m 
 
 
 1 
 
 PA 
 
 3563 
 
 M28 
 
 1892 
 
 MAIN 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 
 B ^ 05^ 17D 
 
LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 ATTIC ORATORS. 
 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ACCEPTED BY THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 BY 
 
 
 /"> 
 
 J. ET. T: MAIN, 
 
 Professor of Greek in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 JOHN MURPHY & CO. 
 
 1892. 
 
LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 ATTIC ORATORS. 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ACCEPTED BY THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. H. T. MAIN, 
 
 Professor of Greek in Iowa College, GrinneU, Iowa. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 JOHN MURPHY & CO. 
 
 i 892. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 Introduction, 5 
 
 I. Proper Names used as Locatives in the Attic Orators : 
 
 Antiphon, 6 
 
 Andocides, -- ..--6 
 
 Lysias, ...-.-------7 
 
 Isocrates, 9 
 
 Isaeus, ... 9 
 
 Demosthenes, 10 
 
 Aeschines, - - - - -13 
 
 Lycurgus, ......-.---13 
 
 Statistic for all the Orators, -- 14 
 
 Table of Averages, - - - - -16 
 
 II. The Statistics Examined : 
 
 Andocides, -- - - *■ - -- -16 
 
 Antiphon and Dinarchus, - - - 18 
 
 Lycurgus, ---19 
 
 Isocrates, 20 
 
 Andocides and the later Orators compared, 20 
 
 References to Athens in Demosthenes, ------ 23 
 
 Local Endings in Familiar Expressions, ------ 24 
 
 Places where Temples were or where National Festivals were held, 25 
 Dominance of the ' where ' Forms, -------25 
 
 The Locative in Literature and Colloquial Greek, - - - - 26 
 
 III. The Comparative Frequency of the Locative and the Corres- 
 
 ponding Prepositional Phrase : 
 'A^vrjffi, 28 
 
 'ASi\va^(, ------------31 
 
 'Adrjurfdev, ...-..-----33 
 
 'EKevffls, ------------35 
 
 Mapadwv, ------------ 37 
 
 The Demes of Attica, --------- 39 
 
 MowvxLa, -----------41 
 
 Places not in Attica : 
 
 'OAivuTna, ----------- 42 
 
 '\ffQfx6s and Nc^sa, --.. 43 
 
 Meyapa, ------------ 44 
 
 Qrj&ai, 44 
 
 TWaratai, ------------45 
 
 2aA.a / ui'y, ------------45 
 
 3 
 
 
LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN THE 
 ATTIC ORATORS. 
 
 The various statements that have appeared regarding the use 
 made of the locative adverb in proper names are unsatisfactory 
 and vague, not to say misleading. 1 The uncertainty that has been 
 felt regarding it is an inheritance from antiquity itself, and though 
 the questions involved are of sufficient importance to repay con- 
 sideration no systematic eifort seems to have been made to bring 
 together the material necessary for the drawing of safe and reason- 
 ably certain conclusions. 
 
 The following study is made for the purpose of arriving at some 
 definite understanding regarding these forms and starts out with a 
 consideration of those that are found in the Attic orators, giving 
 for them what is thought to be a complete statistic of proper names 
 used as locative adverbs. The collection includes : — 
 
 (1) Words having the endings -dev, -8e and -£e. 
 
 (2) Words having the endings -rjai, -aac. 
 
 (3) Words having the ending -oi. 
 
 (4) Datives when used as locative adverbs in such words as 
 'EXevcrift, Mapadwvi, MeXirr], ^aXajuvL etc. 2 
 
 1 The Thesaurus, for example, under 'A6^vrjdei> gives the general view regard- 
 ing this word: Ita Attice dicendum esse pro <=| 'A6r]vwv praecipiunt magistri. 
 Then follows: Sed Thuc. vm, 17 ac saepius e'/c rS>v 'AQ-qvwv. 
 
 Liddell and Scott: 'A6i)vr)6ev, 'Ae-f)i>a(e, 'A0rivr)<ri were more Attic than e£ 
 *Adr)vwv, els 'A8r)vas and eV ' Adi\vais. 
 
 Kegarding the locative dative Kiihner, 426.2, says, — auch zu den angefflhrten 
 Worten 'Vafivovvri u. s. w. tritt haufiger die praep. *v als iv Mapadwvi, Lycurg. 104. 
 
 Cobet, Variae Lectiones, p. 30 : — vitiosum est, quamquam multis non videtur, 
 iv Mapadwvi et sim. 
 
 s The word locative is for convenience applied to all these forms, and it is to be 
 understood when that word is used proper names alone are referred to by it. 
 
 5 
 
6 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 The study concludes with a consideration of the comparative 
 frequency of the locative and the corresponding prepositional 
 phrase. In dealing with this side of the question a general 
 survey of classical Greek has been made and inscriptions have 
 been examined. 
 
 I. 
 
 Proper Name? tjsed as Locatives in the Attic Orators. 
 
 Antiphon, who stands first among the orators of the Attic 
 canon, is not represented in the tables that follow. The absence 
 of the locative proper name from his orations is found further on 
 to have little if any significance. 1 
 
 Andocides stands in striking contrast to Antiphon, contributing 
 as he does, fourteen words to the list. The first oration becomes 
 prominent in furnishing the largest number, there being in it eleven 
 of the fourteen. Here occurs 'Adtfvnat four times (three times in a 
 v6fio$), MeyapdSe twice, followed by one occurrence each of Me7a- 
 podev, MapadayvdSe, 'JLXevcrLvodev, 'EXefcrtyt and 'OXu/x7rta^e. 
 It is interesting to note that this little collection of forms includes 
 all the locative relations, ' where ', ( whither ' and ' whence ', and in 
 variety of words represented is not excelled by any passage in the 
 orators, excepting oration LIX of the Demosthenean canon. The 
 average per page for this oration is .25, calculating that it contains 
 forty pages. 2 This is comparatively a very high average. 
 
 The second oration affords no examples, and the third gives but 
 one, namely : ' ' KO^vvctl. 
 
 Oration IV, which has been transmitted under the name of 
 Andocides, but is without doubt spurious, contributes two forms 
 to the list — 'OA.f/u,7rta£e and 'OXvfAiriacri. 
 
 x One or two occurrences in the fragments of Antiphon were not considered 
 striking enough to require attention. 
 
 * In this oration and in the following work the ordinary Teubner texts have 
 been used. When the pages were not full the calculation was made on the basis 
 of 32 lines to the page. Perfect accuracy in such cases is hard to attain. The 
 figures are thought to be practically correct. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 7 
 
 For the whole of Andocides the average per page is .16 which, 
 though a considerable descent from the high average of the first 
 oration, is yet the highest in the Attic orators. 
 
 Locatives in Andocides. 
 
 09 oy^ero M. V7re^e\0(ov 
 (p^OVTO e7r' avrov M. 
 eTrethrj Ted/epos f/\6e M. 
 ov TrepieKOTTV jjlovos tcov f Ep//.<yf T(ov 'A. 
 edv res Sij/jLOKparlav KaraXvrj ttjv A. 
 09 av KaraXvarj rr)v hajioKpariav ttjv A. 
 orrocroL he bpicoi 6p,(op.oprai A. 
 cnravTr)<jai rols ftapftdpots M. 
 67T€t,8r] yap ifkOo/iev E. 
 7T6pl ro)v yeyevr)p,evcov E. 
 eireiTa dp-^idecopov e/9 'IcrdfAOV ical 'O. 
 ireiaavTes fj,ev ovv 'A. von'jcraorOat 
 Xe^eiv he irepl rr)<; vi/cry? T/79 'O. 
 0\v/jL7ria%€, IV. 26. &.io/j,->jhw<; rj\0e £61)709 '(.ititwv aytov 'O. 
 
 Twenty-nine forms to be taken into account for the present pur- 
 pose are found in the 228 pages of Lysias. Only eleven of the 
 orations are represented in the collection. Orations XIII and XVII 
 contain the largest number proportionally, but much of the signifi- 
 cance that might attach to this is neutralized by the fact that the 
 result is produced by a natural repetition of one or two forms. 
 The high average of oration XIII, which contains eight locatives, 
 is produced by Movuv-^iacrt, 1 which occurs six times, Movvv^la^e 
 and W07]VT]dev. The decimal for this oration is .33 which, though 
 somewhat higher than that for oration I of Andocides, is devoid 
 of its interesting features. 
 
 Oration XVII, with less than three pages, furnishes four forms 
 — ^(prjTTol and Klkvvvol each repeated. Here again repetition 
 accounts for the high average. 
 
 The ' whence ' relation in Lysias is well represented as is also 
 the ' whither ' relation, the first having six representatives and the 
 
 1 The better writing of this word is MowixLa<rt. See Meisterhans, Gram. At. Ins. 
 
 Meyapdhe, 
 
 I. 
 
 15. 
 
 a 
 
 I. 
 
 15. 
 
 7Sle<yapodev, 
 
 I. 
 
 34. 
 
 \\67jvrjcr1, 
 
 I. 
 
 62. 
 
 i( 
 
 I. 
 
 96. 
 
 <( 
 
 I. 
 
 97. 
 
 <c 
 
 I. 
 
 98. 
 
 Mapadwvdhe 
 
 , I- 
 
 107. 
 
 'JLXevatvodev 
 
 , I. 
 
 111. 
 
 'JLXevaivi, 
 
 I. 
 
 111. 
 
 'OX,y partake, 
 
 I. 
 
 132. 
 
 'A.drjvrjO'i, 
 
 III. 
 
 38. 
 
 OXvpL7r[aat, 
 
 IV. 
 
 25. 
 
8 
 
 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 second five. The remaining forms show the ' where' relation which, 
 as is usually the case, is the dominating one. 
 
 The average for Lysias entire is .124 which, it will be noted, is 
 somewhat lower than that for Andocides. 
 
 Locatives in Lysias. 
 
 Olwdev, I. 
 
 'Ekevalvi, II. 
 
 VI. 
 
 'E\ev(TLv60ev, VI. 
 ''EXevalvaSe, VIII. 
 
 M.eyapd8e, XII. 
 'EXefcriWSe, XII. 
 M.ovvv%Lacn, XIII. 
 XIII. 
 'AdTJvvdev, XIII. 
 M-ouvv^la^e, XIII. 
 M.ovvv^laai, XIII. 
 
 XIII. 
 XIII. 
 XIII. 
 
 X(f>r]TTOl, XVII. 
 
 K.IKVVVOL, XVII. 
 
 X^TTOL, XVII. 
 
 KlKOVVOl, XVII. 
 
 'Advert, XVIII. 
 ' A\(07T€Krjd€V, XIX. 
 
 'Va/jbVOVVTL, XIX. 
 *1<T0/jLOL, XTX 
 
 Neyu,ea, 
 
 16 
 
 10. 
 
 4. 
 45. 
 
 5. 
 
 17. 
 52. 
 
 €<tti S\ e<f>r/, EpoTocrdevws O. 6 ravra 
 
 Trpdrrcov 
 eOa-yjrap ev rfj avroiv 'E. 
 to, Se ev To> 'E. lepa> 
 teal opKwv Kaddirep rots E. 
 teal to reXevralov clkovtwv v/xcov 'E. 
 
 ^vvdecopelv 
 rrj<i eTriovcrns vvktos SteTrXevcra M. 
 i\0a)v - - - et? ^a\ap,iva ical 'E. 
 
 24. /cadi^ovaiv eirl rov jBwfiov M. 
 
 25. zeal 7rapopp,icravTe<i Svo ifkoia M. iSeovro 
 25. iravrl Tpoirw direkOelv 'A. 
 
 29. zeal rfkdov oi e/c tt}? /3ov\r}<; M. 
 32. eVetS?) Se r] eKKkncria M. ev tS dedrpa>- 
 52. eVl rod /3u>fxov ifcddnro M. 
 55. ore rj i/c/cXwcrlq M. ev tS 9edrpu> eyivero- 
 58. fcal to, ifkola irapacr icevdo-as M. eVoi/i09 
 rjv - - 
 5. real rd fiev 2. tfSr) rpia erw \xep.[crOwKa, 
 
 TWV- 
 
 5. Se K. /cat rrj<; ol/clas eStKa^o/nvv Tot9 
 
 e^ovo-L 
 8. tou? fiefxio-dcojLievovs Trap e/xov to S. 
 
 8. eiretra rov K. tov? yeirovas 
 13. ort 'A. too~ovtov Svvarai 
 16. e^a) yvvalica ttjv KptToSrffiov Ovyalrepa 
 
 rod 'A. 
 28. ovk ^y aXA,' ?) , \a>piSiov fxtKpov 'P. 
 
 63. ot? eviKvaev 'I. /cat N. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 9 
 
 Ae/ce\ei60ev, XXIII. 2. eweiSi] 8e direicpivaTO ort A. 
 
 XXIII. 3. el Tiva ryivaiCTKOLev A. hr}p,orev6[jievov- 
 6i)/3r)cri, XXIII. 15. fieraards ivrevOev 6. p,eru>K€i 
 
 XXIII. 15. TravTayov fidWov i) 6. ei/eo? rjv avrov 
 jjLeTOLKrjcrcLi 
 'EXeucrii/aSe, XXV. 9. elal 8e o'lrtve^ twv 'E. airo^pa-tyafxkvwv 
 
 Proper names used as locatives are extremely rare in Isocrates, 
 there being but ten in the 482 pages. Mapadcovi with four occur- 
 rences, 'OXvjjbTriao-L with two, together with Ae/ceXetoOev, ®i]/3wcri, 
 Barrjdev and ©eairtdcriv make up the entire number. 
 
