3563

M28

1892

MAIN

UC-NRLF

B ^ 05^ 17D

LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS

IN THE

ATTIC ORATORS.

A DISSERTATION

ACCEPTED BY THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE

OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY.

/">

J. ET. T: MAIN,

Professor of Greek in Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa.

BALTIMORE:

JOHN MURPHY & CO.

1892.

LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS

IN THE

ATTIC ORATORS.

A DISSERTATION

ACCEPTED BY THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE

OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY.

J. H. T. MAIN,

Professor of Greek in Iowa College, GrinneU, Iowa.

BALTIMORE:

JOHN MURPHY & CO.

i 892.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Introduction, 5

I. Proper Names used as Locatives in the Attic Orators :

Antiphon, 6

Andocides, -- ..--6

Lysias, ...-.-------7

Isocrates, 9

Isaeus, ... 9

Demosthenes, 10

Aeschines, - - - - -13

Lycurgus, ......-.---13

Statistic for all the Orators, -- 14

Table of Averages, - - - - -16

II. The Statistics Examined :

Andocides, -- - - *■ - -- -16

Antiphon and Dinarchus, - - - 18

Lycurgus, ---19

Isocrates, 20

Andocides and the later Orators compared, 20

References to Athens in Demosthenes, ------ 23

Local Endings in Familiar Expressions, ------ 24

Places where Temples were or where National Festivals were held, 25
Dominance of the ' where ' Forms, -------25

The Locative in Literature and Colloquial Greek, - - - - 26

III. The Comparative Frequency of the Locative and the Corres-

ponding Prepositional Phrase :
'A^vrjffi, 28

'ASi\va^(, ------------31

'Adrjurfdev, ...-..-----33

'EKevffls, ------------35

Mapadwv, ------------ 37

The Demes of Attica, --------- 39

MowvxLa, -----------41

Places not in Attica :

'OAivuTna, ----------- 42

'\ffQfx6s and Nc^sa, --.. 43

Meyapa, ------------ 44

Qrj&ai, 44

TWaratai, ------------45

2aA.a / ui'y, ------------45

LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN THE
ATTIC ORATORS.

The various statements that have appeared regarding the use
made of the locative adverb in proper names are unsatisfactory
and vague, not to say misleading. 1 The uncertainty that has been
felt regarding it is an inheritance from antiquity itself, and though
the questions involved are of sufficient importance to repay con-
sideration no systematic eifort seems to have been made to bring
together the material necessary for the drawing of safe and reason-
ably certain conclusions.

The following study is made for the purpose of arriving at some
definite understanding regarding these forms and starts out with a
consideration of those that are found in the Attic orators, giving
for them what is thought to be a complete statistic of proper names
used as locative adverbs. The collection includes : —

(1) Words having the endings -dev, -8e and -£e.

(2) Words having the endings -rjai, -aac.

(3) Words having the ending -oi.

(4) Datives when used as locative adverbs in such words as
'EXevcrift, Mapadwvi, MeXirr], ^aXajuvL etc. 2

1 The Thesaurus, for example, under 'A6^vrjdei> gives the general view regard-
ing this word: Ita Attice dicendum esse pro <=| 'A6r]vwv praecipiunt magistri.
Then follows: Sed Thuc. vm, 17 ac saepius e'/c rS>v 'AQ-qvwv.

Liddell and Scott: 'A6i)vr)6ev, 'Ae-f)i>a(e, 'A0rivr)<ri were more Attic than e£
*Adr)vwv, els 'A8r)vas and eV ' Adi\vais.

Kegarding the locative dative Kiihner, 426.2, says, — auch zu den angefflhrten
Worten 'Vafivovvri u. s. w. tritt haufiger die praep. *v als iv Mapadwvi, Lycurg. 104.

Cobet, Variae Lectiones, p. 30 : — vitiosum est, quamquam multis non videtur,
iv Mapadwvi et sim.

s The word locative is for convenience applied to all these forms, and it is to be
understood when that word is used proper names alone are referred to by it.

6 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

The study concludes with a consideration of the comparative
frequency of the locative and the corresponding prepositional
phrase. In dealing with this side of the question a general
survey of classical Greek has been made and inscriptions have
been examined.

Proper Name? tjsed as Locatives in the Attic Orators.

Antiphon, who stands first among the orators of the Attic
canon, is not represented in the tables that follow. The absence
of the locative proper name from his orations is found further on
to have little if any significance. 1

Andocides stands in striking contrast to Antiphon, contributing
as he does, fourteen words to the list. The first oration becomes
prominent in furnishing the largest number, there being in it eleven
of the fourteen. Here occurs 'Adtfvnat four times (three times in a
v6fio$), MeyapdSe twice, followed by one occurrence each of Me7a-
podev, MapadayvdSe, 'JLXevcrLvodev, 'EXefcrtyt and 'OXu/x7rta^e.
It is interesting to note that this little collection of forms includes
all the locative relations, ' where ', ( whither ' and ' whence ', and in
variety of words represented is not excelled by any passage in the
orators, excepting oration LIX of the Demosthenean canon. The
average per page for this oration is .25, calculating that it contains
forty pages. 2 This is comparatively a very high average.

The second oration affords no examples, and the third gives but
one, namely : ' ' KO^vvctl.

Oration IV, which has been transmitted under the name of
Andocides, but is without doubt spurious, contributes two forms
to the list — 'OA.f/u,7rta£e and 'OXvfAiriacri.

x One or two occurrences in the fragments of Antiphon were not considered
striking enough to require attention.

* In this oration and in the following work the ordinary Teubner texts have
been used. When the pages were not full the calculation was made on the basis
of 32 lines to the page. Perfect accuracy in such cases is hard to attain. The
figures are thought to be practically correct.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 7

For the whole of Andocides the average per page is .16 which,
though a considerable descent from the high average of the first
oration, is yet the highest in the Attic orators.

Locatives in Andocides.

09 oy^ero M. V7re^e\0(ov
(p^OVTO e7r' avrov M.
eTrethrj Ted/epos f/\6e M.
ov TrepieKOTTV jjlovos tcov f Ep//.<yf T(ov 'A.
edv res Sij/jLOKparlav KaraXvrj ttjv A.
09 av KaraXvarj rr)v hajioKpariav ttjv A.
orrocroL he bpicoi 6p,(op.oprai A.
cnravTr)<jai rols ftapftdpots M.
67T€t,8r] yap ifkOo/iev E.
7T6pl ro)v yeyevr)p,evcov E.
eireiTa dp-^idecopov e/9 'IcrdfAOV ical 'O.
ireiaavTes fj,ev ovv 'A. von'jcraorOat
Xe^eiv he irepl rr)<; vi/cry? T/79 'O.
0\v/jL7ria%€, IV. 26. &.io/j,->jhw<; rj\0e £61)709 '(.ititwv aytov 'O.

Twenty-nine forms to be taken into account for the present pur-
pose are found in the 228 pages of Lysias. Only eleven of the
orations are represented in the collection. Orations XIII and XVII
contain the largest number proportionally, but much of the signifi-
cance that might attach to this is neutralized by the fact that the
result is produced by a natural repetition of one or two forms.
The high average of oration XIII, which contains eight locatives,
is produced by Movuv-^iacrt, 1 which occurs six times, Movvv^la^e
and W07]VT]dev. The decimal for this oration is .33 which, though
somewhat higher than that for oration I of Andocides, is devoid
of its interesting features.

Oration XVII, with less than three pages, furnishes four forms
— ^(prjTTol and Klkvvvol each repeated. Here again repetition
accounts for the high average.

The ' whence ' relation in Lysias is well represented as is also
the ' whither ' relation, the first having six representatives and the

1 The better writing of this word is MowixLa<rt. See Meisterhans, Gram. At. Ins.

Meyapdhe,

15.

7Sle<yapodev,

34.

\\67jvrjcr1,

62.

96.

97.

98.

Mapadwvdhe

, I-

107.

'JLXevatvodev

, I.

111.

'JLXevaivi,

111.

'OX,y partake,

132.

'A.drjvrjO'i,

III.

38.

OXvpL7r[aat,

IV.

25.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

second five. The remaining forms show the ' where' relation which,
as is usually the case, is the dominating one.

The average for Lysias entire is .124 which, it will be noted, is
somewhat lower than that for Andocides.

Locatives in Lysias.

Olwdev, I.

'Ekevalvi, II.

VI.

'E\ev(TLv60ev, VI.
''EXevalvaSe, VIII.

M.eyapd8e, XII.
'EXefcriWSe, XII.
M.ovvv%Lacn, XIII.
XIII.
'AdTJvvdev, XIII.
M-ouvv^la^e, XIII.
M.ovvv^laai, XIII.

XIII.
XIII.
XIII.

X(f>r]TTOl, XVII.

K.IKVVVOL, XVII.

X^TTOL, XVII.

KlKOVVOl, XVII.

'Advert, XVIII.
' A\(07T€Krjd€V, XIX.

'Va/jbVOVVTL, XIX.
*1<T0/jLOL, XTX

Neyu,ea,

10.

4.
45.

17.
52.

€<tti S\ e<f>r/, EpoTocrdevws O. 6 ravra

Trpdrrcov
eOa-yjrap ev rfj avroiv 'E.
to, Se ev To> 'E. lepa>
teal opKwv Kaddirep rots E.
teal to reXevralov clkovtwv v/xcov 'E.

^vvdecopelv
rrj<i eTriovcrns vvktos SteTrXevcra M.
i\0a)v - - - et? ^a\ap,iva ical 'E.

24. /cadi^ovaiv eirl rov jBwfiov M.

25. zeal 7rapopp,icravTe<i Svo ifkoia M. iSeovro
25. iravrl Tpoirw direkOelv 'A.

29. zeal rfkdov oi e/c tt}? /3ov\r}<; M.
32. eVetS?) Se r] eKKkncria M. ev tS dedrpa>-
52. eVl rod /3u>fxov ifcddnro M.
55. ore rj i/c/cXwcrlq M. ev tS 9edrpu> eyivero-
58. fcal to, ifkola irapacr icevdo-as M. eVoi/i09
rjv - -
5. real rd fiev 2. tfSr) rpia erw \xep.[crOwKa,

TWV-

5. Se K. /cat rrj<; ol/clas eStKa^o/nvv Tot9

e^ovo-L
8. tou? fiefxio-dcojLievovs Trap e/xov to S.

8. eiretra rov K. tov? yeirovas
13. ort 'A. too~ovtov Svvarai
16. e^a) yvvalica ttjv KptToSrffiov Ovyalrepa

rod 'A.
28. ovk ^y aXA,' ?) , \a>piSiov fxtKpov 'P.

63. ot? eviKvaev 'I. /cat N.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 9

Ae/ce\ei60ev, XXIII. 2. eweiSi] 8e direicpivaTO ort A.

XXIII. 3. el Tiva ryivaiCTKOLev A. hr}p,orev6[jievov-
6i)/3r)cri, XXIII. 15. fieraards ivrevOev 6. p,eru>K€i

XXIII. 15. TravTayov fidWov i) 6. ei/eo? rjv avrov
jjLeTOLKrjcrcLi
'EXeucrii/aSe, XXV. 9. elal 8e o'lrtve^ twv 'E. airo^pa-tyafxkvwv

Proper names used as locatives are extremely rare in Isocrates,
there being but ten in the 482 pages. Mapadcovi with four occur-
rences, 'OXvjjbTriao-L with two, together with Ae/ceXetoOev, ®i]/3wcri,
Barrjdev and ©eairtdcriv make up the entire number.

In Isaeus, with about one third the number of pages contained
in Isocrates, there are fourteen proper names used as locative
adverbs. This is an average per Teubner page of .097. Oration
XI contains one half of the entire number, the average per page
being a little more than .47. The form UpoairaXrol heads the
list, occurring three times. 'EXef alvi is found twice. The other
forms occur but once each and are YLe^aXrjcn, Bijcra^e, 'Adijvrjai,
\\0/]va^e, MovvvylaaL, ' ' AOpbovol, <£>\vr]<Ti, Spidcri,, MeXirr.

