Is/L'Hils/LOTIR "tute j0f wm>k*' WRITTEN BY THE ORDER OF TilE RlfillT-HONflURABLE llOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF RAIIIA DR, JOftQUlM MANUEL ROORIGUES L HVTIIE DIRECTOR Ol-' THE I'UBLIC ARCHIVES DR. FRANCISCO VICENTE VIANNA Assisted by the amanuensis of the same public office Jose Corlos Ferreira TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 1)1!. m\MMi mmw iirjiELLii ^liATIIA Priiiliiijl niKl ItMik-ltiiidiiiii olliic; oC tlic (Diaiio *l;i n.iliia* 101— CASTHO ALVi:S SQUAUi: — 101 1893 ^ Pi*('f;MM' \o \\\r ^'hulisli (Million ?^' This translation, performed in a relatively short time and, moreover, printed by artisans quite unacquainted willi the english language, cannot he exempt from faults. I hope, however, these faults, easily amendable, will be overlooked by the reader, since it was above niy power to shun the efficiency of the circumstances that I have just alluded to. It has been my constant endeavour to bear in mind that clearness ranks with the chief qualities of a trans- lator. I have, therefore, added a few explanatory notes to the text or fool of the pages, whenever I thought them requisite to the thorough perception of the subject. March, 1894. TlIR TRANSLATOR. X'w<^v> oc^G C^omnmmiAwnSi' In m S^ak of (Llifnd, r J^mkmln 2V'\ i^2 Section ir. — No. 225. — As I intend sending- to the Exhibition of CJiicaoo an in/ormation of the State of Bahia, co}isistinf>' of its political and geographical description^ richness indus- try^ statistics and sweetness of climate^ such a work hariihg been committed .0 the Dr. Director of the Public Archives^ I have resolved to in- trust you with translatino into eng-lish the work under consideration:, for which purpose vou 172 us t apply to the above director for the necessary instructions. I wish YOU Health and Fraternity. [Signed) Wv. 3oaquim iillnmicl tl?o^l•iiJlles Cimtt. To Dr. Guilherme Pereira Rebcllo. ^C^omimmiUwiiSe in m !^eiinak jSlale of 13afiia, Jjitiic 22""^. 1S()2 Skctiom I! — No. 1 38. — As f indcnd sendino to the Exhibition of Chicago a jfiiuntc infor- mation of the State of Bahia^ consisting prin- cipally of its political and geograplncal de- scription^ natural richness^s'weetness of climate, statistics^ mortality and the like^ I have re- solved to instrust you with such an important work By making you acquainted with this resolu- tion^ I hope you will accomplish perfectly the task and add to the above points any other in- formation suggested by your intelligence and special knowledge. I nnsh yon Health and Fraternity. [Signed) "Bx. loaquim itlttuufl Ko■^rilUu*5 Cimn. To the -Dr. Director of the Public Archives. f IE- S'fl'TE m illlil Boundaries The state of Bahia, between 426 and 427 square kilom- eters in s.irface, borders on the northern side upon the state of Sergipe, from which it is parted by the river Retl, from its source to its mouth, through an ex- lent of 4) leagues; upon the state of Alagoas, from which it is separated by the river S. Francisco, from the mouth of the Xingo to that of the Moxoto; upon the state of Pernambuco, from which it is divided by the S. Fran- cisco, from the mouth of the Moxoto to «P£o da Histo- ria«, beyond Joazeiro. In the northwestern direction it confines witli the state of Piauliy, from wliicli it is sep- arated b}^ the Serra (ridge of mountains) do Piauhg. It is washed on the eastern side by the Atlantic Ocean, from ihe mouth of the river Real to tliat of the rivulet Doce, and borders upon the state of Sergipe, from the source of the river Real to the place where the Xingo discharges its waters into the S. Francisco. On the west- ern side it confines with: first, the state of Goyaz, from which it is parted by the ranges of hills called by the names o^ Tabalinga, Diuisoes, S. Domingos and Diiro; secondly, the state of Minas, from the «Salto do Jequi- linhonha» to the top of the hill dividing the streams of the Mucury and Kaunas. On the south, at last, the state of Bahia borders: first, upon the state of Espirito Santo, from which it is separated by the rivulet Doce, from its mouth to its source, a d by the hill dividing the streams of the Mucury and Itaunas. as fjr as Ihe Sena dos .\if- mores, which separates the state from thit of Minas Ge- raes; secondly, upon the last-mentioned slate, from the «SaIto do Jequitinhonha" to the source of the Carinhi nha, at the <'Vao do Paranann, its outline beinj^ repre- sented theie: by a right line from the Salto to the moulh of the river Mosquito, which runs into the Pardo; by another right line from the Mosquito moutli to the ex Iremity of the Sena das Almns, stsndin'^ south of the wVallo Fundo«, at the source of the Ressaca, which falls into the (iaviao; from this point forward the state of Bahia is separated from that of Minas by tiie Sena dus Almus, as far as the source of the /erde Hequeno; by this river from this point to the place where it pours its stream into the Verde (irande; by tliis river as f^r as its disemboguing into the S. Francisco; by the S. Fran- cisco from this point to the mouth of the Carinhanha, and, at length, by this river as far as its source is reached at the cVao do Paranan». Extent From Painbu, tlie most northern point, to the jivulet Doce, the most southern one, the stale of Bahia is 9 1/2 degrees in extent, and 10 degrees from tlic neckiand called "Mangne Sccco>> to the Scrra do Pdrannn, which separates this stale from that of (ioyaz, off the source of the Itaguary, an aflluent of the Carinhanha, whicii falls into the S. I'rancisco, on its left side. Natura of the coast The coast of this state ertcnds through 1.").') leagues or 1.U23 kilometers from the river Real to the rivulet Doce. Kxcej)! Ihe coast of P.ira, that of Bihia is Ihe vastest one in nnv bra/ilian stale. It abounds with fiood ports, bays and anchoraj^es. It is divided in two sections: 1.^'. from the river Real to the bay r/e Todo% os Santos (All Saints bay), this section directing from NE. to SW.; 2."' from the bay de Todas OS Santos to the rivulet Docc, from N. to S. The first section comprises the following havens; Ahbadia, almost at the mouth of the river Real; Conde. at the bar of the Itapicuru; Assu da Torre, at the coast of the Sauhipe; Ilapoan, where stands up one of the best phares in the coast; -all these ports being suitable to small vessels drawing 8 feet of water. The coist of this section is generally low-lying, stretch- ing away in large downs and crossed in its whole extent by a long series of reefs, only interrupted at the few river mouths there to be seen. Extensive woods of cocoa-trees break from place to place the monotony of the long white downs. From the mouth of the river Real to that of the Ita- picuru (4 leagues) there is no river or creek that may serve for a shelter to the smallest vessel. The bar of the Itapicuru, though it is not free from stones, yet lets in the ships seeking fur the port of Villa do Conde. The reefs are still to be seen between the following nine and ten leagues from the bar of the Itapicuru to Assu da Torre. In the last-named point there is to be found a creek, into which a little river falls and atl'ord- ina ships an anchorage. The next haven that lets in sma'l vessels, but only when it is fine weather, is the bar of the Jacuipe, 4 leagues southward from Assu da Torre. One league backwards the reefs show a narrow opening, that small ships may go in and get a safe shelter between the reefs and the coast. This haven w- s once called Porlo do Bra: Afjonso. Two leagues beyond the Jacuipe there is a similar entrance in a place of yore named Arambepe. The reefs prolong as far as the river Joannes, three leas^'.ies south of Araaibepe. The mouth of this river is also intercepted by the reefs, th^talFonl there a narrow entrance, inaccessible to vessels. Three leagues forward Itapoan is to be seen, a neck of land running a great way into the sea and where rises up the pharo. It is two leagues of shore from this point to Rio Ycrmeiho. The cretk formed there by tlie Joannes is of no advantage to n^ivigation, on account of the reefs, which extenfl tlius far. However, when it is tine weather and no sea-breeze is blowing, people may land there and ships ride at anchor. One league forward lies the bar of the bay de Todos OS Santos (All Saints bay), one of the best ports in Bra- zil and, generally speaking, in the world, discovered in 15>)1 by Amerigo Vespucci and visited again by him in 15Q3. It is 70 kilom. in extent from S. to N , that is — from the Barra Falsa to the village of S. Francisco, and as much from E. to \V., that is - from the creek of Periperi to the mouth of the Paraguassu. The island of Itaparica, that from the bar of this vast bay stretches through seven leagues into its centre, originates two bars: the one, named de Santo