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 OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 LECTURES ON HISTORY 
 
 ADDRESSED TO THE STUDENTS 
 OF 
 
 THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 ANDREW D. WHITE 
 
 PRESIDENT, AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY 
 
 ITHACA 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 MDCCCLXXXIII
 
 STACK 
 ANNEX 
 
 D 
 
 si 
 
 PART III 
 
 FRANCE
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 /. FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 UNITY AND CENTRALIZATION. 
 THE REFORMATION AND WARS OF RELIGION. 
 HENRY IV. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF RICHELIEU. 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF MAZARIN. 
 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL. 
 LOUIS XIV. 
 
 BOSSUET AND FENELON. 
 THE REGENCY AND LOUIS XV. 
 
 FRENCH INSTITUTIONS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. 
 THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE X VHP* CENTURY. 
 THE SUPPRESSION OF THE JESUIT ORDER. 
 LOUIS XVI. 
 TURGOT. 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN IDEAS UPON THE 
 FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 If. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 TO THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 
 TO THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 TO THE ABOLITION OF FEUDAL PRIVILEGES. 
 TO THE REMOVAL OF THE KINO TO PARIS. 
 TO THE FEDERATION FESTIVAL. 
 TO THE CLOSE OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 
 TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR WITH EUROPE. 
 TO THE INSURRECTION OF THE TENTH OF AUGUST. 
 TO THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL CONVENTION. 
 TO THE EXECUTION OF THE GIRONDISTS. 
 TO THE DOWNFALL OF ROBESPIERRE. 
 TO THE DIRECTORY. 
 
 III. MODERN FRANCE. 
 
 THE DIRECTORY TO THE TREATY OF CAMPO FORMIO. 
 
 TO THE EIGHTEENTH BRUMAIRE. 
 THE CONSULATE. 
 THE FIRST EMPIRE TO THE TREATY OF TILSIT. 
 
 TO THE CONFERENCE AT ERFURT. 
 TO THE INVASION OF RUSSIA. 
 
 TO THE ABDICATION OF NAPO- 
 LEON. 
 
 THE RESTORATION. 
 
 LOUIS PHILIPPE. 
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF 1848 AND THE SECOND EMPIRE. 
 
 THLER8. 
 
 THE THIRD REPUBLIC.
 
 UNITY AND CENTRALIZATION. 
 
 1 . Europe at the End of the Middle Ages : Similarity 
 in internal condition and development of the great nations, 
 decline of feudalism and growth of centralization, in 
 England, in Spain, in Italy, in Germany, in France. 
 
 2. Condition of France : The Hundred Years' War 
 and its results. Insubordination of the nobles, their 
 leagues and lawlessness. The military system, evils of 
 the feudal method, ravages of the soldiery. The com- 
 mon people, sentiments of the nobility toward them, 
 their misery, war, famine, and pestilence. The Church, 
 noble work of the spirit of Christianity, baneful effects 
 of ecclesiasticism, light thrown by the history of that age 
 upon certain ecclesiastical hopes and promises in this. 
 
 3. Charles VII (1422-61) : Jeanne d'Arc and the ex- 
 pulsion of the English. Importance of the year 1453 to 
 Europe and to France, end of the Hundred Years' War. 
 Formation of the first standing army, its size, impor- 
 tance of the step. Revenues of the crown, the taille, 
 it is made perpetual, significance of this. Creation of 
 new provincial parliaments, or royal courts of appeal, 
 beginnings of a uniform code. Improvements in finance, 
 Jacques Coeur. Dealings with the Church, the Prag- 
 matic Sanction of 1438. 
 
 4. Louis XI (146183) : Hopes of the nobility, dec- 
 laration of Dunois, their disappointment, power and 
 pretentions of some of them, the dukes of Burgundy and 
 Brittany. Character of Louis. Authorities upon his 
 reign, Philippe de Comines, Walter Scott. Louis's
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 policy, the "League of the Public Good" and its defeat, 
 Louis's methods illustrated by his dealings with Liege. 
 Dealings with Burgundy, character of Charles the Bold 
 and of his court, his destruction through Louis's in- 
 trigues. Ability in administration shown in selection of 
 state servants, in creation of new parliaments, in deal- 
 ings with the Church and with ecclesiastics (Cardinal Ba- 
 lue and his cage), contrast between Louis's public and 
 personal relations with the Church. His agency in gen- 
 eral progress, printing, the post, institutions of learn- 
 ing, curious exception in his treatment of the Nominal- 
 ists. Summary of his work. 
 
 5. Charles VIII (14.83-98): Revolt of the nobles, 
 wretched condition of the people. The expedition into 
 Italy (1494), its real significance, according to Guizot, 
 its important results to Europe, beginning of interna- 
 tional relations. Results to France, growth of a national 
 consciousness, effects of the expedition upon French 
 character and French art. 
 
 6. Louis XII (14.981515): External affairs, con- 
 tinued interference in Italy, rise of the idea of the "bal- 
 ance of power," the League of Cambray and the Holy 
 League. Internal affairs, growth of the parliaments and 
 of procedure, of postal communication, of art, espe- 
 cially architecture. Good influence of Louis's personal 
 character upon the nation, its uniqueness in this respect, 
 Francis I, Henry IV, and Louis XIV as examples of 
 the contrary.
 
 THE REFORMATION AND WARS OF RELIGION. 
 
 1. The Reform Party in France: Premature ideas of 
 reform in Southern France in the I3th century, estab- 
 lishment of the Inquisition, and utter extirpation of the 
 Albigensian heresy. The Protestant Reformation, be- 
 ginnings at Meaux, Briconnet, Lefevre, Farel, Cal- 
 vin and his work. Effect of popular discontent in induc- 
 ing the rural population to accept the new doctrines, 
 similar effect of the supremacy of the Medici and the 
 Guises at court upon certain high nobles. Reform sympa- 
 thies of a large body of thoughtful men and women, 
 Marguerite of France. Selfish motives of sundry nobles. 
 
 2. The Church Party : The court, peculiar union of 
 churchmanship with immorality, attitude of Francis I 
 
 (I5I5-47)- 
 
 3. Beginnings of Government Dealings with Hetero- 
 doxy : Arguments for intolerance. Persecution of the 
 Vaudois, terrible severity of Oppede. Remorse of the 
 king, struggle of his better instincts in the case of Ber- 
 quin, execution of Berquin. New persecutions, tort- 
 ure of the heretics, declaration of the king. 
 
 4. Henry II (154.1-59) : His character, execution of 
 Anne Dubourg. Character of the queen, Catherine de 
 Medici. Death of Henry. 
 
 5. Catherine de Medici and Her Sons: Francis II 
 (1559-60). Continued persecutions, growth of the re- 
 form party, Protestant conspiracy of Amboise, its fail- 
 ure and cruel retribution. Charles IX (1560-74). At- 
 tempts at agreement, colloquy of Poissy, Beza and 
 Lainez, manifest futility of this effort. Attempts at tol- 
 eration, the chancellor L'Hopital, Bodin and Castelnau,
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 growing bitterness of party spirit. Outbreak of civil 
 war, the outrage at Vassy, popularity of Francis of 
 Guise, his assassination, the war begun. 
 
 6. The Three Factions: I. The Catholic party, the 
 Guises, their mixed motives, popular element in the 
 party. 2. The Huguenot party, its strongholds, Co- 
 ligny and the Bourbons. 3. The moderate party, 
 L'Hopital and Bodin, its aims. Incapacity of the Valois 
 kings to control the struggle, their policy. 
 
 7. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572): At- 
 tempt at reconciliation by marriage of Henry of Navarre 
 with Marguerite of Valois, invitation of all the great 
 Protestants to the wedding, the marriage festivities. 
 The plot, the king's reluctant consent, St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Day (24 Aug. 1572), murder of Coligny, the 
 massacre, frenzy of the king, cunning purpose of Cath- 
 erine de Medici. The flowering hawthorn, renewal of 
 the massacre, its spread throughout France, its extent, 
 immediate and remote results. Reception of the news 
 throughout Europe, in England, at Rome. Responsi- 
 bility of the Church. 
 
 8. The Wars of the League : Escape and recantation 
 of Henry of Navarre. Formation of the Holy League, 
 its leaders and abettors. Difficult position of Henry III 
 (1574-89) and his court, traditional Valois policy of 
 trimming. Efforts to keep up fanaticism, the " Sixteen," 
 curious parallel between these methods and those of the 
 English Puritans. Efforts to secure aid from abroad, 
 sympathies of the several powers. Increase of the popu- 
 larity of the Guises, Day of the Barricades (1588), des- 
 peration of Henry III, the Guises assassinated at Blois. 
 Fury of the Catholic party, assassination of Henry III 
 by Jacques Clement (1589). 
 
 9. Effects of the Reformation and Wars of Religion : 
 On the physical condition of the French people, on their 
 intellectual development, on their moral development, 
 on their political development. The great want of France.
 
 HENRY IV. 
 
 1 . State of France after the Assassination of Henry III : 
 Condition of Paris, bitterness of preachers, monks, and 
 people, their insane hatred of Henry of Navarre. Con- 
 dition of the provinces, turbulence of the nobles, efforts 
 of the cities. Claimants to the crown, Henry of Navarre 
 and the Salic law, Philip of Spain, the Cardinal de 
 Bourbon, the young duke of Guise. Disadvantage to 
 Henry of his Protestantism. 
 
 2. Henry 's Struggle against Force : Opposition of the 
 Church, of Spain, of factions in France. Elements of 
 strength in Henry, his early life, his home training, 
 his mother, Jeanne d'Albret, his favorite reading in boy- 
 hood, lesson of this as to the uses of biography, influ- 
 ence of the Lives of the Saints and of Plutarch's Lives, as 
 illustrations, results in Henry's case, Moncontour. His 
 character, curious mixture of qualities, his religious 
 spirit, his frank, attractive manner, his loose ideas as to 
 morality, his shrewdness. Points in his favor, his legit- 
 imacy, its recognition by his predecessor, his military 
 success, his valor, Arques and Ivry. Insane energy of 
 the League in Paris, fanaticism and atrocities of the mob, 
 result of all this. 
 
 3. His Struggle against Opinion : Change in popular 
 feeling toward him, reaction in his favor at Paris, his 
 personal efforts to this end, his sayings, his kindly acts. 
 The Satire Menippce, its authors, its popularity, plan
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 of the work (citations). Henry's conversion to Catholi- 
 cism [1593], his coronation, his entrance into Paris 
 [1594]. Union of the nation in the war against Spain, 
 Peace of Vervins [1598]. 
 
 4. His Religious Policy : Religious condition of France, 
 political necessity of Henry's conversion, arguments in 
 its favor. Conditions of his absolution, readmission of 
 the Jesuits. Feeling of earnest Protestants, like Duplessis- 
 Mornay and D'Aubigne. The Edict of Nantes [i 598], 
 its nature, guaranties for its execution, political danger 
 of this granting of strongholds. Comparison of the Edict 
 of Nantes with the Religious Peace of Augsburg. 
 
 5. His Foreign Policy : His dealings with the House 
 of Austria, his plan for a great new European state- 
 system, as laid down in Sully's memoirs, doubtful authen- 
 ticity of this. 
 
 6. His Domestic Policy : Mixture in his statesmanship 
 of thoughtfulness and carelessness. His magnanimity. 
 Sully, his character, his ideas and reforms, his theory 
 as to agriculture, Olivier de Serres and his book. Hen- 
 ry's noble encouragement of manufactures, his faith in 
 free trade. His public works, canals, palaces, the 
 cathedral of Orleans. His dealings with the nobles, his 
 lenience, their lawless independence, dueling, D'E- 
 pernon and Biron, execution of the latter. 
 
 7. His Colonial Policy: The French in America, 
 De Monts and Champlain, Quebec. 
 
 8. The New Growth of Fanaticism : Preparations for 
 war with Spain, assassination of Henry by the Jesuit 
 Ravaillac [1610].
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF RICHELIEU. 
 
 1. Statesmanship: Three leading types of statesman- 
 ship, i. That based on faith in some great militant prin- 
 ciple, Cavour, Cobderi, Lincoln, Sumner. 2. That which 
 reorganizes an old state to fit new times, Cranmer, 
 Turgot, Gladstone. 3. That which serves a state in times 
 of chaos, Richelieu. 
 
 2. France in Distress: Death of Henry IV. [1610], 
 first phase of national feeling, second phase. Clutch by 
 the nobles at power, D'Epernon and the Parliament of 
 Paris. Regency of Marie de Medici, the Concinis, 
 troubles from the great nobles, their last threat. States- 
 General finally called [1614], complaints of the nobles, 
 of the clergy, of the people, France as pictured in 
 Miron's speech, the sessions stopped ridiculously. What 
 had been given to France, remembrances of young 
 Richelieu's speech. Conde and the nobles defiant again, 
 Richelieu given control of the kingdom, his dealings 
 with the rebellion. Catastrophe which throws him out of 
 power, end of the Concinis, DeLuynes, formidable or- 
 ganization of the Protestants, civil war again, Richelieu 
 recalled. Picture of France at this period, from Richelieu's 
 Testament Politique, three great objects of Richelieu's 
 policy of which he was conscious, one great object of 
 which he was unconscious. 
 