 In Isaeus, with about one third the number of pages contained 
 in Isocrates, there are fourteen proper names used as locative 
 adverbs. This is an average per Teubner page of .097. Oration 
 XI contains one half of the entire number, the average per page 
 being a little more than .47. The form UpoairaXrol heads the 
 list, occurring three times. 'EXef alvi is found twice. The other 
 forms occur but once each and are YLe^aXrjcn, Bijcra^e, 'Adijvrjai, 
 \\0/]va^e, MovvvylaaL, ' ' AOpbovol, <£>\vr]<Ti, Spidcri,, MeXirr. 
 
 Locatives in Lsocrates. 
 
 Mapadcovi, IV. 91. 
 
 MapaOcovc, V. 147. 
 
 MapaOoovt, VIII. 38. 
 AeK€\.ecdcnv,\ILl. 84. 
 ®rj&ri*i, XII. 173. 
 
 Oeo-TTiaaiv, XIV. 14. 
 MapadSivi, XV. 306. 
 
 'OXvp.Triaai, XVI. 25. 
 
 ^OXvpLTriaai, XVI. 49. 
 
 BaTijdev, XVIII. 10. 
 
 AaKe8atp,ovtoi fiev ^irfkovvre^ tttjv ttoXlv 
 
 rrj<i M. /ad^ns 
 etc 8e t?7? M. fidyr]<; 
 
 el 8e tocs M. tou9 fiapfidpovs vitcqaacrL 
 /cat tov refyovs i]8rj tov A. eo~Tr)KOTO<; 
 tovto <ydp diTo8el^at /3ov\op,evo$ Sir/XOov 
 
 rd yevo/xeva ®. 
 toXlkovtov err par ev p,aro<; ovtos ©. 
 ttoios he rtf o rot/? j3ap/3dpovs M. rf} 
 
 p*dyji vi/crjcras 
 Yttttcov yap ^evyet irploTOs ' AX/cfxecov rebv 
 
 ttoXltcov 'O. evLicrjcre 
 Sevrepov S' el 8la ttjv tov irarpbs vlktjv 
 
 ri]V O. drtp,(odr}cropbaL 
 Slatrav eVl p-qrolq eTriTpe-^rafiev Ni/fo- 
 
 /Lia^ft) B. 
 
10 
 
 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 Locatives in Isaeus. 
 
 K.ecj)a\.ricn, II. 31. 
 
 Bj*a&, III. 22. 
 
 'Adrjvvo-t, IV. 8. 
 
 'A^i/aCe, V. 29. 
 
 y[ovvv%iacri, VI. 27. 
 
 'AOfiovol, VI. 33. 
 
 '©ptacrt, 
 
 VIII. 35. 
 XL 41. 
 XI. 42. 
 
 'EXevalvi, " " 
 
 TipocnraXrol, XI. 44. 
 
 YlpocnraXrol, XI. 49. 
 
 IIoooVaAToi, XI. 49. 
 
 ofioaavTes tj/alv r rrpo<; tc3 /3o)/a&) t&> t^? 
 
 , A(f>po8iT7)<; Trjs K. 
 Ee^o/eA//}? tolvvv B. /ie^ taw et? to ipya- 
 
 <TT?]piOV 
 
 Kal ravr ovk eTriSe&rj fin kotos tov Nt«o- 
 
 arparov ev&e/ca erwv 'A. 
 dW' a7r' €Ke[vov iinaKalheKa erSiv A. 
 
 ou/c d(j)itceTO 
 Kal rj vavs aura) e^cop/xec M. 
 a7ro8[8oTai dypbv fiev A. irevre Kal 
 
 e/38op,i]KOVTa p,voi)V ' Avricpdvei, 
 J^Lpcov yap ifcetcTVTO ovaiav - - - dypbv 
 
 p,ev <£>. 
 /cert tov & avrov eSco/cev dypbv tov 'E. 
 
 Svolv rakavTOiv 
 dypbv pbev ©. irevQ^ 7]fxird\avTa evpi- 
 
 crKovra, 
 olfciav Se M. rpLcr^iXitov icovv/xevvv, 
 aWvv Se 'E. irevraKoaluyv, 
 ytopiov iv dlvorj TrevTaKLo-yCkitav Kal EL 
 
 TpiO")£l\LCOV. 
 
 XatpeXe&)9 8e to II. ywpiov KareXnrev- 
 KaraXeicpdevTOs Se tov II. ywpiov Kal 
 ytyvofxevov Trjs £k€lvq)v dSeXcprjs- 
 
 If due allowance be made for hypotheses and vacant spaces the 
 orations transmitted to us under the name of Demosthenes fill 
 approximately 1150 pages. Distributed through this corpus very 
 irregularly 132 forms appear that must be taken into account for 
 the present purpose. Of this number 83, or very nearly 63 per 
 cent., are clustered together in four orations, comprised in less than 
 one hundred pages, and all classed by Blass as spurious. 1 The 
 orations referred to are XXXIV, XXXV, LVI, LIX. In Ora- 
 tion XXXV, containing twenty-nine locatives, the average per 
 
 1 Blass, Attische Beredsamkeit, dritte Abt., pp. 476, 502, 515, 520. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 11 
 
 page is 1.87 which is considerably larger than that yielded by any 
 other portion of the Attic canon. In this oration there are twenty 
 occurrences of'AOijva^e, four of ' AdrfvrjOev and two of'Adijvriai. 
 'lanaiodev, which appears three times, completes the list. 
 
 In XXXIV the average drops to 1.34. Here the dominating 
 form is not 'AO-qva^e, as in XXXV, but 'AOyvrjcri, of which there 
 are twelve occurrences. ^AOrjva^e, on the other hand, is found but 
 four times. The remaining form is ' ' Adrjvrjdev, which also occurs 
 four times. 
 
 Next in order is LVI where are thirteen locatives and thirteen 
 .pages, giving as the average the unit 1 . Here again the prevailing 
 form is \\.6i]va^e with seven occurrences, followed by ' Ad^vrjdev 
 with four, and finally by 'AOrjv^ai with two. 
 
 In LIX its average is reduced to .51. In this speech there is 
 some relief from the wearisome heaping up of the same or similar 
 forms which characterizes the other three of the group under con- 
 sideration. There are but two occurrences of 'Adrjvrjo-i and four 
 of ^AO-qva^e. Other forms are WXwireKrjOev, 'A^lBvrj^e, 'KKevaivt, 
 JSitcakrjdev, }Lo\wvr)6ev, Y^efyaXrfBev, MapaOwvaSe, and YTXaTaidcri. 
 For variety this collection is noteworthy. Nine different words are 
 represented in the twenty locatives and all of the locative relations 
 — where, whither and whence. The forms in -dev here, contrary to 
 the general rule, outrank the others. This is due to the fact that it is 
 necessary to take many depositions ; the names of many witnesses are 
 consequently given in an approved legal way, as in § 61 : Tifio- 
 cTTparos ^KakrjOev ----- N/«:i7r7ro? K.ecf)a\f]0€v /xaprvpovcrtv. 1 
 
 To the nine words represented in LIX but nine more need be 
 added to complete the number found in the whole of Demosthenes, 
 some of which words are represented by a single occurrence. As 
 already stated, of the 132 forms in Demosthenes 83 belong to the 
 four orations just considered, which having 81 pages give a little 
 more than the unit 1 as the average. For the remainder of Demos- 
 thenes the average sinks to the insignificant decimal .047. If the 
 public speeches alone were considered the average there would be 
 found to be considerably less than this. 
 
 1 The form in -6ev was by no means the most common form in cases of this sort. 
 It had a narrow range in fact. Far more common in the orators and inscriptions 
 are the adjectival forms in -«us, -tos, etc., for example, \ 61 : 'EkciAktjs QaA-qpevs. 
 
12 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 It is interesting to note also that 104 of the 132 locatives in 
 Demosthenes, more than 78 per cent, belong to pseudo-Demos- 
 thenes, accepting the view of Blass regarding the genuineness of 
 the speeches. 
 
 Locatives in Demosthenes. 
 
 'A0^a£e— VII. 13; IX. 43; XX. 31 ; XXXI. 1, 8, 9; XXXIV. 
 
 11, 36, 42, 43; XXXV. 3, 10, 11, 11, 11, 13, 24, 24, 
 
 25, 32, 35, 37, 37, 38, 50, 50, 51, 51, 52, 53 ; L. 18 ; 
 
 LVI. 3, 27, 36, 36, 40, 42, 45 ; LIX. 25, 32, 64, 103. 
 'Kd^vno-t— VIII. 66 ; X. 68; XVII. 28; XVIII. 66, 197; XIX. 
 
 81 ; XX. 29; XXXIV. 4, 23, 25, 31, 31, 32, 37, 37, 
 
 42, 42, 43, 45; XXXV. 16, 51; XLIII. 71; XLV. 
 
 17; XLVL 26; XLIX. 26; LIII. 3 ; LVI. 3, 17; 
 
 LIX. 35, 85. 
 'AOijvvdev— XIX. 229 ; XXXII. 1 ; XXXIII. 9 ; XXXIV. 7, 
 
 27, 40 ; XXXV. 10, 32, 52, 53 ; LVI. 27, 36, 36, 45. 
 'A\a>7reKr)0ev— XVIII. 164; XXI. 82, 121; XXII. 60; XXIII. 
 
 13 ; XXV. 72 ; LVIII. 35 ; LIX. 25, 25, 45, 47, 47. 
 'Apa^i/Se— XLIII. 70. 
 'Activate— LIX. 9. 
 ^pavpcovodev — LIV. 25. 
 'EXevcrlvi—XXI. 158; LV. 28; LIX. 116. 
 'E\ev<rlva8e— XVIII. 177, 184. 
 'Eicd\'n0ev— LIX. 61. 
 'lancuodev— XXXV. 20, 20, 34. 
 Kv6yp6v$e—X1AI. 5. 
 Ko\a>vfj6ev— LIX. 22, 23. 
 Kec^aXrjdev— LIX. 61, 71, 71. 
 Mapae&vi—XIII. 21, 22 ; XIV. 30 ; XVIII. 208 ; XIX. 312 ; 
 
 XXIII. 196, 198. 
 Mapad&vdSe— LIX. 94. 
 MiyapciSe — XXIX. 3. 
 OlrjOev— XXXIII. 14. 
 'OXv/nriaai— XXI. 145 ; LVIII. 66. 
 Tipoa-iraXToOev — XLIII. 64. 
 TWaraiaa — LIX. 96, 97. 
 l^aXafxivi — XIX. 312. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 13 
 
 The locatives that show themselves in Aeschines and Lycurgus 
 call for nothing more than a passing notice in this connection. 
 Those in Aeschines, seventeen in all, are distributed rather evenly 
 throughout the speeches. The decimal for this orator is .089. 
 The highest average is furnished by the first oration where it 
 rises to .12. 
 
 Lycurgus furnishes four forms, all of them referring to Athens, 
 viz. : \\.dr)VT}o~i, 'A0rjvn0ev (twice), , A0r)va£e. 
 
 Locatives in Aeschines. 
 
 'Adtjvvai, I. 89. 
 
 S(f)7]TTOL, I. 97. 
 
 \Wa)7T€Kf)(TL, I. 97. 
 
 I. 99. 
 
 WfxdiTpoTrrjcri, I. 101. 
 'AA,(U7re/o)cri, I. 105. 
 'A0rjv<n<ri, I. 108. 
 
 II. 23. 
 
 II. 36. 
 
 II. 58. 
 
 II. 93. 
 
 III. 91. 
 
 'A&/i/a£e, III. 98. 
 
 " III. 114. 
 
 'Adrtvqav, III. 114. 
 
 ^aXafiivi, III. 181. 
 
 'OXv/xTTiacri, III. 189. 
 
 el S' o fiev aycov ecrTiv ' A0rjvr)<rtv 
 
 ea^anav Se ^cfrrjTToi 
 
 \Wco7refcrjcn S' erepov yu>plov 
 
 to 8' W\a)7refcf)<Ti ywpiov 
 
 aypbv ' Afi0iTpo7rr}<riv 
 
 /ecu tov ywp'iov rod ' AXaiiretcrjo-L kcu- 
 
 tov ' AQr)vr\cnv vfSpccrTrjv ov/c et? tovs 
 
 aWovs fiovov, 
 ' ' A6rjvrj(7L fiev fj/jbev a^toc ty)<; vfieTepo<i 
 
 7rtcrTe<i>9 
 el Twv 'Adijvrja-t TrpajfiaTcov eTrcXeXrjafiat 
 ovk ev Ma/ceSovia, a\\' 'A0i]vr)criv 
 /ecu tov Kepcro(3\e7rT7]v "'Adrjvqo-L fiev - 
 virep rbv fir) avveSpeveiv , A0r}vr)crc XaA,/a- 
 
 8ea<> 
 rJK€v crvveSpevaovTas , A0r/va^e ei'<? ttjv 
 
 iravaeXrjvov. 
 kcli ei<? tov Xolttov %povov airo(TTaXr\<Teo-0ai 
 
 ' ' A0r)vaKe tov - 
 e<£' a>Te /3orj0r^aeiv tois ) Afi0to-<jevcnv 
 
 , A0)]vrjat - 
 6t ev ttj Xa\a/jLivi vavfia^ca tov Hepcrrjv 
 
 eviKCLTe 
 'OXv/nrcacn (TT€0avco0r)vai - 
 
14 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 Lycurgus. 
 