Antonio, extending from the point so called (once named do Pa- drdo) to the facing island of Itaparica, and between 3 and 1 miles in breadth; the other, called Barra Falsa, extending from the southern point of the same island, named Caixapregos, to the main-land, at the place where disembogues the river Jaguaripe. This vast bay olTers a good anchorage to the largest ships in the world. The coast, as considered from the bay de Todos os Santos to the south, pursues the general direction from N. to i;. It has a rniddlc altitude, according to Counsellor Sal- danha da Gama, and conists alternately of sandy barriers, green hills and sometimes reddish slopes, between 25 and 33 meters in height. Several ridges of mountains, between 500 and GOO meters in height, arc to be discovered towards the interior and appear al a distance like insulated hills little elevated above llic horizon. They are pcrceival)le, as well as Ihc coast, at the distance of 25 miles, and only betwixt lihcos and Rio de Contas they draw nearer the sea, receiving then the name oi' Serra Grande. The coast is pretty near directed from N. to S. ; Us outline is little interrupted by jellies and recesses, though there are to be found several liver mouths, generally more or less obstructed by shelves. The most remarkable points in the coast are: the port of Morro de S. Paulo, at the mouth of the Una (where on the days of the Independence war tiie bra- zilian fleet found a shelter, under the command of Lord Cochrane ; it lets in any ship); the bay of Camami'i, into which a great many rivers fall (it is safe and deep and capable of bearing any vessel); the river de Contas, the mouth of v>iiich is fre(j,ucnted by coasters (for ships drawing 8 feet of water); llie small creek of the Ilhcos, where disembogues the river Cachoeira or dos Ilht'os, which vessels drawing 14 feet may go up as far as 2 leagues off its mouth; Olioenga (for small pinnaces); Cannavieiras, at the mouth of the river Pardo or Pa- type (for barks drawing 8 feet of water); Bclmonlc, at the mouth of the Jequitinh'^nha, accessible to small vessels (8 feel) and southward from which rises up a- little hill, remarkable for its being the most eastern point as considered from Bahia; Sanla (Iriiz, where Pedro Alvares Cabral landed in 1500; Povlo Segiiro, at the mouth of the river Buranhem, unsheltered from the S. and S E. winds ( for ships drawing 12 feet ); the cape loaccma or Insuacome, easily recognizable for its while rocks, the first that may be seen from the north; 20 miles off this cape, towards the west-south- west, the mount Paschoal towers up, which may be perceived at tlie distance of 1') leagues, 536 meters in height above the sea-lcvcl; it was the first point spied by Cal)ral; the bar of the Craminniaii, at the mouth of the rivulet so called (14 feel), remarkable for its lying near the Itacolumins. The Ilacoliimins are a group of shelves and coral reefs lying between 18' 49' and Ifi" 57' S., through an extent of 7 miles i'rom N. to S. and 4 from K. to W., and being naked on low water. Besides this group there is no coral reef but in four points of the region under consideration; betwixt Bahia and Morro de S. Paulo, Boipeba and Camanu'i, overagainst the Ilhcos and belwixl Santa Cruz and Porto Seguro. These reefs are well acquainted with; so they aie of no danger; ships may draw as near as two leagues from the coast and they are sure to llnd no less than 8 or 10 meters of water, save before the easily recognizable river mouths. From that place forwards «the coast is very low, except along a tract, 5 'or () miles in extent, betwixt I^rado and Comaxalii)a. where a sleci) reddish hillside, 50 feet high, comes in view. As a compensation, the bottom of the sea rises up abruptly and forms the plateau, 30 leagues wide by 31) long, serving as a base to the archipelago of the Ahrullios. Tiie coast j)rocceds along from N. to S. as far as the Poiiltt da Bulcia, where il lakes the soulh-west direction; at Porto Alegre it keeps again its |)rccc(ient trend as far as llie mouth of the river Doce. The most remarkable ports in this section are: the bar of Pvado (S feeUi at Ihc mouth of the Jucuru(,-u, a very dangerous ciiliance; Alcobaca, at the monlh of the naniicni; I he Puiihi da J}(tlri MdiahiL extending soulliward from the bar of Ca- mamu bay and separated from the main-land by the 1 1 channel natncel Rio Marahi'i. There is to be found the villai^e of Marahii. It forius nortlnvard the neckland of Mula. 8) Tiibarocs, .*] leagues NNW. of Quiepe. It is larger than tlic island of Pcdras, low-lying, plentiful with water, near the nioulh of the river Serinhacm, pcoi)led and under cultivalion. 9) The archipelago of the Abrolhos, at 30 miles off the coast of Vilhi Vi^osa, consisting of 5 islands and many reefs, some 40 meters above the sea-level, and a few being covered with woods. They are : (I) Santa Barbara, the largest and most northern one, 1500 meters long from E. to W. and 300 from N. to S. There are to be seen a great many hills, on the highest of which stands up the beacon. b) Redonda, 200 meters in circumference and 400 in height, 300 meters eastv/ard from the eastern point of Santa Barbara. c) Seriba, on the S. of Redonda, 25 meters high. d) Sueste, 15 meters high, the most southern of the islands under consideration. e) Giiarita, near the northern extremity of Santa Bar- bara. It is but an Insulate rock. The four largest islands form a basin, between 5 and 6 cahles in circumference, which affords a good anch- orage, 14-15 meters deep, perfectly sheltered from winds, except the south and west-southwest ones. These islands are banked eastward by a large coral reef, called Parcel dos Abrolhos, extending, in the form of a crescent looking eastward, through the distance of 22 miles from N. to S. Between the Abrolhos and the coast stretches away a channel named Canal dos Abrolhos, 10 meters wide, which is now pursued by many steamers. Lime phosj)hale is to be found in these i.slands. 12 The islands in the l)ay de Todos os Sanlos arc : li Ilaparica, the largest of Ihcm, SW. of the hay, 7 leagues in leiiglh from NNE. to SSW., from the Ponta da Balcia, Nvhcreon lies the town of Ilaparica, to the foreland of Caixapregos. It is sigmoid inform, according to Halhhun, and 4 geographical miles in breadth, scarcely narrowing at llie nortliern and sonlhern ends. It is separated from the continent by a l)road shallow channel, inlaid with 4sles. Us ground is fruitful, fit for several kinds of culture and bearing a great deal of famous fruils, such as the celebrated mangoes and melons. It is divided into 3 parishes : Sanlissimo Sacramenlo, at the town of Ilaparica, Vera Cruz and Sanlo Ainaro do Cali'i. The (irst is washed by the Ingnhu, a small river having its source near the mount Eminciicin, the Tororo and TaUiipe. It possesses some chapels,- ;is that of 5. Loiirenro, at llie town, Sanln Anloiiio doa Vcdlasqucs and some others, vaiiably jircscrved. The second, which was the (irst peopled and civilized place in the isl;ind, is wasiicd by tiie rivers Vera Cruz, Paraligy and Pcnha and shows the chapels of Pciilut and Conccicdu. The third, finally, washed by the rivers Ayru, Paos, Calu, Monlojo, Parapatingas and Apicum, had at once a little chajjcl consecrated lo Si. .lolm. This island is renowned in history foi" llie lu'cnpaio!! by Van Scidiii(td(i tiie seal of llie legal governmeni . :2i I'nidcs. I';icin;^ Ilaparica. :il)()ul 2 leagues long, mounlalnous, only inhabiled by a lew (isliers and tillers. On its south western vml stands up Ihe cliapel consecrated lo (). I, of (imidcliipc. wlu-ic tlu'rc is now to be seen a beacon, and on tbc opposite end the chapel consecrated to 0. L. of Lorcto. 3) Bom Jesus do DoqncirCio, on the north of Frades, from which it is somewhat distant. It is Ihc scat of a l)leasanl liamlet with a cliapel. Its inliabilanls worlv at I he numerous stocks there extant and arc also given to fishery and tillage. 4) Santo Antonio, westward from the precedent, small and unimportant. .')) Vaccas, on the north of Bom Jesus, more than 1/2 league in extent, forming one farm and little inhabited. 6) Maria Giiarda, on the east of Vaccas, small, high, covered with low shrubs and little peopled. 7) Bimbarra, northward from Maria Guarda, equally small, high, wild and with but few inhabitants. 8) Madre de Dens do Boqueivdo (once called Cornrn- pcl)a\, on the east of Bom Jesus and separated from Frades, overagainst the already mentioned chapel of Loreto, by a deep clianncl named Boqncirdo. It for- merly belonged to the Jesuits and is now the scat of the parish; it is much peopled by fishers and planters of rogas (*) and aniendoins iarachis hijpoga'a), and greatly resorted to for sea baths. A small channel separates it from the main-land. 9) Pontes, northward from Bimbarra and at the mouth of the river Paramirim. It is 1 league long, high, with small (arms j^lanted with cocoa-trees and rogas on its southern part; on the northern one stands a sugar factory, with a good dwelling-house and alembic, now used as a lazaret for them who must perform quaiantine. 