Locatives in Lsocrates.

Mapadcovi, IV. 91.

MapaOcovc, V. 147.

MapaOoovt, VIII. 38.
AeK€\.ecdcnv,\ILl. 84.
®rj&ri*i, XII. 173.

Oeo-TTiaaiv, XIV. 14.
MapadSivi, XV. 306.

'OXvp.Triaai, XVI. 25.

^OXvpLTriaai, XVI. 49.

BaTijdev, XVIII. 10.

AaKe8atp,ovtoi fiev ^irfkovvre^ tttjv ttoXlv

rrj<i M. /ad^ns
etc 8e t?7? M. fidyr]<;

el 8e tocs M. tou9 fiapfidpovs vitcqaacrL
/cat tov refyovs i]8rj tov A. eo~Tr)KOTO<;
tovto <ydp diTo8el^at /3ov\op,evo$ Sir/XOov

rd yevo/xeva ®.
toXlkovtov err par ev p,aro<; ovtos ©.
ttoios he rtf o rot/? j3ap/3dpovs M. rf}

p*dyji vi/crjcras
Yttttcov yap ^evyet irploTOs ' AX/cfxecov rebv

ttoXltcov 'O. evLicrjcre
Sevrepov S' el 8la ttjv tov irarpbs vlktjv

ri]V O. drtp,(odr}cropbaL
Slatrav eVl p-qrolq eTriTpe-^rafiev Ni/fo-

/Lia^ft) B.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

Locatives in Isaeus.

K.ecj)a\.ricn, II. 31.

Bj*a&, III. 22.

'Adrjvvo-t, IV. 8.

'A^i/aCe, V. 29.

y[ovvv%iacri, VI. 27.

'AOfiovol, VI. 33.

'©ptacrt,

VIII. 35.
XL 41.
XI. 42.

'EXevalvi, " "

TipocnraXrol, XI. 44.

YlpocnraXrol, XI. 49.

IIoooVaAToi, XI. 49.

ofioaavTes tj/alv r rrpo<; tc3 /3o)/a&) t&> t^?

, A(f>po8iT7)<; Trjs K.
Ee^o/eA//}? tolvvv B. /ie^ taw et? to ipya-

<TT?]piOV

Kal ravr ovk eTriSe&rj fin kotos tov Nt«o-

arparov ev&e/ca erwv 'A.
dW' a7r' €Ke[vov iinaKalheKa erSiv A.

ou/c d(j)itceTO
Kal rj vavs aura) e^cop/xec M.
a7ro8[8oTai dypbv fiev A. irevre Kal

e/38op,i]KOVTa p,voi)V ' Avricpdvei,
J^Lpcov yap ifcetcTVTO ovaiav - - - dypbv

p,ev <£>.
/cert tov & avrov eSco/cev dypbv tov 'E.

Svolv rakavTOiv
dypbv pbev ©. irevQ^ 7]fxird\avTa evpi-

crKovra,
olfciav Se M. rpLcr^iXitov icovv/xevvv,
aWvv Se 'E. irevraKoaluyv,
ytopiov iv dlvorj TrevTaKLo-yCkitav Kal EL

TpiO")£l\LCOV.

XatpeXe&)9 8e to II. ywpiov KareXnrev-
KaraXeicpdevTOs Se tov II. ywpiov Kal
ytyvofxevov Trjs £k€lvq)v dSeXcprjs-

If due allowance be made for hypotheses and vacant spaces the
orations transmitted to us under the name of Demosthenes fill
approximately 1150 pages. Distributed through this corpus very
irregularly 132 forms appear that must be taken into account for
the present purpose. Of this number 83, or very nearly 63 per
cent., are clustered together in four orations, comprised in less than
one hundred pages, and all classed by Blass as spurious. 1 The
orations referred to are XXXIV, XXXV, LVI, LIX. In Ora-
tion XXXV, containing twenty-nine locatives, the average per

1 Blass, Attische Beredsamkeit, dritte Abt., pp. 476, 502, 515, 520.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 11

page is 1.87 which is considerably larger than that yielded by any
other portion of the Attic canon. In this oration there are twenty
occurrences of'AOijva^e, four of ' AdrfvrjOev and two of'Adijvriai.
'lanaiodev, which appears three times, completes the list.

In XXXIV the average drops to 1.34. Here the dominating
form is not 'AO-qva^e, as in XXXV, but 'AOyvrjcri, of which there
are twelve occurrences. ^AOrjva^e, on the other hand, is found but
four times. The remaining form is ' ' Adrjvrjdev, which also occurs
four times.

Next in order is LVI where are thirteen locatives and thirteen
.pages, giving as the average the unit 1 . Here again the prevailing
form is \\.6i]va^e with seven occurrences, followed by ' Ad^vrjdev
with four, and finally by 'AOrjv^ai with two.

In LIX its average is reduced to .51. In this speech there is
some relief from the wearisome heaping up of the same or similar
forms which characterizes the other three of the group under con-
sideration. There are but two occurrences of 'Adrjvrjo-i and four
of ^AO-qva^e. Other forms are WXwireKrjOev, 'A^lBvrj^e, 'KKevaivt,
JSitcakrjdev, }Lo\wvr)6ev, Y^efyaXrfBev, MapaOwvaSe, and YTXaTaidcri.
For variety this collection is noteworthy. Nine different words are
represented in the twenty locatives and all of the locative relations
— where, whither and whence. The forms in -dev here, contrary to
the general rule, outrank the others. This is due to the fact that it is
necessary to take many depositions ; the names of many witnesses are
consequently given in an approved legal way, as in § 61 : Tifio-
cTTparos ^KakrjOev ----- N/«:i7r7ro? K.ecf)a\f]0€v /xaprvpovcrtv. 1

To the nine words represented in LIX but nine more need be
added to complete the number found in the whole of Demosthenes,
some of which words are represented by a single occurrence. As
already stated, of the 132 forms in Demosthenes 83 belong to the
four orations just considered, which having 81 pages give a little
more than the unit 1 as the average. For the remainder of Demos-
thenes the average sinks to the insignificant decimal .047. If the
public speeches alone were considered the average there would be
found to be considerably less than this.

1 The form in -6ev was by no means the most common form in cases of this sort.
It had a narrow range in fact. Far more common in the orators and inscriptions
are the adjectival forms in -«us, -tos, etc., for example, \ 61 : 'EkciAktjs QaA-qpevs.

12 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

It is interesting to note also that 104 of the 132 locatives in
Demosthenes, more than 78 per cent, belong to pseudo-Demos-
thenes, accepting the view of Blass regarding the genuineness of
the speeches.

Locatives in Demosthenes.

'A0^a£e— VII. 13; IX. 43; XX. 31 ; XXXI. 1, 8, 9; XXXIV.

11, 36, 42, 43; XXXV. 3, 10, 11, 11, 11, 13, 24, 24,

25, 32, 35, 37, 37, 38, 50, 50, 51, 51, 52, 53 ; L. 18 ;

LVI. 3, 27, 36, 36, 40, 42, 45 ; LIX. 25, 32, 64, 103.
'Kd^vno-t— VIII. 66 ; X. 68; XVII. 28; XVIII. 66, 197; XIX.

81 ; XX. 29; XXXIV. 4, 23, 25, 31, 31, 32, 37, 37,

42, 42, 43, 45; XXXV. 16, 51; XLIII. 71; XLV.

17; XLVL 26; XLIX. 26; LIII. 3 ; LVI. 3, 17;

LIX. 35, 85.
'AOijvvdev— XIX. 229 ; XXXII. 1 ; XXXIII. 9 ; XXXIV. 7,

27, 40 ; XXXV. 10, 32, 52, 53 ; LVI. 27, 36, 36, 45.
'A\a>7reKr)0ev— XVIII. 164; XXI. 82, 121; XXII. 60; XXIII.

13 ; XXV. 72 ; LVIII. 35 ; LIX. 25, 25, 45, 47, 47.
'Apa^i/Se— XLIII. 70.
'Activate— LIX. 9.
^pavpcovodev — LIV. 25.
'EXevcrlvi—XXI. 158; LV. 28; LIX. 116.
'E\ev<rlva8e— XVIII. 177, 184.
'Eicd\'n0ev— LIX. 61.
'lancuodev— XXXV. 20, 20, 34.
Kv6yp6v$e—X1AI. 5.
Ko\a>vfj6ev— LIX. 22, 23.
Kec^aXrjdev— LIX. 61, 71, 71.
Mapae&vi—XIII. 21, 22 ; XIV. 30 ; XVIII. 208 ; XIX. 312 ;

XXIII. 196, 198.
Mapad&vdSe— LIX. 94.
MiyapciSe — XXIX. 3.
OlrjOev— XXXIII. 14.
'OXv/nriaai— XXI. 145 ; LVIII. 66.
Tipoa-iraXToOev — XLIII. 64.
TWaraiaa — LIX. 96, 97.
l^aXafxivi — XIX. 312.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

The locatives that show themselves in Aeschines and Lycurgus
call for nothing more than a passing notice in this connection.
Those in Aeschines, seventeen in all, are distributed rather evenly
throughout the speeches. The decimal for this orator is .089.
The highest average is furnished by the first oration where it
rises to .12.

Lycurgus furnishes four forms, all of them referring to Athens,
viz. : \\.dr)VT}o~i, 'A0rjvn0ev (twice), , A0r)va£e.

Locatives in Aeschines.

'Adtjvvai, I. 89.

S(f)7]TTOL, I. 97.

\Wa)7T€Kf)(TL, I. 97.

I. 99.

WfxdiTpoTrrjcri, I. 101.
'AA,(U7re/o)cri, I. 105.
'A0rjv<n<ri, I. 108.

II. 23.

II. 36.

II. 58.

II. 93.

III. 91.

'A&/i/a£e, III. 98.

" III. 114.

'Adrtvqav, III. 114.

^aXafiivi, III. 181.

'OXv/xTTiacri, III. 189.

el S' o fiev aycov ecrTiv ' A0rjvr)<rtv

ea^anav Se ^cfrrjTToi

\Wco7refcrjcn S' erepov yu>plov

to 8' W\a)7refcf)<Ti ywpiov

aypbv ' Afi0iTpo7rr}<riv

/ecu tov ywp'iov rod ' AXaiiretcrjo-L kcu-

tov ' AQr)vr\cnv vfSpccrTrjv ov/c et? tovs

aWovs fiovov,
' ' A6rjvrj(7L fiev fj/jbev a^toc ty)<; vfieTepo<i

7rtcrTe<i>9
el Twv 'Adijvrja-t TrpajfiaTcov eTrcXeXrjafiat
ovk ev Ma/ceSovia, a\\' 'A0i]vr)criv
/ecu tov Kepcro(3\e7rT7]v "'Adrjvqo-L fiev -
virep rbv fir) avveSpeveiv , A0r}vr)crc XaA,/a-

8ea<>
rJK€v crvveSpevaovTas , A0r/va^e ei'<? ttjv

iravaeXrjvov.
kcli ei<? tov Xolttov %povov airo(TTaXr\<Teo-0ai

' ' A0r)vaKe tov -
e<£' a>Te /3orj0r^aeiv tois ) Afi0to-<jevcnv

, A0)]vrjat -
6t ev ttj Xa\a/jLivi vavfia^ca tov Hepcrrjv

eviKCLTe
'OXv/nrcacn (TT€0avco0r)vai -

14 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

Lycurgus.

'Adi]V7)(ri, §16. rcov olkovvtcov ^ AQi]vr\<ri

'Adrfvrjdev, 19. Kai eKifkevaavTa ' A6i')vtj0€v

21. kcu cufuKvetTO ' 'AdijvrjOev ifKola eis rrjv
'Yohov,

93. on av e\6r/ ' Adrjva^e rev^erai tcov v6fxa>v.

Statistic for all the Orators.

'Atfr^crt— Andocides, I. 62, 96, 97, 98 ; III. 38. Lysias, XVIII.

13. Isaeus, IV. 8. Dem., VIII. 6Q ; X. 68 ; XVII.

28 ; XVIII. 66, 197 ; XIX. 81 ; XX. 29 ; XXXIV.

4, 23, 25, 31, 31, 32, 37, 37, 42, 42, 43, 45. XXXV.

16, 51 ; XLIII. 11 ; XLV. 17 ; XL VI. 26 ; XLIX.

26 ; LV. 3 ; LVI. 3, 17 ; LIX. 35, 85. Aeschines, I.

89, 108; II. 23, 36, 58, 93; III. 91, 114.

Lycurgus § 16. (46)

'AfyWfe— Isaeus, IV. 29. Dem., VII. 13; IX. 43; XX. 31;

XXXI. 1, 8, 9 ; XXXIV. 11, 36, 42, 43 ; XXXV.

3, 10, 11, 11, 11, 13, 24, 24, 25, 32, 35, 37, 37, 38, 50,

50, 51, 51, 52, 53 ; L. 18 ; LVI. 3, 27, 36, 36, 40, 42,

45 ; LIX. 25, 32, 64, 103. Aeschines, III. 98, 114.

Lycurgus, § 93. (46)

'Adtvydev— Lysias, XIII. 25. Dem., XIX. 229 ; XXXII. 1 ;

XXXIII. 9 ; XXXIV. 7, 27, 40 ; XXXV. 10, 32,

52, 53 ; LVI. 27, 36, 36, 45.

Lycurgus, §19, §21. (17)

'KXwrerfOev— Lysias, XIX. 16. Dem., XVIII. 164 ; XXI. 82,

121; XXII. 60; XXIII. 13; XXV. 72; LVIII.

35 ; LIX. 25, 25, 45, 47, 47. (13)

' ' AXaiTreicria-t, — Aeschines, I. 97, 99, 105. (3)

'Apa^vahe— Dem., XLIII. 70. (1)

'A^iSva^e— Dem., LIX. 9. (1)

'AOjAovol — Isaeus, VI. 33. (1)

'A/i0tTpo7r77crt — Aeschines, I. 101. (1)

BaTrfOev— Isocrates, XVIII. 10. (1)

B Tja-a^e— Isaeus, III. 22. (1)

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 15

Bpavpowodev — Dem., LIV. 25. (1)

Ae/ceXetodev— Lysias, XXIII. 2, 3. (2)

Ae/ceXemcrt — Isaeus, VIII. 84. (1)
'EXevcrivi — Andocides, I. 111. Lysias, II. 10; VI. 4.

Isaeus, XI. 41, 42. Dem., XXI. 158; LV. 28;

LIX. 116. (8)
'EXevalvdSe— Lysias,VHI. 5 ; XII. 52 ; XXV. 9. Dem., XVIII.

177, 184. (5)

, EXev<Tiv60ev — Andocides, I. 111. Lysias, VI. 45. (2)

'EtcdXvOev—Dem., LIX. 61. (1)
(decnriaaiv — Isoc, XIV. § 14.

®rj/3r)cri — Lysias, XXIII. 15, 15. Isocrates, XII. 173. (3)

Splaai — Isaeus, XI. 42. (1)

'ladfiol— Lysias, XIX. 63. (2)

'I<rriai60ev—Dem., XXXV. 20, 20, 34. (3)

KiKvwoZ— Lysias, XVII. 5, 8. (2)

Kv0 VP 6vSe—Dem., XLII. 5. (1)

Ko\covi)06v— Dem., XXI. 64 ; LIX. 22, 23. (3)

Kecpa\y0ev—Dem., LIX. 61, 71, 71. (3)

KecpaXrai — Isaeus, II. 31. (1)

MeyapdSe — Andocides, I. 15, 15. Lysias, XII. 17. Dem.,

XXIX. 3. (4)

Me<yap60ev — Andocides, I. 34. (1)

MapaOavi— Isoc, IV. 91 ; V. 147 ; VIII. 38 ; XV. 306. Dem.,

XIII. 21, 22; XIV 30; XVIII. 208; XIX. 312;

XXIII. 196, 198. (11)

Mapa0a)vdSe — Andocides, I. 107 ; LIX. 94. (2)

MeXirfl— Isaeus, XI. 42. (1)

Movvvx^ao-i — Lysias, XIII. 24, 25, 32, 52, 55, 58. Isaeus,

VI. 27. ' (7)

Mo vvvxia^e— Lysias, XIII. 29. (1)
Ne/iea — Lysias, XIX. 63.
'OXvtnrlaai— And., IV. 25. Isoc, XVI. 25, 49. Dem., XXI.

145 ; LVIII. 66. Aes., III. 189. (6)

'OXvuiriate— Andocides, I. 132 ; IV. 26. (2)

'Ot v 0evr- Lysias, I. 16. Dem., XXXIII. 14. (2)

TLXaraidai—Dem., LIX. 96, 97. (2)

UpoaTraXrot — Isaeus, XL 44, 49. (2)

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

Upoo-TraXroOev — Dern., XLIII. 64.

'VapvovvTi — Lysias, XIX. 28.

%<f>T]TToi — Lysias, XVII. 5, 8. Aeschiues, I. 97.

'ZaXaixlvt, — Dern., XIX. 312. Aescbines, III. 181.

Q>\vwi — Isaeus, VIII. 35.

(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)

Table of Averages. 1

Andocides

f Average,

Oration I,

Lysias {Average,

J \ Oration XIII,

Isocrates. . . . Average,

Isaeus i Average,

( Oration XI.
r Average,
Oration XXXV,
" XXXIV,
" LVI,
" LIX,
Excepting XXXIV, XXXV,

LVI, LIX,
Orations XXXIV, XXXV,

LVI, LIX,
Average,
Oration I,
Lycurgus. . . Average,

Demosthenes. <

Aeschines.

••{

.16
.25
.12
.38
.02
.097
.47
.114
1.87
1.34
1.
.51

.047

.089
.12

85 ..

43 ..

228 ..

21 ..

482 ..

144 .,

14.5 ..

1153 .,

15.5 .,

14 ..

13 .,

38.5 ..

1072 ..

81 ..

188 .,

57 .

45 .

LOCA-
TIVES.

14
11
29

10
14

7
132
29
19
13
20

II.

The Statistics Examined.

Among the orators of the Attic canon, the one most conspicuous
for the number of locatives, as has been seen already, is Andocides.
His prominence in this respect makes it pertinent for us to inquire

1 Dinarchus is like Antiphon, already referred to, in not exhibiting any loca-
tive proper names. Hyperides, owing to the fragmentary character of what
remains of his speeches, was not examined.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 17

into his rank as an orator, and to ask if this in any way affects or
makes clear the standing of the locative. The notices we have re-
garding Andocides from antiquity are scanty. This of itself is suffi-
cient to mark him as deficient in the characteristics which mark as
noteworthy the pleader and orator. His work is that of an amateur
lacking adequate training, yet not wholly devoid of shrewdness and
wit. What antiquity says of him seems to indicate that he must be
regarded as an authority for the idiom of his own time. The two
casual references to him in Dionysios would seem to justify this
view. In one of these references he speaks of Thucydides as using
a language differing from that of Andocides, 1 and in the other he
speaks of Lysias as the Attic standard for his period, ' as may be
inferred from the speeches of Andocides.' 2 Quintilian's language
shows the contempt he feels for him, 3 while that of Hermogenes is
still more severe. 4

Assuming that the locative is a favorite construction with Ando-
cides, as the facts seem to warrant us in doing, even if it should not
share in the general contempt which is felt for the orator himself, it
has nothing to boast of because of such associations. On the other
hand there is the suggestion that, since Andocides is representative
of the spoken idiom of his time, the preference shown by this orator
for the locative is due to the more colloquial character of his style. 5
This can be nothing more than a suggestion and the facts in general
are in conflict with it. In the higher spheres everywhere the pre-
positional forms take precedence over the locative forms. This of
itself is a strong indication that they also are the forms cherished by
the conservatism of the common dialect, and the ones retained ex-
cept in expressions which from frequent use had degenerated into

1 De Thuc. 51. 7roAAd>j' ytvoy.tvu>v 'Ad7ivr)<rt - - - - prjTopoiv re Kal (piAoirScpcav, ovSels
avrccv Kexpv Tal Tavry rij StaAeKTw (that of Thuc), ovb" oi Ttepl 'AvSoKiSri k.t.A.

* De LjS. 2. ws eiTTt T€K,u7ipa<r8ai rots t« 'AvSokiSov \6yots, Kal to7s Kpirou Kal
&\\ois (Tvxvols.

3 XII. 10, 21. Nam quis erit hie Atticus? Sit Lysias Xon igitur iam

usque ad Coccum et Andocidem remitternur.

4 Ilermog., Tltpl iSewv (Spengel, II. 416): aStdpdpwTos yap 4<ttiv eV ro7s <rxii,ua<rt
Kal aStfvKpivrjros Kal to. noWa iTrtavvanTfi re Kal irtpifidWei araKTws 8ia to this
iirefttioAals X^pls evKpiveias xp^a^ai, Sdtv e5o£e' tmti <p\vapos Kal &\Aws arracprjs elvat.

5 E. S. Burgess, University Circular, Apl., 1881. Regarding Andocides as repre-
sentative of the spoken idiom, their source in colloquial speech is thus suggested.
9

18 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

that fixity of condition represented by the adverb. It would be
strange if Andoeides alone should permit an outcrop of the vulgar
usage in his treatment of the forms under consideration, while the
other orators of the canon avoided them almost entirely, or used
them freely only under the pressure of circumstances. If any safe
conclusion may be drawn from the conditions presented by Ando-
eides and by the surface facts in general, it is that any considerable
use of the locative should be regarded as characteristic of the author,
or as a local phenomenon rather than a reflection of popular usage.

As far as Andoeides himself is concerned, he secures the full credit,
whatever that may be worth, of using the locative deliberately and
whenever opportunity offers. This is true of every case where there
is opportunity for choice, unless a line from the spurious fourth ora-
tion be cited to the contrary : X/ce-frao-de he kol ttjv aWvv airohn-
filav rrjv et<? 'OXv/xTTiav &)<? hiedero. Here a departure from the
technical signification l may account for the variation in form. Color
is given to this suggestion by the fact that in this same oration
(§ 26), in what may be considered a more technical passage, the loca-
tive 'GXvixiria^e is used.

Antiphon and Dinarchus require consideration because of the
absence of locatives from their extant speeches. Until an examina-
tion of their orations is made it would be premature to assume that
the absence of such forms is due to a conscious avoidance of them,
and is so far a mark of style. It will be found in the case of Anti-
phon that he had no occasion to use the locative, his speeches being
virtually without a locus. Prepositional expressions such as eV
Me<ydpo)v, ev Mapadwvi, etc., which could be turned into the equiva-
lent adverbial form without conflicting with Attic usage, do not
appear in his orations. In the case of Antiphon there is presented
then a condition from which nothing more than the negative con-
clusion safely may be drawn that he had no need of either form in
cases where there was opportunity for choice. As to what his usage
might have been under other circumstances, we can only surmise.

For Dinarchus the case is totally different. In his speeches
where there is free opportunity for choice, the selection made in

1 In technical language, aiming at the greatest possible clearness, if anywhere,
a congealed form would be more appropriate than one having the mobility of the
Drepositional plirase.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 19

every case is favorable to the prepositional form. For instance ev
d-qftcLL? is used, but not OijfSrjai ; els Meyapa, but not MeyapdSe ; ev
OXvfMTrla, but not '0\vfi7ri,aai; et<? 'OXvp.TTiav, but not 'OA.tyz7ria£e.
The equivalent adverbs in these cases are all good Attic, and appear
elsewhere in the orators.

Notwithstanding the quarrel between Andocides and Dinarehus
as to which shall be entitled to last place among the orators of the
canon, Dinarehus in antiquity was credited with considerable ability
of a certain kind. Dionysios says several of his speeches show some-
thing of the Avaiaicbs ^apaKrrjp} He was a close student of
Demosthenes 2 and Hyperides, and whatever may have been his
deficiencies as an artist, he was doubtless able to interpret mechani-
cal characteristics and tendencies sufficiently well. He serves the
purpose of this study better because of ' his dependence on imitation
or on plagiarism,' 3 and because, as Dionysios further says of him,
he has no characteristic (tSiov) peculiar to himself. Viewed in this
light, his avoidance of the locative becomes much more significant,
and credits the prepositional form not only with his favor, but in-
directly with that of those whose imitator he was. Certain it is,
however, that in Dinarehus the adverb is consciously avoided and
the more stately prepositional form used in its place. What was
devoid of significance for Antiphon becomes for Dinarehus a sug-
gestive mark of style.

But Dinarehus is not the only one to whom we may turn for
information on the question under consideration. Lycurgus, who
precedes him in time and outranks him as an orator, 4 shows the
same pronounced tendency to use the prepositional form when he
might have employed the adverbial. Lycurgus, though an inferior,
stands in the same category ' with Hyperides, Aeschines and Demos-
thenes, who illustrate the maturity of civil eloquence.' 5 The pupil
and imitator of Isocrates, he nevertheless affects the archaic dignity

De Dinar. 5. tov /j.ev AvcriaKOv xapa/crfjpos ev re t<£ irepl MvqcriK\eovs \6yif> Kal
iv t$ Kara. Avaatparovs inrep NiKv/naxov, Kal ev &KKois iroWots.

De Dinar. 5. — toTs 'TirepelSov Kal rols Arnj.off6ei>ovs \6yois Kal tovtqov iroKKa 817 tis
€X €i irapa.8eiytia.Ta Ka6ecr6ai.

3 Jebb, Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeits, Vol. II. 374.

4 Hermogenes. Tlepl 18., p. 416, Spengel, does not grant this, but places him
last of the ten.

5 Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus, Vol. II. p. 375.

20 Locative Expressions m the Attic Orators.

of style shown in Antiphon, and even goes beyond it. Not a little
significance consequently attaches to the fact that he avoids the loca-
tive. In the one speech of Lycurgus that remains to us the locative
referring to Athens, as already noted, is used four times. Excepting
these cases the prepositional form is employed. Instead of MejapdSe,
els Meyapa appears (§§ 21, 25). Instead of Meyap60ev, e'« Meydpwv
is found (§ 28). In § 80 iv HXaraials is preferred to TiXaraiaai,
and in § 104 iv Mapadwvi to MapaOwvt.

The extremely small number of locative expressions in Isocrates
invites to a comparison of his orations with the others already con-
sidered. The similarity between Isocrates and Antiphon in this
respect has been noted. 1 The resemblance is not only in the fact
of the rarity, but in the cause which produces it. The condition
for Antiphon, as already pointed out, is devoid of significance.
This statement applies with equal force to Isocrates also. If the
equivalent prepositional expression is not totally absent from Iso-
crates as in Antiphon, it is nearly so. In XVI. 17 e'/c Ae/ceXeta?
is found where on general principles the adverb Ae/ceXeiodev might
have been used. 2 In X. 19 et? "A<j)cSvav is used for 'A$t<W£e ;
and in XII. 168 iv Orjfiais is found. In XII. 173, however,
di]/3n<ri is used. Finally in XII. 195 et<? Mapadwva takes the
place of the adverbial MapadayvdSe. This small number of prepo-
sitional representatives in such a large body of material of course
warrants the conclusion that Isocrates, like Antiphon, exhibits a
state of affairs in which neither the locative nor its equivalent was
required.

The investigation made thus far shows a condition of things in
which Andocides, with his marked preference for the locative form,
represents one extreme, while Lycurgus and Dinarchus, with a
preference for the prepositional form just as clearly defined, repre-
sent the other. An examination of the orators lying between these
extremes reveals the fact that there is a clearly discernible advance
from the locative to the prepositional type. 3

1 See Burgess, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, April, 1881.

4 In practice, however, there seems to be little doubt that this adverbial form
was confined to cases where it had a technical value, as for instance in the example
from Lysias XXIII. 3: airtKpipaTO '6ti AeKt\ei66ev.

3 It is always to be kept in mind in a study of this sort that, owing to the small
amount of material with which one has to work, it is necessary to be content often

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 21

If Lysias is compared with Andocides there is no longer found
to be a rigid adherence to the adverbial type, but the prepositional
also has its representatives. For example in XIII. 14 e£ 'EXev-
o-ivos appears. The adverbial equivalent of this, 'EXevaivodev,
also is found, but in the spurious sixth (§ 45). In the doubtful
Epitaphios (II. 45) the prepositional iv 'la-0yu,&> occurs. The cor-
responding 'Icrdfiol is found in XIX. 63. In the Epitaphios
appears also els MapaOwva. The adverbial form does not occur
in Lysias.

The tendency shown by Isocrates is sufficiently indicated by what
has been said of him in another connection (page 20). It is there
seen that he makes use of the prepositional form in three places.
Compared with the whole number of locatives used by him this is
a large proportion and indicates clearly enough that the adverbial
form was regarded with no special reverence by him. This sugges-
tion is strengthened by the fact that the locatives that are used by
him have the least possible color, appearing in expressions for the
most part that had taken on the character of formulae.

Isaeus contributes to this branch of the inquiry little that is worth
noting. He makes use of but one prepositional expression for which
there is the corresponding adverbial form, viz : iv 'FXevcrtvi, (V. 42)
instead of 'EXeucriz^ which he uses twice elsewhere. 1 The range of
usage shown in Isaeus is very narrow. With two exceptions the
' where ' relation only is made use of, which is more firmly fixed in
the language than the other two relations. This fact coupled with
the highly forensic character of his speeches would partly at least
account for any apparent lack of freedom in the use of these forms.
The inclination to the prepositional type would doubtless have been
clearer had there been a larger proportion of the other locative re-
lations in his orations.

An examination of the examples yielded by Demosthenes is more
satisfactory since he shows an unmistakable inclination to use the
form with the preposition. The following examples of this type

with mere hints or suggestions. If these, however, all point in the same direction
they acquire a cumulative value which amounts to certainty.

1 The MS. readings as given in the adopted texts have heen accepted in the pas-
sages under discussion. The emendations urged by Cobet are referred to in
Chapter III of this study.

22 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

are found : efe "AtptBvav (XVIII. 37), ek 'Ekevalva (XVIII.
37), 1 6*5 MapaO&va (IV. 34), iv dj/3ai<; (VIII. 65, X. 67, XVIII.
177, XIX. 127, XX. 76), els Meyapa (XXV. 56, XXXV. 28,
LIX. 35, 37, 49), iv IlkaraiaU (XVIII. 208), iv Movvvx^a
(XVIII. 107), 2 ek 'Ke-qvaM (LVI. 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 23, 27, 29, 42,
49). The number of words represented in the prepositional class,
it is to be noted, is proportionally quite large. There are altogether
but eighteen words employed to produce the 132 locatives of Demos-
thenes. Of this eighteen nearly two-thirds are represented but once
or twice. To the remaining one-third 'Adrjvat belongs, repeated
eighty-six times in the various locative relations. A mere state-
ment of these facts makes it sufficiently clear what the tendency in
the Demosthenes corpus is. 3

The lines of usage in Demosthenes are in perfect harmony with
those in Aeschines who is perhaps more pronounced in his preference
for the prepositional form. He uses iv Mapadwvi (II. 75, III.
181, 186, 259), iv 6ri/3aL<; (III. 138, 142, 148, 150), iv UXaraials
(II. 75, III. 259). For these Aeschines furnishes no adverbial
equivalents. Of the seventeen locative forms in Aeschines ten refer
to Athens, eight of them being in the ' where ' relation. The seven
remaining forms are all ' where ' forms of the most rigid type,
excepting one or two under the control of local influences.

1 Forms like this and the preceding found in the spurious VapitrnaTa are given
in every case. They harmonize with the general tendency, and in no wise vitiate
the conclusions.

2 See treatment of this word, Chapter III.

'There is a suggestion of a difference between Demosthenes and pseudo-
Demosthenes in the use of the locative and its equivalent. The inference has
been drawn from statements already made that the bulk of the locatives con-
tributed by Demosthenes are from the spurious speeches. They are there for
reasons that, apart from any question of preference, are perfectly patent to ordi-
nary scrutiny. But there appears to be a slight difference between Demosthenes
spurious and Demosthenes genuine. In the first Philippic (§ 34) is the clause
Ta reKevTa? els Mapadwv anefiji, while in the spurious production numbered LIX
($ 94) occurs the expression ifio^drja-ay MapadwvdSe . Again, in XVIII (208)
occurs Ka\ rovs e/x' TlAaraicus Trapara^a/j-evovs, but in LIX (96) /naxv TIAarataffi
and again in § 97 the same expression. The phrase els "A<pi5vav in XVIII. 37 is
of no service in this connection, occurring in a ^rj^xo-xia. These examples are of
course not sufficient to furnish grounds for any conclusion, but in conjunction
with the general trend of the examples furnished by the orators, they afford at
least a hint worthy of some consideration.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 23

The tendency which has thus been traced, in the earlier orators,
Lysias, Isocrates and Isaeus, is very faint, and if it were considered
in these alone, it might perhaps be called a mere fancy. When,
however, it becomes more pronounced in the successive stages, and
passes through Demosthenes and Aeschines on a rising scale to its
culmination in Lycurgus, the imitator of Isocrates, and Dinarchus,
called by Dionysios the aypoi/co? Demosthenes, conjecture gives
place to certainty, and the statement that ' there is a clearly dis-
cernible advance from the locative to the prepositional type', is
proved. If Andocides made use of the locative form to produce a
heightened effect, which was probably the case, it soon lost its power
to produce this result, through becoming commonplace, if for no
other reason. To produce the desired effect it became necessary
consequently for the later orators to return to the original preposi-
tional type — the type intrinsically more stately and dignified.

The lists of local forms already given will show it to be a fact
that in the earlier orators few of the local forms refer to Athens,
while in Demosthenes, in the private speeches, such references com-
prise nearly the entire number. This is accidental, and has nothing
more than local significance. It would be quite incorrect to assume
that while the locative relations in general do not maintain them-
selves, those having reference to Athens show an increase. 1 That
the locative relations in general do not maintain themselves is true,
as has been seen. In regard to the second part of the statement
that those having reference to Athens show an increase it is to be
said that although the references to Athens do greatly preponderate
in the later period this is due solely to a local accumulation, and
there are no traces whatever of a progressive increase due to a
modification of style. When Andocides had occasion to refer to
Athens he did so with the appropriate locative form. The same
may be said of Lysias who furnishes two examples, and of Isaeus
with the same number. In Andocides there are five such references,

1 Burgess, J. H. U. Circular, April, 1881. The earlier orators used the locative
endings only with places in or near Attica, or the seats of national games. Demos-
thenes and his contemporaries failed to maintain this use of the locative with
neighboring places, but increased the use with Athens. Of examples of locative
endings those with Athens, therefore, constitute in the earlier orations but a small
part, in the later, almost the entire number.

24 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

but neither in him nor in the other two mentioned does the prepo-
sitional equivalent appear. The large corpus of Isocrates yields no
example of either type. The conditions presented in these orations
give not the slightest hint of any design in the usage, tending to an
increase in numbers. It is without warning that we come to the
great accumulation of forms referring to Athens in those spurious
productions in the Demosthenean canon numbered XXXIV,
XXXV, LVI, LIX. Here the locative forms of 'KOrjvat appear
sixty-four times ; in the whole canon of Attic oratory (excepting
Hyperides) there are but one hundred and nine. Whatever interest
and significance this heaping up of forms may have, the conditions
show that it is purely local. Nothing elsewhere leads to it ; nothing
points to it. The same words appear again and again until the
formal conditions of contract and agreement are completely set forth.
These speeches abound in legal technicalities, and are peculiarly
fertile ground consequently for the hard unyielding locative, which
meets the temporary requirements. Moreover, repetition was a
part of the speaker's purpose. The successful pleader knows that
one or two statements of the salient points of a case are not suffi-
cient thoroughly to impress the jury. In addition to this the
necessities of the points involved required repetition whether the
speaker desired it or not. This appears on the surface. These
orations can not be referred to consequently as having any bearing
upon the general question of usage from the standpoint of numbers.
In the corpus of Demosthenes, excepting the four orations under
consideration, there is no noteworthy accumulation of forms, neither
is there in his contemporaries. The facts show that the locative in
general fell into disfavor, and that the locatives of ^KOrjvai pre-
dominate in the later period because of accidental circumstances.

It is worthy of note at this point that the local endings betoken
familiarity, and are found attached only to such terms as occur in
common use. This suggests a desire for ease and quickness of
utterance where it would do the most good. Xo disposition appears
anywhere to extend this usage so as to include other forms where
little could be gained by it. In keeping with this and with the
technical and legal usage already referred to, is the well known fact
that the locative endings showed an especial affinity for the names
of certain Attic demes, for example : Ke^>a\i]06v, Ke<f)a\rjai,

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 25

'AXcD7T€Krjac, 1 Wwir eKrjOev, MapaOcovdSe, etc. Beyond the confines
of Attica but six places that are mentioned in the orators show any
traces of these endings. These places are 'OXvfjur'ui, Tcr0/*o<>,
Meyapa, ©f//3ou, UXaraiai and SaXa/xi?. Although out of Attica
these were familiar names, and the extension of the locative usage
to them is clearly in harmony with the principles underlying its
application to names of places within its borders.

The treatment of the names of places where were temples or
where the national festivals were held, was by no means uniform.
Such names were of course common words and had a widely ex-
tended use. To words of this sort on general principles the locative
endings would most naturally attach themselves. Whatever may
be the rights of the locative, however, in this sphere, they are by
no means always respected. For example, the forms 'EXevcrlvt,
'EXevo-LPtiSe and 'EXevcni'oOei* do not repeat themselves with un-
varying uniformity. The equivalent prepositional forms come in
for a share of the honors. So in the case of 'OXvpuiria the orators
use both 'OXvfXTriacri and iv "OXvp.iria, while for 'OXvpuiria^e there
are but a few occurrences on which it can base its claims to recogni-
tion. Again iv "lcr6p,m and 'Io-O/jloI both occur, but the -6ev and -Be
endings with 'Io-fyio? did not make acceptable forms. In such
cases as these no clearly defined principle can be discerned by which
the local endings were adopted in one case and rejected or used
sparingly in another, the words in each case being equally familiar.
With the words just mentioned may be compared Hecpaievs. The
locatives Tieipaiahe and Tleipatodev were eschewed, though the word
Ueipaiev 1 ? in various relations was in constant use.

The dominance of the ' where ' forms already hinted at in the
case of certain of the orators, maintains itself for the whole body of
Attic oratory. The total number of locatives in the orators is 220.
Of these 106 or more than 48 per cent, are of this class. 1 This is
proof enough that this relation is the most natural, and the one
having the strongest hold upon the language. 2 This also appears

1 The ending -cri, which is the one chiefly used in this relation, is a true locative
termination. With this compare the dative plural of nouns in -at. The dative
and locative having coalesced the case forms were not kept distinct. This suggests
an explanation of the local dative, and makes clear the naturalness of this relation.

2 About 28 per cent, of the locatives belong to the -8« class; to the -Otv class
belong a little more than 22 per cent.

26 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

from the fact that here is found the widest range of words. Alto-
gether there are but thirty-two different words represented in all the
locative relations. Twenty-eight of these or more than 65 per cent,
are used in the ' where ' relation. The ' whither ' and ' whence '
forms excite no notice anywhere except in Andocides and Demos-
thenes where they mount beyond the normal elevation as measured
by the orators in general, comprising for Andocides 50 per cent, of
all and for Demosthenes more than 65 per cent, of all. The large
proportion for Andocides is not surprising inasmuch as he uses the
locative apparently for its own sake and by design. In Demosthenes
the condition must be charged to the account of XXXIV, XXXV,
LVI and LIX, already several times referred to. The large num-
ber of locative forms used in these speeches together with those in
-6ev in the legal diction of the private speeches generally, used
chiefly in the designation of demesmen, account for the departure of
Demosthenes from the normal standard. It would perhaps be better
to say pseudo-Demosthenes as the condition described is due chiefly
to the spurious speeches. In the other orators the where forms
rank as follows : Lysias 62 per cent., Isaeus 85, Aeschines 88,
Isocrates about 90.

The observations that have been made point to the fact that the
locative forms played no very essential part in the Greek language
as it appears in literature. 1 What part they played in colloquial
Greek must remain to a considerable degree a matter of conjecture. 2
But it may be broadly said it was no important part for, had it
been, custom or fashion ultimately would have prevailed, as is
always the case in language, and literature would have made more
liberal use of them in one department or another. But all litera-
ture, beginning with Homer, shows a sparing use of them. In

1 The scant use made of them in common nouns has occasioned remark. The
same fact in the case of proper nouns seems not to have been emphasized. Ruther-
ford, New Phrynichus, p. 177, says: In Attic this class of words is singularly
small, and if proper names like 'K6i)vr)dev, 'AyKv*.rj6ev — and adverbs like e/ceiflev,
xapaOf v, etc., are excepted, few are left to claim Attic citizenship.

2 Lobeck, Phrynichus, p. 93, speaking of a.pxvQ ev says it was of frequent occur-
rence in the common dialect, — quo Polyb., Dio Chrys., Plutarch., Appian et al.
usi sunt et multa alia catervatim irruperunt. He also gives examples of ayp6dev,
/laKpodtv, yrjOev, ovpav6Qtv and others which, he says, are generally omitted by the
lexicographers. Finally he says, Quae Attici ex hoc genere arcessiverunt exceptis,
quae a nominibus urbium ducuntur vix digitoruin numerum aequant.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 27

Homer the -6ev and -8e endings are much less common with proper
names than is commonly supposed. In the Iliad and Odyssey there
are barely a score of proper names used with the ending -0ev, which
words do not aggregate more than thirty appearances. 1 The use
made of -8e, it is safe to say, is not more generous than that made
of -0ev. Neither is the dative as a locative treated with any very
particular marks of favor by Homer. 2

In Herodotus the most careless observer must have noticed the
absence of the locative proper name. 3 There is only the merest
trace of it. It is entirely rejected in common and ever recurring
words. The expressions iv 'Adyjvcus, et9 'Adyjvas, iv Mapadwvt,,
iv 'EXevo-hn, and others that in Attic may be represented by the
locative, here occur without variation.

In Thucydides, although the locative is not altogether absent,
the preference for the form with the preposition is very pronounced.
The conditions everywhere point in essentially the same direction,
and it is unnecessary for the present purpose to pursue this point
further.

1 Kolbe, De Svffixi -dev usu Homerico. In this study the proper names in -Oev
axe given under three heads, viz.: (a) Urbium nomina, having ten representa-
tives; (b) Terrarum insularumque nomina, with eight representatives ; (c) Montis
nomen, with one example. Under a separate head two other nomina propria in
-9ev are given, which are governed by prepositions.

* In a short study by H. Lehmann (Neustettin, 1870), Zur Lehre vom Locativ
bei Homer, there are less than twenty proper names given that are used in this
way. Among these are 0tj/3j; Z 397, n\tvpwvi N 207, "Apyei 5 174, AaKeSai/xovt
<pl3.

A more elaborate study is that by C. Capelle (Hanover, 1864), Dativi Localis
quae sit vis atque usus in Homeri carminibus. It is here shown that multo saepius
dativum inveniri cum praepositione junctum. For example over against the non-
prepositional form in Z 397 are given a half dozen with the preposition : Z 223,
H 323, A 275, o 247, etc. Similarly other words are treated. The nomina appellativa,
even the most familial - , show many examples with the preposition.

3 A rather careful examination of the authorities, however, fails to reveal any
reference to this interesting fact. It seems altogether to have escaped notice. Of
course Herodotus had no use for technical expressions, hence the absence of the
locative proper noun. The locative common noun is found occasionally, e. g.,
apxvQc, I- 131 ; Tra.Tp60€v, VI. 14.

28 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

III.

The Comparative Frequency of the Locative and the
Corresponding Prepositional Phrase.

W6y]vr]cn.

The two types of expression, the locative and the prepositional
phrase corresponding, stand clearly forth in the words under dis-
cussion. Are these two types used indifferently as chance or fancy
leads, or is there a sphere for each in which it is the dominating
type ? Is the one good Attic and the other poor Attic, or have
both equally just claims to Attic citizenship ? In considering the
relative frequency of the two forms of expression, it will be the
endeavor to put at rest some of these questions.

The forms referring to Athens are naturally much in excess of
the others. They will consequently be taken up first in this branch
of the inquiry. At the start we are confronted with the statement
of the lexicographers, ancient and modern, that the forms in -rjai,
-£e and -dev are to be regarded as better Attic than the correspond-
ing iv 'Adijvais, el? 'Adrjvas and e'f 'Atf^iw. 1 The testimony
furnished by the usage of the orators supports this view, but classic
Greek as a whole is far from conforming to the standard set up by
this department. In fact, if numbers are to receive due credit in
this inquiry, the verdict given is certainly not unfavorable to the
preposition. This line of division palpably suggests a difference in
sphere rather than a difference in quality. In studying the forms
furnished by Attic oratory, it must always be kept in mind that the
surprisingly large number of locatives coming under the head of
'Adr/vai are due in great measure to the four orations (XXXIVj
XXXV, LVI, LIX), which have already received some consider-
ation. Whatever be the conclusion reached some allowance must
be made for the state of affairs exhibited here. An abnormal con-
dition, manifesting itself in the brief space of a hundred pages or
less, must not be taken into account too seriously in drawing a
conclusion applying to a whole department.

1 Compare note, page 5.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 29

Of the three forms under 'Adijvat the one most evenly distributed
in the orators is 'Adijvrjo-t. It occurs forty-six times and has no
equivalent prepositional iv \\.6i]vai<i. Thirty of the number belong-
to Demosthenes and twelve of the thirty are found in XXXIV, in
which the repetition without doubt is the necessary outcome of the
circumstances of the case. This oration deals with a case of bot-
tomry. The contract, made at Athens, required Phormio, when he
sold his cargo at the mart of the Cimmerian Bosporus, to take on
board a return cargo, from the profits of which he was to repay the
loan with interest at Athens. The failure of the borrower to meet
the conditions of the contract calls for an elaborate discussion of it,
in which the legal technicalities and formulae are necessarily very
often repeated. This oration and others where similar conditions
prevail consequently account for the fact that the forms under
W.drjvat are so conspicuous among the locatives in the orators.

'AdijvncrL is the legal form. The usage of the orators alone would
of course justify this as an inference. The inference becomes an
established fact when the testimony of inscriptions is taken. The
only form appearing in the inscriptions of the period is 'Adrjvwcrt.
Turning away from those departments wherein the phraseology is
under the influence of legal standards, one naturally appeals to
Aristophanes. Unfortunately he renders very little help toward
deciding the matter. It is true he uses only the prepositional form,
but the connection is such that the particular point in question is
not reached. In Knights 1037 and 1327, for example, the modifier
lifts the word above the ordinary level of colloquial speech. In
Acharnians 900 the dialectic 'Adavais is used without the preposi-
tion in immediate connection, but the influence of the iv following
was doubtless retroactive. In 729 the same dialectic form appears
with the preposition. These citations point to the fact that iv
, A07]vai<; was 'FJWrjviKov if not 'Attiklv. The higher ranges of
style, however, show exclusively the prepositional form. So in
Pindar iv 'AOdvais is the favored expression, and in Euripides the
regular Attic iv 'AOrjvats. 1 For prose, excepting the orators, the
conditions are not essentially different. Thucydides uses the ad-

1 Tragedy, excepting Euripides, furnishes no examples worthy of note. It is
to be understood when no reference is made to authors of the classic period that
they contribute nothing to the solution of the difficulty.

30 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

verbial ' A6r)VT)<n twice, 1 but in connections that admit of easy
explanation. The first one (e 25) occurs in the set phrase 'AX/caiou
S' ap^ovTos 'Adijvrjai, and the second is in a decree (e 47) where
naturally the legal tone would dominate. This does not, however,
always hold good for Thucydides, as is shown by e 18, where in a
decree appear several cases of the prepositional phrase. These are
the more noteworthy because they are in connection with several
locative adverbs which might tend to adverbialize such a phrase as
iv 'AOijvais, especially i£ it were deemed very appropriate to employ
the adverbial form rather than the other. Altogether Thucydides
makes use of eV 'AdrjvaLs a dozen times. Plato makes use of both
forms, but neither appears often enough to afford a basis for any
conclusion. In the spurious Hipparchus (229 B) iv 'AOrfvcu? is
used; in Charmides (157 E) 'Adr/vyac. Lastly, if Xenophon is
examined, the usage is found not to be uniform. In pseudo-
Xenophon, Rep. A then., the adverbial 'AO^vqo-i is the form used.
In the Hellenica the prepositional iv 'AOrjvais is preferred in the
earlier books ; in the later ones the adverbial 'Adrjvqcn, the form
with the preposition being slightly in excess. From the facts that
have been brought together, it appears that the line of difference
shown between Thucydides on the one hand and the orators on the
other, is maintained on a like basis for literature in general.

It will be interesting and profitable before leaving this branch
of the subject to take another glance at inscriptions. It is found
that iv ' Adrjvais appears in decrees that are certainly not much
later than 300 B. c. 2 From this time on the prepositional form is
frequent enough and finally becomes the dominating one, though
the locative never entirely disappears. We are not to suppose that
the emergence of iv , A6i ! jvat<; in inscriptions marks the beginning
of its existence as a recognized form in the sphere to which inscrip-
tions belong. Its emergence is one thing, its life-history is quite
another. Its appearance in inscriptions, however, conclusively shows
that this form had attained its majority in this sphere, and was
regarded not merely as good literary Attic, but also as good legal

1 The statements made for Thucydides are based on Von Essen's Index Thucy-
dideus.

"See Koehler, 592 and 601. Regarding the last of these Meisterhans, p. 169,
speaking of another matter says, " nach 300 vor Ch."

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 31

Attic It also indicates that it bad been so regarded and used f'<»r
a considerable time before. Its appearance in a sphere where con-
servatism is the rule gives great weight and significance to the
occurrence. These considerations, together with the fact, as shown,
that ev W07)vai<; has such a wide distribution through Greek litera-
ture make a peculiarly strong case for the prepositional form.
While no one would dispute the authority of the orators in things
Attic, it is to be remembered that the language there found naturally
has an official tone. 'AOrfvrjat being the official legal term for
the period is the one approved by Attic oratory, and this is done
without necessarily detracting in the least from the character of
iv , A0ijvai^.

The facts appear to confirm beyond the possibility of question
the view taken at the start that the difference is one of sphere and
not one of quality.

, A07)va£e.

In , A0ijva^e the conditions encountered are not very dissimilar
from those already set forth in the case of 'AOrjvrjcn. ^AOrjva^e is
not so widely distributed as its sister form, and a larger proportion
of its occurrences appear in Demosthenes, who has forty-two out of
a total forty-six. The cause offered as accounting for , A0rjvnai in
Oration XXXIV is strikingly illustrated in the case of 'Adijva^e
in Oration XXXV. This oration furnishes twenty* occurrences of
the word. Eleven more are found in LVI and LIX. The mere
statement is sufficient to show that the conditions under which such
results are attained are not the normal ones. In XXXV is set
forth another case of bottomry. The borrowers were to sail with
goods to Pallene in Macedonia, take in a specified number of jars
of Thracian wine, thence sail to the Bosporus, and, after selling the
wine, return to Athens* with a counter-cargo and so discharge the
debt. The speaker endeavors to show that this contract was vio-
lated in several ways, and in doing so he necessarily repeats the
technical phraseology of the o-wyypacpij, in which occur such expres-
sions as -kcli ttoXlv Wdr]va%€, — e/c rov YIovtov avTicfcopTiaOevTa
i A0i]va£e ira\tv, — Wdijva^e aTroSdocrovcnv k. t. \. ' Adrjva^e occurs
five times in the crvyypa^rj. If the speech is examined, it is found
that the majority of cases where the adverb in question occurs, are

32 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

essentially repetitions cf the phrases of the a-vyypa^. If, for
example, § 3 is compared with the contract, § 10, it is found to be

an anticipation of it. Again in § 24 the speaker says yey paTrrat

iv rfj avyypa<pfj airdyeiv , A0}jva£e ical eirei^av dcpiKtovrai

WOijva^e. The point to be illustrated is clear enough, and needs
no reinforcement from this speech. Valuable confirmation, how-
ever, comes from another oration, namely, LVI, which, like the two
already considered, relates to a loan on bottomry and the non-
fulfillment of a contract. Dionysodorus borrowed money to carry
on the corn trade between Athens and Egypt. The loan was to be
repaid on the return to Athens, and clauses inserted required the
trade to be between Athens and Egypt only. This oration has a
greater interest than the others, because in it the locatives and their
prepositional equivalents appear side by side — seven of J A0i')va£e
and ten of et? , A07)vas. For a comparison of the two types of
expression it furnishes the best opportunity in Attic oratory. It
will be worth while, consequently, to give it a moment's considera-
tion. In section five the conversation of the parties interested in
the transaction is reported. It is as follows: e\eyov on /3ov\ovrai
8avel<racr0aL errl rfj vrji, e<$> & re TrXevcrat et<? i A0r]va<i /cat e£
AiyviTTTov ei<? 'Vohov rj els ' ' Adijvas. Again in § 6 occurs the
following : cnraKpivafievcov 8' r']/xo)v - - - on ovk av Savetaaip^ev
et'<? erepov epvrropiov d\V rj et? ' A8)')vas. These quotations repeat
the substance of the preliminary informal talk about the matter
and, as one might expect, have the non-technical e/<? 'A0r'iva<;. In
§ 36, however, the avyypacpr) is given and immediately following
the speaker repeats it verbatim, saying d/covere w avhpes, A0i]valoi.
' 'A0}]vr)dev, (pr/o-iv, et? A'tyvirrov /cal ii; Alyvirrov , A0i]va£e. The
quotations without doubt show two types, and in the main the
distinction is observed throughout. It is not necessary, however,
that a strictly mechanical observance of it should be made in every
case to meet the requirements of a sufficient proof. When the
strictly legal form is desired , A0}jva%e is the preferred form. In
casual references to the o-vyypatyi) the speaker uses his choice. If
such a distinction were suggested by this oration alone, it might be
justly looked upon with suspicion as being merely accidental, but
inasmuch as it harmonizes with a distinction which literature in
general warrants, there can be no justification for discrediting it.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 33

Turning from the orators, if Thucydides is looked into, it is
found that in him the references to Athens in this relation are
many. About fifty of them are in the prepositional form; not
more than a dozen have the locative form. In Plato the preposition
occurs in Hip. Maj. 281 B, the locative in Phaedo 57 B and Parmen.
1 26 A. Xenophon, as in the case of the ' where' relation, uses both
forms. In the spurious Rep. Ath. only the locative is found, while
in the Hellenica the prepositional expression predominates in the
ratio of 5:1. Aristophanes furnishes but one example. This,
in Birds 301, is the locative ' 'A0rjva%€. To mention individually
the various writers in the higher departments of literature is not
necessary, since in them Athens in this relation is referred to by the
prepositional form.

In inscriptions the adverb holds undisputed sway till the middle
of the fourth century. About this time, however, in an inscription
given by Koehler (No. 83) the form eU 'Adrjvas appears. The
emergence of the prepositional form at this rather early date shows
that the hold of the adverb must have been very slight, and points
to the injustice of denying to et? 'AOijvas the rights and privileges,
as far as general usage is concerned, which the authorities have
hitherto accorded to 'AOrjva^e alone. From the date mentioned the
locative gradually gives way to the other type, and finally it dis-
appears altogether. The facts justify a conclusion for 'Adrjva^e
similar to that for 'AOr/vijcn. For the former, however, it seems
to be even more securely established than for the latter.

W6/)V7]0€V.

The last of the trio, ^Ad^v-nOev, is represented by less material
than the others. In the orators the locative is used seventeen
times, ten of these being in the orations already discussed, and the
remarks made regarding 'A6i]vrjai and Wd/jva^e as used there
apply likewise to \\6/]va6ev. The prepositional form is not found
in the orators.

Turning away from this department the usage for prose is found

to be essentially similar to that observed in the case of its sister

forms. Thucydides refers to WOrjvai in this relation more than a

score of times, but invariably the prepositional form is employed.

34 Locative Expressions in (he Attic Orators.

This seems to indicate that Thucydides objected to the use of the
locative. Xeuophon uses both forms, but contrary to his usage in
the other relations, the adverb in this case is in the ascendency.
Aristophanes contributes nothing to this branch of the subject ;
neither do the higher ranges of literature. Inscriptions exhibit but
few rases of this relation. Those that are found conform to the
inscriptional standard. This is the whole story for , A07jv7]6ev. It
is not a long one, but it is in sufficient detail to safely warrant the
conclusion that its line of usage closely corresponds to that of
'AOijvTjcri and : 'AOijva^e.

The prominent facts in the history of these forms lead to the
conclusion that the dictum of the lexicographers, which pronounces
for the locative to the discredit of the other forms, was based upon
a rather careless deduction from the usage of the orators, which
usage, as later investigators have shown, is the same essentially as
that of inscriptions for the corresponding period. As has already
been suggested, in inscriptions official language is at its best. The
orators of course felt themselves under certain obligations to make
their language conform to official standards. The official standard
is a high standard. This every one allows. But is it not extreme
to set it up as the standard '? as the one to which every thing must
conform, or run the risk of being excluded from Attic citizenship ?
We may not stigmatize every type of expression that does not
comply with these requirements as unfit for recognition. Any one
who has given attention to the matter can recall forms of expres-
sion that are indisputably good Attic, which have no place in
inscriptions. All that may be said in such cases is that they were
not required in official language. Language is conservative. There
are few or no revolutions in it. The existing state of things is
rather the result of slow evolution. The fixity of types in language
is consequently a principal that must be taken into careful account
in any study of this sort. The locative by its nature was adapted
to the legal sphere. Being once introduced here, it became a type
which maintained itself pretty securely till toward the close of the
fourth century before Christ. Outside of this sphere it was not the
type at any time, but allegiance was paid to the prepositional form.
A proper definition of the two types of expression rests upon this
basis and not upon the false assumption of the lexicographers.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 35

'EXefcri?. *

After Wd-fjvai the place most frequently referred to among those
under discussion is 'EXeucrt? where was located the famous temple
of Demeter in which were celebrated the Eleusinian mysteries.
Fifteen references to it in the orators exhibit the locative relations.
The locative dative is in the lead with eight occurrences, followed
by the forms iu -Be and -6ev, with five aud two respectively. In
general, references to this place were doubtless very numerous. The
tendency in such a case would be to reduce the form of expression
to the character of a formula stripped of all superfluous verbiage.
To the fixity of the formula in this case would be added the pro-
tecting influence of its religious character. From two points of
view the chances of the locative are excellent, and in advance we
may infer that it will dominate, if it does not entirely drive out, the
other form. It is found, however, that the prepositional expression
has its place clearly defined. The orators, to be sure, favor the
adverbial type. Isaeus in V. 42 gives an example of ev 'FiXevalvi.
This stands over against eight cases of the other type. Cobet of
course does not accept the approved reading for Isaeus, being
violently opposed to the preposition in the ' where ' relation with
this and similar words. 1 In cases where the preposition is found
Cobet, without regard to the MSS., some of the best of which, he
asserts, have it even when the metre repudiates it, would cast it out. 2
Outside of Attic oratory very few examples come to the surface.
The reading adopted for Plato Menexenus 243 E is the adverbial

1 Commenting on iv 'Av\a>i/i, Aes. I. 101, Cobet says, N. L., p. 95 : In verbis iv
fier iv 'Av\uvt habenius perpetuam propemodum Graeculorum interpolationem
nescientium 'AvAwvt, Mapa8wvt, 'EKeva-lvt, 'Va/xvown et sim. haud secius adverbia
esse et prepositionem respuere atque 2(pr)rro7, Meyapol, 'AAcoire/crjtri, 'An<piTpoirr)<ri
- - - - multaque alia.