 'Adi]V7)(ri, §16. rcov olkovvtcov ^ AQi]vr\<ri 
 
 'Adrfvrjdev, 19. Kai eKifkevaavTa ' A6i')vtj0€v 
 
 21. kcu cufuKvetTO ' 'AdijvrjOev ifKola eis rrjv 
 'Yohov, 
 
 93. on av e\6r/ ' Adrjva^e rev^erai tcov v6fxa>v. 
 
 Statistic for all the Orators. 
 
 'Atfr^crt— Andocides, I. 62, 96, 97, 98 ; III. 38. Lysias, XVIII. 
 
 13. Isaeus, IV. 8. Dem., VIII. 6Q ; X. 68 ; XVII. 
 
 28 ; XVIII. 66, 197 ; XIX. 81 ; XX. 29 ; XXXIV. 
 
 4, 23, 25, 31, 31, 32, 37, 37, 42, 42, 43, 45. XXXV. 
 
 16, 51 ; XLIII. 11 ; XLV. 17 ; XL VI. 26 ; XLIX. 
 
 26 ; LV. 3 ; LVI. 3, 17 ; LIX. 35, 85. Aeschines, I. 
 
 89, 108; II. 23, 36, 58, 93; III. 91, 114. 
 
 Lycurgus § 16. (46) 
 
 'AfyWfe— Isaeus, IV. 29. Dem., VII. 13; IX. 43; XX. 31; 
 
 XXXI. 1, 8, 9 ; XXXIV. 11, 36, 42, 43 ; XXXV. 
 
 3, 10, 11, 11, 11, 13, 24, 24, 25, 32, 35, 37, 37, 38, 50, 
 
 50, 51, 51, 52, 53 ; L. 18 ; LVI. 3, 27, 36, 36, 40, 42, 
 
 45 ; LIX. 25, 32, 64, 103. Aeschines, III. 98, 114. 
 
 Lycurgus, § 93. (46) 
 
 'Adtvydev— Lysias, XIII. 25. Dem., XIX. 229 ; XXXII. 1 ; 
 
 XXXIII. 9 ; XXXIV. 7, 27, 40 ; XXXV. 10, 32, 
 
 52, 53 ; LVI. 27, 36, 36, 45. 
 
 Lycurgus, §19, §21. (17) 
 
 'KXwrerfOev— Lysias, XIX. 16. Dem., XVIII. 164 ; XXI. 82, 
 
 121; XXII. 60; XXIII. 13; XXV. 72; LVIII. 
 
 35 ; LIX. 25, 25, 45, 47, 47. (13) 
 
 ' ' AXaiTreicria-t, — Aeschines, I. 97, 99, 105. (3) 
 
 'Apa^vahe— Dem., XLIII. 70. (1) 
 
 'A^iSva^e— Dem., LIX. 9. (1) 
 
 'AOjAovol — Isaeus, VI. 33. (1) 
 
 'A/i0tTpo7r77crt — Aeschines, I. 101. (1) 
 
 BaTrfOev— Isocrates, XVIII. 10. (1) 
 
 B Tja-a^e— Isaeus, III. 22. (1) 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 15 
 
 Bpavpowodev — Dem., LIV. 25. (1) 
 
 Ae/ceXetodev— Lysias, XXIII. 2, 3. (2) 
 
 Ae/ceXemcrt — Isaeus, VIII. 84. (1) 
 'EXevcrivi — Andocides, I. 111. Lysias, II. 10; VI. 4. 
 
 Isaeus, XI. 41, 42. Dem., XXI. 158; LV. 28; 
 
 LIX. 116. (8) 
 'EXevalvdSe— Lysias,VHI. 5 ; XII. 52 ; XXV. 9. Dem., XVIII. 
 
 177, 184. (5) 
 
 , EXev<Tiv60ev — Andocides, I. 111. Lysias, VI. 45. (2) 
 
 'EtcdXvOev—Dem., LIX. 61. (1) 
 (decnriaaiv — Isoc, XIV. § 14. 
 
 ®rj/3r)cri — Lysias, XXIII. 15, 15. Isocrates, XII. 173. (3) 
 
 Splaai — Isaeus, XI. 42. (1) 
 
 'ladfiol— Lysias, XIX. 63. (2) 
 
 'I<rriai60ev—Dem., XXXV. 20, 20, 34. (3) 
 
 KiKvwoZ— Lysias, XVII. 5, 8. (2) 
 
 Kv0 VP 6vSe—Dem., XLII. 5. (1) 
 
 Ko\covi)06v— Dem., XXI. 64 ; LIX. 22, 23. (3) 
 
 Kecpa\y0ev—Dem., LIX. 61, 71, 71. (3) 
 
 KecpaXrai — Isaeus, II. 31. (1) 
 
 MeyapdSe — Andocides, I. 15, 15. Lysias, XII. 17. Dem., 
 
 XXIX. 3. (4) 
 
 Me<yap60ev — Andocides, I. 34. (1) 
 
 MapaOavi— Isoc, IV. 91 ; V. 147 ; VIII. 38 ; XV. 306. Dem., 
 
 XIII. 21, 22; XIV 30; XVIII. 208; XIX. 312; 
 
 XXIII. 196, 198. (11) 
 
 Mapa0a)vdSe — Andocides, I. 107 ; LIX. 94. (2) 
 
 MeXirfl— Isaeus, XI. 42. (1) 
 
 Movvvx^ao-i — Lysias, XIII. 24, 25, 32, 52, 55, 58. Isaeus, 
 
 VI. 27. ' (7) 
 
 Mo vvvxia^e— Lysias, XIII. 29. (1) 
 Ne/iea — Lysias, XIX. 63. 
 'OXvtnrlaai— And., IV. 25. Isoc, XVI. 25, 49. Dem., XXI. 
 
 145 ; LVIII. 66. Aes., III. 189. (6) 
 
 'OXvuiriate— Andocides, I. 132 ; IV. 26. (2) 
 
 'Ot v 0evr- Lysias, I. 16. Dem., XXXIII. 14. (2) 
 
 TLXaraidai—Dem., LIX. 96, 97. (2) 
 
 UpoaTraXrot — Isaeus, XL 44, 49. (2) 
 
16 
 
 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 Upoo-TraXroOev — Dern., XLIII. 64. 
 
 'VapvovvTi — Lysias, XIX. 28. 
 
 %<f>T]TToi — Lysias, XVII. 5, 8. Aeschiues, I. 97. 
 
 'ZaXaixlvt, — Dern., XIX. 312. Aescbines, III. 181. 
 
 Q>\vwi — Isaeus, VIII. 35. 
 
 (1) 
 (1) 
 (3) 
 (2) 
 (1) 
 
 Table of Averages. 1 
 
 Andocides 
 
 f Average, 
 
 Oration I, 
 
 Lysias {Average, 
 
 J \ Oration XIII, 
 
 Isocrates. . . . Average, 
 
 Isaeus i Average, 
 
 ( Oration XI. 
 r Average, 
 Oration XXXV, 
 " XXXIV, 
 " LVI, 
 " LIX, 
 Excepting XXXIV, XXXV, 
 
 LVI, LIX, 
 Orations XXXIV, XXXV, 
 
 LVI, LIX, 
 Average, 
 Oration I, 
 Lycurgus. . . Average, 
 
 Demosthenes. < 
 
 Aeschines. 
 
 ••{ 
 
 .16 
 .25 
 .12 
 .38 
 .02 
 .097 
 .47 
 .114 
 1.87 
 1.34 
 1. 
 .51 
 
 .047 
 
 1. 
 
 .089 
 .12 
 
 85 .. 
 
 43 .. 
 
 228 .. 
 
 21 .. 
 
 482 .. 
 
 144 ., 
 
 14.5 .. 
 
 1153 ., 
 
 15.5 ., 
 
 14 .. 
 
 13 ., 
 
 38.5 .. 
 
 1072 .. 
 
 81 .. 
 
 188 ., 
 
 57 . 
 
 45 . 
 
 LOCA- 
 TIVES. 
 
 14 
 11 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 7 
 132 
 29 
 19 
 13 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 83 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 II. 
 
 The Statistics Examined. 
 
 Among the orators of the Attic canon, the one most conspicuous 
 for the number of locatives, as has been seen already, is Andocides. 
 His prominence in this respect makes it pertinent for us to inquire 
 
 1 Dinarchus is like Antiphon, already referred to, in not exhibiting any loca- 
 tive proper names. Hyperides, owing to the fragmentary character of what 
 remains of his speeches, was not examined. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 17 
 
 into his rank as an orator, and to ask if this in any way affects or 
 makes clear the standing of the locative. The notices we have re- 
 garding Andocides from antiquity are scanty. This of itself is suffi- 
 cient to mark him as deficient in the characteristics which mark as 
 noteworthy the pleader and orator. His work is that of an amateur 
 lacking adequate training, yet not wholly devoid of shrewdness and 
 wit. What antiquity says of him seems to indicate that he must be 
 regarded as an authority for the idiom of his own time. The two 
 casual references to him in Dionysios would seem to justify this 
 view. In one of these references he speaks of Thucydides as using 
 a language differing from that of Andocides, 1 and in the other he 
 speaks of Lysias as the Attic standard for his period, ' as may be 
 inferred from the speeches of Andocides.' 2 Quintilian's language 
 shows the contempt he feels for him, 3 while that of Hermogenes is 
 still more severe. 4 
 
 Assuming that the locative is a favorite construction with Ando- 
 cides, as the facts seem to warrant us in doing, even if it should not 
 share in the general contempt which is felt for the orator himself, it 
 has nothing to boast of because of such associations. On the other 
 hand there is the suggestion that, since Andocides is representative 
 of the spoken idiom of his time, the preference shown by this orator 
 for the locative is due to the more colloquial character of his style. 5 
 This can be nothing more than a suggestion and the facts in general 
 are in conflict with it. In the higher spheres everywhere the pre- 
 positional forms take precedence over the locative forms. This of 
 itself is a strong indication that they also are the forms cherished by 
 the conservatism of the common dialect, and the ones retained ex- 
 cept in expressions which from frequent use had degenerated into 
 
 1 De Thuc. 51. 7roAAd>j' ytvoy.tvu>v 'Ad7ivr)<rt - - - - prjTopoiv re Kal (piAoirScpcav, ovSels 
 avrccv Kexpv Tal Tavry rij StaAeKTw (that of Thuc), ovb" oi Ttepl 'AvSoKiSri k.t.A. 
 
 * De LjS. 2. ws eiTTt T€K,u7ipa<r8ai rots t« 'AvSokiSov \6yots, Kal to7s Kpirou Kal 
 &\\ois (Tvxvols. 
 
 3 XII. 10, 21. Nam quis erit hie Atticus? Sit Lysias Xon igitur iam 
 
 usque ad Coccum et Andocidem remitternur. 
 
 4 Ilermog., Tltpl iSewv (Spengel, II. 416): aStdpdpwTos yap 4<ttiv eV ro7s <rxii,ua<rt 
 Kal aStfvKpivrjros Kal to. noWa iTrtavvanTfi re Kal irtpifidWei araKTws 8ia to this 
 iirefttioAals X^pls evKpiveias xp^a^ai, Sdtv e5o£e' tmti <p\vapos Kal &\Aws arracprjs elvat. 
 
 5 E. S. Burgess, University Circular, Apl., 1881. Regarding Andocides as repre- 
 sentative of the spoken idiom, their source in colloquial speech is thus suggested. 
 9 
 
18 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 that fixity of condition represented by the adverb. It would be 
 strange if Andoeides alone should permit an outcrop of the vulgar 
 usage in his treatment of the forms under consideration, while the 
 other orators of the canon avoided them almost entirely, or used 
 them freely only under the pressure of circumstances. If any safe 
 conclusion may be drawn from the conditions presented by Ando- 
 eides and by the surface facts in general, it is that any considerable 
 use of the locative should be regarded as characteristic of the author, 
 or as a local phenomenon rather than a reflection of popular usage. 
 
 As far as Andoeides himself is concerned, he secures the full credit, 
 whatever that may be worth, of using the locative deliberately and 
 whenever opportunity offers. This is true of every case where there 
 is opportunity for choice, unless a line from the spurious fourth ora- 
 tion be cited to the contrary : X/ce-frao-de he kol ttjv aWvv airohn- 
 filav rrjv et<? 'OXv/xTTiav &)<? hiedero. Here a departure from the 
 technical signification l may account for the variation in form. Color 
 is given to this suggestion by the fact that in this same oration 
 (§ 26), in what may be considered a more technical passage, the loca- 
 tive 'GXvixiria^e is used. 
 