10) Cojahiba, at the further end of the bay de Todos OS Santos and lacing llic village of S. TVancisco. It is (') A piece of land planted with Indian corn, french beans, manioc, etc. 14 1 league in extent. There stood up of yore a vast sugar factory and manor-house. An archipelago of small isles is to be seen before its southern end, the Grande and Pequena being the p;incipal of them. The river .Vcupc disembogues oil this point. 11) Medo, small, low, covered with cocoa-palms an 1 uninhabited for want of water. It lies to the west of Itaparica and overagainst the bar of the Paraguassu. Between the island of Itaparica and the continent one sees also the following isles, generally small and low- lying : 12) Ccd- 13) Cannas- 14) Muld; 15) Miriicoiiaov dos Ratos- 16) Burgos, high and woody on the place named Fniul, famous for a fight engaged there, upon the Independence war, between the portuguesc and brazilian forces; i7) Porcos; 18) Carapilubas: 19) Salcira., 20) Malarandiim (a corrupted word from the ancient Tamarandiva)\ 21) Mulninho, hard by the town of Itaparica, wilh a beau- tiful Held house; 22) S. Gon^alo do Fiinil-,22\ Sla. Anna, at the mouth of the Jaguaripe,— all generally planted wilh cocoa and dende — irccs (ehieis gw'neensis) and inhabited l)y (ishers; 24) Mare, nearly 2 leagues in length and little less in width, separated from the western shore of Bahia by a deep channel, facing the bar of Aralu bay. Its ground is very fit for sugar-cane plantation; wherefore there stood up of old a famous sugar factory. Tlierc is to be seen the handet of iV. S. das Xeres, wilh a parish church. At last, 2 small islands lie in the bay of Ilapagipc: Sanla I.iizia and Joanna. Config-uration of the ground "The greatest jiait of Hrazil", says Prof. Orvillc A. l)erl)y, 'c-onsisls of a philcau, IJ'.IO-IOIK) meters high, and, to a great cxlcnl, of large high plains, deeply c\i:\vak'(| j)\ Ihe v;d!c\s of luimerous rivers. The real i5 mountains, those which are owing to the rising up of the soil, lie mostly to the east and centre and may be tliought to constitute two chains of mountains, almost parted from each other by the high plains of the S. Francisco and Parana basins. "The eastern or maritime chain runs along the Atlantic shore, not far off the sca-margc, from the vicinily of the cape S. Roque until the southern boundaries of the country are almost reached. (■The central or goyana (of Goyazi chain partially occupies the south of (ioyaz, as well as the province of jMinas, on the west of the S. Francisco, and joins the eastern chain by means of a transversal ridge stretching westward through the south of Minas. (■This transversal ridge forms a part of the large range of mountains dividing the streams of the con- tinent, running from K. to W. and generally called Scrra das Verlenles; which is an improper denomina- tion, for a considerable part of it is not precisely mountainous. (fThe mountains of the eastern system form a long and comparatively narrow region, about 20 leagues in its greatest width, elc.» To such systems of brazilian ridges of mountains be- long those that cross the state of Bahia, where they may be divided into 3 chains: ccnlral, eastern and western. A ridge of mountains, coming from the system of Mi- nas, draws near the southern frontier of this state, under the name of Serra das Almas, separating the two states and extending eastward in search of the eastern chain, the highest point of which is the Morro de Condenba. Another branch enters the state of Bahia, under the name of Serra Geral, and is subdivided into: Serra do Sallo, the source of the rivers Gaviao and Antonio, and Serra de Cactitc, where is the town so called ami whence springs forth the river das Rds. i6 The Serra das Eyiias stretches away on the east of Caelile, and, (inally, the first named branch stretches northward from the river Pardo, under the name of Serra do Jacarc, and proceeds with that of Lambard (at Maracasi, till, lartlier on, it blends with the central and eastern chains, joining the latter l>el\vecn the rivers Pardo and de ConUis. Moreover, upon enterini^ the stale of Bahia, the system under consideration emits westward the Serra de Monies Altos, wliicli terminates little beyond the village of this name and, in its turn, sends forth another branch, the Serra da Malhada, that stretches away at a short dis- tance from the S. Francisco valley. Through the centre, however, betwixt the eastern and western branches of these ridges of mountains, coming from the Serra do Grdo Mogol, in Minas. runs, under the general name of Serra do Sineord or da Chapada, a chain of mountains that is called by difl'cr- ent names according to its branching off, either forwards or sidewise. This range of mountains is divided, about 14" N., into 4 large parallel branches; the eastern one, specially called Serra do Sineord, 60 leagues west of the town cf Cachoeira; another, (i leagues west of the precedent, received the name of Serra do Coeal; the third one, lying farther to the west, is named da Furna. on the west of which a foiirtli branch is l^nowii by the name of Serra do Pintja. The first l)ranch emits northw^ud tlic Serra da Cha- padinha, where lie Ihi- sources of the Combucas, Mo- ciige and Piai)as, liiat How to the I'aiiiguassi'i; it ecpially emits the Serra do Andarahij anil, (i Icagnes lartlier, liic .S(77v/ dos /.<7J((J('S, wlience spring a great many af llucnts and snl)-allUients of the Paraguassi'i. At a dis- tance of \) leagues from the IkuuIcI of Parnahil)^ the .S(7/v/ f/(» Siiicorral)le of which is named \'C Piluba, r2) Palma, 13) Cafcila, 1^\ Balalha, J')) BehcdGuro, 16\ Volta, 11) nameless, '1S\. Campo-Largo, 19) P Ilaculiara, 66) Angiccd, 67' Maria dc Araujo, 68) Prepecc. 69< G(dr()tas, 70)Joa,71) Meio, 72) Caniidcao, 73) Laranjal. 74i Jncena, 73) Sacco, 76) Sanibandiaia, 77 > (Aiiuidas, 78) Balallia, 79) Porlo-Alegre, 80) Gaivola, 81) Cliamprona, 82) Icalii, 83] Sainbiirral, 6'4| Ghupa, 83) Cannabrava, 86) Gado, 87). Miradonro, 88) Caimllus, 89) Povo Grande. 90) Povo Peqncno, 91) Resende, 92 1 Anta, 93' Mendon(;a, .94) Bois, 93) Branddo, 96) Povo, 97) Marrecas, 98) Siloa, 99< Boa- Vista, 100) Povo, 101) Barro, 102} Cajiieiro, 103) Manga, 3o 2— The Rio Real, which separates Bahia from Sergipe, has its source in a pond known by the name of Tanque de S. Francisco and siliiatcd in a lowland. Througii its course of 40 leagues it receives: on the side of Sergipe, the Jal}eberij, Itamirim, Sai/iii, Iiidaialiiha, Gnararcina and Piaiihij; on the side of Bahia, some equally in- significant rivulets, as the Taiid and the like The Rio Heal waslics in Sergipe the villages of (-ampc s and l^spirilo Santo, and in Bahia thai of Abbadia, the utmost point of its possible navigation. 3— The Ilapiviirii is formed by the junction of the 104) Venda, 105) Pdos Brancos, 106) Gamelhi. 107) Jalohd 105) Monro, 109) Taqiiaril, 110< Ciirral Novo, llh Boa- Vista, 11^2) Ainadco, 113) Lainardo, Hi) Aiujical, 11')\ Ilha Grande, lllh Carncn'dxi lorUi, llh Gorreidcs, US) Ala- (jadciro, IV.)) Hois, IW) Rcdonda, P}!) Eslredo, ITJ) Tra- '/icaide, /i'.V) C(//)/-a.s, rJi) Mcio, VJ,')) Taboleiro Alio, r>6) Benlo Fires, IT/ ) Carrapalo, l'2t\) Cnrral Velho, VJ!)) Tabo- leiro da t'eira, 130) Matto-Grosso, 1311) (lanxpo Largo, 13'2) Limoeiro, 133 1 Riachdo, 13i) Silio do Meio, 135) Noronha, 130) Cuscalho, 131) Marciso, 138) Sotres. 13!)) Aldeia, I'lO) Laniarao, IM) Antjical, l'i^2\ Arraial, l'i3) Sobrado, I'l^i) Porlo dos Cavallos, I'lJ) Tapera do Moniz, I'd!) Ini- buzeiro, I'u) Z(d)ele, Pi8) S. Fernando, l'iO\ Zabcle Se- (pmda, l.')0) Bebcdor, 151) Cavallo Morlo, L^J) Riacho, 153) Yarfiinhas, 15'i) Trahiras, 155) Pdo a Pique, 156) Sassuapdra, 15'/) Mnndo Novo, 1,')S) La(]6a, 1,V.)) Malliada, 160) Santareni, 161) (Mnna-jlsUda, 16'2) Porlo Alegre, 163) Bois, 16'i) Sanla (Udharina, 165) Urucc dc cinia, 166) (]ai)iiHva, 16/) (]anudedo, 168) Urnce de b(d.vo, 16!)) Af/oslinho, 1/0) Ferreiro, 111) Eneaibro, 17'>) Vianna 113) Maria Maijdalena, 174) Roqucirdo, 175) Pacheeo, 116} Pedras do Malldas, 171) Juneo, 178) (laehoeira, 17!)) Mandaeard, 180\ Lanieiro, 181) (.