours in 1906. .ind soon joined Uw ranks of the journey- nii^n : in 1'1()7 established the Providence Printing Co., of wliich he is manager. This firm secured tlie contract for print- ing the l'''iftieth Anniversary Souvenir of rro\ iili'uc;' T.N'pographical Uniiin. THE JOURNEYMEN XIX JOHN A. CARROLL — Died Pawtucket Jan. 11, 1900, aged 43 years. He was initiated into Providence Union Sept. 26, 1897. He was brother to Hon. Hugh J. Carroll of Pawtucket. JOHN P. CARROLL — Born Providence March 16. 1880. He began to learn print- ing in 1898, in tli2 Journal office, where he is now night foreman ; initiated into Providence Union June, 1903. He is a graduate of Providence liigh school and entered Brown University with the class of 1903, but did not graduate. ROBERT F. CARROLL — Born Provi- dence in 1884 ; learned printing at E. A. Johnson Co., beginning in 1905 ; admit- ted to Providence Union Nov. 26, 190.5 ; participated in the effort for the eight- hour day in 1906 ; now bank man on Evening Bulletin. WILLIAM CARROLL — Born Jewett City, Conn., April 27, 1853; began to learn printing in the office of the Press in New London, Conn., in 1868, and afterward worked in Meriden on the Re- publican as a two-thirder until 1869, when he worked in Norwich, Conn., join- ing the Union in that city in January, 1870. From Norwich he went to Willi- mantic. Conn., working there on th? Jour- nal, and later to New York city, where he worked on the first issue of John Rus- sell Young's Standard, the Now York Herald and Times, and in George Laf aye's office. In the summer of 1871 he made a trip West, stopping to work in the cities of Pittsburg, Pa., Columbus, O., Lafayette, Ind., Chicago, 111., Milwaukee, Wis., Gi-and Rapids and Detroit, Mich. He came to Providence Sept. 28, 1872. His card was deposited Dec. 14, 1872. He worked first on the Morning Herald, and later on ths Journal, Press and Star and Sunday Dispatch. He was foreman of the Star, and also its city editor, in 1886. Jan. 1, 1887, he began working on the Journal, getting a frame in 1889, and in the same year learned the linotype machine. He was promoted to the fore- manship of the Sunday Journal in Feb- ruary, 1890, and shortly after became foreman of the entire composing room. He was recording secretary of the LTnion in 1876 ; delegate to the International in 1885, where he introduced and engineered the passage of th? Strike Fund Law ; President of No. 33 in 1892. He has taken an active interest in politics, and was chairman of the Democratic city committee in 1891-92. In the former year the party elected its candidate for Mayor, the first time in 38 years. He introduced and had passed by the committee during his chairmanship rules for the reform and government of the Democratic cau- cus?s that have since been adopted in principle by the Legislature of the State for the regulation of political caucuses in Providence. At the December (1903) meeting of No. 33 he introduced the reso- lution providing for the appointment of a committee to prepare for the observance of the 50th anniversary of the institution of Providence Union, and was elected chairman of that committee. DAVID E. CARTER — Born South Attleboro, Mass., Aug. 30, 1880; learned trade at E. L. Freeman & Son's, Central Falls, beginning August, 1894 ; worked on Evening Bulletin ; now employed on Bos- ton Transcript. EDWARD A. CARTER — Born Boston, Mass., March 10, 1845. Ths family re- moved to Illinois in 1855. Young Edward entered the office of the LTrbana Union in 1858, where he worked until Decem- ber, 1861, part of which time was put in on the Urbana Clarion,, the Illinois Zephyr and a paper called Our Constitu- tion. He went into the Army in Janu- ary, 1862, joining the 26th Illinois Intan- try as drummer, and the regiment went into every Southern State e.vcept Texas and Florida. "Ned" saw service at Island No. 10, Corinth, Miss., Vicksburg. Chatta- nooga, Atlanta, "Sherman's march to the sea," Savannah, the Carolinas, tlie grand review in Washington at the close of the war, and was mustered out in July, 1865. Then he again took up the "stick and rule," this time in Boston. He came to Providence in 1868, was admitted to No. 33 June 13 of that year, and worked on the Evening Press and the Journal. When the Morning Star was started, Dec. 6, 1869, he became its first foreman. He was afterward foreman of the Providence Herald and Worcester Press, but did his last "typesetting" on the Boston Herald. He went into the wholesale milk business in this city in 1877 and into the ice busi- ness in 1890. He is now senior member of the Hughesdale Ice Company (Carter & Hohler), located at 12 Merino street. GEORGE CARTER — Born England May 23, 1844 ; came to America in July. 1857 ; learned printing in Port Hope, Can. ; served in the Army during the Civil War ; after the war went to Erie. Pa., where he joined the Typographical LTnion and worked on the Dispatch ; ad- mitted to Providence Unicfti by card Aug. 10, 1867 ; worked on the Evening Press until February, 1870, when he went to New York city, where he has remained since ; now on the Times. JOHN CARTER (a) — Died Providence Aug. 19, 1814, aged 69 years. He was a native of Philadelphia, where he served an apprenticeship to the printing trade in Dr. Benjamin Franklin's office. He came to Providence in 1767 to work as a journeyman in the Gazette office, then owned by Mrs. Sarah Goddard. and on Sept. 19 of that year he became a part- ner in the business. Nov. 12, 1768, he became sole owner, and continued as SLich until Nov. 2, 1798, when William Wilkinson was associated with him, and the business was extended to include bookselling, etc. Tlie partnership e.Kpireil Mav 9, 1899. Mr. Carter resuming com- plete control of the printing department XX PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE and Mr. Wilkinson the bookselling busi- ness. From this date until he finally retired from business, in February. 1814, Mr. Carter was editor and proprietor of the Gazette and owner of the printing business connected with it. He was Postmaster for the town from July 4, 1772, until June 16, 1792. His connection with the Gazette lasted for more than 46 years, and during that time the "paper was remarkable for accuracy of execu- tion and correctness of sentiment and principle." He was buried in St. John's churcliyard. North Main street, where later a monument was erected to his memory by his daugliters. One son (John) was a printer. WILLIAM MAGEE CARTER — Born about 1850; learned printing in office of Paterson (N. J.) Daily Guardian: came to Providence in 1872 and wliile here was identified witli the firms of Chapman & Carter and R. I. Printing Co. Died some years ago. GEORGE F. CART WRIGHT — Partici- pated in eight-liour effort in 1!>06 ; where- abouts unknown. JOHN P. CASE — Born Kingston, R. I., Jan. 5, 1831 ; learned printing in Providence, beginning in 1846; worked in this city on the Transcript when it was publislied by Greene & Shaw ; George W. Danielson was foreman of the paper ; at present (1905^ in the undertaking busi- ness at Wakefield. R. I. WILLET F. CASEY — Born Napanee, Ont., Jan. 4, 1859; learned printing in Toronto, Ont., beginning in 1875 ; initi- ated into Providence Union Nov. 30, 1865 ; worked on the Journal a few montlis and was afterward foreman of the Sunday Dispatch wlien published by Remington & Corbett ; employed on the Boston Globe (1907). PATRICK A. CASHMAN— Born Provi- dence June 12, 1878; learned printing in office of Telegram ; was obligated in the Union Sept. 29. 1901 ; at present located on the E\ening Ti-ibune. THOMAS J. CASHMAN — Born Provi- ilence in 1886; began to learn printing in 1903 at Remington's; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906. Now employed in Providence. JAMKS I<\ CAVBNY— I^oni Ri\ .ri.oliit. R. I., Aug. 12. 1874; N-arncd jninting at What Cheer Printing Co., beginning in 1889. WILLIAM N. CHADSEV — Born Wor- i<-.«ti-r, Mass., 1854; learned printing in Journal jol) office, this city; was one ol the original paitiicis in the piiiifing lirni of K. A. Johnson & Co. : member of tlu' firm of Chadsey & Claike from 1881 to 1893; now in business of drain laving in this city. • JKORCK I'. CIIAPMAX H.)ni Oct. 19. IM.", ;it l-;iiili(l, (). (a suburb of Cleve- land, O. ) His story follows: "Jan. 2. 1859, commenced my apprenticesliip on the Ashtabula Telegraph, published by James Reed, at Ashtabula, O. The first year I received a gold dollar for my services besides my board. The second year I got a little spending money and some wearing apparel. Before the e.xpira- tion of the tliird year I went to Cleveland, O., and worked in the Ben Franklin job office for a time, and in the newspaper offices of the Herald, Leader and Plain- dealer. On the Plaindealer I worked at the frame once held by Artemus Ward. From there I went to Norwalk, O., and worked for a year or more on the Experi- ment, a rank Copperhead sheet, as it was then considered. About every week the editor w;xs threatened with mob violence. The editor and proprietor, W'. W. Red- field, and myself were the only force. I lodged in a little room adjoining the office and was furnished with a battery of two navy revolvers and an old flint- lock musket. I was told to shoot to kill the first person tliat broke in, but the threats were never carried out. I re- turned to Cleveland in tlie spring of 1863 and soon after enlisted in tlie 150th Ohio Volunteers, served for 100 days, was dis- cliarged and re-enlisted in the 17 7th Ohio Regiment and served until the close of the Civil War. Soon after my second enlistment I was on detail service until the end. My first detail was Colonel's orderly. From there I served on the staffs of General Milroy and General Ros- seau in Tennessee, and later on the staff of General Scliofield. After the war I went to work on tiie Cleveland Morning Leader for a short time ; then in the Leader job room ; from there to Evans, Powell & Co.. wliere I became foreman. In the spring of 1868 I left Cleveland and came East, reaching New York city late in the summer. There I went to work for Thitchen'er & Glostaeter, who were then turning out some remarkable pro- ductions of typographical art. Here I met William M. Carter. I left T. and G. for a position with the New York Economical Printing Co., 194 Fulton street, one of the largest printing plants at that time in New York. I was with the Economi- cal until the spring of 1872, the last two years as foreman. In the fall of 187 2 William M. Carter and myself started ,a small printing plant at 60 Weybosset street. Providence, as Cliapman & Carter, We met with success from thi' start. In September, 1873, the R. I. Printing Co. was f(U"med, composed of Chapman & Carter, Bugbee ; woi-ked (in Star and Journal; THE JOURNEYMEN XXIII President of Syracuse Union In 1897-98, latter convention year ; foreman Syracuse Post-Standard in 1901 ; I. T. U. delegate from Syracuse in 1902 ; now located at Anaconda, Mont. ROBERT B. COOKE— Died Charleston, S. C, June 5, 1822, after a short illness, in the 25th year of his age. The Rhode Island American of June 25, 1822, said: "This worthy young man served a long apprenticeship in the office of the Provi- dence Patriot, and subsequently worked as a journeyman with great faithfulness and industry. He had embarked in other business with fair prospects and had the best wishes of all who knew his virtues for success. His early removal is deeply regretted and will long be mourned by numerous relatives and friends." WILLIAM E. COOK — Born Boston, Mass., March 3, 1839 ; learned printing in the office of Rand & Avery in that city, beginning in 1857 ; worked in Provi- dence at A. Crawford Greene's and on the Post, Journal, Press and Star ; initi- ated into Providence Typographical Union Nov. 14, 1863; vice president in 1877. Mr. Cook enlisted in the 2d Mass. H. A. in 1862, and served until April 5, 1865 ; member of G. A. R. Post 174 of Green- field, Mass., where he now (1904) re- sides ; has been afflicted with creeping paralysis since 1893. GEORGE EDWARD COOLEY — Born Norwich Falls, Conn., Feb. 7, 1825. He learned the printing trade in Norwich, Conn., and after finishing his apprentice- ship his mother started him in business. From there he went to Newport, where he was married to Cynthia Anna Chapman July 29, 1849. Then he went to Woon- socket, where he worked on the Patriot ; thence to Providence as foreman of the Evening Press. Isaac Bromley induced Mr. Cooley to go to Norwich as foreman of the Bulletin, and when Mr. Bromley went to Hartford to take charge of the Evening Post Mr. Cooley went with him as foreman. In the 70's he came back to Providence, first as foreman of the book department of the Evening Press and later as foreman of the naper. When the Press suspended Mr. Cooley worked on the Dispatch, and later, in partnership with George O. Willard, started the Paw- tucket Evening Times. He was initiated into Providence Union in August, 1858 ; President in 1859 and treasurer 1862- 63-64-65. He died at the R. I. Hospital Nov. 15, 1893. HOWARD A. COREY — Born Mill- town, R. I., July 3, 1887 ; learned print- ing on the Westerly Sun and with J. J. Ryder Co., this city, beginning in 1902 ; worked in Providence 1903-06 ; joined the strikers for the eight-hour day at the expiration of apprenticeship and was ad- mitted to Providence Union in March, 1906 ; now located in Boston. A. F. CORRIGAN — Born Lansingburg, N. Y., May 30, 187 3 ; began learning printing in 1887 at E. L. Freeman & Son's, Central Falls, R. I. ; left Freeman's in January, 1906, in effort for eight-hour day ; admitted to Providence Union by card November, 1906 ; now employed on Tribune. JOHN CORT — Born March 9, 1836, at Littleboro, Lancashire, England. At an early age he entered the printing busi- ness, being apprenticed for seven years. He came to America in October, 1863, and after working in New York city for some time, eventually located in Provi- dence. Here he worked on the Journal and joined Providence Typographical Union Oct. 14, 1864. In 1874, in com- pany with Charles R. Stobbs, he pur- chased the Webster Times. The same year Mr. Stobbs withdrew, leaving Mr. Cort in possession. He published the paper up to his death, which occurred in Worcester March 4, 1903, aged 66 years, 11 months and 27 days. Six years previ- ous to his death his nephew, Arthur H. Rossall (also a former member of Provi- dence LTnion), was editor and manager of the Times. Mr. Cort always led an upright life and was generous to a fault, and his death was deeply regretted by the many tourists who passed through Webster in their wanderings, and the writer of this brief biography never knew him to turn down a printer with a card — always giving them enough work to put them on their feet again, or a meal or railroad ticket. In closing, I think the following words, written by Albert Tyler, editor of the Oxford (Mass.) Mid- Weekly, and a lifelong friend, briefly characterize the deceased : "He pub- lished a clean paper, which carried no immoral taint into the homes it visited. In all his work he exhibited tact and discretion. . . . Those who know me will not be surprised when I declare my conviction that so long and so useful a life will not lose the award of God's eternal favor." JEREMIAH F. COURTNEY — Died New York city April 12, 1906, aged 42 years. He was born in Lowell, Mass. ; while employed in Providence on the Journal he was initiated into No. 33 May, 1887; soon after he went to New York, where he worked on the Sun, Times and Journal. JAMES E. COX — Born Providence Feb. 23, 1879; learned printing in Evening Telegram office, beginning in 1896 ; initi- ated into Providence Union FeV). 24, 1901 ; at present employed on the Tribune. HOWARD A. CRAM — Born Providence Aug. 21, 1877; learned printing in Jour- nal office, beginning in 1894 ; initiated into No. 33 Nov. 30, 1902; worked in Boston on the Journal and Herald ; one of the organizers of the Providence Lino- type Co. XXIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE FELIX CRANE — Born Boston, Mass., in 1887 ; learned printing in office of Olney- ville Times, 1900-03 ; worlted in various offices in Providence ; participated in the effort for tlie eight-hour day in 1906. MAURICE HENRY CRANE — Born Providence Sept. 13, 1854 ; died there Nov. 25, 1905 ; learned printing in office of Henry Tilden, beginning in 1870; initi- ated into Providence Union May 17, 1888; with the exception of about four years spent in Boston he worked in this citj' during his life ; was in the 1st R. I. Regiment in the Spanisli-American War. AMOS B. CRANSTON — Died Provi- dence April 6, 1880. His name appears in the 1854 Directory as working on the Post and in 1855 at A. Crawford Greene's For more than 20 years before his death he was a compositor on the Press and Star. He was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857 and continued his connection with that body until its dissolution in 187 8, holding many impor- tant offices in it. His funeral was most impressive. About 50 of the compositors and pressmen of the city assembled at the business office of the Press on Sun- day, April 11, where J. E. C. Farnham addressed them. Then, under the marshal- ship of Capt. C. C. Gray, they marched in a body to the house. No. 2 74 High street. Rev. Henry W. Rugg conducted the services at the house. The floral offering from the Press and Star was a "Star" of white pinks and roses, across the centre of which was the word "Press" in blue immortelles. That from the Jour- nal was a large pillow of fragrant white buds and blossoms, bearing at the top the figure 9, the "slug" the deceased had been using, while below this was a composing stick, made of green leaves, in which was a single white rosebud, typical of a "full stop." The bearers wsre A. P. Brown of the Star, H. A. Barnes of the Press, J. E. C. Farnham of the book department and Nathaniel Brown of the job department of the Providence Press Co. The following appears at the close of the description of the funeral, proba- bly written by George O. Willard : "Amos B. Cranston's page of life is finished, the last column has been made up, the proof drawn and in tha hands of his Maker for correction and revision preparatory to the final adjustment. His slips are pasted up, the stick laid aside and the rule turned ; let us hope his string will measure well." BARZILLAI CRANSTON— Died Provi- dence Oct. 26, 1867, aged 74 years, 7 months and 14 days. He was born in Foster, R. I., in 1793 ; came to this city when 14 years old, and learned the print- ing trade with Jones & Wheeler. In 1819 he entered the firm and engaged in the publication of the Patriot nnd Columbian Phenix. This partnership lasted one year. During the year 1824 he did the print- ing for the Christian Telescope, after which he continued in the printing busi- ness in the firm of Cranston & Marshall, and later in that of Cranston & Ham- mond. He was also in partnership with S. R. Weeden and John W. Cory, book- sellers and publishers. He was one of the best workmen of his day. During his life he held many positions of honor and trust. Was a member of the school com- mittee and of the Common Council many times. President of the Mechanics' Asso- ciation, treasurer of the Rawson Foun- tain Society and treasurer of the Citizens' Savings Bank. GEORGE H. CRANSTON — Died Provi- dence Dec. 4, 1867, aged 35 years. The Evening Press, on which he was employed at the time of his death, said : "Origi- nally possessed of a strong constitution, it was undermined in the public service, and our friend may be numbered among those who gave life for country and liberty." In 1860 he was employed on the Post. He was a charter member of Providence Typographical Union in 1857. Its members attended his funeral in a body. E. FRANK CRAPON — Died Woon- socket Sept. 7, 1872, aged 25 years. 11 months and 14 days. He learned printing in the office of the Woonsockst Patriot ; was initiated into Providence Union April 11, 1868. WILLIAM CRAVEN — Born Providence Dec. 9, 1873 ; learned printing on the Pawtucket Times ; worked in Providence since 1894 ; initiated into Providence Union July 26, 1903. GEORGE M. CRAWFORD — Born Pic- tou, N. S., Jan. 14, 1882 ; learned print- ing in offices of Pictou Advocate and Remington Printing Co., this city ; came to Providence in 1901 ; initiated Into No. 33 Dec. 27, 1903. JAMES E. CRAWFORD — Born Pictou, N. S., Dec. 4, 1879; learned trade in the Advocate office of that town ; worked in Providence since 1898; initiated into No. 33 April 29, 1900. FRANCIS V. CREAMER — Died Provi- dence July 7, 1892, aged 30 years. He learned printing in this city and was ad- mitted to Providence Union April 30, 1884. ALBERT A. CRIST — Born 1878; learned printing at office of Anoka Times and at Snow & Farnham's ; initiated into I'rovidence Union March 25, 1900. JAMES B. CROFWELI., — Born South Coventry, Conn. ; learned printing In Providence at George F. Chapman's and ]<>vening Telegram, beginning In 18SS; ini- tiated into Provitlencf I'nion Nov. 30. 1891 ; worked on Journal in this city and on the Herald, Post and Tran.scrlpt in Boston ; at present practicing dentistry in Boston. THE JOURNEYMEN XXV MARTIN J. CROFWELL, — Born Norr wioh, Conn., in 1875 ; served apprentice- ship on the Evening Bulletin, beginning in 1895, where he is at present employed, operating a linotype machine. He became a member of No. 33 Sept. 30, 1900. ASA M. CROWELL — Born Providence Jan. 20, 1857 ; learned the newspaper pressman's trade in Journal pressroom, beginning July 15, 1878. He tells his story as follows : "Started as engineer and fired the boilers and had charge of ice water and ink fountains, and was head devil of the pressroom ; then learned to feed on the four and si.K-cylinder presses and to make rollers ; then ap- pointed assistant foreman, and on the death of John J. Dwyer in 1893 was made foreman of the pressroom." This latter position he held 10 years ; initi- ated into No. 33 April 29, 1888 ; from 1903 until 1906 he was in the employ of the New York World. In February of the latter year he returned to the Journal as foreman of its pressroom. IDA C. CROWELL — Born Providence Dec. 11, 1869 ; learned printing in office of E. A. Johnson & Co., beginning in 1886 ; worked at the business until 1891, when she married Henry N. Burrett of the Evening Bulletin. WARREN E. CROWELL — Born March 7, 1875 ; learned printing in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; worked in Providence on the Telegram for a short time in the spring of 1905. JOSEPH CROWLEY — Born Providence Jan. 13, 1878 ; learned printing on Jour- nal, beginning in 1896 ; initiated into No. 33 Aug. 26. 1900; at present linotype operator on Journal. JOSEPH P. CULLEN — Born Westfleld, Mass., Aug. 24, 1869 ; learned printing in Springfield, Mass., beginning in 1885 ; worked on Boston Post 1833-96 and 1905- 06 ; Pawtucket Times 1905 ; now employed on Providence Journal ; member Provi- dence Union. MATTHEW J. CUMMINGS — Born Providence 1862 ; learned printing in job office of Evening Press ; initiated into Providence LTnion May 30, 1886; started small job office on Dorrance street in 1887 ; elected Overseer of the Poor of the city of Providence in 1889, and has been re-elected each year since. MATTHEW J. CURRAN — Born 1881; learned printing on the Telegram, begin- ning in 1899. WILLIAM P. CURRAN — Born Provi- dence March 16, 1875 ; learned printing in office of Journal, beginning in 1892 ; worked on the Providence News and on Newport Herald ; at present linotype operator on Woonsocket Call ; initiated into Providence L^nion April 26, 1896. FRANK A. CUSHMAN — Born Paw- tucket, R. I., June 30, 1860; learned print- ing in office of Pawtucket Gazette and Chronicle, beginning in 1877 ; initiated into New York Union in 1883; admitted by card to Providence Union October, 1886; worked in Taunton, Mass. CORNELIUS C. CUSICK — Born Provi- dence Aug. 4, 1887 ; learned printing in office of Journal, beginning in 1902 ; initi- ated into Providence Union December, 1906 ; linotype operator on Journal. GEORGE G. CUTTING — Claims the distinction of being the first tourist printer on a bicycle. He was born in Warwick. R. I., June 22, 1865 ; learned the printing trade on the Westerly Tribune ; worked at E. A. Johnson & Co.'s 1885-89; initi- ated into Providence Typograpliical Union May 11, 1888 ; has been on e.Kecutive com- mittee and other committees ; delegate to Allied Printing Trades and to Central Labor Union for four years ; worked in New York and Boston. Initiated Into Providence Union on Dates Named: JOHN A. CALLAN, April 24, 1887. JOSEPH C. CAMPBELL, Jan. 29, 1893. P. W. CARD, Oct. 27, 1895. RAYMOND A. CARD, March 27, 1892. THOMAS P. CARNEY, Dec. 18, 1887. E. CAWLINS, Oct. 10, 1868. EUGENE F. CHASE, Oct. 29, 1887 ; by card April, 1888. LAWRENCE CHASE, July 11, 1S68 ; now a proofreader on Boston Globe. EDWARD F. CLARKE, April 29, 1888. PHILIP S. COFFIN, April 8, 1871. MOSES W. COLLINS; before 1865. THOMAS J. CONNER, Aug. 8, 1857. GEORGE COOPER, Jan. 11, 1868. JAMES J. COSTELLO, July 31, 1887. JOHN F. COYLE, Sept. 11, 1869. GEORGE E. CRANDALL, Nov. 30, 1891; by card Nov. 25, 1893. W. C. CRANGLE, Nov. 27, 1892. T. E. CURRAN, Sept. 26, 1886. DAVID GUSHING, Nov. 9, 1873. GEORGE W. GUSHING, July 9, 1859. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: ALBERT A. CADY, February, 1885. W. H. CALKIN, July. 1888. THOMAS G. CALLEN. April, 1887. C. S. CAMPBELL, January, 1889. W. H. CAMPBELL ; from New York Sept. 14, 1867; June 8, 1872. D. S. CAPUL ; from Louisville, Ky., Sept. 14. 1867. J. R. CARPENTER, April, 18S9. JOHN A. CARR. March 29, 1896. W. R. CARRIGAN. September, 1887. MICHAEL GARY, Nov. 12, 1870. F. S. CASSELMAN, May, 1887. JAMES E. CHANDLER, April, 1888. H. P. CHAPLINE, November. ISSS ; reported dead. ALBERT W. CHAPPELL, 1874. D.\NIEL CHARLTON, Sept. 14, 1872. JOHN CHERRY, Oct. 14, 1865. XXVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE JAMES A. CLARKE, April, 1886; Feb- ruary 1887. L. O. CLIFTON, March. 1886. THADDEUS S. CLINCH; from Nor- wich, Conn., Sept. 11, 186't. JAMES H. COLLINS. Sept. 30, 1883 ; August, 1886. JOHN COLLINS, Nov. 12, 1884. MICHAEL COLLINS, New York, May 11, 1872. R. E. COLLINS. 1874. WILLIAM COMYN. Sept. 30, 1883. JOHN CONNELLY, March, 1886; re- ported died in Albany, N. Y. T. J. CONNOLLY, January, 1885. CHARLES COOL, February, 1887. C. A. Cool died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 20. 1905, aged 50 years. JOSEPH CORBEIL — March 26, 1893. CLARENCE L. CORD, May 28. 1899. JAMES COTTER, Aug. 12. 1871. HENRY COURTNEY. September, 1886. H. CRAIG, June 9, 1873. ARTHUR J. CRAWSHAW, December, 1889. J. C. CRESS, June, 1887. CHARLES L. CROCKER, June 24, 1900. JOHN CRONIN, April, 1886. Reported dead. J. F. CROWLEY, April 12, 1871. P. CROWLEY. December, 1883. JOHN E. CULLEN, Aug. 12. 1871. JOHN CURLEY, June, 1887. Names Found in the Providence Direc- tory : JESSE CALDBR— 1850-54 ; 1856-57 and 1863 clerk in Post Office. JOHN CARTER — 1855, at 24 Westmin- ster street; by card Sept. 10, 1870. GEORGE CARY — 1857. CHARLES N. CASWELL — 184 4 over 15 Market square, 1850 at Journal Office. DANIEL R. CASWELL— 1841 at 25 Market square. CHARLES F. CHARNLEY — Learned printing trade in Journal office ; now in jewelry business in this city. EDWARD B. CHEEVER — 1850 on Daily Post and Journal; 1855 on Journal. GEORGE P. CHOAT — 184 7 at B. T. Albro's. 5 Canal street. EDWARD CODDINGTON — 1824 at 3 South Main street. HENRY R. COOKE— 1855 at 24 West- minster street. EDWARD CORY— 1830-32 at 9 Market square ( E. and J. W. Cory). JOHN W. CORY — 1832-36 at 9 Market square; IS.TS book.sellor and publisher; 1847 at Journal Office WILLIAM H. CORY— 1856; 1857 at Journal office. JOHN COTTON — 1838. WILLIAM CRANSTON— 1S57. CHARLES F. CURTIS— 1826 at Ameri- can office; 1828 at Journal office. CALEB GUSHING- 1826 at 3 South Main street. Caleb Gushing, publi.shor of the Salem (Mass.) Gazette, sold tlie paper in 1823. JOSHUA GUSHING- 182 8. Printers Known to Have Worked Here: FRANK CAPRON (Long Frank) ; died about 18'>2. WILLIAM CARROLL (Red) ; early 80's ; died in New York city. D. CASHEN; withdrew card in 1877. JOHN CONLON ; was in "News" strike. J. F. COLLINS — 1853 ; worked on Jour- nal. WILLIAM C. CROSMAN — 1902. THOMAS J. CREIGHTON ; early 80"s ; now in Hartford. Conn. CHARLES M. CLARK was foreman of the Providence Evening Telegram for a number of years, while it was out of the L^nion. Afterward he was foreman of the New York Sun. THOMAS WAYNE DALLING — Born West Chester. Pa., Sept. 20, 1870; learned printing in that city, beginning in 1887; came to Providence Journal shortly after the introduction of the linotype machines ; initiated into No. 33 Dec. 28, 1890; now employed on Philadelphia Record. CHARLES A. DALTON — Born Salem. Mass. ; learned printing at the University Press. Cambridge, Mass. ; lias worked in Providence since 1901 ; admitted by card to Providence LTnion May 31, 1903 ; now superintendent Franklin Press. FRANCIS LIPPITT DANFORTH — Died Providence April 30. 1867. aged 55 years. He was a son of Walter R. Danforth and grandson of John Carter. The Directory of 1856 gives his occupation as printer. GEORGE DANFORTH — Died Taunton. Mass.. Feb. 10. 1851 ; employed on the Providence Journal in 1836. and from 1841 to 1850; on Morning Courier In 1838. GEORGE WHITMAN DANIELSON — Born Killingly. Conn.. April 25, 1829 ; died Providence March 25, 1884. In his 15th year he began to learn printing in the office of E. B. Carter at D.anielson- ville. Conn., but remained there only one year. He then came to Providence, work- ing here as a journeyman printer, .and also tried New York city for a while, .after which he returned to Providence and for a short time publislied the Daily Sentinel. He was also for a time editor of the Daily Transcript. July 26. 1848. he became editor and publisher of the New England Arena at West Killingly, Conn., but was back In Providence in a little more th.an .a year. In May. 1851. he was marine reporter for the Daily Post, and while connected with that paper .also occupied the positions of foreman of the composing room and assistant editor. March 14. 1859. in partnership with Albert R. Cooke, he established tlie Evening Press. In October. 1862. on nothing from the firm, the employes presented to him a silver goblet and a four-vohune set of "Carlyle's Critical and Miscellaneous Essays." Jan. 1, 1863. he became busi- ness manager and managing editor of the THE JOURNEYMEN XXVII Journal, and on Jan. 26 started the Eve- ning Bulletin. His hours of work were those of the morning newspaper composi- tors of that period — 14 or 15 hours be- tween 10 A. M. of one day and 4 A. M. of the next. He was a tireless worker and the natural growth of the newspapers in his charge weighed upon him, perhaps imperceptibly, until he succumbed. For a number ol years he was President of the New England Associated Press, and he was also interested in many business concerns in Providence. In 1854 he was President of the Providence Printers' Union, the first organization known to the craft in this city. It met at 24 Westmin- ster street Saturday evenings, according to the Directory of that year. HERBERT A. DARLING — Died Bos- ton Feb. 12, 1896 ; he was initiated into Providence Union May 9, 1868, and worked in this city on the Press until 1872 ; worked in Boston 1872-1880; in Provi- dence 1880-1887; in Boston 1887-1896; he was foreman of the Providence Star in 1887. HENRY FIELD DAVIS — Born Provi- dence March 21, 1869 ; died here Feb. 4, 1906 ; learned printing in the office of the Evening Bulletin, beginning in 1886, and continued to work there during the rest of his life ; he was initiated into Provi- dence Union Feb. 26, 1889 ; was one of the first in this city to learn to operate the linotype. Burial was at Swan Point. Henry R. Davis, for more than 50 years connected with the Journal, was his father. "WALTER B. DAVIS — Born Providence May 6, 1884 ; learned printing in offlce of Journal, beginning December, 1901 ; joined No. 33 Dec. 31, 1905 ; now employed on Tribune. ARTHUR DAWSON — Born Todmorden Lancashire, England, April 13, 1868 began to learn printing there in 1878 admitted to Providence Union at the August meeting, 1888 ; has travelled ex- tensively in the United States. JAMES R. DAY — Born Washington, D. C, Aug. 10, 1860; started to learn printing in tlie office of Nickerson & Sibley, Pawtucket. in 1872, and finished his apprenticeship in tlie Evening Press job offlce. Providence, where he worked 1 3 years ; he then went into business for himself and has been very successful ; he joined Providence Union December, 1886. MARTIN C. DAY — Born Providence May 7, 1853 ; learned printing in Dover, N. H., beginning in 1870 ; reporter on the Providence Journal from 1876 to 1882; city editor from 1882 to 1894; author of the book, "Death in the Mail," a report of the Barnaby-Graves poisoning case ; for a time was city editor of the News. Mr. Day was initiated into Providence Typo- graphical LTnion Aug. 27, 1905 ; now located in New York city. ITHIBL DEARDEN — Born England Sept. 24, 1870 ; learned printing in Provi- dence at Reid's, and later was employed on the Evening Telegram ; was initiated into Providence Union May 31, 1890 ; now employed on the Brockton Times. VINCENT DE FINA — Born Italy Dec. 2, 1864 ; learned printing in Italy, com- ing to Providence in 1895 ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 29, 1897 ; partici- pated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; now employed on Evening Bulletin. WALTER DE HOFF — Reported died in Jersey City, N. J. ; admitted by card to Providence Union Feb. 23, 1900; was a linotype operator, employed on the Journal. RUDOLPH DE LEEUW — Born Hart- ford, Conn., May 17, 1858; learned the printing trade in that city in the offlce of the Evening Post, beginning in 1876 ; has worked in Providence on tlie Journal since 1880, most of the time in the proofroom. Mr. De Leeuw was secretary of Hartford Union in 1881, vice president of Provi- dence Union 1901-02, treasurer 1903-04- 05-06 and 1907, delegate to I. T. U. con- ventions at Atlanta, Ga. (1890), and Detroit, Mich. (1899), delegate to R. I. Central Trades and Labor Union 1902. ALFRED A. DEVENISH — Born Provi- dence 1858; learned printing in offlce of J. A. & R. A. Reid, beginning in 1876, and has worked in this city all the time since with exception of three years in Boston ; initiated into Providence Union April 15, 1883 ; now foreman for J. C. Hall Co. JOSEPH E. DEVENISH — Born Provi- dence Feb. 28, 1881 ; began apprentice- ship at Lufkin Press, Boston, in 1899. and finished at J. C. Hall's, in Providence ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 30, 1903 ; now employed on Evening Bulletin. W. H. DEVINE — Born Waterford, Ire- land, May 14, 1880; learned printing with Harrigan & King, Worcester, Mass. ; ad- mitted to Providence Union at the Decem- ber meeting, 1905, by card ; was employed at Remington's, operating a monotype ; came out on strike for eight-hour day Jan. 1, 1906 ; left the city Jan. 3, 1906. JOHN J. DEVLIN — Born Providence Sept. 12. 