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 A Comparative Scheme of the Moods 
 
 and Tenses in Cicero's Translations 
 
 from the Greek 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES HENRY SAYLOR 
 
 & SDtesttrtation 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OP UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OP DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 1907 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 J. H. FURST COMPANY 
 
 1911 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/comparativeschemOOsaylrich 
 
A Comparative Scheme of the Moods 
 
 and Tenses in Cicero's Translations 
 
 from the Greek 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES HENRY SAYLOR 
 
 a HDtstfertation 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREK 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 1907 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 J. H. FURST COMPANY 
 
 1911 
 
A COMPARATIVE SCHEME OF THE MOODS 
 AND TENSES IN CICERO'S TRANSLA- 
 TIONS FROM THE GREEK. 
 
 This work purports to be a scheme of the moods and tenses 
 in Cicero's translations from the Greek, as compared with the 
 moods and tenses in his originals. Accordingly, those originals 
 have been collected and examined, and the syntactical phenomena 
 in question arranged according to the usual categories. With 
 each mood and tense as thus classified have been compared the 
 representatives of it, more or less exact, which appear in Cicero's 
 translations. 
 
 The translations of Cicero, as distinguished from his original 
 writings, are usually printed as an appendix in the standard 
 editions. The edition of Baiter and Kayser has perhaps the 
 most complete list, though a search through the entire Ciceronian 
 corpus reveals a few more passages which appear to have been 
 translated from extant originals. At this point, two questions 
 are to be considered ; first, to what extent do the parallel passages 
 in Greek authors cited by the commentators represent Cicero's 
 originals, and second, what are we to call the Ciceronian norm of 
 translation. It will be seen that the answer to the first question 
 depends very largely upon our answer to the second. From 
 Cicero's own words little or no information can be gained as 
 to what degree of exactness he considered a translation ought to 
 possess ; and hence it has seemed expedient to note the general 
 character of the translations so far as closeness of rendering is 
 concerned, and in the absence of direct testimony from Cicero 
 himself to adopt as an original whatever Greek passage is close 
 enough to a Ciceronian passage to give an opportunity for 
 syntactical comparison. Some of Cicero's translations so-called, 
 notably those from Plato, Apology (41a sqq.) and the Republic 
 (5 6 2d and 571e-572b) are almost useless for such a purpose, 
 being little more than loose summaries ; while his translations 
 
 1 
 
 222275 
 
2 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 from the Laws (955e-956b and 958e) are as exact as could be 
 desired. The translation of the close of the Phaedrus (279b), as 
 given in Orator 41 is, on the other hand, almost literal. Of 
 course, the great sources of material for this paper have been the 
 fragments of the Timaeus and of the Aratea. The first is an 
 excellent literary translation, and has lent itself very readily to 
 comparison with the original Timaeus of Plato ; the second, 
 though naturally free, as we should expect in the case of a 
 poetical translation, offers also a good field for investigation, 
 except in a few passages. I have not hesitated also to include in 
 my material a number of translations which are given by Cicero 
 in 0. 0., since they afford a good opportunity for comparison 
 with the original O. R. In all, the bulk of Greek of which we 
 have translations by Cicero amounts to about 45 Teubner pages, 
 divided pretty equally between prose and verse. I have felt 
 obliged to exclude the renderings from Xenophon's Oeconomicus 
 as given in Columella, since it is impossible to decide how much, 
 if any, of the text really goes back to Cicero ; though these 
 passages would have been a welcome addition to my scanty stock 
 of material. 
 
 Plan. — The first part of this paper treats of the Moods. Each 
 mood of the Greek is taken up in order, and the Latin moods in 
 the parallel passages compared with it, under the heads of Direct 
 Coincidences, Indirect Coincidences, Idiomatic Divergences, and 
 Divergences Due to Translation. The direct coincidences are 
 dismissed without giving the examples ; the other categories have 
 the examples given fully in most cases. In the second part of 
 the paper the Tenses are taken up in much the same way; the 
 Indicative Tenses first, the Modal Tenses next. In order, how- 
 ever, to avoid multiplication of categories, no separate divisions 
 have been made in this part for divergences due to idiom and 
 for those due to translation ; but the divergences for each tense 
 have been put under one general head, with such running com- 
 ment as seemed necessary. In this way, it is believed, a clearer 
 view of the facts presented will be obtained. With each category 
 the number of examples will be given; it must however be 
 remembered that in every discussion of translation there is con- 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 3 
 
 siderable room for the exercise of individual judgment, and that 
 what might seem to one person an adequate translation might 
 not seem so to another, and vice versa. Hence the number of 
 examples given in each case must be taken with some degree of 
 qualification. 
 
 Abbreviations, etc. — In quoting examples from Cicero, reference 
 will be made to the passage in question without giving the name 
 of the author, thus Div. 2, 63 for Cic. Div. 2, 63. A similar 
 practice will be followed in quoting from the Timaeus of Plato 
 and from the Phaenomena and the Prognostics of Aratus. All 
 other references will be given in the usual way. It must be 
 added, that in quoting from Cicero's Aratea, the lines will be 
 referred to by the numbers they bear when printed with the 
 supplementa of Grotius. Thus, Nat. De. 2, 108, Engonasin 
 vocitant, genibus quia nixa feratur, will be quoted as Ph. 68 ; and 
 Div. 1, 14, Cana fulix itidem, fugiens e gurgite ponti, will appear 
 as Prog. 184. This method, it is believed, will facilitate reference. 
 
 THE MOODS. 
 Indicative [0. R.~\ 
 
 Coincidences. — In principal clauses, 569 exx. ; in subordi- 
 nate clauses, 125. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 A. In principal clauses, no exx. 
 
 B. In subordinate clauses, 43 exx., divided as follows : 
 
 I. Relative clauses. Indie. = 
 
 1. Subjunctive potential, ideal 2d person. 1 ex. Arist. Pol. 
 5, 11 to a)? fiovXerai t*? £r}v. Off. 1, 70 sic vivere ut velis. 
 
 2. Subj. due either to dependence on a preceding infinitive or 
 subjunctive, or to the element of Character or Adaptation. 17 exx. 
 They need not be given in full ; let the following suffice. PI. Ap. 
 
4 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 41a aXkoi octol — Bbcaiou eyevovTo. Tusc. 1, 98 Tene — convenire 
 eos, qui iuste et cum fide vixerint. Tim. 39b ra %cpa, ocrot? rjv 
 7rpoarjfcov. Tim. 9 ut — conluceret animantesque, quibus ius esset 
 doceri, — naturam vimque cognosceret. Eur. Hyp. frg. 757 Dind. 
 i(f>v fiev ovBeh octtis ov irovel fipoTwv. Tusc. 3, 59 mortalis nemo 
 est quern non attingat dolor morbusque. Similarly, Tim. 30a, Tim. 
 3; ibid., 39d-9; 40c-10; 42d-13 ; 42e-13; 46d-14 ; PL Eep. 
 328e, Cato 6 ; PL Rep. 571c, Div. 1, 60; PL Legg. 653a, Fin. 
 5, 58 ; PL Legg. 958e ; Legg. 2, 67 (3 exx.) ; PL Phaedrus 245e, 
 Tusc. 1, 54. 
 
 II. Protasis of an unreal condition. Indie. == 
 
 1. Subj. in historical tenses. 6 exx. Eur. frg. 818 Dind. el 
 fiev t6B } rjfJLap irp&TOV r)v — /cat fir) — ivavaroXovv, el/cbs acfyaBa^eiv 
 rjv av, Tusc. 3, 67 si — primum illuxisset dies, nee — navigavissem, 
 — esset dolendi causa. Epicurus ap. Diog. Laert. 10, 142 el ra 
 ironf)TLKa — e\ve row <fi6fiovs, — en re to irepas — iBiBaafcev, ovk 
 av wot' eexopev. Tusc. 2, 21 Si ea — liberarent eos — doeerent- 
 que, — nihil haberemus. PL Phaedrus 250d Betvovs yap av 
 Ttapelyev epayTas, ei tl tolovtov — elBcoXov Trapeze™. Fin. 2, 52 
 quam — ardentis amores excitaret, — si videretur. Tim. 32a a 
 fiev ovv eirlireBov fiev, fidOo? Be firjBev eypv eBei yiyveadai to 
 tov nravTos aco/ia, fiia fiecroTn*; av e%r)picei. Tim. 5 Si — corpus 
 planum et aequabile explicaretur neque in eo quicquam esset 
 -j- requisitum, unum — medium et se ipsum et ea — conligaret. 
 
 III. Temporal clauses. Indie. = 
 
 1. Subj. with cum historical. 3 exx. Tim. 36d e7rel Be 
 KaTa vovv — r) — $jvo-Tao~i<; eyeyevrjTO, ueTa tovto — to acofiaToetBes 
 — eTCKTalveTO. Tim. 8 Animum — cum — deus — genuisset, turn — 
 omne — substernebat. Xen. Oec. 4, 20 XeyeTai — otc r)\6ev, — 
 aXka Te <\>Cko$povel(r6ai. Cato 59 Cyrum — cum — venisset — 
 comem — fuisse. Xen, Oec. 4, 21 iwel Be iOavfia&v avTov 6 
 AvaavBpos, — elirev. Cato 59 Cum autem admiraretur Lysander 
 — turn eum dixisse. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero 9 8 Translations from the Greek. 5 
 
 IV. Consecutive clauses. Indie. = subj. final. 1 ex. Tim. 
 29d ayairav XPV) yejxvn^evov (w? — iyco v/JLeis re ol /cptral fyvcnv 
 av6 pair lvwv e^pixeVj (bare — irperret — ixr^hev ere irepa Zwrelv. Tim. 
 3 aequum est meminisse et me — hominem esse et vos, — ut — ne 
 quid ultra requiratis. 
 
 V. Indirect questions. Ind. = subj. 15 exx. Among the 
 exx. are included also those of the optative as representative of 
 the indie, after historical tenses. Horn. II. 2, 300 Sa&fiev t) erebv 
 KaX%a? fiavreveTcu rje teal ovyL. Div. 2, 63 scire ratosne habeant 
 an vanos pectoris orsus. Tim. 28c eiriaKeirreov nrepl avrov Trpbs 
 irorepov rcov irapoo-eiyp,dT(av 6 Te/craivo/JLevo? clvtov aireipyd^eTO. 
 Tim. 2 videndum, ille fabricator huius tanti operis utrum sit 
 imitatus exemplar. Tim. 28b <tk€.itt4qv &ovv irepi avrov irp&Tov, 
 oirep viroKelraL irepl 7ravTos ev apyri o^lv aKoirelv, irorepov rjv 
 aeC, yeveaecos apxv v ^X <DV ovSefiLav fj yeyovev. Tim. 2 de quo 
 id primum consideremus, quod principio est in omni quaestione 
 considerandum, semperne fuerit, nullo generatus ortu, an ortus 
 sit ab aliquo temporis principatu. Similarly, Tim. 29d, Tim. 3 ; 
 ibid. 30c, 3 ; 37b, 8 ; 38d, 9 ; 40c, 10 (4 exx.) ; PI. Ap. 42a, 
 Tusc. 1, 99 j PL Gorg. 447c, De Or. 3, 129; Soph. Trach. 1068, 
 Tusc. 2, 20 ; Sext. Emp. adv. Math. 2, 7, Or. 113. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Under this head are grouped those divergences which are due 
 to causes not strictly grammatical ; e. g. to the restrictions of 
 metre, to the effort for rhetorical effect, to the individual caprice 
 of the translator, etc. 
 
 A. In Principal Clauses 
 
 Indicative == 
 
 1. Potential subjunctive. 3 exx. PL Ap. 41a iyco fxev yap 
 TroWdicis 0e\ca reOvdvau, el ravr' ecrrlv aXrjOr}. Tusc. 1, 98 
 equidem saepe emori — vellem, ut ea quae dico mihi liceret invenire. 
 PL Ap. 41c TrdvTcos ov Stjttov tovtov ye eve/ca ol i/cel airoKreiv- 
 
6 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 
 
 ovat. Tusc. 1, 98 nee ob earn rem, cum haec exquirerem, — 
 capite damnarer. Ph. 58-59 vevovTi Be Trdpnrav eoacev dicpnv eh 
 'FiXUns ovprjv. Ph. 60—61 obtutum in cauda maioris figere dieas. 
 
 2. Imperative subjunctive. 1 ex. PI. Ap. 41c XPV, — 
 eveXwiBa? elvai nrpbs tov Odvarov. Tusc. 1, 98 ne vos quidem 
 — mortem timueritis. For some remarks on this translation see 
 Am. Jour. Ph., xv, 320-321. 
 
 3. Subj. due to 0. 0. Cicero translates obliquely in a number 
 of cases. 3 exx. Tim. 46d Xoyov Be ovBeva ovBe vovv eh ovBev 
 hvvara ex €LV €(7Tt ' Tim. 14 esse omnium causas, quae — careant 
 autem omni intelligentia atque ratione. Epicurus ap. Diog. 
 Laert. 10, 139 e&oV ovt* bpyah ovre ^apiai a-we^ercM. ev do~6evel 
 yap irav to toiovtov. Nat. De. 1, 45 neque ira neque gratia 
 teneri, quod quae talia essent imbecilla essent omnia. Ph. 66-67 
 'JLyyovaaiv /caXeovcri to B'avT' ev yovvaci /cdfivov o/cXd&VTi 
 eoi/cev. Ph. 68 Engonasin vocitant genibus quia nixa feratur. 
 
 4. Subj. with cum historical. 2 exx. Horn. II. 2, 314 evd 9 6 
 ye tois eXeeivd KaTTJaOte TeTpiya>Ta$. Div. 2, 63 quos cum con- 
 sumer et octo. Tim. 36c teal top fiev e^co, tov B y ivTos eiroielTo 
 tS)v /cvkXcov. Tim. 7 cum alterum esset exteriorem, alterum 
 interiorem amplexus orbem. 
 
 5. Subj. with cum causal. 2 exx. Tim. 32b o-TepeoeiSrj yap 
 avTov 7rpocrrj/cev elvai, to he crTepea p,ia \iev ovBerroTe, Bvo Be del 
 /AeaoTWTes ^vvapfxoTTovcnv. Tim. 5 sed cum soliditas mundo quae- 
 rereter, solida autem omnia uno medio nunquam, duobus semper 
 copulentur. Tim. 33c avTo yap eavTco Tpocfyrjv ttjv eavTOv 
 <f>6lo~iv irape^pv koX irdvTa ev eavTW zeal vjS eavTOv irdcrytov 
 
 Kal Bpwv eic Teyyns yeyovev. Tim. 33c itaque se alebat, — cum 
 
 ipse per se et a se pateretur et faceret omnia. 
 
 6. Subj. in a consecutive clause. 6 exx. The translations 
 
 under this head are exceedingly free. Ph. 427-428 at /ce 
 
 fiopeco Be TrapaTpeyfrrj dve/juov h, — irdXiv ea-Ke^ravTO dXXrjXovs. 
 Ph. 443-446 perfringet — malos, ut res nulla feras possit mulcere 
 procellas, ni parte ex Aquilonis opacam pellere nubem coeperit. 
 PI. Rp. 562d-e dp 9 ov/c dvdy/crj ev ToiavTrj iroXei €7rl irav to 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 7 
 
 Trj? iXevOepias levai ; Rp. 1, 67 mactant honoribus — ut necesse 
 sit in eiusmodi re publica plena libertatis esse omnia. Similarly, 
 PL Rep. 571c-d b/cvel, Div. 1, 60, videatur; Soph. frg. 964 
 Dind. Opovhd /cal /ca\a>$ elpy/neva. Tusc. 3. 71 dicta et prae- 
 cepta excidant ; Horn. Od. 12, 188 velrai, Fin. 5, 49 perve7ierit. 
 Tim. 33a &a t^v alrlav — ire/cTrjvaTo. Tim. 5 rationem habuit — 
 ut absolveret. 
 
 7. Participle. 26 exx. Ph. 305 r\ toi yap fieya rogov 
 aviX/cerai iyyvdi icevrpov Tofeimj?. Ph. 318 posteriore trahens 
 flexum vi corporis arcum. PI. 596 ov fiev 6nv oXlyovs yatr)<; 
 vtto veiara jSaXXei Hapdevos avreXXovaa. Ph. 625-626 non 
 pauca e caelo depellens signa, repente exoritur — Virgo. Horn. II. 
 
 3, 213 MeveXaos — dyopevev. Brut. 50 tradit — Menelaum 
 
 dicentem. Similarly Ph. 58, Ph. 60 ; ibid. 317, 334; 329, 353 
 341,368; 355,360; 438,454; 444,459; 445,460; 446,461 
 481,499; 508,528; 532,551; 542,562; 601,643; 649,689 
 653, 694; 670, 710. Prog. 221, Prog. 223; ibid. 319, 322- 
 324 ; Horn. II. 2, 306 ; Div. 2, 63 ; Tim. 39c, Tim. 9 ; Phil., p. 
 72, Nat. De. 1, 32 ; Arist. Rh. 3, 8, De Or. 3, 183. 
 
 8. Infinitive O.O. 37 exx. Diog. Laert. 10, 144 fipax&a 
 o-o<j)(p Tvxn irapefjLTriTrrei. Tusc. 5, 26 fortunam exiguam inter- 
 venire sapienti. Tim. 40e 7rai8es 'Xl/ceai/o? tc /cat, TwOvs iyeveadnv. 
 Tim. 11 Oceanum Salaciamque — generatos editosque memoremus. 
 Ph. 268-270 /cal %e\t>9 rjr' bXiyn • ttjv yap r y en /cal irapa 
 Xl/cvcp f E/o/xeto? iropna-e — /caS 8* eOero irpoirdpoiOev ctTrevOeos 
 €l8(o\olo ovpavov h<rayayd)v. Ph. 277-278 Mercurius parvus 
 manibus quam dicitur olim infirmis fabricatus in alto sede locasse. 
 
 Oec. 4, 21 /cal ravra davfid^oav elirev, 'AW pev ravra 
 
 dav fiasco, 7ro\v Se /jlcLXXov dya/jbat. Cato 59 turn eum 
 
 dixisse mirari se non modo diligentiam, etc. Similarly Diog. 
 Laert. 9, 2, Tusc. 5, 105; Diog. Laert, 10, 148, Fin. 1, 65; 
 ibid. 10, 140, 1, 57; 10, 139, 2, 100 (3 exx.) and Nat. De. 1, 
 45 ; Diog. Laert. 10, 144, Fin. 1, 63 ; PI. Rep. 562d, Rep. 1, 67 ; 
 Xen. Oec. 4, 23, Cato 59 ; Arist. H. A. 9, 10, Nat. De. 2, 124 
 (2 exx.); Plut. Sol. 31, Cato 26; Plut. Cons, ad Ap. 113e, Tusc. 
 1, 93 ; Isoc. Panath. 2, Or. 38 ; Isoc. Panath. 10, De Or. 2, 11 : 
 
8 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 Dem. Cor. 232; Or. 27; PL Epin. 992a, De Or. 3, 21 j Horn. II. 
 9, 438, De Or. 3, 57 ; Arist. Ach. 530, Or. 29 ; Suidas v. 
 tyopos, Brut. 204. 
 
 B. In Subordinate Glauses. 
 
 I. Relative clauses. Indie. = 
 
 1. Subj. O. O. 4 exx., of which the last 2 are due to an indi- 
 rect question. Diog. Laert. 10, 148 wv r\ ao<f>ia irapaa-Kevd^erai 
 eh tt]v rov o\ov ftiov pa/cap LOTnra. Fin. 1, 65 Dicit omnium 
 rerum quas ad beate vivendum sapientia comparaverit, nihil esse 
 
 maius amicitia. Diog. Laert. 9, 2 afyov 'E</>eo-tW airo- 
 
 Oavelv — oiTives 'ILppoScopov — el-efiaXov Xeyovres. Tusc. 5, 105 
 ait Ephesios esse morte multandos, quod cum civitate expellerent 
 Hermodorum, ita locuti sint. Tim. 41b o \eyay — fidOere. Tim. 
 11 quid sentiam, — cognoscite. PI. Phaedrus 278e 6 fievroi, 
 fjLavrevo/jLat, /car avrov, Xeyeuv eOeXco. Or. 41 quid de illo 
 augurer, lubet dicere. 
 
 2. Subj. consecutive. 1 ex. Diog. Laert. 7, 107 6 irpa^Oev 
 evXoyov airoXoyiav e%et. Fin. 3, 58 quod ita factum est, ut eius 
 facti probabilis ratio reddi possit. 
 
 3. Participle. 3 exx. Ph. 97 rj p evl %e/?crl fyepei *2rd%vv 
 cuyXrjevTa. Ph. 101 spicum inlustre tenens, splendenti cor- 
 pore Virgo. Ph. 662-663 /cal dnpiov 6 p evl %«/ot Begirepy 
 Kevravpos e%ei. Ph. 704 simul cum lumine pandit ipse feram 
 dextra retinens. Tim. 46e epyov, Si o 6ebs aW tj/jlcv BeScopwrai, 
 fiera rovro prjreov. Tim. 14 maxima utilitas donata hominum 
 generi deorum munere deinceps explicetur. 
 
 4. Infinitive of exclamation, lex. Soph. Trach. 1071-1072 
 octtis ware TlapOevos /3e/3pvxa. Tusc. 2, 21 heu ! virginalem me 
 ore ploratum edere. 
 
 II. Protasis logical condition. Indie. = 
 
 1. Subj. final. 2 exx. Tim. 41c Bel Be el fieXXei reXeos l/cavco? 
 elvai. Tim. 11 teneat autem oportebit, ut ex eodem ne quid absit. 
 PL Ap. 41a iyco /xev yap iroXXaK^ 6eXco reOvdvcu, el ravr early 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 9 
 
 0X7)61). Tusc. 1, 98 saepe emori — vellem, ut ea — mihi lieeret 
 invenire. 
 
 2. Imperative. 1 ex. PI. Ap. 40e-41a el <ydp rt? afyaconevos 
 €t? "AtSof — evprjcret, rovs ft)? aXr/Ocos hiKaard^. Tusc. 1, 98 
 tene — ad eos venire, qui vero indices appellentur. 
 
 3. Participle. 1 ex. PL Ap. ottotc Ivrvyonii HaXa/JLrjSei, koX 
 Aiavn — teal ei rt? aXXo? — 81a Kpiaw ahucov reOvrjicev. Tusc. 1, 
 
 98 Cum Palamedem, cum Aiacem, cum alios iudicio iniquo cir- 
 cumventos convenirem. 
 
 III. Consecutive clause. Ind. = 
 
 1. Infinitive O. O. 1 ex. Diog. Laert. 10, 139 ware ovre 
 opyals ovre x^P C(Tl ovvexercu. Nat. De. 1, 45 itaque neque ira 
 neque gratia teneri. 
 
 Indicative in O. O. 
 
 Under this head is included also the optative due to the 
 historical sequence, and representing an original indicative. It 
 happens that the nature of the translations under this head is 
 such that no division into principal and subordinate clauses is 
 necessary. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 This category consists of those cases in which the O. O. of the 
 Greek is represented in translation by the O. R. of the Latin, 
 that is, indie, or opt. due to sequence, = indie. This phenomenon 
 is of fairly frequent occurrence; 18 exx. as compared with 20 
 where some O. O. construction is used in translation. In view 
 of the limitations of the Latin in O. O., such a thing is not extra- 
 ordinary, in cases where an exact translation is sought for. Not 
 all the examples, however, are such translations. 
 
 PL Ap. 40c ivvofjacQ/jLev — o>? 7ro\\r) i\7rfc iariv. Tusc. 1, 
 
 99 magna me spes tenet. Tim. 33a Karavocdv, o>? ^vardra) 
 (Tco/jLart Oepjua /cal '^rvj^pa fcal irdvO' ocra SiW/z-et? MP)(VpaS k^ei 
 7repua-TdfjLeva e^coOev kclI irpodiriirovTa hicaipm Xvei /cai voo-ovs 
 yrjpds re iirdyovra fyOlveiv irouel. Tim. 5 omnis enim coagmen- 
 
10 Moods and Tenses in Cicero' 's Translations from the Greek, 
 
 tatio corporis vi caloris vel frigoris vel aliqna impulsione vehe- 
 menti labefactatur et frangitur et ad morbos senectutemque com- 
 pellitur. Similarly the long passage Tim. 41e-42d, Tim. 12 ; 
 also PL Rep. 563d, Rep. 1, 67 ; Rep. 572a, Div. 1, 61. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Indie, [opt. due to sequence] = 
 
 1. Inf. 16 exx. This is of course regular, 
 
 2. Subj. with ut. 1 ex. This passage is famous. Diog. 
 Laert. 9, 51 ov/c e%a> elhevai ov0 7 a>? elalv ovd' <w? ov/c elalv. 
 Nat. De. 1, 63 neque ut sint neque ut non sint, habeo dicere. 
 
 The question among commentators seems to be whether Cicero 
 deliberately violated the Latin idiom in order to produce the 
 effect of a a>?-clause in O. O. This is the view of Schomann ad 
 loc. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 2, 408, calls the construction "ganz 
 vereinzelt." Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, p. 445, dismisses such 
 constructions as Grecisms, though he does not specifically men- 
 tion this example. Schmalz, Lat. Synt. u. Stil, p. 406, considers 
 the use of ut and subj. after verbs of saying and thinking to be an 
 extension of the ^-explanatory construction. May en [De Parti- 
 culis, Quod, Quoniam, Quomodo, Ut pro Ace. et Inf. post Verba 
 Sentiendi et Declarandi Positis ; Kiel, 1889] p. 61, calls atten- 
 tion to the fact that Cicero in such constructions always lets the 
 w^-clause precede. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Indie, [opt. of sequence] = 
 
 1. Subj. due to attraction. 1 ex. Tim. 42a et7rez> on to 
 
 fcpetTTOv tolovtov civ 76^0? o fC€/c\rjo~OLTO avrjp. Tim. 12 Sic se 
 
 res habet ut praestantius genus esset eorum, qui essent futuri viri. 
 
 2. Subj. in quin-clause. 1 ex. Tim. 29a o~a<f>h on [efiXewev] 
 7T/30? to ai'Scov. Tim. 2 non igitur dubium quin aeternitatem 
 maluerit exsequi. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero 7 s Translations from the Greek. 11 
 Indicative with "AN. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Historical tenses of indie. — historical tenses of subj. 7 exx. 
 Since such translations are perfectly regular, only one ex. need be 
 given. PI. Rep. 330a ameicpivaTO on ovt av avrbs ^epfytos cov 
 6v6fiaaT0<; iyevero, ovt' i/ceivo? 'AOrjvalos. Cato 8. Nee — si ego 
 Seriphius essem, nee tu, si Atheniensis clarus unquam fuisses. 
 Similarly, Eur. frg. 818 Dind., Tusc. 3. 67 j Diog. Laert. 10, 
 142, Fin. 2, 21; PL Phaedrus, 250d, Fin. 2, 52; Tim. 32a, 
 Tim. 5 ; ibid., 47a, 14 ; 34c, 6. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 coincidences. 
 Three exx. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 In the 2 exx. under this head the subj. of the Greek is delib- 
 erative [in one it is an opt. due to hist. seq. representing an 
 original subj.] and becomes in the Latin a characteristic subj. 
 Diog. Laert. 10, 6 ov yap eycoye e^w rt vorjaco rayaOov. Tusc. 
 3, 41 non equidem habes quod intellegam bonum illud. Diog. 
 Laert. 10, 142 ov/c av 7ror' el'^o/zei/ 6 ri (xefi-^raC^eOa. Fin. 2, 21 
 nihil haberemus quod reprehenderemus. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Subj. = future ind. 1 ex. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 22 fir)7roT J a<rej3e<} 
 fi7)8ev /JL7]8e avoGiov fjLrjTe Troirj<T7)Te ixrjTe ftovXevcrrjTe. Cato 81 
 memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis. 
 
12 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Subj. = ind. 1 ex. Tim. 29c firj Oavfidar)^. Tim. 3 hand 
 sane erit mirum. 
 
 Subjunctive with "AN. 
 
 Under this head are included general relative, temporal, and 
 conditional clauses. The opt. due to sequence belongs here ; 
 only, of course, when it represents an original subj. with av. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Subj. = 1. Subj. ideal condition. 4 exx. Aesch. Prom. Vinct. 
 379 lav Tt? iv Kaipw ye fia\6daarj /ceap } /cal fir) o-<f>vBa)VTa Ovfibv 
 IcTXvaivr) Blq. Tusc. 3, 76 si quidem qui tempestivam medicinam 
 admovens non adgravescens volnus inlidat manu. PL Rep. 5 6 2d 
 av fir) irpqoi &ctl /cal 7ro\\r)v irape^coai, rr)v iXevOepiav /coXd^ei. 
 Rep. 1, 66 nisi valde lenes et remissi sint et large sibi libertatem 
 ministrent, insequitur, etc. PI. Rep. 563d coo-re /cav otlovv SovXeias 
 rt? irpocrfyeprfTai, ayava/cTelv. Rep. 1, 67 ut si minime vis adhi- 
 beatur imperii, irascantur. 
 
 2. Subj. due to attraction and to influence of O. O. 5 exx. 
 Soph. frg. 964, Dind. orav Se Saificov — fido-rcy' Ipeio-rj — 
 iraXivrpoirov. Tusc. 3, 71 non idem, cum fortuna mutata im- 
 petum convertat, clade subita frangatur sua. PI. Rep. 571c 
 orav to fiev aXXo Tr)? i fox?ft € ^V' Div. 1, 60 dixit enim ; 
 cum — ea pars animi — sopita langueat, — -exsultare earn in somno. 
 Arist. H. A. 9, 10 orav he iv rco irpb 777? /coCkCa? totto) iretycocriv. 
 Nat. De. 2, 124 scribitur — easque, cum stomachi calore con- 
 coxerit, evomere ; ibid. 9, 6 orav rogevOwcn, Nat. De. 2, 126 
 auditum est — capras — cum essent confixae venenatis sagittis 
 herbam quaerere. Tim. 37a \eyei — orco t' av n ravrbv rj /cal 
 orov av erepov. Tim. 8 discernit quid sit eiusdem generis, quid 
 alterius. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 13 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVEEGENCES. 
 
 Since the subjunctive with av has no parallel in Latin, Cicero 
 was obliged to make use of the tenses of the indicative, mostly 
 according to the rules governing iterative action. Hence we 
 must take into account the tenses of the Latin in dealing with 
 this category. 
 
 Subj. = 1. Pres. indie. 8 exx. Tim. 41a (jtaivovrai Ka& 
 ocrov av edeXcocTL. Tim. 11 declarantur qua ipsi volunt. Tim. 
 31c SeafjLcov 8e KaWiaros o? av avrbv ica\ ra gvvSovfJieva on 
 fidXio-Ta ev iroLTJ. Tim. 4 vinculorum id est aptissimum atque 
 pulcherrimum quod — quam maxime unum efficit. Tim. 37b 
 orav fiev irepl to aia-drjTov yiyvrjTai /cal 6 — kvkXos — SiayyeiXrj. 
 Tim. 8 cum earn partem attingit — et orbis — omnia — denuntiat. 
 See same passage for another ex. Tim. 46c orav fxeraTrearj 
 ^vfjLTrjjyvvfievov — 0W9. Tim. 14 cum ea inter se non cohaerescunt. 
 Tim. 31c oirorav yap — rj ixeaov. Tim. 5 quando contingit ut 
 quod medium sit — comparetur. PI. Ap. 40d olov vttvos eireuhdv 
 Tt? KaOevBcov /jlt)8' ovap fjLrjBev opa. Tusc. 1, 97 somno, — qui non 
 nunquam, etiam sine visis somniorum, placatissimam quietem 
 adfert. Horn. II. 9, 646, 647 vtztvot' eiceivmv nvrjcroiiai, Tusc. 3, 
 18 cum — recordor. Prog. 132-133 ore cnciarjcn — aeXrjvr]. Prog. 
 132 cum Luna — officit orbi. 
 
 2. Perfect indie. 10 exx. The iterative principle here comes 
 out prominently. Horn. Od. 18, 137 rolo? yap voos earlv 
 I'lri'xQovLtov avOpcoircov olov €7r' rjfiap ayrjai irarrip. Aug. Civ. 
 Dei. 5, 8 tales sunt hominum mentes, quali pater ipse Jup- 
 piter auctiferas lustravit lumine terras. Tim. 37a orav ova Lav 
 o~KeBa(TT7jv e%oi>To? tivos i^dirT^Tai koX orav afiepiarov. Tim. 
 8 cum materiam mutabilem adripuit et cum rursus individuam 
 atque simplicem, — movetur. Tim. 39d orav ra — rd^v — °~XV 
 tcecfraXijv. Tim. 9 cum se octo ambitus ad idem caput rettule- 
 runt. Tim. 46c orav rj — Xeiorr)? — airoaarj. Tim. 14 cum — 
 levitas — detrusit. Tim. 39c pels $e eireihav (reXrjvrj rfXiov 
 
14 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 €7rifcaTa\d/3r). Tim. 9 mensis autem quando lima solem con- 
 seeuta est See the same passage for another example. PI. Rep. 
 562d orav — fxeOva-Oy. Rep. 1, 66 [cum] — sitiens hausit. Ph. 
 582 o S' eirrjv (fxieos /copeo-nrai. PI. 610 cum supera sese satiavit 
 luce. Ph. 606 rrapQevos 97/409 arraaa rrepatodev dpri yevnrai. 
 Ph. 637 et cum iam toto processit corpore Virgo. Ph. 569 ore 
 KapKivos avrek\rj(TLv. Ph. 596-597 Tarn simul ac primum — se 
 Cancer extulit. 
 
 3. Future indie. 3 exx. PL Phaedo 115c 07tg>? av — (SovknaOe 
 edvrrep /ere. Tusc. 1, 103 ut tibi videbitur, sepelito. Tim. 29c 
 eav — fJLrj Svvaral ycyvdofJLeOa, /jltj davfido-rjs. Tim. 3 si forte minus 
 — id — consequemur, — hand — erit mirum. Tim. 28a orov — av 6 
 Sn/Movpybs — rr)v IBeav avrov /cal Bvva/jLiv — airepyd^nrai y icaXbv — 
 cnroreXelcrOai. Tim. 2 Si is — earn speciem — intuebitur atque id 
 sibi proponet exemplar, — efficiat necesse est. 
 
 4. Future perfect indie. 6 exx. PI. Legg. 956a 6 n av e6e\rj 
 rt? avanOerco. Legg. 2, 45 quodcumque quis voluerit — dicato. 
 
 Ph. 420, oi £' el fiev /ce rriOtovrai evaiatfia arniiaivovar) 
 
 eXafyporepos rreXerai 7roVo?. Ph. 440 quern si prospiciens vita- 
 veris, — tuto labere per undas. See the whole passage in 420-424 
 in Aratus, 440-446 in Cicero for other exx. PI. Phaedo 115c 
 edvrrap ye Xdftnre \_pe~\ /cal fir) i/c(f)vyco vfias. Tusc. 1, 103 si me 
 adsequi potueris aut sicubi nanctus eris. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 17 eireiBav 
 tov c\v0p(O7rLvov fiiov reXevrrjaco. Cato 79 cum a vobis discessero. 
 PI. Rep. 57 Id oi av he ye, olfiai, vyieivw rt? exg avrb? avrov /cat 
 
 o-(0(f)p6v(o<;, /cal efc tov vrrvov irj olaO' on, /ere. Div. 1, 61 at 
 
 qui salubri et moderato cultu atque victu quieti se tradiderit — 
 turn eveniet. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Subj. = 1. Ind. in principal clauses or when the syntactical 
 relations in the translation are different. 5 exx. PL Rep. 563b 
 orav Br) ol ecovrjfjievoi, /cal at ecovrjfjLevai, finBev r)rrov eXevOepoi a>cri 
 twv irpia^ievoiv. Rep. 1, 67 ex quo fit ut etiam servi se liberius 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 15 
 
 gerant. Ph. 700 o7roV' ? I^^ve? avreWcoaiv, dOpoov ifjicfrepercu. 
 Ph. 733 hanc autem properant totam depellere Pisces. This 
 translation is almost too free for consideration. Prog. 181-182 
 Kai B'av eVl ^npr^v or ipcoStbs ov Kara Koafiov ef aXos ep^vrai 
 (fxovfi ireplaWa XeXn/cay;. Prog. 184 Cana fulix itidem fugiens e 
 gurgite ponti nuntiat horribilis damans instare procellas, haud 
 modicos tremnlo fundens e gutture cantus. Ph. 345 or tjBtj 
 vavrai eTnarpe-tycDo-L KOpcovrjv. Ph. 375—376 Sicuti — obvertunt 
 navem — nautae. Ph. 424 [el Be zee] — \ai<f>ea iravra rapd^rj, 
 vavrlXKovrai. Ph. 443 perfringet — malos, ut res nulla — possit 
 mulcere procellas. 
 
 2. Participle. 3 exx. Horn. II. 19, 228 XPV T ° v V& /cara- 
 QamTeiv 09 Ke Odvyonv. Tusc. 3, 65 est aequum tumulis mandare 
 peremptos. PI. Legg. 956b ocrarep av ev p,ia ^a)<ypd(f>o<; rjfiepa eh 
 a7roTe\rj. Legg. 2, 45 ab uno pictore uno absolutae die. PL Rep. 
 562d orav — ttoXis — /catcwv olvo%6cov — Tvyrj. Rep. 1, 66 malisque 
 usus ille ministris. 
 
 3. Infinitive O. O. 1 ex. PI. Rep. 571c [6Vai/]— to Be 
 Onpi&Bes T€ Kai aypcov — aKipra re Kai — ^nrrj levai. Div. 1, 60 
 exsultare earn in somno immoderateque iactari. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE WITH "AN IN 0. 0. 
 
 Under this head belongs also, of course, the optative due to 
 sequence, representing the subj. with dv in 0. R. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Subj.= l. subj. due to O. O. 4 exx. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 19 
 ovBe tovto 7rco7roT€ eireiadnv, o>? 77 ^V)(r)y &»? /*«/ av ev Ovnra 
 aayfiaTL 77, £77, orav Be tovtov arrraWayy, reOvnicev. Cato 80, mihi 
 quidem persuaderi nunquam potuit animos, dum in corporibus 
 essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex eis, emori. See the 
 rest of the passage for further exx. 
 
 2. Subj. cum historical. 1 ex. PI. Tim. 42a elirev ore 
 
 oirore Btf adyfxaaiv e^vrevOelev i£ dvdyfer)?, fcal to /xev Trpoaiot, 
 
16 Moods and Tenses in Cice?'o's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 to S' clttloi. Tim. 12 Cum autem animos corporibus necessitate 
 insevisset, cumque ad corpora turn accessio fieret, turn abscessio, 
 etc. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Subj. {■= opt. due to seq.) = Indie, fut. perf. due (a) to rules 
 for antecedent action. Tim. 42d [e27re^ otl] — aXkdrrcov re ov 
 
 Trporepov 7rov(ov Xrj^oi irplv eh to t^? irpoaTT]^ icai 
 
 apio-rn^ afybcoiTO etSo? efeo)?. Tim. 12 neque terminum malo- 
 rum prius aspiciet quam illam sequi coeperit conversionem, etc. 
 
 (b) to iterative principles. Tim. 42b [elirev otl] a>v it fiev 
 
 fcpaTrjaeLav, iv hUrj /3lq)o-oivto. Tim. 12 quos qui ratione rexerit, 
 iuste vixerit. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE IN FINAL CLAUSES. 
 
 The optative due to historical sequence belongs here. There 
 are 17 coincidences. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Subj. (= opt. due to sequence) = 1. Subj. with cum historical. 
 1 ex. Tim. 42d Xva tt}? eireiTa Un Kaicias e/cdarcov avaiTios, 
 eenretpe. Tim. 13 cum — seseque — extra omnem culpam cau- 
 samque posuisset y — serebat. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Subj. = 1. Tndic. fut. 1 ex. Soph. Trach. 1067 Sfc— 4s 
 X eL P a T V V Te/covaav, g>? elBco crd^a. Tusc. 2, 20 hue adripe — 
 abstractam ; iam cernam. 
 
 2. Infin. 0. 0. 2 exx. Tim. 30b ^vvereKTalveTo, oVo)? ore 
 koXKlo-tov elv — apiarov re epyov cnreipyao-dfjLevos. Tim. 3 sic 
 ratus est opus illud effectum esse pulcherrimum. Tim. 41 e elirev 
 on — 60-olto — Terajfievr) — Xva jxrj rt? eXarTolro vir' avrov. Tim. 
 12 et ostendit primum ortum unum fore omnibus eumque modera- 
 tum atque constantem nee ab ullo imminutum. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 17 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Optative of wish or Command. 
 
 coincidences. 
 
 Here the optative is represented by the subj. in similar con- 
 structions. There are 4 exx. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Optative = Imperative. 1 ex. PL 287 /at) iceCvo* ivl fivvl 
 TrepucXv^oLo OaXdaarj. Ph. 296 hoc cave te in pontum studeas 
 committere mense. 
 
 Potential Optative, 
 coincidences. 
 Potential opt. = potential subj. in 2 exx. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Opt. = 1. Subj. in characteristic relative clauses. 3 exx. Tim. 
 31a %(pov, ov fiepos av etrvv weivoa. Tim. 4 rursus enim alius 
 animans qui eum contineat. Tim. 33a ov% v7roXeXet/jLfievcov ef wv 
 dXXo rotovrov yevotr av. Tim. 5 nulla parte unde alter gignere- 
 tur relicta. Eur. Or. 3 ov&e avfufiopa — 77? ovk av apQiT* a^Oo? — 
 fyvais. Tusc. 4, 63 nee — malum quod non natura humana 
 patiendo ecferat. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Opt. = 1. Pres. indie. 13 exx. Some of the exx. from the 
 Aratea are not so good ; but the prose translations show excel- 
 lent specimens. Ph. 573 tj/mo-v \xiv tcev vhoto fierrjopov. Ph. 599— 
 600 dimidiam retinet stellis distincta Corona. Ph. 579 ovo'' av 
 eV ' ApKTO(f>v\a^ eln iroXvs afM^orepcoOev fieiav rjfidrios. Ph. 606 
 2 
 
1 8 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 
 
 Iani vero Arctophylax non aequa parte seeatur, nam brevior 
 clara caeli de parte videtur. Ph. 612 a\X "TSpv — ovpr)<$ dv 
 BevocTO. Ph. 643 Hydraque — nondum tota patet, Dam caudam 
 contegit umbra. Ph. 460—461 ov/ceri — iyo) aptcio? ecrjv — eviGireiv. 
 Ph. 478 ego nunc nequeo — evolvere cursus. PI. Legg. 956a 
 Xpco/jLara Be \evKa irpeirovr dv Oeois etv. Legg. 2, 45 color autem 
 albus — decorus deo est. PI. Ap. 41a irl irocrm av -m Begair' av 
 vii&v ; Tusc. 1, 98 Quanti tandem aestiinatis? PI. Ap. 40d 
 davfidaiov /cepSos av eln 6 Odvaros. Tusc. 1, 97 quid lucri est 
 emori? PL Ap. 40e r£ fiel^ov dyaObv tovtov etrj av. Tusc. 1, 
 98 id multo iam beatius est. PI. Phaedrus 246a dyevvrov re /cal 
 aBdvarov ^v^r) av eli). Tusc. 1, 54 neque nata certe est et aeterna 
 est. Tim. 31a av — elvai — Seot — . Tim. 4 sit necesse est. Tim. 
 31b to) irepie'XpvTL toS' av cKJyco/noico/jbevov \eyoiro opBorepov. Tim. 
 4 necesse est — caelumque hoc simulacrum illius ultima sit. Tim. 
 
 28b dWo O TL 7TOT6 6vOfJLa£6fA€VO<; fJbd\L(TT dv Se^OLTO, TOvB' r)fxlv 
 
 wvo^daBco. Tim. 2 quo alio vocabulo gaudet, hoc a nobis nuncu- 
 patus sit. 
 
 Soph. frg. 964 Dind. row 8' av /jLeyiarovs /cal ao^cordrov^ 
 <j>pevl ToiovaB' I'Sot? av. Tusc. 3, 71 nee vero tanta praeditus 
 sapientia quisquam est. 
 
 2. Indie, future. 10 exx. Since the potential optative is 
 often a mild future [Am. Jour. Ph., 3, 444 ; Gildersleeve, Syntax, 
 p. 176] such a rendering is not to be wondered at. Ph. 248- 
 249 ap,^6repot 8e 7ro8e? ya/xSpov e7ucrnp>aivoi€v Ilepaeos. PI. 
 245e pedibus natum summo love Persea vises. Ph. 304 Hrjua 
 — 2/co/97rto? dvreWcov elrj Trv/JLarns irrri vvktos. Ph. 316—317 
 iam prope praecipitante licebit visere nocte ut sese — ostendat 
 Scorpios. Ph. 559—560 av icev a7r6/3\vTov $e8otcvp>ev(p rj/jLaro? 
 elrj fjLotpdcov cnceTrreaQai. Ph. 588 quod si Solis aves certos 
 cognoscere cursus, ortus signorum nocturno tempore vises. This 
 ex. is very doubtful. Ph. 288 ovre /cev r]ol 7r8\\r)v Treipr\veia<$. 
 Ph. 297 nam non longinquum spatium labere diurnum. Ph. 
 290 ovt' dv tol wktos — iyyvBev rjcos e\Boi. Ph. 299-300 
 umida non sese vestris Aurora querellis ocius ostendet. Ph. 
 
Hoods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 19 
 
 562—563 Ta? 8' av tee wepicr/ce^raio fiaXia-ra efc aura? opocov. 
 Ph. 568 or better, 594-595 quae simul exsistant cernes ; quae 
 tempore eodem praecipitent obitum, uocturno tempore nosces. 
 Ph. 451-452 ravrd tee dnrjaaio irapepxppLevcov iviavT<ov. Ph. 
 467 haec sunt quae — signa — cernes. Ph. 463-464 twv tee pLakiara 
 ttoOtj 6(f>€\6$ re yevotro p,erpa 7repLcr/co7reovTi. Ph. 484 e quibus 
 annorum, volitantia lumina nosces. Horn. II. 9, 363 r\\iaTi k€ 
 TptTOLTcp (j)0L7]v ip{/3co\ov IfcoifjLvv. Div. 2, 63 tertia te Phthiae 
 tempestas laeta locabit. PI. Phaedrus 279a ware ovSev av yevoiro 
 OavpLacrTov. Or. 41 ut minime mirum futurum sit. The point 
 here is the futurum, not the sit ; hence the ex. has been put under 
 this category. The simple subj. sit alone would have to bear the 
 weight of both the consecutive construction and the potential force 
 of the original optative ; hence the periphrastic future is used to 
 carry the potential. 
 
 3. Posse and infinitive. [See Am. Jour. Ph. 19, 231.] 8 exx. 
 PI. Ap. 41a apa dav\n* av ein r/ airohnpLia. Tusc. 1, 98 haec 
 peregrinatio mediocris vobis videri potest. Tim. 31a ovk av ttot' 
 eXn. Tim. 4 non potest esse. Tim. 30c ovSev av yevoiTo ica\6v. 
 Tim. 4 pulchrum esse nihil potest Tim. 31b ovBev av irore 
 oparbv yevocro. Tim. 4 nihil — aspici ac videri potest. Ph. 456— 
 457 ovk av eV efc aWov? opocov iirireKfiripaLO tceivcov. Ph. 471— 
 472 simili ratione notari non possunt. Ph. 542 efa/a? av rocran 
 puv viretchpapLoi. Ph. 561 sex tantae poterunt sub eum succedere 
 partes. Ph. 529—531 ov icev — avrjp KoWrjcraiTo — rpo^aketa. 
 Ph. 548-550 ut nemo — tornare — possiet orbis. Horn. II. 19, 
 227 Trore /cev Tt? avairvevcreie. Tusc. 3, 65 cernimus cadentis 
 — ut nemo possit — vacare. 
 
 4. Gerund. 1 ex. Tim. 38e av varepov t?)? a%ia$ rv^pi 
 Stwyrio-ecQs. Tim. 9 in sermonem alium differendum est. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Opt. = Ind. 1 ex. Ph. 607-608 ov8' av iirepxo^evoi %?;\ai 
 /cat Xe7TTa ^xtovaac aSpacroi irapioiev. Ph. 689 at eum procedunt 
 obscuro corpore Chelae. 
 
20 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 OPTATIVE WITH Efc [iDEAL CONDITION]. 
 
 This category embraces also those temporal constructions allied 
 to the opt. with el; e. g., PL Ap. 41b oirore evTvyoi^i. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Here the opt. should equal the primary tenses of the subj. 
 There are 4 exx., counting one in which the tense is influenced 
 by sequence. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Opt. === 1. Hist, tenses of subj. 2 exx. PL Phaedrus 245d 
 el yap eic tov apyr) yiyvoiro, avK av e'f a/0%?}? yiyvoiTO. Tusc. 1, 
 54 nee enim esset id principium, quod gigneretur aliunde. PL Ap. 
 41b €7rel efioiye real avra> OavfiaaTr) av ein r) Bear pi fir) avroOi, 
 oiroTe ivTv^oifii HaXafirjBeL, /ere. Tusc. 1, 98 quanta delectatione 
 autem adficerer, cum Palamedem — eonvenirem. 
 
 2. Indie, future. 5 exx. Ph. 431—432 sqq. el Be icev eaireplr)^ 
 
 fxev aXo? Kevravpov airein (bfios oaov Trporepns, /ere 6v are 
 
 fiaXa XPV Trepio-Koireeiv. Ph. 447 sqq. sin umeros medio in caelo 
 
 Centaurus habebit , vis est metuenda. Ph. 563-564 arap 
 
 el vecj)eeo-(TL p,e\aivai yivotvr, /ere. Ph. 591 sin — aut adiment 
 lucem caesa caligine nubes, etc. Both passages contain more 
 than one ex. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 23 of these. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Imperative === 1. Subj. imp v. 2d person, with a definite subject. 
 1 ex. Tim. 41d BtBovres avgdvere tcai — BexeaOe. Tim. 11 quos et 
 vivos alatis et consumptos sinu recipiatis. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 21 
 
 2. Subj. impv. 3d person. 7 exx. PL Legg. 958e fir/re — 
 arepeirco. Legg. 1, 67 ne — minuat. Tim. 28b d)vofida0co. Tim. 
 2 nuncupatus sit. Tim. 40d e%eVa> reXos. Tim. 10 habeant hunc 
 terminum. Tim. 40e e^eVo) /cat Xeyeadco. Tim. 40e habeatur et 
 dicatur. Diog. Laert. 9, 2 rjfjLecov fivBeU ovrjicrTos earco. Tusc. 
 5, 105 nemo de nobis unus excellat. Diog. Laert. 10, 8 fiept%- 
 eadcoaav. Fin. 2, 101 sanciat — ut dent Similarly Plut. Disc. 
 Ad. e. 4 ipperco <J)l\os. Pro Deiot. 25 pereant amici. 
 
 3. Indie, with quin. 1 ex. Horn. Od. 12, 185 vr\a icarac-Tvo-ov. 
 Fin. 5, 49 quin puppim flectis ! 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATIONS. 
 
 Imperative = 1. Indie. 5 exx. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 21 ivvorjaare. 
 Cato 80 videtis. Tim. 46e tcl ixev — gv/JL/JLercuTia — elprjcrdco. Tim. 
 14 ac de — causis, satis ferme esse dictum puto. Tim. 41d vfiels — 
 aTrepyd&ade £a>a /cat yevvdre. Tim. 11 attexitote — ita orientur 
 animantes. Ph. 246 'AvSpofji&ws Se tol &fio<; apto-repos T^^uo? 
 €<tt(o arj/jba ftopeiorepov. Ph. 252—253 Andromedae laevo ex 
 humero — adpositum poteris — cognoscere Piscem. Prog. 177-178 
 ^rj/xa Se roc ave/xoio /cal olBaivovaa OdXaaaa yiveorOa). Prog. 
 177—178 atque etiam ventos praemonstrat saepe futuros inflatum 
 mare. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 INFIN. AS SUBSTANTIVE IN CASE-RELATIONS. 
 
 I. As subject or predicate. 
 
 Under this head is classed the infinitive with nouns or adjec- 
 tives ; including also the articular infinitive, and excluding the 
 epexegetical infinitive. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 13 of these. The substantives and adjectives used as 
 subjects or as predicates to the infinitives are avdytcrj, avayfeaiov, 
 
22 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 ie necesse ; ai<rxP° v > — turpe ; kclXov, = ntilius ; aSvvarov, = 
 nefas ; epyov, = difficile ; QifUR, = fas. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 The infinitives are 3 in number, and are objects of posse. Tim. 
 28c aydyicnv elvai yeveaOat. Tim. 2 gigni posse. Tim. 28a 
 aSvvarov %t»/ot? aniov yivecnv cr^eiv. Tim. 2 nullius rei causa 
 remota reperiri origo potest. Similarly Tim. 39d, Tim. 9. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = 1. Supine. 4 exx. This is a perfectly regular con- 
 struction, hence only the references need be given. Tim. 29a, 
 Tim. 2; ibid. 31a, 4; 40a, 10; 40d, 11. 
 
 2. Subj. after necesse. 2 exx. Tim. 28b icakbv ef avdyfcrjs 
 avTay; aTroTeXelaOat irav. Tim. 2 praeclarum opus efficiat necesse 
 est. PI. Phaedrus 245e tovto Be ovr aTroXkvadai ovre yiyveaBai 
 hvvcLTOv, 7} irdvTa re ovpavbv iracrav re yiveciv avixirea-ovcrav 
 a-TYjvcu icai /jajwore clvOls €X eLV o6ev. Tusc. 1, 54 id autem nee 
 nasci potest nee mori, vel concidat omne caelum omnisque natura 
 consistat necesse est. 
 
 3. Imperative subjunctive. 1 ex. Eur. Phoen. 525 ivaefieiv 
 %pecov. Off. 3, 82 pietatem colas. 
 
 4. Subjunctive, ideal condition. 1 ex. Tim. 40d to Xeyeuv 
 ixdraio^ av elw 7rouo?. Tim. 10 si verbis explicare conemur. 
 
 5. Gerundive. 4 exx. The use of this form depends of course 
 on the particular adjective or substantive employed with the 
 
 infinitive. Tim. 33d ovre Xafieiv ovre afivvaaOat %/?eta tis 
 
 rjv. Tim. 6 nee capiendum quicquam erat nee repellendum. Diog. 
 Laert. 9, 2 ai~iov airoOavelv. Tusc. 5, 105 esse multandos morte. 
 Soph. Phrix. frg. 818 Dind. et/eo? afya&aC.uv. Tusc. 3, 67 esset 
 dolendi causa. Eur. Phoen. 525 koXKlo-tov ahiicelv. Off. 3, 82 
 violandum est. 
 
 II. Infinitive as object after verbs of creation. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 23 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 29 of these. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = 1. Subj. in consecutive clauses. 6 exx. Tim. 31a 
 av erepov elvat to irepl i/ceLvco Seoc %wov. Tim. 4 alius animans 
 — sit necesse est. Tim. 41e Seot — cj>vvcu. Tim. 12 fore ut — 
 oriretur. Tim. 32a iravff outg)? — ravra elvat ^vfAfirjaeTai. Tim. 
 5 ita necessitas cogit ut eaclem sint ea. Tim. 42a Trapehooice — 
 o-ayfiara TrXdrreiv. Tim. 3 permisit ut corpora — -fingerent. See 
 the same passage for other exx. 
 
 2. Gerundive 7 exx. All are of infinitives after hel and XPV' 
 Only the references need be given. PI. Rep. 328e Serjcrei tto- 
 pevecrOai. Cato 6 ingrediundum sit. Similarly Ar. Ph. 1, 2, 5, 
 De or. 2, 116-117; Tim. 28b, Tim. 2; ibid., 30b, 3; 38e, 9; 
 Eur. Phoen. 524, Off. 3, 82 ; Ph. 434, Ph. 450. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 This one ex. is unique. Tim. 41c iOeXovrcov eireaOai. Tim. 
 11 volentes pareant. 
 
 IIT. Epexegeticae Infinitive. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 The solitary ex. may be noted. PI. Ap. 42a &pa anrievai. 
 Tusc. 1, 99 tempus est — abire. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There is but one ex., which appears in the Latin as an object 
 
 infin. PL 460-461 ov/ceri ap/ccos einv — hiaireiv. Ph. 478 
 
 nequeo — evolvere. 
 
24 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = Gerundive. 1 ex. Eur. Or. 1, Seivov a>S' kireiv eVo?. 
 Tusc. 4, 63 terribilis fando oratio. 
 
 2. Subj. characteristic. 1 ex. PI. Legg. 958e 6a a oY%eo-0at. 
 Legg. 2, 68 quam quod capiat. 
 
 IV. Articular infinitive with prepositions and in oblique cases. 
 
 Gen. with avev = 1. Subj. in protasis of logical condition, 
 due to 0. 0. 1 ex. Diog. Laert. 10, 140 ov/c eariv r}oe(o<; %r)v 
 avev rov (fypovificos /cat /caXw? /cal olkcllcds. Fin. 1, 57 nisi sapien- 
 ter, honeste, iucunde vivatur [non posse vivi.] 
 
 Gen. with V7rep.= 1. Subj. in final clause. 1 ex. Diog. 
 Laert. 10, 148 virep rod fivSev alwviov elvcu hecvov fivoe iroXv- 
 XpovLov. Fin. 1, 68 ne quod aut sempiternum aut diuturnum 
 timer et malum. 
 
 Dat. of cause. = 1. Ind. in causal clause. 1 ex. Tim. 39e 
 tQ) — firjiroo — wepieCknfyevai. Tim. 10 quia nondum — intus inclu- 
 serat. 
 
 Ace. with hud. = 1. Ind. in causal clause. 1 ex. PI. Menex. 
 248a 8ia to TreiroiQevai. Tusc. 5, 36 quod — in se — spem reponet. 
 
 2. Participle 1 ex. Tim. 39b Sia — to — irpoievai. Tim. 7 
 quia procedentia efficiebant ut, etc. 
 
 Ace. with 7r/3o'? = 1. Subj. indirect question. 1 ex. Tim. 
 46e 7r/3o? to axelv — elprjaOco. Tim. 14 ut haberent — satis ferme 
 esse dictum puto. 
 
 INFINITIVE NOT USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 
 
 I. Infinitive as Imperative. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Infin. = 1. Object infin. after verbs of commanding. 4 exx. 
 PL Legg. 958e %c5yna oe fir) yovv. Legg. 2, 68 exstrui — vetat 
 sepulchrum. See for other exx. the same passages. Add also 
 Hes. op. 349 ev & cnrooovvai. Brut. 16, reddere iubet. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 25 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = 1. Imperative. 1 ex. Hdt. 7, 228 a> %elv, 
 ayyeWeiv. Tusc. 1, 101 die, hospes. 
 
 2. Subj. impv. 2 exx. Pi. Legg. 956a fid/AfiaTa Be firj 
 irpoafyepeiv. Legg. 2, 45 tincta vero absint. Cf. also PI. Legg. 
 958e ravra i/cirXvpovv. Legg. 2, 68 ea potissimum ut compleatur. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Infin. = Indie. 1 ex. PI. 167, 168 ravpov fiaieaOai. Ph. 
 173 est — conixus — Taurus. 
 
 II. Infinitive with irpiv. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = Subj. perf. with quin. 1 ex. Horn. Od. 12, 187 ov 
 — Tt? — iraprfkaae — irpiv — oV aicovcrai. Fin. 5, 49 nemo est — 
 transvectus — quin astiterit vocum dulcedine captus. 
 
 III. Infin. in Consecutive Clauses. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. = Subj. consecutive. 2 exx. PI. Rep. 563d wore — 
 ayava/creiv ical p,r) avexecrOai. Rep. 1, 67 ut — irascantur et per- 
 ferre nequeant. Tim. 32c coare — oXvrov — yeveaOai. Tim. 5 
 cohaeret ut dissolvi nullo modo queat. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Infin. sas 1. Indie, in "ita" — clause. 2 exx. Ar. PI. 1, 2, 
 5 Sp. ware Belv. De. Or. 2, 116—117 ita cogitandum est. Tim. 
 43b axne — /aveicrdai. Tim. 13 ita — movebatur. 
 
 IV. Infin. of Purpose. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Infin. =s 1. Subj. final or consecutive. 2 exx. Horn. II. 9, 
 
26 Moods and Tenses in Cieero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 442 €7rejJL7re — ScBao-fcefjievcu rdSe iravra. De. Or. 3, 57 comitem 
 esse datum ut ille efficeret. Tim. 40a vei^a? — nreiroiKCK^evov elvai. 
 Tim. 10 distribuit — ut hunc varietate — distinctum — Graeci 
 Koa-fiov — nominarent. 
 
 V. Infinitive 0. 0. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 28 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Here the 0. 0. of the Greek appears in Latin as O. R. ; 
 
 Infin. =s= Indie. 5 exx. Die-g. Laert. 7, 107 /ca6f}/c6v fyacri 
 emu. Fin. 3, 58 Est autem officium. Arist. Pol. 5, 11 epyov 
 elvaC fyaaiv. Off. 1, 70 cuius proprium est. Ph. 645-646 (fraai 
 — <f>evyeiv. PL 687 fugiens commendat corpora terris. PI. Ap. 
 40e , xp6vo<; fyaivejai — eivai. Tusc. 1, 97 cui si similis futura 
 est perpetuitas — temporis. PL Phaedrus 279a Sofcei — rjOet 
 yevviKcorepa) Ke/epaa0ac. Or. 41 praeterea ad virtutem maior 
 indoles. 
 
 Infin. with av as representative of indie, with av, O. R., 
 
 DIVERGENCE DUE TO O. R. OF LATIN 
 
 Infin. = subj. 1 ex. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 18 ras re/Mas Sca/ueveiv 
 en av Sofceire. Cato 80 nee vero — post mortem honores per- 
 manerent. 
 
 THE PAETIOIPLE. 
 
 The Ordinary Participle. 
 
 By this is meant the participle when used in the ordinary way, 
 that is, attributively or circumstantially, and as distinguished 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Gi'eeh. 27 
 
 from the participle used to denote purpose, or as a predicate, or 
 in O. O. Separate categories have been made for such special 
 usages. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 1 54 of these. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 The participle, on account of its nature as a modifier, may be 
 in many cases represented by a subordinate clause of some sort. 
 In view of the paucity of participial forms in the Latin, such 
 renderings must be used very frequently in translation. Natu- 
 rally, we should be interested to see what kind of a subordinate 
 clause represents the participle ; whether relative, causal, tem- 
 poral, or what not. Hence the idiomatic divergences for the 
 Greek participle will be classed under the rubrics of the different 
 kinds of subordinate clause. 
 
 1. Simple relative clause in indie, or subj., due to attraction or 
 to O. O. There are 69 exx. ; too many to be given in full. PI. 
 Phaedrus 245d cipyr] to avrb avrb klvovv % Tusc. 1, 54 princi- 
 pium ex eo sit, quod ipsum a se movetur. PI. Menex. 248a ra 
 7T/30? ev&cufiovlav <f>epovra. Tusc. 5, 36 quae ad beate vivendum 
 ferunt. Prog. 160 (frdrvwv, rj fiev t' 0X1777 el/cvla a^Xvt. Prog. 
 160 tenui quae candet lumine Phatne. PL Menex. 246e iraaa 
 eTTKTTrjixn %(opi£o/ji,ev7} hiicaiocrvvns. Off. 1, 63 scientia, quae est 
 remota ab iustitia. PI. Tim. 33b 81b teal acfxupoeiSes , etc p,ecrov 
 irdvTrj 7roo? ras reXevras icrov awexov, /cv/cXorepes avrb iropvevaaro. 
 
 Tim. 6 et globosum est fabricatus cuius omnis extremitas 
 
 paribus a medio radiis, attingitur. Tim. 33d rjyrjcraTo yap avrb 6 
 %vvdei<;. Tim. 6 sic enim ratus est ille qui ista iunxit et condidit. 
 PI. Ap. 40e ol redve&res. Tusc. 1, 98 qui e vita excesserunt. 
 
 Of exx. with the subj. may be noted Diog. Laert. 10, 18 eh 
 ttjv — avvohov — roiv (Tv/jL(f)LXoao(j>ovvT(ov. Fin. 2, 101 dent ad 
 eorum epulas, qui una secum philosophati sint. Diog. Laert. 10, 
 139 o Odvaros ovSev 7roo? tjp&5 ' to yap BiaXvdh avaiadnrei, to 
 
28 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 8' avaicrdvTovv ovBev 7r/oo? ^Jua?. Fin. 2, 100 mortem nihil ad 
 nos pertinere ; quod enim dissolutum sit y id esse sine sensu ; quod 
 enim sine sensu sit, id nihil ad nos pertinere omnino. Com. Gr. 
 2, 45 8, 6, [Meineke] tols atcpoco/jLevoi,?. Brut. 38 relinqueret in 
 animis eorum a quibus esset auditus. Xen. Oec. 4, 21 rod 
 KaraixeTpriaavTos o~oi /cal StaTagavTOS. Cato 59 dixisse mirari — 
 sollertiam eius a quo essent ilia dimensa atque discripta. Eur. frg. 
 452, Dind. tov — ireirav^evov. Tusc. 1, 115 At qui labores — 
 finisset — hunc exsequi. Similarly Tim. 37b, Tim. 8 ; ibid, 39b, 
 9 ; 46d, 14 ; PL Phaedrus 246a, Tusc. 1, 54 ; Diog. Laert. 7, 
 125, De Or. 1, 83; these, together with the passages quoted 
 above, are all the exx. I have of the subjunctive in this cate- 
 gory, — 10 in number. The remaining exx. are indicatives, of 
 which a few have been given above. 
 
 2. Characteristic relative clause, subjunctive of design or 
 tendency. 15 exx. This is the natural translation of the parti- 
 ciple, and it is surprising that it is not used oftener as compared 
 with the simple relative. See Gildersleeve, Lat. Gram. 438n. 
 
 Tim. 27d rt to ov aeL Tim. 2 quod est quod semper sit. See 
 the same passage for further exx. Tim. 40b ttjv Se ek to 
 irpoaOev virb Trjs — Trepufropas /cpaTovfievq). Tim. 10 alterum, 
 quod in anticam partem a conversione eiusdem et similis pellere- 
 tur. See the same passage for another ex. Tim. 34a klvvctiv yap 
 a7rev€Lfiev, — ttjv — fidkiaTa ovaav. Tim. 6 motum — dedit, — qui 
 cieret — maxime. Tim. 30d %q>ov ev opaTov, irdvTa — £q>a ez/T09 
 e%ov eavTov. Tim. 4 animal unum aspectabile, in quo omnia 
 animalia continerentur, effecit. Tim. 34b clvtov avTa> hvvdfxevov 
 avyjiyvea-daL /cal ovSevos eTepov irpoaheofxevov. Tim. 6 caeloque 
 — complexus est, quod secum ipsum propter virtutem facile esse 
 posset nee desideraret alterum, Tim. 42e ocrov eV tjv ^u^t)? 
 avdpcoTrivns §eov TrpocryevecrOac. Tim. 13 quamtumque esset 
 reliquum ex humano animo, quod deberet accedere. Tim. 33b Tea 
 — £a>a irepiex^v fieWovTi £g)g>. Tim. 6 a quo — contineri vellet 
 animantes, hunc ea forma figuravit. PL Legg. 958e /jltj %ovv — 
 epyov — ev Tzev& > rjfJLepa^ airoTe\6v\xevov. Legg. 2, 68 exstrui 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 29 
 
 vetat sepulcrum altius quam quod quinque homines quinque diebus 
 absolverint. Similarly, PI. Phaedrus 245e, Tusc. 1, 54 ; Tim. 
 34a, Tim. 6 ; Eur. Thes. frg. 39e, Dind., Tusc. 3, 29. 
 
 3. Protasis of a condition. 
 
 (a) Logical, with fut. ind. 3 exx. PI. 559 av icev cnrofiXnTov 
 SeSo/cwjAevQ) — ein. PI. 587 quod si aves certos cognoscere cursus. 
 Tim. 42c p,r) iravopievos — neraftoXol. Tim. 12 et si ne turn qui- 
 dem finem — -faciei, — iactabitur. Tim. 29b ware — a7roSe%o/xe^ou5 
 irpiirei. Tim. 2 ut si probabilia dicentur, ne quid ultra requi- 
 ratis. 
 
 (b) Ideal, perf. or pres. subj. 1 ex. Tim. 41c ravra 
 yevofjbeva zeal fiiov /JLeraa^ovra — lad^oir' av. Tim. 11 quae — 
 effecta si sint, possint aequare. 
 
 (c) Unreal condition, subj. historical tenses. 3 exx. PI. Rep. 
 330a avT09 Se/3t^)iO? o>v ovofxaaro^ iye'vero av. Cato 8 — non 
 hercule, inquit, si ego Seriphius essem. See the same passage for 
 another ex. Tim. 47a ovSeU av irore ippr]6n fMrjre darpa pLrjre 
 vXlov fjiTfre ovpavbv ISovrcov. Tim. 14 haec oratio haud unquam 
 esset inventa, si neque sidera neque sol neque caelum sub oculo- 
 rum aspectum cadere potuissent. 
 
 4. Temporal clause. 31 exx. 
 
 (a) With indie, [subj. O. O. or attraction] 19 exx. Tim. 46d 
 o&ai Se t/7r ? dXXcov fiev /avov/jbevcov. Tim. 14 quae — movent alias 
 cum ipsae ab aliis moventur. Tim. 46c 'xprrrai — diroTeXcov. Tim. 
 14 utitur cum efficit. Tim 39a tyaivero /caraXapL^dvovra 
 /caTaXafjifidvecrdai. Tim. 9 cum superabant, superari videbantur. 
 Tim. 28c ko\ evpovra et? irdvra^ dSvvarov Xeyetv. Tim. 2 et cum 
 iam inveneris, iudicare in volgus nefas. Ph. 346 eiriGrpe^wai — 
 opfjuov iaepxpfievoi. Ph. 375 obvertunt — cum coeptant tutos 
 contingere portus. Ph. 673 hvipyovTai — to^ottj dvre'XXovri. 
 Ph. 712—713 Sagittipotens superas cum visere luces institit 
 emergit Nixi caput. Ph. 332 ov/cert — dp? r)eXi<p dvtovra — 
 yjrevSovraL. Ph. 355 ubi se — cum sole extulit, hand potitur, 
 etc. Hdt. 7, 228 /ceipeOa 7T€i66/jl€vol. Tusc. 1, 101 iacentis 
 
30 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 dum — obsequimur. Diog. Laert. 10, 142 avroU iravrayoQev 
 el(T7r\7]poviJLevoLS — /cal — exovaiv. Fin. 2, 21 cum undique com- 
 plerentur — nee haberent. Xen. Oec. 4, 21 ravra OavfjLcL&v elirev. 
 Gato 59 cum admiraretur turn eum dixisse. PI. Eep. 571c 
 irX-qcrdev, aKipra. Div. 1, 60 cum sit — extumefacta — exsultare. 
 Eur. frg. 452 Dind. top cfyvvra dprjvelv. Tusc. 1, 115 lugere, ubi 
 esset aliquis iu lucem editus. Similarly PI. Al. 1, 131a, Tusc. 1, 
 52; PL Rep. 562d, Rep. 1, 66; PI. Ap. 41a, Tusc. 1, 98; PL 
 Phaedms 245c, Tusc. 1, 53 ; Phaedrus 279a, Or. 41 ; Xen. Cyr. 
 8, 7, 20, Cato 80 ; Sext. Emp. adv. Math. 2, 7 Or. 113 [2 exx.] 
 Ph. 459, Ph. 477; ibid., 590, 616 ; 607, 639; 645, 686; 693, 
 725; Prog. 132, Prog. 132; ibid., 178, 179; 180, 181; also 
 Tim. 46b, Tim. 14. 
 
 (6) With subj. 12 exx. ; of which 11 are with cum historical, 
 the remaining one with dum = " until." On cum with the subj. 
 representing the participle, see Am. Jour. Ph. 9, 155. Diog. 
 Laert. 10, 22 rrjv fiaicapiav ayovres — iypafo/uiev. Fin. 2, 96 cum 
 ageremus — scribebamus. PL Rep. 329b-c. ipcorcofxevo) viro twos. 
 Cato 47 cum ex eo — quidam quaereret. Tim. 36b ^vveirX^povro, 
 \ei7r(ov — fjbopiov. Tim. 7 explebat, cum particulam — relinqueret. 
 Ibid. 30a Xoyiadfjievos ovv evpeateev, 3 cum rationem igitur habuis- 
 set, reperiebat ; 35a Xaftcov — arvve/cepdo-aro, 7 cum — sumpsisset — 
 temperavit ; 35b ttoltjo afxevos — hieveifiev, 7 cum — effecisset, — 
 partitus est ; 36d a^taa^ — 7rpoaera^ev, 7 cum — divisisset — iussit ; 
 42d SiaOea/jLoOeTijo-as — eaTreipe, 13 cum — designasset — serebat ; 
 42e vorj<ravT€$ — eireiOovTo, 13 cum — cognovissent — sequebantur, 
 and in the same passages Xa/3oWe? — gvve/coXXcov, cum — accepissent, 
 copulabant ; 30a /3ovXr)0ek — tfyayev, 3 cum — constituisset — as- 
 sumpsit. Ph. 621 HfcopTrlov avreXXovra fiepec. Ph. 653 tenetur 
 dum Nepa et Arcitenens invisant lumina caeli. 
 
 5. Causal clause with 
 
 (a) Indie. 4 exx. Tim. 29d ayairav xprj, fie/jLvrjfjLevov &>?. 
 Tim. 3 contentique esse debemus — ; aequum est enim meminisse. 
 Ibid. 30a rjyayev — rjyrjo-d/jLevos, 3 adduxit ; hoc enim iudicabat. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 31 
 
 PI. Phaedrus 245c are ov/c airoXelirov eavro. Tusc. 1, 53 qtlj^v,, 
 nunquam deseritur a se. PI. Ap. 41 e /caTrjyopovv a\\' olopLevot 
 ^Xdirreiv. Tusc. 1, 99 nisi quod mihi nocere se crediderunt. 
 
 (b) Subj. with cum 5 exx. Tim. 40a tg> Be ttclvtI irpoaeacd^wv 
 ev/ev/cXov eirolei. Tim. 10 cumque cum similem universi naturae 
 efficere vellet, — rotundavit. Ibid. 30d fiovXwOhs — gvve'aTwcre, 4 
 cum — efficere vellet, efficit ; 32a tclvtcl Be yevo^ieva aXXrjXoft ev 
 irdvra earrai, 5 eadem autem cum facta sint, efficitur ut ; 42a, 
 SnrXrjs Be 6W?7? rf)<; avOpwrrivn? <j>vcrecos to Kpelrrov tolovtov eirj 
 <yevos, 12, sed cum duplex esset natura generis humani. PI. 
 Phaedrus 245e aOavdrov ire^aa fievov rod vft eavrov /avovfievov. 
 Tusc. 1, 54 cum pateat igitur alternum esse. 
 
 6. Adversative clause, indie. 1 ex. Tim. 40e aBvvarov — 
 ircualv aTTtcrrelv, Kaiirep dvev re el/corcov /cal avay/caicov airoBel^ewv 
 Xeyov<TLv. Tim. 11 difficile factu est — quamquam nee argumeutis 
 nee rationibus certis — ratio confirmatur. 
 
 7. Object infinitive. 2 exx. PI. Phaedrus 245c ov irore 
 Xrjyei /avovfievov. Tusc. 1, 53 nunquam ne moveri quidem 
 desinit. Ph. 58 vevovri Be irdpmov eoi/cev. Ph. 61 obtutum — 
 figere dicas. 
 
 8. As a coordinate verb. In this case the participle is repre- 
 sented by a verb in the same mood and teuse as its accompanying 
 verb. There are 32 exx. Tim. 37a Xeyei /avovfievr). Tim. 8 
 movetur disceruitque. Ibid. 40a riOrjcri — veifias ; 10 effecit cir- 
 cumque distribuit. 30a TrapaXaficov — rjyayev ; 3, assumjmt, — 
 idque adduxit. 33d rjyrjo~aTO jap avrb — dvrap/ce; 6v dfieivov 
 eaecrOai', 6 ratus est ipsum se contentum esse mundum nee egere 
 altero. Similarly Tim. 32a, Tim. 5 [2 exx.] ; ibid. 32b, 5 [2 
 exx.] ; 32d, 5 ; 34a, 6 ; 35b, 7 ; 36b, 7 ; 36e, 8 ; 37a, 8 : 40b, 
 10; 41c, 11; 41d, 11; 41e, 12; 42d, 12; 42e, 13 [2 exx.]; 
 43a, 13; 46c, 14; 47a, 14; Ph. 258, Ph. 264; ibid. 83, 91; 
 Eur. frg. 392 Dind., Tusc. 3, 29 ; Eur. frg. 757 Dind., Tusc. 3, 
 59; Soph. Trach. 1076; Tusc. 2, 21; Horn. II. 9, 229, Tusc. 
 3, 65. 
 
32 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 9. As an independent verb, sometimes with the main verb of 
 the Greek a subordinate in translation. 18 exx. Ph. 41 iroWr) 
 (jxuvo/juevw 'JLXl/ct). Ph. 42 late videtur. Tim. 35b Stevec/jLev 
 eKaarnv — fiefMy/JLevwv. Tim. 7 partitus est. iam — temper avit. 
 Ibid. Oeiov Xeyo/xevov — 7rapa8coaco y 11 divini generis appellen- 
 tur ; quorum vobis initium satusque tradetur a me. Participle 
 and verb are sometimes reversed in translation j e. g., the next 
 two exx. Ph. 597 ftdXXei, — UapOevos avreXXovaa. Ph. 626 
 depellens — exoritur Virgo. Soph. Trach. 1061 KaOaipwv iko/jlwv. 
 Tusc. 2, 20 peragrans — ecferitatem expuli. Diog. Laert. 9, 2 
 igeftaXov Xeyovres. Tusc. 5, 105 quod, cum — expel lerent, locuti 
 sint. Other exx. are Tim. 28a, Tim. 2 ; ibid. 32c, 5 [2 exx.] ; 
 36b, 7; 38d, 9; 40d, 11; Ph. 235, Ph. 241; Sext. Emp. 9, 
 123, Nat. De. 1, 116 ; Diog. Laert. 7, 107, Fin. 3, 58. 
 
 10. The participle and the finite verb are often fused in trans- 
 lation into one verb. There are 34 exx. It will be sufficient to 
 give the classes of verbs which suffer this change, without giving 
 all the exx. 
 
 (a) Verbs connected in meaning, e. g. Tim. 30b rovSe vovv pev 
 ev ^vxVy ,y i rv xh v ^ * v cm/acit' ^vvkjtcl^ to irav ^vvereKTaCvero. 
 Tim. 3 quocirca intelligentiam in animo, animum inclusit in 
 corpore. Horn. II. 9, 236 fyaivasv ao-Tpdwrei. Div. 2, 82 Pros- 
 pera Iuppiter his dextris fulguribus edit The words dextris 
 fulguribus help out the sense, so this passage is not so cogent. 
 Ph. 271 /cal 8 y edero — ovpavov elaayaycov. Ph. 278 dicitur — in 
 alto sede locasse. Ibid. 85 eiriOXi^ei — fiefiw/cdK, 90 urguet. 
 Tim. 30c irepCXafibv e%e*. Tim. 4 particula est. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 
 20 Karat^ov/jLevoc iroLelre a iyco Seo/Jiai. Cato 81 sic me colitote. 
 
 (b) Verbs of motion, either as participle or as finite verb. Ph. 
 395 ieiSo/jLevoi, ^opeovrac. Ph. 419 late lumina fulgent. Tim. 
 42b efc tt)v — iropevdeU ot/crjcriv, — efot. Tim. 12 ad ilium astrum 
 — revertetur. 
 
 (c) The finite verb is a verb of perception. This is antici- 
 pating one of the categories of the participle, but it affords a 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 33 
 
 means of disposing of a few cases in advance. PI. Ap. 40c 
 /jLerafioXr) — rvy^avu ova a. Tusc. 1, 97 migretur. PI. Menex. 
 248a xaipcov ovre Xvirovpievos — <f>avr}<reTai. Tusc. 5, 36 neque 
 laetabitur — nee maerebit. 
 
 (d) 2 exx. with yeyovev, both in the same passage, Tim. 33c, 
 Tim. 6. 
 
 DIVERGENCES DUE TO TRANSLATION. 
 
 Participle = 1. Consecutive clause, subj. 6 exx. Tim. 29c. 
 6fjLo\oyovfJLevovs \6yovs /cat a7rr)fcpi/3(0fievov<; cnrohovvai. Tim. 3 
 consequemur ut tota — oratio sibi constet. This ex. might perhaps 
 be put under the preceding category, since the participles and 
 airoSovvat, seem to fuse in translation. Tim. 43b ara/CTO)? 
 irpoievai — t<z9 ef — Kivrja-evs e%ov. Tim. 13 movebatur ut sex 
 motibus veheretur. Ibid. 32d crvveo-Trjcrev — v7ro\a/3(bv, Tim. 5 
 conlocatae sunt — ut excederet. 36c KareKafiyjrep — fwotyra?, 7 in- 
 torsit ut — iungerentur. Diog. Laert. 10, 22 Traprj/coXovd^Kec 
 — irdOr) — v7T€p/3o\r)v ov/c anroXeliTOVTa tov — /jbeyeOovs. Fin. 2, 
 96 aderant — ut nihil — posset accedere. 
 
 2. Final clause 2 exx. Diog. Laert. 10, 18 avvoSov — els ty)v 
 — IxvriiLrjv (caTaT€Tay/jLevwv. Fin. 2, 101 dent ad epulas, — ut 
 memoria colatur ; Ph. 267, 275. 
 
 Future Participle of Purpose. 
 
 indirect coincidence. 
 
 Here the future ptc. = a present ptc, so that the coincidence 
 does not extend to the tense. 1 ex. Tim. 34c o>? Beawonv /cal 
 dp^ovaav ap^ofjuevov goveo-rrfaaro. Tim. 7 eumque ut dominum 
 atque imperantem oboedienti praefecit corpori. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Participle = 1. Final clause 1 ex. PI. Ap. 42a cbpa ainevacy 
 ifiol fiev a7ro0avov/JL6va), vplv Be /3l<o<to/jl€voi$ Tusc. 1 99 tempus 
 est — abire, me, ut moriar, vos ut vitam agatis. 
 3 
 
34 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 2. Relative clause of design. 1 ex. Tim. 43a Bave^ofiepot 
 fiopia o>9 a7ro8odr)<r6/jLeva. Tim. 13 particulas quas redderent, 
 mutuabantur. 
 
 Paeticiple with "ftSJIEP. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCE. 
 
 Participle = 1. Subj. with tamquam. 1 ex. PL Rep. 328e 
 trap avrS)v Sxrirep riva 6Sbv TrpoeXrfKvOorwv. Cato 6 tamquam 
 longam aliquam viam confeceris. 
 
 Participle as Predicate. 
 
 indirect coincidence. 
 
 This is a coincidence in form only, the predicate participle of 
 the Greek being merely an ordinary participle in the Latin. 1 ex. 
 Eur. frg. £18 Dind. a/-i/3\u? et/xt ical /caTvprvfccas /ca/cwv. Tusc. 
 3, 67 subactus miseriis obtorpui. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Here participle and copula fuse in translation. 3 exx. Tim. 
 40c 07roloL Twv deoiv kclt* aKkrfkovs yi<yv6/JL€V0t zeal bcroi tcaravTifcpv 
 [elac]. Tim. 10 eos qui prope copulentur contrariaque regione. 
 Ibid. 31b ovpavbs yeyovcos ean, 4 deus — mundum procreavit ; 33c 
 TTvevfJid re ov/c fy TrepLearos. 6 neque erant anima circumfusa. 
 
 Participle in O. O. 
 I. With <w?, giving the Ground. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Participle = 1. Causal clause, with indie. 2 exx. Tim. 40e 
 <w? oUeia <f)d<TKOvcriv — TncrrevTeov. Tim. 11 sed quia de suis rebus 
 vldentur loqui, — parendum est. PL Phaedrus 245e e/jc^rvxov, m 
 Tavrns ovcrns <£wrea)<? yfrvxfjs. Tusc. 1, 54 nam haec est propria 
 natura animi atque vis. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 35 
 II. After Verbs of Perception. 
 
 DIRECT COINCIDENCES. 
 
 1 ex. Soph. Trach. 1073 ISelv BeSpoKora. Tusc. 221 quern 
 vidit — ingemescentem. 
 
 INDIRECT COINCIDENCE. 
 
 This is a coincidence in form only. Ph. 161 /ce/cXifievov Srjei,*;. 
 Ph. 165 obductus feretur. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Participle = 1. Infin. O. O. 6 exx. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 17 
 avTrjv o>5 ovaav Kare<\xopaTe. Cato 79 eum esse in hoc cor pore 
 intellegebatis. Diog. Laert. 10, 148 aa^dXetav — <f>CXiq fidXiara 
 fcarelBe crvvreXovfievvv. Fin. 1, 68 quae perspexit — amicitiae prae- 
 sidium esse firmissimum. Tim. 41a oaovs Xcr^ev — aheXObvs 
 Xeyofievovs. Tim. 11 quos fratres — agnatosqne usurjpari atque 
 appellari videmus. Ibid. 39c ov/c Xaaai xpovov ovra ras tovtcov 
 7r\dva$, 9 nesciunt hos siderum errores id ipsurn esse quod rite 
 dicitur tempus ; 28c yiyvopieva teal yevvrjra eefxivv. Tim. 2 quae 
 ortum habere gignique diximus. Ph. 617 a^orepov Bvvovra teal 
 aviovra — OnevfieOa. Ph. 649 quern exstinetum atque exortum 
 vidimus. 
 
 2. Indie, in temporal or relative sentences. 2 exx. Ph. 404 
 tov — vtyoO' eovTos ireva-eat. Ph. 429 cernes Aram — quae tranat. 
 Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 21 fiovrj ovre irapovaa ovre airiovaa opdrai. 
 Cato 80 nee cum adest nee cum discedit apparet. 
 
 3. Subj. indirect question. 1 ex. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 20 SfjXd 
 i<rTiv maara airiovra. Cato 80 perspicuum est quo quaeque 
 discedat. 
 
 -TEON FORMS. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 These forms are translated by a gerundive in 6 exx. 
 
36 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 -reov forms = subj. imperative. 3 exx. Tim. 28b aKeTrreov, 
 Tim. 2 consider emus. Ibid. 29b Siopicrre'ov, 2 ; 47a pnreov, 14 
 explicetur. 
 
 THE TEASES. 
 
 INDICATIVE TENSES [SPHERE OF TIME.] 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 478 of these; 420 universal presents, 57 specific. 
 There is one historical present translated by a present ; the only 
 other ex. is represented by a perfect. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present = 1. Future. 39 exx. . The divergences under this 
 head are due to either (a) differences in the conception of time or 
 (b) differences in vocabulary. 
 
 (<z) 22 exx. These are translations of universal presents, good 
 for all time ; hence the future is admissible as a rendering. Ph. 
 291—292 oi 8' aXeyetvol rrjfjLos eirippr^acrovai vorot. Ph. 301 at 
 validis aequor pulsabit viribus Auster. Ibid. 293 Tore Se tcpvos 
 ifc Ato'9 eaTLV vavrrj /jloXklocovti Ka/ca)TaTov, 302 turn fixum tremulo 
 quatietur frigore corpus ; 303 arj/jia Be tol Kelvn^ coprjs ical finvb? 
 i/ceivov, 315 hoc signum veniens poterunt praenoscere nautae; 422 
 avri/c' i\a<fip6repos ireXerat irovo^, 441 tuto latere per undas. PL 
 A p. 40e el ovv tolovtov 6 Odvaros icrnv. Tusc. 1, 97 si similis 
 futura est perpetuitas omnis consequentis temporis. Xen. Cyr. 8, 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 37 
 
 7, 22 el 7) yjrv^r] ev t&> orcofjiarc crvvcnro6vr)cncei. Cato 81 sin 
 
 — est interiturus animus cum corpore. Tim. 41c teal ica6' oaov — 
 6fjL<bvv/j,ov elvai irpoarjKet — 7rapa8(ocr(o. Tim. 11 in quibus qui 
 tales creabuntur, ut — gentiles esse debeant. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 17 
 elSevcu — &)? ov8ev el/M eyco en. Cato 79 arbitrari — me — nusquam 
 aut nullum fore. Similarly Ph. 289, Ph. 298 ; ibid., 491, 508- 
 511; 622-623, 654; 608-609, 640; 289, 298; PL Ap. 41d, 
 Tusc. 1. 99 ; Tim. 28b, Tim. 2 ; ibid. 29c, 3 ; 41c, 11, (2 exx.) ; 
 41e, 12; PL Rep. 572a, Div. 1, 61. 
 
 (6) This class of divergences occurs when the verb of the 
 Greek is replaced in the Latin by a verb denoting perception. 
 The 17 exx. are all from the Aratea. Ph. 402-403 \nr y — icevTp<p — 
 ^KopirCov — Ovrrjptov alaypeiTdL. Ph. 427—428 Nepae eernes prop- 
 ter acumen aram. Ibid. 397—398 eh pev vir — irodlv koXo^ re 
 fjie'yas re "Thpo'xpov, 420 unum sub magnis pedibus cernetur 
 Aquari ; 255—256 8' ov fidXa 77-0W0? airdaa^ %<w/oo? ep^et, 262 
 parvos Vergilias tenui cum luce videbis. Similarly ibid. 147, 
 151. In a number of cases an infin. or ptc. follows the verb of 
 seeing. Ph. 468 arap fierpco <ye Bvco Bvalv avTL<t>epovrac. Ph. 
 
 488 atque pari spatio duo eernes esse duobus. Ibid. 498 irevre 
 p,ev evhia (rrpe^erai tcaO' virepTepa jains, 515-516 invenies supero 
 convertier orbe quinque pari spatio. Similarly ibid. 247, 253 ; 
 254-255, 261-262; 308, 321; 359-360,389-390; 361,393- 
 394; 362-363, 394-395; 364-365, 396; 389-391, 414-416; 
 465-485. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 8 exx. 2 only of these are indicatives. Tim. 
 29e elal 8e rerrape^. Tim. 10 erant quattuor. Ibid. 42a 7rpcoTov 
 fiev ala-Qna-iv avay/caiov eln filav — ytyvecrOcu, 12 principio necesse 
 erat sensum exsistere. The opt. here is due to O. O. and repre- 
 rents an original indie. In these 2 exx., Plato, in describing a 
 past event mentions a universal truth, which has always held good 
 and which admits a present tense; but Cicero chose rather to 
 regard the whole thing as past ; hence the imperfect. 
 
 Modal exx. These 6 are due to sequence or to the freedom of 
 the translation. PI. Rep. 329B-C " irm" efyn, a> ^o^o/cXet?, 
 
38 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 e%«5 7r/)o? ra a^pohlcna ; Cato 47 quidam — quaereret, utereturne 
 rebus veneriis. Diog. Laert. 10, 139 iv aaOevel yap irav to 
 toiovtov. Nat. De. 1, 45 exposita — est — id — neque gratia neque 
 ira teneri, quod quae talia essent, imbecilla essent omnia. Sext. 
 Emp. adv. Math. 2, 7 ora> Sca^epei Or. 113 solebat demonstrare 
 quid — interesset. PL Gorg. 447c ipcorav 6 ti rt? BovXono. De. 
 Or. 3. 129 ausus est poscere qua de re quisque vellet audire. The 
 translation is very free in PL Ap. 41a, OeXco redvavai, Tusc. 1. 98 
 emori — vellem; ibid. 41e ov — ol eicei air oktclv overt, Tusc. 1, 98 
 nee capite damnarer. 
 
 3. Perfect. 36 exx. Most of the presents thus translated are 
 universal presents, which hold good for all time ; and, broadly 
 speaking, all such translations might on this ground be accounted 
 for. We find that most of the presents translated by perfects are 
 of verbs denoting position or condition, often with certain changes 
 of phraseology, which help to explain the rendering. The 
 translations under this category may be said to be due, (a) to the 
 nature of the verb or to the general context, or (b) to the change 
 in grammatical construction incident to translation. 
 
 (a) Here we may cite : Diog. Laert. 10, 148 &v r\ ao<f>Ca 
 irapaa-Kevd^erai. Fin. 1, 65 dicit omnium rerum, quas — sapientia 
 comparaverit, nihil esse. Horn. II. 7, 89 fiev r68e cr\p,a. Gl. 1. 
 ii, hie situs est — qui, etc. Ph. 573-574 tj/mo-v, S' 7]8n ko-yanaX 
 j3d\Xov(n /carepxofAevov ^reefxivoto. Ph. 600 atque alio de parte 
 revolsa est. Ibid. 510 ra Se irevre Karcopv^a 8tvevovraL y 529 huic 
 orbi quinque tributae [sunt] nocturnae partes ; 406—407 fiertfopot 
 elai iciXevOot 'A/o/ctov/jo), 431-432 Arcturo — dedit orbem luppiter; 
 571 avrov Ka/ceivos 2,re(f>avo<; — v7roo~Tpe<f>eTai, 73 hie ilia eximio 
 posita est fulgore Corona. Xen. Oec, 4, 25 ayaObs yap wv avrjp 
 evSaLfJboveU. Cato 59 quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna coniunda est. 
 Eur. frg. 818 Dind. vvv S' d/z/3\v? el/M. Tusc. 3, 67 obtorpui. 
 Ar. H. A. 9, 6 ev^Kprfrrj ((xktL Nat. De. 2, 126 auditum est. PL 
 245 ov pa re ical (rvvBeo-fiov vnrovpdviov KaXeovcnv. Ph. 251 quern 
 veteres soliti [sunt] caelestem dicere Nodum. Ibid. 508-509, 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 39 
 
 TpeireraC ye fiev avrov xet/JLepios, 528-529 exinde in superas 
 brumali tempore flexus se recipit sedes ; 58, Xogbv £' ecrrl Kaprj \ 
 60, obstipum caput et tereti cervice reflexum; 317-318 tcl he oi 
 irepl reaaapa fceirai, 334-335 praeter quadruplicis Stellas in 
 fronte locatas. Prog. 319 rparXoa he ayivo*; Kveei. Prog. 322- 
 323 gravata lentiscus triplici solita grandescere fetu. Similarly 
 Ph. 147, 152; ibid. 147-152; 172-173, 178; 271-272,279 
 355-360, 385; 398, 421-422; 405, 430; 407, 432; 538, 557 
 616-649. Eur. frg. 757 Dind., Tusc. 3, 59 ; Tim. 28c, Tim. 2 
 ibid. 34b, 7; Ar. Rh. 3, 8, De Or. 3, 183. 
 
 (b) All the exx. under this head are due to the rules for ante- 
 cedent action with relative and temporal clauses, with two 
 exceptions, which will be noted. Ph. 469-471 otc — aa-repa? — 
 eiriheUvvjai — vvj;, ovhe ris ahpavecov (f>epercu. Ph. 490—491 cum 
 neque — detersit sidera nubes, nee — stellas superavit — Luna. Ibid. 
 286 iva re Tpeirer' rjeXtov l'?, 294 quern cum — vestivit lumine 
 Titan ; 557—558 oaov re irep tj/jlktv /cv/cXov — aeiperac iajtoBl 
 yaLT)?, 585-586 quod supera terras — relictum est. Ar. Rh. 1, 2, 
 5 oca hla tt)? fiedohov kcll hi tj/jlcov tcaTacrfcevaao~6ai, hvvarov. De 
 Or. 2, 116-117 quae in disputatione et in argumentatione oratoris 
 collocata est. Horn. Od. 12, 188 a\X 6 ye — velrai. Pin. 5, 49 
 nemo — quin — ad patrias lapsus pervenerit oras. To be noted 
 especially are PI. Ap. 41c XPV — fMXpi$B$ elvai. Tusc. 1, 98 
 ne — timueritis. See for a discussion of this translation Am. Jour. 
 Ph. 15, 320. The other ex. is an historical present. Tim. 40a, 
 tlOtjctl. Tim. 10 effecit. 
 
 4. Fut. perfect. 2 exx. Both are due to the rules for ante- 
 cedent action. PL 323-324 6 T^—irapepx^ai. Ph. 345-346 
 qui — dispersum non viderit. Diog. Laert. 9, 2 el Be Tt? toiovtos. 
 Tusc. 5, 105 sin quis exstiterit. 
 
40 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 48 of these. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Imperfecta 1. Present. 6 exx. Horn. II. 2, 307 66ev peev 
 ayXaov vScop. Div. 2, 63 fons unde emanat aquai. This present 
 is not historical, but in vividness it produces the effect of an 
 historical present. The two other non-modal presents in transla- 
 tion are verbs of saying. Ph. 637-638 ol fuv ecfxivro ek/crjcrai 
 ireTrXoio. Ph. 672—673 fama vagatur ut quondam Orion manibus 
 violasse Dianam dicitur. Tim. 40d &>? ecpacrav. Tim. 11 ut 
 aiunt. efyacrav here is aoristic. 
 
 The presents remaining are due to the Latin idiom, as well as 
 to the character of the translation. Horn. II. 3, 213 MeveXaog 
 — ayopevev. Brut. 50 tradit Homerus Menelaum — dicentem. 
 Horn. II. 2, 305-306 epBofiev—e/carofji^. Div. 2. 63 nos— 
 placantes numina. In both these examples, the use of the 
 participle makes the present obligatory. In the last ex. remain- 
 ing, are infin. in O. O., the verb of saying expresses the past 
 action, not the infinitive. Arist. Ach. 530 Tjarpairrev, e/3p6vra, 
 %vi>efcv/ca ttjv r E\XaSa. Or. 29 fulgere tonare, permiscere Grae- 
 ciam [dictus esset] . 
 
 2. Aoristic perfect. 24 exx. Cicero shows in his translations a 
 strong tendency toward this rendering of the imperfect. A few 
 of the exx. may be disposed of in advance. Tim. 30a Oepus ovr 
 tjv ovt ecTTi. Tim. 3 fas autem nee est nee unquam fuit. Plut. 
 Cous. ad Ap. 109 ov/c r)v yap. Tusc. 1, 115 sic fuit. In 
 both these exx. rjv has to serve for both imperfect and aorist, 
 which it can easily do. Interesting is Tim. 35c ^vveirXvpovTo. 
 Tim. 7 instituit explere. The imperfect here is inceptive, and 
 hence is rightly translated. 
 
 Sundry modal translations have the perf. on account of the 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 41 
 
 Latin idiom. Thus in 2 cases the perf. infin. represents an impf. 
 indie, of the original O. R. Isoc. Panath. 2 irepl iiceivovs 
 iirpayfjLarevofjLnv. Or. 38 Isocrates ea se studiose consectatum 
 fatetur. Horn. II. 9, 438 p? eire^ire — UnXev<;. De Or. 3, 57 se 
 a Peleo — esse datum. Other modal perfs. due to sequence are 2 
 in number. Tim. 28c roSe — liner Keirreov — 77730? irorepov — 
 a7r€ip<yd£eTo. Tim. 2 videndum — utrum sit imitatus exemplar. 
 Ibid. 29a crafyh on [efiXeirev] 77790? to d'i'Siov, 2 non igitur dubi- 
 um quin aeternitatem maluerit exsequi. 
 
 There remain the non-modal translations, of which there are 
 17 exx. Tim. 40a evicvicXov eiroUi. Tim. 10 ad volubilitatem 
 rotundavit. Ibid. 33d ov/c <pero Seiv avTw irpocrdiTTeiVy 6 nee 
 affixit ; 33c aTrn/cpifiovTO, 6, circumdedit levitate ; 35b acjzypei, 
 7, detraxit. Horn. II. 2, 3215 /cdX%o$ 8' avrCic eiretra — dyopevev. 
 Div. 2, 64 turn Calchas haec est locutus. Ibid. 2, 330 tceivos tw? 
 ayopeve, 2, 64 edidit haec Calchas. Ph. 591 Kap/civa) 6W ehvovro. 
 Ph. 617 quae Cancer praeclaro detulit ortu. Ibid. 657-658 eVel 
 ov/c dp' epeXXev eKeCvy AaptBi /cat Yiavoirrj — lawaaaOaL, 699 cum 
 quibus — ansa est contendere for mas. Similarly Tim. 29a, 2 ; 
 ibid. 35b, 7, 2 exx. ; 36b, 7 • 41b, 11 ; Horn. II. 2, 320, Div. 2, 
 64 ; ibid. 2, 304 j 2, 63. 
 
 3. Pluperfect. 5 exx. Two only of these are indicatives. 
 Both are passive, and in these the participle may be considered an 
 adjective. Tim. 43a Seo-fiols — oh avroi 1t;vveiyovTQ. Tim. 3 
 vinculis — quibus ipsi erant conligati. Ibid. 33c vireXelirero, 6 
 quia — relietum erat. Note, however, the vTreXeiirro of MS. A, 
 which might stand for imeXeXeLTTTo. The string of imperfects 
 in the entire passage militates nevertheless against such a reading 
 here. The exx. remaining are modal. Eur. frg. 818 Dind. el 
 [lev to'S' rj/Jiap irpwrov r}v, /cal fxr) fia/cpdv 8rj — evavaroXovv. Tusc. 
 3, 67 si — nunc tristis primum inluxisset dies nee tarn aerumnoso 
 navigavissem solo. Tim. 36c rbv pev efa>, top S' eWo? eTroielro 
 T&v kvkXcov. Tim. 7 cum alterum esset exteriorem, alterum 
 interiorem amplexus orbem. 
 
42 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 22 of these. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Future = 1. Present. 6 exx. In 2, a periphrasis is employed 
 to express futurity. Tim. 32a elvcu ^v/Aftr/aerat. Tim. 5 neces- 
 sitas cogit ut eadem sint ea, quae, etc. Ibid, irdvra earai, officitur 
 ut — sint Another ex. is a future in a relative clause denoting 
 purpose, which in the Latin, with primary sequence, becomes a 
 present subj. PL Phaedrus 245e e%eti> oOev /avnOevra yevrjo-ercu. 
 Tusc. 1, 54 qua a prima impulsa moveatur. The 2 exx. remain- 
 ing show an infin. O. O. ; one is due to the freedom of transla- 
 tion, the other is a prophetic present. PI. Epin. 992a Sea/Jib? yap 
 7r€<£twa)9 irdvTcov tovtcov eh ava^avrjcrerai. De Or. 3, 21 omnem 
 doctrinam — uno — vinculo contineri. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 20 ov&e ye 
 o7tg)? a<f)p(ov earat rj yjrvxv — ireir eta fiat. Cato 80 nee vero turn 
 animum esse insipientem. Note finally the use of an imperative 
 to represent the protasis of a conditional clause. PL Ap. 40e — 
 41a el <ydp rt? — evp^aet tow &>? ak-qOm &t,/cao~Td<;. Tusc. 1, 98 
 
 tene — ad eos venire, qui — iudices appellentur. 
 
 2. Future perfect. 2 exx. One is due to the Latin idiom, 
 which requires a tense of antecedent action. Eur. Med. 352 et 
 
 a* Xafnras oyfrerat deov. Ep. Att. 6, 26 si te lumine hie 
 
 offendero. In the other the Latin point of view is different. The 
 opt. here is due to O. O., and represents an original indicative. 
 Tim. 42b a>v el p,ev /cpaTrjo-eiav, iv Sitcy fiubcroivTO. Tim. 12 quos 
 qui ratione rexerit, iuste vixerit. 
 
 AORIST TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 The aorist of the Greek is represented by the perfect of the 
 Latin in 102 cases ; of which 77 are aoristic, 25 may be classed 
 as pure perfects. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 43 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist. = 1. Present. 8 exx. In 3 cases there is a change 
 in phraseology which justifies the change in translation. Soph. 
 
 Trach. 1062-1063 yvvrj Be fiovn fie Brj Ka6eT\e. Tusc. 2, 20 
 
 sed feminae vir feminea interimor manu. Tim. 32c fyiklav re 
 ea")(ev etc tovtcov. Tim. 5 ex. quo ipse se — amicitia et caritate 
 complectitur. Horn. II. 2, 326-327 o>? ovto<; Kara re/cva <f>dye — 
 teal avTrjv. Div. 2, 64 nam, quot avis taetro mactatas dente 
 videtis. Cf. a similar use of a verb of perception in translation, 
 pp. 32-33. Another ex. is very free : PI. Ap. 40d ev rj ovtco /car 
 -eBapdev ware finBe ovap IBelv. Tusc. 1, 97 somno, qui non 
 nunquam etiam sine visis somniorum, placatissimam quietem 
 adfert. Another ex. is with ecjyrj, which is aoristic in meaning. 
 PI. Gorg. 447c e$n airoKpivelcrQai. De Or. 3, 129 se dicturum 
 esse prqfUetur. The latter may be taken as a present of quotation. 
 In still another an aorist in form is a present in meaning. Eur. 
 frg. 757 Dind. e<f>v fiev ovSefc. Tusc. 3, 59 nemo est. Finally 
 an aorist is translated by an historical present. Ph. 641 rj Se ol 
 efavTr)? eireTelXaro dnplov aXko — ^Kopirlov. Ph. 681-682 
 quibus ingenti exsistit cum corpore prae se. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 3 exx. These are all modal and due to the 
 construction in translation. Diog. Laert. 9, 2 oinves — i%e/3a\ov 
 \eyovres. Tusc. 5, 105 quod, cum — expellerent y locuti sint. 
 The imperf. here denoting continued action, is really a translation, 
 syntactically, of Xeyovres, and is thus to be explained. Tim. 39d 
 ra>v dcrrpcov oaa — eV^e r/0O7ra?. Tim. 9 nota astra sunt quae — 
 converterent. Ibid. 33a Sid ttjv alriav — ereKTrfvaro, 5 rationem 
 habuit ut absolveret. 
 
 3. Pluperfect. 2 exx. The rules for antecedent action cause 
 this change. Horn. II. 2, 318 k irep e$nvev. Div. 2, 64 qui 
 luci edideraL Xen. Oec. 4, 20 ore rj\6ev. Cato 59 cum Lysan- 
 der — venisset. 
 
44 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 GNOMIC AORIST, 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 In 2 exx. the gnomic aorist is represented by a gnomic perfect. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = Perfect. 4 exx. Ph. 335 ical ra p,ev eppcoaev, t&v 
 8e (f>Xoov a>Xeae irdvra. Ph. 360-361 nam — haec — mulcet at 
 quorum nequeunt radices findere terras denuded — ramos. Ibid. 
 266-267 6 afyiat — ar)\xalveiv i/ceXevaev, 273-275 propterea quod 
 — admonet ut mandent, etc. Tim. 46c rovro vtttlov iirolvae tcclv 
 <j>alvea6cu. Tim. 14 supina etiam ora cernuntur. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 28 in number. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Perfect =1. Present. Just as the Greek present is frequently- 
 rendered by the perfect in Latin, so the perfect is in turn rendered 
 by the present, and under much the same circumstances. Most 
 of the 30 perfects thus translated are passives. PL Menex. 247e 
 e£ tov r\ ev rj /c<z/e&>? wpa^dvrcov rrXavaaOai rjvdry/caarcu /cal ra 
 
 eicelvov. Tusc. 5, 36 cui viro nee aliorum aut bono casu aut 
 contrario pendere ex alterius eventis et errare coguntur. Ar. Ph. 
 1, 2, 5 oaa /jltj 81 ^/jlcjv irerropiarai. De Or. 2, 116-117 quae 
 non excogitantur ab oratore. Ph. 234-236 to & eVl rpialv 
 eardQ\inrai AeXrcorbv irXevpyaiv. Ph. 239 Deltoton dicere Graii 
 quod soliti, simili quia forma littera claret. Ibid. 276-277 ra 8e 
 ol irrepa rerprj^vvrat, aarpdaiv ; 284—285 altera nee parvis nee 
 claris lucibus ardet; 162-163 a/caap 8' eXeXr/Xarac eo/ift) Ai'f leprj, 
 167 at Capra laevum umerum clara obtinet ; 311 earl — 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 45 
 
 /3ej3\r}/jLevo<; aWos 'O lottos. 325 vacans fulgens iacet una Sagitta. 
 Other exx. of passives are Soph. Trach. 1075, Tusc. 2, 21 ; Ath. 
 Deip. 8, p. 336, Tusc. 5, 101 ; Ph. 205-206, Ph. 209 ; ibid. 230, 
 235; 251, 257; 283-284, 290; 322-323, 343-344; 329-330, 
 353 ; 351-352, 381-382 ; 440-442, 455-456 ; 526-527, 547 ; 
 556, 584. 
 
 Of non-passive perfects may be quoted Tim. 46e ttjv 8vva/juv 
 7}v vvv ei\r)X e v elpr^aOco. Tim. 14 earn vim quam nunc habent. 
 Ibid. 30d oo~a re aWa dpefifiara ^vvearntcev opard, 4 omnia quae 
 sub aspectum cadunt: 40b ef rjs 8r) tyjs air las yeyovev, 10 ex quo 
 genere ea sunt Similarly ibid. 46d, 14. Some verbs which are 
 perfect in form only are translated by presents. Ph. 82 a/uL^orepat 
 S' "0(/mo? ireTToveCarai, Ph. 86 hie pressu duplici palmarum conti- 
 net Auguem. Similarly for free translations of ire^vKe used 
 with infin. or ptc. see Tim 42b, Tim. 12 ; ibid. 31c, 4 ; PI. Legg. 
 958e, Legg. 2, 67. See also Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 19, Cato 80 ; Soph. 
 Trach. 1071-1072, Tusc. 2, 21 ; ibid. 1054, 2, 20. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 2 exx. Both are modal ; one is due to 
 sequence, the other is perhaps too free for comparison, Tim. 40c 
 ogoi ivrbs ovpdvov yeyovacri. Tim. 10 qui intra caelum gigneren- 
 tur. Ibid. 33c irapeypv — irda^pv — Spcov — yeyovev, 6 cum ipse 
 per se et a se et pateretur et faceret omnia. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Future perfect = 1. Future periphrastic. 1 ex. Tim. 42a 
 6 — k€kXt)(toito avrjp. Tim. 12 eorum qui essent futuri viri. 
 
 The opt. here is due to sequence. 
 
 2. Perfect. 1 ex. Tim. 31a el irep Kara to TrapdSetyfia 
 SeSwfJuovpywfJLevos ea-rac. Tim. 4 unus profecto, si quidem /actus 
 est ad exemplum. 
 
46 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 3 in number. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Pluperfect === 1. Imperfect. Diog. Laert. 10, 22 arpayyovpia 
 re irap7j/co\ov07]/cei. Fin. 2, 96 tanti aderant vesicae et torminum 
 morbi. 
 
 Indicative with v AN. 
 
 historical tenses. 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 Here the imperf. indie, with av = imperf. subj. in 4 cases. 
 AORIST TENSE. 
 
 IDIOMATIC DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Here the pluperfect subj. is the idiomatic variant. The 2 exx. 
 are PI. Rep. 330a, Cato 81 ; Tim. 47a, Tim. 14. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist == Imperfect indie. 1 ex. due to translation. Tim. 34c 
 ov yap av — gvvepgas etaaev. Tim. 6 neque esset rectum. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 47 
 
 MODAL TENSES [KIND OF TIME]. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 A. Subjunctive. 
 
 1. Subjunctive imperative [opt. sequence]. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 2 exx. 
 
 II. Subj. with av [opt. of sequence]. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 15 of these. See the corresponding section on the 
 moods, page 12. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present = 1. Imperfect. Both exx. are modal, and due to 
 the Latin construction. In one ex., a passage in O. O., spoken 
 in the past is changed in the Latin to O. R. in the past ; hence 
 the imperfect with cum, denoting continuance, and thus parallel- 
 ing the present of the Greek. Tim. 42a ottotc — to /xev irpocnoi, 
 to & airiot,. Tim. 12 cumque ad corpora turn accessio fieret, turn 
 abscessio. In the second ex., the imperfect is due to sequence, and 
 represents the present in O. O. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 19 ov eirelaOnv 
 eW fiev av iv Ovrjra) o-w/jlcitl rj, £rj. Cato 80 non potuit persuaderi 
 dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere. 
 
 2. Future. 4 exx. This is the regular approximation of the 
 Latin to the anticipatory form of the Greek. Tim. 29c eav — 
 irapex^ueOa el/coras, ayairdv XPV> Tim. 3 contentique esse 
 debebitis, si probabilia dicentur. Ibid. 28a orov — av 6 Srjuiovpybs 
 — rr)v iheav avrov /cat Svva/uv — aTrepjd^vTaL, Ka\bv — aTToreXelcrOai 
 ttolvj 2 si is — earn speciem intuebitur atque id sibi proponet exem- 
 plar, — efficiat necesse est. PI. Phaedo 115c oVo)? av — fiov\r)o-6e, 
 edvirep, Tusc. 1, 103 ut tibi videbitur, sepelito. 
 
 3. Perfect. In 3 cases this tense is indicative, following the 
 iterative principle. There are 4 exx. in all under this category. 
 
48 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek, 
 
 Horn. Od. 18, 137 olov eir rj/iap ayyai,, warr/p. Aug. Civ. Dei. 
 5, 8 quali pater — lustravit lumine terras. Tim. 37a orav ovalav 
 cr^eSaa-rrjv e^ovros twos efyairTVTai /cal orav a/jLepiarov, \eyet. 
 Tim. 8 cum materiam mutabilem adripuit et cum rursus indi- 
 viduam atque simplicem, — movetur. Ph. 569 ore ~Kap/civo$ 
 avreWrjaiv. Ph. 596-597 Tarn simul ac primum supero se 
 lumine Cancer extulit. A perf. ptc. passive is in the ex. remaining. 
 PL Legg. 256 B oaairep av ev p,ia %(oypd<j)o<; rj/Jiepa eh airoreXfi. 
 Legg. 2, 45 ab uno pictore uno absolutae die. 
 
 4. Future perfect. The same principle as above governs. 
 2 exx. PL Legg. 956a 6 tl av e6e\rj tj? avaTiderco. L>Qgg- 2, 
 45 quodcumque quis — voluerit — dicato. PL Rep. 57 Id orav — 
 vyieiv&s rt? e%r) — /cal o-axfrpovcos ical eh rbv vttvov lt). Dio. 1, 61 
 at qui — quieti se tradiderit. 
 
 5. Pluperfect (opt. seq.). 1 ex. This is modal and due to 
 sequence. Eur. frg. 392 Dind. %v el ri irda^oi^ — fitf /jlol vecoph 
 irpoa-ireabv naWov Sd/coi. Tusc. 3, 29 ut si qua invecta diritas 
 casaforet, ne me imparatum cura laceraret repens. 
 
 III. Subjunctive in final clauses [opt. of sequence]. Since 
 the Latin tenses in this construction are dependent wholly on 
 sequence, no comparisons need be made. 
 
 B. Optative. 
 I. Imperative optative. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 3 exx. 
 
 II. Potential Optative. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 19 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present = 1. Future Indie. 3 exx. The exx. under this 
 head have all been given in the preceding section on the moods ; 
 hence they will be cited here in as brief a form as possible. Ph. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 49 
 
 248-249 7roSe? — eiricn^aivoiev Hepcreos. Ph. 254 e pedibus — 
 Persea vises. Ibid. 304 ^Kopirios avreXkcov ecrj, 316-317 licebit 
 visere ; 559-560 ov /cev aTroftXwrov — elv, 588 Si — aves — cognos- 
 cere cursus, ortus signorum — vises. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 2 exx. This is a subj. potential of the past. 
 PL Phaedrus 245d ov/c av ef apXl? yiyvoiro. Tusc. 1, 54 nee 
 enim esset id principium. PI. Ap. 41a-b eirel efiotye koX avrq* 
 0av\xa(7T7) av ecrj f) SiarpiBrj avroOt. Tusc. 1, 98 quanta delecta- 
 tione autem adficerer. 
 
 III. Optative with el and Allied Constructions. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 1 ex. only. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present. — 1. Future. 5 exx. The use of the future in such 
 constructions has been mentioned in treating of the moods, p. 20. 
 PI. 431—432 el Be tcev ecrireplr)? fiev &\6<; Kevravpov airein c5/zo? 
 ocrov Trporeprjs. PL 447 sin umeros medio in caelo Centaurus 
 habebit. Similarly the whole passage ibid. 431-434, 447-449 ; 
 also 563-564, 591. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 1 ex. The ideal condition of the Greek 
 becomes the unreal of the Latin. PL Phaedrus 245d el yap e/c 
 rov apyj] yiyvoiro. Tusc. 1, 54 quod gigneretur aliunde. The 
 imperfect as a tense of continuance here parallels the present. 
 
 C. Imperative. 
 
 No comparisons can be made when the Latin translates an 
 imperative by an imperative, so far as tenses go. But when any 
 other mood is used in the Latin, we have 9 coincidences. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present == Future indie. 2 exx. Tim. 4 Id airepyd^ecrOe 
 ^&a /ecu yevvdre. Tim. 11 attexitote : ita orientur animantes. 
 4 
 
50 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 Ph. 246 'Av&po/JLeSrjs Be tol o>/ao? apiarepbs 'I^#uo? earco arjfia 
 fiopeiorepov. Ph. 252-253 Androraedae laevo ex humero, si 
 quaesere perges, adpositum jioteris supera cognoscere Piscim. 
 
 D. Infinitive. 
 
 I. Infinitive as Substantive. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 45 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present = 1. Imperfect. These are all subjunctives and due 
 to sequence. 4 exx. Tim. 42d — e nape'Scotce — crco/jLara TrXdrreiv, 
 /ere. Tim. 13 permisit ut corpora — -finger ent. See the same 
 passage for other exx. Diog. Laert. 10, 148 virep rov /JLrjSev 
 aloaviov elvcu Beivbv fjbrjhe nroXv^poviov. Fin. 1, 68 ne quod aut 
 sempiternum aut diuturuum timcret malum. 
 
 II. Infinitive as Imperative. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 6 exx. 
 
 III. Infinitive of Result (axrre) or Purpose. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 2 exx. only. Ar. Eh. 1, 2, 5 ware helv, De Or. 116-117 ita 
 cogitandum est. PI. Rep. 563d ware — a^avatcreiv teal fir) 
 ave%ea6ai. Rep. 1, 67 ut — irascentur et perferre nequeant. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present — Imperfect. 2 exx. One is indicative and due to 
 the contest. Tim. 43b oxrre to fiev okov KtvelaOai ^wov. Tim. 
 13 ita totum animal movebatur. The second ex. is modal and 
 due to sequence. Horn. II. 9, 42 eirepure — BthaaKefievaL rdSe 
 iravra. De Or. 3, 57 comitem esse datum ut ilium effweret, etc. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 51 
 IV. Infinitive O. O. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 22 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Present = 1. Perfect infin. 2 exx. Both are in the same 
 passage, and due to the Latin idiom, which in O. O. represents 
 an original imperfect in O. R. by a perf. infin. Xen. Oec. 4, 
 20 KO/oo? Xeyerac — aWa re (j)i\o<f>pov€i(r0ai. Cato 59 comem 
 atque humanum fuisse. Ibid. eiriheiKvvvai avrbv edrj, ei — ostendis- 
 se. 
 
 E. Participle. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 126 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Presents 1. Future. 4 exx. In one ex., the fut. ptc. in 
 translation is due to the meaning of the Greek word. Xen. Cyr. 
 8, 7, 21 tl to)v /jLeWovToov irpoopa. Cato 81 multa — -futura 
 prospiciunt. Another ex. is perhaps too free to be counted ; 
 see p. 37. Ph. 364-365 Knret^ 8' oinOev \ocj)i V <; iircfil^ 
 cfropeovTcu, et<? ev eXavvofxevoi. Ph. 396 videbis retro ad Pistricis 
 terga reverti. The exx. remaining are due to a conditional 
 translation : Tim. 29d e&crre — a7ro8e%o/-tei>ot;? irpeiru /xwSev ^rjrelv. 
 Tim. 2 ut si probabilia dicentur, nequid ultra requiratis. Tim. 
 42c — fJLrj Travo/jLevos — fjL€Ta(3o\ol. Tim. 2 si ne turn quidem 
 
 finem — -faciet, — iactabitur. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 27 exx. The imperfects indicative are due to 
 the context ; the modal imperfects are due either to the context 
 or to sequence. The imperf., being a tense of continuance, is a 
 natural parallel to the present. Of the indicative imperfs. there 
 are 7 exx. Tim. 39a icjxtivero KaraXa/jb^dvovra Kara\a/x^dp- 
 eaOcu. Tim. 9 cum superabant, superari videbantur. This pas- 
 sage furnishes 2 exx. Tim. 36c rrj Trepiayofiepy Kiprjcrec irepi% 
 
52 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 avras eXafte. Tim. 7 motu cuius orbis — erat — et ciebatur. 
 Eur. Thes. frg. 392 Diud. ifiaXXofJLvv, <f>vyas — TrpoariOeh — 
 Oavdrovs t' acopovs /cal 68ovs. Tusc. 3, 29 commentabar aut 
 mortem — aut — fugam aut — molem meditabar. Tim. 423 Savei- 
 %6/jLevoi — %vveic6WG)v. Tim. 13 mntuabantur easque inter se 
 copulabant. Ibid. 43a airepya^ofievot — iveBovv, 13 unum efficie- 
 bant — atque — inligabant. Similarly ibid. 36b, 7; 40d, 11. Of 
 the modal imperfs., the following may be ascribed to the same 
 cause. In the case of the modal tenses, however, it is often 
 impossible to discriminate between sequence and context. Xen. 
 Oec. 4, 21 Tavra davfid^cov elirev. Cato 59 cum admiraretur, 
 — turn eum dixisse. Tim. 36b ^vveirXripovro, Xeiircov — nopiov, 
 Tim. 7 explebat, cum particulam — relinqueret. PL Rep. 329b-c 
 ipcoTcofjieva) v7ro twos. Cato 47 eum ex eo quidam — quaereret. 
 Tim. 40a irpoo-eucdZcov — ev/cv/cXov eiroLet. Tim. 10 cumque eum 
 similem — efficere vellet, — rotundavit. Similarly ibid. 39a, 9 : 
 42a, 12; Diog. Laert. 10, 22, Fin. 2. One imperf. is condi- 
 tional [2 exx.]. PL Rep. 330a avrbs 'S.epfyio? cov bvopLaarbs 
 eyevero av, ktL Cato 80 nee si ego Seriphius essem, etc. The 
 imperfects remaining may be set down to sequence. Tim. 36b 
 
 to fipaSvraTa airibv airefyaivev. Tim. 9 quod esset tardis- 
 
 simum — id fieret. Ibid. 40b ttjv Se — fcparov/jievq) ; 10 dedit — 
 alterum, quod — pelleretur ; 34a, icivno-iv yap aireveLfxev — ttjv — 
 fidXio-ra ovaav, 6 motum — dedit — qui — cieret maxime [2 exx.] . 
 43b irpoievai ra9 ef — KLvrjae^ e%oz/, 13 movebatur ut sex motibus 
 veheretur. Similarly ibid. 30d, 4 ; 34b, 6 ; 42e, 13 ; 33b, 6 ; 
 Diog. Laert. 7, 125, De Or. 1, 83 ; ibid, 10, 142; Fin. 2, 21 ; 
 ibid. 10, 22, 2, 96. 
 
 3. Perfect. 42 exx. These are often due, especially in cases 
 where the Latin uses a ptc. in translation, to an original passive, 
 which is maintained in translation, or to the change from active 
 to passive. In other cases, the context determines the tense in 
 translation, and the changes due to the Latin idiom are also to be 
 noted. 
 
 Exx. of change from active to passive are : Ph. 617 a^orepov 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 53 
 
 hvvovra — Orjev/jieOa. Ph. 649 quern — exstinctum atque — exortum 
 vidimus. Prog. 177 olhaivovaa OaXaaaa, Prog. 178 inflatum 
 mare. Ph. 367 oXiyrj 8' iy/ceifievoi aiyXy — elXiacrovTcu. Ph. 
 400 fusae sparsaeque videntur. Ibid. 363 Seafiol — /ecmoWe?, 395 
 vincla — caudarum a parte locata ; 580 /canovra Bodorrjv — hex^at, 
 608 depulsus possidet umbras. Tim. 30c tovtov & virdpyovTo^. 
 Tim. 3 hoc posito. Similarly Ph. 389, Ph. 417 j ibid. 243, 248- 
 249 j 294, 302 ; 333, 357 ; Tim. 37b, Tim. 8 ; ibid. 39a, 9 ; 
 43a, 13; 28b, 2; 41d, 11; 42b, 12; 33d, 6; 40d, 11; Diog. 
 Laert. 7, 110, Tusc. 5, 11. 
 
 Sometimes the perf. translation is due to the fondness of the 
 Roman for the perf. act. ptc. of deponents. 2 exx. Ph. 66 to 
 8' avr iv yovvaa-L /cdfjLvov. Ph. 68 genibus quia nixa feratur. 
 Ibid. 252 ola Blcokcov, 259 uti de terra elapsu J repente. 
 
 Examples of the translation of an original passive are PI. Rp. 
 562d apxopevois — ojjlolovs. Rep, 1/ 67 privatorum similes. 
 Another ex. in this passage. Tim. 30a /avovfievov 7rX?7/x/ieXw?, 
 Tim. 3 sed immoderate agitatum et fluitans. PL Legg. 958e 
 epyov iv TrevO' r/fjuepais aTroreXovfievov. Legg. 2, 68 altius quam 
 quod — quinque diebus absolverint. PI. Menex. 246e iiriaT^fir] 
 %cQpL%ofjLevr] SiKaioo-vvr)^. Off. 1, 63 scientia, quae est remota ab 
 iustitia. Similarly Tim. 34b, 6; ibid. 47a, 14; Ph. 530, Ph. 
 550; Diog. Laert. 9, 2, Tusc. 5, 105. 
 
 The context, or the Latin idiom, affects the tense in the follow- 
 ing exx. Diog. Laert. 10, 18 t<ov fyiXoaofyovvTcov. Fin. 2, 
 101 eorum, qui — philosophati sint. PI. Ap. 41a fcarnydpovv — 
 olofievoi fiXdirretv. Tusc. 1, 99 nee — habeo quod suscenseam, 
 nisi quod mihi nocere se crediderunt. Ph. 332 a/i rjeXiw aviovra, 
 — ^evhovrai. Ph. 355 ubi se — extulit, hand patitur. Tim. 46b 
 rod — Trvpbs — %v/jL7rayov<; 7 ty vofxivov. Tim. 14 cum ignis — se 
 confudit et contulit. Similarly Ph. 590, Ph. 616 ; ibid. 634-635, 
 666. 
 
 4. Future perfect. 1 ex. This is idiomatic. PL Phaedrus 
 279a Trpoiovavs. Or. 41 cum aetate processerit. 
 
54 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 5. Pluperfect subj. This is due to sequence. 1 ex. Com. 
 Gr. Meineke 2, 458, 6 rols a/cpoco/jievois. Brut, relinqueret — in 
 animis eorum, a quibus esset auditus. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 A. Infinitive , 0. 0. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There is one ex. only. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Future = 1. Present. 2 exx. Both are universal presents, 
 hence they may serve to translate a future. Tim. 30b evpiaicev 
 — kclWiov ecreaOai iror' epyov. Tim. 3 reperiebat nihil esse 
 praestantius. Ibid. 33d rjyrjaaro — a\ieivov ecrecrOai, 6 sic 
 enim ratus est ille, ipsum se contentum esse nee egere altero. 
 
 B. Participle. 
 I. Ordinary Participle. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 One ex. only. 
 
 II. Participle denoting purpose. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Future = 1. Present. 2 exx. ; one participial, the other sub- 
 junctive, depending of course on sequence. Tim. 34c <»? hecnroTiv 
 teal apgovaav ap^ofievov ^vvearrjaaro. Tim. 7 eumque ut 
 dominum atque imperantem oboedienti praefecit corpori. PI. Ap. 
 42a cbpa awievai, i/iol uev cnroOavovfAevo), vpXv Se /StGxro/xeVot?. 
 Tusc. 1, 99 tempus est — abire, me, ut moriar, vos, ut vitam 
 agatis. 
 
 2. Imperfect subj. due to sequence. Tim. 43a havei^ojxevoi 
 fiopia a?? airohoOncrofieva. Tim. 13 particulas quas rursus red- 
 derent, mutuabantur. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 55 
 
 AORIST TENSE. 
 
 A. Subjunctive. 
 
 I. Imperative and Deliberative. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist =5 1. Present subj. 2 exx. One ex. is directly impera- 
 tive, the other characteristic. Soph. Trach. 1065 ical jmt) to — 
 — ovofjua TrpeafievcrrjS ifkeov. Tusc. 2, 20 neve occidentem — 
 superet caritas. Diog. Laert. 10, 6 ov yap e%(0 tl vorjaa> rayadov. 
 Tusc. 3, 41 non habeo quod intellegam bonum illud. 
 
 '2. Imperfect subj. due to sequence. 1 ex. Diog. Laert. 10 r 
 142 ovk av ttot'' ecxojjLev 6 rt fxefi^raifxeOa. Fin. 2, 21 nihil 
 haberemus quod reprehenderemus. 
 
 3. Future indie. 2 exx. See pp. 11-12. 
 
 II. Subj. with av [opt. seq]. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 12 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1. Present. 6 exx. Tim. 37b orav — 6 rod Oarepov 
 /cvkXos — BtayyecXy. Tim. 8 cum — orbis — omnia — denuntia-t. 
 Ibid. 46c orav fjierairearj ^vpurnyvvp^evov — $(«?, 14 cum ea inter 
 se non cohaerescunt. Horn. II. 9, 646*-647 oiriror'' i/ceivcov 
 fivrjcrofxai. Tusc. 3, 18 cum — recordor. Soph. frg. 964 Dind. 
 orav 8e Baifiatv — ^aariy' epeia-rj — iraXlvrpoirov. Tusc. 3, 71 cum 
 fortuna mutata impetum convertat. Ph. 345-346 6V rjSw vavrai 
 eTncrrpeyjrcoo-L Kopwvnv. Ph. 375-376 sicuti — obvertunt navem — 
 nautae. Ibid. 420 el — ice Troirjacovrai, 440 omnia caute arma- 
 menta locans. 
 
 2. Future. This is due to the freedom of translation. 1 ex. 
 Ph. 424 el — tee — ra Be Xdifyea irdvra rapd^rj, vavriWovrai. Ph. 
 443 perfringet — malos ut res nulla possit mulcere procellas. 
 
56 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 3. Future perfect. 4 exx. The rule for iteration governs 
 here. Tim. 42b a>v el fiev Kparrjcreiav, ev BUrj fiLcbaoivro. Tim. 
 12 quas qui ratione rexerit, iuste vixerit. Ph. 420 ol 8* el fie'v 
 zee irCOcovrai evaicn^a arjfiatvoixrr}. Ph. 440 Austrum, quern si 
 prospiciens vitaveris. See the rest of the passage for other exx. 
 PI. Phaedo 115c edvirep ye Xd/3r)re /jue /cal fir) etccfrvyoQ v/jlcls. 
 Tusc. 1, 103 si me adsequi potueris out sicubi nanctus eris. Xen. 
 Cyr. 8, 7, 17 eireihav rov avQpoairivov (3lov reXevrrjaco. Cato 
 79 cum a vobis discessero. 
 
 4. Pluperfect subj. 4 exx. In 3 cases the tense is due to 
 sequence; in the 4th, to the Latin idiom. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 19 
 ov — eireiaQnv orav he tovtov cuTaWayr), reOvw/cev. Cato 80 per- 
 suaderi non potuit, animos, — cum excessissent ex eis emori. Two 
 other exx. are in the same passage. Tim. 42a oTrore Br) awp,acnv 
 e^vrevOelev ii; avdytcr)?. Tim. 12 cum autem animos corporibus 
 necessitate insevuset. 
 
 III. Subjunctive in final clauses. 
 
 Xo comparisons on the score of tense may be made here, since 
 sequence governs entirely in the Latin. 
 
 B. Optative. 
 I. Optative of wish or command. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = l. Present subj. 2 exx. Solon, frg. 21, Schneide- 
 win, firjBe uoi aicXavo-Tos Odvaros /jloXol. Tusc. 1, 117 mors 
 mea ne careat lacrimis. The translation here accounts for the 
 change in tense. See the same passage for another ex. 
 
 II. Potential Optative. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1 . Present. 9 exx. Eur. Or. 3 ovBe av/jufiopa — 77? 
 ovk av apoi7 y actios — fyvais. Tusc. 4, 63 nee — malum quod 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 57 
 
 non natura humana patiendo eeferat. Ph. 573 tj/iktv fiev /cev lSolo 
 fierrjopov. Ph. 599-600 dimidiam retinet — Corona partem. 
 PI. Ap. 41a iirl iroacp av Ti? he^curo av v/jlcov. Tusc. 1, 98 
 quanti tandem aestimatis? Soph. frg. 964 rods 8' av /jLeyiarovs 
 Kal aocfrcorciTovs <f>pevl iolovoS cSols av. Tusc. 3, 71 nee vero 
 tanta praeditus sapientia quisquam est. The forms with posse 
 under this category may be classed separately. Tim. 30c ovSev 
 av yevocTo /ca\6v. Tim. 4 pulchrum esse nihil potest. Ibid. 31b 
 ovSev av irore oparov jevotro. Tim. 4 nihil — aspici ac videri 
 potest. Ph. 529—531 ov /cev — ctvrjp — KoWr^a-airo — rpo^aXeia. 
 Ph. 548-550 ut nemo — tonare — possiet orbis. Similarly Ph, 
 456-457, Ph. 471-472; Horn. II. 19, 227, Tusc. 3, 65. 
 
 2. Future. 8 exx. Ph. 288 ovre /cev r/ol 7rB\Xrjv ireipfyeias. 
 Ph. 297 nam non longinquum spatium latere diurnum. Ibid. 
 290 ovt' av rot vv/cto? — iyyvOev ^w? e\6oi, 299-300 umida non 
 sese vestris Aurora querellis ocius ostendet; 451-452 ravrd ice 
 Onrjaaio irapepxo^evayv eveavrebv, 467 haec sunt, quae — signa — 
 cernes. Horn. II. 9, 363 rjfiaTi tee Tpirdrq) Qdlnv ipi/3co\ov 
 IfcoLfAvv. Div. 2, 63 tertia te Phthiae tempestas laeta locabit. 
 Similarly Ph. 562-563, Ph. 594-595 j ibid. 463-464, 484; 542, 
 561 ; PL Phaedrus 279a, Or. 41. 
 
 3. Imperfect subj. due to sequence. 1 ex. Tim. 33a ov% 
 irrroXeXecfifievcov ig wv dXKo tolovtov yevocT' av. Tim. 5 nulla 
 parte unde alter gigneretur relicta. 
 
 III. Optative with el and allied constructions. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There is one example. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1. Present. 1 ex. PI. Phaedrus 279a el — Scevey/cot 
 rcov ayfrafMevayv. Or. 41 si — praestet — omnibus. 
 
 2. Imperfect subj. due to freedom of translation. PI. Op. 
 41b oiroTe ivTi>xoLfiL Tusc. 1, 98 eum — eonvenirem. 
 
58 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 C. Imperative. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1. Present indie. 22 xx. Horn. Od. 12, 185 vrja 
 KardaTrjarov. Fin. 5, 49 quin puppim flectis. Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 
 21 ivvor)<raT€. Cato 80 videtis. 
 
 D, Infinitive. 
 
 I. Substantive Infinitive. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 1 ex., formal only ; Tim. 40d elirelv zeal yvcovai — fjbel&v rj, /cri. 
 Tim. 11 et nosse et enuntiare — maius est. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1. Present. 13 exx. See ex. above. Also Tim. 
 28c evpeiv re epyov. Tim. 2 invenire difficile est. 2 exx. Ibid. 
 28a ahvvarov 0"%eti/, 2 nullius — rei — reperiri origo potest. Such 
 a translation is perfectly regular, and exx. need not be multiplied. 
 Tim. 30d, Tim. 4 ; ibid. 42e, 13 ; 39d, 9 ; Ph. 696-697, Ph. 
 730; ibid. 657-658, 699; 460-461, 478; Hes. Op. 349, Brut. 
 16. Of non-infinitives we have PI. Phaedrus 245e crrrjvat ical 
 lirjiroTe avOis > ix eiV - Tusc. 1, 54 vel concidat omne caelum 
 omnisque natura consistat necesse est. PI. Ap. 41a o-vyyeveadai — 
 €7rl 7roVa) civ Ti$ SefatT* civ; Tusc. 1, 98 ut — conloqui liceat y 
 quanti tandem aestimatis ? 
 
 2. Imperfect subjunctive, due to sequence, 2 exx. References 
 only need be given : Tim. 41e, Tim. 12 ; ibid. 46e, 14. 
 
 II. Infinitive with irplv. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 1 ex., and that doubtful: Horn. Od. 12, 187 Trplv — 6V 
 aKovacu. Fin. 5, 49 quin — astiterit. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 59 
 III. Infinitive of result [ware]. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = 1. Present subj., primary sequence. Tim. 32c ware 
 — akvTov — yeveadat. Tim. 5 ut dissolvi nullo modo queat. 
 
 IV. Infinitive O. O. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 3 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist = Present. 1 ex. Ph. 325 fir) — aWa ire7roi0OL 
 OyrjaracrOcu. Ph. 347 speret — cognoscere — posse. 
 
 E. Participle. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There are 63 exx. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Aorist — 1 . Present. 1 6 exx. The present in the participial 
 translation is due to the scanty equipment of the Latin in this 
 direction. Tim. 36b fieanv 77770? fiea-rjv — Trpoaftakwv /care- 
 Kafi^ev. Tim. 7 mediaeque accommodans mediam quasi decus- 
 savit. Ibid. 29c ttoW&v enrovrtov, 3 disserentes ; 46c iiroirjcre 
 
 — airSiaav, 14 quae conveniens — reddit. Soph. Trach. 1053 
 irpoafiaxOev — ftefipcoKe. Tusc. 2, 20 inhaerens — laceret. Simi- 
 larly Tim. 36e, Fin. 8; ibid. 46e, 14; 34b, 6 : Ph. 474, Ph. 
 489 ; Prog. 223, Prog. 225 ; Xen. Oec. 4, 23, Cato 59. In 
 other exx. the context may be said to determine the tense. Tim. 
 41a a 6V ifjiov yevofieva a\vra. Tim. 11 quorum operum ego 
 parens effectosque sum, haec sunt indissoluta. Ibid. 32c coare 
 
 — %vvek6bv clXvtov — yeveaOai, 5 ex quo — ita cohaeret ut, etc.; 
 34a, ireptayaycov — iwoirjo-e — /uveiaOai, 6 ipse torquetur et verti- 
 
60 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 tur. Soph. Trach, 1076 irpocreXOoov arrj6c. Tusc. 2, 21 accede, 
 
 nate, adsiste. Horn. II. 19, 229 KaTaOdirreiv hcucpvaavres. 
 
 Tusc. 3, 65 tumulis mandare et luctum — -finire. PL Phaedrus 
 245e av/jLTreaovarav o-rr^vat. Tusc. 1, 54 vel concidat — omnisque 
 natura consistat. 
 
 2. Imperfect. 7 exx. 4 are due to the coordination of parti- 
 ciple with finite verb in translation. Tim. 30a rjyayev — 
 7)fyr)<Tcinevo<;, Tim. 3 adduxit ; hoc enim iudicabat. Ibid. 32a 
 direpyaardiievos — avveh-nae, 5 compararetet — coniungeret [2 exx.]; 
 42e airep<yaaafi€vov^ ap%€Lv, 13 perpolirent et absolvererd, deinde 
 ut — principes — praeberent. Two of the impfs. remaining are 
 due to sequence. Tim. 36b /careKapbyfrev — fi/j/etyra?, Tim. 7 intor- 
 sit — ut iungerentur ; ibid. 32b ^vvearrjo-ev — fiepos ovSh — v7ro- 
 Xittwv, 5 conlocatae sunt — ut nulla pars — excederet. The impf. 
 in one more ex. may be ascribed to the Latin idiom. Tim. 30d 
 6 0€o? — fiovXyOeh — ^vvea-rrjae, Tim. 4 cum deus — efficere vellet, — 
 effecit. 
 
 3. Future perfect. 8 exx. The first 6 are all in one passage, 
 and are due to iterative principles. Tim. 42b 6 fxev — fiioik — 
 efot. Tim. 12 qui — confecerit — revertetur. See the rest of the 
 passage. The exx. remaining are idiomatic. Tim. 28c ical 
 evpovra — Xeyeiv. Tim. 2 cum — inveneris — indicare — nefas. PL 
 Ap. 41a cnraXXayeis — evprjaei. Tusc. 1, 98 tene, cum — eraser is, 
 — venire. 
 
 4. Pluperfect. 13 exx. 1 ex. is due to sequence. Xen. Oec. 
 4, 21 tov /caTafierpijaavTos <tol kcl\ huard^avTo^. Cato 59 dixisse 
 mirari se — sollertiam eius a quo essent ilia dimensa atque descriptor. 
 Another ex. has the ptc. as the protasis of an unreal condition. 
 Tim. 47a ovSels dv ttote ipprjOrj — pLrjre — Ihovrwv. Tim. 14 baud 
 
 sset inventa, si neque — sub aspectum cadere potuissent. The 
 exx. remaining are due to the Latin idiom in temporal clauses. 
 Eur. Cresp. frg. 452 Dind. rbv <f>vvra Opnvelv. Tusc. 1, 115 
 decebat — domum lugere, ubi esset aliquis in lucem editus. Sext. 
 Emp. adv. Math. 2, 7, avarpeyfra^ rrjv %€lpa /cal irdXiv i^arrXwaa^. 
 
Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 61 
 
 Or. 113 nam cum compresserat digitosque pugnu mque fecerat — 
 cum autem diduxerat et manum dilataverat. Tim. 30a \oyiadfie- 
 vos — ovv evpia/cev. Tim. 3 cum rationem — habuisset, reperiebat. 
 Ibid. 35a Xaftcov — arvveicepdaaTo, 7 cum — sumpsisset — temperavit; 
 35b 7roLr)(rdfjLevo<; ev — Bie'veifiev. Tim. 7 cum — effecisset unum, 
 partitus est, Similarly Tim. 30a, Tim. 3 ; ibid. 36d, 7 ; 42d, 
 13; 42e, 13 [2 exx.]. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 A. Imperative. 
 
 COINCIDENCE. 
 
 The single ex. is worth noting. Tim. 28b tov6' rjfiiv 
 wvofjudaOco, Tim. 2 hoc a nobis nuneupatus sit. This construc- 
 tion is rare in Latin, and is here clearly due to the influence of 
 the Greek. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Perfect = 1. Present indie. 1 ex. Tim. 46e ra fiev — 
 &/JLfi€TcuTLa — elprjadco. Tim. 14 ac de causis — esse dictum puto. 
 
 B. Infinitive. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 
 There is one ex. 
 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Perfect = 1. Present. 1 ex. PL Ap. 41a i0e\co redvdveu. 
 Tusc. 1, 98 emori — vellem. 
 
 2. Future indie. 1 ex. Due to the difference in vocabulary. 
 PL Men ex. 248a ha to — ireiroiQivai. Tusc. 5, 3G quod — in se 
 — spem reponet. 
 
 3. Pluperfect. 1 ex. due to the Latin idiom. Tim. 39e t& 
 /jLr)7rco — irepLeikrj^vai. Tim. 10 quia nondum — intus induserat, 
 — deficiebat — similitudo. 
 
62 Moods and Tenses in Cicero's Translations from the Greek. 
 
 There are 36 exx. 
 
 C. Participle. 
 
 COINCIDENCES. 
 DIVERGENCES. 
 
 Perfect = 1. Present. 21 exx. When the translation is 
 participial, the use of the present in the active is obligatory on 
 account of the limitations of the Latin. Practically all such are 
 in poetry. 13 exx. Horn. II. 7, 89 err} pa -reOvn tiros. Gl. 1. ii 
 lumina linquens. Here Cicero had to give up a chance to use a 
 perf. act. ptc., in order to fill out his line. Tim. 40b a/civnrov 
 zeal i(TT(k. Tim. 10 immobilem et stantem. Horn. II. 2, 320 
 ecTTaoVe? Oav/jLa^ofiev. Div. 2, 64 stantes — vidimus. Ph. 328 ov 
 fiev irdvra irefyaa yxeVo? . Ph. 351 nee — toto spirans de corpore 
 flammam. Ibid. 632 rerpafifievov — Bvvei, 664 mergens coudit, 
 Soph. Trach. 1073 ISelv 8e$pa/c6ra. Tusc. 2, 21 quem vidit — 
 ingemescentem. Similarly Ph. 564, Ph. 590; ibid. 413, 436; 
 387, 413; 588, 615; 516, 535; 358, 388; Tim. 39c, Tim. 9. 
 Sometimes the Greek ptc. is equivalent to a present. There are 
 2 exx., both very free. Ph. 318 Bvo irap hvo ireirrnciiTa. Ph. 
 335 quas intervallum binas disterminat unum. Ibid. 369 
 elXiaaovrat, 7re7TT?;ft>Te?, 401-402 quas contegit omnis Lepus. The 
 translation in 2 more exx. is passive. Tim. 28b to yeyovos. 
 Tim. 2 quae gignitur ; ibid. 33b cr^rj/^a to TrepieCknfyos, 6 forma 
 qua — concluduntur. Perfects denoting maintenance of result have 
 present translation. PI. Phaedrus 245e aOavaTov 7recf>aa \ievov •. 
 Tusc. 1, 54 cum pateat — aeternum esse. Tim. 38d tovs — 
 elX7jx 0Ta ^' Tim. 9 habent. Ph. 83 eVojO^pw? — iTndXifiei,. Ph. 
 Ph. 91 vestigia ponit atque urguet. 
 
 2. Future. 1 ex. This is due to the conditional construction 
 in the Latin. Ph. 559 ov icev cnrofiXnTov SeSo/cn/JLevw — eln. Ph. 
 587 si aves — cognoscere. 
 
 3. Pluperfect. 1 ex. This is due to sequence. Eur. frg. 
 452 Dind. top kcli Treiravfievov. Tusc. 1, 115 decebat — qui 
 labores morte finisset — exsequi. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 The author of this dissertation was born in Baltimore, Decem- 
 ber 15, 1877. He received the degree of A. B. from the Johns 
 Hopkins University in June, 1904, and Ph. D., in June, 1907. 
 Since September, 1907, he has been Professor of Latin in 
 Marshall College, Huntington, West Virginia. To all his 
 instructors at the University he desires to express his sense of 
 lasting obligation ; especially to Dr. B. L. Gildersleeve, at whose 
 suggestion this work was undertaken. 
 
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