Again, page 308 : - - et passim adverbiis loci MapaBwvi, 'Va^vovvn, 'EAevfflvi
similibusque indocti Graeculi praepositionem eV perperam addiderunt.

Compare V. L., p. 30, wbere language to the same effect is employed.

Frohberger, Lysias, part III. p. -116, commenting on 'Pa/uvovvrt, seems not to
favor the extreme view of Cobet.

3 Cobet has a refreshing way of referring to these forms as if examples were in
great abundance. The occurrences of any one form are in fact few. To get a re-
spectable number he apparently lumps together all he can conveniently find in
Greek literature.

36 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

'Kkevaivc. B^eyond this literature contributes nothing of any ser-
vice for the inquiry. As far as literature is concerned consequently
the case is easily summed up. In the orators where the forms
occur with comparative frequency the locative predominates. Out-
side of this department, where the preposition might reasonably be
expected to show itself, examples are wanting, or are so rare that
there is no basis for a conclusion. 1 The inscriptional history of the
term closely coincides with that of ^Kdrjvno-t. In the earliest Attic
period the non-prepositional form alone is encountered. Beginning
with 315 b. c. the preposition appears 2 and thereafter is very
aggressive. In the Roman period the form with the preposition
is in the lead, occurring three times, while the adverb occurs but
once. 3 Number 121 of Dittenberger's Sylloge Imcriptionum Grae-
corum, referred to the latter part of the fourth century b. c, is a
very interesting inscription from the point of view of this inquiry.
In the general statement on the front of the tablet appears the
words ' AOrjvatcov ol rerajf^evoL inro rod 8t]/xov iv 'Kkevaivt k. t. X.
Below this are duo quarternarum coronarum ordines, in which is
found the following : ' KOrivaaicov ol reray/jbevot 'EXevcrivi. This
inscription, whatever may be said of its date, seems to show that
the Greeks themselves recognized two spheres of usage for the
word. The first quotation gives the higher and more dignified
literary form ; the second, being a portion of a tabulated list, has
the formulary 'JZXevaivi. Nothing appears anywhere to cast dis-
credit on the standing of iv 'EXevcrivi, and Liddell and Scott,
following Cobet, are rather unguarded in asserting that it is late
and bad Attic.

In the case of 'FjXevo-ivdSe there are few new facts to add. The
orators exhibit this relation five times in the adverbial form and
once in the prepositional. The latter, however, appearing as it
does in a ylnjcfao-fta (XVIII. 37) carries little or no weight.
Thucydides has three examples of the ' whither ' relation, all of
them having the preposition. Xenophon, in the few cases where
he has it, uses both types apparently with indifference. The

1 Herodotus is only incidentally referred tc in this study. The form is common
enough in him always with the preposition iv.
s Meisterhans, Gram. At. Ins., p. 170.
3 Dittenberger, Corpus Ins. At., 5, 61, 119 and 895.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 37

inscriptional form is 'EXevacvdSe, but it is rarely seen. The same
may be said of 'EXevaivodev. In the orators 'Ekevatvodev occurs
twice (Andoc. I. Ill j pseudo-Lys. VI. 45). Over against these
stands e£ 'EXevalvo? in Lysias XIII. 44. In other prose with
which we are concerned the prepositional form exclusively is
employed.

yiapadu>v.

In the treatment of MapaOwvi the orators appear to use greater
freedom than in the case of 'EXevalvi. The accepted text of the
orators furnishes eleven cases of the locative dative MapaOcovi, not
counting one quoted by Lycurgus (Lycurg., § 109). Four of these
are furnished by Isocrates and seven by Demosthenes. To place
against these are five cases of the prepositional expression in
Aeschines and Lycurgus. 1 One is impressed with the marked
similarity of the passages where the references occur. For example
Isocrates IV. 91 contains t% MapaOcbvt fiaxys. The same words
are repeated in Isoc. V. 147. In VIII. 38 is found rot? Mapa-
6wvt ; in Demosthenes XIV. 30, ol Mapadwvi, and so on through
the list. This uniformity in the phrase sufficiently accounts for
the locative character of the word, and were this type to maintain
itself everywhere nothing more would be proved than that it was
a stereotyped expression. There is nothing in this to reflect upon
the character of the prepositional type. Aeschines thinks not.
Lycurgus thinks not. Kuhner's statement that the prepositional
form is more common 2 is certainly nearer the truth than Cobet's
view, already given in connection with 'EXevo-t?. A dogmatic
statement, however, on either side of the question, in the presence
of the facts, is out of place.

In the older Attic of Thucydides the usage varies. The word
occurs three times (a 18, 73 ; /3 34). In a 73 all the MSS. agree
in omitting the preposition ; 3 in the other places they favor its use
and the texts have adopted it. If Cobet's view that the scribes are
to be held accountable for the insertion of the preposition be correct,

1 Aes., II. 75 ; III. 181, 186, 259. Lycurg., (j 104.

2 Compare note on page 5.

3 See Morris, Thucydides, Bk. I. Appendix, p. 313.

38 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

it is pertinent to ask why they unanimously omitted it in one case,
and inserted it in the other.

Plato uses the words most frequently in the Menexenus, and
here is found only the locative form. The locative is what is
to be expected in this style of composition. It was intended
as a rhetorical exercise. Its language must show agreement
with official standards, and it must be filled with the 'common-
places of commemorative oratory.' l He makes use of the pre-
position, however, even in the Laws where there are two cases
of it (698 E, 707 A). In the Laws also is a case of the adverbial
form (699 A).

Aristophanes furnishes six examples of the word, but in none of
these cases is the preposition admitted into the received text.

Material bearing on the point in inscriptions is not abundant,
but such as is found is not unfavorable to the preposition. Meister-
hans asserts 2 that ip, Mapadwvi appears only after 315 b. c. and
cites Koehler 601 in proof. This statement does not militate against
the preposition inasmuch as examples of the non-prepositional form
before this time, if not entirely wanting, are rare. If examples of
it were numerous it would only go to show that the non-preposi-
tional form was the official type. In inscriptions ev MapaOwvi
appears about the same time as iv 'Fikevatvi. The difference be-
tween the two is that references to 'EXeuo-t'? are common at all
periods, while to MapaOwv they are rare at any time.

Regarding MapadwvdSe little need be said. It appears twice in
the orators (Andocides I. 107, Demosthenes LIX. 94). On the
other hand ek MapaOwva is in Lysias II. 21 ; Isocrates XII. 195 ;
Demosthenes IV. 34. Judged by the company it keeps, the pre-
positional form has the better character. From its first appearance
in literature (Odyssey rj, 80) down through all periods the preposi-
tional form is the oue preferred.

The lines of usage for the locatives of the words already con-
sidered ('AOrjvcu, 'EXefo-t?, MapaOcov) appear to run nearly parallel.
Whatever difference they may exhibit in holding power during the
period of the rapid decay of the influence, never strong, of the
locative in the time of Demosthenes and his contemporaries, they

1 Jebb, Attic Orators, I. p. 210. i Gram. At. Ins., p. 170.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 39

each show the all but complete ascendency of the prepositional
form in inscriptions at nearly the same time, about 300 b. c.

The D ernes of Attica.

Of the demes in Attica the one referred to most frequently specifi-
cally as a deme is 'AXwn-eKaL 1 There are sixteen such references
in the orators, the form in -0ev being in the lead with thirteen
occurrences. Harpocration says, 6 Sti/xot??'? 'AA,(U7re/ceu<? koX 'AXeo-
ireicr)dev. Only the locative appears in the orators and in every
case in official designations. Contrary to usage in general, inscrip-
tions show a gradually increasing use of the locative until in the
Roman period it is the only form used. Outside of oratory and
inscriptions there is no material to be gleaned. 2 This is due of
course to the non-official character of the great body of literature.

The history of WXwireicrja-i is similar. The adverbial type be-
comes fixed at an early date, appearing even in Herodotus (V. 63).
It is the only inscriptional form.

KecfraXS], which is also found in the { whence ' and ' where ' rela-
tions, does not require separate treatment, it being almost identical
with that of 'A\o)7re«:at just considered. It is found only in official
designations, and there is no departure from the official standard.

TlpocnraXra Srj/xo^ rrjs 'A/ca/xayTtSo? is found but three times in
the orators in the locative relations. The example of UpocnraXroOev
in Demosthenes (XLIII. 64) appears to be the only example of
the form in classical literature. The demesmen are everywhere
designated rather by the adjective in -io<; (Demosthenes XLIII.
48, 60, 77). From the adverbial form UpoairaXrol, which occurs
twice in Isaeus (XI. 44, 49), there is no deviation.

The last to be considered in this connection, Ae/ceXeca, exhibits
a freer usage. This is clearly due to the fact that it is not confined
to strictly technical passages. Lysias (XXIII. 2, 3) uses Ae/ce-
Xeiodev, but in the technical sense, as the examples show. The
first one reads as follows : 7]pdjxr\v oirodev Sij/xorevocro -

1 'E\€v<ris and Mapa6<i>v are not treated under this head because it is not as demes
they are usually referred to. They were places having an interest quite distinct
from their geographical value.

* Plato furnishes an example in Gorgias, 495 D, LuKparr^s - - - & 'AKwneKrjdev.

40 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

iirechi] he (nreKpivaro on Ae/ceXeiodev. The example in the next
section is under the same influence. For general purposes the pre-
position comes into play, as is shown by Isocrates XVI. 17 : oi
Be tou? e'/c Ae/ce\eias pueTeirepmovTo. The same treatment is shown
by Thucydides l and Xenophon. 2

The adverb Ae/ceXet^o-t is found but once (Isoc. VIII. 84).
Thucydides and Xenophon prefer the preposition. 3 Ae/ceXeia£e,
given in the lexicons, has no existence in classical Greek, the pre-
positional form being in use everywhere. 4

The Attic demes referred to only in the ' where ' relation are as
follows ; ~M.eh.iry, '¥ap,vovvTi, (dpcaai, 'AfufHrpoTrfjo-i, *£>\vr}cn,

YLlKKWol, X<f>r)TTOl, 'A0/XOVOL.

The first of these, MeXtrr), is found in Isaeus, XI. 42, and occurs
nowhere else. Stephanas says rd tottckcl ev MeXlrr]. This is
fully confirmed by literature and inscriptions. The omission of
the preposition from Isaeus XI. 42 is sufficiently accounted for by
the dominating locative influence of the passage in which it occurs:
dypov /mev ®pcacn irevQ^ r)p,crd\avra evpiaKovra, ol/ciav Be MeAtT??
Tpur^iXitov ea>VT)/jLevwi>, ciWtjv Be ^Xevcrivt, irevTaKoaicov.

The second word in the list, 'Va/xvovvrL, is one regarding which
the statements of Kuhner and Cobet are at variance, the former
asserting that the preposition is generally found in connection with
it, the latter that it must not be allowed at all. The word is ex-
tremely rare in literature. Lysias (XIX. 28) furnishes the only
example in the orators. In later Greek it is somewhat more
common, and uniformly has the preposition. The scanty material
to be had is far from warranting the conclusion of either Kuhner
or Cobet.

Of the remaining words nothing need be said, except that they
occur with extreme rarity and only in the locative form.

The demes represented by the form in -Bev are KoXcovos, 'la-riaia,
'E/caA,??, Bpavpwv, Barrj, Oltj. These, with the single exception
of KoXcovos, are rarely seen, and such evidence as can be obtained
gives no intimation what the non-official usage was. To KoXcovos,
however, some interest attaches. The orators confine themselves

1 Thucydides, v 27, 6 3, 71, 77. s Xen. Hell., I. 1, 3 ; II. 3, 3.

3 Thuc, 6 69, 70, 71. Xen. Hell., III. 5, 5.

1 For example, Dem., XXIV. 121. Lycurg., \\ 120, 121.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Curators. 41

to the adverbial in -dev. This form appears three times. The
orators, it would seem, did not adhere to this type because of any
official restraint placed upon them, for inscriptions use both the
ending -dev and the preposition e'/c. For example, the reading in
Boekh 115 and 183 is e'/c KoXwvov. In Koehler 643 the locative
appears to be the proper form (%o(j)OK\rj<; KoXcovfjOev), while in
672 (b. c. 376) the reading is undoubtedly XocfyofcXr}? 'Io</hwi>o<? e'/c
KoXwvov. The preposition is used also in 720. Dittenberger,
Sylloge, 164 shows both Ko\covr]0ev and e'/c KoXcovov. This free-
dom of usage continues for all periods, and the several demes of
the name seem not to have assumed any characteristic form of
designation in inscriptions of any period.

The demes "A(f>t8va, 'Apafyrjv, Bfjaa, KvOvpa are represented by
forms in -8e and -£e. They are for practical purposes aira^ \eyo-
fieva, and call for no consideration. "A<f>i8va is represented by two
occurrences of et<? "A(fn8vav (Isoc, X. 19 ; XVIII. 37), which
stand over against the one adverbial form.

It is clearly seen that the names of the Attic demes furnish the
great majority of the words used in the various locative relations.
A thorough search through all literature would add but few more
to the list. Even among these, however, the locative performs but
a mesigre service. The names of demes as a class do not adopt the
locative endings even in the most technical phraseology. Such
locatives as do appear plainly show the official stamp. When one
gets beyond the confines of the ' official ' departments, freedom
from the locative influence at once announces itself, as the facts
abundantly declare.

Before leaving this branch of the inquiry, one more name,
Mowu^t'a, though not that of a deme, may appropriately receive
notice. Mowu^ia was a harbor of Athens, adjoining the Piraeus,
where was a temple of Artemis. This word is found six times in
the ' where' relation, the one most susceptible to locative influence,
in the thirteenth oration of Lysias, and these clearly show a stereo-
typed character. For example, rj eicicXricria Xlovvv^iaaiv, § 32,
and again in § 35. Also in § 52, eVl rod /3q)/j,ov etcd8r)To Movvv-
XLaatv. In Demosthenes XVIII. 107 the reading of all the older

42 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

texts, iv MovvvxLa eKade^ero, gives place in the Teubner text of
1887, revised by Blass, to iv Mowu^i'a? i/cad^ero. Usage before
the time of Demosthenes would justify this emendation, but the
tendency shown by him to avoid the locative would warrant us in
retaining the old reading.

Thucydides employs the adverb in 6 92. In inscriptions the
same tendency to use the preposition that has been noted in other
words, appears. For example, Koehler 471 and 476. Although
these inscriptions are late, there are no earlier ones with locative
forms to neutralize what value they may have.

The only example of Movvvxla^e is in Lysias XIII. 29.

Places not in Attica.
'OXf/x7rta.

Of the places not in Attica those that were the seats of the
national games were very often referred to. Under this head
"'OXvfnria stands first. It is represented by two locative forms,
'OXv/jLTTicuri and '0\u/x7rta£e, having six and two occurrences
respectively. Isocrates gives his sanction to the prepositional
form, having in XVI. 32, opwv ttjv iv 'OXv/xTria Travrjjvpiv.
It also appears in Dinarchus (I. 103) in a bracketed passage.
Thucydides makes use of both forms, but seems to prefer the
locative. In the speech of the Corinthians (a 121) occurs iv - - -
'OX,u/x7Tia. In a speech of Pericles (a 143) the locative is used.
Other examples of the locative are e 18 and 47, both of which
passages are decrees. Plato in Laws 822 B has iv ^OXvpuirta. In
other places in the Laws the adverbial form is employed, as it
is elsewhere in Plato. Aristophanes uses only the locative form.
The reigning form for this relation is unquestionably the loca-
tive, but the preposition appears often enough to prove its good
standing.

The ending -£e with this word appears twice (Andoc, I. 132 ;
IV. 26). The tendency to use the prepositional expression is much
more pronounced in this relation than in the other. The orators
furnish three examples (Andoc, IV. 30 ; Dinarchus, I. 81, 82).
Thucydides in this relation, as in the other, seems, contrary to his

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators. 43

rule, to prefer the locative. This suggests, what was doubtless the
case, that this word was among the first in the Attic period to yield
to the locative tendency. He furnishes three examples — two of
them adverbial, the other prepositional. In 7 8 both forms are
found : elirov 'OXofiiria^e irapelvai - - - - d<piicvovvTai e'9 ttjv
^OXvfxir'iav. The preposition in the second place is here perhaps
due to the desire to provide for the articular form. 1 The other
example of -£e is in £16. Plato uses the preposition, showing for
it a decided preference, as is seen for example in Laws, 950 E :
TlvOdihe Tm 'AttoWcovi zeal eh '©Xv/attlciv tw Ail - - - . ^prj
TrefxireLv. Xenophon has numerous examples of the preposition.
Late inscriptions have the preposition ; earlier ones furnish no
material bearing on the subject.

'Icrfyio? and Nefiea. 2

The locative adverb To-0/xoi is used but once in the orators, ical
iyiKYja-ev 'IcrOfiol koX Ne/xea (Lysias XIX. 63). In Lysias II. 45
the form with the preposition is found, Oi^eX^aecv to ev To-fyico
T€i%o<;. Thucydides nowhere has 'Io-fytoZ, 3 but rather ev Tcr^icS
(/3 18, 7 15). Plato has but one example — kol Tcr^ot teal Ne/xea.
Cobet condemns the error of writing everywhere in Xenophon ev
''Icrd/jbcp for 'ladp.oi. He mentions the passage cited above from
Lysias, and says : "Lysiae quoque reddiderim to 'ladfxoc Ter^o?." 4
Pindar, whose usage in this connection is worth noting, has both
ev 'lad/xS and 'ladfiol, the former, however, prevailing. The loca-
tive is the iuscriptional form.

The examples found without doubt point to the two spheres.
The locative takes chief place in the fixed formulae, such as
eviKvcrev 'Io-#//,ot. Elsewhere the preposition takes precedence.
For the other relations the prepositions were uniformly employed,
J \adfji6vhe and 'IcrdfioOev not being in good repute.

1 See Amer. Journal of Philology, II. 541.

•Separate treatment is not given to Ne^us'a because in use it is almost identical
with '1(t8/j.6s.

3 Some texts have 'Io-fytoT in e 18 following Cobet.
* Novae Led., p. 321.

44 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

Mey a pa.

To names of places not in Attica, excepting the seats of the
national games, the locative endings were rarely attached. To
Mey apa, of such places, the locative ending was most frequently
applied. In the orators the form in -8e is most common, appearing
four times. Opposed to these are five occurrences of the prepo-
sitional form. 1 Thucydides has several examples of e£? Miyapa,
but no case of the adverb. The usage of Xenophon is the same.
Aristophanes has MeyapdBe in Achar. 524. Plato also furnishes
an example of the same form in Crito 53 B.

This word nicely shows the history of the locative in general in
the Attic period. The transition from the prepositional form of
the old Attic as it appears in Thucydides to the official locative of
the earlier orators, Andocides and Lysias, is clearly marked. Not
less distinct is the transition from the locative back to the primitive
type used by the later orators. This epitomizes the history of
nearly every word with which this study has to do. The locatives
of Mey apa, however, made little impression, and soon disappeared
because they became fixed in no technical and formulary expres-
sions, as did most, if not all, of the other words under discussion.

Andocides I. 34 furnishes the only example of Meyapodev in the
orators. The equivalent e/c Mey dpcov occurs but once also (Lycur-
gus § 58). Plato furnishes one example of Meyapodev in Phaedo
59 C, the reason for which is on the surface : ko\ Meyapodev
'Eu/cXetS^? re /cal Tepyjrlcov. Thucydides and Xenophon use only
the prepositional expression.

Meyapol does not occur in the orators, but everywhere instead
ev Meydpois. This is also true for Thucydides and Xenophon.
Plato has the locative in -oi in Theat., 142 C ; Rep., 368 A.

%r\$ai.

The locative endings were much less freely used with ©?}/3<u
than with Meyapa. It appears in the orators under but one loca-

1 [Demosthenes], XXV. 56 ; XXXV. 28 ; LIX. 35. Dinarchus, I. 58. Lycur-

gus, \ 25.

Locative Expressions in the Attic Orator*. 45

tive relation — ®tffin<ri,. A few examples of this form are furnished
by Lysias and Isocrates. On the other hand there are many
passages in which iv ®?//Sat? occurs. 1 The same conditions prevail
for Greek literature in general. The forms in -dev and -£e are
very rare. One example of ®?;/3a£e occurs in Homer among many
examples with the preposition. Plato also gives one example of
®i]j3a%€ in Crito 53 B. The form in -6ev is either late or dialectic,
the latter in Aristophanes Achar., 862. Both eU ©?7/3a<? and e'/c
Qvfioiv are found frequently in the orators.

YVkaraiai.

This city of Bceotia is referred to twice by the locative TlXaraidai.
Both occurrences are in pseudo-Demosthenes LIX. The preposi-
tion is elsewhere preferred. Noteworthy is the passage in Demos-
thenes XVIII, 208 inasmuch as the orator, having used Mapad&vc,
would naturally have used TLXaraidai after it, had it been a
standard form. Inscriptions furnish no material that is of service.

There is but a trace of the locative influence in connection with
the word laXa/xis. —akafiivi is found in Demosthenes XIX. 312
and in Aeschines III. 181. In the first passage it is accounted for
by the controlling influence of the neighboring word, Mapad&vi :
oi ^lapaOwvt real ^aXafxivi Trapkcryovff rjfierepot irpoyovoi. There
is much disputing in regard to the passage in Aeschines, which is
commonly read, 6V iv rr} ^aXafilvi vav/xa-^La. The usage of
Aeschines favors the insertion of the preposition iv, as Sheibe pro-
posed. Cobet, however, with his usual fondness for the locative,
rejects the preposition, and his reading is the one adopted by the
Teubner text. The first preposition may account for the absence
of the second whether the writing is due to the orator himself or
to a scribe. The words iv 'Ea\ap,lvi occur repeatedly in the orators

r For example, Isoc, XII. 168. Deiu., VIII. 65; XVIII. 67, 177. Aes., III.
142, 148. Dinarch., I. 20.

46 Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators.

in connection with vav/jLa^la, 1 forming an expression from which,
on general principles, the preposition might be dropped. 2 The few
locatives that appear elsewhere can usually be accounted for easily
by the dominating influence of a neighboring form. So Plato,
Menex., 245 A, rpoirata ra re M.apada)vt ical 'ZaX.a/jblvc. Even
in passages of this sort the preposition is more common. Compare

Demosthenes XVIII. 208, p,a tov$ MapaOwvi ko\ tov<; iv

^dka/jblvc. Again Thucydides a 73, MapaOcjvt iv 1>a\ap2vi,

In inscriptions the preposition is regularly employed from the
earliest periods (Meisterhans, page 170).

1 This, however, is the only case of vav/j.ax'ta in the dative.

2 As for example in tV MapaOwvi fiax^v-

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