1860 ; learned printing at office of Angell & Co., beginning in 1874 ; initi- ated into No. 33 May 17. 1888; worked in most of the printing offices in tliis city, both as printer and reporter ; was the first police messenger appointed in Providence, and served as such under Cliiefs of Police Charles H. Hunt and Benjamin H. Child ; since leaving Providence in 1895 has worked in various New England cities, and is now (1904) in the stationery busi- ness in M^insted. Conn., but retains his connection with newspaper work as corre- spondent for State papers. XXVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE GREGORY DKXTER — Born Olney, England, about 1610; died Providence, R. I.. 1700: learned printing at London, England, where he set up in business. He also ministered to a Baptist soeiety in that city. He came to Providence about 1638 and was the first practical printer to live here, taut did not worl< at his trade in this colony. It is said that Mr. Dexter once visited Cambridge, Mas.«!., to help the printer in that town put his office in order. For many years he was one, of the colony assistants under the charter of Charles II. ; also served as town clerk and held other public offices. He was the fourth minister of the First Baptist Church in Providence. His residence was built of logs and stood on the east side of what is now Benefit street, near its .lunction with North Main street. During King Phillip's war Mr. Dexter, with his wife, went to Long Island and remained there until ap- parent danger had passed. He returned to find his home desolate and two of his sons numbered with the dead. He rebuilt his house on the site opposite the city water- ing place at the summit of Constitution Hill. He was the progenitor of the Dexter family, one of whom (Ebenezer Kniglit Dexter) gave to the city the Dexter Asy- lum and Dexter Training Ground. MYRON W. DIBBLE — Born Cornwall, Conn., in 184't; learned printing in Litch- field, Conn., beginning in 1861 ; admitted to Providence Union by card May 11. 1872, and again at the April meeting. 1888; worked on the Journal and other newspapers in this city. MASON DICKEY — Died at Alexandria, Va., May 3, 1803, Mr. Mason Dickey, printer, late of this town, — Providence Gazette, May 21, 1803. JOHN JAMES DIGGINS — Born Provi- dence Oct. 15, 1879 ; learned printing with J. J. Ryder Co., beginning in November, 1895; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 2 8, 1903 ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1'I06 ; now em- ployed on Tribune. JOHN J. DILLON — Born Providence Nov. 16, 1858; learned printing in office of E. A. Johnson & Co., beginning in February, 1879; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 26, 18SS; always worked in this cltN' in the vaihjus .job offices. FUGENIO T. DION — Born Centnil I'^alls, R. I. ; learned the y)rinting trade in the office of the Clu'oniele Printing f'o., Pawtiieket : now eniploxcd on Trilmne. HFNKV R. ]>IX — Burn Pictou, Pictou eountv. Nova Scotia, in 18.")-1; leann-il lirlnting in Pi'ovidence and is at present employed at Rurnford Cliemical Works. CALFH S. I*. DODGK — Born Lempster, N. H., May 29, 1838; died Caml)ridge, Mass., 1906; learned printing in the office of the Wateitiiwn Sentuii'l ; worked at the business in nian.\' nf Ilie large cities nf the country and in the early 80s on the Journal in this city. Since 1883 he was employed on the Boston Globe. He was President of Boston Union in 1892, and was connected with the Masons, Odd Fel- lows, Cadets of Temperance and the Franklin Typographical Society of Boston. BERNARD DOHERTY — Died Provi- dence July 24, 1884, aged 45 years; initi- ated into No. 33 March 12, 1864 ; for many years he was employed in tlie Press .iob office as book pressman ; brother of Henry F. Doherty. HENRY F. DOHERTY — Died Provi- dence July 31, 1907, aged 57 years; learned printing in book room of the Providence Press Co. ; was foreman of that department for a number of years until 1882, when he accepted a position with the Davol Rubber Co. as salesman, remaining witli that firm until his death ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 13, 1869. He is buried in Pocasset Ceme- tery. PATRICK J. DOHERTY — Born St. John, N. B., 1840; worked in Boston be- fore the Civil War and until 1867 on the Herald, Bee, Journal and Advertiser ; come to Pro\idcnce in 1867 and was fore- man of Journal until 1871 ; name is on records of Providence Union ; died in this city May 4, 1889. HUGH F. DOLAN — Born Providence April 8, 1864 ; learned printing on Evening Telegram, beginning in 1883 ; worked on tlie Journal and in Boston, Worcester, Fall River and other New England cities ; initi- ated into Providence Union Jan. 31, 1886. JOHN P. DOLAN — Born Danbury, Conn., Feb. 20, 1854 ; learned printing in Woonsocket. R. I., on the Reporter, begin- ning in 1872; came to Providence in 1879, and worked on the Telegram, Simday Dis- patch and Morning Star until 1882, when he went to the Journal, reinaining on that paper until 1889 ; he was initiated into Providence Union April 8, 1883, tlie meeting at which the Union was reorgan- ized ; served on the executive committee for several years ; recording secretary 1886-87, and President 1888. Since leaving this city Mr. Dolan has worked in Boston, on the Globe luitil the Ameriian started, when he went to that paper and is at present emploj'ed there. PATRICK DOLAN — Lost his life in the Mississii)pi river in April, 1865. He was :in apprentice on the Providence Journal HI IStiO; enlisted as a private in Co. G. llth R. 1. Vol.. in September. 1S62; after expiration of his term of service he re- enlisted in the 3d R. I. Cavalry. Troop II; was (lisehai-ged for disabilit>- on ac- ciMint iif wiiuiuls received, and was return- ing luime iin the Sult.ana when the accl- il.'Ht (iccurri'd. Tlu' telegrapliic dispatcli piiiited ,it the time said: "Steamer Sul- tana, from New Orleans April 21. arrived at \'icl'n, New York city and Paterson. N. J. He re- turned to Providence in Sevitember. 1'.102, and was an employe of the Journal at the time of his deatli. THOMAS CADMAN HOE — Born 1845; learned printing in office of The North- westoin at Osldi)t, 25, 1879; learned THE JOURNEYMEN XLlll printing: in Kansas City, Mo., beginning- May 31, 189 2 : worked in Providence since 1897, with J. C. Hall Co., Tribune, News- Democrat and Journal ; joined Providence Union April 30, 1899. OSCAR D. HOLLAND — Born Provi- dence Jan. 13, 1879 ; learned printing with his father, John Holland, beginning in 1892; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 31, 1899; member firm of John Hol- land & Son. STEPHEN G. HOLROYD ("Uncle Ste- phen") — Born Providence June 12, 1807; died there Feb. 10, 1884 ; learned the trade of a printer, working as a journey- man until Feb. 2, 1833, when, in part- nership with Sylvester S. Southworth, he publishe'd the Daily Gazette. The paper lived nine months, when it was made a weekly and soon after discontinued. In 1837-'40, in partnership with Andrew M. Barber, he published the Otsego Repub- lican, at Cooperstown, N. Y. This town was the home of the novelist, James Fen- nimore Cooper, who at that time was in some disfavor with the public because of the many strictures on American ideas, methods and manners contained in some of his books. A New York nev^^spaper, in criticising one of Cooper's novels, pub- lislied an article full of personal abuse of the novelist. Tliis article was copied into many newspapers, Mr. Holroyd's among others, and the result was a series of libel suits. The Otsego Republican was an unsuccessful defendant in one of them and in consequence Mr. Holroyd returned to the ranks of the journeymen, working for a short time on the Freeman's Jour- nal, in Cooperstown, and, in 1841, in New York city. There he worked on the Tribune, wliich started in 1841, and on the Courier and Enquirer, then one of the leading papers of that city. In 1849 Mr. Holroyd returned to Providence, ac- cepting a position on the Journal Nov. 3. Mr. Holroyd collected tlie ship news for the Journal, using a boat for that pur- pose, and also put it into type. It was, in those daj-s, one of the most important departments of the paper. He became an expert in tlie business, following the news of the Providence vessels in their voy- ages from port to port, changes in owner- ship and commanders, and could, without referring to otlier authority, tell all there was to say about them. In 1867 he gave up the collecting part and took the ship news cases on the Press, holding them until 1881, when he retired. On that occasion his associates in the office pre- sented to him a gold-headed cane, suitably engraved, Mr. George O. Willard, then city editor of the Press, making the pres- entation speech. He was initiated into Providence Union April 11. 1868. He is buried in North End Cemetery. EDWARD C. HOOPES — Born West Chester, Pa. ; learned printing trade on the Daily Local News, beginning Nov. 22, 1879. Since then he has been manager and editor of a newspaper at Downington, Pa., and in the jon printing business for 10 years. He is an accomplished musi- cian, having been director of a theatre orchestra for 15 years. He came to Provi- dence March 10. 1903, working on the Telegram and Journal ; now proofreader on tlie Tribune. GEORGE HAROLD HOPE — Born Provi- dence July 8, 1878; learned printing in this city at Eagle Printing Co., beginning in 1893 ; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 29, 1899 ; worked on Evening Tele- gram ; "my father and grandfather before me served their time at tlie printing busi- ness." At present treasurer of the Star Printing Co. in Providence. GEORGE W. HOPE — Born Halifax, N. S., Oct. 9, 1854 ; learned printing in office of Mercury at New Bedford. Mass., beginning in 187 2 ; worked in Providence since 1875 ; now manager of Star Printing Co., Westminster street, near Hoyle build- ing. CHARLES H. HOPKINS — Born New Haven Nov. 30, 1858; died Providence Jan. 28, 1904. He came of a family of printers ; father, uncles and brothers were all expert at tlie trade. He learned print- ing in New York city, but removed to Manchester, N. H., before he was 20. In 1881 he was foreman of the Woonsocket Reporter, and again from 1884 to 1891. In 1883 and from 1891 to 1900 he was employed in the composing room of the Providence Journal, holding the position of assistant foreman of the Evening Bul- letin for a number of years. From 1900 to the summer of n03 he was in business with his brother, Frank E., at Jamaica. N. Y.. printing books. For a few months before his death he was employed on the Evening Telegram. He joined Providence Union by card Dec. 2 8, 1890. He was a first-class workman and his character was very nearly perfect. JOHN P. HORAN — Became prominent in the affairs of Provi lence Union in 1884 and was elected President in 1885 and 1886. In 1885 he was one of the five arbitrators to whom was referred the dis- pute between the Journal and the Union. He left this city in February, 1887, for Ireland, aid is reported to have died shortly after in England. While in this city he was employed on the Telegram. THOMAS L. HORAN — Learned print- ing in the office of the Norwich (Conn.) Advertiser, beginning about 1870; admit- ted to Providence Union by card in 1873; initiated April 8. 1883; Vice President in 1887 : worked in the offices of the Jour- nal. Star and Telegram ; now proofreader on the Boston Advertiser. FREDERICK A. HORTOX — Died Provi- dence May 22. 1894, aged 21 years. 6 months and 23 days. He was initiated XLIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE into Providence TypoRraphical Union March 26, 1893. and worked at Brownell's bookbindery. At tliat time bookbinders were eligible to membership in the Union. JOHN J. HORTON — Born West,erly. R. I., April 13. 1874; learned printins in the office of the Westerly Daily Tribune, commencins July 16. 1888: came to Provi- dence Sept. 1. IS'^O. locating first at What Cheer Print, and became a member of the Typographical Union May 29, 1892 : has served since on the following commit- tees of tliat body : Joint standing on Telegram agreement ; executive. 1901- 1903 ; on city printing. 1901-1902 ; on scale, 1901-1902 ; joint conference on nine- hour day, 1900; committee of thirty. 1900; on souvenir committee. 1904-1907. Mr. Horton represented the Union in the Allied Printing Trades' Council in 1902- 1903, and was secretary-treasurer of that body. He has worked in various localities between Boston and Chicago and has held about 45 situations. He claims the dis- tinction of being "the only printer who paid full fare for every mile he has trav- elled." Now employed on Evening Bul- letin. OLIVER JUDSON HOUCK — Learned printing with Reynolds & Co., Albany. N. Y. ; he worked in Springfield, Mass. ; initiated into Providence LTnion at the December meeting, 1897. JOHN STANLEY HOULB — Born Lan- caster. Ontario. Canada, Aug. 2.5. 1861 ; learned printing in Montreal, beginning in 1876; initiated into Manchester ( N. H. ) Union June, 1904 ; admitted to Providence Union by card April 30, 1905 ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; prepared the issues of the "Union Man's Reference Book ;" in New York city in 1907. WILLIAM H. HOVBY — Died Norwich. Conn.. March 5. 1899. He had been toast- master at the 32d anniversary banquet given by Norwich Union during the eve- ning and was in the corridor of the Wauregan Hotel, preparing to go home, when he was stricken at 2 A. M. The cause of death was cei-eliral apoplexy. Mr. Hovey was born in Morrisville. N. Y., In 1842; began to learn printing in the office of the Madison Observer, leaving in two years and continuing at the trade as a "two-tliiriler" for a sliort time. He settlefl in Norwich, Conn., in 1864. and worked in that city until his death, ex- cepting a sliort 'time wlien he worked on tlie Providence Evening Press. He was foreman of tlie Norwicli Bulletin more than 26 years; was a charter member of No. 100, organized in 1867. and had held e\'ery office in its gift. He represented tiiat Union in the I. T. U. conventions of •69. '77. '81, '82 and '90. He was a promi- nent Mason and that order liad charge of the .services at his funei-al. ERANK C. HOWARD — Born Boston. Mass., Eeb. 4, IS.Sl ; leanicd pilnting in the Mercury office, New Bedford, begin- ning in 1896; admitted to Providence Union by card Oct. 26, 1902 ; at present employed on tlie Tribune. JASON T. HOWARD — Died Providence April 29. 1891 ; he was initiated into Providence Union Jan. 31. 1886; worked at Whittemore & Colburn's. GEORGE S. HOWE — Died New York city ; he probably came from Troy. N. Y. ; was a member o' Albany Union in 1864 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Dec. 10. 1870; worked many years in New York city. Wh^n George Arensburg first came to the New York Times from Piltsburg and was the fastest compositor in the country, Howe christened him "The Velocipede." AUSTIN C. HOWELL — Born' Hope. Warren county. N. J.. Jan. 12, 1850; learne! printing trade in Pittsburg. Pa., beginning in 1866; worked in Providence lS71-'74, '77 to '92; at present (1904) farming in Hampton. Windham county. Conn., part of the year and the balance of the year printing in New York city. ERNEST A. HOWSE — Born Bridge- town. Nova Scotia. 1876; learned printing in office of Weekly Monitor of that town ; worked in office of Library Bureau, Bos- ton, s'^veral years, where he learned to operate the monotype ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 30. 1903. FRANK M. HOYT — Born Binghamton. N. Y., in 1850; learned printing in that city on the Reporter, beginning in 1865 ; worked in Providence on the Herald in 1872 and again in 1885; admitted to Providence Union January. 1885. CHARLES B. HUBBARD — Learned printing on Evening Press. Providence ; went whaling on the "Talisman" from New Bedford after serving his appren- ticeship ; initiated into Providence L^nion Feb. 27. 1884 ; worked in Springfield, Mass. AL0N;^0 B. HUDSON — Died Kansas City, Mo.. March 20, 1904 ; born Salem. O.. and leiirned printing in his fatlier's office ; admitted to Providence Union by card October, 1888; for the last six or eight years prior to his death he was a.^pociated witli an elder brother in the conduct of the Kansas City Bill Post- ing Co. FRANK J. HUESTON — Born New York city Aug. 28, 1857; died there March 20, 1905; learned printing in Utica, N. Y.. in office of the Herald, beginning in 1872; admitted by card to Providence Union at (lie April meeting, 1886. FREDERICK T. HUGHES ("Gedger") — =Died Seton Hospital. New York city. .June 23. 1904. and was V)uried in the Union plot at Mount Hope Cenieti>r.v : his c.ird was deposited in Providence Union at the June meeting, 1886; he had been a member of New York I'^nion for a num- ber of > cais pre\lous to his death. THE JOURNEYMEN XLV MAURICE E. HUGHES — Born Johns- ton, Queens county, N. B., Feb. 13, 1856; learned printing in News office, St. John, N. B., where -he served a five years' ap- prenticeship ; worked in St. John three years after completing his apprenticeship and then went to Boston, where he worked for Rockwell & Churchill, Rand & Avery and the Boston Stereotype Foundry. In Cambridge he joined the Union and worked at the Riverside Press and University Press. He came to Provi- dence in 1884, where he worked in the office of the Journal 14 years and was one of the first to learn the linotype ; has worked for Snow & Farnham five years ; participated in the effort for tlie eight- liour day in 1906 ; now copyholder on Journal ; admitted to Providence Union by card Nov. 12, 1884 ; delegate to Toronto I. T. U. convention, 1905. WILLIAM H. HUGHES — Born East Greenwich May 6, 1861 ; learned printing in that town; worked in Providence in 1886 for Press Co. ; initiated into Provi- dence Union Feb. 26, 1893. JOSEPH F. HUNOLD — Born College Point, Long Island, N. T., March 15, 1870 ; learned machinist trade at Flushing Iron Works, beginning in 1887 ; worked in Providence from 1900 as linotype machin- ist on the Telegram and Tribune until 1906, when he removed to Seattle, Wash. ROBERT F. HUNT — Born Cumberland, R. I., July 9, 1874; began to learn print- ing in the Gazette and Chronicle office, Pawtuck^t, Feb. 13, 1890. where he con- tinued ten years ; from there he went to New York city, where he worked three years and learned the linotype, and then came to this city ; participated in the eight-hour strike of 1906 ; now with the News-Democrat. DENNIS A. HURLEY — Born Provi- dence May 28, 1886; learned printing with Remington Printing Co., beginning in 1902 ; participated in the effort for eight- hour day in January, 1906, and joined Providence LTnion ; now employed on Eve- ning Bulletin. FLORENCE THOMAS HURLEY— Born Providence Dec. 31, 1864 ; learned print- ing in Press Co. job department, begin- ning in 1880; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 29, 1901. JOHN E. HURLEY — Born Providence June 22, 1866; learned printing at R. I. • Printing Co. ; initiated into Providence I'nion Oct. 25, 1885 ; worked several years on Journal ; member of firm of Remington Printing Co. and has been connected with that concern since its start. MICHAEL J. HURLEY — Died Lynch- burg. Va., in 1896; learned printing in Lynchburg ; worked at the business in this city in 1883-'84. JOHN C. HURLL — Born Boston, Mass., July 17, 1854 ; learned printing in that city at Rand & Avery's ; worked in Provi- dence from November, 1884, to Sept. 6, 1889, about three months on the Star and the balance of the time on the Journal ; admitted to No. 33 by card in December, 1884; President of the LTnion in 1887. Since leaving this city Mr. Hurll has re- sided in Boston and is at present proof- reader on the Post. GEORGE H. HUSTON — Born Whitby, Ont., Sept. 28, 1862 ; learned printing in office of Whitby Chronicle, beginning in 1877 ; after travelling extensively in the United States settled in Providence in 1884, depositing card in No. 33 at the November meeting that year ; employed continuously in Journal composing room in the meantime ; has operated a linotype since the introduction of the machines. THOMAS HYNES ("Skinny") — Died San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 17, 1896, aged 50 years, and is buried in the plot of San Francisco Typographical Union, No. 21, in Laurel Hill Cemetery ; he was admitted by card to Providence Union Oct. 12, 1872. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named : CHARLES E. HALL, Nov. 25, 1888; by card December, 1888, and October, 1889. FRED S. HALL, April 29, 1888. FREDERICK W. HALL, March 25, 1900. ROBERT HALLIDAY, April 5, 1888 (pressman). Reported dead. L A. HANLON, March 30, 1902. WILLIAM D. HARRINGTON, July 12, 1873. J. FRANK HASKELL, Dec. 29, 1889 (stereotyper). JAMES HATLOW. Dec. 27, 1896. ALFRED G. HEAD, Nov. 10, 1866. EDGAR L. HEATH. Dec. 26, 1883. CHARLES J. HICKS, before April 18. 1857. SYLVESTER B. HILTON, March 27, 1892. JOHN H. HUDSON, Dec. 26, 1883. MARTIN G. HUMMELL, July 27, 1890. W. W. HURLBUT, Feb. 28, 1897. HENRY HUTTON, May 2 8, 1893. THOMAS F. HOPEWELL, Nov. 14, 1868. Died April, 1873. HARLEY F. HOPKINS, May 13, 1871. C. HOWRIGAN, Feb. 24, 1901. Admitted by Card on Dates Named : W. E. A. HAGAN, August, 1886. FRED G. HALL. April, 1886. J. R. HALLER, April, 1887. (Reported dead. ) JOHN F. HALLORAN, Nov. 27, 1892. JOSEPH P. HAMILTON, April, 1888. His address in 1905 was McCondice P. O., Charles county, Maryland. W. E. HAMILTON, March, 1888. F. E. HANCOCK, January, 1889. JOHN HANLEY, June 25, 1884; March, 1886. XLVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE W. F. HANNA, Oct. 25, 1891. MR. HARDING, from Boston, Dec. 14. 1872. R. J. HARDING, January, 1889. JAMES T. HARRIS, June, 1888; De- cember, 1888. M. C. HARRIS, from Louisville, Ky.. Oct. 12, 1867. WILLIAM A. HARRIS, May 31, 1903. J. T. HARRISON, May, 1885. THOMAS HARRISON, March 30, 1902. M. F. HART, Nov. 14, 1868. PRESERVED B. M. HASKINS, from Boston, Aug. 13, 1864. J. H. HASLAM, April 23, 1892. ARTHUR HASSARD, July, 1888. W. L. HAYNES, May, 1888. W. H. HEANEY, June 26, 1904. C. E. HENDERSON, August, 1888. R. P. HENDERSON, 1877, and with- drew card same year. HARRY HETT, May 27, 1883. (Re- ported died in Jersey City.) JAMES C. HICKEY, November, 1883. JOHN HICKEY, from New York, July 11, 1868. THOMAS HICKEY, November, 1884. O. G. HICKS, October, 1886. A. T. HILBRUN. June 25, 1884. WILLIAM F. HILLS, Jan. 25, 1903. SAMUEL G. HOLDREDGE, Mav, 1888. LOUIS K. HOLLAND, from Woon- socket, Sept. 24, 1905. THOMAS J. S. HOPKINS, April 25, 1897. T. HOPMANS, Dec. 27, 1885. JOSEPH E. HOWE, November, 1886; Feb. 26, 1893. OTIS HOYE, Feb. 26, 1899. J. M. HUDSON, March 11, 1871. ANDY HUGHES, Sept. 30, 1883. EDWARD HULING, June 29, 1890. FRANK W. HULME, Feb. 25, 1900. A. W. HUNT, Aug. 10, 1872. R. B. HUNT, June 8, 1872. RICHARD HUNTER, March 30, 1902. ALFRED S. HUTCHINSON, from Mon- treal April 13, 1872. Names from Providence Directory: RICHARD HADFIELD— 1859. CHARLES C. HASWELL — 1836; re- moved to New York. FRANCIS P. HEALEY— 1855. JAMES HELME — 1828 worked at 12 Market .square; 1838 at Courier office; 1841 clerk at 41 Arcade. JOHN D. HENRY — 1850. P. G. HEWIT — 184 4. GEORCJE HOPEWELL — Foreman Ham- mond, Angell & Co. GEORGE H. HOPKINS — 1836. Printers Known to Have Worked Here : A. B. HART — In partnersliip with C. W. Littell. ROBERT HUGHES— 1853-'55 at Jour- nal office. JOHN B. INGRAHAM — Name in Direc- tory f)f 184 1 ; charter member Provlilencc Union In l.S.^7; I'lilistcd Aug. 1, 1801. in 2d R. I. Inf., Co. D, and served three years ; returned to printing after Civil War. SAMUEL INSLEE} — Was sent to Provi- dence from New York in 1766 by William Goddard to assist Mrs. Sarah Goddard in publishing the Gazette. Inslee soon re- turned to New York and in 1770 formed a partnership with Anthony Carr to con- tinue the publication of The New York Gazette and Post Boy after James Par- ker's death. Inslee was afterward em- ployed by Collins of Trenton, N. J., and died suddenly in his printing house. EARNEST IRONS — Born St. Johns. N. B.. June 28, 1871 ; in that city, in 1886, he started to learn printing; in 1887 came to Providence and finished his apprentice- ship on the Telegram ; joined Providence Union Nov. 27, 1892; has worked in this city at Snow & Farnham's, Remington's. E. A. Johnson's, J. C. Hall's, the Journal of Commerce and at E. L. Freeman's in Central Falls ; now employed on News- Democrat. SAMUEL S. IRVING — Born New York city in 1849 ; learned printing on the New York Mercury ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the January meeting, 1889 ; worked on the Telegram and Jour- nal ; also "worked in every State and Territory in the United States." GEORGE W. JARSB — Admitted to Providence Union July 12, 1873 ; worked on Journal ; I. T. U. delegate from Detroit in 1877 ; in 1906, during the eight-hour strike, loaned Chicago Union $3000 with- out security ; at present proofreader on Chicago Tribune. PERCY MONROE JAQUES — Born Ben- nington, Vt., Feb. 15, 1883; learned print- ing with Fox & Saunders, Providence, , beginning July 12, 1898; initiated into No. 33 June 2 8, 1903 ; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906. HORACE JBFFERS — Born Pawtucket. R. I., July 23, 1866; learned printing in office of E. L. Freeman & Sons, Central Falls, beginning in 1880; worked In Provi- dence at Snow & Farnham's, Livermore & Knight Co., J. C. Hall Co., Foster H. Townsend, Evening Telegram and Sun- day Dispatch ; initiated into No. 33 Feb. 26. 1888 ; located in Springfield, Mass., In 1904. W. A. JBFFERS — ^Born Lynn, Mass., Dec. 9, 1851; learned printing in Provi- dence in the Journal job office, beginning in 1866; worked in Providence until 1 869; located in Leavenworth, Kas., in 1905. THOAIAS E. JFONNINGS — Died Provi- dence October, 1869; at the time of the fire in the Evening Press office, Dec. 31. 1868, he was the only printer wlui was rendered unconscious by the smoke and liad to be cari'ied out of the building; he was initiated into Providence ITnion May S, 1869. THE JOURNEYMEN XLVII CHARLES B. JBUDBVINE — Initiated into Providence Union July 9, 1870; he was a noted "tourist." CHARLES E. JILLSON — Born Hart- ford, Conn., July 8, 1840 ; learned printing in office of the Times of that city, begin- ning in 1855 ; came to Rhode Island in 1876; worked at E. L. Freeman's eight years and in various offices in Provi- dence ; initiated into No. 33 April 22, 1883 ; now retired from the business. In the Civil War Mr. Jillson went out with the 1st Conn. Inf. and re-enlisted in the 1st Conn. Battery. WILLIAM H. JILLSON — Born North Attleboro, Mass., in 1871 ; died Black Mountain, N. C, March 28, 1905, where he had resided for the benefit of his health. He learned printing at Attleboro, Mass., beginning in 1888 ; initiated into Provi- dence LTnion Feb. 28, 1892, and worked in this city at Remington Printing Co. WILLIAM J. JOLLEY — Born Wigan, England, Jan. 14, 1863 ; learned printing on the Wigan Examiner, beginning in 1876; admitted to Providence Union at the June meeting, 1887 ; worked on the Journal until September, 1889 ; "was par- tial inventor and manipulator-in-chief of the 'rotary' board in the Journal office ; am now (1904) practicing a rotation of crops — raising wheat, oats and potatoes during spring and summer ; raising the wind in the fall and a crop of whiskers during the winter," at Edgemere, near Spokane, Wash. JENNIE JONAS — Applied for admis- sion in Waterbury (Conn.) Union March, 1901 ; she was then 40 years of age, and had been working at printing since 1881, having learned on the Meriden Journal ; she had worked in Providence, Springfield and Hartford, and was then employed on the Waterbury American. CORNELIUS S. JONES (son of Josiah Jones) — Born Providence in 1812. It was said that "he was born to the newspaper business," and to it devoted all the active years of his life. He published a penny daily in this city in the early years of such enterprises, but was chiefly known as the publisher of the General Adver- tiser, with which he was connected for nearly 25 years. He died June 29, 1877, aged 65 years. FRANK E. JONES — Initiated into Provi- dence Union Jan. 31, 1886. He came to this city from England, where he had learned printing. He has been a proof- reader and telegraph editor on the Jour- nal and now holds the latter position on the Tribune. JOSIAH JONES — Born Providence in 1782 ; learned printing with John Carter, Jr. ; in 1807, in partnership with Bennett H. Wheeler, he bought the Phenix, a weekly newspaper, and retained his con- nection with that paper until 1832. "Capt. Jones, as he was familiarly called, was a practical printer during his whole life. When the infirmities of age incapacitated him from continuous labor he would still turn his steps to the printing office of liis son, where it was a matter of pride with him to take occasionally his stand at the case and show that the old man of 80 years had not forgotten how to handle tlie 'stick' and 'types.' " He died March 23, 1868, at the residence of his son-in- law, Joseph Knowles, in his 84th year. LLEWELLYN T. JONES — Born Wrex- ham, county of Denbighshire, North Wales; apprenticed May 1, 1870, to the Wrexham Advertiser ; admitted to Provi- dence Union at the September meeting, 1887 ; worked on the Telegram, Dispatch and at Reid's ; employed on the Courier- Citizen, Lowell, Mass., in 1904. WILLIAM H. JONES — Died in Provi- dence Oct. 12, 1867 ; he was initiated into Providence Union Oct. 13, 1866. WILLIAM LEFURGE JONES — Born New York city Sept. 24, 1850 ; learned printing with Methodist Book Concern, beginning in 1864 ; initiated into New York Union in 1871 ; worked in Provi- dence 1882-'84. FREDERICK T. JOYCE — Born Dor- chester, Mass., Jan. 25, 1878; learned printing at office of Buker Publishing Co. ; has worked at offices of J. A. & R. A. Reid and Journal of Commerce ; now em- ployed at Rumford Chemical Works. CHARLES T. JUDSON — Born Geneva, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1858; learned printing at Seaford, Del. ; came to Providence in 1884 and initiated into No. 33 May 31, 1885 ; went to Pawtucket for a while, but came back to Providence in 1890; partici- pated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named : GEORGE W. JOHNS, Feb. 24, 1901. C. P. JOHNSON, March 27, 1887. GEORGE C. JONES, June 11, 1864. HARVEY E. JONES, Oct. 25, 1891. Admitted by Card on Dates Named : WILLIAM J. JARVIS, from New York, May 2 8, 1893 ; worked on Journal. ALEX. M. JOHNSON, May 27, 1883. HENRY W. JOHNSON, Sept. 9, 1871. JAMES J. JONES, from Boston, April 8 1883 ' JOHN JOYCE, March 27. 