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 Confcensefc Unitcti 
 
 A CONDENSED 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 CONSTRUCTED FOR DEFINITE RESULTS IN RECITATION, 
 AND CONTAINING 
 
 A NEW METHOD OF TOPICAL REVIEWS. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M., 
 
 PROFESSOR OP HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA AND AUTHOR OF 
 
 "CAMPAIGNS OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC," "DECISIVE BATTLES 
 OP THE WAR," ETC. 
 
 tti) Jttap* atib otl)er Illustration*. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY, 
 
 138 AND 140 GRAND STREET. 
 1871.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, 
 
 BY WILLIAM SWINTON, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & Co. 
 CAMBRIDGE.
 
 e 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS condensed manual of the History of the United States has 
 been prepared in order to meet the views and wants of that large 
 and increasing class of teachers, and more especially the teachers 
 in our common schools, who are aiming at definite results in this 
 study. It has grown out of a need deeply felt by the author dur- 
 ing many years' occupation in class-room recitation. 
 
 This manual is not a mere picture-book or story-book : with such 
 works the market is fully supplied. It aims at something which, 
 if not higher, is at least different. It is designed as a working book, 
 and hence discards both the high-flown narrative style and the 
 meaningless details of the majority of school histories. The text 
 will derive its interest from the lucid presentation of the subject- 
 matter, in itself deeply interesting. 
 
 The technical points of novelty and superiority which the author 
 thinks he may fairly claim as the justification of this manual will be 
 evident to all practical teachers. Some of these points are : 
 
 1. A plan of clear and concise paragraphing, by which the gist 
 of each paragraph is readily apprehended by the pupil. 
 
 2. A total, and it is hoped welcome, absence of involved, in- 
 verted, or in anywise rhetorical sentences, and the use, in lieu 
 thereof, of the direct, concise, and redtable construction. 
 
 3. A new method of Topical Reviews. On this point perhaps 
 the leading point of novelty in the book the author refers the 
 teacher to an examination of the Reviews themselves. See the 
 Topical Review at the close of the Period of Discovery, page 22 ; 
 of the Colonial Period, page 107 ; of the Revolutionary War, page 
 155 ; and the other similar Reviews. The difference between the 
 present and the old method of reviewing which does no more 
 than print a string of review questions, referring to preceding 
 pages for the piecemeal answers must be obvious. There can be 
 few judicious teachers who have not discovered that pupils, in order 
 
 641807
 
 IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to have a really available knowledge of the crowded facts of history, 
 require that these facts should be grouped and reiterated and turned 
 over in a variety of ways. To accomplish this end, thus imparting 
 a comprehensive knowledge of events and the connections of events, 
 is the purpose of the novel method of reviewing adopted in this 
 manual. 
 
 4. The separation of the history of the Western, Mississippi 
 Valley, and Pacific States from its entanglement in the history of 
 the Administrations. The history of these great States thus re- 
 ceives a degree of attention that is at least more nearly adequate 
 than heretofore. 
 
 5. The separation of the leading facts of American Progress from 
 their entanglement in the history of the Administrations, and their 
 presentation in a section by themselves. 
 
 6. A tone of treatment free from partisan bias of sectionalism, 
 politics, or religion, a tone of treatment as completely as possible 
 American. 
 
 A large number of excellent maps and other suitable illustrations 
 will be found. 
 
 W. S.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OK AMERICA, 1492, TO THE FOUNDING OF THE 
 FIRST ENGLISH COLONY, 1607. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND AMERICUS 1 
 
 II. SPANISH DISCOVERIES 9 
 
 III. FRENCH DISCOVERIES 13 
 
 IV. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES 16 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. Review of the Chronology 22 
 
 II. Review of Geography 25 
 
 III. Review of Settlements 26 
 
 IV. Review of Conflicting Claims 26 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 FROM THE SETTLEMENT OP JAMESTOWN, 1607, TO THE REVOLUTIONARY 
 WAR, 1775. 
 
 I. VIRGINIA 29 
 
 II. THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 37 
 
 1. Massachusetts 37 
 
 2. Connecticut 46 
 
 3. Rhode Island 51 
 
 4. New Hampshire ........ 54 
 
 III. NEW YORK 57 
 
 IV. NEW JERSEY . 63
 
 vi CONTENTS. 
 
 V. PENNSYLVANIA 66 
 
 VI. DELAWARE 70 
 
 VII. MARYLAND 71 
 
 VIII. NORTH CAROLINA 74 
 
 IX. SOUTH CAROLINA 77 
 
 X. GEORGIA 80 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. Review of the Founding of the Colonies ... 82 
 
 II. Review of Colouinl Governments and Charters . 84 
 
 III. Review of Colonial Progress 87 
 
 XI. THE FRENCH WARS 90 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 1. Outline Review of the first three French Wars . . 107 
 
 II. Tabular Review of the French and Indian War. . 108 
 
 PERIOD III. 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 FROM THE BREAKING OUT OF THE WAR, 1775, TO WASHINGTON'S ADMIN- 
 ISTRATION, 1789. 
 
 I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 109 
 
 n. CAMPAIGN OF 1775 119 
 
 III. CAMPAIGNS OF 1776 124 
 
 IV. DOUBLE CAMPAIGN OF 1777 131 
 
 V. CAMPAIGNS OF 1778-80 137 
 
 VI. CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS 142 
 
 VII. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN . .148 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. Outline Review of the Campaigns .... 155 
 
 II. Review of the Principal Rattle? 159 
 
 III. Review of Important Political Facts .... 160 
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 FROM THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789, TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 I. HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS ... 
 
 I. Washington's Administration. 1789-1797 . 
 
 ,,,:::
 
 CONTENTS. vii 
 
 II. Adams's Administration. 1797-1801 . . . .164 
 
 III. Jefferson's Administration. 1801-1809 ... 166 
 
 IV. Madison's Administration. 1809-1817 . - . .170 
 
 War of 1812 171 
 
 V. Monroe's Administration. 1817-1825 . . . .182 
 
 VI. J. Q. Adams's Administration. 1825-1829 . . 184 
 
 VII. Jackson's Administration. 1829-1837 . . . .185 
 
 VIII. Van Buren's Administration. 1837-1841 . , . 188 
 
 IX. Harrison's and Tyler's Administrations. 1841-1845 . 189 
 
 X. Folk's Administration. 1845-1849 .... 191 
 
 The Mexican War 192 
 
 XI. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administrations. 1849 - 1853 198 
 
 XII. Pierce's Administration. 1853-1857. ... 200 
 
 X11I. Buchanan's Administration. 1859-1861 . . .201 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. Presidents and Vice-Presidents from Washington to 
 
 the War of Secession 202 
 
 II. States from which the Presidents were elected, etc. 204 
 III. Political Meaning of the Elections . . . .204 
 
 II. STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY 205 
 
 I. Founding of the Northwestern States 205 
 
 1. Ohio 208 
 
 2. Indiana 210 
 
 3. Illinois . 211 
 
 4. Michigan -213 
 
 5. Iowa 214 
 
 6. Wisconsin . 214 
 
 7. Minnesota 215 
 
 8. Kansas 
 
 216 
 
 9. Nebraska 
 
 II Foundiii"- of the Southwestern States 2 
 
 1. Kentucky 
 
 2- Tennessee 219 
 
 3. Louisiana " 
 
 4. Mississippi and Alabama * 
 
 5. Missouri 222 
 
 6. Arkansas and Florida ..2 
 
 7. Texas 223 
 
 TOPICAL TiKViEw. 
 
 I. Founding of the Mississippi Valley States 
 
 II. Origin of the Mississippi Valley States .... 2 
 
 III. FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES 226 
 
 1. California ' ' 
 
 2. Oregon 231 
 
 3. Nevada . - . . . S88 
 
 IV. THE WAR OF SECESSION 235 
 
 I. Causes of the War 235 
 
 Events of 1861 242
 
 v iii CONTENTS. 
 
 III. Campaigns of 1861 246 
 
 IV. Campaigns of 1862 252 
 
 V. Campaigns of 1863 265 
 
 VI. Campaigns of 1864 272 
 
 VII. The Final Campaign 279 
 
 TOPICAL, REVIEW. 
 
 I. Review of the Campaigns 283 
 
 II. General Facts of the Struggle 287 
 
 V. ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR 288 
 
 I. Johnson's Administration. 1861-1865 . . . - 288 
 
 II. Grant's Administration 292 
 
 VI. A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 293 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES .... 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 AREAS, SETTLEMENT, AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES .
 
 LIST OF MAPS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. The World as known in the 15th Century 2 
 
 2. Route of Columbus, First Voyage 4 
 
 3. Copy of the newly found Cabot Map 7 
 
 4. Route of De Soto 11 
 
 5. Huguenot Settlements in the South 14 
 
 6. Roanoke Island 18 
 
 7. Map to illustrate Discoveries 22 
 
 8. Map to illustrate conflicting Claims 27 
 
 9. Jamestown and Vicinity 31 
 
 10. Captain John Smith's Map of New England 38 
 
 11. Vicinity of Boston 42 
 
 12. Narragansett Fort and Swamp 45 
 
 13. Vicinity of Hartford 47 
 
 14. Narragansett Bay 62 
 
 15. Route of Champlain 91 
 
 16. Louisburg and Vicinity 96 
 
 17. Map of French and Indian War 101 
 
 18. Lake Champlain and Vicinity 102 
 
 19. Operations around Quebec 105 
 
 20. Battle of Bunker Hill 121 
 
 21. War of the Revolution, the North 125 
 
 22. Battle of Long Island 128 
 
 23. Retreat up the Hudson 129 
 
 24. Operations in New Jersey 130 
 
 25. Operations in Pennsylvania 133 
 
 26. Battles near Saratoga 135 
 
 27. War of the Revolution, the South 143 
 
 28 Siege of Yorktown 151 
 
 29. Vicinity of Detroit 173 
 
 30. Operations near Niagara 178 
 
 31. Battle of Plattsburg 179 
 
 32. Battle of New Orleans 181 
 
 33. Map to illustrate the Mexican War 193 
 
 34. Eastern Operations 247 
 
 35. Western Operations 253 

 
 HISTOET OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PERIODS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 1. We are about to study the history of our country, the Republic 
 of the United States. 
 
 2. It will be convenient to consider the history of the United States 
 as divided into four periods : 
 
 1. The Period of Discovery and Exploration, extending from 
 the discovery of America by Columbus, A. D. 1492, to the establishment 
 of the early English Colonies, 1607 - 20. 
 
 II. The Colonial Period, from the date of the early colonial set- 
 tlements to the breaking out of the American Revolution, 1775. 
 
 III. The Revolutionary Period, from the breaking out of the 
 Revolution, through the seven years' war and the era of the Confedera- 
 tion to the organization of the government under the Federal Consti- 
 tution, 1789. 
 
 IV. The Constitutional Period, from the organization of the 
 government under the Constitution to the present time. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1 . On what study are we about to enter ? 
 
 2. Into how many periods is United States history divided ? Mention the first period 
 and give its extent; the second; the tliird; the fourth. 

 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 DISCO VERIES. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, 1492, TO THE FOUNDING 
 FIRST ENGLISH COLONY, 1607. 
 
 I. COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND AMERICUS. 
 
 1. ON the 3d of Au- 
 gust, 1492, three small 
 vessels sailed out of the 
 harbor of Palos [jmh 1 - 
 los], a seaport town in 
 Spain. 
 
 2. On the deck of 
 one of them, named the 
 Santa Maria \ma-re aJi\, 
 stood a white-haired 
 man, fifty-six years old. 
 
 This man was Chris- 
 topher Columbus, 
 sailing on that wonder- 
 ful voyage which result- 
 ed in the discovery of 
 the New World, 
 that is, AMERICA. 
 
 mum 
 
 Columbus on his Voyage of Discovery. 
 
 NOTE. In the engraving which heads this chapter, and which is 
 copied from a very early drawing, Columbus is represented on the deck of 
 the Santa Maria. The instrument which he holds in his hand is an s- 
 trolabe, a rude kind of quadrant, which had recently been invented, 
 and which was one of the things that made distant sea voyages possible. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. State what is said of the 3d of August, 1492. 
 
 V. Who stood on the deck of one of these ships ? Who was this and on what voyage 
 was he sailing ? 
 
 1 A
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 3. Columbus, when he sailed on this voyage, had not the 
 least idea that there was such a continent as America. He 
 did not start with the thought of finding a New World. The 
 discovery of America was an accident. 
 
 4. The design with which Columbus did sail was to find a 
 passage by sea from Europe to Eastern Asia, called India. 
 
 5. The reason why he wished to find a passage by sea to 
 India was because the traders of Italy, who carried on a great 
 deal of commerce with India, had to go from Europe by the 
 Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and then overland, by caravans, 
 which was a very troublesome and expensive way of carry- 
 ing their goods. A cheaper and easier route was very much 
 wanted. 
 
 6. It may be asked why they did not sail round Africa, and 
 reach India in that way. 
 
 The answer is, that at this time no vessels had ever passed 
 round the Cape of Good Hope ; that the shape of Africa 
 was not known; and that people were not aware that it was 
 possible to go from Europe to India by water. 
 
 7. The known world, at the time Columbus was bora, four 
 
 hundred years ago, is rep- 
 resented in this map, drawn 
 at that period. If we com- 
 pare its narrow outlines 
 with the map of the world 
 as we now know it, we 
 shall see : 1. That geog- 
 raphy four hundred years 
 ago knew nothing what- 
 ever of North and South 
 
 The World as known in the 15th Century. 
 
 America or of Australia ; 2. That of Africa all that was known 
 was a scimitar-shaped piece along its northern border; 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3. Repeat what is said of Columbus's ideas when he began thia 
 
 voyage. 
 
 4. With what design did he sail ? 
 
 3. Give his reasons for wishing to go to India. State what was much wanted, 
 . Ho.v do you answer the question why Columbus did not snil round Africa* 
 7. What is represented on the little map on this page? Comparing it will! our 
 
 present maps, what do we see ?
 
 COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND AMERICUS. 
 
 Christopher Columbus. 
 
 3. That Eastern Asia then called India and Cath-ay' had 
 no well-defined limits. 
 
 NOTE. The strange figures of animals, headless men, hippogriffs, 
 etc., were placed by the old geographers upon their maps to denote that 
 the regions thus marked were unknown ; they were supposed to abound 
 in horrible monsters. 
 
 8. Columbus, who was born in 
 the sea-faring city of G-enoa 
 [jeno-ah] in Italy, and had been 
 a sailor from boyhood, came to 
 the conclusion, when he was 
 about forty years old, that the 
 common notion of the earth's 
 being flat was a mistake. 
 
 He was a man of original and 
 daring genius. He believed the 
 earth was a globe, and that, by 
 sailing westward from Europe 
 across the Atlantic, he would come round to Eastern Asia. 
 
 9. When he had come to this belief, he tried for several 
 years to persuade some of the commercial nations of Europe 
 to fit out an expedition to see if his belief was right. 
 
 He applied to Italy and Portugal. These governments re- 
 jected his plan as an idle dream. 
 
 10. At last, after long waiting, the government of Spain 
 agreed to make him admiral of a small fleet which should try 
 the adventurous voyage. The sovereigns of Spain at this time 
 were Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 What persuaded Queen Isabella to go to the expense of 
 fitting out a fleet for Columbus was the idea that it would be 
 a great thing for Spain to be mistress of the rich countries of 
 Eastern Asia, and also that the discovery of these new realms 
 might be the means of spreading the Christian faith there. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 8. Mention the conclusion Columbus had come to. What is said of 
 his character ? What did he believe about the earth ? 
 
 9. What efforts did he now make 1 To what governments did he apply ? How was 
 his plan received ? 
 
 10. What government finally agreed to help him ? Name the sovereigns of Spain 
 at this time. What induced Isabella to go to the expense of fitting out a fleet ?
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 11. The map 
 upon this page 
 clearly shows the 
 course of Colum- 
 bus in his immor- 
 tal voyage. 
 
 The 3d of Au- 
 gust he left Pa- 
 los, and in a few 
 days the little fleet 
 reached G-omera 
 [go-may 1 ra], one of 
 > theCanarylslands, 
 with no event of 
 importance except 
 that the Pinta un- 
 f shipped her rud- 
 der. This obliged 
 Columbus to delay 
 some time at the 
 Canaries. 
 
 The 6th of Sep- 
 tember he set sail 
 from Gomera, and 
 struck boldly out 
 
 October 11, land was seen. 
 
 From this date 
 the fleet, during 
 thirty -five days, 
 sailed westward 
 over the trackless 
 waste of unknown 
 waters. 
 
 On the night of 
 
 QUESTIONS 11. What is shown on the map on this page? When did he leu re 
 Palos? At what island did he first touch ? and give the incUents. Where did he sail 
 on leaving Gomera ? How long did he sail ? When was land first ,-een ?
 
 COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND AMERICUS. 5 
 
 12. Dawn revealed a sunny land of flowers and strange 
 new beauty. The ships were in that island-dotted tropic sea 
 over which Spain was long to hold despotic sway. The land 
 reached was one of the Bahama \ba-liu'md\ Islands. Colum- 
 bus named it San Salvador. 
 
 NOTE. The native name of the island was Guanahani. It still bears 
 the name of San Salvador (Spanish for Holy Saviour), though it is more 
 frequently called Cat Island. 
 
 3.3. Columbus was not aware that he had discovered a new 
 continent : he supposed he had realized his hope of reaching 
 the coast of Eastern India, or Cathay. 
 
 He therefore called the natives (who flocked down to the 
 shore to see the wonderful strangers and their ships) "In- 
 dians," a name afterwards extended to all the aboriginal 
 inhabitants of the American continent. 
 
 14. The landing was made on the morning of the 12th of 
 October. Columbus took possession of the country in the 
 name of the Spanish sovereigns. 
 
 15. From San Salvador, Columbus sailed southward, dis- 
 covering a number of islands, among them Cuba and 
 Hayti [ha'te]. 
 
 NOTE. See his course as traced on the map, page 4. 
 
 16. At the commencement of the year 1493, Columbus 
 sailed back to Spain to give an account of his discoveries. 
 He was received with great honors by the monarchs and the 
 people. 
 
 17. After this, Columbus made three voyages across the 
 Atlantic, and planted several Spanish colonies in the West 
 India Islands. 
 
 18. His second voyage was undertaken a few months after 
 his return from the discovery. In this voyage he retxirned to 
 
 QUESTIONS. 12. What did dawn reveal ? What was the land reached ? How was 
 it named by Columbus ? 
 
 13. Of what was Columbus ignorant, and what did he suppose ? What name did 
 he give the natives ? 
 
 14. When was the landing made, and what took place ? 
 
 1 5. State where Columbus now sailed and what discoveries he made. 
 1 6. When did he return to Spain, and how was he received? 
 
 17. How many subsequent voyages did Columbus make ? 
 
 18. Give the results of the second voyage.
 
 Q DISCOVERIES. 
 
 Hayti, explored Jamaica and other islands, founded the 
 colony of San Dom ing'o on the island of Hayti, and, 
 after three years, returned to Spain. 
 
 19. The third voyage was made in 1498. It resulted in 
 the discovery of the coast of South America, near the mouth 
 of the O-ri-no'CO River. He supposed he had at last 
 reached the continent of Asia. 
 
 20. The object of his fourth voyage, undertaken in 1502, 
 was to push farther westward from Cuba and Jamaica 
 [ja-md'ka] than he had yet done. He believed he would find 
 a strait in the region where we now know the Isthmus of 
 Pa-na-ma' to be ; and he thought that, by passing through that 
 supposed strait, he would reach the real continent of Asia. 
 
 His course took him to the coast of Central America, which 
 he explored for some distance ; but as the voyage was marked 
 by great hardships, he was forced to return to Spain. After 
 this he made no more voyages. 
 
 21. The life of Columbus, almost from the time of his 
 grand discovery, was marked by great misfortunes suffered by 
 him and great wrongs inflicted on him. 
 
 It should also be mentioned, that, up to the time of his 
 death, he was ignorant of the fact that he had discovered 
 a new hemisphere. 
 
 NOTE. Columbus died on the 20th of May, 1506. If he was born 
 in 1436, this would make him seventy years old. His remains were 
 carried to Seville ; afterwards they were removed to San Domingo, and 
 in 1796 to the cathedral at Havana, where they now rest. 
 
 22. Columbus was a man of commanding presence. His 
 son Ferdinand describes him as above the middle height, with 
 a long countenance, an aquiline nose, and light gray eyes full 
 of expression. His hair was naturally light, but it turned 
 nearly white before he was thirty. 
 
 In character he was one of the greatest souls that ever 
 lived. He was a man of lofty intellect, of wonderful enthu- 
 siasm, and of a deep religious nature. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 19. When was the third voyage undertaken ? Give its results. 
 iJO. What was the object of his fourth voyage ? State what he thought he would find 
 Recite the events of this voyage. 
 
 til. What is said of Columbia's life ? What other fact is mentioned ? 
 ii'i. Describe the personal appearance of Columbus. Deseribe his character.
 
 COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND AMERICUS. 7 
 
 23. Cabot and North America. The news of Colum- 
 bus's discovery of a path over the Atlantic to what was sup- 
 posed to be the Indies caused great excitement throughout 
 Europe. Soon afterwards other expeditions were fitted out 
 to sail to the strange new lands. 
 
 24. Two of these voyages are of particular importance in 
 connection with the earliest history of America, the voyage 
 of John and Sebastian Cabot, and the voyage of A mer'- 
 i-CUS Vesputius \yes-pu she-us\. 
 
 25. John Cabot was a Venetian merchant living at Bris'tol, 
 England. He had a son named Sebastian, who was a very 
 bold and enterprising character. 
 
 26. When the 
 Cabots heard 
 of Columbus's 
 voyage, they 
 were eager to 
 make fame and 
 fortune in the 
 same way. 
 
 Accordingly, 
 in 1494, they 
 fitted out a 
 ship named the 
 Matthew. Sail- 
 ing on a line 
 far to the north 
 of that taken Copy of Cabot's Map. 
 
 by Columbus, they reached the North American continent at 
 Cape Bret'on, called by them " Pri ma Vis'ta " ; that is, 
 first seen. 
 
 NOTE. It has usually been said that this voyage was made in 1497 ; 
 but it was probably made in 1494. The map here copied was drawn by 
 
 s's discovery. What were 
 
 QUESTIONS. 83. State the effect of the news of Oolu 
 fitted out ? 
 
 ^4. Name two voyages particularly important. 
 
 25. Who were the Cabots ? 
 
 26. What did they wish to do ? Give an account of their voyage uf 1494.
 
 8 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 Sebastian Cabot himself, and has only lately been discovered. ' An in- 
 scription on the original map states that Prima Vista was discovered 
 by John and Sebastian Cabot in 1494. The scholar should compare this 
 map with the present maps of that region. He will see that Prima 
 Vista, is really Cape Breton, and not the coast of Labrador, as was for- 
 merly supposed. 
 
 27. This was the first discovery of the American continent. 
 
 28. Several other voyages to the New World were made by 
 Sebastian Cabot. The most important was in 1498. 
 
 This time, the expedition reached the continent off the 
 coast of Labrador. The severity of the climate made Cabot 
 give up the idea of seeking a Northwest passage to Asia. He 
 then turned southward and sailed along the shores of Ameri- 
 ca to the latitude of Albemarle Sound, taking possession 
 of the country for the crown of England. 
 
 29. Americus and America. The name AMERICA is 
 derived from Americus Vesputius, who made a voyage to 
 the coast of South America in 1499, and wrote a letter de- 
 scribing the country. 
 
 NOTE. Americus Vesputius (in Italian, Amerigo Vespucci) was an 
 Italian, a native of Florence. At the time of Columbus's first voyage 
 he was settled at Seville, in Spain, where he was connected with a mer- 
 cantile house that was employed in fitting out the fleet for Columbus's 
 second voyage, made in 1493. 
 
 30. The usual account given of Americus Vesputius is that 
 he was an enemy of Columbus, that he claimed the honor of 
 having first touched the mainland of the New World, and 
 that by misrepresentations he succeeded in having his name 
 applied to America. 
 
 This does great wrong to Americus. He was a warm friend 
 of Columbus ; he never claimed the honor of first discovery, 
 and the name " America " was given, not by him, but by a 
 German geographer. 
 
 31. This geographer published a book which contained 
 some letters written by Vesputius, and giving an account of 
 his discoveries. 
 
 QUESTIONS. '47. What is said of this discovery ? 
 
 aS. Give an account of Cabot's voyage of 1498. 
 
 29. What is the origin of the name " America " ' 
 
 MO. What is the usual account of Americus ? State the real facts. 
 
 31. Repeat what is said of the German geographer.
 
 SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 9 
 
 He did not know that Columbus had before this reached 
 the very same coast, and he suggested that the country 
 should be called AMERICA. The suggestion was adopted by 
 other writers, and so the name America came into use. 
 
 32. Review. The review of this chapter shows that 
 the first discovery of the New World was made in 1492 by 
 Columbus, to whom alone belongs the undying glory ; 
 
 That it was called "America" from the name of Ameri- 
 cus ^ 7 esputius, not through fraud, but by mistake ; 
 
 That the North American continent was first seen by the 
 Cabots (in 1494, or, at latest, in 1497), who sailed under the 
 flag of England. 
 
 II. SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 
 
 33. The date of the discovery of America is 1492. But it 
 was not till more than one hundred years after this that the 
 English began to make those settlements on the coast of 
 North America which afterwards became the United States. 
 
 34. In the mean time various nations of Europe took part 
 in exploring the eastern and western coasts of North America. 
 The principal countries that made explorations during this 
 period were Spain, France, England. 
 
 We must see what discoveries and settlements each made, 
 beginning with Spain. 
 
 35. The Spaniards, immediately after Columbus's discovery, 
 planted colonies in the principal islands of the 'West In- 
 dies. From these islands they sent expeditions to the main- 
 land. 
 
 36. In 1506 the eastern coast of Yucatan' was discovered. 
 
 37. In 1510 the first colony on the continent was planted 
 on the Isthmus of Darien \day-re-eri~\. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 38. Mention three things shown by the review. 
 
 T - 33. Repeat the date of the discovery of America. When did the English begin to 
 make settlements in America? 
 
 34. Name other countries which meantime made explorations. 
 
 35. What is said of the Spaniards ? What did they send out from the West Indies ? 
 
 36. What took place in 1506 ? 
 
 37. What took place in 1510? 
 
 1*
 
 IQ DISCOVERIES. 
 
 38. In 1513, Balboa \bahl-ld 'ah~\ crossed the Isthmus of 
 Darien, and discovered the Pacific Ocean. Balboa was 
 governor of a Spanish colony on the isthmus. He named the 
 Pacific the " South Sea." 
 
 39. In 1512, Ponce de Leon [pone'tha da la-on'} sailed 
 from Porto Rico [re'Xro] and discovered the coast of Florida. 
 He called the country Florida because he discovered it on 
 Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards/wscrt fl.orida [pa/is* 
 koo'ah flor'e-daK\. De Leon was an old Spanish enthusiast, 
 and was looking for a fabled fountain of immortal youth. 
 
 40. In 1517, Cordova \cor-do vaJi\ sailed from Cuba and 
 explored the north coast of Yucatan. The Spaniards found 
 the people, not naked, but clothed in cotton garments. This 
 fact made them guess that there must be a rich country in 
 the interior. 
 
 41. In 1518 an expedition in the same direction was sent 
 by the Spanish governor of Cuba. This expedition was under 
 G-rijalva \gre-hal'vaK\. He explored the southern coast of 
 Mexico, and verified the belief that there was a rich empire 
 in the interior. 
 
 42. In 1519, Cortez [kor'tez] sailed from Cuba with a fleet 
 and six hundi'ed soldiers, and landed on the Mexican coast at 
 Vera Cruz \ya'rah kruz\. After a great deal of fighting, Cor- 
 tez, in ten years, got possession of the capital. The wealthy 
 empire of Mexico with its rich gold-mines then became a 
 province of Spain. It so continued for three centuries, 
 from 1521 till 1821. 
 
 43. In 1520 a Spanish planter of Havti, named Ayllon 
 \ile-yone!\ reached the coast of South Carolina. He had 
 sailed northward to kidnap the natives for slaves. Two years 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3S. Give Balboa's discoTery. 
 
 39. Give Ponce de Leon's discovery. What did he call the country, and why' 
 Who was De Leon ? 
 
 40. Give Cordova's discovery. What did they find ? What did they then think ? 
 
 41. Give the facts and results of Grejalva's exploration. 
 
 43. Give an account of Cortez's expedition. What took place in Mexico? What 
 did Mexico then become? How long tliJ it remain a Spanish province? 
 
 43. Give Ayllon's discovery. What was his object ? Mention the result of his 
 other expedition.
 
 SPANISH DISCOVERIES. 
 
 11 
 
 afterward he returned to conquer the country ; but the In- 
 dians defeated him. 
 
 44. In 1520, Ma-gel Ian, who had left Spain the year be- 
 fore, circumnavigated South America, and sailed across the 
 Pacific Ocean to Spain. The voyage took over three years. 
 It was the first circumnavigation of the globe. He called the 
 "South Sea" the "Pacific Ocean," because it was so free 
 from storms. 
 
 45. In 1528 a Spaniard named Narvaez [nar-vah'eth] 
 sailed from Cuba with an army to conquer Florida. He ex- 
 pected to find another such rich empire as Mexico or Peru. 
 The expedition suffered terribly, was defeated by the Indians, 
 and afterwards shipwrecked, only four men escaping. 
 
 46. In 1539 a bold Spanish cavalier named Ferdinand 
 de Soto planned the conquest of Florida, which was the 
 name applied to 
 
 all that the 
 Spaniards knew 
 of North Amer- 
 ica outside of 
 Mexico. 
 
 47. This is the 
 most interesting 
 of all the Span- 
 ish explorations, 
 because it led to 
 the discovery of 
 the Mississip- 
 pi River. This 
 discovery was 
 made by De Soto 
 in 1541. 
 
 Route of De Soto. 
 
 What is said of this 
 
 What was the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 44. Give an account of Magellan's voyage. 
 voyage? What ocean did he name, and why? 
 
 45. Describe Narvaez's expedition. What did he expecfto find 
 result? 
 
 46. What conquest did De Soto plan ? 
 
 47. Why is this the most interesting Spanish exploration ? Give the date of the 
 discovery of the Mississippi. Give an account of De Soto's journe> ings.
 
 12 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 NOTE. The map here given presents a view of DeSoto's interesting jour- 
 neyings. He sailed from Cuba with a finely equipped army of six hundred 
 men. In June, 1539, his fleet anchored in Tampa Bay, Florida, He 
 sent two vessels to Apallachee Bay, while he led his army northward 
 through Florida and then westward to near Apallachee Bay. It took 
 live months to perform this journey. The Spaniards, after remaining 
 five months in wiuier quarters, marched far to the northeast, passing 
 through Georgia to the Ogechee River, then northwestward through 
 Northern Georgia. The expedition then travelled southwestward, down 
 through the valleys of Alabama, till October, 1540, when they reached 
 Mauville. Here a bloody battle was fought with the Indians. De 
 Soto then turned from the coast and marched northwestward. He spent 
 the winter of 1540 -41 on the Yazoo River, where he had another 
 severe battle. In the spring of 1541 the Spaniards continued their 
 march northward till they came to the Mississippi, April, 1541. They 
 crossed it between the 33d and 34th parallels of latitude. From this 
 point they journeyed several hundred miles west of the Mississippi, and 
 spent the winter of 1541 - 42 on the Wachita River. In the spring 
 of 1542 they passed down that river to the Mississippi. Here De Soto 
 died, May, 1542. His army had dwindled away and suffered terribly. 
 In December, 1542, the survivors built boats on the Mississippi, sailed 
 down to the Gulf of Mexico, and finally reached Panuco in Mexico. 
 
 48. The conquest of Mexico by Cortez led to the explora- 
 tion of the Pacific Coast to the north of Mexico. Cortez 
 fitted out several expeditions which explored northward into 
 what is now called the Gulf of California, then called 
 the " Gulf of Cortez." 
 
 49. In 1540 the Spanish governor of Mexico sent out Co- 
 ronado \ko-ro-nah' do] to explore the country to the north- 
 ward. Coronado penetrated by land as far north as the re- 
 gion now known as New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 50. At the same time two vessels were sent under Alar- 
 con \ah-lar' son\. They sailed up the Gulf of California and 
 ascended the Colorado River beyond the Gila [he'fah]. 
 
 51. In 1542 a Spanish navigator named Cabrillo [cab- 
 reel' //o] sailed northward along the Pacific coast as high as 
 latitude 44, the coast of the present State of Oregon. 
 This was the first exploration of the coast of what is now the 
 State of California. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 48. Wjiat did the exploration of the Pacific coast grow out of? 
 What gulf did Cortez explore? 
 
 49. Giye an account of Coronodo's exploration. Into what region did he pene- 
 trate? 
 
 f0. Give an account of Alarron's voyage. 
 
 51. Give an account of Cabrillo's voyage Repeat what is said of this exploration 
 When was the name California first used .' Give its origin.
 
 FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 13 
 
 It was during this early period that the term "California," or 
 " the Californias," was applied as a general name to the re- 
 gion lying to the north of Mexico. 
 
 NOTE. The name "California" originated in an old Crusader ro- 
 mance much read in the time, of Cortez and Columbus. One of the 
 characters in this romance was California, Queen of the Amazons. 
 
 52. In 1565 a Spanish soldier named Melendez \may- 
 lendetli\ was commissioned by the king of Spain to conquer 
 Florida and destroy a colony of French Protestants who 
 had lately settled in that country. 
 
 Immediately after landing he founded St. Augustine 
 [teen], the oldest city in the United States. 
 
 53. In 1582, Espejo [es-pay'ho] explored the region which 
 Coronado had visited forty years before, and named it New 
 Mexico. The same year he founded Santa Fe [fay]. 
 
 54. In 1769 the Spaniards made the first settlement in 
 California, at San Diego [de-ago\. 
 
 55. Review. It is thus seen that by the close of the 
 sixteenth century the Spaniards had made the following explora- 
 tions and settlements : 1. They had colonized the West India 
 Islands. 2. They had colonized Central America. 3. They 
 had conquered Mexico. 4. They had explored a good part of 
 the Southern States. 5. They had explored the Pacific coast. 
 6. Their settlements within the present limits of the United 
 States were St. Augustine and Santa Fe". 
 
 III. FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 
 
 56. The French were first drawn to the coast of North 
 America by the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland \nu- 
 fund-land\. French fishing-smacks went there as early as 
 1503. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 52. What commission did Melendez receive ? Name the city founded 
 by him. 
 
 53. Describe Espejo's exploration. Name the city founded by him. 
 
 54. What was the first Spanish settlement in California ? 
 
 55. Give the facts of Spanish discovery stated in the review. 
 
 56. What first called the attention of the French to America ?
 
 14 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 57. In 1506, Denys \den-ed\ a Frenchman, explored the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence and the adjoining coast, and made 
 a chart of the region. 
 
 58. In 1524, Verrazzani [ver-rat-sah'ne], an Italian in the 
 service of the King of France, reached the continent in the 
 latitude of Wilmington, North Carolina. He then ex- 
 plored the whole country northward as far as Nova Scotia. 
 He named the country NEW FRANCE. 
 
 59. In 1534, James Cartier [kar-tyea] explored and 
 named the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. He claimed the 
 country for the French king. 
 
 60. In 1535, while on a second voyage, Cartier sailed up 
 the river St. Lawrence to where Montreal now stands. 
 
 61. In 1541, Cartier, with a 
 baud of colonists, made a third 
 voyage to the St. Lawrence. He 
 built a fort near the present site 
 of Quebec, where his people 
 passed the winter. They became 
 dissatisfied and returned to 
 France the next spring. 
 
 62. In 1562, Admiral Co- 
 ligny \ko-leen-ye'\ a distinguished 
 leader of the French Protestants, 
 or Huguenots, sent out a colony 
 to South Carolina. 
 
 They made a settlement near 
 Port Royal entrance, but suf- 
 fered greatly, and next year went 
 home. 
 
 The Huguenot Settlement. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 57. Describe Denys's discovery. 
 
 58. Describe Verrazzani's exploration. Along what coast did he sail ? What name 
 did he give the country ? 
 
 59. Give an account of Cartier's first voyage. For whom did he claim the country ? 
 
 60. Speak of Cartier's second voyage. 
 
 . 61. Give an account of Cartier's third voyage. What did he do in Canada ? ^tate 
 the result of this attempt. 
 
 62. Give an account of Coligny's colony. Where did the colonists settle, and 
 what was the result ?
 
 FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 15 
 
 63. In 1564 a second colony of Huguenots established 
 themselves on the river St. Johns, in Florida. Next year 
 they were joined by several hundred more colonists. Spain 
 claimed the country, and, in 1565, sent out Meleildez (see 
 "if 52), who slaughtered most of the settlers. 
 
 64. In 1565 a French nobleman named De Gourgues 
 [goory] sailed from France with a force, and revenged the 
 death of his countrymen by capturing the Spanish forts in 
 Florida and putting the garrisons to death. 
 
 65. In 1 603, De Monts \du mong'~\, an influential Hugue- 
 not courtier, obtained from the French king a grant of terri- 
 tory extending from near where Philadelphia now is to Cape 
 Breton. This region was called Acadia. 
 
 NOTE. Acadia was afterwards confined to what is now New Bruns- 
 wick, Cape Breton, and the neighboring islands. 
 
 66. In 1604, De Monts, along with a famous pioneer named 
 Champlain [sham-plain], led a colony to his possessions. 
 They, in 1 605, made a settlement called Port Royal (after- 
 wards Annapolis), on the western coast of what is now Nova 
 Scotia, then part of Acadia. 
 
 This was the first permanent French colony in America. 
 
 67. In 1608, Champlain established a trading-post at a 
 place on the St. Lawrence River which he named Quebec. 
 Champlain was the founder of the first permanent settlements 
 in Canada. Canada was the name given to all the territory 
 watered by the St. Lawrence. 
 
 68. In 1609, Champlain pushed into the interior and dis- 
 covered Lakes Champlain and Huron. He afterwards led 
 a party of Canada Indians against the Iroquois in Northern 
 New York, which region he was the first white man to enter. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 63. Give an account of the second Huguenot colony. What nation 
 claimed the country ? State the fate of this colony. 
 
 64. Recite the history of De Gourgues's voyage of revenge. 
 
 65. State the grant of teritory made to De Monts What was this region named? 
 
 66. Give an account of De Monts'a colony. Where and when was the settlement 
 made ? What is said of this Acadia settlement ? 
 
 <>7. Give an account of rhamplain's settlement in Canada. Of what, then, was 
 Charnplnin t.'to founder? To what territory was the name u Canada" applied? 
 
 6S. Give an ;K count of Chairiyilaiu's explorations ; of his expedition into Northern 
 New York.
 
 1G 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 69. Review. It is thus seen that by the early part of 
 the seventeenth century the French had made good their claim 
 to New France by colonizing Acadia and Canada. It was at the 
 same time that the first permanent English settlements in 
 America were made. 
 
 IV. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 
 
 70. England was the earliest rival of Spain in American 
 exploration. Indeed, the North American continent was first 
 discovered by the Cabots, sailing under the English flag, 
 in 1493, or five years before Columbus discovered the South 
 American continent. 
 
 71. For a long time after this 
 the English did very little in 
 the way of American discovery. 
 The first period of active Eng- 
 lish exploration in America was 
 during the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 NOTE. Queen Elizabeth began to 
 reign in 1558. It was an age of great 
 maritime enterprise and activity in 
 England. 
 
 72. In 1579, Francis 
 Drake, the great English sea- 
 captain, was making a cruise in 
 the Pacific Ocean in search of Spanish merchantmen. He 
 sailed north along the Pacific coast and explored the coast 
 of California. This country he named NEW ALBION. 
 
 iTancis Drake: 
 
 QCKSTIOSS. 69. Give a summing up of the French doings in America. What 
 other settlements were made about this same time ? 
 
 70. What nation was Spain's first rival in American exploration ? What early 
 English discovery i.s spoken of? 
 
 71. What is sail of the English after Cabot's time? State the period when the 
 English began active explorations. 
 
 7'i. (live an account of Drake's voyage. What coast did he explore ? What name 
 did he give the country ?
 
 ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 17 
 
 73. Drake passed several weeks in the bay of San Fran- 
 cisco in the summer of 1571). Sailing homeward, he reached 
 England bv way of the Cape of Good Hope, second cir- 
 cumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 74. In 1583 the first British attempt at American coloniza- 
 tion was made by a brave man, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 
 He acted under the authority of Queen Elizabeth, from whom 
 he obtained a patent to a great extent of American territory. 
 
 The attempted settlement was made at Newfoundland. 
 The enterprise was unsuccessful. Gilbert then put back 
 homeward ; but the vessel in which he sailed was lost, and all 
 on board perished. 
 
 75. The plan of making colo- 
 nies on the coast of America was 
 next taken up by the daring 
 soldier and accomplished cour- 
 tier, Sir Walter Raleigh 
 [raw'li]. Haleigh was a half- 
 brother of Gilbert. Having ob- 
 tained from Queen Elizabeth a 
 large grant of land, he entered 
 with great zeal into the work of 
 American exploration and settle- 
 ment. 
 
 76. In 1584, Raleigh sent to America two vessels under 
 command of Amidas and Barlow. They explored Albe- 
 marle and Pamlico Sounds. They then returned with 
 cargoes of furs and woods, and gave a glowing account of 
 the country. 
 
 The country then received the name of Virginia, in honor 
 of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. 
 
 QrnsnoNS. 73. Whore did Drake winter? What course did he then take on the 
 1',-uiiic coast? How did he reach England? 
 
 74. Give an account of Gilbert's attempt at colonization. Under whose authority 
 was he acting, and what of his grant? Where was the settlement made? State the 
 result. What of Gilbert's fate? 
 
 75. U'ho next went into the business of colonizing? What is stated of Ralri<_'1i ? 
 
 76. Give tin account of the expedition of Amidas and Barlow. What name did the 
 country receive?
 
 18 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 77. In 1585, Raleigh sent out a fleet of ships with emi- 
 grants to Roanoke Island, North Carolina, which was in 
 the extensive region then called " Vir- 
 ginia." A colony was left on Roanoke 
 Island under the control of Ralph 
 Lane. The settlers became discour- 
 aged, and next year all returned with 
 Sir Francis Drake, who happened to 
 touch at Roanoke on one of his cruises. 
 Roanoke island. ^8. In 1587, Raleigh sent out another 
 
 company of emigrants to Roauoke Island 
 under John White. White soon after went to England for 
 supplies. It was nearly three years before he returned ; and 
 when he did, not a trace of the colony could be found. 
 
 79. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, an enterprising 
 skipper, sailed from England to the coast of Massachusetts. 
 He discovered and named Cape Cod; also Nantucket, 
 Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. It 
 was proposed to leave a little colony on one of the Elizabeth 
 Islands. But the men became discouraged, and all sailed 
 home. 
 
 80. The London and the Plymouth Company. 
 In the next two or three years several successful trading- 
 voyages were made to the coast of New England. In the 
 mean time many merchants and noblemen had become deeply 
 interested in American settlement. The result was that two 
 companies to colonize and govern Virginia were formed. 
 These were the London Company and the Plymouth 
 Company. 
 
 81. In 1606, King James I. granted the country from the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 77. Give an account of the emigration to Roanoke Island. What 
 became of this colony ? 
 
 78. Give an account of the emigration of 1587. What of White ? State the fate 
 of this colony. 
 
 79. Give the date of Gosnold's voyage. Name his discoveries. What of the pro- 
 posed polony ? 
 
 80. Repeat what is said of subsequent trading-voyages. Who had become interested 
 in American settlement ? What grew out of this ? Name the two companies 
 
 SI . State what royal grant was made to these companies. Give the name of the 
 London Company's territory ; of the Plymouth Company's.
 
 DUTCH EXPLORATION. 19 
 
 34th to the 38th degree of north latitude to the London 
 Company, and that from the 41st to the 45th degree to the 
 Plymouth Company, for the purpose of establishing colo- 
 nies. 
 
 The London Company's territory received the name of 
 South Virginia; the Plymouth Company's was called 
 North Virginia. 
 
 82. Tn 1007 each of these companies sent out emigration 
 parties. The result was the planting of the first permanent 
 English colony in America, at Jamestown, Virginia. The 
 history of this colony and of the other colonies will be taken 
 up in the Colonial Period. (See page 29.) 
 
 83. Review. It is thus seen that during the sixteenth 
 centuiy the English explored the Pacific coast ; that, under the 
 lead of Gilbert and Raleigh, repeated attempts were made to 
 plant a colony on the coast of North Carolina (then in Vir- 
 ginia), but that they all failed. At the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century there was no English colony in America. 
 
 84. Dutch Exploration. The government of Hol- 
 land took no part in American exploration until the seven- 
 teenth century. In 1609, two 
 
 years after the founding of Virginia, 
 Henry Hudson, an English- 
 man in the service of the Dutch, 
 sailed to America to try and find 
 a passage round the northern ex- 
 tremity of the American conti- 
 nent to Asia. Not being able to 
 make his way through the ice, he 
 turned southward and explored a 
 considerable part of the east coast 
 of America. He entered New iiem-y Hudson 
 
 York Harbor and sailed up the 
 Hudson River, so called after the discoverer. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 82. What did these companies do? What was the result ? 
 83. Give a summing up of English exploration and settlement. 
 SI. What is said of the government of Holland? Give an account of IluiUou'i 
 voyage. Turning southward, what discovery did he make ?
 
 20 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 85. The Dutch based on these explorations by Hudson a 
 claim to all the territory from the Connecticut River to the 
 Delaware. It took the name of New Netherlands. 
 
 86. North American Indians. When the European 
 explorers landed on the coast of North America or penetrated 
 into the interior, they found the country thinly inhabited by 
 a copper-colored race similar to the race Columbus found in 
 the West Indies. These were the Indians, the aborigines 
 of the American continent. Nobody knows where they came 
 from, though we can understand how they might have reached 
 America from Asia by way of Behi-ing Strait. 
 
 87. It is calculated that when the English came to settle 
 this country the number of Indians east of the Mississippi was 
 about two hundred thousand. They lived in tribes, each 
 tribe under its own sachem, or chief; and several tribes were 
 frequently found united in a confederacy. The principal di- 
 visions of the Indians were : the Algonquins, including sev- 
 eral powerful tribes ; the Cherokees ; the Mobilians ; the 
 Catawbas ; and the Sioux or Dakotas. 
 
 88. The Aztecs, or aboriginal inhabitants of Mexico, were 
 a superior race belonging to the same family. They had 
 risen to considerable civilization. This superior race seems at 
 an early period to have occupied a considerable part of the 
 continent. Extensive mounds, containing implements, orna- 
 ments of bronze, and articles of pottery, have been found in 
 various parts of the country, and especially in the Mississippi 
 Valley. These remains were the work of people that are des- 
 ignated the Mound-builders. It is probable that they were 
 closely related to the Mexican aborigines. 
 
 89. The North American Indians were found in a savage 
 state. They lived in wigwams, and supported themselves by 
 
 QUESTION'S. 85. What clnim did the Dutch base on Hudson's explorations' 
 What name did the territory receive ' 
 
 86. Repeat what is said of the race of men found in America. State what is -aid 
 of their origin. 
 
 S7. What was the number of the aborigines? Give an account of their manner 
 of life. Name the principal divisions of the Indians. 
 
 SS. l!cpe:it \v!i;<t is ssii.l nf t'ic Aztecs. Repent what is said of the Mound-builder*. 
 
 89. Repeat what is mentioned as to the condition iu which the Indians were found.
 
 NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 21 
 
 hunting and fishing, and occasionally raising patches of corn 
 and beans. They were destitute of all that constitutes civ- 
 ilization. Their main delight was war. 
 
 90. The chief interest in the Indians arises from their rela- 
 tions with the whites who settled the American continent. 
 These relations were generally of a hostile character. The 
 Indians murdered the colony which Columbus left in Hayti 
 on his first discovery. They massacred the early English 
 colonists who established themselves on the coast of North 
 Carolina. When finally the two permanent settlements were 
 made at Jamestown and Plymouth, we shall see that these 
 colonies were at various times almost exterminated by the 
 savages. 
 
 91. By a strange continuance of the same traits, they have 
 ever since been a source of trouble to the whites. They have 
 repelled all attempts at civilization ; and even now the trains 
 on the great trans-continental railroad are sometimes inter- 
 rupted by painted warriors, the descendants of the savages 
 who, nearly four hundred years ago, met the earliest Euro- 
 peans with murderous attacks. Americans to-day are fighting 
 Indians in Arizona and Montana, just as in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury they contended with them for the strip of land along the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 92. It is not for us to say who is to blame. It is true, the 
 whites were not always just and true and prudent in their 
 dealings with the Indians. But, apart from this, there seems 
 to be hostility between the Indian character and civilization. 
 And it is not to be doubted that in a few more years the Red 
 Men will have disappeared from the American continent. 
 
 QUESTIONS 90. From what does the chief interest in the Indians arise? Repeat 
 what ia said of their hostility to Europeans. 
 
 91. Repeat what is said of the continuance of these traits 
 
 92. Give the substance of the last paragraph on the Indians.
 
 22 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. Review of the Chronology. 
 
 In 1492 . . . Columbus . . . discovered the West Indies. 
 In 1494 (or 1497) ... the Cabots . . . discovered North 
 America at Cape Breton. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Chronology Give the date and fact of Columbns's dis- 
 covery. 
 
 The date and fact of the Cabots' discovery.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 23 
 
 In 1498 . . . Cabot . . . sailed along the coast of the United 
 
 States south to Albemarle Sound. 
 In 1498 . . . Columbus . .-. discovered South America at the 
 
 mouth of the Orinoco. 
 In 1499 ... Americus Vesputius . . . sailed to South 
 
 America. 
 
 In 1506 . . . Denys . . . explored the Gulf of'St. Lawrence/ 
 In 1512 . . . Ponce de Leon . . . discovered Florida. 
 In 1513 ... Balboa . . . crossed the isthmus of Darien and 
 
 discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
 In 1517 ... Cordova . . . explored the north coast of Yu~ 
 
 catan. 
 In 1518 ... Grrijalva . . . explored the southern coast of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 In 1519-21 -. . . Cortez . , . conquered Mexico. 
 In 1520 . . . Ayllon . . . discovered the coast of South Caro- 
 lina. 
 In 1520 . . . Magellan . . . sailed round South America and 
 
 then circumnavigated the globe. 
 In 1524 . . . Verrazzani . . . sailed along the coast of America 
 
 from Wilmington to Nova Scotia. 
 
 In 1528 . . . Narvaez . . . explored the interior of Florida. 
 In 1534 and 35 ... Cartier . . . explored and named the 
 
 Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 
 In 1539-42 . . . De SotO . . . explored the interior of the 
 
 Southern States, discovering the Mississippi, 
 
 1541. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. The date and fact of Cabot's second voyage. 
 
 The date and fact of Columbia's other voyage. 
 
 The date and fact of Vesputius's voyage. 
 
 The date and fact of Denys's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of De Leon's discovery. 
 
 The date and fact of Balboa's discovery. 
 
 The date and fact of Cordova's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Grejalva's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Cortcz's conquest. 
 
 The date and fact of Ayllon's discovery. 
 
 The date and fact of Magellan's voyage. 
 
 The date and fact of Verrazzani's discoveries. 
 
 The date and fact of Narvaez's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Cartier's exploration 
 
 The date and fact of De Soto's explorations.
 
 24 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 In 1540-41 . . . Coronado . . . explored New Mexico, and 
 Alarc,on went up the Colorado River. 
 
 In 1542 . . . Cabrillo . . . explored the Pacific coast north to 
 Oregon. 
 
 In 1562 . . . Coligny's Huguenot colony attempted at Port 
 Royal, S. C. A failure. 
 
 In 1564 . . . Coligny's second Huguenot colony attempted at 
 St. John's River, Florida. Destroyed by Span- 
 iards. 
 
 In 1565 . . . Melendez . . . founded St. Augustine. 
 
 In 1579 ... Sir Francis Drake . . . explored the Pacific 
 coast and discovered San Francisco Bay. 
 
 In 1582 . . . Espejo . . . explored New Mexico and founded 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 In 1583 . . . Sir Humphrey Gilbert . . . attempted a colo- 
 ny at Newfoundland. A failure. 
 
 In 1584-85 and 1587 . . . Walter Raleigh attempted to 
 colonize the coast of North Carolina. A failure. 
 
 In 1 602 . . . Gi-osnold . . . explored the coast of Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 In 1603 . . . the Spaniards . . . founded San Diego, California. 
 
 In 1605 . . . De Monts . . . founded Port Royal in Acadia 
 (Nova Scotia). 
 
 In 1606 . . . the London and Plymouth Companies sent 
 out colonies to Virginia and Maine. 
 
 In 1608-9 . . . Champlain . . . settled Quebec and discov- 
 ered Lakes Champlain and Huron. 
 
 In 1609 . . . Hudson . . . discovered Hudson River. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. The date and fact of Coronado's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Cabrillo's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Cpligny's first colony. 
 
 The date and fact of Coligny's second colony. 
 
 The date and fact of Melendez's settlement. 
 
 The date and fact of Drake's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of E'pejo's exploration. 
 
 The date and fact of Gilbert's attempted colony. 
 
 The dates and result of Raleigh's attempted colonies. 
 
 The d-ite and fact of Gosnold's exploration. 
 
 The date of the founding of San Diego. 
 
 The date and fact of De Monts's settlement 
 
 The date of emigrations under the London and Plymouth Companies. 
 
 The date and fact of Chaniplain's settlement. 
 
 The date and fact of Hudson's discovery.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 25 
 
 IT. Revieiv of Geography. 
 
 1. Atlantic Coast, beginning North. Gulf of St. Law- 
 
 rence explored by Denys, 1506. 
 Gulf and River St. Lawrence explored by Cartier, 
 
 1534 35. 
 
 Cape Breton discovered by Cabot, 1494 or 1498. 
 Atlantic coast down to North Carolina explored by 
 
 Cabot, 1498 ; same by Verrazzani, 1524. 
 Massachusetts coast explored by Gosuold, 1602. 
 South Carolina coast discovered by Ayllon, 1520. 
 Florida discovered by De Leon, 1512. 
 Interior of Southern States explored by De Soto, 
 
 1539-42. 
 
 2. Gulf Coast, beginning East. West coast of Florida ex- 
 
 plored by Narvaez, 1528. 
 
 North coast of Yucatan explored by Cordova, 1517. 
 Southern coast of Mexico explored by Grijalva, 1518. 
 Interior of Mexico explored and conquered by Cortez, 
 
 1519-21. 
 Isthmus of Darien crossed by Balboa, and the Pacific 
 
 Ocean discovered, 1513. 
 
 3. Pacific Coast, beginning South. New Mexico explored 
 
 by Coronado, 1540-41. 
 
 Colorado River explored by Alarcxm, 1540 - 41. 
 Coast of California north to Oregon explored by Ca- 
 
 brillo, 1542. 
 Same coast visited by Drake, 1579, and San Fran- 
 
 cisco Bay discovered. 
 
 III. Review of Settlements. 
 
 1. Spanish Settlements. Spanish settlements were 
 made in the West Indies immediately after Colum- 
 
 bus's discovery. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS Geography. 1. Give the eight discoveries and explorations 
 on the Atlantic coast, beginning north. 
 
 !i. Give the five discoveries and explorations on the Gulf coast, beginning east. 
 
 3. Give the four discoveries and explorations on the Pacific coast, beginning 
 south. 
 
 Settlements. 1. State all the settlements made by the Spaniards.
 
 26 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 A Spanish settlement planted on the Isthmus of Da- 
 rieii, 1510. 
 
 A Spanish province created in Mexico after Cortez's con- 
 quest, 1521. 
 
 A Spanish settlement made at St. Augustine, Florida, 
 1565. 
 
 A Spanish settlement made at Santa Fe, 1582. 
 
 A Spanish settlement made at San Diego, California, 
 1769. 
 
 2. French Settlements. A French colony established 
 
 by Cartier at Quebec, 1541. A failure. 
 
 A French Huguenot colony established in South Caro- 
 lina, 1562. A failure. 
 
 A second Huguenot colony established in Florida, 1564. 
 Destroyed by Spaniards. 
 
 A French colony established in Acadia by De Monts, in 
 1605. A success. 
 
 A French colony established in Canada by Chainplain, in 
 1608. A success. 
 
 3. English Settlements. An English colony attempted 
 
 at Newfoundland by Gilbert, 1583. A failure. 
 English settlements attempted at Roanoke Island, 
 
 N. C., by Raleigh, in 1584-85, and 1587. Failures. 
 An English colony sent out by the London Company to 
 
 Virginia, in 1606. A success. 
 
 IV. Review of Conflicting, Claims. 
 
 I. Four European nations made discoveries, explorations, 
 
 and settlements in the region which afterwards became 
 the United States. 
 These nations are the Spaniards, French, Dutch, and 
 
 English. 
 
 II. Each of these nations, by right of discovery, claimed large 
 portions of American territory. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 2. State all the settlements attempted or made by the French. 
 3. State all the settlements attempted or made by the English 
 
 Conflicting Claims. I. IIow many European nations made American explora- 
 tions and settlements ? Name these nations. 
 
 II. What claims did each make ?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 27 
 
 III. The Spaniards, in addition to Mexico, claimed nearly 
 
 all Iho territory of the United States, under the name 
 of Florida, and all the Pacific coast, under the name 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 IV. The French claimed a large part of the Atlantic coast 
 
 by right of Verrazzani's discovery. They named their 
 region New France. It included Acadia, Canada, 
 and the whole Mississippi Valley, including all west of 
 the Alleghanies. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS III. What did the Spaniards claim : 
 IV. What did the French claim?
 
 28 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 V. The Dutch claimed the Atlantic coast from the Connecti- 
 
 cut River to the Delaware, under the name of New 
 Netherlands. This claim they based on Hudson's 
 discovery. 
 
 VI. The English claimed nearly the whole Atlantic coast, 
 
 under the name of North Virginia and South Vir- 
 ginia. This claim they based on Cabot's discovery. 
 
 VII. These conflicting claims led to numerous disputes and 
 
 several wars, which had a great influence on the early 
 history of the United States. 
 
 REVIE v QUESTIONS V. What did the Dutch claim* 
 
 VI. What did the English claim? 
 
 VII. What did these conflicting claims lead to ?
 
 PEEIOD II. 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, 1607, TO THE REVOLUTIONARY 
 WAR, 1775. 
 
 I. _ VIRGINIA. 
 
 Seal of Virginia. 
 
 1. WE are now to learn about the English Colonies in 
 America. We shall see how these Colonies, thirteen in num- 
 ber, were founded, and how they grew in population and 
 power and the love of liberty, till finally, in 1776, they revolted 
 from the British government, and became the UNITED STATES. 
 
 2. It was more than a hundred years after the discovery 
 of America before the English succeeded in establishing an 
 American colony that lasted. 
 
 3. The first lasting Colony was Virginia. This Colony was 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. What arc we now to learn ? What shall we see as to the Colonies ? 
 'J. When did tVin English first establish a lasting American colony ? 
 3. Name the first lasting Colony. Established by whom ?
 
 30 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 founded in 1607. It was established by the corporation of 
 .English merchants and gentlemen before mentioned as the 
 " London Company." (See IF 80.) 
 
 4. In the year 1606, King James I. of England gave this 
 company a written agreement called a patent, granting them 
 the right to trade in and govern the large country called 
 South Virginia. South Virginia extended from the 34th to 
 the 38th degree of north latitude. 
 
 5. At the end of the year 1606 the London Company sent 
 out, in three ships under Captain Newport, an emigration 
 party of one hundred and five persons. 
 
 6. The colonists were all men ; there were no families, for 
 the emigrants hardly expected to stay in America. They 
 thought they would dig gold, and trade with the Indians, 
 and get rich, and return home. 
 
 7. It was intended that the colony should be established at 
 Roanoke Island. But a storm drove the vessels north into 
 Chesapeake Bay. They sailed up James River, and in the 
 month of May, 1607, the adventurers landed and founded 
 Jamestown. 
 
 8. The whole country was then a wilderness, in which In- 
 dians roamed in pursuit of their enemies or of wild beasts for 
 food. 
 
 9. From such neighbors the emigrants could expect but 
 little aid or comfort. Yet they took no care to provide for 
 their future support. They planted nothing the first year, 
 and the provisions they brought were soon used up. By fall, 
 famine and the disease of a hot and damp climate had swept 
 away half their number. 
 
 10. Besides this, the Jamestown Colony was badly gov- 
 
 QUESTIOXS. 4. What patent did the London Company obtain? Mention the ex- 
 tent of South Virginia. 
 
 5. What emigration party was sent out ? 
 
 6. What is said of the colonists? What did they expect ? 
 
 7. Where was the colony intended to he established ? What prevented? Give the 
 facts as to their landing. 
 
 8 State what is said of the country at this time. 
 
 9. Give an account of the improvident conduct of the colonists. State the result. 
 
 10. What other evil befell the colony ? What is said of the council ? Of the Supe- 
 rior Council? Who was to appoint the members ? State what is said of the charter.
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 31 
 
 erned. The King of England had obliged the colonists to 
 submit to the government of a council composed of seven 
 men whom he 
 nominated. The 
 council were to 
 choose a presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Over this coun- 
 cil was to be an- 
 other, in Eng- 
 land, called the 
 Superior Coun- 
 cil. The King 
 was to appoint 
 the members of 
 this council also. 
 King James 
 wrote all these 
 arrangements of 
 
 government in a Jamestown and Vicinity. 
 
 document called the first charter of Virginia. 
 
 11. The president of the colonial council, named Wingfield, 
 turned out to be a knave, and things went from bad to worse. 
 
 12. One of the Jamestown pioneers was a very bold and 
 able man named Captain John Smith, who had led a life 
 of wonderful adventure. The King had made him one of the 
 colonial council ; but the other members were jealous of him 
 and had excluded him from membership. However, they 
 were now glad to put him at their head. 
 
 13. Smith did a great deal to set things to rights. In the 
 fall and winter he made a number of expeditions into the in- 
 terior, cultivated the friendship of the Indians, the Fowhat- 
 ans, and brought back supplies of corn and food for the starv- 
 ing colonists 
 
 QUESTIONS. 11. What is said of the president ? 
 
 12. State what is said of Captain John Smith ; of his treatment of the colonists. 
 
 13. What did Smith accomplish '! Speak of his expeditions.
 
 32 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 NOTE. A well-known story is related of Smith on one of these expe- 
 ditions. He was captured by the Indians and carried before their chief, 
 Povvhatan, whose head-quarters were near the present site of Richmond. 
 He was condemned to death, but was saved by Powhatan's daughter, 
 Pocahontas. It is now believed that this is a fiction ; but there really 
 was such an Indian girl as Pocahontas, and, some years after, she mar- 
 ried one of the colonists, named John Rolfe. 
 
 14. In the spring of 1608 new settlers arrived. But they 
 were adventurers, and went to seeking gold which they did 
 not find instead of planting and building. 
 
 15. The company in London, having put a good deal of 
 money into the Colony, were very much disappointed that 
 they got no returns of gold. They therefore thought they 
 would do better to take away the government from the 
 Jamestown council and put matters into the hands of a gov- 
 ernor. The King allowed them to make this change, and the 
 new government is known as the second, charter. 
 
 16. The company now went to work with new vigor. In 
 1609 they sent out five hundred colonists. At the same 
 time they appointed Lord Delaware governor ; but he did 
 not sail till later. 
 
 17. Smith was still at the head of affairs when the new 
 emigrants came. But in the fall of 1609 he was accidentally 
 wounded, and had to return to England. 
 
 18. The settlers, left to themselves, became idle and riot- 
 ous. When winter came they were without food. By the 
 spring of 1610, sickness and famine had reduced them from 
 over five hundred to sixty. This period the winter of 
 1609-10 was afterwards known as the "starving time." 
 
 19. In June, 1610, the few colonists that were left were 
 just abandoning Jamestown, when Lord Delaware, the 
 governor, arrived with supplies and new settlers. 
 
 20. The new administration was a wise one, and the Colony 
 
 QUESTIONS. 14. Give an account of the new settlers. 
 
 15. What is said of the disappointment of the London Company? State what 
 they thought about the government of the Colony. What was the result ? 
 
 16. State what the company now did. AVho was appointed governor ? . 
 
 17. What of Smith, and his retirement from Virginia' 
 
 18. What of the settlers now ? Give a statement of the " starving time." 
 
 19. What was the state of things in the summer of 1610 ? 
 
 20. What of the new administration ? Mention what is said of other settlements ; 
 of improvement.
 
 VIRGINIA. 33 
 
 prospered. Other settlements were made fai-ther up the 
 James River. Cattle and hogs were introduced from Europe, 
 and industry and good habits spread among the people. 
 
 21. In 1612 the London Company obtained from King 
 James a third charter. It allowed the stockholders of the 
 company in England to exercise control over the Colony. 
 Hitherto the supreme direction of the Colony had been in the 
 hands of a Superior Council, resident in England and ap- 
 pointed by the King. 
 
 22. The result of this change was very good for Virginia. 
 The explanation of this is that many members of the London 
 Company were lovers of liberty, and they resolved to give 
 their colony some of the rights of self-government. 
 
 23. Accordingly, in 1619, the company sent out a new gov- 
 ernor, named Yeardley, and told him to establish a legisla- 
 ture for the Colony. 
 
 The Colony was divided into eleven boroughs, or counties, 
 and the people were allowed to elect two representatives, or 
 burgesses, from each, to a colonial Assembly. 
 
 24. In 1619 the first representative Assembly ever con- 
 vened in America was held at Jamestown. 
 
 The London Company further showed its good-will by 
 granting the Virginians, in 1621, a -written Constitution. 
 This secured the people the privilege of electing their legisla- 
 ture, of trial by jury, and other important political rights. It 
 laid the foundation of civil liberty in Virginia. 
 
 25. Virginia now entered on a nourishing period. The 
 people devoted themselves to agriculture, and all the old 
 famine troubles were over. During the year 1620, twelve 
 hundred emigrants came to Virginia, and the population now 
 
 'numbered thirty-five hundred. The new settlers belonged to 
 an excellent class. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 21. When did the company get tiio third charter? State its pro- 
 visions. 
 
 22. What was the result of this change ? What is the explanation of this ? 
 
 23. What did the company do in 1619 ? What political arrangements \vere made? 
 
 24. Whore anil when was the first Assembly held '. State what is said of a Consti- 
 tution. What privileges did it secure ? 
 
 25. C.ive an account of the condition and growth of Virginia at this time. 
 
 2* C
 
 34 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 26. In 1622, in the midst of peace and prosperity, the 
 Virginians experienced the terrible calamity of an Indian 
 war. The 22d of April, the savages fell upon all the outlying 
 settlements, and murdered three hundred and sixty persons. 
 This led to a bloody struggle, in which the Indians were ter- 
 ribly punished and driven far away from the plantations. 
 
 27. In 1624, Virginia underwent an important change in 
 its government. The London Company was dissolved by the 
 King, and Virginia was annexed to the crown. Virginia then 
 became a royal Province. 
 
 28. Important Facts. We may now regard Virginia 
 as firmly founded. The Colony had got over the early famine 
 troubles, which several times threatened its destruction; it had 
 survived the terrible Indian massacre ; it had received a good 
 degree of political freedom, and it was now a royal Province. 
 
 29. In its government, Virginia continued a royal Prov- 
 ince for one hundred and fifty years, that is, down to the 
 Revolutionary War, 1776. There was, indeed, one brief in- 
 terruption of the royal government, from 1677 to 1684. 
 During this period King Charles II. resigned his dominion 
 over Virginia, and gave it to one of his favorites, Lord Cul- 
 pepper. It was then called a proprietary government. 
 But the King resumed his rule over the Province. 
 
 30. The kings of England ruled Virginia through gov- 
 ernors, whom they appointed. But they left the colonists 
 the privilege of electing their own legislature. The people 
 always regarded the Virginia Assembly as the safeguard of 
 their liberties. 
 
 31. The cultivation of tobacco in Virginia was begun 
 about 1616. The raising of this staple soon proved very 
 
 QUESTIONS. 26 WTiat happened in 1622? Give an account of the massacre. 
 What did this lead to? 
 
 7. What change in the government now took place ? WTiat did Virginia become? 
 2S. How may we now regard Virginia? What difficulties had it got over? \Vhut 
 
 iiO. Under what government did Virginia continue ? When and under whom was 
 it a proprietary government ? 
 
 30. How did the kings rule Virginia ? What privilege had the people ? How did 
 they regard their legislature ? 
 
 31. When was tobacco first cultivated? Repeat what is said of tobacco ; its price ?
 
 VIRGINIA. 35 
 
 profitable. Tobacco was not only the principal article of ex- 
 port from Virginia, but was the chief currency of the Colony. 
 Tobacco, in the early days, brought three shillings (about 
 seventy -five cents) a pound ; but its price afterwards fell very 
 much. 
 
 32. In 1(520 a Dutch trading-vessel brought into James 
 River twenty Africans, who were immediately bought as 
 slaves by the planters. The number of negroes in Virginia 
 was for a long time limited to a few cargoes brought by the 
 Dutch. After it was found that the blacks could be profitably 
 employed on the tobacco plantations, their numbers increased 
 rapidly. 
 
 33. In 1644 a second Indian massacre occurred. 
 About three hundred whites were slaughtered. It was fol- 
 lowed by a war which lasted two years. The war ended in 
 the complete subjugation of the Virginia Indians. They 
 dwindled away, and were not afterwards troublesome. 
 
 34. During the w r hole period of the English civil war be- 
 tween Charles I. and the Parliament of England (which broke 
 out in 1642, and resulted in the establishment of the Com- 
 monwealth, with Oliver Cromwell as Protector), the Virginians 
 remained devoted loyalists, that is, they sided with the 
 King. But when Cromwell triumphed and came into power 
 he did not treat the Virginians ill. They were allowed to 
 choose their own governor. Many cavaliers, or English royal- 
 ists, removed to Virginia at this time. 
 
 35. In 1660 the English Parliament passed certain laws 
 called the Navigation Acts. The purpose of these Acts 
 was to give England the entire control of all the trade of the 
 Colonies. The Virginians were not allowed to send their 
 products anywhere but to England ; they were not allowed to 
 
 QUESTIONS. 32. Give the origin of slavery in Virginia State what is said of the 
 number of negroes. When did they increase rapidly ? 
 
 33. Give the date of the second Indian massacre. How many were slaughtered? 
 What resulted ? 
 
 34. What of Virginians during the English civil war? How did Cromwell treat 
 them ? What right was allowed them ? What of the cavaliers ? 
 
 3.. When were the Navigation Acts passed? Their purpose. Explain the system. 
 Effect of these laws.
 
 36 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 buy goods anywhere but in England ; and everything had to 
 be carried in English vessels. 
 
 These laws bore very heavily on Virginia. They produced 
 great discontent, and were one of the causes of the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 36. In 1G76, civil war broke out in Virginia. This war is 
 known as "Bacon's Rebellion." The cause of it was ill- 
 feeling which had arisen between the people and the aristo- 
 cratic party in Virginia. 
 
 37. The popular party thought the aristocrats were trying 
 to deprive them of their liberties. They therefore rose in 
 arms, under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon. They beat the 
 Governor's party, and burnt Jamestown. But Bacon suddenly 
 died, when the insurrection ceased. Jamestown was never 
 rebuilt. Williamsburg was made the capital of the Colony. 
 
 38. Progress of Virginia. The progress of Virginia 
 in population and wealth was rapid, and continued to the end 
 of the colonial period, 1776. The population of Virginia 
 in 177G was 275,000. 
 
 39. Virginia was a very attractive country to settlers. It 
 was said to be "the best poor man's country in the world." 
 
 40. The people were very social and hospitable. Crime 
 was rare, theft unknown. Virginian life and character were 
 very different from those of New England, being much more 
 jovial and hearty. 
 
 41. The form of religion established by the Colony was the 
 Episcopalian. In the early days Puritans and Quakers 
 were not allowed ; but religious freedom grew rapidly in Vir- 
 ginia. At the close of the colonial period two thirds of the 
 Virginians were dissenters from the Episcopal Church. 
 