 Antiphon and Dinarchus require consideration because of the 
 absence of locatives from their extant speeches. Until an examina- 
 tion of their orations is made it would be premature to assume that 
 the absence of such forms is due to a conscious avoidance of them, 
 and is so far a mark of style. It will be found in the case of Anti- 
 phon that he had no occasion to use the locative, his speeches being 
 virtually without a locus. Prepositional expressions such as eV 
 Me<ydpo)v, ev Mapadwvi, etc., which could be turned into the equiva- 
 lent adverbial form without conflicting with Attic usage, do not 
 appear in his orations. In the case of Antiphon there is presented 
 then a condition from which nothing more than the negative con- 
 clusion safely may be drawn that he had no need of either form in 
 cases where there was opportunity for choice. As to what his usage 
 might have been under other circumstances, we can only surmise. 
 
 For Dinarchus the case is totally different. In his speeches 
 where there is free opportunity for choice, the selection made in 
 
 1 In technical language, aiming at the greatest possible clearness, if anywhere, 
 a congealed form would be more appropriate than one having the mobility of the 
 Drepositional plirase. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 19 
 
 every case is favorable to the prepositional form. For instance ev 
 d-qftcLL? is used, but not OijfSrjai ; els Meyapa, but not MeyapdSe ; ev 
 OXvfMTrla, but not '0\vfi7ri,aai; et<? 'OXvp.TTiav, but not 'OA.tyz7ria£e. 
 The equivalent adverbs in these cases are all good Attic, and appear 
 elsewhere in the orators. 
 
 Notwithstanding the quarrel between Andocides and Dinarehus 
 as to which shall be entitled to last place among the orators of the 
 canon, Dinarehus in antiquity was credited with considerable ability 
 of a certain kind. Dionysios says several of his speeches show some- 
 thing of the Avaiaicbs ^apaKrrjp} He was a close student of 
 Demosthenes 2 and Hyperides, and whatever may have been his 
 deficiencies as an artist, he was doubtless able to interpret mechani- 
 cal characteristics and tendencies sufficiently well. He serves the 
 purpose of this study better because of ' his dependence on imitation 
 or on plagiarism,' 3 and because, as Dionysios further says of him, 
 he has no characteristic (tSiov) peculiar to himself. Viewed in this 
 light, his avoidance of the locative becomes much more significant, 
 and credits the prepositional form not only with his favor, but in- 
 directly with that of those whose imitator he was. Certain it is, 
 however, that in Dinarehus the adverb is consciously avoided and 
 the more stately prepositional form used in its place. What was 
 devoid of significance for Antiphon becomes for Dinarehus a sug- 
 gestive mark of style. 
 
 But Dinarehus is not the only one to whom we may turn for 
 information on the question under consideration. Lycurgus, who 
 precedes him in time and outranks him as an orator, 4 shows the 
 same pronounced tendency to use the prepositional form when he 
 might have employed the adverbial. Lycurgus, though an inferior, 
 stands in the same category ' with Hyperides, Aeschines and Demos- 
 thenes, who illustrate the maturity of civil eloquence.' 5 The pupil 
 and imitator of Isocrates, he nevertheless affects the archaic dignity 
 
 De Dinar. 5. tov /j.ev AvcriaKOv xapa/crfjpos ev re t<£ irepl MvqcriK\eovs \6yif> Kal 
 iv t$ Kara. Avaatparovs inrep NiKv/naxov, Kal ev &KKois iroWots. 
 
 De Dinar. 5. — toTs 'TirepelSov Kal rols Arnj.off6ei>ovs \6yois Kal tovtqov iroKKa 817 tis 
 €X €i irapa.8eiytia.Ta Ka6ecr6ai. 
 
 3 Jebb, Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeits, Vol. II. 374. 
 
 4 Hermogenes. Tlepl 18., p. 416, Spengel, does not grant this, but places him 
 last of the ten. 
 
 5 Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus, Vol. II. p. 375. 
 
20 Locative Expressions m the Attic Orators. 
 
 of style shown in Antiphon, and even goes beyond it. Not a little 
 significance consequently attaches to the fact that he avoids the loca- 
 tive. In the one speech of Lycurgus that remains to us the locative 
 referring to Athens, as already noted, is used four times. Excepting 
 these cases the prepositional form is employed. Instead of MejapdSe, 
 els Meyapa appears (§§ 21, 25). Instead of Meyap60ev, e'« Meydpwv 
 is found (§ 28). In § 80 iv HXaraials is preferred to TiXaraiaai, 
 and in § 104 iv Mapadwvi to MapaOwvt. 
 
 The extremely small number of locative expressions in Isocrates 
 invites to a comparison of his orations with the others already con- 
 sidered. The similarity between Isocrates and Antiphon in this 
 respect has been noted. 1 The resemblance is not only in the fact 
 of the rarity, but in the cause which produces it. The condition 
 for Antiphon, as already pointed out, is devoid of significance. 
 This statement applies with equal force to Isocrates also. If the 
 equivalent prepositional expression is not totally absent from Iso- 
 crates as in Antiphon, it is nearly so. In XVI. 17 e'/c Ae/ceXeta? 
 is found where on general principles the adverb Ae/ceXeiodev might 
 have been used. 2 In X. 19 et? "A<j)cSvav is used for 'A$t<W£e ; 
 and in XII. 168 iv Orjfiais is found. In XII. 173, however, 
 di]/3n<ri is used. Finally in XII. 195 et<? Mapadwva takes the 
 place of the adverbial MapadayvdSe. This small number of prepo- 
 sitional representatives in such a large body of material of course 
 warrants the conclusion that Isocrates, like Antiphon, exhibits a 
 state of affairs in which neither the locative nor its equivalent was 
 required. 
 
 The investigation made thus far shows a condition of things in 
 which Andocides, with his marked preference for the locative form, 
 represents one extreme, while Lycurgus and Dinarchus, with a 
 preference for the prepositional form just as clearly defined, repre- 
 sent the other. An examination of the orators lying between these 
 extremes reveals the fact that there is a clearly discernible advance 
 from the locative to the prepositional type. 3 
 
 1 See Burgess, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, April, 1881. 
 
 4 In practice, however, there seems to be little doubt that this adverbial form 
 was confined to cases where it had a technical value, as for instance in the example 
 from Lysias XXIII. 3: airtKpipaTO '6ti AeKt\ei66ev. 
 
 3 It is always to be kept in mind in a study of this sort that, owing to the small 
 amount of material with which one has to work, it is necessary to be content often 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 21 
 
 If Lysias is compared with Andocides there is no longer found 
 to be a rigid adherence to the adverbial type, but the prepositional 
 also has its representatives. For example in XIII. 14 e£ 'EXev- 
 o-ivos appears. The adverbial equivalent of this, 'EXevaivodev, 
 also is found, but in the spurious sixth (§ 45). In the doubtful 
 Epitaphios (II. 45) the prepositional iv 'la-0yu,&> occurs. The cor- 
 responding 'Icrdfiol is found in XIX. 63. In the Epitaphios 
 appears also els MapaOwva. The adverbial form does not occur 
 in Lysias. 
 
 The tendency shown by Isocrates is sufficiently indicated by what 
 has been said of him in another connection (page 20). It is there 
 seen that he makes use of the prepositional form in three places. 
 Compared with the whole number of locatives used by him this is 
 a large proportion and indicates clearly enough that the adverbial 
 form was regarded with no special reverence by him. This sugges- 
 tion is strengthened by the fact that the locatives that are used by 
 him have the least possible color, appearing in expressions for the 
 most part that had taken on the character of formulae. 
 
 Isaeus contributes to this branch of the inquiry little that is worth 
 noting. He makes use of but one prepositional expression for which 
 there is the corresponding adverbial form, viz : iv 'FXevcrtvi, (V. 42) 
 instead of 'EXeucriz^ which he uses twice elsewhere. 1 The range of 
 usage shown in Isaeus is very narrow. With two exceptions the 
 ' where ' relation only is made use of, which is more firmly fixed in 
 the language than the other two relations. This fact coupled with 
 the highly forensic character of his speeches would partly at least 
 account for any apparent lack of freedom in the use of these forms. 
 The inclination to the prepositional type would doubtless have been 
 clearer had there been a larger proportion of the other locative re- 
 lations in his orations. 
 
 An examination of the examples yielded by Demosthenes is more 
 satisfactory since he shows an unmistakable inclination to use the 
 form with the preposition. The following examples of this type 
 
 with mere hints or suggestions. If these, however, all point in the same direction 
 they acquire a cumulative value which amounts to certainty. 
 
 1 The MS. readings as given in the adopted texts have heen accepted in the pas- 
 sages under discussion. The emendations urged by Cobet are referred to in 
 Chapter III of this study. 
 
22 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 are found : efe "AtptBvav (XVIII. 37), ek 'Ekevalva (XVIII. 
 37), 1 6*5 MapaO&va (IV. 34), iv dj/3ai<; (VIII. 65, X. 67, XVIII. 
 177, XIX. 127, XX. 76), els Meyapa (XXV. 56, XXXV. 28, 
 LIX. 35, 37, 49), iv IlkaraiaU (XVIII. 208), iv Movvvx^a 
 (XVIII. 107), 2 ek 'Ke-qvaM (LVI. 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 23, 27, 29, 42, 
 49). The number of words represented in the prepositional class, 
 it is to be noted, is proportionally quite large. There are altogether 
 but eighteen words employed to produce the 132 locatives of Demos- 
 thenes. Of this eighteen nearly two-thirds are represented but once 
 or twice. To the remaining one-third 'Adrjvat belongs, repeated 
 eighty-six times in the various locative relations. A mere state- 
 ment of these facts makes it sufficiently clear what the tendency in 
 the Demosthenes corpus is. 3 
 
 The lines of usage in Demosthenes are in perfect harmony with 
 those in Aeschines who is perhaps more pronounced in his preference 
 for the prepositional form. He uses iv Mapadwvi (II. 75, III. 
 181, 186, 259), iv 6ri/3aL<; (III. 138, 142, 148, 150), iv UXaraials 
 (II. 75, III. 259). For these Aeschines furnishes no adverbial 
 equivalents. Of the seventeen locative forms in Aeschines ten refer 
 to Athens, eight of them being in the ' where ' relation. The seven 
 remaining forms are all ' where ' forms of the most rigid type, 
 excepting one or two under the control of local influences. 
 
 1 Forms like this and the preceding found in the spurious VapitrnaTa are given 
 in every case. They harmonize with the general tendency, and in no wise vitiate 
 the conclusions. 
 
 2 See treatment of this word, Chapter III. 
 
 'There is a suggestion of a difference between Demosthenes and pseudo- 
 Demosthenes in the use of the locative and its equivalent. The inference has 
 been drawn from statements already made that the bulk of the locatives con- 
 tributed by Demosthenes are from the spurious speeches. They are there for 
 reasons that, apart from any question of preference, are perfectly patent to ordi- 
 nary scrutiny. But there appears to be a slight difference between Demosthenes 
 spurious and Demosthenes genuine. In the first Philippic (§ 34) is the clause 
 Ta reKevTa? els Mapadwv anefiji, while in the spurious production numbered LIX 
 ($ 94) occurs the expression ifio^drja-ay MapadwvdSe . Again, in XVIII (208) 
 occurs Ka\ rovs e/x' TlAaraicus Trapara^a/j-evovs, but in LIX (96) /naxv TIAarataffi 
 and again in § 97 the same expression. The phrase els "A<pi5vav in XVIII. 37 is 
 of no service in this connection, occurring in a ^rj^xo-xia. These examples are of 
 course not sufficient to furnish grounds for any conclusion, but in conjunction 
 with the general trend of the examples furnished by the orators, they afford at 
 least a hint worthy of some consideration. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 23 
 
 The tendency which has thus been traced, in the earlier orators, 
 Lysias, Isocrates and Isaeus, is very faint, and if it were considered 
 in these alone, it might perhaps be called a mere fancy. When, 
 however, it becomes more pronounced in the successive stages, and 
 passes through Demosthenes and Aeschines on a rising scale to its 
 culmination in Lycurgus, the imitator of Isocrates, and Dinarchus, 
 called by Dionysios the aypoi/co? Demosthenes, conjecture gives 
 place to certainty, and the statement that ' there is a clearly dis- 
 cernible advance from the locative to the prepositional type', is 
 proved. If Andocides made use of the locative form to produce a 
 heightened effect, which was probably the case, it soon lost its power 
 to produce this result, through becoming commonplace, if for no 
 other reason. To produce the desired effect it became necessary 
 consequently for the later orators to return to the original preposi- 
 tional type — the type intrinsically more stately and dignified. 
 
 The lists of local forms already given will show it to be a fact 
 that in the earlier orators few of the local forms refer to Athens, 
 while in Demosthenes, in the private speeches, such references com- 
 prise nearly the entire number. This is accidental, and has nothing 
 more than local significance. It would be quite incorrect to assume 
 that while the locative relations in general do not maintain them- 
 selves, those having reference to Athens show an increase. 1 That 
 the locative relations in general do not maintain themselves is true, 
 as has been seen. In regard to the second part of the statement 
 that those having reference to Athens show an increase it is to be 
 said that although the references to Athens do greatly preponderate 
 in the later period this is due solely to a local accumulation, and 
 there are no traces whatever of a progressive increase due to a 
 modification of style. When Andocides had occasion to refer to 
 Athens he did so with the appropriate locative form. The same 
 may be said of Lysias who furnishes two examples, and of Isaeus 
 with the same number. In Andocides there are five such references, 
 
 1 Burgess, J. H. U. Circular, April, 1881. The earlier orators used the locative 
 endings only with places in or near Attica, or the seats of national games. Demos- 
 thenes and his contemporaries failed to maintain this use of the locative with 
 neighboring places, but increased the use with Athens. Of examples of locative 
 endings those with Athens, therefore, constitute in the earlier orations but a small 
 part, in the later, almost the entire number. 
 