(n-n(dud)eira, 18\^) Clnunbada, 183) Tapera, 18'i) Goqnciro, 185) Ijujda, 186) Genend, 187) Rodeador, 188) Fof/o, 18!)) ,f<)a Belem, 310> Case, 311) Cannabrava, 312) Chnrumela, 313) Bda-Visla, 31'i) Formiga, 315) Grande, 316) Canqnssi'i, 217) Pedra, 318) Cnite, 319) Vinva, 3'-J(h Tnenrnlnba,' 321) Jaloba, 322) S. Miguel, 323) Crueira, 32h Espinheiro, 325) S()rob(d)e, 326) Penedinho, 327) Ta- pera, 328) Silio, 329) Barra, 3'M}) Bode, 331) Tapera dc Paidn A/Jonso, 332) Forqnilha, 333) S. Felix, 33^4^) Praia, 335) S. Gon(;alo. 32 eral eastern direction, passing through a valley fruitful, regularly peopled and very fit for cattle-breeding, and receiving a few affluents, mostly on the left side, at the parish of Apora, such as the Manguinho, Piricoara (en- larged by the Gangi'i), Praia, Maiigiies, Ikirracdo and Soure. At last, after a course of 790 kilom., it falls into the ocean, its mouth being obstructed by a danger- ous shelf. Long as its course is, this river has no importance at all as a fluvial way, on account of its numberless rap- ids and water-falls. Its valley, however, is important for its numerous thermal fountains, among which are to i:e remarked those which are named Sipo, Mosqiiclc, Rio Qiiente, Sai'ide, Feruenle, Talhada, Olho dAgiia, Lage, etc. 1--The Taririj has its source near the liamlet of Timbo and runs into the ocean. o— The Inhanxbnpe runs from the mountains next to the ancient village of Agua Fria and llie town of Ser- rinha, takes to ESlv, rolling its stream on an all over stony bed, and, after washing the villages oflnhambupe, Serraria and l-jitre-Hios, receives beyond the latter, on the left and coming from the parish of Apora, llie rivers da Serra (enlarged by the Tijiico), Timbo and some others. Then it washes, on the right hand, Divina Paslora, Palame and, at its bai-, Haixio,— after which it falls into the ocean. (')— The Subahiima has its source in the same mount- ains near Agua Fria, takes at (irst the eastern dhec- lion and next the south-eastern one, wa.shing Ihe hamlet of Hiacho and Silio do Meio (where it is passed over by a bridge lielonj'ing lo the Timbo railway), Ihe village of I-Jilre-Hios. Se.>-niaiir, Jangada and falls into the ocean, at the place called Subahuma. 7— The S(iiilii/)(\ less iinporlanl than the ])recedent river, springs forth eastward fiom Alagoinhas, washes Ihe hamlet of Silio and disembo^'ues into (he ocean. 33 8— The Pojuca has its source in the parish of Sta. Bar- bara, belonging to the nuinicipal district of Feira do Sta. Anna, at the place called Lages; it separates this municipal dislricl from that of l^urifica^-ao and at a short distance before reaching the farm (-oqueiros it takes in the stream of the SaU/aclo. The highway from Inham- bupc and Purificacao to the town of Feira lies near this conlluence. Little beyond the sugar factory Barriguda it receives the Paraivcrim, hard by which there is to be seen the road through which are conveyed the products coming from the districts of Bento Simoes, Coracao de Maria, and from the sugar factories Zabelc, Carrapato, Furna, Lagoa dos Porcos, Fortuna and Barriguda. Thus en- larged with such waters, the Pojuca comes into the municipal district of Sto. Ainaro, parting it from that of Purificacj-ao i whore the Camorogij joins it) and washes several sugar factories, such as Victoria, Piedade, Iguassu, Brejoes, Colinguiba, Velho dc S. Joao, Peri- peri and Ladeira (irande, all belonging to the muni- cijial district of Purilicayao, and many others pertain- ing to that of Sto. Amaro, one of which, the Aramaic, is crossed by the highway pursued by those who carry lo Sto. Amaro the jiroducts coming from the districts of Pedrao, Jesus Maria Jose, Sto. Antonio dos Brejoes, Pcripcri and Ouricangas, and from the villages of Inhambupc, Itapicuru, Senlo Se, the town of Jacobina and the banks of the S. Francisco. Going on its course, !he Pojuca passes through the nuinicipal districts of Villa de S. Francisco and Sant' Anna do Catu, where it washes the village so called, and receives beyond it the streams of the Cali'i., Qiicrico Grande and Queried lueriiu: then it trends to the ocean; but half a league before reaching it the Pojuca rushes down, forming a cascade, and next disembogues into tlie 34 sea, in a creek once called Taluapara, hard by Torre dc (iarcia d'Avila. The whole district washed by Ihc Pojuca ranks amonjf Ihc most {Vuilinl in the stale and where the larg- est sugar-cane and tobacco plantations were of yore lo be seen. It is not navigable, principally on account of the water-fall intercepting it near its bar. 9— The Jdcuipe conies from the place called Ladcira dc Brotas, belonging to the parish of Rio Fundo and mu- nicipal district of Sto. Amaro, passes through this parish and those of Monte, S. Sebasliao das Cabeceiras dc Passe and Malta de S. Joao, washing a great deal of famous sugar factories and the village of Malta. Its most important aflluent is the Jacii-meriin; afler this confluence it disembogues, on llie south of Monte Gordo, in the place where the Jesuits founded at once, as they began to people that region, a hamlet of natives, which was named Slo. Antonio da Rcssnca, for the sea is very eddy thereabouts. 10— The Joannes has its source in tiie marshes and lagoons lying at the sugar factory Gorgaya Grande, half a league from the ancient village of S. Francisco. It short after passes through the parish of Monte, where it washes several sugar factories and sejiarales the muni- ci|)al district of the capital from that of Abranles. II is crossed over by a large viaduct of Ihe Haliia and S. Francisco railway, at the station of Pnrafuso, mmI after a course of two more leagues it tails into the sea, betwixt Ilapoan and Abrantes, IT.")!) fathoms soulli- ward from lliis village. 11 is a mighty rivci". into the bay dc Todos o.s Santos disembogue, besides some smaller rivers, as well as Ihe ('otcnipc, Pitdni/a, I'araniciini, Crndtilxt and Acnpc Ihe follow in;;, which are more important: 11— The Scnjipe do Condc lormed by the junction of the Tidripf and .Sulxilic: a) the Traripe lias its source in the hike called Tanqiie de ^(luzaliu 1 leaj^ue westward IVom the seat of the parish Olivcira dos (^anipinhos, which it crosses from ^V. to E., receiving tlieie tlie rivers Secco, dos Kayados, Olhos d'A(jua am\ Monlciro; then it enters the parish of Santo Amaro, where it receives the Ilapitiiujiiy, coming from OHvcira dos '"ampinlios, and washes the sugar factories Maniao. Aurora, Holelho, Engenho Velho, Catacuni- ba, etc At the place named Cambula it joins the /») Siibdlic, which springs forth near the town of F'eira dc Sla. Anna; next it reaches the parish of S. Goncalo dos Campos and afterwards that of Oliveira, where it receives the Itaqiianj and washes the seat of the parish. Running onward, it enters the parish of Sto Amaro and takes there the stream of the Seryij, coming from the parish of S. Goncalo, enlarged by the Peraiiiias, this being, in its turn, formed by the Boncador and Urupy, all belonging to the parish of Oliveira. In the parish of Sto. Amaro the Subahc washes the sugar factories Su- bahc, Sta. Anna, Jerico, Mussurunga, and within the town, which it crosses from one end to the other, it receives on the right side the Sergimerim. Little beyond the town it joins the Traripe, at the above mentioned place (Cambutai. The river formed by the junction of those two rivers has the common name of Scryipe do Condc: it receives on the right, little beyond Cambuta, the river Piliiu/a and, going onward, washes the sugar factories Conde, S. Louren^o, S. Bento i Agronomical School), (>ajahiba and S. Jose. It falls into the bay de Todos os Sanlos, betwixt the end of the island Cajahiba and the village of S. Francisco, therefore called da Barra de Senjipe do (londe. 1:2— The Paraguassi'i flows from the western foot of the hill do Ohio, in the Sevra do Cocal, and is called by the name of Paia(j:iassiisinho as far as the hamlet named Cominercio de Fora, at a distance of 18 leagues. It re- b 36 ccivcs there the Alpagnvla, a river formed by several olhers, as the rivulet S. Domingos, etc., coming from the Serra do Gagdo. After a course of 5 leagues the Al- pagarta takes in the stream of the Catinga Grande, that comes from the Serra do Sincora and runs through 5 leagues. Two leagues beyond this confluence the Ali)a- garta falls into the Paraguassu. After two more leagues the Paraguassu is enlarged by the Xegro, equally flowing from the Serra do Sincora and running through 6 leagues. It receives, 6 leagues farther, the river Preto, having also its source in the marshes of the above mentioned Serra do Sincora and with a course of 4 leagues. Slill farther it receives Ihe Suinidouro, which comes from the campaigns opposite to the Serra do Gagdo, near the fountain S. Joao. Afterwards the Mocngc and Combucos, springing from the Serra da Chapadinha [n branch of the Serra do Sin- cord), fall into the Paraguassu; they run parallel with each other, through 6 leagues, then they join together and the river so formed Hows half a league more and disembogues into the Paragr.assu. Thus augmented with all these streams, tli ■ Paraguassii- sinlio crosses a ridge of niounlains, some of which shrink down and some are plunged into the stream, which, after a subterranean course of one league, bub- bles out at the place called Passageni do Andarahij, where it leaves that mountainous region and begins to wash, under the name of Paraguassu, extensive and desert woodlands. In the J*assagrui do Andaraluj runs into it the river Pihing the village of Una. 20— Tlie Poxiiu comes from the lagoon of Poxiin, near the above named chains of mounlnins, and disem- bogues on the north of Cannavieiras, forming the islands of Povlo do Medio, Oilizciro and C.oiuiuandiduba and communicating with the Vidipc hy means of the c'.uinncl called Porlo do Mallo. 