 42. Education did not make rapid progress till after 
 
 QUESTIONS. 36. When did civil \vnr break out ? Its name. State its cause. 
 37. What did the popular party think ? What did they do? Which side was suc- 
 cessful ? What of Bacon? What of Jamestown ? Whiit j.l:wc l.c-came the capital? 
 3S. Give an account of Virginia's progress. What was the population iu 17TU? 
 
 39. Repeat what is said of tin; attractions of Virginia. 
 
 40. What is said of the people ? of life and manners ' 
 
 41 . What of religion ? Name the sects excluded. II<r.> 
 '1. What of education ? Name the college of Vir-iiiu.
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 37 
 
 1G88. Many free schools were then established. The College 
 of William and Mary was founded in 1G92. 
 
 43. Slavery was rapidly extended in Virginia. The 
 legislature tried to stop it several times ; but England would 
 not consent. 
 
 44. A love of liberty early arose in Virginia. The firm 
 stand which the Virginians always made for their political 
 rights was a great benefit to all the other Colonies. It pre- 
 pared the way for independence. 
 
 II. THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 1. MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 i if Massachusetts. 
 
 45. Introduction. New England was so named by 
 Captain John Smith, the character so famous in the his- 
 tory of Virginia. 
 
 46. In 1G14, Smith, after his return from Virginia to Eng- 
 land, sailed to the American coast for the purpose of trade 
 
 QUESTIONS. 43. Tell what is said of slavery. 
 
 44. Tell what is said of the love of liberty. Mention what is said of its effect. 
 
 45. Who named New Knu'Uind .' 
 
 4 J5. When did Smith visit that region ? Give an account of his explorations. What 
 did he make ?
 
 38 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 and discovery. He examined the coast from the Penobscot 
 River to Cape Cod. He made an interesting map of this re- 
 gion. A copy of this map is here given. 
 
 Smith's Map of New England. 
 
 NOTE. This map was first published in Smith's "Description of 
 New England," printed in London in 1616. On the map are various 
 names given by Captain Smith to different localities. Only those of 
 Plymouth, ChaVles River, and Cape Ann were afterwards retained as the 
 names of the places designated by Smith. By comparing the map with 
 a modern one, it will be seen that names were applied by Smith to other 
 localities than those which now bear them. 
 
 47. It should be remembered that all this northern part 
 of the United States had been granted by King James, in 
 1606, to the Plymouth Company. This company had 
 tried in 1606 to found a colony near the mouth of the Ken- 
 nebec River, in Maine. But they did not succeed. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 47. To what company did all this northern 
 had it done, and the result ? 
 
 intry belong? What
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. g9 
 
 48. The Plymouth Company was dissolved in 1620, and a 
 new company formed, called the "Council for New England." 
 King James granted this company the territory between the 
 40th and 48th degree of north latitude, that is, from Penn- 
 sylvania to Nova Scotia, and extending westward from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 49. The members of the " Council for New England " were 
 very much interested in the accounts which Captain Smith 
 gave of their territory of New England. They began to make 
 plans to plant a colony there. But before they began to 
 carry out these plans a colony was founded in Massachusetts 
 by a small band of persecuted religious Englishmen, known as 
 the Pilgrim Fathers. 
 
 50. The Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrim Fathers be- 
 longed to a religious sect that had separated or seceded from 
 the Established Church of England. On this account they 
 were sometimes called Separatists. They were Puritans ; but 
 they went farther than most of the Puritans in favor of re- 
 ligious independence. A body of Separatists had some years 
 before left England on account of religious persecution, and 
 had settled in Holland. These now resolved to seek an asy- 
 lum in the wilds of America. 
 
 51. It is always very noble when men do or suffer any- 
 thing for the sake of priiwiple ; and we must admire the self- 
 sacrifice and courage of the Pilgrims. 
 
 52. In 1620 this band returned to England and took ship 
 in a vessel named the Mayflower. They sailed from 
 Plymouth, England, in the month of September. There were 
 one hundred and one persons. 
 
 53. The Mayflower reached the coast of Massachusetts, and 
 
 QUESTIONS. 48. What took the place of the Plymouth Company ? What grant was 
 received ? 
 
 49. What was the effect of Smith's accounts ? What did they begin to do ? What 
 happened meanwhile ? 
 
 50. Who were the Pilgrim Fathers? How named sometimes ? Give an account of 
 one hody of Separatists. 
 
 51. Why must we admire the Pilgrims ? 
 
 52. What did the Holland Pilgrims do ? When and from where did they sail ? 
 How many did they number ? 
 
 53. Where did they Imd ? When was the landing made ?
 
 40 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 the Pilgrim band made a landing at the place marked on 
 Captain Smith's map as Plymouth. This name they re- 
 tained. The landing was made December 21, 1620. 
 
 NOTE. The anniversary is celebrated on the 22d, an error of a day 
 having occurred in changing the date from old to new style. 
 
 54. The Pilgrims, unlike the Virginians, had no charter 
 from the King or from any company. They had, therefore, to 
 govern themselves. On board the Mayflower the men had all 
 agreed they would obey the laws that should be made for the 
 common good. Their government was a pure democracy. 
 They chose John Carver governor for one year. 
 
 55. It was a hard welcome they received to their wilder- 
 ness home. The country was covered with forests, and the 
 snows and sleet and cold of the New England winter were 
 corning on. 
 
 56. They made themselves as comfortable as they could in 
 rude log-cabins. But the greater part fell sick, and before 
 spring half the little band had perished. Governor Carver 
 was among the number. William Bradford succeeded him. 
 
 57. Fortunately they were not troubled by the Indians. 
 No red men showed themselves during the winter, and when 
 they began to come in in the spring, they were quite friendly. 
 The* Pilgrims formed with the Indians a treaty of friendship 
 which lasted for a long time. 
 
 58. Plymouth Colony grew very slowly. At the end 
 of ten years it contained only three hundred persons. Still it 
 was firmly planted, and the success of the experiment was the 
 cause of other and larger colonies being founded in New 
 England. 
 
 59. Plymouth remained independent, with its own gov- 
 ernment, for seventy-two years, till 1692. It was then, by 
 
 QUESTIONS. 54. What is said of the government of the Pilgrims ? What was done 
 on board the Mayflower ? Their government was what ? Name the first governor. 
 
 55. What of their welcome and the country ? 
 
 56. What did they do? What of sickness ? 
 
 57. What of Indians ? of their first appearance, and of the treaty 7 
 
 58. What of the growth of Plymouth ? its population ' result of its success? 
 
 59. How lon~ was Plymouth independent? What afterwards became of it? Its 
 population in 1G92.
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 41 
 
 order of the King of England, united with Massachusetts 
 Bay Colony. Its population was then eight thousand, scat- 
 tered through several towns. 
 
 60. The Pilgrims and their descendants were a quiet, 
 thrifty, God-fearing people. They were, for the age, liberal 
 Christians, and were never guilty of that religious persecution 
 for which the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony have 
 been much blamed. 
 
 61. Massachusetts Bay Colony. The success of 
 Plymouth Colony led a number of wealthy and influential 
 English Puritans to form a company that should send out 
 Puritan settlers to New England. They called themselves 
 the " Company of Massachusetts Bay." 
 
 62. This company, in 1628, purchased from the "Council 
 for New England " a tract of land bordering on Massachusetts 
 Bay. . 
 
 NOTE. The purchase comprised the lands extending from a line 
 'three miles north of every part of Merrimack River to a line three miles 
 south of the Charles River, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 63. In 1629, King Charles I. granted the company a char- 
 ter. The charter and powers of government for the new 
 colony were to be in the hands of the company in England. 
 
 64. The company began by sending out to Massachusetts 
 a party of Puritans under John Endicott. They settled 
 at Salem, and there laid the foundation of the colony of 
 Massachusetts Bay. During the same summer others 
 followed and settled at Charlestown. 
 
 * 65. In 1630 an important change was made in regard to 
 the government of the Colony. The charter and powers of 
 government were transferred from the company in England 
 to the Colony. This gave Massachusetts Bay Colony self-' 
 government. The result was that a large number of Puritans 
 
 QUESTIONS. 60. Repeat what is said of the character of the Pilgrims. 
 61. What did the success of Plymouth lead to? What was the name of the new 
 company ? 
 
 6'J. State the territory purchased by it. 
 
 63. What did King Charles grant? Where was the charter to be ? 
 
 64. What did the company first do ? Where did the immigrants settle ? 
 
 65. What important change took place ? What did this give Massachusetts ? State 
 the result.
 
 42 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 Governor Winthrop 
 
 of influence and wealth resolved to remove from England to 
 the Colony. 
 
 66. The summer of 1630 
 brought to America a fleet of 
 thirteen vessels, carrying nearly 
 1,500 Puritan settlers. John 
 Winthrop came with them as 
 governor of Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony. Governor Winthrop was 
 greatly respected and esteemed 
 by his people, and was frequently 
 re-elected chief magistrate of the 
 Colony. 
 
 67. The new-comers founded 
 the city of Boston and settled 
 
 Dorchester, Cambridge, Lynn, Roxbury, and other 
 places, the situation of which may be seen in the map here 
 given. 
 
 68. For the first two or three 
 years the settlers around Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay had to suffer 
 severe privations. But after 
 thii^ they enjoyed a great de- 
 gree of happiness and pros- 
 perity. The people were thrifty 
 and persevering. They culti- 
 vated the ground and took 
 care of flocks and herds. They 
 hunted and fished for a part 
 of their food. Their exports 
 of cured fish, furs, and lum- 
 ber bought them articles of 
 England. 
 
 Boston and Vicinity. 
 
 convenience and luxury 
 
 QUESTIONS. 66. Tell of the new immigration. Who was governor ? What of Win- 
 throp? 
 
 67. What settlements did the new-comers make ? 
 
 68. What of their early and later experiences ? the character of the people ? 
 their pursuits ?
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 43 
 
 Thus Massachusetts Colony was by this time firmly founded. 
 Let us now see some of the important facts of its colonial 
 history. 
 
 69. Important Facts. The first important fact is the 
 government of the Colony. The government of Massachu- 
 setts Colony was under a charter granted by the King of Eng- 
 land, Charles I. It was carried on by a governor, deputy- 
 governor, and magistrates called "assistants," all chosen by 
 the people. The laws were made by a legislature elected 
 by the people. But the " freemen," or citizens, alone voted, 
 and only church-members were citizens. 
 
 70. In 1686 the charter of Massachusetts was abolished 
 by James II. The Colony was then ruled by a governor ap- 
 pointed by the King. The governor was Sir Edmund 
 Andros, who was a despot. The legislature was abolished. 
 This was a terrible blow to liberty. 
 
 71. In 1692, Massachusetts received from King William 
 a new charter, which did not grant the people as much freedom 
 as the original one. The King reserved the right of appointing 
 the governor. However, popular representation was restored. 
 
 72. Massachusetts continued to be a royal Province un- 
 der this charter, down to Independence in 1776. 
 
 73. In Massachusetts, religious persecution grew* out 
 of the close connection between religion and politics. The 
 Puritans wished to found a religious commonwealth. This 
 made them intolerant of all who differed from them. Here 
 follow some examples. 
 
 1. In 1635, Roger Williams, a minister, was banished 
 from the Colony for advancing doctrines in opposition to those 
 held by the Puritan churches. He went into the wilderness 
 and founded Rhode Island. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 69. State the first important fact. The government was what ? How 
 carried on ? What of the laws ? Who were citizens ? 
 
 70. Describe the political changes that took place Under King James. Of the legis- 
 lature. Of liberty. 
 
 71. Give an account of Massachusetts under King William. 
 
 72. What was the subsequent government of Massachusetts ? 
 
 73. What of religious persecution ? What sort of a commonwealth did the Puri- 
 tans wish to found ? The result of this ? Giye the first example of religious intolerance. 
 Give the second example. The third.
 
 44 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 2. In 1636, Anne Hutchinson and Rev. John Wheel- 
 wright caused much trouble by their opposition to the clergy. 
 They were finally compelled to leave the Colony. 
 
 3. In 1656 a law was passed banishing all Quakers from 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony, and imposing the penalty of death 
 on those who returned. Four persons were executed under 
 this law. Very soon after, it was repealed. 
 
 74. What must we say of these things 1 We can only say 
 that the Puritans thought they were right, and that, in that 
 age, they had not learned the lesson of religious tolerance. 
 
 75. In 1643 a union was made between Plymouth Colony 
 and Massachusetts Bay Colony and two other colonies which had, 
 meantime, been planted in New England. These two other 
 colonies were " Connecticut " Colony and New Haven Colony, 
 both within the present limits of the State of Connecticut. 
 
 They took the name of the " United Colonies of New 
 England." They joined together for mutual protection, and 
 the union lasted for forty years. 
 
 76. In 1675 a savage contest, called King Philip's War, 
 began with the Indians. Philip was chief of the Wampano- 
 ags \wom-pa-nd ay z\, and succeeded in uniting the Narragan- 
 setts with him. The cause of the war was the execution of 
 three Indians by the English for the murder of an Indian 
 convert who had told the colonists that Philip was con- 
 spiring against them. 
 
 77. The savage warfare lasted more than a year. Nearly 
 all the frontier New England settlements were attacked and 
 burned, and many men, women, and children were slaugh- 
 tered. The colonists flew to arms and beat the savages in 
 several fights. 
 
 78. The principal battle, called the swamp fight, took 
 place in South Kingston, Rhode Island. The Indians had 
 
 QUESTIONS. 74. What must we say of these things ? 
 
 75. State fully the history of the union of the New England Colonies, when 
 formed, which they were, and the object. 
 
 76. Give the date of King Philip's War. Who was Philip? State the cause of the 
 war. 
 
 77. Give an account of the warfare. 
 
 78. Name the principal battle. Give an account of it.
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 45 
 
 three thousand warriors ; the colonists, fifteen hundred militia. 
 
 The Indians were completely defeated, losing one thousand 
 
 men killed and wounded. 
 
 King Philip was killed. Six 
 
 hundred whites perished 
 
 during the war, which cost 
 
 a million dollars. But the 
 
 result was the complete 
 
 subjugation of the New 
 
 England Indians. 
 
 79. During the English 
 civil war, when the Puritan 
 Parliament of England 
 
 fought against Charles L, Narragansett Fort and Swamp. 
 
 and finally cut oft' his head and made Cromwell Protector, the 
 sympathies of the New-Englanders were with Parliament. 
 
 80. In the history of Virginia, mention was made of the 
 Navigation Acts of 1660. These laws crippled the trade 
 of New England ; but the colonists evaded the laws as much 
 as they could. The result was, the English government did 
 not get much revenue from Massachusetts. It was in conse- 
 quence of this that James II., in 1686, declared the charter 
 of Massachusetts null and void (see 1F 70), and sent out his 
 own governors to enforce the laws. 
 
 81. In 1692 there broke out in Massachusetts a remark- 
 able delusion known as the Salem witchcraft. In that 
 age the belief in witchcraft was common in all civilized coun- 
 tries, and in England, from time to time, witches were hung. 
 In Salem this belief now took possession of the whole com- 
 munity and became a sort of panic. 
 
 82. This panic began by some little girls being taken with 
 a singular nervous disorder. An old Indian woman-servant 
 
 QUESTIONS. 79. What is said of Massachusetts during the civil war in England ? 
 
 80. What of the Navigation Acts? What was the result of their evasion by the 
 colonists ? 
 
 81. Give the result of Salem witchcraft. State what is said of witchcraft in Eng- 
 land; what of it in Salem. 
 
 8'^. Give an account of the panic.
 
 46 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 was accused and whipped till she confessed that she had be- 
 witched the children. Other children were affected in the 
 same way, and other old women were charged with being 
 witches. 
 
 83. Within a few months, twenty persons were tried and 
 executed, and the jails were filled with others accused of 
 witchcraft. But before long the terror passed away, and the 
 accused were liberated. The people had come to understand 
 that, whatever was the truth about witchcraft, death was 
 neither the proper cure for nor the proper punishment of it. 
 
 84. During the hundred years before independence, the 
 people of Massachusetts were, at different times, engaged in 
 four wars against the French, assisted by Indian allies. These 
 contests, in which the Colony suffered severely, are known as 
 the French and Indian wars. But as many of the 
 other Colonies besides Massachusetts were engaged in these 
 wars, we shall put them in a separate chapter. (See p. 90.) 
 
 2. CONNECTICUT. 
 
 85. Founding of " Connecticut " Colony. Con- 
 necticut was settled from Massachusetts. The people had 
 
 QUESTIONS S3. How many persons were executed ? How did the delusion die 
 ont ? What had the people come to understand ? 
 
 84. What is said of the French and Indian wars ? 
 
 85. From where was Connecticut settled? Of what had tlie people heard?
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 47 
 
 heard of the fertile lands in the valley of a river called by the 
 Indians Connecticut, which means, in their language, long 
 river. 
 
 86. In 1635 a pioneer band of some sixty men, women, 
 and children set out from Massachusetts to go to the west- 
 ward. They were guided through the wilderness by the com- 
 pass ; they drove their cattle before them, and after fourteen 
 days' toilsome journeying they reached the Connecticut River. 
 They settled at Windsor. 
 
 87. In the next year, 1636, a larger party 
 of emigrants followed from Massachusetts. 
 They were led by Rev. Thomas Hooker. 
 The new-comers founded the settlements of 
 Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, 
 places which may be seen on this map. 
 
 88. These settlements were at first under 
 the protection of Massachusetts, and were called 
 
 the Connecticut" Colony. However, vicinityofl 
 
 two other colonies were soon planted within the present limits 
 
 of Connecticut. 
 
 89. These Massachusetts pioneers were not actually the 
 first white men in Connecticut. In 1633 some Dutch trad- 
 ers from the Dutch -American Colony, New Netherlands 
 (now New York), had established a fortified trading-post on 
 the Connecticut River, near where Hartford was built. The 
 'same year a party of traders from Plymouth Colony sailed up 
 the Connecticut River. The Dutch tried to stop them from 
 passing the fort ; but they did not mind, and went up and 
 built a trading-house at Windsor. 
 
 90. Then came, in 1636, the first real settlers, the Massa- 
 chusetts pioneers. It was thought there would be trouble 
 
 QUESTIONS S6. Give an account of the immigration of the pioneer band. 
 
 87. Give an account of the next year's immigration. What settlements did the 
 colonists found ? 
 
 88. Under whose protection were the settlements, and what was the name of the 
 Colony ? What other colonies were planted ? 
 
 89. Who had been in Connecticut before the Massachusetts pioneers' Give an 
 account of the Dutch in Connecticut ; of the Plymouth people. 
 
 90. Repeat the date of the Massachusetts immigration. What was feared ? State 
 the result of the disputes.
 
 48 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 between the English and Dutch, as both claimed Connecti- 
 cut. And there were disputes for a number of years. But it 
 was finally decided that the English should have possession. 
 
 91. The Dutch had really very little right to Connecticut. 
 That region belonged to the extensive territory of North Vir- 
 ginia, which King James I., in 1606, gave to the Plymouth 
 Company. 
 
 NOTE. In 1630, the company granted the soil of Connecticut to the 
 Earl of Warwick. In 1632, the Earl of Wai-wick ceded his rights to an 
 English corporation composed of Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, and 
 others. So Connecticut belonged to them. 
 
 92. Lords Say and Sele and Brooke, who became proprie- 
 tors of Connecticut in 1632, did not disturb the Massachu- 
 setts settlers in Connecticut. However, they sent out John 
 Winthrop, Jr., son of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, as 
 their agent, and told him to build a fort at the mouth of the 
 Connecticut Kiver. 
 
 He did so, and formed a little settlement at Saybrook. 
 This constituted an independent colony called the Saybrook 
 Colony, the first of the two other colonies before spoken of. 
 Saybrook Colony was united with the Connecticut Colony in 
 1644. 
 
 93. The "Connecticut" colonists had not been a year in 
 their new home before they had to wage a bloody war for 
 their existence. 
 
 The PequotS lived in Connecticut, and were the most 
 powerful tribe of New England Indians. From the begin- 
 ning they had murdered a good many of the scattered scttle-s. 
 
 94. In 1637, Captain John Mason, with a small force 
 of colonists and friendly Indians, marched against the Pequots 
 in their principal stronghold. This was a palisaded fort 
 on the Mystic River, where the present town of Groton stands. 
 
 95. Mason surprised the savages, who defended themselves 
 
 QUESTIONS. 91. What is said of the Dutch claim to Connecticut? To whom did 
 the territory really belong 
 
 92. What of the proprietors and the colonists ? Who was pent out as agent, and 
 what did he do ? What was the name of the colony ? When united with Con necticut ? 
 
 93. What terrible experience had the settlers ? State what is said of the Pequots. 
 
 94. Give an account of Mason's march to the Indian fort. 
 
 95. Give an account of the battle. What of the result ?
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 49 
 
 stoutly until their wigwams were set fire to ; in the confusion 
 the Indians were shot down and burned. Six hundred men, 
 women, and children perished, mostly by the flames. The 
 result of this was the utter extermination of the Pequot 
 tribe. 
 
 96. New Haven Colony. In 1G38, a third colony was 
 established in Connecticut. It was called the New Haven 
 Colony. This colony was founded by a band of Puritans 
 who came from England. The first settlement was made at 
 New Haven. A government was organized on strictly re- 
 ligious principles, and only church-members were allowed 
 to vote. 
 
 97. We have thus seen thi-ee colonies established on the 
 soil of Connecticut, "Connecticut" Colony (consisting of 
 the settlements of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield), Say- 
 brook Colony, and New Haven Colony. But Saybrook Col- 
 ony, we saw, was united with the " Connecticut " Colony in 
 1644. 
 
 98. " Connecticut Colony " and New Haven Colony re- 
 mained separate governments, each under its own constitution 
 framed by the people, till 1665. Then King Charles II. 
 united them into one. Hence, after this, we have to speak 
 only of CONNECTICUT. 
 
 99. Important Facts. In 1662, King Charles II. 
 granted Connecticut a charter. It was under this charter that 
 the two colonies were united and became Connecticut in 1665. 
 
 100. This charter was exceedingly liberal. It confirmed 
 the free constitution which the people had formed, allowing 
 them to elect their own governor and representatives. It 
 also gave other privileges, and was the most liberal charter 
 ever given to any American colony. It was secured by John 
 Winthrop, Jr., who applied to the King for it. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 96- What was the name of the third Connecticut colony ? By 
 founded ? Name of the settlement ? Character of the government ? 
 
 97. Repeat the names of the three Connecticut colonies. 
 
 98. What two remained separate ? What did they become when united? 
 9O. Give the date of Connecticut's charter. What was done under it ? 
 
 3 00. Give an account of the charter. Who secured it ? 
 
 3 D
 
 50 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 101. In 1685, King James II. annulled the charter of 
 Connecticut. He did not wish any free governments in his 
 dominion. 
 
 102. The charter itself was not lost ; for when Andros, 
 who had been sent out as royal governor of New England, 
 went to Hartford, in 1687, to seize the charter, the lights in 
 the room suddenly went out, and the precious document was 
 carried away by Captain Wadsworth and hid in the famous 
 " Charter Oak." Still, under Andros, the rights and privi- 
 leges and liberties which the charter secured were taken away, 
 though the document itself was safe. Andros destroyed the 
 Colony's self-government and ruled like a tyrant. 
 
 103. Fortunately, Andros's rule came to an end in 1689, 
 when his royal master, King James II., died, and a better 
 monarch, King William, ascended the throne. Then the 
 Charter Oak yielded its faded biit precious treasure. 
 
 104. King William allowed the people of Connecticut to 
 restore their charter government. 
 
 105. Progress. Under the constitution which they 
 had themselves formed, and which was confirmed by the char- 
 ter, the people continued to grow and prosper. Their early 
 constitution was found so good that it remained the funda- 
 mental law of the land for one hundred and eighty years, 
 that is, till long after Connecticut became a State. 
 
 106. In character, the people of Connecticut were thrifty 
 and industrious and liberty-loving. 
 
 107. Education early received much attention. An ex- 
 cellent system of common schools was established. Yale Col- 
 logo was founded in 1701. 
 
 108. In the several colonial wars with the French, Con- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 101. What of the charter under King James ? What did he desire ? 
 
 102. Repeat the incident of the Charter Oak. What of Connecticut's liberties 
 under Andros ? 
 
 103. When did Andros's rule come to an end ? What then ? 
 
 104. What of Connecticut under King William ? 
 
 105. What of Connecticut prosperity ? of the constitution? 
 
 106. Repeat what is said of the character of the people. 
 
 107. Repeat what is said of education ; of Yale College. 
 
 108. Repeat what i< said of colonial wars.
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 51 
 
 necticut furnished her full quota of troops and took a leading 
 part. 
 
 NOTE. The history of these wars is related in Chap. XI., pp. 90 - 108. 
 109. The population of Connecticut at the breaking out 
 of the Revolutionary War was 130,000. 
 
 110. Founding of Rhode Island. It was religious 
 
 persecution which led to the founding of Rhode Island. 
 Roger Williams was the first white man who settled in that 
 Colony. 
 
 111. When Williams was banished from Massachusetts (see 
 IT 73), he fled in winter through the woods to the wigwams 
 of the Narragansett Indians. By them he was well received. 
 Williams at this time gave the red men so strong an impres- 
 sion of his nobleness and purity of character, that he always 
 afterwards had great influence with the savages. On several 
 subsequent occasions he was able to save New England from. 
 Indian attacks. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 109. What i 
 
 110. State the ciremnstan 
 
 111. Where did Williams 
 Indians? 
 
 r as the population of Connecticut in 1776 ? 
 es of the founding of Rhode Island, 
 go when banished? What of his influence with the
 
 52 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 Roger Williams. 
 
 112. In the spring of 1636, Williams with a few friends 
 left the Indian camp and went to a place called Seekonk, at 
 the head of Narragansett Bay. Here he made a settlement 
 which he named Providence, to express his confidence in 
 the mercies of God. 
 
 113. Williams had been ban- 
 ished from Massachusetts because 
 he said that government ought to 
 protect all denominations of Chris- 
 tians. He resolved that in the 
 noble community he established all 
 denominations should be protect- 
 ed. His doctrine was that the 
 magistrate was to rule "only in 
 civil matters," while the people 
 were responsible for their religious 
 opinions to God alone. 
 
 114. The result of this liberal spirit was that the Colony 
 soon became an asylum for the persecuted in other Provinces. 
 
 115. In 1638 a small band of people who were driven out 
 of Massachusetts on account of church matters made a settle 
 ment on the island of Rhode Island. They 
 
 named their settlement Portsmouth. 
 
 NOTE. The Dutch had called this island, 
 from its reddish appearance, Roodt Eylandt, Red 
 Island. Hence the English Rhode Island. The 
 settlers bought the island of the Indian chiefs 
 Canonicus and Miantonomah for " forty fathoms 
 of wampum," or white beads. 
 
 116. In the spring of 1639 a number 
 of colonists removed to the southeastern 
 part of the island, where they laid the 
 foundation of Newport. 
 
 117. In 1643, Roger Williams went to England, and came 
 
 QUESTIONS. 112. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. 
 
 113. What of religious denominations in Rhode Island? 
 
 114. What was the result of this liberality? 
 
 115. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth. 
 
 116. Give an account of the settlement of Newport. 
 
 117. IIow and when was a charter obtained ? 
 
 sett Bay.
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 53 
 
 back next year with a charter, which united the settlements 
 into one colony. He obtained the charter from the English 
 Parliament. 
 
 118. Soon after, the people met and framed a free constitu- 
 tion for the colony. It allowed perfect religious liberty. A 
 governor and legislature were elected by the people. This 
 measure made Rhode Island a regularly organized Colony. 
 
 119. Important Facts. The relations of Rhode Island 
 with Massachusetts were for a good while rather unfriendly. 
 Massachusetts claimed part of the soil of Rhode Island as her 
 own. 
 
 In order to end this trouble, and also some disputes among 
 the people themselves, Roger Williams was asked to go to 
 England again. He went, and in 1654 obtained a confirma- 
 tion of the charter. 
 
 120. In 1663, Rhode Island obtained from Charles II. a 
 royal charter. It granted all the rights and privileges 
 given by the previous parliamentary charter. This charter 
 named the Colony " Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." 
 
 121. When the persecution of the Quakers was begun in 
 Massachusetts, the other New England Colonies asked Rhode 
 Island to pass a law against that sect. But she refused. 
 She was true to her original doctrine of religious freedom. 
 
 122. Progress. From the commencement of the eigh- 
 teenth century, Rhode Island had a career of prosperity 
 down to the end of the colonial times. Education received 
 much attention. Brown University was founded in 1 764. 
 In 1732, James Franklin established at Newport the first 
 newspaper in Rhode Island. The population of Rhode 
 Island, at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, was 
 50,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 118. Give an account of the constitution and the government. 
 
 119. What is said of the relations with Massachusetts? How were the troubles 
 ended? 
 
 120. Give the date of the royal charter , its character. What did it name the 
 Colony ? 
 
 121. What is said of the treatment of Quakers in Rhode Island ? 
 
 122. What is said of Rhode Island prosperity ? of education ? of the first news- 
 paper ? of the population ?
 
 54 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 4. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Seal of New Hampshire. 
 
 123. New Hampshire. The Colony of New Hamp- 
 shire had, in one respect, a different history from the other 
 Colonies. The difference is, that New Hampshire was not 
 all the time a separate colony. At various times it formed 
 part of Massachusetts. 
 
 124. In 1G22, two years after the landing of the Pilgrims, 
 two Englishmen, Sir Ferdinand Gorges [gor'jez] and 
 Captain John Mason obtained a grant of a tract of land 
 
 ""bounded by the Merrimack, the Kennebec, the ocean, and 
 the ' river of Canada.' " They got this grant from the "Coun- 
 cil for New England," who held the royal patent for all New 
 England. 
 
 125. The next year, a small party in the service of the 
 proprietors made little settlements on the Piscataqua. Among 
 these were Portsmouth and Dover. These were very 
 feeble for a long time. 
 
 126. In 1629, Gorges and Mason dissolved partnership. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 123. How does the history of New Hampshire differ from that of 
 jther Colonies ? 
 
 124. Give an account of the original grant. 
 
 125. What settlements were made ? What of them ? 
 
 126. What took place in 1029 ? What name did the Province receive ?
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 55 
 
 Mason then obtained a new grant for the territory between 
 the Merrimack and the Piscataqua. He named his Province 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 NOTE. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, 
 England. Hence the name. 
 
 127. During the next few years, the region was divided up 
 among many proprietors. This fact led to numerous dis- 
 putes and lawsuits. It should also be mentioned that New 
 Hampshire suffered terribly from the Indians. 
 
 128. These troubles led the people to put themselves 
 under the protection of Massachusetts. This they did in 
 1641. New Hampshire continued a part of Massachusetts 
 for thirty -nine years, that is, till 1680. 
 
 129. In 1680 the King of England made New Hampshire 
 a separate royal Province. It was ruled by a governor 
 appointed by the King, and by an Assembly elected by the 
 people. 
 
 130. During Andros's two years' despotic rule over New 
 England (1686-1688), New Hampshire, like her sister Colonies, 
 lost her independence. But when Andros was overthrown 
 the people took the government into their own hands, and in 
 1690 placed themselves again under the protection of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 131. From this time till 1741, New Hampshire was some- 
 times separate from, and at other times united with, Massa- 
 chusetts. In 1741 it was finally separated, and remained a 
 distinct royal Colony. 
 
 132. Though circumstances were not favorable to the rapid 
 growth of New Hampshire, owing to Indian wars and the 
 conflicting claims to the lands, that Colony nurtured a 
 hardy, courageous, and liberty-loving people. The important 
 
 QUESTIONS. 127. What took place in the following years ? What trouble did the 
 people have ? 
 
 1-2S. What did these troubles lead the people to do? Give the date and duration of 
 the union with Massachusetts. 
 
 1'29. Give an account of New Hampshire as a royal Province. 
 
 130. Give an account of Andros's rule. Date of the next union with Massachusetts. 
 
 131. What of New Hampshire after this ? When finally separated ? 
 133. Give a sketch of the subsequent history of New Hampshire.
 
 56 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 part she took in the French wars will be seen in another 
 chapter. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, New 
 Hampshire was ready to take her own share in the contest. 
 
 133. Maine. Maine was not one of the thirteen Colo- 
 nies which entered into the War for Independence in 1775. 
 The reason is, that, in 1775, Maine was not a separate Colony, 
 but a part of Massachusetts. Still, Maine was a separate Col- 
 ony during part of the colonial period, and we must know 
 when this was. 
 
 134. In 1C39, Sir Ferdinand Gorges obtained from the 
 King of England a grant of laud between the Piscataqua and 
 the Keunebec. This he called the Province of Maine. 
 
 NOTE. This northeastern part of New England had been called the 
 Mayne [main] land, in distinction from the islands along the coast ; 
 hence the name Maine. 
 
 135. At this time, almost the only population consisted of 
 a few fishermen living in huts along the coast. But as time 
 passed, there was considerable immigration into the woods of 
 Maine, and the people established a government of their 
 own. 
 
 136. For many years there was a continual dispute 
 between Maine and Massachusetts. The cause of it 
 was, that Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over a part of 
 Maine. 
 
 137. In 1677 the British authorities decided that Massa- 
 chusetts had no right to Maine. It was said to belong to the 
 heirs of Gorges. 
 
 138. The secret of this was that the King of England 
 wished to buy this Province for his son, the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth. But the people of Massachusetts outwitted the 
 King. They sent to the pretended heir and bought his title to 
 the soil of Maine for twelve hundred pounds. This was in 
 1677. Annexed by royal charter to Massachusetts, 1691. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 133. State what is said of Maine. 
 
 134. Give an account of the grant of Maine. 
 
 135. What of the early condition of Maine? 
 
 136. What of the disputes with Massachusetts? 
 
 137. What did the British authorities decide? 
 
 138. What was the secret of this? How was the King outwitted '
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 57 
 
 139. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts till 1820, 
 when she came into the Union as an independent State. 
 
 VERMONT. All the New England States have now been mentioned, 
 except Vermont. Vermont never was a Colony. Its territory was 
 part of New York and New Hampshire till 1791, when it carne into the 
 Union as a State. But even during the colonial times the "Green 
 Mountain boys," as they then began to be called, took a plucky part in 
 the wars of New England. 
 
 III. NEW YORK. 
 
 Seal of New York. 
 
 140. Dutch Period. New York, now the first of all 
 the States in wealth and population, was the only one of the 
 American colonies settled by the Dutch. 
 
 NOTE. By the "Dutch " is meant the people of Holland. 
 
 141. Henry Hudson landed on Manhattan Island 
 (now New York) in 1609, and discovered Hudson River. 
 Hudson was an Englishman ; but at this time he w r as in 
 the service of the Dutch government. On this account 
 
 QUESTIONS. 139. How long was Maine a part of Massachusetts ? 
 
 140. State what is said of New York. 
 
 141. Give an account of Hudson's discovery, and what the Dutch claimed.
 
 58 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES.. 
 
 the Dutch claimed the country and named it New Nether- 
 lands. 
 
 142. Soon after Hudson's discovery, merchants of Holland 
 sent out ships to traffic with the Indians. The traders estab- 
 lished trading-posts : one on Manhattan Island, the other up 
 the Hudson, near where Albany was afterwards built. 
 
 143. In 1621, the year after the landing of the Pilgrims, a 
 company of Dutch mei'chants, called the Dutch "West India 
 Company, obtained a patent for the territory of New 
 Netherlands. The Dutch claimed that New Netherlands 
 stretched from the Connecticut River to Delaware. 
 
 144. In 1623 the West India Company sent out a number 
 of families from Holland to their colony. This was the first 
 regular settlement of the country. On the island of Manhat- 
 tan they founded New Amsterdam. This was the begin- 
 ning of the great city of New York. In 1624, they founded 
 Fort Orange, afterwards Albany. 
 
 XOTE. Manhattan Island was bought of the Indians for sixty guild- 
 ers, twenty-five dollars. 
 
 145. In 1626, Peter Minuit [min'u-it] was sent out as 
 governor of New Netherlands. The second Dutch governor 
 was Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William Kieft 
 {keefi\ ; _the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant [sti'ves-ant]. 
 These four governors ruled during about forty years, till 1064. 
 
 146. During this period New Amsterdam was growing 
 in a slow but solid sort of way. In 1664, the Dutch colony 
 could show a population of ten thousand. 
 
 147. The Dutch had a few troubles, troubles with the 
 Puritans in Connecticut, with some Swedes who had settled 
 to the south of them, and with the Indians. All these troubles 
 were overcome during the administration of Governor Stuy- 
 vesant, who was decidedly a strong-minded man. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 142. Give an account of th- early Dutch trading settlements. 
 
 143. Give an account of the West India Company's grant. State the extent of New 
 Netherlands. 
 
 144. Give an account of the first regular settlements. 
 
 145. Name the four Dutch governors. How long did they rule ? 
 146- What of the growth and population of New Amsterdam ? 
 147. What is said of the troubles of the Dutch ?
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 148. The English had all this time looked on the terri- 
 tory of New Netherlands as belonging to them. It was part 
 of the English claim to American territory, the claim found- 
 ed on the discovery by the CabotS. 
 
 149. In 1664 the English were ready to make this claim 
 good. King Charles II. granted the country from the Con- 
 necticut to the Delaware to his brother, the Duke of York. 
 The Duke of York sent out an armed vessel and some troops 
 under Colonel Nicolls, who was. to ask the Dutch governor to 
 give place to the English. 
 
 150. Stuy vesant was for resisting this demand ; but the 
 people thought it was no use. So the city was surrendered, 
 August 27, 1664. The whole Province, as well as the princi- 
 pal city, took the name of New York. 
 
 151. English Period. The principal reason why the 
 Dutch gave up New York so easily was that many of the 
 people wanted more freedom than they had under the Dutch 
 West India Company's governors. A large number of New- 
 Englanders had settled among the Dutch, and had the New 
 England ideas of "government within themselves." 
 
 Stuyvesant did not believe in these notions, and said he 
 derived his authority from " God and the West India Com- 
 pany," and did not need the consent of the people. 
 
 152. The New-Yorkers dicl not gain all they thought 
 they would when they changed Dutch masters for English 
 masters. The Duke of York, who was proprietor of the whole 
 Province, did not allow the people to govern themselves 
 by a legislature (that is, representatives chosen by the peo- 
 ple), but sent out governors, who were responsible only 
 to him. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 148. How had the English regarded this territory ? What claim had 
 the English to it ? 
 
 149. When were the English ready to claim this region? WTiat grant was made by 
 King Charles ? State what was done by the Duke of York. 
 
 150. Give an account of the surrender of the Dutch. What name did the Prov- 
 ince take ? 
 
 151. Why did the people give up so easily ? What did Stuyvesant think of New 
 Englind notions ? 
 
 I.V.Z. Whnt did the Xcw- Yorkers gain by the change ? What is said of the govern- 
 ment of the Duke of York ?
 
 60 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 153. The people were not sorry when, in 1673, a Dutch 
 fleet came to New York the Dutch and English nations 
 being then at war and compelled the city to surrender. 
 The Dutch restoration lasted but a little over a year. In 
 1674, New York came again under English rule. It so re- 
 mained till Independence. 
 
 154. Important Facts. In 1674, the Duke of York 
 sent out as governor Major Edmund Andros. This was 
 the same Andros who was afterwards the oppressor of New 
 England. He ruled New York for eight years. 
 
 155. In 1683 the people of New York were granted the 
 right of representation. The Duke of York sent out a 
 new governor with permission to call together an Assembly of 
 representatives of the people. 
 
 156. This gave a long-desired right ; but it was soon taken 
 away. The duke, in a year or two, became King of Eng- 
 land, under the title of James II. He then refused to 
 allow the New-Yorkers to hold their Assembly, prohibited 
 printing-presses, and sent out a governor who ground down 
 the people. 
 
 157. In 1689 the news came that James II. Avas driven 
 from the throne, and that King "William had succeeded 
 him. The New-Yorkers were delighted at this. As the peo- 
 ple of Boston had imprisoned Andros, the New-Yorkers de- 
 termined to seize the oppressive royal governor whom James 
 II. had put over them. 
 
 158. There was a popular uprising headed by a citizen 
 named Leisler \lls'ler\. The people seized the fort in the 
 name of King William, the royal governor fled, and Leisler 
 put himself at the head of the Colony. He said he meant to 
 
 Quisnoys. - 153. What change took place in 1673, and what of the feelings of the 
 people ? How long did Dutch restoration last, and what of New York after that ? 
 
 154. Who was the first governor ? What of Andros? 
 
 155. When did the people receive the right of representation ? State the circum- 
 stances. 
 
 156. When was this right taken away? What of the oppression under King 
 James IT. ? 
 
 1 57 . What joyful news was received in 1689 ? What of their feeling and conduct ? 
 
 158. Give an account of the uprising under Leisler.
 
 NEW YORK. Cl 
 
 hold power only till King William should send out a gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 159. In 1691, Colonel Sloughter [slaw'ter] came out as 
 governor. Leisler had grown quite vain of his power, and 
 made some trouble about giving up his authority. Sloughter 
 had him arrested and tried. He and his son-in-law were con- 
 demned to death for high treason. 
 
 160. The governor refused to sign the warrant for their 
 execution, since he thought they had been rather weak than 
 wicked. But Leisler had made a great many enemies among 
 the New York magistrates and the wealthy class, and they 
 resolved he should die. They invited Governor Sloughter to 
 a feast, and, when he was intoxicated with wine, he signed the 
 death-warrant. Leisler and Melborne were executed early 
 next morning. 
 
 161. The execution of Leisler, while it pleased one part of 
 the people, enraged another. The feud between the two 
 lasted for a long time, and had a great influence on colonial 
 politics for many years. 
 
 162. From the time of King William (1689) to the Revo- 
 lutionary War, New York continued to be a royal Prov- 
 ince, ruled by the King's governors. King William also al- 
 lowed the Colony a legislature. But New York had no char- 
 ter of liberties, like New England. Hence it was often op- 
 pressed by bad governors. 
 
 163. These oppressions had one good effect : they taught 
 the people to value liberty and resist tyranny. 
 
 164. Progress. The population of New York, at the 
 commencement of English rule (1664), was 10,000. In 1776, 
 it was over 100,000. The early settlers, as we saw, were 
 
 QUESTIONS. 159. What took place on the arrival of Colonel Sloughter ? 
 
 160. What of the governors refusal to sign the death-warrant, and the way it 
 was got out of him ? 
 
 161. State the result of the execution of Leisler. 
 
 163. What was the government of New York from King William's time What 
 did he allow the Colony ? Had New York any charter ? What oppressions did it suffer 
 in consequence ? 
 
 163. State one good effect of these oppressions. 
 
 164. State the population of New York in 1664 and in 1776. Give the character of 
 ths Dutch. What other settlers came ?
 
 62 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 Dutch. They were honest, thrifty, and whole-souled. After- 
 wards there came large numbers of Scotch, French, Germans, 
 and English. The original Dutch blood was a noble element 
 in New York society. 
 
 165. In religion, the majority were Presbyterians and In- 
 dependents. 
 
 166. New York City during the Dutch times con- 
 tained some three hundred houses and about three thousand 
 people. Before the end of the colonial times, it had grown 
 to be the most important commercial city on the Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 167. With the Indians the people of New York were, 
 during almost the whole colonial period, on very friendly 
 terms. The powerful confederacy of the Five Nations, or 
 Iroquois, living in the northern part of New York, made 
 several treaties with the people, and helped protect the fron- 
 tier against attacks from Canada. 
 
 168. The prominent part taken by New York in the va- 
 rious French, "wars is given in another chapter. 
 
 NOTE. See page 90. 
 
 169. The spirit of independence was exceedingly strong 
 in the New-Yorkers. In New York City able newspapers 
 were published which defended the rights of the people. 
 
 The New York Assembly was the first of the colonial As- 
 semblies to propose (in 1764) that there should be "commit- 
 tees of correspondence " on the subject of England's oppres- 
 sions. 
 
 The first blood of the Revolution was spilled in New York. 
 (See page 116.) This was in the year 1770. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 165. Repeat what is said of religion. 
 
 166. Repeat what is said of New York City. 
 
 167. Repeat what is said of relations with the Indiana. 
 
 168. Repeat what is said of French wars. 
 
 169. Repeat what is said of the spirit of independence ; of the New York Assembly. 
 What glory belongs to New York ?
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 IV. NEW JERSEY. 
 
 03 
 
 ifc^SlP^ 
 
 Seal of New Jersey. 
 
 170. Founding of New Jersey. The territory of 
 New Jersey originally formed part of New Netherlands. 
 The result was that when New Netherlands was given 
 up to the Duke of York, and became the Province of New 
 York, the territory of New Jersey was still included in New 
 York. 
 
 171. But in 1664, the same year in which King Charles 
 II. made the Duke of York proprietor of the Province of New 
 York, the Duke of York ceded to two English noblemen, 
 Lord Berkeley {berk'li] and Sir George Car'teret, a large 
 slice of his territory. This was made a separate Province by 
 the name of NEW JERSEY. 
 
 NOTE. It received the name of New Jersey in compliment to Sir 
 George Carteret, who had been governor of the little island of Jersey, 
 England. 
 
 172. The proprietors made a very liberal constitution 
 
 for the Colony. This charter promised equal rights and lib- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 170. What was the territory of New Jersey originally ? How did it 
 become part of New York ? 
 
 171. What grant was made in 1664 ? What was the new Province called ? 
 17:2. Give an account of the constitution and government.
 
 64 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 erty to all religions. The government was to be by a gov- 
 ernor and a council, both appointed by the proprietors. 
 
 173. The effect of these liberal offers was that many per- 
 sons, of various religious denominations, who were oppressed 
 in Europe, came to the new Colony. 
 
 174. In 1665 the first settlement in New Jersey was made 
 at Elizabeth. The band of settlers was led by Philip 
 Carteret (brother of the proprietor), who had been appointed 
 governor. He came with a hoe on his shoulder, to remind 
 the people that industry and agriculture must be their main 
 reliance. Thus the Colony of New Jersey was founded. 
 
 175. Important Facts. In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold 
 his share of New Jersey to a company of English Friends, or 
 Quakers. The Province was now divided into two parts, 
 the Quaker purchase being named "West Jersey, the part 
 still held by Carteret East Jersey. 
 
 176. The celebrated William Penn was made manager 
 of the Quaker purchase. Immediately there was a very large 
 immigration to West Jersey of persons belonging to the sect 
 of Friends. In fact, it was a Quaker colony. 
 
 177. West Jersey had its own legislature. In 1681, the 
 first Assembly met and passed excellent laws. 
 
 178. In 1682, East Jersey was sold by Carteret to Wil- 
 liam Penn and a number of partners. A famous Scotch 
 Quaker, named Robert Barclay, was made governor, and many 
 persecuted Scotch Presbyterians emigrated there. 
 
 179. The fact that the soil of the Jerseys was in the hands 
 of so many proprietors worked very badly for the people. 
 They were very uncertain as to the title to their lands. 
 
 180. After long years of disputing between the proprietors 
 and the people, the proprietors gave up their claims to the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 173. What effect had this policy ? 
 
 174. Narrate the circumstances of the founding of Elizabeth. 
 
 175. Give an account of the division of New Jersey into East and West. 
 
 176. Who was made manager ? What was the result ? 
 
 177. What is said of the legislature of West Jersey ? 
 
 178. Narrate what is said of East Jersey and the Scotch. 
 
 179. What circumstance worked badly for the people ? 
 
 180. How was the matter settled ?
 
 NEW JERSEY. G5 
 
 Colony, and in 1702 the Jerseys were united into one royal 
 Province, under the name of New Jersey. 
 
 181. At the time this was done, New Jersey was placed 
 under the same governor as New York. But New Jersey 
 was allowed its own Assembly, elected by the people. In this 
 condition New Jersey remained for thirty-six years, from 
 1702 to 1738. 
 
 182. In 1738 the people petitioned the king to have a 
 separate governor. This was granted. New Jersey re- 
 mained a royal Province, ruled by governors appointed by 
 the king, down to Independence. 
 
 183. Progress. The soil of New Jersey was fertile, the 
 Province was free from danger from Indians. Hence, it grew 
 rapidly and attained great prosperity. 
 
 184. The Quakers and the Scotch were the main ele- 
 ments in the early population of New Jersey. These people 
 were frugal, industrious, and moral. 
 
 185. The people of New Jersey were always distinguished 
 for their love of liberty. They made a manful stand against 
 the attempts of the royal governors to tyrannize over them. 
 
 186. In 1738 the college of Nassau Hall, at Princeton, 
 was founded. 
 
 187. The population of the Colony, at the close of the 
 colonial period, was over 50,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 181. What of the governor of New Jersey? Of the Assembly ? How- 
 long in this condition ? 
 
 182. What was gran tod in 1738 ? How long did this continue ? 
 
 183. Give what is said of the soil and prosperity of New Jersey, 
 
 184. Of the inhabitants. 
 
 185. Of the love of liberty. 
 
 186. Of a college. 
 
 187. Of the population.
 
 66 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 V._ PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Seal of Pennsylvania. 
 
 188. Founding of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania 
 
 was intended from the first to be an asylum for the persecuted 
 English Quakers. The Friends, or Quakers, as they were 
 called, belonged to a religious society which arose in Eng- 
 land about 1650. Its members were distinguished for the 
 purity and simplicity of their religious belief and their man- 
 ners. 
 
 189. The Colonv of Pennsylvania was founded by the cele- 
 brated William Penn, who was a member of this sect. 
 
 190. Penn had become very much interested in American 
 colonization, through his connection with the Quakers in the 
 Jerseys. 
 
 Learning that there was a large unoccupied territory be- 
 tween New Jersey and Maryland, he wished to purchase it 
 for his persecuted religious brethren. 
 
 191. The English government had owed Penn's father, who 
 was an admiral in the British navy, a large sum of money. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 188. For what was Pennsylvania intended ? Explain who the Quakers 
 were. 
 
 189. Who was the founder of Pennsylvania? 
 
 1 9O. How had Penn become interested in America ? What territory did he hear of? 
 
 191. What of the debt to his lather? How did Penn take his payment? What 
 was the territory named ?
 
 PENNSYL VAN I A. (J 7 
 
 Penn, in payment, took a grant for the territory spoken of. 
 The date of this grant was 1681. The territory was named 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NOTE. Pennsylvania signifies 
 Perm's woodland. 
 
 192. In the autumn of 1681, 
 a large company of emigrants, 
 mostly Quakers, left England and 
 came to the new settlement. 
 They were under the direction of 
 
 William Markham, who was <* V W^|M \ V>W:\ x 
 
 appointed deputy-governor. Penn ^|y\ Y \ 
 
 himself came out the next year, c [ 1 ' \ > 
 
 1682. William Penn. 
 
 193. In 1682, Penn obtained from the Duke of York a 
 grant of the present State of Delaware. This region then 
 went by the name of " The Territories." 
 
 194. There was a sparse population of Dutch and Swedes 
 already settled in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn treated 
 them very handsomely, and when he came the Swedes said it 
 was " the best day they had ever seen." 
 
 195. Penn's behavior to the Indians was truly noble and 
 Christian-like. Soon after his arrival he made his famous 
 treaty with the Indians. Both parties lived up to this treaty ; 
 and as long as the Quaker control of the Colony lasted, which 
 was seventy years, there was unbroken harmony between the 
 whites and the red man. The Indians called Penn " Onas," 
 and the highest praise they could give a white man was to 
 say he was like " Onas." 
 
 196. About the end of the year 1682, Penn selected a 
 place between the rivers Schuylkill and Delaware for the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 192. Narrate the facts of the first immigration. When did Penn come 
 out? 
 
 193. What other grant did Penn obtain ? 
 
 194. Repeat what is said of the Dutch and Swedes. 
 
 195. What is said of Penn's behavior to the Indians? What of the treaty? How 
 long did it last ? What did the Indians call Penn ? 
 
 196. Narrate the facts of the founding of the capital.
 
 68 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 capital of his Colony. He named it Philadelphia, which 
 means brotherly love. 
 
 197. In this peaceful and loving manner was planted the 
 great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 198. Important Facts. First, the government of 
 Pennsylvania was arranged by Penn. The Province was to be 
 ruled by a deputy-governor appointed by the proprietor, 
 Penn or his successors. The laws were to be made by a legis- 
 lature elected by the people. Besides this, Perm gave his 
 Colony a " charter of liberties." 
 
 199. In 1684, Penn returned to England. The condi- 
 tion of the Colony was most happy. The government was 
 fully organized, and the Colony growing rapidly. It had then 
 twenty settled townships and a population of 7,000. 
 
 200. Penn remained absent fifteen years. During this 
 time dissensions arose in the Colony. First, in 1691, Dela- 
 ware, which had been united with Pennsylvania, withdrew 
 from the union. Penn gave it a separate deputy-governor, 
 and, in 1703, he made it a distinct Province. Secondly, the 
 persons left in authority began to quarrel. Thirdly, the peo- 
 ple became unwilling to pay the rents by which Penn ex- 
 pected to make good his large outlay on the Colony. 
 
 201. In order to remove all the grievances of the people, 
 Penn returned to the Colony in 1699, and granted the people 
 a new charter. This gave the people much greater power. 
 It secured them the right of proposing laws, which they had 
 not had before. It was found good, and remained in force till 
 Independence. 
 
 202. After this, Penn returned to England, where he died 
 in 1718. He was one of the greatest lawgivers and bene- 
 factors of mankind. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 197. What was plantM in tbis peaceful way ? 
 
 198. What was first arranged by Penn ? How was the Colony to be ruled ? What 
 of the laws ? of a charter ? 
 
 199. Give the date of Penn's return. What of the Colony then ? 
 
 200. How long did Penn remain absent? What arose meantime? Give the first 
 cause of dissension ; the second ; the third. 
 
 S8O1. How did Penn remove these evils? What is said of the new charter? 
 aihS. When and where did Penn die ? What is said of his character ?
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 69 
 
 203. Progress. The wonderful growth and pros- 
 perity of Pennsylvania, during the sixty years from Penn's 
 death down to the Revolutionary War, show the excellence 
 of the institutions which the Quaker statesman had estab- 
 lished. 
 
 204. The sons of Penn were the proprietors of the 
 Colony, and ruled it through deputy-governors. This pro- 
 prietary government lasted down to the Revolution, when 
 the COMMONWEALTH bought the claims of Penn's sons for 
 $580,000. 
 
 205. In religion, all sects were allowed. For a long time 
 the Quakers were most numerous, but other denominations 
 flourished. Each county had three officers called peace- 
 makers. 
 
 206. The boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland 
 had caused much trouble for many years. It was finally 
 settled in 1761, when two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, fixed 
 the present boundary. The boundary was afterwards known 
 as " Mason and Dixon' s line." 
 
 207. The Colony had a thriving trade with England, the 
 West Indies, and the Southern Provinces. For many years, 
 tobacco was largely cultivated. 
 
 208. Newspapers were early established in Philadel- 
 phia, and Benjamin Franklin edited one of them. 
 
 209. The population of Pennsylvania in 1776 was 370,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 203. What shows the excellence of Penn's institutions ? 
 
 204. Who were the proprietors ? How long did it last this way ? How much was 
 paid for Pennsylvania? 
 
 205. Repeat what is said of religion. 
 
 206. Explain what is meant by Mason and Dixon's line. 
 
 207. Repeat what is said of trade. 
 
 208. Repeat what is said of newspapers. 
 
 209. Give the population of Pennsylvania in 1776.
 
 70 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 VI. DELAWARE. 
 
 Seal of Delaware. 
 
 210. Founding of Delaware. It has been seen that 
 the Duke of York, in 1682, granted the territory of Dela- 
 ware to William Penn. Many years before this, about 1632, 
 it had been partly settled by a colony of Swedes. The Dutch 
 of New Netherlands were offended at the Swedes being there, 
 and made Delaware a part of their domain. When New 
 Netherlands passed into the hands of the Duke of York and 
 became New York, Delaware, of course, formed part of the 
 Duke's possessions. This explains how the Duke of York was 
 able to grant the territory of Delaware to Penn. 
 
 211. Important Facts. The history of Delaware while 
 it formed part of Pennsylvania has already been given. 
 
 212. In 1703, the people of Delaware, being dissatisfied 
 with their connection with Pennsylvania, were allowed by 
 Penn to establish a separate legislature. Delaware and 
 Pennsylvania were never afterwards united, but both re- 
 mained under the same governor. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 210. Explain when and under what circumstances the Duke of York 
 granted Delaware to Penn. 
 
 211. What have we already seen about Delaware ? 
 
 212. What took place in 1703 ? What of the governor ?
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 71 
 
 213. The limited extent of the territory of Delaware gives 
 the State rather a diminutive appearance on the map. But 
 its soldiers were, during the Revolutionary War, among the 
 bravest in defence of American liberty, and its statesmen have 
 always exercised a great influence. Penn highly praised the 
 good morals, excellent behavior, and patriotism of the people 
 of Delaware. 
 
 VII. MARYLAND. 
 
 Seal of Maryland. 
 
 214. Founding of Maryland. The persecution of the 
 Puritans led to the settlement of Massachusetts, and of the 
 Quakers to the settlement of Pennsylvania. In like manner, 
 the persecution of English Catholics led to the colonizing of 
 Maryland. 
 
 215. The leader in the plan of settling Maryland was 
 Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic nobleman of a very 
 lofty and generous mind. In 1632 he received from King 
 Charles II. a grant of a fine region lying north of the Poto- 
 mac. It received the name of MARYLAND. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 213. What is said of the size of Delaware? of its soldiers and states- 
 men ? of its good morals ? 
 
 214. What led to the founding of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania? of Maryland? 
 
 215. Who was the leader in the plan of settling Maryland? Tell about his grant. 
 What name did the Province take ?
 
 72 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 NOTE. The Province was called Maryland in honor of the queen, 
 Henrietta Maria, who was a Catholic. 
 
 216. Before the business was completed, Lord Baltimore 
 died. His son then succeeded him as second Lord Baltimore, 
 and became proprietor of Maryland. 
 
 217. In the charter for the Province given to Lord Balti- 
 more, King Charles established a constitution for the Prov- 
 ince. It was very liberal. It 
 provided that the laws for the 
 colonists should be made by an 
 Assembly of their own choos- 
 ing, and that the people were 
 to pay no taxes. Lord Balti- 
 more allowed complete liberty 
 of religious belief. 
 
 218. We must now see how 
 Maryland was first settled. In 
 the fall of 1633, Leonard Cal- 
 vert, a brother of Lord Balti- 
 more, sailed from England with 
 about two hundred settlers. These were mostly English 
 Catholic gentlemen with their families and servants. They 
 came in two vessels named the Ark and the Dove. 
 
 219. The emigrants sailed to the Potomac, bought of the 
 Indians a little village near its mouth, and settled down to 
 cultivating the Indian fields. They raised a crop of corn that 
 same year. They called the village and settlement St. Mary's. 
 The settlement was begun March. 1634. New settlers im- 
 mediately commenced to pour in, and thus was founded the 
 Commonwealth of Maryland. 
 
 220. Important Facts. Maryland was early involved 
 in several disturbances. The most annoying was Clay- 
 borne's Rebellion. Clayborne was a Virginian, who had 
 
 QUESTIONS. 216. What of the first and the second Lord Baltimore? 
 
 217. Give an account of the charter. What of religious liberty ? 
 
 218. Narrate the first settling of Maryland. 
 
 219. Reaching the Potomac, where did they settle ? Give the date. What of new 
 settlers ? 
 
 220. What disturbance troubled Maryland? Tell about Clayborne's rebellion.
 
 MARYLAND. 73 
 
 obtained, before Calvert brought his colony, a royal license to 
 trade in the country. Clayborne would not submit to Lord 
 Baltimore's rule. He several times raised armed parties, who 
 had several fights with the authorities. His conduct kept the 
 Colony in trouble for ten years. 
 
 221. The subject of religion led to another difficulty. 
 With a very noble spirit, the Assembly of Maryland passed, 
 in 1649, a law called the "Toleration Act," which provided 
 that all Christian denominations should be tolerated in Mary- 
 land. After a time, the Protestants obtained control of the 
 legislature, and passed a law disfranchising Catholics. 
 
 222. The result was civil war in 1655. The Catholics 
 were defeated. Maryland society was in confusion and tur- 
 moil till 1660, when peace and the old liberties were re- 
 stored. 
 
 223. In 1662, Charles Calvert was sent out as gov- 
 ernor by his father, Lord Baltimore. His wise and noble 
 conduct did a great deal for the Colony. By the death of his 
 father he became proprietor of Maryland, in 1684. 
 
 224. In 1689 a second religious war broke out. The 
 Protestants, under a bad and designing man named Coode, 
 seized the government and oppressed the Catholics. 
 
 225. In 1691, King William made Maryland a royal 
 Province. It so remained for twenty years. In 1716, the 
 proprietary government was restored under the fifth 
 Lord Baltimore, and so continued till Independence. 
 
 226. Progress. From the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, Maryland's growth was very rapid. In 1700 the 
 population was 30,000. 
 
 227. In 1699, the capital was shifted from St. Mary's to 
 Annapolis. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 221. What is said of the subject of religion? of the Toleration Act? 
 of the conduct of the Protestants ? 
 
 222. What was the result ? Which party was defeated ? When was peace restored ? 
 
 223. What is said of Charles Calrert? 
 
 224. Give an account of the second religious war. 
 
 225. What of Maryland under Kiug William? When and under whom did it 
 again become a proprietary government ? 
 
 226. What is said of growth and population? 
 
 227. What is said of the capital ?
 
 74 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 228. Free schools and public libraries were established 
 by law in all the parishes. 
 
 229. Like all the other Colonies, Maryland had slaves. 
 But the blacks, as well as the indentured white servants, 
 were treated with great humanity. 
 
 230. Tobacco was one of the staples of Maryland, and 
 long served as the currency. The commerce of Maryland 
 was very considerable, and Baltimore became an important 
 commercial city. 
 
 231. The population of Maryland was intelligent and 
 freedom-loving. In 1776 it numbered 120,000. 
 
 VIII. NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Seal of North Carolina. 
 
 232. Founding of North and South Carolina. 
 
 The first settlement of Carolina was made by emigrants from 
 Virginia. Between 1640 and 1650 a considerable number of 
 Virginians removed southward and settled in (or, as we should 
 
 QUESTIONS. 228. What is said of schools ? 
 
 229. What is said of slaves? 
 
 230. What is said of tobacco ? of commerce ? 
 
 231. What is said of the people ? Give population in 1776. 
 
 232. Who made the first settlement in Carolina ? When and where did they settle ?
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 75 
 
 now say, squatted on) the country lying north of Albemarlo 
 Sound. 
 
 233. The reason of their emigration was that, at this early 
 period, the Virginians, being zealous Churchmen, or Episco- 
 palians, were disposed to persecute persons of other denomina- 
 tions. The settlers found a rich soil and fine climate, and 
 lived happily without any government. 
 
 234. In 1663, King Charles II. gave Lord Clarendon and 
 others a grant of all the land between Virginia and Florida. 
 This territory received the name of Carolina. 
 
 NOTE. In honor of the English King Charles (Latin, Carolus). 
 
 235. The proprietors made a liberal government for the 
 little plantation on Albemarle Sound. It was called Aibe- 
 marle Colony. 
 
 236. In 1665 a company from Barbadoes \bar-ba doze\ 
 made a settlement near the mouth of Cape Fear River. This 
 took the name of Clarendon Colony. Both these settle- 
 ments were within the present limits of North Carolina ; but 
 that name was not yet given to the Province. 
 
 237. In 1670, a number of English emigrants sent out by 
 the proprietors, under William Sayle, made a settlement 
 on the south side of Ashley River. This was Old Charles- 
 ton. The settlement received the name of the Carteret 
 Colony. It Avas the first settlement within the present 
 limits of South Carolina. 
 
 238. Important Facts. The English noblemen who 
 were the proprietors of Carolina engaged a famous philoso- 
 pher named Locke to draw up a plan of government for the 
 Province. He called it the "Grand Model." But the 
 " Grand Model " was not at all suited to plain people living 
 
 QCESTIOXS. 233. What was the reason of their emigration? How did they find 
 the country ? 
 '234. What royal grant of the territory is spoken of? What name did it take ? 
 
 235. What of the government ? What was the Colony named ? 
 
 236. Give an account of the settlement of Clarendon Colony. In what limits were 
 both these colonies ? 
 
 23T. Give an account of the settlement made in 1670. What was the place named? 
 What was the Colony called ? In what limits was the Colony ? 
 238. Tell about the " Grand Model." How did it work ?
 
 76 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 in the woods of Carolina. It was tried for some years, and 
 then had to be given up. 
 
 239. The people of the northern settlements suffered so 
 severely from different impositions, that in 1677, under the 
 lead of John Culpepper, they made a revolt. They took 
 possession of the government, chose their own officers, and 
 for some years things went on very smoothly. 
 
 240. In 1683 the proprietors sent out Seth Sothel as 
 governor. He was an unprincipled man, and plundered and 
 oppressed the people for six years. At last, the people again 
 took the law into their own hands and banished him. 
 
 241. After this there was a great improvement. The pro- 
 prietors allowed the colonists to choose their own representa- 
 tives to a colonial Assembly. A number of wise and good 
 governors also were sent out. 
 
 242. North Carolina received an excellent class of set- 
 tlers. In 1707 a large company of French Protestants 
 settled on the river Trent. In 1710 there was an immigra- 
 tion of persecuted German Lutherans. 
 
 243. In 1711 the Colony was afflicted with an Indian 
 massacre. The Tuscaro'ras went on the war-path, and 
 murdered one hundred and thirty settlers. .Troops from 
 South Carolina were sent to their relief. They defeated the 
 Indians, capturing eight hundred of them, and driving the 
 rest northward into New York. 
 
 244. In 1729, the King of England bought from the pro- 
 prietors the whole Province of Carolina. He divided the 
 northern settlement from the southern, and called them re- 
 spectively North Carolina and South Carolina. Each 
 remained a royal Province, with a government and legisla- 
 ture of its own, to the end of colonial times. 
 
 245. Progress. The real prosperity of North Caro- 
 
 QUESTIOXS. 239. What revolt was made ? 
 
 240. Tell about the government under Seth Sothel. 
 
 241. What is said of matters after this time? 
 
 242. What of the settlers of North Carolina ? 
 
 243. Give the date of the Indian massacre. Tell about it. 
 
 244. What was done by the King in 1729 ? What did he name the Colonies ? TTnder 
 what government were they after this ? 
 
 245. Tell about the prosperity of North Carolina. Its settlers.
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 77 
 
 lina began about the commencement of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. Then large numbers of Scotch, French, Germans, and 
 North-of-Ireland people settled there. 
 
 246. It was about this time that the interior of the coun- 
 try began to be explored, and was found to be much more fer- 
 tile than the coast. 
 
 247. The mode of life in early times was very favorable to 
 the growth of a manly, independent spirit. It was not as fa- 
 vorable to education. It was a long time before there were 
 many schools or churches. The first printing-press was set 
 up in 1754. 
 
 248. About the middle of the eighteenth centuiy, a great 
 stream of immigration flowed into North Carolina from 
 Pennsylvania and other Northern Colonies. In 1776 it had a 
 population of 75,000. 
 
 IX. SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Seal of South Carolina. 
 
 249. Important Facts. It has been seen that the first 
 settlement in South Carolina was made at Old Charleston. 
 
 QUKSTIOSS. 246. What part of the Colony was now explored' 
 
 247 . To what was Carolina life favorable ? To what not so favorable ? 
 
 248. Repeat what is ?aid of immigration. Give the population in 1776. 
 
 249. Give the date and place where the first South Carolina settlement was made. 
 How long were North Carolina and South Carolina one Province ?
 
 78 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 The date of this is 1670. It must be remembered also that 
 South Carolina and North Carolina were one Province till 
 1721. There are some facts in the history of South Carolina 
 previous to 1721 which are to be learned. 
 
 250. The settlement in South Carolina soon attracted a 
 large number of very desirable inhabitants. There were Hol- 
 landers from New York ; there was a large company of Hugue- 
 iiots, or French Protestants; there were many people from 
 England and Scotland, both Puritans and cavaliers. 
 
 251. One of the early governors, Sir John Yeamans, 
 brought from Barbadoes a number of African slaves. As 
 South Carolina was from the first a planting Colony, slave 
 labor had a rapid growth. 
 
 252. The government of the Colony was in the hands 
 of a governor chosen by the proprietors. The people elected 
 their own legislature. 
 
 253. In 1650 the capital was removed from Old Charleston 
 to the peninsula between Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Here 
 Charleston was built. 
 
 NOTE. Charleston was named in honor of Charles II. 
 
 254. In 1686 Governor Colleton oppressed the people, 
 and they refused to submit. This led to a rebellion. The 
 governor was deposed and exiled. 
 
 255. In 1694 the culture of rice was begun. The cap- 
 tain of a ship from Madagascar gave the governor of South 
 Carolina a bag of seed ricfi. HR said he had seen rice grow- 
 ing in the eastern countries, where it was thought excellent 
 food. The governor divided the present among his friends. 
 They planted the rice ; it increased wonderfully, and so be- 
 came a main staple of South Carolina. 
 
 256. The fact that the southern border of South Caro- 
 lina touched the Spanish possessions of Florida caused sev- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 25O. What did the settlement attract? Name some of the settlers. 
 
 251. Who introduced slaves ? What is said of slave labor ? 
 
 252. What is said of the government ? 
 
 253. What is said of the founding of Charleston ? 
 
 254. What caused a rebellion ? 
 
 255. Give an account of the introduction of rice. 
 
 256. What is said of relations with the Spaniards ?
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 79 
 
 eral conflicts between the South-Carolinians and the Span 
 iards. 
 
 257. In 1702, war then existing between England and 
 Spain, Governor Moore of South Carolina led an expedition 
 against St. Augustine. It was badly planned, and it failed. 
 
 258. The people blamed Moore so much that, after his re- 
 turn, he marched against the Apalachian Indians, who were 
 allies of the Spaniards. In this expedition he was successful 
 in clearing out the Indians. 
 
 259. In 1706 a fleet of Spanish and French vessels at- 
 tempted to capture Charleston. The enemy was repulsed 
 with severe loss. 
 
 260. In 1715 a general Indian war broke out. It was 
 started by the Yamassees, who were joined by all the Indian 
 tribes from Cape Fear to the Alabama. The savages swooped 
 down on the frontier settlements, murdering the inhabitants. 
 Governor Craven, with twelve hundred men, met their main 
 body on the Sal-ke-hatch ee, and completely defeated them. 
 
 261. The people were put to great expense by these wars. 
 But the proprietors refused to pay any part of the loss, and 
 also taxed the colonists severely. The people, in 1719, threw 
 off all allegiance to the proprietors, and elected Colonel 
 Moore governor. 
 
 262. The matter was taken before the British government. 
 At last, in 1729, the King of England bought the claims of 
 the proprietors, and Carolina became a royal Province. It 
 was then that the separation between North and South Caro- 
 lina took place. 
 
 263. Progress. From 1 729 to the end of colonial times, 
 South Carolina was ruled by a governor appointed by the 
 king and an Assembly elected by the colonists. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 25T. Give an ax-count of the expedition against St. Augustine. 
 
 258. Give an account of an expedition against the Indians. 
 
 259. Give an account of the Spanish attack on Charleston. 
 
 260. Give an account of the war with the Yamassees. 
 
 261. What is said of the expense of these wars? When did they throw off alle- 
 giance ? 
 
 262. Who took up the matter ? What did the King do ? 
 
 263. What is said of the government of South Carolina?
 
 80 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 264. Prosperity now blessed the Colony. The principal 
 staples were indigo, rice, tar, and deer-skins. Charleston be- 
 came an important commercial city. 
 
 265. Slavery was a great feature in South Carolina. So 
 many negroes were brought there, that, in 1734, they out- 
 numbered the whites as five to one. 
 
 266. The rice-planters of South Carolina formed a wealthy 
 and cultivated class. They sent their sous to be educated in 
 England. Thus a large number of young men of fine educa- 
 tion and chivalric spirit grew up, and were ready to take an 
 important part in the struggle with the mother country. 
 
 267. The population of South Carolina in 1776 was 
 248,000. 
 
 X. GEORGIA. 
 
 Seal of Georgia. 
 
 268. Founding of Georgia. Georgia was the last 
 of the States settled before the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 264. Kepeat what is said of prosperity. Name some staples. What 
 of Charleston ? 
 205. What of slavery ? Proportion of slaves to whites ? 
 