24 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 but neither in him nor in the other two mentioned does the prepo- 
 sitional equivalent appear. The large corpus of Isocrates yields no 
 example of either type. The conditions presented in these orations 
 give not the slightest hint of any design in the usage, tending to an 
 increase in numbers. It is without warning that we come to the 
 great accumulation of forms referring to Athens in those spurious 
 productions in the Demosthenean canon numbered XXXIV, 
 XXXV, LVI, LIX. Here the locative forms of 'KOrjvat appear 
 sixty-four times ; in the whole canon of Attic oratory (excepting 
 Hyperides) there are but one hundred and nine. Whatever interest 
 and significance this heaping up of forms may have, the conditions 
 show that it is purely local. Nothing elsewhere leads to it ; nothing 
 points to it. The same words appear again and again until the 
 formal conditions of contract and agreement are completely set forth. 
 These speeches abound in legal technicalities, and are peculiarly 
 fertile ground consequently for the hard unyielding locative, which 
 meets the temporary requirements. Moreover, repetition was a 
 part of the speaker's purpose. The successful pleader knows that 
 one or two statements of the salient points of a case are not suffi- 
 cient thoroughly to impress the jury. In addition to this the 
 necessities of the points involved required repetition whether the 
 speaker desired it or not. This appears on the surface. These 
 orations can not be referred to consequently as having any bearing 
 upon the general question of usage from the standpoint of numbers. 
 In the corpus of Demosthenes, excepting the four orations under 
 consideration, there is no noteworthy accumulation of forms, neither 
 is there in his contemporaries. The facts show that the locative in 
 general fell into disfavor, and that the locatives of ^KOrjvai pre- 
 dominate in the later period because of accidental circumstances. 
 
 It is worthy of note at this point that the local endings betoken 
 familiarity, and are found attached only to such terms as occur in 
 common use. This suggests a desire for ease and quickness of 
 utterance where it would do the most good. Xo disposition appears 
 anywhere to extend this usage so as to include other forms where 
 little could be gained by it. In keeping with this and with the 
 technical and legal usage already referred to, is the well known fact 
 that the locative endings showed an especial affinity for the names 
 of certain Attic demes, for example : Ke^>a\i]06v, Ke<f)a\rjai, 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 25 
 
 'AXcD7T€Krjac, 1 Wwir eKrjOev, MapaOcovdSe, etc. Beyond the confines 
 of Attica but six places that are mentioned in the orators show any 
 traces of these endings. These places are 'OXvfjur'ui, Tcr0/*o<>, 
 Meyapa, ©f//3ou, UXaraiai and SaXa/xi?. Although out of Attica 
 these were familiar names, and the extension of the locative usage 
 to them is clearly in harmony with the principles underlying its 
 application to names of places within its borders. 
 
 The treatment of the names of places where were temples or 
 where the national festivals were held, was by no means uniform. 
 Such names were of course common words and had a widely ex- 
 tended use. To words of this sort on general principles the locative 
 endings would most naturally attach themselves. Whatever may 
 be the rights of the locative, however, in this sphere, they are by 
 no means always respected. For example, the forms 'EXevcrlvt, 
 'EXevo-LPtiSe and 'EXevcni'oOei* do not repeat themselves with un- 
 varying uniformity. The equivalent prepositional forms come in 
 for a share of the honors. So in the case of 'OXvpuiria the orators 
 use both 'OXvfXTriacri and iv "OXvp.iria, while for 'OXvpuiria^e there 
 are but a few occurrences on which it can base its claims to recogni- 
 tion. Again iv "lcr6p,m and 'Io-O/jloI both occur, but the -6ev and -Be 
 endings with 'Io-fyio? did not make acceptable forms. In such 
 cases as these no clearly defined principle can be discerned by which 
 the local endings were adopted in one case and rejected or used 
 sparingly in another, the words in each case being equally familiar. 
 With the words just mentioned may be compared Hecpaievs. The 
 locatives Tieipaiahe and Tleipatodev were eschewed, though the word 
 Ueipaiev 1 ? in various relations was in constant use. 
 
 The dominance of the ' where ' forms already hinted at in the 
 case of certain of the orators, maintains itself for the whole body of 
 Attic oratory. The total number of locatives in the orators is 220. 
 Of these 106 or more than 48 per cent, are of this class. 1 This is 
 proof enough that this relation is the most natural, and the one 
 having the strongest hold upon the language. 2 This also appears 
 
 1 The ending -cri, which is the one chiefly used in this relation, is a true locative 
 termination. With this compare the dative plural of nouns in -at. The dative 
 and locative having coalesced the case forms were not kept distinct. This suggests 
 an explanation of the local dative, and makes clear the naturalness of this relation. 
 
 2 About 28 per cent, of the locatives belong to the -8« class; to the -Otv class 
 belong a little more than 22 per cent. 
 
26 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 from the fact that here is found the widest range of words. Alto- 
 gether there are but thirty-two different words represented in all the 
 locative relations. Twenty-eight of these or more than 65 per cent, 
 are used in the ' where ' relation. The ' whither ' and ' whence ' 
 forms excite no notice anywhere except in Andocides and Demos- 
 thenes where they mount beyond the normal elevation as measured 
 by the orators in general, comprising for Andocides 50 per cent, of 
 all and for Demosthenes more than 65 per cent, of all. The large 
 proportion for Andocides is not surprising inasmuch as he uses the 
 locative apparently for its own sake and by design. In Demosthenes 
 the condition must be charged to the account of XXXIV, XXXV, 
 LVI and LIX, already several times referred to. The large num- 
 ber of locative forms used in these speeches together with those in 
 -6ev in the legal diction of the private speeches generally, used 
 chiefly in the designation of demesmen, account for the departure of 
 Demosthenes from the normal standard. It would perhaps be better 
 to say pseudo-Demosthenes as the condition described is due chiefly 
 to the spurious speeches. In the other orators the where forms 
 rank as follows : Lysias 62 per cent., Isaeus 85, Aeschines 88, 
 Isocrates about 90. 
 
 The observations that have been made point to the fact that the 
 locative forms played no very essential part in the Greek language 
 as it appears in literature. 1 What part they played in colloquial 
 Greek must remain to a considerable degree a matter of conjecture. 2 
 But it may be broadly said it was no important part for, had it 
 been, custom or fashion ultimately would have prevailed, as is 
 always the case in language, and literature would have made more 
 liberal use of them in one department or another. But all litera- 
 ture, beginning with Homer, shows a sparing use of them. In 
 
 1 The scant use made of them in common nouns has occasioned remark. The 
 same fact in the case of proper nouns seems not to have been emphasized. Ruther- 
 ford, New Phrynichus, p. 177, says: In Attic this class of words is singularly 
 small, and if proper names like 'K6i)vr)dev, 'AyKv*.rj6ev — and adverbs like e/ceiflev, 
 xapaOf v, etc., are excepted, few are left to claim Attic citizenship. 
 
 2 Lobeck, Phrynichus, p. 93, speaking of a.pxvQ ev says it was of frequent occur- 
 rence in the common dialect, — quo Polyb., Dio Chrys., Plutarch., Appian et al. 
 usi sunt et multa alia catervatim irruperunt. He also gives examples of ayp6dev, 
 /laKpodtv, yrjOev, ovpav6Qtv and others which, he says, are generally omitted by the 
 lexicographers. Finally he says, Quae Attici ex hoc genere arcessiverunt exceptis, 
 quae a nominibus urbium ducuntur vix digitoruin numerum aequant. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 27 
 
 Homer the -6ev and -8e endings are much less common with proper 
 names than is commonly supposed. In the Iliad and Odyssey there 
 are barely a score of proper names used with the ending -0ev, which 
 words do not aggregate more than thirty appearances. 1 The use 
 made of -8e, it is safe to say, is not more generous than that made 
 of -0ev. Neither is the dative as a locative treated with any very 
 particular marks of favor by Homer. 2 
 
 In Herodotus the most careless observer must have noticed the 
 absence of the locative proper name. 3 There is only the merest 
 trace of it. It is entirely rejected in common and ever recurring 
 words. The expressions iv 'Adyjvcus, et9 'Adyjvas, iv Mapadwvt,, 
 iv 'EXevo-hn, and others that in Attic may be represented by the 
 locative, here occur without variation. 
 
 In Thucydides, although the locative is not altogether absent, 
 the preference for the form with the preposition is very pronounced. 
 The conditions everywhere point in essentially the same direction, 
 and it is unnecessary for the present purpose to pursue this point 
 further. 
 
 1 Kolbe, De Svffixi -dev usu Homerico. In this study the proper names in -Oev 
 axe given under three heads, viz.: (a) Urbium nomina, having ten representa- 
 tives; (b) Terrarum insularumque nomina, with eight representatives ; (c) Montis 
 nomen, with one example. Under a separate head two other nomina propria in 
 -9ev are given, which are governed by prepositions. 
 
 * In a short study by H. Lehmann (Neustettin, 1870), Zur Lehre vom Locativ 
 bei Homer, there are less than twenty proper names given that are used in this 
 way. Among these are 0tj/3j; Z 397, n\tvpwvi N 207, "Apyei 5 174, AaKeSai/xovt 
 <pl3. 
 
 A more elaborate study is that by C. Capelle (Hanover, 1864), Dativi Localis 
 quae sit vis atque usus in Homeri carminibus. It is here shown that multo saepius 
 dativum inveniri cum praepositione junctum. For example over against the non- 
 prepositional form in Z 397 are given a half dozen with the preposition : Z 223, 
 H 323, A 275, o 247, etc. Similarly other words are treated. The nomina appellativa, 
 even the most familial - , show many examples with the preposition. 
 
 3 A rather careful examination of the authorities, however, fails to reveal any 
 reference to this interesting fact. It seems altogether to have escaped notice. Of 
 course Herodotus had no use for technical expressions, hence the absence of the 
 locative proper noun. The locative common noun is found occasionally, e. g., 
 apxvQc, I- 131 ; Tra.Tp60€v, VI. 14. 
 
28 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 III. 
 
 The Comparative Frequency of the Locative and the 
 Corresponding Prepositional Phrase. 
 
 W6y]vr]cn. 
 
 The two types of expression, the locative and the prepositional 
 phrase corresponding, stand clearly forth in the words under dis- 
 cussion. Are these two types used indifferently as chance or fancy 
 leads, or is there a sphere for each in which it is the dominating 
 type ? Is the one good Attic and the other poor Attic, or have 
 both equally just claims to Attic citizenship ? In considering the 
 relative frequency of the two forms of expression, it will be the 
 endeavor to put at rest some of these questions. 
 
 The forms referring to Athens are naturally much in excess of 
 the others. They will consequently be taken up first in this branch 
 of the inquiry. At the start we are confronted with the statement 
 of the lexicographers, ancient and modern, that the forms in -rjai, 
 -£e and -dev are to be regarded as better Attic than the correspond- 
 ing iv 'Adijvais, el? 'Adrjvas and e'f 'Atf^iw. 1 The testimony 
 furnished by the usage of the orators supports this view, but classic 
 Greek as a whole is far from conforming to the standard set up by 
 this department. In fact, if numbers are to receive due credit in 
 this inquiry, the verdict given is certainly not unfavorable to the 
 preposition. This line of division palpably suggests a difference in 
 sphere rather than a difference in quality. In studying the forms 
 furnished by Attic oratory, it must always be kept in mind that the 
 surprisingly large number of locatives coming under the head of 
 'Adr/vai are due in great measure to the four orations (XXXIVj 
 XXXV, LVI, LIX), which have already received some consider- 
 ation. Whatever be the conclusion reached some allowance must 
 be made for the state of affairs exhibited here. An abnormal con- 
 dition, manifesting itself in the brief space of a hundred pages or 
 less, must not be taken into account too seriously in drawing a 
 conclusion applying to a whole department. 
 
 1 Compare note, page 5. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 29 
 
 Of the three forms under 'Adijvat the one most evenly distributed 
 in the orators is 'Adijvrjo-t. It occurs forty-six times and has no 
 equivalent prepositional iv \\.6i]vai<i. Thirty of the number belong- 
 to Demosthenes and twelve of the thirty are found in XXXIV, in 
 which the repetition without doubt is the necessary outcome of the 
 circumstances of the case. This oration deals with a case of bot- 
 tomry. The contract, made at Athens, required Phormio, when he 
 sold his cargo at the mart of the Cimmerian Bosporus, to take on 
 board a return cargo, from the profits of which he was to repay the 
 loan with interest at Athens. The failure of the borrower to meet 
 the conditions of the contract calls for an elaborate discussion of it, 
 in which the legal technicalities and formulae are necessarily very 
 often repeated. This oration and others where similar conditions 
 prevail consequently account for the fact that the forms under 
 W.drjvat are so conspicuous among the locatives in the orators. 
 