21— The Rio Pardo springs horn Ihe Scrra das Almas, in the slate of Minas (ieraes. and enlcrs that of Rahia passing through the Scrra dos Aiimorcs. Nine leagues far from Ihe sea it communica es wilh the .lequitirdionha by two clianncis: the (me called do liio da Scdsa, the other -.////u//a/j//. ft falN\ at last, into Ihe ocean. '.5 leagues northward I'lom Ihe bar of the Jc- (|uitinhonha, washing the town of (".annavieira!^, after a /■ourse of (iliO Uilom. 47 Near its mouth it forms a channel thai, under the name of liio Sipo, joins to another, named Patipc, whicli communicates llie rivers Pardo and Poxini. Tliesc cli nnels form llie island of Cannavieiras, where stands Ihe town. Besides this island that of Passaj^em is to be seen overagainst it. It is the Uio da Salsa that allbrds a common con- veyance to the goods coming down the Jequilinhonha in search of ('annavleiras, on account of the superioiity of its bar over that of the Jequilinhonha. Among the aflluents of the river Pardo the following arc to be distinguished on the left bank: the Mniuh Novo, Giboia, Verruga, thai pour out Iheir stream before the hamlet of ('.achimbo, and the Doiis Riachos. Calole Grande and Corrego da Onca beyond that hamlet. On the right bank it receives: the rivulet Ladcira, which discharges itself before the above hamlet ofC.achimbo, and the rivers Piabanha, Riacho d'Agna, Mangerona, Manhanquininque and the rill Xado, beyond it. 22— The Jequilinhonha, one of the largest livers in Prazil, runs from the Serra da Pedra Redonda, in the slate of Minas, that it crosses along a great many leagues, receiving there several imporlant affluents. It en'icrs the slate of Bahia, passing over the Scrra dos Aijmores, that it rushes down, from the heiglil of 20 fathoms or 44 meters, forming the calai'act called Sallo Grande, one of the most imj^ortant in Brazil, and falling into a laige hollow formed by high rocks; dhc s'ream dashes d^wn in so thin a sprinkling as to hide the horizon like a fog, its clashing being heard at the distance of 4 leagues)^. From this point the stream grows stiller ar.d stiller; ils bed considerably w dens and it rolls majeslicnlly over a vast plain, where a good deal of aflluents Hows to it, the princi;)al being the 5. Jodo de einia and S. Jodo dc baixo; then it falls into the ocean, at the town of Belmonte, at lat. 15' lo". 48 It is quite navigable from its bar to Cachoeirinha, that is to say— through an extent of 135 kilom. Several islands are to be seen at its mouth, one of which was called Peso, from the channel formed by Mie river on the north and disemboguing in the place called Barra do Peso, which was the utmost limit of the captaincy and comarca I'l of the Ilhcos. The following rivers, which are to be found along the coast and spring either from the Serra dos Aymo- res or from its eastern ramifications, are far less im portant than those we have mentioned: 23— The Sanlo Antonio. 24— The Jooo Tiba (Sernambiliba), washing the village of Santa Cruz. 25— The Buranhem, that springs from the Scrra dos Ay- mores, on the left side of which it receives a fev.- rivers coming from the same ridge of mountains, crosses the lagoon of Gravala and forms that of Villa Verde, where stands the village so called, and disembogues in Porto Seguro. 26— The Rio do Fradc. 27— The Cabij. 28 -The Jucuruci't, formed by the rivers do Norlc and do Sal and falling into the sea, after washing the village of Prado; its bar is very dangerous. 29— The Itanhem, that waslies, at its bar. Die village of iAlcobaca and Hows to the ocean, overagainst Ihc northern extremity of the i)hare of Abrollios. 30— Tlie Peruhipe has its source in the Serni dos Ay- mores and diseml)ogues into the ocean, after having washed Villa Vi(,'osa. It communicales with the bay of Caravellas hy means of a deep channel called Tiirvo. ■ One ol llie de|)ailmcnls into which the slate is divi. paofcrro ((".(csalpinia ferrca, M.), imhiizciro (Spondias luberosa, Arr.), many si)ecies of miiliiiuii'i il-]rylhrinai and a great deal of Juipliorhiarcous lilanls. When ciilingas, in bnnon |)lalcaus, are changed into (7//7a.sro.s and serines, the above named species are added 55 with a large number of Myrtaceous, Meliaceous, Mal- pighiaceoiis, Apocijnian and Supindaceoiis trees, covered from place lo place with loraidhi and oilier jjarasilcs. Low woods are extremely abundant with PaulUnux', Sida', Hibisci, Telracerw and Cadi A few palm-trees, such as the aliciiri (Cocos coronala, M.), are of no lare oc- currence. The inangaiba ( Mancornia mangaba i and nnirici (Byrsonima verbasclfolia, Ktb.) grow on some pla'caus in the interior of the state. The wild ananas (pine- apple) is equally found, as well as, on sandy and stony lands, some herbaceous plants, of the genera Cassia, Slylosanthes, EvoIduIus, Convolvulus, Echiles, etc. As there is an enormous number of plants useful lo man's nourishment and econoiny and of a great impor- tance lo trade, we will only cite some of the most remarkable, in order to indicate the richness of their products. We have mentioned among palm-trees Ihc—piassava, the fibres of which are a very good exportable article. The carnauba, that we have also spoken of, the leaves of which may be applied lo clothing and arc now exported to Kuropc, is used in the slalo for tlie fabrication of wax and candles. Shingles and rafters are made out of its stump and employed for house- building. Its stem, by being triturated in water and after setlling, produces a good flour. Inlanders make a large use of its fruits, as an appreciated aliment, ])y boiling Ihcm with milk. The dende (Ehuis guineensis) gives a sort of oil, largely used as a po]niIar food. The mangaiba (Hancornia spec.) affords a milky juice, that, after hardening, forms a kind of caoutchouc, which is largely exported. There is a great deal of balmy trees, such as the copaiua; some give precious resins, as the jatobd or 56 jalahy (Hynienoca Courbaril, L.) and the giimmastich- tree, that is ? species of idea. The bark of several kinds of nij'rtaceous plants, as well as the fruit of the janipaba (Genipa braziliensis), produce a black ink. The l>ark of some other trcs, as the mangiie vermclho (Rizophora mangle, L.), is used in skins dressing. The rieinus (Ricinus communis, L.) and the andiroba (Carapa Guyanensis, Aubl.i are productive of oil. Great is the variety of banann-lrces (^Musa paradi- siaca, L.). Several kinds of sapiieoyas (Lecythis sp.) afford both savoury nuts and tow, which is made out of its bark and used in calking. The mangaiba, besides the caoutchouc produced 1>\' it, bears tasteful fruits; the janipaba, eashciv-tree (Ana- cardium occidcnlnle, L ), z/?)/>/;r('//o (Spondias tuberosa), papaw (Carica papaya, L.), several species of passion jniil (Passiflora maliformis. L.i, and dlllcrcut niyrta- ceous i)lanls, as the yrumixameira, jabotieabeira, pi tangueira, and some species of psidiain, as the abio (Lucuma caimito), etc., equally bear savoury fruits. The eaeao (Theobroma cacao, L.) is largely i)lanled and furnishes Ihe generally known exportable article. Some bromeliaceous plants alford. as well as palm- trees, fibres of a precious use in ropeyard, such as the gravald or ((//•//() (Bilbcrgia Sp.), imbc (Philodendron imi)e. Schott), einbijra (Xylopia scricia) and the like. Among the trees giving dyeing essences we will cite the bi'dzil-wood iCd'salpinia cchinala i and [he lalagiba (Madura tinctorial. As to the trees alfording a wood 111 for house-building, furniture and ship-building we will meulion the .s//c//- j)ira (Bowdicliia virgiloides. Marl.), pdo ro.co (Pello- gync guarubin, vinatieo (lu'hyrospermum IJallhasarii), jalahij (Hymenea avu>, }>do d'areo (Tecoma Sp.), sa- piiraiia (Lecythisi, je(]uilil>d (Pyxidaria macrocarpa) and pevuba i.\spidospcrma pcrobai. 57 The Jacaranda (Machoeriiim sp.), peroba, cedar, viiut- tico, pujidd-iiKtrfini (Asj)i(l()S[)crma cl)iinieuni), (/oncalo- alvcs (Aslroniuin fraxinn'oliuni', sclxislido de urriida (IMiyU)C'iilynina llorilniii(liiiii), the diHercnt hiiirels (Car- dial, etc , arc extremely (it for joinery. Wc will mention, at last, the massarandnbn (Minui- sops elatai, barai'ina (Melanoxilon Braunai, aderno (Biirscraccas Astronium), angeliin (Andira stipulacca), conduri'i (Broximuni conduriV), bnranhem (Clirysoi)hyl- lum buranhcm), oiticica (Soaresia nitida), piqui (Caryocar brasiliensis), pindahijba (Xilopea sencca), angico (Bocoa proveancis) and a larj^e numl)er of other trees. Fauna In consequence of the extreme richness of our fauna, we will mention, for the sake of shortness, but a few of its representatives, in accordance with what was written on the subject by Dr. Joao .Toaquini Pizarro. Among mammifers the order of inoiikeijs is enormous, of which 50 species are known in Brazil, all belonging to tiie sub-order of the Plalijivhini. The Chciroplcrii order is larj^ely represented, the family of vampires (phyllostomai abounding with spe- cies and greatly troubling here and there the oxen and horses breeding. There is a considerable number of carnivorous and omnivorous animals. The ounce (Felis onca, L.) and the sussnarana (P'clis concolor, L.), etc., are to be sjiecially remarked in the family of cats (Felisi, of which one knows six species. In the family of dogs (Canis:, having three principal species, we will cite the canis brasiliensis (Lund), which lives in the mountainous littoral forests. We will also mention the oiler iLutra brasiliensis, Roy) and the two species of the genus Ga//c//s,— the 58 papa-inel or irara iGalictis barbara, Bell, and Galictis vitlata. Belli. To the family of bears, whereof llierc are in Brazil small anomalous forms, belongs the guachinim (Procyon cancrivorus lUig). There are Iwo species of coatimondis: Ihe nasiia socialis and the nasiia solilaria. The Mavsupialia order, that the gambd belongs to, is represented In* two types pcrlaining to the Didelphidoc family, — the didclphys cancrivora and the chironeles ua- riegatiis. To the sub-order of the rapacious animals equally belong the dormouse (Didelphis murina, L.) and the didelphys cinerea, which inhabits the sea-coast and is extremely voracious. In the Rodenlia order, the most numerous in the class of mammifers, we must specially cite a few animals of the families Subiinqulata, Miirida and Scinrida. The species of the genera Cavia, (Avlogenys, Dasy- procla and Hydroeheriis are to be remarked among the siibnngulaUi'; such as— the caoy iCavia aperei, moco (Cavia ruprestis), paca iCaMogcnis paca^, agouti iDasy- procta aguli) and capibar (Hydrochorus capybarai. The squirrel, known here by tlie name of cachiiigucic (Scyurus (rsluans, Lin.), is smaller than the european one and inal)ils the lilloral woodlands. To the family of Muridd' belong brazilian mice, which form a very numci-ous genus. Urcliius and porcu])ines, belonging to the subfamilies (IcrcoUdnniv and Ilyslriciiue of the family Hyslricida, are to be singled out of Ihe Rodenlia older as animals of a curious form. The bra:Hian ndibil (Lepus brasiliensisi and the hare arc the principal representatives of the L<7>or/(/rr family. The order of the Edentata, which, as well as that ot the liodeutia, characterizes wery veil our fauna, is principally represented by Ihe sloth (Tardigrada Cuv. Biadypus tridaclylus), belonging to the family of the liradypodi\ Ihe arm(ulillo i l-lUbdcnlia, ('uv. dasypoda) 5q a genus with several species; llie I'lmandnn iMynneco- phagaL with three species ijiibala, Iclradaclijld ami (liddclijla). They have i ol yet been seen hut in tlie aine- ricyn continent. Tlie order Arlhrodaclyla, wliich forms a part of llie great order of the Riimiiutiitia, is only represented in Brazil by the genus Cervns, of which four or five spe- cies are known and belonging to the family of the Ccr- vidcv. \\c will cite as belonging to the suborder of the Ar- throdaclijla pachidcrmald, represented by 4 characteris- tical form«, 3 species of sivine (Dicolyles) and 1 of Uipir (Ta|)irusi, [he peccary iDicotyles labiatus, Cuv ), coclili'i canella riiiva (Dicolyles torqualus, Cuv.i and caeliln (Di- colyles caelilu, Liaisi. The Icipir iTapirus americanus) is the largest and most common of the two tcipiri of Brazil. Pertaining to the Cclacea order, frequently appear in Bahia a species of dolphin named boto and the several kinds of wludcs, the Bcdwiui nujsUcelus and Bahciut phij- salus, L., being the most commonly found. Cachalols (Catodon macrocephalus, Lacep.i are of no rare occur- rence. The ornithological fauna is surely the most exube- rant in the world. We will firstly treat of the numerous order of ravenous birds (Raptatores, Rapaces), which is represented by 2 species of vuUnres, 23 of hawks and 8 of owls. Among vultures Vulluridie) are the kincj-vidhire iCa- thartes Papa, Pr. Maxi and the common turkey buz:ard, with two varieties: Cathartes brasiliensis and Calharles fu'lcns, Illig. The group of caracards or sparrow-hawks iPoly- borina'i, subdivided into several species, is the most charaeteriscal in the Falconida- family, as well as the acauan (Hcrpetotheres cachimans) in the Accipilrinw 8 bo sub lamily. Wc ^vill acldilionally nienlion, as pertaining lo the 3 brazilian species of Falcoiiichr, the fdlco sjtar- vcriiis, and belonging lo the MilniiKc sub-laniily ( kites i, wilii 8 genera and 10 species, llie harpagiis bidenlalus, Nvliicb lives in the littoral woodlands. To the Strigidd- family belong the homed oio!, owls and cabores. In the order of cliinbin;/ birds iScansoresi the family of jHtrrols iPsittacidici is to be found, with 7 species, the largest re|)resentative of which is the macaw iMacro- ccrcus L.i and the least one the small paroquet iPsitacula passerina, L.i. There are several species of toucans iRamphastidifl, curious by the enormous size of the bill, manner of llight and the nasal and hoarse notes uttered by them. The most curious of the diircrent species of woodpeck- ers is the carpenter woodpecker iPicus colaptes cani- peslrisi. The family of c7a7>-oo.s- iCuculida'i is principally repre- sented by (wo species of the genus Crotophaga dick- catcrsi: Crolophoga. major oi- large ami and Crotophaga ami or small ami. The most remarkable order in the class of birds in Iha/.il is that of singing birds (Passeres, Insessoresi. It is divided in two groups: crijing and singing birds iCla- matores and Canor(r),the foi-mer being subdivided into Strisores and Tracheophones. According to the form ol' the beak these birds arc classilied under the general names of I'lssiroslrcs, Sevi- ruslres, Tenuirostres, Coniroslirs and Dentiroslrcs. To the group of the Temiirostres belongs the family of llie Trochilidir. leprescnled by the humming-bird, of which f)!) species are known, all lemarkable foi- tfic splendour and extreme variety of their hues and forms. .\s belonging to the C.gpseliihc and ('.aprimnlgiiUv fami- lies, wliicli form a part of the hisessores order, we will ()I specially cite, as to the former, llic hinuulo colldris (a real brazilian swallow) and as for the latter llio //)o//?- Iiunlcr iC.apriinuli^us) and whip-ponv-ivill iCaprimiil;»us j^randisi, cliaraclerized for the great dilatation of the tracheal region. The Prionilidw subfamily, known by the nnmc of taqnaras or nnld cocks, belongs to the Coraciihr family. In the group of the Tnichcophoncs, the most important of the Insessores and having several subdivisions, we will mention the urupoiif/a or ferrador Chasmaryncus nudicollisi, living on the mountainous littoral forests: it is white, and has a green naked neck, broad bill and extremely dilatable throat; its shrill note resembles the stroke of a hammer on the anvil. The tyrant flycatcher (Tyrannus) is a curious entomo- phagous bird, that uses to pursue sparrow hawks. Amongst the Dendrocolaptida' or Aiiabalida' rar.ks a notable sjjecies: the oven-bird iFurnarius rufus. The family of the Turdidcv dhrushesi, which are liighly esteemed singing birds, is i^rincipally represented by the tardus rafivenlris. talhocillis talbircnter, tardus /lavipcs. niiinas lividus, ni. (jilras, ni. triuvus and m. satarninas, the scientiOcal names of the birds commonly called in Bahia sabid larangeira, sabid da praia, sabid da malta. sabid prcta, una ov poca, sabid piranga. The Proync purpurea, steel- coloured and witli a violet- coloured rellex, must be singled out of the Fissiraslrcs group, as well as of the Tenuirostrcs — lhc sohy iGoe- reba flaveolai and ot the Conirostrcs the Panayradida' and Frinyillida' families, which comprise a few wcll- singing birds. The Euphonida' are highly prized for their singing, such as the yurinhatan. The Frinyillida' family has two species of birds distinguished by their white feathers and red head, overtopped with an equally red tuft; they arc: the cardinal Coryphospingus cristatus and the 62 field-cock (C. pilealiis). The pataliba (Fringilla plumbea) is remarkable for its power of song, as well as some species of Ihe genus Sijcalis, known by the names of cananj-bird and gold finch. It is the same wilh the graiina (Icterus nigra) and in the Curvidw family the magpie. The order of pigeons (Columbinir) is profusely repre- sented, from the Irue-dove (Columba loricata) to tlic tnrtle-dovc (Columba Talpacolei ami jnrily (Ferislcra frontalis). The pdilridge, inhainbii and some others form a part of the Gallinacew order (Rasores), while the sevcial kinds oi jaci'is, as well as the araciian, are of the num- ber of the Penelopidiv. The nuilnin, with several genera, ranks among the Cvax. The emeu (Rhea amcricana), alcijon (Calidris arcna- ria), and the like pertain to the order of the Gralalorrs. The dillerenl qualities of saraciirax (Aramides) be- long to the Uollidu' family. In thcgrou]) of.s/or/.-.s (Arvi- colidae) we will si)ccially mention the scricma (Dicolo- phus cristatusi and in the Ciconidd' family the spoon-bill (Cancorma cochlearia). There are sundry kinds of heroiu, such as the ivliilc Iieron, soco, etc. (Ardca cgrclla and pillcala). Tiie order of the Palmipedes comiiriscs, among some otluT individuals, the diiek lAnas brasilicnsisi. Tlie Replilia class is principally represented by the tortoise and marsh tortoise d^mis depressa). The alligator is to be remarked in the numerous order of ( loeodiles. Among lizards iSauriai we will cite Ihe chameleon and nu)nitor (Tens monilori. The /joa (Boa consti ictoi I, sneiiriuba d^uncctes mil- linus or Uaa aquaticai, as well as, among small snakes, llic eainana (Coluber i);ecilosloma) and eoral (Coluber foiniosusi, ;nc comprised in the Dpldilia ordei". 63 In the group of venomous serpents arc the crotalida', among which we must distinguish llic ralllesnake (Cro- talus horridus), liighly poisonous, Ihe siiriiciici'i (f.achc- sis rhonibeata), jararacd (belonging to the genus lio- lhi()j)s), coral (Flaps coralinusi. The double headed snake, finally, forms a part of the Ainphisbenida' family, per- taining [o \Uc Saiiria order. The order of the amphibious Datrachla, which com- prises the load and fro(}, is extremely ahundaiit. \Vc will cite as belonging '.o the family of the Ilijlidiv the hijla faber or rd ferreiro ismilh frog) and the hijla crc- pilans, the voice of which resembles the cracking of wood. Numerous groups of toads are equally to be met with. The cai-ainiirn (Lepidosircn paradoxal, which has the form of an ichthyoid eel, is not, proi)erly to call, an amphibian, but rather a fish of the Dipnciimona order and Sircnoidiv family, marking the transition between the two classes. Of the extremely abundant ichlhyological fauna we will but mention a few of the principal representatives, wilh regard both to the fluvial fauna and to the oceanic one. Rank among the former the cuvinuUan (Schizodon fasciatus), sn/'n/2j/>z (Plalistoma), />/a/i (Leporinusi, Iva- hira (Syodus^ acard (Chromis acara), bagre iSilurus bagre), several species of Irijgon, and the piranha, the voracity of which has become a proverb. Among the numberless sea-fishes the inost common are the acanlhnrus bahianiis, caranx pisquelus (solteira), cybiiini caballa (^mackerel), cijbium regale (sororoca), prionodou limbalns and many others, the enumeration of which would be very fastidious. The entomological fauna is equally overabundant. The Colcoplera order is the most numerous, the Chrgso- melida', Cuciirlionida' and Ceraiubgcidw families being specially frequent. 64 In the Elalerida' family the pyrophorus nocliliicus is to be remarked. Tiie difierent species of loiupijris, per- taining to tlie Malacodermata family, comprise the in- sects commonh' titled glom-wonns. The lantcrn-flij, bcloni-ing to the order of the Ihjincno- ptera and the FuUjoridw family, shows an original form. The numerous species of Tenebrionidu', very destru ctive to timber, are equally found here. The great family of Blatidw (cockroaches), of the Oiilio- ptera order, is very common. There are different species of locusts (Acridiodjic), which are extrcmel}'^ numerous. To the Hemiptcra order pertains the Ciccuhv family, celebrated for the extraordinary magnitude of the vocal organ. The most blood-sucking species oibiigs is the conorhi- nns vestiliis. The Nevroplera oriiev in interesting for the great num- ber oi lermiles (wood wormsi, of which there are to be seen several species. In the Ilijinenoplera order there is plenty of anls, of dillerent kinds, so much to be feared by tillers. U't/.s/JS and maribondus (Amophillus opulcnlus) c(iually occur and are notable for their slinging very sharply. Among brazilian bees are principally found in lhi.> slate the several species of the genera Mellipona and Trii/oiui; thirty species being known of the former and sixty of the latter. As for the Lepidoplvra order the entomological fauna shows a really splendid variety. The most connnon of Diplcroiis iiisoiis arc cxaclly the most annoying and hurtful to num. There are three kinds of !/nat, as well as the iiiiiliicd and cuvopcuii jUi imusca domestical. Among llie Apli(iiiii)lri(t we will cile the chiijoc (Tulcx pencliaiisi and jUut T'uk-x inilansi, which are siippo- 65 sed to have been imported. The louse olonel Sebasliao Raposo, a native of S. Paulo, whence he came with his whole retinue of slaves, indians and niiiamuis (*i, by whom he had several children. He rambled over those mountains, already searched before him by a lew explo- rators, who had found no good (juallly gold; yet, as he was a man of great experience and examined the place well, he was pleased with it and accordingly proceeded to plant in liic adjacent capocs, whcve he lixed his dwelling. They call cdjx'ics some tracts of wood, rising on mount- ains and campaigns and which, al'lci' having been hewn dciwn, are burnt up, that they may {.;ive place to the plantation of n)aize, largely used loi- food in the regions under consideration. '■| l'\'nial(' shivi's, more Uindly Ireakd llian the others and jjcnerallv cliar-'ed w illi waitin'' on their mistress. 7J "Colonel Sebastiao Haposo was said to have rclired from S. Paulo and Minas Geraes for fear of Ihc orders of the Holy Office tribiiiial and, as it sceu.ed to every body, he led a cruel life and was lieart-hardened, for he used to perpetrate murders for any trillinj^ motive. His retinue attended him very unwillingly, because they feared their death at every moment; and really on the way, as [\\o mncainas, being too tired, could no longer follow him, he slew one among some hills and rushed down the other, saying he would not carry them alive, that they might not attend any one else. " Having fixed his residence in the above place, he began to dig for metals and would post sentinels on the higher parts and on the way, to withhold any one from going there, and, as he was powerful, fear kept every body in respect and maintained his despotic sway. « He was so lucky as to light upon gold in the depth of 4 oi 5 spans. He set at work with 80 hateas ('i, but, having met with large veins of gold, he employed his whole attendance, coliunins (Indian male slaves i and women, 130 balcas being thus at service in the rivulet. He then neglected minute gold, for its washing required a long lime, and therefore, as the baleas were discharged, large pieces, laminas and grains were only looked for, a few workmen being severely punished who gave forlh but one pound of gold a day. <> It is wonderful, but not paradoxic, that a piece ot gold was dug out as weighty as 1 1/2 arroba, in the shape of a copper pot handle, and, moreover, that one day, having lit upon the chief l.iyer, they were at work from break of day to 10 o'clock evening, with the help of torches, and drew out 9 arrobas of gold. " A nephew of Raposo, named Antonio de Almeida, (*) Wooden vessels where the earth that is mixed with gold is separated from this, by being profusely washed. 72 who had come with his uncle and bore him company, was not allowed, as well as his few attendants, to dig for gold with Raposo's woikmen, but separately; they came after him, revolving again the already rolled ground and pebbles, fron. the fragments of which they drew a great deal of gold. « Raposo being now satiated, whether for the gold he possessed was then quite enough to satisfy his ambition, or because the exploration did no longer yield the same advantageous result, or fearing the fame of his riches should call there any greater power that might sup- plant him, retired through the woods to the inland, with his workmen, after having dug out gold from an area the eighth part of a league in extent, whence he extracted all the gold he took along with himself, of which he always spoke with vivacity. « As I had received intelligence in the inland that he had drawn out some gold, I began to make a nearer in- quiry and, seeing amidst those men a few more qualilied, one of whom was a confidential friend to Raposo, who used to buy of him cattle and victuals for his workmen (for which reason he permitted him to go into his mines and take a great profit by thcmi, and also finding among the natives of S. Paulo some more capable and a mamc- luke belonging to Raposo, from whom he had one night lied away, after having been hidden in the inland, for fear he should be slain,— from every one I heard separately what I tell of Colonel Raposo and I am sure to be the truth, for those men were the most comjietcnt to know the matter and inquire of their companions after it. <' They unanimously told that Raposo had taken with himself about -10 arrobas of gold. They calculated so, both on account of the i)omp they had found with him and of the borracluis (') and scrips where he kept the Ti Leathern vessels where miners use to keep powder- ed gold. 73 gold, as well as the luggage they ohservcd upon his reti- ring, lor those men, well acquainted with the devices and sagacity of each other, knew very well how to distinguish the volumes containing gold from those which had hut victuals. They also reported that Raposo had never declared to them the real portion of gold he took wilh himsell, but only said, by lessening the word: / have here some little arrobas. « After having taken his way to the inland, he examined his worktnen whom he supposed to carry some gold with themselves and he found indeed many pounds with them, some having 3 and 5, some 6 and 9. It was upon this occasion that the above mentioned mameluke fled from him, for he was among the guiltiest. One could not know what way he had taken, as he got into the woods through a new patii made by himself; but after a short time some natives and inlanders who met him in the woods informed that, by going more and more into the inland, he was seeking for Maranhao. « Upon my arrival at those districts of the Rio de Con- tns he was gone away more than six months ago and it was reported he had arrived at Piauhy, where he had been slain. » This was not the only place of the comarca of Rio de Contas where gold had been found upon that time. By the name of mines of Morro do Fogo (iire hilli, so called from the fire that the explorators kindled in the forest to mark the place where they stood, so rich mines were known that, in spile of their having been explored, the precious metal is even now abundantly found there. In the intermediate space, 168 square leagues in extent, between the river Contas and other places of the comar- ca, a kind of sand is found which indicates the existence of gold and other metals. We may cite as an example the river Paramirim das Creoulas, one of the sources of the Paramirim, where gold is extremely abundant. 74 In the same year (1748i when, as \vc have prcco(lently said, 3,831 12 drachms of gold were sent from the casl- ing house of Jacobina to Bahia, from Ihat of Rio de Conlas were sent 24.793 1/2. A few natives of .S. Paulo discovered in 1718 son e mines of gold at Panibu, which they afiei wards aban- doned, as I hey found out some oUier riclier mines, of copper and silver, in the Serra da Bovracha. The whole region on either side of the river (jrande and its aflluenls is extremely rich in gold, particularly the margins of the river Ondas. In Bom Jesus dos Limocs, also situated on Ihe bank of the Rio de Conlas, a lagoon may be seen where lie^ a large gold mine, now abandoned. The richness of Ihe Scrra da Iliuba is even now l)cyond calcnlalion, both in gold and in copper, silver, iron and other melals. DI.XMOXnS They are said by Mr. Orville A. Derby to ))e found in the sources of Ihe .Icquitinhonha, Rio de Contas and Pai'aguassii. Let us exaniine what was written about the two last-i:amed rivers. .Mr. (iuslavo Adolpho de Mcnezes asserts in his « Mc- moria dcscripliva e eslalislica da ricpieza mineral da Provincia da Bahia » (Bahia. Oclob. 3bi., 18()0), that it was v. Spix and v Marlins (hat first verilied, in 1821, the existence of dir.monds in liie Scrnt do Siiicord and comnuinicaled it to Sergeant-major Francisco .lose da Rocha Medrado, who owned there some tracts of land. It was, however, in 1811 that .love Pereira do l*rado, with a son and a slave, lit upon the In st diamonds in Ihe river Mocuge, llial lalls into the Par aguassi'i; tlie\ were in so great a (pianlily as to prove that the mine Ironi which Ihev were extracted was the richest diamond «nine in 75 Brazil, wherefore 30,000 persons there resorted in crowds from 1844 lo 1848. Upon the same epoch some (tiamond mines were found out in other places of liiat region, as Arociras, the mine of which, though it has been much explored, is not yet exhausted. I is the same with the mine of Harra da Solidao. Diamond also abounds in the fi)llowing places: the rives Cajuciro and Colinguiba (irande, the former flowing from the Scira do Andanihij, the latter from the Sena do Siiicord and falling into Ihc Alpargala; the Scrrci do Gagdo, whicli is but a prolongation of that ofCocal; the liver Combucas, which has its source, like the Mo- cugc, thatitrun.>, paialk-l wiili, in the Serra da Chapada; the cataract named Influencia, ono league fiom the hamlet of Paiaguassu, where in 1845 many people dug out a gre?t deal of diamonds, 14 1/2 drachms having been extracted one day by Jose da Silva Dullra; the river Negro, that runs from the Serra do Sincord; and, in short, the afllueuts of the Paraguassi'i: Una, Rio Preto, Piabas, Ra- budOjLen^oes, Andarahy, etc.,— from which, as Dr. Catao Guerreiro de Castro says, several arrobas of diamond were drawn out and where rose up the villages of Len- focs, Santa Izabel, Andarahy, etc. It must be remarked, however, that the mountains of Sincora arc not the only place where the precious stone was found. It had precedently been discovered in ihe Serra do Assuriia.ln 1841 a miner of the name of Matlos went down the stream of tiie S. Francisco and settled in Ihe place named Cotovelo, situated between the hamlet of Miradouro and Chic[ue-Chique, near the lagoon washing the western base of the Serra do Assurmi, and there lit upon a rich diamond mine. Another was discovered by Anlouio Alvcs das Virgcns in the plateaus of Morro do Chapeo. In Santo Ignacio, of the same district, 30 Ieagu.es distant from Chapada Velha and 60 from Macalmbas, 10 76 very important mines, not yet exhausted, were also found out. In 1881 on important mine was discovered al the place called Salobro, 12 laagues southward from Cannaviciras- Diamond overabounds there and is constantly of excel lent quality, as being the best that has ever been found according to the assertion of them who know well the matter. In 188:}, at length, the G/zara/j/y, a journal edited in the town of Cachoeira, wrote the following, that, like nearly all the notices we give here, was [)ublished in the "Dic- cionario Geographico das Minas do Brazil^ by Fran- cisco Ignacio Ferreira iRio de Janeiro 1885 >: "Several diamond explorators, at tlic service oj Dr. Julio da Camp and lodged at Caplnin Jose Anguslo's, on being informed by a certain fi'llow of ilic name < f Igna- cio, wlio w;is a clei k at r.;ip!.iin W \:: \\i,\ sliojis, IhU in the place called Barra I-strada d'oi-to SinLloi, wliore lived C-oIoncl Zcfcrino Jose de Carvalho, in S. I'elix, I here were to be seen some indicflive signs of the exis'cnce of diamond, llicre bent their course on llio 2||'|. instant, led by a boatman named Andre, and, l)y ellccling Ihc examination of the ground and a few sligiit excavations, lit with no great difficulty, after having been at work two liours running, upon two ricli diamonds, one of which is exceedingly while and shining. " We were yesterday kindly shown such gems l)y our fiiend tlie Tax-Galheier ("icneral of tliis town, l-jisign (^amillo (ionsalves Lima; tiiey are exhibited to public \iew at tiu' shoj) of Captain Jose Auguslo I'eixolo, siliialcd in Ihc priiuipul slicet of llu' parish ol' S. I'liix ■ \N'c ;irc loj I llial the same diamond nii'M-rs and a ijcli ni(ic!i ml 'if tlini parisl) yeste-'l y dirct'.cd to tlsal place ill order lo explore the new mine The c )nliiiualion of the iiupiiries that began I wo days ago and may be of so great a pro'il to us is highly neces- sary »'. 77 Remarkable as the existence of diamonds is in the state, its exploration has gradually decreased and draws towards its end. That is ascribable to the discovery and exploration of diamonds in (iood Hope Cape, which broui^ht down in Kurope the price of such a merchandise to so f^reat an extent as to suspend the whole commercial intercourse in the mines, which were abandoned, nearly all the inhabitants applyinj^ themselves thenceforth to colfec plantation, which now allords them j