 3. Richelieu and the Huguenots: Position of the Hu- 
 guenots in La Rochelle, skill of Richelieu's diplomacy,
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 boldness of his attack. The check, Buckingham and the 
 English, their failure. Heedlessness of the nobles, 
 Richelieu erects new siege- works, builds his dyke, forms 
 a new navy, reforms the army, outwits traitors, sub- 
 dues the king and court. Desperate courage of the Hu- 
 guenots. Richelieu's greatness after victory. 
 
 4. Richelieu and the Great Nobles: His point of attack, 
 first lesson to the grandees, second lesson, was 
 Richelieu cruel ? Hatred, new lessons to nobles, les- 
 son to the Parliament of Paris. Richelieu calls in the aid 
 of the people, the Assembly of Notables, reforms. 
 
 5. Richelieu and Austria: Striking peculiarity of 
 Richelieu's European alliances. His relations with Ger- 
 man Protestants, Father Joseph's work. The master- 
 stroke. 
 
 6. Summary of Richelieu 's Work: i. On the political 
 progress of France. 2. On the general progress of Europe. 
 3. On the secularization of European politics. 4. On the 
 internal prosperity of France. Light thrown on his life at 
 his hour of death.
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF MAZARIN. 
 
 1. Kingship: The search for it, nominal kings, 
 real kings. Death of Richelieu [1642], his grasp on 
 France not relaxed, death of Louis XIII [1643], his 
 grasp on France relaxed at once. Will of the dead Louis 
 broken by his friends, wish of the dead Richelieu obeyed 
 by his enemies, reason of this. 
 
 2. Mazarin : His training, his character, compari- 
 son of Mazarin with Richelieu. Glance at the military 
 history of his administration, the Thirty Years' War, 
 the Peace of Westphalia [1648]. 
 
 3. Ferment: Civil history, 1641-48, Mazarin's pre- 
 liminary smoothness, he carries out Richelieu's policy, 
 ferment among the nobles. Great fault of statesmen in 
 that age, D'Emeri, ferment among the people. The 
 Parliament of Paris, its character and career, its resist- 
 ance to Mazarin and D'Emeri, influence of the English 
 revolution, Mazarin resolves to humble the Parliament, 
 the Paulette, the Parliament humbles Mazarin, the 
 twenty- seven articles, ferment in the Parliament. Car- 
 dinal de Retz, his character and schemes. Summary of 
 the situation. 
 
 4. Explosion : The Te Deum for the victory of Lens, 
 seizure of Broussel, hubbub, Mazarin forced to yield, 
 the Treaty of St. Germain [1648]. 
 
 5. The Fronde: Mazarin's new move, De Retz's 
 new rebellion, siege of Paris, broad farce, the new
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 nickname. De Retz and the nobles go too far, the Par- 
 liament, frightened, treats with Mazarin (Peace of Rueil, 
 1649). The rebellion degenerates, confusion of petty 
 motives, Beaufort's skill in teasing Mazarin. Complex- 
 ity of the plot, fickleness and treachery of the actors, 
 Mazarin alone persistent, his exile. Mazarin returns 
 from exile, his triumph [1653]. 
 
 6. Absolutism built at last : Last struggle of the Par- 
 liament, Mazarin teaches young Louis XIV to crush it. 
 First need of France at that time, fate of unearnest na- 
 tions, comparison of the Fronde with the English revo- 
 lution. Mazarin's policy. Summary of the effects wrought 
 out by Richelieu and Mazarin.
 
 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL. 
 
 1. Sources: Four great historical currents which at- 
 tract notice, one current which escapes notice, its ori- 
 gin and course, growths which it has nourished, the 
 most beautiful of these. The soil, vileness of French 
 life at the beginning of the seventeenth century, as shown 
 by the history of that period, noble position of one man 
 in that history and in all history, real secret of the power 
 of the Church of Rome. 
 
 2. Vincent de Paul [1576-1660] : His birth and early 
 life, his education, his orthodoxy, his dislike of theo- 
 logic disputes. Strange story of his captivity and es- 
 cape, his rise into prominence, curious connection with 
 Cardinal de Retz. He is found by his life-work. 
 
 3. His Work: 
 
 A. St. Vincent and the Clergy: Condition of the 
 French clergy in his time. His efforts for their improve- 
 ment, his personal influence, his seminaries, his new 
 religious order (the Priests of the Mission). Official recog- 
 nition, the Council on Religious Affairs, reason of its 
 dissolution. 
 
 B. St. Vincent and the Afflicted: I. His work with 
 the peasantry, wretched sanitary condition of Europe, 
 growth of the new charity, efforts to relieve the mis- 
 ery brought by war. 2. The Sisters of Charity, first 
 suggestion of the order, its growth from his heart, its 
 wonderful spread. 3. His work among criminals, story 
 regarding his devotion to the galley-slaves. 4. His work 
 for the foundlings, his asylums, anecdotes of his love 
 for these helpless waifs, hold taken by this upon the
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 popular heart, as shown by representations of him in 
 painting and sculpture. 
 
 4. His Character: Its development, his submission 
 to Church authority, his ascetic habits, his rare combi- 
 nation of the deepest religious feeling with great adminis- 
 trative ability, Vincent de Paul and John Wesley. 
 
 5. His Relations to the Political History of his Time: 
 i. His tutelage of De Retz. 2. His influence with the 
 queen in favor of the retention of Mazarin. Great moral 
 truth revealed by his relations with Richelieu and Maza- 
 rin. 
 
 6. His Beatification and Canonization : His self-devo- 
 tion and its natural result, illustration of this result at 
 the death of Louis XIII. Miracles ascribed to him, in- 
 evitableness of this ascription. Beginning of proceedings 
 for his beatification [1712], preliminary testimony, ex- 
 amination of his body, formal investigation of the mir- 
 acles, defeat of the "Devil's Advocate", papal decree 
 of beatification [1729]. Popular rejoicings over this 
 event, multiplication of miracles, taking of additional 
 testimony, the Pope's approval of the two required mir- 
 acles, the bill of canonization [1737]. Reality of Vin- 
 cent's saintship.
 
 LOUIS XIV. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 I. The Fronde and the Young King. 
 
 1. Effect of the Fronde on Louis's character, lessons 
 which it taught him, conviction and theory which it gave 
 him. 
 
 2. Influence of Mazarin on Louis's education, Maza- 
 rin's prophecy regarding him, first public revelation of 
 his qualities. Death of Mazarin [1661], his two legacies 
 to Louis. Louis reigns alone, character of his rule. 
 
 II. Fertility of the Time in Great Men. 
 
 1. Colbert: His career, vast scope of his activity. 
 A. Colbert and Finance: Chaos, Fouquet, Colbert's 
 unpopularity and its causes, his taxation of luxuries, 
 his hostility to loans, improvement of the revenue during 
 his administration. B. Colbert and Agriculttire : His 
 good work at the outset, his great fault in policy, pro- 
 tection. C. Colbert and Manufactures : Suppression of 
 holidays, other fostering measures, protection again, 
 France and Holland. D. Colbert and the Navy. E. Col- 
 bert and the Fine Arts. Disgrace and death of Colbert 
 [1683], end of the peaceful period of Louis's reign. 
 
 2. Louvois and War : His skill in directing armies, 
 his faculty for organization, his faults. 
 
 3. Vauban and Military Engineering : His improve- 
 ments in the art of fortification, in the art of besieging. 
 
 4. Scguier and Legislation : The new codification, 
 the six codes.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 5. De Lionne, D'Avaux, and Bonrepaux in Diploma- 
 cy: Their wonderful skill, Louis's stupid vanity. 
 
 6. Other Great Men : Generals. Poets. Prose-writ- 
 ers. Philosophers. Pulpit-orators. Historians. Men 
 of learning. Painters. Sculptors. Architects. 
 
 7. Cause of this Blaze of Genius and Talent: Whence 
 came these great men ? " Which is the more favorable to 
 the development of art, science, and literature a republic 
 or a monarchy ? " The argument on each side, the rid- 
 dle read. 
 
 III. Military Affairs. 
 
 1. War with Spain [1667-68] : Invasion of Flanders, 
 seizure of Franche Comte, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 2. War with Holland [1672-78]: Its commercial 
 cause, its religious cause. The passage of the Rhine, 
 deification of humbug. Revolution in Holland, William 
 of Orange, cutting of the dykes. Second seizure of 
 Franche Comte, Peace of Nymwegen.
 
 LOUIS XIV. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 1. Absolutism in its First Phase : The child's copy- 
 book in St. Petersburg, light streaming from it over 
 French history. Things admirable in Louis's early char- 
 acter. 
 
 2. Absolutism in its Second Phase : Destruction of all 
 local powers. Quotations from Louis's memoirs to show 
 his theory, historical sketch to show his practice. (Cita- 
 tions from St. Simon and Dangeau.) 
 
 3. "Grandeur" in France: New worship, palace- 
 building, flunkeyism, high heels and periwigs. Death 
 of Colbert, Madame de Maintenon and the Jesuits (La 
 Chaise and Le Tellier). Proselytism, by discrimination, 
 by bribes, by penalties, the dragonnades. Revoca- 
 tion of the Edict of Nantes [1685], its results. 
 
 4. "Glory" in Europe: Louis's attempt to browbeat 
 Europe, return of English captives to the Algerines, 
 bombardment of Genoa, insult to the Pope, the Cham- 
 bers of Reunion. Louis's attempt to bribe Europe. 
 William of Orange and the League of Augsburg [1686]. 
 The Revolution in England [1688], War of the League 
 of Augsburg [1688-97], burning of the Palatinate, 
 Peace of Ryswick [1697]. 
 
 5. " Grandeur" and " Glory" to be Paid for : Vauban's 
 picture of French wretchedness. Progress of tyranny, 
 disgrace of Vauban, of Racine, of Fenelon, the se- 
 cret police, lettres de cachet. " Glory " gives a last 
 bright flicker. War of the Spanish Succession [1701 
 1714], weakness of despotism, Marlborough, Peace 
 of Utrecht [1714]. Last days of Louis, his death 
 [1715], his burial. The secret of his failure.
 
 BOSSUET AND F^NELON. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 I. Bossuet. 
 
 1. Early Years: His birth [1627], his family. His 
 precocity, his early veneration for the Sacred Books, 
 he receives the tonsure at eight, and is made a canon at 
 thirteen. 
 
 2. His Education : At Dijon under the Jesuits, at 
 Paris under Nicolas Cornet. Influence of Cornet, of the 
 political life of the time, of St. Vincent de Paul. Bos- 
 suet's early eloquence, incident of the Hotel de Ram- 
 bouillet, his firmness of character. He takes his doctor's 
 degree [1652]. 
 
 3. Bossuet at Metz : He enters the priesthood, and is 
 made Archdeacon of Metz. His work at Metz, efforts 
 against Protestantism, difference between his personal 
 and his official attitude. Unsuccessful attempts to induce 
 him to return to Paris, his sermon before the queen 
 regent and Mazarin [1657], its twofold result. 
 
 4. Bossuet at Paris : His eloquence, his devotion to 
 study, his erudition. He is made Bishop of Condom, 
 is admitted to the Academy. Character of his oratory, 
 his deference to royalty, his funeral orations (over 
 Queen Henrietta of England, over the duchess of Or- 
 leans, over the prince of Conde), their largeness of 
 view. 
 
 5. Bossuet and Protestantism: The Exposition de la 
 Doctrine Catholique [1661], its power in statement, its
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 concessions. The Histoire des Variations des Eglises Pro- 
 testantes [1688], Bossuet and Chillingworth. 
 
 6. Bossuet and Jansenism : The Port- Royalists, con- 
 tumacy of the nuns, Bossuet's effort to convert them, 
 revolt of his better nature. His work on the Port-Royal 
 translation of the Bible. 
 
 7. Bossuet Preceptor to the Dauphin [167079] : Dig- 
 nity of the office, popularity of his appointment, worth- 
 lessness of the royal pupil. Bossuet's devotion to his 
 work, his letter to the Pope, his works for the use of 
 the dauphin, the Traite de la Connaissance de Dieu et de 
 Soi-meme, the Histoire Universelle, its importance in 
 the history of historical writing, Bossuet's philosophy of 
 history, distorting influence of his theology upon his 
 selection and treatment of details, real greatness of his 
 plan, the Politiqne Sacree, its absolutism, Bossuet and 
 Louis XIV. Incidental labors, range of his studies with 
 the dauphin, reason of their uselessness, so far as the 
 prince himself was concerned, influence of his educa- 
 tional works upon the French people. 
 
 8. Bossuet at Meaux : He is made Bishop of Meaux 
 [1681], reason why he received no higher appointment. 
 The controversy between Louis XIV and Innocent XI, 
 the Regale, the Assembly of 1682, Bossuet becomes 
 the champion of the " liberties of the Gallican church," 
 the Four Articles. His work for the Church of Rome, 
 his conversions from Protestantism, his prestige in 
 Europe. Two illustrations of his method: I. Bossuet 
 and Richard Simon ; 2. Bossuet and Fenelon.
 
 BOSSUET AND FfiNELON. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 II. Fenelon. 
 