 266. Repeat what is said of the ripe-planters. What kind of young men grew up ? 
 
 267. Give the population of South Carolina in 1776. 
 
 268. Which was the last founded of the Colonies ? By whom was Georgia founded ? 
 Who were the " Trustees " ? Why was the Colony called Georgia?
 
 GEORGIA. 81 
 
 It was founded by a company of benevolent gentlemen, who 
 proposed to establish a refuge for the poor and the persecuted. 
 These gentlemen, called "Trustees," obtained from King 
 George II. a grant of the territory between the Savannah and 
 Altanmha rivers. It received the name of GEOBGIA. 
 NOTE. So called in honor of George II. 
 
 269. James Oglethorpe, a 
 
 soldier and member of Parlia- 
 ment, was the noble character 
 who proposed this benevolent 
 plan. 
 
 In 1 732 he led a company of 
 one hundred and twenty emi- 
 grants to America. He ascend- 
 ed the Savannah River, and, in 
 February, 1 733, was commenced / 
 a settlement called Savannah. 
 A treaty of friendship was made 
 with the Indians. Thus was founded the Colony of Georgia. 
 
 270. Important Facts. The increase of the popula- 
 tion of Georgia was rapid. Large bands of thrifty and intel- 
 ligent Scotch, Swiss, and Germans came over. They were at- 
 tracted by the liberal grants of land made them by the 
 Trustees. 
 
 271. With one of the early parties came two young clergy- 
 men, John and Charles Wesley, famous afterwards as 
 the founders of the denomination of Methodists. 
 
 272. The trustees at first made some peculiar regula- 
 tions. The use of rum was prohibited, and slavery declared 
 unlawful. 
 
 273. The condition of the Colony was rather backward 
 for a number of years. One cause of this was the nearness 
 of Georgia to the Spaniards in Florida. 
 
 QUESTION. 269. Who proposed the benevolent plan? Give an account of the 
 emircnition. Where and when was a settlement made? What of the Indians ? 
 
 270. Tell what is said of the population of Georgia. 
 
 271. Name two famous clergymen who went there. 
 
 272. Repeat what is said of the peculiar regulations of the trustees. 
 
 273. What is said of the condition of the Colony? 
 
 4* F
 
 82 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 274. In 1740, Oglethorpe made an invasion of Florida. 
 He laid siege to St. Augustine, but could not take the fort, 
 and was compelled to return. 
 
 275. Two years later, 1742, there was a Spanish inva- 
 sion of Georgia. The Spaniards came from Havana with a 
 fleet of thirty-six vessels and three thousand men. Ogle- 
 thorpe's whole force was eight hundred. He managed his 
 military operations with much skill, avoided a general engage- 
 ment, was successful in some skirmishes, and finally, by strata- 
 gem, drove the invaders from the coast. 
 
 276. In 1743, Oglethorpe having returned to England, the 
 trustees established a government by a president and 
 council. 
 
 But the Colony languished. The prohibition of rum cut 
 off trade with the West Indies. Colonists preferred to settle 
 in South Carolina, where they could have blacks to cultivate 
 their plantations. 
 
 277. In 1752, the trustees of Georgia surrendered the char- 
 ter to the King. Georgia then became a royal Province. 
 
 278. Progress. - When Georgia became a royal Province 
 all the prohibitions imposed by the Trustees were removed. 
 From that time, Georgia advanced rapidly in population 
 and wealth. Her institutions became in all respects like 
 those of the other Southern Colonies. 
 
 TOPIPAL Scv"IEW. 
 I. Review of the Founding of the Colonies. 
 
 I. VIRGINIA. Jamestown Colony founded 1607. Settled 
 by English emigrants. 
 
 II. MASSACHUSETTS. Plymouth Colony founded 1620; 
 
 QUESTIONS. 274. What is said of the invasion of Florida? 
 275. Give an account of the Spanish invasion. 
 
 270- What is said of the government of the Colony? Did the Colony prosper? 
 Why not ? 
 
 277. When did Georgia become a royal Province? 
 
 278. Give a sketch of the subsequent progress of Georgia. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Founding of the Colonies. I. Give the date of t::o 
 founding of Virginia. Settled by whom ? 
 II. Give the date of the founding of Massachusetts. Settled by whom ?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 83 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1628-30. Settled by Eng- 
 lish. Puritans. 
 
 III. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Founded 1622. Settled by colo- 
 nists from England and Massachusetts. 
 
 IV. MARYLAND. Founded 1634. Settled by persecuted 
 Catholics from England. 
 
 V. CONNECTICUT. " Connecticut " Colony founded 1635 ; 
 Saybrook Colony, 1636 ; New Haven Colony, 1638. Settled 
 by emigrants from New England. 
 
 VI. KHODE ISLAND. Providence Plantation founded 1636; 
 Rhode Island Plantation, 1638. Settled by persecuted New- 
 Englanders. 
 
 Vil. NEW YORK. Founded 1623, by the Dutch under 
 rule of the Dutch West India Company. Came under the 
 English rule 1664. Settled by Dutch, New-Englanders, 
 and immigrants. 
 
 VIII. NEW JERSEY. Part of New Netherlands. Fell un- 
 der English rule the same time as New York. Settled 
 much like New York. 
 
 IX. PENNSYLVANIA. Founded 1S82. Settled by perse- 
 cuted English Quakers. 
 
 X. DELAWARE. Included at first in Penn's province. Set- 
 tled by Quakers, previously by some Swedes. 
 
 XL NORTH CAROLINA. Both North and South Carolina 
 at first included in one, called " Carolina." Albemarle 
 County Colony (in North Carolina) founded 1663. Made 
 a separate colony 1729. Settled by emigrants from Vir- 
 ginia, and afterwards by emigrants from Europe. 
 
 XII. SOUTH CAROLINA. At first same as above. Carteret 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. III. Give the date of the founding of New Hampshire. Settled 
 by whom T 
 
 IV. Give the date of the founding of Maryland. Settled by whom ? 
 
 V. Give the date of the founding of Connecticut. Settled by whom ? 
 VI. Give the date of the founding of Rhode Island. Settled by whom ? 
 
 VII. Give the date of the founding of New York. Settled by whom ? 
 VIII. Give the date of the founding of New Jersey. Settled by whom ? 
 
 IX. Give the date of the founding of Pennsylvania. Settled by whom ? 
 
 X. Give the date of the founding of Delaware. Settled by whom ? 
 XT. Give the date of the founding of North Carolina. Settled by whom ? 
 XII. Give the date of the founding of South Carolina. Settled by whom ?
 
 84 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 County Colony founded 1670. Settled by English emi- 
 grants and French Huguenots. 
 
 XIII. GEORGIA. Founded 1733, by English colonist? 
 under Oglethorpe ; afterwards peopled by Scotch, Swiss, etc 
 
 II. Review of Colonial Governments and Charters. 
 
 Nature of the Colonial Governments. The Thir 
 teen Colonies, each and all, from the time of their founding 
 down to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, were undei 
 the dominion of the crown of England. But there were severa? 
 different kinds of government in the Colonies, and various Colo 
 nies, from time to time, changed their government. 
 
 The kinds of government were : 
 
 1. The government of a commercial corporation, aa 
 the London Company, which ruled over Virginia in eai-lj 
 times. 
 
 2. Proprietary government, the rule being under some- 
 proprietor or proprietary to whom the king granted the Prov- 
 ince. Pennsylvania under William Penn, and Maryland un- 
 der Lord Baltimore, are examples of proprietary government. 
 
 3. Royal government, or the government of the King 
 of England through some royal governor appointed by the 
 crown. Almost all the Colonies were, sooner or later, under 
 royal government. 
 
 4. Charter government was the government of the Colo- 
 nies by a chai-ter or written instrument, given by the king, 
 and granting certain political rights and privileges. 
 
 5. There were some colonies founded by the people them- 
 selves, without the authority of king or company or proprie- 
 tor. Example, Plymouth Colony. This kind of government 
 may be called government by voluntary association. 
 
 I. VIRGINIA. Government of a commercial corpora- 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. XIII. Give the date of the founding of Georgia. Settled by 
 whom? 
 
 Colonial Governments and Charters. Under what dominion were the Col- 
 onies? What is said of the kinds of government ? Describe tho commercial corpora- 
 tion. Describe proprietary government. Describe royal government. Describe char- 
 ter government. Describe voluntary association. 
 
 I. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in Virginia.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 85 
 
 tion, the London Company. The London Company had a 
 charter from the King. In 1624, the London Company was 
 dissolved, and Virginia became a royal Province. During 
 nine years, from 1675 to 1684, Virginia was a proprietary 
 government. From 1684 to the Revolution, it was a royal 
 Province. Virginia was first allowed to elect a colonial 
 legislature in 1619. 
 
 II. MASSACHUSETTS. Plymouth Colony governed by vol- 
 untary association. Massachusetts Bay Colony governed 
 by a Puritan company that obtained a patent from the coun- 
 cil for New England (old " Plymouth Company ") and a 
 charter from the King. In 1686, James II. annulled the 
 charter, and made Massachusetts a royal Province. It 
 continued such to the end of the colonial period, though, in 
 1692, King William gave Massachusetts a new charter. 
 
 III. NEW HAMPSHIRE. At first a proprietary govern- 
 ment, under Gorges and Mason, ruled by agents of the pro- 
 prietors, or by magistrates chosen by the people. In 1641 
 the people placed themselves under Massachusetts. In 1680 
 New Hampshire became a royal Province. Subsequently 
 it was alternately under Massachusetts and separated. From 
 1741 onwards it was a royal Province. 
 
 IV. MARYLAND. A proprietary government under Lord 
 Baltimore and his heirs. In 1691, King William took away 
 from Lord Baltimore his proprietary rights, and Maryland be- 
 came a royal Province, and so remained for over twenty 
 years. In 1716 the proprietary government was restored 
 in the person of the fifth Lord Baltimore. This lasted till In- 
 dependence. Maryland enjoyed a charter. 
 
 V. CONNECTICUT. Saybrook Colony under proprietary 
 rule, and so remained till united with " Connecticut " Colony, 
 in 1644. "Connecticut" Colony and New Haven Colony 
 both had government by voluntary association. " Con- 
 necticut" Colony obtained a royal charter in 1662. This 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. II. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 III. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in New Hampshire. 
 IV. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in Maryland. 
 V. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in Connecticut.
 
 86 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 united New Haven Colony with " Connecticut." The charter 
 allowed the people to elect their own governor and legislature. 
 Under Andros, 1687, charter government destroyed, but re- 
 vived by King William. From this time on, Connecticut was 
 governed under its liberal charter. 
 
 VI. RHODE ISLAND. Governed at first by voluntary as- 
 sociation. In 1644, Roger Williams obtained a charter 
 from Parliament. In 1663, Charles II. granted Rhode Island 
 a new charter. This allowed the people to elect their own 
 governor and Assembly. Rhode Island lost her independence 
 under the Andros rule ; but, after that, was governed under 
 her charter. 
 
 VII. NEW YORK. At first proprietary government un- 
 der governors appointed by the Duke of York. New York 
 received no charter. It was allowed a legislature in 1683. 
 When the Duke of York became King of England (called 
 James II.), New York was, of course, a royal Province. 
 It remained such till Independence. 
 
 VIII. NEW JERSEY. At first proprietary government 
 under Berkeley and Carteret. Then divided into East and 
 West Jersey, and ruled by different proprietors, West Jersey 
 being under Quaker rule. Subsequently New Jersey had va- 
 rious political changes till 1 702, when the proprietors gave up 
 their claims, and New Jersey became a royal Province, 
 which it continued to be till Independence. 
 
 IX. PENNSYLVANIA. Proprietary government under 
 William Penn, who gave the people a charter. The charter 
 allowed the people to elect members of the Assembly, and 
 also to choose the governor's council. The governor was ap- 
 pointed by the proprietor. In 1692 the proprietary rights of 
 Penn were taken away for a brief period, and Pennsylvania 
 was under the governor of New York. The proprietary 
 government was then restored, and continued under Penn's 
 sons down to Independence. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. VI. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 VII. Give a synopsis of the changes of government in New York. 
 VIII. Give an account of the changes of government in New Jersey. 
 IX. Give an account of the changes of government in Pennsylvania.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 87 
 
 X. DELAWARE. Included at first in Penn's Province and 
 under the same proprietary government. Delaware was 
 allowed a separate legislature in 1703; but was under the 
 same governor as Pennsylvania down to the close of the 
 colonial period. 
 
 XI. NORTH CAROLINA. North and South Carolina under 
 one proprietary government till 1729. In 1729 both be- 
 came royal Provinces, and so continued till Independence. 
 The King appointed the governors for each, but allowed the 
 people to elect their own Assemblies. 
 
 XII. SOUTH CAROLINA. Proprietary government, as 
 mentioned above, till 1729; after that, a royal Prov- 
 ince. 
 
 XIII. GEORGIA. At first under the government of trus- 
 tees of a company that obtained a grant of the soil of Georgia 
 for twenty-one years. The government may, therefore, be 
 considered proprietary. In 1752, Georgia became a royal 
 Province, and continued such till Independence. 
 
 III. Review of Colonial Progress. 
 
 I. The population of the Colonies was made up of a great 
 variety of elements. England furnished the largest number 
 of colonists ; but Holland, Sweden, France, Scotland, Ireland, 
 Germany, and other countries, were well represented in the 
 domain which was to form the United States. This mixture 
 of the best races has made the people of the United States 
 the most versatile, energetic, and progressive in the world. 
 
 II. The love of liberty was strong in all the Colonies. 
 Indeed, it was the desire of civil and religious freedom that 
 was the strongest motive in bringing the colonists to this 
 country. " Whoever will study the character of the earliest 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. X. Give an account of the changes of government in Delaware. 
 
 XI. Give an account of the changes of government in North Carolina. 
 XII. Give an account of the changes of government in South Carolina. 
 XIII. Give an account of the changes of government in Georgia. 
 Colonial Progress. I. Repeat the substance of what is said of the population 
 of tin- Colonies. 
 
 II. What is said of the love of liberty ? Give the substance of what was said by 
 Mr Seward.
 
 88 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 immigrants to this country," said William H. Seward, " will 
 find the same indomitable love of liberty among the Episco- 
 palian adventurers on the Roanoke, the Puritans who, in the 
 fear of God, established their congregation upon the rock of 
 Plymouth, the Quakers on the Schuylkill, the Catholics on 
 the Susquehanna, the Netherlauders on the Hudson, the Ger- 
 mans on the Lehigh, and the Swedes and Finns at Cape Hen- 
 lopen. He will be ready to say that God in his providence 
 seems to have collected from the nations of Europe men of 
 sturdy limbs, free minds, and bold hearts, to lay broad and 
 deep the foundations of a State which, for the benefit of the 
 human race, was to prove, under the most propitious circum- 
 stances, the experiment of a popular representative govern- 
 ment." 
 
 III. Slavery was introduced in Virginia in 1620. It soon 
 found its way into all the Colonies. North and South were 
 equally responsible for slavery ; because, while slave labor was 
 more profitable on the Southern plantation than at the North, 
 slave importation was profitable to the Northern and New 
 England shipmasters, and they went largely into the traffic in 
 negroes. But the chief promoters of the slave-trade were 
 British merchants and shippers. 
 
 IV. Almost all the Colonies were more or less troubled 
 with Indian wars. Virginia had the two massacres of 1622 
 and 1644. Connecticut had its Pequot war in 1637. Massa- 
 chusetts had the war of King Philip in 1675. The Dutch of 
 New York suffered severely from the Indians from 1640 to 
 1643. The Carolinas and Georgia also had their wars. New 
 Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were little 
 or not at all troubled by Indian wars. The colonists invaria- 
 bly got the better of the Indians in the end, and gradually 
 the Indians receded farther and farther from the neighbor- 
 hood of the whites. 
 
 V. Religion in the Colonies presented itself in every va- 
 riety of denomination. Maryland, which Avas founded as a 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. III. Give the substance of what is said about slavery. 
 IV. Repeat what is said of Indian ware. . 
 V. State what is said of religion.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 89 
 
 Catholic Colony, finally had a majority of Protestants. The 
 other Colonies were almost entirely Protestant. The Church 
 of England was established in Virginia, Maryland, and the 
 Carolinas. In New England, the colonists were CalvinistS 
 in doctrine and Congregational in discipline. The leading 
 denomination in New York was the Dutch Reformed. 
 The first Baptist church in America was established by 
 Roger Williams, at Providence. Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 West Jersey, Rhode Island, and, in some measure, North 
 Carolina, were Quaker Colonies. The different sects were 
 often at variance with each other. The New England Puri- 
 tans imprisoned Baptists and executed Quakers. The Vir- 
 ginia Churchmen imprisoned Quakers and Baptists and ban- 
 ished Puritans. As time passed, all denominations became 
 much more liberal and tolerant, and before the close of the 
 colonial period religious persecution was entirely given up. 
 
 VI. All the Colonies had more or less experience of British 
 oppression. Two kinds of oppression were particularly ex- 
 perienced, the commercial oppression of the " Navigation 
 Acts " and the oppression of royal governors. (For the Navi- 
 gation Acts, see Virginia, IF 35 ; Massachusetts, If 80.) The 
 royal governors were, in many cases, unprincipled men, who 
 sought to get rich by swindling the colonists. These oppres- 
 sions had one good effect, they made the colonists jealous of 
 their rights and liberties, and helped develop the people up to 
 the sentiment of independence. 
 
 VII. The leading business of the colonists was agricul- 
 ture. The restrictions imposed by the British government 
 bore heavily on colonial trade and manufactures ; but, in 
 spite of these, they flourished to a good degree. It has been 
 noticed, that, in most of the Colonies, education received 
 proper attention. The first printing-press in America was 
 set up at Cambridge in 1639. The first newspaper printed 
 in America was the Boston News Letter, issued in 1704. 
 Among great thinkers may be mentioned Jonathan Ed- 
 
 RF.VIEW QUESTIONS. VI. State what is said of British oppression. 
 VII. State what is said of agriculture : of trade and manufactures ; of education ; 
 of the first printing-press ; of the first newspaper ; of great men ; of population.
 
 90 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 wards as a metaphysician and Benjamin Franklin as a 
 scientific discoverer. The population of the Colonies at the 
 close of the colonial period was nearly 3,000,000. 
 
 XL THE FRENCH WARS. 
 
 1. French Explorations. About the time when the 
 first English colonies were founded on the Atlantic coast 
 (1607 1620), France began to establish colonies to the north, 
 in Acadia and Canada. (See pp. 14, 15.) 
 
 2. While the various English colonies were growing, the 
 French, on the St. Lawrence, were growing too. They grad- 
 ually pushed westward. They established missions, trading- 
 posts, and forts along the chain of Great Lakes. They pene- 
 trated the Mississippi Valley. They finally claimed that 
 valley from the source of the Mississippi to its mouth in the 
 Gulf of Mexico. They said it was a part of NEW FRANCE. 
 
 3. The presence of two rival nations on American soil made 
 it certain that some time the two would come into collision. 
 It was sure there would be a contest for the mastery of the 
 continent. 
 
 4. Such a contest did come. It was fought through four 
 wars. These are: 1. The war of 1689, called "King Wil- 
 liam's War" ; 2. The war of 1702, called "Queen Anne's War"; 
 3. The war of 1 745, called " King George's W T ar " ; 4. The war 
 of 1754, called the " French and Indian War." The last was 
 the most important. But they were all French and Indian 
 wars. 
 
 5. We must first look at French explorations. Between 
 1609 and 1616, Champlain made western explorations, in 
 which he discovered Lake Champlain and Lake Huron, and 
 entered Northern New York with a party of Canadian Indians 
 to fight the Iroquois. Other explorers followed Champlain. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. When did France begin to make American settlements ? 
 
 t. Give an account of the jrrowth of the French in America. 
 
 :{. What is said of the effect of the presence of the two rival nations? 
 
 4. How many wars were there in America between the French and English ? Name 
 them, and nivo Hie dates. 
 
 5. What must we first look at ? Give an account of Champlain's explorations.
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 
 
 91 
 
 6. The principal French explorers were Jesuit mission- 
 aries. There was a wonderful romance in their wanderings 
 and labors to convert the savages and explore the country. 
 In the year 1634 we find these zealous men as far westward 
 as Lake Huron, where they had established missions. 
 
 7. In 1668 the mission of St. Mary's was established on 
 the southern shore of the outlet of Lake Superior. 
 
 8. In 1673 a Jesuit missionary named Marquette [mar- 
 ket'}, with a trader named Joliet [zhol-e-d//] and five other 
 Frenchmen, started out to reach a "great river" in the far 
 West, of which much had been heard. This was the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 The explorers reached the Mississippi, and sailed down it 
 to the mouth of the Arkansas. This may be called the second 
 discovery of the Mississippi. 
 
 9. In 1679 a bold adventurer, named La Salle [sal\ built 
 
 the principal French explorers? What is said about 
 
 QUESTIONS. 6. Whc 
 them? 
 
 7. Where and when was the mission St. Mary's established? 
 
 8. Give an account of Marquette's exploration. How far down the Mississippi did 
 he go? 
 
 9. Give an account of La Salle's explorations.
 
 92 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 a bark on Lake Erie, and sailed through the Great Lakes as 
 far as Green Bay. From there, La Salle, with a few com- 
 panions, iu a birch canoe, went np Lake Michigan to the 
 mouth of the St. Joseph. They crossed to a branch of the 
 Illinois River, which they went down, and then made their 
 way back to Lake Ontario. 
 
 10. In their absence, Father Hennepin and another 
 priest had gone down the Illinois Kiver to the Mississippi. 
 From here they went up the Mississippi as far as the Falls of 
 St. Anthony. 
 
 11. In 1682, La Salle, in a barge, descended the Mississippi 
 from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 La Sail took possession of the country for the King of France. 
 He named it LOUISIANA. 
 
 NOTE. In honor of Louis XIV. 
 
 12. A year or two afterwards, La Salle brought a company 
 of people from France to make a colony at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi. The ship could not find the mouth of the river, 
 so the party landed in Texas. This colony was a complete 
 failure. La Salle was murdered. 
 
 13. It was just at this time, 1689, that the first war be- 
 tween the English and French broke out. The population of 
 all New France at this period was about 12,000, one twen- 
 tieth of the population of the English Colonies. 
 
 14. King William's War. In 1689 war broke out in 
 Europe between England and France. The contest extended 
 to the American Colonies. 
 
 15. The war was begun by the Eastern Indians, who were 
 allies of the French. They fell upon the settlements in New 
 Hampshire and Maine. They took Dover, N. H., destroyed 
 
 QUESTIONS. 10. What was done by Father Hennepin ? 
 
 11. Give an account of La Salle's voyage on the Mississippi. For whom did he take 
 possession of the country ? What was it named, and why ? 
 
 12. Give an account of La Salle's colony. 
 
 13. What war broke out now? What was the population of New France at this 
 period? 
 
 14. When did King William's War break out in Europe ? Tt extended where ? 
 
 15. Give an account of the beginning of the war in this country. Name places cap- 
 tured and destroyed by the Indians.
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 93 
 
 it, and carried many of the inhabitants prisoners to Canada. 
 Fort Femaquid, Maine, was also captured. Most of the 
 inhabitants of Salmon Falls and Casco Bay, Maine, were 
 massacred. 
 
 16. The settlements in Northern New York were next at- 
 tacked by a war party of French and Indians from Montreal. 
 Schenectady was burned. Many of the inhabitants were 
 slain or made captives. 
 
 17. These atrocities made the colonists resolve to attack 
 the enemy in return. A plan of campaign was made. It was 
 resolved to send a fleet and army from Boston to attack 
 Quebec. At the same time, nine hundred men, to be raised in 
 Connecticut and New York, were to march against Montreal. 
 
 18. While preparing for this invasion, Massachusetts, in 
 May, 1690, sent a fleet, under Sir William Phipps, to Acadia. 
 The result was the easy capture of Port Royal. 
 
 19. Immediately after this, the plan of invading Can- 
 ada was begun. The troops marched overland by way of 
 the Hudson and Lake Champlain. But they got no farther 
 than Lake Champlain. The officers quarrelled, the provisions 
 gave out, and the expedition returned, a failure. 
 
 20. The naval part of the expedition was equally unsuc- 
 cessful. The fleet found Quebec too strong to be attacked. 
 These were the principal facts in King William's War, though 
 for four or five years more the New England settlements suf- 
 fered much from the Indians. In 1697, Haverhill, Massa- 
 chusetts, was attacked, and forty persons were killed or made 
 captive. 
 
 21. In 1697, the treaty of Ryswick [riz'wik] put an 
 end to King William's War. It was agreed that each side 
 was to have the same territory as before the war. 
 
 QDFSTIONS. 1 6. What settlements were next attacked ? What place was burned ? 
 What of the inhabitants ? 
 
 IT. What effect had these atrocities on the colonists? Describe the plan of ca 
 pai}jn. 
 
 IS. What expedition was meanwhile fitted out ? State the result. 
 
 1 9. What was next done ? Narrate the facts. 
 
 20. What as to the naval part of the expedition? What of the Indiana ? Name a 
 fil-M ! iii Massachusetts attacked. 
 
 21. What treaty put an end to King William's War ? State the agreement.
 
 94 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 22. Queen Anne's War. The peace of Ryswick was 
 broken in five years by a war between England on one side, and 
 France and Spain on the other. It soon involved the Colonies. 
 
 23. In this war, New England was the principal sufferer. 
 New York was spared, because the French, having made a 
 truce with the Iroquois, or Five Nations, resolved not to in- 
 vade their territory. 
 
 24. This contest took the same form as the previous one. 
 The French from Canada and their Indian allies in Maine 
 laid waste the frontier settlements of New England. 
 
 25. In 1704, Deerfield, in Massachusetts, was burned, 
 and its inhabitants were killed or taken prisoners to Canada. 
 So active were the Indians, that large rewards were offered 
 for the scalps of red men. 
 
 26. The colonists now determined again to invade Acadia. 
 In 1707, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire 
 fitted out an expedition against Port Royal. The expedi- 
 tion was not successful. It was renewed in 1710, and Port 
 Royal was taken. 
 
 27. The result of this conquest was that Acadia, under the 
 name of Nova Scotia, became a British province. 
 
 28. In 1711 the plan of invading Canada, which had 
 failed in the previous war, was renewed. An English fleet, 
 with a New England force, sailed for Quebec. The fleet 
 was wrecked at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 29. At the same time, a column started overland to march 
 against Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. Soon after 
 starting, this force heard of the failure of the fleet. The 
 expedition was then abandoned. The whole plan was a 
 failure. 
 
 QUESTIONS 22. How and when was the peace of Ryswick broken ? 
 
 23. Which section was the principal sufferer, and why ? 
 
 24. What form did this contest take ? 
 
 25. Give an account of the Indian attacks. 
 
 26. What did the colonists now determine on? What expedition was fitted out? 
 Give the result. What of Port Royal afterwards ? 
 
 27. Give the result of this conquest. 
 
 28. What plan of invasion was renewed in 1711 ? To what place did the fleet sail ? 
 What of the fleet ? 
 
 29. What is said of the overland column ? What of the whole plan ?
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 95 
 
 30. Queen Anne's War was ended by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht \you'trekt\ l in 1713. The only gain to England was 
 the winning of Acadia (Nova Scotia). 
 
 31. French Possessions in the West. It has been 
 seen, that, at the beginning of the first French War (King 
 William's War), the French had extended their missions and 
 trading-posts along the Great Lakes, that Marquette and La 
 Salle had explored the Mississippi and called the region Lou- 
 isiana, and that a French colony had been attempted on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, but failed. 
 
 32. French progress in settlement was stopped by King 
 William's War. But after it the effort to colonize Louisiana 
 was renewed. 
 
 33. In 1699 a Canadian named Iberville [eber-veeV] car- 
 ried a colony from France to Biloxi, the first European set- 
 tlement within the present State of Mississippi. In 1700 he 
 brought out another colony of Canadians. 
 
 In 1702 he moved most of the Biloxi settlers to Mobile, 
 the first settlement within the present State of Alabama. 
 Mobile was made the capital of all Louisiana. 
 
 34. In 1712, Crozat [croz-a/i] established a colony at Fort 
 Rosalie, which was the beginning of Natchez. 
 
 35. In 1716 Louisiana was put under the control of what 
 was called the "Mississippi Company." Bienville was 
 appointed governor. Under the patronage of this company 
 several thousand French settlers moved to Louisiana. 
 
 36. In 1718, Bienville founded the city of New Orleans, 
 which was made the capital of Louisiana. 
 
 37. French progress in the Mississippi Valley was slow. In 
 1 750 the population was only 7,500. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 30. What treaty ended Queen Anne's war ? What had been gained ? 
 
 31. What have we seen as to the French, at the beginning of the first French war ? 
 
 32. What stopped French settlements ? When renewed ? 
 
 33. Give an account of the colony planted by Iberville? WTiat did he do in 1700? 
 in 1702 ? What is said of Mobile ? 
 
 34. Give an account of the colony established by Crozat. 
 
 35. Give an account of Louisiana under the Mississippi Company. 
 
 36. When and by whom was New Orleans founded ? 
 
 37. Repeat what is said of French progress in the Mississippi Valley. Give popula- 
 tion in 1750. Name places founded by them in the Northwest.
 
 96 
 
 HISTORY OF TEE COLONIES. 
 
 In the mean time, the French were firmly establishing their 
 power in the Northwest. They built Fort Niagara in 1728, 
 Crown Point in 1731, a post at Vincennes in 1732. 
 
 38. By the middle of the eighteenth century (1750) the 
 French had control of all the water-routes leading from the 
 Great Lakes to the Valley of the Mississippi. They had more 
 than sixty military stations from Lake Ontario by way 
 of Green Bay and the Illinois River, the Wabash and Maumee 
 rivers, down the Mississippi to Xew Orleans. 
 
 39. King Greorge's War. French progress was inter- 
 rupted in 1744 by a third w r ar, called "King George's W~ar." 
 
 40. There was only one important event in this war, the 
 capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island. Louisburg 
 was a very strong fort, and it was very important to the 
 French, because it guarded the entrance to the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 41. A force of thirty-two hundred men, under William 
 Pepperell, sailed from Boston in April, 1745. At Canso they 
 were met by Admiral Warren, with a British fleet to assist. 
 The landing was made at Gabarus Bay, and the siege imme- 
 diately begun. Every- 
 
 lOTJISBUUG ^, . . 
 
 thing was ready for a 
 grand land and naval 
 attack, when the French 
 garrison surrendered, 
 June 17, 1745. 
 
 42. King George's 
 War was closed in 1748 
 by the Treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle [aks-lah- 
 sha-pel']. It was agreed 
 
 that both sides should restore the places taken. Accordingly, 
 
 Louisburg was given up to the French. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 38. What is said of the French in the middle of the eighteenth century ? 
 3. Give the name and date of the third war. 
 
 40. What was the only important event? Describe Louisburg. 
 
 41. Give an account of the expedition, the landing, and the surrender. 
 
 42. When and by what treaty was King George's War closed ? What agreement 
 was made ?
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 97 
 
 43. French and Indian War. Three wars had now 
 been waged between the French and English. These wars 
 grew out of disputes in Europe. But in 1 754 was begun a 
 war, much greater than the others, that grew out of an Ameri- 
 can question. The question was whether the French or the 
 English should be supreme on the American continent. 
 
 44. The progress of the French in the Northwest and the 
 Mississippi Valley has been seen. They had a grand design ; 
 it was, to found a great empire in the magnificent territory 
 watered by the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Mis- 
 sissippi River. 
 
 45. The French claimed this vast territory by right of dis- 
 covery and settlement. The English claimed it also, by right 
 of Cabot's discovery of North America. But the French had 
 formed settlements in the Northwest and down the Missis- 
 sippi, and this made their claim superior. 
 
 46. It has been seen that the French had built a line of 
 about sixty fortified posts. Their wish was to confine the 
 English to the belt of land along the Atlantic coast, while 
 they were to hold all west of the Alleghanies, and control the' 
 rich Indian traffic. 
 
 47. Up to 1752 the English had attempted no settlements 
 west of the Alleghanies. In 1749 a company of English mer- 
 chants and Virginia land speculators, named the Ohio Com- 
 pany, obtained from the King of England a grant of a large 
 tract of land on the east bank of the Ohio River, with the 
 privilege of Indian trade. 
 
 48. In 1752 the company made a trading-post at Red- 
 stone (now Brownsville), on the Monongahela. The French 
 immediately sent troops to build forts in the disputed terri- 
 tory. They also made prisoners of the traders. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 43. How many wars had been waged between the French and Eng- 
 lish ? Out of what did they grow ? What happened ;n 1754 ? What was the question ? 
 
 44. What was then the grand design of the French ? 
 
 45. Repeat what is said of the relative claims of the French and English to this 
 territory. 
 
 46. What is said of the French forts ? What did the French wish ? 
 
 47. Up to what date had f.ie English attempted no settlements west of the Alle- 
 ghanies ? Give an account of the O'aio Company. 
 
 48. What trading-post did the company make ? What action was taken by the French ? 
 
 5
 
 98 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 49. When the English government heard of this outrage, 
 orders were sent to Governor Diuwiddie of Virginia to send a 
 "person of distinction" to demand an explanation of the 
 French. The ambassador selected was Major George 
 "Washington, a young Virginian, twenty-one years old, ttie 
 same who afterwards led his country to independence. 
 
 NOTE. Washington was born on the banks of the Potomac, in West- 
 moreland County, Virginia, February 22, 1732. As a lad, he was dis- 
 tinguished for his truthfulness, manly spirit, and energy. He had made 
 himself a good surveyor at sixteen. At nineteen he was made adjutant 
 of one of the Virginia militia districts, with the rank of major. Even 
 then he was looked on as a young man of uncommon promise. 
 
 50. Washington's First Campaign. Washington, 
 with two or three attendants, set out irom Williamsburg, Vir- 
 ginia. After a toilsome journey of over a month, he reached 
 the French outposts on the Alleghany River. He found the 
 French commandant at Venango. 
 
 51. The French commandant sent back by Washington to 
 Governor Dinwiddie a letter refusing to withdraw the French 
 troops from the disputed territory. He said these were his 
 orders from the governor-general of Canada, Governor Du 
 Qnesne [<lu kane~\. 
 
 52. This reply was not satisfactory. Governor Dinwiddie 
 immediately sent a party to construct a fort at the junction 
 of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, where Pittsburg 
 now stands. 
 
 In the spring of 1754 a regiment of militia was sent into 
 the disputed territory. The regiment was under Colonel 
 Frye, and Washington was second in command. 
 
 53. While the troops were on the march, new r s came that 
 the French had driven off the fort-builders, and had them- 
 s^lves completed the work. They called it Fort Du 
 Qnesne. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 49. What orders were now sent to Governor Dinwiddie ? What did 
 t'ae governor do ? 
 
 50. Give an account of Washington's mission. 
 
 51. WTiat message was returned by the French commander 7 
 
 52. What of this reply ? What was the first party sent to do ? What took place in 
 the spring of 1754? 
 
 53. What news came ? WTiat did they name the fort?
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 99 
 
 54. Washington hastened forward with an advanced party. 
 He mot a body of French at a place called Great Mead- 
 ows. He made a sudden attack, and beat the French, 
 first blood shed in the war. 
 
 55. At Great Meadows, Washington built a work called 
 Fort Necessity. While waiting here, Colonel Frye died, 
 ami Washington became chief commander. 
 
 56. Fort Du Quesne was about fifty miles beyond Fort 
 Necessity. The French advanced from Fort Du Quesne and 
 attacked Fort Necessity. Washington held out all day, but 
 had to surrender, July 4, 1 754. He and his troops were per- 
 mitted to return to Virginia. 
 
 57. It was now felt that a great struggle would follow. 
 The French and English governments both prepared for war. 
 The Colonies did the same. 
 
 58. The British government recommended the colonists to 
 secure the Six Nations, or Iroquois, as allies. Accordingly, 
 a convention of delegates from the New England Colonies, 
 and from New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, met at 
 Albany, and made a treaty with the Indian chiefs. 
 
 59. Benjamin Franklin was a member of this convention. 
 He took the opportunity to present a plan of union of the 
 Colonies. 
 
 This plan was adopted by the convention, but it did not go 
 into effect, for the reason that it was rejected both by the 
 Colonial Assemblies and by the British government. 
 
 60. Campaign of 1755. The British government gave 
 proof that it meant to defend its American possessions by 
 sending out, in the spring of 1755, two regiments of Regulars, 
 under G-eneral Braddock as commander-in-chief. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 54. What of Washington? Give an account of the attack and the 
 ro --.ilt. 
 
 55. What fort did Washington build ? What happened there ? 
 
 56. Give an account of the attack of Fort Necessity. 
 
 57. What was now felt ? What was done ? 
 
 58. What did the British government recommend about the Indians ? What was 
 done? 
 
 59. What is said of Franklin ? What was done with his plan ? 
 
 60. How did the British government prove it meant to defend its possessions?
 
 100 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 61. Braddock had a meeting with the colonial governors at 
 Alexandria, Virginia, and settled the plan of campaign. . Three 
 military operations were planned, one under Braddock, 
 against Fort Du Quesne ; a second under General Shirley, 
 against Fort Niagara; the third, against the French fort at 
 Crown Point, on the shore of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Nearly all the Colonies raised militia, and voted money and 
 supplies, to carry on these campaigns. 
 
 62. While preparations were going on, it was determined 
 to attack the French in Nova Scotia. It will be remem- 
 bered that Acadia, or Nova Scotia, fell into the hands of the 
 English as the result of Queen Anne's War. (See 1 27.) 
 
 63. The province was ruled by a British governor. The 
 French community, composed of peaceful, innocent, and happy 
 people, wished to remain neutral during the war. But the 
 colonists feared they might side with the French troops. 
 
 64. The expedition sailed to the head of the Bay of Fundy, 
 and captured forts Beausejour [bo-say-zhour] and G-aspe- 
 reau [gas-pd-ro']. 
 
 The French settlers, to the number of seven thousand, 
 were then kidnapped on board the ships, and exiled to vari- 
 ous colonies. It was a terrible deed, but was thought 
 necessary. 
 
 65. Braddock's column of twenty-five hundred troops 
 moved from Alexandria against Fort Du Quesne. Wash- 
 ington accompanied Braddock as an aide-de-camp. 
 
 66. When within ten miles of Fort Du Quesne, July 9, 
 1755, Braddock, leading an advanced body of about half his 
 army, was attacked by the French and Indians concealed in 
 the woods. Braddock was not accustomed to American bush- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 61. What was settled at the Alexandrian meeting ? Give the three 
 operations that were planned. What is said of the Colonies ? 
 
 62. What place was it determined to attack? When did Acadia come under tha 
 ' English ? 
 
 63. By whom was the province ruled? Repeat what is said of the people. What 
 did the colonists fear ? 
 
 64. State what the expedition did. What was done with the French settlers ? 
 
 65. What of Braddock's column ? Where was Washington ? 
 
 66. Narrate the attack by the French. What of Braddock's ignorance ? What was 
 the result ? What of Washington ? of the expedition ?
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 
 
 101 
 
 FRENCH, 
 
 AND 
 
 INDIAN 
 
 WAR, 
 
 fighting, and did not know how to manage troops in a wooded 
 country. The whole column was thrown into confusion, and 
 fled in panic. Braddock was killed.
 
 102 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 Washington, with a little band of Virginians, covered the 
 retreat. The expedition was now given up, and the whole 
 force retired to Philadelphia. 
 
 67. Shirley's column, destined against 
 Fort Niagara, marched from Albany, 
 and, in August, reached Oswego. Here 
 a fort was built. But storms, sickness, and 
 the desertion of the Indians, caused Shirley 
 to abandon the enterprise. 
 
 68. Johnson's column of six thousand 
 troops, destined against Fort Crown 
 Point, was collected at the head of boat 
 navigation on the Hudson. Here Fort 
 Edward was built. Johnson, leaving a gar- 
 rison there, moved to the southern end 
 of Lake George. 
 
 69. Meantime a French column, under 
 General Dieskau [dyeas-ko'], moved for- 
 ward from Crown Point to attack Fort 
 Edward. Johnson sent Colonel Williams, 
 with a thousand men, to watch the French. 
 
 A fight followed, in which Williams's force was defeated, and 
 he killed. 
 
 70. Dieskau then followed the fugitives to Johnson's main 
 bodv, in the camp at Lake George. An action followed, called 
 the Battle of Lake George. The French were badly de- 
 feated, and Dieskau was taken prisoner. 
 
 71. Though Johnson had defeated the French force, he did 
 not feel able to attack Crown Point. On the battle-ground he 
 built and garrisoned Fort William Henry, and then dis- 
 banded his army. 
 
 72. Campaigns of 1756 and 1757. In the spring 
 
 QUESTIONS. 67. Narrate the movements of Shirley's column. 
 
 68. What of Johnson's column ? Where did it move to from Fort Edward ? 
 
 69. Give an account of the movement of a French column. Narrate the encoun- 
 ter between Williams and Dieskau. 
 
 70. State the pursuit, battle, and result. 
 
 71 . What did Johnson now do ? 
 
 72. Name the new British commander ; the French commander. 
 
 Lake Champlain and 
 Vicinity.
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 103 
 
 of 1756, Lord Loudon was sent out from England as 
 commauder-in-chief. The French government made the 
 Marquis of Moiitcalm fynont-kkam] the successor of 
 Dieskau. 
 
 73. In August, 1756, Montcalin opened the campaign by 
 capturing the fort at OswegO. He took fourteen hundred 
 prisoners and a large quantity of stores. He then returned to 
 Canada. 
 
 The result of this staggering blow was that all the English 
 plans of campaign had to be given up for a year. 
 
 74. In July, 1757, Montcalm again assumed the offensive. 
 He besieged Fort William Henry. This fort was defended 
 by two thousand troops, under Colonel Monroe. General 
 Webb was stationed at Fort Edward, fifteen miles off, with 
 four thousand troops. But he would send no assistance, and 
 Fort William Henry had to be surrendered, August 9, 1757. 
 A number of the prisoners were killed in cold blood by the 
 Indian allies of the French. 
 
 75. Campaign of 1758. In the summer of 1757, that 
 great man, William Pitt, was made a member of the British 
 Cabinet, and placed at the head of colonial affairs. Pitt re- 
 placed the feeble Lord Loudon by General Abercrombie, 
 and prepared to carry on the war with great vigor. 
 
 76. The spring of 1758 saw on American soil an army of 
 50,000 men, 22,000 British Regulars and 28,000 " provin- 
 cials," or colonists. 
 
 Three expeditions were planned, one against .Louisburg, 
 a second against the French on Lake Champlain (Forts Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point), and a third against Fort Du Qnesne. 
 
 77. First, the Louisburg expedition. In June, 1758, Ad- 
 miral Boscawen appeared before Louisburg with a large fleet 
 
 QUESTIONS. 73. When and by what did Dieskau open the campaign ? State the 
 effect on the English plans. 
 
 74. Give an account of the siege of Fort William Henry. State an incident con- 
 nected with the surrender. 
 
 75. Repeat what is said of William Pitt. Who took Lord London's place ? 
 
 76. Give the number of troops now in America. What expeditions were planned ? 
 
 77. In the Loui burg expedition, what of the fleet and force? Whii of Wolfe? 
 What was the result? Enumerate the captures.
 
 104 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 and twelve thousand troops brought from England. The 
 troops were under General Amherst. The brave young Gen- 
 eral Wolfe was his lieutenant. 
 
 After a vigorous resistance the garrison surrendered, July 
 27. The whole of Cape Breton Island, six thousand prisoners, 
 and a large amount of munitions of war, were the prize. It 
 was a very severe blow to the French. 
 
 78. Next, as to the Lake Champlain expedition. In 
 July, General Abercrombie led a column of fifteen thousand 
 troops against Fort Ticonderoga. It was held by Mont- 
 calm, with four thousand troops. In a preparatory skirmish, 
 the brave and beloved Lord Howe was killed. 
 
 79. Abercrombie made a fierce assault on the fort, lost 
 two thousand men, and made a disorderly retreat to Fort 
 William Henry. Abercrombie was now recalled, and the 
 chief command given to General Amherst. 
 
 The only success of this expedition was the capture of 
 Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) by Colonel Bradstreet. 
 
 80. The third operation of the campaign of 1758 was that 
 against Fort Du Quesne. In November, General Forbes, 
 with a column of nine thousand troops, marched against this 
 position. The French force there, being now very much re- 
 duced, abandoned the fort. The name of Fort Du Quesne 
 was changed to Fort Pitt, a name still preserved in 
 Fittsburg. 
 
 81. Conquest of Quebec. The principal object of the 
 campaign of 1759 was to capture Quebec. But two auxil- 
 iary operations were planned, one against Fort Niagara, 
 the other against forts Ticonderoga and Crown Foint. 
 
 82. The grand operation was under General Wolfe. 
 With a fleet carrying eight thousand troops he sailed up the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 78. Which was the second expedition ? Give an account of it. 
 
 79. Describe Abercrombie's assault. What became of Abercrombie? Name the 
 only success of this expedition. 
 
 80. Name the third operation of this campaign. State the events. What name did 
 the fort take ? 
 
 81. State the principal object of the campaign of 1759. What auxiliary operations 
 were there ? 
 
 2. Under whom was the grand operation ? To what place did he first sail ?
 
 THE FRENCH WARS. 
 
 105 
 
 St. Lawrence to Orleans Island, a few miles below Quebec. 
 Here he landed June 27, and began to make preparations for 
 attack. 
 
 83. This threat to the capital of New France caused Mont- 
 calm to weaken very much the garrisons at Ticonderoga, 
 Crown Point, etc. 
 
 The result was : 1. That General Amherst captured Ticon- 
 deroga in July, and Crown Point August 1 ; 2. That 
 General Johnson captured Fort Niagara in July. 
 
 Operations around Quebec. 
 
 84. Wolfe began with some preliminary operations that 
 were unsuccessful. Afterwards a bold design of scaling the 
 Heights of Abraham was carried out. Here, on the 
 1 3th of September, 1 758, was fought a battle that decided 
 the war. Wolfe was twice wounded, but continued to lead 
 the charge at the head of his grenadiers till he received a 
 third and mortal wound. Montcalm, also, was mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 85. After hours of stubborn fighting, the left wing and 
 
 QUESTIONS. S3. What did this threat cause Montcnlm to do? State the two results. 
 
 84. How did Wolfe begin? What bold design was next curried out? Describe the 
 battle up to the wounding of the generals. 
 
 85. Describe the remainder of the battle. Give the date of the surrender of Quebec 
 
 5*
 
 106 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 centre of the French gave way, and the English were trium- 
 phant on the Heights of Abraham. Five days after, Quebec 
 surrendered. 
 
 86. After the loss of Quebec, the French concentrated 
 their remaining forces at Montreal. In September, 1760, 
 that city was compelled to surrender to the English. Soon 
 after, all the military stations in Canada were given up. 
 
 87. Close of the French War. The contest for the 
 possession of America ended triumphantly for the English in 
 1 760. But the French and English continued the war else- 
 where till 1763. During these three years the Indians were 
 very hostile, especially in the Northwest. 
 
 88. In 1 763, the Indians, under an able chief named Pon- 
 tiac, fell upon the English posts in the Northwest. All those 
 west of Oswego, except Fort Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit, 
 were captured by them. Hundreds of persons were massa- 
 cred or driven from their homes. At length the colonists 
 rose and subdued the savages. 
 
 89. In 1763, the French and Indian War was ended by the 
 Treaty of Paris. 
 
 France gave up to England all her American possessions 
 east of the Mississippi, except the island and city of New 
 Orleans 
 
 NOTE. At the same time, France gave up to Spain all the country 
 west of the Mississippi. This she did because Spain had aided her 
 during the war against England. 
 
 90. By the same treaty, Spain ceded to England Florida, 
 in exchange for Havana, which the English had taken the 
 year before. 
 
 91. The American colonists had suffered very severely dur- 
 ing the long French wars. The barbarities of Indian warfare 
 
 QUESTIONS. 86. Where did the French now concentrate ? Narrate the subsequent 
 events. 
 
 87. When did the contest end in America? How long was it continued elsewhere ? 
 What occurred from 1760 to 1763? 
 
 88. Give an account of Pontiac's war. What was at last done ? 
 
 89. When and by what was the last French war ended ? State the terms of this 
 treaty. 
 
 90. What did Spain cede to England? 
 
 91. What reflection is made on the conclusion of the French wars?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 107 
 
 had been brought to their firesides. It was with hope and 
 joy the Americans now looked forward to a period of peace. 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 I. Outline Review of the first three French Wars. 
 
 I. There were four wars against the French : 1. King 
 William's War, beginning 1689 ; Queen Anne's War, beginning 
 1 702 ; King George's War, beginning 1 745 ; the French and 
 Indian War, beginning 1754. 
 
 II. The first event in King William's War was the capture 
 of Port Royal by the English, May, 1690. 
 
 The second event was an unsuccessful land and naval expe- 
 dition against Quebec in the summer of 1690. 
 
 The third event was the Indian depredations, which lasted 
 all through the war. 
 
 The Treaty of Ryswick, 1697, closed King William's War, 
 which had lasted five years. 
 
 III. The first event in Queen Anne's War was an expedition 
 against Port Royal in 1707. Unsuccessful. 
 
 The second event was a renewed expedition against Port 
 Royal in 1710. Successful. 
 
 The third event was a land and naval invasion of Canada 
 in the autumn of 1711. Both unsuccessful. 
 
 The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, closed Queen Anne's War, 
 which had lasted eleven years. 
 
 IV. The only important event in King George's War was 
 the capture of the French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape 
 Breton Island, in the summer of 1745. 
 
 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, closed King George's 
 War, which had lasted three years. 
 
 RETIF.W QUESTIONS. French "Wars. I. Name and give the dates of the four 
 wars against the French. 
 
 II. State the three important events of King William's War. When and by what 
 treaty was it closed ? 
 
 III. State the three important events of Queen Anne's War. When and by what 
 treaty was it closed ? 
 
 IV. Stato the one important event of King George's War. W r hen and by what treaty 
 was it closed?
 
 108 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 II. Tabular Review of the French and Indian War. 
 
 I. The principal actions of the French and Indian War, 
 which began 1754 and closed 1763, are presented in the 
 following tabular statement : 
 
 When 
 fought. 
 
 Where fought. 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 Army 
 successful. 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 1754 
 
 Great Meadows, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Jumonville, 
 
 English. 
 
 
 Fort Necessity, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Villiers, 
 
 French. 
 
 1755 
 
 In Noya Scotia, 
 
 1 Monckton, I 
 j Winslow, ) 
 
 
 English. 
 
 
 Near Fort Du Quesne, 
 
 Braddock, 
 
 
 French. 
 
 
 Near Lake George, 
 
 Williams, 
 
 Dieska. 
 
 French. 
 
 
 Fort Edward, 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 Dieskau, 
 
 English. 
 
 1756 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Mercer, 
 
 Montcalm, 
 
 French. 
 
 1757 
 
 Fort \Villiam Ilenry, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Montcalm, 
 
 French. 
 
 1758 
 
 Louisburg, 
 
 Aniherst, 
 
 
 English. 
 
 
 Ticonderoga, 
 
 Abercrombie, 
 
 Montcahn, 
 
 French. 
 
 
 Fort Frontenac, 
 
 Bradstreet, 
 
 
 English. 
 
 1759 
 
 Fort Niagara, 
 Quebec, 
 
 Prideaux, 
 Wolfe, 
 
 Montcalm, 
 
 English. 
 English. 
 
 II. The Treaty of Paris, 1 763, closed the French and In- 
 dian War. It established the supremacy of the English on 
 the American continent. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. French and Indian War. I. Name the principal action 
 of the French and Tndian War. 
 II. When and by what treaty was it closed ? What did this treaty establish ?
 
 PERIOD III. 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 FROM THE BREAKING OUT OF THE WAR, 1775, TO WASHINGTON'S 
 ADMINISTRATION, 1789. 
 
 L CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1. Real Cause of the Revolution. The attachment 
 of the American Colonies to the " mother country " was never 
 stronger than at the close of the French War. The colonists 
 were proud of being descended from British ancestors, and 
 gloried in sharing the rights of subjects of England. The 
 trials and triumphs of the French wars made colonists and 
 Englishmen feel more than ever like brothers. 
 
 2. It is true, the colonists had some grievances. The Eng- 
 lish " navigation laws " and " trade monopoly " bore heavily 
 on the industry, commerce, and manufactures of the Colonies. 
 These grievances made some dissatisfaction, but not a great deal. 
 
 3. In all other respects America might well be satisfied to 
 be under the government of England. 
 
 4. This being the case, the important question arises : How 
 was it that the Colonies began a revolt which resulted in 
 their independence ? 
 
 5. The usual answer is, that the attempt of England to 
 impose taxes upon the American Colonies without their con- 
 sent was the cause of the Revolutionary "War. 
 
 6. This is true in part only. The imposition of taxes was 
 the occasion of the revolt of the Colonies ; but its cause was 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the feeling of the American colonists towards Eng- 
 land? 
 
 2. What grievances had the colonists ? What did these cause? 
 :l. What is said of America in other respects ? 
 
 4. What important question arises ? 
 
 5. Stwte tlio usual answer. 
 
 6. How frr is this true ?
 
 HO THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 that the whole history of the American Colonies meant inde- 
 pendence. Providence so designed it. Let us see some of 
 the circumstances which prove this. 
 
 7. First, the very origin of the Colonies pointed to freedom 
 as their birthright. It was for the sake of liberty that the 
 early colonists had left their homes. They had fled to the 
 woods of America and faced savage men and wild beasts 
 rather than endure oppression. 
 
 8. Secondly, the habits of the early settlers, and many 
 circumstances in the history of their descendants, had led 
 them to study closely the principles of political liberty. 
 
 9. Thirdly, all the Colonies had suffered from bad royal 
 governors. The misconduct of these governors had taught 
 the colonists to be very jealous of arbitrary power. 
 
 10. Thus America was gradually growing fit for freedom. 
 The whole drift of things was such that the Colonies could 
 not long be subject to Britain. 
 
 11. American Views of Taxation. It was generally 
 claimed in America that the power of making laws belonged 
 to the colonial Assemblies. It was admitted that Parliament 
 might regulate commerce, as it had done in the " Navigation 
 Acts " ; but the colonists held that they alone had the right 
 to control their own internal affairs. 
 
 12. The colonists were early unwilling to be taxed. Vari- 
 ous colonial legislatures had denied England's right to tax 
 the Colonies. 
 
 13. The French and Indian War had added largely to the 
 already heavy debt of England, and the British government 
 determined that the American Colonies should bear a part of 
 this burden. It was all at once claimed, that, if hitherto 
 
 QUESTIONS. 7. State the first fact proving that the whole history of the Colonies 
 foretold independence. 
 
 8. State the second fact proving this. 
 
 9. State the third fact proving this. 
 
 10. For what was America gradually preparing? 
 
 11. What was claimed in America regarding the law-making power? What was 
 admitted in re<iard to commerce ? 
 
 12. How did the colonists feel about being taxed ? 
 
 13. What determined the British government to tax the Colonies? What was 
 claimed for Parliament '!
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. m 
 
 England had not taxed the Colonies, it was not because Par- 
 liament had not the right to do so ; and that as the war had 
 been made for the benefit of the Colonies, the Colonies should 
 help pay the debt. 
 
 14. The Americans denied that Parliament had a right to 
 impose taxes. They said their own losses and expenses in 
 the war had already been as heavy as they could bear. 
 
 15. The British government began by laying duties on 
 certain imported ai'ticles, and made severe regulations to see 
 that the colonists obeyed the " Navigation Acts." 
 
 16. These regulations led to an offensive system of prying 
 and spying, which irritated the colonists very much. 
 
 17. In 1764, Parliament made a law that it " had a right 
 to tax the Colonies." Parliament also recommended the 
 passage of a " Stamp Act," which had been proposed by the 
 prime minister, Grenville. 
 
 18. The Stamp Act. The law called the "Stamp Act" 
 provided that all deeds, notes, bills, and other legal documents 
 should be written on stamped paper. This the British rev- 
 enue offices were to furnish at certain fixed rates. 
 
 19. This law, which was a heavy tax on almost every trans- 
 action in business, was passed by Parliament in the spring of 
 1765. It was to take effect on the 1st of November of the 
 same year. 
 
 20. The Uprising of the People. The news of the 
 passage of the " Stamp Act" reached America in April, 1765. 
 It caused great indignation and alarm. 
 
 21. Virginia spoke out first. The legislature of that Col- 
 ony was in session at the time the news came, but the leaders 
 of that body hesitated to say anything on the matter, till 
 Patrick Henry, one of the younger members, came forward. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 14. What position was taken by the Americans? 
 
 15. By what measures did England begin ? 
 
 16. To what did these re.cul.'itions lead ? 
 
 17. What was done by Parliament in 1764 ? 
 
 18. Explain the Stamp Act. 
 
 ] 9. When was it passed ? When to take effeet ? 
 
 20. When did the news roich Airorira? Tt' effect' 
 
 21. Which Colony spoke first ? What is sail of the legislature of Virginia ?
 
 112 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 22. Patrick Henry proposed a series of resolutions whicn 
 claimed for the inhabitants of Virginia all the rights of born 
 British subjects. Henry made 
 a speech of wonderful power, and 
 the resolutions were adopted by 
 the legislature. 
 
 23. The action of Virginia 
 went out to the country and had 
 a great effect. 
 
 24. New York was very bold 
 and outspoken. The question of 
 the day was taken up by able 
 writers in the newspapers, and 
 discussed in a very telling way. 
 
 25. The Massachusetts legislature now proposed that there 
 should be a convention, or congress, to be composed of com- 
 mittees of the various colonial 
 
 Assemblies. It was to be held in 
 New York in October, a month 
 before the Stamp Act was to go 
 into effect. That sterling pa- 
 triot, Samuel Adams of Massa- 
 chusetts, proposed it. 
 
 26. The proposal was not very- 
 well received by some of the Col- 
 onies. At last it was adopted 
 by South Carolina. "Massa- 
 chusetts," said a South Carolina Samuel Adams, 
 patriot of the times, " sounded the trumpet, but to South 
 Carolina it is owing that it was attended to. Had it not 
 been for South Carolina, no congress would then have hap- 
 pened." 
 
 27. About this time societies, under the title of ,SW of 
 
 QUESTIONS. 22. What is said of Patrick Henry ? 
 
 23. What is said-of the action of Virginia ? 
 
 24. What is said of New York ? 
 
 25. Repeat what is said of the Massachusetts lejrishturr. 
 
 26. State what is said of this proposal, and of South Carolina. 
 
 27. What is said of the Sons of Liberty ?
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. H3 
 
 Liberty, were formed, to resist the unjust measures of the 
 British government. 
 
 28. The Sons of Liberty made it their special business to 
 frighten the stamp officers. In all the Colonies these officers 
 were compelled to resign. The stamps which came were 
 either unpacked or else were seized and burned. 
 
 29. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, in September, adopted 
 resolutions denouncing the Stamp Act as unconstitutional and 
 as going against their dearest rights. 
 
 30. Throughout all the Colonies public meetings were held 
 to protest against the Stamp Act. These events tended to 
 mould public opinion in the Colonies. The public opinion of 
 America expressed itself in the sentiment that " Taxation 
 without representation is tyranny." 
 
 31. The people proved they were in earnest. The mer- 
 chants of the principal cities agreed to import no more goods 
 from Great Britain till the Stamp Act was repealed. Fami- 
 lies denied themselves the use of all foreign luxuries, and the 
 trade with England was almost entirely stopped. The very 
 children in the streets learned the cry, " Liberty, property, and 
 no stamps ! " 
 
 32. First Colonial Congress. In the midst of this ex- 
 citement, the First Colonial Congress met in New York 
 City, October 7, 1765. Nine Colonies were represented by 
 twenty-eight delegates. 
 
 33. After three weeks' deliberation, the Congress agreed on 
 a declaration of rights and a statement of grievances. 
 The declaration claimed in strong terms the right of the Colo- 
 nies to be free from all taxes not laid by their own representa- 
 tives. A petition to the King and Parliament was also sent 
 to England. 
 
 QUESTIONS. '28. What was the particular business of the Sons of Liberty ? What 
 was the result ? 
 
 29. Ho.v did the Pennsylvania Assembly act? 
 
 30. Repeat what is said of public meetings. How did public opinion express 
 itself? 
 
 31. How did the people prove they were in earnest ? 
 3'2. Rfpeat what is said of the first colonial congress. 
 33. What declaration was adopted ? 
 
 H
 
 114 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 
 
 34. When the various colonial Assemblies came to meet, 
 in the winter of 1765, they gave these proceedings their 
 hearty approval. 
 
 35. The Blow Averted. When the 1st of Novem- 
 ber, the day appointed for the Stamp Act to take effect, came, 
 net a stamp was to be seen. Every stamp officer in America 
 had resigned. The colonists, by their firm stand, had made 
 the law of no effect. 
 
 36. A very serious question now was, " Would Great Brit- 
 ain force the Colonies to obedience]" It did not; for, at the 
 next meeting of Parliament, the Stamp Act was repealed. 
 
 37. There were several reasons for this. First, there were 
 some noble men in England who took sides with America, for 
 they believed America was right. Secondly, British mer- 
 chants, finding themselves severely punished by the Ameri- 
 cans not importing any British goods, petitioned for the repeal. 
 
 38. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, February 22, 1766. 
 Those great men, William Pitt and Edmund Burke, 
 then both members of Parliament, were advocates of the 
 repeal. 
 
 39. The joy of the colonists at the repeal of the Stamp Act 
 was very great. All the old kindly feeling towards the 
 mother country seemed to revive. Trade was resumed. 
 
 40. The Storm Gathering. It might now have seemed 
 that all cause of quarrel with England was removed, and that 
 henceforth there would be peace and harmony between the 
 Colonies and the mother country. But, in the mean time, a 
 great change had come over the colonists. Before this they 
 had made a distinction between duties on imports, or external 
 taxation, and internal taxation, such as was imposed by the 
 Stamp Act. They had not objected to external taxation, but 
 
 QUESTIONS. 34. What of the colonial Assemblies? 
 
 35. State what is said respecting the 1st of November. 
 
 36. What serious question now arose ? What of the Stamp Act? 
 
 37. Mention the reasons for the repeal of the Stamp Act. 
 
 38. Give the date of the repeal. What great men favored the repeal ? 
 
 39. Mention the effect of the repeal on the colonists. 
 
 40. How did the relations between America and Eniland now look? What impor- 
 tant change had taken place in the minds of the colonists ?
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. H$ 
 
 only to internal taxation. Now they objected to all taxation. 
 They claimed that, as the Colonies were not represented in Par- 
 liament, Parliament had no right to tax them at all. 
 
 41. The year the Stamp Act was passed, Parliament re- 
 quired the Colonies to furnish quarters and supplies to Brit- 
 ish troops sent amongst them. New York refused. 
 
 42. In 1767, Parliament passed an act putting a duty on 
 tea and several other imports, and sent a board of revenue 
 commissioners to America. 
 
 43. When the news reached America, the old ill-feeling 
 broke out afresh. The press, the pulpit, and the colonial 
 legislatures denounced the acts. 
 
 44. These acts stirred up the British Ministry, and they 
 tried to frighten the Colonies. But they did not succeed. 
 
 45. The commissioners of customs appointed by Parliament 
 entered upon their duties at Boston. From the excitement 
 existing there, a collision between them and the people was 
 daily expected. 
 
 46. The collision soon happened. The officers seized a 
 sloop belonging to John Hancock (a prominent merchant 
 and an active patriot), for violating the revenue laws. A riot 
 followed. 
 
 47. General Gage was at this time commander of the 
 British Army in America. He had been told by the British 
 government to send two regiments from Halifax to Boston. 
 They reached Boston, September, 1 768. 
 
 48. The people of Boston were required to furnish quarters 
 for the troops. They positively refused. The State House 
 was then taken possession of. 
 
 49. It was with indignant feelings that the people of Bos- 
 ton looked upon this military force. They saw soldiers pa- 
 
 QUESTIOXS. 41. What is said of the quartering of troops? of New York ? 
 
 42. What was done in 1767 ? 
 
 43. What effect had the news ? 
 
 44. What did the British Ministry now try to do? 
 
 45. State what is said of the commissioners of customs. 
 
 46. Give an account of the collision that occurred. 
 
 47. What of General Gage and the troops ? 
 
 48. What were the people required to do, and did they obey ? 
 
 49. How did the people look upon the soldiers ?
 
 116 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 
 rading their streets, challenging them as they walked, and 
 disturbing their Sabbath quiet. They soon came to hate the 
 " red-coats." 
 
 50. The Parliament, meanwhile, acted so as to still fur- 
 ther exasperate the Colonies. In February, 1 769, Parliament 
 censured the rebellious spirit of the Colonies, and prayed the 
 King to have those guilty of " treason " brought to England 
 for trial. 
 
 51. This called forth indignant protest from the colonial 
 legislatures. The Assemblies of Virginia and North 
 Carolina protested so strongly that they were dissolved by 
 the royal governors. 
 
 52. The First Outbreak. In New York the sol- 
 diers provoked the "Sons of Liberty" by cutting down their 
 liberty-pole. A riot followed. One citizen was killed, and 
 several wounded, January 17, 1770. Thus New York laid 
 the first offering on the altar of the country. 
 
 53. In Boston, on the 5th of March, a small guard of sol- 
 diers, passing through the streets, were so provoked by the 
 jeers and taunts of a crowd of men and boys, that they fired, 
 killing three persons and wounding several others. This is 
 called the Boston Massacre. 
 
 54. This shedding of blood produced tremendous excite- 
 ment in Boston. The citizens, however, behaved with great 
 prudence. In place of retaliating the massacre, they simply 
 asked the governor to remove the- troops from the city. 
 
 55. The attempt to raise a revenue in America by taxes 
 turned out a total failure. The cost to England of keeping 
 up the officers and the troops was five hundred times the 
 paltiy sum which the duties yielded. 
 
 56. This fact, together with the protests of English mer- 
 chants, caused the repeal of the duties, in April, 1770. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 50. How did Parliament meanwhile act ? 
 
 51. What did the colonial legislatures do ? What of Virginia and North Carolina ? 
 
 52. Describe the riot in New York. What blood was spilled, and what is said of it ? 
 
 53. Describe the riot in Boston. 
 
 54. What effect did this have in Boston ? 
 
 55. Repeat what is said of the attempt to raise a revenue in America. 
 
 56. What did this failure cause ?
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. H7 
 
 57. Parliament made a very foolish exception in this re- 
 peal. They took off the duties from all the articles except 
 tea. This exception was made merely to assert the principle 
 that they had a right to tax the Colonies. 
 
 But it was the principle that the colonists objected to. 
 The people determined not to import any tea. 
 
 58. In 1773, Parliament allowed the East India Com- 
 pany to send their tea to America free from the English du- 
 ties. It had to pay only the threepence a pound in America. 
 It was thought that the Americans would pay this small 
 duty, as they would even then get tea cheaper in America 
 than in England. 
 
 59. The authorities did not know the spirit of the colo- 
 nists. When the tea arrived at the various points, it was 
 either sent back or locked up. 
 
 60. In Boston, the people would not allow the tea to land. 
 The governor, at the same time, would not permit the ships 
 to be sent back. 
 
 61. The difficulty was solved by a party of men, who, dis- 
 guised as Indians, boarded the tea-ships, breaking open the 
 chests and emptying the tea into the harbor. It was done 
 very quietly, without any riot, December 16, 1773. 
 
 62. The doings in Boston made Parliament determine to 
 punish that city. An act was passed, in 1774, closing the 
 port of Boston and removing the custom-house to Salem. 
 Boston was to be starved out. Gage was appointed military 
 governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 63. The "Port Bill," which took effect June, 1774, caused 
 great distress in Boston. She was cheered, however, by the 
 aid and sympathy of all the Colonies. They felt that Boston 
 was making their fight. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 57. What foolish exception did Parliament make ? What was the 
 motive ? 
 
 58. Repeat what is said of the East India Company. 
 
 59. What mistake did the authorities make? What of the tea? 
 
 60. How did matters go in Boston ? 
 
 61. How was the difficulty disposed of? 
 
 62. What retaliatory act was now passed by Parliament? 
 
 63. What is said of the Port Bill ? How did the Colonies feel ?
 
 118 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 64. First Continental Congress. In the midst of 
 these experiences, the colonists, for the first time, began to 
 think of armed resistance. But first they resolved to consult 
 together. The first Continental Congress was called at 
 Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. 
 
 65. In this Congress all the Colonies were represented 
 except Georgia, whose governor had prevented the election 
 of delegates. This body praised the conduct of Massachu- 
 setts, agreed upon a declaration of rights, recommended the 
 suspension of all commercial intercourse with England, and 
 sent a petition to the King. Another Congress was agreed 
 on, to meet in May, 1775. 
 
 66. The Crisis Approaching. In September, 1774, 
 General Gage, the governor, fortified Boston Neck, and seized 
 the ammunition and stores in the provincial arsenals at Cam- 
 bridge and Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 67. The Massachusetts Assembly had been dissolved by the 
 governor ; but the members met under the name of a " Pro- 
 vincial Congress." This body organized a corps of militia 
 called "minute-men," and formed a "committee of safety," 
 with John Hancock for chairman. 
 
 68. The Colonies took up the position of defence. Wash- 
 ington was organizing the militia of Virginia, and Patrick 
 Henry was exclaiming in thunder tones, " I repeat it, sir, 
 we must fight ! " 
 
 69. In 1775, the British Parliament declared that rebellion 
 existed in Massachusetts, and was abetted by the other Colo- 
 nies. At the same time, ten thousand troops were ordered to 
 America, It was about this time that Washington prophet- 
 ically wrote: "More blood will be spilled, if the Ministry are de- 
 termined to push matters to extremity, than history has ever 
 yet furnished instances of in the annals of North America," 
 
 QUESTIONS. 64. What did the people now begin to think ? What did they resolve 
 first to do? When did the first Continental Congress meet ? 
 
 65. Repeat what is said of the Congress ? When was the next Congress to meet ? 
 
 66. What did General Gage do in September, 1774 ? 
 
 67. What steps did the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts take? 
 
 68. What was going on in the other Colonies ? 
 
 69. What was done by Parliament in 1775? What is said of troops? Repeat the 
 substance of Washington's prophetic language.
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1775. 119 
 
 II. CAMPAIGN OF 1775. 
 
 70. The Lexington Skirmish. In April, 1775, Gen- 
 eral Gage, royal governor and comm'ander-in-chief, had in 
 Boston about three thousand troops. With this large force 
 he fully expected to be able to quell any unruly conduct of 
 the colonists. 
 
 71. Learning that there were some military supplies at Con- 
 cord, he sent a body of men to destroy them. Some patriots 
 learned this movement, and promptly sent out messengers 
 along the supposed route of the troops to warn the " minute- 
 men." 
 
 72. Early in the morning of April 19 the British troops 
 reached Lexington. There they found a small body of 
 American militia. An English officer rode up to them, say- 
 ing, " Disperse, you rebels." As the Americans did not obey, 
 he ordered the soldiers to fire. Eight Americans were killed 
 and several wounded. The rest dispersed, without returning 
 the fire. 
 
 73. The British then marched on to Concord, where they 
 destroyed the stores. While this was going on, the militia 
 around Concord and Lexington hastily collected. A spirited 
 little attack was made by the Americans at Concord Bridge, 
 and then the British began to retreat towards Lexington. 
 
 74. It was only a few miles ; but these miles were made 
 very hot. The British experienced what American bush-fight- 
 ing is. From every patch of woods, every rock, stream, and 
 fence, came a savage fire from the flint-locks of the American 
 farmers. 
 
 75. The retreat became a rout, and the whole British force 
 would have been destroyed, had it not been met at Lexington 
 by reinforcements, under cover of which the broken battalions 
 
 QUESTIONS. 70. What force had Gage in April, 1775? What did he expect to be 
 able to do ? 
 
 71. What measure did Gage now take ? What of the patriots ? 
 7*2. Describe the occurrences at Lexington. 
 
 73. Describe the occurrences at Concord. 
 
 74. What is said of the retreat ? 
 
 75. What did the retreat become ? How did it end ? Give the loss on. each side.
 
 120 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 made their way to Charlestown. The British loss in killed 
 and wounded was about two hundred and eighty ; the Amer- 
 icans lost about ninety. 
 
 76. The effect of the news of Lexington was electric. The 
 Colonies rushed to arms. The New England militia in great 
 numbers hastened to Boston, and on the night of the 19th 
 of April the royal governor and his troops were closely be- 
 leaguered in Boston. 
 
 77. Before the end of the month, twenty thousand men 
 were encamped in the vicinity. A line of fortification was 
 run from Roxbury to the river Mystic, thus confining the 
 British to the Boston peninsula. 
 
 78. Ticonderoga and Crown Point. A very inter- 
 esting little affair happened soon after the action at Lexington. 
 In May, Ethan Allen, with a small band of volunteers, took 
 by stratagem Fort Ticonderoga, a fortress guarded by over 
 one hundred pieces of artillery. Fort Crown Point sur- 
 rendered with equal ease. The military stores captured were 
 very valuable to the Americans. 
 
 79. Battle of Bunker Hill. In the month of May, 
 1775, large reinforcements of British troops reached Boston 
 from England. They were commanded by Generals Howe, 
 Clinton, and Burgoyne. Gage, the commander-in-chief, 
 having now an army of twelve thousand veterans, resolved to 
 commence operations. 
 
 80. As the New England troops stopped the land outlet 
 from Boston, Gage determined to cross by water to the oppo- 
 site peninsula of Charlestown. The Americans suspected this. 
 and determined to be beforehand with the enemy. 
 
 81. On the evening of the 16th of Jime, the Massa- 
 chusetts military authorities sent a force of eight hundred 
 
 QUESTIONS. 76. What is said of the effect of the news of Lexington ? What mili- 
 tary steps were taken ? 
 
 77. What had taken place before the end of the month ? 
 
 78. What interesting affair soon occurred? What is said of the capture? 
 
 79. What is said of British reinforcements? Who were the commanders? What 
 did Gage resolve on ? 
 
 80. What move did Gage determine lo take ? What of the Americans ? 
 
 81. Tell about the movement to Bunker liill
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1775. 
 
 121 
 
 men to preoccupy Bunker Hill, on the Charlestown penin- 
 sula. One of the officers, however, led the troops to Breed's 
 Hill, farther down the peninsula, and directly opposite Boston. 
 
 NOTE. It was on Breed's Hill the battle was fought, and Breed's 
 Hill is now usually called Bunker Hill. The Bunker Hill Monument is 
 on the original Breed's Hill. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 82. On the morning of the 17th of June, the British 
 in Boston were astonished to see an earthwork frowning on 
 them from the opposite height. 
 
 Three thousand Regulars, under General Howe, were 
 sent across in boats to storm the rude earthworks, behind 
 which about fifteen hundred Americans, under Prescott, 
 lay. In the afternoon the Battle of Bunker Hill began. 
 
 QUESTIONS 82. What met the view of the British? What movement was 
 by the British ? What battle now began?
 
 122 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 83. The British made two assaults, but were severely re- 
 pulsed by the Americans. In these fights, however, the 
 Americans completely used up their ammunition. A third 
 assault by the British carried the rude line of defences, and 
 Bunker Hill was a British victory. 
 
 84. The victory was dearly won, for the British had lost a 
 thousand men. The American loss was four hundred and 
 fifty. 
 
 85. Second Continental Congress and "Washing- 
 ton. Before the battle of Bunker Hill the second Conti- 
 nental Congress, appointed to assemble at Philadelphia, met 
 in May. Congress took the authority of a general govern- 
 ment of the Colonies, which now received the name of " The 
 United Colonies." It voted to raise an army of twenty thou- 
 sand men, and authorized an issue of three million dollars, 
 paper money. In June, Congress chose George Wash- 
 ington (who was present as a delegate from Virginia) as 
 commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. 
 
 86. Washington set out for Massachusetts, and heard of 
 the battle of Bunker Hill on his way. He reached Cambridge, 
 head-quarters of the American army, July 2, 1775, and next 
 day took command. 
 
 The army was found to consist of fourteen thousand undis- 
 ciplined militia. Washington immediately began to shape it 
 into an army. 
 
 87. America Aroused. Our attention has been di- 
 rected to Massachusetts, because, at the beginning, Massachu- 
 setts was the centre of interest. The other Colonies, though, 
 were not inactive. 
 
 88. In Virginia, the detested royal governor, Dunmore, 
 
 QUESTIONS. 83. Describe the battle. 
 
 81. What is said of the price of the British victory? 
 
 85. When and where did the second Continental Congress meet? State three im- 
 portant measures taken by Congress. 
 
 86. Give the movements of Washington. When and where did he take command ? 
 What of the American army ? 
 
 87. Why have we been considering the affairs of Massachusetts ? What of other 
 Colonies? 
 
 88. Describe what had taken place in Virginia.
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1775. 123 
 
 tried to imitate Gage, by seizing a quantity of ammunition 
 which the Virginia patriots had in readiness. Patrick Henry 
 headed a party of militia and forced Dunmore to pay for the 
 powder he had taken. Dunmore then tried to make more 
 trouble ; but the Virginians drove him from the Colony. 
 Some months afterwards, a British man-of-war arrived, and 
 Dunmore gratified his revenge by bombarding and burning 
 Norfolk, January 1, 1776. 
 
 89. The colonists, from Maine to Georgia, rushed to 
 arms immediately after the battle of Lexington. By fall, 
 1775, the power of every royal governor in America was 
 destroyed. 
 
 90. In North Carolina the people were still bolder. 
 A band of patriots met at Charlotte, in Mecklenburg County, 
 in May, 1775, and declared their independence of the King 
 and Parliament. This is called the Mecklenburg Decla- 
 ration. 
 
 91. It should be stated, that, though a majority of Ameri- 
 cans were devoted to the cause of freedom, there were num- 
 bers in all the Colonies who sided with the royal cause all 
 through the Revolution. These were called Royalists, or 
 Tories. 
 
 92. The Canada Campaign. Now that the war had 
 fairly broken out, the Americans concluded it would not do 
 to allow the American frontier to lie open to attacks by the 
 Canadian royalists. Therefore the invasion of Canada was 
 planned. 
 
 93. Two columns invaded Canada. The first column of 
 rhree thousand New York and New England troops, under 
 Schuyler (soon succeeded bv Montgomery), marched by 
 \vay of Lake Champlain to St. Johns, which was taken, and 
 then to Montreal, which surrendered November 13. Most 
 
 QUESTIONS. 89. What is said of the colonists generally, and of the royal governors ? 
 
 90. What took place in North Carolina? 
 
 91 . What is said of royalist Americans ? 
 
 9'i. What did the Americans conclude in regard to Canada ? What was planned ? 
 93. How many columns invaded Canada ? Give the movements of the first column. 
 What of Montgomery's troops ? Towards what place did he now move ?
 
 124 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 of Montgomery's troops now went home, as their term of 
 enlistment had expired. With a small remainder he went 
 down the St. Lawrence towards Quebec. 
 
 94. In the mean time, the second column, which was under 
 Colonel Benedict Arnold, advanced through the wilder- 
 ness of Maine to near Quebec 
 (Point aux Trembles). The two 
 columns made a junction, Decem- 
 ber 1, and advanced against Que- 
 bec. The whole American force 
 was nine hundred men. 
 
 On the last day of the year 
 1775, an assault was made on 
 Quebec. It was unsuccessful. 
 The gallant soldier Montgomery 
 was killed, and Arnold wound- 
 General Montgomery. 
 
 95. Arnold, with the remainder of the force, remained 
 all winter behind bulwarks of snow near Quebec. But the 
 next spring the British, largely reinforced, drove them hack 
 to the States. The invasion of Canada was a total failure. 
 
 III. CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 
 
 96. The military operations of 1776 comprise three prin- 
 cipal events, the siege of Boston, the siege of Charleston, 
 South Carolina, and Washington's campaign in New York and 
 New Jersey. 
 
 97. Siege Of Boston. Washington's army had lain en- 
 camped in the neighborhood of Boston during the winter of 
 1 775 - 76. The city of Boston was still occupied by a British 
 army, under General Howe. It was known that a large Brit- 
 
 QUESTION-S 94. Describe the movement of the second column. What of the col- 
 umns when united ? Give an account of the assault on Quebec, and the result. 
 
 95. Wtmt of Arnold ? Sum up the invasion 
 
 96. Give the three principal events of the campaign of 1776. 
 
 97. What of Washington's army ? Where were the British ' What was known, and 
 what was Washington ordered to do ?
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 
 
 125 
 
 V Map of the 
 ^ WAR 
 
 THEREVOLUI 
 NORTHERN COLONIES
 
 126 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 ish army would arrive in America in spring. Accordingly, 
 Washington was ordered to take Boston. 
 
 98. The plan which Washington adopted was to erect bat- 
 teries on the Heights of Dorchester, now South Boston. 
 This was done suddenly and secretly, and the British were 
 astonished to rind the city at the mercy of Washington's 
 cannon. 
 
 99. General Howe, seeing this, surrendered the city on 
 condition that he was allowed to withdraw with his troops. 
 Washington occupied Boston, March 17. 
 
 100. General Howe carried his troops to Halifax, to await 
 the arrival of a new army of twenty-five thousand British 
 troops and seventeen thousand Hessians, which England was 
 preparing to send out. 
 
 101. Washington did not know where Howe was going ; 
 but fearing the British would sail to New York, he moved his 
 army to that city. 
 
 102. Siege of Charleston. The first offensive move- 
 ment of the British in 1776 was directed against Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina. In June, a fleet under Sir Peter 
 Parker, and a body of twenty-five hundred British under 
 General Clinton, appeared off Charleston. 
 
 103. The entrance to the harbor was defended by a fort 
 (afterwards named Fort Moultrie), made of sand and pal- 
 metto-logs, and garrisoned by four hundred men, under 
 Colonel Moultrie. 
 
 104. On the 28th of June, a land and naval attack 
 was made on this work. It was a complete failure. The 
 British fleet and force lost severely. In a few days the 
 expedition sailed from Charleston for New York. 
 
 105. South Carolina received the thanks of Congress and 
 
 QUESTIONS 98. Describe Washington's plan. Describe it,R execution. 
 
 99. What did Howe do when he saw the state of things ? Give date of the occupation 
 
 100. WTiere did Howe fro' 
 
 101. What of Washington and his movement ? 
 
 102. State the first movement of the British in 1776. Give the force. 
 
 103. What fort defended the harbor? 
 
 104. Narrate the events of the attack. 
 
 105. What praise did South Carolina receive ?
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 127 
 
 the country for the gallant defence of Charleston. It was the 
 salvation of the whole southern coast. 
 
 106. Declaration of Independence. It is a remark- 
 able fact in the early history uf the American Revolution, 
 that the colonists claimed they were still loyal subjects of 
 England. The people, at first, really were such; but the 
 war made a great change in the feelings of Americans. 
 
 107. The British Parliament had, in the spring of 1776, 
 proclaimed the Americans rebels, and had raised a large army 
 to crush them. Consequently, Americans saw that nothing 
 short of independence would now do. 
 
 108. Congress, being the general government of the Colo- 
 nies, -was the proper body to proclaim independence. On the 
 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, a member from Vir- 
 ginia, offered a resolution that the " United Colonies are, and 
 ought to be, free and independent "States." This was earnestly 
 debated, and adopted July 2. 
 
 109. A committee of Congress had been appointed to pre- 
 pare a Declaration of Independence. This Declaration 
 was written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. On the 4th of 
 July, 1776, it was adopted by Congress. The thirteen Colo- 
 nies then became the United States of America. 
 
 110. Washington's Campaign of 1776. At the 
 date of the Declaration of Independence, Washington had in 
 New York an army of seventeen thousand. 
 
 111. Two days before the Declaration, General Howe 
 had arrived with his army from Halifax, and taken possession 
 of Staten Island. On the 12th of July, a fleet under Ad- 
 miral Howe, a brother of the General, arrived at Staten 
 Island with the new army from Europe. On the 1st of Au- 
 
 QU-STIONS 106. "What remarkable fact is mentioned regarding the feelings of 
 Americans toward England ? How did this feeling change ? 
 
 107. What showed Americans that nothing but independence would do ? 
 
 108. What was the proper body to proclaim independence ? Narrate the introduc- 
 tion of the resolution for independence. When was it adopted? 
 
 109. What committee had been appointed ? Who wrote the Declaration ? When 
 was it adopted ' What did the Colonies then become ? 
 
 110. Give Washington's force in July, 177C. Where was his army ? 
 
 111. Mention the three British forces that now arrived. Give the whole number 
 under General Howe.
 
 128 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Battle of Long Island. 
 
 gust, the force under Clinton arrived from South Carolina. 
 General Howe had then thirty thousand troops. 
 
 112. Battle of Long Island. 
 Howe's plan was to take Brook- 
 lyn before trying to capture New 
 York. To guard against this, 
 Washington had given General Put- 
 nam five thousand men to defend 
 Long Island. 
 
 113. Towards the end of August, 
 the British landed on Long Island, 
 and engaged the Americans in an 
 
 action called the Battle of Long Island, August 27. The 
 Americans were defeated. The American loss was heavy, 
 about two thousand men. The British loss was about one 
 fifth that number. " 
 
 114. After this defeat, the Americans retreated to the 
 Brooklyn fort. The British delayed attacking this work. 
 With great skill Washington, on the second night after the 
 battle, withdrew the force, under cover of a fog and night, to 
 New York. 
 
 115. Retreat through New Jersey. Washington 
 knew he could not hold New York, on account of the British 
 war-ships. Accordingly, in the middle of September, he evac- 
 uated New York, and withdrew to Harlem. Here, in a 
 smart skirmish, the Americans had the advantage. From 
 Harlem he withdrew to White Plains. Here there was a 
 partial engagement, in which the British had the advan- 
 tage. The Americans retired to the rocky hills of North 
 Castle. 
 
 116. The British commander, in place of following up the 
 Americans, resolved to transfer his army to New Jersey. 
 
 QUESTIONS. H',2. State Howe's plan. How did Washington guard against it ? 
 
 113. Describe the battle of Long Island. Give the loss on each side. 
 
 114. Describe the withdrawal of the Americans. 
 
 115. Why could not Washington hold New York City? What did he do? What 
 took place at Harlem ? What two other moves did he make in New York ? 
 
 116. What did the British commander resolve to do? Describe the facts connected 
 with the capture of Fort Washington.
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 
 
 129 
 
 But first he assailed Fort Washington, on the Hudson. 
 
 This work he captured, with about throe thousand Americans, 
 November 15. 
 
 117. As soon as Washing- 
 ton saw Howe's design of en- 
 tering New Jersey, he drew 
 his own little force across the 
 Hudson to New Jersey, leav- 
 ing General Charles Lee 
 to hold the position at North 
 Castle. 
 
 118. Washington removed 
 the garrison from Fort Lee 
 (opposite Fort Washington), 
 thus giving him about five 
 thousand men and began the 
 retreat through New Jersey. 
 On the 8th of December he 
 crossed the Delaware. 
 
 119. The British force, un- 
 der the immediate command 
 of Lord Cornwallis, fol- 
 lowed up, and took posses- || 
 sion of New Brunswick, 
 Princeton, and Trenton. 
 
 120. The American army 
 rested behind the Delaware. 
 It was now in a very bad 
 
 way, being reduced by desertion and the expiration of the 
 term of service to about three thousand. 
 
 121. Washington at this time frequently ordered General 
 Charles Lee to join him with the force left on the New York 
 
 Retreat up the Hudson. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 117. How did Washington meet the British move? Whom did he 
 sivein New York? 
 
 118. Describe Washington's retreat. Date of crossing the Delaware. 
 
 119. Describe the movements of the British. 
 
 I'-iO. What is said of the condition of the Americans behind tV Delaware ? 
 121. Describe the conduct of General Lee. What is said of that officer '! 
 6* I
 
 130 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 side. Lee disobeyed, and put off his inarch. Finally he 
 started to join Washington, but was himself captured. It has 
 recently been discovered that Lee was a traitor to the Ameri- 
 can cause. 
 
 122. The British in New Jersey 
 were waiting for the Delaware to 
 freeze, in order to cross and take 
 Philadelphia. Washington deter- 
 mined to "clip their wings," as 
 he said. 
 
 123. On Christmas night, 1 776, 
 Washington crossed the Dela- 
 ware, and, next morning, sudden- 
 ly fell upon a body of fifteen hun- 
 
 seat of war in New jersey. <j red Hessians at Trenton. The 
 result was that he captured a thousand Hessians, and lost 
 but four men. This stroke encouraged the army very much, 
 and Washington's force began to increase in numbers. His 
 whole army was moved across the Delaware to Trenton. 
 
 124. Cornwallis now resolved to attack the Americans at 
 Trenton. The British advanced to that point January 2, 
 1777. But Washington, by a bold move that night, planted 
 himself on the rear of the British. Marching on Princeton, 
 he defeated a body of the enemy. Washington then marched 
 to Monistown. 
 
 125. This brilliant move of Washington's compelled the 
 British to retreat in turn. Thus the Americans regained 
 nearly the whole of New Jersey. The British were confined 
 to New Brunswick and Amboy. Washington held Morris- 
 town, and in these positions both sides went into -winter 
 quarters. 
 
 126. Capture of Rhode Island. On the very day of 
 
 QUESTIONS. 122. What delaved the British ? What did Washington say he would do ? 
 
 123. Describe the attack on Trenton. State the effect of this victory. 
 
 124. What did Cornwallis now do ? What bold more did Washington make ? To 
 what places did he march ? 
 
 125. What was the result of this brilliant move ? To what places were the British 
 confined ? Whero did Washington's army winter ? 
 
 126. Give the facts of the capture of Rhode Island.
 
 DOUBLE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 131 
 
 Washington's retreat over the Delaware, December 8, a Brit- 
 ish fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, took possession of the island 
 of Rhode Island, and a military force occupied the State. 
 
 IV. DOUBLE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 
 
 127. During the year 1777 there were two important cam- 
 paigns. The first was the campaign of Washington 
 against the British in New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; the sec- 
 ond, the invasion of northern New York by a British army 
 under Burgoyne. 
 
 128. Before beginning these, there are two events to be 
 noted. First, in April, 1777, a British force, under Governor 
 Tryon made a raid into Connecticut, destroying the military 
 stores at Danbury, and burning the town. The raiders 
 were pursued to their vessels by the American militia, and 
 severely handled. 
 
 129. Secondly, a small body of Connecticut militia under 
 Colonel Meigs attacked the British at Sag Harbor, on Long 
 Island, burned a dozen vessels, and destroyed a large amount 
 of British supplies. 
 
 130. Washington's Campaign. We left Washington 
 in his winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. He 
 passed the winter recruiting his army. By May, 1777, he 
 had about ten thousand. The British had thirty thousand at 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 131. The object of the British now was to get possession 
 of Philadelphia. But they feared to march overland while 
 Washington was in New Jersey. They thought it would be 
 safer to embark in transports, and go by water. 
 
 132. At the end of June, 1777, the British evacuated New 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1537. Mention the two campaigns of 1777. 
 
 148. State the first of the two previous events. 
 
 149. State the second event, and what was accomplished. 
 
 130. Where did we leavo Washington's army? Give the relative strength of the 
 two armies in the spring of 1777 
 
 131. What was the object of the British? What were they afraid of? What plan 
 did they think safest ? 
 
 1353. Describe the British move southward. What hindered the British ships from 
 going up the Delaware ? Where did they sail to ? What place did they make for ?
 
 132 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Jersey, and went to Staten Island. A month later, Howe put 
 eighteen thousand troops on transports, and sailed southward, 
 leaving the rest of the army under Clinton to defend New York. 
 The British fleet could not sail up the Delaware River to 
 Philadelphia, because the Americans had built forts Mifflin 
 and Mercer below Philadelphia, to guard the river. On this 
 account the ships sailed to the head of Chesapeake Bay, and 
 landed at Elkton, in Maryland. From there he was to march 
 northward on Philadelphia. 
 
 133. As soon as Washington 
 knew that the British fleet had 
 really gone southward, he 
 marched his army across New 
 Jersey to Philadelphia. There 
 he was joined by the Marquis 
 de Lafayette [lak-fay-yet 1 \, a 
 gallant young French noble- 
 man, who had come to fight for 
 American independence. 
 
 134. From Philadelphia, 
 Marquis de Lafayette. Washington went southward to 
 
 the Brandywine, there to prevent the British from moving 
 north wai-d to Philadelphia. 
 
 135. On the 1 1th of September, the British, under Howe, 
 advanced to the Brandywine, where was fought the Battle 
 of Chad's Ford. The Americans were defeated, with a loss 
 of about twelve hundred men. 
 
 136. Washington knew after this that he could not defend 
 Philadelphia. Congress moved to Lancaster, and afterwards 
 to York. The American army retired to Pottsgrove, on 
 the Schuylkill. The British took possession of Philadel- 
 phia, September 26. 
 
 QUESTIONS 133. Describe Washington's movement. Who joined Washington ? 
 
 134. Where did Washington go from Philadelphia ? 
 
 135. What battle took place on the Brandywine? Where and when? Give the 
 result. 
 
 136. What did Washington know after this? What of Congress? What of the 
 American army ? Give the date of the British occupation of Philadelphia?
 
 DOUBLE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 
 
 133 
 
 137. Washington soon after formed the design of attacking 
 a detached portion of the British army at Germantown, 
 six miles from Philadelphia. The attack was made October 4 ; 
 but the Americans were repulsed, with a loss of twelve hun- 
 dred men. 
 
 138. The British were now in secure possession of Phila- 
 delphia. But the navigation of the Delaware was not yet 
 open to them, owing to forts Mimin and Mercer. 
 
 In the latter part of October, the British besieged both 
 these forts. The Americans defended them many days, but 
 had, at last, to abandon theni. The British fleet then sailed 
 up the Delaware to Philadelphia. 
 
 139. It was now the fall of 1777, and both armies went into 
 winter quarters, the British in and around Philadelphia, 
 the Americans at Valley Forge. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 137. State what design Washington now formed. Give the result of 
 the buttle of Brandywine. 
 
 13S. What obstructed the navigation of the Delaware? Describe the capture of 
 these forts. 
 
 139. What did both armies do in the fall of 1777 ?
 
 134 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 140. Burgoyne's Invasion. While the British \vere 
 pursuing their triumphant campaign in Pennsylvania, the 
 Americans had a series of brilliant successes in northern New 
 York. 
 
 141. In the spring of 1777, General Burgoyne brought 
 from Europe an army of seven thousand Regulars, and, landing 
 in Canada, increased the force to ten thousand. With this 
 column, Burgoyne invaded New York State by way of Lake 
 Champlain. It was intended that, at the same time, a column 
 under Clinton should move up the Hudson from New York 
 City. The British designed to hold the line of the Hudson, 
 and thus separate New England from the Middle States. 
 
 142. Burgoyne first moved his army to Fort Crown 
 Point, then in British possession. From there he advanced 
 and besieged Fort Ticonderoga, which he captured July 2. 
 1777. The American garrison retreated to Fort Edward. 
 
 143. At Fort Edward the American General Schuyler 
 had four thousand men. This force was too feeble to meet 
 Burgoyne's column ; so Schuyler fell back to the islands at 
 the mouth of the Mohawk. Before leaving Fort Edward, 
 Schuyler had felled trees and destroyed bridges over the road 
 by which the British had to advance. From this cause Bur- 
 goyne did not reach Fort Edward until the 30th of July. 
 
 144. Burgoyne had to remain six weeks at Fort Edward. 
 It was found very tedious work hauling supplies through the 
 woods from Ticonderoga. 
 
 145. The British commander heard of a quantity of stores 
 at Bennington, Vermont, and sent Colonel Baum to capture 
 them. Baum's detachment was totally defeated, August 16, 
 by Colonel John Stark, with a body of four hundred 
 " Green Mountain Boys " and New Hampshire militia. A 
 
 QI-ESTIOXS. 14O. What success had the Americans at this time ? 
 
 141. What force was gathered under Burgoyne ? What State did he invade ? What 
 other column was to move ? State the British design. 
 
 I I vi. Give Burgoyne's first moves. What of the American-: at Tioonileroga ? 
 
 143. WTiat American force was at Fort Edward ? What did Schuyler do? How did 
 Schuyler obstruct the British advance ? When did Burgoyne reach Fort Edward ? 
 
 14~4. What of Burgoyne at Fort Edward ? 
 
 145. Describe the action at Bennington. What other victory was won the sa:u<> 
 day ? Give the loss on each side.
 
 DOUBLE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 
 
 135 
 
 fresh body of the British that came up was served in the 
 same way by Colonel Warner. The British loss was seven 
 hundred men ; the American, under one hundred. 
 
 146. A few days after the victory at Bennington came 
 equally cheering news from the valley of the Mohawk. Bur- 
 goyne had sent a body of troops under St. Leger to take the 
 American work, Fort Schuyler, now Rome, and then 
 join him at Albany ! But St. Leger, after besieging Fort 
 Schuyler, was forced to retreat into Canada, and Burgoyne 
 never got to Albany. 
 
 147. Burgoyne, during this time, remained at Fort Edward. 
 Schuyler, with the American army, remained at the mouth 
 of the Mohawk. The successes had encouraged the people, 
 and the army increased veiy rapidly. In the middle of Au- 
 gust the American army was put under command of G-eneral 
 Gates. He moved to Stilhvater. 
 
 148. The British now ad- 
 vanced on Stillwater. Near 
 there, at Bemis Heights, an 
 engagement took place, Sep- 
 tember 19. It was not deci- 
 sive. 
 
 149. Another action took 
 place on the same ground, Oc- 
 tober 7. This time the Ameri- 
 cans had decidedly the advan- 
 tage. 
 
 150. Burgoyne now at- Battles near Saratoga. 
 
 tempted to retreat to Fort Edward. The Americans advanced 
 so rapidly that they cut off retreat, and surrounded the Brit- 
 ish at Saratoga. The British were now nearly out of provis- 
 ions. There was but one alternative for Burgoyne, to cut 
 
 QUESTIONS. 146. What good news came from the Mohawk Valley ? 
 
 147. Where were Burgoyne and Schnyler in the mean time ? What of the American 
 army ? What American general now took command ? To what point did he move ? 
 
 148. Describe the first action at Bemis Heights. 
 
 149. Describe the second action at Bemis Heights. 
 
 150. What did Burgoyne now attempt to do? Why was Burgoyne compelled to 
 surrender ? Give the date of the surrender, and the number of prisoners.
 
 136 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 his way out, or surrender. On the 1 7th of October, Bnrgoyne 
 surrendered his whole army of nearly six thousand men. 
 
 151. The effect of this victory was very great. It freed 
 Americans from all fear of invasion from Canada. Patriotism 
 revived, and Washington's thin ranks filled up. 
 
 152. What of Clinton meantime] Clinton had led a 
 force up the Hudson as far as Kingston, which he wantonly 
 burned. Just then the news of Burgoyne's surrender sent 
 him back at double-quick to New York. 
 
 153. Washington at Valley Forge. We left Wash- 
 ington's army in winter quarters at Valley Forge, December, 
 1777. It was a gloomy winter, the darkest of the war. 
 Washington's army was dispirited with its defeats and re- 
 treats. It was miserably supplied. Many of the soldiers 
 were barefoot. They were scantily clad, ill-fed, and unpaid. 
 
 154. As if these were not afflictions enough for Washing- 
 ton, a plot was hatched in Congress to put him out of com- 
 mand of the army. This is called the Conway cabal. 
 When the people heard of it, they were so indignant that its 
 getters up were glad to slink into silence. 
 
 155. The Confederation. In November, 1777, Con- 
 gress adopted what are called the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion. These Articles were to form the constitution, or gen- 
 eral government, for the United States. But this was only to 
 be so if all the States approved. All the States did approve, 
 but not till 1781. The real constitution was the patriotism 
 of the American people. 
 
 156. In the same year, 1777, Congress adopted the stars 
 and stripes as the flag of the United States. The same 
 year Captain Wickes floated this flag at his masthead in a 
 successful cruise in British waters. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 151. What is said of the effect of this victory? 
 
 152. What of Clinton meantime? 
 
 153. Where and when did we leave Washington's army ? What of the winter ? Dc- 
 wribe the condition of the American army at Valley Forge. 
 
 15-1. What plot was formed against Washington? HowdT.Utend? 
 
 155. Whenwerethe Articles of Confederation adopted 7 Wlmtwere these Articles tn 
 be ? What of their adoption ? What was the real constitution ? 
 
 156. When were the stars and stripes adopted ? On whose ship did they float '
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1778-89. .137 
 
 V. CAMPAIGNS OF 1778-80. 
 
 157. The French Alliance. We now enter on a new 
 period of the war. This period is distinguished by two 
 things, first, the fact that the French became allies of 
 the Americans, and sent out fleets and soldiers to aid ; sec- 
 ondly, that the war was, after this, carried on chiefly in the 
 South. 
 
 158. The Americans had, from the beginning of the war, 
 sought to get France to take sides with them. In 1776, 
 Silas Deane was sent to France to urge the alliance. 
 France hated England, but she was not yet prepared to 
 come out openly. However, she secretly furnished some 
 arms and supplies. 
 
 159. After the declaration 
 of independence, Congress sent 
 Benjamin Franklin on a 
 mission to the court of France. 
 This venerable philosopher was 
 a man of most persuasive man- 
 ners, and he did an immense 
 deal for the American cause. 
 
 160. When the French king 
 heard of Burgoyne's surrender, 
 he hesitated no longer. On the 
 
 6th Of February, 1778, he ac- Benj^in Franklin. 
 
 knowledged the independence 
 
 of the United States, and made a treaty of alliance with the 
 
 young Republic. 
 
 161. Conciliatory Proposal. This new danger, and 
 the news of Burgoyne's surrender, brought the British govern- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 157. By what two things is the new period of the war distinguished? 
 
 158. Repeat what is said of efforts to oh tain French aid. Who was first sent over? 
 What is said of the feelings of France towards England, and how far France went ? 
 
 159. Who was afterwards sent ? What of Franklin's efforts ? 
 
 160. What determined the French king ? Give the date of the treaty. 
 
 161. What effect had these things on the British government? Who were sent 
 out ! How were they received ?
 
 138 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 ment to its senses. Commissioners were sent to offer Ameri- 
 cans all they had asked, if they would only become loyal 
 subjects of England. Congress indignantly rejected the pro 
 posal. The people now wanted nothing short of indepenflence. 
 
 162. Soon after the rejection of the British proposal of 
 peace, Congress received the news of the French treaty of 
 alliance. 
 
 163. America's Friends. About this time, a number 
 of noble characters belonging to various European nations came 
 forward to serve the American cause. Lafayette has already 
 been named. There were, in addition, the Polish patriots, 
 Thaddeus Kos-ci-usko and Count Fu-laski, and 
 the two Germans, Baron De Kalb and Baron Steuben 
 [stoi'ben]. They were able officers and rendered grand service. 
 
 164. Change of Base. In April, 1778, a French fleet, 
 under Count d'Estaing, sailed for America. 
 
 165. The effect of this was immediate : the British fleet 
 left the Delaware for New York; the British army, under 
 Clinton, was ordered from Philadelphia to New York also. 
 
 166. The British army evacuated Philadelphia in June 
 and marched towards New York. Washington, from Valley 
 Forge, followed the British. 
 
 167. The retreating enemy was overtaken near Mon- 
 mouth, New Jersey. Here an action took place, June 28. 
 Owing to the bad conduct of General Charles Lee, nothing 
 was gained. But Lee himself was got rid of, being dismissed 
 from the service for insolent behavior to General Washington. 
 
 168. Clinton now withdrew his army to New York. 
 Washington soon after marched to White Plains, New York. 
 
 169. In July, 1778, the French fleet, under Count d'Es- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 162. What news did Congress now hoar? 
 
 163. What is said of America's friends ? Name some of them. 
 
 164. When did the French fleet sail? 
 
 165. What was the effect of this on the British fleet and army": 
 
 166. What move was made by the British army ? What of Washington ? 
 
 167. Where was the enemy overtaken Describe the action at Monmouth. What 
 of Lee? 
 
 168. Where did Clinton go? where Washington ? 
 
 169. When did the French fleet arrive ? What did D'Estaing do ? What force did 
 Washington send ?
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1778-80. 139 
 
 taing, carrying four thousand troops, reached the American 
 coast. By Washington's advice, D'Estaing sailed to Rhode 
 Island to attack the British fleet. At the same time, 
 Washington sent an American force, under General Sullivan, 
 to co-operate with the French in reducing Newport. 
 
 170. When preparations had been made, D'Estaing sailed 
 out to give battle to the British fleet. Just then there arose 
 a violent storm, which so damaged the French vessels that 
 they had to put into Boston for repairs. In this turn of 
 affairs Sullivan's force had to retire from Rhode Island. 
 
 171. In July, 1778, the happy and flourishing settlement 
 of Wyoming [wi-o'ming], in Pennsylvania, was attacked by a 
 force of Tories and Indians, under a brute named Butler. 
 The settlers were massacred, their houses burned, and an 
 earthly paradise changed into utter desolation. In Novem- 
 ber, Cherry Valley settlement, New York, experienced the 
 same dreadful fate. 
 
 172. Operations of 1779. The French fleet, after 
 refitting at Boston, sailed for the West Indies. This move 
 had an important effect on the war. The British fleet had to 
 follow the French. The British army without its fleet could 
 not do much in the North. Clinton then resolved to transfer 
 the war to the South, where he would be nearer the fleet. 
 
 173. Campaign in Georgia. The campaign in the 
 South was opened just before the commencement of the year 
 1779. Clinton sent from New York a British division which 
 captured Savannah, December 29, 1778. Early in Janu- 
 ary, 1779, the British General Prevost took the fort at Sun- 
 bury and marched to Savannah, where he assumed command 
 of the English forces. 
 
 174. Soon after the conquest of Georgia, General Lincoln 
 
 QUESTIONS. 170. Describe what took place. 
 
 171. Give an account of the Wyoming massacre ; the attack on Cherry Valley. 
 
 172. Where did the French fleet now sail to ? What important effect had this on 
 the war ? 
 
 173. When did the campaign in the South open ? What city in Georgia was taken ? 
 When ? What fort ? By whom ? 
 
 174. What American officer now took command of the Southern department ? What 
 did he do ?
 
 140 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 took command of the American troops in the Southern de- 
 partment. He established himself in South Carolina, and 
 prepared to resist the British. 
 
 175. The English fully expected to be joined by large 
 numbers of Southern Tories. A body of renegades did, in- 
 deed, rise in arms and march to unite with the enemy. But 
 they were met at Kettle Creek, February, 1779, and 
 totally defeated by Colonel Pickens. 
 
 176. In March, Lincoln sent two thousand men, under 
 General Ash, against the British in Georgia. This force 
 encamped at Brier Creek, where it was surprised and 
 defeated by Prevost, with heavy loss. 
 
 177. In April, Lincoln, with a force of five thousand militia, 
 marched into Georgia. Upon this the British marched 
 against Charleston. Lincoln hastened back to its defence. 
 On hearing of his approach, the enemy withdrew. Lincoln 
 followed up and made an attack on a British force at Stone 
 Ferry. But he was not successful. The British returned to 
 Savannah, and the summer heats hindered further operations 
 till September. 
 
 178. Events in the North While these events were 
 in progress in the South, several operations were made in the 
 North, both by the British and the Americans. They were 
 all of secondary importance. 
 
 179. The British operations were : 1. A plundering expe- 
 dition, under Governor Tryon, to Connecticut ; 2. A naval 
 expedition which went to Virginia and partially destroyed the 
 towns of Portsmouth, Norfolk, etc. ; 3. An expedition from 
 New York, under Clinton, resulting in the capture of the 
 American posts at Stony Point and Verplank's Point, 
 on the Hudson; 4. A second Connecticut expedition, under 
 Tryon, resulting in the plundering and partial destruction of 
 New Haven, East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk. 
 
 QUESTIONS 175. What did the British expect? Were they disappointed? De- 
 scribe the defeat of the Tories. 
 
 176. Describe the action at Brier Creek. 
 
 177. Give an aoccTunt of Lincoln's march into Georgia, the British advance on 
 Charleston, and what foyowed. 
 
 178. What operations ^ere meanwhile going on at the North ? 
 
 179. Give the first of the British operations ; the second ; the third : the fourth.
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF 1778-80. 141 
 
 180. On the part of the Americans, the first achieve- 
 ment was the recapture of Stony Point, two or three 
 weeks after it was taken by the British. Stony Point was 
 a place of importance to Washington, who sent General 
 Anthony Wayne to recover it. Wayne, in a night 
 attack, scaled the fort, and captured it at the point of 
 the bayonet. 
 
 181. The second operation was the capture of Paulus 
 Hook (now Jersey City), in July, by Major Lee. 
 
 182. The third operation was a land and naval expedition, 
 which, in July, went from Boston against the British at Fort 
 Castine, on the Penobscot. This was a total failure, as some 
 British men-of-war destroyed the American flotilla, and the 
 troops had to make their way back to Massachusetts through 
 the wilderness. 
 
 183. The fourth operation was designed to revenge the 
 massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. Washington sent 
 General Sullivan with a large force, which attacked the In- 
 dians on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and New York. The 
 savages were everywhere defeated, and forty of their villages 
 burned. 
 
 184. Siege of Savannah, In September, 1779, D'Es- 
 taing's fleet from the West Indies appeared off Savannah. 
 The fleet bore six thousand French troops. It was proposed 
 that this fleet and force should co-operate with the American 
 force under General Lincoln in besieging Savannah. 
 
 185. After a month's preparation, an assault was made on 
 the British works. The attack was repulsed with severe loss 
 to the French and Americans, nearly one thousand men being 
 killed or wounded. The gallant Count Fulaski was among 
 the slain. 
 
 186. After this, the French fleet sailed home. Lincoln 
 
 QUESTIONS. 180. What was the first achievement on the American side? 
 
 181. Give an account of the second operation. 
 
 182. Give an account of the third operation. 
 
 183. Give an account of the fourth operation. 
 
 184. When and where did the French fleet turn up ? What was proposed ? 
 
 185. Give a description of the siege of Savannah. 
 
 186. What of the French fleet after this? of Lincoln ? of the effect of the failure?
 
 142 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 withdrew his force to South Carolina. The failure spread 
 gloom throughout the South. 
 
 187. Paul Jones. During the summer of 1779, the 
 American commissioners at Paris fitted out a squadron which 
 was placed under command of Paul Jones, a Scotch-Ameri- 
 can of wonderful pluck and skill. 
 
 188. In September, 1779, Jones, with his squadron, when 
 cruising off the coast of Scotland, fell in with two English 
 frigates convoying a fleet of merchantmen. Jones attacked 
 the frigates, and, after one of the most bloody sea-fights on 
 record, captured both. 
 
 189. Situation at the Close of 1779. There was a 
 very despondent feeling at the close of the year 1779. The 
 Americans had gained no important victory. Besides, Amer- 
 ican finances were in a very bad way. Congress had, from 
 the start, been making paper money to carry on the war. 
 So much of this was issued that it greatly depreciated in value. 
 It took at this time thirty dollars of continental money to 
 make one in specie ; afterwards it took fifty and sixty. 
 
 190. To purchase provisions with this currency was at 
 first difficult, and finally impossible. Washington had to 
 take supplies from the surrounding country. Even then his 
 army, shivering in its winter quarters at Morristown, was suf- 
 fering very much. Unless American soldiers had been men 
 who were fighting for principle, the war would now have 
 utterly broken down. 
 
 VI. CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS. 
 
 191. After the year 1 779, all the important military oper- 
 ations of the Revolutionary War were made in the South. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 187. What was done by the American commissioners in 1779? 
 
 188. Describe Paul Jones's sea-fight. 
 
 189. What was the feeling at the close of 1779 ? What is said of the finances and 
 continental money ? 
 
 190. Mention what is said of the difficulties of getting supplies. What had Wash- 
 ington to do? What sort of men were the American soldiers? 
 
 191. Where were all important military operations after 1779? Name the two
 
 CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS. 
 
 143 
 
 r HE REVOLUTION. 
 
 SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 SOALE OF MILES
 
 144 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 There were two campaigns, the campaign in the Carolinas, 
 and the final campaign in Virginia. This chapter will 
 contain the Carolina campaign ; the next, the Virginia cam- 
 paign. 
 
 192. British Change of Base. The day after Christ- 
 mas of the year 1779, Sir Henry Clinton embarked the 
 principal part of his army on transports at New York and 
 sailed southward under convoy of a British squadron under 
 Admiral Arbuthnot. The British landed at Savannah, and 
 prepared to attack Charleston. 
 
 193. Siege of Charleston. In 1 780, Clinton landed 
 near Charleston, worked his way up to near the city, and 
 in April began erecting works across the neck of land in rear 
 of Charleston. 
 
 A week afterwards (April 9), the British fleet succeeded in 
 passing Fort Moultrie, and anchored within cannon range of 
 the city. 
 
 194. While Clinton thus held the American army in 
 Charleston, he sent off detachments to meet any bodies of 
 militia that might be coming to the relief of the city. Two 
 parties were formed, one at Monk's Corner, on the Cooper 
 River, the other on the Santee, and both were cut off. 
 
 195. The situation of the Americans in Charleston was 
 now hopeless. Lincoln was compelled to surrender his force 
 of about five thousand men, May 12, 1780. 
 
 196. South Carolina overrun. Clinton's next object 
 was to make himself master of the whole State ; to subjugate 
 South Carolina and re-establish the royal authority there. 
 For this purpose he sent out detachments, which held the 
 most important points of the State. 
 
 197. The British commander calculated that many South- 
 ern royalists would join his standard. He was not wholly 
 mistaken in this. A number of the baser sort did side with 
 
 QUESTIONS. 192. Give an account of Clinton's chance of base. 
 13. Describe the siege of Charleston . What of the fleet ? 
 
 194. What did the British detachments do? What actions were fought? 
 
 195. What of the situation in Charleston ? How did the siece end ? 
 
 196. What was Clinton's next object? How did he accomplish it ? 
 19T. What did Clinton calculate ? Was he disappointed?
 
 CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROLINAS. 145 
 
 the enemies of their country, and for a while the whole popu- 
 lation seemed to be submissive. 
 
 198. Clinton was so sure his work was accomplished, that 
 he embarked a large part of his army and sailed back to New 
 York. He left Lord Cornwallis in command in the 
 South. 
 
 199. Marion and Sumter. The submission was only 
 in appearance. A number of dashing officers like Francis 
 Marion [mdr'e-on] and Thomas Sumter arose, and, with . 
 such irregular troops as they could collect, carried on a partisan 
 warfare. They harassed the enemy in every way, kept the 
 Tories from rising, and confined the British operations within 
 more narrow limits. 
 
 200. Gates's Operations. To aid the Southern pa- 
 triots, Congress, in July, 1780, sent down General Gates 
 with a body of troops, which, with the Carolina militia, made 
 about five thousand men. 
 
 201. Gates marched through North Carolina into South 
 Carolina. Cornwallis hurried forward from Charleston to 
 meet him. The two met near Camden, and the battle of 
 Sander's Creek took place, August 16. In this action 
 Gates was defeated with heavy loss. 
 
 202. After this disaster, Gates retreated to Hillsborough, 
 North Carolina. The British behaved with great barbarity 
 in South Carolina. 
 
 203. But they had not things all their own way. The 
 partisan leaders were active. Eight of these trooper-chiefs, 
 uniting their little bands, attacked a large force of British 
 and Tories on King's Mountain. The patriots utterly de- 
 feated the enemy, who lost eleven hundred in killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners, while the patriots lost but twenty men. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 198. Where did Clinton now go? 
 
 199. What is said of the submission of South Carolina? Name two bold leaders. 
 What did they do ? 
 
 200. Who was sent to aid the Southern patriots ? 
 
 201. What movements were made by Gates and Cornwallis? Where did the armies 
 meet? Give the result? 
 
 202. What of Gates ? What of the British ? 
 SOS. Describe the exploits of the partisan leaders. 
 
 7 J
 
 146 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 
 
 204. In December, 1 780, Gates, at Hillsborough, was su- 
 perseded by General Nathaniel Greene, one of the ablest 
 of the American commanders. 
 
 205. Greene's Campaign 
 Of 1781. Early in January, 
 1781, General Greene sent out 
 General Morgan, with one thou- 
 sand men, to the western part 
 of South Carolina, to hold the 
 British in check. The bold 
 British cavalry leader Tarle- 
 ton was sent against him. The 
 two forces met at Cowpens, Jan- 
 uary 17, and Morgan whipped 
 Nathaniel Greene. Tarleton. The American loss 
 
 was seventy ; the British, seven hundred, and all their artil- 
 lery. 
 
 206. When Cornwallis heard of Tarleton's defeat, he 
 started in pursuit of Morgan, who was making towards Vir- 
 ginia with his booty and prisoners. Cornwallis tried to head 
 off Morgan before he reached the ford of the Catawba River. 
 But he did not succeed. Two hours after Morgan crossed, 
 the British arrived on the opposite bank. But during the 
 night a heavy rain came, which made the river impassable 
 for two days. 
 
 207. Greene now joined Morgan, and took the command. 
 Cornwallis, as soon as possible, continued the pursxiit. But 
 Greene made his retreat with great skill, and got safely across 
 the Dan River into Virginia. 
 
 208. Here Cornwallis gave up the chase, and retired to 
 Hillsborough. Greene soon returned to North Carolina, and 
 kept harassing the British. One of his officers, Colonel 
 
 QUESTIONS. '204. Who superseded Gates, and when ? 
 
 205. Give an account of Morgan's expedition. Describe the battle of Cowpens. 
 Give the losses. 
 
 206. What did Cornwallis do when he heard of this? Describe the race. 
 
 207. Who now joined Morgan ? Continue the account of the chase ? 
 
 208. Where did Cornwallis give up the chase ? What of Greene ? Give an account 
 of the operations of Colonel Lee.
 
 CAMPAIGN IN THE CAROL1NAS. 147 
 
 Lee, known as " Light Horse Harry," fell in with a body of 
 three hundred and fifty loyalists, and killed or captured the 
 whole. 
 
 209. In a short time, Greene, having received some rein- 
 forcements, felt able to strike a blow. He advanced to Guil- 
 ford Court-House, where a severe action was fought, 
 March 15. The losses were about equal, and the action was 
 not decisive. 
 
 210. Soon after this, Cornwallis drew off, marched with 
 the bulk of his force to Wilmington, North Carolina, and 
 shortly afterwards was called north to Virginia. 
 
 211. The British force left in South Carolina was under 
 Lord Rawdon. Greene advanced on this force, and was 
 attacked by it at Hobkirk's Hill, in April. The advantage 
 was rather on the British side. But Greene kept annoying 
 Rawdon so much that he withdrew to Eutaw Springs. 
 
 212. Meantime, the enterprising troopers, Marion, Sum- 
 ter, and Lee, captured various British posts. The result was 
 that, by midsummer of 1781, the enemy were confined to the 
 positions of Ninety-Six, Eutaw Springs, and Charleston. 
 
 213. Greene, in May, proceeded against the stronghold of 
 Ninety-Six, which he assaulted. The attack was unsuccess- 
 ful. The Americans then withdrew to pass the hot months 
 in the hills of the Santee. 
 
 214. In September, Greene resumed the offensive. On the 
 8th, he attacked the British at Eutaw Springs. The 
 action was not decisive, the loss of each side being about 
 equal. 
 
 215. The battle of Eutaw was the last engagement in the 
 Carolinas. The enemy had been so much harassed by Greene 
 and the partisan leaders, that they left the open country and 
 
 QUESTIONS. 209. Give an account of the battle of Guilford Court-House. 
 
 210. What move did Cornwallis make last of all ? 
 
 211. Who now commanded the British army in the South? Give an account of the 
 action at Hobkirk's Hill. Where did Rawdon now go ? 
 
 212. What of Marion and Sumter? Where were the British by midsummer of 1781? 
 
 213. Describe the attack on Ninety-Six. Wkere did the Americans then go ? 
 
 214. Give an account of the attack on Eutaw Springs. 
 
 215. What is said of the battle of Eutaw ? What of the British ?
 
 148 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 retired to Charleston. Here the Americans watched them 
 closely till the end of the war. 
 
 216. It thus appears that, in the campaign in the Caro- 
 linas, though Greene often retreated, and though he won no 
 very important victory, yet the main object was accomplished. 
 He was a general of wonderful pluck and perseverance. 
 
 VII. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 
 
 217. We left Washington's army in winter quarters, 
 1779-80. It was a period cf great suffering, one of the 
 gloomiest of the war. 
 
 218. In midsummer of 1 780 the Americans were greatly 
 encouraged by the arrival of Admiral de Ternay, with a 
 fleet having on board six thousand French troops, under the 
 Count de Rochambeau \rosh-awm-bo'^. This fleet and force 
 were sent out by the French king through the influence of 
 Lafayette, who had passed the previous winter in France. 
 
 219. The French fleet and force went to Newport, Rhode 
 Island. It was not thought best to do anything during the 
 whole of the remainder of the year 1780. 
 
 220. Arnold's Treason. It was in September, 1780, 
 that the treasonable plot of General Benedict Arnold 
 was discovered. 
 
 221. Arnold had been a brave and skilful officer ; but he 
 fell into bad ways in Philadelphia, of which city he was put 
 in command in 1781. He had been court-martialed for ap- 
 propriating public money, but was forgiven by Washington. 
 In August, 1780, Washington put him in command of the im- 
 portant fortress of West Point. 
 
 222. Being filled with the desire of revenge, Arnold here 
 
 QUESTIONS. 216. What is said of Greene's campaign as a whole? 
 
 217. Where did we leave Washington's army ? What of the winter? 
 
 218. What was the first thing that encouraged the Americans ? What is said of 
 Lafayette ? 
 
 219. Where did the fleet go ? Was anything done ? 
 
 220. What treasonable plot was discovered at this time ? 
 
 221. Give an account of Benedict Arnold. 
 
 222. With whom did Arnold enter into correspondence ? What did he agree do ? 
 Who was sent up to arrange matters ?
 
 THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 149 
 
 entered into a correspondence with the British commander at 
 New York. He agreed to deliver up West Point for a reward 
 of ten thousand pounds sterling and a general's commission. 
 A personal interview was necessary, and General Clinton sent 
 his aide-de-camp, Major Andre [an' dray], in a sloop-of-war, up 
 the Hudson for that purpose. 
 
 223. When Andre was ready to return, he found the sloop 
 had been obliged to move down the river. He therefore at- 
 tempted to reach New York by land. He went disguised as 
 a citizen. At Tarrytown he was seized by three militia-men, 
 to whom, he confessed that he was a British officer. They 
 sent him to the nearest American post. The commander in- 
 cautiously allowed Andre to write to Arnold. Arnold, taking 
 the alarm, fled to a British vessel, and went down the Hudson 
 to General Clinton at New York. He got his reward. 
 
 224. Andr6 was hung as a spy. His three captors were 
 John Paulding, Isaac Van Wert, and David Williams. Con- 
 gress gave each of them a medal and a pension for life. 
 
 225. Troubles in Camp. The winter of 1780-81 
 brought new sufferings to the soldiers in Washington's camp 
 at Morristown. So grievous did these privations become, that, 
 on New Year's day of 1781, the Pennsylvania line, to the 
 number of thirteen hundred, left the camp, with the intention 
 of marching to Philadelphia and demanding that Congress 
 should give them relief. They were met at Princeton by a 
 committee from Congress, who satisfied their demands, and 
 they returned to camp. 
 
 226. This demonstration and a similar one made soon after 
 by a body of New Jersey troops made Congress realize that 
 something must be done to better the condition of the 
 army. 
 
 Congress accordingly appointed Robert Morris, a wealthy 
 Philadelphia merchant, financial agent of the government. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 223. Give an account of Andrews capture. 
 
 224. What became of Andre ? What of his captors? 
 
 225. Describe the sufferings of the soldiers in the winter of 1781. Give an account 
 of the Pennsylvania line. How was the matter settled ? 
 
 226. What did these things lead Congress to do ? What is said of Robert Morris 7
 
 150 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 He was a great financier, and took measures which relieved 
 the army very much. 
 
 227. Concentration in Virginia. The early months 
 of 1781 saw a number of military movements that resulted in 
 placing the opposing armies in a position in which the Ameri- 
 cans were able to win a victory that ended the war. 
 
 228. In January, 1781, General Clinton sent the traitor 
 Arnold, with sixteen hundred men, into Virginia. He ad- 
 vanced on Richmond, where he committed much havoc. He 
 then fortified himself at Portsmouth. Here he received a 
 reinforcement of two thousand troops. 
 
 To oppose Arnold, Washington sent Lafayette into Vir- 
 ginia, with twelve hundred men. 
 
 229. At this same time, Cornwallis, whom we saw going 
 to Wilmington after the Carolina campaign, marched north- 
 ward to Petersburg, Virginia. Cornwallis now took command 
 of all the British forces in Virginia. 
 
 Lafayette, with his small army, now raised to three thou- 
 sand men, could only watch the enemy. 
 
 230. In June, 1781, Cornwallis received a message from 
 Clinton, telling him to take up a position on the sea-coast of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Cornwallis chose Yorktown, on the south side of the 
 James River. Here he fortified himself. 
 
 231. The reason why Clinton told Cornwallis to get near 
 the sea-coast was because he wished the Virginia force to be 
 handv in case Washington should attack New York. 
 
 232. Now, Washington, in the summer of 1781, really 
 had formed a design of attacking the British in New York. 
 But he now gave it up, as he thought he could accomplish 
 more by striking a blow at Cornwallis in Virginia. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 227. Repeat what is said of the military movements of 1781. 
 
 228. Give an account of Arnold's doings. Whom did Washington send to oppose 
 him? 
 
 229. Give an account of the movements of Cornwallia. What is said of Lafayette ? 
 
 230. What message did Cornwallis receive from Clinton ? State the position taken 
 up by Cornwallis. 
 
 231. Why did Clinton send this message ' 
 
 232. What design had Washington formed ? Why did he change this plan ' Relate 
 in what manner Washington deceived Clinton. Towards what point did he now march ?
 
 THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 
 
 151 
 
 Washington, however, continued so to act as to make Clin- 
 ton think he was really going to attack New York. In Sep- 
 tember, when everything was ready, he suddenly drew off, and., 
 with the allied forces, made forced marches for Yorktown. 
 
 233. Siege of Yorktown. Washington appeared be- 
 fore Yorktown, September 28, 1781. 
 
 The French fleet of 
 Count de Grasse had 
 previously entered 
 the Chesapeake, and 
 blocked up James and 
 York rivers. This 
 prevented escape by 
 water ; Washington 
 prevented escape by 
 land. It was now 
 simply a question of 
 time as to the sur- 
 render of the British 
 army. It numbered 
 about eight thousand 
 men. Washington 
 had sixteen thousand. [.VORKTOWN 
 
 234. Washington, 
 
 with the French and American forces, began a regular siege 
 of Yorktown. One hundred pieces of artillery were brought 
 to bear on the British works, and did terrible execution. 
 During the bombardment the British lost over five hundred 
 men. 
 
 235. Cornwallis stood the siege for three weeks. Finding 
 his situation hopeless, he offered to capitulate. On the 19th 
 of October the British commander surrendered his army of 
 over seven thousand men. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 5233. Give the date of 
 What is said of the French fleet' How 
 relative strength of the two armies. 
 
 34 . Give an account of the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 35. Give an account of the capitulation. 
 
 ?hington's appearance before Yorktown. 
 the British army hemmed in ? State the
 
 152 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 236. Close of the "War. The news of this great vic- 
 tory awoke exultation from one end of the United States to 
 the other. Patriotic demonstrations of all kinds were made. 
 Congress appointed the 1 3th of December as a day of public 
 thanksgiving. 
 
 237. Although the war had not formally closed, yet it 
 was practically over. The British still continued to hold 
 New York and Charleston. But the soul of the war was 
 gone. 
 
 238. In the British Parliament resolutions for terminating 
 the war were introduced. In the spring of 1782 the British 
 Ministry offered to treat with the Americans. John Adams, 
 Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and John Jay were ap- 
 pointed commissioners for the United States to conclude a 
 peace with Great Britain. On the 30th of November a pre- 
 liminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 
 
 239. The final treaty of peace, the Treaty of Paris, was 
 signed on the 3d of September, 1783. By this Great Britain 
 acknowledged the independence of the United States. The 
 boundaries of the United States were agreed upon as extending 
 northwai'd to the Great Lakes and westward to the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 NOTE. All west of the Mississippi was recognized as belonging to 
 Spain. Florida, which had been in British possession since 1763 (close 
 of the French and Indian War), was restored to Spain. 
 
 240. The army, during all these proceedings, remained in 
 the field. The war-toils of the soldiers had ceased ; but there 
 were causes of trouble that threatened disaster to the Repub- 
 lic. The troops had not been paid for so long a time that 
 they began to mutiny. Washington, however, by his firmness 
 and wisdom, settled the whole matter. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 236. What is said of the news of the victory ? 
 
 237. Was the war practically over ? What positions were held by the British 
 
 238. What is said of the British Parliament ? What is said of the British Ministry ? 
 Name the American commissioners. Give the date of the preliminary treaty of peaco 
 
 239. Give the date of the final treaty of peace. What did this treaty acknowledge ? 
 State what is said of the boundaries of the United States ? 
 
 240. What of the American army? State the troubles that arose, and how they 
 were settled.
 
 THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 153 
 
 241. The 3d of November, 1 783, was appointed for the dis- 
 banding of the army. Then the patriot soldiers of the Revo- 
 lution returned to their homes. They carried with them the 
 proud consciousness that they had made their country free 
 and independent. 
 
 242. By the close of the year the last red-coat had disap- 
 peared from the United States. The British evacuated New 
 York November 25, and Charleston in December. 
 
 243. Washington, on the 4th of December, took farewell of 
 his officers at New York. He then went to Annapolis, where 
 Congress was sitting, and resigned his commission, Decem- 
 ber 23. He then retired to his farm at Mount Vernon, carry- 
 ing with him the love and gratitude of his countrymen. 
 
 244. The Confederation. The government of the 
 United States at the close of the war was not the government 
 as we now know it. It was a Confederation, or league, of States. 
 In place of the Constitution, they had the "Articles of Con- 
 federation." These Articles of Confederation had been agreed 
 to by Congress in 1777, and ratified by all the States in 1781. 
 
 245. The Confederation, by these Articles, had the power 
 of incurring debts, but no power of paying them. All it 
 could do was to recommend the several States to pay each its 
 own proportion. But the States had their own local debts, 
 and business was very much depressed ; so it was found very 
 hard to meet the obligations of the general government. 
 
 246. In some of the States where it was attempted to tax 
 the people to pay the debt, insurrections occurred. This was 
 particularly the case in Massachusetts. Here there was quite 
 a disturbance, known as Shay's Rebellion. The military 
 had to be called out to put it down. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 241. When was the army disbanded ? Repeat the reflections on this 
 suhjoct. 
 
 242. What is said of the departure of the British army from America ? 
 
 243. Give an account of Washington's farewell. To what place did he retire? 
 
 244. What kind of government had tho United States at this time? What is said 
 of the Articles of Confederation ? When were they agreed to ? When were they ratified ? 
 
 245. What power had the Confederation by these Articles? State all it could do 
 regarding the debt Mention what is said of the inability to pay the debt. 
 
 246. What is said of insurrections ? Give an account of Shay's Rebellion.
 
 154 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 247 The Confederation, moreover, had no power to make 
 general laws for regulating the commerce. The result was so 
 bad that merchants all over the country came forward to 
 urge the establishment of a uniform system of trade duties. 
 
 248. Three years after the conclusion of peace the opinion 
 had become general that there should be a revision of the 
 Articles of Confederation. Finally, in 1787, it was agreed 
 that a convention of delegates from all the States should 
 be held for this purpose. 
 
 249. The Constitution. The " Constitutional Conven- 
 tion" met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787. George Washing- 
 ton was elected presiding officer. When the convention came 
 to consider the Articles of Confederation, they found them so 
 faulty that it was resolved, in place of mending the old con- 
 stitution, to form a new constitution and union. 
 
 250. After four months' deliberation, the Constitution was 
 agreed on. It was signed September 17, 1787. By the mid- 
 dle of the year 1788, majorities of the people in eleven States 
 had adopted the Constitution. The remaining two adopted it 
 soon afterwards. 
 
 251. The Constitution, while under discussion in the sev- 
 eral States, met with strong opposition. Many thought it 
 gave too much power to the Federal government. The people 
 divided into two parties, the Federalists, who favored the 
 adoption of the Constitution ; and the Anti-Federalists, who op- 
 posed it. This is the reason why it was not completely rati- 
 fied till 1790. 
 
 252. It was appointed that the new government, the " more 
 perfect Union," should go into operation March 4, 1789. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 247. What is said of the power of the Confederation for regulating 
 commerce ? What was the result '! 
 
 248. What is said of the revision of the Articles of the Confederation ? What conven- 
 tion was agreed on ? 
 
 249. When and where was the Constitutional Convention held? Who was the 
 presiding officer ? What did the convention resolve to do ? 
 
 250. Give the date of the signing of the Constitution. How many States had rati- 
 fied it by 1788 ? What of the two other States ? 
 
 251. Repeat what is said of the opposition to the Constitution. What was thought 
 by many people ? Explain what is meant by the federalists : the Anti-Federalists. 
 
 252. When was the new government to go into operation ? What election now took 
 place ?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 155 
 
 Under the provisions of the Constitution the people of the 
 United States elected members of Congress and a President. 
 The President chosen was GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 I. Outline Review of the Campaigns. 
 
 I. The first action of the Revolutionary War was Lexing- 
 ton, fought April 19, 1775. The last action was the siege of 
 Yorktown, which surrendered October 19, 1781. Thus the 
 operations in the field lasted six years and a half. 
 
 II. The first division of the Revolutionary War is the 
 campaign of 1775. The events are : 
 
 1. Lexington; American success. 
 
 2. Ticonderoga; American success. 
 
 3. Bunker Hill; British success. 
 
 4. Montgomery's invasion of Canada; British success. 
 
 III. The second division of the Revolutionary War is the 
 campaign of 1776. The events are : 
 
 1. The siege of Boston and occupation by Washington, 
 in March ; American success. 
 
 2. Siege of Charleston, in June ; American success. 
 
 3. Washington's move to New York, British concentra- 
 tion on Staten Island, Battle of Long Island in August ; 
 British success. 
 
 4. Washington's retreat from New York, skirmish at White 
 Plains; British success. 
 
 5. Capture of Fort Washington; British success. 
 
 6. Washington's retreat into and through Jersey, behind 
 the Delaware, which was crossed December 8. 
 
 7. Washington's recrossing of the Delaware, and blow at 
 the British at Trenton; American success. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Review of the Campaigns. I. Give the date of the 
 first and of the last action of the Revolutionary War. How long did the war last ? 
 
 II. What is the first division of the Revolutionary War ? Give the first event ; the 
 second ; the third ; the fourth. 
 
 III. What i* the second division of the war? Give the first event ; -the second ; the 
 third ; the fourth ; the fifth ; the sixth ; the seventh ; the eighth.
 
 156 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 
 8. Action at Princeton, January 3, 1 777 ; American success. 
 
 IV. The third division of the Revolutionary War is the 
 double campaign of 1777, the campaign of Washington 
 against Howe, in Pennsylvania, and the campaign of Schuyler 
 and Gates against Burgoyne, in New York. The events of 
 Washington's campaign are : 
 
 1. British change of base from New York to the Chesapeake, 
 in July, ITU. 
 
 2. Washington's forward move to the Brandywine. 
 
 3. Battle of Shad's Ford, on the Brandywiue, in Septem- 
 ber ; British success. 
 
 4. British occupation of Philadelphia, as the result. 
 
 5. Washington's attack on Germantown, in October; 
 British success. 
 
 6. Capture of Forts Mercer and Mifflin, thus opening 
 the Delaware ; British success. 
 
 The events of Burgoyne's campaign are : 
 
 1. Capture of Ticonderoga, in July ; British success. 
 
 2. Evacuation of Fort Edward by Schuyler, who takes 
 position at the mouth of the Mohawk. 
 
 3. Action at Bennington, in August ; American success. 
 
 4. Siege of Fort Schuyler by the British, in August ; 
 American success. 
 
 5. First battle of Bemis Heights, September 18; inde- 
 cisive. 
 
 6. Second battle of Bemis Heights, October 7 ; Ameri- 
 can success. 
 
 7. Surrender of Burgoyne's army, at Saratoga, October 1 7 ; 
 American success. 
 
 V. The fourth division of the Revolutionary War comprises 
 the campaigns of 177880. The leading events of this 
 period are : 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. IV. What is the third division of the Revolutionary War ? 
 Give the first event in Washington's campaign ; the second , the third ; the fourth ; 
 the fifth; the sixth. Give the first event of Burgoyne's campaign; the second; the 
 third ; the fourth ; the fifth ; the sixth ; the seventh. 
 
 V. What is the fourth division of the Revolutionary War. Give the first event ; 
 the second ; the third : the fourth ; the fifth : the sixth ; the seventh ; the eighth , 
 the ninth ; the tenth ; the eleventh ; the twelfth.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 157 
 
 1. French treaty of alliance, February 6, 1778. 
 
 2. British change of base from Philadelphia to New York, 
 in June, 1778. 
 
 3. Action at Monmouth, June 28 ; indecisive. 
 
 4. Arrival of the French fleet and force, under D'Estaing, 
 in July. 
 
 5. Attempted operation against the British at Newport 5 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 6. The French fleet sails to the West Indies, in the fall 
 of 1778. 
 
 7. In consequence of this, Clinton transfers the seat of war 
 to the South. 
 
 8. Georgia occupied by the British, in January, 1779. 
 
 9 Defeat of Tories at Kettle Creek, in February, by 
 Colonel Pickens ; American success. 
 
 10. Attack on the British at Brier Creek, in March; 
 British success. 
 
 11. Minor operations and raids of the British in the North, 
 in the summer of 1779; capture of Stony Point by the 
 British ; recapture of Stony Point by Wayne, in July. 
 
 12. Return of the French fleet to Savannah, in Septem- 
 ber, 1779, and siege of that place by the French and Ameri- 
 cans ; unsuccessful. 
 
 VI. The fifth division of the Revolutionary War is the 
 campaign in the Carolinas, commencing with the beginning 
 of 1780, and extending to the end of 1781. The events of 
 the Carolina campaign are : 
 
 1. Clinton's transfer of the bulk of the British army from 
 New York to Savannah, January, 1780. 
 
 2. Siege of Charleston ; its surrender, May 12, 1780; 
 British success. 
 
 3. Gates sent down to Cnrolina. 
 
 4. Action of Sander's Creek, South Carolina, in August ; 
 British success. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. VI. What is the fifth division of the Revolutionary War ' 
 Give the first event of the campaign of the Carolinas ; the second ; the third ; the 
 fou-th ; the fifth ; the sixth ; the seventh ; the eighth ; the ninth , the tenth the 
 eleventh ; the twelfth ; the thirteenth.
 
 158 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 5. Action at King's Mountain, South Carolina, in Octo- 
 ber ; American success. 
 
 6. Greene takes command of the Carolina army, in Decem- 
 ber, 1780. 
 
 7. Action at Cowpens, in January, 1781 ; American 
 success. 
 
 8. Retreat of the American army into Virginia, and pur- 
 suit by Cornwallis, January, 1781 ; American success. 
 
 9. Return of Greene into North Carolina. Action at 
 G-uilford Court-House, in March ; indecisive. 
 
 10. Greene's advance to Hobkirk, South Carolina. At- 
 tack by the British, in April ; British success. 
 
 11. Greene's assault of Ninety-Six, in June; British 
 success. 
 
 12. Action at Eutaw Springs, in September; inde- 
 cisive. 
 
 13. And, as the result of the whole Carolina campaign 
 of eighteen months, that the British occupy only Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 VII. The sixth division of the Revolutionary War is the 
 final campaign. The events of this period are : 
 
 1. The arrival of a French fleet and force of six thou- 
 sand men, in midsummer of 1780. 
 
 2. The British concentration in Virginia in the early months 
 of 1781. Arnold and Cornwallis sent to Virginia. Corn- 
 wallis takes position at Yorktown in June, 1781. 
 
 3. Washington deceives Clinton by making him believe 
 he is going to attack New York, and then rushes to York- 
 town. 
 
 4. Siege of Yorktown by the allied forces and the fleet, 
 September and October, 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis, 
 October 19, 1781. American success and end of military 
 operations. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. VII. What is the sixth division of the Revolutionary War? 
 Give the first event of the final campaign ; tut second ; the third ; the fourth.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 
 159 
 
 II. Review of the Principal Battles. 
 
 r 
 
 When 
 fought. 
 
 Where fought. 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 Army 
 successful. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 1775 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 Parker, 
 
 ( Smith and 1 
 j Pitcairn, \ 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Ti n onderoga, 
 
 Allen, 
 
 De Laplace, 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Bunker Hill, 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 ( Howe and j 
 \ Clinton, J 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Quebec, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 British. 
 
 1776 
 
 Fort Moultrie, 
 
 Moultrie, 
 
 ( Clinton & Sir 1 
 j Peter Parker,) 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Long Island, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 ( Howe and 1 
 
 j Clinton, J 
 
 British. 
 
 
 White Plains, 
 
 McDougall, 
 
 Ho-.ve, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Fort Washington 
 Trenton, 
 
 Magaw, 
 Washington, 
 
 Howe 
 Bald. 
 
 British. 
 American. 
 
 1777 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Mawhood, 
 
 American 
 
 
 Ticonderoga, 
 
 St. Clair, 
 
 Burgoyne, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Fort Schuyler, 
 Bcnnington, 
 
 Stark, 
 
 St. Leger, 
 Baum, 
 
 American. 
 American. 
 
 
 Bennington, 
 
 Warner, 
 
 Breyman. 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Brandywine, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Howe, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Stillwater, 
 
 Gates, 
 
 Burgoyne, 
 
 Indecisive. 
 
 
 Germanto wn , 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Howe, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Stillwater, 
 
 Gates, 
 
 Burgoyne, 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Fort Mercer, 
 
 Col. Greene, 
 
 Donop, 
 
 American. 
 
 1778 
 
 Monmouth, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Wyoming, 
 
 Zeb. Butler, 
 
 John Butler, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 Pigot, 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Cherry Vallov, 
 
 
 Brant, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 Robt. Howe, 
 
 Campbell, 
 
 British. 
 
 1779 
 
 Sunbnry, 
 Kettle Creek, 
 
 Lane, 
 Pickcns, 
 
 Prevost, 
 Boyd, 
 
 British. 
 American. 
 
 
 Brier Creek, 
 
 Ash, 
 
 Prevost, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Stono Ferry, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Stony Point, 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Paulus Hook, 
 
 Lee, 
 
 
 American. 
 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Prevost, 
 
 British. 
 
 1730 
 
 Monk's Corner, 
 
 
 Tarleton, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Sander's Creek, 
 
 Gates, 
 
 Cornwallis, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Fishing Creek, 
 
 Sumpter, 
 
 Tarleton, 
 
 British. 
 
 1781 
 
 King's Mountain, 
 Cowpens, 
 
 Campbell 
 Morgan, 
 
 Ferguson, 
 Tarleton, 
 
 American. 
 American. 
 
 
 Ouilford C. II , 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Cornwallis, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Rawdon, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Ninety-Six, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Fort Griswold, 
 
 Ledyard, 
 
 Arnold, 
 
 British. 
 
 
 Eutaw Springs, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 Indecisive. 
 
 
 York town, 
 
 ( Washington 1 
 i & De Grosse, ) 
 
 Cornwallis, 
 
 American. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. If eview of Battles. Give the principal battles of 1775 ; of 
 1776 ; of 1777 ; of 1773 ; of 1779 ; of 1780 ; of 1781.
 
 160 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 III. Review of Important Political Facts. 
 
 I. American Independence declared July 4, 1776. 
 
 II. Different places where the Continental Congress 
 met: Philadelphia, 1774-76; Baltimore, 1776; Philadel- 
 phia, 1777; Lancaster and York, 1777; Philadelphia, 1778- 
 83; Princeton, 1783; Annapolis, 1783; Trenton, 1784; New 
 York, 1785-89. 
 
 III. The "Articles of Confederation," adopted by 
 Congress November 15, 1777 ; ratified by all the States 
 March, 1781. They then became the Constitution of the 
 country. 
 
 IV. British commissioners sent to America to negotiate 
 terms, April, 1778. Terms rejected. 
 
 V. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, November 
 30, 1782. Final Treaty of Paris signed September 3, 
 1783. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Important Political Facts. I. Date of American In- 
 dependence? 
 
 II. Name the different places where the Continental Congress met. 
 
 III. When were the Articles of Confederation adopted ? When were they ratified ? 
 
 IV. When were British commissioners sent ? What was the result ? 
 
 V. Date of preliminary treaty of peace ? of final treaty ?
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 FROM THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, 1789, TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 L HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 I. _ WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1789 - 1797. 
 
 1. Introduction. We now enter on the most important 
 period of our history, the period when our country became 
 really the UNITED STATES. 
 
 2. There will be given : 
 First, a brief histoiy of the 
 
 successive administrations from 
 Washington's up to the War of 
 Secession in 1861. This may 
 be called the political history of 
 the United States. 
 
 Secondly, a history of the 
 founding and progress of the 
 group of great States in the 
 West and Southwest, and the 
 history of the founding and George Washington. 
 
 growth of the great States of the Pacific coast. This may 
 be called the growth of States. 
 
 Thirdly, a history of the advance of the United States in 
 things material and intellectual. This may be called Ameri- 
 can progress. 
 
 Fourthly, the history of the War of Secession in the 
 United States. 
 
 Fifthly, subsequent history. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. On what period do we now enter? 
 2. State what will be giveu in this period.
 
 162 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 3. The Government Established. Washington 
 
 was inaugurated President of the United States, April 30, 1 789. 
 The ceremony took place at New York, then the capital. John 
 Adams, of Massachusetts, had been elected Vice-President. 
 
 4. The Constitution had appointed that the government 
 of the United States should consist of three branches, the 
 legislature, which makes the laws ; the executive, which en- 
 forces them ; and the judicial, which interprets them. The 
 law-making power is Congress, the law -enforcing power is the 
 President, the law '-interpreting power resides in certain courts. 
 
 5. Congress began by decreeing that to the executive de- 
 partment should belong four department, the Depart- 
 ment of State (having charge of foreign affairs), the Depart- 
 ment of the Treasury, the Department of War, and the De- 
 partment of Law. The heads of the first three are called 
 secretaries, of the last, the Attorney-General. The whole 
 constitutes the President's Cabinet. 
 
 NOTE. Washington's first Cabinet was as follows : Alexander Ham- 
 ilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ; 
 Henry Knox, Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 
 Other departments as the Post-Office, etc. have been created since. 
 
 6. Important Facts. The most important task for 
 Congress to perform was to provide a revenue for the sup- 
 port of the government. For this purpose duties were laid 
 on all imported goods. Such duties are called a tariff. 
 
 7. The wise treatment of the public debt was the next 
 thing. Alexander Hamilton proposed a financial plan, which 
 Congress adopted. By this plan, the war debt of the general 
 government and of the several States (in all about seventy- 
 four millions of dollars) was funded and afterwards paid. The 
 Bank of the United States was established in 1791. 
 
 8. The people of the United States now went vigorously to 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3. Give the date of Washington's inauguration. Where did the cere- 
 mony take place ? Who was Vice-President ? 
 
 4. What had the Constitution said about the government ? Define each branch. 
 
 5. What did Congress decree in regard to departments ? What is the head of each 
 called ? What is the President's Cabinet ? 
 
 6. The first important fact is in regard to revenue ; what is said about that? 
 
 7. The next important fact is regarding the public debt ; what is said about that? 
 
 8. The next important fact is regarding prosperity ; what is said about that ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 163 
 
 work on their farms and in their workshops. The finances 
 of the country were on a sound basis. Americans felt they 
 had a good government. The result was a season of great 
 prosperity. 
 
 9. In 1790, Congress decreed that the seat of government 
 should be for ten years in Philadelphia ; after that perma- 
 nently in the District of Columbia, on the Potomac. 
 Washington chose the spot of the city which received his 
 illustrious name. 
 
 10. In 1791, Vermont was admitted into the Union as a 
 State. 
 
 11. The Constitution fixed the Presidential term at four 
 years. As Washington would thus go out March 4, 1793, the 
 American people, in the fall of 1792, again elected him Presi- 
 dent and John Adams Vice-President. 
 
 12. Up to this time there had been very little politics in 
 the country; but political lines now began to be drawn. 
 Hamilton was considered the head of the Federalists, Jefferson 
 of the Republicans. 
 
 NOTE. The Federalists favored a strong Federal government; the 
 Republicans thought power should be more in the hands of the people, 
 and wished a strictly democratic government. 
 
 13. At the beginning of Washington's second term of office 
 the country was much disturbed by the great French Revo- 
 lution. Many Americans wished to aid France in her strug- 
 gle for liberty against England, Spain, and Holland. Wash- 
 ington knew the wise course for the United States was to re- 
 main neutral. 
 
 14. The French Republic, in 1793, appointed Citizen 
 Genet Minister to the United States. This person was very 
 indiscreet. He thought that, as there was a great deal of 
 
 QUESTIONS. 9. The next important fact is regarding the capital of the United 
 States ; what is said about that ? 
 
 10. The next important fact i* regarding Vermont ; what is said about that? 
 
 11. What is the length of the President's term of office? What of Washington's 
 re-election ? 
 
 l!4. The next important event is regarding politics ; what is said about that ? 
 
 13. The next important event is regarding the French Revolution ; what is said 
 about that ? 
 
 14. The next important fact is regarding Citizen Genet : who was he, and what 
 about him ?
 
 164 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 popular enthusiasm for France, he might do anything ; so he 
 went to work fitting out privateers. Washington had to de- 
 mand his recall. 
 
 15. In 1794 the people of western Pennsylvania resisted 
 the collection of taxes on distilled spirits, and rose in what is 
 called the Whiskey Insurrection. Washington had to 
 send an armed force into the region. 
 
 16. The boundaries between the Spanish possessions of 
 Louisiana and Florida and the United States had never been 
 definitely fixed. In 1795 a treaty was made with Spain, 
 which arranged this question, and gave the United States the 
 right of navigating the Mississippi. 
 
 17. Washington's retirement took place at the close of 
 his second administration, which ended March 4, 1797. He 
 had refused re-election in 1796, and published his Farewell 
 Address, a document breathing the loftiest political wisdom 
 and the purest patriotism. At the close of his term he retired 
 to Mount Vernon. 
 
 II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1797 - 1801. 
 
 18. The second President of 
 the United States was John 
 Adams of Massachusetts. He 
 was inaugurated March 4, 1 797. 
 
 19. Meaning of the Elec- 
 tion. The election of Adams 
 was a triumph of the Fed- 
 eralists, who desired that the 
 principles of Washington's ad- 
 ministration should continue to 
 be pursued. The Republicans, 
 believing the Federalists to be 
 
 QUESTIONS. 15. The next important fact is regarding the Whiskey Insurrection : 
 what U said about that? 
 
 Ifj. flie next important fact is regarding the boundaries between the Spanish and 
 American possessions ; what is said about that ? 
 
 17. The next important fact is regarding Washington's retirement ; what is said 
 about that? 
 
 18. Who was the second President of the United States ? When inaugurated ? 
 
 19. Vhat was the political meaning of Adams's election ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 1(55 
 
 less friendly than themselves to democratic liberty, had made 
 great efforts to elect Thomas Jefferson ; but Adams succeeded. 
 Jefferson was chosen Vice- President. 
 
 20. Important Facts. The administration of Adams 
 found the internal affairs of the United States in a highly 
 prosperous condition. The agricultural and commercial wealth 
 of the country had increased beyond all former example. 
 
 21. The external affairs that is, the foreign relations 
 of the United States were not so favorable. The particular 
 trouble was with France. 
 
 22. The French government, angered because the United 
 States did not take up their quarrel with England, adopted 
 trade regulations that were very injurious to American 
 commerce. Many American vessels were captured by the 
 French for pretended violations of their unjust commercial 
 regulations. Agents whom the United States sent to France 
 were met by French agents, who demanded large sums of 
 money before they would negotiate. 
 
 23. These events excited great indignation in the United 
 States. " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute," 
 resounded from every quarter. 
 
 24. Congress, in May, 1798, authorized reprisals, that 
 is, the capture of armed French vessels. A small army, also, 
 was raised, and Washington reluctantly undertook its com- 
 mand. 
 
 25. The storm of war was mercifully averted. It is true, 
 hostilities began on the ocean. The American frigate Con- 
 stellation, after a desperate fight, captured a larger French 
 frigate. But circumstances arose that warded off the conflict. 
 In the autumn of 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew 
 
 QUESTIONS. 2O. The first important fact in Adams's administration is regarding 
 internal affairs : what is said of them ? 
 
 "21. The next important fact is regarding external aflairs ; what is said of them ? 
 
 '<8-i. The next important fact is regarding French trade regulations ; what is said 
 about them ? 
 
 '43. What feeling was excited by these events ? 
 
 Si4. What step was taken by Congress? Who became commander? 
 
 25. What is said of the storm of war? Did any hostilities take place? Who came 
 to the head of French aflairs ? What did he do ?
 
 166 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 the government of France, and took the control of affairs into 
 his own hands. Napoleon made a treaty of peace with the 
 United States in 1800. 
 
 26. It was in the midst of these events that Washington 
 was removed from the scene of his earthly glories. Washing- 
 ton died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799, at the age of 
 sixty-eight years. The entire American people put on mourn- 
 ing, the sincere expression of their heartfelt grief. A resolu- 
 tion in Congress, deploring his death, called him " first in war, 
 first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 27. During the summer of 1800 the seat of government 
 was removed from Philadelphia to WASHIXGTOX. 
 
 III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 18O1 - 1809. 
 
 28. The third President of 
 the United States was Thomas 
 Jefferson of Virginia. He was 
 inaugurated March 4, 1801. 
 Aaron Burr had been chosen 
 Vice-President. 
 
 29. Meaning of the Elec- 
 tion. The election of Jeft'ersou 
 was a triumph of the Republi- 
 can or democratical party, the 
 party opposed to the Federalists. 
 Various measures which Adams 
 
 and the Federalists took had made large numbers change 
 sides. One of the chief reasons of the change was the pas- 
 sage of the Alien and Sedition laws by the Federalists, 
 in 1798. The "Alien Law " gave the President the right of 
 expelling from the country any foreigner who was regarded as 
 dangerous to the United States. The " Sedition Law " said 
 
 QUESTIONS. 26. Repeat what is said of the death of Washington ? What was said 
 of him by Congress ? 
 
 7. What took place during the summer of 1800 ? 
 
 2S. Who was the third President? Inaugurated when ? Name the Vice- Prcidcn';. 
 
 '2J. What was the political meaning of Jefferson's election ? Explain the Alien Law : 
 the Sedition Law. \Vaat dia the Republicans think about these laws ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 167 
 
 that any person who published anything false or malicious 
 against the President or Congress might be fined or im- 
 prisoned. The Republicans thought these laws were contrary 
 to liberty. They nominated Jefferson, who triumphed over 
 Adams, the candidate of the Federalists. 
 
 30. Important Facts. The Republican Congress and 
 administration began by measures of economy. They 
 abolished internal taxes, cut down the army and navy, and 
 introduced several reforms. 
 
 31. The next important event was the purchase of Louis- 
 iana from France by the United States, in 1803. The price 
 paid was $ 15,000,000. 
 
 NOTE. Louisiana had originally belonged to France. In 1763, at 
 the close of the French and Indian War, France ceded it to Spain, for 
 her aid against the English. In 1800, Spain ceded it back to France. 
 Thus the purchase in 1803 was made from France. 
 
 32. This vast region included all west of the Mississippi to 
 the Rocky Mountains (the Pacific coast still belonging to 
 Spain) and north to the British Possessions. The purchase 
 was of great importance to the United States, as it secured 
 the undisputed navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 33. The commerce of the United States in the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea had long suffered by the depredations of the piratical 
 Barbary States. In 1801, Tripoli [trip'o-ti], one of those 
 States, declared war against this country. President Jeffer- 
 son, in 1803, sent a naval force into the Mediterranean. 
 
 34. One of the American fleet, the frigate Philadelphia, 
 while pursuing a small craft of the enemy before Tripoli, ran 
 upon a rock, and was captured by the Tripolitans. The crew 
 were treated as slaves. 
 
 35. The pirates thought this a great prize ; but, in Febru- 
 ary, 1804, Lieutenant Deca'tur entered the harbor of 
 
 QUESTIONS. -<O. What measures of economy are mentioned? 
 
 31. The next important event is regarding the purchase of Louisiana ; what is said 
 about that ? 
 33. What territory did the purchase include ? What is said of its importance ? 
 
 33. The next important fact is regarding the war with a Barbary State ; what about 
 that ? 
 
 34. Give the incident of the frigate Philadelphia. 
 
 35. What exploit was performed by Decatur ?
 
 108 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Tripoli in a small schooner, at night, and captured and burned 
 the Philadelphia. 
 
 36. A few months later, Commodore Preble several 
 times bombarded Tripoli. But the troubles did not cease till 
 1805, when the bashaw was glad to make a treaty of peace. 
 
 37. In July, 1804, a duel, growing out of a political dis- 
 pute, was fought between Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the 
 United States, and Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton was 
 killed, a fact greatly lamented by the people of the United 
 States. 
 
 38. In the fall of 1804, Jefferson was re-elected Presi- 
 dent. George Clinton of New York was chosen Vice-President. 
 
 39. Burr was a man of brilliant intellect, but of bad prin- 
 ciples and great ambition. In 1806 he was found making 
 secret preparations for an expedition down the Ohio River. 
 He was accused of plotting to separate the country west of the 
 Alleghanies from the Union, and also of a design to conquer 
 Mexico. Burr was arrested, and tried on these charges. For 
 want of proof he was set at liberty. But the people continued 
 to believe that he had meant treason to the United States. 
 
 40. In Europe the great war between England and France, 
 with Napoleon at its head, was still going on. The United 
 States remained neutral, that is, did not side with either. 
 As the powerful navy of England had swept nearly all the 
 vessels of France and her allies from the seas, American mer- 
 chantmen found very profitable employment in carrying goods 
 for France and other European nations. 
 
 41. In order to check this, the British government, in May, 
 180G, declared a large part of the coast of Europe in a state 
 of blockade, thus preventing American vessels from entering 
 the ports said to be blockaded. In November, 1806, Napo- 
 
 QUESTIOXS. 36. State what is said of the Preble. When did the war end ? 
 3T . What duel was fought at this time ? Tell about it. 
 
 38. When was Jefferson re-elected? Name the Vice-President. 
 
 39. What is said of the character of Aaron Burr ? Give an account of his supposed 
 plot. 
 
 40. What war was still going on in Europe? What was the position of the United 
 States? Repeat what is said of American merchantmen. 
 
 41. Tell what is said of the British blockade. How did Napoleon retiliate? What 
 was the effect on American commerce .'
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 169 
 
 leon retaliated by declaring the blockade of the British 
 Islands. Numerous American vessels, which attempted to 
 trade to these various ports, were captured either by the Eng- 
 lish or French. The result was that American commerce was 
 nearly destroyed. 
 
 42. These measures were contrary to the law of nations. 
 American merchants therefore protested loudly, and the whole 
 country was in great excitement ; but it was of no avail. 
 
 43. Another thing which Americans felt as an outrage was 
 a claim which the British made, that their vessels had a right 
 to search American ships, and take from them any seamen 
 of English birth. This the English called the "right of 
 search." The American government indignantly denied this 
 pretended " right " ; and the more so as several times Ameri- 
 can seamen were seized and forced into the British navy, un- 
 der the pretence that they were deserters. 
 
 44. In the month of June, 1807, an event occurred of an 
 extremely irritating character. The American frigate Chesa- 
 peake, refusing to give up four men claimed by the English 
 as deserters, was fired upon by the British frigate Leopard. 
 The Chesapeake, being unsuspicious of danger and unpre- 
 pared for defence, struck her colors, after having three of her 
 men killed and eighteen wounded. She was then boarded by 
 the British, and four of her crew were carried off. Upon in- 
 vestigation it was found that three of them were American 
 citizens, who had been impressed by the British, and had after- 
 wards escaped. 
 
 45. This outrage called forth a Proclamation by Presi- 
 dent Jefferson, forbidding all British vessels from entering the 
 harbors of the United States until satisfaction for the past 
 and security for the future should be made by England. 
 
 46. In November, 1807, the British government issued the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 42. What is said of there measures? What was done by American 
 merchants ? 
 
 43. Explain what was meant by the right of search. What did the United States say 
 about this pretended right ? 
 
 44. Give an account of the affair of the ship Chesapeake. 
 
 45. What did this outrage call forth ? 
 
 46. What were the British " orders in council " ? What was the Milan Decree ?
 
 170 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 famous " orders in council," by which all neutral nations 
 were prohibited from trading with France or her allies, ex- 
 cepting upon payment of a tribute to England. This was 
 immediately met by Napoleon's " Milan Decree," which 
 confiscated all vessels that had submitted to search by an 
 English ship or had paid tribute. 
 
 47. To retaliate upon France and England, Congress, in 
 December, 1807, decreed an embargo, by which all American 
 vessels and sailors were called home and detained, and foreign 
 vessels were prohibited from taking cargoes from our ports. It 
 failed in obtaining from France and England an acknowledg- 
 ment of American rights, and proved ruinous to the commerce 
 of this country. The distress in the United States caused by the 
 embargo was so great that large numbers left the Republican 
 or administration party, and went over to the Federalists. 
 
 48. It was in this state of affairs that President Jefferson 
 went out of office, in March, 1809, and retired to his farm at 
 Monticello, Virginia. 
 
 IV. MADISON'S ADMIN ISTRATION. 1809 - 1817. 
 
 49. The fourth President of 
 the United States was James 
 Madison of Virginia. He was 
 inaugurated March 4, 1809. 
 George Clinton of New York 
 was re-elected Vice-President. 
 
 50. Meaning of the Elec- 
 tion. The election of Madi- 
 son was a triumph of the Fed- 
 eralists, who had zealously 
 opposed the measures of Jeffer- 
 
 Madison. son ' s Republican administra- 
 
 QCESTIONS. 47. How did Conjrress retaliate ? Was the embargo effectual ? What 
 influence did it have on political parties ? 
 
 48. What of the close of Jefferson's term ? 
 
 49. Who was the fourth President of the United States? When inaugurated' 
 Name the Vice-President. 
 
 50. What if, said of the meaning of the election ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 171 
 
 tion, and who, through the dissatisfaction caused by the em- 
 bargo, gained strength enough in New England to elect their 
 candidate. 
 
 51. Important Facts. In March, 1809, the Embargo 
 Act was repealed, and a Non-Intercourse Act was passed, 
 forbidding all commerce of the United States with Great 
 Britain and France. We shall soon see that this did not help 
 matters much, and that the troubles finally led to war. 
 
 52. In 1811 the Indians on the northwestern frontier be- 
 came very hostile, and took the war-path. General Har- 
 rison, governor of " Indiana Territory," collected a large 
 force, and marched against them. Their principal chief, Te- 
 cumseh, and his brother, " The Prophet," were not present ; 
 but, on the approach of General Harrison, other chiefs came 
 out to meet him. They proposed a conference, and requested 
 him to encamp for the night, which he did. Early the next 
 morning the Indians rushed upon the camp, and a bloody 
 contest followed. This action took place near the Tippecanoe 
 River, and was hence called the Battle of Tippecanoe 
 \tip-pe-kan-oo'~\. 
 
 53. The chief event of Madison's administration is the 
 declaration of war against England, and the hostilities 
 which followed for two years. 
 
 WAR OF 1812. 
 
 54. Cause of the War. The conduct of England in 
 harassing the commerce of the United States, and the im- 
 pressment of seamen from American vessels, was the cause of 
 the War of 1812. 
 
 55. The state of things when President Madison came into 
 office in 1809 has been seen. The Non-Intercourse Law ex- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 51. The first important fact in Madison's administration is regarding 
 a Non-Intercourse Act ; what is said about this? 
 
 52. The next important fact is regarding Indian hostility ; what is said of these and 
 of the battle of Tippecanoe ? 
 
 53. What is the chief event of Madison's term? 
 
 54. State the cause of the War of 1812. 
 
 55. When did the Non-Intercourse Act expire? What proposal did the United 
 States tben make ? What did France do ?
 
 172 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 pired in May, 1810. The United States government then 
 made a proposal, both to England and France, that, if either 
 nation would repeal its orders prohibiting trade by neutral 
 vessels, the United States would revive the Non-Intercourse 
 Law against the other nation. France, in 1810, revoked her 
 " Milan Decree." 
 
 56. The result was that, in November, 1810, President 
 Madison proclaimed that there was now free commerce 
 with France, but that all trade with Great Britain was 
 prohibited. 
 
 57. England now enforced her hostile orders more rigidly 
 than before. She stationed ships of war before the principal 
 harbors of the United States. All American merchantmen, 
 departing or returning, were boarded, searched, and many of 
 them sent to British ports as legal prizes. 
 
 58. At the same time the " right of search " was continued, 
 and impressments of seamen from American vessels were fre- 
 quent. The British naval officers behaved in a very insolent 
 and high-handed way. 
 
 59. In one instance, their insolence was deservedly pun- 
 ished. In May, 1811, the American frigate President, 
 commanded by Commodore Rodgers, when off the capes of 
 Virginia, hailed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt. Instead 
 of receiving a satisfactory answer, a shot was returned. An 
 action followed, and the British vessel was soon disabled, hav- 
 ing eleven of her men killed and twenty-one wounded. 
 
 60. The American government had to make reparation for 
 this act ; but the American people generally thought that it 
 served the British ship right. 
 
 61. This state of things was worse than war. America 
 suffered all the evils of war, and could do nothing in return. 
 During the previous seven or eight years British cruisers had 
 
 QUESTIONS. 56. As the result, what did the President proclaim ? 
 
 57. State the measures taken by England to enforce her regulations? 
 
 58. What is said of the right of search and British naval officers ? 
 
 59. Give an account of the incident which punished their insolence. 
 
 60. What had the government to do ? What did the people think ? 
 
 61. Repeat what is said of this state of things. What message did the President 
 send to Congress ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS 173 
 
 captured nine hundred American vessels for violation of Eng- 
 land's unjust commercial restrictions. 
 
 President Madison, on the 1st of June, 1812, sent a mes- 
 sage to Congress, recommending a declaration of war against 
 England. This was adopted. 
 
 62. On the 19th of June, 1812, a Proclamation of War 
 against England was published. General Henry Dearborn, 
 of Massachusetts, was appointed commander-in-chief. 
 
 63. Military Events of 1812. It was determined to 
 invade the British province of Canada. 
 
 In midsummer, General Hull, Governor of Michigan 
 Territory, crossed from Detroit, in that Territory, with a 
 small force, to Sandwich. Hull was 
 incompetent. He did nothing at 
 Sandwich, and while dawdling there 
 a British force captured the important 
 post of Mackinaw. This made 
 Hull return in haste to Detroit. 
 
 64. A small British force now ap- 
 peared before Detroit. The Ameri- 
 
 can soldiers were perfectly confident Vicinity of Detroit. 
 
 they could hold the place against the British. Nevertheless, 
 when Hull was called on to surrender, he hung out the white 
 flag and capitulated without striking one blow. The army 
 and the whole country were very indignant at this disgrace- 
 ful affair, and Hull's name was struck from the rolls of the 
 army. 
 
 65. On the 13th of October, another American detachment 
 crossed the Niagara River from Lewiston into Canada, and 
 attacked the British on Queenstown Heights. The Amer- 
 icans were at first successful, but were at last overpowered, 
 chiefly owing to the fact that the American militia on the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 62. Give the date of the Proclamation of War. Who was appointed 
 commander ? 
 
 63. What invasion was determined on? Give the movements of Hull. What was 
 the result ? 
 
 64. Give an account of the surrender of Detroit. 
 
 65. Describe the action at Queenstown Heights.
 
 174 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 American side would not cross to aid their brethren. Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel (afterwards General) Winfield Scott distin- 
 guished himself in this action. 
 
 66. Naval Operations of 1812. While failure met 
 the unimportant and badly conducted military operations of 
 1812, the United States navy performed a number of bril- 
 liant exploits that greatly encouraged the country. During 
 the year 1812 there were several important naval combats, 
 in every one of which the Americans were successful : 1. The 
 frigate Essex, Captain David Porter, captured the sloop-of- 
 war Alert, August 13; 2. The frigate Constitution, Cap- 
 tain Hull, off the Gulf of St. Lawrence, captured the Guer- 
 riere [gdre-yare], August 19; 3. The sloop Wasp, Captain 
 Jones, captured the British brig Frolic, October 18; 4. The 
 frigate United States, Commodore Decatur, cruising south 
 of the Azores, captured the Macedonian, October 25 ; 5. The 
 frigate Constitution, Commodore Baiubridge, captured, on 
 Brazil, the British frigate Java, December 29. Several of these 
 combats were desperate, and were illustrated by the most 
 splendid heroism on the part of the American sailors. 
 
 67. While the regular navy was performing these exploits, 
 numerous American privateers were fitted out to prey upon 
 British commerce. During the year 1812, no less than three 
 hundred prizes were taken. This was some return for the 
 numerous British captures in time of peace. 
 
 68. A majority of the American people heartily approved 
 the war. The result was, that, at the next election, in the 
 fall of 1812, Madison was re-elected President of the United 
 States. Elbridge Gerry was chosen Vice-President. 
 
 69. Military Operations of 1813. At the beginning 
 of 1813, the American forces on the northern frontiers were 
 divided into three armies. The Army of the West, under 
 
 QCESTIONS. 66. Give what i paid of the exploits of the navy. Mention the first 
 naval action : the second: the third ; the fourth ; the fifth. 
 
 67. Repeat what is paid of privateers. What number of prizes were taken ? 
 
 68. How did the American people look on the war ? What was the result as to 
 Madison ? Who was Vice-President ? 
 
 69. Into what three armies were the American forces divided in 1813 ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS 175 
 
 General Harrison, was stationed near the head of Lake Erie ; 
 the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, on the Ni- 
 agara frontier ; the Army of the North, under General Wade 
 Hampton, near Lake Champlain. 
 
 70. The object of the Army of the West was to re- 
 cover Detroit and Michigan from the English. In January, 
 1813, a body, under General Winchester, advanced on 
 Frenchtown, beating a British party and taking the vil- 
 lage. Soon after, a larger force of English and Indians at- 
 tacked Winchester's detachment and compelled his surrender. 
 The next morning the Indians brutally murdered all the sick 
 and wounded Americans. 
 
 71. General Harrison now built Fort Meigs at Maumee 
 Rapids. Here he was besieged, May 1, by Colonel Proctor. 
 An American reinforcement came, and the British gave up 
 the siege and returned to Maiden. Proctor next attacked 
 Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), 
 Ohio, but was repiilsed. 
 
 72. Land and Naval Operations. During the sum- 
 mer of 1813, a fleet of nine ves- 
 sels, carrying fifty-four guns, was 
 
 equipped at Erie and placed un- 
 der Commodore Perry. To 
 oppose this, the English had a 
 fleet of six vessels, carrying sixty- 
 three guns, under Commodore 
 Barclay. 
 
 73. On the 10th of Septem- 
 ber the two sqiiadrons met in 
 the western part of Lake Erie, 
 
 and a fierce naval action began. Commodore Perry. 
 
 The combat lasted three hours, and resulted in a brilliant 
 
 victory. Perry told this triumph in a brief and modest de- 
 
 QUESTIOXS. 70. Vhat was the object of the Army of the West ? Give an account 
 of the movement on Frenchtown. 
 
 71. Give an account of what happened at Fort Meigs ; of what happened at Fort 
 Sandusky. 
 
 72. What fleet now appeared on Lake Erie ? What fleet had the British ? 
 
 73. Describe the battle of Lake Erie.
 
 176 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 spatch, saying : " We have met the enemy, and they are 
 ours." 
 
 74. Harrison's troops now embarked on Perry's ships and 
 crossed to Canada, taking Maiden, and pursuing the British 
 up the Thames. Here an action was fought, October 5. 
 The Western Rangers charged furiously, and completely routed 
 the British and the Indians under Tecumseh. The Indian 
 chief was slain. 
 
 75. The recovery of Detroit and Michigan Territory 
 put an end to the war in that quarter. Harrison's force was 
 now able to join the Army of the Centre. 
 
 76. Army of the Centre. The invasion of Canada 
 was now the leading object. General Dearborn, in April, 
 sent a body to cross Lake Ontario and attack York (now 
 Toronto). The British abandoned York, blowing up their 
 magazine, and thus killing or wounding above two hundred 
 Americans. 
 
 77. General Dearborn next moved against Fort Greorge, 
 at the mouth of the Niagara River. This was taken, and all 
 the Canada side of the Niagara River fell into possession of 
 the Americans. The British attacked Sackett's Harbor, 
 but were repulsed. After a while, most of the forces were 
 taken elsewhere. Then the British turned the tables on the 
 Americans. They recaptured Fort George and took Fort 
 Niagara, and in the fall made several raids into northern 
 New York, plundering and burning settlements. This they 
 did in revenge for the wanton burning by the Americans of 
 the Canadian village of Newark. 
 
 78. Army of the North. It was planned that the 
 Army of the North, under General Wade Hampton, should 
 conjointly with the Army of the Centre, now under General 
 Wilkinson, make an expedition against Montreal 
 
 QUESTIONS. 74. Give an account of the action on the Thames. 
 
 75. What had been recovered? What of Harrison's force ? 
 
 76. State what was now the leading object. Describe the expedition against York. 
 
 77. Describe the movement against Fort George. What of Sackett's Harbor ? What 
 of the recapture of Fort George, and the conduct of the British? 
 
 78. What expedition was planned against Montreal ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION. 377 
 
 79. In November, Wilkinson, with the Army of the 
 Centre, moved from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, 
 and went down that river in a flotilla as far as St. Regis. 
 Here he was to have been joined by Hampton's force ; but 
 Hampton would not move. So the whole expedition was 
 given up. 
 
 80. Creek and Seminole War. During this year, 
 the Creek and Seminole Indians commenced a war 
 against the whites in Georgia and Alabama. In August, 
 they captured Fort Minims, in southern Alabama, and 
 three hundred men, women, and children were butch- 
 ered. 
 
 81. The whites of Georgia and Tennessee flew to arms, 
 under the leadership of General Jackson. The Indians 
 were defeated in a number of fights. The last great encounter 
 was at To-ho-pe ka, or Horseshoe Bend, on the Tal-la-poo'sa 
 River. Here Generals Jackson and Coffee gave the Indians a 
 terrible defeat, slaying over eight hundred of them. This 
 brought the Creek War to an end. 
 
 82. Sea-Fights of 1813. In addition to the naval vic- 
 tory on Lake Erie, a number of sea-fights took place during 
 the year 1813. 
 
 83. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, 
 Captain Lawrence, captured the British brig Peacock. The 
 latter sank soon after the action. 
 
 84. On the 1st of June, Captain Lawrence, who had been 
 promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, at- 
 tacked the British frigate Shannon, off Boston harbor. After 
 a furious fight, in which Lawrence was mortally wounded, the 
 enemy captured the Chesapeake by boarding. Lawrence's 
 last and heroic order was, " Don't give up the ship," a say- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 79. Give an account of Wilkinson's movement. Why was the expe- 
 dition given up? 
 
 80. Give an account of the outbreak of the Peminolc War. 
 
 SI. Who was the leader of the whites? Give an account of the fights. State the 
 result. 
 
 84. What is said of sea-fights ? 
 
 83. Tell about the sloop Hornet. 
 
 84. Tell about the frigate Chesapeake. 
 
 8* L
 
 178 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 ing which, thoiigh the ship had to be given up, served as the 
 watch-cry of American sailors in many a victory. 
 
 85. In the spring of 1813, a British squadron, under Ad- 
 miral Cockburn, entered Chesapeake Bay and destroyed 
 Frenchtown, Georgetown, Havre de Grace, and Frederick. 
 They attempted to capture Norfolk, but were repulsed with 
 heavy loss. After committing shocking brutalities at Hamp- 
 ton, the fleet sailed for the West Indies. 
 
 86. Military Operations of 1814. There were two 
 campaigns in 1814, the Northern campaign and the South- 
 ern campaign. 
 
 87. The Northern campaign was along the Niagara 
 frontier. On the 3d of July, 1814, General Brown, assisted 
 by Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed the Niagara River and 
 took Fort Erie. They then advanced against Chippewa 
 [Chip'pe-waw\, where they defeated the enemy under General 
 Riall [ri'al] on the 5th of July. 
 
 88. The British retreated to Lake On- 
 tario, where General Drummoud took 
 command with fresh forces. On the 
 25th of July, the two little armies met 
 at Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls. 
 The action was not decisive. Each side 
 lost about eight hundred men. 
 
 89. Soon after, the Americans fell 
 back to Fort Erie. The British ad- 
 vanced, five thousand strong, and laid 
 siege to this place. They made an as- 
 sault, August 15, but were repulsed, with a loss of one 
 thousand men. A month later, General Brown issued from 
 the fort, and gave the British so stunning a blow that they 
 were forced to give up the siege. 
 
 90. The Americans continued at Fort Erie fur two months 
 
 QUESTIONS. 85. Tell about the operation." of Cockburn's fleet. 
 
 86. Name the two campaigns of 1814. 
 
 87. Where was the Northern campaign to be? Give an account of the movements. 
 
 88. To what point did the British retreat Tell about the battle of Lundy's Lane. 
 
 89. Give an account of the attack on Fort Erie. What was the result of the siege ? 
 
 90. What was the last thing done by the Americans on the Canada side ? 
 
 Niagara Operations.
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION 
 
 179 
 
 more, and then, of their own accord, blew up the fort, and 
 withdrew from the Canada shore. 
 
 91. Battle of Lake Champlain. In September, 
 1814, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand 
 troops, advanced upon Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain. 
 Here General Macomb \ma-koom l ~\ was stationed, with a force 
 of less than two thousand. The American squadron, com- 
 manded by Commodore Macdonough \nwk-don uli\, was lying 
 in the harbor of Plattsburg. 
 
 92. The British force ar- 
 rived before Plattsburg, 
 September 6. General Ma- 
 comb made a firm defence, 
 and, for four days, kept the 
 enemy at bay ; yet the situ- 
 ation of the American force 
 was critical. 
 
 93. In this state of af- 
 fairs the British squadron, 
 under Captain Downie, bore 
 
 down in order of battle. Commodore Macdonough cleared 
 his decks for action. After a contest of two hours, the whole 
 British fleet on the lake was captured by the Americans. 
 
 94. The British land force then retreated in hot haste to 
 Canada. The enemy's loss was about twenty-five hundred 
 men. 
 
 95. Operations in the South. In the month of Au- 
 gust, 1814, a squadron of fifty or sixty British vessels arrived 
 iu Chesapeake Bay with troops from Europe. The design 
 was to attack Washington, the capital of the United 
 States. Five thousand troops, under General Ross, were 
 landed, and marched towards that city. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 91. What place on Lake Champlain did the British now move on? 
 What American officer was in command at Plattsburg? Where was the American 
 squadron ? 
 
 9-i. When did the British arrive before Plattsburg ? What of Macomb ? 
 
 93. Give an account of the naval action. 
 
 94. What was the British land force compelled to do? 
 
 95. What squadron arrived in 1814 ? What was the design ? Who was the com- 
 mander ?
 
 180 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 96. At this time there was very little force for the defence 
 of Washington. However, General Winder, with about four 
 thousand men, met the enemy at Bla densburg, near Wash- 
 ington. The militia did not behave well, and were routed. 
 The President and Cabinet had to leave. Ross entered 
 Washington, August 24. His troops burned the Capitol and 
 other public buildings. This was an act of vandalism. They 
 then retreated to their shipping. 
 
 97. Ross next sailed to Baltimore. Landing at North 
 Point, a few miles below the city, the troops moved towards 
 Baltimore. In an action which followed, the Americans were 
 compelled to retreat to the works around the city. Ross was 
 killed. However, the enemy feared to attack the works, and 
 turned aside. 
 
 98. In the mean time, the British fleet made an unsuccess- 
 ful attack on Fort McHenry, which commanded the en- 
 trance to the city, after which the army re-embarked and left 
 the bay. 
 
 99. Sea-Fights of 1814. During the year 1814, vic- 
 tories on the sea were about equally divided between the Brit- 
 ish and Americans. 
 
 100. In March, 1814, the Essex, Commodore Porter, was 
 captured by two British vessels, after a long cruise that was 
 very destructive to English commerce. In April the Ameri- 
 can ship Frolic was captured by a British frigate. The 
 American ship Peacock captured a British brig, and the 
 Wasp captured another. Early the next year, the frigate 
 President, Commodore Decatur, was taken by an English 
 squadron. The Constitution, Commodore Stewart, cap- 
 tured two British ships. The American ship Hornet took 
 a British brig. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 96. What is said of the defence of Washington ? Give an account 
 of the action at Bladensburg. Give the date of the capture of Washington City. What 
 of the British? 
 
 97. To what place did Ross next sail ? Describe the movement against the city. 
 
 98. Repeat what is said of the attack on Fort McHenry. 
 
 99. What is said of sea-fights in 1814 ? 
 
 100. Tell what is said of the Essex. Tell what is said of the Frolic. Toll what is 
 said of the Peacock. Tell what is said of the frigate President. Tell what U said of 
 the frigate Constitution.
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 181 
 
 101. There was strong opposition to the war, particularly 
 in New England. This led to what is called the Hartford 
 Convention. This convention was composed of delegates 
 from the New England States, and met in December, 1814. 
 They deliberated in secret. All that came of it was a report 
 recommending some changes in the Constitution. 
 
 102. Battle of New Orleans. in December, 1814, a 
 powerful British fleet, carrying over ten thousand troops, ap- 
 proached New Orleans by way of Lake Borgne [6orn]. It 
 captured the small American naval force on the lake, after a 
 desperate fight. 
 
 Battle of New Orleans. 
 
 103. In the city of New Orleans was General Jackson, 
 with a force of about six thousand men. He hastily built a 
 parapet of earth and cotton-bales a few miles below the city, 
 and planted his marksmen behind it. 
 
 104. On the 8th of January, 1815, the entire British 
 army, under Sir Edward Pakenham [pak'n-am], advanced to 
 storm the intrenchments. It met a terrible repulse. Jack- 
 son won a great victory, killing and wounding two thousand 
 of the British, with a loss of eight men killed and thirteen 
 wounded. Pakenham was killed. This stunning blow caused 
 the British to retreat to their ships, and New Orleans was safe. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1O1. What is said of opposition to the war? To what did this lead? 
 What came of the Hartford Convention ? 
 
 102. What of the British fleet and New Orleans? 
 
 103. Who was in New Orleans? What did he do? 
 
 104. Describe the hattle of New Orleans. Give the relative losses. What did this 
 cause the British to do ?
 
 182 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 105. Peace. A treaty of peace between Great Brit- 
 ain and the United States was signed on the 25th of Decem- 
 ber, 1814. It is called the Treaty of Ghent. It was ratified 
 by the United States, February 17, 1815, and put an end to 
 the War of 1812, which had lasted a little over two years 
 and a half. 
 
 106. War with Algiers. During the war with Great 
 Britain, the Dey of Algiers had committed depredations on 
 American commerce. To check these, Decatur, soon after 
 the peace with England, was sent, with a fleet, into the Med- 
 iterranean. 
 
 107. Decatur captured two of the Algerine ships-of-war, 
 and compelled the Dey to sign a treaty. By this treaty he 
 released all American prisoners, gave satisfaction for past 
 offences, and relinquished all claim to tribute in the future. 
 
 108. In the year 1816, a financial institution, called the 
 Bank of the United States, was chartered, to continue 
 for twenty years. We shall hear of this bank again. 
 
 V. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1817-1825. 
 
 109. The fifth President of 
 the United States was James 
 Monroe, of Virginia. He was 
 inaugurated March 4, 1817. 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, of New 
 York, had been chosen Vice- 
 President. 
 
 110. Meaning of the 
 Election. The election of 
 President Monroe was not a tri- 
 umph of either the Federalists 
 or Republicans. He was elect- 
 
 
 James Monroe. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 105. When was the treaty of peace signed ? What is it called ? When 
 was it ratified ? How long had the war lasted ? 
 
 106. How did the war with Algiers begin ? Who was sent to the Mediterranean ? 
 
 107. Give an account of the doings of Decatur. Give the substance of the treaty. 
 
 108. What financial institution was now started ? 
 
 109. Who was the fifth President ? When inaugurated ' Name the Vice-President. 
 
 110. Give the meaning of the election.
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 183 
 
 ed almost unanimously by the whole people. The war of 
 the politicians stopped for a time. This period received 
 the name of the "era of good feeling." 
 
 111. Important Facts. The cessation of the war and 
 the industry of the people soon brought great prosperity 
 to the United States. Commerce, manufactures, and agricul- 
 ture revived and flourished wonderfully. 
 
 112. About the close of 1817, the Seminole Indians 
 took the war-path and commenced hostilities against the in- 
 habitants of Georgia. They were encouraged by the Spanish 
 authorities of Florida. General Jackson was sent against 
 the savages, and overran their country. He then marched 
 into Florida, took the Spanish fort of St. Marks, and seized 
 Pensacola. 
 
 113. Many persons blamed General Jackson for going into 
 Florida, because he was invading the territory of a friendly 
 power ; but he was sustained by the government and a major- 
 ity of the people. Out of Jackson's proceedings grew nego- 
 tiations with Spain, which led to the acquisition of Florida. 
 A treaty was entered into by which, for five millions of dol- 
 lars, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. 
 
 114. In 1820, Maine was admitted into the Union as a 
 State. (See page 57.) 
 
 115. In 1820, the question of admitting Missouri into the 
 Union as a State arose. A very angry dispute sprang up as 
 to whether she should be admitted as a slave State or a free 
 State. This was finally settled by the Missouri Compro- 
 mise, which, in 1821, admitted it as a slave State, but pro- 
 hibited slavery in all territory west of the Mississippi and 
 north of 36 30' north latitude. Note the nature of the 
 " Missouri Compromise " : it is important. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 111. The first important fact mentioned is regarding prosperity ; 
 what is said of that ? 
 
 1 1-2. The next important fact is regarding hostilities with the Seminoles ; what is 
 said about that ? 
 
 113. Why did many blame Jackson? What grew out of Jackson's proceedings? 
 State the amount paid for Florida. 
 
 114. Give the date of the admission of Maine into the Union. 
 
 Ilf5. The next important fact is regarding the Missouri Compromise; what is said 
 about that ? Tell again what was agreed on in the compromise.
 
 184 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 116. In the fall of 1820, President Monroe and Vice- 
 President Tompkins were re-elected. Their second term of 
 office began March 4, 1821. 
 
 117. During the year 1822, President Monroe, in a mes- 
 sage to Congress recommending the recognition of the South 
 American Republics, which had been struggling for indepen- 
 dence against Spain, proclaimed what is known as the 
 "Monroe Doctrine." This is, that the American conti- 
 nents "are not to be considered as subject for future coloniza- 
 tion by any European power." 
 
 118. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived in America, 
 to pay a visit to the country which he had helped make inde- 
 pendent. He remained in this country for over a year, as 
 the guest of the American people. He was received every- 
 where with the greatest honor and affection. 
 
 119. Monroe, having served two terms, declined re-elec- 
 tion. 
 
 VI. J. Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1825-1829. 
 
 120. The sixth President of 
 the United States was John 
 Quincy Adams of Massachu- 
 setts, son of the second Presi- 
 dent. He was inaugurated March 
 4, 1825. John C. Calhoun, of 
 South Carolina, had been chosen 
 Vice-President. 
 
 121. Meaning of the Elec- 
 tion. In the latter part of 
 Monroe's administration, the two 
 political parties Federal and 
 
 J. Q AtLims 
 
 QUESTIONS. 116. What re-election took place in 1820 ? 
 
 117. The next important fact is regarding the Monroe Doctrine ; what is said 
 about that ? 
 
 118. Give an account of the visit of Lafayette to America 
 
 119. What di.l Monroe decline? 
 
 120. Who was the sixth Pr-sident ? When inaugurated ? Name the Vice-President. 
 
 121. Give the meaning of Adams's election ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 185 
 
 Republican were very much broken up. John Quincy 
 Adams was a Republican, but became one of the leaders of 
 that party which was afterwards called the Whig party. 
 There had been no less than six Presidential candidates. 
 As no one had a majority of electoral votes, the House of 
 Representatives had the choice, and it chose J. Q. Adams. 
 
 122. Important Facts. Adams's term of office was a 
 period of peace and of rapid growth and prosperity. The 
 Union now consisted of twenty-four States, and contained 
 ten millions of population. 
 
 123. The 4th of July, 1826, was the fiftieth anniversary 
 of American Independence. On that day two patriots, John 
 Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both died. This was 
 noted as a very striking fact. 
 
 124. During Adams's administration there was a great 
 deal said in this country about a protective tariff. A 
 tariff is a system of duties laid on goods imported from 
 abroad. A protective tariff is a high duty laid on manufac- 
 tured articles, for the purpose of protecting and encouraging 
 the manufacture of similar articles at home. 
 
 125. A protective tariff was enacted by Congress in 1828. 
 Henry Clay was the author of this policy, which took the 
 name of the American system. It led afterwards to violent 
 political disputes. 
 
 VII. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1829 - 1837. 
 
 126. The seventh President of the United States was Gen- 
 eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. He was inaugu- 
 rated March 4, 1829. John C. Calhoun had been re-elected 
 Vice-President. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 122. What is said in general of Adams's term ? Of how many States 
 did the Union now consist ? What was the population ? 
 
 123. What events occurred on the 4th of July, 1826? 
 
 124. What question excited much attention during this administration ? What is 
 a tariff ? a protective tariff ? 
 
 125. In what year did Congress adopt a protective tariff? Who was the author of 
 it ? To what did it lead ? 
 
 126. Who was the seventh President ? Inaugurated when ? Name the Vice-Presi-
 
 186 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 127. Meaning of the Election. The election of Jack- 
 son was a victory lor the party opposed to the Whigs, repre- 
 sented by Adams and Clay. The 
 party which elected Jackson now 
 began to be called the Demo- 
 cratic party. 
 
 128. Important Facts. 
 Tho chartering of the United 
 States Bank has been men- 
 tioned. (See page 182, 1 108.) 
 It was now proposed to renew 
 the charter. President Jackson, 
 in his first message to Congress, 
 
 Andrew J M k.son. tO k 8trO11 g g r Und S against this 
 
 renewal. Nevertheless, in 1832, 
 
 Congress enacted that the charter should be renewed. The 
 President vetoed the act ; and, as Congress did not pass the 
 law over his veto, the charter was not renewed. The charter 
 expired in 1836. 
 
 129. But before the charter expired, namely, in 1833, the 
 President ordered that the government moneys, which had 
 before been deposited in this bank, should be removed. This 
 was done. Many persons denounced this act as a high-handed 
 proceeding. 
 
 130. The year 1832 is notable for the Black Hawk 
 War. The Western Indians, under Black Hawk, began 
 hostilities against the people of Illinois. A battle was fought 
 on the banks of the Mississippi, and the Indians were de- 
 feated. They were forced to make treaties by which they 
 gave up large tracts of Western lands. 
 
 131. In 1832, Congress passed a new Tariff Bill, laying 
 
 QUESTIONS. 127. Give the meaning of Jackson's election. 
 
 128. The first important point mentioned in Jackson's administration is regarding 
 the charter of the United States Bank ; what is said ahout that ? 
 
 129. What step did Jackson take in regard to the government deposits in the hank? 
 What did many persons say ? 
 
 130. The next important fact is regarding the Black Hawk War ; what is said 
 about that? 
 
 1.11. The next important fact is regarding the Tariff Bill of 1832; what is said 
 about that?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 187 
 
 heavy protective duties on imported articles. This met with 
 violent opposition. The opposition was particularly strong in 
 the South, where the people did not manufacture much. They 
 therefore wanted to get foreign goods as cheap as possible. 
 
 132. South Carolina led the resistance to the Tariff Bill. 
 A convention of the people of that State said the law should 
 not be heeded in South Carolina, that it should be null and 
 void there. This was called nullification. John C. Cal- 
 houn was the strongest supporter of nullification. 
 
 133. President Jackson then issued a proclamation warn- 
 ing the people that the law would be enforced. South Caro- 
 lina threatened to secede from the Union. 
 
 134. It seemed likely that there would be war between 
 the general government and the State of South Carolina. 
 Fortunately, the matter was settled by compromise. 
 Henry Clay got a bill passed in Congress providing for the 
 gradual reduction of the duties. Thus the matter was peace- 
 ably settled. 
 
 135. At the election in 1832, Jackson was re-elected 
 President, and Martin Van Buren was elected Vice-President 
 of the United States. 
 
 136. In 1 835, a war with the Seminole Indians, called the 
 Florida War, broke out. This proved to be a most vexa- 
 tious and costly contest. The Indians lurked in the swamps 
 and everglades, and could hardly be got at. In this way 
 they kept up the war for seven years. 
 
 137. The cause of the war was an attempt by the United 
 States government to remove the Indians to the west of the 
 Mississippi. They had previously made a treaty agreeing to 
 remove to the Indian Territory, but they now refused. 
 
 138. At the first outbreak of the war, the Indians attacked 
 
 QUESTIONS. 13'2. What State headed the resistance? Explain nullification. 
 
 133. What proclamation was issued by the President ? What did South Carolina 
 threaten ? 
 
 134. What seemed likely to be the result ? How was the matter settled ? 
 
 135. What election took place in 1832 ? Who became Vice-President ? 
 
 136. The next important fact is regarding the Seminole War ; what is said about 
 that? 
 
 137. State the cause of the war. 
 
 138. What was done at the outbreak of the war ?
 
 188 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 a party of one hundred and seventeen United States troops, 
 under Major Dade, and all his men, except four, were killed. 
 
 139. Several actions were fought during 1835 and 1836. 
 Then General Scott took command. In 1837, Osceola, the 
 chief of the Semiuoles, came to the American camp, under a flag 
 of truce. He was seized and imprisoned by General Jessup. 
 
 140. In December, 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor de- 
 feated the Indians at Lake Okeehobee. After the battle the 
 savages retired to the swamps, and kept up intermittent war 
 till 1842. Then peace was established. 
 
 141. The great political questions dui'ing the latter part of 
 Jackson's administration were the bank and tariff ques- 
 tions. Politics ran very high. Those who supported Jack- 
 son's administration and opposed the United States Bank and 
 a protective tariff were now recognized as Democrats. Those 
 who favored the bank and the tariff were called Whigs. 
 
 VIII. VAX BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-1841. 
 
 142. The eighth President of 
 tlu United States was Martin 
 Van Buren of New York. He 
 was inaugurated March 4, 1837. 
 Richard M. Johnson, of Ken- 
 tucky, had been chosen Vice- 
 President. 
 
 143. Meaning of the 
 Election. The election of 
 President Van Buren was a tri- 
 umph for the Democrats. It 
 was a continuation of Jackson's 
 policy. 
 
 144. Important Facts. Soon after President Van 
 
 Q-JHS noxs. 139. What took place in 1835, 1836, and 1837 ? 
 
 140. Give an account of Taylor's battle When was peace established ? 
 
 141. The next important fact is regarding the political questions of Jackson's admin- 
 istration ; what is said about them ? Explain Democrats ; Whig.*. 
 
 14'2. Who was the eighth President ? When inaugurated ? N'auic the Vice-President. 
 
 143. dive the meaning of the election. 
 
 144. .The first important fact is regarding the panic of 1837 ; what is said about that ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS 189 
 
 Buren came into office, the country suffered great distress 
 from a terrible crash in business and money matters. This 
 is known as the " Panic of '37." Nearly all the banks of the 
 country had to suspend specie payment. This caused an im- 
 mense number of failures and wide-spread suffering. 
 
 145. To remedy the trouble, an extra session of Congress 
 met in September, 1837. Congress passed several bills, among 
 which was one for issuing treasury-notes to the amount of 
 ten million dollars. This did not bring much relief; but, 
 after a while, the country f/rew out of its financial difficulties. 
 
 146. In 1837 a Canadian rebellion broke out. Many 
 Americans crossed the line to help the patriots. This obliged 
 the President to issue a proclamation that those who invaded 
 Canada would lose the protection of their government. 
 
 147. In 1840, Congress passed what is called the Sub- 
 Treasury BilL This law was intended to provide for the 
 safe-keeping of the public funds. Many opposed this measure. 
 
 IX. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 1841-1845. 
 
 William Henry Harrison. John Tyler. 
 
 148. The ninth President of the United States was Wil- 
 liam Henry Harrison of Ohio. He was inaugurated 
 
 QUESTIONS. 145. Describe the measures taken by Congress to help matters. 
 
 146. The next important fact is regarding a Canadian rebellion; what is said 
 about that ? 
 
 147. Repeat what is said of the Sub-Treasury Bill. 
 
 148. Who was the ninth President? When inaugurated ? Name the Yice-President
 
 190 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 March 4, 1841. John Tyler, of Virginia, had been elected 
 Vice-President. 
 
 149. Meaning of the Election. The election of 
 President Harrison was a triumph of the "WTlig party. The 
 Whigs said the distress of the country was in great part owing 
 to the financial experiments of the Democratic administrations, 
 and that the Sub-Treasury Law was wrong. Hence they car- 
 ried the day. 
 
 150. President Harrison had been just a month 
 in office when he died. By the terms of the Constitution, 
 Vice-President Tyler succeeded him in the office of Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 153. Important Facts. The Whigs, who elected Har- 
 rison and Tyler, expected to establish a United States 
 Bank; but bills passed by Congress for this purpose were 
 vetoed by President Tyler when he came into office. The 
 Whigs were very angry at this behavior on the part of the 
 man they had put in office. Every member of President 
 Tyler's Cabinet, except Daniel Webster, immediately re- 
 signed. 
 
 152. The boundary line of Maine, which had caused 
 much controversy between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain, was settled, in 1842, by two commissioners, Daniel Web- 
 ster and Lord Ashburton. 
 
 153. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island. 
 The cause of the trouble was this : certain parties wished to 
 change the Constitution of Rhode Island (which was the old 
 charter granted by Charles IT.), and form a new constitution. 
 A party, headed by Dorr, favored the change ; another party 
 opposed it. Dorr and his friends took up arms, and it seemed 
 as though there would be civil war. The President had to 
 
 QUESTIONS. 149. Give the meaning of the election. 
 
 150. mien did President Harrison die ? Who then became President ? 
 
 151 . The first important fact is regarding the United States Bank and -what PrcsS 
 dent Tvler did : what is said ahout these things ? 
 
 1 52. The next important fact is regarding the boundary of Maine , what is said 
 about that? 
 
 153. The next important feet is regarding the Dorr Rebellion , what is said about 
 that?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 191 
 
 send troops to keep the peace. The new Constitution was 
 adopted the same year. 
 
 154. During the latter part of Tyler's term, the country 
 was much agitated by the question of the annexation of 
 Texas. Texas had been a part of Mexico ; but the Texans 
 threw off the Spanish yoke in 1836, and established a re- 
 public of their own. They now wished to come under 
 the government of the United States. The free States 
 strongly opposed the annexation of Texas, as it would add 
 another slave State. The slave States, of course, favored 
 the annexation. 
 
 X. FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1845 - 1849. 
 
 155. The eleventh President 
 of the United States was James 
 K. Polk of Tennessee. He 
 was inaugurated March 4, 1845. 
 George M. Dallas, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, had been chosen Vice- 
 President. 
 
 156. Meaning of the 
 Election. The election of 
 President Polk was a triumph 
 of the Democratic party. 
 
 The Whigs had put up Henry James K.Poik 
 
 Clay. Polk was pledged to the annexation of Texas. The 
 
 Whigs were opposed to it. The Democrats won. 
 
 157. Important Facts. The most important fact of 
 Polk's administration was the Mexican War. W r e must 
 now see how it arose. 
 
 158. In January, 1845, Congress passed a bill for the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 154. The next important fact is regarding the question of the anr.exn- 
 tion of Texas ; what is saM about that ? 
 
 155. Who was the eleventh President of the United States? When inaugurated? 
 Name the Viee-President. 
 
 150. Give the meaning of President Polk's election. 
 
 157. The most important fact in this administration is what ? 
 
 158. Nan-ate the circumstances which made Texas a State of the Union.
 
 192 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 annexation of Texas. The Republic of Texas approved the 
 bill, July 4, 1845. Thus Texas became a State in the 
 Union. 
 
 159. But Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her terri- 
 tory. Besides this, the western boundary of Texas was in dis- 
 pute. The Texans claimed . the country westward to the 
 Rio G-rande \ree'o gran'dy\. Mexico said the pretended 
 Republic of Texas had never spread farther westward than 
 the river Nueces \_nwa ses\. The Mexicans prepared to de- 
 feud what they considered their rights. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 160. In the summer of 1845, General Taylor was or- 
 dered into the disputed territory. He formed his camp at 
 Corpus Christi. Early the next year he moved to the Rio 
 Grande, opposite Matamoras [mat-a-mo 'ras]. Here he built 
 Fort Brown (now Brownsville). 
 
 161. The war broke out . in the following manner : On the 
 24th of April, 1846, Captain Thornton, with a party of 
 dragoons, was sent up the river to reconnoitre. He fell into 
 a Mexican ambuscade, and was compelled to surrender, after 
 losing sixteen men. 
 
 162. Soon after this the Mexicans attacked Fort Brown. 
 General Taylor, w r ho had taken his main body to Point Isabel, 
 marched to the assistance of the garrison with twenty-three 
 hundred men. On the 8th of May, he met and defeated six 
 thousand Mexicans, under General Arista, at Palo Alto 
 [pah'lo akl'to]. Next day he attacked the Mexicans at Re- 
 saca de la Palma [ra-ta&'hxkday lah paM'mah]. The Mex- 
 ican loss was one thousand ; the American only a tenth of 
 that number. On the 18th of Mnv, Taylor crossed the Rio 
 Grande and took possession of Matamoras. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 159. Repeat what is said of the claim of Mexico. What other matter 
 was in dispute ? What did the Mexicans claim and say ? 
 
 1 6O. Give an account of General Taylor's movement into thv. disputed territory. 
 
 161. Give an account of how the war he-ran 
 
 162. What place was attacked hy the Mexicans? Where was General Tcylor at this 
 time ? Give an account of the two important hattlos fought by Taylor.
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 193 
 
 163. The news of the capture of Thornton's party caused 
 great excitement in the United States. On the llth of May, 
 
 Congress declared that 'war existed between the United 
 States and Mexico. It was proposed to raise an army, and 
 volunteers came forward in great numbers. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1 63. What is said of the news of Thornton's defeat ? When was war 
 declared by Congress ? 
 
 9 M
 
 194 THE CONSTITUTIONAL FESIOD. 
 
 164. The United States government now planned an in- 
 vasion of the Mexican possessions on three different lines. 
 1. Taylor was to operate on the line of the Rio Grande, 
 from Matamoras ; 2. A column, under General Kearney 
 [kar'ny], was to invade and conquer the Spanish possessions 
 of New Mexico and California; 3. Another column, under 
 General Wool, was to eriter the northern States of Mexico 
 and conquer Chihuahua \che-ivah' iva1i\. 
 
 165. Taylor's Operations. Taylor was reinforced at 
 Matamoras during the summer. In September, 1846, with 
 six thousand troops, he moved against Monterey [mon-te- 
 ray'\ which was defended by a Mexican army nine thousand 
 strong. After a four days' siege and several assaults, Mon- 
 terey was surrendered to the Americans, September 24. 
 
 166. The next month, Taylor advanced and occupied Sal- 
 tillo [sahl-teel'yo], and, at the same time a naval force took 
 possession of Tampico \tam-pe ko\. 
 
 167. A considerable part of Taylor's army was now moved 
 to aid General Scott, who was to invade Mexico by way of 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 168. The Mexican commander-in-chief was General 
 Santa Anna. He had collected an army of twenty thou- 
 sand men. With this force he advanced to meet Taylor's 
 diminished numbers. The Americans met the Mexicans in 
 the narrow mountain pass of Buena Vista [bwa'nah vees'tah], 
 February 23, 1847, and beat them there thoroughly. 
 
 169. The victory of Buena Vista secured to the Americans 
 the frontier of the Rio Grande, and left them free to direct 
 their whole force against Vera Cruz. 
 
 170. Conquest of New Mexico and California. 
 The column of Kearney, designed for the invasion of New 
 
 QUESTIONS. 164. State the thrre jines of invasion now planned 
 
 165. What is saiJ of Taylor at Matamoras ? Against what place did he move ? De- 
 scribe the siege and give the result. 
 
 166. Mention the position next occupied by Taylor. What port was taken ? 
 L67. What was now done with part of Taylor's army ? 
 
 168. Who was the Mexican commander-in-chief? Describe Santa Anna's move- 
 ments What battle took place ? Its result ? 
 
 169. What did this victory secure to the Americans ? 
 
 170. Where did Kearney's column collect?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 195 
 
 Mexico and California, collected at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 
 in June, 1846. 
 
 171. The troops marched overland one thousand miles to 
 Santa Fe, in New Mexico. 
 
 From Santa Fe, Kearney sent a column, under Colonel 
 Doniphan, southward into Chihuahua. Doniphan beat the 
 Mexican rabble that opposed him, and reached Saltillo in 
 safety. 
 
 172. With another column, Kearney started for the Cali- 
 fornia settlements. While on the way, Kearney learned that 
 California was already in the possession of Fremont. He 
 therefore sent back most of his forces to Santa Fe, a.ud pro- 
 ceeded with a hundred mounted men to San Diego, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 173. The circumstances under which California had been 
 conquered were quite romantic. A few months before the 
 opening of the Mexican War, Captain John C. Fremont, of 
 the Topographical Engineers, entered California with a small 
 exploring party. 
 
 174. Fremont had been sent by the government to seek a 
 new route to Oregon, farther south than the one usually trav- 
 elled by emigrants. While in California, in 1846, and before 
 he knew there was any war with Mexico, Fremont heard that 
 the Mexican commander in California was raising a force to 
 expel the American settlers from that province. About this 
 time a message from Washington came to Fremont to protect 
 the interests of the United States in California. 
 
 175. The American settlers now flocked to Fremont's 
 standard. They met the Mexicans in several conflicts in the 
 valley of the Sacramento. The Mexicans were beaten and 
 
 QUESTIONS. 171. Describe the march. What column was sent southward from 
 Santa Fe ? 
 
 172. For what place did Kearney himself start ? What did he learn ? What move 
 di.1 ho make accordingly ? 
 
 171. Stito the circumstances under w'-ich Fremont's party entered Ca;ifortiia. 
 
 174. What had Fremont been sent to seel; .' What diJ Fremont learn in California' 
 What message did he receive ? 
 
 175. Repeat what is said of the American pe'tler*, and their encounters with the 
 Mexicans. What declaration did the settlers make, and when?
 
 196 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 compelled to retire southward. By Fremont's advice, the 
 American settlers in California declared their independence 
 of Mexico, July 5, 1846. 
 
 176. Just at this time, Commodore Sloat, who had 
 been cruising off the Pacific coast, and had lately heard of 
 the declaration of war against Mexico, seized the port of 
 Monterey, in California. Soon afterwards, Commodore 
 Stockton took command in place of Sloat. 
 
 177. Fremont and Stockton together accomplished the 
 overturning of Mexican authority in California. This was 
 completed by January, 1847. 
 
 178. Scotf s Campaign in Mexico. Soon after the 
 war with Mexico had fairly begun, the war authorities at 
 Washington determined to send another army against the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 179. This column was put un- 
 der the command of General 
 Scott, who became comniander- 
 in-chief in Mexico. 
 
 180. Scott's force made a land- 
 ing near Vera Cruz, early in 
 the year 1847. As has been 
 seen, the main body of Taylor's 
 army was transferred to Scott's 
 column soon after the victory of 
 Monterey and Saltillo. 
 
 General Scott. 181. " General Scott besieged 
 
 the city of Vera Cruz in March, 1847. Vera Cruz was 
 guarded by the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa \sahn 
 hwan day oo-lo'dh}. After a furious bombardment, the castle 
 and city surrendered, March 29. 
 
 182. Now began the advance on the city of Mexico. The 
 
 QUESTIONS. 176. State what is said of Commodore Sloat and Commodore Stockton ? 
 
 177. What did Fremont and Stockton accomplish ? Give the date. 
 
 1 78. What other army was it now determined to send ? 
 
 179. Who was made commander ? 
 
 180. When did Scott's army land? What force joined it ? 
 1S1. Describe the siege of Vera Cruz 
 
 182. What now began ? What is said of Santa Anna ? Describe the battle of Oerro 
 Gordo.
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 197 
 
 Mexican commander, Santa Anna, had collected a fresh army, 
 and had stationed his force at the mountain pass of Cer'ro 
 Gor do, to oppose the advance of the Americans towards the 
 capital. On the 18th of April, the Americans stormed the 
 works and routed the Mexicans. 
 
 183. The American column now continued its advance to 
 Puebla [pway'blah], which was taken without a struggle. 
 Here General Scott waited three months till reinforcements 
 arrived. 
 
 184. In August, General Scott, with his army, now num- 
 bering about ten thousand men, resumed his march towards 
 the city of Mexico. This capital was defended by thirty 
 thousand Mexicans, intrenched in a series of works in the 
 vicinity of the city. 
 
 185. In the latter part of August and the early part of 
 September, 1847, the Americans defeated the Mexicans in the 
 fortified camp of Contreras \kon-tray ras\ at Churubusco 
 [ckoo-roo-boos'ko], in the stone building called MolillO del 
 Rey [mo-le'no del ray], and at the castle of Chapultepec 
 \cliah-pool-ta-pek']. The whole Mexican army was routed. 
 
 186. On the Hth of September, 1847, General Scott and 
 the American army entered the city of Mexico. The fall of 
 the capital practically closed the conflict. 
 
 187. The Mexican War was formally ended by the treaty 
 of G-uadaloupe Hidalgo [guad-a-loop'ay he-dahl'go], con- 
 cluded February 2, 1848. Peace was proclaimed by Presi- 
 dent Polk on the 4th of July following. 
 
 188. The treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo ceded to the United 
 States all the vast territory now comprised in New Mexico, 
 
 QCKSTIONS. 183. Where did the Americans next advance to ? What did General 
 Scott do here ? 
 
 184. When did Scott resume his march and for where ? What force defended the 
 city. 
 
 185. Give an account of the battles before the city of Mexico. 
 
 186. Give the date of the American entrance into the capital. What was the result 
 of its fall? 
 
 187. What treaty formally ended the Mexican War? When was peace pro- 
 claimed ? 
 
 188. State the territory ceded by this treaty to the United States. What compensa- 
 tion did Mexico receive ?
 
 198 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Utah, and California. In return, Mexico received a compen- 
 sation of fifteen millions of dollars. 
 
 189. It was just about the time of this treaty that gold 
 was discovered in California. Then began a remarkable rush 
 from all parts of the world to the Pacific. We shall learn 
 fully of this in the chapter on California. 
 
 XL TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 1849-1853. 
 
 Ziohary TV lor. Millard Fillmore. 
 
 190. The twelfth President of the United States was Gen- 
 eral Zachary Taylor, who had distinguished himself in the 
 Mexican War. He was inaugurated March 5 (the 4th being 
 Sabbath), 1849. Millard Fillmore of New York had been 
 chosen Vice-President. 
 
 191. Meaning of the Election. The election of 
 President Taylor was, in some degree, a triumph of the "Whig 
 party. The most exciting question had been whether slavery 
 should be allowed in, or kept out of, the new Territories. 
 There had been three candidates in the Presidential canvass 
 
 QUESTIONS. 189. What was discovered in California at this time ? What began 
 then? 
 
 190. Who was the twelfth PresUent ? When inaugurated ' Name the Vice- Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 191. Give the meaning of the election of President Taylor. What Lad been the 
 most exciting question ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 199 
 
 of 1848. These were Martin Van Buren, Lewis Cass of Michi- 
 gan, and Zachary Taylor of Louisiana. Cass was the regular 
 Democratic nominee, and Taylor the Whig candidate. Van 
 Buren was the candidate of the Free-Soilers, that is, those 
 Northern men who were distinctly opposed to the extension 
 of slavery. This party was not then numerous. 
 
 192. Important Facts. The most important question 
 at the commencement of Taylor's administration concerned 
 the admission of the State of California, whether it should 
 be admitted into the Union as a slave State or a free State. 
 This question was discussed with great bitterness by both po- 
 litical parties. 
 
 193. To settle the difficulty, Henry Clay proposed in Con- 
 gress a compromise bill. This provided, 1st, That 
 California should be admitted as a free State ; 2d, That the 
 Territory of Utah should be established without mention of 
 slavery ; 3d, That the Territory of New Mexico should be es- 
 tablished without mention of slavery, and that ten millions 
 of dollars should be paid to Texas in purchase of her claims 
 to Mexican lands ; 4th, That the slave-trade in the District 
 of Columbia should be abolished, that a law should be passed 
 for the arrest and return of fugitive slaves. This bill, known 
 as the Compromise measure, was passed by Congress, Sep- 
 tember, 1850. 
 
 194. On the 9th of July, 1850, President Taylor died, 
 after having been in office sixteen mouths. Vice-Presi- 
 dent Fillmore became President. 
 
 195. During the year 1852, both Henry Clay and Dan- 
 iel Webster died. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 192. State the most important question at the commencement of this 
 administration. What is said of the discussion ? 
 
 19J1. What settlement did Henry Clay propose? In what shape were these meas- 
 ures passed ? 
 
 194. When did President Taylor die ? How long had he been in office? Who suc- 
 ceeded him ? 
 
 195. What two great men died in 1852.'
 
 200 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 XII. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1853 - 1857. 
 
 196. The fourteenth President of the United States was 
 Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. He was inaugurated 
 March 4, 1853. William R. 
 King of Alabama had been cho- 
 sen Vice-President. 
 
 197. Meaning of the 
 Election. The election of 
 President Pierce was a triumph 
 of the Democratic party. 
 The Whigs had put up General 
 Winfield Scott as their candi- 
 date \ but Pierce carried the 
 day. 
 
 Franklin pierce. 193. Important Facts. 
 
 In the early part of President Pierce's administration a new 
 boundary treaty was made with Mexico. By this treaty 
 the United States government agreed to pay Mexico twenty 
 millions of dollars, and was to receive in return the Territory of 
 Arizona. This is called the Gadsden purchase. It brought 
 the southern boundary of the United States on the Pacific 
 coast considerably farther south than it had been by the 
 Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo. 
 
 199. The most important and exciting events of President 
 Pierce's administration were the Missouri Compromise and the 
 struggle in Kansas. 
 
 200. In 1854, Senator Douglas of Illinois proposed, in the 
 United States Senate, a bill called the Kansas-Nebraska 
 Hill. This bill provided for the organization of two Terri- 
 tories, to be called. Kansas and Nebraska; and in regard to 
 slavery, which was the exciting question of the time, the peo- 
 
 QUESTIONS 196. Who was the fourteenth President? When inaugurated ? Name 
 the Vice-President. 
 
 197. Give the meaning of President Pierce's election. 
 
 195S. The first important fact in President Pierce's administration is regarding the 
 "boundary with Mexico ; what is said of that? 
 
 199. Mention the most exciting event of this administration. 
 
 200. What bill was proposed by Senator Douglas ? What did this bill provide for ?
 
 HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS. 201 
 
 pie of these Territories were to decide whether they would 
 have slaves or not. 
 
 201. A great many people, especially in the North, op- 
 posed this measure. They said that the Missouri Compromise 
 of 1820 had decided that there should be no slavery north of 
 36 30', which Kansas and Nebraska both were. The passage 
 of Senator Douglas's bill would be the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise. 
 
 202. In spite of all opposition, the bill became a law in 
 May, 1854. 
 
 203. It was then the struggle for Kansas began. As 
 the people of this Territory were to decide whether it should 
 be a slave State or a free State, a large number of settlers 
 poured into the Territory. Those from the Northern States 
 wished to have Kansas without slavery ; those from the South, 
 with slavery. 
 
 204. This led to war in Kansas. We shall learn more par- 
 ticularly of this in the history of Kansas. 
 
 205. During this period, the party opposed to the exten- 
 sion of slavery increased in numbers very much. The old 
 Whig party was now broken up, and there was a reorgani- 
 zation of parties. Those opposed to the extension of slavery 
 became known as the Republican party. 
 
 XIII. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1857 - 1861. 
 
 206. The fifteenth President of the United States was 
 James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. He was inaugurated 
 March 4, 1857. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, had 
 been chosen Vice-President. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 301. What is stated about opposition to thi? measure ~>. What did the 
 opponents s-i.v ? What would the adoption of Douglas's bill be 1 
 
 202. Did the bill become a law > When 1 
 
 203. What struggle then began "! Why was there a great rush to Kansas ' 
 
 204. What did this lead to 1 
 
 205. Repeat what is said about the party opposed to the extension of slavery. 
 What of the Whig party 1 What of the Republican party 1 
 
 20. Who was the fifteenth President? When inaugurated? Name the Vice- 
 I're. ident. 
 
 9*
 
 202 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 207. Meaning of the Election. The election of 
 President Buchanan was a triumph of the Democratic 
 
 party. The Republicans had 
 brought forward as their candi- 
 date John C. Fremont. The 
 Republican candidate received 
 a very large number of votes, 
 showing how strong the anti- 
 slavery sentiment in the North 
 had become. But a majority of 
 the people of the United States 
 did not think that the Consti- 
 tution gave any right to inter- 
 James Buchanan, fere with slavery. Buchanan's 
 
 election greatly disappointed the Republican party. 
 
 208. Important Facts. There were many important 
 political events during the administration ; but as these are 
 very closely connected with the history of Secession, which 
 began in President Buchanan's administration, they will be 
 related in the section on the history of the war. 
 
 TOPICAL EEVIEW. 
 
 T. Presidents and Vice- Presidents from Washington to the War 
 of Secession. 
 
 1. George Washington, of Virginia ; two terms; inau- 
 gurated April 30, 1789. John Adams, Vice-President. 
 
 2. John Adams, of Massachusetts; one term; inaugu- 
 rated March 4, 1797. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. 
 
 QUESTIONS '207. Give the meaning of President Buchanan's election. What is 
 said of the effect of his election ? 
 
 '208. What is said of important facts during this administration ? Where will they 
 be related ? 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Topical Review. I. Name the first President and Vice- 
 President, giving the number of terms and date of inauguration; the second; the 
 third ; the fourth ; the fifth ; the sixth ; the seventh ; the eighth ; the ninth ; the 
 tenth; the eleventh; the twelfth: the thirteenth; the fourteenth, the fifteenth; the 
 sixteenth.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 203 
 
 3. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia ; two terms ; inaugu- 
 rated March 4, 1801. Aaron Burr and George Clinton, Vice- 
 Presidents. 
 
 4. James Madison, of Virginia ; two terms ; inaugu- 
 rated March 4, 1809. George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry, 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 5. James Monroe, of Virginia ; two terms ; inaugurated 
 March 4, 1817. D. D. Tompkins, Vice-President. 
 
 6. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts ; one term ; 
 inaugurated March 4, 1825. John C. Calhoun, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 7. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee ; two terms ; inau- 
 gurated March 4, 1829. John C. Calhoun and Martin Van 
 Buren, Vice-Presidents. 
 
 8. Martin Van Buren, of New York ; one term ; in- 
 augurated March 4, 1837. R. M. Johnson, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 9. William H. Harrison, of Ohio ; died soon after in- 
 auguration, March 4, 1841. John Tyler, Vice-President. 
 
 10. John Tyler, of Virginia; filled out Harrison's term; 
 inaugurated April G, 1841. 
 
 11. James K. Polk, of Tennessee; one term; in- 
 augurated March 4, 1845. George M. Dallas, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, 
 
 12. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana; died the year after 
 inauguration, March 5, 1849. Millard Fillmore, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 13. Millard Fillmore, of New York; filled out Taylor's 
 term ; inaugurated July 10, 1850. 
 
 14. Franklin Fierce, of New Hampshire; one term; 
 inaugurated March 4, 1853. William R. King, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 15. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania; one term; in- 
 augurated March 4, 1857. J. C. Breckinridge, Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 1 G. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois ; inaugurated March 
 4, 1861.
 
 204 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 II. States from which the Presidents were elected, etc. 
 
 1. Of the sixteen Presidents of the United States, from 
 Washington to Lincoln, 
 
 Virginia had five, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, 
 Monroe, Tyler. 
 
 Massachusetts had two, John Adams and John Quincy 
 Adams. 
 
 New York had tivo, Van Buren and Fillmore. 
 
 Pennsylvania had one, Buchanan. 
 
 New Hampshire had one, Pierce. 
 
 Ohio had one, Harrison. 
 
 Tennessee had two, Jackson and Polk. 
 
 Louisiana had one, Taylor. 
 
 Illinois had one, Lincoln. 
 
 2. Of these sixteen Presidents, seven were from free 
 States, nine from slave States. 
 
 3. The Presidents who served two terms were, Washington, 
 Madison, Monroe, and Jackson. The Presidents who died in 
 office were Harrison and Taylor. The Vice-Presidents who 
 then became Presidents were Tyler and Fillmore. 
 
 III. Political Meaning* of the Elections. 
 
 Washington, elected by all parties. 
 John Adams, elected by the Federalists. 
 Jefferson, ejected by the Republicans. (That is, the 
 old sense of "Republicans." See page 166.) 
 Madison, elected by the Federalists. 
 Monroe, without much regard to party. 
 John Quincy Adams, elected by the Federalists. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. II. 1. How many Presidents had Virginia ? Massachusetts ? 
 New York? Pennsylvania? New Hampshire? Ohio? Tennessee? Louisiana? 
 Illinois? 
 
 2. How many Presidents were there from the free States? from the slave States ? 
 
 3. Name the Presidents that served two terms ; those that died in office ; tfce Vice- 
 Presidents who became Presidents. 
 
 III. Washington's election was by what party? Adams's? Jefferson's? Madi- 
 son's ? Monroe's ? J. Q. Adams's ? Jackson's ? Van Huron's ? Harrison's ? Tyler's ? 
 Folk's ? Taylor's ? Fillmore's ? Picrce's ? Buchanan's ? Lincoln's ?
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 205 
 
 Jackson, elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Van Buren, elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Harrison, elected by the Whigs. 
 
 Tyler, became President by death of Harrison. 
 
 Polk, elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Taylor, elected by the "Whigs. 
 
 Fillmore, became President by death of Taylor. 
 
 Pierce, elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Buchanan, elected by the Democrats. 
 
 Lincoln, elected by the Republicans. 
 
 II. STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 I. FOUNDING OF THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 1. The thirteen original States all lay along the compara- 
 tively narrow strip of territory upon the Atlantic coast. At 
 the close of the Revolutionary War, the vast country beyond 
 the Alleghanics, the magnificent domain of the Mississippi 
 Valley, which had before been sparsely settled by the French, 
 became a part of the United States. 
 
 2. Emigrants from the old States soon began to cross the 
 Alleghanies into the fertile domain of the West. As popula- 
 tion increased, the region was divided into States, which, one 
 by one, were admitted into the Union. 
 
 3. First admitted was Kentucky, in 1792; 2. Tennessee, 
 in 1796; 3. Ohio, in 1802; 4. Louisiana, in 1812; 5. Indi- 
 ana, in 1816; 6. Mississippi, in 1817; 7. Illinois, in 1818; 
 8. Alabama, in 1818; 9. Missouri, in 1821; 10. Arkansas, 
 in 1836; 11. Michigan, in 1837; 12. Florida, in 1845; 13. 
 Texas, in 1845; 14. Iowa, in 1846; 15. Wisconsin, in 1848; 
 16. Minnesota, in 1858; 17. Kansas, in 1861 ; 18. Nebraska, 
 in 1867. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. Where did all the original thirteen States lie ? What region became 
 part of the United States at the close of the Revolutionary War ? 
 52. What of immigrants to this region ? What of new States ? 
 3. Give the Mississippi Valley States iu the order of their admission.
 
 206 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 4. These eighteen States all lie in the grand domain of the 
 Mississippi Valley. This great group contains the majority of 
 the population and covers the larger part of the territory 
 of the United States. The history of the founding and growth 
 of these States is of great interest and importance to all 
 Americans. 
 
 5. We shall first take up the history of the Northwestern 
 States, that is, the States north of the Ohio River. These 
 States are : 1. Ohio ; 2. Indiana ; 3. Illinois ; 4. Michigan ; 
 5. Iowa ; 6. Wisconsin ; 7. Minnesota. To these may be 
 added : 8. Kansas ; 9. Nebraska. 
 
 6. It has been seen that the whole valley of the Mississippi 
 was taken possession of by the French during the seventeenth 
 century. Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, and others explored 
 from the Great Lakes, by the water-routes of the Ohio, Wa- 
 bash, and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi. The whole 
 country received the name of LOUISIANA. French forts, 
 trading-posts, and missionary stations soon dotted the lines of 
 travel from the St. Lawrence to New Orleans. 
 
 7. Around these trading-posts and missions grew up settle- 
 ments. In 1682 a Jesuit mission was established at Kaskas- 
 kia, on the Mississippi (in the present State of Illinois). In 
 1712 it had become quite a village, and was regarded as the 
 French capital of the " Illinois country." In 1700 a French 
 settlement was made at Detroit. About 1750 a military post 
 was made at Vincennes, on the Wabash River (in the present 
 State of Indiana). Here, also, a settlement grew up. Peo- 
 ria, Illinois, is another old French settlement. 
 
 8. The French inhabitants were a lively, innocent people. 
 " On the margin of a prairie, or on the borders of some gentle 
 sti'eam, their villages sprang up, in long narrow streets, with 
 the family homesteads so contiguous that the merry and so- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 4. Where do these eighteen States lie ? What is said of this great 
 group ? Of what interest is their history ? 
 
 5. What States do we first take up ? Name them. 
 
 6. What has been seen regarding the French in this region ? Name some of the ex- 
 plorers. What was the region called ? What of trading-posts , etc. ? 
 
 7. Mention some of the early missions and settlements. 
 
 8. Bepeat what is said of the character of the French inhabitants.
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 207 
 
 ciable villagers could carry on their voluble conversation, each 
 from his own door or balcony." The men were generally 
 hunters, trappers, and boatmen, or, as they were called, voya- 
 geurs. 
 
 9. The Treaty of Paris, which closed the French and Indian 
 AVar in 1763, ceded to England all the French territory be- 
 tween the Alleghanies arid the Mississippi, except the island 
 and city of New Orleans. (Review page 106, H 89.) 
 
 10. The treaty of peace which ended the Revolutionary 
 War in 1 783 transferred this extensive country to the United 
 States. In 1803 the United States government acquired, by 
 purchase from France, the domain west from the Mississippi 
 to the Rocky Mountains. For this, France received fifteen 
 million dollars. 
 
 11. Several of the original thirteen States (Massachu- 
 setts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia) claimed exten- 
 sive belts of the Western country. They based these claims 
 on the fact that their old charters described the colonial 
 grants as extending " from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean." 
 
 12. ITT 1 786 the different States gave up their claims to 
 their Western territory to the general government. Congress, 
 in 1787, organized the region north of the Ohio into a Terri- 
 tory called the Northwest Territory. The ordinance or- 
 ganizing this Territory declared that slavery was not to be 
 allowed in it. Thus it was that, when the various States 
 north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi were admitted 
 into the Union, they came in as free States. 
 
 13. The ordinance provided that a certain number of fu- 
 ture States, from three to five, should be formed from this 
 Territory, and admitted into the Union when they should 
 have a population of 60,000 each. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 9. What territory did England acquire by the Treaty of Paris ? 
 
 10. How did it come to belong to the United States ? What did the United States 
 acquire in 1803 ? 
 
 11. What did several of the old States base a claim to part of this region on ? 
 
 12. What did these States do in 1786? What did Congress do? What did the or- 
 dinance say as to slavery ? What resulted from this? 
 
 13. What did the ordinance provide as to future States?
 
 208 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 1. OHIO. 
 
 14. The first State carved out of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory was Ohio, admitted 1802. It takes its name from the 
 Ohio River, which, in the Indian language, means " river of 
 blood." 
 
 15. Ohio was first settled by a company of New England 
 pioneers. The band consisted of forty-seven persons, who, 
 under General Rufus Putnam, journeyed from Massachusetts 
 to Pittsburg in 1787. Near Pittsburg they built a boat, 
 which, in memory of the famous ship of their Pilgrim fore- 
 fathers, they named the " Mayflower." 
 
 16. On the 2d of April, 1788, she was launched, and the 
 baud of pioneers sailed down the Monongahela and Ohio. 
 After sailing five days, they made a landing where the Mus- 
 kingum empties into the Ohio. There, opposite Fort Harman, 
 they chose the location for their settlement, and began build- 
 ing them log-cabins. They named their village Mar-e-et'ta, 
 after the unfortunate Queen of France, Marie Antoinette \an- 
 tivan-ett']. 
 
 17. In July, 1788, the colony was strengthened by another 
 company from Massachusetts. They had been nine weeks on 
 their way, had travelled by land with their wagons and stock 
 to Wheeling, and thence passed down the river in flat-boats 
 to the settlement on the Muskingum. 
 
 18. Congress had appointed General St. Clair governor of 
 the " Northwest Territory." Under him a territorial govern- 
 ment was established. 
 
 19. The early settlers of Ohio were intelligent, hardy, 
 and moral New-Englanders. Washington was very much in- 
 terested in this first emigration to the Great West, and said 
 of the settlement : " No colony in America was ever settled 
 
 QUESTIONS. 14. Name the first State carved out of the Northwest Territory. It 
 took its name from what ? 
 
 15. Who first settled Ohio ? Give an account of the first immigration. 
 
 16. To what point did the pioneers sail' What did they name their settlement? 
 
 17. Give an account of the emigration of the other company. 
 
 1 H. Who was governor of the Northwest Territory ? What was established! 
 19. What of the character of the early settlers ? What did Washington say of 
 them?
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 209 
 
 under such favorable auspices as that which has just com- 
 menced at the Muskingum. I know many of the settlers per- 
 sonally, and there never were men better calculated to pro- 
 mote the welfare of such a community." 
 
 20. The settlement which afterwards grew into the " Queen 
 City" of Cincinnati was founded the following year, 1789. 
 In the month of January, a few pioneers landed on " a de- 
 lightful high bank of the Ohio," where they began a village 
 which they called Losanteville, a name soon changed to Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 21. At this period the woods and prairies of Ohio swarmed 
 with Indians. Among them were the Shawanese, Miamies, 
 Wyandots, and many other tribes. These were very hostile 
 to the whites, who now began to overrun their hunting- 
 grounds. 
 
 22. In 1790, hostilities broke out. Several encounters 
 took place, in which the Indians were successful. Governor 
 St. Clair, at the head of the troops, fought a battle, in No- 
 vember, 1791. He was defeated, with a loss of over eight 
 hundred men killed and wounded. Afterwards General An- 
 thony Wayne was put in command of the forces, and defeated 
 the Indians. "The war continued till 1795, when General 
 Wayne made a treaty of peace, which forever buried the 
 hatchet in Ohio. 
 
 23. The increase of the population of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory was very rapid. In 1800 it had forty-five thousand in- 
 habitants. The settlers were from New England, the Middle 
 States, and Virginia. 
 
 24. Large numbers went from Connecticut to what was 
 called the " Connecticut Reserve," or the " Western Reserve," 
 a part of Connecticut's charter claim, which that State had 
 reserved when she gave up her Western lands to Congress. A 
 
 QUESTIONS. 20. When was Cincinnati founded? What was it first called' 
 '21. What of the Indians ? How did they feel towards the whites ? 
 
 22. Give an account of the hostilities ? How were they ended? 
 
 23. What of the increase of population ? What was it in 1800 ? Where were the 
 settlers from ? 
 
 24. Tell about the Connecticut Reserve. When was Cleveland founded? What of 
 Cincinnati in 1796 ? 
 
 K
 
 210 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 large part of this " Reserve " was sold to a Connecticut com- 
 pany, in 1795. Moses Cleveland was the surveyor, and in 
 honor of him the chief city of the Reserve was named. 
 Cleveland was founded 1796. In 1796, Cincinnati contained 
 over one hundred log-cabins and about six hundred persons. 
 
 25. In 1800 the Northwest Territory was divided. The 
 western part took the name of the Indiana Territory. 
 
 26. In 1802 the eastern part of the Northwest Territory 
 had a sufficient population (60,000) to be admitted as a 
 State. Accordingly, in that year, it came into the Union, 
 under the name of the State of OHIO. 
 
 27. In 1811 the first steamboat that ever sailed the West- 
 ern waters was launched at Pittsburg. The vessel was 
 named "The New Orleans." 
 
 28. In 1825, Ohio's noble State common-school system 
 was adopted. 
 
 29. The progress of Ohio up to the present time has been 
 extraordinarily rapid. The one hundred log-cabins of Cin- 
 cinnati in 1796 have grown to a splendid and populous city. 
 The Ohio, which in 1788 floated the "Mayflower," the rude 
 ark of the first white pioneers, now bears its hundreds of 
 steamers, and its banks are filled with beautiful and flourish- 
 ing towns and villages. The population of Ohio, by the last 
 census (1870), was over 2,662,000. 
 
 2. INDIANA. 
 
 30. The second of the States carved out of the Northwest 
 Territory was Indiana, admitted 1816. 
 
 31. Indiana was originally a part of the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory. In 1800, Congress made out of the western part a 
 
 QUESTIONS. 25. What of the division of the Northwest Territory ? 
 
 26. Give an account of the admission of Ohio as a State ? 
 
 27. Tell about the first Western steamboat. 
 
 28. When was the common-school system begun ? 
 
 29. What of Ohio's progress ? What of the Ohio River? What was the population 
 of Ohio at the last census ? 
 
 30. Name the second State carved out of the Northwest Territory ? 
 
 31. Indiana was originally a part of what Territory ? When was it made a sep- 
 arate Territory ?
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 211 
 
 separate Territory, called the " Territory of Indiana." This 
 at first included all of the Northwest Territory except 
 Ohio. 
 
 32. William H. Harrison, afterwards President of the 
 United States, was appointed the first governor. Harrison 
 had previously been secretary of the Northwest Territory. 
 
 33. When Indiana was made into a separate Territory, it 
 had already considerable population. 
 
 34. The settlers early became involved in difficulties with 
 the Indians. The famous Tecumseh was chief of the Shaw- 
 nees. He and his brother, " The Prophet," persuaded the red 
 men to unite in a league to prevent the extension of white 
 settlements in that quarter. 
 
 35. Several encounters took place, in which the Indians 
 were victorious. But, in 1811, Governor Harrison defeated 
 the savages in a fierce battle near the mouth of the Tippe- 
 canoe \tip-pe-kan-oo'], in Indiana, November 7. 
 
 36. In 181 G, Indiana was admitted as a State into the 
 Union. Its Constitution was formed with great care and wis- 
 dom. Its subsequent growth has been rapid, and its popula- 
 tion at the last census was over 1,673,000. 
 
 3. ILLINOIS. 
 
 37. The third- State carved out of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory was Illinois, admitted 1818. It takes its name from 
 one of the Western Indian tribes. 
 
 38. The region which afterwards became Illinois was first 
 visited by the Jesuit explorer La Salle in 1G80. The first 
 settlement was made by French traders and missionaries at 
 Kaskaskiain 1682. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 32. Who was the first governor ? What had he been ? 
 
 33. What of Indiana's population ? 
 
 34. With whom did they get into difficulties. Tell about Tecumseh. 
 
 35. Give an account of the fights and Ihe decisive battle. 
 
 36. When was Indiana admitted as a State ? What of its Constitution ' Its popula- 
 tion by the last census ? 
 
 37. What was the third State carved from the Northwest Territory ? Origin of its 
 name? 
 
 38. This region was first visited by whom ? First settlement?
 
 212 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 39. Illinois was at first a part of the Northwest Territory. 
 When the Indiana Territory was made, Illinois was a part of 
 that Territory. In 1809, Illinois was organized as a separate 
 Territory, carved out of the Indiana Territory. 
 
 40. In 1818, Illinois had increased sufficiently in popula- 
 tion to allow its admission into the Union as a State. 
 
 41. The deposits of lead in the Illinois country, in the 
 neighborhood of Galena, were known and worked even in the 
 French times. About the year 1826, the mining and smelt- 
 ing of lead were begun on a large scale. The business at- 
 tracted great attention and caused a wonderful rush of popu- 
 lation. 
 
 42. Illinois received a large share of the tide of westward 
 emigration. The rich farming-lands of the State were very 
 attractive to settlers. 
 
 43. Illinois showed her progressive spirit by taking a lead- 
 ing part in the construction of railroads. The first railroad 
 in this State, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, was the 
 Chicago and Rock Island, opened in 1854. The construction 
 of the Illinois Central Railroad did an immense deal to settle 
 and develop this great State. 
 
 44. The city of Chicago is an example of the almost magi- 
 cal growth of the West. In 1831, it was an insignificant 
 trading-station, amid the wigwams of Indians. Now it has a 
 population of about a quarter of a million, and is the largest 
 grain port in the world. 
 
 45. Illinois has a fine educational system. Her people, 
 accordingly, are enlightened, enterprising, and prosperous. 
 The population of Illinois, at the last census, was over 
 2,539,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 39. Illinois was at first a part of what ? When was it made a separate 
 Territory ? 
 
 40. When was it admitted into the Union ' 
 
 41 . What of lead-mining ? When did it begin on a large scale ? 
 
 42. What is said of immigration to Illinois ? What attracted settlers ? 
 
 43. Tell about railroads in Illinois. 
 
 44. What is said of Chicago ? 
 
 45. What is said of education ? of her people ? Give the population by the last
 
 STATES OF TUB MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 213 
 
 4. MICHIGAN. 
 
 46. The fourth State carved out of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory is Michigan, admitted 1837. It derives its name from 
 the great lake. 
 
 47. Michigan Territory was, ill 1805, carved out of Indiana 
 Territory, which, in 1800, had been carved out of the North- 
 west Territory. The first territorial governor was William 
 Hull. 
 
 48. Michigan remained a Territory for thirty-two years, 
 that is, till 1837, when its population had increased enough 
 for it to enter the Union as a State. 
 
 49. During the War of 1812 with England, the nearness 
 of Michigan to Canada caused it to be invaded by the British. 
 It has been seen (see page 173) that the British came up to 
 attack Detroit in August, 1812. Governor Hull would not 
 allow his troops to fire, but, to their great indignation, ordered 
 a white flag to be hung out in token of submission. Hull 
 surrendered his whole army and the Territory of Michigan 
 to the British. 
 
 50. The victory of Perry on Lake Erie, and of Harrison on 
 the Canada, shore, in ^813, restored Michigan Territory to the 
 Stars and Stripeg^ 
 
 51. In ISl^tfa large immigration to Michigan took place, in 
 consequence of the sale of large quantities of public land. 
 
 52. In 1837, Michigan came into the Union as a State. 
 She had, some years before, sufficient population to enter, but 
 Congress would not receive her on account of some trouble 
 about the boundary between Michigan and Ohio. This was 
 settled in 1837. 
 
 53. The population of Michigan, by the last census, was 
 over 1,184,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 46. Name the fourth State carved out of the Northwest Territory? 
 Takes its name from what ? 
 
 47. When was Michigan made a separate Territory? Who was the first governor ? 
 
 48. How lone; was it a Territory ? What did it then hecome? 
 
 49. What of Michigan in the War of 1812 ? of Hull ? 
 
 50. What victories restored it to the United States? 
 
 51 . When and why did immigration begin ? 
 
 52. When was Michigan admitted as a State ? Why did she not come in before ? 
 
 53. The population of Michigan by the last census.
 
 214 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 5. IOWA. 
 
 54. The fifth of the Northwestern States is Iowa. It was 
 called after the river of the same name. Iowa was a part of 
 the "Louisiana Purchase" made from France in 1803. 
 
 55. A small French settlement was made in this Territory, 
 in 1788, by a Canadian named Dubuque, who settled in this 
 region and engaged in lead-mining. But as Iowa was in the 
 "Far West," it was late in receiving American emigration. 
 In 1832, after the close of the Black Hawk War in northern 
 Illinois and southern Wisconsin, its fertile prairies were 
 thrown open to settlers. 
 
 56. The first settlement was made in 1833, in the vicinity 
 of Burlington. From this period, population grew far more 
 rapidly than in any previous Territory. 
 
 57. Iowa was organized as a separate Territory in 1 838. 
 In 1840 it had grown enough to entitle the Territory to be- 
 come a State in the Union, which it did in that year. 
 
 58. Iowa's history, during the past quarter of a century, 
 has been one of marked progress in every respect. Her pop- 
 ulation, by the last census, was over 1,191,000. 
 
 6. WISCONSIN. 
 
 59. The sixth State carved out of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory was Wisconsin, admitted 1848. It was called after 
 the river of the same name. 
 
 60. Wisconsin was penetrated by the early French mis- 
 sionaries, traders, and trappers nearly two hundred years ago. 
 The first actual settlement was made at Prairie du Chien, that 
 is, prairie-dog, so called after a family of the Fox Indians, 
 who formerly lived there. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 54. Name the fifth of the Northwest States. Named after what? It 
 was originally a part of what ? 
 
 55. What early French settlement was made? Why did it grow slowly ? When did 
 it take a start ? 
 
 56. Where was the first settlement made ? What of growth ? 
 
 57. When did Iowa become a Territory ? When did it become a State . 
 
 58. What of Iowa's progress? Give the population. 
 
 59. Name the sixth State carved oat of the Northwest Territory. Called after what ' 
 
 60. Who were the first explorers ? Name the first settlement.
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 215 
 
 61. The tide of American immigration to Wisconsin began 
 to set in about 1833. In 1836 it was organized into a sep- 
 arate Teiritory. In 1848, Wisconsin had population enough 
 to enter the Union as a State. At the last census its popu- 
 lation was over 1,055,000. 
 
 7. MINNESOTA. 
 
 62. The seventh of the Northwestern States is Minnesota, 
 admitted 1858. It was called after the river of the same 
 name, which signifies " cloudy water." 
 
 63. This State was not carved out of the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory. That Territory extended only to the Mississippi, and 
 Minnesota is west of the Mississippi. The soil of Minnesota 
 formed part of the vast region of Louisiana, which became 
 part of the United States, by purchase from France, in 
 1803. 
 
 64. The region of Minnesota had been explored by the 
 early Jesuit missionaries nearly two hundred years ago. In 
 1680, Father Hennepin, the companion of La Salle, descended 
 the Illinois River in a bark canoe to the Mississippi, and then 
 made his w,ay iip that river. He was probably the first white 
 man who Visited the country now known as the State of Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 65. Soon after the United States acquired the region west 
 of the Mississippi from France, in 1803, Lieutenant Pike was 
 sent to explore the sources of the Father of Waters. In 
 1805 he penetrated as far as Sandy and Leech lakes. 
 
 66. The first white settlement was made in 1812. It was 
 founded by a party from the Red River country, in the British 
 Possessions. In 1838 there were two or three log-cabins on 
 the sit of the present flourishing capital of St. Paul. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 61. What of immigration ? When did Wisconsin become a Territory ? 
 When did it become a State ? Its population ? 
 
 62. Name the seventh of the Northwest States ? Called after what ? 
 
 63. Was Minnesota carved out of the Northwest Territory ? It was part of what re- 
 gion? 
 
 64. Who were the early explorers ? Tell about Father Hennepin. 
 
 65. Tell about Pike's explorations. 
 
 66. When and by whom was the first settlement made ? What of St. Paul ?
 
 216 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 67. In 1849, Minnesota was organized into a territorial 
 government. At this time the region was a mere wilderness, 
 over which the Dakotas or Sioux roamed. In 1851 they 
 ceded all their lands west of the Mississippi as far as the 
 Sioux River to the United States. 
 
 68. From this time population increased so rapidly, th^f, 
 in 1858, Minnesota came into the Union as a State. 
 
 69. In the summer of 1862, Minnesota was made to feel 
 the horrors of an Indian massacre. Many of the inhabitants 
 were away fighting the battles of the great civil war. The 
 Sioux fell upon the inhabitants and killed more than seven 
 hundred. Troops were sent, under General Sibley, who drove 
 the savages into Dakota. A large number were hanged, and 
 their chief, Little Crow, was killed. 
 
 70. The prosperity of Minnesota is continually increasing. 
 Its population, at the last census, was over 435,000. 
 
 8. KANSAS. 
 
 71. The eighth of the Northwestern States admitted into 
 the Union wa*s Kansas, admitted 1861. 
 
 72. Kansas was an original part of that immense territory 
 west of the Mississippi, which, under the name of Louisi- 
 ana, the United States bought of France in 1803. 
 
 73. Kansas first came prominently into notice in 1854, 
 when Senator Douglas introduced into Congress his famous 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill. This was a bill for the territorial or- 
 ganization of Kansas and Nebraska. It provided that the 
 question whether these Territories should be slave or free 
 should be determined by their inhabitants. This was called 
 " popular sovereignty," sometimes nicknamed squatter sover- 
 eignty. The bill became a law. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 67. When was Minnesota made a Territory ? What of the Indians ? 
 
 68. When did Minnesota become a State ? 
 
 69. Tell about the great Indian massacre. 
 
 70. What of its prosperity ? its population 7 
 
 71. Name the eighth Northwestern State ? 
 
 72. Kansas was originally a part of what ? 
 
 73. When did it first come into notice Tell about the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 217 
 
 74. A great rivalry now sprang up between the proslavery 
 party of the South and the. antislavery party of the North 
 on the subject of colonizing Kansas. Large parties of Free- 
 Soil men poured into Kansas from the East and the North- 
 west. " Emigrant aid societies " were formed to colonize 
 Kansas with antislavery inhabitants. 
 
 75. The South sent its representatives also. From the 
 neighboring State of Missouri large bands of armed men 
 crossed the borders. The antislavery men called these " bor- 
 der ruffians." 
 
 76. It was not long before bloodshed began between the 
 two classes of settlers. Cold-blooded murders were numer- 
 ous, and for years Kansas was a scene of lawless violence. 
 Each side strove for the mastery, and, at one time, there 
 were two capitals and two constitutions in Kansas. 
 
 77. At last, after long contention, the antislavery party 
 triumphed, and Kansas was admitted as a free State, January 
 30, 1861. 
 
 78. The growth of Kansas has been extraordinarily rapid. 
 The construction of the Kansas Pacific Railroad has thrown 
 open the fertile prairies of this State for hundreds of miles 
 west of the Missouri River. The vast buffalo-ranges have 
 given place to corn-fields and settlements. The population of 
 this State, at the last census, was over 362,000.. 
 
 9. NEBRASKA. 
 
 79. The early history of Kansas covers the early history 
 of Nebraska. Nebraska, like Kansas, was organized as a 
 Territory in 1854. 
 
 80. Nebraska was admitted as a State in 1867. "Nc- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 74. What rivalry now sprang up? Tell about colonists from the 
 North. 
 
 75. Tell about colonists from the South. 
 
 76. What soon began ? Describe the state of things. 
 
 77. Which side triumphed ? When was Kansas admitted as a State ? 
 
 78. What of the growth of Kansas ? What railroad is spoken of ? Give the popula- 
 tion. 
 
 79. What of the early history of Nebraska ? When did it become a Territory ? 
 
 80. When was it admitted into the Union ? What does the word mean ? Name the 
 capital; the chief city. 
 
 10
 
 218 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 braska" is an Indian word signifying "water-valley." The 
 capital is Lincoln. Omaha, on the Missouri River, is the chief 
 city, and is the eastern terminus of the great railroad running 
 westward to the Pacific coast. 
 
 81. In 1870 the population of Nebraska was over 125,000. 
 
 II. FOUNDING OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. 
 1. KENTUCKY. 
 
 82. We have seen the founding and growth of the North- 
 western States. We are now to see the founding of the South- 
 western States, that is, the States south of the Ohio. 
 
 83. The first formed of the Southwestern States was Ken- 
 tucky ; admitted into the Union, 1792. This was ten years 
 before the admission of Ohio ; so that Kentucky was the first 
 of the States beyond the Alleghauies admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 84. About the year 1760, Dr. Thomas Walker, of Virginia, 
 explored and named the Cumberland Mountains and the 
 Cumberland River. The range and river were so called after 
 his patron, the Duke of Cumberland. Dr. Walker also ex- 
 plored the upper part of tlife Kentucky River, and gave it the 
 name of Louisa, in honor of the Duchess of Cumberland. 
 
 85. A few years later, the bold pioneer, Daniel Boone, 
 ranged over the mountains from North Carolina, where he 
 lived, into the Kentucky country. It was through the efforts 
 of Boone and some of his friends that Kentucky was first 
 settled. 
 
 86. The first lasting settlements in Kentucky were made 
 by Boone and others in the first year of the Revolutionary 
 War, 1775. The spring before, James Harrod had built the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 81. What was the population in 1870 ? 
 
 82. We are now to see the founding of what States ? 
 
 83. Which State was first formed ? How long was this before Ohio ? 
 
 81. Who was the first explorer ? What mountains did he name ? What did he call 
 the Kentucky River ? 
 
 85. Repeat what is said of Boone. 
 
 86. Who made the first settlements ? Who built the first cabin ? Date of founding 
 of Boonesborough ?
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 219 
 
 first log-cabin in the valley of the Kentucky. Boonesborough 
 was founded in 1775. 
 
 87. The settlements at first suffered greatly from the In- 
 dians, who were very hostile. Many dreadful deeds were 
 done in early times, - deeds which gave peculiar significance 
 to the name Kentucky, which, in the Indian language, means 
 the " dark and bloody ground." 
 
 88. The most prominent man in Kentucky's early history 
 was Major George Rogers Clark, a soldier and surveyor. It 
 was through his efforts that the Kentucky region was, in 
 1776, made a county of Virginia, and came under the protec- 
 tion of the Old Dominion. 
 
 89. After the close of the war of the Revolution, the era 
 of Kentucky immigration began. Virginians and North- 
 Carolinians especially went there in large numbers. By the 
 year 1784 the population had grown to 30,000. Louisville, 
 Lexington, and other villages had been founded. 
 
 90. Kentucky's connection with Virginia continued till 
 1792, when Kentucky became a State in the Union. Its 
 population by the last census, was 1,321,000. 
 
 2. TENNESSEE. 
 
 91. The second of the Southwestern States was Tennes- 
 see ; admitted into the Union, 1796. Tennessee is called 
 after the river of the same name, signifying the " river of the 
 big bend." 
 
 92. The Tennessee country was originally a part of North 
 Carolina, for North Carolina was claimed to run westward to 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 93. In 1777 the legislature of North Carolina organ- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 87. What is said of the Indians and of the terrible scenes of early 
 times? 
 
 88. What prominent Kentuckian is named ? What was done through his influence ? 
 
 89. When did immigration set in ? What States sent settlers ? Give the population 
 in 1784. What cities had been founded ? 
 
 90. When was Kentucky admitted as a State? Its population by the last census ? 
 
 91 . Name the second of the Southwestern States. Called after what ? 
 9'^. Tennessee was originally a part of what ? 
 
 93. How was it first organized What settlers went there ? When was Nashville 
 founded ?
 
 220 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 ized the county of Washington, which comprised the whole 
 State of Tennessee. In the next year, a colony of refugees 
 from the tyranny of the British in Carolina penetrated the 
 wilderness and located themselves on the Cumberland 
 River, near the site of Nashville. That city was founded 
 in 1784. 
 
 94. In 1 790, North Carolina ceded to the United States 
 the whole region now forming the State of Tennessee. It 
 was then organized under the name of the " Southwest Terri- 
 tory." 
 
 95. By 1796 the population had increased sufficiently to 
 entitle Tennessee to enter the Union as a State. The popu- 
 lation, by the last census, was over 1,255,000. 
 
 3. LOUISIANA. 
 
 96. The third of the Southwestern States was Louisi- 
 ana, admitted 1812. 
 
 97. The name " Louisiana " was originally given by the 
 French to the whole of their extensive possessions in the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley. It has been seen, that, by the treaty that 
 closed the French and Indian War in 1763, France gave up 
 all east of the Mississippi. 
 
 98. In 1803 the United States bought from France, for 
 the sum of fifteen million dollars, all the French possessions 
 west of the Mississippi. This included from the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico north to the British Possessions, and westward from the 
 Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains and the Mexican posses- 
 sions. 
 
 99. Soon after this purchase was made, the country form- 
 ing the present State of Louisiana was organized as the " Ter- 
 ritory of Orleans." The remainder of the country was called 
 
 QUESTIONS. 94. When did North Carolina cede this region ' How was it organized ? 
 
 95. When was it admitted into the Union ' Its population by the last census ? 
 
 96. Name the third Southwestern State. 
 
 97. To what region was the name " Louisiana " first given ' When did the French 
 give up the part east of the Mississippi ' 
 
 98. When did the United States acquire the territory west of the Mississippi ? What 
 was its extent ' 
 
 99. What Territory was first organized in this region ? What of the remainder ' 
 What States have been carved out of the District of Louisiana?
 
 STATES Or THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 221 
 
 the " District of Louisiana." Out of the latter were after- 
 wards carved the States of Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Ne- 
 braska, Iowa, and a large part of Minnesota. 
 
 100. At this time the " Territory of Orleans " contained a 
 considerable poprilation of French, who had settled there from 
 early times. New Orleans had been founded in 1718, and 
 was now a large and flourishing French city. , 
 
 101. In 1812, Louisiana was received into the Union as a 
 State. Her population, by the last census, was 734,440. 
 
 4. MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA. 
 
 102. The fourth of the Southwestern States is Missis- 
 sippi; admitted into the Union, 1817. It is called after 
 the river of the same name, signifying the "Father of 
 Waters." 
 
 103. The fifth of the Southwestern States is Alabama ; 
 admitted 1819. It is called after the river of the same name, 
 signifying " here AVC rest." 
 
 104. The State of Georgia claimed the country west of her 
 present limits, and including the soil of Mississippi and Ala- 
 bama. In 1800, Georgia ceded to the United States her 
 claim to this region, which was then organized as the " Terri- 
 tory of Mississippi." 
 
 105. In 1817 the Territory of Mississippi was divided, and 
 the ivestern portion of it admitted into the Union as the State 
 of Mississippi. Its population in 1870 was over 834,000. 
 The eastern portion was formed into a territorial government, 
 and called "Alabama Territory." In 1819, Alabama was 
 admitted into the Union as a State. Its population, by the 
 last census, was over 996,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 100. What population was there? Name the principal city; when 
 founded ? 
 
 1 01. When was Louisiana admitted into the Union ? Its population ? 
 
 102. Name the fourth Southwestern State. Called after what? 
 
 103. Name the fifth Southwestern State. Called after what? 
 
 104. What State claimed the region ? When did Georgia cede it to the United 
 States ? What Territory was organized ? 
 
 105. What division took place in 1817? When was Alabama admitted into the 
 Union ? its population ?
 
 222 T HE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 5. MISSOURI. 
 
 106. The sixth of the Southwestern States is Missouri ; 
 admitted into the Union, 1821. It is called after the river 
 of the same name, which signifies " muddy water." 
 
 107. Missouri was part of the " Louisiana Purchase." Af- 
 ter the organization of the " Territory of Orleans," in 1803, 
 Missouri formed part of the " District of Louisiana." A few 
 years later it took the name of " Missouri Territory," and the 
 State of Missouri was a part of that Territory. 
 
 108. In 1820, Missouri applied to Congress for admission 
 into the Union as a State. It was then proposed in Congress 
 that slavery should be prohibited in Missouri, if she was ad- 
 mitted as a State. This led to a very hot discussion of the 
 whole question of slavery, and arrayed the friends and oppo- 
 nents of slavery in bitter political strife. 
 
 109. The matter was at length settled by a compromise. 
 It was agreed that slavery should be allowed in Missouri, but 
 should be prohibited in all the territory of the United States 
 north and west of the northern boundary of Arkansas. This 
 arrangement is known as the " Missouri Compromise." 
 
 110. By this arrangement, Missouri came into the Union 
 as a State in 1821. Her population, by the last census, was 
 1,715,000. 
 
 6. ARKANSAS AND FLORIDA. 
 
 111. The seventh of the Southwestern States is Arkan- 
 sas; admitted into the Union, 1836. 
 
 112. Arkansas was a pai*t of Missouri Territory. In 
 1819 it was set off as a distinct Territory. In 1836 it was 
 admitted as a State. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 106. Name the sixth of the Southwestern States. Called after what? 
 
 107. Missouri originally formed part of what ? In what district was it included ? It 
 afterwards took what name ? 
 
 108. When did Missouri apply for admission into the Union ? WTiat was proposed 
 in Congress ? What did this lead to ? 
 
 109. How was the matter settled? What arrangement did the Missouri Compro- 
 mise make ? 
 
 110. When was Missouri admitted into the Union ? its population? 
 
 111. Name the seventh of the Southwestern States. 
 
 112. Arkansas was part of what ? When was it set off as a Territory ? When did 
 it come into the Union ?
 
 STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 223 
 
 113. In 1819, Florida was purchased by the United States 
 from Spain for five million dollars. Soon afterwards it was 
 organized as a Territory, and in 1845 it was admitted into 
 the Union as a State. Its population, in 1870, was 483,000. 
 
 7. TEXAS. 
 
 114. Texas was originally claimed as a part of the Span- 
 ish-American possessions. The Spaniards had made settle- 
 ments there as early as 1715. 
 
 115. When the United States bought Louisiana from 
 France, Americans claimed Texas as a part of that purchase. 
 But when the United States bought Florida of Spain, in 1819, 
 the government agreed to give up to Spain all its claim to 
 Texas. 
 
 116. In 1821, Mexico and Texas declared themselves in- 
 dependent of Spain. After this, a large American immigra- 
 tion into Texas began. Texas remained under Mexican rule 
 till 1835. 
 
 117. In 1835 the people of Texas resisted the Mexican 
 rule. Santa Anna tried to subdue them. The result was a 
 war, which lasted during 1835 and 1836. The Texans were 
 victorious. 
 
 118. In 1836, Texas declared herself independent of Mexico. 
 General Sam. Houston [hew'ston] was in command of the 
 Texan army, and succeeded in utterly defeating Santa Anna. 
 Houston then became President of the " Lone Star State." 
 
 119. Soon after this, Texas asked to be annexed to the 
 United States. There was great opposition to this on the 
 part of antislavery men at the North, who did not wish to 
 see another slave State admitted. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1 HI. When was Florida bought? How much was paid ? When was it 
 admitted into the Union ? 
 
 114. What is said of Texas originally ? When had the Spaniards settled there ? 
 
 115. What is said of Texas at the time of the purchase of Louisiana? What was 
 agreed to ? 
 
 116. When did Mexico and Texas declare their independence? What immigration 
 then began ' How long diil Mexico and Texas remain under Mexico ? 
 
 117. What took place in 18a5? What was the result ? 
 
 118. When was Texan independence declared ? Who was the leader? 
 
 119. What did Texas soon ask ? Who opposed annexation ?
 
 224 TUB CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 120. The question of the annexation of Texas was brought 
 prominently before the American people in the Presidential 
 contest of 1844. James K. Polk favored the annexation ; 
 and, as Polk was elected, he urged the annexation of Texas. 
 
 121. In 1845, Texas was admitted as a State in the 
 Union. Her population by the last census, was over 797,000. 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 I. Founding of the Mississippi Valley States. 
 
 I. Kentucky, admitted 1792. 
 II. Tennessee, admitted 1796. 
 
 III. Ohio, admitted 1802. 
 
 IV. Louisiana, admitted 1812. 
 V. Indiana, admitted 1816. 
 
 VI. Mississippi, admitted 1817. 
 VII. Ulinois, admitted 1818. 
 VIII. Alabama, admitted 1819. 
 IX. Missouri, admitted 1821. 
 
 X. Arkansas, admitted 1836. 
 XL Michigan, admitted 1837. 
 XII. Florida, admitted 1845. 
 
 XIII. Texas, admitted 1845. 
 
 XIV. Iowa, admitted 1846. 
 
 XV. Wisconsin, admitted 1848. 
 XVI. Minnesota, admitted 1858. 
 XVII. Kansas, admitted 1861. 
 XVIII. Nebraska, admitted 1867. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 12O. When did the question come before the people? Who was 
 elected, and what did he do ? 
 
 121. When was Texas admitted into the Union ? Its population ? 
 
 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. Review I. Kentucky admitted when ? II. Tennessee ad- 
 mitted when ? III. Ohio admitted when? IV. Louisiana admitted when ? V.Indi- 
 ana admitted when ? VI. Mississippi admitted when ? VII. Illinois admitted when .' 
 VIII. Alabama admitted when ? IX. Missouri admitted when ? X. Arkansas ad- 
 mitted when ? XI. Michigan admitted when ? XII. Florida admitted when ? XIII. 
 Texas admitted when ? XIV. Iowa admitted when ? XV. Wisconsin admitted when ' 
 XVI. Minnesota admitted when? XVII. Kansas admitted when ? XVIII. Ne- 
 braska admitted when ?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 225 
 
 II. Origin of the Mississippi Valley States. 
 
 I. The whole region between the Alleghanies and the Mis- 
 sissippi, with the exception of Florida, which belonged to 
 Spain, and the city and island of New Orleans, which be- 
 longed to France, came into the possession of the United 
 States by the treaty which closed the war of the Revolution 
 in 1 783. 
 
 II. This region was organized into two Territories, the 
 Northwest Territory and the Southwest Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 III. The Northwest Territory was divided in 1800. 
 Ohio in 1802 became a State; the rest of the Northwest 
 Territory, after 1800, took the name of Indiana Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 IV. In 1816 the present State of Indiana was carved 
 out of Indiana Territory. Indiana Territory was carved up 
 into the following States : Illinois, organized into Illinois 
 Territory in 1809, and admitted as a State, 1818 ; Michi- 
 gan, organized as a Territory, 1805, and admitted as a State, 
 1837; Iowa, organized as a Territory, 1838, and admitted 
 as a State, 1846 ; Wisconsin, organized as a Territory, 
 1836, and admitted as a State, 1848. 
 
 V. The Southwest Territory, formed in 1790, was first 
 divided by the organization of Kentucky as a county of Vir- 
 ginia ; but in 1 792, Kentucky was admitted as a State. 
 In 1796, Tennessee was carved out of the Southwest 
 Territory. In 1800 the Territory of Mississippi was 
 carved out. This formed two States : Mississippi, ad- 
 mitted as a State in 1817 ; and Alabama, organized as a 
 separate Territory, 1817, and admitted as a State, 1819. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Review II. I- What region became part of the United 
 States in 1783 ? 
 
 II. Into what two Territories was this region organized ? 
 
 III. When was the Northwest Territory divided ? What State was then formed ? 
 What was the rest called ? 
 
 IV. When and out of what was Indiana State carved Nume the other States 
 formed from the rest of Indiana Territory. 
 
 V. How was the Southwest Territory divided? Kentucky adir.ittod what year? 
 What other States were formed out of the Southwest Territory ? 
 
 10* O
 
 226 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 VI. The "Louisiana Purchase" was made in 1803. 
 By this purchase the United States acquired from France the 
 vast region stretching westward from the Mississippi to the 
 Rocky Mountains, except Texas. 
 
 VII. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase was divided into the 
 " Territory of Orleans " and the " District of Louisi- 
 ana." In 1812 the "Territory of Orleans" was admitted 
 into the Union as the State of Louisiana. 
 
 VIII. The " District of Louisiana " was carved up into the 
 following States : Missouri, admitted as a State, 1821 ; 
 Arkansas, organized as a separate Territory, 1819, and ad- 
 mitted as a State, 1836; Iowa, organized as a separate 
 Territory in 1838, and admitted as a State, 1846 ; Min- 
 nesota, organized as a Territory, 1849, and admitted as a 
 State, 1858 ; Kansas, organized as a Territory, 1854, and 
 admitted into the Union, 1861 j Nebraska, organized 
 same time as Kansas, and admitted as a State, 1867. 
 
 IX. Texas did not spring from the " Louisiana Purchase.." 
 It had an independent origin. The Texans, in 1836, threw 
 off the Mexican yoke and founded an independent Republic, 
 which in 1845 was admitted as a State. 
 
 X. Florida did not spring from the Southwest Terri- 
 tory. It was a Spanish possession. Florida was purchased 
 by the United States in 1819. Soon after, it was organized 
 as a Territory, and in 1845 admitted as a State. 
 
 III. FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 
 1. CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1. The acquisition of California grew out of the war 
 with Mexico, 1846 - 48. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. VI. When was the Louisiana Purchase made ? What Terri- 
 tory did the United States then acquire ? 
 
 VII. How was the Louisiana Purchase divided ? When was Louisiana State admit- 
 ted? 
 
 VIII. GiTe the States carved out of the District of Louisiana. 
 
 IX. Give the origin of the State of Texas. 
 
 X. Give the origin of the State of Florida. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1. What did the acquisition of California grow out of?
 
 FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 227 
 
 2. It has been seen (review page 12, H 48) that the pe- 
 ninsula of California, Upper or Alta California, and the region 
 of New Mexico, were first explored by the Spaniards. These 
 explorations began within fifty years after the discovery of 
 America by Columbus. 
 
 3. It has also been noted as an interesting fact (see page 16) 
 that the bold English navigator, Sir Francis Drake, visited the 
 coast of California in 1579. He spent part of that summer 
 in the fine harbor now known as the Bay of San Francisco. 
 Drake named the whole region New Albion, and claimed the 
 country for the sovereign of England. 
 
 4. The English never did anything to make good this 
 claim, and California remained a Spanish possession. 
 
 NOTE. The name "California" was given by the Spaniards to the 
 region north of Mexico. The name is taken from an old Crusader 
 romance which was very popular in the days of Cortez. 
 
 5. The Spaniards made their first settlement in Upper Cali- 
 fornia about the middle of the eighteenth century. This was 
 at San Diego [san dyea'go\ in 1769. San Diego was the first 
 of a series of Missions, or " Presidios," as they were called, 
 which the Spanish Catholic missionaries established in Cali- 
 fornia, running north from San Diego to San Francisco. 
 
 6. Into these Presidios the Indians were gathered, and the 
 Padres, or Roman Catholic priests, taught them the arts of 
 civilization. They cultivated the vine, the olive, and the fig, 
 and lived in spacious houses, built of adobe, or sun-dried bricks. 
 
 7. In 1822, Mexico threw off the yoke of Spain, and be- 
 came an independent Republic. Alta or Upper California 
 was then made a Mexican province. 
 
 8. The first American settlers found their wa} r into Cali- 
 
 QUESTIONS. ". What regions on the Pacific coast were explored by the Spaniards? 
 When did these explorations begin ? 
 
 3. Repeat what is said of Drake. He named the country what, and claimed it for 
 whom? 
 
 4. Did the English do anything to make good their claim ? 
 
 5. When were the first settlements in Upper California made ? Repeat what is said of 
 the Missions. 
 
 6. Repeat what is said of the Indians. 
 
 7. When did Mexico become independent ? What of Upper California then ? 
 
 8. When did the first American settlers go to California ? What of the population ? 
 Who visited California?
 
 228 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 fornia about 1843. At this time, the region had a small 
 population of Spaniards, Mexicans, and Indians. California 
 was visited only by an occasional ship, which went away 
 freighted with hides and tallow. 
 
 9. In 1846 the war between the United States and Mexico 
 began. The Americans in California immediately raised the 
 " bear flag/' and asserted their independence of Mexico. The 
 result of this was a series of contests with the Mexican 
 authorities. 
 
 10. It has already been seen (review page 195), that, at 
 this time, Captain John C. Fremont, who had been sent West 
 to survey a new route to Oregon, arrived in California. Fre- 
 mont united with the Americans, who were successful in sev- 
 eral encounters with the Mexicans. 
 
 11. In July, 1846, Commodore Sloat, then commander of 
 the United States fleet on the Pacific coast, hearing of the 
 declaration of war, took possession of Monterey. A little 
 later, Stockton superseded Sloat. He took San Diego, and, 
 aided by Fremont, captured Los Angeles. 
 
 12. Late in the year, General Kearney [kar'm], with a 
 small column from the army operating against Mexico on the 
 noi*thern line, reached California after a long and toilsome 
 march from Santa F6 [san'tak fay], in New Mexico. Kearney 
 arrived in time to take part in the battle of San Gabriel 
 [gab-re-el'], January 8, 1847. This action overthrew the 
 Spanish power, and established the authority of the United 
 States in California. 
 
 13. The Mexican War was ended by the Treaty of Guada- 
 loupe Hidalgo [guad-a-loop'ay he-dahl'go], February 2, 
 1848. It was by this treaty that the United States acquired 
 the vast territory including New Mexico and California. The 
 
 QUESTIONS. 9. When did the Mexican War begin ? What did the Americans in 
 California then do ? State the result. * 
 
 10. Repeat what is said of Fremont. 
 
 11. Repeat what is said of Sloat and Stockton. 
 
 US. What is eaid of Kearney and the battle which took place ? What was the result 
 of this battle? 
 
 13. What treaty ended the Mexican War ? What territory did the United States ac- 
 quire by this treaty ? What was paid ?
 
 FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 229 
 
 United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, 
 and assume the debts of Mexico to American citizens, 
 amounting to three millions more. 
 
 NOTE. By this treaty the boundary between Mexico and the United 
 States was to be the Kio Grande, from its mouth to New Mexico ; thence 
 to the river Gila ; that river to its junction with the Colorado ; then in 
 a straight line to the Pacific, at a point ten miles south of San Diego. 
 Soon afterwards, the United States acquired by the "Gadsden Purchase" 
 a considerable strip of the territory of Northern Mexico, including a good 
 part of Arizona. 
 
 14. It was just before this treaty was concluded (January 
 19, 1848), that the first discovery of gold in California took 
 place, a discovery which resulted in founding a great State 
 on the Pacific coast. 
 
 15. The first gold was found on the American fork of the 
 Sacramento River. General Sutler, a Swiss settler in the 
 Sacramento Valley, employed an American named Marshall 
 to build him a saw-mill on the American River. A dam and 
 race were constructed, and the water, rushing through the 
 race with a strong current, deposited a large bed of sand and 
 gravel. One day Mr. Marshall observed glittering particles in 
 this mass, and knew they were gold. He told Mr. Sutter, and 
 they agreed to keep the discovery a secret. But it soon be- 
 came known, and the American settlers in California flocked 
 to the spot. They were richly rewarded. 
 
 16. The news of the discovery reached the States, and it 
 soon spread throughout the world that California was the 
 golden land, the true " El Dorado." 
 
 17. An extraordinary rush of immigration to the diggings 
 now set in. Some crossed the thousands of miles of dreary and 
 desolate plains, others braved the deadly climate of the Panama 
 route, while still others made the long circumnavigation of Cape 
 Horn. In 1849, between the months of April and January, 
 nearly forty thousand emigrants arrived at the port of San 
 
 QUESTIONS. 14. When diil the discovery of gold take place ? 
 15. Where was gold first found ? Relate the circumstances. 
 1H. What effect did the news have ? 
 
 17. What took place? How did people go to California? How many arrived in 
 1849 ? What was the population in 1850 ?
 
 230 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Francisco. In 1850, California contained a population of 
 100,000. 
 
 18. San Francisco, " like the magic seed of the Indian jug- 
 gler, which grew, blossomed, and bore fruit before the eyes of 
 the spectator," became a great city and seaport. The ship- 
 ping of the world crowded through the Golden Gate. It had 
 a population of 20,000 in 1850, of 60,000 in 1860, and of 
 over 150,000 in 1870. 
 
 19. California was soon ready to become a State. In Sep- 
 tember, 1849, a convention met at Monterey and formed a 
 free State Constitution. Congress admitted California into 
 the Union, September 9, 1850. 
 
 20. The object for which the flocks of emigrants crowded 
 to California was to dig gold. Nearly all who went into the 
 business realized handsome profits. The amount of gold 
 taken out in California was enormous. Between 1849 and 
 1870 it is calculated at over $1,000,000,000. This great in- 
 crease of the " circulating medium " has deeply influenced the 
 trade of the whole world. 
 
 21. The history of California may be divided into two pe- 
 riods, the period of " gold and experiment," and the period 
 of " wheat and growth." 
 
 22. The first period began with the discovery of gold, and 
 lasted till about 1860. During this period the great object 
 of the people was to accumulate a fortune and return " home." 
 The second period began when the population ceased to be 
 exclusively a mining population and commenced to develop 
 the agricultural resources of the State. 
 
 23. It was found that the soil of California, which in the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 18. What is said of the wonderful growth of San Francisco ? its popu- 
 lation at different times ? 
 
 19. When was the Monterey Convention held ? When was California admitted into 
 the Union ? 
 
 20. What was the object of people in going to California ? Did they succeed ? Give 
 the amount of gold taken out. What has been the effect of this large amount of gold ? 
 
 31. What two periods of California history can you make ? 
 
 3. When did the first period begin? Tell about it. When did the second period 
 begin? 
 
 23. What is said of the soil of California? What did people now begin to be? 
 How did the profits of agriculture compare with gold-digging ?
 
 FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 231 
 
 summer, or " dry season," looks quite barren, possessed a won- 
 derful capacity of producing wheat and all the grains, with 
 the vine and all fruits. People then began to be agricul- 
 turalists. After some years it was found that the yearly 
 returns derived from the export of wheat were fully equal to 
 the value of the gold produced. 
 
 24. With the period of " wheat and growth," people began 
 to think of making their homes on the Pacific coast. They 
 found they had every inducement to do so in its remarkable 
 climate and its rich returns for human industry. 
 
 25. The subsequent progress of California has been both 
 rapid and healthful. The pioneers of California were, as a 
 rule, young men of energy and brains. Many were finely 
 educated. This has given a very bright and progressive 
 character to California life and civilization. 
 
 26. By the great Pacific -Railroad, completed in 18G9, Cal- 
 ifornia is connected with the cities of the Atlantic coast. By 
 the splendid steamers of the Pacific Mail Company she 1 
 reaches out to the shores of Asia. These lines of commerce, 
 with her gold-fields and wheat -fields, form the sure basis of 
 California's prosperity. To these must be added, as of equal 
 importance, a noble system of common schools and a flourish- 
 ing State university. 
 
 27. The population of California, by the last census, was 
 over 500,000. 
 
 2. OREGON". 
 
 28. The coast of Oregon, though occasionally visited by 
 navigators from early times, did not attract much attention 
 until near the close of the last century. As early as the year 
 1788 two trading ships from Boston, under Captains Ken- 
 drick and Gray, visited the Oregon coast. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 24. What change in the thoughts of the people now took place? 
 What inducements were there to remain ? 
 
 25. What is said of the progress of California ? What of the pioneers 7 
 
 20. Hy what is California connected with the East ? with Asia ? What is the basis 
 of California's prosperity ? What of education ? 
 
 27. Give the population of California by the last census. 
 
 2S. When did Oregon begin to attract attention? When did two Boston ships go 
 there ?
 
 232 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 29. In 1 792, Captain Gray discovered the great river of 
 Oregon, which he named the Columbia, in honor of Captain 
 Kendrick's ship. At this time this North Pacific country 
 did not belong to any nation. 
 
 30. When the United States acquired from France the 
 great territory of Louisiana, in 1803, President Jefferson sent 
 an exploring party, under Lewis and Clark, to go to the head- 
 waters of the Missouri .River and thence advance across to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 31. These bold explorers, with a party of men, set out in 
 1804. They explored to the very head of the Missouri 
 River, a distance of three thousand miles, then crossed to 
 the head-waters of the Columbia, and down that river to its 
 mouth. This was the first exploration of this region. 
 
 32. The report of this exploration led John Jacob Astor, a 
 far-seeing merchant of New York, to plan a settlement on 
 the Oregon coast, with the view of fur-trading. Mr. Astor 
 sent out one party across the continent and another in a 
 vessel, and in 1811 a settlement was made on the southern 
 bank of the Columbia, The settlement was named Astoria. 
 
 33. The British became very jealous of this American 
 settlement and set up a claim to the North Pacific region. 
 By treachery Astoria was given up to the British " Northwest 
 Fur Company " in 1812. 
 
 34. The United States continued to assert its claim to that 
 country. A great deal of correspondence on the subject 
 between the two governments resulted. At last, in 1818, 
 the United States and England agreed to a joint occupancy 
 of the whole territory for ten years. In 1828 the treaty of 
 joint occupancy was renewed, to terminate on either party's 
 giving a year's notice. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 29. By whom and when was the Columbia River discovered? To 
 whom did that country belong ? 
 
 30. What exploring expedition was sent by Jefferson ? 
 
 31. Give an account of the explorations of I>ewis and Clark. 
 3'i. What did their reports lead to? Tell about Astoria. 
 
 33. Repeat what is said of the British and Astoria. 
 
 34. Did the United States give up their claim ? What resulted ? How and when 
 was the matter compromised?
 
 FOUNDING OF THE PACIFIC STATES. 233 
 
 35. Up to this time, the number of Americans in Oregon 
 was trifling, and the first beginnings of real settlement were 
 made in 1834. In that year, a little band of Methodist 
 missionaries established themselves in the lovely valley of 
 the Willamette. Here they were joined by others, and 
 several mission stations were founded. 
 
 36. No settlement of the conflicting claims of the British 
 and Americans to this region was made till 1846. It was 
 then agreed by a treaty that the American possessions should 
 extend as far north as latitude 49. Out of the bounds of 
 Oregon were afterwards formed the State of Oregon and the 
 Territories of Washington and Idaho. Oregon was organized 
 as a Territory in 1848. 
 
 37. The growth of Oregon was very slow until after the 
 discovery of gold in California. In 1850, Congress passed a 
 law giving lands to settlers in Oregon. The country then 
 began to fill up. In 1859 it was admitted as a State. 
 
 38. Since the completion of the Pacific Railroad, the 
 growth of Oregon has been exceedingly rapid. It has great 
 resources, and remarkable attractions for settlers. The 
 population of Oregon, by the last census, was over 90,000. 
 
 3. NEVADA. 
 
 39. The soil of Nevada was part of the extensive terri- 
 tory acquired by the United States from Mexico by the 
 treaty of Guaclaloupe Hidalgo, in 1848. 
 
 40. When the present boundaries of California were 
 marked off, in 1849, the newly acquired region to the east 
 was organized as Utah Territory. This Territory embraced 
 what is now the State of Nevada. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 35. What is said of the number of Americans and of the first settle- 
 ments ? 
 
 36. When and how were the conflicting claims settled? What State aud wli^it 
 Territories were formed out of the American part? 
 
 37. What is said of the early growth of Oregon? after 1850? When was it admit- 
 ted into the Union ? 
 
 38. What of Oregon's growth in later times ? its resources ? its population ? 
 
 39. Nevada originally formed part of what ? 
 
 40. How was the region east of California organized? Was Nevada included in 
 Utah Territory?
 
 234 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 41. While Nevada was a part of Utah, it received a small 
 Mormon population. These first actual settlers went to 
 Nevada in 1848. The population was very small, however, 
 till the period of the first great silver discovery in 1859, 
 when it increased rapidly. A number of towns were founded, 
 among which Virginia City and Carson took the lead. 
 
 42. Nevada was made a separate Territory in 18G1. The 
 territorial government continued till 18G4, when Nevada was 
 admitted into the Union as a State. 
 
 43. The prosperity of Nevada is based chiefly on its pro- 
 duction of silver. It has the richest silver-mines in the 
 world. 
 
 44. Utah. It has been seen that "Utah Territory" 
 was organized in 1849. This Territory was first settled by 
 the sect known as the Mormons. 
 
 45. The Mormon sect was founded by Joseph Smith, a na- 
 tive of Vermont. In 1 730 he published the " Book of Mor- 
 mon," which he said was a revelation of a new religion. 
 
 46. A few followers flocked to Smith. They settled first 
 in Ohio, afterwards in Missouri, and then in Illinois, where 
 they built the city of Nativoo. Wherever they settled they 
 were subjected to severe persecution, and Smith was killed 
 by a mob in 1845. 
 
 47. In 1848, under the lead of Brigham Young, who 
 succeeded Smith as " Prophet," the Mormons, or, as they 
 called themselves, the " Latter-Day Saints," resolved to seek 
 a refuge in the far Western widerness. They migrated to 
 the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake. Here they built Salt 
 Lake City. 
 
 48. In 18o7, during the administration of President Bu- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 41. Wliat was the first population of Nevada? When did Nevada 
 begin to grow rapidly ? Mention two cities 
 4'i. When was Nevada organized as a Territory ? When was it admitted as a State ? 
 
 43. On what is the prosperity of Nevada based ? What of its silver-mines ? 
 
 44. Who first settled Ufcih Territory ? 
 
 45. Who was the founder of the Mormon feet ? Tell about him. 
 40. What of his followers, and the persecutions they suffered ? 
 47. When did they emigrate westward ? Where did they settle ? 
 
 IS. What is paid of the difficulties that arose? Who was sent out as governor? 
 What of the military force ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 235 
 
 obanan, trouble arose between the Utah authorities and the 
 Federal government. The President appointed Alexander 
 Cummings governor, and sent out a military force under 
 General Albert Sydney Johnston to aid the civil officers. 
 
 49. Young claimed to be governor ; and when he heard of 
 the approach of Johnston's army he called out the forces of 
 Utah and prepared to resist. It was thought there would be 
 bloodshed ; but the difficulty was settled peaceably, and Cum- 
 mings became governor. 
 
 50. The growth of Utah has been rapid. From all -parts 
 of the world believers in the doctrines of Mormons have emi- 
 grated to the Territory. Many of the people practise po- 
 lygamy, which is part of their religion. Utah has enjoyed 
 much prosperity, and has now a population estimated at from 
 fifty to eighty thousand. 
 
 IV. THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 I. CAUSES OF THE WAR. 
 
 1. We are now to study the history of the civil war in the 
 United States. This war commenced with the firing on Fort 
 Sumter, in April, 1861, and closed with the surrender of the 
 Southern armies in April, 1865. It therefore lasted four 
 years. 
 
 2. We may say of the War of Secession in the United 
 States, that it was one of the most tremendous conflicts on 
 record. The struggle was waged by enormous armies, upon 
 a vast territoiy, and was attended with fearful destruction of 
 life. It was one of the most lamentable that ever occurred, 
 because it arrayed in fratricidal strife the two sections of a 
 people which had pi*eviousiy been the most happy and most 
 prosperous on earth. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 49. What did Young claim to be ? How was the matter settled ? 
 5O. What is said of the growth of Utah? of polygamy? of its prosperity and pop- 
 ulation ? 
 
 1 . What are \ve now to study ? State the duration of the war. 
 
 58. What may be said of this war ? Why was it a lamentable war ?
 
 236 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 3. It was during the administration of President Buchanan, 
 in December, 1860, that the bad feeling, or, as we may call 
 it, the antagonism, between South and North came to a head 
 in the secession of South Carolina from the Union. The ex- 
 ample of South Carolina was soon followed by other Southern 
 States. 
 
 4. This antagonism between North and South had its roots 
 deep down in our country's history. The seeds of the war 
 were sown before the men who waged the war were bom. 
 
 5i There was a difference of opinion respecting the nature 
 of the United States government almost from the time the 
 United States became a government. One class of statesmen 
 said that the Federal Union was a league or confederation, 
 which might be dissolved at the wish of the respective States. 
 Another class of statesmen held that the Federal Union 
 formed a national government, which could not be dissolved. 
 
 6. This was truly a very wide difference of opinion ; but 
 the love for the Union was strong in all sections of the coun- 
 try, and this disagreement respecting the theory of the gov- 
 ernment would not probably have led to the dissolution of 
 the Union, if important material questions had not arisen to 
 give practical point to the disagreement. 
 
 7. Several such questions did arise. Thus the South wished 
 free trade, while a large majority of the people of the North, 
 especially those belonging to the great manufacturing 
 States, desired a protective tariff. But the question which 
 most widely divided the North and South was the question 
 of slavery. 
 
 8. At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, slavery 
 existed in the Northern as well as the Southern States. In 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3. When did the bad feeling between the North and South come to a 
 Load ? What did South Carolina do ? What of other States ? 
 
 4. What is said of the beginnings of this antagonism ? 
 
 5. What was there a difference of opinion about? Explain the views of the two 
 classes of statesmen. 
 
 0. Would this difference of opinion by >.f//'have led to war ? 
 
 1. What is said of practical questions that arose ? What of free trade ? What was 
 the great question of difference? 
 
 8. What is said of slavery at the formation of the government ? What of slaves iu 
 the Xorth and in the South ? What of the cotton-gin ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 237 
 
 the Northern States, the number was comparatively insignifi- 
 cant. In the South, they had been very numerous from 
 early colonial times, owing to the fact that slave labor was 
 profitably employed in the cultivation of tobacco and rice. 
 The invention of the cotton-gin by Whitney, in 1793, soon 
 made the cultivation of cotton the leading branch of Southern 
 industry. This created a demand for large numbers of ne- 
 groes. 
 
 9. It thus came about that the interests of the Southern 
 States were very closely connected with slave labor. In the 
 year 1860, the negroes of the South had increased to about 
 four millions. In the North, on the other hand, where slave 
 labor was not profitable, slavery soon died out The new 
 States of the Northwest filled up with free immigrants. Thus 
 in the North opposition to slavery arose and steadily in- 
 creased. 
 
 10. The opposing interests and sentiments on the subject 
 of slavery led to a long political struggle. This contest be- 
 gan about 1820, with what is called the "Missouri Compro- 
 mise." It grew in bitterness from year to year, and finally 
 resulted in the secession of the Southern States. Let us re- 
 view the principal steps of this political struggle. These 
 steps are : 
 
 I. The Missouri Compromise. This compromise, as we 
 have seen (page 222), grew out of a violent agitation on the 
 slavery question, which shook the whole country, in 1820, 
 when the admission of Missouri as a State was brought up. 
 The Missouri Compromise was supposed to be a complete set- 
 tlement of the dispute between the slave and the free States ; 
 but it afterwards proved to be satisfactory to neither North 
 nor South. 
 
 11. The Fugitive-Slave Act. This law, passed by Congress 
 
 QUESTIONS. 9. With what were the interests of the South closely connected ? Give 
 the number of slaves in 1860. What of slaves in the North? Of the growth of free 
 States and opposition to slavery ? 
 
 10. To what kind of a struggle did this difference lead ? When did the contest be- 
 gin ? What of its growth * 
 
 I. Toll about the Missouri Compromise. Did it prove satisfactory ? 
 
 11. Tell about the Fugitive-Slave Act.
 
 238 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 in 1850, was to enable masters to recover their slaves escap- 
 ing :to a free State. It met with great opposition at the 
 North. 
 
 III. The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise. In 1854, a 
 bill presented by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, rendering the 
 Missouri Compromise null and void, was passed by Congress. 
 This act, which had for its object the organization of a terri- 
 torial government in Kansas and Nebraska, provided that the 
 people of the Territories should be left free to adopt or exclude 
 slavery as they pleased. 
 
 IV. Formation of the Republican Party. The repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise caused the deepest excitement 
 throughout the North. This resulted in the formation of a 
 new. party called the Republican party, the principal doctrine 
 of which was. opposition to the extension of slavery. 
 
 V. The Kansas Struggle. The condition in which the 
 Territory of Kansas was placed by Mr. Douglas's bill, with 
 reference to the slavery question, made the soil of that Terri- 
 tory the scene of a violent contest for its possession. The 
 history of this struggle has already been seen (page 217). 
 This border war served to still further imbitter the North 
 and South. 
 
 VI. The Political Campaign of 1856. In 1856, the sub- 
 ject of slavery was, for the first time, made the avowed issue 
 between the opposing parties in a Presidential campaign. 
 John C. Fremont was the Republican candidate, and James 
 Buchanan the Democratic candidate. The Democrats tri- 
 umphed ; but the strength of the antislavery party was shown 
 by the fact that Fremont received over 1,300,000 votes. 
 
 VII. The Dred Scott Decision. In 1857, the Supreme 
 Court of the United States decided that the Missouri Com- 
 promise was unconstitutional, and that slave-owners might 
 
 QIT.STTOXS. III. Tell about the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 IV. Tell about the formation of the Republican party. 
 
 V. Tell about the Kansas .<tru;rle. 
 
 VI. Tell about the political ciini],aiirn of 18.V5 
 
 VII. Tell about the Dre.1 Scott decision. Ho.v di 1 the people of the South look rn 
 this? of the North? What was done in the Nortliern States? What did the South 
 think of this?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 239 
 
 take their slaves into any State in the Union. The people 
 of the South looked on this as their right under the Consti- 
 tution ; but the North regarded it as virtually establishing 
 slavery throughout all the States, and converting it from a 
 local into a national institution. In some of the Northern 
 States, " Personal Libei'ty Laws," declaring freedom to slaves 
 who came -within their borders, were passed. These meas- 
 ures gave great offence to the people of the South, who said 
 they showed, on the part of the Northern people, a want of 
 good faith in carrying out the compromise of 1850. 
 
 VIII. The John Broivn 2taid. \\\ the fall of 1859 an 
 event occurred which caused great excitement and bitterness 
 at the South. This was a mad scheme, devised by an old 
 man named John Brown, who, with his sons, had taken an 
 active part in the border warfare in Kansas. His scheme was 
 to liberate the Southern slaves. With but twenty-one follow- 
 ers, he began by seizing the United States arsenal at Harper's 
 Ferry, Virginia, October 16, 1859. But here he and his party 
 were overpowered by the State and Federal troops. Most of 
 the raiders were killed. John Brown and six of his associates 
 were tried and convicted, and were hanged December 2, 1859. 
 This raid served to inflame the mind of the people of the 
 South ; for though the great majority of the people of the 
 North strongly condemned the conduct of Brown, his action 
 was regarded by the South as a natural result of the Free- 
 Soil doctrine. 
 
 11. Such was the state of the country when the time came 
 to nominate a candidate for the Presidency to succeed Bu- 
 chanan, in the spring of 1860. The people became divided 
 into four parties, and each party nominated a Presidential 
 candidate to represent its principles. 
 
 12. These candidates and their " platforms " were : 
 
 I. BUECKINRIDGE, candidate of the Southern Democracy. 
 
 QUESTIONS. VIII. Tell about the John Brown raid. What effect on the people 01 
 the South had this raid ? 
 
 1 1. Into ho-.v many parties did the American people become divided ? 
 
 1'i. Name the first candidate and his platform ; the second ; the >,hird ; the 
 fourth.
 
 240 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Platform : Any citizen has a right to migrate to any Terri- 
 tory, taking with him anything that is property (including 
 slaves), and Congress is bound to protect the rights of slave- 
 holders in all the Territories. 
 
 II. DOUGLAS, candidate of the Northern Democracy. Plat- 
 form : Slavery or no slavery in any Territory is entirely the 
 affair of the white inhabitants of that Territory. They can 
 have it if they choose, can exclude it if they choose, and 
 neither Congress nor the people of the country outside of that 
 Territory lias any right to meddle in the matter. 
 
 III. LINCOLN, candidate of the Republican party. Platform: 
 There is no law for slavery in the Territories and no power to 
 enact one, and Congress is bound to prohibit it in or exclude 
 it from every Federal Territory. 
 
 IV. BELL, candidate of the Union Constitutional party. 
 Platform : The " Constitution of the country, the Union of 
 the States, and the enforcement of the laws." 
 
 This platform was somewhat vague, as it did not definitely 
 touch the main question which was agitating the country. 
 
 13. During the months which intervened between the nom- 
 ination of these candidates and the election, a political cam- 
 paign marked by extraordinary excitement was carried on. 
 The election took place on the 6th of November, 1860. That 
 night the telegraph flashed all over the Union the tidings that 
 the Republicans had triumphed, and that Abraham Lincoln 
 was President of the United States. 
 
 NOTE. The electoral vote was: For Lincoln, 180; for Breckinridge, 
 72 ; for Bell, 39 ; for Douglas, 12. The popular vote was : For Lin- 
 coln, 1,857,610; for Breckinridge, 84,953; for Douglas, 1,365,976; for 
 Bell, 596,631. 
 
 14. There can be no doubt that at the time of Mr. Lin- 
 coln's election the great majority of the American people, 
 North and South, sincerely loved the Union, and would have 
 preferred to have seen it maintained at any sacrifice. The 
 
 QUESTIONS. 13. Wliat is said of the political campaign' When did the flection 
 take place ? What was the result ? 
 
 14. What is said of the feelings of the American people towards the Union ? How is 
 this shown
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 241 
 
 proof of this is, that the great majority of the popular vote 
 in the Presidential contest was cast in favor of the conservative 
 candidates. 
 
 15. It is true there were extreme men on both sides. At 
 the North there were the Abolitionists, who were bent on 
 the destruction of slavery, even if the Constitution and the 
 country were destroyed with it. But they were very small 
 in number and took little part in the election. At the 
 South, there was another inconsiderable party of extreme 
 men, who were anxious for nothing but to see the South 
 separated from the North. 
 
 The election of Mr. Lincoln was the signal for action by 
 the leading Secessionists. 
 
 16. South Carolina headed the movement. A convention 
 met, and on the 20th of December, 1860, formally dissolved 
 the connection of South Cai-olina with the Union, by an 
 ordinance of secession, passed by a unanimous vote. 
 
 17. The action of South Carolina was promptly imitated 
 by several of the other Southern States in the month of 
 January, 1861, by Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
 and Louisiana; and on the 1st of February, by Texas, so 
 that at the latter date the seven cotton States had withdrawn 
 from the Union. 
 
 18. The position taken by President Buchanan was that 
 neither he nor Congress had the right to coerce a State into 
 submission. 
 
 19. Conservative men, North and South, it is true, still 
 hoped that some compromise might be effected that would 
 peacefully bring back the seceded States. During the winter 
 numerous efforts were made to bring about such a com- 
 promise ; but they came to nothing. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 15. Who were the extreme men at the North, and what of them? 
 at the South ? What of the election of President Lincoln ? 
 
 16. What State headed the secession movement ? When was the ordinance of seces- 
 sion passed ? 
 
 17. What States imitated South Carolina? 
 
 18. What was the position taken hy President Buchanan ? 
 
 19. What did conservative men hope? Did th 3 efforts at compromise come to any- 
 thing? 
 
 11 P
 
 242 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 20. On the 4th of February, 1861, a convention of the 
 seceded States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and there 
 adopted a Constitution and organized a government under the 
 name of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, 
 late United States Senator from Mississippi, was chosen 
 President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice- 
 President. 
 
 21. The seceding States seized most of the forts, arsenals, 
 custom-houses, ships, and other Federal property within their 
 boundaries. At the time of the inauguration of President 
 Lincoln, March 4, 1861, there remained in the South, in 
 the possession of the United States force, only Fort Sumter, 
 in Charleston Harbor, Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, and the 
 forts off the southern extremity of Florida. 
 
 II. POLITICAL EVENTS OF 1861. 
 
 22. Abraham Lincoln was in- 
 augurated President of the Unit- 
 ed States, March 4, 1861. Han- 
 nibal Hamlin, of Maine, had been 
 chosen Vice-President. 
 
 23. In his Inaugural Address, 
 President Lincoln set forth his 
 views of the great question which 
 rent the country. He declared 
 that no State could lawfully 
 withdraw from the Union, disa- 
 vowed the intention of interfer- 
 ing with slavery in the South, and proclaimed that it would 
 be his duty to " hold, occupy, and possess the places and 
 property " belonging to the Federal government in the South, 
 
 QUESTIONS. 20. When and where was the Southern government organized ? Who 
 were chosen President and Vice- President ? 
 
 21. What places did the seceded States seize ? Name the forts in the South in Union 
 possession in March, 1861. 
 
 22. When was Lincoln inaugurated ? Who was Vice-President ? 
 
 23. Give the points m the President's Inaugural Address.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION, 243 
 
 that is, the forts, arsenals, etc., which had been seized by 
 the seceders. 
 
 24. The tone of this address was taken by the Secessionists 
 an a challenge to war. The Southern Congress at Montgom- 
 ery began the organization of an army. Many Southern-born 
 officers of the United States army and navy joined the Con- 
 federate service. General Beauregard was placed in command 
 of the forces, numbering about four thousand men, that were 
 already investing Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor. 
 
 25. Fort Sumter was held by a garrison of eighty men, 
 under Major Anderson. At the time of the secession of 
 South Carolina, in December, 18GO, he was stationed at Fort 
 Moultrie, but, a few days afterwards, he withdrew to Fort 
 Sumter as a place of greater security. 
 
 26. When President Lincoln was inaugurated, the situa- 
 tion was such that Fort Sumter would very soon have to be 
 evacuated, on account of want of provisions, or else the gov- 
 ernment at Washington would have to get supplies and rein- 
 forcements to Fort Sumter. 
 
 27. It is believed that at first the President and his ad- 
 visers inclined to the withdrawal of the garrison from Fort 
 Sumter, and the Southern commissioners who had been sent 
 to Washington understood that it w^as not the intention of 
 the government to reinforce the fort. But early in April it 
 was resolved to send a fleet with supplies to Major Anderson. 
 
 28. As soon as this design became known, Beauregard was 
 instructed by the Montgomery authorities to demand the 
 evacuation of Fort Sumter. He was ordered, if this de- 
 mand was not complied with, to reduce it by force. 
 
 29. The demand was made on the afternoon of the llth 
 
 QUESTIONS. 24. How was its tone resrarde 1 by the Secessionists? What di 1 the. 
 Southern Congress begin to Uo ? What of oflic ers ? Who was the commander .'it 
 ChftrlestO!. ? 
 
 25. Who held Fort Sumter ? Where had he been, and why did he move to Sumter ? 
 
 iiO. Describe the situation of Fort Sumter at Lincoln's inauguration. 
 
 27. State what the President and his advisers were first inclined to do. What of the 
 Southern commissioners ? Wh-it was resolved on early in April? 
 
 2S. What was Heauregard now instructed to do ? 
 
 2?>. When was the demand made ? Was it accepted ? When was the bombardment 
 begun? Tell about it. What remarkable fact is stilted ?
 
 244 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 of April. It was declined by Major Anderson. Early on the 
 morning of the 12th, fire was opened on Fort Sumter from 
 the land batteries which had been erected around it. The 
 bombardment Avas kept up for thirty-four hours. At the end 
 of this time the fort was surrendered by Major Anderson, 
 April 13. It is a remarkable fact that no one on either 
 side was killed. 
 
 30. The news of the fate of Sumter produced intense ex- 
 citement throughout both North and South. At the North 
 all differences in politics were laid aside. The stars and 
 stripes, waving from every house-top and steeple, were the 
 symbol of the united North's determination to uphold the 
 supremacy of the general government. On the day following 
 the evacuation of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln issued a 
 proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men to serve 
 for three months. The answer to this call was immediate 
 and enthusiastic on the part of all the free States. Volunteers 
 from all quarters at the North began to hurry forward to the 
 capital, and in a very short time a large force was assembled 
 around Washington. General Winfield Scott was General-in- 
 Chief. 
 
 31. On the 19th of April, a Massachusetts regiment on its 
 way through Baltimore was attacked by a mob. Three 
 soldiers were killed and several wounded. The soldiers re- 
 turned the fire, killing and wounding a number. This was 
 the first blood shed in the war. 
 
 32. At the South excitement ran equally high. A call 
 made by the Montgomery authorities for thirty-five thousand 
 additional troops was responded to with the greatest alacrity. 
 
 33. Up to the time of the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 
 the seven cotton States alone had seceded. 
 
 The eight other slave States embracing Virginia, Mary- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3O. Describe the effect of the news of Fort Sumter. Describe what 
 was done at the North. How many troops were called for? What of the response to 
 the call ? Who was General-in-Chief? 
 
 31. Give an account of the attack on the Massachusetts troops in Baltimore. 
 
 32. Describe the state of things at the South. 
 
 33. Up to this time how many States had seceded ? Name the eight other Southern 
 States, and what of them ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 45 
 
 land, Delaware, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mis- 
 souri, Arkansas, and including much the larger half of the 
 Southern population had stood aloof from the secession 
 movement, hoping for peace, and resolving not to side with 
 the seceded States, unless coercion should be used. 
 
 34. As these eight States had not withdrawn from the 
 Union at the time of Mr. Lincoln's proclamation, he called 
 on each of them for its proportion of troops. But from all 
 came defiant replies, refusing to furnish any troops. 
 
 35. Virginia passed au ordinance of secession on the 1 7th 
 of April. 
 
 36. Arkansas passed an ordinance of secession May 6. 
 
 37. North Carolina passed an ordinance of secession 
 May 20. 
 
 38. Tennessee passed an ordinance of secession June 8. 
 
 39. The other slave States were Delaware, Maryland, Ken- 
 tucky, and Missouri. In these States secession had to en- 
 counter a powerful opposition. The result was that they 
 were held in the Union. 
 
 40. The South was greatly strengthened by the adhesion 
 of Virginia. As soon as that State had withdrawn from the 
 Union, the government of the " Confederacy " was removed 
 from Montgomery to Richmond. 
 
 41. It was soon seen that Virginia, in the East, and the 
 Western border States of Kentucky and Missouri, would be 
 the theatre of the war, which all recognized as now inevitable. 
 From North and South armed forces were hurried forward t3 
 dispute the possession of those States. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 34. What did Mr. Lincoln call on them for? What replies did they 
 send? 
 
 35. Give the date of the Virginia ordinance. 
 
 36. Of the Arkansas ordinance. 
 
 37. Of the South Carolina ordinance. 
 3S. Of the Tennessee ordinance. 
 
 39. What of the other sl P -e States? 
 
 40. What was the effect 01 the secession of Virginia? To what city was the Con- 
 federate capital shifted ? 
 
 41. What States were to be the theatre of tue war?
 
 246 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 III. CAMPAIGNS OF 1861. 
 
 42. Operations in the East. The situation of the 
 Union forces in Virginia, at the close of the month of May, 
 was as follows : 
 
 A large army had collected around Washington, under the 
 veteran General Scott. During the night of the 23d of 
 May, a strong column was thrown across the Potomac at 
 Washington, and took possession of Arlington Heights and 
 Alexandria, Virginia. 
 
 A body of twelve thousand troops, under G-eneral But- 
 ler, held possession of Fortress Monroe, on the Yorktown 
 peninsula. 
 
 A column, under General Patterson, was posted near 
 Harper's Ferry. 
 
 A corps of Ohio militia and Unionist West- Virginians, un- 
 der General G. B. McClellan, had crossed the Ohio Kiver 
 into West Virginia. 
 
 43. The situation of the Confederate forces in Virginia, at 
 the same period, was as follows : 
 
 The principal army was gathered in the vicinity of Manas- 
 sas Junction, Virginia, and was under the command of Gen- 
 eral Beauregard. 
 
 There was a force on the Peninsula (at Yorktown and Big 
 Bethel), under General Magruder, to hold Butler in check. 
 
 There was a force, under General J. E. Johnston, in the 
 Shenandoah Valley, confronting the corps of Patterson. 
 
 There was a force in West Virginia, holding the strong po- 
 sitions in that mountain region, and prepared to resist the 
 advance of McClellan. 
 
 44. McClellan's "West Virginia Campaign. It was 
 in West Virginia that the opening conflict occurred. An en- 
 counter took place, June 3, at Philippi. The Union force 
 was successful. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 42. At the end of the month of May what was the situation of tin 
 Union forces in the East? 
 
 43. ncecribe the positions held h" the Confederates. 
 
 44. When did the opening conflict occur? What battle was this ? Give the result.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 247
 
 248 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 45. McClellan then followed up the campaign by the action 
 at Rich Mountain, July 11, in which he forced the South- 
 ern troops to retreat. In two stands made by them at Car- 
 rick's Ford and Beverly they were again overwhelmed. 
 Before the close of July the campaign was ended, and the 
 Confederates, for the time being, abandoned West Virginia. 
 
 NOTE. The operations of the West Virginia campaign were of no 
 great magnitude, or importance ; but their success served to encourage 
 the North, and soon after led to McClellan's appointment to the com- 
 mand of the main Union army in Virginia. The Union army in West 
 Virginia numbered about 30,000 ; the Confederate force, less than 10,000. 
 
 46. Soon after the conflict thus began in the mountains of 
 West Virginia, an encounter took place between the opposing 
 forces on the Peninsula. General Butler sent forward from For- 
 tress Monroe a body of troops, which attacked a force at Big 
 Bethel, June 10. Butler's troops were repulsed with loss. 
 
 47. In the Shenandoah Valley, the column of Patterson 
 and that of Johnston watched each other without any action 
 of note. 
 
 47. The Bull Run Campaign. Meantime the atten- 
 tion of both North and South was centred on the two main 
 armies, the Northern force, called the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, and the Southern force, called the Army of Northern 
 Virginia. The former consisted of about thirty-five thousand 
 men, and was under the immediate command of General 
 Irwin McDowell, General Scott, though still Geueral-in- 
 Chiaf, being too old and infirm to take the field. The latter, 
 under the command of Beauregard, occupied a position at 
 Centreville and Manassas Junction, covering the approach to 
 Richmond. 
 
 49. Richmond, as the capital of the Southern Confai- 
 
 QDESTIONS. 45. Describe how McClellan followed up the campaign. When was 
 the campaign ended? 
 
 46. State the action which took place on the Peninsula ; its result. 
 
 47. What was gciag on in the Shenandoah Valley ? 
 
 48. What armies was the attention of North and South now directed to? Who 
 commanded the Army of the Potomac ? Who commanded the Southern army ? Where 
 was it placed? 
 
 49. What city was the Potomac army to capture? Repeat what is said of the ex- 
 citement at the North on this subject. What movement did General Scott order ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 249 
 
 eracy, became the grand "objective point" which the Army 
 of the Potomac was to capture. The whole North was extraor- 
 dinarily excited on this subject, and raised the cry of " On 
 to Richmond ! " General Scott, yielding to this pressure, or- 
 dered General McDowell to make a forward movement. This 
 was begun July 16. 
 
 50. After some preliminary skirmishing at Centreville 
 and Blackburn's Ford, the Union army, early on Sunday 
 morning, July 21, reached Bull Run, behind which the 
 army of Beauregard was posted. 
 
 51. Having crossed the stream, the Union army opened 
 the conflict. A severe battle ensued, lasting the greater part 
 of the day. It was fought with much stubbornness on both 
 sides. It seemed that the Union army would carry the field ; 
 but, in the afternoon, the Confederates, reinforced by John- 
 ston's column from the Shenandoah Valley, fell upon the 
 right flank of the Union army, which was thrown into great 
 disorder. The troops then fled, panic-stricken, to Washington. 
 
 NOTE. The official Southern loss in the battle of Bull Run was 378 
 killed, 1,489 wounded, and 30 missing ; total, 1,897. The official Union 
 loss was 481 killed, 1,011 wounded, and about 1,500 prisoners; total, in 
 round numbers, 3,000 men. 
 
 52. The principal result of Bull Run was to convince the 
 country that a real and terrible war was upon it ; not a holi- 
 day affair, which many people had fancied. Both sides recog- 
 nized this fact, and set to work forming armies on a gigantic 
 scale. President Lincoln called out half a million of troops. 
 
 53. The army around Washington was placed under com- 
 mand of General George B. McClellan. He began to 
 organize, arm, and discipline his force. By the fall of 18G1, 
 the Army of the Potomac numbered over one hundred and 
 fifty thousand men. The Southern army also received large 
 
 QUESTIONS. 50. Describe the preliminary operations. 
 
 51. Give an account of the battle of Bull Run 
 
 5'i. What was the principal result of this battle ? What did both sides now begin 
 doing ? AVhat call for troops was made ? 
 
 53. Who was now put in command of the army around 'VasViington 7 What did he 
 do ? Give the strength of the army in the fall. What of the Southern army ? 
 11*
 
 250 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 additions. It continued to hold its position, under Beaure- 
 gard, at Manassas Junction. 
 
 54. During the remainder of the year 1861, the main ar- 
 mies in Virginia did not again join battle. The only military 
 operation in the East during these months was the affair of 
 Hall's Bluff, which resulted disastrously to the Union side. 
 
 NOTE. This encounter took place October 21. A force of two thou- 
 sand men was thrown across the Potomac at Ball's Bluff, where it was 
 assailed by a body of Confederates, and repulsed with severe, loss. The 
 Uniou commander, General Baker of California, was killed in this action. 
 
 55. Operations in the West. Military operations in 
 the West during 1861 were confined to the State of Mis- 
 souri. In this State, as in the other border State of Ken- 
 tucky, the population was divided between Unionists and 
 Secessionists. 
 
 56. The Secessionists made great efforts to secure the State 
 to the Confederacy, and pushed up troops from Texas and 
 Arkansas into Missouri. The two most important actions in 
 the Missouri campaign of 1861 were the engagement at Car- 
 thage and the battle of Wilson's Creek, in both of which 
 the Union columns were forced to retreat. 
 
 57. The only other operation in Missouri during this year 
 was the action of Belmont, November 7. Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral IT. S. Grant made an expedition down the Mississippi, 
 from Cairo to Belmont. After destroying a Secessionist camp 
 at that point, his force was attacked by troops sent over from 
 the Confederate fortified camp at Columbus, on the Kentucky 
 side of the Mississippi, opposite Belmont. Grant's force was 
 compelled to take to its gunboats and make its way back to 
 Cairo. 
 
 58. Naval and Coast Operations. Soon after the 
 
 QUESTIONS 54. Was anything done during the rest of the year ? Name the only 
 operation in the East 
 
 55. In what Stcte were the Western operations carried on ? Repeat what is said 
 
 56. What efforts were made by the Secessionists in this State ? Name the two most 
 important actions. 
 
 57. What other operation in Missouri can you mention ? Give an account of this 
 action. 
 
 5S. What is said of the blockade ? of the United States navy ? Was the blockade 
 strict ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 251 
 
 outbreak of the war, a blockade of the Southern ports was 
 declared by President Lincoln, and measures were taken to 
 render it as effective as possible. The navy of the United 
 States was very small at first, bnt many ships were chartered 
 or purchased. The number of vessels, however, was insuffi- 
 cient to perfectly seal the Southern ports, so that blockade- 
 runners had little difficulty in passing in and out, and it was 
 a long time before the blockade was rendered effective. 
 
 59. The South was almost destitute of naval resources, but 
 it contrived to fit out a number of privateers to prey upon 
 the commerce of the North. Of these, the most successful 
 during this year was the Slimier, under command of Captain 
 Semmes. 
 
 60. The importance of the possession of the principal 
 Southern ports led to the fitting out of several naval expe- 
 ditions during the year 1861. The first of these was under 
 Commodore Stringham and General Butler, who, on the 29th 
 of August, took the forts at Hatteras Inlet, on the North 
 Carolina coast. 
 
 61. A second expedition, on a much larger scale, under 
 Commodore Dupont and General W. T. Sherman, captured 
 the earthworks commanding Port Royal, South Carolina, 
 November 27. A military force was landed at Hilton Head, 
 and this point became afterwards an important centre of > 
 naval operations against the Southern ports. 
 
 62. Foreign Relations. Soon after the outbreak of 
 hostilities, the British government issued a proclamation 
 of neutrality (May 13), acknowledging the South as a bel- 
 ligerent power. France soon after did the same. 
 
 63. This caused much hard feeling at the North. At the 
 same time the South said that England did not go far enough, 
 
 QUESTIONS. 59. What of the South in regard to naval resources ? 
 
 60. Give an account of the expedition to Hatteras Inlet. 
 
 61. Give an account of Dupont's expedition. Where, was a military force landed, 
 and what of this point? 
 
 6'i. Give the date of the British neutrality proclamation. What nation followed 
 England's example? 
 
 63. State the effect produced at the North. -What did the South say? What did 
 the people of the South hope in regard to cotton ? How far did England go?
 
 252 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 and claimed recognition by European powers as an independent 
 nation. Many people at the South hoped that England, which 
 suffered greatly, owing to the stoppage of her cotton supply, 
 would come in and acknowledge Southern independence and 
 break the blockade. But England went no further than to 
 acknowledge the " belligerent rights " of the South. 
 
 64. An event which happened towards the close of the 
 year 1861 came near plunging the United States into a war 
 with England. This event was the celebrated "Trent af- 
 fair." 
 
 65. Mason and Slidell, two Confederate commissioners 
 to the British government, ran the blockade, and at Havana 
 took passage on board the Trent, an English mail-steamer. 
 The day after leaving (November 8), the Trent was stopped 
 by the United States war-vessel San Jacinto, commanded by 
 Captain Wilkes. Mason and Slidell were seized and car- 
 ried to Fort Warren. 
 
 66. When the tidings of this seizure reached England, the 
 British government demanded the surrender of the envoys, 
 and began preparations for war. But war was avoided, for 
 the United States government gave up Mason and Slidell. 
 The reason why the government gave them up was because 
 the United States had all along, and especially during the 
 War of 1812, taken a position respecting the rights of neutral 
 ships that did not justify Captain Wilkes in taking the Con- 
 federate commissioners from the Trent. 
 
 IV. CAMPAIGNS OF 1862. 
 
 67. Operations in the West. The military opera- 
 tions of the year 18G2 opened in the Western theatre of war. 
 
 68. The situation of the opposing armies in the West, at 
 
 QUESTIONS. 64. What event nearly produced war with England ? 
 65. Give an account of the seizure of Mason and Slidell. 
 
 G8. Describe the effect on the British government. How was war avoided ? Why 
 did the United States government give them up ? 
 67. Where did the operations of 1882 begin ? 
 OS. Describe the situation of Confederate forces at this tune. Who was in chief
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 253
 
 254 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 the beginning of 1862, was as follows : The Confederates held 
 a defensive line running from the Mississippi River eastward 
 to the Cumberland Mountains. The left was at Columbus, 
 on the Mississippi. Forts Henry and Donelson guarded the 
 Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. A considerable army at 
 Bowling Green covered the great railroad lines southward to 
 Nashville. The right flank was held by a force posted at 
 Mill Spring, Kentucky. General Albert Sydney Johnston was 
 in command of the Southern forces in the West. 
 
 69. On the Union side, there was an army at Cairo and 
 vicinity, under General Grant. Bowling Green was threat- 
 ened by an army under General Buell. The force at Mill 
 Spring was threatened by a body of troops under General 
 G. H. Thomas, General Halleck was general-in-chief of these 
 Western forces. 
 
 70. The campaign of 1862 opened with an attack on the 
 Southern force at Mill Spring, in the first month of the 
 year. General Thomas was successful, and the Southern 
 general, Zollicoffer, was killed. 
 
 71. The second action of the campaign was a mixed land 
 and naval expedition made against forts Henry and Don- 
 elson. A flotilla of Western-built gunboats was under com- 
 mand of Commodore Foote ; the land force was under General 
 Grant. The fleet sailed up the Cumberland to Fort Henry 
 (February 6). That fort surrendered after a brief fight. A 
 large part of the Confederate garrison escaped to Fort Donelson. 
 
 72. General Grant now advanced on Fort Donelson, and 
 appeared before it on the 12th of February. After several 
 severe engagements, the garrison, consisting of about nine 
 thousand men, capitulated on the morning of the 16th of 
 February. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 69. Describe the situation of the Union forces. Who was in chief 
 command? 
 
 70. Give an account of the action at Mill Spring. 
 
 71. What was the second action of the campaign? Give an account of the expe- 
 dition against Fort Henry. 
 
 71. Where did the garrison escape to? 
 
 72. What did General Grant now do ? .What was the result of the action at Fort 
 Doiielsou ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 255 
 
 73. The capture of these forts was considered a very severe 
 blow to the South. This was so, not only on account of the 
 actual loss of men, but because the opening up of the Cum- 
 berland and Tennessee rivers to the Union gunboats destroyed 
 the whole defensive line taken up by the Confederates. Gen- 
 eral Albert Sydney Johnston had to abandon Kentucky and a 
 large part of Tennessee. He retired at first to Murfrees- 
 boro', Tennessee. The Union army, under Buell, followed 
 up closely, and on the 23d of February took possession of 
 Nashville. 
 
 74. While the capture of Donelson thus shook the centre 
 of the Confederate defensive line, it also endangered its left, 
 that is, the stronghold of Columbus. This place the Confeder- 
 ates immediately abandoned, and moved down to Island No. 10 
 and New Madrid. Columbus was occupied by the Union 
 army, March 22. The Western operations of 1862 opened 
 brilliantly for the Union armies, and served to encourage the 
 whole North. 
 
 75. The Battle of Shiloh. A new campaign was now 
 prepared. Albert Sydney Johnston, during the mouth of 
 March, united all his scattered forces at Corinth, and resolved 
 to strike a blow at the Union army under General Grant. 
 That army, after the capture of Fort Donelson, was moved 
 to Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee River. The Union 
 army, under Buell, was ordered to move from Nashville and 
 unite with Grant's army. 
 
 76. Before these forces could be united, the Southern army 
 moved up secretly from Corinth, and fell upon Grant's army 
 at Pittsburg Landing. The result was the fierce battle 
 
 QUESTIONS. 73. How was the capture of these forts regarded in the South ? Why? 
 What was General Johnston compelled to do ? Where did he go to ? What of the Union 
 
 74. What is said of Columbus ? To what points did the Confederates move? Give 
 the date of the occupation of Columbus, llepeat what is said of the Western operations 
 of this year. 
 
 73. What new campaign did Johnston now prepare? AVhere was Grant's army? 
 What of Knell's army? 
 
 7H. Describe the movement on Pittsburg Landing. What was the result ? Give the 
 strength of the two armies.
 
 256 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 of Shiloh, fought April 6. The Confederates numbered about 
 40,000 men ; the Union army, 57,000. 
 
 77. The assailants were successful in the onslaught, and 
 drove the Union army from the field .and down to the shelter 
 of the gunboats. But General Albert Sydney Johnston was 
 killed, and during the afternoon Buell's army came up ; so 
 that when, the following morning, an advance was made by 
 the Union army, the Confederates retired to Corinth. 
 
 NOTE. The Union loss in the battle of Shiloh was nearly 15,000 ; 
 the Confederate loss was 10,699, killed, wounded, and missing. 
 
 78. Beauregard, who came into command of the Southern 
 forces on the death of Johnston, remained in Corinth till the 
 the Union armies, now under General Halleck, had worked 
 their way cautiously up to near that point. Then Beauregard 
 evacuated Corinth. It was occupied by the Union army 
 May 30. 
 
 79. In the mean time, in consequence of the retreat of the 
 Confederates, several of their defensive points on the Missis- 
 sippi fell. Island No. 10, on the 7th of April ; Port Pil- 
 low, on the 4th of June ; and the city of Memphis, two 
 days afterwards. 
 
 80. Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky. After the 
 capture of Corinth, Grant's army remained for a time sta- 
 tionary. It held a long line from Memphis, Tennessee, to 
 Huntsville, Alabama. Buell's army was detached, and sent 
 to gain possession of the important point of Chattanooga, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 81. The main Confederate army of the Southwest, under 
 General Bragg (who succeeded Beauregard), had mean- 
 time been secretly transferred eastward from Corinth and 
 concentrated at Chattanooga. Buell's army was approaching 
 that place in the month of August, 1862, when suddenly 
 
 QUESTIONS. 77. Describe the battle of Shiloh. 
 
 78. Who came into command of the Southern force? What did he do? Give the 
 date of the capture of Corinth. 
 
 79. Name several Confederate positions on the Mississippi which now fell. 
 
 80. What of Grant's army after this? What line did it hold? What of Buell's 
 army' 
 
 81. Give an account of Bragg's secret movement.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 257 
 
 Bragg pushed with his whole army northward towards the 
 Ohio River. 
 
 82. This movement compelled Buell to retreat rapidly to 
 Louisville. 
 
 83. At the same time that Bragg's army moved northward, 
 another column, under General Kirby Smith, advanced 
 from Knoxville into Kentucky. The two Southern armies 
 remained in Central Kentucky during the month of Sep- 
 tember. They overran the State, and their foraging parties 
 gathered vast quantities of supplies. They failed, however, 
 in causing a general uprising in the State ; and as the Union 
 army was soon largely reinforced, Bragg and Smith retreated 
 towards Chattanooga at the end of September. 
 
 84. Buell's army pursued Bragg through Kentucky. At 
 Perryville, an action was fought October 8, in which the 
 Union army had the advantage. But Bragg escaped to 
 Chattanooga. 
 
 85. The Union army, now under General Rosecrans, 
 went forward as far as Nashville, where it occupied a forti- 
 fied position. Soon afterwards the army of Bragg moved 
 north from Chattanooga, and planted itself at Muvfrees- 
 boro', a few miles south of Nashville. 
 
 86. Battle of Murfreesboro'. Near the close of De- 
 cember, 1862, General Rosecrans advanced from Nashville to 
 attack Bragg. The result was the Battle of Murfrees- 
 boro 1 . 
 
 87. The action began on the morning of the 31st De- 
 cember. The Confederates attacked, and, falling iipon the 
 right flank of the Union ai'my, forced it from the field. The 
 fight was continued all day in a very determined manner on 
 
 QUESTIONS. 82. What was Buell compelled to do by this movement? 
 
 83. Give an account of the movement of Smith's column. What did the Southern 
 armies do ? Did they succeed in making an uprising in Kentucky ? What were Bragg 
 and Smith compelled to do ? 
 
 84. Give an account of Buell's pursuit and the battle of Perryville. 
 
 85. To what point did the army of Rosecrans now move ? What movement was made 
 by Bragg's army ? 
 
 86. When did Rosecrans move to attack Bragg ? What battle resulted ? 
 
 87. Give an account of this battle. Was the action decisive ? 
 
 Q
 
 258 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 both sides. When night came, the action was still inde- 
 cisive. 
 
 88. The following day (January 1, 1863) there was a little 
 fighting, but neither side gained a decided advantage. There 
 was more fighting on the 2d ; but at the close of the 
 bloody contest it was still a " drawn battle." However, the 
 Union army held possession of Murfreesboro' and the field of 
 battle, and Bragg retired and took position on Duck River, 
 a few miles south. 
 
 NOTE. In the battle of Murfreesboro', or "Stone River," as it is 
 sometimes called, the Union army numbered 47,000, the Confederate 
 Army, 35,000 men. The Union loss was very heavy, nearly 14,000 men ; 
 while the Confederate loss was heavy also, over 10,000 men killed, 
 wounded, and missing. 
 
 89. Other Western Operations. While the main 
 armies of the West were thus operating in Kentucky and 
 Tennessee in the summer and fall of 1862, the opposing 
 forces in Mississippi were carrying on some minor operations. 
 
 90. When Bragg and Baell went to Tennessee, Grant was 
 left behind to hold the position of Corinth and luka in 
 Mississippi. On the Confederate side, Generals Price and Van 
 Dorn remained to watch this force. Towards the close of 
 August, Price and Van Dorn made assaults on Corinth and 
 luka, but they were not able to dislodge the Union troops, 
 whose position was strongly fortified. 
 
 91. In the early part of 1862, a severe battle was fought 
 far west of the Mississippi. This was at Pea Ridge, Ar- 
 kansas. The Southern force was under General Van Dorn ; 
 the Union army was under General Curtis. Van Dorn was 
 defeated in the action which took place March 7 and 8. 
 
 92. Eastern Operations. From the Western cam- 
 paigns of 1862 we now turn to the Virginia campaigns of 
 1862. 
 
 QUESTIONS. SS. Give an account of the operations of the next two days. Who held 
 the battle-field ? What of Bragg ? 
 
 89. In what other State were operations going on at the same time ? 
 
 90. Who was in command at Corinth and Iukr\ ? Givo an account of the assaults. 
 
 91. What hattle was fought west of the Mississippi? Who were commanders? 
 Give the result. 
 
 9*i. To what campaigns do we now turn our attention ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 259 
 
 93. It has been seen that the Army of the Potomac was 
 organized in the vicinity of Washington during the "all and 
 winter of 1861. General George B. McClellan was in chief 
 command. In the spring of 1862, he had formed an army 
 of nearly two hundred thousand. 
 
 The Southern army, now under General J. E. Johnston, 
 still lay at Manassas Junction. 
 
 94. General McClellan's plan was not to attack Johnston's 
 army at Manassas, but to transfer his force by water to the 
 Yorktown peninsula and approach Richmond by that line. 
 McClellan began in March, 1862, by making a feint of an 
 advance on Manassas. Johnston retired southward towards 
 Richmond. The Army of the Potomac was then brought 
 back to Alexandria and moved by water to Fortress Mon- 
 roe, on the Peninsula. 
 
 95. The Peninsular Campaign. On the 4th of 
 April, 1862, the Army of the Potomac began to move up the 
 Peninsula. It was soon brought to a halt by the fortifica- 
 tions of Yorktown. A delay took place there which gave 
 General Johnston time to bring his whole army into York- 
 town. 
 
 96. A month was spent in erecting batteries before York- 
 town. Johnston then quietly evacuated the place and re- 
 tired towards Richmond. McClellan took possession of York- 
 town, May 4. He then pushed forward after the retreating 
 army. 
 
 97. The next day, the rear of Johnston's army was over- 
 taken at Williamsburg. Here an action took place May 
 5. It was somewhat of a success for the Union army, but 
 Johnston made good his retreat. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 93. Repeat what is said of the Army of the Potomac. Who .v:is its 
 commander? Give its strength. Who commanded Southern army? Where was it 
 lying? 
 
 94. What was McClellan's plan ? Give the first movements on each side. To what 
 point was Union army moved by water? 
 
 95. When did the army begin its march up the Peninsula? WTiat is said of York- 
 town and the delay ? 
 
 90. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown. When was Yorktowu taken? What 
 did McCIt-llan now do ? 
 97. Give an account of the action at Williamsburg.
 
 260 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD, 
 
 98. The Army of the Potomac now advanced to the 
 Chickahominy. McClellan placed the army partly on the 
 one side of the Chickahominy, partly on the other. The left 
 was at Bottom's Bridge, the right at Mechanicsville. 
 
 99. No action took place till the last day of May. The 
 Southern commander then attacked that part of McClellan's 
 army that was on the south side of the Chickahominy. The 
 action is called the Battle of Fair Oaks. It was not de- 
 cisive. 
 
 100. The battle was renewed the next day, June 1. Mc- 
 Clellan was more successful, and the Confederates retired 
 nearer to Richmond. In this action, General J. E. Johnston 
 was wounded, and General R. E. Lee took command of 
 the Southern army in Virginia, 
 
 101. McClellan did not now advance on Richmond. He 
 was waiting for the aid of another Union army which was under 
 McDowell, and which had moved from the Potomac to 
 Fredericksburg, whence it was to come down aud assist the 
 army besieging Richmond. 
 
 102. In addition to McDowell's army, there were two 
 other Union forces in Virginia. These were Fremont's 
 force in southwestern Virginia, and Banks's force in the 
 Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 103. While the Army of the Potomac was lying waiting, 
 the Confederate commander sent Stonewall Jackson on a raid 
 northward. Jackson first struck a blow at Fremont, which 
 caused that officer to retreat. He then fell upon Banks's 
 force at Strasburg. and, punishing it severely, sent it 
 to the Potomac. McDowell's army, also, had to retire from 
 Fredericksburg, so as to oppose Jackson. 
 
 104. When Jackson had thrown back the three Union 
 
 QUESTIONS. 98. Describe the situation of McClellan's army on the Chickahominy. 
 ttft. When did the first action take place? Give an account of it. What is this 
 battle called ? Was it decisive ? 
 
 100. When was the battle renewed? What of the result? Who came into com- 
 mand of the Southern army ? 
 
 101. For what was McClellan waiting? 
 1O'2. What other Union forces are mentioned ? 
 
 103. Who was sent on a mid by Lee ? Give an account of Jackson's raid 
 
 104. Give an account of Jackson's return. When did these events take place?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 261 
 
 forces, he hastily put back to join Lee. The Union forces 
 of McDowell and Banks and Fremont raced Jackson up the 
 Shenandoah Valley : but they could not head him off. These 
 stirring events took place in the latter part of May and early 
 part of June. 
 
 105 On his return from this raid Jackson was ordered by Lee 
 to move secretly down upon the right flank of the Union army 
 at Mechanicsville. This he did June 25. The next day Lee 
 from Richmond crossed the Chickahominy, and, uniting with 
 Jackson, attacked that part of McClellan's army that was 
 on the north side of the Chickahominy. The result was the 
 battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27. 
 
 106. In this battle the Union corps were driven from 
 their positions with heavy loss. They with difficulty were 
 able to cross the Chickahominy and join the part of the 
 army which lay on the south side. 
 
 107. The result of Gaines's Mill was to deprive McClellan 
 of his base of supplies on the York River, and compel him to 
 seek a new base on the James River. The retreat was 
 marked by the battles of Savage's Station (June 29), 
 Glendale (June 30), and Malvern Hill (July 1). In the 
 last action, Lee's army met a repulse. This gave McClellau 
 the opportunity of withdrawing to Harrison's Landing, on 
 the James River. 
 
 108. Thus McClellan's Peninsular campaign failed of its 
 object, which was to capture Richmond. However, Lee's loss 
 was greater than McClellan's. The former was about twenty 
 thousand killed, wounded, and missing; the latter, about 
 eighteen thousand. 
 
 109. Lee's Invasion of the North. Soon after the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 105. What movement was Jackson now ordered to make? Give 
 the date of the movement. What did Lee do the next day? What battle re- 
 sulted ? 
 
 10O. What 1s said of the Union corps in this battle ? 
 
 107. What was the result of Gaines's Mill ? What is said of the retreat ? What it 
 saiil of the action at Malvern Hill? 
 
 108. Had the Peninsular campaign succeeded ? Give the losses on each side 
 
 109. in wliat direction did the Confederates now begin to move? What army T73S 
 between Lee and the Potomac ? What line was this army guarding ?
 
 262 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 retreat of the Union army, the Confederates, in August, 18G2, 
 began to move towards AVashington. Between Lee and the 
 Potomac was an army of about fifty thousand men, made up 
 of the forces lately under Fremont and Banks and McDowell, 
 and now united under General John Pope. This army was 
 guarding the line of the Rapidan. 
 
 110. Jackson, leading the advance of the Southern army, 
 attacked Banks's force at Cedar Mountain, August 9. 
 Bunks was able to hold Jackson in check for come time ; but 
 when the main Confederate force arrived, Banks had to re- 
 treat. Lee pressed heavily upon Pope, compelling him to 
 retreat northward from every position. 
 
 111. The most bloody combat of this campaign occurred 
 near the old Bull Run battle-ground. This action, called the 
 Second Battle of Manassas took place August 29 
 and 30. Pope's army was utterly defeated. 
 
 112. When it became known that .Lee was pressing north- 
 ward, McClellan was ordered to hastily ship the Army of the 
 Potomac back to Washington. A part of the army got up 
 and was forwarded to take part in the second Bull Run bat- 
 tle. But Pope's army was overwhelmed and reeled back 
 to Washington. The last action was Chantilly, Septem- 
 ber 1. Here the Union generals, Kearney and Stevens, were 
 killed. 
 
 113. The broken army of Pope was united with the Army 
 of the Potomac at Washington, and the whole put under Mc- 
 Clellan. 
 
 114. Lee now, instead of advancing straight on Washing- 
 ton, crossed the Potomac above, and marched to Frederick 
 City, Maryland, and from there westward. McClellan moved 
 up the Potomac to meet the Confederates. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 11O. Who made the attack at Cedar Mountain? When was Banks 
 compelled to retreat ? What of Lee and Pope ? 
 
 111. Where did the most bloody combat take place? What is this action called? 
 Give its d ite and result. 
 
 112* What was McClellan ordered to do? Give an account of these matters 
 Name the last action. Who were killed here ? 
 
 113. What became of Pope's army ? 
 
 114. In what direction did Lee now move? McCk-llar: ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 263 
 
 115. At South Mountain, Lee left a force to dispute 
 the passes in the range of hills, while he sent Jackson to 
 capture the Union garrison at Harper's Ferry. McClel- 
 lan's force, after a vigorous fight at South Mountain, carried 
 the passes, September 14. But before McClellan could press 
 forward to save Harper's Ferry, the garrison of twelve thou- 
 sand men was surrendered to Jackson, September 15. 
 
 116. Lee now united his forces behind Antietam Creek, 
 near the town of Sharpsburg. McClellan moved up and en- 
 gaged the Confederates in the great battle of Antietam, 
 September 17. The combat raged all day. Both armies 
 were much shattered. But the Union army held the ground, 
 and Lee was compelled to recross the Potomac into the Shen- 
 ancloah Valley. 
 
 117. The Union army did nothing till November. Then 
 McClellan crossed the Potomac and moved southward, on the 
 east side of the Blue Ridge. The Confederates retreated up 
 the Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 118. In the midst of this movement, McClellan, at War- 
 renton, was ordered to deliver up the command of the Army 
 of the Potomac to General Ambrose E. Burnside. 
 
 119. Operations on the Rappahannock. General 
 Burnside moved the army to the Rappahannock, opposite 
 Fredericksburg. His plan was to march on Richmond by 
 that route. Lee threw his army into Fredericksburg and 
 made the hills in rear of the town strong with earthworks. 
 
 120. Burnside crossed the Rappahannock December 11 aivl 
 12, and fought the sanguinary battle of Fredericksburg, 
 December 13. The Union army was defeated, with a loss of 
 about eleven thousand men. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 115. Where did Lee make a stand? What was Jackson doing' Give 
 the date of the action at South Mountain. What became of the garrison at Harper's 
 Ferrv? 
 
 116. Rehind what creek did Lee unite his forces? What battle took place? Give 
 an account of the battle of Antietam. Who held the ground ? What of Lee ? 
 
 1 1 r . What movement did McClellan make in November ? What of the Confederates ? 
 
 118. Who took McClellan's place? 
 
 119. To what point did Burnside move the army What was his plan ? What did 
 Lee do? 
 
 1O. When did Burnside cross the Rappahannock? What battle resulted ? Which 
 side was defeated ?
 
 264 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 121. It is thus seen, that, during the year 1862, the results 
 of the war in Virginia were, on the whole, highly favorable to 
 the Confederates, while in the West they were highly favor- 
 able to the Union army. 
 
 122. Capture of New Orleans. In the spring of 
 1862, a powerful fleet of armed vessels, under Commodore 
 David G. Far'ragut, was fitted out to capture the important 
 city of New Orleans. A military force, under General 
 Butler, was to aid in the operation. 
 
 123. The fleet passed up the Mississippi to Forts Jack- 
 son and St. Philip, which defended the passage to New Or- 
 leans. Farragut, after bombarding these forts for six days, 
 ran past them with his gunboats, April 24. 
 
 124. In this action, the fleet had not only to engage the 
 forts, but had to meet the Confederate rams, fire-rafts, etc. 
 In a grand naval combat Farragut was completely successful. 
 The fleet approached New Orleans, which was abandoned by 
 the Confederate force. On the 28th of April, the city was 
 surrendered, and the army, under General B. F. Butler, took 
 military possession of it. 
 
 125. Naval Actions. During the year 1862, several 
 important naval actions and coast operations took place. The 
 most remarkable of the naval combats was the fight between 
 the Merrimac and Monitor, in Hampton Roads. 
 
 126. The Merrimac was a Confederate iron-clad war-vessel, 
 which had been constructed at Norfolk. On the 8th of March, 
 this formidable sea-monster burst out upon the Union fleet, 
 near the mouth of James River. It destroyed the sloop-of-war 
 Cumberland and the frigate Congress. It seemed that noth- 
 ing could stop its devastating career. 
 
 127. But during the night, the Monitor arrived from New 
 
 QUESTIONS 121. How do the Eastern campaigns of 1862 compare with the 
 Western ? 
 
 122. When was the New Orleans expedition fitted out ' Under whom was it ? 
 
 123. Give an account of the naval battle on the Mississippi. 
 
 124. What did the fleet have to encounter Which side was successful ? Give the 
 date of the surrender of New Orleans. 
 
 125. Name the most remarkable naval action of this year. 
 
 126. Tell about the Merrimac. Give an account of its attack on the Union fleet. 
 
 127. What is said of the Monitor?
 
 WAR OF SECESSION. 265 
 
 York. The Monitor was a new and peculiar iron-clad war- 
 ship, constructed by Captain Ericsson. 
 
 128. In the morning, the Monitor, commanded by Captain 
 Worden, attacked the Merrimac, and after a fierce fight com- 
 pelled the Confederate iron-clad to retire damaged to Norfolk. 
 Two months later, when McClellan had captured Yorktown, 
 General Wool took Norfolk, and the Confederates destroyed 
 the Merrimac. 
 
 129. On the Atlantic coast there were several important 
 land and naval expeditions during the spring of 1862. The 
 first was under General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
 borough. The fleet and force, on the 8th of February, cap- 
 tured Roanoke Island. On the 14th of March, General 
 Burnside captured Newbern, North Carolina. During 
 March, an expedition captured St. Augustine, Fernandina, 
 and other points in Florida. On the llth of April, Fort 
 Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah River, was reduced 
 by General Gillmore. On the 26th of April, Fort Macon, 
 North Carolina, was surrendered to the Union forces under 
 Commodore Goldsborough. 
 
 130. During this year, immense havoc was committed on 
 the commerce of the North by the Florida and Alabama, 
 two cruisers which were permitted by the British government 
 to pass into the service of the Confederates. 
 
 V. CAMPAIGNS OF 1863. 
 
 131. On New Year's day of 1863, President Lincoln issued 
 the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared free all 
 the slaves within the borders of the Confederate States. 
 
 132. Operations in the East. The opening of the 
 year 1863 found the two great armies in Virginia in the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 128. Describe the fight. What afterwards became of the Merrimac ? 
 
 129. Give an account of the capture of Roanoke Island. Give the date of the cap- 
 ture of Newbern. Give the date of the capture of Fort Pulaski ; of Fernandina ; of 
 Fort Macon. 
 
 130. What is said of the Florida and Alabama? 
 
 131. What proclamation was issued on the 1st of January , 1863 ? 
 
 132. Describe the position of the two Virginia armies at the beginning of 1863. 
 
 12
 
 266 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 same position they held immediately after the battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg. Lee's army occupied Fredericksburg, while the 
 Army of the Potomac was posted on the north side of the 
 Rappahannock. 
 
 133. About the end of January, General Burnside was re- 
 lieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, and it 
 was given to General Joseph Hooker. 
 
 134. Battle of Chancellorsville. The Army of the 
 Potomac was recruited, and, at the end of April, Hooker 
 moved to attack Lee. Hooker said his plan was, not to assail 
 the strong works of Fredericksburg, but to cross the Rappa- 
 hannock about twenty miles above Fredericksburg, and, by 
 moving on Lee's communications with Richmond, compel the 
 Confederates to fight in the open field. 
 
 135. The bulk of the Union army was accordingly marched 
 to Chancellorsville, about ten miles southeast of Fredericks- 
 burg. This compelled Lee to draw most of his force away 
 from Fredericksburg and go to meet Hooker. The result was 
 the great battle of Chancelloi'Sville. The heaviest en- 
 gagements were fought on the 2d and 3d of May. In these, 
 the Confederates inflicted terrible loss on the Union army, and 
 Hooker was forced to recross the Rappahannock, May 5. 
 
 136. The North felt this disaster very much, for Hooker's 
 army was double the Southern force, 90,000 to about 45,000. 
 The Union loss was over 1 7,000 killed and wounded. 
 
 137. It was in this battle that the famous Stonewall Jack- 
 son was mortally wounded through mistake, in the darkness, 
 by one of his own men. 
 
 138. Invasion of Pennsylvania. Lee now resolved 
 on a second invasion of the North. He drew forces from the 
 South, and brought his army up to about seventy thousand 
 men. With this powerful and high-spirited army he struck 
 
 QUESTIONS. 133. Who (succeeded Burnside in command of the Potomac army? 
 
 134. When did Hooker move to attack Lee ? What was Hooker's plan ? 
 
 135. Give an account of Hooker's movement and of Lee's. What battle resulted ' 
 Give the date. What was the result ? 
 
 136. Why did the North feel this disaster very much ? 
 
 137. Who was killed in thi* battle? State the circumstance". 
 
 138. What did Lee now resolve on ? Give his movements and Hooker's.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 267 
 
 northward. This move compelled Hooker to fall back so as 
 to protect Washington. 
 
 139. Lee's object was to carry the war into the Northern 
 States. He accordingly moved from Fredericksburg to Har- 
 per's Ferry. Here he crossed the Potomac and advanced 
 northward up the Cumberland Valley. 
 
 140. The Union army, after reaching Washington, marched 
 to Frederick City, Maryland. Here Hooker was superseded 
 by General G-. G-. Meade. 
 
 141. The- van of Lee's army pushed up to the Susquehan- 
 ua, and took the towns of York and Carlisle. The Army 
 of the Potomac hastened forward to meet the invading force. 
 The two mighty armies encountered each other, July 1, 1863, 
 and the result was the tremendous battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 142. This action, the greatest of the war, lasted during the 
 first three days of July. The Union army was strongly posted 
 on a hill-slope near the town. The Confederates attacked 
 this position with great fury during the 2d and 3d of July, 
 but each time were repulsed. The Confederate loss in killed, 
 wounded, and missing was over thirty thousand men. 
 
 143. Lee retreated after this battle. He recrossed the Po- 
 tomac, moved up the Shenandoah Valley, and took position 
 on the south side of the Rapidan. The Army of the Poto- 
 mac followed up and placed itself on the north side of the 
 Rapidan. In this situation the two armies confronted each 
 other, without any event of importance, during the remainder 
 of the year 1863. 
 
 144. Operations in the West. At the commencement 
 
 QUESTIONS. 139. What was Lee's object? To what point on the Potomac did 
 he move? In what direction did he then marcli ? 
 
 140. To what point did the Union army retire? What change of commander was 
 made ? 
 
 141. What towns in Pennsylvania did the Confederates take? What of the Army of 
 the Potomac ? Where and when did the two forces meet ? 
 
 142. What is said of this action? When was the Union army posted? What did 
 the Confederates do? What was their loss? 
 
 143 . What did Lee do after Gettysburg ? At what place did he take position ? What 
 of the Union army ? Was anything more done ? 
 
 1 44. How many Union armies were there in the West in 1863 ? Where was the first 
 one ? Who was opposed to this force ?
 
 268 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 of the year 1863, there were in the West two Union armies. 
 There was the Array of the Cumberland, under Rosecrans, at 
 Murfreesboro', where we saw a great battle taking place on 
 the last day of 1862 and the first day of 1863. The Confed- 
 erate army opposed to Rosecrans was under Bragg, and lay a 
 few miles south of Murfreesboro'. 
 
 145. In northern Mississippi was the Army of the Tennes- 
 see, under General Grant. It held the line of the Memphis 
 and Charleston Railroad, the right at Memphis, the left at 
 Corinth. The Confederate army opposed to Grant was under 
 General Pemberton, who held the line of the Tallahatchie. 
 
 146. Opening of the Mississippi. The great object 
 of the army under General Grant was the opening of the 
 Mississippi River. In consequence of the capture of the 
 Confederate strongholds at Island No. 10, Columbus, and 
 Memphis, and the opening of the Lower Mississippi by the 
 capture of New Orleans, all that was required for the unlock- 
 ing of the Mississippi was the capture of the fortified river- 
 posts of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 
 
 147. General Grant had already, at the close of the year 
 1862, sent a column, under General W. T. Sherman, to assault 
 the works north of the town, but they proved too strong to 
 be taken. 
 
 148. Early in 1863, Grant moved his army to the west side 
 of the Mississippi, and took position at Milliken's Bend, a few 
 miles north of Vicksburg. The months of February and 
 March were spent in trying a number of plans for capturing 
 the Confederate stronghold. 
 
 149. The bold and successful plan which was at last adopt- 
 ed was to have the transports run past the Vicksburg batter- 
 ies, while the army would march down the west side of the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 145. Who commanded the Union army in Mississippi ? What line 
 did it hold ? Who commanded the Confederate force opposing Grant ? 
 
 146. What was the great object of Grant's army? What were the only places on 
 the Mississippi to be captured? 
 
 147. What effort had been made by General Sherman against A'icksburg f 
 
 148. To which side of the Mississippi did Grant now move his army ? What was 
 done during February and March ? 
 
 149. Describe the bold plan at last adopted by General Grant.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 269 
 
 Mississippi to far below Vicksburg, then cross in the transports 
 to the east side, and attack the stronghold from the rear. 
 
 150- This plan was successfully carried out. The trans- 
 ports ran past the batteries during the night of April 22. A 
 week later, the army crossed to Grand Gulf, and from there 
 marched on the rear of Vicksburg. 
 
 151. During this movement, Grant met and defeated the 
 Confederates under Pemberton in five actions. Pemberton 
 then retired to his works in Vicksburg, and Grant laid siege 
 to them. 
 
 152. The siege of Vicksburg lasted for six weeks. Pember- 
 ton had hoped that General J. E. Johnston, who was hovering 
 about the rear of the Union army with a small force, would 
 relieve him. Johnston could do nothing. The Vicksburg 
 garrison must either starve or surrender. Pemberton capitu- 
 lated July 4, 18G3, with twenty-seven thousand prisoners. 
 
 153. While Grant was besieging Vicksburg, General Batiks, 
 who had succeeded Butler in command of the Gulf army, was 
 laying siege to Port Hudson. That place could not hold 
 out after Vicksburg was gone, so it was surrendered July 9. 
 By these operations the Mississippi was opened throughout 
 its entire length. 
 
 154. The capture of Vicksburg took place at the same time 
 as the decisive battle of Gettysburg. These successes caused 
 great rejoicings throughout the whole North, and made suc- 
 cess seem much more likelv than it had ever seemed before. 
 
 155. Rosecrans's Campaigns. The Army of the 
 Cumberland, under Rosecrans, lay at Murfreesboro' till 
 
 QUESTIONS. 1 50. Was it successful ? When did the transports pass the batteries ? 
 To what point did the army then cross ? 
 
 151- How many actions were fought in swinging round on Vicksburg ? Which side 
 was successful ? To what point did Pemberton retire ? AVhat then began ? 
 
 1 5'i. How long did the siege last ? What had Pemberton hoped ? What of John- 
 ston? What alternative was left the Confederates in Vicksburg? When did the sur- 
 render take place ? How many men surrendered ? 
 
 15S. What siege wns Banks carrying on? When had it to fall? Give the date of 
 the surrender. State the result of these operations. 
 
 154. What great battle in Virginia took place at the same time as the surrender of 
 Vicksburg? What was the effect of these succo^es? 
 
 155. Where did Rosecrans's army lie? Whtn did it advance? What of Bragg? 
 What was the result of the partial actions?
 
 270 THE. CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 June, 1863. It then advanced southward. Bragg's force 
 retreated before it, and went back towards Chattanooga. In 
 several partial actions which took place, the Union array was 
 successful. 
 
 156. The operations in southern Tennessee continued till 
 the middle of September. Kosecrans then crossed the Ten- 
 nessee River. While he took possession of Chattanooga 
 (abandoned by Bragg) with part of his force, the Con fed era tes 
 engaged his main army in the great battle of Chicka- 
 mauga, a few miles south of Chattanooga. 
 
 157. The battle of Chickamauga was fought September 
 19 and 20. The Union army was beaten. But General 
 G. H. Thomas fought so stubbornly that it was able to 
 retire and fortify itself in Chattanooga. 
 
 158. Bragg succeeded in shutting up Rosecrans's army in 
 Chattanooga, and nearly starved it out. But Sherman 
 came with troops from Vicksburg, and Hooker brought a 
 corps from Virginia. Grant was put in command of all the 
 Western armies, and went to Chattanooga. 
 
 159. The siege of Chattanooga was raised by a great bat- 
 tle. It was begun November 23, and continued the next two 
 days. The Confederates were attacked at Lookout Moun- 
 tain and on Missionary Ridge. They were defeated and 
 forced to flee southward. 
 
 160. The next thing done by Grant was to send Sherman 
 to relieve Hast Tennessee. That region had been taken 
 possession of by an army under Burnside in the summer of 
 1863. But Longstreet succeeded in shutting up Burnside's 
 army in Knoxville. Longstreet was repulsed in an assault 
 (November 30), and when he heard of Sherman's advance 
 
 QUESTIONS. 156. How long did the Tennessee operations last? What did Hose- 
 crans then do ? What great battle resulted ? 
 
 157. Give the date of the battle of Chickamaupa. Which army was beaten ? Who 
 fought stubbornly ? Where did the army fortify itself? 
 
 158- What did Bragg succeed in doing? What Union troops came? AVho was 
 made commander? 
 
 159. How was the siege of Chattanooga raised? Give the date of the battle. De- 
 scribe it. Tn what direction did the Confederates retreat ? 
 
 160. Whnt wa<= the next thing Grant did? Who had seized East Tennessee? What 
 took pbxre between Burnside and Longstreet? What did Longstreet finally do?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 271 
 
 he retreated into Virginia. East Tennessee, the population 
 of which was largely Unionist, was after this held perma- 
 nently. 
 
 161. Operations against Charleston. In April, 
 1863, Admiral Dupont sailed from Port Royal, South 
 Caroliona, with an iron-clad fleet for the capture of Fort 
 Sumter and Charleston. The iron-clads attacked the 
 fort, April 8, but were so much damaged by the heavy shot 
 that they had to retire. 
 
 162. During the summer land and naval forces under 
 General Gilhnore and Admiral Dahlgren attacked the 
 defences of Charleston, but without success. An assault on 
 Fort Wagner on Morris Island was repulsed with great 
 slaughter. 
 
 163. Afterwards Gillmore, by means of very heavy guns, 
 battered Fort Sumter into a heap of ruins; but the Con- 
 federate garrison still held the work. With long-range can- 
 non, Gillmore threw shells into Charleston. These operations 
 all failed. 
 
 164. Draft Riot. During the session of Congress 
 which ended in March, 1863, the Conscription Act became 
 a law. Under this act the President ordered a draft for 
 three hundred thousand men. This led to a riot in New 
 York City (July 13), by which one hundred and fifty lives 
 were lost and a very large amount of property was destroyed. 
 
 165. Summing Up. At the close of 1863, the Union 
 forces held possession of the Mississippi River, of the States 
 of Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and of a 
 large portion of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 161, Give an account of Dupont's iron-clad fleet. What fort did it 
 attack ? Give the date and result. 
 
 162. What oMier operations were made against Charleston? Repeat what is said of 
 Fort Wagner. 
 
 163. What did Gillmore succeed in doing? Could he take the fort? What of the 
 shelling of Charleston ? 
 
 161. Give an account of the New York draft riot ? 
 165. Give the summing up of the operations of the year.
 
 272 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 VI. CAMPAIGNS OF 1864. 
 
 166. Operations in Virginia. The Virginia cam- 
 paign of 1864 opened in the month of May. U. S. Grant 
 had been made Lieutenant-General and commander of all 
 the armies. He left Sherman in command of the Western 
 forces, and transferred his head-quarters to the Army of the 
 Potomac, which was still under the immediate command of 
 General Meade. General P. H. Sheridan was put in com- 
 mand of the cavalry. 
 
 167. In the month of May, 1864, Lee was still guarding 
 the line of the Rapidan. The Army of the Potomac crossed 
 the Rapidan May 4, and met the Confederates in the stub- 
 born and bloody battle of the Wilderness. The combat 
 lasted during the greater part of three days, without decided 
 victory on either side. 
 
 168. Grant now tried by a flank movement to march 
 on Richmond. Lee moved faster and planted his army at 
 Spottsylvania behind earthworks. The Army of the Po- 
 tomac tried during two weeks to carry these works. The 
 most important success was won by G-eneral Hancock, 
 who took part of the Confederate line and captured about 
 four thousand prisoners. 
 
 169. Giving up the attempt against Spottsylvania, Grant 
 made another flank movement to get between Lee and 
 Richmond. But Lee confronted the army at the North 
 Anna. 
 
 170. A repetition of the same movement brought the 
 Army of the Potomac up to the line of the Chicka'hominy. 
 Here it met a very disastrous repulse in the battle of Cold 
 
 QUESTIONS. 166. When did the Virginia campaign of 1864 open? Who had been 
 made general-in-chief ? Who was left in command of the Western armies ? Where did 
 General Grant go ? Who commanded the cavalry ? 
 
 167. What line was Lee guarding? When did the Army of the Potomac cross the 
 Rapidan ? What battle resulted ? How long did it last ? What was the result. ? 
 
 16S. What did Grant now try to do ? Where did Lee meet him ? Give an account 
 of operations at Spottsylvania. 
 
 16O. What movement did Grant make after this, and give the result. 
 
 irO. What stream was then reached ? Name the battle, and give its result. What 
 change of base did Grant then make ? What of Lee ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 273 
 
 Harbor. Finding that he could not approach Richmond 
 from the north side, Grant made a change of base. 
 He threw his army across the James River. Lee then fell 
 back within the intrenchments of Richmond and Petersburg. 
 
 171. The series of battles from the Rapidan to the James 
 is called the Overland Campaign. It lasted six weeks, from 
 the beginning of May to the middle of June. It cost the 
 Union army sixty thousand men. The Confederate loss was 
 less than one third that number. The end of the campaign 
 was that the Union army was brought up against the strong 
 works of Petersburg and Richmond. 
 
 172. At the same time that the main Virginia army 
 moved against Lee, in May, two co-operative movements were 
 begun. A column under General Sigel, afterwards under 
 General Hunter, marched down the Shenandoah Valley. 
 It met a Confederate force and was defeated. Hunter marched 
 against Lynchburg, but it was too strong to be taken ; so 
 Hunter retreated into the mountains of West Virginia. 
 
 173. The second co-operative column was under General 
 B. F. Butler. While Grant was attacking Lee at Spottsyl- 
 vania, Butler's column was taken up the James River in trans- 
 ports and landed at City Point and Bermuda Hundred. 
 His object was to capture Petersburg ; but this purpose was 
 foiled. When the Army of the Potomac had fought its way 
 to the Chickahominy, most of the " Army of the James," as 
 Butler's force was called, joined it at Cold Harbor. 
 
 174. The hope of the Union commander in swinging 
 across the James was to capture Petersburg before it 
 should be strongly fortified. Accordingly an immediate assault 
 was made on getting up in front of that place, June 18. It 
 was repulsed, as were also several other attacks which were 
 made during the next few days. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 171. What is this series of battles railed? Give an account of the 
 campaign and the losses on each side. What was the end of the campaign ? 
 
 172. What co-operative movements were made ? Tell about Pigel's column. 
 
 173. Tell about Butler's column. What was Butlers object ? Where did Butler's 
 force join Grant's army? 
 
 174. What was the hope of the Union commander in swinging across the James? 
 What place was assaulted ? Give the result. Give the result of the other attacks. 
 
 12* II
 
 274 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 175. General Grant now saw that the Confederates would 
 have to be worn out. He therefore sat down to the long 
 siege. Lee occupied an extended line of about thirty miles, 
 running from the southwest of Petersburg to the northeast 
 of Richmond. The Union army built an elaborate system 
 of works and entered on the operations of the siege. 
 
 176. During the siege of Petersburg and Richmond, which 
 lasted from June, 1864, to April, 1865, a great number of ac- 
 tions and several important battles took place. Sometimes 
 one side was successful, sometimes the other. But there was 
 no grand decisive combat. 
 
 177. An operation from which a great deal was expected 
 was the exploding of a tremendous mine of powder, which 
 had been run under one of the Confederate forts before Pe- 
 tersburg. The mine was fired July 30, and carried the earth- 
 work into the air. A storming column then advanced to press 
 through to Petersburg, but the troops were repulsed with 
 great slaughter. 
 
 178. Siege of Washington. In July, Lee, having 
 stopped Grant before his lines, and the Shenandoah column 
 of Hunter having been driven into West Virginia, sent a col- 
 umn northward under General Early to threaten and, if pos- 
 sible, capture "Washington. Early crossed the Potomac 
 into Maryland, where he defeated a force of Union militia, 
 under General Lew Wallace, at Monocacy, July 9, and 
 then advanced to the works around Washington. 
 
 179. Finding the Washington works stronger than had 
 been expected, Early returned to Virginia. He took with 
 him great booty from Maryland and Pennsylvania, and burned 
 the town of Chambersburg, July 30. 
 
 QUESTIONS 175. What did Grant now see? What did he sit down to? Describe 
 Lee's line. What did the Union army do? 
 
 176. How long did the ? iege of Petersburg and Richmond last? What took place 
 during the siege ? Which side won ? 
 
 177. Name the operation from which a great deal was hoped. Give an account of 
 the mine affair. 
 
 178. Where did Lee send Early 's column ? Give an account of Early's movement 
 Into Man-land. 
 
 179. What did Early find about the Washington works? What is said of his plun- 
 der? of Chambersburg?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 275 
 
 180. Sheridan's Valley Campaign. A force under 
 General Wright, detached by Grant from the Army of the 
 Potomac and sent to protect Washington, followed Early's 
 army into the Shenandoah Valley. It took position a little 
 south of Harper's Ferry. 
 
 181. To command this Valley army Grant sent General 
 Sheridan. He began an active campaign against Early in the 
 month of September. The battle of Winchester took place 
 September 19. The Confederates were defeated and retired 
 south ward. 
 
 182. Sheridan advanced and took position at Cedar 
 Creek. Here Sheridan's army (he being absent) was at- 
 tacked by Early, October 1 9, and routed. After retreating 
 some miles, a stand was made, Sheridan arrived, and late in 
 the day the Union army, in turn, routed the Confederates, 
 who were now too feeble to again assume the offensive. Grant 
 ordered Sheridan to lay waste the fertile Shenandoah Valley, 
 so that the Confederate army should have nothing to live on. 
 
 183. Sherman's Campaign. When Grant, in May, 
 started on the march from the Rapidan to Richmond, Sher- 
 man, commanding the western Union army, advanced from 
 Chattanooga to march on Atlanta, Georgia. The Confeder- 
 ate army of the West was now under General J. E. Johnston, 
 whose army lay at Dalton. 
 
 184. Sherman began, the advance May 6. Instead of at- 
 tacking his opponent, Sherman made a series of flank move- 
 ments. The result was that Johnston was obliged to evacu- 
 ate position after position, till finally he crossed the Chat- 
 ta-hoo'chee and retired within the works of Atlanta about 
 the middle of July. 
 
 QUESTIONS. ISO. What Union force was sent after Early's army? Where did 
 this force take position ? 
 
 181. Who was sent to command it? When did Sheridan begin the campaign? 
 What was the first battle ? its result ? 
 
 1S2. To what position did Sheridan advance? Describe the attack by the Con- 
 federates. Continue the account after Sheridan arrived. What was Sheridan ordered 
 to do in the Shenandoah Valley ? 
 
 183. What great army moved at the same time on the Virginia army? What 
 point was Sherman aiming at ? Who commanded the Confederate army? 
 
 181. When was the advance begun? What was Sherman's policy? State the re- 
 sult. To what city did Johnston retire ?
 
 276 TH E CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 185. During this march, several important actions took 
 place. The most notable were Resaca (May 14 and 15), 
 Dallas (May 25-28), and Kenesaw Mountain (June 
 22 to July 3). 
 
 186. The Confederate authorities were dissatisfied with 
 Johnston's retreating policy, and superseded that officer by 
 General Hood. 
 
 187. While Sherman was preparing to attack Atlanta, 
 Hood made three furious assaults on the Union army, July 
 20, 22, and 28. These were not successful, for Sherman 
 swung round, got between Hood and Atlanta, and occupied 
 that city September 2. 
 
 188. Hood now adopted a bold plan. He moved back 
 over the route over which Sherman had advanced, and, by 
 seizing Sherman's line of supplies, compelled the army to 
 fallback. The plan, however, did not succeed, for Sherman, 
 after following Hood some distance, sent General George 
 H. Thomas, with a large force, to oppose Hood, while he 
 himself returned to Atlanta and prepared to start on his 
 march southward to the sea. There were thus carried on at 
 the same time two campaigns, Hood's campaign against 
 Thomas and Sherman's march through Georgia. 
 
 189. Hood's Campaign. The immediate object of 
 Hood was the capture of Nashville. Here Thomas concen- 
 trated his forces. 
 
 190. While Hood was marching upon Nashville, and one 
 of the Union columns, under General Schofield, was fall- 
 ing back on the same place, an encounter took place at 
 Franklin, November 30. Here Hood met a severe repulse, 
 in which he lost many officers. 
 
 191. The Confederates now advanced and laid siege to 
 
 QUESTIONS 185. Name the notable battles around Atlanta. 
 
 186. By wbom was Johnston superseded, and why ? 
 
 187. Give the dates of Hood's assaults. Were they successful? What move did 
 Sherman make ? 
 
 188. What bold plan did Hood now adopt? Why did the plan not succeed ? What 
 two campaigns were then carried on ? 
 
 1 S9. State Hood's object. Where did Thoma" concentrate his forces ? 
 
 190. Give the circumstances of the battle of Franklin. State the result. 
 
 191. What did the Confederates now do? Give an account of the battle before 
 Nashville.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 277 
 
 Nashville. After a fortnight of preparation, the Confed- 
 erates were suddenly attacked by Thomas, December 15, and 
 severely handled. The action was renewed the next day, 
 when Thomas won a victory. Hood had to retreat, and, 
 being pursued by Thomas, his army suffered so terribly that 
 it was never good for much after this. 
 
 192. Sherman's March. While Hood was making his 
 disastrous campaign against Thomas, Sherman, cutting his 
 communications with the North and burning Atlanta, set off 
 on his march through Georgia. His object was, by mov- 
 ing through the interior of the Confederacy and destroying 
 all supplies, to deprive the Confederates of the means of sus- 
 taining their armies. 
 
 193. Sherman started from Atlanta in the middle of No- 
 vember. He cut a wide swath of desolation through the 
 South. The Confederates had no army to offer any serious 
 resistance. Thus in less than a month Sherman reached the 
 sea, near Savannah. The only obstacle, Fort McAllister, 
 was taken by assault. This done, the Union army was put 
 in communication with the Union fleet off the coast. Fort 
 McAllister was taken December 13; Savannah, December 
 21. This ended Sherman's campaign of 1864. 
 
 194. Other Operations. We have seen the history of 
 the two main campaigns of 1864. But there were several 
 other operations during this year not directly connected with 
 the great armies. These are : 
 
 First, General Seymour made an expedition from Port 
 Royal, South Carolina, to Florida. In an engagement at 
 Olustee, February 20, he was defeated. 
 
 Second, In February, General Sherman, before he went to 
 Chattanooga, made an expedition from Vicksburg to destroy 
 the railroads in Northern Mississippi. This was only in 
 part successful. The Confederate General Forrest defeated 
 
 QUESTIONS. 19'-4. What was Sherman doing meantime ? What was his object ? 
 
 193. When did Sherman start? Tell what he did. How long did the march last? 
 What was the only obstacle ? When was this fort captured ? When did Sherman reach 
 Savannah ? 
 
 194. Give an account of Seymour's expedition ; of Sherman's raid ; of Forrest's 
 raid; of Fort Pillow ; of Banks's expedition.
 
 278 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Sherman's cavalry column, and then entered on a raid into 
 Tennessee. He attacked and captured Fort Pillow, which 
 had a garrison mostly composed of negro troops. A number 
 of them were massacred. 
 
 Third, General Banks, in March, led an expedition from 
 New Orleans into the Red River Country, Louisiana. He 
 was aided by a fleet under Admiral Porter. Two actions were 
 fought : the first, Sabine Cross Roads, April 8, being a 
 Confederate victory ; and the second, Pleasant Hill, inde- 
 cisive. The expedition was given up. 
 
 195. Naval Operations. In July, 1864, an expedi- 
 tion, consisting of a powerful fleet, under Admiral Farra- 
 gut, and a land force, under General Granger, was sent 
 gainst Mobile. The harbor of Mobile was defended by forts 
 Morgan and Gaines, and by a Confederate fleet. 
 
 196. Farragut succeeded in running the gantlet of the 
 forts with the loss of but one vessel. He engaged the Confed- 
 erate iron-clad, the Tennessee, which was disabled and cap- 
 tured. The land and naval force afterwards took the forts, 
 and thus got possession of Mobile Bay. The city, however, 
 did not surrender till the spring of 1805. 
 
 197. A similar coast expedition was made against the 
 Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher, North Carolina, 
 which commanded the entrance to the port of Wilmington. 
 Admiral Porter with a fleet, and a land force under General 
 Butler, attacked the fort in December. The bombardment 
 did not accomplish anything, and an assault by the laud 
 force was repulsed. The expedition then returned to Fortress 
 Monroe. The following month General Terry assaulted Fort 
 Fisher, and captured it January 15. 
 
 198. Immense loss was caused to American commerce 
 
 QUESTIONS. 195. What expedition was sent against Mobile? AVhat defended the 
 harbor of Mobile? 
 
 196. Give the circumstance of Farragut's victory. What of the forts? What of 
 the city ? 
 
 197. What place in North Carolina was attacked? Give an account of it. After 
 the failure, where did the expedition go ? What other expedition was made ? Give the 
 result. 
 
 198. What caused great loss to American commerce? Which was the most de- 
 structive vessel ? Where was the career of the Alabama ended ? Give the facts of the 
 fight.
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 279 
 
 during this year by certain Confederate cruisers, built in 
 England. The most destructive of these vessels was the 
 Alabama, commanded by Captain Semmes. The career of 
 this famous ship was however terminated in a naval battle, 
 fought off the harbor of Cherbourg [sher-boor], France. The 
 United States vessel Ke'ar-sarge, Captain Winslow, at- 
 tacked the Alabama in June and sunk her. 
 
 199. Another interesting naval operation was the destruc- 
 tion of the Confederate iron-clad Albemaiie, at Plymouth, 
 North Carolina. This was accomplished by Lieutenant 
 Gushing, who fastened a torpedo to the Albemarle which 
 exploded and sank her. 
 
 200. In the fall of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re- 
 elected President, and Andrew Johnson was elected Vice- 
 President. The candidate of the Democratic party was 
 General George B. McClellan. But the Republicans 
 triumphed. 
 
 . VII. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 
 
 201. The military situation at the opening of 1865 was 
 such that it was believed the war could be ended in one 
 campaign in the spring. Sherman had almost destroyed 
 the Western army of the Confederates, and had done immense 
 havoc. The only formidable army consisted of Lee's veterans, 
 still lying behind the earthen parapets around Petersburg and 
 Richmond. But even this army was reduced to less than 
 forty thousand men, and the South was exhausted, whereas 
 Grant's army numbered a hundred thousand strong. 
 
 202. Sherman's Operations. The campaign of 1865 
 was begun by Sherman. Turning northward from Savannah, 
 February 1, Sherman found nothing to oppose his march to 
 
 QUESTIONS. 199. What other interesting naval operation is mentioned ? 
 '200. State the result of the election in the fall of 1864. Who was chosen Vice- 
 President ? Name the Democratic candidate. Which political party triumphed ? 
 
 201. Repeat what is said of the military situation at the opening of 1865. What 
 had Sherman accomplished? Name the only formidable Confederate army. What of 
 Lee's army ? its strength ? 
 
 202. Who began the campaign of 1865 ? What force was there to oppose Sherman ?
 
 280 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 join Grant, save a small Confederate force -which General 
 J. E. Johnston had hastily gathered together. 
 
 203. The first point to which Sherman marched was 
 Columbia, S. C. This he captured with little difficulty, 
 and burned, February 17. This move compelled the Con- 
 federates to evacuate Charleston, February 1 7. 
 
 204. From Columbia, Sherman advanced on Fayette- 
 ville, N. C. Near Averysboro' he defeated a Confederate 
 force, and at Bentonville fought a successful battle against 
 Johnston. On the 23d of March, Sherman's army entered 
 Goldsboro', where he was joined by forces under Generals 
 Schofield and Terry. Johnston withdrew his army to Ra- 
 leigh. 
 
 205. In the mean time, General Thomas sent a cavalry 
 column under General Wilson, who rode through Alabama 
 capturing towns and destroying railroads. 
 
 206. Operations in Virginia. We left the great 
 army under Grant, in the summer of 1864, engaged in the 
 siege of Petersburg and Richmond. During the autumn and 
 winter a number of engagements were fought between the 
 two armies. The most important of these were fought to 
 the south and west of Petersburg. 
 
 207. The object of these movements was to work round 
 on the Confederate right flank and seize the South Side 
 Railroad. They were not successful in the main design. 
 
 208. The spring campaign of 1 865 in Virginia was opened 
 by Sheridan. With a strong cavalry column he rode through 
 the Shenandoah Valley, capturing most of the remnants 
 of Early's force. At the same time Stoneman made a raid 
 in southwestern Virginia. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 2O3. What was the first point to which Sherman marched? Give 
 the date of the capture. What effect had this on Charleston ? 
 
 201. Where did Sherman go from Columbia? Where were battles fought ? When 
 did he reach Goldsboro' ? Who joined him here? 
 
 205. AVhat cavalry expedition did Thomas send out? Give an account of it. 
 
 206. When we last saw the Army of the Potomac, what was it doing? What took 
 place during the autumn and winter? Where were they fought ? 
 
 207. What was the object of these movements ? Were they successful ? 
 
 208. Who opened the spring campaign in Virginia? Give an account of Sheridan's 
 movements. What of Stoneman ?
 
 THE WAR OF SECESSION. 281 
 
 209. Sheridan swept down to the James River, where he 
 destroyed the canal and tore up the railroads, and joined the 
 Army of the Potomac near Petersburg, March 26. 
 
 210. Lee's situation was now almost hopeless. He was 
 surrounded by overwhelming numbers. Lee, however, did 
 not give up. On the contrary, he planned an assault on the 
 Union lines. This assault was made March 25, and resulted 
 in the capture of Fort Steadman. But the Confederates 
 were soon driven out. 
 
 211. Grunt opened the final campaign by sending a force, 
 under Generals Sheridan and Warren, to assail the right 
 flank of the Confederates. The result was the battle of 
 Five Forks, April 1. The Confederate force was defeated. 
 
 212. An attack was then made along the whole line of 
 works in front of Petersburg, April 2. The line was car- 
 ried at several points. During the night, Lee abandoned 
 Petersburg and Richmond, which were entered by the 
 Union army April 3. 
 
 213. Lee with his diminished army retreated westward. 
 His hope was to join Johnston in North Carolina. A hot 
 pursuit was immediately begun by the forces of Grant. 
 Several partial engagements were fought during the long 
 race. At last the Confederate army was completely sur- 
 rounded at AppomattOX Court-House. Here Lee sur- 
 rendered, April 9. 
 
 214. Sherman had engaged Johnston at Raleigh, which 
 city he entered April 13. At this time General Johnston 
 heard of Lee's surrender. As he knew that further resist- 
 
 QUF.STIOXS. 209. In wli.it direction did Sheridan sweep? What did he do ? When 
 did he join the army before Richmond? 
 
 21O. Repeat what is said of Lee's situation. What assault did he plan? Give the 
 facts and the result. 
 
 '211. How did Grant open the final campaign ? What battles resulted ? Which side 
 was defeated ? 
 
 aiiJ. What attack was then made ? State the result. When did Lee evacuate Rich- 
 mond and Petersburg? 
 
 213. In what direction did Lee retreat? What was his hope ? Describe the pursuit. 
 Where and when did Lee surrender? 
 
 '214. What of Sherman? What did Johnston now hear of? What did he do? 
 What had taken place by the end of May ?
 
 282 TEE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 ance was now hopeless, he opened a correspondence with 
 Sherman, and the result was the surrender of Johnston's 
 army, April 26. By the end of May, all the Confederate 
 . forces had surrendered, and the CIVIL WAR was at an 
 nd. 
 
 215. The tidings of Lee's surrender caused the greatest 
 joy throughout the North. But in the midst of the re- 
 joicings a terrible event happened. President Lincoln was as- 
 sassinated in the theatre at Washington on the evening of 
 April 14. The man who did the deed was a desperate and 
 probably insane person named John Wilkes Booth. Mr. Lin- 
 coln died the next morning. Booth fled into Maryland, but 
 was overtaken and shot by one of his pursuers. 
 
 216. On the same night on which Mr. Lincoln was shot, 
 Secretary Seward was stabbed while lying ill in bed in Wash- 
 ington. Booth and the persons who assailed Mr. Seward 
 formed a band of desperadoes and conspirators. Several of 
 them wre afterward hanged. 
 
 217. Some time after the surrender of the Confederate 
 armies, Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia. He was 
 carried to Fortress Monroe, where he was kept a prisoner for 
 a long time ; but he was finally liberated. 
 
 218. At the end of May a two days' review of the armies 
 of Sherman and Grant was held at Washington. These 
 armies numbered about two hundred thousand men. The 
 disbanding of the armies then began, and one million men 
 retired from the camp and bivouac to the pursuits of peace- 
 ful life. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 215. What was the effect of Lee's surrender? What terrible event 
 now happened? Who did the deed? What of him? When did the President 
 die? 
 
 216. Give an account of the attack on Mr. Seward. What is said of the conspira- 
 tors? 
 
 217. What is said of the capture of Davis ? Where was he taken to ? Tell about it. 
 
 218. When and where were the armies reviewed ? What was the number of men 
 disbanded?
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 283 
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 
 I. Review of the Campaigns. 
 
 I. The principal events of the campaign of 1861 were : In. 
 the East : 
 
 Fort Sumter, surrendered April 13. 
 
 McClellan's successful West Virginia campaign in 
 June and July. 
 
 Butler's repulse at Big Bethel in June. 
 
 Bull Run, Confederate victory, July 21. 
 
 Ball's Bluff, Confederate victory, October 21. 
 
 In the West : 
 
 Action at Carthage, Missouri, Confederate victory, July 5. 
 
 Action at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, Confederate victory, 
 August 10. 
 
 Action at Belmont, Missouri, Confederate victory, No- 
 vember 7. 
 
 ' II. The principal events of the campaigns of 18"62 were : 
 In the West : 
 
 Capture of Fort Henry, Union victory, February 6. 
 
 Capture of Fort Donelson, Union victory, February 1 0. 
 
 Occupation of Nashville by Buell, Union victory, Febru- 
 ary 23. 
 
 Occupation of Columbus by the Union fleet, March 22. 
 
 Battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7 ; first day, Confederate 
 victory ; second day, Union victory. 
 
 Capture of Corinth, Union victory, May 30. 
 
 Capture of Island No. 10, Union victory, April 7. 
 
 Capture of Memphis, Union victory, June 6. 
 
 Bragg's invasion of Kentucky, August and September ; 
 Confederate success. 
 
 Retreat of the Confederates, and battle of Ferry ville; 
 Union success. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Review I. I. Mention the principal events of the cam- 
 paign of 1861. 
 
 II. Mention the principal events of the campaigns of 1862.
 
 284 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro', end of December, 18G2, and be- 
 ginning of January, 18G3; indecisive at first, but battle-field 
 held by the Union army. 
 
 Corinth and luka, latter part of August; Union suc- 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7, 8 ; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 In the East : 
 
 Movement of the Army of the Potomac to the Peninsula 
 in April. 
 
 Capture of Yorktown, Union victory, May 4. 
 
 Action at Williamsburg, Union victory, May 5. 
 
 Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31 and June 1 ; indecisive. 
 
 Jackson's raid, causing the retreat of Fremont, Banks, 
 and McDowell, latter part of May and early part of June ; 
 Confederate success. 
 
 Battle of Gaines's Mill, Confederate victory, June 27. 
 
 The seven days' retreat, ending with Malvern Hill, 
 July 1 ; Confederate success, but Confederate check at Mal- 
 vern. 
 
 Lee's invasion of the North, overwhelms Pope latter 
 part of August and first part of September. Confederate 
 
 Action at South Mountain, Union victory, Septem- 
 ber 14. 
 
 Surrender of Harper's Ferry, Confederate victory, Sep- 
 tember 15. 
 
 Battle of Antietam, Union victory, September 17. 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate victory, Decem- 
 ber 13. 
 
 Capture of New Orleans, Union victory, April 28. 
 
 III. The principal events of the campaigns of 1863 were : 
 In the East : 
 
 Battle of Chancellors ville, May 2 and 3 ; Confederate 
 victory. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. III. Mention the principal events in the campaigns of 
 18C3.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 285 
 
 Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, in June. 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, June 1, 2, and 3; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 In the West : 
 
 Siege of Vicksburg and surrender, July 4 ; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Surrender of Port Hudson, July 9 ; Union victory. 
 These operations resulting in the opening of the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Rosecrans's advance movement through Tennessee, June, 
 July, and August ; Union victory. 
 
 Battle of Chickamauga ; Confederate victory. 
 
 Siege of Chattanooga raised by battle of Missionary 
 Ridge, November 23, 24, and 25 ; Union victory. 
 
 Operations in East Tennessee in November ; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Naval attack on Fort Sumter by Dupont, in April ; Con- 
 federate victory. 
 
 IV. The principal events of the campaigns of 1864 were : 
 In the East : 
 
 Grant's overland campaign, begun in May ; marked by 
 battles of Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, 
 and Cold Harbor; indecisive. On the one hand, terrihlc 
 destruction of the Union army ; on the other, Lee compelled 
 to retreat to Petersburg and Richmond. 
 
 Attack on Petersburg, June 18 ; Confederate victory. 
 
 Operations by Siegel's (afterwards Hunter's) column in 
 the Shenandoah Valley, in May and June ; Confederate vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Butler's advance against Petersburg in May ; Confederate 
 victory. 
 
 The mine affair before Petersburg, July 30; Confeder- 
 ate victory. 
 
 Siege of Washington in July, Union victory ; but battle of 
 Monocacy Confederate victory. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. IV. Mention the principal . events of the campaigns of 
 1864.
 
 286 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Sheridan's Valley campaign in September ; battle of 
 Winchester, September 19 ; Union victory. 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, October 1 9 ; at first, Confederate 
 victory ; afterwards, Union victory. 
 
 In the West : 
 
 Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga began May 6. 
 
 E, j treat of Johnston, accompanied by the battles of Resa- 
 ca, Dallas, and Kenesaw Mountain. 
 
 Hood's attacks on Sherman's army in front of Atlanta, in 
 the latter part of July ; Union successes. 
 
 Hood's northward movement in August. 
 
 Battle of Franklin, November 30 ; Union victory. 
 
 Battle of Nashville, December 15 ; Union victory. 
 
 Sherman's march to the sea in November. 
 
 Capture of Fort McAllister, December 13. 
 
 Capture of Savannah, December 21. 
 
 V. The principal events of the final campaigns (1865) were: 
 In the South : 
 
 Sherman's northward march from Savannah, begun 
 February 1. 
 
 Columbia taken, February 1 7. 
 
 Charleston falls, February 1 7. 
 
 Union successes at Averysboro' and Bentonville. 
 
 Arrival at G-oldsboro', March 23. 
 
 In the East : 
 
 Sheridan moves down the Shenandoah Valley and joins 
 Grant, March 26. 
 
 Lee's attack on Fort Steadman, March 25 ; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Battle of Five Forks, April 1 ; Union victory. 
 
 Attack on the works of Petersburg, April 2 ; Union vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Capture of Petersburg and Richmond, April 3. 
 
 Confederate retreat to Appomattox Court-House. 
 Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. 
 
 Surrender of Johnston's army, April 26. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. V. Mention the principal events of the campaigns of 1805.
 
 TOPICAL REVIEW. 287 
 
 II. General Facts of the Struggle. 
 
 I. There were various calls made for troops during the war. 
 These calls were : 
 
 The call of April, 1861, for 75,000. 
 
 The call of May, 1861, for 82,748. 
 
 The call of July, 1861, for 500,000. 
 
 The call of July, 1862, for 300,000. 
 
 The call of August, 1862, for 300,000. 
 
 The call of June, 1863, for 100,000. 
 
 The call of October, 1863, for 300,000. 
 
 The call of February, 1864, for 200,000. 
 
 The call of March, 1864, for 200,000. 
 
 The call of April, 1864, for 85,000. 
 
 The call of July, 1864, for 500,000. 
 
 The call of December, 1864, for 300,000. 
 
 The total number of troops called for was 2,942,748. The 
 total number of troops obtained was 2,690,401. The term 
 of service varied : some were called for three months, some 
 for six months, others for one, two, and three years. 
 
 II. The war was carried on by means of paper money called 
 greenbacks. These were first issued in 1862. At this time 
 all the banks of the United States had suspended specie pay- 
 ments. As the war went on, gold began to command a pre- 
 mium ; that is, greenbacks began to depreciate. In 1864, 
 gold rose as high as 280. 
 
 III. The expenditures of the government were enormous. 
 In 1864 and 1865 they amounted to over three and half mil- 
 lions of dollars per day. The expenditures of the govern- 
 ment during the last year of the war were more than the 
 whole expenditures of the government from the inauguration 
 of Washington to the inauguration of Buchanan. The na- 
 tional debt at the end of the war was over $2,749,000,000. 
 
 IV. The Confederates also carried on the war by means of 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Review II. I. Give the aggregate of all the troops cal'eJ, 
 for ; the total number obtained. 
 
 II. What is said about greenbacks and gold ? 
 
 III. What is said of the expenditures of the government? Repeat the facts stated. 
 
 IV. What is said of the Confederate finances ?
 
 288 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 paper money. About the middle of the war this money be- 
 gan to depreciate very much. Before the close of the con- 
 test Confederate notes had become nearly worthless. 
 
 V. For the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers, chari- 
 table organizations were established. The Sanitary Com- 
 mission and the Christian Commission did their work of 
 benevolence on a very large scale. The people voluntarily 
 contributed millions of dollars to their support. 
 
 VI. On the Union side, it is estimated that three hundred 
 thousand were either killed in battle or died from disease in the 
 field. It is estimated that four hundred thousand more were 
 crippled or disabled for life. It would be a low estimate to 
 say that on both sides over one million of men were 
 either killed or received wounds ! 
 
 V. ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 
 I. JOHNSON'S ADMI NISTR ATION. 1865 - 1869. 
 
 1. The death of Mr. Lincoln 
 made Vice-President Andrew 
 Johnson, of Tennessee, Presi- 
 dent of the United States. He 
 was inaugurated the day of Mr. 
 Lincoln's death, April 15, 18G5. 
 
 2. As already related, the civil 
 war was brought to a conclu- 
 sion in the early days of Presi- 
 dent Johnson's administration. 
 The most important matter now 
 pressed on the attention of the 
 
 government was the adaptation of things to a state of 
 peace. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. V. What is said of charitable organizations ? 
 VI. Give the figures of the total killed and wounded during the war. 
 QUESTIONS. 1. Who became President on the death of Mr. Lincoln ? Inaugurate 
 when ? 
 
 2. What was now the mo^t important matter ?
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 289 
 
 3. The question first in importance was the reconstruc- 
 tion of the Southern States, '- on what terms should the 
 seceded States be restored to their former relations' in the 
 Union. 
 
 4. President Johnson, in May, 1865, issued a Proclamation 
 of Amnesty to all persons who had been engaged in the Seces- 
 sion War, except to certain specified classes. For the late 
 Confederate States he appointed " provisional governors," 
 whom he told to call conventions of the people of the South- 
 ern States to re-establish the relations of those States with the 
 Federal government. The States were required to rescind 
 their ordinances of secession, declare void all debts contracted 
 in support of the War of Secession, and vote to adopt an 
 amendment to the Constitution proposed by Congress, abol- 
 ishing slavery. 
 
 5. These requirements were complied with by the South- 
 ern States. The amendment to the Constitution abolishing 
 slavery, called the Thirteenth Amendment, was, on the 
 18th of December, 18G5, announced by Secretary Seward as 
 having been duly ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven 
 States. It was thei-efore now a part of the Constitution. 
 
 6. But it was soon manifest that there was a disagree- 
 ment between Congress and President Johnson on the sub- 
 ject of reconstruction. Congress was not willing that the 
 seceded States should come back to the Union on these 
 terms. Congress required that the freedmen (the blacks who 
 had been slaves) should have certain civil rights conceded to 
 them, and it required that certain other conditions, all of 
 which were embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment, 
 should be complied with. 
 
 7. President Johnson opposed these requirements, and in- 
 sisted that the Southern States should be admitted into the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3. State the question first in importance. 
 
 4. What proclamation did the President issue in May, 1865' How were the late 
 Confederate States governed? What were the seceded States required to do' 
 
 5. Were these requirements complied with ? What amendment was adopted? 
 
 6. What soon became manifest? Explain what Congress required. 
 
 7. What position did President Johnson take? How did the South feel about the 
 matter? 
 
 13 S
 
 290 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 Union on what they had already done. The conditions im- 
 posed by Congress were very distasteful to the people of the 
 South, who thought, with President Johnson, that they should 
 be restored to their place in the Union without further stipu- 
 lations. 
 
 8. The -disagreement between Congress and the Executive 
 became very bitter, and lasted till 1867, when the policy of 
 Congress prevailed. During all this time the Southern 
 States were kept out of the Union, and were ruled by pro- 
 visional governors. 
 
 9. The war left a public debt amounting, in June, 1865, 
 to about $2,700,000,000. The interest on this amounted to 
 over $130,000,000 a year, most of it payable in gold. It 
 was necessary to devise ways and means to meet this yearly 
 interest, and also to meet the regular expenses of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 10. A system of revenue was devised which, by means 
 of duties on imported articles, and by taxes on manufac- 
 tures, incomes, etc., enabled the treasury to meet all de- 
 mands. The Secretary of the Treasury under President 
 Johnson was Hon. Hugh McCullough. He adopted a plan 
 of " contraction " which in three years extinguished many 
 millions of the public debt. Congress, to strengthen the 
 confidence of holders of government bonds in the good 
 faith of the United States, passed a resolution in December, 
 1865, declaring that "the public debt must and ought to be 
 paid, principal and interest." 
 
 11. The relations of the United States with France in 
 regard to Mexico formed another important question in John- 
 son's administration. During our war Napoleon sent an 
 army which defeated the Mexican Republicans in 1863. Na- 
 poleon made the Archduke Maximilian " Emperor " of 
 Mexico. The United States, having its hands full during the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 8. What is said of the disagreement ? What of the South meantime ? 
 
 9. Repeat what is said of the public debt 
 
 1 0. What svstem of revenue was devised ? What of the Secretary of the Treasury ' 
 of Congress and the bondholders ? 
 
 1.1. What is said of the relations of the United States with France? What had 
 Napoleon done in Mexico ? What demand did Mr. Seward make? State the result.
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 291 
 
 war, could do nothing. But at the the close of the war 
 Secretary Seward demanded of Napoleon that the French 
 troops should be withdrawn from Mexico. Napoleon found it 
 best to do this. The Mexicans then rose against Maximilian 
 and his retainers and conquered them. The end was that 
 Maximilian was shot in June, 1867. 
 
 12. The quarrel between the President and Congress in- 
 creased in bitterness during the year 1866. In February 
 and March, 1867, Congress passed a reconstruction act 
 over the President's veto, and other acts prescribing the 
 mode in which the Southern States might be admitted into 
 the Union. Congress decreed that until the Southern States 
 should come up to these terms, they must be ruled by mili- 
 tary governors. These terms were considered very hard by 
 the Southern people, and they complained bitterly of military 
 rule. It was not till two or three years afterwards that the 
 terms were accepted by all the Southern States. 
 
 13. In March, 1867, Congress passed what was called the 
 Tenure of Office Bill. This bill said that all those civil 
 officers whose appointment by the President required the con- 
 sent of the Senate should not be removed from office without 
 the Senate's permission. It was designed to prevent Presi- 
 dent Johnson from getting rid of officers not favorable to his 
 own policy. 
 
 14. In the summer of that year, soon after the adjourn- 
 ment of Congress, the President suspended from office Mr. 
 Stanton, the Secretary of War, and told General Grant to as- 
 sume the duties of the office. When Congress met again, 
 they reinstated Secretary Stanton. The President issued an 
 order removing him. But Stanton would not yield. 
 
 15. Congress now determined to impeach President John- 
 son. The House of Representatives, January 24, 1868, 
 
 QUESTIONS. I'-J. What of the quarrel between the President and Congress? Men- 
 tion some acts passed by Congress. How did the South look on these terms? 
 
 13. What was the Tenure of Office Bill ? For what was it designed ? 
 
 14. Relate the facts about Secretary Stanton. 
 
 1 3. What did Congress now determine to do ? Give an account of the impeachment. 
 Why did it fail ?
 
 292 
 
 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 brought in articles of impeachment, charging the President 
 with violating the Tenure of Office Act and with other misde- 
 meanors. After a long trial before the Senate, President 
 Johnson was acquitted. It requires by the Constitution a 
 two-thirds vote to convict on impeachment. One vote was 
 lacking. 
 
 16. On the 24th of June, 1868, Arkansas, Alabama, Geor- 
 gia, Louisiana, and North and South Carolina were readmitted 
 to the Union. 
 
 17. By a treaty made in March, 1867, with the Russian 
 government, the United States acquired the Territory of 
 Alaska. The sum of $ 7,200,000 in gold was paid for it. 
 
 18. In the Presidential campaign of 1868, the Democrats 
 nominated for President Horatio Seymour of New York. 
 The Republicans nominated General U. S. Grant. Grant 
 was elected in November, 1808, and Schuyler Colfax was 
 chosen Vice-President. 
 
 II. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 19. General U. S. Grant, 
 the eiyliteenth President of the 
 United States, was inaugurat- 
 ed March 4, 1869. As General 
 Grant was in harmony with the 
 Republican party, the contest 
 between the two branches of 
 the government was now at an 
 end. Both North and South, 
 accordingly, looked forward to 
 a better state of things. 
 
 20. In February, 1869 V a 
 
 QUESTION'S. 16. Name States no-.v readmitted into the Union. 
 
 17. Give the facts of the purchase of Alaska. 
 
 18. Whom did the Democrats nominate in 1868? the Republicans? AVho w: 
 elected? the Vice-Prcsident? 
 
 10. When was President Grant inaugurated ? What quarrel now ended ? What 
 was looked for ? 
 20. Give an account of the Fifteenth Amendment. What was its design?
 
 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. 293 
 
 month before President Grant's inauguration, Congress agreed 
 to recommend to the legislatures of the different States what 
 is called the Fifteenth Amendment. Its design was to 
 give the negroes the privilege of suffrage, and provided that 
 " the right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State 
 on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 
 
 21. In the course of the following year, three fourths of the 
 States had agreed to the Fifteenth Amendment, and it was 
 declared to be part of the Constitution, March 30, 1870. 
 
 22. During the first year of Grant's administration the 
 last of the seceded States were restored to the Union. The 
 suffering South began to recover from the wounds of the war. 
 Providence blessed the South with several good crops ; and 
 with material prosperity a much better feeling hi every re- 
 spect has arisen. 
 
 VI. A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. 
 
 1. The Declaration of Independence was put forth to the 
 world on the 4th of July, 1776. It was put forth by the 
 Continental Congress, composed of delegates from the old 
 thirteen English Colonies, and proclaimed to the world the 
 birth of the UNITED STATES. The Republic, therefore, is not 
 yet quite a century old. 
 
 2. A hundred years is a brief period in the life of a nation. 
 Yet this century has witnessed a marvellous growth in the 
 United States. Let us review some of the principal facts of 
 American progress. 
 
 3. The century has seen the thirteen States grow to 
 thirty-seven, nearly treble. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 21 . When was it ratified 7 
 ItH. Give an account of the condition of the South. 
 
 1. Give the date of the Declaration of Independence. Who put it forth ? What did 
 it proclaim ? How old is the Republic ? 
 2. What has this century witnessed ? 
 3. What has the century witnessed as to the growth of States ?
 
 294 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 4. The century has seen the area of the Republic expand- 
 ing from the narrow strip of territory along the Atlantic coast 
 till it has taken in the whole vast basin of the Mississippi and 
 has spread out to the shores that face the morning-land of 
 Asia. The area of the United States, at the formation of the 
 Federal Union in 1789, was about eight hundred thousand 
 square miles. It is now more than three millions of square 
 miles. 
 
 5. The century has witnessed a growth of population more 
 surprising than the increase of territory. It has seen the 
 three millions of 1776 swelling to the thirty-eight mil- 
 lions of 1870. This great growth is partly the result of 
 natural increase, and largely the result of immigration from 
 the Old World. Europe has given us her overflowing millions, 
 attracted by the hospitality of the Republic, which offers to 
 all civil liberty, equal rights, and a fair chance to get on in 
 life. 
 
 6. The century has witnessed unparalleled material pro- 
 gress. This progress may be divided into the three heads 
 of invention, production, and distribution. Let us consider 
 each a little. 
 
 7. The inventive genius of our countrymen has become 
 proverbial, and some of the most important appliances of art 
 and manufacture have come from the brain of ingenious Amer- 
 icans. Franklin's interesting experiments with lightning, by 
 which he identified lightning and electricity, resulted in his 
 invention of the lightning-rod. And this was one of the 
 least of the applications of his discovery, as we shall soon see. 
 
 8. The cotton-gin is the invention of an American. It 
 was constructed by Eli Whitney, while in Savannah, in 1792. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 4. As to the area of the Republic ? What was the area of the United 
 States in 1789 ? Now? 
 
 o. What has the century witnessed in regard to population ? Give the population of 
 the United States in 1776 : in 1870. What is this growth the result of? What attracts 
 European emigrants to this country ? 
 
 6. Material progress may be divided into what three heads? 
 
 7. Repeat what is said of the inventive genius of Americans. What invention diJ 
 Franklin make ? 
 
 8. What can you say of the cotton-gin ? What effect did it have on cotton culture ? 
 Give statistics iu regard to cotton. What of England and cotton ?
 
 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. 
 
 295 
 
 This machine greatly stimulated the cultivation of cotton. 
 Gradually it became almost the exclusive staple of the five or 
 six Gulf States. By the year 1860, the yearly production of 
 cotton amounted to over three millions of bales. The present 
 production is quite as great. Previous to the war, the mil- 
 lions of English spindles in the great British manufacturing 
 towns were dependent solely on the American supply ; and 
 though, during the war, other sources were opened up to a 
 certain extent, America still controls the cotton supply of 
 the world. 
 
 9. The first steamboat ap- 
 plied to practical uses was con- 
 structed by an American and 
 sailed on American waters. This 
 was the Clermont, built by Rob- 
 ert Fulton. She began her trips 
 on the Hudson River, Septem- 
 ber 4, 1807, a date far 
 more memorable than that of 
 any battle that was ever fought 
 on earth. The first passage by 
 steam to Europe was made in 
 
 1819, by the steamship Savannah, from New York to Liver- 
 pool. Now, as every scholar knows, the rivers and lakes 
 and seas of America float thousands of magnificent steam- 
 ers, bearing the passengers and products of the continent. 
 
 10. Americans were the leaders in railroad construction, 
 though the adaptation of the locomotive to iron roads be- 
 longs to Stephenson, an Englishman. The first railroad in 
 the United States was in Quincy, Massachusetts. This was 
 in 1827, during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams. This, 
 however, was a mere tram road to carry granite. The first 
 
 QUESTIONS 9. Name the next great invention ? Give an account of the firft steam- 
 boat. What is said of this fact? Name the first steamer to Europe. Ho'.v is it now ? 
 
 10. What is Paid of railroads? What was the first railroad in the United State.*' 
 the first real railroad ? the first engine ? What can you say of the South Carolina 
 railroad? Give the length of railroads in the United States at present. What is said of 
 the trans-continental railroad?
 
 296 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 real railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio, commenced in 
 1828. The first locomotive engine used on any American 
 road was on the Baltimore and Ohio, in 1831. Another 
 early railroad was the South Carolina, from Charleston to 
 Hamburg (opposite Augusta), a distance of one hundred and 
 thirty-five miles. It was opened in 1833, and at that time 
 was the longest continuous line of railroad in the world. 
 There are at present nearly fifty thousand miles of rail- 
 road in the United States. The trans-continental railroad 
 from New York to San Francisco, completed in 18G9, is a 
 wonder far more striking than all the old " seven wonders 
 of the world." The brief period of six days now serves to 
 transport one from the Atlantic seaboard to the shores of the 
 Pacific, a distance of thirty-six hundred miles. 
 
 11. The electro-magnetic 
 telegraph is an American in- 
 vention. It was invented by 
 Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse. The 
 first telegraph line ever built 
 was stretched between Wash- 
 ington and Baltimore in 1844. 
 It was a success, and the in- 
 vention was soon imitated in all 
 parts of the civilized world. 
 There are at present nearly a 
 
 hundred thousand miles of tele- 
 Professor Samuel F. B. Morse. ... 
 
 graph wires m operation. 
 
 12. The most signal example of telegraphic appliance was 
 the successful laying of the submarine Atlantic cable, a 
 triumph of American skill. In the year 1857 -8 a cable 
 was laid between Newfoundland and Ireland by the Atlantic 
 Telegraph Company, of which Mr. Cyrus \V. Field was the 
 President. The cable worked for a brief period and then 
 failed. In 1866, another cable was laid under the superin- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 11. Repeat what is said of the telegraph. Name the first line, 
 the present length of telegraph lines. 
 
 1;J. Tell about the first Atlantic cable ; the second cable. Illustrate its effect.
 
 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. 297 
 
 tendence of Mr. Field, and this has ever since been in perfect 
 working order. The battles of Europe and the speeches of 
 her statesmen are, by this wonderful invention, reported in 
 the journals of New York, St. Louis, and San Francisco the 
 next morning. 
 
 13. It would be impossible to mention here the one-hun- 
 dredth part of the remarkable inventions of American ge- 
 nius, the sewing-machine, the reaper, the steam-plough, 
 etc., etc. The Patent Office at Washington, with its hun- 
 dreds of thousands of models, is the best proof of American 
 ingenuity and skill. An average of about fifteen thousand 
 patents a year are now issued, and they are constantly on the 
 increase. 
 
 14. American production has during the century increased 
 at an astonishing rate. In regard to production and manu- 
 facture, we may consider the United States as divided into 
 three great zones. In the centre is the great agricultural 
 zone of the Mississippi basin. This is the heart of the con- 
 tinent, whence the life-giving streams go forth. In those 
 States is produced the greater part of all the cereals, the 
 wool, the cotton, the sugar, the tobacco, the hay, the pork, 
 and the beef of the United States. The Eastern zone is pre- 
 eminently the land of the loom, the foundry, the mill, the 
 workshop. Here are the vast coal-fields which supply the 
 power that carries on the vast manufacturing interests of 
 the United States. The region of the Rocky Mountains, the 
 Sierra Nevada, and the Pacific coast, is the treasure-house of 
 the precious metals. Here is what President Grant called 
 the " strong box " of the United States. The United States 
 furnish the greater part of all the gold and silver of the 
 world. 
 
 15. We have seen about production and manufacture : we 
 must now glance at the distribution of products. This is the 
 
 QUESTIONS. 13. Repeat what is said of other inventions. What of the Patent 
 Office ? [low many patents a year are issued ? 
 
 14. How may we divide the United States in regard to production ? What is said of 
 the Centre zone? of the Eastern zone? of the Western zone? 
 
 15. \Vhat is that branch called that distributes products? 
 
 13*
 
 298 T HE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 business of commerce, and commerce is of two sorts, for- 
 eign and domestic. 
 
 16. In the three quarters of a century, from the formation 
 of the government to the breaking out of the war in 1861, 
 the United States had become the successful rival of the 
 most powerful commercial nation in the world, England. 
 In 1860 the amount of American tonnage was nearly six 
 millions. The value of exports and imports carried in Ameri- 
 can vessels, in the year 1860, was over five hundred millions 
 of dollars. One of the results of the war was to reduce the 
 American commercial marine very much, and since 1861 
 English ships have done a large part of the American " car- 
 rying trade." But this state of things cannot last long. 
 Meantime the domestic trade of the United States has reached 
 immense proportions and is constantly increasing. 
 
 17. The century has witnessed remarkable intellectual 
 progress. The sure foundation of this is the American com- 
 mon-school system, which is established in nearly all the 
 States, and which, with the Prussian system, is the best and 
 broadest educational organization in the world. There are 
 now over seven million children attending the public schools of 
 the United States. Our country has over four hundred col- 
 leges and universities. 
 
 18. During colonial times, Americans were almost entirely 
 dependent on the mother country for intellectual food. This 
 state of things continued for many years after the founding 
 of the government. It used, accordingly, to be sneeringly 
 asked, " Who reads an American book ] " This question 
 would not now be asked ; or, if it were, it would be answered 
 highly to the credit of the United States. During the past 
 fifty years, American authors of great merit, in all branches 
 
 QUESTIONS. 16. Repeat what is said of the growth of American commerce. Give 
 the amount of tonnage in 1860. The value of exports and imports carried in American 
 ships ? What was one result of the war ? What of domestic commerce ? 
 
 17. Relate something about intellectual progress. What is said to be its foundation ? 
 State the number of children attending public schools. Give the number of colleges. 
 
 18. What is said of Americans in colonial times ? What used to be sneeringly asked ? 
 How about it now? What is said of American authors? Name some historians; 
 some poets ; some miscellaneous writers ; some orators ; some artists.
 
 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS. 299 
 
 of literature and science, have arisen, and their works are read 
 and appreciated throughout the civilized world. Among his- 
 torians may be named Prescott, Bancroft, and Motley. Among 
 poets may be named Bryant, Whittier, Simms, Holmes, Poe, 
 and Longfellow. Among romance and miscellaneous writers 
 may be named Cooper, Hawthorne, Irving, Channing, and 
 Le"gare \le-gree'~\. Among orators may be named Webster, 
 Clay. Calhoun, Benton, Everett, Phillips, Seward, Prentice, 
 Stephens, Douglas, Choate. In the fine arts, also, the 
 American school of painters and sculptors stands very high. 
 
 19. The newspaper is the peoples library. Americans 
 are pre-eminently a newspaper-reading people. It is reckoned 
 that there are over seven thousand different newspapers and 
 periodicals published in the United States. Some of these 
 have an immense circulation. The " ten-cylinder " printing 
 press another American invention prints thirty thousand 
 sheets an hour. 
 
 20. Nor has moral progress been behind intellectual 
 growth. Over fifty thousand churches minister to the spir- 
 itual wants of the people. Missionary and Bible societies do 
 their work on a grand scale. Benevolent institutions of all 
 kinds, as orphan asylums, hospitals, etc., are scattered through- 
 out the length and breadth of the land. 
 
 21. The great civil war, though terrible in its effects, has 
 not been without some good results. The extinction of 
 slavery is already proving a benefit to the people of the 
 South, while it has taken away the long-standing subject of 
 political dispute between the two great sections of the Union. 
 
 22. Another benefit of the war is, that it has brought the 
 two sections, North and South, to understand each other bet- 
 ter and respect each other more than they ever did before. The 
 war has also made Americans less puffed up and sensational 
 
 QUESTIONS. 19. What is said of the newspaper ? How many newspapers are pub- 
 lished in the United States ? What is said of the ten-cylinder press ? 
 
 20. Can you tell anything about moral progress ? 
 
 21. Can you state any good effect arising from the war? 
 
 22. Mention another benefit of the war. What effect has it had on American char- 
 acter?
 
 300 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
 
 than formerly, and has given a more earnest and manly cast 
 to the American character. 
 
 23. It must not be supposed, from what has been said, that 
 American institutions and the American people are without 
 faults. They have many, and these the young who are grow- 
 ing up to take the places of their fathers should endeavor to 
 correct and reform. But, on the whole, it may be said that 
 no people are more just, upright, prosperous, and happy than 
 the American people. 
 
 24. The century has seen the Union shaken by many 
 storms, and, for a time, convulsed by a great civil war. But 
 the Union has been preserved. And, whatever temporary 
 dissatisfactions may exist, the love of the Union is in the 
 very heart of the whole American people. This is the best 
 assurance of its perpetuity. 
 
 25. The study of United States history should infuse into 
 our minds the American spirit, which is as broad as the 
 continent. It should inspire us with fraternal feelings to- 
 wards all sections, with love for the Union, reverence for the 
 Constitution, and faith in our country's destiny. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 23. Is it meant that America is faultless ? What observation is made ? 
 
 24. Repeat what is said of the Union ; of love for the Union 
 
 25. What should be the effect of the study of our country's history?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide 
 for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure 
 the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain 
 and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. Congress in General. 
 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
 gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. House of Representatives. 
 
 Clause 1. Th<| House of Representatives shall be composed of 
 members chosen every second year by the people of the several 
 States; and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
 requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State 
 Legislature. ^ 
 
 Clause 2. ^Nojperson shall be a representative who shall not have 
 attained to the Tige of twenty-five years, and been seven years a 
 citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
 an inhabitant of that State in which he .shall be chosen. 
 
 Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
 among the several States which maybe included within this Union, 
 
 QUESTIONS Preamfo'e. Who ordained and established the Constitution for the 
 United States? To accomplish what was it ordained and established? 
 
 Article I. SECTION I. Repeat section first of article first, which tells in what 
 body the legixfativf powers shall be rested. 
 
 SECTION II. 1st Clause. Of what is the House of Representatives composed ? What 
 are the qualifications of electors of representatives? 
 
 Ill Clanxf. How old must a representative be ? How long must he have been a 
 citizen , and of what State ? * 
 
 Sri Clause. How are representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among the 
 States ? How is the representative population to be determined ? When was the first 
 enumeration or census to be made, and how often thereafter ? What limits are put to 
 the number of representatives ? What representation at least shall each State have ?
 
 302 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
 by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those 
 bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration 
 shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Con- 
 gress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 
 ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number 
 of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
 but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such 
 enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 
 entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and 
 Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New 
 Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Vir- 
 ginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia 
 three. 
 
 Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
 any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
 tion to fill such vacancies. 
 
 Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of im- 
 peachment. 
 
 SECTION III. Senate. 
 
 Clause 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
 two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for 
 six years, and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in con- 
 sequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as 
 may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first 
 class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the 
 second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
 class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be 
 chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation 
 
 QUESTIONS. 4M Clause. How are yacancies in the representation of a State to be 
 filled ? 
 
 5M Clause. By whom are the speaker and other officers of the House chosen ? What 
 body has the sole power of impeachment ? 
 
 SECTION III. 1st Clause. Of how many senators does the Senate of the United 
 States consist ? By what body are United States senators chosen ? For how many 
 years ? Each senator has how many Totes ? 
 
 2rf C/atife. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? How long did 
 the senators of the first class hold their offices ? of the second class ? of the third 
 class? This classification was made so as to accomplish what ? fl'hat is to be done if 
 vacancies happen?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3Q3 
 
 or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the 
 executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
 meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at- 
 tained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of 
 the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhab- 
 itant of that State for which he shall be chosen. ^ 
 
 Clause 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be 
 President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
 equally divided. 
 
 Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 
 president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or 
 when he shall exercise the office of President of the United 
 States. 
 
 Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
 peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath 
 or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
 the chief-justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 
 
 Clause 7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend 
 farther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
 enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; 
 but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to 
 indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. Both Houses. 
 
 Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
 senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the 
 Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, 
 make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing 
 senators. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
 
 QUESTIONS. 34 Clause How old at least must a senator be? How long must he 
 have been a citizen of the United States, and of what State an inhabitant? 
 
 tth Clattse. Who is President of the Senate ? What vote has he ? 
 
 5A Pause. What is said of the other officers of the Senate ? 
 
 %lh Clause. What body alone has the power to try impeachments ? What is said of 
 the Senate when sitting for that purpose ? Who presides when the President is im- 
 peached ? What number is needed for conviction ? 
 
 1th C/avtf. Repeat what is said of judgment in cases of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION IV 1st C/anse. What does the Legislature of each State prescribe as re- 
 gards elections for senators and representatives? What may Congress do in this mat 
 ter? 
 
 2d Clause. How often shall Congress assemble ? When?
 
 304 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, 
 unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION Y. The Houses separately. 
 
 Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
 turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
 each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller 
 number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to 
 compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and 
 under such penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- 
 ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the 
 concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Clause 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
 and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as 
 may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of 
 the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire 
 of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Clause 4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, 
 without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. Privileges and Disabilities of Members. 
 
 Clause 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
 pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out 
 of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, 
 except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
 arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
 houses, and in going to or returning from the same : and for any 
 speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
 any other place. 
 
 Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
 
 QUESTIONS. SECTION V . 1st Clause. Of what is each house the judge? What 
 constitutes a quorum. What may a smaller number do? 
 
 Zd Clause. What may each house do regarding rules and punishments ? 
 
 8d C'aitse. What is required of each house in regard to keeping and publishing a 
 journal ? When are the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal ? 
 
 4A Oauxe What prohibition is made as to adjournment? 
 
 SECTION VI. 1st Clause. What is said of the compensation of members of Congress ? 
 In what cases and at what times are members privileged from arrest ? For what are they 
 not to be called to account ? 
 
 2rf Clause. What restriction is placed upon members as regards civil offices? Can 
 an office-holder be at the same time a member of Congress ?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 
 
 which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
 authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or 
 the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such 
 time ; and no person holding any office under the United States 
 shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. Mode of passing Laws. 
 
 Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
 House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur 
 with amendments, as on other bills. 
 
 Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Rep- 
 resentatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
 sented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he 
 shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to 
 that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the 
 objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
 If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree 
 to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
 proved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
 all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
 and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the 
 bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
 any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
 same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
 Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
 shall not be a law. 
 
 Clause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the con- 
 currence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be neces- 
 sary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to 
 the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take 
 effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, 
 shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 
 QUESTIONS. SECTION VII. 1st Clause. Where must all revenue bills originate? 
 What may the Senate do in this matter? 
 
 2tf Clause. What is to be done with every bill when it has passed both houses? 
 What shall th,> President do with it ? After the President has vetoed a bill, how may it 
 become a law ? How may a bill which has neither been signed by the President nor 
 vetoed become a law ? 
 
 fyi Clause. What must be done before any order, resolution, or vote requiring the 
 concurrence of both houses can take effect? If disapproved by the President, how 
 may it be repassed ?
 
 306 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
 case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. Powers granted to Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power 
 
 Clause 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, 
 to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general 
 welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises 
 shall be uniform throughout the United States; 
 
 Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 Clause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
 the several States, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 Clause 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
 form laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of 
 foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 Clause 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
 securities and current coin of the United States; 
 
 Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 
 
 Clause 8. To promote the- progress of science and useful arts, by 
 securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive 
 right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 Clause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 Clause 10. To define and punish felonies committed on the high 
 seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 
 
 Clause 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
 and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 Clause 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation 
 of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 
 
 Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 QUESTIONS. SECTIOX VITI. l.rt Clause. What power has Congress in respect to 
 taxes, duties, imposts, and excises? What are to be uniform? 
 2fl Clause. What power has Congress as to borrowing money? 
 3ft aau.se. What power has Congress as to regulating commerce? 
 4th Clause. As to naturalization and bankruptcies ? 
 5th Clause. In regard to coining money ? 
 Qth Clause. In regard to counterfeiting? 
 1th Clause. In regard to post-offices and post-roads? 
 8lh Clause. In regard to authors and inventors ? 
 Qth Clause. In regard to tribunals? 
 10th Clause. In regard to piracies, etc. ? 
 llth Clause. In regard to declaring war, etc. ? 
 12M Clause. In regard to armies ? But what of appropriations ? 
 13rA Clause. In regard to a nary ?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3Q7 
 
 Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
 the land and naval forces ; 
 
 Clause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
 laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 Clause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
 the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be em- 
 ployed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States 
 respectively the appointment of the officers and the authority of 
 training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con- 
 gress ; 
 
 Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatso- 
 ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, 
 by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, be- 
 come the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise 
 like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the 
 Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection 
 of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
 ings ; and, 
 
 Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
 proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
 other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the 
 United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. Powers denied to the United States. 
 
 Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
 of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
 prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such im- 
 portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
 suspended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public 
 safety may require it. 
 
 Clause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be 
 passed. 
 
 QUESTIONS. Utk Clause. In regard to rules for the land and naval forces? 
 
 15A Clause. In regard to calling forth the militia ? 
 
 16//i Clause. In regard to organizing the militia, etc. ? What rights are reserved to 
 the States ? 
 
 17/A Clause. In regard to legislation respecting the seat of government ? In regard 
 to places purchased for the erection of forts, etc. ? 
 
 l&th Clause. Repeat the last clause, in regard to general powers granted to Congress. 
 
 SECTION IX 1st Clause. What is said of the migration or importation of certain 
 persons, meaning slaves ? What tax might he imposed on such importation ? 
 
 2d Clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ' 
 
 3d Ciause. What is said of a bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law?
 
 308 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Clause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
 in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed 
 to be taken. 
 
 Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
 any State. 
 
 Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
 commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of 
 another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to 
 enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in 
 consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- 
 ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 
 money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
 States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under 
 them shall, without -the consent of the Congress, accept of any 
 present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any 
 king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 SECTION X. Powers denied to the States. 
 
 Clause 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
 federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
 bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
 payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex- post-facto law, or 
 law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of 
 nobility. 
 
 Clause 2. No State shall, .without the consent of the Congress, 
 lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may 
 be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the 
 net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports 
 " or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; 
 and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
 Congress. 
 
 Clause 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 
 
 QUESTIONS. 4<A Clause. How are capitation taxes or other direct taxes to be laid ? 
 
 5/A Clause. What is said of duties on articles exported from any State? 
 
 6th Clause. What commercial preference shall not be given ? What of vessels bound 
 to one State from another? 
 
 1th Clause. What is necessary in order to draw money from the treasury? AVhat 
 statement and account shall be published ? 
 
 Sth aaHse. What of titles of nobility ? What must office-holders not accept ? 
 
 SECTION X. Ixt Clause What is a State forbidden to do ? 
 
 Ill Clause. What prohibition is there as to imposts and duties ? 
 
 3<Y C ause. What prohibition is there as to any duty of tonnage, as to keeping troops, 
 etc. ?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3Q9 
 
 any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, 
 enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a 
 foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
 imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. President and Vice- President. 
 
 Clause I. The executive power shall be vested in a President of 
 the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
 term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen 
 for the same term, be elected as follows : 
 
 Clause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legis- 
 lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 
 number of senators and representatives to which the State may be 
 entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person 
 holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be , 
 appointed an elector. 
 
 [ Clause 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
 vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be 
 an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall 
 make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
 for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
 to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the 
 President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 
 presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
 the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
 having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
 and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have 
 an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall 
 immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no 
 person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the 
 said House shall in like manner choose the President But in 
 choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- 
 resentation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this 
 purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of 
 the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
 
 QUESTIONS. Article II. SECTION I. 1st Clause. In whom is the executive 
 power vested ? How long is his term of office ? 
 
 2rf Clause. Tell how Presidential electors are appointed. How many is each State to 
 have ? What persons cannot be electors ?
 
 310 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person 
 having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the 
 Vice-President. Bat if there should remain two or more who 
 have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot 
 the Vice-President.*] 
 
 Clause 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
 electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which 
 day shall be the same throughout the United States. 
 
 Clause 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen 
 of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any 
 person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
 the United States. 
 
 Clause 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, 
 or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
 duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- 
 dent ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
 moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and 
 Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; 
 and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed 
 or a President shall be elected. 
 
 Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his 
 services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor 
 diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, 
 and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
 from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 Clause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall 
 take the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best 
 of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
 United States." 
 
 QUESTIONS. 4*A Clause. What power has Congress as to the time of choosing the 
 electors, etc.? 
 
 5th. Clause. What qualifications are required in order to be eligible to the office of 
 President? 
 
 Gt/i Clause. In what cases does the Vice-President act as President ? What is done in 
 case the offices of both President and Vice-President are vacant? 
 
 1th Clause. What of the President's salary ? 
 
 8th Clause. Repeat the oath taken by the President. 
 
 * Altered by the 12th Amendment. See page 318.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3H 
 
 SECTION II. Powers of the President. 
 
 Clause 1. The President shall be commander-iii-chief of the 
 army and navy of the United States and of the militia of the 
 several States, when called into the actual service of the United 
 States; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal 
 officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject re- 
 lating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 Clause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the 
 senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
 and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are 
 not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law ; but the_ Congress may by law vest the appointment of 
 such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in 
 the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 Clause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies 
 that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com- 
 missions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION III. Duties of the President. 
 
 He shall, from time .to time, give to the Congress information of 
 the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
 measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
 extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them ; 
 and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time 
 of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
 think proper; he shall receive ombassadors and other public minis- 
 ters ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
 shall commission all the officers of the United States.' 
 
 QUESTIONS SECTION TT. 1st Clnti.v. What position does the President hold with 
 reference to the army and navy ? Whose opinion may he require, and on what sub- 
 jects ? What power has he in regard to reprieves and pardons ? 
 
 2rf Clause. What power has the President in respect to treaties ? What concurrence 
 of the Senate is required ? In whom is the appointing power vested ? What officers 
 shall the President nominate and appoint? What of inferior officers ? 
 
 3rf Clause. What of vacancies ? When do such appointment expire? 
 
 SECTION Til. State the duties of the President in respect to Congress. When may he 
 convene Congress ? When adjourn it? State his duty in respect to ambassadors; in, 
 respect to the execution of the laws ; in respect to commissions of officers.
 
 312 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SECTION IV. Impeachment of the President. 
 The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and con- 
 viction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. United States Courts. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from 
 time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme 
 and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; 
 and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, 
 which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 
 
 Clause 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
 equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
 States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 authority ; to all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers, 
 and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to 
 controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to con- 
 troversies between two or more States ; between a State and 
 citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; be- 
 tween citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
 different States; and between a State, or the citizens .thereof, and 
 foreign states, citizens, or subjects.* 
 
 Clause 2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public minis- 
 ters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the 
 Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other 
 cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate 
 jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and 
 under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 QUESTIONS. SECTION IV Under what circumstance shall the President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, or any civil officer be removed 1 
 
 Article III. SECTION I. In what is the judicial power of the United States 
 Tested t IIow long shall the judges hold their offices J . What of their compensation : 
 
 SECTION II. 1st Clause. Repeat the caws to which the judicial power shall extend. 
 
 2rf Clause. In what cases has the Supreme Court original jurisdiction? In dl other 
 cases what jurisdiction ? 
 
 * Altered by the llth Amendment. See page 318.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 313 
 
 Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State 
 where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not 
 committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or 
 by law have directed. 
 
 SECTION III. Treason. 
 
 Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
 levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
 them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason 
 unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or 
 on confession in open court. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
 ment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption 
 of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person at- 
 tainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 SECTION I. State Records. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 
 acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And 
 the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which 
 such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
 thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. Privileges of Citizens, etc. 
 
 Clause 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- 
 leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 Clause 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or 
 other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another 
 State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from 
 which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having 
 jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 3/1 Clause. How are all crimes but impeachment to be tried ? Where 
 shall the trial be held? 
 
 SECTION III 1st Clause. In what does treason against the United States consist? 
 What testimony is necessary for conviction ? 
 
 2/1 Clause. What body has the power of declaring the punishment of treason ? What 
 is said of attainder of treason ? 
 
 Article IV. SECTION I. Repeat what is said of State records 
 
 SECTION II 1st Clause. What is said of the privileges of the citizens of one State 
 in other States ? 
 
 2rl Clause Repeat what is said of a person who is charged with crime in one State 
 and tlees into another. 
 14
 
 314 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under 
 the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of 
 any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
 labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
 service or labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. New States and Territories. 
 
 Clause 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the 
 jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the 
 junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the con- 
 sent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the 
 Congress. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and 
 make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
 other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
 Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
 United States or of any particular State. 
 
 SECTION IV. Guarantee to the States. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a 
 republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
 against invasion ; and, on application of the Legislature, or of the 
 executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against do- 
 mestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. POWER OF AMEXDMEN-T. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on 
 the application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several 
 States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in 
 either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this 
 
 QUESTIONS. <W Clause. What is said of persons held to service or labor who flee from 
 one State into another? 
 
 SECTION III. Is* Clause. What body has the power to admit new States? What 
 restrictions are mentioned? 
 
 2d Clause. Repeat what is said of the power of Congress over United States territory 
 and other property. How is this power restricted ? 
 
 SECTION IV. What shall the United States guarantee to each State? What pro- 
 'tection is to be afforded the States ? 
 
 Article V. How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed? What i* 
 required before amendments become a part of the Constitution ? Where has every State 
 equal sum-age ?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 315 
 
 Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of 
 the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the 
 one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress; 
 provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
 the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Article ; 
 and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
 suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. PUBLIC DEBT, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION, 
 OATII OF OFFICE, RELIGIOUS TEST. 
 
 Clause 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into 
 before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against 
 the United States under this Constitution as under the Confedera- 
 tion. 
 
 Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
 which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
 which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
 shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
 State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws 
 of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
 and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive 
 and judicial officers-, both of the United States and of the several 
 States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con- 
 stitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
 tion to any office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suf- 
 ficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States 
 so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States 
 present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
 
 QUESTIONS. Article VI. 1st aaw.se. Repeat what is said of certain debts and 
 engagements. 
 
 2rf Cause. What constitutes the supreme law of the land ? Who are mentioned as 
 bound thereby ? 
 
 Sri Clause. Who are required to be bound by oath or affirmation to support the Con- 
 stitution ? What is said of religious tests ? 
 
 Article VII. What number of States was required for carrying the Constitution 
 into effect ?
 
 316 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the 
 Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In 
 witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. 
 New Hampshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 
 Massachusetts. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. 
 Connecticut. Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
 New York. Alexander Hamilton. 
 New Jersey. William Livingston, William Patterson, David 
 
 Brearley, Jonathan Dayton. 
 Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitz- 
 
 simons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Jared 
 
 Ingersoll, Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 Delaware. George Read, John Dickinson, Jacob Broom, Gun- 
 ning Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassctt. 
 Maryland. James M'Henry, Daniel Carroll, Daniel of St. Tho. 
 
 Jenifer. 
 
 Virginia. John Blair, Jas. Madison, Jr. 
 North Carolina. William Blount, Hugh Williamson, Richard 
 
 Dobbs Spaight. 
 South Carolina. John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 
 
 Pierce Butler. 
 Georgia. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Freedom of Religion, etc. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
 freedom of speech, or of the pi-ess ; or the right of the people 
 peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress 
 of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. Right to bear Arms. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
 state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
 infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a 
 manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. Search Warrants. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
 not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable 
 cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describ- 
 ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. Trial for Crime, etc. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise in- 
 famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
 jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
 
 QUESTIONS. AMaxDMENTS. Article I. What restrictions are laid upon Con- 
 gress in respect to religion ? What is said of freedom of speech and of the press? of 
 the right of petition ? 
 
 Article II. Repeat Article IT., regarding the right to bear arms. 
 
 Article III. What is said of quartering soldiers ? 
 
 Article IV. What is said of searches and seizures? What of the issuing of war- 
 rants? 
 
 Article V. Repeat what is said about holding a person to answer for crimes. 
 Can a criminal be compelled to be a witness against himself? What is said as to life, 
 liberty, and property ? Can private property be taken for public use ?
 
 318 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 militia when in active service in time of war or public danger ; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in 
 jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal 
 case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 
 liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private 
 property be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Rights of accused Persons. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 
 a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and 
 district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district 
 shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed 
 of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with 
 the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain- 
 ing witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel 
 for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Suits at Common Law. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 
 exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; 
 and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 court of the United States than according to the rules of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. Excessive Bail. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not 
 be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitu- 
 tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
 respectively or to the people. 
 
 QUESTIONS. Article VI. What rights are provided for in all criminal prosecu- 
 tions ? 
 
 Article VII. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? What 
 is said of the re-examination of a fact tried by a jury? 
 
 Article VIII. State what is said of bnils, fines, and punishments. 
 
 Article IX. State what is said of rights retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. \Vhat U said of powers not delegated to the United States?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 319 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed 
 to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted 
 against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by 
 citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. Mode of choosing the President and Vice- President. 
 
 Clause \. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
 vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at 
 least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; 
 they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, 
 and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and 
 they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, 
 and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
 of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
 mit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, direct- 
 ed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate 
 shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the 
 person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be 
 the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
 of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then 
 from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
 on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Represen- 
 tatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in 
 choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
 representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
 this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds 
 of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to 
 a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
 President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
 before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice- 
 
 QUESTIONS. Article XI. What restriction on the judicial power of the United 
 States is provided in Article XI.? 
 
 Article XII. 1st Clause. Where do the electors meet ? How is the Tote taken ? 
 What provision prevents the President and Vice-President from being inhabitants of the 
 same State ? IIow do the electors proceed to vote ? What else are they required to do ? 
 Before whom are the votes counted ? What portion of the electoral vote is required for 
 an election ? What is done if there is no choice by the electors ? When the duty of 
 choosing the President devolves on the House of Representatives, how is an equal voice 
 given to each State ? What constitutes a quorum for the choice of a President ? \Vhat 
 is necessary to a choice ? Who is to act as President, in case no choice is made before 
 the 4th of March following ?
 
 320 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or 
 other constitutional disability of the President 
 
 Clause 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
 Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no 
 person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the 
 list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President: a quorum for the 
 purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of sena- 
 tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. 
 
 Clause 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
 of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as 
 a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly 
 convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject 
 to their jurisdiction. 
 
 SECTIO.V 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United Slates, 
 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
 or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 
 of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any 
 person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor 
 deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of 
 the laws. 
 
 SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the sev- 
 eral States according to their respective numbers, counting the 
 whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. 
 But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of elec- 
 
 QUESTIONS. 2rf Clause. How is the Vice-President chosen? How is he chosen in 
 case of not receiving a majority of the electoral votes 
 
 3/7 C/uiise. Can a person who is not eligible to the office of President become Vice- 
 President ? 
 
 Article XIII. SECTION 1. What is said of slavery, or involuntary servitude 
 
 SECTION 2. What had Congress the power to do in regard to this amendment ? 
 
 Article XIV. SECTION 1 Who are citizens of the United States ? What is said 
 about abridging the privileges of citizens ? What other restrictions are laid upon States 
 
 SECTION 2. How shall representatives be apportioned among the several States ? 
 For what oause shall the basis of representation of a State be reduced, and in what way ?
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 321 
 
 tors for President and Vice-President of the United States, repre- 
 sentatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, 
 or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
 male members of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and 
 citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for 
 participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
 therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
 such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
 twenty-one years of age in such State. 
 
 SECTION 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in 
 Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any 
 office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, 
 who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, 
 or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State 
 Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to 
 support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged 
 in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
 fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two 
 thirds of each house, remove such disability. 
 
 SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
 authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- 
 sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or re- 
 bellion, shall not be questioned.- But neither the United States 
 nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
 in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any 
 claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 
 obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appro- 
 priate legislation the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 SECTION 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote 
 shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State 
 on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appro- 
 priate legislation the provisions of this article. 
 
 QUESTIONS. SECTION 3 What disabilities are imposed by Section 3? How re- 
 moved ? 
 
 SECTION 4. What declaration is made regardins; the public debt? What debts, 
 etc., arc declared illegal and void 7 
 
 Article XV. Repeat the Fifteenth Amendment. 
 
 14* - U
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. 
 
 A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
 AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 
 
 WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
 them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
 kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
 them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : That all men are 
 created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain 
 unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur- 
 suit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are 
 instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent 
 of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
 destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to 
 abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation 
 on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
 them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
 Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established 
 should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accord- 
 ingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed 
 to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
 abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a 
 long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same 
 object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, 
 it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
 to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
 patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity 
 which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. 
 The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of 
 repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the 
 establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove 
 this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good.
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 323 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly 
 neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right 
 of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them, 
 and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
 comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, 
 for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
 measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
 with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise, 
 the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers 
 of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; 
 for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreign- 
 ers, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, 
 and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
 assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure 
 of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
 stance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
 out the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and supe- 
 rior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation, 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 States: 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
 
 324 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of- 
 fences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laAvs in a neighboring 
 province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and en- 
 larging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and 
 fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these 
 Colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
 and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
 protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign merce- 
 naries, to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 
 paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
 head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the execu- 
 tioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their 
 hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
 deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
 Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
 destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for re- 
 dress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been 
 answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
 thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be 
 the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
 We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their 
 legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
 have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
 settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
 magnanimity ; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our com- 
 mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
 interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
 been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must,
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 325 
 
 therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa- 
 tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in 
 war, in peace friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of 
 America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
 Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the 
 name and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, 
 solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and 
 of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are 
 absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
 political connection between them and the state of Great Britain 
 is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and inde- 
 pendent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
 contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and 
 things which independent states may of right do. And, for the 
 support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
 of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other bur lives, 
 our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, 
 and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 NEW JERSET. 
 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 
 Richard Stockton, 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 William Whipple, 
 
 John Witherspoon, 
 
 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 
 John Hart, 
 
 George Wythe, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAT. 
 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 
 Samuel Adams, 
 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 John Adams, 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 Robert Morris, 
 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 RHODE ISIAND. 
 
 John Morton, 
 
 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 
 George Clymer, 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Ellery. 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 William Hooper, 
 
 
 George Taylor, 
 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 James \Viison, 
 
 John Penn. 
 
 Koger Sherman, 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 
 Samuel Huntingdon, 
 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Williams, 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Edward Rutlodge, 
 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 Csrsnr Rodney, 
 
 Thomas Hey ward, Jr., 
 
 
 
 George Read, 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
 
 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 
 
 William Floyd, 
 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Philip Livingston, 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 
 Francis Lewis, 
 
 Samuel Cha*e, 
 
 Lyman Hall, 
 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 William Paca. 
 
 George Walton.
 
 AREAS, SETTLEMENT, AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 
 
 States. 
 
 Areas. 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 When, where, and by whom settled. 
 
 Admit- 
 ted. 
 
 Virginia, 
 New York, 
 
 38 ,.352 
 47,000 
 
 1607 
 1614 
 
 Jamestown, 
 
 New York, 
 
 English, 
 Dutch, 
 
 3 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 7,800 
 
 1620 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Knglish, 
 
 a 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 9,280 
 
 1623 
 
 Portsmouth, 
 
 English, 
 
 " 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 4,750 
 
 1633 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 English, 
 
 Tr 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 11,124 
 
 1634 
 
 St. Mary's, 
 
 English, 
 
 f 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 1,306 
 
 1636 
 
 Providence, 
 
 English, 
 
 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 2,120 
 
 1638 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Swedes, 
 
 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 60,704 
 
 
 Albemarle Sound, 
 
 English, 
 
 3 
 
 New Jersey, 
 South Carolina, 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 8,320 
 34,000 
 46,000 
 
 1664 
 
 1670 
 1682 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 Ashlev River, 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 English, 
 English, 
 English, 
 
 3j 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 58,000 
 
 1733 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 English 
 
 E-i 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 10,212 
 
 1724 
 
 Brattleboro', 
 
 English, 
 
 1791 
 
 Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, 
 Ohio, 
 
 37,680 
 45,600 
 39,964 
 
 1774 
 
 1768 
 1788 
 
 Ilarrodsburg, 
 Watauga River, 
 Marietta, 
 
 English, 
 English, 
 Americans, 
 
 1792 
 1796 
 1802 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 41,346 
 
 1700 
 
 
 French, 
 
 1812 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 33,809 
 
 
 Vincennes, 
 
 French, 
 
 IS 16 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 47.156 
 
 1699 
 
 Biloxi, 
 
 French, 
 
 1817 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 55,410 
 
 1693 
 
 Kaskaskia, 
 
 French, 
 
 1818 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 50,722 
 
 1702 
 
 Mobile Bay, 
 
 French, 
 
 1819 
 
 Maine. 
 
 35,000 
 
 
 
 English, 
 
 1820 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 65,350 
 
 1755 
 
 St Genevieve, 
 
 French, 
 
 1821 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 52,189 
 
 1685 
 
 Arkansas Post, 
 
 French, 
 
 1836 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Florida, 
 Texas, 
 
 56,451 
 
 59,268 
 274,356 
 
 1701 
 1565 
 1715 
 
 Detroit, 
 St. Augustine, 
 
 French, 
 Spaniards, 
 Spaniards, 
 
 1837 
 1845 
 1845 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 55,045 
 
 1833 
 
 Dubuque, 
 
 French, 
 
 1846 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 53,924 
 
 1745 
 
 Green Bay, 
 
 i'rench, 
 
 1848 
 
 California, 
 
 188,981 
 
 1769 
 
 San Diego, 
 
 Spaniards, 
 
 1850 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 83,531 
 
 1838 
 
 St. Paul, 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1858 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 95,274 
 
 1811 
 
 Astoria, 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1859 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 81,318 
 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 West Virginia, 
 
 23.000 
 
 
 
 
 18fi3 
 
 Nevada, 
 
 112,090 
 
 
 
 
 1864 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 75,995 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 Dist of Columbia, 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 The TERRITORIES have an area of about 1,042,000 square miles. ALASKA has an area 
 of 577,390 square miles. 
 
 Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.
 
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