 'AdijvncrL is the legal form. The usage of the orators alone would 
 of course justify this as an inference. The inference becomes an 
 established fact when the testimony of inscriptions is taken. The 
 only form appearing in the inscriptions of the period is 'Adrjvwcrt. 
 Turning away from those departments wherein the phraseology is 
 under the influence of legal standards, one naturally appeals to 
 Aristophanes. Unfortunately he renders very little help toward 
 deciding the matter. It is true he uses only the prepositional form, 
 but the connection is such that the particular point in question is 
 not reached. In Knights 1037 and 1327, for example, the modifier 
 lifts the word above the ordinary level of colloquial speech. In 
 Acharnians 900 the dialectic 'Adavais is used without the preposi- 
 tion in immediate connection, but the influence of the iv following 
 was doubtless retroactive. In 729 the same dialectic form appears 
 with the preposition. These citations point to the fact that iv 
 , A07]vai<; was 'FJWrjviKov if not 'Attiklv. The higher ranges of 
 style, however, show exclusively the prepositional form. So in 
 Pindar iv 'AOdvais is the favored expression, and in Euripides the 
 regular Attic iv 'AOrjvats. 1 For prose, excepting the orators, the 
 conditions are not essentially different. Thucydides uses the ad- 
 
 1 Tragedy, excepting Euripides, furnishes no examples worthy of note. It is 
 to be understood when no reference is made to authors of the classic period that 
 they contribute nothing to the solution of the difficulty. 
 
30 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 verbial ' A6r)VT)<n twice, 1 but in connections that admit of easy 
 explanation. The first one (e 25) occurs in the set phrase 'AX/caiou 
 S' ap^ovTos 'Adijvrjai, and the second is in a decree (e 47) where 
 naturally the legal tone would dominate. This does not, however, 
 always hold good for Thucydides, as is shown by e 18, where in a 
 decree appear several cases of the prepositional phrase. These are 
 the more noteworthy because they are in connection with several 
 locative adverbs which might tend to adverbialize such a phrase as 
 iv 'AOijvais, especially i£ it were deemed very appropriate to employ 
 the adverbial form rather than the other. Altogether Thucydides 
 makes use of eV 'AdrjvaLs a dozen times. Plato makes use of both 
 forms, but neither appears often enough to afford a basis for any 
 conclusion. In the spurious Hipparchus (229 B) iv 'AOrfvcu? is 
 used; in Charmides (157 E) 'Adr/vyac. Lastly, if Xenophon is 
 examined, the usage is found not to be uniform. In pseudo- 
 Xenophon, Rep. A then., the adverbial 'AO^vqo-i is the form used. 
 In the Hellenica the prepositional iv 'AOrjvais is preferred in the 
 earlier books ; in the later ones the adverbial 'Adrjvqcn, the form 
 with the preposition being slightly in excess. From the facts that 
 have been brought together, it appears that the line of difference 
 shown between Thucydides on the one hand and the orators on the 
 other, is maintained on a like basis for literature in general. 
 
 It will be interesting and profitable before leaving this branch 
 of the subject to take another glance at inscriptions. It is found 
 that iv ' Adrjvais appears in decrees that are certainly not much 
 later than 300 B. c. 2 From this time on the prepositional form is 
 frequent enough and finally becomes the dominating one, though 
 the locative never entirely disappears. We are not to suppose that 
 the emergence of iv , A6i ! jvat<; in inscriptions marks the beginning 
 of its existence as a recognized form in the sphere to which inscrip- 
 tions belong. Its emergence is one thing, its life-history is quite 
 another. Its appearance in inscriptions, however, conclusively shows 
 that this form had attained its majority in this sphere, and was 
 regarded not merely as good literary Attic, but also as good legal 
 
 1 The statements made for Thucydides are based on Von Essen's Index Thucy- 
 dideus. 
 
 "See Koehler, 592 and 601. Regarding the last of these Meisterhans, p. 169, 
 speaking of another matter says, " nach 300 vor Ch." 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 31 
 
 Attic It also indicates that it bad been so regarded and used f'<»r 
 a considerable time before. Its appearance in a sphere where con- 
 servatism is the rule gives great weight and significance to the 
 occurrence. These considerations, together with the fact, as shown, 
 that ev W07)vai<; has such a wide distribution through Greek litera- 
 ture make a peculiarly strong case for the prepositional form. 
 While no one would dispute the authority of the orators in things 
 Attic, it is to be remembered that the language there found naturally 
 has an official tone. 'AOrfvrjat being the official legal term for 
 the period is the one approved by Attic oratory, and this is done 
 without necessarily detracting in the least from the character of 
 iv , A0ijvai^. 
 
 The facts appear to confirm beyond the possibility of question 
 the view taken at the start that the difference is one of sphere and 
 not one of quality. 
 
 , A07)va£e. 
 
 In , A0ijva^e the conditions encountered are not very dissimilar 
 from those already set forth in the case of 'AOrjvrjcn. ^AOrjva^e is 
 not so widely distributed as its sister form, and a larger proportion 
 of its occurrences appear in Demosthenes, who has forty-two out of 
 a total forty-six. The cause offered as accounting for , A0rjvnai in 
 Oration XXXIV is strikingly illustrated in the case of 'Adijva^e 
 in Oration XXXV. This oration furnishes twenty* occurrences of 
 the word. Eleven more are found in LVI and LIX. The mere 
 statement is sufficient to show that the conditions under which such 
 results are attained are not the normal ones. In XXXV is set 
 forth another case of bottomry. The borrowers were to sail with 
 goods to Pallene in Macedonia, take in a specified number of jars 
 of Thracian wine, thence sail to the Bosporus, and, after selling the 
 wine, return to Athens* with a counter-cargo and so discharge the 
 debt. The speaker endeavors to show that this contract was vio- 
 lated in several ways, and in doing so he necessarily repeats the 
 technical phraseology of the o-wyypacpij, in which occur such expres- 
 sions as -kcli ttoXlv Wdr]va%€, — e/c rov YIovtov avTicfcopTiaOevTa 
 i A0i]va£e ira\tv, — Wdijva^e aTroSdocrovcnv k. t. \. ' Adrjva^e occurs 
 five times in the crvyypa^rj. If the speech is examined, it is found 
 that the majority of cases where the adverb in question occurs, are 
 
32 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 essentially repetitions cf the phrases of the a-vyypa^. If, for 
 example, § 3 is compared with the contract, § 10, it is found to be 
 
 an anticipation of it. Again in § 24 the speaker says yey paTrrat 
 
 iv rfj avyypa<pfj airdyeiv , A0}jva£e ical eirei^av dcpiKtovrai 
 
 WOijva^e. The point to be illustrated is clear enough, and needs 
 no reinforcement from this speech. Valuable confirmation, how- 
 ever, comes from another oration, namely, LVI, which, like the two 
 already considered, relates to a loan on bottomry and the non- 
 fulfillment of a contract. Dionysodorus borrowed money to carry 
 on the corn trade between Athens and Egypt. The loan was to be 
 repaid on the return to Athens, and clauses inserted required the 
 trade to be between Athens and Egypt only. This oration has a 
 greater interest than the others, because in it the locatives and their 
 prepositional equivalents appear side by side — seven of J A0i')va£e 
 and ten of et? , A07)vas. For a comparison of the two types of 
 expression it furnishes the best opportunity in Attic oratory. It 
 will be worth while, consequently, to give it a moment's considera- 
 tion. In section five the conversation of the parties interested in 
 the transaction is reported. It is as follows: e\eyov on /3ov\ovrai 
 8avel<racr0aL errl rfj vrji, e<$> & re TrXevcrat et<? i A0r]va<i /cat e£ 
 AiyviTTTov ei<? 'Vohov rj els ' ' Adijvas. Again in § 6 occurs the 
 following : cnraKpivafievcov 8' r']/xo)v - - - on ovk av Savetaaip^ev 
 et'<? erepov epvrropiov d\V rj et? ' A8)')vas. These quotations repeat 
 the substance of the preliminary informal talk about the matter 
 and, as one might expect, have the non-technical e/<? 'A0r'iva<;. In 
 § 36, however, the avyypacpr) is given and immediately following 
 the speaker repeats it verbatim, saying d/covere w avhpes, A0i]valoi. 
 ' 'A0}]vr)dev, (pr/o-iv, et? A'tyvirrov /cal ii; Alyvirrov , A0i]va£e. The 
 quotations without doubt show two types, and in the main the 
 distinction is observed throughout. It is not necessary, however, 
 that a strictly mechanical observance of it should be made in every 
 case to meet the requirements of a sufficient proof. When the 
 strictly legal form is desired , A0}jva%e is the preferred form. In 
 casual references to the o-vyypatyi) the speaker uses his choice. If 
 such a distinction were suggested by this oration alone, it might be 
 justly looked upon with suspicion as being merely accidental, but 
 inasmuch as it harmonizes with a distinction which literature in 
 general warrants, there can be no justification for discrediting it. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 33 
 
 Turning from the orators, if Thucydides is looked into, it is 
 found that in him the references to Athens in this relation are 
 many. About fifty of them are in the prepositional form; not 
 more than a dozen have the locative form. In Plato the preposition 
 occurs in Hip. Maj. 281 B, the locative in Phaedo 57 B and Parmen. 
 1 26 A. Xenophon, as in the case of the ' where' relation, uses both 
 forms. In the spurious Rep. Ath. only the locative is found, while 
 in the Hellenica the prepositional expression predominates in the 
 ratio of 5:1. Aristophanes furnishes but one example. This, 
 in Birds 301, is the locative ' 'A0rjva%€. To mention individually 
 the various writers in the higher departments of literature is not 
 necessary, since in them Athens in this relation is referred to by the 
 prepositional form. 
 
 In inscriptions the adverb holds undisputed sway till the middle 
 of the fourth century. About this time, however, in an inscription 
 given by Koehler (No. 83) the form eU 'Adrjvas appears. The 
 emergence of the prepositional form at this rather early date shows 
 that the hold of the adverb must have been very slight, and points 
 to the injustice of denying to et? 'AOijvas the rights and privileges, 
 as far as general usage is concerned, which the authorities have 
 hitherto accorded to 'AOrjva^e alone. From the date mentioned the 
 locative gradually gives way to the other type, and finally it dis- 
 appears altogether. The facts justify a conclusion for 'Adrjva^e 
 similar to that for 'AOr/vijcn. For the former, however, it seems 
 to be even more securely established than for the latter. 
 
 W6/)V7]0€V. 
 
 The last of the trio, ^Ad^v-nOev, is represented by less material 
 than the others. In the orators the locative is used seventeen 
 times, ten of these being in the orations already discussed, and the 
 remarks made regarding 'A6i]vrjai and Wd/jva^e as used there 
 apply likewise to \\6/]va6ev. The prepositional form is not found 
 in the orators. 
 
 Turning away from this department the usage for prose is found 
 
 to be essentially similar to that observed in the case of its sister 
 
 forms. Thucydides refers to WOrjvai in this relation more than a 
 
 score of times, but invariably the prepositional form is employed. 
 
 3 
 
34 Locative Expressions in (he Attic Orators. 
 
 This seems to indicate that Thucydides objected to the use of the 
 locative. Xeuophon uses both forms, but contrary to his usage in 
 the other relations, the adverb in this case is in the ascendency. 
 Aristophanes contributes nothing to this branch of the subject ; 
 neither do the higher ranges of literature. Inscriptions exhibit but 
 few rases of this relation. Those that are found conform to the 
 inscriptional standard. This is the whole story for , A07jv7]6ev. It 
 is not a long one, but it is in sufficient detail to safely warrant the 
 conclusion that its line of usage closely corresponds to that of 
 'AOijvTjcri and : 'AOijva^e. 
 
 The prominent facts in the history of these forms lead to the 
 conclusion that the dictum of the lexicographers, which pronounces 
 for the locative to the discredit of the other forms, was based upon 
 a rather careless deduction from the usage of the orators, which 
 usage, as later investigators have shown, is the same essentially as 
 that of inscriptions for the corresponding period. As has already 
 been suggested, in inscriptions official language is at its best. The 
 orators of course felt themselves under certain obligations to make 
 their language conform to official standards. The official standard 
 is a high standard. This every one allows. But is it not extreme 
 to set it up as the standard '? as the one to which every thing must 
 conform, or run the risk of being excluded from Attic citizenship ? 
 We may not stigmatize every type of expression that does not 
 comply with these requirements as unfit for recognition. Any one 
 who has given attention to the matter can recall forms of expres- 
 sion that are indisputably good Attic, which have no place in 
 inscriptions. All that may be said in such cases is that they were 
 not required in official language. Language is conservative. There 
 are few or no revolutions in it. The existing state of things is 
 rather the result of slow evolution. The fixity of types in language 
 is consequently a principal that must be taken into careful account 
 in any study of this sort. The locative by its nature was adapted 
 to the legal sphere. Being once introduced here, it became a type 
 which maintained itself pretty securely till toward the close of the 
 fourth century before Christ. Outside of this sphere it was not the 
 type at any time, but allegiance was paid to the prepositional form. 
 A proper definition of the two types of expression rests upon this 
 basis and not upon the false assumption of the lexicographers. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 35 
 
 'EXefcri?. * 
 
 After Wd-fjvai the place most frequently referred to among those 
 under discussion is 'EXeucrt? where was located the famous temple 
 of Demeter in which were celebrated the Eleusinian mysteries. 
 Fifteen references to it in the orators exhibit the locative relations. 
 The locative dative is in the lead with eight occurrences, followed 
 by the forms iu -Be and -6ev, with five aud two respectively. In 
 general, references to this place were doubtless very numerous. The 
 tendency in such a case would be to reduce the form of expression 
 to the character of a formula stripped of all superfluous verbiage. 
 To the fixity of the formula in this case would be added the pro- 
 tecting influence of its religious character. From two points of 
 view the chances of the locative are excellent, and in advance we 
 may infer that it will dominate, if it does not entirely drive out, the 
 other form. It is found, however, that the prepositional expression 
 has its place clearly defined. The orators, to be sure, favor the 
 adverbial type. Isaeus in V. 42 gives an example of ev 'FiXevalvi. 
 This stands over against eight cases of the other type. Cobet of 
 course does not accept the approved reading for Isaeus, being 
 violently opposed to the preposition in the ' where ' relation with 
 this and similar words. 1 In cases where the preposition is found 
 Cobet, without regard to the MSS., some of the best of which, he 
 asserts, have it even when the metre repudiates it, would cast it out. 2 
 Outside of Attic oratory very few examples come to the surface. 
 The reading adopted for Plato Menexenus 243 E is the adverbial 
 
 1 Commenting on iv 'Av\a>i/i, Aes. I. 101, Cobet says, N. L., p. 95 : In verbis iv 
 fier iv 'Av\uvt habenius perpetuam propemodum Graeculorum interpolationem 
 nescientium 'AvAwvt, Mapa8wvt, 'EKeva-lvt, 'Va/xvown et sim. haud secius adverbia 
 esse et prepositionem respuere atque 2(pr)rro7, Meyapol, 'AAcoire/crjtri, 'An<piTpoirr)<ri 
 - - - - multaque alia. 
 