 1. Early Years: His birth [1651], his family, his 
 attractiveness. Early theological studies at St. Sulpice. 
 
 2. First Labors : He seeks to go as a missionary to 
 Canada, to Greece, successful opposition of his family, 
 is selected to work upon converted Protestants, incurs 
 the hatred of Harlay, Archbishop of Paris. His mastery 
 of the French language, early writings, the Traite de 
 r Education dcs Filles, the Criticism of Malebranche, 
 the Traite du Ministere des Pasteurs, qualities common 
 to these works. His mission to Poitou, his noble stipu- 
 lation, his method and its success, attacks of Harlay, 
 Fenelon accused of heresy, of indifferentism. 
 
 3. Fenelon Preceptor to the Younger Dauphin \_i6Sy <?/].* 
 Reasons of his appointment, importance of the posi- 
 tion, character of the young Duke of Burgundy. Fene- 
 lon's wonderful success, comparison of his method with 
 that of Bossuet, in intellectual training, in moral training. 
 Fenelon's writings during this period, the Fables, their 
 purpose, the Dialogues des Morts, their character and 
 value, arguments against despotism, against anarchy, 
 the Directions pour la Conscience d'un Rot, its plain words 
 on the duties of kings to their subjects and to other nations, 
 the Telemaque, ideas inculcated in it, its anticipation 
 of the laissez-faire theory of government, its unconscious 
 reproduction of living characters. His anonymous letter 
 to the king, its justification, its contents, its startling 
 directness.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 4. Fenelon Archbishop of Cambrai : He is made Arch- 
 bishop-Duke of Cambrai [1695], reason why he was not 
 made Archbishop of Paris, resignation of his other pre- 
 ferments, his influence upon his new province. 
 
 5. Fenelon and Quietism : Rise of the Quietists, 
 Molinos, main points of his doctrine, its condemnation 
 by the Pope, its danger to the Church and to morality. 
 Introduction of Quietism into France by Madame Guyon, 
 her character, hostility of Harlay, his persecution of 
 her. Reasons why Fenelon defended Madame Guyon, 
 intervention of the " Eagle of Meaux," his attack upon 
 Quietism, Fenelon's refusal to sanction it, publication 
 of his own book, the Maxitnes des Saints sur la Vie In- 
 tcrieure [1697]. Previous friendship of Bossuet and Fene- 
 lon, beginning of the breach, its results to Fenelon. 
 Character of the Maximes des Saints, general approval 
 at first, Bossuet's assault upon it, success of his theo- 
 logic intrigues, attitude of the king, condemnation of 
 the book by the Sorbonne, Fenelon's tutorship taken 
 from him, his banishment to his diocese, further ill- 
 treatment. The appeal to Rome, sympathy of the Pope, 
 Bossuet's emissaries, the Pope's fear of Louis, threats 
 of the latter, Fenelon's book at last condemned by the 
 Church [1699]. 
 
 6. Fenelon in Disgrace : His humble submission, 
 fraudulent publication of the Telemaque, its misinterpre- 
 tation, culmination of the royal displeasure. Fenelon at 
 Cambrai, his treatment of Protestants, his care of the 
 sick and wounded, his quiet patience. 
 
 7. Last Years : Death of Bossuet [1705], unworthy 
 close of his life. Last years of Fenelon, his unfaltering 
 devotion to his work, his manly death [1715], undying 
 enmity of Louis. 
 
 8. Bossuet and Fenelon: Transitoriness of the work 
 of Bossuet, endurance of the work of Fenelon.
 
 THE REGENCY AND LOUIS XV. 
 
 I. The Regency [1715-23]. 
 
 1. The Regent: His character, Louis XIV's will bro- 
 ken, condition of France. 
 
 2. Foreign Difficulties: Alberoni and his plots, Du- 
 bois and his counterplots. 
 
 3. Domestic Difficulties : The debt, expedients, John 
 Law and his scheme, its wonderful success and failure, 
 effect upon the national character. The plague at Mar- 
 seilles, Belzunce. The orgies at Paris, the roue's. Bel- 
 zunce and Dubois rivals, the cardinal's hat, the statue. 
 
 II. Louis XV [1723-74]. 
 
 1. The Duke of Bourbon's Ministry \_ij2j- 26] : His 
 character, the king's marriage, of "smart" policy in 
 general and Bourbon's policy in particular. 
 
 2. Cardinal Fleury's Ministry [172643] : His peace 
 policy, Fleury and Walpole. Jansenists and Jesuits, 
 the bull Unigenitus, Christophe de Beaumont and the 
 billets de confession, intervention of the Parliament of 
 Paris, the miracles at Paris and St.-Medard. Death of 
 Fleury. 
 
 3. Cotillon Numero Un [174345] ' Madame de Cha- 
 teauroux, playing at soldiers, a fright. 
 
 4. Cotillon Numero Deux [1745-64] : Madame de 
 Pompadour, her character, her system, Machault, 
 the Pare aux Cerfs. " Petticoat No. 2 " Maria Theresa's 
 " cousin," the Seven Years' War.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 5. Cotillon Numero Trots [i 764-7 4} / Madame du 
 Barri, her advent, Du Barri and the Jesuits, France 
 shameless and hopeless. (Citations.) 
 
 III. Philosophy and Jesuitism. 
 
 Choiseul and the Philosophers versus Du Barri and the 
 Jesuits, Choiseul triumphant. Piety of Louis XV, 
 tricks, Du Barri triumphant. Louis drawing near the 
 end, his indifference to consequences, his loathsome 
 death, jubilation, the mourners. Condition of the 
 French nation, whose was the blame ?
 
 FRENCH INSTITUTIONS BEFORE THE 
 REVOLUTION. 
 
 I. The Old Triple Body of Wrong. 
 
 1. Old selfish Laws fostering Inequality. 
 
 2. Old selfish Habits fostering Confusion. 
 
 3. Old selfish Men fostering Oppression. 
 
 II. The Church. 
 
 1. Its Inequalities : Inequality in dioceses, in reve- 
 nues. 
 
 2. Its Oppression: Its hatred of new thought, its 
 persecutions of Protestants, the Galas and Sirven affairs, 
 attempts at repression of thought, insincerity of all 
 this. 
 
 3. Its Corruption: Dubois, Tencin and Lafitau, 
 spread of this internal corruption, anecdotes. 
 
 III. The State. 
 
 1. Royalty: Villeroi's speech, "despotism tempered 
 by epigrams," royal ordinances, lits de justice, royal 
 taxation, lettres de cachet, " Madame de Pompadour's 
 little whims, you know." Absolutism defiant to the last, 
 Louis's dying confession. 
 
 2. Nobility : Noblesse and Roturiers, the gulf, dis- 
 criminations, caste, exemptions, privileges. Spirit 
 of the nobles. Their number. 
 
 3. The Parliament of Paris : Its composition, pur-
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 chase of judgeships, the legal caste. Its functions, 
 registry, the " bed of justice," harsher treatment, 
 weakness of the Parliament. 
 
 4. The Assembly of Notables : its composition its 
 defects. 
 
 5. The States- General: Its composition, its uncer- 
 tain character, its long disuse. 
 
 6. Administration: A. General Administration. The 
 Ministers, mixture of functions, sale of offices, sine- 
 cures. B. Military Affairs. C. Justice. Confusion of 
 provincial courts and customs, bad principles in proced- 
 ure, preliminary torture, denial of counsel, conceal- 
 ment of charges, presumption of^guilt, barbarous modes 
 of punishment, case of Damiens, of De la Barre, the 
 wheel. D. Finance. Carelessness of the state credit, 
 inequality in taxation, the Farmers- General, ignorance 
 of political economy, protection. 
 
 IV. The People. 
 
 Hatred created in the richer class by inequality. Mis- 
 ery created in the poorer class by oppression, false ideas 
 of labor, feudal exactions. The French peasantry as 
 caricatured by Gillray, as described by Arthur Young, 
 Robert Miron's figure, statistics, a personal reminis- 
 cence. Secret of this oppression.
 
 THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE XVIII th 
 CENTURY. 
 
 I. Their Rise. 
 
 1. Transition from the Classic literature of Louis XIV's 
 time to the Philosophic literature of Louis XV's time, 
 Mignet's remark. 
 
 2. First Suggestions of reform, alliance of the Church 
 with despotism (Guizot's statement), results of this alli- 
 ance, a new influence (Buckle's researches). 
 
 II. Montesquieu [1689-1755]. 
 
 1. First Period: His origin, his official position. 
 The Lettres Persanes [1721]. 
 
 2. Second Period ': His travels, visit to England. The 
 Causes de la Grandeur et de la Decadence des Ro mains 
 [1734], its value, Napoleon's opinion of it, Buckle's 
 opinion. The Esprit des Lois [1748]. 
 
 III. Voltaire [1694-1778]. 
 
 1. His Early Years : His birth, his name. His way- 
 wardness, his genius, his education by the Jesuits. 
 
 2. His Writings: First writings, tragedies, the 
 Henriade, the Lettres philosophiques, the Essai sur les 
 Mceurs, La Pucelle. 
 
 3. His Life : His attitude toward monarchy, his per- 
 sonal morality, lack of calmness and dignity in his life. 
 His life at Cirey, at the court of Frederick the Great, 
 at Ferney. Nobler phase of his life near its close, the
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 Calas affair, its results, Beccaria and the abolition of 
 torture. His life as a whole, contradictions in his char- 
 acter. His death, his burial. 
 
 4. His Influence : Voltaire's real conservatism, as to 
 politics, as to society, as to religion, " tearing down." 
 IV. Rousseau [1712-1778]. 
 
 His early life and pursuits. The two prize essays, 
 the Contrat social, the Profession de Foi du Vicaire 
 Savoyard. 
 
 V. The Encyclopedists and Materialists. 
 
 1 . The Encyclopedic, Diderot, D' Alembert, Con- 
 dorcet. 
 
 2. Raynal, Helvetius, Holbach. 
 
 VI. The Philosophic Queens and Courts. 
 Transfer of influence from the Court at Versailles to 
 certain courts in Paris parlors, Mesdames de Tencin, 
 Geoffrin, Du Deffand, L'Espinasse, and others, conse- 
 quences. 
 
 VII. The Attack on Institutions. 
 
 1. On the Church [up to 1750. Buckle]. 
 
 2. On the State [after 1750. Buckle"]. 
 
 3. The Effect.
 
 THE SUPPRESSION OF THE JESUIT ORDER. 
 
 I. The Preparation. 
 
 1. Significance of this history. 
 
 2. Recapitulation of the history of the order: (a) In 
 France, (b) in Germany, (c) in Spain, (d) in Portugal. 
 
 3. Difficulties of the Papacy with the Order. 
 
 4. Forces opposed to the Jesuits in the eighteenth cent- 
 ury, (a) Strict moralists in the Church (Pascal, Mohler's 
 apology and statement regarding Protestantism), (b) Op- 
 position of the old orders, (c) Opposition of sundry mer- 
 cantile interests, (d) Opposition of the philosophers of 
 the eighteenth century. (e) Feeling of certain vigorous 
 statesmen, (f) Personal alarms of sundry monarchs at 
 Jesuit casuistry. 
 
 II. The Suppression by Civil Governments. 
 
 1. Pombal's struggle in Portugal, mixture of motives, 
 punishment of the Tavora family, the Jesuit Malagrida, 
 and others, suppression of the Order in Portugal [1759]. 
 
 2. Choiseul's struggle in France, mixture of motives, 
 Madame de Pompadour's grievance, the Lavalette 
 case, answer to the plea of Louis XV for the Order, 
 its suppression in France [1764]. 
 
 3. Charles III, D'Aranda, Campomanes, and the strug- 
 gle in Spain, insurrection in Madrid, part taken by the 
 Jesuits in calming the people, results on the King's 
 mind, consequent careful preparations, the suppression 
 in Spain [1767], its seventy.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 4. Tanucci and the suppression in Naples. 
 
 5. Similar measures in Austria under Joseph II, also 
 under minor princes, especially those of the House of 
 Bourbon. 
 
 III. The Suppression by the Pope. 
 
 1. Attempts to induce the Pope to suppress the Order, 
 refusals of Clement XIII, efforts after his death to 
 elect a Pope pledged to suppression. 
 
 2. Election of Ganganelli, as Clement XIV, his efforts 
 to avoid the suppression, stubbornness of Ricci (" Sint 
 ut sunt, aut non sint"), accumulated pressure, especially 
 from Spain, Florida Blanca and his mission. 
 
 3. Papal suppression by the brief Dominus ac Redemp- 
 tor [1773], imprisonment and death of Ricci, legends 
 as to the misery and insanity of Clement XIV and his as- 
 sassination by the Jesuits, calumnies heaped upon his 
 memory, Theiner's opinion. 
 
 IV. Resurrection of the Order. 
 
 1. Protection afforded to the Jesuits by Frederick the 
 Great, his reasons. Protection afforded by Catharine II, 
 her reasons. Preservation of the Order mainly in Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 2. Restoration of the Order by Pius VII in 1814 by the 
 bull Sollicitudo Omnium, expulsions and recalls of the 
 Jesuits by various nations since, their eclipse in Germany 
 and Switzerland, their triumph in Rome and in Belgium. 
 
 3. Their relations to modern Science (Boscowitch and 
 Secci), to History (Loriquet and Fredet), to Missions 
 (De Smet and others), to Education. Virtues and vices 
 of the Order, similarity of certain developments in Prot- 
 estantism, the true solvent for "Jesuitic" efforts of every 
 sort.
 
 LOUIS XVI. 
 
 I. The New King and Queen. 
 
 1. The King : His character as variously sketched and 
 as it was, his portraits, his childhood, his Christian 
 spirit, his writings, his studies and occupations, his 
 bravery. 
 
 2. The Queen: Her character as variously sketched 
 and as it was, her impulsiveness and its results, her 
 education, her courage and energy. 
 
 3. First Acts: The joyeux avenement, recall of the 
 Parliament, choice of a prime minister. 
 
 4. Maurepas : His character, his policy. 
 
 II. Turgot [1774-76]. 
 
 His birth and education, early writings, his breadth 
 of mind, his position as philosopher and statesman. 
 His work at Limoges. Turgot Controller-General of Fi- 
 nances, his ministry. Malesherbes. Reaction. 
 
 III. Necker [1776-81]. 
 
 Action again. Character of Necker, attempts at 
 financial reform, the Compte rendu, failure, dismissal. 
 
 IV. Calonne [1783-87]. 
 
 His gorgeous new system of finance, brilliancy of his 
 financial pyrotechny, pyrotechnics burnt out, the As- 
 sembly of Notables. 
 
 V. Lomenie de Brienne [1787-88]. 
 
 His character, his dealings with the Notables, his 
 dealings with the Parliament, his dismissal (with full 
 pockets).
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 VI. " Encore du Neckerisme tout pur." 
 Necker recalled, he determines to summon the States- 
 General. 
 VII. The Stream of New Thought through this Age. 
 
 1. The Main Stream. 
 
 2. Tributaries : Three tributaries from the American 
 Republic, tributaries from Voltaire at Paris and from 
 Rousseau's grave, from Necker's Compte rendu, from 
 the Clubs, from Figaro, from the Necklace affair, 
 from Jansenism and Calvinism, from Science, from 
 Quackery. 
 
 VIII. The States-General [1789]. 
 
 1. Preliminaries: The two questions, the Notables 
 again, the struggle, the decision, Sieyes's Qu'est-ce 
 que le Tiers Etat ? the elections. 
 
 2. The Meeting [5 May 1789] : 1614 and 1789.
 
 TURGOT. 
 
 1. His Birth and Education [1727-1750]. Position of 
 Turgot in the history of France, his greatness, even in 
 failure. His ancestry, his birth [1727], ancestral and 
 personal characteristics. His destination for the Church, 
 his career at Saint Sulpice, his essay on paper money, 
 in answer to Terrasson [1749]. His career at the Sor- 
 bonne, his election as Prior, his two discourses. His 
 decision to change his career, attempts of Brienne, Bois- 
 gelin, and other friends to dissuade him, his answer. 
 
 2. His Early Manhood \_IJ5 11761] : His legal ca- 
 reer, his contributions to the Encyclopedic, his Lettres 
 sur la Tolerance [175 3]. Financial administration in 
 France since Colbert, results of carelessness regarding 
 the national credit. Beginnings of modern political econ- 
 omy, the Economists, or Physiocrats, Quesnay and 
 Gournay, their influence on Turgot, theoretically and 
 practically. 
 
 3. Ttirgot Intendant at Limoges [17611774] : Abo- 
 lition of the corvee for public works and military trans- 
 portation, breaking down of barriers to internal com- 
 merce, mitigation of suffering, other improvements, 
 his success. His refusal of promotion, his dispatches to 
 the ministry regarding national reforms. Writings of this 
 period, his treatise Sur la Formation et la Distribution 
 des Richesses, its relation to Adam Smith's " Wealth of 
 Nations ", his treatise Sur les Prets d' Argent, his let- 
 ters Sur la Liberte du Commerce des Grains. 
 
 4. Turgot Controller- General of the Finances \J7J4-
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 . Accession of Louis XVI, Turgot made Minis- 
 ter of Naval Affairs, his promotion to the Ministry of 
 Finance, his proposals to the King regarding financial 
 policy, their accomplishment, his advice to the King in 
 the matter of the coronation oath. His memorandum on 
 the organization of municipalities, twofold method of 
 education proposed. The edict for free trade in grain, 
 opposition, insurrection, weakness of the King, firm- 
 ness of Turgot. The edict for the stippression of the cor- 
 vee, bitter opposition of the Parliament of Paris, forced 
 registry. The edict for the suppression of the maitrises 
 andjurandes, old system of arts and trades in France, 
 tyrannies, jealousies, and abuses, legal difficulties arising 
 out of these, renewed opposition of the Parliament, 
 forced registry again. Turgot's measures regarding the 
 faille, abolition of the contrainte solidaire, prevention 
 of evasions of nobles and clergy, his conduct towards the 
 farmers-general, public works. 
 
 5. Turgot's Fall : Hostility of the Court and nobility, 
 of the leaders of the Third Estate, and of the clergy, 
 causes of this, secret hostility of Maurepas, court in- 
 trigues and forged letters, Turgot's dismissal [1776], 
 his retirement and death [1781]. 
 
 6. Reflections : Of Turgot's administration as a turn- 
 ing-point in French history, importance of study upon 
 this, and upon similar crises in the history of Great Brit- 
 ain and of the United States.
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN IDEAS UPON 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 Purpose of this lecture, review of the period preceding 
 the French Revolution, want of practical direction to 
 French ideas of liberty and reform, general influence of 
 America in giving this practical direction, special influ- 
 ences. 
 
 I. The Influence of Franklin. 
 
 I. On the nation directly. 2. Through Turgot. 3. 
 Through Condorcet. 4. Through Champfort. 5. Through 
 Morellet. 6. Through others, of whom Mirabeau and 
 Chenier are representatives. 
 
 II. The Influence of Jefferson. 
 
 1. Reciprocal influence between Jefferson and the lead- 
 ers of French thought. 
 
 2. Jefferson's influence through Lafayette, through 
 Rabaut St.-Etienne, through the Girondists, federal 
 ideas of the Girondists. 
 
 3. Relations with Robespierre falsely imputed to Jeffer- 
 son, the dividing line between American influence and 
 want of influence in the French Revolution. 
 
 III. The Influence of French Officers returned from 
 the American Revolution. 
 
 1. Lafayette : His influence in bringing on the French 
 Revolution, in shaping it, his draft of the Declaration 
 of Rights. 
 
 2. Rochambeau: His character, peculiarities of his 
 growth in Americanism. 
 
 3. Segur : Light thrown on French feeling regarding 
 America by his memoirs, his own impressions. 
 
 4. The French soldiery, effect of familiarizing them 
 with ideas of liberty and equality, detection by Arthur 
 Young of American ideas in the early Revolutionary fer- 
 ment.
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN IDEAS UPON 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 IV. The Influence of Frenchmen returned from 
 American Travel. 
 
 1. Chastellux : Difference in spirit between that and 
 the recent race of travelers in America, causes of Chas- 
 tellux's great influence. 
 
 2. Brissot " de Warville": Claviere's letter of sugges- 
 tions, Brissot's book, Brissot the first open Republican 
 in France. 
 
 3. Mazzei, Crevecceur, and others. 
 
 V. Summary of the American Influences. 
 
 1. Familiarity with the idea of Revolution. 
 
 2. Strength given to French ideas of Liberty : New 
 meanings of the word Liberty, Chenier's ode, Fauchet's 
 sermon, Anacharsis Clootz's tribute. 
 
 3. Practical shape given to ideas of Equality : Vague- 
 ness of these ideas previously, remarks of Sir Henry 
 Maine on this, proofs from the constitutions of 1791, '93, 
 and '95. 
 
 4. Practical combination of Liberty and Equality into 
 institutions, republican and democratic. Brissot's writ- 
 ings, Camille Desmoulins' La France libre, indirect tes- 
 timony of Portiez. 
 
 5. An ideal of republican manhood : Chenier's apos- 
 trophe to Washington and Franklin. Sauvigny's tragedy 
 of " Vashington, ou la Liberte du Nouveau Monde" ex-
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 tracts, to show its absurdities, summary, to show its real 
 significance. 
 
 6. American influence on the French Revolution a 
 source of just pride, that influence coordinate with the 
 greatness of that Revolution, it ceases when the Revolu- 
 tion degenerates. 
 VI. Lesson of this History for the America of To-day. 
 
 1. How this American influence on Europe was lost. 
 
 2. How alone it may be regained.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 I. TO THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 
 
 I JANUARY-iy JUNE 1789. 
 
 I. The First Step out of National Insignificance. 
 
 The Edict of the ist of January, //<?<? / Number of 
 deputies in each of the three orders, effect of the edict 
 on France, its significance. 
 
 II. The Elections. 
 
 1 . The Election Machinery : Its complexity, its 
 leading features. 
 
 2. The Cahiers de Doleances. 
 
 3. Jarring in the Machinery : In Brittany, through- 
 out France. 
 
 III. The Deputies in General. 
 
 1. The Clergy : The hierarchy, the working clergy. 
 
 2. The Nobles. 
 
 3. The Third Estate: Burke's ravings, Alison's 
 twaddle, preponderance of lawyers, advantages and dis- 
 advantages of this, distinction to be made, De Tocque- 
 ville's remark. Burke's second objection want of suf- 
 ficient admixture of a prosperous middle -class, cause of 
 this want Burke's third objection want of practical 
 men, cause of this want. Taine's objections, founded 
 and unfounded. 
 
 IV. The Leaders. 
 
 1. Among the Clergy: Maury, Talleyrand. 
 
 2. Among the Nobility : The Duke of La Rochefou- 
 cauld, Cazales, the Duke of Orleans, Lafayette.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. Among the Third Estate: Mirabeau, Sieyes, 
 Robespierre. 
 
 V. The Cahiers de Doleances. 
 i. Demands of the Clergy. 2. Demands of the No- 
 bility. 3. Demands of the Third Estate. 
 
 VI. Opening of the States-General. 
 
 1. Religious Ceremonies \j. May 17 9] ' The proces- 
 sion, sermon of the Bishop of Nancy. 
 
 2. The First Session [5 May] : The Salle des Menus, 
 de Breze and etiquette, speech of the King, of Ba- 
 rentin, of Necker. 
 
 3. The Second Session [6 May] : The Third Estate 
 meets alone, but in the great hall, importance of the 
 latter fact. 
 
 4. The Unsettled Question : Shall the States- General 
 be a consolidated assembly or an assembly of three dis- 
 tinct orders ? greatness of the question, calmness and 
 statesmanship of the Third Estate, their courage and de- 
 termination, conferences, the appeal to the Clergy [27 
 May], Sieyes's great motion, the deputies of the Third 
 Estate become the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY [17 June 1789].
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 H. FROM THE FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 
 TO THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE. 
 
 17 JUNE-I4 JULY 1789. 
 
 I. Attempts of the Court to Outwit the Assembly. 
 
 1. Anger of the Court Party at the declaration of the 
 1 7th of June, the Clergy vote to unite with the Com- 
 mons, obstinacy of the Noblesse, Necker's attempt at 
 compromise, project of a Royal Sitting. 
 
 2. Exclusion of the Assembly from their hall, oath of 
 the Jeu de Paume, or Tennis-court Oath [20 June 1789]. 
 
 3. New Annoyances, the session in the Church of St. 
 Louis, the majority of the Clergy join the National As- 
 sembly. 
 
 II. Attempts to Overawe the Assembly. 
 
 1. The Royal Sitting [23 June] : Etiquette and indig- 
 nities, the King's speech, annulment of the Assembly's 
 decrees, the Assembly commanded to disperse, depart- 
 ure of the King, with the Clergy and Nobles. 
 
 2. Who is Supreme? Mirabeau and Breze, the As- 
 sembly openly disobeys the King, the declaration of in- 
 violability, the Assembly goes on with its work. 
 
 3. Victory of the Third Estate : Return of the Clergy, 
 secession of a part of the Nobility, final fusion of the 
 three orders [27 June]. 
 
 III. Attempts to Coerce the Assembly. 
 
 i Concentration of troops, ominous bearing of the 
 Nobles, feeling of the French people, petition of the 
 Assembly.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 2. Dismissal of Necker [n July], the new ministry, 
 Breteuil and Broglie, the plot develops, preparations 
 for action. 
 
 IV. Beginning of Open Revolution at Paris. 
 
 1. The Palais Royal, why it became a centre of in- 
 surrection. 
 
 2. Camille Desmoulins and the uprising of Paris [12 
 July], the committee of electors, organization of the 
 National Guard.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 m. FROM THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE TO THE 
 ABOLITION OF FEUDAL PRIVILEGE. 
 
 14 JULY-4 AUGUST 1789. 
 
 I. The Bastille Conquest. 
 
 1. The Bastille: Its history, its construction, its 
 government, its relations to French society. 
 
 2. The Fourteenth of July : Arming of the people, 
 resolution of all popular cries into the cry against the 
 Bastille. 
 
 3. Cause of this popular hatred against a prison for 
 nobles, Louis Blanc's explanation, the true explanation, 
 the Bastille an outward and visible sign of inward polit- 
 ical evil. 
 
 4. The Attack : The Faubourg Saint- Antoine, par- 
 leying and fighting, the weapons, and the spirit in which 
 the people used them. 
 
 5. The Surrender, the "Bastille unveiled," release 
 of the prisoners. 
 
 II. The First Ferocities. 
 
 1. Violation of the capitulation, murder of Delaunay 
 and a part of the garrison. 
 
 2. Murder of Flesselles. 
 
 III. Philosophy of French Revolutionary Ferocity. 
 
 1. Possibility of a national training to cruelty or human- 
 ity, examples. 
 
 2. First Agency in the Education of the French Nation 
 to Cruelty : Certain ideas fostered in the Church.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. Second Agency : Certain institutions cherished in 
 the State. 
 
 4. Third Agency : Long-continued oppression and ig- 
 norance. 
 
 5. How this ferocity might have been checked, lesson 
 for our own country. 
 
 IV. Effects of the Bastille Conquest. 
 
 1. On the Assembly and the King : Concessions of the 
 latter, Bailly, Lafayette, and the new municipality, the 
 King's visit to Paris. 
 
 2. On the People: In the provinces, destruction of 
 castles and title-deeds. At Paris, murder of Foulon 
 and Berthier. 
 
 3. On the Nobles : The " Emigration ", the sacrifices 
 of the night of the Fourth of August.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 IT. FROM THE ABOLITION OF FEUDAL PRIVILEGE TO THE 
 REMOYAL OF THE KING TO PARIS. 
 
 4 AUGUST-6 OCTOBER 1789. 
 
 I. Real Nature of the Concessions of the Fourth of 
 August. 
 
 1. As shown by the general history of privileged classes. 
 
 2. As shown by sundry special histories. 
 
 3. As shown by Louis XVTs letter to the Archbishop 
 of Aries. 
 
 4. As shown by the debates on making these conces- 
 sions laws. 
 
 II. The Declaration of Rights. 
 
 1. Main things said for and against such declarations. 
 
 2. How the French Declaration differed from the Eng- 
 lish Bill of Rights. 
 
 3. Variety and ability of the projects presented to the 
 Assembly. 
 
 4. Vicious methods of debating. 
 
 5. The Declaration of Rights as adopted. 
 
 III. First "Work on the Constitution. 
 
 1. The two great parties, sources of their ideas. 
 
 2. The question of the duration of the national legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 3. The question of a single or double assembly. 
 
 4. The question of the royal sanction the veto. 
 
 IV. Four New Portents. 
 
 i. Anarchy : Exhibitions of this in the capital and in 
 the provinces.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 2. Famine: Suffering, selfishness, mob supersti- 
 tions, ferocity. 
 
 3. Threatened Bankruptcy: Failure of government 
 resources and credit, stolidity of the Assembly, Mira- 
 beau rescues Necker. 
 
 4. Wild Journalism: Camille Desmoulins and the 
 Revolutions de France et de Brabant, Peltier and the 
 Actes des Apotres, Loustalot and the Revolutions de Paris, 
 Marat and the Ami du Peuple, IJebert and the Pere 
 Duchene. 
 
 V. A New Plot and its Results. 
 
 1. Court life in this emergency, new plot by Court 
 and Nobles, attitude of the King, more troops. 
 
 2. Banquet of the body guard at Versailles [2 Oct.], 
 the orgies. 
 
 3. Insurrection of the Fifth and Sixth of October : 
 The "Insurrection of Women", march of the mob on 
 Versailles, the King brought to Paris. 
 
 4. The plot foiled, secret of it, its moral.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 T. FROM THE REMOVAL OF THE KING TO PARIS TO THE 
 FEDERATION FESTIVAL. 
 
 6 OCTOBER 1789-14 JULY 1790. 
 
 I. Background of the Assembly Picture. 
 The popular ferment, Marat, the fa Ira, Camille 
 Desmoulins as "Procitreur- General de la Lanterne." Suf- 
 ferings of the people, tendencies shown in the Franfois 
 murder. The Assembly's provision for martial law, the 
 Municipality's " search committee," importance of this. 
 
 II. The New Monarchy. 
 
 1. Change in the monarchical theory, the King a 
 Chief Magistrate. 
 
 2. Consequences flowing from this as to legislation, as 
 to taxation, as to decision regarding war and peace. 
 
 III. The New Administrative System. 
 
 1. The old Provinces, evils inseparable from their ori- 
 gin. 
 
 2. The new Departments, Districts, Communes. 
 
 3. Abolition of interior frontiers, avoidance of a fede- 
 rative system. 
 
 IV. The New Electoral System. 
 
 1. Electoral divisions, the Canton. 
 
 2. Attempt to co-ordinate right and security, active 
 and passive citizens. 
 
 3. Final abolition of voting by orders.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 4. Abolition of religious disabilities, Protestant and 
 Jewish. 
 
 5. Compromise theory of representation adopted. 
 
 V. The New System of Criminal Procedure. 
 
 1. Abolition of lettres de cachet, of secrecy, of tor- 
 ture, of attainder and confiscation, of privileged classes 
 of criminals,^-of carelessness in capital cases. 
 
 2. Robespierre attempts to abolish capital punishment, 
 Guillotin and the guillotine. 
 
 3. Establishment of approved safeguards in criminal 
 cases, the jury. 
 
 VI. The New Organization of the Judiciary. 
 
 1. Abolition of the old Parliaments and of the "venal 
 system," indemnities to former judges. 
 
 2. Establishment of an elective judiciary, its advan- 
 tages, its one vast disadvantage. 
 
 VII. The State Church System. 
 
 1. Appropriation of the property of the Church. 
 
 2. Suppression of monastic orders, Garat's argument, 
 indemnities to monks and others, lesson from this. 
 
 3. Civil constitution of the clergy. 
 
 VIII. The New Financial System. 
 The Assignats, their use, in theory and in practice. 
 The report of Camus, and publication of the Livre rouge. 
 
 IX. The Federation Festival. 
 
 First anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, prepara- 
 tion of the Champ de Mars, Paris at work, the federa- 
 tion ceremonies [14 July 1790], their significance.
 
 
 
 
 . 

 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 VI. FBOM THE FEDERATION FESTIVAL TO THE CLOSE OF 
 THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 
 
 14 JULY 1790-30 SEPTEMBER 1791. 
 
 I. The Clubs. 
 
 1. The Jacobins : Origin of the club, its name, its 
 membership, its organization, its growth, its objects. 
 
 2. The Cordeliers : Reason of their secession from the 
 Jacobins. 
 
 3. The Feuillants : Lafayette, why the club failed. 
 
 II. The Main Series of Internal Difficulties and Dan- 
 
 gers. 
 
 1. Clash between liberty and discipline in the army, 
 Bouille at Nancy [Aug. 1790]. 
 
 2. The new financial difficulties, flight of Necker 
 [Sept. 1790]. 
 
 3. The Clergy refractory. 
 
 4. The Nobility refractory. 
 
 5. Death of Mirabeau [2 April 1791]. 
 
 6. Flight of the King [20 June 1791], his arrest at 
 Varennes, consequences. 
 
 7. Affray of the Field of Mars. 
 
 III. The Main Series of External Difficulties and 
 
 Dangers. 
 
 1. The Emigration, character and plots of the emigre*. 
 
 2. Coalition of foreign powers, the Conference of 
 Mantua, the Declaration of Pilnitz [27 Aug. 1791].
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. Conduct of England, light thrown upon this by 
 her more recent conduct towards our own country. 
 
 IV. Summary of the Work done by the National 
 Assembly. 
 
 1. In Asserting and Daring.. 
 
 2. In Destroying. 
 
 3. In Building, constitutions which have grown and 
 constitutions which have been built. 
 
 4. The self-denying ordinance. 
 
 5. Close of the National Constituent Assembly [30 
 Sept. 1791].
 
 
 
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 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 VII. FROM THE OPENING OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE 
 
 ASSEMBLY TO THE BREAKING OUT OF THE 
 
 WAR WITH EUROPE. 
 
 I OCTOBER 1791-20 APRIL 1792. 
 
 I. The Legislative Assembly. 
 
 1. Its relation to other assemblies during the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Its general character, results of Robespierre's self- 
 denying ordinance, lassitude of the people, unwieldi- 
 ness of the Assembly. 
 
 II. Parties in the Assembly. 
 
 1. The Right, or Conservative party (Feuillants), Ra- 
 mond, Vaublanc, Dumas. 
 
 2. The Centre, or Moderate party. 
 
 3. The Left, or Radical party, the Girondist, Brissot, 
 Vergniaud, Condorcet. 
 
 4. The germ of an Ultra Revolutionary party ("the 
 Mountain"), Chabot, Bazire, Meriin, Carnot 
 
 III. The Opening Sessions. 
 
 1. Ceremonies, the oaths, the "theatrical" element 
 in the French Revolution. 
 
 2. The new court masterpiece, reprisals. 
 
 3. Reconciliation between King and Assembly, im- 
 possibility of its permanence. 
 
 IV. Further Development of Opposition to Liberty. 
 
 1. The King's brother and the other Emigrants. 
 
 2. The refractory priests. 
 
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 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 V. Efforts against this Opposition Foiled by King and 
 Court. 
 
 1. Law against the King's brother, his defiant parody. 
 
 2. Law against the Emigrants, the King vetoes it. 
 
 3. Law against the refractory priests, the King vetoes it 
 
 4. The King's prejudice against the constitutional clergy. 
 
 5. Court manoeuvres, the cage caricature, Lafayette 
 and Petion in the mayoralty contest, defeat of the former 
 by the Court. 
 
 VI. Confusion. 
 
 1. The massacres of Avignon. 
 
 2. The massacres of St. Domingo. 
 
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 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 YIH. FROM THE BREAKING OUT OF THE WAR WITH EUROPE 
 TO THE INSURRECTION OF THE TENTH OF AUGUST. 
 
 20 APRIL-IO AUGUST 1792. 
 
 I. War with Europe Drawing On. 
 
 1. Warlike attitude of the Continent 
 
 2. The Gironde forces the King into an attitude of war, 
 the Girondists taken into the ministry, Roland and 
 Dumouriez. 
 
 3. Opposition of Robespierre to the war, motives as- 
 signed him by Quinet, Von Sybel, and others, the prob- 
 able truth. 
 
 4. Ultimatum of France to Austria, ultimatum of 
 Austria to France, comparative responsibility of France 
 and Austria for the great war now begun. 
 
 II. War Declared. 
 
 1. The declaration of war [20 April 1792], disposi- 
 tion of the French forces. 
 
 2. Disaster of the French in Belgium, naturalness of 
 panics at such times. 
 
 3. Firmness of the Assembly, decree for permanent 
 session, against the refractory priests, for a camp of 
 twenty thousand men near Paris. 
 
 III. The King still Opposes the Nation. 
 I. Bertrand de Moleville's Claque scheme, Cham- 
 bonne's corruption scheme, Mallet du Pan's secret mis- 
 sion.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 2. Roland's letter, dismissal of the Girondist ministers. 
 
 3. Veto of the decree for the camp, indignation of 
 Paris. 
 
 4. Insurrection of the Faubourgs [20 June 1792], in- 
 vasion of the Tuileries, courage and firmness of the 
 King, violation of the legislative body, importance of 
 this. 
 
 5. Temporary and ineffectual reaction. 
 
 6. Bourrienne's reminiscence of this Twentieth of June, 
 significance of Napoleon's remark, in view of later 
 French history. 
 
 IV. The First European Coalition against the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 1. Attitude of England, Priestley and Price. 
 
 2. Manifesto of the King of Prussia, what it revealed. 
 
 3. Popular excitement in France, Lafayette's attempt 
 to restrain it. 
 
 4. The declaration La patrie est en danger, volunteers. 
 
 5. Effect of the coalition in undermining French roy- 
 alty. 
 
 V. War of the Coalition. 
 
 1. The Duke of Brunswick, his plan, his manifesto 
 [25 July 1792]. 
 
 2. Effect of the manifesto, attacks upon royalty, 
 Brissot and Petion, feeling in the provinces. 
 
 3. More assignats, the insurrectionary committee, 
 assassination. 
 
 4. Results of the old Court hatred for Lafayette.
 
 

 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 IX. FROM THE INSURRECTION OF THE TENTH OF AU- 
 GUST TO THE CLOSE OF THE NATIONAL LEG- 
 ISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 10 AUGUST-2I SEPTEMBER 1792. 
 
 I. Insurrection of the Tenth of August. 
 
 1. Its beginnings, preparations for the defense of the 
 Tuileries, assault of the mob, the King takes refuge in 
 the Assembly, massacre of the Swiss guards. 
 
 2. Incidents, mingled drollery, ferocity, and magnan- 
 imity. 
 
 3. Invasion of the Assembly by the mob, deposition 
 and confinement of the King, abolition of the constitu- 
 tion of 1791, formation of an executive council, calling 
 of a National Convention. 
 
 4. Santerre appointed Lafayette's successor in the com- 
 mand of the National Guard, the King insulted and im- 
 prisoned in the Temple. 
 
 II. Results of the Tenth of August. 
 
 1. Increased power of the Commune and Sections of 
 Paris. 
 
 2. Wild legislation, regarding marriage, regarding 
 the unpatriotic press, regarding property and personal 
 liberty. 
 
 3. Anarchy, lenity toward crime, dealings with 
 the murderers of Avignon and Etampes, with the shop 
 plunderers, and with the revolted soldiers of Nanci, Pe- 
 tion's reply to the Feuillants.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 4. Sales of the property of emigrants, beginning of 
 the great class of small proprietors. 
 
 5. Creation of a special criminal tribunal, its lessons. 
 
 6. Differing opinions of historians as to the causes of 
 this degeneration of the Revolution, the main cause. 
 
 III. New Difficulties and Dangers. 
 
 1. Lafayette's despair, his flight from France. 
 
 2. Insurrection in La Vendee. 
 
 3. Longwy taken by the Austrians, Verdun by the 
 Prussians, the advance toward Paris, condition of the 
 French army. 
 
 IV. Desperate Measures. 
 
 1. Executions, the decree against Longwy. 
 
 2. Danton, domiciliary visits, filling of the extem- 
 porized prisons. Trepidation, the two questions, Dan- 
 ton's doctrine of terrorism. 
 
 3. The September massacres [2-6 Sept. 1792]. Ques- 
 tion as to their real authors, the proof. Provincial imi- 
 tation of these atrocities. 
 
 4. Social life of the Terrorists and of Paris at this pe- 
 riod. 
 
 V. Victory. 
 
 1. The battle of Valmy [20 Sept 1792], retreat of 
 the invaders. 
 
 2. Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly [21 Sept.], 
 its work. Opening of the National Convention.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 X. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL CONTENTION 
 TO THE EXECUTION OF THE GIRONDISTS. 
 
 21 SEPTEMBER 1792-31 OCTOBER 1793. 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 I. The Convention. 
 
 1. The elections, influence upon them of terrorism in 
 the cities. 
 
 2. Character of the Convention. Parties: I. The 
 Mountain, ^Robespierre, Danton, Desmoulins, Marat; 
 2. The Gironde ; 3. The Duke of Orleans and his clique; 
 4. The Plain, or Marats, Sieyes, Cambaceres, Barere. 
 
 3. Effect of the Argonne campaign and the battle of 
 Valmy, retreat of the Prussians and Austrians, French 
 victories, the Marseillaise, Jemappes. 
 
 II. Its First Measures. 
 
 1. Proclamation of the Republic, beginning of the 
 new Republican Era [22 Sept. 1792]. 
 
 2. Beginning of the Struggle between the Mountain and 
 the Gironde. Rival bids for popularity, three typical 
 examples. Charges and counter-charges, " Septembri- 
 teurs" and " Fe'de'ralistes" , Louvet and Robespierre, 
 failure of the Girondist attack on Marat, Girondist decree 
 against the " Septembriseurs" , it is thwarted by the 
 Mountain, steady tendency of this wrangle. 
 
 3. Trial and Execution of the King [n Dec. 1792 
 21 Jan. 1793] : Jacobin pressure, Girondist acquies- 
 cence, noble resistance of Lanjuinais. Gamain, the iron 
 chest, and Mirabeau. Demand of Robespierre and the
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 Jacobins. The King brought to trial [i I Dec.], his 
 counsel (Malesherbes, Tronchet, Deseze), charges 
 against him, his plan of defense, "Louis Capet", 
 the three questions. Louis condemned to death, his exe- 
 cution [21 Jan.], his testament 
 
 III. The Crisis. 
 
 1. Effects of the King's Execution on Europe and on 
 France : (a) Transfer of monarchical authority from the 
 interior to the exterior of France, (b) Discouragement 
 of moderate men. (c) The European coalition strength- 
 ened and stimulated to action, (d) Alarm and indiffer- 
 ence of the people, as shown at the municipal elections. 
 (e) Increase of crusading fanaticism in La Vendee. 
 
 2. Assassination of Lepelletier, its results. 
 
 3. Treason of Dumouriez [April 1793], and its effect 
 upon Girondist fortunes, first appearance of Louis Phi- 
 lippe. 
 
 4. The Vendean insurrection, revolt of Lyons, of 
 Corsica, of St. Domingo, seizure of these islands by 
 the English. 
 
 5. Last struggle of the Girondists, their own weapons 
 used against them, the Convention besieged by the mob, 
 proscription of the thirty- two [2 June 1793]. 
 
 6. Attack, open and secret, by England, forgery of 
 assignats. 
 
 7. Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday [13 
 July 1793], his deification. 
 
 8. Betrayal of Toulon to the English, loss of fortresses 
 and colonies, scarcity and impending famine.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 X. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL CONTENTION 
 TO THE EXECUTION OF THE GIRONDISTS. 
 
 21 SEPTEMBER 1792-3! OCTOBER 1793. 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 IV. Jacobinism Supreme. 
 
 1. Its results abroad. 
 
 2. Its results at home. 
 
 V. Revolutionary Vigor. 
 
 1. Declaration of war against England and Holland, 
 new levy of troops. 
 
 2. Creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal, its char- 
 acter and purpose. 
 
 3. Creation of the Committee of Public Salvation (Sa- 
 lut Public), its powers, Robespierre, Couthon, and St. 
 Just, Cambon, Carnot, the Committee of General 
 Security (Surete Generate). 
 
 4. Harsh legislation, against the Emigrants, against 
 monopolies, against royalists. Ex post facto laws, req- 
 uisitions, forced loans. The maximum. 
 
 5. The levee en masse, summary treatment of unsuc- 
 cessful generals, results. 
 
 6. The ambulatory revolutionary army and the lot des 
 suspects, certificates of civism. 
 
 7. Punishment of Lyons, the decree, its execution 
 by Collot d'Herbois and Fouche. Recent parallels. 
 
 8. The Constitution of 1793, Condorcet and Herault- 
 Sechelles. Its main features, the declaration of rights,
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 the executive, the legislative, want of checks upon 
 popular tyranny. Its immediate suspension. 
 
 9. Abolition of titles, "Monsieur" becomes "Citizen." 
 
 10. The new calendar, months and sans-culottides, 
 the new names ( Vendemiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire, Ni- 
 vose, Pluviose, Ventose, Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, 
 Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor) and Carlyle's translation 
 of them, decimal division of month, day, and hour, new 
 names for holidays. Duration of the republican calendar. 
 
 11. Trial and execution of Marie Antoinette [16 Oct.], 
 indignities put upon her, her noble bearing. 
 
 12. Trial and execution of the imprisoned Girondists 
 [31 Oct.], the main charge against them, the gag law. 
 Fate of the remaining Girondists, of Roland, of Guadet 
 and Barbaroux, of Petion and Buzot, of Condorcet. 
 Escape of Lanjuinais and Louvet. Character of the Giron- 
 dists, causes of their downfall, theory of Michelet, of 
 Louis Blanc, of Thiers, of Carlyle, of Quinet, of 
 Lanfrey, discussion of these.
 
 THE. FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 XI. FROM THE EXECUTION OF THE GIRONDISTS TO THE 
 DOWNFALL OF ROBESPIERRE. 
 
 31 OCTOBER 1793-27 JULY 1794. 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 I. The Reign of Terror at Paris. 
 
 1. Exultation of the Mountain over its triumph, med- 
 als and executions. 
 
 2. Death of Madame Roland, of Lavoisier,^-of Bailly, 
 of the Duke of Orleans, of Malesherbes, of Andre 
 
 Chenier. 
 
 3. The Revolutionary Tribunal and its methods. Ex- 
 amples of denunciations, accusations, and justifications, 
 lists of the condemned, devices of citizens for self-pro- 
 tection. Character of the public accuser (Fouquier-Tin- 
 ville), of the judges and jurors. Haste and utter reck- 
 lessness of the procedure, curious instances of this, di- 
 vision of the tribunal, steady increase in cruelty and 
 carelessness, case of Froidure. 
 
 4. Life in the prisons, varying degrees of severity, 
 the Conciergerie. 
 
 5. Every-day life in Paris during the Reign of Terror, 
 recklessness and extravagance, fashion, gayety. 
 
 II. The Reign of Terror in the Country. 
 Barras at Toulon and Marseilles, Lebon at Arras, 
 Maignet at Orange, Collot d'Herbois at Lyons, Car- 
 rier at Nantes. Fusillades and Noyades. Popular fury 
 at St. Denis.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 III. Military Energy. 
 
 1. Rising of the Republic against foreign and domestic 
 foes. 
 
 2. Recapture of Toulon, Bonaparte. 
 
 3. Victory at Savenay over the Vendeans. 
 
 4. Victories at Wattignies and elsewhere over the allies, 
 Pichegru, Hoche, Jourdan, Jourdan. 
 
 IV. Administrative Energy. 
 
 1. Need of extraordinary sources of revenue, in- 
 creased issue of paper-money, history of this revolu- 
 tionary inflation of the currency, its results. 
 
 2. Measures to keep down prices, the maximum, 
 its results. 
 
 3. Excellent basis of the paper currency of France, 
 its steady .decline in spite of this, measures to uphold it, 
 their futility. 
 
 4. Increasing scarcity, tickets of subsistence, the 
 queues.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 XI. FROM THE EXECUTION OF THE GIRONDISTS TO THE 
 DOWNFALL OF ROBESPIERKE. 
 
 31 OCTOBER 1793-27 JULY 1794. 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 V. Extreme Point Touched by the Revolution. 
 
 1. Evolution of new parties after the fall of the Giron- 
 dists (a. The Robespierrists ; b. The Dantonists, or Mod- 
 eratists ; c. The Hebertists, or Anarchists), character of 
 the leading men in each, aims of each. Feeling of 
 Robespierre toward the Dantonists and Hebertists, the 
 attack on religion by the Hebertists, the renunciation of 
 the Archbishop of Paris, deification of Reason. 
 
 2. Feeling of the Dantonists and Hebertists toward 
 each other, attack of Camille Desmoulins in the Vieux 
 Cordelier-, counter-attacks of Hebert. Robespierre's 
 waiting policy, the onslaught upon the Hebertists, their 
 destruction, the onslaught upon the Dantonists, their 
 destruction. 
 
 VI. Beginning of Robespierre's Final Triumph. 
 
 I. The Convention decrees the existence of the Su- 
 preme Being and the immortality of the soul [7 May 
 : 795]. continuation of judicial murders, festival of the 
 Supreme Being, beginnings of an opposition party, Ja- 
 cobin dread of Robespierre as a possible tyrant, signifi- 
 cant concluding words of Robespierre's speech at the fes- 
 tival.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY, 
 
 2. The law of the 22d Prairial (10 June), sweeping 
 away of all safeguards, futile attempts against it, its 
 passage. 
 
 VII. Culmination of Robespierre's Final Triumph. 
 
 1. The numbers in the prisons, size and success of the 
 French armies, the new Republican generals, Moreau, 
 Pichegru, Jourdan, and others. 
 
 2. Mutual suspicion between Robespierre and many of 
 his former adherents, diminished number of the Conven- 
 tion, precautions taken by many members against seiz- 
 ure, mining and counterming, efforts of Robespierre's 
 enemies, use against him of his part in the "Supreme 
 Being" ceremonies, Catherine Therot. Similar feelings 
 and efforts by Robespierre, his avoidance of the Con- 
 vention, his working upon the Jacobins. 
 
 3. Development of the party opposed to Robespierre, 
 main characteristics of the leaders, Billaud-Varennes, Tal- 
 lien, Barere. Robespierre's efforts to undermine them, 
 quotations from reports of his personal spies in the Papiers 
 Inedits. 
 
 4. Rapidity of the guillotine at this crisis, reasons of 
 each party for letting the Terror go on. 
 
 VIII. The Ninth Thermidor. 
 
 Beginning of the struggle on the 8th Thermidor, 
 Robespierre's speech, debate as to whether it should be 
 printed and circulated. The final struggle of the pth Ther- 
 midor (27 July 1794), stealthy efforts of Robespierre's 
 enemies, the battle in the Convention, Robespierre's 
 defeat. Desperate efforts of his friends outside the Con- 
 vention to save him, their temporary success, their final 
 failure, last hours of Robespierre and his associates, 
 their execution.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 XH. FROM THE DOWNFALL OF ROBESPIERRE TO THE DI- 
 RECTORY. 
 
 27 JULY 1794-27 OCTOBER 1795. 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 Resume of the direct causes of the fall of the triumvi- 
 rate, mixture of motives. 
 
 I. The Political Reaction. 
 
 The two new parties. I. The Thermidorians, their 
 main supporters and strongholds. 2. The Mountain par- 
 ty, their losses in position and men, lament of Billaud- 
 Varennes in exile, gradual supplanting of Terrorist mem- 
 bers of the Committees, decay of their influence, at- 
 tacks upon them. 
 
 II. The Social Reaction. 
 
 1. Ideas of social regeneration in the early stages of 
 the Revolution, Spartan and Roman ideals. 
 
 2. Reaction against these, luxury, effeminacy, 
 stock- jobbing. 
 
 3. Embodiment of this reaction in the Jeunesse doree 
 and in the Muscadins, part taken in politics by these. 
 
 III. The Political Reaction becomes a Torrent. 
 
 1. Weakening and final abrogation of the Revolution- 
 ary Tribunal, of the Committees, of the Jacobin Club, 
 of the Commune, of the Sections. 
 
 2. Recall of the Girondists, restoration of confiscated 
 property.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. Condemnation of Carrier, transportation of Billaud- 
 Varennes, Collot d'Herbois, and others, execution of 
 Fouquier-Tinville and his associates, the "White Terror." 
 
 IV. Increasing Misery. 
 
 1. Scarcity and suffering, the maximum and its aboli- 
 tion. 
 
 2. Depreciation of the paper money, Puisaye's coun- 
 terfeit assignats. 
 
 V. Revolt of the Extreme Republicans. 
 
 1. Bitterness of strong republicans at the reaction, 
 personal misgivings of republican leaders, popular bit- 
 terness at the general misery. 
 
 2. Attempted insurrection of the 1 2th Germinal. 
 
 3. The great Insurrection of the ist Prairial [20 May 
 1795] : Storming of the Convention, murder of Feraud, 
 firmness of Boissy d'Anglas, crushing of this insur- 
 rection. 
 
 4. Disarming of the Faubourgs. 
 
 5. Sketch of the revolutionary suburbs, and account of 
 recent dealings with them especially by Napoleon III.
 
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 
 XH. FROM THE DOWNFALL OF ROBESPIERRE TO THE DI- 
 RECTORY. 
 
 27 JULY 1794-27 OCTOBER 1795. 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 VI. The Constitution of 1795. 
 
 1. Separation of powers takes the place of concentra- 
 tion of powers, general differences between the constitu- 
 tions of 1795 and 1793. 
 
 2. Citizenship, the legislative body, the executive 
 body, the declaration of duties. 
 
 3. The " Law of the Two-Thirds." 
 
 VII. Revolt of the Extreme Reactionists. 
 
 1. Vexation of the Reactionists at the Law of the Two- 
 Thirds, their conspiracy. 
 
 2. Insurrection of the ijtk Vendemiaire [5 Oct. 1795], 
 Barras, Bonaparte, the Convention saved. 
 
 VIII. The Wars of the Convention. 
 
 1. New popular spirit in which these wars were carried 
 on by France, two causes of this. The new race of sol- 
 diers, the new brood of generals, the central adminis- 
 tration, Carnot. 
 
 2. The war against Europe, statistics, record of a 
 few weeks from Montgaillard, record of a few days from 
 the Monitenr. 
 
 3. The war in the interior, La Vendee and Brittany, 
 Hoche.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 4. Treaties of peace, with Tuscany and Spain, with 
 Prussia (Treaty of Basle, 5 April 1795). 
 
 IX. Creation of Great Institutions by the Convention. 
 
 1. The Ecole Normale, the cole Poly technique, the 
 Lycees and primary schools, the Conservatoire des Arts 
 et Metiers, the national colleges of Agriculture, of Vet- 
 erinary Surgery, of Oriental Languages, of Modern Lan- 
 guages, the Conservatory of Music. 
 
 2. The decimal system of weights and measures. 
 
 3. The great French civil code. 
 
 4. The Institute. 
 
 X. Summary and Judgment. 
 
 1. Of various judgments on the Convention and its 
 work. 
 
 2. Of certain plain lessons taught by its history.
 
 THE DIRECTORY. 
 
 OCTOBER 1795-NOVEMBER 1799. 
 
 I. FROM ITS ESTABLISHMENT TO THE TREATY OF CAMPO 
 FORMIO. 
 
 27 OCTOBER 1795-17 OCTOBER 1797. 
 
 I. The New Government. 
 
 1. Recapitulation of the constitution of 1795. 
 
 2. Character of the Directors, Carnot and Barras, 
 La Reveillere-Lepaux, Rewbell and Letourneur. 
 
 II. Difficulties of the New Government. 
 
 1. Financial Distress : Assignats, mandats, the tiers 
 consolide, results of all this. 
 
 2. Popular Demoralization : Morality and religion, 
 the Theophilanthropists, causes of their failure. 
 
 3. Plots of the Ultra Republicans: Efforts of the 
 remnant of the Jacobins, "Communist" clubs and 
 phrases, Gracchus Babceuf and his armed insurrection. 
 
 4. Plots of the Ultra Monarchists: Strength given 
 them by reaction, Augereau's coup d'etat of the i8th 
 Fructidor [4 Sept. 1797]. 
 
 III. Military Affairs. 
 
 1 . Internal Condition : La Vendee and Brittany, 
 Roche's "pacification." 
 
 2. External Condition : Stagnation in operations 
 against Europe, commands assigned to Moreau, Jourdan, 
 and Bonaparte.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 IV. Bonaparte. 
 
 Early life, education, ideas, first coup d'etat, polit- 
 ical affiliations, military progress. 
 
 V. The War in Italy. 
 
 1. Bonaparte's proclamation [April 1796], Lanfrey's 
 judgment on it, change in the whole spirit of the war of 
 the French Republic against Europe. 
 
 2. His campaigns against Beaulieu, against Wurmser, 
 against Alvinzi, against the Archduke Charles. Lead- 
 ing peculiarities of his military method. 
 
 3. His diplomacy, two examples of its worst phases, 
 his dealings with Italian republicanism. 
 
 VI. The Treaty of Campo Formio. 
 The treaty [17 Oct. 1797], reasons for it, its main 
 provisions, different judgments of it, its results to each 
 of the contending powers.
 
 THE DIRECTORY. 
 
 OCTOBER 1795-NOVEMBER 1799. 
 
 H. FROM THE TREATY OF CAMPO FORMIO TO THE 
 EIGHTEENTH BRUMAIRE. 
 
 17 OCTOBER 1797-9 NOVEMBER 1799. 
 
 I. The Egyptian Expedition. 
 
 1. .Bonaparte at Paris after his Italian campaign, mo- 
 tives of Bonaparte and the Directory for bringing on the 
 war in Egypt, breaking with the traditional policy of 
 France. 
 
 2. The expedition, the voyage [May 1798]. Military 
 successes, moral disasters, English attacks, intercept- 
 ed letters, (Gillray's caricatures). 
 
 3. The Syrian campaign, revelations of Bonaparte's 
 untruthfulness, Emerson's remark. 
 
 II. The War in Europe. 
 
 1. Feeling of England. 
 
 2. French war with Switzerland. 
 
 3. Congress of Rastadt and the outrage on France that 
 ended it, English Tory view of that crime. 
 
 III. The Return of Bonaparte to France. 
 
 1. Increasing difficulties of France, military reverses, 
 Massena at Zurich, quarrels among the Directors. 
 plots and counterplots. 
 
 2. Greatness and meanness of Bonaparte shown in his 
 return from Egypt [August 1799], his conduct, his 
 tone.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 IV. The Coup d'Etat of the Eighteenth Brumaire. 
 
 1. Position of Bonaparte and the nation. 
 
 2. Sieyes and Bonaparte conspire, recapitulation of 
 Sieyes's history. 
 
 3. The Eighteenth Brumaire [9 November 1799] : 
 The Directory extinguished, the legislative bodies trans- 
 ferred to St. Cloud, Bonaparte appeals to the soldiery, 
 final suppression of legislative authority by arms, es- 
 tablishment of a provisional Consulate, with Bonaparte at 
 its head.
 
 THE CONSULATE. 
 
 NOVEMBER 1799-MAT 1804. 
 
 I. The New Constitution (Constitution of the 
 Year VIII). 
 
 1. Sieyes's Plan: Lists of notability, the legislative 
 body, the Council of State, the Tribunate, the Senate, 
 the Grand Electeur Proclamateur, the Consuls. 
 
 2. Debate on this in committee, Sieyes's hope, Bo- 
 naparte's course. 
 
 3. The Constitution as adopted, 'its spirit and main 
 features, its immediate and remote results. 
 
 II. The New Government. 
 
 1. Bonaparte's relations to it. 
 
 2. Character of Cambaceres, of Lebrun. 
 
 III. Conciliation. 
 
 General moderation in policy, baits held out to Re- 
 publicans and Royalists, the coinage, appointments of 
 Talleyrand and Fouche, treatment of the Church, ap- 
 pointments to the public bodies. 
 
 IV. Reorganization. 
 
 1. Excellent choice of subordinates. 
 
 2. Finances, public works, the code, and Bonaparte's 
 part in it. 
 
 V. General Progress towards Despotism. 
 i. Bonaparte's early declarations ("Three months of 
 dictatorship to save the Republic "), his immediate vio-
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 lation of the new constitution by "anticipating the popu- 
 lar will." 
 
 2. Centralization of power, creation of special tribu- 
 nals, the police. 
 
 3. Caresses for the Church, letter to the King of Eng- 
 land, the Concordat. 
 
 4. Residence at the Tuileries, splendor, changes in 
 phraseology (" subject " for " citizen " in treaties). Sup- 
 pression of the liberties of the press, undermining and 
 breaking down of the Tribunate. The Legion of Honor. 
 
 VI. Dealings with Europe. 
 
 General policy, extortion practiced upon smaller pow- 
 ers, Hamburg as a typical example, use of peace to 
 Bonaparte. 
 
 VII. Military Affairs. 
 
 1. Necessity of war to Bonaparte's policy. 
 
 2. Suppression of insurrections in La Vendee and in 
 Brittany. 
 
 3. Italian campaign, the " reserve camp ", passage 
 of the Alps, Marengo [14 June 1800]. Loss of Egypt. 
 Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden. 
 
 4. Peace of Luneville [February 1801]. Peace of 
 Amiens [March 1802]. 
 
 VIII. The Consulate for Ten Years and for Life. 
 
 1. Manner of the choice. 
 
 2. The expedition to Santo Domingo [March 1802], 
 major and minor motives for it, the Army of the Rhine, 
 treatment of Toussaint L'Ouverture as typical. 
 
 3. Revelations of Bonaparte's intentions, rupture with 
 England [May 1803]. 
 
 IX. Opposition in France. 
 
 I. The two opposing parties, explosion of the Rue 
 St. Nicaise, Bonaparte's incapacity for constitutional 
 ideas exemplified in his treatment of guiltless Republicans.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 2. Royalist plots, Cadoudal, Pichegru, example 
 made of the Due d'Enghien. 
 
 X. The Close of the Consulate. 
 
 1. " Consular majesty ", preparations for an addition 
 to Bonaparte's power, effects of plots, addresses of 
 public bodies, Carnot 
 
 2. Proclamation of the Empire [May 1804].
 
 THE FIRST EMPIRE. 
 
 I. FROM THE PROCLAMATION OF THE EMPIRE TO THE 
 TREATY OF TILSIT. 
 
 MAY I804-JULY 1807. 
 
 I. The First Development of Caesarism. 
 
 1. The alliance with the Papacy, recapitulation of Bo- 
 naparte's diplomacy with the Papal government. 
 
 2. The coronation [2 Dec. 1804], revelations of char- 
 acter in it (citations from Bourrienne and Bausset). The 
 coronation in Italy [26 May 1805], the iron crown. 
 
 II. The War of the Third Coalition. 
 
 1. Campaign of 1805: The flotilla in the English 
 Channel, sudden turning against Austria and Russia, 
 Ulm [17 Oct.], peculiar exhibition of Napoleon's char- 
 acter at the Ulm capitulation, Vienna, Austerlitz [2 
 Dec.], treaty of Presburg [26 Dec.], end of the Holy 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 2. Trafalgar [21 Oct. 1805]. Death of Pitt [23 Jan. 
 1806]. 
 
 III. The War of the Fourth Coalition. 
 
 1. Growth of anti-French feeling in Prussia, effect of 
 Napoleon's diplomacy in aggravating this, effect of the 
 execution of Palm, difficulties of Prussia as to territory 
 and as to organization and command of armies. 
 
 2. The outbreak, Jena [14 Oct. 1806], ^-condition of 
 the Prussian monarchy after Jena.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. The Berlin decrees [21 Nov. 1806], their effect on 
 international law. Treatment of Queen Louise, revenge 
 for this in 1871, treatment of sundry officials, Napo- 
 leon's trickery and deception. 
 
 4. Eylau [8 Feb. 1807] and Friedland [14 June], 
 significance of the battle of Eylau. Treaty of Tilsit [July 
 1807], germs of political evil and international trouble 
 in that treaty.
 
 THE FIRST EMPIRE. 
 
 n. FROM THE TREATY OF TILSIT TO THE CONFERENCE AT 
 ERFURT. 
 
 JULY l8o7-SEPTEMBER l8o8. 
 
 I. The New Growth of Imperial Institutions, 
 
 1. Organic law of the year XII, the great officers of 
 state, the Marshals, forms and ideas borrowed from 
 olden empires. 
 
 2. The claim to the succession of Charlemagne, curi- 
 ous statement of this by Napoleon, and striking develop- 
 ments of it. 
 
 3. New growth of the Legion of Honor, new nobility, 
 the comical side of these new creations. 
 
 II. The Napoleonic European Feudal System. 
 The kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine, 
 
 grand fiefs, great vassals, the remaining monuments 
 of this in France. 
 
 III. The Napoleonic Internal Administration. 
 
 1. Public works, Lanfrey's criticism. 
 
 2. The Code Civil. 
 
 3. Literature and science, their decay, historical 
 parallels. 
 
 IV. Napoleonic Dealings with Liberties. 
 Chronic misapprehension of English liberty, and conse- 
 quences of this. Suppression of the Tribunate. The
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 plebiscite. Dealings with journalism, with courts of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 V. Napoleonic External Relations. 
 
 Peculiarities of Napoleon's diplomacy, its shifting 
 character, cause of this in Napoleon's personal want of 
 truth, high-handed methods, theatrical methods, 
 mingling in it of Italian and French characteristics, 
 Bourrienne's statement of Napoleon's formula, warlike 
 use of peaceful negotiations. 
 
 VI. Napoleonism approaching Culmination. 
 
 1. The break with the Papacy, entrance into Portugal, 
 into the Ionian Islands, into Naples. 
 
 2. Intrigues in Spain, abdication of the Spanish King 
 in favor of Napoleon, accession of Joseph Bonaparte, 
 the effect on Europe. Specimens of the flatteries lavished 
 on Napoleon. 
 
 VII. The First Great Check. 
 
 The Spanish uprising, reception of Joseph in Spain, 
 the court, the people, the clergy, French dealings 
 with the Inquisition, general summary. The siege of 
 Saragossa, Palafox, capitulations of Baylen [ July 
 1808] and Cintra [August 1808], effect of these dis- 
 asters upon European feeling.
 
 THE FIRST EMPIRE. 
 
 ffl. FROM THE CONFERENCE AT ERFURT TO THE EJYASION 
 OF RUSSIA. 
 
 SEPTEMBER l8o8-JUNE l8l2. 
 
 I. The Conference at Erfurt. 
 
 1. Difficulties arising from the treaty of Tilsit, their 
 complication with the Spanish difficulty. 
 
 2. Sketch of the Erfurt conference, apotheosis of Na- 
 poleon and humiliation of European royalty, double pur- 
 pose accomplished by Napoleon at this conference. 
 
 II. Napoleon's Personal Demonstration against 
 Spain. 
 
 Intervention of England in the Peninsula, England 
 sees what Napoleon will not see, one grand motive im- 
 bedded in Napoleon's meaner motives during the struggle 
 in the Peninsula. Success of Napoleon, failure of his 
 generals, his return to France. 
 
 III. The Fifth Coalition. 
 
 1. Austrian preparations for war, causes of this, 
 wrangle over it, insurrection of the Tyrol, tardiness of 
 Austria. 
 
 2. Vigor of Napoleon, his genius in transmuting great 
 faults of his generals into master-strokes, Eckmiihl [22 
 April 1809], Aspern [21 May], Wagram [6 July], 
 Lobau, capitulation of Vienna, treaty of Vienna [14 
 Oct. 1809].
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY, 
 
 IV. Attempted Consolidation of Caesarism. 
 
 1. Napoleon's plans for a new marriage, Maria Louisa. 
 
 2. Dealings with the finances, new dealings with the 
 press. 
 
 3. The continental blockade, Napoleon's own infrac- 
 tions of it. 
 
 V. Ominous Change in the Spirit of France. 
 
 1. Change in the ideas of the people, loss of convic- 
 tions. 
 
 2. Change in the spirit of the army, Erckmann- 
 Chatrian's pictures. Sketch of Napoleon's minor meth- 
 ods with the people and the army, bulletins, speeches, 
 recognition of services. 
 
 3. Change in the spirit of the great military leaders, 
 beginning of estrangement between Napoleon and his 
 older officers. 
 
 4. Change in the person of Napoleon.
 
 THE FIRST EMPIRE. 
 
 IT. FROM THE INVASION OF RUSSIA TO THE ABDICATION 
 OF NAPOLEON. 
 
 JUNE l8l2-APRIL 1814. 
 
 I. The War with Russia. 
 
 1. Its causes, Napoleon's combination of continental 
 powers for the invasion, the conscription in France and 
 its effects. 
 
 2. Summary of events, fancy and fact regarding the 
 burning of Moscow, significant relics of the French in- 
 vaders now in the Kremlin. 
 
 3. The retreat, its result upon European opinion, 
 the Malet conspiracy at Paris, Napoleon at the Tuileries, 
 his requiem over his Russian army. 
 
 II. Sketch of French Domination in Germany. 
 
 Napoleon's maxim regarding the support of armies, 
 the practical application of this, Davoust and Bourrienne 
 as types, the execution of Palm. 
 
 III. The Uprising in Germany. 
 
 1. Significant action of General Yorck on the retreat 
 from Moscow, course of the king of Prussia. 
 
 2. German feeling, the Tugendbund, Korner, 
 Arndt, Staps, Schill, the work of Stein and Harden- 
 berg. 
 
 IV. New Invasion of Germany. 
 
 The new conscription in France and its results, the 
 first battles, effect of the changed spirit of the French
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 and German armies, the interview between Napoleon 
 and Metternich at Dresden, Leipzig [18, 19 Oct. 1813]. 
 
 V. The Invasion of France. 
 
 1. The conference of Chatillon [Feb. 1814], deter- 
 mination of Napoleon. 
 
 2. Brilliancy of his efforts, a great plan not carried 
 out, Paris taken [31 March 1814]. 
 
 3. Action of the legislative bodies, abdication of Na- 
 poleon [11 April 1814], intrigues, Napoleon at Elba.
 
 THE RESTORATION. 
 
 APRIL l8l4-JULY 1830. 
 
 I. First Restoration of the Bourbons. 
 
 1. The Treaty of Paris [May 1814], losses of France 
 in territory, intrigues regarding a new government in 
 France, Talleyrand and Fouche, feeling of the Em- 
 peror Alexander regarding a Bourbon restoration. 
 
 2. Accession of Louis XVIII, his character, the 
 "Charter", royalist mistakes and absurdities, Dupont 
 Minister of War, the Holy Alliance, Congress of Vi- 
 enna [1814-15], state of society. 
 
 II. The Hundred Days. 
 
 1. Re-entrance of Napoleon into Europe, his landing 
 at Cannes [l March 1815], his progress, Ney, flight 
 of Louis XVIII, action of the Congress of Vienna. 
 
 2. The "Hundred Days" [March-June 1815], the 
 new conscription, the war, the battle of Waterloo [18 
 June 1815], Napoleon's second abdication [22 June], 
 his flight, his surrender, his life at St. Helena. 
 
 III. Second Restoration of the Bourbons. 
 
 1. Return of Louis XVIII, France still further re- 
 duced in territory. 
 
 2. Reign of Louis XVIII, general reactionary charac- 
 ter of the time, assassinations, massacres in the south 
 of France, executions, the Concordat, arbitrary acts, 
 death of Louis XVIII [1825].
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 IV. Charles X. 
 
 Character of Charles X, his inferiority to Louis, 
 some features of his early history, his coronation, his 
 reign [1825-1830], state of society. 
 
 V. The Reaction in Full Bloom. 
 Growth of the reaction in literature under the Restora- 
 tion, Chateaubriand, Lamennais, De Maistre, the 
 Congregation, societies affiliated with the Jesuits, gov- 
 ernment action in politics and religion. 
 
 VI. Revival of the Spirit of the Revolution. 
 
 1. This revival in literature, Beranger, Paul- Louis 
 Courier, Victor Hugo, Thiers's History of the Revolu- 
 tion, lectures of Guizot, Villemain, and Cousin. 
 
 2. The July Revolution : Action regarding the legis- 
 lative body and the liberty of the press, the outbreak 
 [27 July 1830], the three days, Charles X driven from 
 the throne, the provisional government, the Duke of 
 Orleans comes to the throne as Louis Philippe, King of 
 the French.
 
 LOUIS PHILIPPE. 
 
 AUGUST I830-FEBRUARY 1848. 
 
 I. Louis Philippe. 
 
 His early history, some leading traits of his character, 
 deterioration of some of these, especially kingcraft and 
 thrift 
 
 II. General Difficulties in Administration at this 
 Period. 
 
 Conflicting theories, expectations, sects, parties, and fac- 
 tions, mania for position, popular ignorance. 
 
 III. Special Difficulties of Louis Philippe's Admin- 
 istration. 
 
 1. The charter restriction of the suffrage, characters 
 of Guizot, Thiers, and other leaders, death of the Duke 
 of Bourbon, the cholera, insurrections of Paris and 
 Lyons. 
 
 2. Republican attempts, socialist attempts, legitimist 
 attempts, Bonapartist attempts, Louis Napoleon at 
 Strasbourg and Boulogne, Polish attempts, attempts at 
 assassination. 
 
 3. Unreason on both sides, professional revolutionists, 
 Blanqui and Barbes as types, the Archbishop of Paris 
 on the cholera, and the Archbishop of Besancon on rail- 
 ways. 
 
 4. Current of Literature Undermining the Throne : 
 Michelet's " History of France " Lamartine's " History
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 of the Girondists ", Thiers's " Consulate and Empire ", 
 Louis Blanc's writings, journalism. 
 
 5. Difficulties of Anglican constitutional government 
 on the continent of Europe, and especially in France. 
 
 6. Death of the Duke of Orleans, difficulties abroad, 
 recognition by European powers, Poland, Holland, and 
 Belgium. 
 
 IV. Character of his Reign. 
 
 1. Its Better Side: Efforts at constitutional rule, 
 choice of ministers, moderation, common sense (cita- 
 tion from Guizot's "Memoires"), character of the court, 
 public works, social amelioration, English alliance, 
 the war in Algiers, (a) as a training school for soldiers, 
 ($), as the forerunner of colonization, common sense 
 methods, the Robert- Houdin example. 
 
 2. Its More Doubtful Side: The Paris fortifications, 
 their double purpose, expected and real results, deal- 
 ings with the Duchess of Berri, influencing of legislation, 
 accumulation of wealth by the King, contemporary 
 opinion of him. 
 
 V. The Guizot Administration. 
 " Smart " policy, attempts to pet the English monarch 
 and cheat English statesmen, loss of the English alli- 
 ance, peaceful policy, use made of this by Thiers and 
 others, the basis of suffrage, use made of this. 
 
 VI. The Revolution of 1848. 
 
 The cry made for reform, the banquets, stubborn- 
 ness of Guizot, suddenness of the Revolution of 1848, 
 Lagrange, abdication of the King [Feb. 1848], charac- 
 ter of this revolution, of sterile revolutions in general.
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF 1848 AND THE SECOND 
 EMPIRE. 
 
 I. The Provisional Government and Second 
 Republic. 
 
 Difficulties in the capital and in the country, Lamar- 
 tine's efforts,; Louis Blanc's efforts, organization of la- 
 bor, the national workshops, struggles with destruc- 
 tives, Proudhon's phrase, the Brea murder as typical, 
 Cavaignac. 
 
 II. Transition to the Empire. 
 
 Louis Napoleon's " profession of faith " on entering 
 France (citations from " Les Murailles Revolutionnaires "), 
 phrases skillfully made and spread, examples of the 
 effect of phrase-mongering in France. Election of Louis 
 Napoleon to the presidency, the conspiracy, the coup 
 d'etat, statements of Kinglake and of Bishop Coxe, 
 treatment of Thiers and others, harshness to republicans 
 and socialists, the "Deportations." Inevitable approach 
 of " the man on horseback." 
 
 III. The Second Empire. 
 
 1. Diplomatic and Military Successes: Title taken, 
 tone towards foreign powers, Eastern question, the 
 Holy Places, English alliance and Crimean war, mutual 
 endearments of French and English sovereigns. 
 
 2. Administrative Successes : Splendor given to great 
 cities, strategic objects, Haussmann, the finances, 
 Fould, the national loan, material progress of France.
 
 OUTLINES OF LECTURES ON HISTORY. 
 
 3. Lines of policy relied upon to win the middle classes, 
 the proletariate, the liberals, the reactionists, the 
 people in general, significance of the Italian war and the 
 treaty of Villafranca, attempts to ally Caesarism with 
 liberalism, " Life of Caesar," Duruy, decentralization, 
 losing of shackles upon the press. 
 
 IV. "Weakening of the Imperial Power. 
 
 1. The invasion of Mexico and its results, war between 
 Austria and Prussia and its results, supposed culmination 
 of the imperial power in the events which led to its down- 
 fall. 
 
 2. Results of the increased freedom of the press, Bo- 
 hemianism, Rochefort and La Lanterne, Pierre Bona- 
 parte and Victor Noir. 
 
 3. Results of increased freedom of speech, the Thiers 
 speeches, the Ollivier government. 
 
 V. Decline and Collapse of the Second Empire. 
 
 1. French awakening after the battle of Sadowa, 
 progress of evil relations with Prussia, war and anti-war 
 parties, the Empress Eugenie, Thiers. 
 
 2. Outbreak of war [19 July 1870], utter breaking 
 down of the material, mental, and moral strength of 
 France, revelations in the Tuileries papers, Lebceuf, 
 the Prussian triumph. 
 
 3. The Thiers government and the Commune, " Com- 
 munal " rule (citations from certain recent publications, 
 especially " La Fin de la Boheme " in the Revue des Deux 
 Monde s), one good result : collapse of a superstition re- 
 garding the Parisian mob. 
 
 VI. The Third Republic. 
 
 The Wallon constitution, Gambetta, presidency of 
 Thiers, of Mac Mahon, the Jules Simon and Fortou ep- 
 isodes, the Grevy presidency, the Freycinet policy and 
 its results, industrialism vs. " glory."
 
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