1884. Re- ported dead. IRVING JUDD, August, 1886. Names from Providence Directory : GEORGE C. JENCKES — 1844 at Jour- nal. JOHN JESSE — 1850 at 29 Market square. XLVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE GEORGE W. JOHNSON — 1852-'54 worked at Journal office. GEORGE JUDD — 1838 at 15 Market square. ADONIRAM JUDSON KEACH — Born Hoosac, N. Y., in 1830; received iiis education at the academy in tliat place ; some years after leaving school, witli his brother Abram, he published the Lowell Sun ; in Waterbury, Conn., he edited a paper for a few years ; in 1870 he entered the employ of the Providence Journal as proofreader, which position he held at the time of his death, April 29, 1903, although he had not been able to attend to his duties since the previous January. He was admitted to Providence Union by Chicago card July 11, 1868. ALBERT J. KEACH — Died Provi- dence July 30, 1889, in his 35th year; he began to learn printing in his father's (A. J. Keach) office in Waterbury, Conn., but served a regular apprenticeship on the Providence Journal ; he was initiated into Providence Union Jan. 11, 1873; worked in New York, Worcester, Spring- field and Boston, and was assistant fore- man of the Boston Advertiser at the time of death. His funeral was attended by representatives from that office, the Bos- ton Franklin Society and the Providence Journal. JOHN E. KEEFE — Born Providence Jan. 15, 1876 ; learned printing in office of Whittemore & Colburn, beginning in 1890; initiated into No. 33 Oct. 25, 1903; employed at Franklin Press. JOHN P. KEENAN — Born Pawtucket Feb. 25, 1876 ; learned printing in offices of Pawtucket Tribune and Times ; worked in Providence at E. A. Johnson's and on the Evening Bulletin ; became member of No. 33 April 30, 1899; has charge of the advertising department in the composing room of Evening Bulletin. PHILIP E. KELLER — Died New York city March 1, 1904, aged 42 years. He was admitted to Providence Union by card October, 1887. HERBERT CLINTON KELLS — Died Providence r>ec. 28, 1904, aged 42 years, 10 months and 24 days; he was born in Hudson, N. Y., but removed to Pittsfiekl, Mass., in 1875, where he began to study mu.sic and learn printing ; he plaj'ed in all the bands of note in and about Pittstiehl ; he removed to this city in 1902 and was admitted by card to Providence Union S^pt. 28 of that year; subseciuently he withdrew and became a member of the Pressmen's Union ; ho was also a mem- ber of the Musii-ians' Union and of the Royal Arcanum ; he was l)ui'ied in Pitts- field. FRANCIS E. KELLY— Born Whitefleld. Me., in 1839; began to learn printing in office of Woonsocket r'atriot in 1851 ; came to Providence in 1856 and worked on Journal, Post and Tribune ; enlisted June 5. 1861, in 2d R. I. Inf. and served until May. 1862, in Co. D, holding rank of corporal ; participated in the battles of Bull Run and Williamsburg and siege of Yorktown ; was stricken with fever and ague and compelled to visit California in search of health, remaining there until 1869. After his return from the Pacific coast he was emplo>ed on the newspapers in this city until 1873, when he accepted the foremanship of the Woonsocket Re- porter and has remained in that city since. Mr. Kelly has been active in poli- tics in Woonsocket and has held many important offices. In 1906 he was elected to the Legislature, receiving the nomina- tion from organized labor and the Demo- crats, and votes enough from Republi- cans to win. In the Legislature he served on the committees on labor and accounts, and was among those who voted for Col. Goddard for U. S. Senator from the first ballot to the close of the session and never missed a roll call. Mr. Kelly was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857 and Vice President in 1858 and 1859. He is President of Woonsocket Union in 1907. PATRICK HENRY KELLY— Born Mai- den, Mass., June 12, 1851 ; learned print- ing at Lynn, Mass. ; worked in Providence in 1876. WILLIAM F. KENEFICK— Born Law- rence, Mass., Aug. 30, 1854 ; learned print- ing on tlie Lawrence Sentinel, beginning in 1872 ; lield cases on Boston Globe and Herald, three years foreman of Boston Courier and seven years foreman of Bos- ton News Bureau ; in 1886 initiated into Boston Typographical Union ; he was business manager of Providence Visitor for several years until 1904. when he resigned and returned to Boston. ROBERT T. KENNETH — Born West- erly. R. I., in 1854 ; learned printing on the Narragansett Weekly, beginning in 1868 ; worked in Providence on the Jour- nal 1875-1880; now employed on Water- bury (Conn.) American. FRANK KILLDUFF— Born Pittsburg, Pa.. May 4, 1876; learned trade in that city, beginning in 1890 ; admitted to Provi- dence Union at October meeting. 1904 ; worked in most of the important cities of the country. HENRY KING (printer), son of Capt. Jolm King — Died Providence Jan. 24, 1-824, in his 24th year. The funeral was from his mother's residence, near the Rev. Mr. Wilson's Meeting House. — Rhode Is- land American, Jan. 24. 1824. AUGUSTUS B. KINGSLEY — Died Pom- fret, Conn., Marcli 22, 1823; he had been an apprentice in tlie office of the Pi-ovi- dence Patriot, but had been away from that office since the previous 1st of Janu- ar.v on a visit to his relatives, during which visit he liad taken sick anil dieii. THE JOURNEYMEN XLIX ERNST F. KLAUSCH — Born Germany July 10, 1857; learned the trade of machinist in that country ; came to Provi- dence in 1891 to care for the linotype machines at night in the Journal office, where he is at present employed ; he was initiated into Providence Typographical Union Aug. 26, 1900. OSCAR KLEBART — Born Webster, Mass., March 6, 1867 ; learned printing in Webster, beginning in 1886; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 30, 1892 ; worked in this city 1891-1899, when he was com- pelled to leave the business because of ill-health ; appointed regular letter carrier in Webster July 15, 1901, and has since recovered his health ; is civil service ex- aminer in the Webster district and also secretary of Branch 831, National Asso- ciation of Letter Carriers. ROBERT KNIGHT — Born 1882 ; learned printing on Staten Island Times, begin- ning in 1898; worked in New York city; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 27, 1901. JAMES D. KNOWLES — Was foreman of the American office about 1819, and partner with William G. Goddard from July 6, 1819, to Oct. 6, 1820, in the publi- cation of that paper. JOHN POWER KNOWLES — Died Providence Aug. 3, 1887, in his SOth year; he began to learn printing when 11 years old in the office of Hugh H. Brown ; be- fore reaching his majority he engaged with a senior partner in the business and continued until 1830, when he began to study for the law ; he graduated from Brown University in 1836 and from Har- vard Law School in 1838, and the latter year was admitted to the Rhode Island bar ; he was in active sympathy with Thomas W. Dorr in the agitation of 1841- '43 ; he was reporter of decisions of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1857, and from 1865 to 1867 ; represen- tative from Providence in the General Assembly in 1855 and 1856 ; city solicitor of Providence in 1866 and 1867 ; appointed by the President, Judge of the District Court of the United States for the Dis- trict of Rhode Island in October, 1869, and held that position until March, 1881, when he resigned. JOSEPH KNOWLES — Born Niantic, in the town of Westerly, R. I., July 3, 1810. He was educated in the common schools of his native place and at the academy at Kingston. He was apprenticed to Wil- liam Storer, the publisher of a news- paper at Stonington, Conn., with whom he remained two years, but the paper was not successful, and the indentures were cancelled. He removed to Provi- dence in 1832, where he entered into the service of Josiah Jones, publisher of the Providence Patriot and Columbian Phenix. Mr. Knowles engageJ in several printing enterprises in Providence. With the late James S. Ham he purchased The Micro- cosm, which was continued about one year. He published also the Commercial Advertiser for a short time and the Liter- ary Journal. In 1838 Mr. Knowles and William L. Burroughs purchased the Provi- dence Journal, with which business he was connected 36 years. He died in Providence Dec. 21, 1874. CHARLES LEONARD KOJAN — Born New York city Aug. 11, 1861; learned printing in office of John Polhemus in that city, beginning in 1875; worked in Providence in 1885 ; employed on the New York Journal in 1907. JOHN A. KOPP — Born Providence in February, 1862 ; learned printing in office of Journal, beginning in 18S2 ; admitted to Providence Union by card July 1, 1883 ; worked in Providence on the Journal until 1892, when he went to the Bo.ston Jour- nal, remaining there until Hearst's Ameri- can was started, where he is now em- ployed as a linotype operator. MARCUS KOPPLEM.A.NN — Born Odes- sa, Russia, Nov. 22, 1873; learned print- ing at Athol, Mass. ; worked in Providence on the Telegram in 1892 ; located in Hart- ford, Conn., in 1904. MAX KRIEDEL — Born in 1865; he learned printing in Germany ; was initi- ated into Providence Union April 30, 1899. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named : FRANK KAY, March 28, 1886; Presi- dent Atlantic City Union in 1901 ; finan- cial secretarv in 1906. JAMES KELLY, Nov. 24. 1895. CHARLES H. KING, Feb. 27, 1884 ; located in New York city. Admitted by Card on Dates Named : E. S. KAHN, July 10, 1888 (stereo- typer. ) J. D. KAVANAGH, June, 1886. JOSEPH KEARNS, Septe.-nber. 1888. J. T. KEISER, March 31, 1901. MILTON KELLEY, May 31, 1903. C. J. KELLY, August, 1886. EDWARD J. KELLY, May 29, 1898; also Jan. 29, 1893. JOHN KELLY, Sept. 10, 1870 ; also May 2 8, 1899. (May be different persons.) S. T. KELLY. Jan. 29. 18:) 3. HENRY KENNEY, June, 1888. H. T. KENNY, June 24, 1900. WILLIAM KINSMAN, December, 1884. CHARLES E. KIRK, October, 1886. J. F. KITSON, May 31, 1891. Names from Providence Directory : C. D. KENYON — 1891-'92 on Telegram. J. W. H. KILTON — 1856 at 24 West- minster street ; 1857 clei'k Commercial Steamboat Co. WILLIAM KNOWr.,RS — ISll at J(t\. WILLIAM A. LUTHER — Born Swan- sea, Mass., June 18, 1844; learned print- ing in the offices of the Warren Gazette and Fall River News, beginning in 1858; when 17 years old he enlisted in the 2d R. I. Inf. and served in Co. G during the Civil war ; initiated into Providence Union March 14, 1868; worked on New York World in 1869 and later was a policeman in the metropolis ; returned to Providence in 1873 and has worked in this city since until incapacitated. WINFIELD V. LUTHER — Member of Providence Union in 1877; worked at Press book room ; now in the employ of the Providence Gas Co. JOHN J. LYNCH — Born Montreal. Canada, Aug. 31, 1857 ; learned printing in the office of the Irish World, begin- ning in 1870. when it was published in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; returning to Montreal, Mr. Lynch was initiated into No. 176 and worked on the Montreal Gazette and other newspapers of that city ; visited Providence in 1877 ; deposited his card in New York Union Aug. 8, 1878, and has been an honored member of "Big Six" since that date. CHARLES LYONS — Learned printing in St. Catherines. Canada ; was admitted to Providence Union by card July 13, 1872 ; worked on the Morning Herald and later on the Morning Star ; went from here to Chicago ; he died either in that city or at his home in St. Cather- ines in the 80's. JAMES P. LYONS — Born Providence July 22, 1873 ; learned printing at Whit- temore & Colburn's, beginning in 1888; worked in Pawtucket and Woonsocket ; initiated into Providence Union May 29, 1892; participated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; now employed on the News-Democrat. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: GODFREY LABELLE, Dec. 12, 1868. EUGENE N. LANCASTER, April 15. 1883. EUGENE R. LATHROP. July 11. 1868. Now emploN'ed on Boston Journal. JOHN P. LENNIS. December. 1892. WILLIAM P. LIVESEY, March 14, 1868. ALBERT LOCKWOOD, July 9, 1859. ALBERT LYON, Feb. 27, 1887. (Stereo- tvper. ) WILLIAM LYON, Feb. 27, 1887; by card January, 1889. (Stereotyper. ) Admitted by Card on Dates Named: JOHN LAIRD. Julv 25, 1897. HYRON LANE, November, 1886. ERNEST LANE, Feb. 22. 1SS5. GIOOHGE W. LANCE. June 29. 1890. W. F. LANGWILL, June. 1889. H. F. LEE. November. 1905. WALTER A. LEE, January. 1885. i:i>\\ARD J. LENNON, March 25. 19(16. THE JOURNEYMEN LIII GEORGE F. LEONARD, May 27, 1883. EDWARD LESLIE, February, 1886. CHARLES LETT, June 8, 1872. BERTRAM C. LORING, March 27, 1904. W. G. LOY, March 27, 1884. HENRY P. LYNCH, November, 1884. Names from Providence Directory : GARDINER LILLIBRIDGE — 1824 worked over 5 Market square. CHARLES H. LORD — 1838. Printers Known to Have Worked Here : WILLIAM G. EARNED — Publisher of Morning Courier, began June 6, 1836 ; sold to Journal Jan. 29, 1841. ORLANDO LE BARRON — Before 1874. HENRY LEIS — 1855 worked at 24 Westminster street; 1857 at Journal office ; member of Providence Union be- fore 1865. WILLIAM A. LEONARD — 1857 cliar- ter member ; worked at 101 Westminster street; member in 1865. CHARLES W. LITTELL — Member Providence Union in 1877 ; now in busi- ness at 333 Westminster street. WILLIAM K. LOGEE — Name in 1870 constitution ; honorary member Provi- dence Union in 1877. VICTOR LOOMIS — 1873 and at other times ; one of tlie old-time swifts. CHARLES LOOP — Card rejected by Providence LTnion Jan. 14, 1871. CLEM LUCAS — Worked at R. I. Print- ing Co. Reported in Raleigh, N. C, in April (1907) Typograpliical Journal. KENNETH MacCASKELL — Died Bos- ton, Mass., May 30, 1899 ; member of Cambridge Typograpliical Union at time of death ; had worked on most of the Boston newspapers ; his name appears on the list (1857-1865) of members of Provi- dence Union taken from the 1865 consti- tution. JOHN A. MACDONALD — Began to learn printing in the office of the St. Catherines (Onatrio) Post in April, 1861 ; in 1862 he enlisted in the Union Army and fought in the ranks of Hooker's Division, Army of the Potomac, until the end of the war ; after the war he went back to the "case," joining Buffalo Typo- graphical Union in 1866 ; he worked on the Providence Journal in 1873 and again in 1878 ; previous to 1880 he worked in nearly every city of prominence in the Western, Middle and Eastern States ; in 1880 he purchased a newspaper at Am- pion, Ontario, and published it for 15 years ; he is now in the insurance busi- ness in Toronto, Canada. WILLIAM J. MACDONALD — Born Clinton, Mass., where he also learned the trade of printer ; came- to Providence in November, 1903, and worked on the Telegram. JOHN DOUGLAS MACDOUGAL— Was employed in the printing house of John Waterman, the paper manufacturer of Providence, previous to 1775. He also worked in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1775, and before that year. In the Providence Gazette of June 7 and Aug. 16, 1778, Macdougal advertised his business of publisher, bookbinder and stationer. Later he was in business in Boston, Mass., in the firm of Macdougal & Greene, opposite the Province House, and still later in partnership with John Boyle. He was a native of Ireland and died in New York city in August, 17 87. JOHN W. MACKARCHER — Initiated into Providence Union Dec. 26, 1883; he worked in this city a few years and went West in 1884. "While riding on a freight train he fell between the cars and in addition to having both legs cut off was otherwise severely crushed. This oc- curred at Tulore, Cal. He was taken to Visalia, Cal., where he died the follow- ing day." The accident occurred in the spring of 1887. THOMAS MURRAY MACKAY — Born Edinburgh. Scotland, May 25, 1870 ; learned the printing trade in that city ; has worked in New York city, Boston, Nor- wood and Providence. GEORGE F. MACKINNON — Learned printing in the job office of Marcus B. Young, this city. In 1871 A. S. Rey- nolds, who had purchased the business of Young the previous year, gave the plant to his son, M. M. Reynolds, and young Mackinnon. Peter J. Trumpler entered the firm in 1873, and a profitable busi- ness was carried on until 187 8, when the partnership was dissolved and the plant removed to East Greenwich. Mackinnon then became a reporter on the Journal. In 1897 Mackinnon, with Charles H. How- land and Martin C. Day, left the Journal and became publishers of the News. Afterward Mackinnon became clerk of the Si.xth District Court, which position he now holds. SAMUEL R. MACREADY"" — Born Cum- berland county. Me., July 14, 1850; learned printing trade in office of Alfred Mudge & Son, Boston ; worked in Provi- dence since 1892 ; member e.xecutive com- mittee of No. 33 in 1907, and also dele- gate to Central Labor Union ; now em- ployed in proofroom of Journal. FRANK C. MADDEN— Born Montreal. Canada, Nov. 14, 1853; began to learn the printing trade in the office of A. Crawford Greene, this city, in 1866; be- came a member of Providence Typo- graphical Union July 13, 1872; has worked in the offices of the Press Co. and the News; at present (1907) he is located at Wm. R. Brown's; in 1S6S he became connected with the National Band, and later with the American Band; from 1901 to 1904 was leader of the Pawtucket Band. Mr. Madden was instrumental in organizing Musicians' Union, Local 196. LIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE JOSEPH A. MADDEN — Born Mount Holly, N. J., where he learned printing ; worked in Providence inspecting the Thorne typesetting machines on the News ; located in Hartford, Conn., in 1904. JOHN F. MAGUIRE — Born Providence Feb. 19, 1882 ; learned printing in office of News, beginning in 1897 ; initiated into Providence Union Jan. 28, 1903 ; now employed on Tribune. DANIEL S. MAHONEY — Born London, England, May 3, 1861; learned trade of pressman in the office of the Providence Journal, beginning in 1878, where he worked until 1906; admitted to No. 33 April 29, 1888; now employed on Tribune. FRANK J. MAHONEY — Born Provi- dence March 4, 1875 ; learned printing on Journal, beginning June 29, 1894, and worked in that office until Sept. 2, 1902 ; initiated into No. 33 Sept. 30, 1900 ; held situations on the Bulletin and Tribune of this city, the Post and Herald of Boston and the Taunton Herald-News ; worked on Pawtucket Times and Boston Journal, Advertiser, Traveler and American ; now employed on Evening Tribune ; delegate to R. L State Federation of Labor, 1907. JOHN W. MAHONEY — Born Provi- dence April 9, 1872 ; learned printing at J. A. & R. A. Raid's, beginning May 10, 1888 ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 24, 1901 ; worked with Albertype Co., J. C. Hall Co. and Telegram ; now employed on Evening Bulletin. AUSTIN E. MALONE — Initiated into Providence Union April 26, 1896; learned printing on Telegram ; worked in Newport on the Herald and in. this city on Journal; elected I. T. U. delegate in 1900 to Mil- waukee convention, but did not attend ; now located in New York city. WILLIAM J. MALONEY— Born Troy, N. Y., Dec. 11, 1876; learned printing in office of Troy Catholic Weekly ; worked in Providence on the Telegram from 1900 to 1904 ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 24, 1901 ; now on Boston Herald. D. J. MANN — Born Needham, Mass. ; learned printing at Cambridge, Mass. ; worked in Providence at Reid's in the winter of 1884 ; located in Baltimore, Md., in 1905. FRED A. MANSON — Died Providence Feb. 21, 1897, aged 32 years, 11 months and 21 days ; came to Providence from Lawrence, Mass., where he had learned printing on the American ; admitted to Providence Union by card October, 1888; worked on Evening Bulletin and News. Two months before his death an uncle left him a fortune, the interest of which would have supported him in leisure. WILLIAM METCALF MANN — Died Smitliheld. R. I.. March 2, 1817. From October, 1813, until his deatli he was in- terested in the publication of the Rhode Island American. CHARLES MANSHELL — Born Skala, Austria, in January, 1879; learned print- ing in Providence, beginning in 1890; Ini- tiated into Providence Union June 28, 1903 ; now proprietor Sun Printing Co., 198 Pine street. PHILIP A. MARKS — Born England ; died Feb. 7, 1876, at 127 Orms street. Providence ; his name appears in the Directory of 1844 ; he was foreman of the Morning Mirror from 1849 to 1855, and its publisher the latter year; in 1856 he was a real estate broker; May 21, 1864, he was initiated into Providence Union. JAMES MARRYOTT — Died Newport, R. I., in August. 1818, aged 62 years. He was a printer and had worked in Provi- dence, according to the Gazette of Aug. 22, 1818. EDWARD P. MARSH— Died Providence July 27. 1841 ; aged 26 years. His name appears in the Directory of that year. He came from Newport, R. I. JOHN MARSHALL — Born Lewiston. Me., Sept. 29, 1855 : learned printing in that city, beginning in 1872 ; worked in Providence in 1885 ; employed on the City Record, New York, in 1904. WILLIAM MARSHALL — Died Phila- delphia. Pa., Oct. 23, 1841, aged 36 years. Between the years 1828 and 1836 he had been a printer in Providence. After he removed to Philadelphia he carried on the publishing business in that city. ANDREW P. MARTIN — Born Lubec, Me., March 10, 1852 ; learned printing at Hammond & Angell's, Providence, and worked at the business in this city six years; founded Providence Visitor in 1875 and was its publisher 2Vj years; also proprietor job office (Martin & Merriam) one year ; honorary member Providence Union ; now member Providence police department. JAMES J. MARTIN — Born New York city in 1866; learned printing in Louis- ville, Ky., beginning in 1881; admitted by card to Providence Union at the June meeting, 1889 ; was one of the first machine operators who visited this city and worked on the Journal ; delegate from Louisville, Ky., to I. T. U. conven- tion at Colorado Springs in 1896 ; em- ployed on the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1904. MICHAEL H. MARTIN — Born Provi- dence Nov. 21. 1857; learned printing in office of J. F. Greene Co., beginning in 1869; initiated into Providence Union June 24, 1888; President of Providence Union in 1891 and 1892; went to I'.,)!rton in 189;;. where he assisted in organizing tlie Press- men's Union and Allied Printing Trades' Council ; employed by C. H. Buck & Co., Boston, in 1904. THE JOURNEYMEN LV WILLIAM H. MARTIN (a) — Died Providence June 26, 1863. He was em- ployed at the Journal office in 1845-1849 ; on the Post in 1850-1855, and in 1856 was janitor at 56 Broad street for Y. M. C. A. WILLIAM H. MARTIN (b) — Born Bristol, R. I., Jan. 18, 1856; learned printing in the office of the Phoenix, be- ginning in 1872 ; worked in Providence in the 70's on the Sun. Journal, Star and Press and at Hammond, Angell & Co.'s ; editor and proprietor of the Warren Ga- zette for many years until his death, which occurred at Warren, Sept. 20. 1906. PETER HENRY MASSIE — Born St. John, N. B., Jan. 1, 1836 ; learned print- ing with Robert Sherman in the Paw- tucket Gazette and Chronicle office, be- ginning in 1851 ; was a charter member of Providence Typographical Union in 1857; worked in this city on the Journal, Post and Herald ; withdrew from printing and name placed on honorary list Sept. 12, 1863 ; Aug. 12, 1865, Chicago Union was authorized to furnish him with a card. Mr. Massie was In business in Chi- cago 1865-1871, and was burned out in the big fire of 1871, losing all; he died in Boston Oct. 4, 1896 ; was a member of Boston Typographical Union at time of death. THOMAS J. MASTERSON — Admitted to Providence Union by card July 31, 1892, He learned the printing trade in office of Poi-tsmouth (N. H. ) Times. JAMES H. MATHEWS — Born New York city in 1860; learned printing in Westerly, R. I. ; foreman of Westerly Daily Tribune for eight years, the only Prohibition daily newspaper in the United States at that time ; initiated into Provi- dence Union June 28. 1885. and has worked in this city more or less since ; member of the firm of J. H. & T. J. Mathews, master printers. THOMAS J. MATHEWS — Born New York city in 1862 ; learned printing in Providence with J. H. Mathews, begin- ning in 1888; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 26, 1894 ; worked in this city since 1888 ; now member of the firm of J. H. & T. J. Mathews, master printers. ALBERT MATHEWSON — Born War- wick, R. I., Sept. 29, 1832 ; died Newport, R. I., Dec. 31, 1880. He learned printing with Cranston & Norman (Newport Daily News) ; was initiated into Providence Union Aug. 14, 1869 ; worked in New York in the offices of the Atlas, Tribune, American Tract Society and Martin B. Brown ; on the Argus in Brooklyn, and in Boston, Springfield, Taunton, Fall River, and the last two years of his life in Newport on the News ; buried in Fall River, Mass. EATON W. MAXCY — Died Providence Aug. 13, 1861, in his 62d year; learned the printing trade in the Patriot office with Jones & Wheeler; Oct. 16, 1823, in partnership with Barnum Field, he pub- lished the Independent Inquirer. In 1826 Mr. Maxcy published the Literary Mu- seum at 10 North Main street. In 1830 he conducted a circulating library; 1832 to 1836 a jewelry store; 1838 agent Providence Screw Co. WILLIAM B. MAXFIBLD — Died March 13, 1879, aged 54 years. His name first appears in the Directory as a printer in 1844 ; initiated into Providence Union August, 1858. JOHN S. MAXWELL — Born St. John, N. B., in August, 1855; learned printing trade in that city ; was admitted to Provi- dence Union by card Feb. 22, 1885 ; worked on the Star in this city and in the princi- pal cities of New England ; was killed in a railroad accident in northern New York in 1896. JOSEPH N. B. MEEGAN — Died Provi- dence Nov. 9, 1895, in his 40th year; learned printing at A. Crawford Greene's and on the Evening Press ; initiated into Providence Union April 8, 1883 ; I. T. U. delegate to Buffalo convention in 1887 ; was assistant foreman of the Evening Telegram. He was active in city politics and was clerk of the Tenth Ward for 13 years ; brother of William J. Meegan. WILLIAM J. MEEGAN — Born North Providence June 1, 1864; learned trade in office of Morning Star, beginning Septem- ber, 1881 ; worked in Providence on Star, Press, Item, Republican, Dispatch, Tele- gram, The People, Record, News, Journal and Bulletin ; in Boston on Globe and Post ; on Somerville Journal and Paw- tuxet Valley Gleaner ; at present em- ployed as foreman of Providence Morning Tribune ; became member Providence Union Nov. 26, 1884, and officiated as President 1896-'97-'98 ; elected delegate to I. T. U. 1896 (Colorado Springs) and 1904 (St. Louis) ; elected chairman Journal chapel April, 1903-'04, being the first to fill that office after a vacancy of about 30 years; was appointed Deputy Sheriff June, 1887, and was appointed during that year a member of the State police for the enforcement of the Prohibitory laws. ANTOINE MEILLUERE — Born Dec. 18, 184 8, at Sault-au-Recollet, He de Mon- treal ; he learned printing in Montreal, beginning in 1863 ; deposited a card in Providence Union March 11, 1871 ; worked in this city on the Journal and other papers ; I. T. U. delegate from Worces- ter Union to Buffalo convention in 1887. He died in New York city Dec. 3, 1906, and is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery. . ROBERT S. MENAMIN — Born Newton- Stewart, county Tyrone, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1833. He came to this country with his parents when he was about three years of age, and settled in Washington, D. C. At school in tliat city he had for one of his teachers Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth, LVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE the famous novelist. His parents re- moved to Pliiladelphia, where he was ap- prenticed to the printing trade with T. K. & P. G. Collins of tliat city. To be an apprentice in a city office in those days meant long hours, hard work and small pay, and Robert became dissatisfied with his lot and emigrated to New York with- out saying the customary farewell to his employers. There he developed into a .iourneyman. In 1854 he worked on the Cincinnati Enquirer, and in the winters of 1855, '56 and "57 in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, La. In 1858 he returned to New York city, where he was a mem- ber of both No. 6 and the New York Typographical Society. In 1865 he re- moved to Philadelphia and established a printers' warehouse, which was success- ful from the start. In 1866 he issued "The Printers' Circular" as an organ for the craft, and at the session of the Na- tional Union in 1867 the "Circular" was made its official organ, which honor it held for some years. In 1866 Mr. Mena- min was elected a delegate from Provi- dence ( R. I. ) Typographical Union, No. 33, to the 14th se.ssion of the National Union, that met in Chicago in June of that year. His services in that body were so acceptable to No. 33 that on Jan. 1, 1867, its members presented him a massive gold ring. He again, in 186 8, represented Providence Union as delegate to the National convention at Washington. Mr. Menamin died in Philadelphia April 19, 1887. He was a member of the fol- lowing societies : Melita Lodge, No. 295, F. and A. M. ; Jerusalem R. A. Chapter, No. 3 ; Philadelphia Commandery, No. 2 ; Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Free- masonry ; West Philadelphia Lodge, No. 9. K. of B. ; Philadelphia Typographical Society ; Hibernian Society ; Quaker City Lodge, No. 116, A. O. U. W. ; Lycurgus Senate, No. 1, Order of Sparta ; Pennsyl- vania Editorial Association ; Franklin In- stitute ; Book Trade Association of Phila- delphia ; Journalists' Club ; Sylus Club ; Northwestern Masonic Aid Association, Chicago. His son. Will S. Menamin, is president and general manager of Guten- berg Machine Co., Chicago, III. ANITA METIVIER — Born Victoriaville, Quebec, Jan. 15, 1884; began to learn printing in Waterville, Quebec, in 1902 ; worked at Remington's in this city ; initi- ated into Providence Union Jul>', 1906. ALBION N. MERCHANT — Born Law- rence, N. Y., June 28, 1843; died Provi- dence May 15, 1884 ; began to learn the printer's trade in Canton, N. Y., receiving for his first year's work $4 and board. In the Civil war he sei'ved In the 4 7th Regt., N. Y. V. After the war lie estab- lished a printing business In ClKiteauga.v, N. Y. Later he removed to Burlington. V't., where he published the Democrat and Sentinel. June 14, 1879. he began the pul)lication of The Rhode Island Democrat in this cit.x-, vvhirli he coiituiucil until his death. Mr. Merchant was a member of the M.isonic, Odd Fellow and G. A. R. fra- ternities, and of the United Train of Artil- lery and Providence Press Club. LUCIEN MERCIER — Born St. Johns, Canada, P. Q. ; learned printing trade at A. Crawford Greene's, Providence, begin- ning in 1884 ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 24, 1895 ; located in Central Falls in 1904. - Assistant editor 1873 ; foreman GEORGE MERRILL Providence Journal ii 1874-'77. DAVID B. METCALF — Born West Point, Ky., Oct. 26, 1851; learned printing at Decatur, 111., beginning in 1868; worked in Providence in 1903 at Franklin Press and Standard Printing Co. ; located in Chicago in 1907. WILLIAM MILL — Born Edinburgh. Scot- land, in 1848 ; learned printing in Chi- cago, beginning in 1862 ; worked in Provi- dence in 1862; in Chicago in 1904. SAMUEL M. MILLARD — Born in 1810; was one of the puVilishers of the Provi- dence Daily Sentinel in 1846-'47 and after- ward was connected with the job printing establishments of Knowles, Anthony & .S.VMIKI, M. MII.L.VUn. Co., Millard & Harker and S. M. Millard & Co. He ended his work as a compositor in the Journal composing room, d>-ing at tlie age of 71 years, June 29, 1881. HKLEN F. MILLER — Born Moosup. Conn.. Oct. 2, ISSl; began to learn print- ing in office of Journal and Press, Moosup. in 1!)0(); worked in Providence at K. .