 Again, page 308 : - - et passim adverbiis loci MapaBwvi, 'Va^vovvn, 'EAevfflvi 
 similibusque indocti Graeculi praepositionem eV perperam addiderunt. 
 
 Compare V. L., p. 30, wbere language to the same effect is employed. 
 
 Frohberger, Lysias, part III. p. -116, commenting on 'Pa/uvovvrt, seems not to 
 favor the extreme view of Cobet. 
 
 3 Cobet has a refreshing way of referring to these forms as if examples were in 
 great abundance. The occurrences of any one form are in fact few. To get a re- 
 spectable number he apparently lumps together all he can conveniently find in 
 Greek literature. 
 
36 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 'Kkevaivc. B^eyond this literature contributes nothing of any ser- 
 vice for the inquiry. As far as literature is concerned consequently 
 the case is easily summed up. In the orators where the forms 
 occur with comparative frequency the locative predominates. Out- 
 side of this department, where the preposition might reasonably be 
 expected to show itself, examples are wanting, or are so rare that 
 there is no basis for a conclusion. 1 The inscriptional history of the 
 term closely coincides with that of ^Kdrjvno-t. In the earliest Attic 
 period the non-prepositional form alone is encountered. Beginning 
 with 315 b. c. the preposition appears 2 and thereafter is very 
 aggressive. In the Roman period the form with the preposition 
 is in the lead, occurring three times, while the adverb occurs but 
 once. 3 Number 121 of Dittenberger's Sylloge Imcriptionum Grae- 
 corum, referred to the latter part of the fourth century b. c, is a 
 very interesting inscription from the point of view of this inquiry. 
 In the general statement on the front of the tablet appears the 
 words ' AOrjvatcov ol rerajf^evoL inro rod 8t]/xov iv 'Kkevaivt k. t. X. 
 Below this are duo quarternarum coronarum ordines, in which is 
 found the following : ' KOrivaaicov ol reray/jbevot 'EXevcrivi. This 
 inscription, whatever may be said of its date, seems to show that 
 the Greeks themselves recognized two spheres of usage for the 
 word. The first quotation gives the higher and more dignified 
 literary form ; the second, being a portion of a tabulated list, has 
 the formulary 'JZXevaivi. Nothing appears anywhere to cast dis- 
 credit on the standing of iv 'EXevcrivi, and Liddell and Scott, 
 following Cobet, are rather unguarded in asserting that it is late 
 and bad Attic. 
 
 In the case of 'FjXevo-ivdSe there are few new facts to add. The 
 orators exhibit this relation five times in the adverbial form and 
 once in the prepositional. The latter, however, appearing as it 
 does in a ylnjcfao-fta (XVIII. 37) carries little or no weight. 
 Thucydides has three examples of the ' whither ' relation, all of 
 them having the preposition. Xenophon, in the few cases where 
 he has it, uses both types apparently with indifference. The 
 
 1 Herodotus is only incidentally referred tc in this study. The form is common 
 enough in him always with the preposition iv. 
 s Meisterhans, Gram. At. Ins., p. 170. 
 3 Dittenberger, Corpus Ins. At., 5, 61, 119 and 895. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 37 
 
 inscriptional form is 'EXevacvdSe, but it is rarely seen. The same 
 may be said of 'EXevaivodev. In the orators 'Ekevatvodev occurs 
 twice (Andoc. I. Ill j pseudo-Lys. VI. 45). Over against these 
 stands e£ 'EXevalvo? in Lysias XIII. 44. In other prose with 
 which we are concerned the prepositional form exclusively is 
 employed. 
 
 yiapadu>v. 
 
 In the treatment of MapaOwvi the orators appear to use greater 
 freedom than in the case of 'EXevalvi. The accepted text of the 
 orators furnishes eleven cases of the locative dative MapaOcovi, not 
 counting one quoted by Lycurgus (Lycurg., § 109). Four of these 
 are furnished by Isocrates and seven by Demosthenes. To place 
 against these are five cases of the prepositional expression in 
 Aeschines and Lycurgus. 1 One is impressed with the marked 
 similarity of the passages where the references occur. For example 
 Isocrates IV. 91 contains t% MapaOcbvt fiaxys. The same words 
 are repeated in Isoc. V. 147. In VIII. 38 is found rot? Mapa- 
 6wvt ; in Demosthenes XIV. 30, ol Mapadwvi, and so on through 
 the list. This uniformity in the phrase sufficiently accounts for 
 the locative character of the word, and were this type to maintain 
 itself everywhere nothing more would be proved than that it was 
 a stereotyped expression. There is nothing in this to reflect upon 
 the character of the prepositional type. Aeschines thinks not. 
 Lycurgus thinks not. Kuhner's statement that the prepositional 
 form is more common 2 is certainly nearer the truth than Cobet's 
 view, already given in connection with 'EXevo-t?. A dogmatic 
 statement, however, on either side of the question, in the presence 
 of the facts, is out of place. 
 
 In the older Attic of Thucydides the usage varies. The word 
 occurs three times (a 18, 73 ; /3 34). In a 73 all the MSS. agree 
 in omitting the preposition ; 3 in the other places they favor its use 
 and the texts have adopted it. If Cobet's view that the scribes are 
 to be held accountable for the insertion of the preposition be correct, 
 
 1 Aes., II. 75 ; III. 181, 186, 259. Lycurg., (j 104. 
 
 2 Compare note on page 5. 
 
 3 See Morris, Thucydides, Bk. I. Appendix, p. 313. 
 
38 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 it is pertinent to ask why they unanimously omitted it in one case, 
 and inserted it in the other. 
 
 Plato uses the words most frequently in the Menexenus, and 
 here is found only the locative form. The locative is what is 
 to be expected in this style of composition. It was intended 
 as a rhetorical exercise. Its language must show agreement 
 with official standards, and it must be filled with the 'common- 
 places of commemorative oratory.' l He makes use of the pre- 
 position, however, even in the Laws where there are two cases 
 of it (698 E, 707 A). In the Laws also is a case of the adverbial 
 form (699 A). 
 
 Aristophanes furnishes six examples of the word, but in none of 
 these cases is the preposition admitted into the received text. 
 
 Material bearing on the point in inscriptions is not abundant, 
 but such as is found is not unfavorable to the preposition. Meister- 
 hans asserts 2 that ip, Mapadwvi appears only after 315 b. c. and 
 cites Koehler 601 in proof. This statement does not militate against 
 the preposition inasmuch as examples of the non-prepositional form 
 before this time, if not entirely wanting, are rare. If examples of 
 it were numerous it would only go to show that the non-preposi- 
 tional form was the official type. In inscriptions ev MapaOwvi 
 appears about the same time as iv 'Fikevatvi. The difference be- 
 tween the two is that references to 'EXeuo-t'? are common at all 
 periods, while to MapaOwv they are rare at any time. 
 
 Regarding MapadwvdSe little need be said. It appears twice in 
 the orators (Andocides I. 107, Demosthenes LIX. 94). On the 
 other hand ek MapaOwva is in Lysias II. 21 ; Isocrates XII. 195 ; 
 Demosthenes IV. 34. Judged by the company it keeps, the pre- 
 positional form has the better character. From its first appearance 
 in literature (Odyssey rj, 80) down through all periods the preposi- 
 tional form is the oue preferred. 
 
 The lines of usage for the locatives of the words already con- 
 sidered ('AOrjvcu, 'EXefo-t?, MapaOcov) appear to run nearly parallel. 
 Whatever difference they may exhibit in holding power during the 
 period of the rapid decay of the influence, never strong, of the 
 locative in the time of Demosthenes and his contemporaries, they 
 
 1 Jebb, Attic Orators, I. p. 210. i Gram. At. Ins., p. 170. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 39 
 
 each show the all but complete ascendency of the prepositional 
 form in inscriptions at nearly the same time, about 300 b. c. 
 
 The D ernes of Attica. 
 
 Of the demes in Attica the one referred to most frequently specifi- 
 cally as a deme is 'AXwn-eKaL 1 There are sixteen such references 
 in the orators, the form in -0ev being in the lead with thirteen 
 occurrences. Harpocration says, 6 Sti/xot??'? 'AA,(U7re/ceu<? koX 'AXeo- 
 ireicr)dev. Only the locative appears in the orators and in every 
 case in official designations. Contrary to usage in general, inscrip- 
 tions show a gradually increasing use of the locative until in the 
 Roman period it is the only form used. Outside of oratory and 
 inscriptions there is no material to be gleaned. 2 This is due of 
 course to the non-official character of the great body of literature. 
 
 The history of WXwireicrja-i is similar. The adverbial type be- 
 comes fixed at an early date, appearing even in Herodotus (V. 63). 
 It is the only inscriptional form. 
 
 KecfraXS], which is also found in the { whence ' and ' where ' rela- 
 tions, does not require separate treatment, it being almost identical 
 with that of 'A\o)7re«:at just considered. It is found only in official 
 designations, and there is no departure from the official standard. 
 
 TlpocnraXra Srj/xo^ rrjs 'A/ca/xayTtSo? is found but three times in 
 the orators in the locative relations. The example of UpocnraXroOev 
 in Demosthenes (XLIII. 64) appears to be the only example of 
 the form in classical literature. The demesmen are everywhere 
 designated rather by the adjective in -io<; (Demosthenes XLIII. 
 48, 60, 77). From the adverbial form UpoairaXrol, which occurs 
 twice in Isaeus (XI. 44, 49), there is no deviation. 
 
 The last to be considered in this connection, Ae/ceXeca, exhibits 
 a freer usage. This is clearly due to the fact that it is not confined 
 to strictly technical passages. Lysias (XXIII. 2, 3) uses Ae/ce- 
 Xeiodev, but in the technical sense, as the examples show. The 
 first one reads as follows : 7]pdjxr\v oirodev Sij/xorevocro - 
 
 1 'E\€v<ris and Mapa6<i>v are not treated under this head because it is not as demes 
 they are usually referred to. They were places having an interest quite distinct 
 from their geographical value. 
 
 * Plato furnishes an example in Gorgias, 495 D, LuKparr^s - - - & 'AKwneKrjdev. 
 
40 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 iirechi] he (nreKpivaro on Ae/ceXeiodev. The example in the next 
 section is under the same influence. For general purposes the pre- 
 position comes into play, as is shown by Isocrates XVI. 17 : oi 
 Be tou? e'/c Ae/ce\eias pueTeirepmovTo. The same treatment is shown 
 by Thucydides l and Xenophon. 2 
 
 The adverb Ae/ceXet^o-t is found but once (Isoc. VIII. 84). 
 Thucydides and Xenophon prefer the preposition. 3 Ae/ceXeia£e, 
 given in the lexicons, has no existence in classical Greek, the pre- 
 positional form being in use everywhere. 4 
 
 The Attic demes referred to only in the ' where ' relation are as 
 follows ; ~M.eh.iry, '¥ap,vovvTi, (dpcaai, 'AfufHrpoTrfjo-i, *£>\vr}cn, 
 
 YLlKKWol, X<f>r)TTOl, 'A0/XOVOL. 
 
 The first of these, MeXtrr), is found in Isaeus, XI. 42, and occurs 
 nowhere else. Stephanas says rd tottckcl ev MeXlrr]. This is 
 fully confirmed by literature and inscriptions. The omission of 
 the preposition from Isaeus XI. 42 is sufficiently accounted for by 
 the dominating locative influence of the passage in which it occurs: 
 dypov /mev ®pcacn irevQ^ r)p,crd\avra evpiaKovra, ol/ciav Be MeAtT?? 
 Tpur^iXitov ea>VT)/jLevwi>, ciWtjv Be ^Xevcrivt, irevTaKoaicov. 
 
