UC-NRLF 
 
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FROM-THE-LIBRARY-OF 
 PAUL N-MILIUKOV 
 
KEY 
 
 TO 
 
 DALGLEISH'S ENGLISH COMPOSITION 
 
 IN PROSE ANDVVEBSEJ':' 
 
 WITB 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION ON THE TEACHING OF SYNTHESIS. 
 
 NEW EDITION. 
 
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 OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. 
 
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 SCHOOL-BOOKS BY WALTER SCOTT DALGLEISB, M.A., LL.D, 
 
 OUTLINES 0? ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. 
 For ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, with -EXERCISES. New Edition. 6d. in stiff wrapper, or 
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 PROGRESSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR. WITH EXERCISF.S. 
 
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 well arranged, and brought up to the present improved state of philology. I Lave 
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 OUTLINES OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
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 INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION ; 
 
 BASED ON GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS: 
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V I I 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ON THE TEACHING OF SYNTHESIS. 
 
 THE process of grammatical Synthesis, on which the exercises 
 in " English Composition " are chiefly based, is novel in many 
 of its features. The author, however, is so thoroughly con- 
 vinced of its utility, both as a mental discipline, and as a means 
 of cultivating accuracy and flexibility of style, that he begs to 
 offer the following illustrations of the mode of dealing with it, 
 to those teachers who may not be familiar with its peculiarities. 
 It should be premised, that the exercises pre- suppose some 
 acquaintance, on the part of the pupils, with the general prin- 
 ciples of Analysis. 
 
 We begin, as is natural, with Simple sentences. Certain 
 elements are given as data, out of which a simple sentence has 
 to be formed a sentence with one predicate. These ele- 
 ments represent the numerous ideas which crowd upon the 
 mind when engaged in composition, and which the unpractised 
 find it so difficult to adjust and assort. 
 
 In synthesis, as in analysis, the first step is to fix upon the 
 predicate, which, with its inseparable attendant, the subject, 
 
 874350 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 forms the pivot on which the sentence turns. Around these 
 two essential elements all the others cluster, either as attributes 
 to the latter, or as enlargements of the former. Suppose, then, 
 that we have such elements as the following placed before us : 
 
 (a) A certain crime was facilitated in England. 
 
 (b) This was done in the end of the reign of Edward I. 
 
 (c) The crime was that of clipping the coin. 
 
 (d) It was facilitated by the custom of cutting the silver penny. 
 
 (e) This custom was sanctioned by law. 
 
 (/) The penny was cut into halves and quarters. 
 
 We are required to introduce all these circumstances into a 
 simple sentence. 
 
 I. We take the words in italics as the subject and predicate, 
 crime was facilitated. 
 
 II. Attached to crime we find only one attribute, viz., in (c) 
 the crime of clipping the coin. Attached to was facilitated, we 
 find three adverbials, viz., in (a) (place), in England ; in (b) 
 (time), in the early part of the reign of Edward I.; in (d) 
 (manner), by the custom, of cutting the silver penny. In (e) we 
 find an attribute to custom, viz., sanctioned by law. In (/) we 
 find an adverbial to cutting, viz., into halves and quarters. 
 
 III. Arranging these elements one after the other, bringing 
 together the nouns and attributes, the verbs and adverbs, which 
 are co-related, we get, 
 
 " The crime (of clipping the coin) was facilitated in England, in the 
 early part of the reign of Edward I., by the custom (sanctioned by law) 
 of cutting the silver penny (into halves and quarters)." 
 
 IV. As the occurrence of so many as three adverbials at the 
 close of the sentence makes it cumbrous, we bring one of them 
 (preferring that of time)* to the beginning, and thus get the com- 
 plete and well-balanced sentence : - 
 
 See " English Composition," Part I., 49. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 11 In the early part of the reign of Edward I,, the crime of clipping 
 the coin was facilitated in England by the custom, sanctioned by law, 
 of cutting the silver penny into halves and quarters. 
 
 Let us next take Complex sentences, containing one principal 
 predicate, and one or more subordinate predicates. As each 
 clause in a complex sentence admits of analysis into the primary 
 elements of a sentence, the data for each clause in synthesis might 
 be stated with the same detail as in the case of the simple sen- 
 tence given above. This, however, after sufficient practice has 
 been given in the construction of simple sentences, is unneces- 
 sary, and would only complicate the exercise. It is better, 
 therefore, to limit the attention, in the case of complex sentences, 
 solely to the combining of clauses. Accordingly, in the data for 
 the synthesis of complex sentences, the substance of each clause 
 is stated as a simple sentence ; and the pupil is required to 
 combine these in accordance with certain prescribed relations of 
 interdependence. In order to express these relations briefly, 
 and to present them clearly to the eye, a system of analytic 
 notation has been adopted.* The essential feature in that 
 notation is, that each principal clause is indicated by a capital 
 letter, and the subordinate clauses by corresponding small 
 letters ; the degree of subordination being further expressed by 
 algebraic indices, while different clauses in the same degree are 
 distinguished by co- efficients. Thus a? is dependent on a?, a 2 
 on a 1 , and a 1 on A ; 6 2 on & 1 , and b 1 on B ; c 1 on C, &c. ; while 
 two or more clauses dependent on a 8 , for instance, are marked 
 as 1# 3 , 2 3 , 8a 3 , &c. Before proceeding to exemplify the appli- 
 cation of this system to synthesis of complex sentences, we must 
 premise 1st, that as in simple sentences we begin with the 
 subject and predicate, so here we begin with the clause contain- 
 ing the principal subject and predicate ; 2d, that we must be 
 
 * See "English Composition," Part I., 16, 17. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 careful to attach each subordinate clause as nearly as possible 
 to the word which it explains, linking them together by the 
 proper connectives,* to determine which is indeed the only point 
 of real difficulty in the exercise. 
 
 In exemplification of this, let us now take a sentence at ran- 
 dom from Goldsmith, and having broken it down into a series 
 of simple propositions, endeavour from these elements to recon- 
 struct it ; 
 
 la 1 (substantive). It was proper to sell our colt at a neighbouring fair, 
 and buy us a horse. 
 
 A. My wife proposed this. 
 
 la 2 (attributive). The colt was grown old. 
 
 2a 2 (attributive). A horse would carry single or double upon an occa- 
 sion. 
 
 3a 2 (attributive). And a horse would make a pretty appearance at 
 church. 
 
 4a 2 (attributive) . Or a horse would make a pretty appearance on a visit. 
 
 2a l (adverbial: reason). We were now to hold up our heads a little 
 higher in the world. 
 
 I. We begin by writing down the principal clause (A) ; My 
 wife proposed. In place of "this," we add the substantive clause 
 (la 1 ) as the object of " proposed," introducing it with its 
 proper connective " that." My ivife proposed that it was proper 
 to sell our colt at a neighbouring fair, and buy us a horse. The 
 next clause (la 2 ) is attributive to " colt;" we therefore intro- 
 duce it immediately after that word : our colt, which was grown 
 old. The next three clauses (2a 2 , 3a 2 , 4a 2 ) are all attributive to 
 " horse," and must therefore be connected with that word : a 
 horse, which would carry single or double upon an occasion, and 
 would make a pretty appearance at church or on a visit. The 
 only remaining clause (2a J ) gives the reason of all this, and 
 must be introduced by " since," or " as." We thus get the 
 complete sentence 
 
 * See "English Composition," Part I., 30. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 " My wife proposed that it was proper to sell our colt, which was 
 grown old, at a neighbouring fair, and buy us a horse, which would 
 carry single or double upon an occasion, and would make a pretty ap- 
 pearance at church or on a visit, as we were now to hold up our heads 
 a little higher in the world." 
 
 II. This arrangement of the sentence, though the natural 
 one, is open to the objection that the last clause (2a J ) is too far 
 separated from the clause (A) on which it is immediately depen- 
 dent, no fewer than four other clauses coming between them. 
 To rectify this, we may bring that adverbial clause to the begin- 
 ning of the sentence,* and then we have it as Goldsmith origi- 
 nally wrote it : 
 
 11 As we were now to hold up our heads a little higher in the world, 
 my wife proposed that it was proper to sell our colt, which was grown 
 old, at a neighbouring fair, and buy us a horse, which would carry 
 single or double upon an occasion, and would make a pretty appearance 
 at church or on a visit." 
 
 As Compound sentences consist merely of simple and complex 
 clauses in combination, it is unnecessary to give separate 
 examples of their treatment. The illustrations we have given 
 will suffice to shew that this kind of exercise compels the pupil 
 to attend to the construction of sentences and the arrangement 
 of their parts in a way which, under the old-fashioned system 
 of composition, was almost, if not altogether, unattainable. 
 We can commend the exercise to teachers on other grounds. 
 It will not only save them and their pupils much time and fruit- 
 less labour, but will be found to excite the interest of the latter 
 in the same way as the working out of a problem in mathema- 
 tics, or as the executing of a constructive puzzle amuses children 
 of a younger growth. The exercise, too, enables them to feel 
 their power all the more, that the result, if correct, is an intel- 
 ligible whole. There is great utility, also, in the constancy 
 
 * See "English Composition," Part I., 46, 49. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 with which the exercise keeps the pupil working upon a single 
 sentence, until he has mastered its parts and their relations, 
 and has given to it its most accurate as well as most elegant 
 form. When this has been practised long enough to enable the 
 pupil to understand the many nice points on which the excel- 
 lence of a sentence, as to its construction, depends, then he will 
 be able to undertake the writing of original sentences, the com- 
 bining of these into paragraphs, and the composition, in the 
 higher sense, of themes demanding continuous and concentrated 
 thought. 
 
 W. S. D. 
 
KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION, 
 
 INTBODUCTOBY TEXT-BOOK. 
 
 The Corrections and Additions are Printed in Italics. 
 
 Exercise 1 (page 12). 
 
 1. He contemplated the formation of a national ibstifutivn, ># design 
 which has never been completed. 2. The honour of" having been the 
 first to welcome his Koyal Highness was highly esteemed ty Mm. 3. The 
 author having suddenly died, lie left his work unfinished. 4. No sooner 
 was William seated on the throne, than Tie seemed to have lost all his 
 former popularity. 5. He is taller, stronger, wiser (than his friend}. 
 6. It is alleged that the king was ignorant, &c. 7. Complete. 8. The 
 artist suggests the present monument, being of opinion that, &c. 9. Com- 
 plete', if " which " be taken as an adjective for " these," in which sense 
 it is used by Addison and other authorities. 10. The most illustrious 
 benefactors of the race are men who, &c. 1 1 . His position shewed the 
 nation every phase of his character, seeing that the varnish of power, &c, 
 12. Complete, but elliptical ; the full construction being, " How much 
 less should he trust in them that dwell," &c. 
 
 Exercise 2 (page 13). 
 
 1. The girl sang with sweetness, or in a sweet manner, with a sweet voice, 
 &c. 2. To lie, or the practice of telling lies, is one of the meanest of 
 vices. 3. A mind full of gratitude loves to consider the bounties of 
 Providence. 4. To walk, or the habit of walking, is conducive, &c. 
 5. Soldiers of great bravery fell, &c. 6. The husbandman's treasures 
 
10 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 are renewed year by year, or every year. 7. Cromwell acted with stern- 
 ness and decision, &c. 8. To err is human ; to forgive, divine. 9. Our 
 being idle prevents our being truly happy. 10. The habit of delaying is at 
 all times attended with danger. 11. His being an indolent man was the 
 cause of his ruin. 12. Leonidas fell covered with glory at Thermopylae. 
 
 Exercise 3 (page 14). 
 
 1. Persons who are quarrelsome (att.) are despised. 2. We manure 
 the fields that we may make, them fruitful (adv. purpose). 3. How he 
 escaped (subs.) is a profound mystery. 4. Some persons believe that the 
 planets are inhabited (subs.) 5. Philosophers who are truly wise (att.) 
 are even rarer than scholars who are very learned (att.) 6. He 
 answered contemptuously, since he believed (adv. reason) that he had been 
 incited (subs.) ?., JSo one doubts that the earth is round (subs.) 8. 
 Whether he is guilty" or innocent (subs.) is still uncertain. 9. If he had 
 been patient, or had he had. patience (adv. cond.), he might have suc- 
 ceeded . 10. W'hen'.they. saw so many of their townspeople fall (adv. time 
 and cause) the people were exasperated, &c. 11. After the battle was 
 concluded (adv. time) the general began, &c. 12. As soon as the barri- 
 cade was forced (adv. time) the crowd rushed out. 
 
 Exercise 4 (page 15). 
 
 1. Descending from his throne, he ascended the scaffold, saying, 
 "Live, incomparable pair" (complex): or, Descending from his throne 
 and ascending the scaffold, he said, " Live, incomparable pair " (com- 
 plex): or, and ascended, saying; or, he descended, and ascending, said. 
 
 2. TaJdngihem into the garden one summer morning, and shewing them 
 two young apple-trees I said (complex) : or, I took them, and shewed 
 them, saying; or, I took them, and shewing them, said (compound). 
 
 3. The light infantry having joined the main body, the enemy retired, 
 &c. : or, No sooner had the light infantry joined, &c. : or, After the 
 main body had been joined by the light infantry, the enemy retired, 
 &c. (complex). 4. I will come to an explanation with you, if only you 
 give me liberty to speak ; or, I cannot come to an explanation with 
 you unless (negative condition) you give me liberty to speak ; or. J 
 shall come to an explanation with you whenever you give me liberty to 
 speak (complex). 5. Being a worthless man, he could not be respected 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 11 
 
 by his subjects (simple) ; or, So worthless a man could not be respected 
 by his subjects (simple). 6. Had he not arrived at that very moment, 
 I should inevitably have perished (complex) : or, But for his arrival at 
 that very moment, I should inevitably have perished (simple). 7. Egypt 
 is a fertile country, being annually inundated by the Nile, which waters 
 it. 8. Thus receiving the fertilising mud brought by the stream in its 
 course, it derives a richness from the deposit which common culture could 
 not produce. 9. Thomas a Becket having completed his education abroad 
 and returned to England, entered the church, and rapidly rose to the grade 
 of Archdeacon (compound, with two principal predicates, instead of 
 four] ; or, Thomas a Becket, having entered the church, on his return to 
 England after completing his education abroad, rapidly rose to the grade 
 of Archdeacon (simple). 
 
 Exercise 5 (page 15). 
 
 1. Walking towards the bridge, he met, &c. 2. The member re- 
 sumed his seat, having spoken (or after speaking} for two hours. 3. The 
 ground is never frozen in Palestine, the cold not being severe. 4. The 
 choice of a spot uniting everything capable of contributing either to 
 health or to luxury, did not require, &c. 5. There are many injuries 
 felt by almost every man without complaining. 6. Socrates proved 
 virtue to be its own reward. 7. Cromwell followed little events before 
 venturing to govern great ones. 8. Darkness having broken away, and 
 morning dawning, the town wore a strange aspect indeed. 9. Hav- 
 ing suppressed (or after suppressing] this conspiracy, he led, &c. 10. The 
 ostrich cannot fly, not having wings in proportion to its body. 
 
 Exercise 6 (page 16). 
 
 1. Plato and Aristotle were great philosophers. 2. Death spares the 
 rich as little as it forgets the poor. 3. In his family, in his office, ard 
 in public life, he was equally dignified and gentle. 4. The hyena is 
 a fierce and solitary animal, found chiefly in the desolate parts of the 
 torrid zone. 5. Baptism and the Lord's Supper are the sacraments of 
 the Christian Church. 6. The sun shines equally on the bad and on 
 the good. 7. Lying is the most criminal of vices, as well as the mean- 
 est and most ridiculous. 8. Alfred, the wise and good, was not only a 
 great scholar, but one of the greatest kings whom the world has ever 
 
12 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 Exercise 7 (page 16). 
 
 1. Alexander the Great was the son of Philip of Macedon. 2. Twenty 
 years have passed away since my visit to Italy. 3. Eobert Bruce, king of 
 Scotland, died in 1329, after a reign of fifteen years. 4. Have you ever 
 considered the wonderful structure of the human eye ? 5. The general 
 resolved to give battle to the enemy at dawn of day. 6. The master ac- 
 cused his clerk of forgery, and the judge sentenced him to be banished. 
 1. He resides in town during winter, and goes to the country in spring. 
 
 8. The earth, accompanied by the moon, moves round the sun in a year. 
 
 9. The ship set sail, the wind being favourable. 10. Bonaparte was im- 
 prisoned on St Helena for six years, where he died in 1821. 11. The 
 signal having been given, the enemy began their attack. 12. Churches 
 are erected for the worship of God; and they are built of stone, that they 
 may last long. 
 
 Exercise 8 (page 17). 
 
 1. The king could not understand how the treasurer had made the 
 itiistake. 2. I am more willing to give what is asked, than to ask what 
 I need. 3. That you have wronged me doth appear in this. 4. When 
 the trial is concluded, we shall know whether he is guilty or not. 5. We 
 believe that he is, and that he is the rewarder of them that diligently seek 
 him. 6. It has often been observed that virtue is its own reward. 7. 
 Whatever is, is right. 8. After the accident, the children gathered round 
 the father, and asked if he was hurt. 9. He complains of our being late, 
 but he did not tell us when we were expected. 10. I have tried every 
 means, but I cannot discover why he has returned them. 11. Whoever 
 said so is a traitor. 12. Though we have sought him everywhere, we 
 cannot tell where he is concealed. 
 
 Exercise 9 (page 17). 
 
 I.I should not like to be the man who wrote that letter. 2. The house 
 in which we lived has been burnt. 3. I. have often wished to revisit the 
 place where I spent the years of my childhood. 4. The clergyman 
 whom we visited last week died yesterday at the very hour at which he 
 should have preached. 5. He could not have anticipated the fate that 
 befel him. 6. The motives from which he acted are difficult to under- 
 stand. 7. John WyclifFe, who was the father of the Information in 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 13 
 
 England, died in 1384. 8. We had not proceeded far, when a shower 
 overtook us, which compelled us to return. 9. The treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, in which England, France, Holland, Spain, and Austria were 
 the contracting parties, was concluded in 3748. 10. He who trifles his 
 time away need not hope for that success which perseverance alone can 
 secure. 11. The statement you now make does not agree with that which 
 you made yesterday. 12. They who violate the law cannot look for the 
 protection of the government which they despise. 
 
 Exercise 10 (page 17). 
 
 1. He had just completed his work, when the hell rang. 2. It was 
 not known where he had been, until he had returned. 3. We are often so 
 beset by temptation that we can hardly resist it. 4. The righteous 
 shall flourish as the palm tree. 5. Government has offered a reward for 
 the rebel, though there is little hope of his being captured. 6. He will 
 succeed if he persevere. 7. He would have succeeded if he had perse- 
 vered. 8. He will have succeeded before next May, if he follow my advice. 
 9. He will not succeed (neg.) if he do not take my advice; (aff.) if he 
 take your advice. 10. He would not have succeeded (neg.) unless he 
 had taken my advice; (aff.) if he had taken your advice. 11. The evils of 
 war are greater than the good it effects. 12. Though his resources were 
 small, the king fitted out an expedition, that he might oppose the preten- 
 sions of Louis. 
 
 Exercise 11 (page 18). 
 
 1. My uncle was so delighted with the character of Captain Brown, 
 that he drank his health three times in succession at dinner. 2. Con- 
 scious of his own influence and importance, his demeanour in Parliament 
 would be regulated by nothing but the constitutional duty of a peer. 
 3. All the distinguished authors of the previous age had inclined to the 
 party that was now defeated. 4. The adherents of the Reformation 
 declared that nothing could be more foolish than to conceal, in a dead 
 language, the word of God itself; and thus to frustrate the divine pur- 
 pose. 5. As they advanced, the signs of approaching land seemed to be 
 surer, and raised hope in proportion. 6. The influence of fortune is 
 admitted only by the wretched; for the happy ascribe all their success to 
 prudence and merit. 7. It is at least pious to attribute all the evil that 
 happens to us to our own ill deserts rather than to injustice in God. 
 
14 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 8. Those who are mindful only of such propositions as may enrich them, 
 will perhaps slight these things as trifles beneath the care of the 
 government. 9. The books which now occupied my time wholly were 
 those, as well ancient as modern, which discuss true philosophy. 
 10. To withdraw the mind from local feelings would be impossible if it 
 were attempted, and would be foolish if it were possible. 11. The most 
 remarkable example of his command of the house is the manner in which 
 he fixed unalterably on Mr Granville the name of " The Gentle Shep- 
 herd." 12. The great benefit, therefore, of the revolution, as I would 
 explicitly assert, consists in that which was deemed its reproach by 
 some, and its calamity by more, that it interrupted the line of suc- 
 cession. 
 
 Exercise 12 (page 19). 
 
 1. As usual, he had that morning laid his books on the table in his 
 study. 2. Never while I live shall I consent to such proposals. 3. In 
 the vegetable world, many changes are now taking place under our 
 immediate notice, though we are not observant of them. 4. To be 
 compelled to live not only in a cold uncultivated country, but also 
 among a barbarous people, must have been felt as a calamity by those 
 accustomed to the civilisation and the warm sun of Italy. 5. While 
 dangers are at a distance, and do not immediately approach us, let us 
 not conclude that we are secure, unless we use the necessary precau- 
 tions to prevent them. 6. My fields you may set on fire ; my children 
 you may give to the sword ; myself you may drive forth a houseless, 
 childless beggar, and load with the fetters of slavery : but the hatred I 
 feel to your oppression, conquer you never can. 7. Taking advantage 
 of the king's indolent disposition, Gloucester meanwhile resumed his 
 plots and cabals. 8. It is of no small moment, in all speculations upon 
 men and human affairs, to distinguish things of accident from perma- 
 nent causes. 9. In laying the foundations of new streets and squares 
 at Bath, the remains of two temples and of a number of statues have 
 been dug up. 
 
 Exercise 13 (page 20). 
 
 1. Though undistinguished by wealth or dignity from the crowd, he 
 is blest who dwells secure where man, fierce by nature, has laid his 
 fierceness aside, having learnt the arts and manners of civil life, though 
 lie is slow to learn. 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 15 
 
 2. Many an evening, returning in solitude from that bleak tenement 
 to his distant home, he saw the hills grow larger in the darkness ; all 
 alone, he beheld the stars come out above his head, and, with no one 
 near in whom he might confess the things he saw, travelled through 
 the wood. 
 
 3. The pain of death denounced upon you deterred you not from 
 achieving that knowledge of good and evil which might lead to happier 
 life; how just that you should know the good! and if what is evil be 
 real, why should it not be known, since thereby it may be the more easily 
 shunned ? God therefore cannot hurt you, and be just ; and if he is not 
 just, he is not God; and not being God, he cannot (expect to} be feared 
 or obeyed. Your fear itself removes the fear of death. 
 
 4. But I expected not to hear that thou shouldst doubt my firmness 
 to God or thee, because we have a foe who may tempt it. Thou fearest 
 not his violence, since it is such as we who are not capable of death or 
 pain, either cannot receive or can repel. 
 
 5. They heard and were abashed; and up they sprung upon the 
 wing, as men who are wont to watch, rouse, and bestir themselves ere 
 well awake, when they are found sleeping on duty by him whom they 
 dread. 
 
 6. I am nothing jealous that you do love me ; I have some aim what 
 you would work me to ; I shall hereafter recount how I have thought 
 of this, and of these times : but, if I might entreat you with love, I 
 would not for the present be any further moved. 
 
 Exercise 14 (page 21). 
 
 1. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said that there was no commodity 
 of more universal use than paper. It was a great error to suppose, as 
 his right honourable friend had supposed, that paper was consumed 
 exclusively by the rich. 
 
 2. The rich no doubt were the largest consumers, for writing purposes ; 
 but paper was consumed to an enormous extent by the poor, who could 
 scarcely purchase a single article of daily consumption which was not 
 wrapped in paper that enhanced its price. 
 
 3. Yes, he repeated, that enhanced its price, not in the same degree, 
 he admitted, as the paper consumed by the rich, who used the better sorts 
 of writing paper, and finely printed books, that were taxed at the rate 
 of 3, 4, and 5 per cent. 
 
16 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 4. Mr Macaulay said that he was so sensible of the kindness with 
 which the House had listened to him, that he would not detain them 
 longer. He would only say that if the measure before them should pass, 
 and should produce one-tenth part of the evil which it was calculated 
 to produce, and which he fully expected it to produce, there would soon 
 be a remedy, though of a very objectionable kind. 
 
 5. Mr Pitt said that the atrocious crime of being a young man which 
 the honourable gentleman had with such spirit and decency charged 
 upon him, he would attempt neither to palliate nor to deny ; but would 
 content himself with wishing that he might be one of those whose follies 
 cease* with their youth, and not of that number who are* ignorant in 
 spite of experience. Whether youth could be imputed to any man as 
 a reproach, he would not assume the province of determining ; but surely 
 age might become justly contemptible, if the opportunities which it brought 
 had passed away without improvement, and vice appeared to prevail 
 where the passions had subsided. 
 
 6. Mr Brougham said that he trusted himself once more in their faith- 
 ful hands, he flung himself again on their protection ; he called aloud to 
 them to bear their own cause in their hearts. He implored of them to 
 come forward in their own defence, for the sake of that vast town and 
 its people, for the salvation of the middle and lower orders, for the 
 whole industrious part of the whole country. He entreated them by their 
 love of peace, by their hatred of oppression, by their weariness of bur- 
 densome and useless taxation ; by yet another appeal, to which those 
 must lend an ear who had been deaf to all the rest, he asJced it for their 
 families, for their infants, if they would avoid such a winter of horrors as 
 the last. It was coming fast upon them; already it was near at hand. 
 Yet a few short weeks, and they might be in the midst of those unspeak- 
 able miseries, the recollection of which now rent their very souls. 
 
 Exercise 15 (page 22). 
 
 1. Mr Canning said, " The end which / have always had in view as 
 the legitimate object of pursuit to a British statesman I can describe in 
 one word. The language of the philosopher is diffusely benevolent. 
 It prof esses the amelioration of the lot of all mankind. I hope that vnj 
 heart beats as high towards other nations of the earth as that of any one 
 
 * These verbs are not changed, because they are general statements, descriptions 
 of classes which may still exist. 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 17 
 
 who vaunts his philanthrophy ; but / am contented to confess that the 
 main object of my contemplation is the interest of England." 
 
 2. " The temper and character," said Mr Burke, " which prevail in 
 our colonies are, I am afraid, unalterable by any human art. You can- 
 not, I fear, falsify the pedigree of that fierce people, and persuade them 
 that they are not sprung from a nation in whose veins the blood of 
 freedom circulates. The language in which they will hear you tell 
 them this tale will detect the imposition ; your speech would betray you. 
 An Englishman is the most unfit person on earth to argue another 
 Englishman into slavery." 
 
 3. In his speech at the trial of Warren Hastings, Mr Sheridan said, 
 " Whilst I point out the prisoner at the bar as a proper object of punish- 
 ment, I beg leave to observe that / do not wish to turn the sword of 
 justice against that man, merely because an example ought to be made. 
 Such a wish is as far from my heart as it is incompatible with equity 
 and justice. If / call for justice upon Mr Hastings, it is because I think 
 him a great delinquent, and the greatest of all those who, by their 
 rapacity and oppression, have brought niin on the natives of India, and 
 disgrace upon the inhabitants of Great Britain. Whilst / call for justice 
 upon the prisoner, I wish also to do him justice." 
 
 4. Sir Robert Peel, addressing the students of the University of 
 Glasgow, asked, " Did I say that you could command success without, 
 difficulty ? No ; difficulty is the condition of success. ' Difficulty is a 
 severe instructor, set over us by the supreme ordinance of a parental 
 guardian and legislator, who knows us better than we know ourselves, 
 as he loves us better too. He that wrestles with us strengthens our 
 nerves and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper.' TJiese 
 are the memorable words of the first of philosophic statesmen, the 
 illustrious Edmund Burke. Enter then into the amicable conflict with 
 difficulty. Whenever you encounter it, do not turn aside ; do not say, 
 there is a lion in the path ; but resolve upon mastering it : and every 
 successive triumph will inspire you with that confidence in yourselves, 
 that habit of victory, which will make future conquests easy." 
 
 5. Sir Edward Bulwer Ly tton said, " / now proceed to impress on you 
 the importance of classical studies. / shall endeavour to avoid the set 
 phrases of declamatory panegyric which the subject too commonly pro- 
 vokes. But if those studies appear to you cold and tedious, the fault is 
 in the languor with which they are approached. Do you think that the 
 statue of ancient art was but a lifeless marble? Then animate it with 
 
13 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 your own young breath, and instantly it lives and glows. Greek litera- 
 ture, if it serves you with nothing else, will excite your curiosity as the 
 picture of a wondrous state of civilisation, which, in its peculiar phases, 
 the world can never see again, and yet from which every succeeding 
 state of civilisation has borrowed its liveliest touches." 
 
 6. Addison wrote in the Spectator, " When I look upon the tombs of 
 the great, every emotion of envy dies ip me; when / read the epitaphs 
 of the beautiful, every inordinate desire goes out ; when I meet with the 
 grief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart melts with compassion; 
 when I see the tomb of the parents themselves, I consider the vanity of 
 grieving for those whom we must quickly follow ; when I see kings 
 lying by those who deposed them, when I consider rival wits laid side 
 by side, or the holy men that divided the world with their contests and 
 disputes, / reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the little compe- 
 titions, factions, and debates of mankind." 
 
 Exercise 18 (page 25). 
 
 1 . Our dear friend the General, in his last letter, mortified me not a 
 little. 2. On his departure, I presented him with a piece of opium. 
 3. Man, Sir, is a weed in those regions. 4. The nation, too, was now 
 for the first time essentially divided in point of character and principle. 
 5. Goldsmith, the author of the " Deserted Village," wrote with perfect 
 elegance and beauty, in a style of mellow tenderness and elaborate sim- 
 plicity. 6. Much less did it resemble any known herb, weed, or 
 flower. 7. A premonitory moistening at the same time overflowed his 
 nether lip. 8. Nevertheless, strange stories got about. 9. Mr Speaker, 
 I rise to move the second reading of this Bill. 10. In a few days, his 
 Lordship's town-house was observed to be on fire. 11. Our ancestors 
 were nice in their method of sacrificing their tender victims. 12. Give 
 me, Master Zimmerman, a sympathetic solitude. 
 
 Exercise 17 (page 26). 
 
 1. As the Russian cavalry retired, their infantry fell back towards the 
 head of the valley, leaving men in three of the redoubts they had taken, 
 and abandoning the fourth. 
 
 2. Had there been merely an opening in the coral rock, it could not 
 have been detected from the sea, excepting by the diminution of the 
 foaming surf just at that spot, a circumstance that could scarcely be 
 visible, unless the observer were opposite the aperture. 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 19 
 
 3. When Phocion, the modest and gentle Phocion, was led to execu- 
 tion, he turned to one of his fellow-sufferers, who was lamenting his own 
 hard fate: "Is it not glory enough for you," says he, "that you die 
 with Phocion?" 
 
 4. If we consider our own country in its natural aspect, without any 
 of the benefits and advantages of commerce, what a barren, uncomfort- 
 able spot of earth falls to our share ! 
 
 5. These unhappy people were proposing schemes for persuading 
 monarchs to choose favourites upon the score of their wisdom, capacity, 
 and virtue ; of teaching ministers to consult the public good ; of reward- 
 ing merit, great abilities, and eminent services ; of instructing princes 
 to know their true interest, by placing it on the same foundation with 
 that of their people ; of choosing for employments persons qualified to 
 exercise them, with many other wild impossible chimeras, that never 
 entered before into the heart of man to conceive. 
 
 6. Emerging thence again, before the breath 
 
 Of full-exerted heaven, they wing their course, 
 And dart on distant coasts, if some sharp rock, 
 Or shoal insidious, break not their career, 
 And in loose fragments fling them floating round. 
 
 Exercise 18 (page 27). 
 
 1. It may seem a little extraordinary that, notwithstanding his 
 cruelty, his extortion, his violence, his arbitrary administration, this 
 prince not only acquired the regard of his subjects, but never was the 
 object of their hatred : he seems even, in some degree, to have possessed 
 to the last their love and affection. 
 
 2. The success of their enterprises was suitable to the diversity of 
 their characters, and was uniformly influenced by it. 
 
 3. Conversation enriches the understanding, but solitude is the school 
 of genius ; and the uniformity of a work denotes the hand of a single 
 artist. 
 
 4. The mind of Clovis was susceptible of transient fervour; he was" 
 exasperated by the pathetic tale of the passion and death of Christ, and, 
 instead of weighing the salutary consequences of that mysterious sac- 
 rifice, he exclaimed with indiscreet fury, " Had I been present at the 
 head of my valiant Franks, I would have revenged his injuries." 
 
 5. The Arians upbraided the Catholic* with the worship of three 
 
20 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 gods; the Catholics defended their cause by theological distinctions; and 
 the usual arguments, objections, and replies were reverberated with 
 obstinate clamour, till the king revealed his secret apprehensions by an 
 abrupt but decisive question, which he addressed to the orthodox 
 bishops : " If you truly profess the Christian religion, why do you not 
 restrain the King of the Franks ? " 
 
 6. Nor only through the lenient air this change, 
 
 Delicious, breathes ; the penetrative sun, 
 His force deep-darting to the dark retreat 
 Of vegetation, sets the steaming power 
 At large, to wander o'er the verdant earth 
 In various hues ; but chiefly thee, gay green ! 
 Thou smiling Nature's universal robe ! 
 United light and shade ! where the sight dwells 
 With growing strength, and ever new delight. 
 
 Exercise 19 (page 34). 
 
 1. Malcolm, king of Scotland, having come too late to support his 
 confederates, was constrained to retire. 
 
 2. Sixteen or seventeen years ago, / saw the queen of France, then 
 the dauphiness, at Versailles. 
 
 3. The insurrection on behalf of Edgar Atheling, the Saxon heir to 
 the throne, having failed, he, with his followers, again sought a retreat 
 in Scotland from the pursuit of his enemies. 
 
 4. Shortly after the accession of James I., a double conspiracy to 
 subvert the government was discovered. 
 
 5. The one plot, called the MAIN and said to have been chiefly 
 conducted by Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Cobham consisted of a 
 plan to place Arabella Stuart, the king's cousin, on the throne, with 
 the assistance of the Spanish government. 
 
 6. The other plot, called the BYE, the SURPRISE, or the SURPRISE 
 TREASON, and led by Broke, brother of Lord Cobham, and by Sir Griffin 
 Markham was a design to surprise and imprison the king, and to 
 remodel the government. 
 
 7. The Bishop of Tournay being dead, king Henry VIII., on the 
 surrender of that place in 1513, bestowed the administration of the see, 
 with all its revenues, upon his favourite, Wolsey. 
 
 8. At the commencement of the French war in 1513, Sir Edward 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 21 
 
 Howard, the English admiral, was slain in attempting, with only two 
 vessels, to cut six French galleys out of the port of Conquet. 
 
 9. Henry VII., the founder of the Tudor dynasty, died of a consump- 
 tion, at his favourite palace of Richmond, on the 25th of April 1509, 
 after a reign of twenty-three years and eight months, and in the fifty- 
 second year of his age. 
 
 10. The European nations, first cemented into a whole by the con- 
 quests of the Romans, afterwards derived a still firmer bond of union 
 from their common Christianity. 
 
 11. Warenne having suddenly entered Scotland with an army of forty 
 thousand men, collected in the north of England, was defeated with 
 great slaughter by Wallace, at Cumbuskenneth, near Stirling. 
 
 12. Mary, seizing the opportunity of Wyatt's rebellion, and hoping 
 to involve her sister Elizabeth in some appearance of guilt, ordered 
 her to be committed to the Tower, and to be strictly examined by the 
 Council. 
 
 Exercise 20 (page 38). 
 A. 
 
 1. History has frequently taught me that the head which has one 
 day grown giddy with the roar of the million, has the very next been 
 fixed upon a pole. 
 
 2. The variation of the needle, which is now familiar, though it still 
 remains one of the mysteries of nature, into the cause of which the 
 sagacity of man hath not been able to penetrate, filled the companions 
 of Columbus with terror. 
 
 3. As Alexander VI. was entering a little town, in the neighbourhood 
 of Rome, which had just been evacuated by the enemy, he perceived 
 the townsmen busy in the market-place, pulling down from a gibbet a 
 figure which had been designed to represent himself. 
 
 4. These ruling principles, which, in the opinion of such men as I 
 have mentioned, have no substantial existence, are in truth everything, 
 and all in all. 
 
 5. Though private wars did not originate in the feudal system, it 
 is impossible to doubt that they were perpetuated by so convenient a 
 custom, which indeed owed its universal establishment to no other 
 cause. 
 
 6. If we are to arrange events according to their probabb connexion, 
 we may believe that, after David had been driven away from Saul, and 
 
22 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 his life had been several times attempted, Samuel ventured on die solemn 
 step of anointing him king. 
 
 B. 
 
 1. When the people learned that the king had broken off both treaties, 
 they celebrated their triumph by bonfires and public rejoicings. 
 
 2. I own, I have such an indifferent opinion of the vulgar, that I am 
 ever led to suspect that merit which raises their shout. 
 
 3. When Parliament was summoned in 1626, Charles gave orders 
 that the customary writ should not be sent to the Earl of Bristol, who, 
 while Spanish ambassador, had mortally offended Buckingham, the 
 king's favourite, in the affair of the Spanish marriage, and was conse- 
 quently obnoxious to Charles. 
 
 4. Though Napoleon had got possession of the press, the tribune, and 
 the pulpit, and nobody could either write an attack upon him, or make 
 a public speech in opposition, there were thousands of living gazettes 
 in all the villages of France, who discussed his measures with the 
 utmost freedom, and uttered curses, not loud but deep. 
 
 5. He lays it down as a rule, that despotism is the genuine consti- 
 tution of India; that a disposition to rebellion in the subject or de- 
 pendent prince is the necessary effect of this despotism; and that 
 jealousy and its consequences naturally arise on the part of the 
 sovereign ; that the government is everything, and the subject nothing ; 
 that the great landed men are in a mean and degraded state, and 
 subject to many evils. 
 
 6. I hold that the paramount end of liberal study is the develop- 
 ment of the student's mind, and that knowledge is principally useful 
 as a means of determining the faculties to that exercise through which 
 this development is accomplished. 
 
 Exercise 21 (page 42). 
 A. 
 
 1. If 1 accomplish the present task but imperfectly, I may at least 
 plead in excuse that it has not been previously attempted ; and therefore 
 I request that you will view what I am to state to you on this subject 
 rather as the outline of a course of reasoning, than as anything pretend- 
 ing to finished argument. Hamilton. 
 
INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK. 23 
 
 2. If the great could be taught any lesson, this might serve to teach 
 them upon how weak a foundation their glory stands, which is built 
 upon popular applause ; for, as such praise what seems like merit, they 
 as quickly condemn what has only the appearance of guilt. Goldsmith. 
 
 3. He (Johnson) had seen and felt so much of sharp misery, that he 
 was not affected by paltry vexations; and he seemed to think that 
 everybody ought to be as much hardened to these vexations as himself. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 4. Whenever we cordially congratulate our friends, which, however* 
 to the disgrace of human nature, we do but seldom, their joy literally 
 becomes our joy ; we are, for the moment, as happy as they are ; our 
 heart swells and overflows with real pleasure; joy and complacency 
 sparkle from our eyes, and animate every feature of our countenance, 
 and every gesture of our body. Adam Smith. 
 
 5. While the blow is coming, we prepare to meet it ; we think to 
 ward off or break its force ; we arm ourselves with patience to endure 
 what cannot be avoided; we agitate ourselves with fifty needless 
 alarms about it : but when the blow is struck, the pang is over ; the 
 struggle is no longer necessary, and we cease to harass ourselves about 
 it more than we can help. Hazlitt. 
 
 6. A war is just against the wrong-doer, when reparation for 
 wrong cannot otherwise be obtained ; but it is then only conformable 
 to all the pi-inciples of morality, when it is not likely to expose the 
 nation by whom it is levied to greater evils than it professes to avert, 
 and when it does not inflict on the nation which has done the wrong 
 sufferings altogether disproportioned to the extent of the injury. 
 Mackintosh. 
 
 B. 
 
 1. We see many stars with the help of our glasses which we do not 
 discern with our naked eyes ; and the finer our telescopes are, the more 
 still are our discoveries. Addison. 
 
 2. We have great deference for public opinion, and readily admit 
 that nothing but what is good can be permanently popular. Jeffrey. 
 
 3. I at first kept my usual silence ; but upon the knight's conjuring 
 me to tell him whether it was not more like himself than a Saracen, I 
 composed my countenance in the best manner I could, and replied, 
 that much might be said on both sides. Spectator. 
 
21 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 4. As Sir Roger is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them 
 in very good order ; for if by chance he has been surprised into a good 
 nap at sermon, upon recovering out of it he stands up and looks about 
 him, and if he sees anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, 
 or sends his servant to them. Spectator. 
 
 5. A person who looked on the waters only for a moment might 
 fancy that they were retiring ; or a person that looked on them only 
 for five minutes might fancy that they were rushing capriciously to 
 and fro ; but when he keeps his eye upon them for a quarter of an hour, 
 and sees one sea-mark disappear after another, it is impossible for him 
 to doubt of the general direction in which the ocean is moved. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 6. The early discovery of the spirit of his followers taught Columbus 
 that he must be prepared to struggle, not only with unavoidable diffi- 
 culties, which might be expected from the nature of his undertaking, 
 but with such as were likely to arise from the ignorance and timidity 
 of the people under his command; and he believed that the art of 
 governing the minds of men would be no less requisite for accomplish- 
 ing the discoveries which he had in view than naval skill and un- 
 daunted courage. llobertson. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF STYLE. 
 
 Exercise 1 (page 41). 
 
 1. Exclamation. " A man could require nothing more from a nation 
 so pliant and so prone to seek after knowledge. Nothing but wise and 
 faithful labourers is wanting to such a soil, to make a knowing people, a 
 nation of prophets, of sages, and of worthies." 
 
 2. Metaphor. 
 
 3. Sentences (4) and (5) are an amplification of the idea in the last 
 clause of (3). 
 
 4. In (5), "earnest and zealous;" "knowledge and understanding." 
 In (6), "re-assume, again" In (7), "join and unite." 
 
 5. In (6), " lament of," " rejoice at." 
 
 6. In (6), "ill-deputed care" does not signify that the care had been 
 badly deputed, but that it was wrong to have deputed it at all. In (7), 
 " diligencies," in the sense of zealous efforts, the " pious forwardness " 
 of the previous sentence ; " crowding," in the sense of pressing or driv- 
 ing together in numbers. 
 
 7. Sentence (8) may be taken as an example of a period. 
 
 8. The separation is too great between " I doubt not," and " but that," 
 &c. There is also an example of dislocation in (2), in the position of 
 the phrase "but wise and faithful labourers." The construction is cor- 
 rected in answer (1) above. 
 
 9. It is full of energy and impressiveness ; but its rugged power is 
 attained by a sacrifice of grace. 
 
 Exercise 2 (page 42). 
 
 1. The conjunction that is omitted after " I think." 
 
 2. The expression is colloquial. The meaning is, " will anticipate 
 me." 
 
26 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 3. Say, " The post, moreover, is taken up already." 
 
 4. It is unnecessary to have both "but" and "who." Say either 
 " but have," or " who have not." 
 
 5. The correlative of the first " it " is the clause " that I never read 
 anything but for pleasure ; " of the second " it," history ; of the third, 
 history again ; of the fourth, the study of history. The second " it " is 
 equivocal ; it might be taken as referring to reading. 
 
 6. The opening expression in (4), " it is a familiarity," is inelegant. 
 It would be more graceful to say, " The study of history makes us 
 more familiar," &c. " All the heroes of them " is also inelegant. The 
 sentence would have been better thus " The study of history makes us 
 familiar with past ages, and with their heroes." 
 
 7. The period would close at " produced." 
 
 8. No fault can be found with the unity of the paragraph. The one 
 subject, the study of history, is kept steadily in view from first to last. 
 There is also a pleasing variety in the length as well as in the structure 
 of the sentences. The only exception to this consists in the too frequent 
 use of " it " in sentences (3), (4), and (5). The continuity is some- 
 what disturbed by sentence (3), which does not flow naturally out of (2), 
 but is rather connected with the latter part of (1). The connection 
 between the other sentences is very close and obvious. Sentences (4) 
 and (5) spring naturally out of the closing member of (3) ; and (6) states 
 and expands the reason for the statement in the latter part of (5). 
 
 9. Its melody is the most striking feature of the paragraph. This is 
 to be expected in a poet of so fine an ear as Dry den. It is his sense of 
 the beauty of rhythm that suggests such a circumlocution as that in 
 sentence (4), " all the heroes of them." At the same time, there is an 
 unpleasant succession of sibilants in the close of sentence (3) ; and the 
 rhythm of the last sentence is impaired by the closing accent falling on 
 the antepenultimate. 
 
 Exercise 3 (page 43). 
 
 1. A contrast between honour and religion. The sentences are con- 
 cise and antithetical, and therefore their prominent quality is strength. 
 
 2. Sentences (1) and (2). The succeeding sentences enumerate the 
 particular points of contrast in detail. 
 
 3. It is an example of the period. 
 
 4. In the second clause of (3), the verb and object are to be supplied 
 after " honour." In (4), the two verbs have an object, " to do," &c. In 
 
ADVANCE!) TEXT-BOOK. 27 
 
 (5), " considers vice " must be supplied after " the other." Sentence (6) 
 is incomplete: it contains no verb; "considers vice " must be repeated 
 from the preceding sentence. 
 
 5. These words make the clause, " is that which produces the sa.me 
 effects," a definition of " true honour," leaving it to be inferred that 
 nothing else " produces the same effects." The words, therefore, had 
 better be omitted. 
 
 6. There is a remarkable appropriateness in the language of this 
 paragraph. The distinctions are nicely drawn, and expressed with great 
 felicity. The only expression that is at all objectionable is "graceful to 
 human nature " in (3). The word " graceful " is here employed in an 
 unusual connection : better to have said, " as it adorns human nature." 
 
 Exercise 4 (page 44). 
 
 1. The connection between these paragraphs, which is very obvious, 
 may be seen by reading in succession the opening sentence of each. A 
 states the importance of finding a moral; B refers to the/a&/e which is 
 to illustrate this ; O relates to the subject of the fable, and D to the 
 characters or persons. The opening sentence in each paragraph states 
 a general principle, while the subsequent sentences criticise the manner 
 in which Milton has dealt with it. 
 
 2. Each paragraph contains three sentences ; in each, the opening 
 sentence is brief ; the second is also brief; and the closing sentence is 
 long and periodic in form. 
 
 3. There is a shade of difference, though it may not be very obvious. 
 To " excite curiosity " is to make the reader anxious to know the result ; 
 to " surprise expectation " is to make the result different from what the 
 reader anticipated. 
 
 4. " Incidental and consequent " are respectively opposed to " essen- 
 tial and intrinsic." The repetition of " only " in the third clause is 
 tautological : " alone " might be advantageously substituted for it. 
 
 5. The construction of " confessed " in (5) is unusual. We should 
 either substitute " admitted " for it, or say, " it must be confessed that 
 Milton has equalled every other poet." Exception may also be taken, on 
 logical grounds, to the use of "equalled" in connection with "every." 
 The meaning is, that he has " succeeded as well as any other poet." 
 The use of "consented" in (12) is also peculiar. We should have 
 expected " harmonized," or " were in harmony." 
 
28 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 6. The proportion of Classical words is large. Excluding proper 
 names and repetitions of the same word, there are 50 separate words in 
 the first paragraph. Of these, 23 are of Classical origin, and 27 are 
 Saxon. It indicates the nature of the two classes of words, that while 
 each of the Classical words occurs only once, many of the Saxon words 
 occur two or three times. 
 
 7. The passage is destitute of directly figurative language. The only 
 approach to it is in the use of " interwoven " in (6) ; but there is nothing 
 unusual or striking in the sense in which the word is here employed. 
 
 8. The passage is full of melody ; to this, indeed, other qualities 
 such as conciseness and strength are sacrified. In no sentence does 
 the closing accent fall earlier than the penultimate syllable. At the 
 same time there is throughout the passage an excess of pompous 
 diction, of long and high-sounding words. In the last paragraph, too, 
 there is an excess of sibilants, which somewhat mars its melody. 
 
 Exercise 5 (page 45). 
 
 1. It is a good example of geographical description. 
 
 2. For the sake of contrast or antithesis. 
 
 3. These clauses are a general description of "navigable rivers," and 
 they do not therefore apply to the " torrents " of Arabia. It would have 
 been more natural to have said, " Arabia is destitute of those navi- 
 gable rivers which in other countries fertilize the soil," &c. ; or " Arabia 
 has no navigable rivers to fertilize its soil," &c. 
 
 4. The sentences are generally periodic. 
 
 5. The Classical element predominates in the language of the 
 passage. 
 
 6. The following are instances of circumlocution : " Exceeds in a 
 fourfold proportion," in (5); "derives a sort of comfort and society" 
 in (6); "the common lenefits of water" in (9) ; "convey its produce to 
 the adjacent regions" in (10) ; "that fall from the hills" in (10). 
 
 Exercise 6 (page 46). 
 
 1. Sentence (6): the transition is indicated by the antithetical con- 
 junction "but." 
 
 2. The figure in (1) is metaphor: the queen is compared to a 
 " vision " or " spirit." In (2) " like the morning star " is a simile. 
 The figures are not quite congruous. In (1) the queen is represented as 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 29 
 
 a " vision " lighting upon the earth ; in (2), as a " star " glittering in the 
 heavens. 
 
 3. Exclamation. 
 
 4. Personification, in attributing feeling to " swords," and in repre- 
 senting them as " leaping from their scabbards ; " Hyperbole, in the use 
 of " ten thousand " to represent a vast number. 
 
 5. " The cheap defence of nations : " considerations of economy are 
 out of place in connection with the lofty sentiments which precede and 
 follow the expression. 
 
 6. " Vice itself lost half its evil by losing all its grossness." 
 
 Exercise 7 (page 47). 
 
 1. The passage is strongly ironical in tone. The reference in (2) to 
 11 nice feelings " and " virtues," in (3) to " good qualities," are special 
 examples of irony. 
 
 2. " Have a privilege," should be " are privileged." 
 
 3. "You have still left ample room" may mean either ample room 
 still remains to you, or is still left by you. The latter is the true 
 meaning. 
 
 4. The third clause. The first and second clauses are to be taken in 
 their plain and literal meaning : the last is sarcastic. The change is 
 probably intentional. Its effect is to intensify the severity of the sarcasm 
 in the remaining sentences of the paragraph. 
 
 5. The antithesis between (4) and (5) lies in the contrast between the 
 "good" done "by stealth," and the evil ("the rest") done openly, so 
 that it has been put ' ; upon record." 
 
 6. Paragraph B springs out of the first sentence in A. It is part of 
 " the following lines " referred to in the latter. 
 
 7. Sentence (8) shows in what respects he is " a very considerable 
 man." Sentence (9) shows the effect of each of the three particulars 
 mentioned in (8). Sentences (10) and (11) refer to the use made of these 
 advantages. 
 
 Exercise 8 (page 48). 
 
 1. The figure is exclamation. 
 
 2. The epigram is in the closing sentence of A. " The mighty future 
 is as nothing, being everything! the past is everything, being nothing! " 
 
 3. They are all Classical words. The first, third, and fourth are 
 unusual words ; the second is employed in an unusual sense. " Arride," 
 besides, is now obsolete. 
 
30 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 4, See Part II., note to 32, page 26. The leaves of books are first 
 compared to " winding-sheets," and immediately afterwards to the 
 " foliage " of trees. 
 
 5. The style may best be described as quaint. 
 
 Exercise 9 (page 48). 
 
 1. Sentence (2) is an explanation of the antithesis in the second main 
 clause of (1). " This of itself would not have been sufficient ; " " it was 
 seconded by causes of far more general operation." 
 
 2. The successive links are " however," therefore," " too," and the 
 clause " add to all this," in (7). 
 
 3. It is implied in the previous parts of the sentence. It is therefore 
 redundant. It is also clumsily introduced by " which," and the periodic 
 character of the sentence is thus destroyed. 
 
 4. The two last clauses, "as . . . view," are unnecessary. They 
 advance reasons which are obviously implied in the preceding parts of 
 the sentence. The last clause is a feeble expansion of the " profitable " 
 and " popular " of the second clause. 
 
 5. With the exception of sentence (2), all the sentences are long and 
 cumbrous in construction. 
 
 6. The clause referring to Milton is obscure " formed to the severe 
 sanctity of wisdom and the noble independence of genius." There is no 
 doubt that "severe sanctity of wisdom," and "noble independence of 
 genius," are characteristic of Milton ; but how can he be said to have 
 been "formed to " them, " among " a " generation ? " 
 
 7. The words " obscenity and servility," from the similarity of the 
 suffixes and the recurrence of the sibilants. 
 
 8. The style is generally heavy. The sentences are long and involved, 
 and put an unpleasant strain upon the reader's attention. 
 
 Exercise 10 (page 50). 
 
 1. The clause " that no part," &c., is separated by a long parenthesis 
 of four lines from the verb "observed," on which it immediately 
 depends. 
 
 2. The compliments to the " living writer " are very gracefully 
 expressed; in particular, the description of his eloquence as "the rush 
 of mighty waters," and the elegance with which the modest submit- 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 31 
 
 sion to his judgment is introduced, save the mind from being wearied or 
 disturbed by the length of the parenthesis. 
 
 3. " Tenderness of delight," " forgetful delay," in (2) ; and " reposes 
 with all the sympathy of his soul," in (3). 
 
 4. The meeting of the vowel sounds between "dreamy" and "en- 
 chantment," makes an unpleasant combination. The alliteration in 
 " slowly sliding " is not objectionable. The sound of the words is 
 suggestive of the character which they describe : they form a kind of 
 onomatopoeia, " and make the sound an echo to the sense." 
 
 5. This is indicated by the words "except Shakespeare" and "per- 
 haps." Such qualifications are apt to be taken as indicating hesitancy 
 of judgment ; but in Hallam's case such opinions may be relied upon 
 as the result of conscientious and mature deliberation. 
 
 6. The style is dignified, calm, and elegant. It is constantly under 
 the restraints imposed by severe taste and correct judgment. In his 
 verdicts on authors and their works, Hallam appears to be always on his 
 guard against rash or extreme opinions; in his style, also, he guards 
 against extravagance or excess. In neither case does his eminently 
 judicial mind yield to enthusiasm. 
 
 7. The sentences are knit together like the blocks of masonry in a 
 stately building. In this paragraph, the second sentence springs out of 
 the " no poet" in the quotation in (1). The third sentence comes back 
 to Spenser. The fourth sentence shows how his versification reflects 
 the character of his mind. The fifth sentence sums up the judgment 
 confirming the opinion quoted in the first. 
 
 Exercise 11 (page 50). 
 
 1. The most noticeable feature of this paragraph, as of Macaulay's 
 style generally, is the shortness of the sentences. The effect of this is 
 to give rapidity, vividness, and force to the narrative. It will be 
 noticed, however, that the concluding sentence is long, and gives dig- 
 nity to the paragraph. (See Part I., 76, 77.) 
 
 2. It is a good example of Historical Narration. 
 
 3. There are several examples, but this is almost inseparable from 
 this kind of writing. It is particularly noticeable in sentences (3), (4), 
 (5), and (6). 
 
 4. The relation of the particulars to the general description. Sen- 
 tences (9) to (13) enumerate the details of the dangerous situation. 
 
32 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 5. The language is chiefly Saxon. Not mere than eighteen per cent, 
 of the words are of Classical origin. 
 
 6. There is hardly a word that can be objected to in the whole para- 
 graph. 
 
 7. That the expedition will prove a failure. The change comes in (1 6), 
 " at that moment the wind changed," with the effect of a pleasing sur- 
 prise. 
 
 8. The style cannot be characterized as melodious, in the sense in 
 which the style of Johnson, or Burke, or Hallam is melodious. The 
 sentences are so short and abrupt, and contain such a preponderance of 
 short words, that they afford little scope for rhythmical arrangement. 
 
 Exercise 12 (page 51). 
 
 1. " Form of law, form of society," in (3). " Dead, blind; not what it 
 should be," in (4). " Injustice breeds injustice," in (6); etc., etc. 
 
 2. Exclamation: it extends, with a partial interruption in (3), to the 
 end of (5). 
 
 3. "Belly," in (5); "curses and falsehoods," in (6); " miserablest," 
 in (13). 
 
 4. " One way and other," in (3) ; " as the like must do," in (8). 
 
 5. Simile; in the last clause. 
 
 6. Sentences (11), (14), and (15). The inversion gives strength to the 
 style. 
 
 7. It is used in the sense of " condemned," a sense in which, though 
 it is the literal meaning of the word, it is not now usually employed. 
 
 8. Both paragraphs are reflective; but A. relates to the causes of 
 Louis' death as a king ; B. to the fact of his death as a man. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 33 
 
 ARGUMENTATIVE THEMES 
 
 Exercise 27 (page 74). 
 
 1. Necessity (2.) : Existence in August was a necessary condition of 
 burning in September. 
 
 2. Probability: not necessity, because death may have been caused 
 independently of the wound. 
 
 3. Probability: on the supposition of "suicide," "misfortune and 
 unhappiness" would account for it. 
 
 4. Testimony: If the miracles had not been performed, the sacred 
 writers (whose trustworthiness is separately established) would not have 
 recorded them. 
 
 5. Necessity (1.) : "fire" is the necessary cause of " smoke." 
 
 6. Necessity (2.) : " being a Protestant" is the necessary condition of 
 " being on the throne." 
 
 7. (1.) Induction; (2.) Example. 
 
 8. Analogy .-winter : spring = death : life beyond the grave. 
 
 9. Probability: the divine origin of conscience being admitted, this 
 will account for the universality of moral distinctions. 
 
 10. Necessity (2.): the presence of man is a necessary condition of 
 the existence of the hut. 
 
 11. Analogy: omitting the particles of speech : infancy =: omitting 
 the particles in Saxon poetry : infancy of the nation. 
 
 12. Possibility: there is room for other explanations. 
 
 13. Probability: on the supposition of "incendiarism," "malice" 
 would account for it. 
 
 14. (1.) Induction; (S.) Example. 
 
 15. Necessity: (1.) an infinite effect requires an infinite cause. 
 
 16. Analogy: adaptation in watch : watchmaker = adaptation in 
 world : world-maker. 
 
 C 
 
34 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 17. Possibility : there is room for other ways of accounting for the 
 clothes being there. 
 
 18. Example, with induction suppressed : thus 
 
 Datum, God is benevolent here. 
 (Induction, God is benevolent everywhere.) 
 Example, God will be benevolent hereafter. 
 Or Analogy : 
 
 A benevolent God : man here = 
 A benevolent God : man hereafter. 
 
 19. (1.) Induction; (2.) Example. 
 
 20. Analogy; by antithesis: virtue : happiness = vice : misery. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 35 
 
 VERSIFICATION. 
 (Page 81.) 
 
 Exercise 31 (page 85). 
 
 1. Bad: the rhyming syllables are the penultimates ; but they are 
 not tho same in sound, neither are the ultimates identical ; violates 
 Rules I. and III. g 99. 
 
 2. Allowable. 
 
 3. Bad : the consonant sounds preceding the rhyming vowels are 
 the same ; they should be different. Rule I. 
 
 4. Bad : the rhyming syllable (-as) is in the first line preceded by 
 a vowel (i), in the second by a consonant. 
 
 5. Bad: the penultimates are not the same in vowel sound (Rule I.) ; 
 and the ultimates are not identical (Rule III.). 
 
 6. Bad: the rhyming syllables are the penultimates, and they are 
 different in their vowel sounds (Rule I.). 
 
 7. Allowable. 
 
 8. Allowable. 
 
 9. Allowable : the second line ends in a trisyllable accented on the 
 antepenultimate (Rule II., note). 
 
 10. Bad: -ea is not the same as -a ; neither is -th the same as -rth 
 (Rule I.). 
 
 11. Allowable: but questionable. 
 
 12. Bad: -ou cannot rhyme with -wo, which is really the sound of o 
 in " once." 
 
 13. Allowable. 
 
 14. Bad: -sis in the second line has the weak accent (I.), and the 
 penultimate is strong. To make a perfect rhyme, the word must be 
 pronounced 
 
 met'-em-psy'-cho-sis 
 a x a x a 
 
6b KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 15. Bad: -earn and -ime are too dissimilar to make an allowable rliyme. 
 
 16. Bad : the final consonant sounds (d, rd) are dissimilar (I.). 
 
 17. Allowable, if " hundred " be read " hunderd ; " then the penulti- 
 mates rhyme, on, hun, ihun (III.). 
 
 18. Allowable in humorous poetry. 
 
 19. Bad: -ness cannot rhyme with -ness (lines 1 and 3), neither does 
 -derness rhyme with -^mess (I.). Nor can line 1 rhyme with 2, or 3 
 with 4 ; for the final syllables have the weak accent (II.). 
 
 20. Bad: but "pound, crownes" would in the old ballad probably 
 be read " pound, crown'd." 
 
 Exercise 32 (page 95). 
 
 A. 1. This man, by his own strength, to heaven would soar, 
 And would not be obliged to God for more. 
 
 2. Vain, wretched creature, how art thou misled, 
 To think thy wit these God-like notions bred. 
 
 3. At every turn she made a little stand, 
 And thrust among the thorns her lily hand 
 To draw the rose ; and every rose she drew, 
 She shook the stalk and brush'd away the dew. 
 
 4. Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, 
 Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. 
 
 5. As men of breeding, sometimes men of wit, 
 To avoid great errors, must the less commit. 
 
 6. The hungry judges soon the sentence sign, 
 And wretches hang that jurymen may dine. 
 
 B. 1. Soon on the hill's steep verge he stood, 
 
 That looks o'er Branksome's towers and wood; 
 And martial murmurs from below 
 Proclaimed the approaching southern foe. 
 
 2. The Earl was gentle and mild of mood, 
 
 The vassals were warlike and fierce and rude ; 
 High of heart and haughty of word, 
 Little they recked of a tame liege lord. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 37 
 
 3. A lion, tired with state affairs, 
 
 Quite sick of pomp and worn with cares, 
 Kesolved, remote from noise and strife, 
 To pass in peace his later life. 
 
 4. I felt as, on a plank at sea, 
 
 When all the waves that dash o'er thee, 
 At the same time upheave and whelm 
 And hurl thee towards a desert realm. 
 6. Sweet Teviot, on thy silver tide, 
 
 The glaring hale-fires blaze no more ; 
 No longer steel-clad warriors ride, 
 
 Along thy wild and willow'd shore. 
 
 6. Fierce on the hunter's quiver'd hand 
 
 He rolls his eyes of swarthy glow, 
 With hoof and horn black spurns the sand. 
 And tosses high his mane of snow. 
 
 7. Where, with the rocks' wood-cover'd side, 
 
 Were blended late the ruins green, 
 Kise turrets in fantastic pride, 
 
 And feudal banners flaunt between. 
 
 8. I hold it true, whate'er befall ; 
 
 I feel it when I sorrow most : 
 'Tis better to have loved and lost, 
 Than never to have loved at all. 
 
 C. 1. My eyes are dim with childish tears, 
 
 My heart is idly stirred ; 
 For the same sound is in my ears 
 Which in those days I heard. 
 
 2. With nature they do never wage 
 
 A foolish strife ; they see 
 A happy youth, and their old age 
 Is beautiful and free. 
 
 3. But we are pressed with heavy laws, 
 
 And often glad no more ; 
 We wear a face of joy because 
 We have been glad of yore. 
 
88 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 4. We watched her breathing through the night, 
 
 Her breathing soft and low, 
 As in her breast the wave of life 
 Kept heaving to and fro. 
 
 5. So silently we seemed to speak, 
 
 So slowly moved about, 
 As we had lent her half our powers 
 To eke her living out. 
 
 6. So shall the fairest face appear 
 
 When youth and years are flown ; 
 
 Such is the robe that kings must wear. 
 
 When death hath reft their crown. 
 
 D. 1. Now gliding remote on the verge of the sky, 
 
 The moon, half-extinguished, her crescent displays ; 
 But lately I marked, when majestic on high 
 
 She shone, and the planets were lost in her blaze. 
 2. There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin, 
 
 The thin dew on his robe was heavy and chill ; 
 He sighed for his country, when at twilight repairing, 
 To wander alone by the wind-beaten hill. 
 
 8 I'll not leave thee, thou lone one, 
 
 To pine on the stem ; 
 Since the lonely are sleeping, 
 
 Go thou, sleep with them. 
 Thus kindly I scatter 
 
 Thy leaves o'er the bed, 
 Where thy mates of the garden 
 
 Lie scentless and dead. 
 
 4. He had lived for his love ; for his country he died ; 
 
 They were all that to life had entwined him ; 
 Nor soon shall the tears of his country be dried, 
 Nor long will his love stay behind him. 
 
 E. 1 . All the world's a stage, 
 
 Am' all the men and women merely play | -erg ; 
 They have their exits and their entrances ; 
 And one man in his time plays many parts, 
 His acts being seven ages. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 39 
 
 2. Farewell, a long farewell, to all my great | -ness ! 
 This is the state of man ; to-day he puts | forth 
 The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow bios | -soms, 
 And bears his blushing honours thick upon | him ; 
 The third day comes a frost, a killing frost ; 
 
 And when he thinks, good easy man, full sure | -ly 
 His greatness is a-ripening, nips his root, 
 And then he falls as I do. 
 
 3. So the foundations of his mind were laid. 
 In such communion, not from terror free, 
 While yet a child, and long before his time, 
 Had he perceived the presence and the power 
 Of greatness. And deep feelings had impressed 
 So vividly great objects, that they lay 
 
 Upon his mind like substances whose pre | -sence 
 Perplexed the bodily sense. 
 
 4. Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains, 
 Proud limitary cherub ! But, ere then, 
 
 Far heavier load thyself expect to feel 
 
 From my prevailing arm, though heaven's King 
 
 Rides on thy wings, and thou with thy compeers, 
 
 Used to the yoke, drawest his triumphant wheels, 
 
 In progress through the road of heaven 
 
 Star-paved. 
 
 Exercise 33 (page 102). 
 
 A 1 . Forms of kings and saints are standing, 
 
 The cathedral door above ; 
 Yet I saw but one among them, 
 Who hath soothed my soul with love. 
 
 2. On the cross the dying Saviour 
 
 Heavenward lifts his eyelids calm, 
 
 Feels, but scarcely feels, a trembling 
 
 In his pierced and bleeding palm. 
 
 3. Oft in sadness and in illness, 
 
 Have I watched thy current glide ; 
 Till the beauty of its stillness, 
 Overflowed me like a tide. 
 
40 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 4. Wondrous truths, and manifold as wondrous, 
 
 God hath written in those stars above ; 
 But not less in the bright flowerets under us, 
 Stands the revelation of his love. 
 
 5. mountain winds, whither do ye call me ? 
 
 Vainly, vainly would my steps pursue ; 
 Chains of care to lower earth enthral me, 
 Whereforo thus my weary spirit woo? 
 
 6. Hark, the sounds of gladness, 
 
 From a distant shore, 
 
 Like relief from sadness, 
 
 Sadness now no more. 
 
 B. 1. Wild is thy lay and loud, 
 
 Far in the downy cloud ; 
 Love gives it energy, love gave it birth. 
 
 Where, on thy dewy wing, 
 
 Where art thou journeying ? 
 Thy lay is in heaven, thy love is on earth, 
 
 2. But when I older grew, 
 Joining a corsair's crew, 
 O'er the dark sea I flew, 
 
 With the marauders : 
 Wild was the life we led, 
 Many the souls that sped, 
 Many the hearts that bled, 
 
 By our stern orders. 
 
 3. Into this wonderful land at the base of the Ozark mountains, 
 Far had Gabriel entered with hunters and trappers behind 
 
 him. 
 
 Day by day with their Indian guides, the maiden and Basil 
 Followed his flying footsteps, and thought each day to o'er- 
 
 take him. 
 
 4. Where shall the lover rest, 
 
 Whom the Fates sever, 
 From his true maiden's breast 
 Parted for ever ? 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 
 
 Where through deep groves and high 
 
 Far sounds the billow ; 
 Where early violets die 
 
 Under the willow. 
 
 41 
 
 Exercise 34 (page 103). 
 
 1. xa|xa|xa|xa|xa|x 
 
 2. ax|ass|ax|xa|ssa| 
 
 3. xa|xa|xa|axjxa|xa 
 
 4. ax|Ax|ax|Ax|ax|A* 
 
 5. s s a 
 x a 
 
 | s s a 
 
 | s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 s s a 
 
 
 6. a s s 
 
 ass 
 
 | a x 
 | ax 
 
 a x 
 a,x 
 
 a s s | a s s | 
 ax j a s s | 
 
 a x 
 a x 
 
 7. s s a 
 x a 
 
 | s s a 
 
 | s s a 
 
 s s a 
 x a 
 
 s s a | s s a | 
 s s a | s s a | 
 
 9 s a 
 x a 
 
 8. ax 
 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 9. s s a 
 x a 
 
 | s s a 
 
 j s s a 
 
 s s a 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 
 10. x a 
 
 x a 
 
 | xa 
 | xa 
 
 a x 
 x a 
 
 x a | x a 
 x a | x a 
 
 
 11. xa 
 x a 
 
 | xa 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 x a | x a 
 x a | s s a 
 
 
 12, ax 
 
 | x a 
 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 
 a x 
 
 1 x a 
 
 s s a 
 
 s s a 
 
 
 13. a s s | a s a 
 ass j a s s 
 assjassj ax j xa 
 
 14. a | x a | x a 
 
 * ssa|xa|xajxa|xa|x 
 
 x a 
 *orssa 
 
 x a 
 xa 
 
 s s a | (x) a | xa [ x 
 
42 
 
 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 15. ass 
 
 ass 
 
 a,x 
 
 ass 
 
 ass ax 
 
 ass 
 
 a x 
 
 a(x) 
 
 ass 
 
 ass a (x) 
 
 16. ssa 
 
 x a 
 
 ssa 
 
 xa 
 
 x a x a | x a 
 
 x a 
 
 ssa 
 
 ssa 
 
 a x 
 
 ass a s s | a (x) 
 
 or x a 
 
 ssa 
 
 ssa 
 
 |ssa 
 
 ssa ssa 
 
 17.*(x)a 
 
 x a 
 
 xa 
 
 xa 
 
 x a x a | x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 xa | 
 
 x 
 
 x a x a | x a 
 
 * or a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 ax ax | a (x) 
 
 18. ax 
 
 a x 
 
 a(x) 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a(x) 
 
 
 
 19. xa 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 1 * 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 xa 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x 
 
 
 20. xa 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 21. x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 ax 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 or a x 
 
 a x 
 
 ax 
 
 a(x) 
 
 
 22. x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 s. a 
 
 x a 
 
 x 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 j. a 
 
 x a 
 
 x 
 
 > a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 23. ass 
 
 ass 
 
 
 
 
 ass 
 
 a(x) 
 
 
 
 
 ass 
 
 ass 
 
 
 
 
 ass 
 
 a (x) 
 
 
 
 
 24. x a 
 
 x a 
 
 xa 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 
 
 43 
 
 25. 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 28. 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 ax 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 a x 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 s s a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 s s a 
 
 xa 
 
 x a 
 
 X 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 J xa 
 1 
 
 xa 
 
 s 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 a x 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 xa 
 
 xa 
 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 
 
 a x 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 | xa 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 
 x a 
 a x 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 | x a 
 | xa 
 | xa 
 
 x a 
 x a 
 x a 
 
 X 
 
 Exercise 39 (page 121). 
 Literal Translations. 
 
 1. THE DOG CARRYING A PIECE OF FLESH THROUGH THE RIVER. 
 
 He deservedly loses his own who covets what is his neighbour's. 
 While a dog was swimming, and carrying a piece of flesh through a 
 river, he saw in the mirror of the water his own image, and thinking 
 that another booty was being carried by another dog, he wished to 
 seize it. But his greed was punished ; he let go the food which he 
 held in his mouth, neither could he reach with his tooth that which he 
 sought. 
 
 2. THE GOLDEN AGE. 
 
 The golden age was the first which, of its own accord, without judge 
 or law, held by faith and right. Punishments and fear there were 
 
44 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 none ; neither were threatening words read on tablets of brass fixed in 
 the market-place. Neither did the suppliant crowd fear the counte- 
 nance of their judges, but were secure without a judge. Not yet had 
 the pine, cut from its native hills, gone down to the liquid waves 
 to visit a foreign land ; and men knew no shores save their own. Not 
 yet did steep ditches gird the towns ; there was no trumpet of straight, 
 nor horns of bent, brass ; neither helmet nor sword. Without the need 
 of soldiery, the nations in security led a life of quiet ease. The earth 
 herself also, free from tax, untouched by the rake, unwounded by any 
 ploughshare, yielded all of her own accord ; and men, content with the 
 food provided, no one forcing it, gathered the fruit of the Arbutus, and 
 the mountain strawberry, and the cornel cherries, and the blackberries 
 that grow on the rough brambles, and the acorns which had fallen from 
 the spreading tree of Jove. The spring was never-ending, and the 
 gentle zephyrs, with their warm breaths, caressed the flowers that grew 
 unsown. Soon also the earth, unlilled, bore its fruits, and the land 
 without lying fallow, was hoary with heavy ears of corn. The rivers 
 flowed now with milk, now with nectar; and the yellow honey dropped 
 from the green holm-oak. 
 
 3. ROMULUS AND REMUS. 
 
 The vestal Silvia had brought forth at a birth heaven-born twins, 
 while her uncle swayed the sceptre. He orders the little ones to be 
 exposed and drowned in the river. What think you of this ? the one 
 shall be Romulus. His servants, unwilling, execute the sad order ; yet 
 they weep, and carry the twins to the place appointed. The Albula, 
 which was named Tiberis after Tiberinus had been drowned in its 
 waves, by chance was swollen with wintry rains. Here you might see 
 boats sailing about where now is the Forum, and where thy valleys lie, 
 Circus Maximus. When they came to it, for they could not go 
 further, they talked to each other thus : 
 
 " But how like they are, and how beautiful both ! Yet that fellow has 
 the more strength of the two. If high birth is betrayed by the look, 
 unless appearance deceives me, I should suspect that some god is 
 your father." 
 
 "But if any god had been your father, he would bring you help 
 in so necessitous a time. He would bring aid, assuredly, if the mother 
 needed not aid, who has been made a mother and motherless in one 
 day. Bodies born together, to die together, go together under the 
 waters." 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 45 
 
 He had ceased, and placed them in the stream. Both wept together; 
 you would think that they felt what was said. These return with 
 moistened cheeks to their homes. The hollow cradle floats them, lying 
 on the summit of the wave. Alas, how great a fate that little cradle 
 bore up ! Driven towards the dark woods, as the river gradually fell, 
 the cradle settles on the mud. There grew a tree ; the traces of it still 
 remain ; and what is now called the Ruminal fig-tree was the Eomulan 
 fig-tree. There came, wondrous to tell, to these twins thus exposed, a she 
 wolf. Who would helieve that a wild beast did not hurt the lads? Not to 
 have hurt them is a little thing ; she even fosters them. These whom 
 the she- wolf nourishes the hands of relations tried to destroy. She 
 stops, and caresses the tender nurslings with her tail. She licks their 
 two bodies with her tongue. You would know they were the sons of 
 Mars : fear they had none ; they pull her teats, and are nourished by 
 help of milk not meant for them. She gave the name to the place ; 
 and the place itself gave the name to the Luperci (priests of Pan). The 
 nurse gains a great reward for the milk that she gave them. 
 
 4. THE PEAYER OF JENEAS. 
 
 And he thinks on these things with sad heart, looking at the bound- 
 less forest, and thus perchance he prays : 
 
 " If now that golden branch should shew itself to us in this great 
 wood, since the prophetess has spoken all things, alas, too truly of thee, 
 Misenus." Scarcely had he spoken thus, when twin doves happened to 
 come flying from heaven before the very face of the man, and they 
 settled on the greensward. Then the great hero recognises the birds 
 of his mother, and, joyous, prays, " Be ye my guides, if there be any 
 way ; and steer your flight through the air to the groves where the rich 
 branch shadows the fertile ground, and thou, my goddess mother, fail 
 me not in my perplexity." Thus having spoken, he checked his 
 steps, watching what signal they would give, whither they would tend. 
 They, picking by the way, flew only as far in advance as the eyes of 
 one following could keep them in view. Then, when they came to the 
 jaws of foul-smelling Avernus, they raise themselves swiftly, and, 
 gliding through the liquid air, in the wished-for place, upon the 
 twin-bearing tree from which the sheen of gold, differing from that of 
 the tree, shewed clearly through the branches, as the mistletoe, which 
 its native tree does not produce, is wont in wintry cold to blossom in 
 the woods with new foliage, and to surround the smooth trunks with 
 
46 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 yellow shoots. Such was the look of the gold as it blossomed on the 
 dark holm-oak ; thus the leaf rustled in the gentle breeze. .ZEneas 
 forthwith seizes and eagerly breaks off the reluctant (branch), and 
 carries it to the haunt of the prophetic sibyl. 
 
 5. LEUCONOE. 
 
 Inquire not, Leuconoe, it is not right to know how long a term the 
 gods have given to me or to thee ; neither tamper with the Babylonian 
 astrologers. How much better to bear it, whatever it shall be ; whether 
 Jove has given us more winters, or whether this which now breaks the 
 Tyrrhenian sea against the opposing rocks be the last. Be wise; 
 rack off your wines, and cut down distant hopes, and confine them 
 within a narrow compass. "While we are speaking, envious time has fled. 
 Enjoy the present day, trusting as little as possible to the morrow. 
 
 6. To VIEGIL. 
 
 What reserve or bound should there be to the regret for so dear a 
 life ? Teach me the mournful strains, Melpomene, to whom your 
 father has given a mellow voice and the lyre. Does then Quintilius 
 sleep the sleep that knows no waking ? When will modesty and faith, 
 untarnished sister of justice, and naked truth, find his match ? He has 
 died, wept by many good men ; by none more than thee, Virgil. 
 Thou affectionate, alas! in vain, askest back Quintilius from the 
 gods, who do not lend him to us on such terms. Nay, if you should 
 strike the harp listened to by trees more sweetly than the Thracian 
 Orpheus, yet the blood would not return to the empty shade which 
 Mercury, inexorable to undo the fates, has once, with his dreaded 
 wand, gathered to the gloomy throng. It is hard : but that grows lighter 
 by enduring it, which it is against the will of God to change. 
 
 7. To L. LICINIUS. 
 
 You will steer a better course, Licinius, by neither always running 
 too far out to sea, nor while you, cautious, dread the storms by 
 hugging too closely the dangerous shore. 
 
 Whoever loves the golden mean, in his security knows nothing of the 
 filth of a decayed dwelling ; and moderate in his wishes, knows nothing 
 of the palace to be envied. 
 
 The huge pine is tossed bv the winds more violently, and lofty towers 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 47 
 
 fall down with a more tremendous crash, and the lightnings strike the 
 summits of the mountains. 
 
 A heart well fortified, in adversity hopes for a change of lot ; in 
 prosperity, fears it. Jove brings back the hideous winters ; Jove, too, 
 takes them away. 
 
 If it goes ill with us now, it shall not by and by be so. Apollo 
 sometimes raises the silent muse with his lyre, and does not always 
 bend his bow. 
 
 In adversity, shew thyself spirited and resolute; in too fair a wind, 
 you will wisely take in your swelling sail. 
 
 8. THE MONUMENT MOKE LASTING THAN BRASS. 
 
 I have built up a monument more lasting than brass, and loftier 
 than the regal elevation of the pyramids, which neither the wasting 
 shower, nor the headstrong north wind, can destroy, nor the endless 
 succession of years and the flight of ages. 
 
 I shall not all die ; and a great part of me shall escape Libitina. 
 
 I shall continually flourish in the praises of posterity, as long as the 
 priest shall ascend the Capitol with the silent vestal. 
 
 Where the rapid Aufidus roars, and where Daunus, scant of water, 
 ruled over the rustic people, exalted from a low degree, I shall be said 
 to have fiist adapted the ^Eolic to the Italian measures. Take, Mel- 
 pomene, the glory gained by thy deserts, and willingly encircle my 
 locks with the Delphic laurel. 
 
 9. To TORQUATUS. 
 
 The snows have fled ; already the grass returns to the plains, and 
 the foliage to the trees ; the earth feels the change, and the decreasing 
 rivers glide within their banks. The Grace, with the Nymphs and her 
 twin sisters, ventures naked to lead off the dance. That you should 
 not hope for unchanging life, the year warns you, and the hour that 
 hurries away the kindly day. The cold disappears before the west winds, 
 spring is pushed onward by the summer, itself about to die, as soon 
 as fruitful autumn has poured forth her treasures ; and soon sluggish 
 winter comes back again. Yet the swift moons repair their waning in 
 the skies ; when we have descended whither father ^Eneas, whither 
 rich Tullus and Ancus have gone, we are dust and a shadow. Who 
 knows whether the gods above may add the space of to-morrow to the 
 reckoning of to-day? Everything with which you indulge your genial 
 
48 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 soul, shall escape the greedy hands of your heir ; when once thou 
 art dead, and Minos has passed his dread decision concerning thee, 
 Torquatus, neither thy high birth, nor thy eloquence, nor thy piety, 
 shall give thee back to earth. For Diana frees not the chaste 
 Hippolytus from the lower darkness ; nor is Theseus strong enough to 
 break the Lethean bonds from his dear Pirthous. 
 
 B. 1. THE WANDERER'S NIGHT SONG. 
 
 Over all the summits there is rest, round all the peaks scarcely 
 canst thou trace a breath ; the little birds are silent in the wood. Only 
 wait ; soon thou art at rest too. 
 
 2. THE REVENGE. 
 
 The squire has slain the noble lord, the squire himself would be the 
 knight. He has stabbed him in the dark wood, and sunk his body in 
 the deep Rhine. He has donned his armour bright, and has leapt boldly 
 on to his master's horse ; and as he is going to cross over the bridge, 
 the horse rears and throws himself back. 
 
 And as he struck him with the golden spurs, then the horse hurled 
 himself wildly into the stream below. 
 
 He struggles and plunges, with arm, with foot ; the heavy armour 
 forces him under. 
 
 3. RETURN HOME. 
 
 I know not what it should mean that I am so sad ; the story of the 
 olden time goes never out of my mind. 
 
 The air is cool and it is gloamin, and the Rhine flows peacefully ; 
 the top of the mountains shimmer in the light of the evening sun. 
 
 The most beautiful maiden sits above there, wonderful to look upon. 
 Her golden jewels shine ; she combs her golden hair. She combs it 
 with a golden comb, and sings a song meanwhile ; it has a wonderful 
 overpowering melody. 
 
 The boatman in his little skiff is seized with a wild sorrow ; he looks 
 not at the rocks ; he looks only up to the height. 
 
 I believe the waves swallow in the end boatman and boat ; and this 
 with her singing the Lore-Ley has done. 
 
 4. THE ERLKONIG. 
 
 Who rides so late through night and wind ? It is the father with 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 49 
 
 his child ; he has the boy in his arm, he holds him fast, he keeps him 
 warm. 
 
 My son, why hidest thou thy face so timidly? Father, dost thou not 
 Bee the Erlkonig, the Erlkonig, with his crown and train ? 
 
 My son, it is a streak of cloud. 
 
 " Dear child, come go with me ; I will play very pretty games with 
 thee ; there are many beautiful flowers on the strand, my mother has 
 many golden garments." 
 
 My father, my father, dost thou not hear what a promise the Erlkonig 
 is whispering to me ? 
 
 Be quiet, keep quiet, my child ; 'tis but the wind rustling in the dry 
 leaves. 
 
 " Wilt thou go with me, my fine boy ; my daughters shall wait on 
 thee beautifully ; my daughters lead off th<} nightly dance, and shall rock 
 and dance and sing thee to sleep." 
 
 My father, my father, dost thou not see there the daughters of the 
 Erlkonig, in the gloomy place '? 
 
 My son, my son, I see it well enough ; it is the old willows that are 
 looking so gray. 
 
 " I love thee ; thy beautiful form enchants me ; - and if thou art not 
 willing, I will use force." 
 
 My father, now he is laying hold of me; the Erlkonig has done 
 me an injury. 
 
 The father shudders ; he rides quickly ; he holds in his arms the 
 panting child ; he reaches their house in trouble and distress : in his 
 arms the child was dead. 
 
 5. THE GEENADIER. 
 
 Two grenadiers were travelling to France ; they had been prisoners 
 in Eussia, and when they came on to German ground, they let their 
 heads hang down. 
 
 Both heard there the sorrowful tale, that France had gone down ; 
 that the brave army had been conquered and slain, and the Emperor, 
 the Emperor taken. 
 
 Then the grenadiers wept together at the sad news. The one said : 
 " How sad I begin to feel, how my old wound is burning." 
 
 The other said : " My joy is past ; I too would die with thee, but I 
 have a wife and child at home, who would perish without me." 
 
 " What care I for wife, what care I for child ; I have a far better de- 
 
 D 
 
50 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 sire ; let them go beg if they are hungry ; my Emperor, my Emperor 
 taken. 
 
 " Grant me, brother, one prayer : if I die now, take my body with 
 thee to France ; bury me in the earth of France. 
 
 " The cross of honour with the red ribbon thou shalt lay upon my 
 heart ; put my musket in my hand ; and gird on me my sword. 
 
 " And I will lie quiet, and listen like a sentinel in the grave, till once 
 I hear the roar of cannon and the tramp of neighing horses. 
 
 " Then my Emperor shall ride over my grave ; many swords shall 
 glitter and flash ; then shall I rise armed out of my grave, to defend 
 the Emperor, the Emperor." 
 
 6. THE SINGER. 
 
 What do I hear outside before the gate ; what echoing on the bridge? 
 Let the song resound before our ear in the hall. The king spake ; the 
 page ran ; the boy came ; the king called out, " Let in to me the old 
 man." 
 
 " Be greeted, noble lords ; be greeted, beautiful ladies ! What a rich 
 heaven, star on star ! Who knows their names ? In the hall full of 
 splendour and nobility, close thine eyes ; there is no time to regale 
 yourself here in wonder." 
 
 The singer closed his eyes and struck in full tones ; the knights 
 looked boldly on ; the fair ones looked into their lap. The king, whom 
 the song pleased, to reward him for his sport, caused a golden chain to 
 be handed to him. 
 
 " The golden chain give not to me ; give the chain to the knights 
 before whose bold countenance the lances of the enemy are shivered ; 
 give it to the chancellor, whom thou hast, and bid him add this golden 
 charge to his other burdens. 
 
 " I sing as the bird sings that dwells amongst the branches ; the 
 song that pours from my throat is a reward that richly rewards. 
 But if I may ask, I ask one thing ; bid them hand me in pure gold a 
 beaker of the best of wine." 
 
 They placed it before him ; he drank it to the bottom. " Oh draught 
 full of sweet refreshment, happy be the highly fortunate house where 
 this is a small gift of it ; if it fare well with you, then think on mo ; 
 thank God as warmly as I thank you for this drink." 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 51 
 
 C. 1. THE DOG, THE RABBIT, AND THE SPORTSMAN. 
 
 Caesar, a renowned pointer, but too much puffed up on account of his 
 merit, held fast in his hole an unfortunate rabbit, breathless with fear. 
 " Surrender," cried the dog with a voice of thunder, that made the in- 
 habitants of the woods tremble for a long way ; " I am Caesar, known 
 for his great deeds, whose name fills the whole world." At this great 
 name, Jack (the rabbit), having commended his penitent soul to the 
 gods, said, with a trembling voice, " Most serene mastiff, if I surrender, 
 what shall be my fate ? " " You shall die." " I shall die ! " said the 
 innocent creature ; " and if I run away? " "Tour death is certain." 
 " What ! " replied the animal that lives upon thyme, " I must lose my 
 life either way ! Since I must die, may it please your lordship to par- 
 don me, if I dare to attempt running away." He spoke and ran off, 
 like a hero of the warren. Cato would have blamed him ; I say he 
 did right ; for scarcely does the huntsman see him when he takes aim 
 at him, and fires and the dog falls dead ! What would our good La 
 Fontaine say to this ? Help yourself, and heaven will help you. 1 
 greatly approve of that moral. 
 
 2. WHAT is A HERO ? 
 
 Is a man a hero for having put one or two nations in chains ? Tibe- 
 rius had that honour. Is a man a hero when he signalizes his hatred 
 by revenge ? Octavius had that honour. Is a man a hero when he 
 governs by fear ? Sejanus made all men tremble, even his own mas- 
 ter. But to extinguish the fire of one's anger, to be able to conquer 
 one's self, and to curb the billows of one's pride, that is what I call 
 being great in one's self ; and that is my hero. 
 
 3. THE OLD MAN AND THE Ass. 
 
 An old man on an ass observed, as he went along, a blooming meadow 
 full of pasture : he loosened his beast, and the ass rushed about through 
 the slender grass, rolling, scraping, and rubbing itself, frisking, braying 
 and browsing, and making many a place bare. 
 
 Meanwhile comes the enemy. " Let us be off," said the old man. 
 " Why ? " replied the wanton animal ; " shall I be compelled to carry a 
 double packsaddle, a double burden ? " " Not so," said the old man, 
 who immediately took to his heels. " And what then does it signify 
 
52 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 to me," said the ass, "to whom I belong? Make yourself safe, and let 
 me graze. Our enemy is eur master. I tell you so in plain terms." 
 
 4. THE TRAVELLER BEWILDERED IN THE SNOWS OF MOUNT SAINT 
 BERNARD. 
 
 The snow which has accumulated far off, falls in dense torrents from 
 the heavens ; and, heaped up without intermission, it covers the solitary 
 old peaks of Saint Bernard. 
 
 No more roads, all is obstruction ; darkness hastens on, and already, 
 for the last time, the eagle has uttered its voice in the winds of night 
 on the inhospitable summit of the mountain. 
 
 At this cry of frightful omen, the benumbed traveller dares not pro- 
 ceed a step farther ; dying, and overcome with cold, he awaits death on 
 the brink of a precipice. 
 
 There, in his last thoughts, he dreams of his wife, he dreams of his 
 children : this image has doubled the horrors of his torments on his 
 terrible and icy couch. 
 
 It is all over ; his last hour is being numbered in that dreadful place, 
 and a fatal sleep that makes his cold eyelid heavy already seeks his 
 eyes. 
 
 Suddenly, Oh amazement ! Oh wonder ! he thinks he recognises the 
 sound of a bell ! The sound increases in his ear ; a sudden brightness 
 has shone in the darkness. 
 
 Whilst he listens with difficulty, another sound is heard through the 
 tempest : a dog barks, and opening up the way, it approaches at the 
 same moment, followed by a hermit. 
 
 The dog, barking with joy, arrests the affrighted gaze of the tra- 
 veller: death lets go his prey, and charity numbers another miracle. 
 
 6. THE LAKE. 
 
 Thus, always driven towards new shores, carried away for ever into 
 eternal night, can we never for a single day cast anchor on the ocean 
 of time ? 
 
 Oh lake ! scarcely has the year finished its course, and behold \ be- 
 hold ! I come alone to seat myself on that stone where thou hast seen 
 her sit, near the beloved waters that she was to have seen again. 
 
 Thus didst thou roar beneath these great rocks ; thus didst thou 
 break thyself upon their rent sides ; thus did the wind hurl the foam 
 of thy billows on her adored feet. 
 
ADVANCED TEXT-BOOK. 53 
 
 One evening, dost thou remember ? we were sailing in silence ; no- 
 thing was heard afar upon the waters, or under the skies, but the noise 
 of the rowers who struck in cadence thy harmonious waters. 
 
 Oh lake ! silent rocks, caves, gloomy forest, ye whom time spares or 
 can make young again, preserve, Oh lovely nature, preserve at least the 
 memory of that night. 
 
 Let the wind that moans, let the reed that sighs, let the delicate per- 
 fumes of thy balmy air ; let everything one hears, and sees, and 
 breathes, let aU say, " They have loved." 
 
 6. MARY STUART'S FAREWELL. 
 
 Farewell, France, charming country, that I must love so much! 
 cradle of my happy childhood, farewell ! to quit thee is to die. 
 
 France, my adopted country, whence I think I see myself banished, 
 listen to the farewell of Mary, and remember her ! The wind blows, 
 we quit the strand, and little moved by my sobs, God has not swelled 
 the waves, to restore me to thy shores. 
 
 When in the sight of the people that I love I girded on the bright 
 lilies, it applauded my queenly rank less than the charms of my youth. 
 In vain does sovereign greatness await me among the gloomy Scotch. 
 I have only desired to be a queen in order to reign over Frenchmen. 
 
 Love, glory, genius, these have too much dazzled my happy days : 
 the course of my destiny is to be changed in rude Caledonia. Alas ! a 
 terrible omen makes my heart a prey to fear : in a horrible dream, me- 
 thought I saw a scaffold erected for me ! 
 
 France, from the midst of alarms, the noble daughter of the Stuarts 
 will direct her eyes towards thee, as on this day which is witness of 
 her tears. But, God, the vessel, too swift in its course, already sails 
 under other skies, and night hides thy shores from my eyes in its misty 
 veil! 
 
 Farewell, France, charming country, that I must love so much! 
 cradle of my happy childhood, farewell ! to quit thee is to die. 
 
54 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 Exercise 40 (between pages 138, 139). 
 
 Monteagle knew not what to think of this letter, and 
 shewed it to Lord Salisbury, who was not inclined to 
 pay much attention to it, but who nevertheless} laid it c5/ 
 before the kidg. The king had sagacity enough to per- nj 
 
 ceive, from its serious, earnest style, that something 
 \tnportant was meant ; and this forewarning of a sudden &/ <y 
 and terrible qlow, yet with the_outhors concealed, made $/ a \ 
 his suspicions come very near ths_ truth. The day before e/ 
 
 the meeting of parliament he sent the Earl of Suffolk cap. 
 
 to examice all the vaults under the houses of parlia- nj e/ 
 ment. In that which was under the Jiouse of lords, caps. 
 
 Suffolk was surprised to see so many wood) of \piles and tr. 
 faggots, and was also struck with the dark and mysteri- 
 ous countenance of Guy Fawkes, who was found there, 
 and who called himself Percys servant. It was then 
 
 /\ 
 
 resolved to make a more through inspection, and about 
 midnight a magistrate was sent for with proper attend- 
 ants for that purpose. On turning over the faggots, the 
 barrels oj frunpowder were discovered. Fawkes had beed $/ I.e. n/ 
 seized near he door, and matches and everything re- A tj 
 
 quired for setting the trian on fire|were found upon him. tr. tt 
 He at first appeared quite undaunted, but his courage &/ 
 
 afterwards failed him, and he made a full discovery of 
 the plot, and of all the conspirators. Catesby, Percy, n/ 
 and some others hurried into Warwickshire, where one 
 of their confederates, Sir jverard Jigby, not doubting' cap. 
 
 but that the expected catastrophe in London had taken 
 place, was already in arms. The country was soon roused 
 against these wretches, who took refuge in one of those 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 55 
 
 for tified houses which wore commora at that pariod, O n l &/ 
 
 and resolved to defend themselves to the last. But the 
 
 ft / 
 same fate awaited them which tfeeat- Khioh they had de- 3>J 
 
 signed for so many others. Their gudpowder caugh fire, nj A </ 
 and blew up, maiming and destroying several them. The off 
 
 rest rushed out upon the multitude, and were literally 
 cut to, except a few who were taken alive, and afterwards pieces/ 
 executed. The king shewed more moderation on this 
 oecasion than was approved of by nis subjects in|general, cf h/ ft 
 who were wound up to such a pitch of horror at the great 
 ness of the crime which had been attempted, that they wf.J 
 
 would gladly have had every Papist in the kingdom put &/ 
 
 to death ; and they were very much displeased that James 
 punished those only WHO were more immediately con- I.e. I 
 
 cerned in the plot. 
 
 Whjen the ferment of this affair was over, James em- [ indent 
 ployed himself in an unsuccessful attempt to bring about 
 a jnnion between his two kingdoms ; but the parliament y cap. 
 of England was so much swaed by old and vulgar pre- Ay/ 
 
 judices and antipathies against the Scots, that it would 
 agree to nothing, except to annul the hostile laws which &/ 
 
 had formerly subsisted two/lhe^between kingdoms. tr. 
 They would have done well to have followed the example e/ 
 
 of good scnsejand candour which James really shewed e/ ft 
 them in his arguments on this point. Argument, indeed, 
 was his delight and his glory. He loved to exhibit his 
 wisdom andlearningin long and sometimes s^gaaiousjhar^ ^ &/ c f ft -/ 
 angues. But this was all he could do ^though he could ^~\ cap. 
 talk he could not act ; he wanted both decision and exer- 
 tion ; and the parliament, soon fidning out his weakness, cap. tr. 
 listened to his speeches, but paid no other attention to ital. 
 
 them, and contrived by degrees to strengthen its own 
 power, and diminish that of the crown sol that, while he ,/ A/ 
 
56 KEY TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 
 
 was perpetually taking of his kingly prerogative, lie gra- A ^/ 
 
 dually lost^mnch*^ His ^rS^agement of thjT Q 
 finances, and hisjprofuse generosity to his faAOurites, in-^___ TJ Q/ 
 "Solved him in gre^tdifficulties. Amongst other ways of 
 "procuring moneyThe sold titles and dignities. The title Q/ 
 
 of baornet, which might he purchased by any bidder for cap. tr. 
 a thousand poudps, was now first created to supply his ^nj w 
 necessities. The idea was suggested by Lord Salisbury ; &/ 
 
 and this species of hereditary knighthood is, I believe, 
 still quite peculiar to this country. 
 
VB 02254 
 
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