\. .lolmson & Co. ; Initiated into Providence I'liinn Aug. 13, 1906. THE JOURNEYMEN LVIl JAMES A. MILLER — Born Bristol, R. I., June 1, 1827 ; began to learn printing in Providence in the office of the Daily Eve- ning Chronicle, of which J. M. Church was editor. From 1847 to 1851 he was employed on sailing packets. In the latter year Mr. Miller returned to the printing business. His brother, W. J. Miller, was then one of the owners of the Post, and he remained with that paper until 1866, when he went into the grocery business at Bristol, where he is now a member of the firm of James A. Miller & Son. Clement Webster, George W. Danielson, Samuel Millard and Mr. Miller were part- ners in the publication of the Daily Sen- tinel in 1846 ; the paper had a brief ex- istence. Mr. Miller was initiated into Providence Union June 13, 1863, and was an honorary member in 1878. JOHN MILLER — Died New York city on Sunday, Oct. 15, 1848, after, long suf- fering, from dropsy. He conducted a printing office in Providence before 1813, when he was interested in the publica- tion of the American. In January, 1820, in partnership with John Hutchens, Mr. Miller began the publication of the Manu- facturers and Farmers Journal. He relin- quished his interest in the paper in 1835, when he removed to Philadelphia, and later to New York city. His obituary in the Journal said : "John Miller never had an enemy. All the kindly virtues were in him most harmoniously mingled and blended ; and amid all the sharp encoun- ters of business and all the asperities of politics, the community saw only the un- affected urbanity of the gentleman, the unostentatious and unfailing generosity of the man." His funeral took place Oct. 17 from No. 29 Broadway, and "many of his old friends, tliose wlio knew him in his prosperity, came to pay the last tribute of respect to one who is remembered only with kindness." WILLIAM JONES MILLER — Born Bris- tol Jan. 19, 1818. His grandfather. Nel- son Miller, was at the battle of Bunker Hill. Young Miller attended the Bristol schools and at the age of 15 began an apprenticeship in the office of the Bristol Gazette, leaving at the end of one year. In 1836 he was working at the case in the office of the Providence Journal and for a time was foreman of tlie composing room. In 1842, during the Dorr excitement, the firm of Low & Miller, of which he was a member, published the Providence Daily Express and also the weekly New Age. These papers stopped in 184 3 and he printed for other parties the Providence Gazette and Chronicle. In 1845 he was collector of customs for Bristol and War- ren, then an important position. With Welcome B. Sayles in 1850 he started the Providence Daily Post, retaining connec- tion with the paper until after the Civil war. He was delegate to the National Democratic conventions of 1856, '64 and '72 ; President of the Bristol town council in 1859, '70 and '71 ; clerk of the House of Representatives in 1853 and '63 ; Rep- resentative in the General Assembly in 1873 and '74, and for many years served on the school board of Bristol. He was connected with the Bristol Gas Works from its organization, first as superintend- ent and secretary and later as treasurer. In 1874, '75 and '76 he read papers on the Wampanoag Indians before the Rhode Island Historical Society. These led to the placing of a stone, marking the spot where King Philip was shot, at the 200tli anniversary of the event. He died in Bristol Jan. 29,. 1886. ALEXANDER OSBORN MILNE — Born Fall River, Mass., Sept. 10, 1845 ; learned printing on the Daily News of that city, becoming its foreman about 1865 ; he re- moved to Providence, working on the Eve- ning Press, and was initiated into Provi- dence Union April 10, 1869 ; from this clic- he went to San Francisco, Cal., where he was night foreman of the Bulletin. Later he returned to the East, settling in Taun- ton, where he purchased the Bristol County Republican (weekly) and con- ducted that paper for several years. Get- ting tired of the publishing business, the Republican was taken off his hands Ijj- its former owner, Mr. William Read, and Mr. Milne returned to the Pacific coast, where he resides on a ranch at Elk Grove, Cal. JOSEPH S. MILNE — Lieutenant in R. I. Battery B ; received a fatal wound during the battle at Gettysburg, and his dead body has been received by his friends in Fall River. Lieut. Milne was a printer, who enlisted from the office of the Post into Battery E, and arose by merit until he received a commission as Second Lieu- tenant and was assigned to Battery B. A short time since, when Capt. Gushing of the regular army desired the assistance of another officer in his batterj', Lieut. Milne was detailed for the honorable duty, and it was in fighting with this battery that the gallant young fellow received his death wound. Every officer of that battery was either killed or wounded. Lieut. Milne commanded the warmest esteem of his brother officers and was much beloved by his men.— Providence Journal, July 16, 1863. He was a brother of William O. Milne of Newport. JOHN H. MILNE — Born Newport, R. 1.. February, 1843 ; died in this city Oct. 22, 1903 ; learned the printing trade in the office of the Fall River News. About 1863 he came to this city and entered the office of the Providence Journal as fore- man of the night force. After holding that position for about two years he re- turned to Fall River and became foreman of the Monitor of that city. In 1866 he returned to the Journal composing room as foieman of the day force, which posi- tion he held about 30 years. Durin.g liis service the linotype machines were intro- duced into the composing room. LVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE ' THOMAS F. MILNE — Born Fall River, Mass., June 6. 1847 ; learned the trade of pressman in the Providence Journal press room ; went to the Evening Press and in 187 6 returned to the Journal and worked there until July 1, 1901, when he retired from the business. He was initiated into Providence Union June 24, 1888. Alex- ander, John and William Milne were his brothers. He resides in this city. WILLIAM L. MILNE — Born Fall River, Mass., July 31, 184'J ; learned printing in that city on the News ; worked in Paw- tucket for a short time after learning the trade and on the Evening Press in this city ; was initiated into Providence Union Jan. 11, 1873, and again initiated into the reorganized body June 26, 1887. He was employed on the Evening Bulletin for more than 20 years previous to his death, which occurred March 16, 1901. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Fall River. JOHN J. MINCHIN — Died Providence Aug. 28, 190.T. He was born in this city and learned printing in the job office of the Evening Press. For about 15 years previous to his death he had been a member of the John F. Greene Co. PARK MITCHELL — Born Manchester, N. H., Nov. 16, 1856; learned printing in oiHce of Manchester Union, beginning in 1873 ; first came to Providence in Novem- ber, 1880; was admitted to No. 33 by card May 27, 1883; worked on the Journal, Telegram, Star, Transcript, Sunday Dis- patch and Weekly Visitor ; employed on the Manchester (N. H. ) Union in 1904. DANIEL B. MOONEY — Born Paw- tucket, R. I., Sept. 14, 1873; learned print- ing in Concord, N. H., beginning in 1888 ; initiated into Concord Union in 1893, and joined Providence Union by card Feb. 28, 1897; worked in this city since; now em- ployed on the Evening Bulletin. JAMES MOORE — Born Providence Jan. 29, 1854 ; learned printing in office of the Journal, beginning in 1878; was initi- ated into Providence Union April 15, 1883, and his name is on the 1883 charter; worked on the Telegram and in other offices in this city ; now employed on the Tribune. ANDREW F. MORAN— Learned print- ing in the offlc'C of the Providence Jour- nal, beginning in 1871 ; initiated into Providence Union March 14, 1874; I. T. U. delegate to Denver, Colo., in 1889; as- sistant foreman of the Telegram imtll the strike of 1889; worked in New York on the Herald and Journal ; came back to Providence in 1902 and was night fore- man of Journal; in February, 1906, he ))ecamc foreman of the Evening Tribune. JAMBS MORAN — Born in county Gal- way, Ireland ; came to Pi-ovidence in 1851; learned printing in office of A. Crawford Greene ; served In ITnion army from August, 1861, to Janu.-iry, 1865, rising from rank of second lieutenant to that of captain ; also held highest rank in militia of Rhode Island, resigning in 1898 ; employed in Custom House 1881-'85 and 1890-'94; in the Capitol at Washington, D. C, 1885-'90; city gauger of Provi- dence since 1895. ALBERT E. MORRILLr— Born Durham, N. H., Sept. 13, 1857; learned printing in the office of Bristol Phcenix, beginning in 1876; came to Providence in 1880 to work on the Journal and remained until 1883, when he went West for two years ; initi- ated into Los Angeles Union in 1883, and admitted by card into Providence Union in September, 1885 ; night forenian Provi- dence Journal from 1900 to 1903 ; now assistant foreman Evening Bulletin. HAROLD W. MORRILL (son of Albert E. Morrill) — Born Los Angeles, Cal., March 8, 1884 ; learned printing in Provi- dence Journal otflce, beginning in 1899 ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 28, 1904 ; employed on Journal in 1907. BENJAMIN F. MORRISON— Born in Canada in 1873 ; learned printing at Port Huron, Mich., beginning in 1884 ; worked in Providence in 1892 ; located in New York in 1907. JEREMIAH MORRISSEY — Born Ports- mouth, N. H., May 19, 1860; learned printing in Portsmouth Journal office, be- ginning in 1876; admitted to Providence LTnion by card Sept. 24, 1884, and worked in this city on the Journal and Star ; died in Portsmouth, N. H., July 27, 1887. CHARLES L. MORSE — Initiated into Providence Union May 31, 1885 ; in this city he worked at What Cheer, Journal and Star offices; in 1886 he went to Bos- ton and worked on the Post until the 1891 lockout; he then went to Chicago, where he was employed in 1906 on the Chronicle. EDWIN TAYLOR MORSE — Born Cam- In-idgeport, Mass., June 13, 1850; learned printing in Worcester, Mass., beginning in 1868; joined Union there in 1874, and was present at the meeting of Providence Union April 8, 1883, when the reorgani- zation was effected ; worked in this city on the Telegram, Press, Star, Journal and Sunday Dispatch ; in New York city on tlie Press ; in Hartford since 1897. WILLIAM H. MOULTON— Born Lowell. Mass., April 7, 1863; learned printing in office of I.,owell Morning Mail, beginning in 1879; came to Provitience in 1902, and was initiated into No. 33 Aug. 30, 1903. DANIEL MOWRY (3d) — Born Smith- field, R. I. ; died Worcester, Mass.. in September, 1870, at the age of 82 years. In the early 30's in this city he printed tlie Daily .\dvertiser, the Microcosm and the Rhode Island American. MICHAEL MULLALLY — Born Tipper- ary, Ireland, in 1834; learned printing in New Yoik cit\-. bcgiiuiing in 1848; came THE JOURNEYMEN LIX to Providence in 1857 and worked in the office of A. Crawford Greene for about 24 years as foreman; since 1881 lie has been with the What Cheer Printing Co. LAWRENCE F. MULLEN — Born Provi- dence ; learned printing in Evening Tele- gi-am office, beginning in 1894 ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 24, 1901. JAMES WRIGHT MUNROE — Born Bristol, R. L, Aug. 21, 1821; died in Providence Aug. 10, 1905. He was a car- rier for the Morning Courier and served an apprenticeship on that paper, begin- ning in 1835. He left the business be- cause of his objections to working Sun- days. He was crier of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court at t\vs time of death, having served the State as deputy sheriff or court crier for 40 years. BARTHOLOMEW MURPHY — Born Ayer, Mass., July 29, 1858; learned print- ing at John H. Turner's in that city, be- ginning in 1875 ; admitted to Providence Union at the September meeting, 1886, and worked here on the Dispatch and Telegram until 1889 ; visited Providence on the occasion of the celebration of the 50th anniversary ; located in Lowell, Mass., in 1907. CHARLES H. MURPHY — Born Provi- dence in 1874 ; learned printing on Eve- ning Telegram, beginning in 1888 ; initi- ated into Providence Union Dec. 31, 1893 ; participated in the effort for the eight- hour day in 1906 ; now located in Provi- dence. DENNIS J. MURPHY (a) — Born New Bedford, Mass., Nov. 13, 1871 ; learned print- ing in that city at Knight & Howland's, beginning in 1887 ; admitted to Provi- dence Union by card Nov. 29, 1903 ; worked at Livermore & Knight's ; in New- port, R. I., at Milne Job Office, in 1905. EDWARD A. MURPHY — Born Provi- dence, R. I., Oct. 9, 1880; learned the printing trade at Journal office, beginning in 1898 ; has been a linotype operator on the Journal since 1902. JOHN J. MURPHY — Born Fall River, Mass., in 1868 ; learned printing in office of Morning Star. Providence, beginning in 1885; initiated into No. 33 June 29, 1890; employed in Tribune proofroom in 1907. TIMOTHY J. MURPHY — Born Provi- dence May 21, 1882 ; started to learn printing in 1900 in the office of the Eve- ning Telegram; died April 26, 1901. WALTER E. MURPHY — Born Fall River June 1, 1859; died June 20. 1895; learned printing in office of Fall River Daily Herald, beginning in July, 1872 ; worked in Boston on the Post, Herald and Globe ; in New York on the Sun and Tribune ; in Providence on the Press, Star and Journal ; admitted to Providence Union by card Nov. 28, 1883. CHARLES H. MURRAY — Died at the State Hospital for the Insane Oct. 26, 1903. of softening of the brain, bavins; bc^-n aijudged insane May 28, 1903. He had been arrested for offering a wortli- less check for $5 in payment for 30 cents worth of food. When searched at the Central police station he had in his pock- ets slips of paper on wliich were written in pencil the prescrilied forms for checks, four of which had evidently been framed with the purpose in mind of disbursing the sum of $11,050,000. Two were of $5,000,000 each, another was for $1,000,000 and a fourth was for $50,000. Mr. Mur- ray was born in this city on Transit street in 184 8. He had worked for the Providence Journal Co. for more than 3(» years, first as pressman, then as composi- tor, and later as assistant foreman of the Evening Bulletin, which position he relin- quished about two years before his death. He becaine a member of Providence Union Dec. 12, 1868. He is buried at the North End Burial Ground. FRANK H. MURRAY — Was found dead by the side of the track of the Midland Division of the Consolidated railroad near Arctic Centre, R. I., June 13, 1904. He was admitted to Providence Typographi- cal Union by card in January, 1887, and had worked in various printing offices in this city. JAMES J. MURRAY — Born South- bridge. Mass., Feb. 11, 1859; learned printing on the Southbridge Journal, be- ginning July 10, 1877 ; came to Pi-ovidence in August, 1880, and worked in the Press book room, at Reid's, the What Cheer. Press and Star, Bulletin, Journal and Telegram until 1887; initiated into Provi- dence Union April 8, 1883; located on News-Tribune, Duluth, Minn., in 1904. JOHN E. MURRAY — Born Howard. 111. ; learned printing in Pawtucket, R. I. : worked in Providence in 1897; located in Hartford, Conn., in 1904. THOMAS P. MURRAY (brother of James J. Murray) — Born Southbridge, Mass., May 20, 1864 ; died Boston, Mass. ; learned printing in Providence in the book and job office of the Evening Press, be- ginning in 1881 ; initiated into No. 33 in January, 1887 ; worked in New York on the Sun and in Brooklyn on the Eagle, and later came back to Providence and worked on the Telegram ; his last work was in Boston. JAMES MUSPRATT — Born New Bed- ford. Mass., Feb. 15, 1843; learned print- ing trade in office of Providence Journal and worked there until the introduction of the linotype ; since that time he has worked on the Telegram and News in Providence, and in Pawtucket on the Chronicle ; was initiated into Providence Union Feb. 28, 1886; located in Hartford. Conn., in 1907. JOHN MUSPRATT — Born New Bed- ford, Mass., Sept. 11, 1841, where he also LX PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE learned the trade of a printer; he worked in Providence in the years X866, '68 and '69, on the Press and Herald ; was initi- ated Into Providence Union Sept. 8, 1866; now located in New Bedford, Mass. ; re- tired from printing. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named : JAMES J. MAHER. May 17, 1888. WILLIAM E. MAHONEy, May.17, 1888 JOHN A. MARCUS, Feb. 24, 1901. CLARENCE J. MARENESS, December, 1892. JEANNETTE M. MARTIN (Miss), May 17 1888 JAMES C. MEAGHER, July 25, 1886 ; bv card Juno, 1887. CHARLES K. MELLA'ILLE, Jan. 14. 1870; worked at A. Crawford Greene's in 1863. H. A. MERRITT, Feb. 26. 1893. HENRY F. MILLER, Dec. 21, 1902. JOHN T. MONAHAN, June 24, 1888 (Pawtucket). P^RED B. M0RF:Y, May 29, 1894. CYRUS O. MOULTON, April 30, 1893. DENNIS J. MURPHY (b), July 26, 1885. LAWRENCE A. MURPHY, Feb. 25, 1900. Now a comedian; home in East Providence. HENRY MURRAY (b). May 29, 1887. Admitted by Curd on Dates NaDicd : JOHN O. MACKIN, March, 1886. T. J. MAGUIRE, July, 1886. WILLIAM MALLOY, Aug. 8, 1874. W. F. M ALONE, July, 1888. FRED B. MANNING. April 30, 1893. LEWIS MANNING, June 8, 1872. J. G. MARSHALL, August, 1887. WILLIAM J. MARSHALL, New York card, Aug. 8, 1868. J. P. MARTIN, Dec. 27, 1885; Mav, 1888. WILLIAM MATTHEWS, Sept. 10, 1870 ; May 27, 1883. M. E. MATWIN(Mrs.) September, 1888. PATRICK MEEHAN, April 24, 1898. J. F. MILl^ARD, Sept. 27, 18'll. E. T. MILI>IGAN. Sept. 30, 1883. (Re- ported died in Oma,ha, Neb.) WALTER S. MITCHELL (name in 1870 constitution). V. R. MONTCJOMERY, July 30, 188 1. JAMIOS MOON, Julv 28, 1901. JOSEPH MOORE, Aug. 28, 1898. SAMUEL MOORE (Rocky), July 9, 1870. At Boston, Mass. E. A. MORAN. February, 1886. l''RI<;i) MORGAN. Oct. 14, 1871. JOHN L. MORRIS. 0;'t. 25, 1903. JOHN J. MULLEN, Feb. 7, 1904. THOMAS K. MUMFORD, Nov. 24, 1901. <'cntral Falls. DANTIOL MURI'HV (a), Dec. 10. 1870. ("MARLIOS MURRAY, January, 1887. At New Bedford. W. A. MUFtRAY, Oct. 12, 1874. WHJ.,IAM .1. MURRAY, Sept. 28, 1 810. Names from Providence Directory: ETHELBERT A. MARSHALL. — 1830 worked at 12 Market square; 1836 over 19 and 27 Market siiuarc WILLIAM MASTERS — 1844 worked over 15 Market square; 1847 at Journal office; 1850 at 15 Market square. BENJAMIN F. MOORE — 1841 worked at 19 Market square: 1844 at 12 South Main street ; published Providence Al- manac. GEORGE H. MOORE — 184 4 worked at 12 South Main street; 1847 over 15 Mar- ket square. JOHN F. MOORE — 1847 worked over 15 Market square. DANIEL MURPHY (b) — 1838. •JOHN MURPHY — 1850 (Hill, Murphy & Tillinghast) publisher of Constellation at 15 Market square. HENRY MURRAY (a) — 1850 worked at 15 Market square; 1853 at 27 Ex- change place; 1855 at 24 Westminster street. Printers Knoion to Have Worked Here : DANIEL MAN — 1812. HERMAN B. MAN — 1812. JAMES MARTIN — Worked at R. I. Printing Co. Came from Patterson, N. J. SARAH MILLER (Mrs. )— 1891 Eve- ning Telegram. WILLIAM O. MILNE (brother of Joseph) — Worked on Daily Post; in Civil war ; now proprietor of job office in Newport. JAMES MORRIS — Worked for R. I. Printing Co. GEORGE W. MOWRY — Afterward at Government Printing Office. WILLIAM A. MOWRY — Applied for admission to Providence Union in 1862 : left city before . application was acted upon. CHARLES E. McANDREWS — Born Bristol, R. I., April 20, 1876; learned printing in office of Whittemore & Col- burn, beginning in 1892; initiated into Pawtucket Union at February meeting, 1901 ; admitted to Providence I^nion by card November, 1902 ; worked for several years on Journal ; now employed on Tribune. JOHN McAULIFFE — Died I'rovidence Dec. 18, 1872, in the 26th year of his age; he had learned printing in the Journal office and worked there until his death. DANIEL A. McCANN — Born Newport. R. I., where he learned printing ; in the Civil war served in the 1st and 7th Regi- ments, R. I. Vols. ; initiated into Provi- dence Union Sept. 30, 1883; worked on Morning Star ; now itiniate of Soldiers' Home at Bristol. JOSEPH V. McCANN— Born Provi- dence Dec. 22, 1863 ; learned printing In the office of the Evening Press and has worked In this city at various times since THE JOURNEYMEN LXI 1880; was initiate! into Providence Union July 31, 1887, and was Vice President in 1903 and financial secretary in 1904. Mr. McCann has travelled extensively. In 187 8 and '79 was in New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. He has been a member of more than 100 Unions affiliated with the I. T. U. JAMES H. McCarthy — Born Provi- dence Nov. 11, 1871 ; learned printing at Livermore & Knight's and on the Journal ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 26, 1894; went to Boston in 1895, where he is at present employed as a linotype operator on the Herald. ROBERT E. McCarthy — Born Provi- dence Aug. 8, 1866; learned printing in Willimantic, Conn., beginning in 1882 ; initiated into Providence Union May 29, 1887 ; worked in this city at printing about two years, and then gave up the business to engage in railroading ; at present a locomotive engineer. SAMUEL N. Mccarty — Elected a member of Providence Union Dec. 30, 1900. He was born in 1874, learned print- ing In Leaderer's office, Buffalo, N. Y., and had worked in Norwich, Conn. JOHN McCAULEY — Born Washington, D. C, Nov. .5, 187 8 ; learned printing in offices of T. M. Curry and T. P. Morse, in that city ; came to Providence April 25, 1904. JOHN PHILIP McCAULEY — Born San Francisco, Cal., April 2, 1865 ; learned printing at Bangor, Me., beginning in 1881, and finished in the office of the Rhode Island Printing Co. in this city ; worked here in 18 83-' 84 ; now employed on the Boston Globe. NORMAN L. McCAUSLAND — Born Providence Sept. 6, 1868 ; learned trade at Rhode Island Printing Co., beginning in 1882 ; learned to operate a linotype on the Evening Bulletin. JAMBS E. McCLINTOCK— Born Fall River, Mass., Dec. 17, 1863 ; learned^ printing on Fall River News ; initiated into Providence LTnion Aug. 27, 1884 ; worked on Journal until 1889 ; in New York 1S89-'91; in Boston 1891-1907; now employed on Evening Bulletin. GEORGE McCLURE— Born Coshockton, O., March 15, 1863; learned printing in that town, beginning Sept. 2, 1878; ad- mitted to Providence LTnion b.v card at the July meeting, 1888; "worked in every town in the United States and Canada of any importance, and in a great many that were not of importance ;" located in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1904. ALEXANDER McCOMB — Committed suicide Sept. 26, 1886, in the printing office of Hammond, Angell & Co., this city. He was discovered by the fore- man of the office, Arthur Shaw. He had learned the trade of a pressman in the Journal press room, coming there in 1856, when the first Hoe cylinder press was in- stalled. He was initiated into Providence Typographical Union April 18, 1857 ; had worked in alinost every printing office in Providence ; was about 55 years old at time of death. ANDREW J. McCONNBLL — Born West Chester, Pa. ; began to learn printing in New York city in 1874 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Sept. 27, 1891. He came to this city from Brooklyn, N. Y., with Mr. and Mrs. John L. Heaton, founders of the Providence Daily News, and was its first foreman. Toward the end of 1892 there was a lock-out of the Union force in the News composing room and Mr. McConnell lost his position there- by. Shortly after he went to Woonsocket and became interested in the Evening Call of that city and is now part owner and managing editor of that successful paper. HUGH McDEVITT — Born Dublin, Ire- land, Jan. 1, 1837 ; learned printing in Liverpool, Eng. He writes : "First worked in Providence in the fall of 1864, on the Journal. There as an alleymate met the first Mormon I ever knew, who, as soon as he learned I was a soldier of European experience, offered me a com- mission in the Mormon army and tried to get me to go to Utah ; but his descriptions of Mormondom conflicted with my taste and I concluded to remain a Puritan." In the spring of 1865 he worked on the Post; employed on the Boston Globe in 1907. PETER A. McDonald — Died Paw- tucket, R. I., Nov. 22, 1866, aged 28 years, 7 months and 20 days, the first member of Providence Union to pass away after its organization. He was a native of Nova Scotia; initiated into No. 33 Sept. 11, 1858; President in 1860 and '61 and delegate in 1862. The members of the Union attended the funeral in a body. TERESA McDonald — Born Bristol, R. I. ; learned printing in Woonsocket, R. I., beginning in 1882 ; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 26, 1886. Miss McDonald writes : "I am at present (1904) employed as proofreader on the Washing- ton Post and have been since 1894, ex- cepting three months in 1902, which I spent in the Government Printing Office. Since leaving Providence I have worked in seven States, viz. : Connecticut, Mas- sachusetts, Ohio, Illinois. Colorado, New York, Virginia and the District of Colum- bia. My affiliation with the Typographi- cal LTnion has continued without a break, and it is my hope and desire to retain my membership therewith, either actively or passively, as long as I live." PATRICK E. Mcelroy — Bom Provi- dence in 1870; died in this city June 23, 1900 ; learned printing on the Evening Bulletin and was a linotype operator ; he was initiated into Providence Union Sept. 24, 1893. LXII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE JOHN McGINTY ("Texas Jack") — Born in 1837 ; admitted to Providence Union by card April 11, 1868; admitted to Union Printers' Home from New York Jan. 1, 1899; probably died in New York State Insane Asylum on Ward's Island. JOSEPH H. McGUINNESS — Born Mis- souri March 3, 1866 ; learned printing on Providence Telegram, beginning April, 1886 ; admitted to Providence Union as apprentice member May 26, 1889 ; initi- ated into Boston Union, No. 13, Feb. 23, 1890, and worked in that city on the Globe ; also in Phenix, on the Gleaner ; now foreman Westerly Daily Sun. JAMES McGWIN — Died Providence Feb. 26, 1876, aged 37 years. He was a native of Ireland. In the Civil war he served three years in the 7th R. I. Inf. and was wounded at Fredericksburg, Va. Probably learned printing at A. Craw- ford Greene's and was foreman of that office for a time. MICHAEL J. McHUGH — Born Provi- dence July 14, 1868 ; learned printing with Whittemore & Thompson, beginning in 1885; then woi-ked about 2i^ years with E. L. Freeman, Central Falls ; since that time has been with the Providence Jour- nal, of which he was assistant foreman for many years ; now a linotype operator. Mr. McHugh joined Providence Union as an apprentice member April 24, 1887. He is the inventor of an improved printers' galley. J. M. McINERNEY — Born Worcester, Mass., where he learned printing, begin- ning in 1889 ; worked in Providence in 1897 ; employed on the New York Herald in 1904. FRANK J. McKAY — Born Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, S. A., July 4, 1870; learned printing in Providence, R. I., on the R. I. Democrat, beginning in 1882 ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 26, 1889 ; worked in several Eastern cities ; served in the 2d Artillery, D Battery, in Cuba, and in the 4 6tli Infantry in the Philippines ; at present in press room of Providence Journal. MRS. LULU BBNNER (nee McKay) — Born Providence Nov. 10, 1881; learned printing in office of Telegram, beginning in 1898 ; now retired from the business. ALEXANDER McKEE — Initiated into Provlarned iirinting in the office of Charles W. I.,ittell, begiiniing in 1892 ; initiated into No. 33 June 30, 1898; enlisted in the Hospital Corps dur- ing the Spanish War ; worked on the Eve- ning Bulletin ; now on New York Herald. W. R. McKENZIE — Born Duquoin, 111., Aug. 7, 1868; learned printing on Chester (111.) Clarion, beginning in 1882; worked in most towns of any size in the United States ; also. City of Mexico ; Nome. Alaska ; London, England ; now employed on New York Tribune ; worked on Provi- dence Journal summer 1906. CHARLES T. McKINLEY — Died at the Soldiers' Home, Chelsea, Mass., Dec. 22, 1900, and was buried in the Soldiers' Home lot. Forest Dale Cemetery, Maiden, grave No. 227. He was admitted to Providence Union by card April 8, 1883, and had worked in various printing offices in this city. MILES A. McNAMEE — Born Provi- dence Jan. 7, 1861; learned printing in the Evening Press job office ; worked at A. Crawford Greene's ; now employed in the printing office of the Rumford Chemi- cal Works. In politics Mr. McNamee has been chairman of the Democratic City Committe of Providence, delegate to the National Democratic convention of 1896, and is councilman from the Tenth Ward of Providence in 1907. P. J. McNULTY — Born Providence May 23, 1872 ; learned printing at M. J. Cum- mings's office, beginning in 1901 ; em- ployed at Phenix, R. I., in 1904. WILLIAM McPHERSON — Born Pictou. N. S., March 26, 1838; learned the print- ing trade there, beginning in 1853 ; came to Providence in June, 1859, working at A. Crawford Greene's, then located at 24 Westminster street ; initiated into Provi- dence Union March 12, 1884; from 1873 to 1894 he was with J. A. & R. A. Reid. and from the latter date he has worked with E. A. Johnson & Co. ; in the State militia he rose to the rank of major. THOMAS BOYD McQUEEN — Born Glasgow, Scotland, where he learned the printing trade ; worked in Providence about seven weeks in 1885 on the Star and Journal. Mr. McQueen prepared for tlie operatic stage and has sung in Europe and America in grand opera. Now em- ployed on the New York Herald. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: WILLIAM McCANN, April 8, 1883. Died in l'\ill River. F. D. Mc(\VRTER, Feb. 26, 1893. J. Ct. Mccarty, doc. i5. 1867. W L. McCLINTOCK, Dec 2 8, 1890. GEORGE D. Mcculloch, Jan. 29, 1 893 HUGH F. McCUTCHEN, Oct. 29, 1887. Learned trade on Bulletin. ( Deceased. ) (JEORGE W. McDonald, Nov. 28, 1S9G. THE JOURNEYMEN LXIII PHILIP McGEE, Feb. 26, 1889. (Press- man.) Lived in Pawtucket ; worlted on Morning Star. THOMAS McGUIGAN, Jan. 29, 1893. J. A. McGUINNESS, April 15, 1883. ( Reported dead. ) WILLIAM J. McKAY, Nov. 2 8, 1883. KATIE McKIERNAN (Miss), June 27, 1886. WILLIAM McMAHON, May 17, 1888. JOHN McMANUS, Nov. 14, 1874. PETER McNAMARA, Aug. 31, 1890. N. A. McPHERSON, Feb. 24, 1901. Admitted hy Card on Dates Named: JAMES McCANN, November, 1883. JOHN H. McCANN, February, 1886. Worlted on Journal and later in Boston and New York. WILLIAM B. McCANN, April 8, 1883. J. R. McCONICA, June 25, 1884. (Re- ported dead at St. John. N. B. ) H. C. McCONNELL, deposited and witlidrew card in 1877. JAMES McCONVILLE, January, 1887. (Dead.) WILLIAM H. McCORMACK, Dec. 31, 1899 WILLIAM A. McCORMICK, July 28, 1901. E. P. McCREARY, from Sci'anton, Pa., Jan. 9, 1869. RONALD S. McDonald, Feb. 26, 1899. ROBERT c. Mcdowell, Aug. 13, 1870 ; Oct. S, 1870. A. J. McFARLAND. October, 1888. T. N. McGILL ("Charley Ross"), July 30, 1884; August, 1888. (Reported dead.) JOSEPH J. McGINLEY, January, 1889. (Dead.) WILLIAM H. McGOWAN, August, 1888. WILLIAM F. McGRATH, Feb. 28, 1892. GEORGE A. McGUINNESS, July 30, 1884. Brother of Joseph H. McGuinness. JOHN B. McILVAIN, Feb. 27, 1884. THOMAS G. McKEAN, August, 1888. P. H. McKENNA, February, 1886. T. P. McKINNEY, February, 1886. In 1905 at San Luis Obispo, Cal. JOHN A. McKINNON, Oct. 31, 1897. W. J. McMICKING (Sidewheeler"), April, 1886. FRANK McNAMEE, Mav 10, 1873. No. 4173 in "Big Six" in 1906. JOHN McNAMEE, Sept. 30, 1883. GOODWIN B. McNARY, Dec. 27, 1885. T. K. McNEIR, May, 1885. B. H. McQUEENEY, March, 1885. CHARLES Mcquillan, oct. 26, i890. DANIEL McSWEENEY, Sept. 25, 1898. Printers Known to Have Worked Here : JAMES McCORMICK — 1883. MINNIE McCOY — At Freeman's, Cen- tral Falls. W. H. McCANN — 1903. SAMUEL McNAUGHT — Directory 1904. ALBERT NELSON — Born Boston. Mass., in 1852 ; learned printing in that city, be- ginning in 1873 ; worked in Providence in 1887 ; visited this city again in 1904. WILLIAM A. NEWELL — Born Alle- ghany City, Pa. ; learned printing in Fall River, Mass., beginning in 1877 ; admit- ted to Providence Union by card Dec. 26, 1883; worked on Evening Bulletin for about 18 years until 1901 ; for about 10 years had charge of the advertising de- partment in the composing room ; since 1901 he has been in the hay and grain business at Auburn, R. I. JOSEPH T. NEWTON — Died at the R. L Hospital Feb. 13, 1900, in his 44th year. He was found in the early morn- ing unconscious on Jackson street, in front of the Y. M. C. A. building, where he probably fell and fractured his skull while on his way home from work on the Journal. He was a native of England, but came to this city from Springfield, Mass. ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 30, 1885 ; worked on the Journal as compositor, linotype operator and night editor. Walter Scott, Albert E. Morrill and C. E. Burtwell were "bearers at the funeral. Burial was at Pocasset Ceme- tery. ROBERT E. NEWTON — Born Wake- field, Mass., Sept. 3, 1867; learned print- ing in the "Kindergarten" of the Provi- dence Journal office, beginning in 1884 ; initiated into No. 33 Sept. 25, 1887 ; at present assistant foreman Evening Bul- letin. BLIAS S. NICKERSON — Initiated into Providence Union June 28, 1885 ; worked in Pawtucket and on Evening Press ; in the Civil war served in navy ; now mem- ber of firm of John F. Greene Co. JAMES L. NICKERSON — Died Paw- tucket, R. I., April 5, 1866, aged 31 years and 26 days ; learned printing in office of Pawtucket Gazette and Chronicle ; in 1854 he worked at 11 Market square in Provi- dence. WILLIAM C. NICKERSON — Born Providence May 15, 1880; learned print- ing in office of Journal, beginning in 1897 ; left Providence in 1901 for Boston, where he is at present employed. ALEXANDER P. NIGER — Died Provi- dence Jan. 13, 1898, aged 68 years. He was the first man of color to work at printing in Providence and probably the first one to be admitted to any Typo- graphical Union in the United States. His name appeai-s in the Directory of 1850 as working at 15 Market square, where the Daily Post was printed. Later he worked at 24 Westminster street, A. Crawford Greene's office. He was a charter mem- ber of Providence LTnion in 1857 and retained his membership until 1878, when the Union disbanded. JAMES C. NIXON — Born Drogheda. county Meath, Ireland, July 2, 1864; learned the printing trade in that city ; came to Providence in 1882 ; was initiated into No. 33 April 29, 1888. LXIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE GEORGE A. NOBLE — Died at East Side Hospital Oct 12, 1!)03, aged 49 years, after undergoing a surgical operation. He was one of the proprietors of the What Cheer Printing Co. ; in 1900 he was a member of the General Assembly from Barrington, of which town he was a resi- dent at the time of death. JOHN J. NOLAN — Born Woonsocket Aug. 1. 1857 ; learned printing trade in the office of the Providence Journal, be- • ginning in 1876; was admitted to the Union April 15, 1883 ; has worked on the Telegram, Star and Press, and on the Pawtucket Times ; located in Olneyville in 1907. STEPHEN HENRY NOLAN — Died Providence July 29, 1896. aged 30 years; lie learned printing in the office of the Evening Press, beginning in 1883 ; initi- ated into Providence LTnion at the De- cember meeting, 1886; at time of death was employed on the Journal ; he was brother of Thomas M. Nolan of Boston. THOMAS M. NOLAN — Born Providence Dec. 14, 1859; learned printing in office of Evening Bulletin, beginning in 1876; worked in Providence on the Bulletin, Journal, Press, Star, Dispatch, Telegram, and in book and job offices from 1876 to August, 1885, when he went to Boston to live ; was initiated into Providence Union April 15, 1883, the first meeting after the reorganization, and took an active part in the work of building it up ; was Vice President, also delegate to the R. I. C. L. U. ; also on the charter list of the labor newspaper. "The People." In Mas- sachusetts Mr. Nolan first worked on the Somerville Journal and the Bo.«ton Her- ald ; in October, 1885, was day foreman of the Post, and from 1891 to 1900 was its night foreman ; was chairman of the Post chapel at time of lockout in 1891; was reading clerk for Boston T. U., No. 13, for several years, and delegate to New England Printing Trades' and State Branch, A. F. of L. Mr. Nolan has edited the Union Label Magazine since 1898. HENRY NORFOLK — Born KIrkstall, England, in 1864 ; learned printing in Leeds, England ; admitted bv card to Providence Union Aug. 25, 1901 ; was 12 years father of chapel in one office ; for three years delegate to Providence Allied Trades' Council ; participated in effort for eight-hour day in 1906; located in Provi- dence in 1907. CLARENCE NORTHROP— Born Ham- den, Conn., Oct. 22, 1855 ; learned printing on the Bridgeport Farmer, beginning in 1870; Pi'ovidence "w;is the first city I struck on my first trip 'on the road ;' " admitted l)y card to No. 33 June 25, 1884 ; worked on the Evening Telegram ; with C. G. Whaples & Co., New Haven, Conn., in 1904. WALTER BYRON NORTON — Born Providence Feb. 21, 1882; learned print- ing in office of Visitor, beginning in 1897 ; assistant foreman Morning Tribune in 1907. ALPHA H. NUTTING— Born Delevan. 111., Sept. 19, 1863 ; learned printing in office of Fall River Sun, beginning in May, 1878; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 30, 1883; worked in most of the large cities of the United States ; several years on the New York World, and since 1894 in Boston; on Hearst's American, Boston, in 1907. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Date Named: HAROLD E. NOCK, May 28, 1893. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: H. E. NEWTON, from New York, July S, 1871. JAMES W. NEWTON, Sept. 9, 1871. J. H. NORTON, Aug. 10, 1872. Name from Providence Directory: FREDERICK A. NIGER — 1863 ; proba- bly learned at A. Crawford Greene's. JOSEPH B. OAKLEY (Little Joe) — Died Greenfield, Mass. ; admitted to Provi- dence Union by card Nov. 14, 1868; worked in this city at various times. G. R. O'BRIEN — Born Oswego, N. Y.. Feb. 19, 1867 ; learned printing in Oswego, beginning in 1879 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the April meeting, 1886, and worked in this city during that spring and summer ; located in Chicago, 111., in 1904. JOSEPH A. O'BRIEN — Born Providence Sept. 2. 1869 ; learned printing on Eve- ning Bulletin, beginning in 1888, and worked on that paper as a linotype opera- tor until 1906 ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 31, 1890; now employed on Evening Tribune. STEPHEN W. OCKREY — Born Provi- dence April 19, 1866; learned trade at Utley's Printing Office, Norwich, Conn., of wliich office he was foreman from 1885 to 1891 ; foreman of Norwich Printing Co. from 1891 to 1894; foreman Norwich Morning Post from 1894 to 1897; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 25, 1900; with E. A. Johnson & Co. from 1897 to 1906; participated in the effort for the eight- hour day in 1906. DANIEL O'CONNOR — Born Tiguish, I'. E. I., Jan. 31, 1879 ; started his appren- ticeship to printing in his native town and finished at What Cheer Print In this city, wliere he began to work in 1895; obligatoil in Providence Union Mav 27, 1900; financial sec'retary in 1903, and was elected \'ice I'resident in 1904, succeed- ing to the president'y when Mr. Goer left the city; Vice President again In 1907; THE JOURNEYMEN LXV delegate to Colorado Springs I. T. U. con- vention in 1906 ; now employed on Eve- ning Bulletin. JOHN EDWARD O'CONNOR — Born Manchester, N. H.. March 11, 1849; began apprenticeship in Providence Journal office in 1867 ; worked on Journal and in Bos- ton, and recently in book offices in Provi- dence. ROBERT O'CONNOR — Born Ireland in 1850; began to learn printing in 1864 in London. Ontario; admitted to Providence Union by card Sept. 10. 1870 ; worked on the Morning Herald until 1873 ; on the Inter-Ocean, Chicago, in 1905. FRANK O'DONNELL — Born Pawtucket, R. I., Nov. 8, 1868; learned printing in the office of Sibley & Lee in that city, beginning in 1883 ; worked in Providence at various times between 1886 and 1890 on the Telegram and Journal ; initiated into Providence Union July 31, 1887 ; char- ter member of Pawtucket Union. No. 212. organized Monday, Dec. 3, 1888 ; deposited card in New York Nov. 6, 1890; em- ployd on the New York American in 1904. CHARLES STANLEY OGDEN — Born Bridgeport, Pa., May 26, 1865 ; leai-ned printing in Philadelphia ; worked at Snow & Farnham's from 1887 to 1906; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 30, 1888 ; par- ticipated in the effort for the eight-hour day in 1906 ; now employed on Attleboro Sun. THOMAS J. O' GORMAN — Born Clon- mel, county Tipperary, Ireland. June 12. 1863 ; learned printing on the Tipperary Free Press, beginning in 1876 ; initiated into Tipperary Union in 1882 ; came to New York in 1885 ; and to Providence in 1906. HENRY WILLIAM O'HARA — Born Taunton, Mass., Sept. 14, 1878 ; learned printing in office of C. A. Hack & Son in that city, beginning in 1894; initiated into Providence Union March 25. 1900 ; worked in this city in the offices of the Journal and Chaffee-Mclndoe ; in Boston on the Herald ; now conducting the Oxford Printing Co. in this city. JOHN F. O'HARA — Born Feb. 27. 1873, at Taunton. Mass. ; learned printing on the Taunton News and Providence Jour- nal, beginning in 1890 ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 28. 1896; worked a short time on Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner before coming to Providence ; worked as linotype operator on Bulletin and Journal imtil 1906 ; now employed on Tribune. W. H. O'HARA (pressman) — Died Rox- bury. Mass.. June 4, 1901. He was one of the most skilful pressmen in the coun- try and had worked in Providence. Worces- ter. New York and Boston. He was initi- ated into Providence Union June 27, 1886. JAMES D. O'HERN — Born Providence Aug. 13, 1870 ; learned printing at Reid's, beginning in 1889; initiated into Provi- dence Union June 26, 1892. WILLIAM OLNEY — Died Providence Jan. 10, 1807. in tha 24th year of his age. He bought the Phoenix July 7, 1804, and published it to the time of his death. JOHN A. O'NEILL — Born in 1857; learned printing in offices of Millard, Gra>' & Simpson and Rhode Island Printing Co. ; worked in Boston and New York ; initi- ated into Bix Six ; admitted to Providence Union by card at May meeting, 1887, and soon after placed on honorary list, hav- ing engaged in other business; in 1901 returned to printing and is now located in Boston on the Globe. LOUIS B. O'NEILL — Born Detroit. Mich.. Feb. 5. 1859; learned printing there, beginning in 1873 and receiving card in 1877 ; withdrew card from Providence Union July 1, 1883, having worked on the Telegram ; has worked in various cities and again visited Providence in June, 1906. NATHAN M. ORMSBEB— Born Provi- dence Sept. 1, 1821, in a house on Gaspee street. He attended schools kept by Mrs. Seagrave and Oliver Angell. Learned the printing trade in the office of the Repub- NATHAX M. ORMSBEE. lican-Herald ; worked on the Gaspee Torchlight, the Journal, Post, Heralrl and Star in this city, the Tribune and Morning Star in New York city and in Pawtucket for Robert Sherman. He was initiated into Providence Union April 18, 1857; was financial secretary in 1873. Mr. Ormsbee became the oldest printer in Rhode Island LXVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Oct. 28, 1904, by the death of Samuel S. Wilson. For many years he was a promi- nent figure in ward politics in the old First Ward, now the Second Ward. He retired from printing in 1877. WILLIAM A. ORAHOOD— Was killed in a railroad wreck on the Norfolk & Western railroad, near Marion, Va., Dec. 13, 1897. The body was frightfully mangled. A certificate of membership, issued by Pittsburg Typographical Union, was found on the remains, and U. S. Com- missioner Williams of Marion, formerly a printer, notified Secretary Cully of Pitts- burg. The relatives of the deceased re- sided in Marysville. O. Mr. Orahood had been admitted to Providence Union by card in 1885. He was 37 years of age. HENRY K. ORME — Born Ireland Sept. 12, 1850 ; learned printing with Providence Press Co., beginning about 1868; his "first job as an apprentice was inking poster work for the late John H. Campbell on large hand presses ;" worked for Millard, Gray & Simpson and J. A. & R. A. Reid, and one year at printing in New York city ; now with Flint & Co., this city, as salesman. THOMAS F. OROURKE — Born Provi- dence Jan. 31. 1860 ; learned trade of proofreader on Journal, beginning in 1885, and is at present employed there in that capacity ; initiated into Providence Union Sept. 24, 1899. JOHN F. O'SULLIVAN — Born Brook- lyn, N. Y., March 22, 1873; learned print- ing on the Standard-Union, beginning in 1888 ; worked in Providence for a short time in 1905, between the meetings of the union ; located in Beverly, Mass,, in 1905. ANDREW M. OTIS — Born Nashua, N. H., Aug. 3. 1850; learned printing in office of the Nashua Daily Telegraph, be- ginning in 1871 ; worked in Providence after serving his time until Dec. 22, 1881 ; was foreman of the Sunday Dispatch, the first Sunday paper published in Provi- dence, wliile it was pi'inted on Weybosset street ; then on the Evening Bulletin and Daily Journal until 18S1, when he re- turned to Nashua. Mr. Otis Is a charter member of Nasliua Typographical Union and foreman of the Telegraph. Initiated Into Providence T^jpofjrophicdl Union on Dates Named : CHARLES W. OBERTON, Sept. 30. 1888. Was assistant foreman of Bulletin: took foicmaiislijp of Telegram after tlic lockout, when Janu's Russell was deposed ; In Rockland, Mc, In 1905. JOHN J. O'FLANAGAN, Feb. 24. 1901. (Wiltor on Boston Advertiser 1905.) F. J. O'LKARY. Apiil 25, 1886. JOHN OMKARA, Aug. 27, 1884 ; worked on Journal : died in Boston. Atliiiittrd Itii Card on Dates Named: JOSIOl'll ()("()NNIOLL, Nov. 1), 1 873. ED. B. OCONNER, Feb. 24, 1901. J. KERRY OCONNER, Dec. 9, 1871. JAMES OCONNER, April 8, 1871. DAVID OHLE, April 12. 1873. J. H. OLDFIELD. October, 1883. O. OLSEN, Dec. 18, 1892. Printers Known to Have Worked Here : EUGENE F. O'BRIEN ("Duffy")— I. T. LT. delegate from Norwich (Conn.) Union to Detroit convention, 1899 ; worked in Providence that year ; home in Roches- ter, N. Y. T. J. OCONNER — 187 — . PAUL P. ORTH — 1874. JOHN E. PACKENHAM — Born Ire- land ; died in this city Oct. 22, 1887, aged 23 years ; learned printing in Ireland ; ini- tiated into Providence Union July 3, 1884 ; worked in this city on the Morning Star ; also in Boston. WILLIAM PALMER ("Scotia") — Born Tillicoultry, Scotland. Oct. 3. 1S61 ; learned printing in Scotland and England, begin- ning in 1879 ; first came to Providence in 1882, and was obligated at the first meet- ing of the reorganized Union April 8, 1883 : w'orked on the Evening Press, Morn- ing Star. Journal and Evening Telegram ; was foreman of The People ; also worked in Boston ; delegate to I. T. U. conven- tion in 1893 ; President of No. 33 in 1895, 1902 and 1903 ; in the latter year the first recognized chapel was organized in the Journal office ; member of the souve- nir committee and toastmaster at the Fiftieth Anniversary banquet (1907) ; now employed on the Evening Bulletin as proofreader. Mr. Palmer was candidate for Secretary of State of Rhode Island on the Democratic ticket in 1906. HERBERT PARKER — Initiated into Providence Union Dec. 27, 1885; worked on the Morning Star until its demise, and then returned to Nantucket, where he took up the business of grocer. EDWARD LEON P.\RKINS — Born Salem, Ore., June 23, 1877 ; learned print- ing at Spokane. Wash., beginning in 1893; admitted to Providence Union by card September, 1906 ; worked in this city as a. linotype operator until the following De- cember, when he left the city. JONATHAN C. FARM ENTER — Died New Bedford. Mass., March 4. 1S38, aged :!5 >ears. In 1S26-'2S he was a partner in tlio printing firm of Smith iV: Parmen- tor at 9 Market street. Providence. About a month before his death Mr. Parmenter started the New Bedford Advertiser. CHARLES HENRY PARTRIDGE — Horn Franklin. Mass., April. 1860; died (s\il(lde) Woonsocket. R. I., .Ai>ril 11, I!M)3 : began to learn printing In Frank- lin about 1876; Initiated into Providence liilon Feb. 27. 1887. His father. G. I. I'artrldge of Franklin, wrote: "The rea- son of Ills death, or why ho took his life. THE JOURNEYMEN LXVII will always remain a mystery. He had worked in the office of the Woonsocket Reporter nearly five years, was always steady, and received a good salary." WILLIAM J. PASSMORE — Committed suicide by cutting his throat with a razor in this city Oct. 10, 1895, owing to de- spondency caused by illness ; he was initi- ated into Providence Union May 31, 1885, and had worked in various job offices here. ALFRED W. PEARCE — In 1857 worked at 24 Westminster street ; li\ed in Paw- tucket ; name in list of members in 1865 constitution. BENJAMIN W. PEARCE — Born Swan- sea, Mass., April 9, 1819 ; died Newport, R. L, April 15, 1904. From his eighth to his eighteenth j^ear he was employed in a Fall River factory ; then he was ap- prenticed to the printing business in the office of the Fall River Patriot. Without finishing his apprenticeship he came to Providence in August, 1837, and entered the employ of Knowles, Vose & Co. at $3 per week. His work was printing lot- tery tickets on a hand press. At the end of six months he went to New York city to work as a "two-thirder." No man in the office would correct his first proof for the price it would bring. While in New York Mr. Pearce started the Sunday School Monitor, probably the first Sunday school paper published in America. He did all the work on it himself, but it was not successful, and he returned to Fall River, working along the shore for two years. In June, 1840, he went to Paw- tucket, where, in partnership with Elder Tappan H. Bacheller. he printed the "Christian Soldier," occupying all positions from devil to assistant editor. Later he published a weekly temperance paper called "Sparkling Fountain." In its col- umns he waged a bitter warfare against liquor selling. He was repeatedly threat- ened with bodily harm, and one night his type was thrown into the Blackstone river. In 1843 he sold out his business and accepted the position of foreman in the office of Ray Potter & Son. In June, 1852, Mr. Pearce went to Boston to work in the office of J. E. Farwell & Co. While in their employ he occupied the dual posi- tion of editor and foreman of a weekly political paper through two political cam- paigns. Here Mr. Pearce acquired the rare accomplishment of putting his thoughts into type without ha\'ing previ- ously written them. Standing at the "case," apparently engaged in the manual occupation of typesetting, ideas flowed from his fingers in lead, as in the case of others from a penpoint, in ink. This prac- tice he followed thereafter. The fall of 1856 found Mr. Pearce in Providence again, at work in the office of A. Crawford Greene. April 3. 1857. in company with Noel A. Tripp, he started the Fall River Daily Evening Star, the first daily in that city. The Star suspended March 27, 1858. He went to Biddeford, Me., for a month, and then entered the employ of George T. Hammond, publisher of the Newport Daily News, to have charge of its local depart- ment. In 1861 he entei-ed the employ of the Providence Evening Press as their Newport local and marine correspondent, in which capacity he continued for 25 years, during which time he was elected Harbor Master for eight years. In 1886. when he was 67 years of age, he started the Newport Enterprise, and continued its publication 11 years, when failing health compelled him to abandon the work. For this paper he was editor, reporter, type- setter, office boy, pressman, printer's "devil," poet, advertising agent, bill col- lector, manager and news-boy. His poems have been collected and printed in a small volume, and he also printed a book, "Rec- ollections of a Long and Busy Life," probably doing all the work himself. ROBERT. M. PEARSE — Born Reho- both, Mass., Oct. 21, 1803; learned print- ing in the office of Miller & Hutchens. KOBKRT M. PE.\RSE. Providence, beginning in 1819. Wliilc an apprentice he set some of tlio type for the first numbei- of the Journal in 1820. After his apprenticeship he worked in this city, Boston, Cambridge, New Bed- ford and Taunton, varying his work at printing with two attempts at fainiing. In 1863 he entered the job oflice of Knowles, Anthony & Co. and contiiuied until 1876, when sickness compelled liim to leave his "case." From Feb. 13. 1877. until liis death. Doc. 8, 1886. lie was the oldest printer in the State. LXVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE ARTHUR S. PEASE — Born Putnam, Conn., March 26, 1864: learned printing on the Woonsocltet Evening Reporter, be- ginning in Septemlier, 1878; initiated into Providence Union May 2 8, 1884, and worked in this city a few weeks in that year ; was transferred to "Big Six," New York, in 1898, and granted a withdrawal card in 1902, since which date he has represented the Goss Printing Press Co. of Chicago, 111., with headquarters hi New York City. LEROY B. PEASE — Born Enfield, Conn., Feb. 2, 1842 ; learned printing in Rockville, Conn., ]858-'61 ; initiated into Hartford Union in 1861 ; New York Union, No. 6, in 1 866 ; Providence Union by card Dec. 9, 1871 ; took a withdrawal card from No. 33 July 9, 1872; founded the Woonsocket Evening Reporter Oct. 1, 187 3, and continued with that paper until the fall of 1897; started the Paw- tucket Sun in November, 1897, and the Woonsocket Sun Jan. 1, 1899. These last two papers had but a brief exist- ence. Mr. Pease was made an honorary member of Woonsocket Union upon its organization. His chief distinction will be that witliout capital he started and conducted to success the Evening Re- porter, in Woonsocket, in opposition to the long-established weekly Patriot. WILLIAM M. PECKHAM — Born Peter- sliam, Mass., Feb. 2, 1846 ; learned print- ing at Barre, Mass., beginning April, 1860; worked in Providence on the Jour- nal 1866-'67 ; joined Providence Union Aug. 10, 1867; worked 9l^ years on Pawtucket Chronicle. 10i/4 years at E. Ij. Freeman's, Central Falls; 18 years Over- seer of the Poor of Pawtucket and at present holds tliat position. DAVID N. PENDERGAST — Initiated into Providence Union Dec. 31, 1899 : learned printing in Newport, R. I. EDGAR A. PERKINS — Initiated into Piovidence LTnion Sept. 14, 1872, and continued a member until 1878, when the charter was surrendered. He was again initiated May 17, 1888. He is dead. HOWARD R. PERRY — Born Provi- dence, R. I., in 1868; learned printing at East Greenwicli ; came to Providence in 1892, from Taunton; worked on News, Telegram and Tribune ; now employed on the Saratogian, Saratoga, N. Y. ; was ini- tiated into No. 33 Dec. 27, 1896. GEORGE HENRY PETTIS — Born Pawtucket, R. I., March 17, 1834. At the age of 12 years he began to learn print- ing in the office of the Advertiser, a weekly newspaper published at Cohoes, N. Y. In August, 1849, he removed to Providence, wliere he followed tlie occu- pation of printer until May, ]S.')4, being emploved most of tlie time on ilie Morn- ing Mirror, wiien he went to California, .irrlving at San I'''ran(isc(( nn June 17 ol' that year on the steamer Brother Jona- than via Nicaragua. He engaged at min- ing in the vicinity of Carrote, Tuolumne county, from June. 1S.t4, until May, 1858, wlien he returned to San Francisco. He resumed his occupation as a printer, and vv'as employed upon tlie Alta California. Morning Call and Herald. He al.so, at one time, held a situation upon the Stock- ton Argus and was for a time employed at Sacramento. When Pi-esident Lincoln made a call upon California for volun- teers he entered the military service of the United States as second lieutenant, Co. B, 1st California Inf. ; promoted to first lieutenant. Co. K. same regiment. Jan. 1, 1862, commanding the company nearly all of the time until mustered out on Feb. 15, 1865, when he was immedi- ately mustered into the service again as first lieutenant, Co. F, 1st New Mexico Inf. He commanded Co. F until pro- moted to adjutant of the regiment. June 1, 1865, and was finally mustered out Sept. 1, 1866, having served continuously five years and fifteen days. He was in a number of skirmishes with the Apache and Navajo Indians ; brevetted captain. U. S. Vols., March 13, 1865, "for distin- guished gallantry in the engagenhent at the Adobe Walls, Texas, with the Com- manche and Kiowa Indians," Nov. 25, 1864, in which he commanded the artil- lery. In November. 1868, he removed from New Mexico to this city. He was a member of the Common Council from the Ninth Ward from June, 1872, to January. 1876, and a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1876 and 1877 ; was boarding officer of the port of Providence from 1878 to 1885 ; was marine editor of the Providence Journal from 1885 to 1887 ; was sealer of weights and measures and superintendent of street signs and numbers at Pro\ idence, R. I., from March, 1890, to 1897; was ap- pointed state sealer of weights, meas- ures and balances Jan. 31, 1901, which position he now holds. Mr. Pettis is a member of the G. A. R., Military Order of the Loyal Legion, R. I. Soldiers and Sailors' Historical Society, U. S. Veteran Association and Society of California Pio- neers of New England. GEORGE H. PETTIS, JR. (son of George H. Pettis) — Born San Francisco, Cai., June 30, 1860; learned printing at H.ammond, Angell & Co.'s, beginning in 1876; worked at Whittier, Cal., in 1905, and was a mcml)er of Los .Angeles Union ; now employeil in San I-'rancisco, Cal. EDWIN PHARK (son of Henry Phare) — Died Providence Oct. 20, 1896, in his 40th year; learned prititing in the Jour- nal office ; admitted to Providence Union by card April 26, 1896. HENRV PHARE (Dummy) — Died I'rovidence June 24, 1881 ; in 1849 and for many years later he was employed on the Journal ; initiated into Provhlenii- I'nion .\pril IS. 1S57. THE JOURNEYMEN LXIX JAMES P. PHELAN — Admitted by card to Providence Union Janviary, 1885 ; died Boston, Mass., Jan. 23, 1888, and buried in printers' lot there. LOUIS G. PHILLIPS — Born Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 29, 1862; died Central Falls, R. I., June 16, 1902, from paralysis; learned printing in Providence, in the offices of the Evening Press and Tele- gram, and worked at the business in this city until 1891. when he went to Central Falls and embarked in the undertaking business and carried it on successfully until his death ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 27, 1884. THOMAS H. PHILLIPS (brother of Louis G. Phillips) — Born Jersey City, N. J., Aug. 15, 1865 ; learned printing in the office of the Providence Evening Pres^. beginning in 1882 ; worked in Providence until 1890, when he removed to Pawtucket and worked at E. L. Free- man & Son's, Central Falls, until the eight-hour struggle in 1906 ; initiated into Providence Union March 29, 1885 ; Presi- dent Pawtucket Union 1893-'94; Vice President R. I. State Federation of Labor 1907 ; now employed on Bulletin. L. O. PHINNEY — Died Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 12, 1905, aged 67 years; born Syracuse, N. T., and joined the Union there in 1853 ; he worked in many of the eastern cities, visiting Providence in 1864, when he was admitted to No. 33 on June 11. In the Civil war he served in Co. A, 1st N. Y. Mounted Rifles. ORANGE M. PICKETT — Born New Haven, Conn., Dec. 14, 1847 ; learned printing in office of Journal and Courier, New Haven, beginning Dec. 14. 1863 ; initiated into New Haven Union in 1867 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Dec. 11, 1869 ; worked in this city about six months on the Morning Herald ; dele- gate from New Haven to I. T. U. in 1873 ; now employed on the Boston Globe. ROBERT A. PIERCE — Died Boston July 17, 1900. He was working at print- ing in Providence as early as 1854, and was a charter member of No. 33 in 1857. In the constitution of that year his name appears in the list of past officers as the first President of the society. ED-WARD LESLIE PIKE — Born St. John's, N. F., Sept. 23, 1847; learned printing in a job office in Boston, begin- ning in 1865 ; came to Providence in 1880; worked on Journal, Telegram, Morning Star, Evening Press, Sunday Dispatch, Journal of Commerce, Visitor and at Reid's ; was active in the reorgani- zation of the Union in 1883 and was its « first financial secretary ; participated in the effort for the eiglit-hour day in 1906; now employed at Providence Printing Co.. setting type for "Printers and Printing in Providence." ALONZO E. PITMAN — Born Newport, R. I., Jan. 3, 1865 ; learned printing on Newport Mercury, beginning in 1881; ini- tiated into Providence Union June 27, 18S6 ; worked at Johnson's and Reid's and on the Morning Star, Telegram and Dispatch ; at E. L. Freeman's, Central Falls ; Times, Pawtucket ; Newport Her- ald since 1892. ANDREW J. PITMAN — Died Newport, R. I.. March 21, 1884 ; learned printing in the office of the Newport Daily News ; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 9, 1871 ; worked in many cities in the West and returned to Providence a few years before his death ; his card was deposited in No. 33 April 22, 1883, for the last time. JEROME P. PLUMMER — Born Law- rence, Mass., July 10, 1860 ; learned stereotyping on the Providence Journal, beginning in 1881, and has worked there since ; he is now night foreman of stereo- type room ; admitted to membership in No. 33 May 29, 1887. ALFRED POLIQUIN — Born Levis, P. Q.. Canada, in 1864 ; learned printing in the office of the Pawtucket Chronicle ; initiated into Providence Union June 27, 1901. P. P. POMEROY — Elected an honorary member of Providence Union in January. 1884. Tlie next year he removed to St. Paul, Minn. ORRIN SCOTT POND — Born Foxboro, Mass., in 1836; died there Feb. 5, 1886. His name appears on the pay roll of the Providence Journal for the week ending Aug. 13, 1853 ; then he worked on the Daily Post and later on the Evening Press, and again on the Journal. He left this city for a time and was fore- man of the Worcester Press, but returned to the Journal office, where his last work at printing was performed. He was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857. In the Civil war he served in the nth R. I. Vols. JOHN H. PORTHOUSE — Born England in 1847 ; learned printing in Journal job office. Providence, beginning in 1864 ; ini- tiated into Providence Union Dec. 11, 1869 ; worked for George H. Whitney, this city, and for Mudge & Sons, Boston ; re- turned to Providence after a few months and worked for Pierce & Budlong ; in 1875, with O. A. Carleton, purchased the Franklin Printing Office (formerly Pierce & Budlong) and started the What Cheer Printing Co.; firm dissolved in 1880; at present (1904) "John H. Porthouse, Com- mercial Printer, No. 668 Baltic Street. Brooklyn, N. Y." Organized the first flute and drum corps in Rhode Island (1873) and was drum major (the first one they had) of the United Train of Artillery, to which the flute and drum corps was at- tached. He served from 1861 to 1864 in the 3d R. I. Heavy Artillery. LXX PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE HARRY B. POTTER — Born Reading, Mass., June 26, 1882; began to learn printing in Wakefield, Mass., in 1897 ; admitted to Providence Union by card in April, 1906 ; participated in eight-hour strike, 1906; linotype operator; located in Boston in 1907. HENRY W. POTTER — Born Cranston July 8, 1856; learned the printing trade in the office of the Evening Press in this city, beginning Oct. 4, 1873; was admit- ted to the Union in 1876 and again July 5, 1885 ; has worked at the business in Westerly, Pawtucket and Phenix, in this State, and at the Norwood Press in Mas- sachusetts ; participated in eight-hour strike in 1906 ; is at present located in Providence. S. FRANK POTTER — Born April 12, 1863, on the whaling ship Illinois of New Bedford, Mass., while the vessel was cruising off the coast of New Zealand ; learned printing in Norwich, Conn. ; initi- ated into Providence Union Nov. 12, 1884 ; worked on the Journal and later removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., where he died. STEPHEN B. POTTER — -Worked on Journal in 1856-'57 ; was member of Providence Union previous to April 18. 1857 ; foreman of Evening Press book and job office in 1862; admitted to St. Louis Union in 1864. JOHN A. POWERS — Born Providence Feb. 6, 1887 ; learned printing on Evening Bulletin, beginning in 1903 ; initiated into Providence Union as an apprentice mem- ber January, 1906 ; now copy cutter on Evening Bulletin. JOHN H. POWERS — Died at St. Mary's Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., May 28, 1904. He was born in Nova Scotia in 1854 and after learning printing came to Providence, depositing his card in No. 33 Aug. 10, 1872; later he went to New York city, where he worked at his trade on the Mercury, Shoe and Leather Re- porter and at Tyrrell's on Fulton street. He wa.s buried in Holy Cross Cemetery. WILLIAM A. PRATT — Born Apalachi- cola, Fla., Nov. 22, 1867; learned printing in Palatka, Fla., beginning in 1877; worked on Providence Journal in 1887 and applied for membership in No. 33 in that year, but left the city before it was acted upon ; is now member of Washing- ton Typographical Union, No. 101, ami employed in Government Printing Office. JOHN P. PURCELL (Brockey) — Born Hudson, N. Y., March 17, 1859 ; died at the Union Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, Col., Oct. 28, 1901, having been admitted from Newark, N. J. ; learned printing in Iliidson, N. Y., and Milwau- kee, Wis. ; was admitted to f-'i'ovidencc Union by card at tlie May meeting, 1888; had travelled extensively in the United States. Initiated Into Providence Union oti Dates Named : FRANK H. PARKER, Oct. 30, 1892; Januarv, 1899. CHARLES A. PEABODY, Nov. 9, 1872. JAMES PHILLIPS, Dec. 18, 1892. DANA W. PHIPPS, Feb. 28, 1892. ARTHUR K. PIERCE. July 27, 1890. LELAND H. PLAISTED, Aug. 13. 1864. FRED POLOQUIN, April 29, 1888. EDWARD PORTER. Jan. 31, 1892. BARNARD M. PRESCOTT, Sept. 11, 1869. NELSON PURNELL. June 26, 1892; also by card July 30, 1893. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: B. F. PAGE, July 13, 1872. BURTON S. PALMER, September, 1883. ROBERT PARRY. March, 1885. GEORGE FERRYMAN. July 13, 1872. A. S. PETERSON, December, 1888. C. F. PHILLIPS, Nov. 12, 1884. A. H. PIERCE. April 23, 1892. FRANK A. PIKE. July, 1887. ISAAC D. PORTER. May 14, 1870 JAMES POWERS, March, 1885. J. PULLEN, May 31, 1891. Names Found in Directory : HARRISON G. O. PARKS— 182 8 anil 1830. MATTHEW S. PATTERSON — 1850 to 1855. Worked at 15 Market square. DAVID S. PEARCE — 1853 to 1856. Worked at 15 Market square and at H. H. Brown's. CYRUS W. PRATT — 1841 to 1844. HENRY PRATT — 1830 to 1836. Printers Knoivri to Have Worked Here: T. PETERSON — ^1851 worked on Jour- nal. JOHN W. PATTON— ]891-'92 on Eve- ning Telegram. EDWARD QUTNN — Died Boston. Mass.. and his death was announced by J. W. Douglass of that city in the 1885 conven- tion of the I. T. U. He had represented Worcester Union in that body in 1876; initiated into Providence Union April 9, 1870, and admitted by card at the meet- ing of April 8, 1883; was then assistant foreman of the Journal. During the Civil war he served in a Mass.achusetts regi- ment. ROBERT QUINN (b) — Died at the R. I. Hospital July 13, 1903, a few minutes after being admitted to that institution. He had probabh' been overtaken b.\- sick- ness in the office of the Narragansett Printing Co. on the 11th (Saturday) and liad not been discovered until Monday. At Ills lodgings directions were found telling liow to (Miiumunic.itc with relatives and witli Hartford lodge. No. SS. A. F. and A. M.. Haitford. Conn. He had been a well- known printer, brother of Edward Quinn ; had been forini.ui of the Hartford Times THE JOURNEYMEN LXXI and night foreman of the Providence Journal, succeeding E. B. Rose in that position ; was initiated into Providence Union April 5, 1888. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Date Named: GUSTAVUS P. QUIMBY, Dec. 12, 1868. Ad^nitted by Card on Date Named: M. E. QUINN, Sept. 30, 1883 : Printers Known to Have Worked Here: JAMES QUINN — 1860 (Union list). ROBERT QUINN (a) — Suicided (Union list, 187 — ). FRANCIS M. RAFTERY — Born Taun- ton, Mass., Nov. 9, 1872; learned print- ing in the office of Cashman & Keating, Boston, Mass. ; worked in Providence since 1901, and was admitted to the Union Feb. 24 of that year; now em- ployed on the Tribune. EDWIN F. RANAGAN — Born Somer- ville, Mass. ; learned printing in office of Boston Herald, beginning in 1886 ; ad- mitted to Providence Union by card Sep- tember, 1888; worked in this city on the Telegram and Dispatch until 1889 ; now employed on the Boston Globe. ALBERT L. RANDALL — Born Ken- tucky in 1853 ; learned printing in the West ; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 27, 1885; President of the Unionin 1889 ; worked on the Journal while in this city ; located in Washington, D. C, since 1889. CHARLES W. RANDALL — Born Jef- fersonville, Ind., Jan. 28, 1849 ; learned printing in Cincinnati, Ohio, beginning in 1859, wlien about nine years old; initi- ated into Providence Union April 15, 1883 ; worked in various cities of the United States east of St. Louis. GEORGE S. RAWCLIFFE — Born Wrentham, Mass., June 30, 1860 ; began to learn printing in Providence in 1895 and worked nine years at the business ; established the Industrial Printing Co. at 18 College street during the winter of 1897-'98; took a partner in August, 1903, and added a gold stamping and badge- making department ; sold his interest to George H. Brown July 20, 1904 ; was travelling salesman in 1904. JOHN C. READ — Died Providence June 12, 1873, in the 24th year of his age. He was initiated into Providence Typographical Union Aug. 13, 1870. His funeral took place Sunday, June 16, and was attended to the Jefferson Street Baptist Church by an escort of the United Train of Artillery of 40 men, under com- mand of Col. Oscar Lapham. A large delegation of printers, under the marshal- ship of John H. Porthouse, joined the funeral procession at the church. Inter- ment was at North Burial Ground. ROBERT NEWTON READ — Born Lonsdale, R. I., July 4, 1860; learned printing at John F. Greene's, Canal street, beginning in 1879 ; initiated into Provi- dence Union April 24, 1887 ; worked at Snow & Farnham's, Telegram and Jour- nal ; with Aldrich-Eldredge Co., whole- sale grocers, in 1904. JOHN J. REARDON — Born 1876; learned printing on the Webster (Mass.) Times, beginning in 1890; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 30, 1900. OSCAR H. REDMAN — Born Wellend- port, Ont., Canada, July 24, 1878; learned printing with Chronicle Printing Co., in Willimantic, Conn., beginning in 1894 ; joined Pawtucket Union in 1901 ; admit- ted by card to Providence Union May 28, 1905 ; worked on the Telegram, Trib- une and Evening Bulletin until incapaci- tated by sickness in 1907 ; now located in Willimantic, Conn. C. F. REED — Born 1869 ; learned print- ing in office of Reed & Stickney, Wal- tham, Mass., beginning in 1895 ; worked in North Attleboro, Mass. ; initiated into Providence Union Nov. 29, 1903. L. FRANCIS REENEY— Born Lowell, Mass., May 10, 1874 ; learned printing trade in office of Providence Telegram, beginning in 1890 ; initiated into Provi- dence Typographical Union Feb. 25, 1900 ; now employed on the Evening Bulletin. NICHOLAS W. REES — Born Pembroke Dock, South Wales, Great Britain, in 1865; began to learn printing in 1882, at J. A. & R. A. Reid's ; has worked in Providence since, at Angell & Co.'s and What Cheer Print ; initiated into Provi- dence Union Nov. 28, 1886 ; held the offices of Vice President, treasurer and recording secretary in that organization and was delegate to the N. E. Typo- graphical Union and Allied Trades' con- vention at New Bedford in 1895 ; now emploj^ed at the post office as letter carrier. JAMES ALLAN REID — Born Provi- dence Jan. 5, 184 8 ; began to learn print- ing in September, 1861, in the office of the Bristol Phoenix and finished his ap- prenticeship in Providence with A. Craw- ford Greene ; initiated into Providence LTnion Dec. 9, 1865 ; worked as a jour- neyman in this city, Hartford and New York ; was senior member of the print- ing firm of J. A. & R. A. Reid, estab- lished in this city in 1874 and continued until 1894. There is no record of a labor dispute occurring in that office. Mr. Reid's present home is in St. Louis, Mo. ROBERT ALLAN REID — Born Provi- dence May 5, 1851 ; learned printing at Hammond, Angell & Co.'s, beginning in 1867 ' initiated into Providence Union Feb. 11, 1871; junior member of firm of J. A. & R. A. Reid for 19 yeai-s ; also worked in Chicago and Philadelphia. Since the LXXII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE dissolution of the Reid partnersliip he has resided in Boston, and 1ms continued in the publishing business. JAMES RBVENS — Born parish of Tal- low, county Waterford, Ireland, in 1840; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 14, 1869, and worked at printing in this city in the Evening Press job oflice, at A. Crawford Greene's and on the Evening Telegram ; he also worked at the business in Boston; he died here July 17, 1893. CHARLES W. REX FORD — Was initi- ated into Providence Union June 13, 1863 ; he served in Co. G, 15th U. S. Inf., in 1865, and was discharged for disability at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. CLARENCE N. REYNOLDS — Born Troy, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1859; learned print- ing in New Lebanon, N. Y., in office of Samuel J Tilden ; was initiated into Provi- dence Union Oct. 25, 1903, and worked in this city for a short time ; located in Boston in 1906. MILTON M. REYNOLDS — Born Davis- ville, R. I., April 19, 1851 ; began work- ing at printing in Providence April 1, 1870, in the office of Marcus B. Young, then located at 33 Westminster street. The same year his father (A. S. Rey- . nolds) purchased the business. In 1871, because of ill-health, the latter gave the plant to his son and George F. Mackin- non. Changes in the building caused the removal of the office to Harkness court. In October, 1873, Peter J. Trumpler en- tered the partnership, making it Rey- nolds, Mackinnon & Trumpler, and the Office was again moved, this time to 9 Calendar street. Here the firm printed the "Christian Union" for a man named Nickerson, and the "Daily Chronicle" for James Hanrahan. In 1875 another mov- ing carried the office to Washington row, where the Journal office formerly had been. Here the Sunday Dispatch, the first Sunday newspaper published in Providence, was printed in its most pros- perous days. In 187 8 the office reverted to Mr. M. M. Reynolds, wlio moved it to East Greenwich and continued to con- duct it there until February, 1884, when it pas.sed into other hands. Mr. Reynolds took up his residence in Davisville and for a time was interested in woolen manu- facturing tliere. He is now in ijusiness in I'rovidence, but resides in Davisville. PHILIP RICHARDS — Born Montreal, Canada ; learned printing in Fall River Mass. ; admitted to Providence Union by card Api-il, 1900, and worked in this city on the Journal and News until summer of 1904, wlien he went to Montreal in search of health. HERBERT SIOLLEIl RICHARDSON— Born Leeds, England, April 10, 1872; learned printing in offices of A. Sutcliffe Co., Henry Doyle and V. V. Sibley & Co., Pawtucket ; worked in r'ro\idence shice 1901 ; was admitted to the Union by card May 25, 1902; now employed at Frank- lin Press Co. JOHN W. RILEY — Born England July 5, 1875; learned printing with J. A. & R. A. Reid in Providence, and worked in that office and at E. A. Johnson's from 1892 to 1900; now located in New York city. STEPHEN J. RILEY — Born Provi- dence Sept. 17, 1870; learned printing in office of Whittemore & Coltaurn, begin- ning in 1885; initiated into Providence Union ; worked in Central Falls at E. L. Freeman's and in this city on the Jour- nal ; now employed on Evening Tribune as linotype operator. WILLIAM H. RINGWOOD — Born Chat- ham, N. Y., June 21, 1874; learned print- ing in office of Chatham Republican, be- ginning in 1890; initiated into Albany (N. Y.) Union in 1895; joined Providence Union by card June 26, 1904 ; was em- ployed at Snow & Farnham's. THOMAS EDWARD RITCHIE — Born South Andover, Mass., Aug. 26, 1873; learned printing with Angell & Co., this city, beginning in 1885 ; initiated into Providence Union April 5, 1888; at the latter date the owners of the Morning Dispatch had acquired the business of Angell & Co. and were issuing the paper from No. 5 Washington row. In 1890 Mr. Ritchie enlisted in the U. S. Army. His regiment, the 18th Infantry, was sta- tioned at Fort Clark, Te.\as. During the winter of 1891 his company was as- signed the duty of breaking up a noto- rious gang of cattle thieves, located on the Rio Grande. After being honorably discharged from the 18th Infantry lie enlisted with the 1st H. A., stationed at Fort Barrancas, Fla., wliere he served his term as a bugler. He served thiough- out the entire Spanish-American war and was in the battles that took place fit Guantonamo, Cuba. In 1899 Mr. Ritchie returned to printing and has since worked in Newport on tlie llorald. in Attleboro on the Sun and on the Providence Eve- ning Tribiuie. CARL CONRAD ROBB— Born Copen- liagen, Denmai'k, June 11, 1865; learned Iirinting in that city and has worked at the business in 16 of tlie principal cities of Europe, viz. : C^ipenhagen, Clu-istiania, Stockholm, Hamburg, Berlin. Diesden. Leipzic, Frank fort-on-t he-Ma in. Antwerp, Zurich, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Paris, Aberdeen and London ; admitted by card to Providence Union Jan. 2 7, 1901 ; worked on the Evening Bulletin for sev- eral years ; now a master printer HARRY WOUH^TT ROHIUNS— Born Versliire, N't, Jan 31, 1S83; learned print- ing at Ballston Spa, N Y., beginning in 1897; was student at Brown University and also worked in Providence in 1906- '07 ; now at Saratoga Springs. N. Y. THE JOURNEYMEN LXXIII ALEXANDER MARSHALL ROBERT- SON — Born Fall River, Mass., June 5, 1836 ; served a five-year apprenticeship in the office of the Fall River Monitor, of which Henry Pratt was proprietor, be- ginning July 14, 1850 ; commenced work in Providence in July, 18.56, "in the job and book office of Knowles, Anthony & Co., located in the Washington building, on Washington row, on the floor above that occupied by the Journal newspaper, to which establishment it had formerly wholly belonged, but then only partially." Since then he has worked in most of the book and job offices of the city, and for a number of years on the Evening Bul- letin. Mr. Robertson is an 1857 charter member of Providence Typographical Union, was Vice President in 1869 and President in 1877 and 1878. He has been a resident of Lakewood, R. I., for a num- ber of years. GEORGE ROBERTSON — Born Smith- field, R. I., July 10, 1828, and died of softening of the brain in a Worcester insane asylum Aug. 16, 1888 ; he began to learn printing in 1812 in the office of the Fall River Monitor (Tripp & Pratt) ; was initiated into Providence Union Aug. 10, 1867 ; worked on the Worcester Spy, Woonsocket Patriot, New Bedford Stand- ard and Fall River News. In 1859 he started the Fall River Journal, a weekly paper, issued "simultaneously in Rhode Island and Massachusetts," and in 187 8 the New Bedford Signal, which he con- tinued until his health failed. He was brother of Wm. S. Robertson, publisher of the Fall River Monitor, and of A. M. Robertson of Lakewood. J. W. ROBERTSON (Cigarette Bill) — Born San Francisco Oct. 25 ,1855 ; learned printing at Harper Bros., New York, be- ginning in 1868; worked in Boston and New York for many years ; admitted by card to Providence Union June 26, 1904. CHARLES H. ROBINSON — Born Greenville, O., Aug. 25, 1858 ; learned printing in Washington, D. C, beginning in 1875 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the June meeting, 1888, and worked in this city during that summer ; now located in New York city, holding card 2632, and is a member of St. John's M. E. Church GEORGE W. ROBINSON — Born Waterford, Ireland, April 26, 1865 ; ap- prenticed Sept. 3, 1877, in Waterford; initiated in 1884 into Society of Com- positors of Dublin, Ireland ; worked in Providence in 1891 for a month, and again in 1905 at Livermore & Knight's ; admitted to Providence Union at August meeting, 1905 ; worked in various Boston and Brockton offices previous to 1905. NELSON J. RODGBRS — Born Balti- more, Md., Oct. 19, 1860 ; learned print- ing in Baltimore, beginning in 1876 ; ad- mitted by card to Providence Union July, 1886; worked on Journal; now employed on Boston Globe. JOHN ROGERS— Born Glasgow, Scot- land, June 17, 1857 ; learned printing in office of Eastern Chronicle, published at New Glasgow, Nova Scotia ; came to Providence in 1875 and began work on the Journal ; has since worked on Tele- gram, Star and Press and in most of the job and book offices of the city ; initiated into No. 33 April 15, 1883. CHARLES ROLFE — Born England in 1841 ; he learned printing in that coun- try ; came to Providence in the summer of 1871, depositing in No. 33 Aug. 12 of that year a travelling card from the London Society of Compositors, and began work on the Star and Press ; he also occasionally worked on the Herald, and in the fall accepted a regular situation on the Journal, which he retained until March, 1872, when he went to the Boston Globe, under the foremanship of Robert P. Boss. Mr. Rolfe has been viith the Globe ever since and is now its night foreman, EDWARD P. ROLLINS — Died Hart- ford, Conn., Feb. 19, 1903, aged 62 years. He was initiated into Providence Union Sept. 11, 1869, and his card was received at the first meeting of the reorganized Union, April 8, 1883; had worked in manj- cities of the United States ; was Presi- dent of Columbus (Ohio) Union, No. 5. Burial was in the printers' lot at Hartford. HUGH ROONEY — Died Hartford, Conn. ; he was admitted by card to Providence Union at the November meeting, 1886. ALFRED J. ROSE (son of E. B. Rose) — Born Providence in 1869; after gradu- ating from high school he began work in the proofroom of the Journal in 1888, and later learned to operate a linotype ; joined No. 33 June 30, 1895 ; in 1907 he estab- lished a jobbing business in jewelry which has been successful. EDWARD B. ROSE — Born East Green- wich, R. I., in 184 2 ; he attended the pub- lic schools in Bristol and began to learn printing in the office of the Phoenix of that town in 1857 ; on becoming a jour- neyman he worked in Fall River, Mass.. on the News ; in Dover, N. H., on the Gazette, and in Providence on the Post and Evening Press, joining No. 33 Jan. 11, 1862. In 1863 he enlisted in the navy and was appointed hospital steward on the sloop-of-war Vandalia ; he resigned in 1864, shipped again as landsman, was promoted to doctor's steward, and served until July 11, 1865. He then returned to the printing trade and Providence, and became foreman of the Herald. In 1872, when the Boston Globe was started, he accepted the position of assistant fore- man on that paper. Before leaving the Herald he was presented with a solid gold LXXIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE chain and a Masonic keystone witli the Masonic emblems of the various decrees he liad passed throiigrh. In 1S73 he re- turned to tlie foremansliip of tlie Herald, and in the spring of that year, when the paper suspended, he went to the Journal. In three weeks he was made assistant foreman and later foreman, holding the latter position about 16 years. In 1S89. on account of sickness, he became a day assistant, which position he now holds. In the 34 years of his work on the Journal he has handled nearly all the advertise- ments that have been published in that paper, especially the "legals," and with very few errors. Mr. Rose is an honor- ary member of St. John's Lodge, No. 1, A. F. and A. M.. of Portsmouth, N H ; Providence Royal Arch Chapter of Ma- sons ; Providence Lodge, K. of H. ; Cal- vary Commandery, K. T. ; Westminster Lodge of Odd Fellows ; honorary member of Daughters of Rebekah Lodge. LESTER E. ROSS — Was admitted by card to Providence Union July 9. 1870; he was publisher of the Sun in 1876, when it became a daily. ARTHUR H. ROSSALL — Born Roch- dale, England, May 8, 1870; served his apprenticeship with his uncle, John R. Cort, on the Webster Weekly Times ; af- terward worked in Southbridge and Attle- boro, Mass. ; "made up" the first edition of the Attleboro Daily Sun ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 31. 1890. and worked in this city on the Telegram until the lockout on that paper during the fore- manship of Clarke, when he refused to surrender his Union card as the price of retaining a situation ; went to Boston and held cases from life to death of the Bos- ton News. In 1894 he returned to Web- ster and was editor of the Times for six years; in 1890 returned to Boston and worked on the Journal, where he learneej to operate the linotype ; soon after he received a civil service appointment for the Government Printing Office at Wash- ington, where he is now located. CHARLES J. ROTHEMICH — Born Providence in 18S0; learned ti-ade of lino- type machinist on Evening Telegram, be- ginning in 1S96; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 26, 1900; at present employed on the News- Democrat. THOMAS M. ROUNDS— Died Provi- dence April 22, 1892, in the 74th year of liis age ; he learned printing in the office of Knowles & Vose, and was a journey- man on the Journal in 184.5-'47. Member of Common t'ouncil of the city of Provi- dence from the Fourth Ward 1867 to 1S69 and in 1876; from tlie Sixtli Ward 1877 to 1882 and 1886 to 1888. ANGELO RUFFO— Horn .Naples, Italy, April 13, 1864; learne 1 luinting in New York city, beginning in ISiUI; ijublisheii tlie Hai-lcm Couriei-, an Italian weekly Iiaiici-. in New Ydvh Uiv nine years ; also in the same city L'Araldo Italiano, daily ; worked in Providence on I'Bco ; admitted to Providence Union in January, 1906 ; now a master printer in this city. ANNA RUSHLOW (Miss) — Born 1877; learned printing at Phillip & Casey's, Rouse's Point, N. Y., beginning irt 1891 ; initiated into Lowell Union, No. 310 ; ad- mitted to Providence Union by card Feb. 7, 1904. THOMAS RUSHTON — Born Coventry, EIngland, May 19, 1832. When a boy of 9, he came to New York with his father, where they remained a year. He dis- tinctly remembered seeing President Tyler and the ceremonies attending the intro- duction of the Croton water into New York. Returning to England, at the age of 14 he began to learn printing. At the end of seven years he became a journey- man and also a freeman of his native city. That is to say, anyone who has served seven years at a trade, appearing before the mayor of the city and having the fact certified to by his employer, is made a freeman of the city with certain special privileges. Thus at the time of his death Mr. Rushton was nearly eligible to a pen- sion of $1.50 a week. Working at his trade for a time in England, he again came to America, this time settling In Providence in 1863, where he worked on the Press until 1868, when he returned to the old country. After a year's absence he returned to Providence, working on the Press again, and later on the Star. In 1872 he removed to Boston, finding em- ployment on the Globe. In 1881 he took a vacation of six months, travelling in England and on the continent. He then returned to his work on the Globe, and the rest of his life was uneventful. In 1898 his health failed perceptibly, and after a short illness he passed away on Nov. 19, 1900, at the age of 68 years and 6 months. He left a widow and two children. One of them, Thomas Rushton, is employed on the Globe ; the other is the wife of R. W. Townsend, also an employe of the Globe. While in Providence Mr. Rushton was a fre(iuent contributor in prose and verse to the Evening Press of that city. JAMES H. RUSSELL — Born Providence Jan. 14, 18.t9; learned printing at office of Franklin Printing Co., beginning in 1876; was foi-eman of the Telegram until the strike in 1889; foreman of the Paw- tucket Times for five years ; worked sev- eral years on the Weekly Visitor; now assistant foreman of Worcester Telegram. He was initiated into Providence Union April 8, 1883, and has held many import- ant offices in it, including that of I. T. U. delegate in 1888. JOHN F. RUSSELI., — Born Providence Aug. 2.'), 1886; learned printing on Eve- ning Bulletin, beginning March 10, 1902; initiated into Providence Union at the Mai eh met ting, 1906; now employed on IO\'eiiiiig I'.ulletin THE JOURNEYMEN LXXV E. J. RYAN — Born Hartford, Conn., July 10, 1845 ; learned printing in that city; worked in Providence in 1867; was bankman on the Hartford Post in 1905. GEORGE F. RYAN — Born New York city in 1846 ; began to worlt at printing in Warren, R. I. ; initiated into Providence Typographical Union Nov. 11, 1865; since 1868 has been in the employ of the Rum- ford Chemical Works as foreman of its printing department and has superin- tended its growth from tlie beginning. It is now probably one of tlie largest private printing plants in this country. JAMES S. RYAN (Big Injun) — Born Vergennes, Vt., Feb. 28, 1833 ; learned printing in the office of tlie Vergennes Vermonter, beginning Nov. 9, 1848 ; initi- ated into Providence Union Oct. 10, 1868 ; worked in this city from that date to 1876 at various times ; was located in Hartford, Conn., in 1904. Mr. Ryan writes : "Can't tliink of any reminiscences ; all old stories, some true and some lies, but told so often I most believe some of them myself." JOHN CROIL RYAN— Died Boston May 7, 1901, aged 53 years. He was born in Montreal, where he learned print- ing. He came to Providence, worked on the Journal, and was a member of No. 33 previous to 1877 ; later he worked on the Star and Press and for a time at Gorham's Silver Works ; he had worked some years in Boston just previous to his death. MARVIN M. RYAN — Was drowned at Bullock's Point Sunday, Aug. 16, 1874. He was of a sailing party of three, and about 5:30 p. m. went swimming alone. He swam under water a short distance, came up and struck out for the boat. As he neared it, it was noticed that he was looking very badly in the face, and one of his companions, asking him if he was tired, reached out an oar for him to take hold of. Tlie oar touched his shoul- der, when he pushed it away with his hand, and, turning around as if to swim out again, he sank and did not come up. His companions made no attempt to re- cover the body, but brought his clothing to the Third Police Station in this city and reported the fatality. The body was found Aug. 19 and brought to Providence by friends, who attended to the burial. Mr. Ryan was born in Cliarlestown, Mass., in 1821. He was initiated into Providence Union April 18, 1857. He possessed abili- ties as a compiler of almanacs and as a writer that made him very useful outside the lines of his trade. In this city he worked cliiefly at A. Crawford Greene's. He served in a Massachusetts regiment In the Civil war. WILLIAM H. RYAN — Born East Provi- dence Sept. 6, 1876 ; learned printing with Marion Printing Co.. beginning Oct. 1, 1891 ; initiated into Providence Union Dec. 29, 1901. VICTOR L. RYBERG — Born Providence Dec. 11, 1886 ; learned printing with Standard Printing Co., beginning in 1902 ; joined effort for eight-hour day in April, 1906 ; now located in Providence. Initiated Into Providence Union on Dates Named: JAMES T. RAFFERTY, March 26, 1893. Killed on railroad near Pittsburg, Pa. ; learned trade on Dispatch and Journal. GEORGE H. RAMSDEN, Dec. 3, 1884. In New York citv. CHARLES RATTHIE, July 25, 1886. IRA G. RAWSON, December, 1892. JOHN C. RAWSON, May 9, 1868. N. L. REEVES, May 9, 1868. JOHN F. REILLY, Nov. 8, 1862. NICHOLAS J. REILLY, July 26, 1903. PATRICK REILLY (stereotyper) , Aug. 25, 1889. Died in this city. WILLIAM H. REILLY, Jan. 25, 1885. FRANCIS W. RHODES. Dec. 9. 1865. B. J. RING, April 5, 1888. In Colorado. WILLIAM RILEY, Feb. 25, 1900. GEORGE J. F. ROBINSON, Dec. 11, 1869. THOMAS C. ROBINSON, April 5,1888. JOHN ROGERS (b), Jan. 29, 1893. PETER RONAN. May 4, 1857. EDWIN W. ROPER, May 27, 1883. R. W. ROXBURGH, Oct. 29, 1887; also March 31, 1901. WILLIAM H. RUSH. July 5, 1885. Learned trade on Evening Telegram. MARTIN RYAN, Oct. 14, 1864. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: GEORGE F. RAND, Aug. 27, 1884. FRED E. RAUFF, July 28, 1895. L. W. REED, July, 1888. L. H. REESE, from Norwich, Nov. 13. 1869. THOMAS REESE, May 10, 1873. DANIEL REGAN. May, 1887. THOMAS E. REGAN, Aug. 10. 1872. DAVID REID, March, 1886 ; August, 1888. BERNARD REYNOLDS, member in 1877. JAMES W. REYNOLDS. March 27, 1904. C. W. RIANHARDT, Sept. 30, 1900. STEPHEN RICE, Sept. 14. 1872. LEE RILEY, Nov. 30, 1890. Swift lino- type operator. In New York city in 1907. " ED. P. ROACH, June, 1888. JAMES ROACH, Dec. 28, 1890; Feb. 27, 1898 C. W. ROBINSON. Sept. 14, 1872. GEORGE D. ROBINSON, Sept. 14, 1872. J. H. B. ROBINSON. November, 1888. JOHN ROBINSON ("Shorty Rob"). April 22, 1883 ; was assistant foreman of Journal. JOHN E. ROBERTS, March, 1889. C. A. ROCHFORT. November, 1886. G. H. RODDY. July 1. 1883. JENNIE ROGERS (Miss) , Nov. 30, 1902. ROBERT W. ROGERS, July 9. 1870. CHARLES ROSS, Sept. 27, 1891. J. B. ROSS. Feb. 27, 1884 ; worked on Journal. THOMAS J. RUSSELL, Feb. 28, 1892. LXXVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Natnes Found in Directory : JOHN RANDALL — 1828 worked at Patriot office ; 1830 at Journal office ; 1832 at 25 Marleen with E. L. Freeman & Sons, Central Falls. JOHN II S1ILI>IVAN — Born Providence June II, !S()9; learned iirinting on the Evening Bulletin, beginning Sept. 6, 1887 ; initiated into Providence Union Aug. 31, 1890; has been a linotype operator on tha Journal and Evening Bulletin since com- pleting his apprenticeship. ROBERT EMMET SULLIVAN — Born Providence Jan. 23, 1881 ; served part of apprenticeship in office of Evening Bulle- tin ; initiated into Providence L^nion June 28, 1903. EDWARD A. SUTCLIFFE— Born Cen- tral Falls, R. I. ; died Pawtucket, R. I., Nov. 1, 1903, aged 37 years; initiated into Providence LTnion June 24, 1888. His father was also a printer. BENONI SWEET — Born Coventry, R. I., March 16, 1840; learned printing in Phe- nix, R. I., on the Kent County Atlas, the first newspaper published in that county, beginning in 18.')2; John B. Lincoln was editor and proprietor ; worked in Provi- dence since 1866; initiated into No. 33 Dec. 11, 1869. Mr. Sweet has been famous as a tight rope walker. He is at present "Sweet, the Printer, 862 Broad street." EVERETT H. SWEET— Born Worces- ter, Mass., August, 1858; died San Pedro, Cal., August, 1893 ; learned printing in Providence, beginning 1879. J. W. SWEET — Admitted to Providence Union by card in 1877 and withdrew it the same year. He had travelled extensively and spent several years in California. NEWTON J. SWEET— Born Attleboro. Mass., June 21, 1860; learned printing in Attleboro, beginning in 1877; worked in Providence in 1880 ; bought Attleboro Ad- vocate January, 1881, as E. H. Sweet & Co. ; started Attleboro Daily Sun Septem- ber, 1889; now with L. Sweet & Co., lum- ber dealers, Providence. ARTHUR H. SWIFT — Born 1874; learned pi'intiug with Lee & Upham, Paw- tucket, beginning 1891 ; admitted to Provi- dence Union by card May 31, 1896 ; worked on Evening Telegram and as foreman at Pentecostal Printing Co. and Franklin Press; also on Moosup (C^inn. ) Journal; now foreman Bi'istol Plicenix. Initiated Into Providence Union on Dates Named: THO.MAS D. SWEETLAND, Nov. 9. 1S72. J. E. SAGE. December, 1892. HARRY L. SAUNDERS, Nov. 27. 1892. h\ A. SAWYER, March 27, 1887; also by citrd Jaiuiarv. 1889. FRANK SAVLES, Oct. 27. 1889 (press- man ). W. A. SEIMS. Feb. 27. 1898. A. E. SENTER. May 10. 1862. WILLIAM SIMMONDS (a). Feb. 28. 1886. IIIR.XM I'\ SM.VRT. Dec. 11, 1869. .M'crSTUS SMITH, JR., Jan. 29, 1893. D. II. Sl'OaXlOIl. Jan. 11, 1873. THE JOURNEYMEN LXXXIII CHRISTOPHER SPRATT, April 20, 188S. GEORGE F. STACKPOLE, April 2 it, 1888. Reported died in Newark, N. J. WILLIAM A. STEERE, June 30, 1896. ROBERT H. STUBBS, Sept. 28, 1898. ALBERT R. STURDY, Jan. 14, 1871. CHARLES STREKER, April 8, 1874. CHARLES H. STREKER, Jan. 31, 1892. Member of Providence police force. M. E. E. SWEET, April 5, 1888. WILLIAM T. SWINNERTON, Dec. 9, 1871. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: G. W. SAUNDERS, August, 1886; Oc- tober, 1886. C. E. SAYBRS, April 26, 1896. J. W. SCHURR, April, 1886. D. A. SCRIVER, October, 1886. JOHN O. SEBIRE, June 30, 1901 ; Dec. 29, 1901. Located at Wakefield, R. I., in 1906. WILLIAM SEXTON, May. 1886. EDWARD R. SEYMOUR, Nov. 28, 1897. CHARLES E. SHARKEY, April 23, 1892. DANIEL SHEA, May 29, 1898. JOHN SHERIDAN, May 31, 1891. HUGH J. SHEPARD, May 26, 189.5. T. P. SHERMAN, Dec. 27, 1891. JAMES A. SHERRILL, Sept. 30, 1883; April 23, 1892. R. C. SHERWOOD, Dec. 27, 1903. G. R. SHORT, September, 1886. FRANK SKINNER, April 30, 1884. D. W. SLOAN, May 29, 1894. ARTHUR O. SMALL, Aug. 29, 1897. A. G. SMITH, from. New York July 11, 1868. C. H. SMITH, May 28, 1884. Reported dead. FREMONT SMITH. July 1, 1883. HAMILTON SMITH, Sept. 10. 1870. STEPHEN G. SMITH, June 10, 186.j. WILLIAM A. SMITH, June 25, 1884. THOMAS S. SNEATH, Aug. 27, 1884.- A. M. SNIDER, September, 1886. R. H. SPARKS, June, 1888. Reported dead. SAMUEL SPENCER, Oct. 9, 1869. HARRY C. SPRAGUE, May 31, 1891. JAMES STEELE. July 9, 1870. FRANK A. STERETT, September, 1888. FRDERICK STILL, from Utica, May 11, 1872. WILLIAM STOCK, Sept. 24, 1899. JOSEPH F. STONE, September, 1883. FRANK W. STRETTON, September, SIMON S. SULLIVAN, May 29. 1892. W. J. SULLIVAN, Aug. 8, 1874. Names Found in Directory: FREDERICK SCHUBERT — 18.56. WILLIAM W. SHAW — 1841 and 1850 at 15 Market square; 1847 at Transcript office. WALTER SCOTT SHERMAN — 184 4 at 18 Cove street. WILLIAM F. SHORT — 1824 at Journal office; 1850 ( S. ) at 15 Market .square; 1S54 (F. ) at Journal office. JOSEPH SIMMONS — 1844 at 93 Paw- tuxet street. SYLVESTER SIMMONS— 1 847. JOSIAH SNOW— 1828. WILLIAM S. SPEAR — 1824 and 1826 over Market square. JAMES G. SPOONER — 1844. ROBERT STILES — 1853 at 84 West- minster street. WILLIAM SWEET— 184 4. WILLIAM B. SWEET 1863. Printers Known to Have Worked Here: JOHN A. SCOTT — Initiation fee re- turned by the Union October, 1884. SETH SIMMONS — 1845 worked on Journal. EUGENE F. SHIELDS — Learned trade on Evening Press and immediately retired to go into restaurant business. Deceased. WILLIAM SPENCER — Name in 1870 constitution. FREDERICK STROBRIDGE — Learned trade on Republican Herald. E. SULLIVAN — 1856 worked on Jour- nal. BENJAMIN H. SUTTON — 1855 and later ; pressman on Post and Herald. BOWEN A. SWEET — 1856 worked on Journal ; member of Providence Union previous to 1865. WILLIAM K. SWEET— Served in 1st Light Battery and Battery A, 1st L. A., during Civil war. E. FRED TAYLOR — Applied for mem- bership in New Bedford Union September, 1898. He claimed to have worked In Providence on the Visitor. JAMES A. TAYLOR — Died Detroit, Mich.. Feb. 9, 1906, aged 47 years. He was admitted to Providence Union by card Nov. 12, 1884; was well known in Chicago, where he had been an adman on the Inter-Ocean for a number of years. WILLIAM S. TENNANT — Born South Killingly. Conn., July 1, 1877; learned printing with T. S. Hammond, beginnin,^- in 1894 ; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 26, 1902. IRA N. TEW — Born Taunton, Mass., Jan. 23, 1857. At 15 years of age he went to the trade in the office of the Daily Gazette, Taunton, Mass., and tinished in the office of the Bristol County Republi- can, serving seven years in all. Came to Providence Journal in May, 1881. where he has worked continuously since as com- positor and proofreader. Member of King David Lodge of Masons, Taunton. Alass.. and also of the Masonic Veteran Associa- tion of Rhode Island. Became member of Providence Typographical Union Dec. 27, 1885. JEREMIAH N. THOMAS— Born Wick- ford, R. L, in 1836; dietl North Provi- dence Feb. 9, 1871, aged 35 years, 9 months and 5 days. He worked on the Daily Post in this' city, at A. Crawford Greene's and was foreman of Hammond LXXXIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE & Angell's book room. He was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857 and its first treasurer. BENJAMIN THOMPSON — Born St. liOuis, Mo., in 1860; learned printing in tiiat city, beginning in 1877 ; worked in Providence in 1888-"89 at Reid's ; located at Ritzville, Washington, in 1904. CLIFFORD THOMPSON — Born Charles- ton, S. C, Oct. 4, 1879; le-arned printing in that city ; worked on Providence Eve- ning Telegram in the fall of 1905 ; now located in Charleston ; delegate to Hot Springs convention 1907 from Charleston Union, No. 43 ; also its financial secretary in 1907. J. S. THOMPSON — Represented Chicago Union in the national conventions of 1858 and 1866, held in Chicago, and represented Providence Union by proxy. He conducted a job office in Chicago until his death. W. E. THOMPSON — Born Attleboro, Mass. ; learned printing in the office of the Advocate, published in that town, be- ginning July 6, 1884 ; worked in Provi- dence at J. A. & R. A. Reid's in 1886; was initiated into No. .33 May 27. 1888; now foreman of the Pawtucket Times. FRANK W. THURBER — Born Woon- socket, R. I. ; learned printing in that city on the Reporter, beginning in 1875 ; initiated into Providence Union April 30, 1884; worked here in 1880-'81. Mr. Thur- ber was the first President of Woon- socket Typographical Union, holding the office two years. PHILIP F. TIERNEY — Born 1872; learned printing on Evening Telegram, be- ginning in 1891 ; applied for admission to Providence Union May 28, 1905 ; partici- pated in the effort for the eight-hour dav in 1906. JOHN TIGER — Died Fort Wayne, Ind. ; he was admitted to Providence Union by card Oct. 12, 1874. HENRY TILDEN — Died Providence Dec. 31, 1883, in his 76th year. He was working at printing in this city in 1856; for a time he conducted a job printing office on Weybosset street and later on Westminster street, near Turk's Head. WILLIAM C^OaCxESHALL TJLLEY — Born Newport, R. I., Jan. 20, 1815; died Providence Aug. 23, 1878. He learned the trade of printer in Newport, and at one time published the Republican in that city in comii;iny witli William Callahan, undei- the lirm name of Callahan & Tilley. In IS 17 he was marine reporter for tlie Providence Journal; 1853 on the Dail.\- Post; 1857 he was a Custom House officer. He was buried at Newport. CHARLES TILLINGHAST— Was killed at battle of New))erne, N. C, March 1 1. 1862; he enlisted Sept. 20, ISGl, and w.i.s captain Co. H, 4th R. I. Vols. Before the war lie worked at printing in this cit.v. HENRY L. TILLINGHAST — Died Provi- dence Feb. 25, 1862, aged 29 years. In 1850 he was a member of the firm of Hill, Murphy & Tillinghast, pul)lishers of the Constellation, at 15 Maiket S(iuare. His name is on the 1857 charter of Provi- dence Union. JOHN TILLINGHAST — Died Provi- dence Sept. 2, 1876, in his 68th year, at 44 Chestnut street. He worked on the Journal in 1845 and later in various print- ing offices in this city. ROBERT TINING — Died Providence Sept. 9, 1898, of consumption, aged 32 years. He was initiated into Providence Union July 25, 1886. WILLIS TOBIE — Born Providence, R. I., March 21, 1874. Began to learn the printing trade at Post office in Pawtucket March 4, 1896, finishing in the Providence Journal office in 1900. During his appren- ticeship he enlisted for the Spanish war in Battery A, 1st R. I. V. A., April 25, 1898, and was mustered out Oct. 25 of the same year. He has been employed in the Journal office since finishing his ap- prenticeship. SEABURY SOULE TOMPKINS — Died Pawtucket, R. I., April 10, 1894, aged 62 years, 1 month and 2 8 days. He was born in that town and at the age of 15 was apprenticed to the printing business in the Gazette and Chronicle office under Robert Sherman. In 1855 and later he was compositor and ship news collector on the Providence Post. March 12, 1864, he was initiated into Providence LTnion. Mr. Tompkins worked at his trade in Phila- delphia several years, and from that city, between the >'ears 1871 and 1874, he wrote a series of letters under tlie title of "Rhode Islander" for the Gazette and Chronicle. He returned to Pawtucket in the latter year and worked in the com- posing room of the Providence Journal until 1875, when he became Pawtucket cori-espondent of the Press and Star, re- taining that position until those papers suspended. When the Pawtucket Times was started he became a local reporter on tliat paper, and was also correspond- ent for Pawtucket for the Boston Sunday Herald. He continued active newspaper work until about one year before his death. WILLIAM E. TOURTELLOT — Born Woonsocket July 26, 1847. He learned printing in the office of the Woonsocket Patriot, beginning in 1863; initiated into Providence Union Oi't. 10, 1868; worked nil the Evening Press and Journal until iss.i, when he went to New Bedford. where lie is at present employeil in the ottitc n{ the IC\e!iiiig Standard. .lOlIN F. TRACV — Ap|)Iiertis- ing Agency ; Louis P. Clark, manufactur- ing jeweler ; William M. Peckham, Over- seer of the Poor, Pawtucket ; Henry R. Davis, secretary of the Journal (^o., and James Muspratt. Mr. Trumpler after- ward accepted the foreman.slilp of llie pressroom of the Evening Press and later was assistant foreman of the composing room of that paper, where he remained until 1872, when, in partnership with Charles E. Burchfleld. he established a printing office and began the publication of "Yours." Afterward he printed the "Odd Fellows Register," the first and only official organ of the Grand Lodge of Rliode Island, I. O. O. F. The office was located at the corner of Orange and Westminster streets. In 1873 he entered a partnership known as Reynolds, Mac- kinnon & Trumpler, uniting two printing offices. It was located in the Calender building, Sabin street. Later he retired from the firm and was connected with the Sunday Transcript. From 1880 to 1889 Mr. Trumpler was business manager of the Evening Telegram, and in that posi- tion demonstrated remarkable ability. A great portion of the success of the Tele- gram during that period was due to the efforts of Mr. Trumpler. In 1890, in part- nership with David O. Black, the Paw- tucket Evening Times was purchased of George O. Willard. A modern newspa- per equipment was installed in the Times office and another remarkable success was achieved in Pawtucket. The Times was sold to a Providence syndicate in 1904. In May, 1906, Mr. Trumpler assumed the business management of the Providence News, changed the name to that of the News-Democrat, and caused the paper to espouse the cause of clean government. Mr. Trumpler was the victim of an un- fortunate automobile accident in October, 1906, which has compelled him practically to retire from his accustomed activity. He was initiated into Providence Typo- graphical Union, No. 33, Dec. 12, 1868. and wlien he became an employing printer his name was placed on its honorary roll. FREDERICK J. TULLY— Born Provi- dence Aug. 12, 1876 ; began as apprentice in the office of the Telegram March, 1892 : admitted to the Union April, 1896; at present employed as operator in the com- posing room of the Journal. W. H. TUPPER — Born Kankakee, 111.. July 10, 1864; learned printing in that city and Joliet, 111., beginning in 1876 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the October meeting. 1886; in Seattle, Wash., in 1904. ANDREW TITRNBULL— Born Prince Edward Island in 1853; learned printing In Fredericton, N. B., beginning in 1865; worked in Providence in 1880; at present in Wasliington, D. C. GEORGE W. TURNER— Born Middle- town, N. Y., in 1862; began to learn printing in that town, Hnisliing his ap- prenticeship on the Providence Journal : was initiated into Providence Union April 8, 1883; now located in New York city. THOMAS W. TURNER— Born Middle- town, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1860; learned print- THE JOURNEYMEN LXXXVII ing trade on the Providence Journal, be- ginning in 1872 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Marcli 2 7, 1884 ; has been an extensive traveller ; visited Providence in May, 1904. WALTER S. TURNEY — Born Provi- dence Nov. 28, 1866 ; learned printing in the office of J. A. & R. A. Reid, begin- ning in 1884. At the outbreak of the Spanish war he enlisted in the 1st R. I. Vol. Inf., May 2, 1898 ; commissioned second lieutenant May 10, 1898, and remained with the regiment until it was mustered out, March 31, 1899. He was initiated into Providence Union March 31, 1901. DENNIS A. TYRRELL — Born Provi- dence May 18, 1869 ; learned printing at office of E. A. Johnson & Co., beginning in 1885, where he is at present employed; initiated into No. 33 June 26, 1892. Initiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: CHARLES R. TEXIDO, Feb. 26, 1893. Admitted to Union Printers' Home from New York city Jan. 13, 1906, then 65 years. CHARLES THOMPSON, Jan. 11, 1868. H. L. THOMPSON, Feb. 28, 1886. R. F. THOMPSON. Sept. 13, 1862. FREDERICK TIDMARSH (stereo- typer), Feb. 26, 1888. Died suddenly in Boston in 1907. JOSIE M. TILLINGHAST (Miss), Jan. 31, 1886. JOHN TONER, Feb. 26, 1893. Admitted bp Card on Dates Named: THOMAS TEED, April 30, 1884. Re- ported in Nova Scotia. W. R. TEMPLEMAN, June, 1886. Now employed on Boston American. O. P. THOMPSON, February, 1886. J. C. TODMAN, August, 1889. F. H. TOWNE, Dec. 18, 1892. WILLIAM J. TRAINOR. March 27, 1884. H. H. TUCKER, from Harrisburg, Pa., Nov. 13, 1869. H. W. TURRELL, from Louisville, Ky., Oct. 12, 1867. Names Pound in Directory : DAVID B. TAYLOR— 1844 to 1856 worked at Journal office. BENJAMIN P. THURBER — 1832; (widow's name in Directory, 1841). CHRISTOPHER E. THURSTON — 1850 worked at Republican Herald office. STEPHEN H. TILLINGHAST — 1860. MILES B. TOBEY — ^1828 worked at Canal Market; 1830 at 12 Market square. Printers Known to Have Worked Here: JOHN TANNER — On Telegram in the 80's. JAMES THOMPSON — At R. I. Print- ing Co. JACK TRIPP — Worked on Journal; murdered in New York. SAMUEL ULMAN — Born Milwaukee, Wis., Sept. 1, 1861. He learned the print- ing trade on the Herold, a German paper published in that city, beginning in 1874. His first work in Providence was on the Telegram, March 26, 1904, and he was admitted to membership in the Union at the meeting next day. LESTER W. UPHAM — Born Pawtucket June 22, 1858 ; learned printing in Provi- dence, beginning in 1878 ; worked here until 1880; senior partner of Chronicle Printing Co., Pawtucket, R. I., in 1907. CHARLES UREN— Initiated into Provi- dence Union Feb. 26, 1893. LYMAN UPHAM (Deputy Sheriff) — Learned the printing trade. ALBERT M. VANCE — Born Provi- dence July 9, 1867 ; learned printing at Rumford Chemical Works, where he is now employed ; has worked at Livermore & Knight's and Snow & Farnham's. WILLIAM HENRY VINAL — Born Sul- livan county, N. Y.. Oct. 10, 1856; learned printing in office of Providence Press Co., beginning in March, 1873 ; worked in Providence until 189 8, with J. A. & R. A. Reid nine years and Snow & Farnham four years ; initiated into No. 33 April 5, 1888; located at Jamaica Plain, Mass., in 1904. NATHAN HULL VINCENT — Born Westerly, R. L, Sept. 24, 1866 ; learned printing on the New York Tribune, be- ginning in 1888 ; worked on the Provi- dence Journal as a linotype operator ; now employed on the New York Tribune. JOHN W. VOSE — Died Providence Nov. 12, 1847, in his 37th year. His name appears in the Directory of 1832 as a printer. Feb. 1, 1839, he became a partner with Joseph Knowles in publish- ing the Journal and continued in the firm until his death. Initiated Into Providence Union on Dates Named: HERMAN VAN VECHTER, July 9, 1870. J. H. VBRDINE. July 29, 1888. Died at Howard, R. I., October, 1907. Admitted by Card on Dates Named: , ED. S. VANCE, October, 1888. C. H. VANNE, July, 1887. ISRAEL VARNEY, from Boston May 14, 1859 ; rejected. C. C. VANSANT, Sept. 30, 1883. R. H. VAN ZANDT, March, 1887. FRANK VIBBERT, Aug. 8, 1863. Names from Providence Directory: CHARLES W. VARNEY — 1859. C. H. VESINA — 1854 worked at 15 Market square. WILLIAM S. VINTON — 1859 to 1863. N. C. WADDILL — Born Lynchburg. Va., March 28, 1848; learned printing in LXXXVIII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE that city, beginning in 1860; worked in Providence a short while in 1883; located in South McAlester, Okla., in 1904. CHARLES V. WAGNER — Born Colum- bus. O., Oct. 20, 1862; learned printing in that city, beginning in February, 1879 ; admitted to Providence Union July, 1886. "Carried the memory of that prohibition summer with me ever since ; carried my Providence card to Helena, Mont., before it was deposited." Located in Cincinnati, on the Commercial-Tribune, in 1904. MEYRICK WAITES — Although a mem- ber of Providence Typographical Union for only 15 months, during that period he took a most active part, not onl>' in craft affairs, but in all matters pertain- ing to organized labor in general. Mr. Waites deposited a New York card here in July, 1883. His marked intelligence and ability was soon recognized, and at the annual election in December of the same year he was elected to the office of President. His aggressiveness in the labor movement soon became evident, for at the January, 1884, meeting he moved for the appointment of a committee to establish a Central Labor Union. To Mr. Waites, therefore, belongs the credit of in- stituting the R. I. Central Labor Union, now known as the Central Trades and Labor Union, for, as a re-sult of his motion and the intelligent efforts he put forth, such a body was organized. He was also instru- mental in securing the presence here of the late Gen. B. F. Butler and other prominent men to address the first or- ganized labor rally, which was held at Rocky Point in 1884. His term of office was both an exciting and progressive one. He resigned his office of President in September, 1884, and went to Boston, where he was widely known and es- teemed. There he continued to take an active interest in Typographical Union affairs and was elected by No. 13 chair- man of the Boston delegation to the Buf- falo convention. He worked on tlie Rec- ord in Boston until his death In that city, June 15, 1894. Mr. Waites was a native of Gloucestershire, England. Before com- ing to Providence Mr. Waites was promi- nently connected with the unionizing of the New York World. BURT W. WALKER — Born Clinton, Mass., March 15, 1856; learned printing in office of Southbridge Journal, begin- ning in 1870; worked in Providence on tlie Evening Press at the time of the big fire in that office, when part of the rear wall fell in ; on Telegram when pub- lished by Corbett & Eddy ; on Journal wliile. Merrill was foreman ; on tlic New York American and Journal in 1904. HUGH WALLACE — Came to Provi- dence from England In the latter end of 1886; worked on Journal until April 27, 1887, when he returned to England. He died in Liverpool. JOHN WALSH — Born county Limer- ick, Ireland, in 1841 ; learned printing with A. Crawford Greene, Providence, be- ginning in 1859 ; initiated into Pro\ ideme Union July 9, 1864 ; worked on Morning Star and Weekly Visitor. JOHN P. WALSH — Born Worcester, Mass., June 28, 1865; learned printing in that city, beginning in 1882; admitted to Providence Union by card at the April meeting, 1886; located in New York city in 1904. THOMAS E. WALSH — Died Providence at the R. I. Hospital June 1, 1906, aged 29 years. He learned printing on the Evening Bulletin, beginning Nov. 21, 1893, but left the business about two years after becoming a journeyman. WALTER FRANCIS WALSH — Born Dublin, Ireland, May 8, 1866; learned printing in Fall River, Mass. ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the March meeting, 1886 ; worked in this city on the Star, Telegram and Dispatch ; was in the strike on the latter paper in 1889; has been located in New Haven since that year ; has been President of the Union there and served on the executive com- mittee and as delegate to State Federa- tion of Labor in 1900. In politics Mr. Walsh has been member of the Common Council of New Haven three times and director of the Public Librarj' two years. CHARLES SETTLE WARD — Born Warrenton, Va., Sept. 28, 1866; learned printing at Harrisonburg, Va. ; worked in Providence in 1887 and also in 1889; ad- mitted to No. 33 by card April, 1887; employed on the Boston Post in 1904. FAUCETTE E. WARD — Born Amherst, N. S., Aug. 12, 1865, and learned printing in that town, beginning in 18S1; initiated into Providence Union Jan. 31, 1886, but worked here only a short time ; was em- ployed on the Pawtucket Times when it started, and was a charter member of Pawtucket Union ; employed on the Bos- ton Globe in 1907. GUY B. WARD— Died New York city. He was a native of Oliio : admitted to Providence Union by card July 30, 1SS4; worked on the Telegram and Morning Star. JAMES A. WARD — Was a member of Providence LTnion before 1865; was fore- man of the Daily Post in 1863 ; served in the Civil war from June 8. 1861. to March 3, 1862; 1st Sergt., Co. E., 2d R. I. Inf. EDWARD G. W.VRN'IOR— Horn Rristol. R. I., May 6, 1876; learned trade with Taylor Card and Printing Co., I'rovidence, beginning in 1894 ; admitted to Union b.v card O't. 5, 1903 ; now employed on Trib- une. WILLI. \M W.\RNER— Horn Pii.vi.ience Jan. 21, 1S65; learnt>d priiilinn in Tele- THE JOURNEYMEN LXXXIX gram office ; transferred to active list in Providence Union Sept. 1, 1888; worked in Providence until 1894, mostly as a linotype operator on the Journal ; from 1894 to 1906 employed on the . Boston Herald. HARRY L. WARREN — Born James- town, N. Y., Nov. 23, 1866; learned print- ing at Fredonia, N. Y., beginning in 1890; initiated into Buffalo Union in 1885 ; worked in Providence in 1890 ; located on the New York American and Journal in 1904. JOHN WATERMAN (Captain) — Died Providence Feb. 7, 1777, in the 49th year of his age. He was originally a sailor, but left the sea and built a paper mill on the Woonasquatucket river, near Provi- dence, after the Gazette office was estab- lished. In 1769 he purchased a press and types and opened the second printing office in this town, near his paper mill. The Gazette said of him : "He sustained through life the best of characters, viz., that of an honest man, . . . and his great ingenuity and mechanical abilities render his death a real loss to the pub- lic." JOSEPH BROWN WATERMAN (print- er), son of Asuel Waterman — Died in Johnston, R. I., Friday, Sept. 10, 1824, in the 2 2d year of his age. — Rhode Island American, Jan. 27, 1824. WILLIAM J. WATERS — Born Nov. 25, 1888, in Providence ; learned printing on Howard Times, beginning in 1902 ; joined effort for eight-hour day in 1906 ; he had been placed in a book and .iob office in this citj;' by the institution officials, but left and joined Providence Union ; now located in Massachusetts. GEORGE W. WATKINS— Born Ports- mouth, N. H., Nov. 29, 1842 ; learned printing in that city, beginning in 1859 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Sept. 9, 1865 ; worked in this city about one year. "Thought Providence a nice town. Was never tired (being a hay- seed) of counting the banks. One of the first questions I asked was : 'For God's sake, how many banks are there in this town?' " Mr. Watkins is a proofreader on the New York Times. Has been em- ployed there about 40 years. FRANK L. WATSON — Born Biddeford, Me., May 12, 1859 ; learned printing in that city, beginning in 1877 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the April meeting, 1886 ; also at the May meeting, 1889 ; worked at Johnson's, on the Direc- tory, and on the Telegram ; now proof- reader on New York Tribune. J. M. WATSON — Born Philadelphia, Pa., June 30, 1861 ; learned printing in that city ; worked in Providence, R. I., during Easter week, 1888 : now located in Baltimore, Md. EDWARD G. WEAVER — Born Wash- ington, D. C, June 22, 1860; learned stereotyping in tliat city, beginning in 1882 ; worked in Washington on the Star, Post, National Republican and Congres- sional Record ; came to Providence in 1890, and has worked on the Journal since; initiated into No. 33 Aug. 31, 1890. SAMUEL J. WEAVER — Born Pough- keepsie, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1873; learned printing on the Evening Enterprise of that city, beginning in 1886 ; worked in Providence on the News in 1897 ; fore- man in Millerton, N. Y., in 1905. CLEMENT WEBSTER — Born Kenne- bunk. Me., in 1817. At the age of 16 he entered the office of the Saco Demo- crat as an apprentice. Before the e.\- piration of his apprenticeship he came to this State. Here he commenced his career in connection with Mr. Beers of Paw- tucket in publishing the "Lily of the Valley." He returned to Maine in the course of two years, and shortly after commenced the publication of the York County Herald in Saco, in connection with his brother. Dr. Stephen Webster. In a few years he returned to this State. Upon the establishment of the Daily Post in 1850, Mr. Webster occupied the posi- tion of editor. In 1853, '54 and '55 he was editor of the Temperance Advocate. In 1856 he returned to the Post, occu- pying the editorial chair until a few months before his death, which occurred Oct. 16, 1864. The Post said at the time of his death : "None will be more ready to concede his strength of mind, force of language and fullness of resource than those with whom he came in conflict in the political struggles of State. Trenchant in style, direct in argument, few men cliose to expose theniselves unnecessarily to the power of his ridicule or sarcasm. The strife of parties and the ascerbities of politics never soured his temper, or rendered vindictive his disposition." GEORGE ELDRIDGE WEBSTER (son of Clement Webster) — Died Bast Provi- dence F'eb. 24, 1904. He was born in Lowell, Mass., July 16, 184 3. Mr. Web- ster learned printing in the office of the Providence Post ; initiated into No. 33 July 9, 1864 ; private sec'retary to Sena- tor William i^prague ; clerk of Senate committee on manufactures; 1865 to 1871 in the Pension Office in Washington ; graduated from Columbia Law College and admitted to the liar of the District of Columbia; 1871 to 1875 engaged in newspaper work in Providence; 1875 elected clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Providence count>-, afterward, upon reorganization, tlie Common Pleas Division of tlie Supreme Court, which position he held continuously up to the time of his death. As a citizen of East Providence Mr. Webster represented that town on the commissions wliich intro- duced water .service, built the town hall xc PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE and constructed the Washington bridge. He was a prominent Mason and Odd Fellow, member of East Providence Busi- ness Men's Associeition, of the R. I. Bar Association and of the University Club of Providence. JAMES WEBSTER — Born London. England. March 15, 1852; he learned printing in the office of Judd & Glass, of London, book, newspaper and job busi- ness ; came to Quebec, Canada, in 1871, and thence to New York city, where he first worked at his trade in this countr\' ; he has since worked in many parts of the United States ; his card was received in Providence Union Dec. 18, 1904 ; he died in New York city Dec. 6, 1905, of cere- bral hemorrhage. STEPHEN RANDALL WEEDEN — Born Providence Sept. 22, 1809. At the age of 16 he entered the establishment of Smith & Parmenter, publishers of tlie Cadet, where he learned the trade of a printer, following the business for some years. In 1835 he engaged in booksell- ing. July 2, 1838, he was elected libra- rian of the Providence Athenteum, resign- ing the position in 1845 on account of ill liealth. The following year he became associated with his uncle, Stephen Ran- dall, in the manufacture of braided wick- ing. He was also a partner in the book- selling firm of Weeden & Peck until 1850. In 1874 he assumed the entire management of the wicking business, the firm's name being S. R. Weeden & Son. ADDINGTON D. WELCH — Born Fred- ericton, N. B., Dec. 13, 1837; died Zanes- ville, O., 1881 ; learned printing trade and was member of Boston Union ; its finan- cial secretary in 1865. and also held the office of treasurer ; lived in Providence from 1873 to 1876; member of the print- ing firm of Hammet, Angell & Co., and in partnership with his brother, W. B. Welch, printed "Town and Covmtry ;" ad- mitted to Providence Union by card in December, 1S73 ; also member of Marine Corps of Artillery, holding the rank of Major. He devoted much time to lec- turing. WILLIAM B. WELCH— Born Freder- icton, N. B., Feb. 3, 1841; learned print- ing in Fredericton, beginning Feb. 3. 1857; worked in Providence in 1875-'76 and published "Town and Country" In partnership with his brother, Addinglon D. Welcli ; initiated into Boston Union August, 1862, and has been a member of No. 13 ever since; its President in 1870 and 1871 ; I. T. U. delegate to the Mil- waukee convention in I'.tOii; now i-m- I»loyed on Globe. JOHN WRLCH — Was found dead in Attleboro, Mass., July M, 1806, near the tiuiipike road, northwaiil of Israel Hatch's taviTii. I'apers found on his i)i>rson showed Ihat he was pr()bal)ly a printeiv A coioncr's jury of hi(|uest "was held on the body, whose verdict, from evidences produced and examination, was, that he died in consequence of fatigue, ill health, want of sleep, and falling asleep on the ground." The body was decently interred. He had for a short time worked in the Providence Gazette office, was said to have a wife in Newport and respectable connections in Boston. SILAS E. WELLER— Died Providence, of consumption, April 21, 1903. He was a native of Maryland ; learned printing in Waynesboro, Pa. ; initiated into Provi- dence Union June 24, 1900; worked at Remington Printing Co. and on the Eve- ning Bulletin. GEORGE JOSEPH WEST — Born Provi- dence in 1852 ; died at Aughnacloy, Ire- land. July 21, 1896, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. He learned printing at the office of Man-us B. Young and worked at the trade when possible while pursuing his studies at Suffleld (Conn.) Institute and Bi'own University, from which he graduated in 1876. Two years later he finished at Boston Uni- versity Law School, and was admitted to the Rhode Island bar, of which he was one of the leading representatives at the time of his death. He was a member of the Legislature in 1885-'86, when he pro- cured a State charter for Providence Typographical Union and was elected an honorary member of that body. He had been initiated into Providence Union Dec. 10, 1870. Mr. West represented the Tenth Ward in the Common Council, 1895-'96, and was an infiuential member of the school committee for many years. JOHN HARRY WEST— Born Norwich, Conn.. Feb. 7, 1851. He first "touched" t\pe in the office of the Norwich Daily Ad\ertiser in April, 1868, finishing his apprenticeship in New Haven, Conn. He was admitted to Providence Union by card December, 1873. For several years l)revious to his death, which occurred Nov. 13, 1906, at Braintree, Mass., he was employed on the Brockton Times. EDWARD V. WESTCOTT— Died New- liort Jan. 17, 1904, of heart disease, at the age of 64. He learned printing in the .lournal job office about the year 1857 ; went into the Civil war as a private and was promoted to Scconil Lieutenant. After the war he went into the hotel busi- uess and was propi-ietor at different times of the Perry House and Hotel .\(iuidneck in Newport, and the Mt. Vernon, the largest hotel in Baltimore. He was best known as steward of the steamer Pris- lilla and other boats of the Fall River I-ini'. He was a member of the Lawrence <"hil) of Newport. I'R.ANCIS J. WH.VLKN— Born Provi- dence Sept. 20. 1SS5; learned printing on News, beginning in 1903; Initiated into Providence Fnion Apill 29, 1906. THE JOURNEYMEN XCI JOHN H. WHALEN — Born Providence Dec. 11, 1869 ; learned printing in office of E. A. Jolinson & Co., beginning in 1886 ; has worked in various towns in Rliode Island and on the News and Tele- gram of this city. WILLIAM WHEATLY — Born Ratcliffe Bridge, near Bury, Lancashire, Eng., Feb. 21, 1859 ; learned printing at Glossop, Derbyshire; came to Providence in 1S8S, first working at Raid's ; was initiated into Providence Union Dec. 30, 1888 ; has worked in various offices since and in Boston and Norwood, Mass. His home is at Lonsdale, R. I. W. W. WHBELAND — Born Liberty, Tioga county. Pa. ; learned the trade at Wellsboro, Pa. ; came to Providence in 1897 and has been employed on the Tele- gram and Tribune since ; initiated into Providence Union Feb. 24, 1901. BENNETT WHEELER — Died Provi- dence April 13, 1806, in the 52d year of his age. He was a native of Halifax, N. S., where he learned the printing trade. He came to Providence Sept. 20, 1776, and worked first in the book and job office of J. Douglass McDougall. In a few months he went to the Gazette office, continuing there until December, 1778, when he joined with Solomon South- wick, and in March, 1779, the firm of Soulhwick & Wheeler issued the first number of the "American Journal and General Advertiser," the second newspa- per printed in Providence. Mr. South- wick retired from the partnership in De- cember, 1779, and the paper was con- tinued by Mr. Wheeler alone until Aug. 29, 1781. From Jan. 31, 1781, it had been a semi-weekly. After the suspen- sion of the Journal he continued in the job business. On the 1st of January, 1784, Mr. Wheeler began the publication of the United States Chronicle, the third Provi- dence newspaper. He continued the Chronicle until Dec. 29, 1803, when he turned over the paper and business to his oldest son, John Wheeler. Mr. Wheeler advertised in the Gazette of Nov. 17, 1804, that he had established a large gen- eral store "on the Hill, ne.xt door east of Jabez Olney," at the sign of the Silver Bee-Hive. April 13, 1805, he removed his store to the house of Mr. Daniel Teft, nearly opposite the town pump, in Broad street. During the Revolutionary war Mr. Wheeler was successively appointed to the different grades of rank in the militia; and in 1791 he was Brigade Major for the county of Providence and Inspector General of the Militia of tlie State. BENNETT H. WHEELER (son of Bennett Wheeler) — Born Providence Aug. 18, 1788; died there May 17, 1863. He began to learn printing in 1799 in his father's office in Providence; in 1804 he worked in Manning & Loring's office in Boston, Mass.. and in May, 1806, in Port- land, Me., as a journeyman. In Janu- ary, 1807, upon the death of William Olney, publisher of the Providence Pheni.x, the office- was leased to Mr. Wheeler and Josiah Jones, and in 1809 they bought the establishment. Mr. Wheeler was con- nected with the paper for 16 years, as editor, and during that time "the paper was a terror to the Federalists of Rhode Island." In 1824 he was appointed Post- master, retaining the office until 1831, when he was removed by President Jack- son. From that time until his death Mr. Wheeler took little interest in public affairs. HOWARD H. WHEELER — Born Provi- dence May 14, 1885; learned printing at E. A. Johnson's, beginning in 1902 ; par- ticipated in effort for eight-hour day in 1906 ; now located in Providence. JEWEL R. WHEELER (Miss) — Learned printing at Fredericton, N. B. ; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 31. 1897. JOHN WHEELER (son of Bennett Wheeler) — Born Providence in 1781. He learried printing in the office of the United States Chronicle, and from Dec. 29, 1803. until May 17, 1804, when it suspended, that paper was published by him ; after the death of his father he administered the estate ; he died in Charleston, S. C, in August, 1807. GEORGE WHELDON — Died Providence Oct. 7, 1890, aged 61 years. He was a charter member of Providence Union in 1857; national delegate in 1859; Presi- dent in 1864; treasurer in 1857-'58; al- ways an aggressive member ; Avorked at the business also in Boston. ETHAN WHIPPLE — Died Providence April 6, 1865. His naine appears in the directories of this city as a printer, begin- ning with 1855, when he was employed by A. Crawford Greene. AMOS L. WHITE — Born Sanquoit. N. Y.. Dec. 21, 1851; learned printing at Waterville, N. Y. ; admitted to Providence Union by card July 13, 1872, and worked in this city on the Jovirnal and Herald. He is a brother of Arthur F. White. I^o- cated in New York in 1904. ARTHUR F. WHITE ("Spec") — Born Waterville. N. Y., July IS. 1847; learned printing in that town, beginning in 1863 : worked in Providence on the Herald, Star and Journal ; admitted to Providence Union by card May 28, 1884 ; lias travelled e.xtensively, visiting Providence Ma>- i:J. 1904. HENRY T. WHITE — Born Stanifunl. Conn., in 1855 ; learned printing in New- York city. Mr. White was working in Providence in 1883 when tlie movement that resulted in the reorganization of No, 33 was in progress and contribnlod \er.\ much to its success. His card was third on the list at the meeting of April 8 ; in 1907 he was a proofreader on the New York Herald. XCII PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE ISAAC H. WHITING — Born Norwich. Conn.. April 26, 1823: served an appren- ticeship to the printing business there with Marcus B. Young ; came to Provi- dence in 1840. "just after the great ox- roasting on Smith's Hill," working first on the New Age, a Dorrite sheet, and later on the Express. Afterward Mr. Whiting was foreman of the Woonsocket Patriot, and for 13 years, until 18C1, was foreman of the General Advertiser, when he retired to his father-in-law's farm in North Kingstown. He remained on the farm but one year, when he again came to this city, working on the Evening Press as compositor and foreman. In a few years he returned to the farm, staying there until 1876. when Mr. S. S. Foss of Woonsocket started the Daily Patriot and employed Mr. Whiting as foreman. "His fingers had been itching for the little types." In a few months he left the Patriot and ended his career as a printer on the Providence Journal, retiring to the farm when his health began to give way. He died at his residence on Quidnesset Neck, between East Greenwich and Wick- ford, Sept. 9, 1888, it is supposed by sui- cide. At the funeral, which was from the old Dj'er homestead at Davisville, Messrs. Fred B. Amsden and James Allen, the aeronaut, represented the craft as bear- ers. His body was conveyed to the fam- ily lot in a farm wagon, accompanied by a large number of friends and neighbors. In 184 6 Mr. Whiting married Lydia A. Dyer, eldest daughter of Samuel D. Dyer of North Kingstown. Mr. Whiting's name stands at the head of the list of initiations into Providence Union, April 18, 1857. WALTER R. WHITTEMORB— Born in Lynn. Mass.. Oct. 22. 1880; learned the printing trade in the office of the Evening Telegram ; he was initiated into Provi- dence Typographical Union Feb. 24, 1901. JOHN N. WHITTF:M — Learned printing in Portsmouth, N. H. ; admitted to Provi- dence Union by card Apiil 2.5. 1847; I. T. l^. delegate from Boston to Chicago con- vention in 1893 ; located in Boston in 1907. DAVID A. WILBUR— Born Little Comp- ton, R. I.. Jan. 5, 1838; learned the print- ing trade in Fall River, Mass. ; came to Providence in 1879, and has worked in this city since; initiated into Providence Union April 29, 1900. HERMAN J. WILBUR— Born Quidnick. R. I., Oct. 22. 1866; learned printing in Gazette and Chronicle office, Pawtucket, R. I., beginning Oct. 1. 1882; initiated into Providence Union Oct. 28. 1900; worked in this citv since 1892 ; foreman for J. C. Hall Co. from March 21. 1889. to Aug. 1, 1900; foreman Loose Leaf Co. in 1907. CHARLES P. WILLARD— Born Spring- field, Ma.'^s.. April 19, 1847; died Provi- (IfMicc June 2. I!t07 ; began to learn |)rlnt- ing ill New Haven and in his youth trav- elled extensively in the Eastern States ; he deposited card with No. 33 on June 8, 1872, and worked almost steadily from that time until 1890 on the Journal; after the linotypes had displaced hand compo- sition on that paper he was employed for a time on the Telegram ; in 1897 he went to the Pawtucket Times, where he worked the last ten years of his life. He was one of the swiftest of the hand typesetters, easily setting 2000 ems per hour. GEORGE O. WILLARD — Died Provi- dence Dec. 2, 1903 : learned printing in office of Gazette and Chronicle, Paw- tucket ; June, 1860, he started the Paw- tucket Observer ; under Sidney Dean's management of the Evening Press, Mr. Willard was city editor: April 30, 1885, in company with George Cooley, he started the Pawtucket Evening Times, and con- tinued control of it until Jan. 31, 1890; he was initiated into Providence Union May 4, 1857, and placed on the honorary list Oct. 15. 1864. Mr. Willard wrote a "History of the Providence Stage, 1762- 1891," published in 1891. EDWARD A. WILLCOX — His name ap- pears in the Directory of 1850 as a printer and for several years in the 50's he worked for A. Crawford Greene. He was a charter member of Providence Typo- graphical Union; Vice President in 1862, President in 1862, '64 and '68, delegate in 1868. He died July 27, 1876. The fol- lowing, printed In the Journal of Aug. 2, 1876, was written by George W. Daniel- son when he heard of the death of his friend : "Ned. — A score of years ago Ned was a young man of abundant promise. Possessing a good mind, sound health, genial disposition and industrious habits, he entered upon the arena of life with courage and hope. He was an intelli- gent, well-trained workman, and might easily have been a master among his fel- lows. For some years all went well with Ned. But there was an element of ruin at work. His companionable qualities were leading hirh astray. The occasional social glass was creating and stimulating an appetite that was to drag him down. By- and-by Ned became indifferent to his work. Employers could not rely upon him. and employment was fitful and un- certain. But the appetite was craving, steady, undying — consuming health and mnking a wreck of manliood. After a piti- ful struggle for existenc'C upon the charitj' of sympatliizing fellow craftsmen came the almshouse and tlic shelter of a pau- per's gi'ave. And st) it was told the other day in the places that once knew him, that Ned was dead. Poor Ned ! If only the warning of your sad career shall turn back some not yet hopelessly drawn into the maelstrom of ruin, you will not have died — as you lived- — in vain." CHARLES G. WILKINS — Born Glen- licad. Scotlantl. March 28. 1846; learned pi-iiiting in Dundee. Scotland, beginnins; in THE JOURNEYMEN XCIII 1859 ; admitted to Providence Union by card at the December meeting, 1887; prominent in labor organization ; ex-Mas- ter Wortcman Knights of Labor ; ex-Presi- dent American Federation of Labor of Massacliusetts ; ex-organizer I. T. U. ; ex- organizer N. E. Allied Trades ; 5th Vice President N. E. A. T. ; worked on Jour- nal and Telegram in Providence ; em- ployed as proofreader at Boston City Printing Office in 1907. BENONI WILLIAIMS — Died Boston, Mass., Nov. 2, 1817, aged 72 years. He started "The Impartial Observer" in Providence Jan. 10, 1801, and continued its publication until March 6, 1802. It was the first Republican (Jeffersonian Democratic) paper printed in this city. CHARLES W. WILLIAMS — Born North Providence, Dec. 3, 1878; died PawtXicket April 20, 1906 ; learned printing with J. A. & R. A. Reid and on the News, beginning in 1896 ; initiated into Providence Union March 25, 1899 ; assistant foreman of the News at time of death ; brother of Irving Williams. DAVID E. WILLIAMS — Born 1878; died Salem, N. J., Dec. 9, 1906; learned printing in Standard office. Salem, N. J. ; initiated into Providence Union March 25, 1899; held card No. 4872 in New York Union at death. DAVID H. WILLIAMS — Born Provi- dence ; learned printing in office of J. A. & R. A. Reid ; initiated into Providence Union April 2 9, 1894 ; worked here since 1888. FERDINAND A. WILLIAMS — Born Providence Jan. 21, 1866 ; learned printing at What Cheer Printing Co. and worked at the business for several of tlie leading firms until 1894, when he engaged in tlie wliolesale liciuor business ; selling out in 1900, he returned to the printing busi- ness, and is at present (1907) employed on the Boston Globe ; he was initiated into Providence Union Oct. 29, 1887. GEORGE C. WILLIAMS — Born Provi- dence in 1875 ; learned printing on the News, beginning in 1891 ; worked in this city at Snow & Farnham's and other book and job offices until 1898, except a year or so on the Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner ; since October, 189 8, in the Government Printing Office at Washington, D. C. IRVING WILLIAMS — Born in 1881; learned printing with Williams & Pricker, Providence, R. I., beginning in 1898; worked in New Orleans, La., and Peters- burg, 111. ; applied for admission to Union No. 124. Bloomington, 111., May, 1903 ; was working in Wakefield and Wickford, R, I., in 1905 ; brotlier of Charles W. Williams. JAMES WILLIAMS — Died Providence June 28, 1889, aged 56 years. 3 months and 7 days. He liad been employed in the Journal composing room for a number of years ; was initiated into Providence Union April 29, 1888. He was a brother of A. M. Williams, editor of the Journal from 1883 to 1891. The Union records show that the death benefit due tlie estate of James Williams was generously presented to tlie Union by his brother, A. M. Wil- liams. SAMUEL J. WILLIAMS — Printed the Providence Phceni.x for T. A. Foster & Co. in 1802 ; member of firm of Heaton &. Wil- liams in 1804. GEORGE W. WILSON — Born New Yorlt city Feb. 28, 1844 ; learned printing in Jacob's newspaper, book and job office in tliat city, beginning in 1860; iiiitiated into Providence Union April 8, 1883 ; worked on the Star and Telegram, 1881 to 1890 ; employed on Boston Traveler 1905. JOHN H. WILSON — Born St. Louis, Mo. ; worked in Meriden, Conn., in 1868 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Aug. 13, 1870; worked on tlie Journal; died in this city or in Boston, Mass. JOHN HOWELL WILSON — His name appears in the Directory in 1844-'47 as a printer. In 184 6 he was a partner with J. M. Church in the publication of tlie Daily Gazette, having charge of the me- chanical departments. SAMUEL S. WILSON — Died Provi- dence Oct. 28, 1904, aged 91 years, 10 months and 1 day. He had held the dis- S.\Ml EL S. WILSON. tinction of "oldest printer in Rhode Is- land" since Dec. 8, 1886, succeeding Rob- ert M. Pearse. Mr. Wilson was born in Newport. R. I., althougli l)is parents were residents of Providence. He began to XCIV PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE learn printing in tiie Journal office in 1827 at the age of 13 and served a seven years' apprenticeship. In 1834 he started the first penny newspaper published in New England, the Penny Post. For a time he did all the work on this paper, including delivery to the subscribers. The circulation reached 2000. He sold the business to Cyril Carpenter in 1835 and removed to New Bedford, working there on the Gazette, Mercury and Register. In 1842 he returned to Providence and be- came pressman on the Journal. In 1856, when the first Hoe cylinder was installed in the Journal pressroom, Mr. Wilson went to the Post. In 1863 he came back to the Journal, remaining with that paper until 1872, when he retired permanently. He was a vigorous man until within a few days of his deatli, took a keen interest in events and made regular visits to the Journal office. His birthdays were noted in the columns of that paper. WILLIAM H. WILSON — Learned print- ing with John Carter in the Gazette office previous to 1814. He was a partner with H. H. Brown in the purchase of the Ga- zette office from Carter in February, 1814, and continued that partnership until June, 1816, when the business was purchased by Brown. A. H. WILTZ — Born Princeton, 111., Jan. 13, 1851; began to learn printing in 1862 at Peoria, 111. ; worked in New York city in 1872 ; wintered in Meriden, Conn., in 1872-'73 ; admitted to Providence Union May 10, 1873, and worked here on the Journal until December; located at 1274 West Van Buren street, Chicago, in 1905. JOHN O. WINTERMUTE — Died New York city May 18, 1880. He was admit- ted to Providence Union by card Oct. 12, 1874, and worked on the Journal. ALVAH WITHEE — Born in Maine; served in the Civil war in the 5th Maine Regiment and was severely woiuided in the leg at the battle of Soutli Mountain ; admitted to Providence Union by card April 22, 1883 ; worked for many years on the Journal as compositor and copyholder ; also worked in Boston. CHARLES A. WITTING — Born Chi- cago, 111., Oct. 31, 1866; learned printing in office of Witting & Sons, Chicago, be- ginning in 1882; worked in Providence at Remington's and in Central Falls at E. L. Freeman's ; initiated into Providence Union Jan. 25, 1903; located in Worces- ter, Mass., in 1905. HERMAN J. WOLFBRS — Was drowned at Dunkirk, N. Y. ; he worked in Provi- dence on the Journal in 1874. WILLIAM M. WOOD — Was admitted to Providence Union by card in 1877; he worked on the Journal for several years ; lived in Syracuse in 1906. ALBERT WALLACE WOODCOCK — Born England Feb. 2, 1869; learned print- ing in Manchester, England ; lias worked in Providence since 1892; initiated into Providence Union January, 1899 ; mana- ger of the printing firm of Wm. R. Brown in 1907. JAMES WRIGLEY — Born Oldham, Eng- land, Feb. 17. 1863; learned printing in that city, beginning in 1876; admitted to Providence Union by card in February. 1886, and again in 1903 ; employed on the New York Herald in 1907. DAVID P. WYMAN (Pete) — Born New York city, where he also learned the print- ing trade ; worked in Providence on tlie Journal 1884 to 1886; admitted to No. 33 by card Aug. 27, 1884 ; located in Boston on the Herald in 1907. I7iitiated Into Providence Typographical Union on Dates Named: WILLIAM J. WALSH, Jan. 29, 1893. FRANK C. WANDELL, Feb. 26, 1893. FRANK J. WEBER, Dec. 18, 1892. EDWIN H. WHITE, Oct. 10, 1868. H. W. WHITE, Feb. 27, 1887. LEWIS WHITE, July 13, 1872. HARRY WICKHAM, July 27, 1890. DANIEL G. WIGHTMAN. April 2 8. 1901. In sawmill business at Southbrldge, PERCY A. WILBUR, Feb. 28, 1892. HENRY L. WILLIAMS, July 31, 1892. WILLIAM J. WATSON, June 26, 1892. GEORGE E. WRIGHT. Dec. 10, 1870. A. E. WRIGGLESWORTH.Dec. 28,1890. ARTHUR C. WYER, May 17, 1888. Admitted by Card on Dates Xa)iicd: THOMAS WADE, Jan. 30, 18S4. JOHN F. WALKER, from New York. April 10. 1869. CHRISTOPHER C. WALL, November, 1888. FRED. A. WARD, August, 1886. JAMES WARD, from Boston, May 11, 1872. J. F. WARD, March, 1888. E. A. WARREN, Marcli 11. 1871. MARION L. WARREN (Miss), from Waltham, Mass., April 30, 1905. D. J. WATERS, September, 1887. ROBERT O. WATERS, May 29, 1898. H. G. WEIR, Jan. 29, 1893. GEORGE H. WESTFIELD, April S. 1883. Reported dead. G. T. WETMORE, January, 1886. Re- ported died in Newark. N. J. O. P. WHARTON, Marclj, 1S8S. SAMUEL WHEELER, Aug. 29, 1S97. B. J. WHITE. Jan. 27, 19(11. JOHN F. WHITE, from Washington. I). C, Aug. 8, 1868. M. B. WHITEHEAD, Nov. 30, 1S8.'.. Reported dead. C. H. WILDIOU. Fel)ruary, ISSS. F. A. WH.LIAMS, Oct. 14. 1871. H. O. W1L1J.\MS. .\u«. i:f. 1S70; Auk 8, 1874. THE JOURNEYMEN XCV A. F. WILSON, February. 1886. DANIEL WILSON. 1885. FREDERICK E. WILSON, Feb. 8, 1873. ISAAC F. WILSON, December, 1884. J. H. WISE, April 28. 1901. CHARLES H. WITHERUP, from Pitts- burg, Pa., Sept. 14, 1867. E. J. WOOD, Sept. 30, 1883. H. C. WOODNUT, October, 1886. Names from Providence Directory: GEORGE W. WARREN — 1836-'38; lat- ter year worked over 15 Market square. WILLIAM A. WELLES — 1824; worked at Gazette Office. GEORGE WHEATON — 1830; member firm of Stearns & Wheaton. GEORGE WILBUR— 1857. DANIEL H. WILLIAMS — 1850 at 25 Westminster street ; 1863 at Journal office. GEORGE WISE — 1830; worked at Patriot office. Printers Known to Have Worked Here : JOHN WHALEN — Learned on Evening Bulletin ; died in 1874. PATRICK WHALEN — Learned on Eve- ning Bulletin; died in 1870. George W. Danielson administered his estate. DANIEL H. WHITE — Worked for R. I. Printing Co. ; now 655 on "Big Six" list. JAMES WHITLY — Worked on Journal in 1884. DWIGHT STANLEY WHITTEMORE, M. D. — Born in 1864 ; worked at Reid's and for R. I. Printing Co. ; in 1905 located in Brockton, Mass. JOHN L. WILLIAMS — No. 4940 in 1905 on list of "Big Six." JAMES WILLIAMSON — Noted "tour- ist;" visited Providence as early as 1868. JOHN A. WINSLOW (Chick)— Last heard of in Greenfield, Mass. EDWARD W. WOODLEY — Worked at R. I. Printing Co. ; later conducted a printing supply house in Boston. JAMES B. YERRINGTON — Born Dec. 4, 1800; died Oct. 17, 1866. He learned printing in the office of Hugh H. Brown ; in company with William Goodell he es- tablished the Philanthropist and Investi- gator, published in Boston and Provi- dence ; later, at Amherst, Mass., he edited and published the Amherst Gazette ; he was for a time foreman of the Boston Daily Advocate; in 1845 and until it died he was printer of the Liberator, for Gar- rison and Phillips. GEORGE C. S. YOUNG — Died Provi- dence Dec. 18, 1873, aged 52 years. Tlie Directory of 1844 gives his occupation as printer. MARCUS B. YOUNG — Died Provi- dence Nov. 8, 1883, aged 73 years. He came to this city from Norwich, Conn., where he had conducted a printing office. In 1844 he was a compositor on the Jour- nal. Probably he moved his office from Norwich to this city and eventually de- voted his entire attention to it. In 1870 he sold to A. S. Reynolds, and retired from the business. EDGAR YATES — Born Biddeford, Me., March 1, 1856 ; learned printing in Port- land, Me. ; initiated into Providence Union June 25, 1884, and in 1882, '83 and '84 was of the Journal composing room force. In the fall of 1884 he went to work on the Boston Advertiser, and after two years at the case became night city edi- tor. Subsequently he was on the Boston Globe as New England editor and as ex- change editor. From 1894 to 1900 he was managing editor of the Biddeford (Me.) Daily Journal, in the latter year returning to Boston. He is Past Chancellor of Horace Geeley lodge. Knights of Pythias, EiDGAR YATES. and has been Grand Representative. He is interested in Colonial history, and has written a genealogy of the Yates family and a history of the early Morgans of Essex county. He has done more or less newspaper and magazine work. In 1906 Bowdoin College conferred on him the hon- orary degree of B. A. ; now of the Boston Post, Initiated Into Providence Typugruphical Union on Dates Named: A. R. YOUNG, Aug. 8, 1857. His name is on the original charter granted by the National ITnion. F. E. YOUNG, Dec. 11, 1869. Admitted by Card on Date Named: JOHN YOUNGJOHN, June 8, 1872. JAMES F. ZIMMERMAN — Born Ken- tucky in 1862; learned printing in Dan- ville. Ky., on the Advocate; applied for membership in Woonsocket Union March, 1901 ; admitted to Providence Union by card Miiy 29, 1904; worked for several years on Telegram. XCVI PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE Received Too Late for Classification: EDWARD A. BLACKBURN — Born Providence Jan. 21. 1887 ; learned printing in Visitor office, beginning in 1902 ; now employed tliere. HENRY W. CHRISTIAN — Born New- ton, Mass. ; died Providence Sept. 10, 1885, aged 45 years ; he began to learn print- ing in Newton ; in the Civil war he served in Co. B. 43d Mass. Vols. ; after the war he took up printing again, working on the Fall River News, and later on the Provi- dence Journal, where he was employed at time of death. THOMAS P. CURTIN — Born North Chelmsford, Mass., March 6. 1870 ; learned printing on the Cambridge (Mass.) Chroni- cle; worked in Providence in 1894; also in Woonsocket on the Evening Call ; I. T. U. delegate from Boston to the conven- tions of Birmingham (1903) and Colorado Springs (1906) ; secretary of Boston Union in 1907. WARREN L. HOPKINS — Born Wick- ford, R. I. ; began work in Providence for Livermore & Knight in 1882 ; promoted to foremanship in 1888 ; in business at Bent- ley Harbor, Mich., 1892-94 ; returned to Providence and resumed charge at Liver- more & Knight's in 1894 ; now general superintendent of that establishment. J. ELLERY HUDSON— Born Sept. 23, 1850 ; learned printing in Phenix, R. I., with E. G. Lanphear, beginning in 1869 ; worked in Providence at the What Cheer office 1873-'76; on the Pawtuxet Valley Gleaner 1876-1899 as foreman and busi- ness manager ; now State Factory In- spector. JOHN A. LaPORTE — Born Waterville, Vt., Sept. 11, 1864; educated at Lamoille Central Academy, Hyde Park, Vt., and University of Vermont ; began to learn printing in 1878 in Lamoille News office, Hyde Park, Vt., and worked in that office about seven years ; foreman Vermont Union at Lyndon, Vt., in 1890, and in 1893 became its publisher ; also owned The Temperance Herald and had a half- interest in the Lyndonville Journal ; In 1880 devised a calendar blotting pad, said to be the first use of a calendar on a pad ; also originated the assembled "religious notes" column, and collaborated the coun- try news under one general head, said to be the first classification of general news in country papers; in 1887 became a member of Mt. Vernon Lodge, A. F. antl A. M., in Morrisville, Vt. Mr. La Porte came to Providence in 1905 ; the next year he worked in Campello, Mass. FREDERICK L. Ma cC ARTY — Born Michigan in 1866; began to learn printing in Sacramento in 1882 ; admitted to I'rovi- dence Union liy I'ard August, 1907; nr)w employed on Journal as linotype operatoi-. F. J. McGARRITY — Born Brooklyn. N. Y., Jan. 29, 1860; learned i)rintiiiK hi New York city, on the Irl.'-h World ; worked in Providence at Various times ; now employed on Boston (Jlobe. Civil War Veterans: James Allen, aeronaut for U. S. Army. Thomas Allen, Lieut. Co. B, 5th H. A. Lindsey Anderson, Corp. Co. A, 2d Inf. Lewis L. M. Arnold. Navy. Henry A. Barnes. 6th N. Y. Cavalry. Geo. W. Barry, Berdan's Sharpshooters. John Baxter, Co. H.. 11th Inf. Adelbert M. Beers, Navy. James L. Bicknell, Corp. Co. C, 5th H. A. W. P. Bittman. Robert P. Boss, Navy. Josiah B. Bowditch. 9th Vermont. Nelson Bovle. Co. I,. 11th Inf. S. W. Burbank, Sergt. Co. B, 5th H. A. Joseph R. Burgess, Sergt. Co. C, 3d H.A. Edward A. Carter, 26th Illinois. Geo. F. Cluipman, 150th and 177th Ohio. Franklin A. Chase, Capt. Co. K, 4th Inf. William H. Chenery. Sergt. Co. D, 5th H. A. ; Capt. Co. G, 14th Inf. Henry W. Christian, Co. B, 43d Mass. Inf. Rhodes T. W. Collins, Corp. Co. F, 4th Inf. William E. Cook, 2d Mass. H. A. Michael Donnelly, Co. B. 2d Inf. P. J. Donovan, Mass. Vols, and U. S. Reg. James H. Elsbree, Co. D, 3d H. A. William F. Elsbree, Co. B, 11th Inf. J. H. Fairbrother, Corp. Bat. D. 1st L. A. George W. Ford. Sergt. Co. D, 5th H. A. E. C. Gardiner, Co. D, 2d ; Co. C. 21st Inf. Benj. L. Glasby, Corp. Co. E, 5th H. A. Eben Gordon, Co. C, 2d Inf. Charles C. Gray, Lieut. Bat. D, 1st L. A. A. C. Greene. Capt. Co. G, 10th Inf. Nathaniel C. Greene, Co. H., 2d Inf. Benjamin L. Hall, Sergt. Co. A, 1st Inf. ; Capt. Co. I, 5th H. A. Edward B. Hall, Co. K, 11th Inf. T. M. Harker, 79th N. Y. Highlanders. John B. Ingraham, Co. B. 2d Inf. C. E. Jillson. 1st Conn. Inf. ; 1st Conn. Bat. Henry B. Ladd. Co. D, 2d Inf. Francis E. Kelly, Corp. Co. D, 2d Inf. George P. Lawrence. Corp. Co. C, 4th Inf. John B. Lincoln, Sergt. Co. D, 2d Inf. Edward P. Lothrop, 22dMass. ;alsoNavv. William A. Luther, Co. G, 2d Inf. D. A. McCann, Co. F. 1st Inf. ; Co. I. 7th Inf. James McGuinn, Co. B. 7th Inf. Chailes T. McKinley. Josepli S. Milne. Lieut. Bat. B, 1st L. A. William O. Milne. Sergt. Bat. D, 1st L. A. James Moran, Capt. Co. D, 5th H. A. Elias S. Nickerson, Navy. George H. Pettis, Capt. 1st California. L. O. Phinney. 1st N. Y. Mounted Rilies. Orrin Scott Pond, Co. B. 10th Inf. John H. Porthouse, Co. H. 3d H. A. Edwarjl Quinn, Mass. Regt. Charles W. Rexford. Co. G, 15th U. S. Inf. I'rancis W. Rhodes, Bat. D. 1st L. A. 10-an, Corp. Bat. H. 1st L. A. Tlionias Simpson. Cnpl. !?at. F. 1st L. A. Jolui I''rancis Smith. 14th Conn. Menoni Sweet, Sergt. Ma.jor Co. H, 2d Inf. W. K. Sweet, 1st L. B. ; Hat. A, 1st L. A. ("liarles Tillingliast. Capt. Co. H. 4th Inf. .I.inies A. Ward, 1st Sergt. Co. E. 2d Inf. 10.V.\Vest<()tt. (^o. L. 9tli ; Lieut. 12th Inf. AUali Willi. -e, 5th M.iine. SUBSCRIBERS James Abbott Philip Agnew F. B. Amsden William Abell Eli Alford J. W. Allen Robert Adams S. H. Bullock L. A. Basinet J. A. Burroughs Charles Burlingham J. W. Butler N. F. Bertherman T. F. Bowen G. H. Brown H. C. Barnes H. N. Burrett James Byrnes John Burger James Bogues W. E. Bode H. G. Belcher C. A. Boeker Virgil Blackinton A. W. Brown M.B.Babcock(Miss) J. P. Bowditch R. B. Buchanan J. A. Belcher S. S. Blaisdell M. Co. J. A. Barnes ( Mrs. ) Brown Uni. Library A. H. Barney E.H.Burroughs(Miss) William Carroll Bernard Conaty G. F. Chapman A. S. Carroll ( Miss ) C. C. Cusick A. M. Crowell F. J. Costello C. B. Coppen F. J. Capron J. P. Carroll W. J. Charnley W. P. Cantwell H. F. Carroll P. J. Cantwell Thomas Cashman Felix Crane Benjamin Conway F. J. Carpenter F. A. Chase F. A. Cushman C. R. Christie R. F. Carroll M. J. Crofwell Joseph Crowley Charles Carroll J. A. Cahill George Clayton Joseph Choquet F. H. Campbell J. P. Cullen J. F. Corcoran E. A. Carter J. H. Cadigan D. C. Chace A. B. Christy M. Cardin W. L. Casey J. D. Carney J. E. Canning T. F. Cooney H. R. Davis F. L. Dayton J. R. Day J. J. Dillon S. G. Durffy (Miss) C. W. Drinkwater W. H. Doran T. H. Donahue V. De Fina J. E. Devenish Rudolph DeLeeuw A. A. Devenish William Donovan Joseph Dove J. J. Dwyer J. P. Dorl M. S. Dwyer T. F. Dwyer D. J. Dwyer John Doran J. I. Devlin E. A. Emery Virgilio Escobar Joseph Ehrlich Edward Fuller George Farnell T. F. Farrell Ralph Freeman G. W. Flynn Frank Farley W. H. Farley C. F. Freese A. G. Field Alexander Fricker J. H. Flanagan J. E. C. Farnham R. H. I. Goddard Rathbone Gardner D. L. D. Granger W. A. Gallagher Robert Grieve C. C. Gray J. W. Gugluicci J. H. Gorman T. J. Griffin, Jr. J. L. Gerhard Harry Glasby Thomas Graham George Gilbert L. F. C. Garvin J. S. Gettler W. J. Gilbert S. A. Gibson J. M. Gillrain Samuel Gee L. A. Grace E. N. Griffith J. J. Horton Matthew Harkins.D.D. F. H. Rowland C. H. Howland J. E. Hurley G. W. Hope G. T. Hillsman Robert Hunt I. C. Hargraves J. D. Hall, Jr. D. A. Hurley Ephriam Harris Frederick Hall ^ Robert Hardie J. C. Hazard Max Hoffman J. W. Hogan J. E. Hudson T. H. Holton D. F. Hayden 0. J. Hammall William Hughes M. E. Hughes G. H. Huston Ernest Irons C. H. Johnson W. H. Johnson P. M. Jacques F. W. Jones F. R. Jeleff J. P. Keenan Harry Kauffman John Keife E. H. Kirby E. T. Klausch C. W. Littell H. B. Ladd C. H. Lee W. P. Linn J. J. Livingstone J. A. La Porte Carl Lisker J. F. Lennon J. P. Lyons Michael Leddy R. E. Lacy J. P. Lenahan J. J. Locklin W. J. Meegan Charles Matteson W. H. Munro A. P. Martin James Moran A. E. Morrill F. R. Martin P. J. McCarthy J. H. Matthews Joseph Meanorhan W. H. Mason J. A. Morse F. M. Mills T. A. Miller Anita Metivier (Miss) J. F. Matthews J. F. McKenna James Moore F. C. Madden Samuel McCarthy A. F. Moran James Murray J. W. Mahoney S. R. Macready C. H. Martin Charles Mercier F. J. MacKay E. A. Murphy M. J. McHugh Hellen Miller (Miss) J. E. McClintock J. T. Maguire L. F. Mullen T. L. Milne Robert Miller T. M. Mackay Walter McGinn Peter McArdle F. W. Marshall J. J. Murphy A. P. Munroe MaymeMurphy( Miss) R. E. Newton J. C. Nixon Walter Norton Frank Nester Ernest Norfolk Henry Norfolk Daniel O'Connor C. S. Ogden Albert Olyott Harry O'Hara J. J. O'Rourke J. F. O'Hara E. DeV. O'Connor A. H. Olney T. A. O'Gorman T. F. O'Rourke William Palmer H. R. Palmer T. H. Phillips H. W. Potter J. A. Powers E. L. Pike G. H. Pettis W. C. Poland H. W. Preston Preston & Rounds Co. J. R. Rathom A. M. Robertson Malcolm Ross C. J. Rothemich L. F. Reenev E. B. Rose ' A J. Rose J. F. Russell C. C. Robb M. D. Rogers T. E. Ritchie E. J. Rogan N. S. Reiner xcvin PRINTERS AND PRINTING IN PROVIDENCE G. B. Sullivan J. H. Sullivan John Shea W. F. Sholes W. H. Smith William Shaw N. J. Sweet Fred Smith William Scott F. G. Sullivan G. E. Shepard P. A. Schroen C. A. Salisbury E. W. Smith A. C. Sparks Joseph Samuels Leon Samuels D. H. Sheahan W. W. Scott Walter Scott J. J. Sherry Standard Printing Co. J. M. Tally S. I. Tonjoroff P. F. Tierney E. P. Tobie F. J. Tulley W. S. Turney I. N. Tew Willis Tobie S.M.Tillinghast( Mrs. ) P. J. Trumpler N. M. Wright W. J. Waters A. W. Woodcock Francis Whalen George Webb H. J. Wilbur Howard Wheeler E. Wedhoff D. H. Whittemore L. A. Waterman J. E. Walsh F. H. Young Boston, Mass. C. E. Andrews Am. Type F'd's Co. B. D. Belyea M. L. Bouret H. W. Burns Stephen Booth F. A. Barbour H. A. Corev J. P. Dolan W. F. Elsbree C. H. Finley L. G. Finley Stanley Grant F. W. Geer J. C. Hurll F. H. Leonard M. B. Martin J. H. McCarthy John McCauley W. J. Melvin Henry McMahon J. A. O'Neill R. A. Reid Thomas Rushton N. J. Rodgers Frank Ranagan Charles Rolfe H. F. Smith T. C. Stephenson C. T. Scott W. R. Templeman C. W. Taylor F. E. Ward W. B. Welch D. P. Wyman George Watkins F. A. Williams C. G. Wilkins Edgar Yates Pawtucket. G. H. Burroughs W. H. Bussey R. M. Browning Ambrose Choquet C. L. Crocker J. J. Fitzgerald J. H. Gunning W. W. Haskins C. D. Judson Thomas Kenyon E. J. Lennon M. B. Moriarty W. M. Peckham Lester Upham Alfred Poloquin M. J. Rafferty Central Falls. J. W. Freeman Natick, R. 1. R. N. Lawton Worcester, Mass. J. C. Adams P. H. Beahn Samuel Clarke A. J. Duggan J. F. Duggan T. T. Ellis W. E. Mahoney W. A. Newgent J. H. Russell New York. David Evans R. J. Faulkner J. H. Fitz W. J. Ghent A. C. Howell E. B. Hall W. D. McKenzie J. J. Murphy J. H. Porthouse Los Angeles, Cal. B. C. Truman Manchester, N. H. J. A. Fitzgerald St. Louis, Mo. J. A. Reid WOONSOCKET, R. I. F. E. Kelly A. J. McConnell Waterbury, Conn. R. F. Kenneth Louisville, Ky. J. J. Martin Washington, D. C. W. M. Leavitt Anna Wilson A. P. E. Doyle Zanesville, Ohio. R. W. Hocking Fall River, Mass. John Moffitt New Bedford, Mass. William Lewis W. E. Tourtellot Arthur Bradbury Newport. R. L G. P. Wetmore Westerly, R. L T. E. Lahey Attleboro, Mass. N. J. Riley Ralph Engley San Francisco, Cal. W. J. French G. H. Pettis, Jr. Hartford, Conn. Sam Pfund E. T. Morse J. G. Bacon John Murray , James Muspratt Norwich, Conn. R. J. Clowes W. F. Metzger New Haven, Conn. Daniel O'Donnell Catskill, N. Y. J. J. Devlin Brockton, Mass. W. C. Harcus Baltimore, Md. A. S. Abell C. S. Abell W. W. Abell Johns Hopkins Uni. G. P. Nichols Lawrence, Mass. R. S. Maloney Chicago, 111. W. S. Menaman Cranston, R. I. W. T. Robertson Hope Valley, R. I. E. T. Spencer Unions. Louisville, No. 10 Boston, No. 13 San Francisco, No. 21 Galveston, No. 28 Lawrence, No. 51 Toledo, No. 63 Norwich, No. 100 Hartford, No. 127 Pawtucket, No. 212 Lowell, No. 310 Providence Press- men's, No. 114 NOV 24 '64 RETURN LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY ^ TO— ^ 2 South Hall 642-2253 LOAN PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 < b ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS DUE AS STAMPED BELOW Aiir 1 Pl^^^ Auu "'■ '■■' MAYii4 1991 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. 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