 The second word in the list, 'Va/xvovvrL, is one regarding which 
 the statements of Kuhner and Cobet are at variance, the former 
 asserting that the preposition is generally found in connection with 
 it, the latter that it must not be allowed at all. The word is ex- 
 tremely rare in literature. Lysias (XIX. 28) furnishes the only 
 example in the orators. In later Greek it is somewhat more 
 common, and uniformly has the preposition. The scanty material 
 to be had is far from warranting the conclusion of either Kuhner 
 or Cobet. 
 
 Of the remaining words nothing need be said, except that they 
 occur with extreme rarity and only in the locative form. 
 
 The demes represented by the form in -Bev are KoXcovos, 'la-riaia, 
 'E/caA,??, Bpavpwv, Barrj, Oltj. These, with the single exception 
 of KoXcovos, are rarely seen, and such evidence as can be obtained 
 gives no intimation what the non-official usage was. To KoXcovos, 
 however, some interest attaches. The orators confine themselves 
 
 1 Thucydides, v 27, 6 3, 71, 77. s Xen. Hell., I. 1, 3 ; II. 3, 3. 
 
 3 Thuc, 6 69, 70, 71. Xen. Hell., III. 5, 5. 
 
 1 For example, Dem., XXIV. 121. Lycurg., \\ 120, 121. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Curators. 41 
 
 to the adverbial in -dev. This form appears three times. The 
 orators, it would seem, did not adhere to this type because of any 
 official restraint placed upon them, for inscriptions use both the 
 ending -dev and the preposition e'/c. For example, the reading in 
 Boekh 115 and 183 is e'/c KoXwvov. In Koehler 643 the locative 
 appears to be the proper form (%o(j)OK\rj<; KoXcovfjOev), while in 
 672 (b. c. 376) the reading is undoubtedly XocfyofcXr}? 'Io</hwi>o<? e'/c 
 KoXwvov. The preposition is used also in 720. Dittenberger, 
 Sylloge, 164 shows both Ko\covr]0ev and e'/c KoXcovov. This free- 
 dom of usage continues for all periods, and the several demes of 
 the name seem not to have assumed any characteristic form of 
 designation in inscriptions of any period. 
 
 The demes "A(f>t8va, 'Apafyrjv, Bfjaa, KvOvpa are represented by 
 forms in -8e and -£e. They are for practical purposes aira^ \eyo- 
 fieva, and call for no consideration. "A<f>i8va is represented by two 
 occurrences of et<? "A(fn8vav (Isoc, X. 19 ; XVIII. 37), which 
 stand over against the one adverbial form. 
 
 It is clearly seen that the names of the Attic demes furnish the 
 great majority of the words used in the various locative relations. 
 A thorough search through all literature would add but few more 
 to the list. Even among these, however, the locative performs but 
 a mesigre service. The names of demes as a class do not adopt the 
 locative endings even in the most technical phraseology. Such 
 locatives as do appear plainly show the official stamp. When one 
 gets beyond the confines of the ' official ' departments, freedom 
 from the locative influence at once announces itself, as the facts 
 abundantly declare. 
 
 Before leaving this branch of the inquiry, one more name, 
 Mowu^t'a, though not that of a deme, may appropriately receive 
 notice. Mowu^ia was a harbor of Athens, adjoining the Piraeus, 
 where was a temple of Artemis. This word is found six times in 
 the ' where' relation, the one most susceptible to locative influence, 
 in the thirteenth oration of Lysias, and these clearly show a stereo- 
 typed character. For example, rj eicicXricria Xlovvv^iaaiv, § 32, 
 and again in § 35. Also in § 52, eVl rod /3q)/j,ov etcd8r)To Movvv- 
 XLaatv. In Demosthenes XVIII. 107 the reading of all the older 
 
42 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 texts, iv MovvvxLa eKade^ero, gives place in the Teubner text of 
 1887, revised by Blass, to iv Mowu^i'a? i/cad^ero. Usage before 
 the time of Demosthenes would justify this emendation, but the 
 tendency shown by him to avoid the locative would warrant us in 
 retaining the old reading. 
 
 Thucydides employs the adverb in 6 92. In inscriptions the 
 same tendency to use the preposition that has been noted in other 
 words, appears. For example, Koehler 471 and 476. Although 
 these inscriptions are late, there are no earlier ones with locative 
 forms to neutralize what value they may have. 
 
 The only example of Movvvxla^e is in Lysias XIII. 29. 
 
 Places not in Attica. 
 'OXf/x7rta. 
 
 Of the places not in Attica those that were the seats of the 
 national games were very often referred to. Under this head 
 "'OXvfnria stands first. It is represented by two locative forms, 
 'OXv/jLTTicuri and '0\u/x7rta£e, having six and two occurrences 
 respectively. Isocrates gives his sanction to the prepositional 
 form, having in XVI. 32, opwv ttjv iv 'OXv/xTria Travrjjvpiv. 
 It also appears in Dinarchus (I. 103) in a bracketed passage. 
 Thucydides makes use of both forms, but seems to prefer the 
 locative. In the speech of the Corinthians (a 121) occurs iv - - - 
 'OX,u/x7Tia. In a speech of Pericles (a 143) the locative is used. 
 Other examples of the locative are e 18 and 47, both of which 
 passages are decrees. Plato in Laws 822 B has iv ^OXvpuirta. In 
 other places in the Laws the adverbial form is employed, as it 
 is elsewhere in Plato. Aristophanes uses only the locative form. 
 The reigning form for this relation is unquestionably the loca- 
 tive, but the preposition appears often enough to prove its good 
 standing. 
 
 The ending -£e with this word appears twice (Andoc, I. 132 ; 
 IV. 26). The tendency to use the prepositional expression is much 
 more pronounced in this relation than in the other. The orators 
 furnish three examples (Andoc, IV. 30 ; Dinarchus, I. 81, 82). 
 Thucydides in this relation, as in the other, seems, contrary to his 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 43 
 
 rule, to prefer the locative. This suggests, what was doubtless the 
 case, that this word was among the first in the Attic period to yield 
 to the locative tendency. He furnishes three examples — two of 
 them adverbial, the other prepositional. In 7 8 both forms are 
 found : elirov 'OXofiiria^e irapelvai - - - - d<piicvovvTai e'9 ttjv 
 ^OXvfxir'iav. The preposition in the second place is here perhaps 
 due to the desire to provide for the articular form. 1 The other 
 example of -£e is in £16. Plato uses the preposition, showing for 
 it a decided preference, as is seen for example in Laws, 950 E : 
 TlvOdihe Tm 'AttoWcovi zeal eh '©Xv/attlciv tw Ail - - - . ^prj 
 TrefxireLv. Xenophon has numerous examples of the preposition. 
 Late inscriptions have the preposition ; earlier ones furnish no 
 material bearing on the subject. 
 
 'Icrfyio? and Nefiea. 2 
 
 The locative adverb To-0/xoi is used but once in the orators, ical 
 iyiKYja-ev 'IcrOfiol koX Ne/xea (Lysias XIX. 63). In Lysias II. 45 
 the form with the preposition is found, Oi^eX^aecv to ev To-fyico 
 T€i%o<;. Thucydides nowhere has 'Io-fytoZ, 3 but rather ev Tcr^icS 
 (/3 18, 7 15). Plato has but one example — kol Tcr^ot teal Ne/xea. 
 Cobet condemns the error of writing everywhere in Xenophon ev 
 ''Icrd/jbcp for 'ladp.oi. He mentions the passage cited above from 
 Lysias, and says : "Lysiae quoque reddiderim to 'ladfxoc Ter^o?." 4 
 Pindar, whose usage in this connection is worth noting, has both 
 ev 'lad/xS and 'ladfiol, the former, however, prevailing. The loca- 
 tive is the iuscriptional form. 
 
 The examples found without doubt point to the two spheres. 
 The locative takes chief place in the fixed formulae, such as 
 eviKvcrev 'Io-#//,ot. Elsewhere the preposition takes precedence. 
 For the other relations the prepositions were uniformly employed, 
 J \adfji6vhe and 'IcrdfioOev not being in good repute. 
 
 1 See Amer. Journal of Philology, II. 541. 
 
 •Separate treatment is not given to Ne^us'a because in use it is almost identical 
 with '1(t8/j.6s. 
 
 3 Some texts have 'Io-fytoT in e 18 following Cobet. 
 * Novae Led., p. 321. 
 
44 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 Mey a pa. 
 
 To names of places not in Attica, excepting the seats of the 
 national games, the locative endings were rarely attached. To 
 Mey apa, of such places, the locative ending was most frequently 
 applied. In the orators the form in -8e is most common, appearing 
 four times. Opposed to these are five occurrences of the prepo- 
 sitional form. 1 Thucydides has several examples of e£? Miyapa, 
 but no case of the adverb. The usage of Xenophon is the same. 
 Aristophanes has MeyapdBe in Achar. 524. Plato also furnishes 
 an example of the same form in Crito 53 B. 
 
 This word nicely shows the history of the locative in general in 
 the Attic period. The transition from the prepositional form of 
 the old Attic as it appears in Thucydides to the official locative of 
 the earlier orators, Andocides and Lysias, is clearly marked. Not 
 less distinct is the transition from the locative back to the primitive 
 type used by the later orators. This epitomizes the history of 
 nearly every word with which this study has to do. The locatives 
 of Mey apa, however, made little impression, and soon disappeared 
 because they became fixed in no technical and formulary expres- 
 sions, as did most, if not all, of the other words under discussion. 
 
 Andocides I. 34 furnishes the only example of Meyapodev in the 
 orators. The equivalent e/c Mey dpcov occurs but once also (Lycur- 
 gus § 58). Plato furnishes one example of Meyapodev in Phaedo 
 59 C, the reason for which is on the surface : ko\ Meyapodev 
 'Eu/cXetS^? re /cal Tepyjrlcov. Thucydides and Xenophon use only 
 the prepositional expression. 
 
 Meyapol does not occur in the orators, but everywhere instead 
 ev Meydpois. This is also true for Thucydides and Xenophon. 
 Plato has the locative in -oi in Theat., 142 C ; Rep., 368 A. 
 
 %r\$ai. 
 
 The locative endings were much less freely used with ©?}/3<u 
 than with Meyapa. It appears in the orators under but one loca- 
 
 1 [Demosthenes], XXV. 56 ; XXXV. 28 ; LIX. 35. Dinarchus, I. 58. Lycur- 
 
 gus, \ 25. 
 
Locative Expressions in the Attic Orator*. 45 
 
 tive relation — ®tffin<ri,. A few examples of this form are furnished 
 by Lysias and Isocrates. On the other hand there are many 
 passages in which iv ®?//Sat? occurs. 1 The same conditions prevail 
 for Greek literature in general. The forms in -dev and -£e are 
 very rare. One example of ®?;/3a£e occurs in Homer among many 
 examples with the preposition. Plato also gives one example of 
 ®i]j3a%€ in Crito 53 B. The form in -6ev is either late or dialectic, 
 the latter in Aristophanes Achar., 862. Both eU ©?7/3a<? and e'/c 
 Qvfioiv are found frequently in the orators. 
 
 YVkaraiai. 
 
 This city of Bceotia is referred to twice by the locative TlXaraidai. 
 Both occurrences are in pseudo-Demosthenes LIX. The preposi- 
 tion is elsewhere preferred. Noteworthy is the passage in Demos- 
 thenes XVIII, 208 inasmuch as the orator, having used Mapad&vc, 
 would naturally have used TLXaraidai after it, had it been a 
 standard form. Inscriptions furnish no material that is of service. 
 
 There is but a trace of the locative influence in connection with 
 the word laXa/xis. —akafiivi is found in Demosthenes XIX. 312 
 and in Aeschines III. 181. In the first passage it is accounted for 
 by the controlling influence of the neighboring word, Mapad&vi : 
 oi ^lapaOwvt real ^aXafxivi Trapkcryovff rjfierepot irpoyovoi. There 
 is much disputing in regard to the passage in Aeschines, which is 
 commonly read, 6V iv rr} ^aXafilvi vav/xa-^La. The usage of 
 Aeschines favors the insertion of the preposition iv, as Sheibe pro- 
 posed. Cobet, however, with his usual fondness for the locative, 
 rejects the preposition, and his reading is the one adopted by the 
 Teubner text. The first preposition may account for the absence 
 of the second whether the writing is due to the orator himself or 
 to a scribe. The words iv 'Ea\ap,lvi occur repeatedly in the orators 
 
 r For example, Isoc, XII. 168. Deiu., VIII. 65; XVIII. 67, 177. Aes., III. 
 142, 148. Dinarch., I. 20. 
 
46 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 
 
 in connection with vav/jLa^la, 1 forming an expression from which, 
 on general principles, the preposition might be dropped. 2 The few 
 locatives that appear elsewhere can usually be accounted for easily 
 by the dominating influence of a neighboring form. So Plato, 
 Menex., 245 A, rpoirata ra re M.apada)vt ical 'ZaX.a/jblvc. Even 
 in passages of this sort the preposition is more common. Compare 
 
 Demosthenes XVIII. 208, p,a tov$ MapaOwvi ko\ tov<; iv 
 
 ^dka/jblvc. Again Thucydides a 73, MapaOcjvt iv 1>a\ap2vi, 
 
 In inscriptions the preposition is regularly employed from the 
 earliest periods (Meisterhans, page 170). 
 
 1 This, however, is the only case of vav/j.ax'ta in the dative. 
 
 2 As for example in tV MapaOwvi fiax^v- 
 
'29943 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY