Is/L'Hils/LOTIR

"tute j0f wm>k*'

WRITTEN BY THE ORDER OF TilE RlfillT-HONflURABLE llOVERNOR
OF THE STATE OF RAIIIA

DR, JOftQUlM MANUEL ROORIGUES L

HVTIIE DIRECTOR Ol-' THE I'UBLIC ARCHIVES

DR. FRANCISCO VICENTE VIANNA

Assisted by the amanuensis of the same
public office

Jose Corlos Ferreira

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

1)1!. m\MMi mmw iirjiELLii

^liATIIA

Priiiliiijl niKl ItMik-ltiiidiiiii olliic; oC tlic (Diaiio *l;i n.iliia*

101— CASTHO ALVi:S SQUAUi: — 101

1893 ^

Pi*('f;MM' \o \\\r ^'hulisli (Million

?^'

This translation, performed in a relatively short time
and, moreover, printed by artisans quite unacquainted
willi the english language, cannot he exempt from faults.

I hope, however, these faults, easily amendable, will
be overlooked by the reader, since it was above niy
power to shun the efficiency of the circumstances that
I have just alluded to.

It has been my constant endeavour to bear in mind
that clearness ranks with the chief qualities of a trans-
lator. I have, therefore, added a few explanatory notes
to the text or fool of the pages, whenever I thought
them requisite to the thorough perception of the subject.

March, 1894.

TlIR TRANSLATOR.

X'w<^v>

oc^G

C^omnmmiAwnSi' In m S^ak of (Llifnd,

J^mkmln 2V'\ i^2

Section ir. — No. 225. — As I intend sending- to
the Exhibition of CJiicaoo an in/ormation of
the State of Bahia, co}isistinf>' of its political
and geographical description^ richness indus-
try^ statistics and sweetness of climate^ such a
work hariihg been committed .0 the Dr. Director
of the Public Archives^ I have resolved to in-
trust you with translatino into eng-lish the
work under consideration:, for which purpose
vou 172 us t apply to the above director for the
necessary instructions.

I wish YOU

Health and Fraternity.

[Signed)

Wv. 3oaquim iillnmicl tl?o^l•iiJlles Cimtt.

To Dr. Guilherme Pereira Rebcllo.

^C^omimmiUwiiSe in m !^eiinak jSlale of
13afiia, Jjitiic 22""^. 1S()2

Skctiom I! — No. 1 38. — As f indcnd sendino
to the Exhibition of Chicago a jfiiuntc infor-
mation of the State of Bahia^ consisting prin-
cipally of its political and geograplncal de-
scription^ natural richness^s'weetness of climate,
statistics^ mortality and the like^ I have re-
solved to instrust you with such an important
work

By making you acquainted with this resolu-
tion^ I hope you will accomplish perfectly the
task and add to the above points any other in-
formation suggested by your intelligence and
special knowledge.

I nnsh yon

Health and Fraternity.
[Signed)

"Bx. loaquim itlttuufl Ko■^rilUu*5 Cimn.

To the -Dr. Director of the Public Archives.

f IE- S'fl'TE m illlil

Boundaries

The state of Bahia, between 426 and 427 square kilom-
eters in s.irface, borders on the northern side upon
the state of Sergipe, from which it is parted by the
river Retl, from its source to its mouth, through an ex-
lent of 4) leagues; upon the state of Alagoas, from which
it is separated by the river S. Francisco, from the mouth
of the Xingo to that of the Moxoto; upon the state of
Pernambuco, from which it is divided by the S. Fran-
cisco, from the mouth of the Moxoto to «P£o da Histo-
ria«, beyond Joazeiro. In the northwestern direction it
confines witli the state of Piauliy, from wliicli it is sep-
arated b}^ the Serra (ridge of mountains) do Piauhg. It
is washed on the eastern side by the Atlantic Ocean,
from ihe mouth of the river Real to tliat of the rivulet
Doce, and borders upon the state of Sergipe, from the
source of the river Real to the place where the Xingo
discharges its waters into the S. Francisco. On the west-
ern side it confines with: first, the state of Goyaz, from
which it is parted by the ranges of hills called by the
names o^ Tabalinga, Diuisoes, S. Domingos and Diiro;
secondly, the state of Minas, from the «Salto do Jequi-
linhonha» to the top of the hill dividing the streams of
the Mucury and Kaunas. On the south, at last, the state
of Bahia borders: first, upon the state of Espirito Santo,
from which it is separated by the rivulet Doce, from its
mouth to its source, a d by the hill dividing the streams

of the Mucury and Itaunas. as fjr as Ihe Sena dos .\if-
mores, which separates the state from thit of Minas Ge-
raes; secondly, upon the last-mentioned slate, from the
«SaIto do Jequitinhonha" to the source of the Carinhi
nha, at the <'Vao do Paranann, its outline beinj^ repre-
sented theie: by a right line from the Salto to the moulh
of the river Mosquito, which runs into the Pardo; by
another right line from the Mosquito moutli to the ex
Iremity of the Sena das Almns, stsndin'^ south of the
wVallo Fundo«, at the source of the Ressaca, which falls
into the (iaviao; from this point forward the state of
Bahia is separated from that of Minas by tiie Sena dus
Almus, as far as the source of the /erde Hequeno; by
this river from this point to the place where it pours
its stream into the Verde (irande; by tliis river as f^r as
its disemboguing into the S. Francisco; by the S. Fran-
cisco from this point to the mouth of the Carinhanha,
and, at length, by this river as far as its source is
reached at the cVao do Paranan».

Extent

From Painbu, tlie most northern point, to the jivulet
Doce, the most southern one, the stale of Bahia is 9 1/2
degrees in extent, and 10 degrees from tlic neckiand
called "Mangne Sccco>> to the Scrra do Pdrannn, which
separates this stale from that of (ioyaz, off the source of
the Itaguary, an aflluent of the Carinhanha, whicii falls
into the S. I'rancisco, on its left side.

Natura of the coast

The coast of this state ertcnds through 1.").') leagues or
1.U23 kilometers from the river Real to the rivulet Doce.
Kxcej)! Ihe coast of P.ira, that of Bihia is Ihe vastest one
in nnv bra/ilian stale.

It abounds with fiood ports, bays and anchoraj^es. It
is divided in two sections: 1.^'. from the river Real to
the bay r/e Todo% os Santos (All Saints bay), this section
directing from NE. to SW.; 2."' from the bay de Todas
OS Santos to the rivulet Docc, from N. to S.

The first section comprises the following havens;
Ahbadia, almost at the mouth of the river Real; Conde.
at the bar of the Itapicuru; Assu da Torre, at the coast
of the Sauhipe; Ilapoan, where stands up one of the best
phares in the coast; -all these ports being suitable to
small vessels drawing 8 feet of water.

The coist of this section is generally low-lying, stretch-
ing away in large downs and crossed in its whole extent
by a long series of reefs, only interrupted at the few
river mouths there to be seen. Extensive woods of
cocoa-trees break from place to place the monotony of
the long white downs.

From the mouth of the river Real to that of the Ita-
picuru (4 leagues) there is no river or creek that may
serve for a shelter to the smallest vessel. The bar of the
Itapicuru, though it is not free from stones, yet lets in
the ships seeking fur the port of Villa do Conde.

The reefs are still to be seen between the following
nine and ten leagues from the bar of the Itapicuru to
Assu da Torre. In the last-named point there is to be
found a creek, into which a little river falls and atl'ord-
ina ships an anchorage. The next haven that lets in
sma'l vessels, but only when it is fine weather, is the bar
of the Jacuipe, 4 leagues southward from Assu da Torre.
One league backwards the reefs show a narrow opening,
that small ships may go in and get a safe shelter
between the reefs and the coast. This haven w- s once
called Porlo do Bra: Afjonso. Two leagues beyond the
Jacuipe there is a similar entrance in a place of yore
named Arambepe.

The reefs prolong as far as the river Joannes, three
leas^'.ies south of Araaibepe. The mouth of this river is
also intercepted by the reefs, th^talFonl there a narrow
entrance, inaccessible to vessels. Three leagues forward
Itapoan is to be seen, a neck of land running a great
way into the sea and where rises up the pharo. It is two
leagues of shore from this point to Rio Ycrmeiho.

The cretk formed there by tlie Joannes is of no
advantage to n^ivigation, on account of the reefs, which
extenfl tlius far. However, when it is tine weather and
no sea-breeze is blowing, people may land there and
ships ride at anchor.

One league forward lies the bar of the bay de Todos
OS Santos (All Saints bay), one of the best ports in Bra-
zil and, generally speaking, in the world, discovered
in 15>)1 by Amerigo Vespucci and visited again by him
in 15Q3. It is 70 kilom. in extent from S. to N , that is
— from the Barra Falsa to the village of S. Francisco,
and as much from E. to \V., that is - from the creek of
Periperi to the mouth of the Paraguassu.

The island of Itaparica, that from the bar of this
vast bay stretches through seven leagues into its centre,
originates two bars: the one, named de Santo Antonio,
extending from the point so called (once named do Pa-
drdo) to the facing island of Itaparica, and between 3
and 1 miles in breadth; the other, called Barra Falsa,
extending from the southern point of the same island,
named Caixapregos, to the main-land, at the place
where disembogues the river Jaguaripe. This vast bay
olTers a good anchorage to the largest ships in the
world.

The coast, as considered from the bay de Todos os
Santos to the south, pursues the general direction from
N. to i;.

It has a rniddlc altitude, according to Counsellor Sal-
danha da Gama, and conists alternately of sandy

barriers, green hills and sometimes reddish slopes,
between 25 and 33 meters in height. Several ridges of
mountains, between 500 and GOO meters in height, arc
to be discovered towards the interior and appear al a
distance like insulated hills little elevated above llic
horizon. They are pcrceival)le, as well as Ihc coast, at
the distance of 25 miles, and only betwixt lihcos and
Rio de Contas they draw nearer the sea, receiving then
the name oi' Serra Grande.

The coast is pretty near directed from N. to S. ; Us
outline is little interrupted by jellies and recesses,
though there are to be found several liver mouths,
generally more or less obstructed by shelves.

The most remarkable points in the coast are: the
port of Morro de S. Paulo, at the mouth of the Una
(where on the days of the Independence war tiie bra-
zilian fleet found a shelter, under the command of Lord
Cochrane ; it lets in any ship); the bay of Camami'i,
into which a great many rivers fall (it is safe and deep
and capable of bearing any vessel); the river de Contas,
the mouth of v>iiich is fre(j,ucnted by coasters (for
ships drawing 8 feet of water); llie small creek of the
Ilhcos, where disembogues the river Cachoeira or dos
Ilht'os, which vessels drawing 14 feet may go up as far
as 2 leagues off its mouth; Olioenga (for small pinnaces);
Cannavieiras, at the mouth of the river Pardo or Pa-
type (for barks drawing 8 feet of water); Bclmonlc, at
the mouth of the Jequitinh'^nha, accessible to small
vessels (8 feel) and southward from which rises up a-
little hill, remarkable for its being the most eastern
point as considered from Bahia; Sanla (Iriiz, where
Pedro Alvares Cabral landed in 1500; Povlo Segiiro, at
the mouth of the river Buranhem, unsheltered from
the S. and S E. winds ( for ships drawing 12 feet );
the cape loaccma or Insuacome, easily recognizable for
its while rocks, the first that may be seen from the

north; 20 miles off this cape, towards the west-south-
west, the mount Paschoal towers up, which may be
perceived at tlie distance of 1') leagues, 536 meters in
height above the sea-lcvcl; it was the first point spied
by Cal)ral; the bar of the Craminniaii, at the mouth of
the rivulet so called (14 feel), remarkable for its lying
near the Itacolumins.

The Ilacoliimins are a group of shelves and coral
reefs lying between 18' 49' and Ifi" 57' S., through an
extent of 7 miles i'rom N. to S. and 4 from K. to W.,
and being naked on low water. Besides this group
there is no coral reef but in four points of the
region under consideration; betwixt Bahia and Morro
de S. Paulo, Boipeba and Camanu'i, overagainst the
Ilhcos and belwixl Santa Cruz and Porto Seguro. These
reefs are well acquainted with; so they aie of no
danger; ships may draw as near as two leagues from
the coast and they are sure to llnd no less than 8 or 10
meters of water, save before the easily recognizable
river mouths.

From that place forwards «the coast is very low,
except along a tract, 5 'or () miles in extent, betwixt
I^rado and Comaxalii)a. where a sleci) reddish hillside,
50 feet high, comes in view. As a compensation, the
bottom of the sea rises up abruptly and forms the
plateau, 30 leagues wide by 31) long, serving as a base
to the archipelago of the Ahrullios. Tiie coast j)rocceds
along from N. to S. as far as the Poiiltt da Bulcia, where
il lakes the soulh-west direction; at Porto Alegre it
keeps again its |)rccc(ient trend as far as llie mouth of
the river Doce.

The most remarkable ports in this section are: the
bar of Pvado (S feeUi at Ihc mouth of the Jucuru(,-u, a
very dangerous ciiliance; Alcobaca, at the monlh of
the naniicni; I he Puiihi da J}(tlri<i, the most eastern
neck of land in Ihis portion of liic coast; ('.(intvclliis, at
llii' mouth ol llie river so called, which, Ihougli il is

somewhat shallow, lets in considerable ships ( I't feel )
(whale (ishery was at once widely used thereabouts i;
Porlo-AIegre, nl the mouth ol" the Mucury (8 I'eeti.

We must additionally mention the bay Cahralia. 'i Ica-
j5ues northward from Porto Seguro, one of the best
anchorages for any ship in the state and where Cabral
landed in imO; and, finally, the two havens of the
island Sanla Cruz, in the Abrolhos.

On some of these ports phares are put up; such as:
that of //o/joa/j ( lat. 12'17';{0' and long. 4" 40" 30" i, with
a fixed natural-coloured light, reacliing U miles or
33kilom.,and inaugurated in September T.'i' 1873; that
of Santo Anlonlo da Barra, at the bar of Bahia, which
was set in action in December 2.'"i 1839, white red-
coloured light, reaching Lj miles before its latter
reform, 12 meters above the sea-level, whirling round
in 4 minutes and changing its colour every 80 seconds;
that of .1/o/TO do. S. Paulo, of first rank, white light,
reaching 24 miles or 50 kilom., 74 feet high from its
brse to the gallery where the focus stands up, and
inaugurated on May 3 "' 185:). Its central lens is one
span in diameter, the whole system being more than
eight; the phare of the Abrolhos, with a white light,
reaching 17 miles or 37 kilom. and set in action on the
'30.'i' of May, 1862; finally, another at the bar of the
Jequitinhonha, with a fixed white light, reaching 10
miles, and 13 m. 25 higli, inaugurated in 1885.

Inside the bay de Todos os Santos there are also to
be seen 3 small beacons: on the fort of Santa Marin,
at Barra; on the fort S. Marcello (or do Mar), in the
port of the city, and, at length, that which was but
lately set on the foreland named Guadelupe, at the
island dos Frades, with a fixed red light, good dioptrical
apparatus and visible from the distance of 9 miles.
Its focus rises up 9m.50 from the ground and 30m. 40
from the level of quadrature tides; it is supported by

an iron column, painted in red and furnislicd willi a
semicircular gallery and lateral staircase.

Bahia has no real capes, but the following fore-
lands : Ilapoaii, Santo Antonio da Barra, Garccz, at the
bar of the Jaguaripe, Caixapregos ibidem, at the south
end of the island Itaparica, Cafitelhanos, i\l. the village
of Boipeba, Mntd, at the bar of the Camamu, loacema
or Insuacome and Baleia, near Alcobaca.
The following islands lie along the coast:
1 1 Tinharc or do Morro de S. Panlo, 5 leagues long
from N. to S. and proportionately wide. On its northern
end stands a fort, hard by which is a hamlet with a
chapel consecrated to O. L. of Luz.

This island was already known by this name in 1531,
when it was first belield by Marlim Affonso on the 2ti'i
of March. Pero Lopes in his Diario called it Ti/nlmira.
In July of 1535 the fleet of Simon de Alca/.oba equally
was there and Alonso Vehcdor in his Relacion writes
Tenereqnes.

2) Boipeba, on the south of Tinliaro. i scpiare leagues
in extent, and wliere lies tlio ancient village of Velha
Boipeba.

3i Cajirii, occupying the central site with regard to
Tinharc, Tupiavu and the continent. There is still
extant the ancient village of Cayru.

li Ttipiari'i, 3 1 2 leagues long l)y 2 wide, in a si-
milar site in relation to tlie two largest islands and tlie
continent.

5i Quiepe, at the enliance to the l)ar of Camamu
bay, where it forms two bars.

(ii Pcdnis, 2 leagues on tiie west of Quiepe, at tlie bay
of Camamu, almost in its centre, it is circular in form,
aljimdant will\ water, peopled and more than 12
league in extent.

~> MdiahiL extending soulliward from the bar of Ca-
mamu bay and separated from the main-land by the

1 1

channel natncel Rio Marahi'i. There is to be found the
villai^e of Marahii. It forius nortlnvard the neckland
of Mula.

8) Tiibarocs, .*] leagues NNW. of Quiepe. It is larger
than tlic island of Pcdras, low-lying, plentiful with
water, near the nioulh of the river Serinhacm, pcoi)led
and under cultivalion.

9) The archipelago of the Abrolhos, at 30 miles off
the coast of Vilhi Vi^osa, consisting of 5 islands and
many reefs, some 40 meters above the sea-level, and a
few being covered with woods.

They are :

(I) Santa Barbara, the largest and most northern one,
1500 meters long from E. to W. and 300 from N. to S.
There are to be seen a great many hills, on the highest
of which stands up the beacon.

b) Redonda, 200 meters in circumference and 400 in
height, 300 meters eastv/ard from the eastern point
of Santa Barbara.

c) Seriba, on the S. of Redonda, 25 meters high.

d) Sueste, 15 meters high, the most southern of the
islands under consideration.

e) Giiarita, near the northern extremity of Santa Bar-
bara. It is but an Insulate rock.

The four largest islands form a basin, between 5 and
6 cahles in circumference, which affords a good anch-
orage, 14-15 meters deep, perfectly sheltered from
winds, except the south and west-southwest ones.

These islands are banked eastward by a large coral
reef, called Parcel dos Abrolhos, extending, in the
form of a crescent looking eastward, through the
distance of 22 miles from N. to S. Between the Abrolhos
and the coast stretches away a channel named Canal
dos Abrolhos, 10 meters wide, which is now pursued by
many steamers. Lime phosj)hale is to be found in these
i.slands.

The islands in the l)ay de Todos os Sanlos arc :

li Ilaparica, the largest of Ihcm, SW. of the hay, 7
leagues in leiiglh from NNE. to SSW., from the Ponta
da Balcia, Nvhcreon lies the town of Ilaparica, to the
foreland of Caixapregos. It is sigmoid inform, according
to Halhhun, and 4 geographical miles in breadth,
scarcely narrowing at llie nortliern and sonlhern ends.
It is separated from the continent by a l)road shallow
channel, inlaid with 4sles. Us ground is fruitful, fit for
several kinds of culture and bearing a great deal of
famous fruils, such as the celebrated mangoes and
melons.

It is divided into 3 parishes :

Sanlissimo Sacramenlo, at the town of Ilaparica, Vera
Cruz and Sanlo Ainaro do Cali'i.

The (irst is washed by the Ingnhu, a small river
having its source near the mount Eminciicin, the Tororo
and TaUiipe. It possesses some chapels,- ;is that of
5. Loiirenro, at llie town, Sanln Anloiiio doa Vcdlasqucs
and some others, vaiiably jircscrved. The second,
which was the (irst peopled and civilized place in the
isl;ind, is wasiicd by tiie rivers Vera Cruz, Paraligy and
Pcnha and shows the chapels of Pciilut and Conccicdu.
The third, finally, washed by the rivers Ayru, Paos,
Calu, Monlojo, Parapatingas and Apicum, had at once
a little chajjcl consecrated lo Si. .lolm.

This island is renowned in history foi" llie lu'cnpaio!!
by Van Scid<oppc 1 1(547 l<Si iind Ihe paliiolism siiown
by its inhal)ilants upon the days of Ihe Independence
war. It was during llic S(d>iii(td(i tiie seal of llie legal
governmeni .

:2i I'nidcs. I';icin;^ Ilaparica. :il)()ul 2 leagues long,
mounlalnous, only inhabiled by a lew (isliers and
tillers. On its south western vml stands up Ihe cliapel
consecrated lo (). I, of (imidcliipc. wlu-ic tlu'rc is now

to be seen a beacon, and on tbc opposite end the
chapel consecrated to 0. L. of Lorcto.

3) Bom Jesus do DoqncirCio, on the north of Frades,
from which it is somewhat distant. It is Ihc scat of a
l)leasanl liamlet with a cliapel. Its inliabilanls worlv at
I he numerous stocks there extant and arc also given
to fishery and tillage.

4) Santo Antonio, westward from the precedent, small
and unimportant.

.')) Vaccas, on the north of Bom Jesus, more than 1/2
league in extent, forming one farm and little inhabited.

6) Maria Giiarda, on the east of Vaccas, small, high,
covered with low shrubs and little peopled.

7) Bimbarra, northward from Maria Guarda, equally
small, high, wild and with but few inhabitants.

8) Madre de Dens do Boqueivdo (once called Cornrn-
pcl)a\, on the east of Bom Jesus and separated from
Frades, overagainst the already mentioned chapel of
Loreto, by a deep clianncl named Boqncirdo. It for-
merly belonged to the Jesuits and is now the scat of
the parish; it is much peopled by fishers and planters of
rogas (*) and aniendoins iarachis hijpoga'a), and greatly
resorted to for sea baths. A small channel separates it
from the main-land.

9) Pontes, northward from Bimbarra and at the mouth
of the river Paramirim. It is 1 league long, high, with
small (arms j^lanted with cocoa-trees and rogas on its
southern part; on the northern one stands a sugar factory,
with a good dwelling-house and alembic, now used as
a lazaret for them who must perform quaiantine.

10) Cojahiba, at the further end of the bay de Todos
OS Santos and lacing llic village of S. TVancisco. It is

(') A piece of land planted with Indian corn, french
beans, manioc, etc.

1 league in extent. There stood up of yore a vast sugar
factory and manor-house. An archipelago of small isles
is to be seen before its southern end, the Grande and
Pequena being the p;incipal of them. The river .Vcupc
disembogues oil this point.

11) Medo, small, low, covered with cocoa-palms an 1
uninhabited for want of water. It lies to the west of
Itaparica and overagainst the bar of the Paraguassu.

Between the island of Itaparica and the continent one
sees also the following isles, generally small and low-
lying :

12) Ccd- 13) Cannas- 14) Muld; 15) Miriicoiiaov dos Ratos-
16) Burgos, high and woody on the place named Fniul,
famous for a fight engaged there, upon the Independence
war, between the portuguesc and brazilian forces; i7)
Porcos; 18) Carapilubas: 19) Salcira., 20) Malarandiim (a
corrupted word from the ancient Tamarandiva)\ 21)
Mulninho, hard by the town of Itaparica, wilh a beau-
tiful Held house; 22) S. Gon^alo do Fiinil-,22\ Sla. Anna,
at the mouth of the Jaguaripe,— all generally planted
wilh cocoa and dende — irccs (ehieis gw'neensis) and
inhabited l)y (ishers; 24) Mare, nearly 2 leagues in length
and little less in width, separated from the western
shore of Bahia by a deep channel, facing the bar of
Aralu bay. Its ground is very fit for sugar-cane plantation;
wherefore there stood up of old a famous sugar factory.
Tlierc is to be seen the handet of iV. S. das Xeres, wilh
a parish church.

At last, 2 small islands lie in the bay of Ilapagipc:
Sanla I.iizia and Joanna.

Config-uration of the ground

"The greatest jiait of Hrazil", says Prof. Orvillc A.
l)erl)y, 'c-onsisls of a philcau, IJ'.IO-IOIK) meters high,
and, to a great cxlcnl, of large high plains, deeply
c\i:\vak'(| j)\ Ihe v;d!c\s of luimerous rivers. The real

mountains, those which are owing to the rising up of
the soil, lie mostly to the east and centre and may be
tliought to constitute two chains of mountains, almost
parted from each other by the high plains of the
S. Francisco and Parana basins.

"The eastern or maritime chain runs along the Atlantic
shore, not far off the sca-margc, from the vicinily of
the cape S. Roque until the southern boundaries of the
country are almost reached.

(■The central or goyana (of Goyazi chain partially
occupies the south of (ioyaz, as well as the province
of jMinas, on the west of the S. Francisco, and joins
the eastern chain by means of a transversal ridge
stretching westward through the south of Minas.

(■This transversal ridge forms a part of the large
range of mountains dividing the streams of the con-
tinent, running from K. to W. and generally called
Scrra das Verlenles; which is an improper denomina-
tion, for a considerable part of it is not precisely
mountainous.

(fThe mountains of the eastern system form a long
and comparatively narrow region, about 20 leagues in
its greatest width, elc.»

To such systems of brazilian ridges of mountains be-
long those that cross the state of Bahia, where they
may be divided into 3 chains: ccnlral, eastern and
western.

A ridge of mountains, coming from the system of Mi-
nas, draws near the southern frontier of this state, under
the name of Serra das Almas, separating the two states
and extending eastward in search of the eastern chain,
the highest point of which is the Morro de Condenba.

Another branch enters the state of Bahia, under the
name of Serra Geral, and is subdivided into: Serra do
Sallo, the source of the rivers Gaviao and Antonio, and
Serra de Cactitc, where is the town so called ami
whence springs forth the river das Rds.

The Serra das Eyiias stretches away on the east of
Caelile, and, (inally, the first named branch stretches
northward from the river Pardo, under the name of
Serra do Jacarc, and proceeds with that of Lambard
(at Maracasi, till, lartlier on, it blends with the central
and eastern chains, joining the latter l>el\vecn the rivers
Pardo and de ConUis.

Moreover, upon enterini^ the stale of Bahia, the system
under consideration emits westward the Serra de Monies
Altos, wliicli terminates little beyond the village of this
name and, in its turn, sends forth another branch, the
Serra da Malhada, that stretches away at a short dis-
tance from the S. Francisco valley.

Through the centre, however, betwixt the eastern
and western branches of these ridges of mountains,
coming from the Serra do Grdo Mogol, in Minas. runs,
under the general name of Serra do Sineord or da
Chapada, a chain of mountains that is called by difl'cr-
ent names according to its branching off, either
forwards or sidewise.

This range of mountains is divided, about 14" N., into
4 large parallel branches; the eastern one, specially
called Serra do Sineord, 60 leagues west of the town cf
Cachoeira; another, (i leagues west of the precedent,
received the name of Serra do Coeal; the third one,
lying farther to the west, is named da Furna. on the
west of which a foiirtli branch is l^nowii by the name
of Serra do Pintja.

The first l)ranch emits northw^ud tlic Serra da Cha-
padinha, where lie Ihi- sources of the Combucas, Mo-
ciige and Piai)as, liiat How to the I'aiiiguassi'i; it ecpially
emits the Serra do Andarahij anil, (i Icagnes lartlier, liic
.S(77v/ dos /.<7J((J('S, wlience spring a great many af
llucnts and snl)-allUients of the Paraguassi'i. At a dis-
tance of \) leagues from the IkuuIcI of Parnahil)^ the
.S(7/v/ f/(» Siiicor<i also scuds lorlii liial of Aroeiras,

where is Ihc source of several rivers Mowing to llic
S. Francisco.

Tiie second general branch iSerra do Cocah stretches
northward under the name of Serra do Ga(j('to, till it
j(.ins the first hrancli at the hamlet of Santo Ignacio, in
llie mountainous district of Aroeiras, whence the two
branches run togetlier, with the denomination oi' Serra
do Assnriid, as far as the neighbourhood of Chique-Chi-
que. Its culminating point is the Tromba, out of which
springs the river de ConUis.

The third branch [Serra da Fnrna), tlic culminaling
point of which is the Itabira hill, where is the source of
the river Caixa, a sub-affluent of the S. Francisco,
branches off in its turn, under the name of Serra dos
Pieos or Campeslre, and trends northward with the dc
nomination of Serra do Morro do CJiapco.

On the last of these principal branches {Serra do
Piiiga) overtops all othe:s the ever-foggy hill das
AInws, whence spring several streams ilowing to Ihe
rivers S. Francisco and de Conlas. It, therefore, divides
the streams tha^ by running to the Pnramerim, go into
the S. Francisco, from those that, by Ilowing to the Rio
de Contas, fall into the ocean.

These ridges of mountains go on together towards
Ihe north under Ihe name of Serra da Iliuba, which,
with a north-eastern trend, crosses the district of Jaco-
bina, where it is called by the denominations of 5f/Ta
da Jacobina and Saiide, while with the names of Ja-
nnaria, Miiribeca ov dos PanUslas and, at last, Serra da
IJorraeha, it proceeds along towards Ihe northern
slates, after having run across the great river S. Fran-
cisco and formed therein the numerous water-falls
extending from Scnto Sc to the grand Paulo A/fonso
cataract.

One of its branches, upon passing through liie thick
woodlands of Orobo, takes the name of Serra da Cova da

Onga; another, those of Serra do Caclwrro, dos Brejos, Sel-
lada, Macajuba and Mnndo Novo- a third one, that of
Scrra Prela, the utmost vani«iiard of which is the Serra
do Mor.lj-Santo.

The eastern ch:iin enters the st-.ite of Baliia in Sta. Clara
do Mucury, 158 kilom. off the sea-shore, and, running
norlhwarci, at a variahle distance from the coast, under
tlic general name of Serra dos Aymores, crosses the
southern distiicts of the state and emits to the right
hand several hranchcs, which at some places reach the
shore, and others to the left, that join the central
system, after having hecn passed through hy the largest
southern rivers.

It is particularly on the territory helonging to the
village of Victoria that those western ramifications arc
lo be seen, and there, under the names of Gromjogij,
Pcripcri and Dalalha, they go in search of the Serra das
Aliiuts, Ihcir culminating point being the hill Couro de
Aula. Stretching northward through the territories of
Arcia (where it has the dillcrcnt names oi Maritim, Es-
lopa, Cruz, ctc.i and Aniargosa, Sto. Antonio de Jesus,
Conceifao do Almeida and the like (undei- the denomi-
nations of Serra da Giboia, Espinheiro, Pcdra Branca,
Gariri'i, Tindwra, etc.i, it crosses the river Paraguassu
and, upon reaching the woodlands of Orobo, blends
with the eastern branches of the C.hapada system.

To the western system belong the chains of mountains
that westward from the livcr S. Francisco separate this
stale from that of (ioyaz, under the names of Paraiuai,
S I)niiiin(/os, Dinisocs, Tabalint/ct, and from that ol
riauhy, being then called Serra do Pianhij-, this runs,
wiMi the deiKimiuation of Dous [riudos, between the
last-named slate and liiat of Peinambuco.

Olf the source of the river Preto the Serra de Taha-
liiiija sends eastward a branch, wliich comes a great
way into this state, nearly as far as the baidv of the
S. Krancisco, olf the town of liarra do Rio Grande.

The Ribeira, Altos do Paranoii and Ramullio arc also
eastern branches, the two first mentioned riinnint* par-
allel with the river Grande, while the latter pursues at
some distance the bank of the river Corrcnte.

In J'rof. d'Orville's opinion, the structure of the
central ridj^es of mountains of Bahia, as well as that
of tho Sci-i-a do Espinha^o and seme others of Goyaz,
belongs to the huronian system.

oHydromicaceous and chlorilic schists, as well as
schistous and micaceous quartzites, some of them
flexible, which received the name of ilacoliimilc, arc Ihe
predominant rocks in this chain The mica of this series
is often substituted for micaceous iron, producing a
peculiar rock named ilaberile, which, upon losing its
quartz, tL.rns in!o massive layers of hematite or,— but
not so frequently—, magnelite.

«0n account of these iron Inyers, exceeding abund-
ant and extensive, the huronian regions of Brazil rank
among the richest in iron ores in ihe world. By
cropping these ferrugineous rocks a conglomerate crust,
more recently formed, comes inlo view, consisting of
iron ore masses, cemented by limonite, known by the
name of tapanlioacanga, which sometimes spread over
spaces many miles in extent. Large marble layers
equally occur, forming a part of this series.

«The all but universal schistous characlcr of the
huronian strata, that bend everywhere in the form ot
very high angles, imparts a peculiar denticulate ap-
pearance to the mountains on which they rise up as
tlic pi incipal elevations, remarkably contrasting with
the domes and pinnacles of the laurentian system.

"As we have said, the vast mineral repository of
Brazil lies in this series.

"First quality iron is extremely abundant there, being
worked, to a little extent, by a great many small forges,

which emplov the direct process.
3

.'Xcarly all the gold that has been extracted in Minas
Geraes, S. Paulo, Parana, Goyaz, Matto-Grosso and
Bahia was dug out of the mines comprised in this series
or, mostly, of the alluvia derived from them. The tapa-
nhoacanga has been \videly explored, for the itaberitc
that it is composed of is somelimes extraordinarily rich
in gold, which occurs in irregular lines of a peculiar
mixture of iron and manganese oxide, that miners call
jdcutinga, a formation most likely peculiar to brazilian
auriferous grounds. In the other rocks of the scries
gold appears in veins of quartz, conjoined with iron
and arsenic sulphurets and rarely copper, lead and
antimony ones.

wSome of the pyritiferous veins are extraordinarily
extensive and constant. The topaz mines of Ouro Preto
lie in lilhomarge and quartz veins, passing through
the schists of this series."

The same erudite professor, proceeding to apply
specially to the ridges of mountains of Bahia the general
result of the observations nuide on this series of
mountains, says:

"A connection has been long since suspected between
the huronian rocks and the adamantiferous alluvia ot
Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Matto-Grosso and Bahia, and the
recent investigations of Deiby and Gorceix definitively
proved diamonds to occur, hard by Diamantina, in
veins conjoined with huronian schist and similar to the
topaz veins of Ouro Prelo. Therefore they had likely
the same origin in tiie wliole Brazil and the pebbles out
of which, — excepting but one—, they have been exclu-
sively drawn, are derived— either dh-ectly from such
rocks, or from tbe ulterior formations conslituled by
the detrili of the sanu- rocks.

Tlu' Send do Ilspiiihmo is |)ariially invested, through
the iioitli of Minas and the centre of Baliia, \\[\\ a
large layer of grit, passing in places to the stall' of con-

glomerate and greatly bearing, in its less gross portions,
the siniililiulc of the itacolumite of the huronian system,
that it has been generally confounded wilh. It presents
simple folds and lies under no determinate figure on
the high edges of the iiuronian and laurentian slrala.
Its geological horizon is doubtful, on account of there
having been found no fossils ; it may be, however,
most likely considered a silurian one. A portion of the
grit lying in the ridge of mountains that divides the
streams of the S P'rancisco and Tocanlins, and perhaps
a part of that which })ertaius to the chain of hills
dividing the waters of the Amazonas and Paraguay,
should be particularly referred to the same series.

((The southern end of the Manliqiieira on the south of
S. Paulo and in Parana, as well as some mountains
bordering the continental plateau eastward from the
Serra do Espinhaco, on the north of Bahia and Sergipe,
also present a formation or constant formations of
grit, argillaceous and calcareous schists, probably more
recent than the huronian ones and, therefore, likely
Silurian.))

The above quoted author, next alluding more minute-
ly to the structure of our mountains, says:

(■In addition to the foinialions we have mentioned as
being the origin of the mountains on either side of the
S. Francisco, two or perhaps three more have been
I'ccognized in its basin.

((A) The first and most ancient consists of hard bluish
grit and argillaceous schist, partially changed into slate
and calcareous subs ance, which, in accordance with
the indications ollored by the few fossils found therein,
pertain to the silurian or devonian epoch. These layers
arc intermingled and show simple folds. As such an
arrangement often brings up to the surface the calca-
reous substance, this has been thought to be the pre-
dominant rock in the series; which is far from truth.

because, should we consider the thickness, some rocks
else far more important are to he found there.

((These strata form hii^h ridges on Ijolh sides of llie
valley extcntUng parallel with the huronian niouPilains;
but probalily they do not form llie culminaling points
of the mountains dividing the streams. Similar and
perhaps identical formations are of no rare occurrence
on the Tocanlins valley and in the centre of Baliia,
eastward from the Serrado Espinhago. Saltpetrous grottos
are to be abundantly found through the calcareous
sul)slance of this ridge of mountains and they furnished
Lund with important remains of mammifcrs of the
quaternary age. Argentiferous galena equally appears
at some points.

((B) The second formation consists of horizontal strata
of grit and argillaceous schist, forming large high plains
on the west of Minas (ieracs and Bnhia. There have
not yet l)een found any fossils that may delermine its
geological age. Some authors have related it to the
secondary epoch and even to the tertiary one; but it is
equally probable it should ecrrespond to the carboni-
ferous or devonian formation of the Parana basin.

«C) /t the inferior ])art of the high valley in the
provinces of Perniimlnuo. I?nhia ;iiid Alaguas some
grit and argillaceous schist appear, wherein cretaceous
fossils have been found out, which seem to coirespond
to the foiiuation of the I'ainahiba hasiu. They may l)e
ascribed to the same fornuilion as the somewhat similar
layers of the uj)per part of the valley (Bi; but there is
reason enough why we may su|)pose that they are really
<lislincl.

"Thronghout this region the soil is impregnated wilii
sail, and saliniferous layers are of a likely occurrence
in this lormation »

'I'hc obscivatioiis ukuIc on tlu' Send do Sinron'i hy
Dr. Virgilio von llclmrciclu'u and |)ul)lisluMl by Tschudi

in his ('Voyage to the centre of South America))— are in
a perfect accordance with these investigations. After
asserting that this ridge of mountains trends from
SW. to N., from 13"].")' to 12"1.")' h)ng., forming tiic
eastern l^rancli of the Serra da ( liapada, wiiich may be
considered a continuation of tlie Serra do Espiiihaco and
separates the S. Francisco valley from tliat of the river
Paraguassu, he says that the chain of mountains under
consideration siiows the same rude and wild character
as that of the GrdoMogol. Vast campaigns stretch along
the westerly hillsides as far as they reach the Serra
da (Ihapada; while, on the eastern side, the whole
region is covered with wide forests.

With regard to its geological formation it bears a
great analogy to the .Serra do Grdo-Mo:j3l, of itaco-
lumite formation, while the adjacent ridges of hills
are composed of granite and gneiss

Potamography

The rivers of this state cannot but disembogue at the
eastern shore of Brazil. The most important of them is:

1) The S. Francisco, one of the largest in Brazil.
Its source is in the state of Minas, at lat. 20' 3J S., in
the Serra da (Ainastra- then it falls over a precipice,
100) feet high— according to von Hschwcge, forming
the cascade named Casca dWnla, and, after crossing
[he above mentioned state in the general north-eastern
direction and receiving numerous afiluents, enters the
stale of /iahia: l^^^'y in the point where the river Verde
Grande falls into it, on its right bank; 2"ily, farther on,
in the point where the Carinhanha joins it, on its left
side, with a bar 75 meters in extent and a volume of
water 78 meters in cube. Next to that conlluence the
S. Francisco washes the village of Carinhanha, where
it has already reached such a volume as to be 3700
spans wide; it is there 205G spans above the sea-level.

Going on its course Uirougli Bahia and wasliing An-
gicos, Buraco do Inferno, E. Santo, Picos, S. Miguel
and Bom Jesus da Lapa, it receives in tliis section the
following confluents:

a) on the right, the river Monlc Alto, which has its
source in the ridge of mountains so called, and the
river das Rds, that has also there its principal sources,

b) on the left, the river Corrente, that springs from
the foot of the Paranan and is enlarged by the rivers
das Eguas, Fonnoso and Arrojado. Its bar in the
S. Francisco is 110 meters wide, 304 cubic meters of
water flowing a second.

Leaving the village of Bom Jesus da Lapa, where it
reaches iOol spans above the sea-level, it pursues the
general norlh-easlern direction, in s|)itc (if i'.s winding
course from this point, and washes the following villages
and handels: Silio do Malo (19!},") spans above the sea),
Barroso, Pernambuco, Silio do Viegas ^wherc it is
4500 5200 spans wide), Urubu, Melancia, Bom Jardim.
Toca (1804 spans above the sea), Para, Timbo, Arapua,
Jatoba, Joa, as well as the town of Barra.

It receives the following afiluents along this course:

a) on the left— the insignillcant rivers Caiukis and
some others;

/)) on the right the river S. ()nofn\ llowing from the
Serra dc Monlc Alio and disemboguing 2 leagues before
Bom Jardiiii; Paramirim, running IVom the Scrra das
Almas, enlarged by many allluents on llic left side and
disend)oguing 12 leagues farlhei", near the hill Para; and
the Ipocira, which, according to C-andido Mendcs and
some oilier aniliors, has its soiucc in the Sena do As-
sniui and washes (^hique-C.liicpie short before it falls
into Ihe S. Francisco, forming the large island Mira-
(loiiro.

It must be rcmaiUcd that before the S. I-'r;mcisco
lakes in the stream of Ihe Ipociia it I'cceives on the

left, in the town of Ikirni, the lUo Grande, the source
of wliicli lies in the Serra (hi Mangabeira, 100 leagues
far from ils tuoulli. :'.t Ihc neighbourhood of Tnlnilinga,
in Goyaz. In tliis section, where it oilers 297 kiloni. of
free navigation, it is enlarged, mostly on the left side,
by a great deal of rivers, among which the Hranco and
Prelo are to be specially noted. At the town of liarra
the S. Francisco is cS.')')!) spans in width a :d the level of
the conllucnce lies at 1724 spans above the sea. The bar
of the Rio Grande is 107 meters in width by oi'i.O in
depth; the velocity of its current is f "1,712 a second,
while 188 cubic meters of water tlow at its mouth

Then the river trends more to the north-cast and
washes the following places: Porlo Alegrc, Ilha do Mi-
radouro, overagainst Chic|ue Chique, Boa Vista das Ks-
leiras, Tapera dc Cima, Tapera de Baixo, Queimadas,
Paos Brancos and Pilao Arcado. A little before the lust
named place the level of the river reaches 1587 spans
above the sea and the velocity and volume ot its stream
attains so high a degree that 179,220 cubic spans ol water
llow every second.

In these regions begins the saliniferous formation in
the soil of the vS. Francisco margins.

This river, advancing in ils course, washes Tabolciro
Alto, Aldeia de Baixo, Malhadas, Bemanso (where it is
1527 spans above the sea-level and runs with the velo-
city of 2556 miles an houn, Sobrado, Scnto Se, Casa
Nova, Joazeiro.

At the islai'.d of Junco (-r Sla Anna, beyond Bemanso,
the S. Francisco a'tains the velocity of 31(51) miles an
hour, and bctwten C.arnauba and S. Gon^alo it is 0700
spans in width, 3,44 spans of water flowing every
second.

At the harbour of J azeiro it is 3500 spans in breadth
and 188,5:7 cubic spans llow every second. Upon the
greatest overllow of this river, in 1792, the level of the

stream ascended 4.j sp ns above the ordinary one, so
that the church was plunged by 11 spans into the
Hood.

From the town of Barra to Joazciro the S. Fiancisco
takes in few remarkable aftluents, llie most imporlant
of which are: on the right, tlic liver Vcrdc Pcqiicno,
flowing from the Scrra dos Ren:cdios and disembog ing
one league before the village of Pihio Arcado, on the
side opposite to it; on the left, the Riacho d(i Casa Xova.
that springs from the Serni do Piaiihij and disend)ogues
near the village of Casa Nova; and, at last, on the right
side, the Saliln\ coming from the Scrra da Ilinba and
disend)oguing 14 leagues beyond Scnto Sc

Olf this point, where it receives but few insignificant
alllucnis, the S. Fi-ancisco enters the water-falls and
rapids region, as it is indicated by the velocity of its
current.

Twelve leagues beyond Senlo Sc there is to be seen
the liist water-fall, colled .So/)/-ar///!/jo, 241 leagues beyond
the large Pirapora cascade, in the state of Minas. Hic
river being frankly navigable in the intermediate space
betwixt the two water-falls. From the latter to the
haiulct Caripos, 10 leagues beyond Joazciro, the bed of
the river is choked up with stones. (The works ordered
of laic by the central government have improved it
fiom Joazciro to the upjier parlsi. But from C.aripos
to the grand Paulo A/Joiiso cataract the river runs,
according to Accioli's assertion in his <■ Informavao do
Hio S. l-'rancisco' , ovci" a gi'cat deal of cascades and
inipediments, extending through V'.i leagues.

He stales them as follows: "They stretch through
(i leagues from Ihe hamlet (jtri/xis to Inliahiini; .") from
Iiihaltiim to Ihe Arapiid and S. Pclix waler-falls; 8 from
the last-named lo Ihe water-fall of Araca/xi: 8 from this
l(» Panihi'i, which, in its Inrn, is 7 leagues far from the
water- lall das V(ir;/riis or V(iri/cin Rcdondd' .

p-rom Paml)u Ihc S. Francisco is considerably nar-
rowed belwccn hi^h rocky banl<s.

II is 4 leaj^ucs from Ihc walcr-l'all ol" Vargein Redonda
to that of Ac«/'a; 5 leagues larllier there is lobe seen the
Canimbrcwa water Tall and aRcr 10 more Icas^iies ihal of
RodcUas, I'roni which to Sorobabi' il is 5 leagues; from
this point lo the waler-fall of Taciiliara, 4, and from
this to that of Ilaparica, G leagues.

They who are so bold as to travel over those inter-
mediate spaces in small canoes don't venture farther
from the last-named point; they draw their canoes In-
land all along a quarter of a league and launch them
again into the river to go on as far as Tapera de Paulo
Alfonso, 12 leagues beyond Itaparica water-fall. «Along
this space- , continues Accioli, (cnobody but an eminently
rash man can navigate, on account of the huge rocks
standing in the river and that may be said to originate
as many water-falls; the idea of such a temerarious
deed being associated by the mind to that of them who
dare reach the island near the Horse shoe cataract of
the Niagara, in Canada-).

At the bar of the Curaq'i'i the S. Francisco is 2810
spans in width and has the velocity of 190,003 cubic
spans. At Inhahum, ovcragainst the chapel, the river is
1278 .spans above the sea. As it faces Cros its velocity is
7,25 spans a second. In front of Pambu it is 10,25
spans a second or 4,383 miles an hour.

On passing Ibo, the river attains the greatest nar-
rowness il presents in its whole extent before reaching
Paulo Alfonso, that is to say— 1,076 spans in breadth
and 131 in depth. It has the velocity of 2,15 spans a
second, 198,039 cubic si)ans of water Rowing this while
and its level being 1,188 sjjans above Ihe sea.

It is twelve leagues oW Ilaparica cascade that the river

dashes down, forming the grand Paulo Afjbnso cataract.

«Here», says Baron llomem de Mello, ^hc waters of

the S. Francisco, pressed between two enormous gran-
ilc walls, hasten down at lirst, in impetuous current,
along an inclined plane and short at'ier dash suddenly
down in three huge waLer-falls. On high Hood, however,
the stream forms upon its falling another brancli, lying
to the north, l)elween 1(S and 20 meters wide, the four
branches being separated by i)iclurcsque groups of
rocks.

"The main water-fall forms a curved line; the stony
channel that the stream passes through im|)els it north-
ward, on its half way, against the opposite walcrs, the
two currents being mingled together and as it were
crushing each other, t^rom this point water can no
longer be recognized as a distinguishable mass; it is all
over— foam, vapour, fog, and then, with an immense
leap, the disordered cahos of the broken waters precip-
itates into the abyss.

"The calaract is belweeii lo ami 18 melcrs wide and
thus, passing through so iK'.rrow a channel, the current
grows remarkai)ly viilent; for which rer.son, allliougii
the Paulo Affonso calaract rivals in height and volume
that of the Niagara, yet it shows too dilferent an asi)ect
from this, where the stream dashes down by pouring
unilbrndy on a certain surface. When seen at a dis-
lance the X'uujarn cataract excels in majesly that of
Punlo A/fonso- l)ut as one takes a close view of tiic
former, it is surpassed by the latter. That siiows perhaps
a larger volume of water; but the Pcwlo A/Jonso cataract
has not ye' found its e(pKil with regard to the vai iely
of aspects and singulaiily of contrasts. At the bottom of
liu- precipice the torrent, pressed l)elween two rocks,
goes on ils course iminleri-uptedly, slill forming small
water-falls, llu- most c-()iisi(k>ral)le of which is named

\'C<I(I()S. "

i'rom ,SV///o (iniiulc dc Paulo A/J'oiiso the rixcr Hows
wilh enormous vcloi-ily anudst huge stones and hclwccn
Iwo thick walls of granitic rock, more llian ;!()() spans

high. The stony obstacles, as well as the velccity of the
stream, are diminishing by little and little from the con-
fluence of the rivulet Jacare (3 leagues beyond the main
water-fall I. After 3 more leagues the S. Francisco begins
to widen again, forming pleasant isles, while dis-
appear both the declivity of its bed and the elevation
of the lateral rocks. It receives thereabouts, on the
right bank, the stream of the A'l/jf/d, the only importance
of which is to serve as a limit between the states of
Bahia and Sergipe.

From Carinhanha to the Xingo the S. Francisco forms
at least 335 i.slands, the names of which, according to
Halfeld, we will mention in a note at the bottom of the
page (*), not to tire the reader.

(*) Here are the names of the islands, in accordance
with Halfeld's map:

p, Carinluinlut, 2\ Caclweira, 3) B. do Inferno, //i An-
gicos, 5) Pedrcis, 6) Barm da Ipoeira, 7) Paralcca,
8\ Eslrcilo, 9i Rio das Rds, 10\ Cabcga, 1I> Piluba,
r2) Palma, 13) Cafcila, 1^\ Balalha, J')) BehcdGuro,
16\ Volta, 11) nameless, '1S\. Campo-Largo, 19) P<uubi'i,
W) Medo, '21) Bum Jcsns, 22) Itabinam, 23< Ilabirava
Grande, 2't) (lannabrava, 23) Silio do malo, 26\ Bandcira,
2/1 Yiegas, 28) Barroso, 2i)) VasanleGrande, 30) Mangai,
31) Sccca, 32) Cavallos, 33) I.ainardo, 3i) Crnbi'i, 33) Man-
dacan'i, 36) Scrra-brar.ca, 37) Sacco, 38) Banciro, 30 1 Pc
dra Grande, W) Cachindm, 47) Boa Visla, 42) Mangubcira,
/i3) Barreto Vi) Aboboras, i3) Piriuiri, 46"i Fazenda-
Grande, 47) Iinburana, 4iV) Snssiiarana, 49) Boa Visla,
30) Caraiba, 31) Mclleiro, 32) Sabonete, 33) Fazenda da
Barra,3i) Riacho das Canoas, 33) Jnrcma, 36) Desnrdciu.
37) Toca,3S) Rovado, 39) Aracajja. 60< Torrinha, 6h Tindn'),
62) Sebaslidcs. 63) Picada, 6't) Caraibas, 63> Ilaculiara,
66) Angiccd, 67' Maria dc Araujo, 68) Prepecc. 69< G(dr()tas,
70)Joa,71) Meio, 72) Caniidcao, 73) Laranjal. 74i Jncena,
73) Sacco, 76) Sanibandiaia, 77 > (Aiiuidas, 78) Balallia,
79) Porlo-Alegre, 80) Gaivola, 81) Cliamprona, 82) Icalii,
83] Sainbiirral, 6'4| Ghupa, 83) Cannabrava, 86) Gado,
87). Miradonro, 88) Caimllus, 89) Povo Grande. 90) Povo
Peqncno, 91) Resende, 92 1 Anta, 93' Mendon(;a, .94) Bois,
93) Branddo, 96) Povo, 97) Marrecas, 98) Siloa, 99< Boa-
Vista, 100) Povo, 101) Barro, 102} Cajiieiro, 103) Manga,

2— The Rio Real, which separates Bahia from Sergipe,
has its source in a pond known by the name of Tanque
de S. Francisco and siliiatcd in a lowland. Througii its
course of 40 leagues it receives: on the side of Sergipe,
the Jal}eberij, Itamirim, Sai/iii, Iiidaialiiha, Gnararcina
and Piaiihij; on the side of Bahia, some equally in-
significant rivulets, as the Taiid and the like

The Rio Heal waslics in Sergipe the villages of (-ampc s
and l^spirilo Santo, and in Bahia thai of Abbadia, the
utmost point of its possible navigation.

3— The Ilapiviirii is formed by the junction of the

104) Venda, 105) Pdos Brancos, 106) Gamelhi. 107) Jalohd

105) Monro, 109) Taqiiaril, 110< Ciirral Novo, llh Boa-
Vista, 11^2) Ainadco, 113) Lainardo, Hi) Aiujical, 11')\ Ilha
Grande, lllh Carncn'dxi lorUi, llh Gorreidcs, US) Ala-
(jadciro, IV.)) Hois, IW) Rcdonda, P}!) Eslredo, ITJ) Tra-
'/icaide, /i'.V) C(//)/-a.s, rJi) Mcio, VJ,')) Taboleiro Alio, r>6)
Benlo Fires, IT/ ) Carrapalo, l'2t\) Cnrral Velho, VJ!)) Tabo-
leiro da t'eira, 130) Matto-Grosso, 1311) (lanxpo Largo, 13'2)
Limoeiro, 133 1 Riachdo, 13i) Silio do Meio, 135) Noronha,
130) Cuscalho, 131) Marciso, 138) Sotres. 13!)) Aldeia,
I'lO) Laniarao, IM) Antjical, l'i^2\ Arraial, l'i3) Sobrado,
I'l^i) Porlo dos Cavallos, I'lJ) Tapera do Moniz, I'd!) Ini-
buzeiro, I'u) Z(d)ele, Pi8) S. Fernando, l'iO\ Zabcle Se-
(pmda, l.')0) Bebcdor, 151) Cavallo Morlo, L^J) Riacho,
153) Yarfiinhas, 15'i) Trahiras, 155) Pdo a Pique, 156)
Sassuapdra, 15'/) Mnndo Novo, 1,')S) La(]6a, 1,V.)) Malliada,
160) Santareni, 161) (Mnna-jlsUda, 16'2) Porlo Alegre,
163) Bois, 16'i) Sanla (Udharina, 165) Urucc dc cinia,
166) (]ai)iiHva, 16/) (]anudedo, 168) Urnce de b(d.vo,
16!)) Af/oslinho, 1/0) Ferreiro, 111) Eneaibro, 17'>) Vianna
113) Maria Maijdalena, 174) Roqucirdo, 175) Pacheeo,
116} Pedras do Malldas, 171) Juneo, 178) (laehoeira,
17!)) Mandaeard, 180\ Lanieiro, 181) (.(n-n(dud)eira, 18\^)
Clnunbada, 183) Tapera, 18'i) Goqnciro, 185) Ijujda, 186)
Genend, 187) Rodeador, 188) Fof/o, 18!)) ,f<)a<iniin Velho,
HID) .latobd, 1!)1) Rda Visia, /.'/'ii iin arcliipi-lago foi-med
bv II) isles overagainst Porlo (|;i I'cdra. 1!)3) S. Lnzia,
rJi) Panearanluj, 1!)5, Pico, 1!)6) ,Iidobd, l!)7 ) Hois, 1!)8) Ci-
nia, l!)!))Gaehoeir<i, '■JOO) (Udo, -JOh Mataroba, '20 ) Ponlal,
'203\ ('.a\i(tru, 2()'n Gnai/anas, '2(l5i I'onUdzinho da Pedra
Rranea, W(m Roto, 20h Velho Jose, 208t ('.nra[d petjueno,
VO.Vi Giira<,ii (jrande, "210) Rami, 211) Torres, '212)Jiqid,

Ilapicuru-merim to the Hapiciiri'i-guassu. The former
has its source in the Serra da Jacobina or Iliiibo, one
league far from the town of Jacobina, and, after rc-
ceivin;^ the stream of several rivulets spriiifjfinj^ there-
from, as the Cannavieiras, Calheia, liio do Oiiro illiat
passes throuj^h the above towni, Bananeira and Tci-
hoca, enters the municipal district of Sto. Antonio das
Queimadas, where it joins the Ilapicnri'i-guassi'i, Ihe
source of which is in the above ridj^e of mountains,
near Villa Nova da Rainha. After this junction the river
"tides along, under the name of Itapiciiri'i, in the gcn-

213) Bom Snccesso, 21 'i) Capivaia, 215) Carabibas, 21,)
Siirnbim, 217) Grande, 218} led, 219} Lontra, 220) Anyi-
cos, 221) Laqoa, 222) Pcquena, 223 \ Missdo, 22^1} Bananal,
22')) Carapu'nlc, 22G\ Morles, 227) Estrcilo, 228} Inhaum,
229) Missao Vcllui, 230) Aiiyieos, 231) Marrccas, 232
Jaeavc, 233) Mosqnilo, 23^) S. Jodo, 230) Carahibas, 236}
Ciirralinho, 237) Grande, 238) Jiqni, 239\ Cachocira, 2W)
Tanutndnd, 2'il) Inibnzciro, 24?) 5. Maria, 2i3) Peruassi'i,
2'i'i) Lngartixa, 2^/5) Mangne, 2-'i6) Almas, 2'fl) S. Felix,
2'/S) Pedra, 24.9) Criqneri, 250) Comprida, 251} Padre,
252) Dionisin, 253\ Almas, 25^) Joa, 255} Tapera, 256)
S. M'quel, 257) Redonda, 25S) Jose Aloes, 259) Piedade,
260) Qnixaba, 261) Aracapd, 262) Malua, 263) Flores,
26i) Serrole, 265) Cabras, 266) Abelhas, 267) Missdo, 268
Bois, 269) Mnlnm, 270) S. Penedielo, 271) Jaloba, 272
Angnzeira, 273) Vcado, 27 'i-) Vaeeas, 27 5 \ Calabonco, 276,
(lax anhq, 277) Assumpgdo, 278\ Camaledo, 279) Fonee
2S0) Cnrral, 281) Lama, 2H2) Pambuzinlw, 2H3) Pambii,
2Si) S(dn,nele, 285) Favella, 286) Onca, 287) Bois, 288
Brejo, 289) Rarra, 290) Pinho, 291) Boa Vista, 292) Vargem,
293) Caxambn, 29'i) Mixaulnj, 295) Cavallns, 296) Angu-
zeiro, 297) Crtmhu, 298) Cajueiro, 299) Brandoes, 300.
Grande, 301) Missdo, 302) Caxanlnj, 303) Curralinlw,
30'i) Mcio, 3G5t Pnlarala, 306) Ser'rulinho, 307 ^ Barra,
::08) Curndinho, 309> Belem, 310> Case, 311) Cannabrava,
312) Chnrumela, 313) Bda-Visla, 31'i) Formiga, 315)
Grande, 316) Canqnssi'i, 217) Pedra, 318) Cnite, 319) Vinva,
3'-J(h Tnenrnlnba,' 321) Jaloba, 322) S. Miguel, 323) Crueira,
32h Espinheiro, 325) S()rob(d)e, 326) Penedinho, 327) Ta-
pera, 328) Silio, 329) Barra, 3'M}) Bode, 331) Tapera dc
Paidn A/Jonso, 332) Forqnilha, 333) S. Felix, 33^4^) Praia,
335) S. Gon(;alo.

eral eastern direction, passing through a valley fruitful,
regularly peopled and very fit for cattle-breeding, and
receiving a few affluents, mostly on the left side, at the
parish of Apora, such as the Manguinho, Piricoara (en-
larged by the Gangi'i), Praia, Maiigiies, Ikirracdo and
Soure. At last, after a course of 790 kilom., it falls
into the ocean, its mouth being obstructed by a danger-
ous shelf.

Long as its course is, this river has no importance
at all as a fluvial way, on account of its numberless rap-
ids and water-falls. Its valley, however, is important
for its numerous thermal fountains, among which are
to i:e remarked those which are named Sipo, Mosqiiclc,
Rio Qiiente, Sai'ide, Feruenle, Talhada, Olho dAgiia,
Lage, etc.

1--The Taririj has its source near the liamlet of
Timbo and runs into the ocean.

o— The Inhanxbnpe runs from the mountains next to
the ancient village of Agua Fria and llie town of Ser-
rinha, takes to ESlv, rolling its stream on an all over
stony bed, and, after washing the villages oflnhambupe,
Serraria and l-jitre-Hios, receives beyond the latter,
on the left and coming from the parish of Apora, llie
rivers da Serra (enlarged by the Tijiico), Timbo and
some others. Then it washes, on the right hand, Divina
Paslora, Palame and, at its bai-, Haixio,— after which
it falls into the ocean.

(')— The Subahiima has its source in the same mount-
ains near Agua Fria, takes at (irst the eastern dhec-
lion and next the south-eastern one, wa.shing Ihe
hamlet of Hiacho and Silio do Meio (where it is passed
over by a bridge lielonj'ing lo the Timbo railway), Ihe
village of I-Jilre-Hios. Se.>-niaiir, Jangada and falls into
the ocean, at the place called Subahuma.

7— The S(iiilii/)(\ less iinporlanl than the ])recedent
river, springs forth eastward fiom Alagoinhas, washes
Ihe hamlet of Silio and disembo^'ues into (he ocean.

8— The Pojuca has its source in the parish of Sta. Bar-
bara, belonging to the nuinicipal district of Feira do
Sta. Anna, at the place called Lages; it separates this
municipal dislricl from that of l^urifica^-ao and at a short
distance before reaching the farm (-oqueiros it takes in
the stream of the SaU/aclo. The highway from Inham-
bupc and Purificacao to the town of Feira lies near
this conlluence.

Little beyond the sugar factory Barriguda it receives
the Paraivcrim, hard by which there is to be seen the
road through which are conveyed the products coming
from the districts of Bento Simoes, Coracao de Maria,
and from the sugar factories Zabelc, Carrapato, Furna,
Lagoa dos Porcos, Fortuna and Barriguda. Thus en-
larged with such waters, the Pojuca comes into the
municipal district of Sto. Ainaro, parting it from that
of Purificacj-ao i whore the Camorogij joins it) and washes
several sugar factories, such as Victoria, Piedade,
Iguassu, Brejoes, Colinguiba, Velho dc S. Joao, Peri-
peri and Ladeira (irande, all belonging to the muni-
cijial district of Purilicayao, and many others pertain-
ing to that of Sto. Amaro, one of which, the Aramaic,
is crossed by the highway pursued by those who
carry lo Sto. Amaro the jiroducts coming from the
districts of Pedrao, Jesus Maria Jose, Sto. Antonio dos
Brejoes, Pcripcri and Ouricangas, and from the villages
of Inhambupc, Itapicuru, Senlo Se, the town of Jacobina
and the banks of the S. Francisco.

Going on its course, !he Pojuca passes through the
nuinicipal districts of Villa de S. Francisco and Sant'
Anna do Catu, where it washes the village so called,
and receives beyond it the streams of the Cali'i., Qiicrico
Grande and Queried lueriiu: then it trends to the ocean;
but half a league before reaching it the Pojuca rushes
down, forming a cascade, and next disembogues into tlie

sea, in a creek once called Taluapara, hard by Torre
dc (iarcia d'Avila.

The whole district washed by Ihc Pojuca ranks
amonjf Ihc most {Vuilinl in the stale and where the larg-
est sugar-cane and tobacco plantations were of yore
lo be seen.

It is not navigable, principally on account of the
water-fall intercepting it near its bar.

9— The Jdcuipe conies from the place called Ladcira dc
Brotas, belonging to the parish of Rio Fundo and mu-
nicipal district of Sto. Amaro, passes through this parish
and those of Monte, S. Sebasliao das Cabeceiras dc
Passe and Malta de S. Joao, washing a great deal of
famous sugar factories and the village of Malta.

Its most important aflluent is the Jacii-meriin; afler
this confluence it disembogues, on llie south of Monte
Gordo, in the place where the Jesuits founded at once,
as they began to people that region, a hamlet of natives,
which was named Slo. Antonio da Rcssnca, for the sea
is very eddy thereabouts.

10— The Joannes has its source in tiie marshes and
lagoons lying at the sugar factory Gorgaya Grande, half a
league from the ancient village of S. Francisco. It short
after passes through the parish of Monte, where it
washes several sugar factories and sejiarales the muni-
ci|)al district of the capital from that of Abranles. II is
crossed over by a large viaduct of Ihe Haliia and
S. Francisco railway, at the station of Pnrafuso, mmI
after a course of two more leagues it tails into the sea,
betwixt Ilapoan and Abrantes, IT.")!) fathoms soulli-
ward from lliis village. 11 is a mighty rivci".

into the bay dc Todos o.s Santos disembogue, besides
some smaller rivers, as well as Ihe ('otcnipc, Pitdni/a,
I'araniciini, Crndtilxt and Acnpc Ihe follow in;;, which
are more important:

11— The Scnjipe do Condc lormed by the junction of
the Tidripf and .Sulxilic:

a) the Traripe lias its source in the hike called Tanqiie
de ^(luzaliu 1 leaj^ue westward IVom the seat of the parish
Olivcira dos (^anipinhos, which it crosses from ^V. to E.,
receiving tlieie tlie rivers Secco, dos Kayados, Olhos
d'A(jua am\ Monlciro; then it enters the parish of Santo
Amaro, where it receives the Ilapitiiujiiy, coming from
OHvcira dos '"ampinlios, and washes the sugar factories
Maniao. Aurora, Holelho, Engenho Velho, Catacuni-
ba, etc At the place named Cambula it joins the

/») Siibdlic, which springs forth near the town of F'eira
dc Sla. Anna; next it reaches the parish of S. Goncalo
dos Campos and afterwards that of Oliveira, where it
receives the Itaqiianj and washes the seat of the parish.
Running onward, it enters the parish of Sto Amaro and
takes there the stream of the Seryij, coming from the
parish of S. Goncalo, enlarged by the Peraiiiias, this
being, in its turn, formed by the Boncador and Urupy,
all belonging to the parish of Oliveira. In the parish of
Sto. Amaro the Subahc washes the sugar factories Su-
bahc, Sta. Anna, Jerico, Mussurunga, and within the
town, which it crosses from one end to the other, it
receives on the right side the Sergimerim. Little beyond
the town it joins the Traripe, at the above mentioned
place (Cambutai.

The river formed by the junction of those two rivers
has the common name of Scryipe do Condc: it receives
on the right, little beyond Cambuta, the river Piliiu/a
and, going onward, washes the sugar factories Conde,
S. Louren^o, S. Bento i Agronomical School), (>ajahiba
and S. Jose. It falls into the bay de Todos os Sanlos,
betwixt the end of the island Cajahiba and the village of
S. Francisco, therefore called da Barra de Senjipe do
(londe.

1:2— The Paraguassi'i flows from the western foot of the

hill do Ohio, in the Sevra do Cocal, and is called by the

name of Paia(j:iassiisinho as far as the hamlet named

Cominercio de Fora, at a distance of 18 leagues. It re-
b

ccivcs there the Alpagnvla, a river formed by several
olhers, as the rivulet S. Domingos, etc., coming from
the Serra do Gagdo. After a course of 5 leagues the Al-
pagarta takes in the stream of the Catinga Grande, that
comes from the Serra do Sincora and runs through 5
leagues. Two leagues beyond this confluence the Ali)a-
garta falls into the Paraguassu.

After two more leagues the Paraguassu is enlarged by
the Xegro, equally flowing from the Serra do Sincora
and running through 6 leagues. It receives, 6 leagues
farther, the river Preto, having also its source in
the marshes of the above mentioned Serra do Sincora
and with a course of 4 leagues. Slill farther it receives
Ihe Suinidouro, which comes from the campaigns opposite
to the Serra do Gagdo, near the fountain S. Joao.
Afterwards the Mocngc and Combucos, springing from
the Serra da Chapadinha [n branch of the Serra do Sin-
cord), fall into the Paraguassu; they run parallel with
each other, through 6 leagues, then they join together
and the river so formed Hows half a league more and
disembogues into the Paragr.assu.

Thus augmented with all these streams, tli ■ Paraguassii-
sinlio crosses a ridge of niounlains, some of which
shrink down and some are plunged into the stream,
which, after a subterranean course of one league, bub-
bles out at the place called Passageni do Andarahij,
where it leaves that mountainous region and begins to
wash, under the name of Paraguassu, extensive and
desert woodlands.

In the J*assagrui do Andaraluj runs into it the river
Pi<d)as. witli a course of 4 leagues and the source of
which lies in the .SV/77/ da Chapadinha, not far from the
Serra do Mocugr and Goinhncas; at tlie |)lace named
(U)usa Una the IMaba receives the stream of the Chitpw-
('.hi<iuc, liial Hows from Ihe Serra do Emparedado.

Little hexond Ihe conlluence ol llic Piabas the Para-

guassu receives the river Cajueira, Nvhicli springs forth
at a short distance on tlie cast of (-hi(iuc-Chique and
runs tlirouj^ii 2 lcagi;es.

At Sta. Rosa it receives the Slo. Anlonio, tlie source
of this river lying in tlie Scrra da Furna, a ridge of
mountains that is parallel with that of Cocal, westward
from that of Picos or C.ampeslre and overagainst that
of Tromba. This important affluent tlows between the
town of Len^oes and the hamlet of Pedra Cravada, 4
leagues distant from the former, and is next enlarged
by the river S. Jose. This springs out I league on the
north of Andarahy, in the ridge of mountains so called,
runs southward through G leagues as far as the bar of
the Garapa, the stream of which, coming from the same
ridge of mountains, 3 leagues distant, augments the vol-
ume of the S. Jose. Going on its course, this river is
enlarged by the Roncador., Bichos, Ccddeirues, Capiimras,
liibeirdo do Inferno, Lengocs and Linweiro, all springing
from the western part of the same chain of mountains,
between the towns of Lencoes and Andarahy. After a
course of G leagues the S. Jose finally falls into another
river, called at some places C'o.rd, at some Andarahy
and at last Sto. Anlonio.

After the confluence of the S. Jose the Sto. Antonio
receives the Rio Grande, that flows from the Serra do
Campestre, and, after a course of 18 leagues, through
which it is navigable, it falls into the Paraguassu at the
above mentioned Sta. Rosa, having then washed the
hamlet of Parnahyba, between 2 and 3 leagues northward
from Pcdia (h^avada. Another affluent of the Sto. An-
tonio is the rtinija. This river has its source in the
Serra do Morro do Chapco, 2 leagues on the north of the
hamlet Morro do (Uiapeo, and, after crossing the Serra do
Sincord, rushes down it, washes a great deal of untilled
lands and falls into the Sto. Antonio, after a course of
40 leagues. Into the Utinga falls an important affluent,
the Andarahy, that flows from the western side of the

Serra do Sincord, from which it rushes down; next it
receives the stream of the Choclw, disappears under a
high extensive calcareous rock, Ihen springs forth and
lalls into llie Ulinga, having previously received Ihc
interesting river da Praia.

Afier the conllucnce of the Sto. Antonio the Para-
guassi'i conies into a region of cataracts and rapids, the
first of which is the cataract ol' Si a. Clara, half a league
heyond the confluence. It is formed by a llag-slone stand-
ing up across the river. Fourteen or rifteen leagues
beyond this water- fall are the rapids and cataract of
Tanxandnd, the river direciing as far as tbis point from
west to east, slighlly trending to the north.

Before this cataract, 13 leagues beyond the mouth ot
the Sto. Antonio, at the place called Morro das Araras,
the Paraguassu receives the Una, which is its last
aflluent thus far. The Una is formed by the junction of
the Giboia and .Iiquu\ the formor flowing from the Serra
do Sincord, tbat it rushes down at C.ampo do Meio, 4
leagues oil" the handet of Sincora, and. after a course
of 1.") leagues, it disend)ogues into the Paiaguassu, be-
fore the Almececja water-fall, receiving on Ibis way
the Tind'd, MocucjiK Aiidorinha, Pdo Secco, Trindodc,
liarriijuda and some others; its bi.nks are iidcsted with
malignant fevers, but are adamanlifcrous.

Betwixt the cataracts of TamaiuUid and Almccaja
stands thai of Fanis, tiie most dangerous of the water-
falls that arc to be seen in tlie Paraguassu as far as
Joiio Amaro. Half a league beyond Alinecc()a, which is
but a violent rai)id, one sees the cataract of Macacos,
;md al'lci" two leagues and a iiall" that o\' (Uipiiun-as, one
of the most dangerous. Through the following 1) leagues
there are also to be seen the cataracts of Morro dos
Vcados and Maroto, and after these the water-fall of
Taiuboris. The place callc'd PoinbasWvsW leagues farther,
anil afiei- .'S more leagues the place called Azul, where
three large c:ilaracts arc to be found: Ponibas, (jti.vdo

and Tomavaras, the second nuikinjf, wilh regard lo Ihc
danj»cr it ofTcrs, next to that of Funis.

Tonuwaras (|)ole InUinj^) is hut a rapid and, as its
name indicates, Die velocity of iis stream readies so
high a degree as to fake olf Die [)oles from the l)oalmens
hands.

Two leagues and a half beyond this rapid is llic
village of .Toao Amaro, where is a slation of Ihe Central
Railway. IJelwixt this village and the farm Sacco do lUo
(5 leagues) Ihere is slill the following se ics of ia])ids
and calaiacls: Cojazeiras, Porto-Alecjrc, Roncador, Al-
mas, Poco do Cafc\ Voltn and after 3 leagues Pogo Paso.
At last. H leagues before the town of ("achocira stands
the cataract of Timbora, the largest in this river. It is
riluated between two hills, the current being there in-
tercepted by Ihi-ee crags, that it rushes down, at first
almost i)cipen(liculai'ly into a large trench, then into a
pit 150 meters in length. It is 27) meters high. One sees
farther on— the cataract of Bananeiras, where the
stream flows under a stony pavement, by which it is
qulle hidden.

Four or five leagues beyond this point the Paraguassu
receives, on the left, the Jacuhipe, the first important
aflluent that falls into it after it was enlarged by the
Una more than forty leagues before reaching this place.
Through so long a course some rivulets of a variable
length contribute from time to time their water to it.
The Jacnhipe itself, though it has a long course (for it
runs from the Serra do Morro do Clutpeo) and receives
a great deal of affluents, the principal of which is the
Paraligy, yet it is under the same inconveniency: it
dries up on hard summer time.

The bed of the Paraguassu becomes more even from
this point, the river gliding cahnly along and washing
the towns of Cachoeira and S. FcHk, where it is crossed
over by the large bridge of the railway and begins the
navigation of its inferior course.

Little beyond the I own of S. Felix it receives, on the
right hand, the Capiimry and Sinungo, the course of
which is very insignificant. In the intermediate space
betwixt the Ponia do Sonsu and Engenho da Ponta it
grows extraordinarily wide, forming a real lake, wherein
it receives, on the left, the river Ignape, coming
from the valley so called (which is a productive and
salubrious district, where cane-sugar is largely madci,
and on the right the river Maragogipe or Gnaluj. On the
central part of this lake stands the island dos Fraiicezes,
beyond which the river narrows again and takes the
south-eastern trend. It receives still the BataUin and
other less important rivers and, at last, falls into the
bay de Todos os S'lnlos, between the Ponta da Barra
and the coast of Bom Jesus dos Pobres, facing the
islands of Frades, Medo and Ilaparica.

13— The Jagitaripe has its source near the village ot
Curralinho and, taking the south-eastern direction, enters
the territory of the ancient parish of S. Fclippc, now
called Conceicao do Almeida, where it receives on the
right the Mocaiubo, coming from the Serra da Giboia,
and farther on, at the left, the Carahipc, running from
the Serra da Copioba and enlarged by the Sapatabij.
Coming then into the parish of Sto. Antonio de Jesus
and passing half a league far from the town of the same
name, the Jaguaripe receives, on the right, the Jt'^n////)^,
that equally Hows from the Serra da Giboia, and a little
farther, on the same bank, the Tayliiiga, the two Ca-
rahypes (assi'i and incriiu), which, having their source
in a lake on the road to Hetiro, join together and serve
as a moving power to several sugar factories, the
Onlia and, after renching the town of Xazarelh, that it
crosses from W. to !•]., Ilie Jialalaii and Ca::uimu on
the left side, and the Jacarc on the right one. At a
short distance beyond this town the Caliara (lows into
il, on the right, and on the left I lie (lopioba {assih, which
fomes from the parishes of Cruz das Almas and S. l-"e-

lippe and, before disemboguing into the Jaguaripe, re-
ceives the Copioba mcrim.

Proceeding on ils course, the Jaguaripe also receives,
on Ihe left bank, [he Tijiica, Mata-fomc a limit between
Ihe municipal districts of Na/.arelh and Jaguaripe),
hard by the chapel consecrated to Sto. Antonio das
Barreiras, and on the right the Maniyogipinho, which
comes from a pond on the highway to Reliro. After
half a league and still on the right hand it receives the
Arululiype, that springs from another pond on the same
highway, crosses the town of Aratuhype, beyond which
it receives the liver Barro Podre (the limit between
Aratuhype and Jaguaripei and joins the principal river
at the place called Porlo da Espada.

Going onward and augmented by some small rivers,
Ihe Jaguaripe washes the village of N. S. da Ajuda
de Jaguaripe, the most ancient in Ihe inferior of Bahia,
where it shows a majestic width, and little less than
half a league beyond that village it receives the most
important of its affluents, the river da Dona (there
called Cahipe or da Estiva, on accouni of its receiving,
2 leagues before ils confluence, a river washing the
hamlet and parish ot (hat name).

The river da Dona, which has its source in the Scrra
da Giboia (parish of Sta. Anna) and separates the parish
of S. Miguel from that of Sto. Antonio de Jesus, receives
the liver Preto, equally llowing from the above ridge of
mountains, passes at one league's distance from the
town of Sto. Antonio de Jesus, enters the parish
of Araluhype, where it receives the rivers Macacos and
Molcques, washes the sugar factory S. Bernardo, beyond
which it serves as a limit between the parishes of Es-
tiva and Jaguaripe, and receives the stream of the Iki-
plista on Ihe left and Cnriiciiridxt on the right. At the
place called Minguito the river da Eslioa. with its af-
lluents ()itin(/a and Jacin'i, falls into it. on the right
side; then it pursues its course under the name of

Cahipe or Estiva (from a small hamlet so calletli, being
slill enlarged by the small rivers Lenlia, Sainbue and
others on the left. From this place it (rends norllnvard
and, farther on, it slill receives on ils right the river
roliiiuiingi'i. It afterwards washes the soulhern part
of the village of .b'guaripc and then falls into the Ja-
guaripe, at the place called Pontalete.

Nearly in front of Pontaleic the Jaguaripe receives
on the left bank the Mociijo, enlarged by the Chord,
both coming from the northern fields.

Being now very wide and majestic, it Hows to the
occiin, into which it falls, ils bar being situated between
the foreland of the hamlet called Harra do Gaicez and
the opposite one of Caixapregos, which is the southern
exlrcmily of the island Itaparica. The other foreland,
lying in front and en the north of Barra do Garccz, at the
island of Mangabeira or Calabar, on Ihe left bank, and
called Ponta do Cavallo, is the point where the river
joins the waters of the strait or channel separating the
island of Itaparica from the continent.

The Jaguaripe is only navigable as far as the town
of Nazareth, on account of the cascade there to be
seen; the river da Dona, as far as the sugar factory
V . Bernardo, where a water-fall is ccjually to be found;
the navigableness of Ihe l-'stiva reaches the handet so
called, 3 leagues before the village of Jaguaripe; that of
the Araluliype, which is only possible by means of small
jiinnaces, terminates beyond the town; while that of
the Marag()gii)inh() <loes not reach the handet so called.

The iirst liver disemboguing into Ihe ocean without
the bay dc Toilos os' Saiilos is

II— The Jninirira. It has ils source at the village of
Maracas, as well as some other rivers. Afler having re-
ceived a few small allluents, it goes into Ihe municipal
district and parish of Areia, which is washed bv it and
where il receivi-s, on Ihe left side, Ihe rividel Areia and

the Miiciinj. II artcrwards receives the BoqucirCio and,
upon entering the municipal dislrict of Capella Nova do
.Tequiri(,'ci, the river das Velhas, on the right hanG, coming
from the fertile soutli-weslcrn woodhinds. It receives,
larllier on, Ihe Boiu Jcsiis and Ihen, on the left liank,
the Jcqiiiricd-merim, a livcr celcbralcd lor the fevers
infesting its margins and tliat serves as a limit to
several parishes. ^

Almost in front of the hamlet Cariry, seated on its
right bank, the Jcquiriea lakes in the stream of the
rivulet Corta-mdo^ which rushes doNvn from a rock.
Half a league beyond this confluence it washes the
hamlet of Lage, where it receives the rivulet Lage and
then the Jodo Dias, the latter separating the parishes of
S. Miguel and Estiva.

Us right margin from this point belongs entirely to
the municipal district of Valen^a, which furnishes it
with a series of small rivers, Ihe most remarkable of
which is the Palipe, and along this course it washes the
ancient village of Jequirica, which is now falling into
ruin. The left bank belongs to the parish of Kstiva,
whence How to it the rivers Francisco, Tiririj (that
jiasscs through the lagoon dos Scle Brejos), Coiia-mdo,
(al the hamlet dos Prazercs), Pdos (augmented by the A/j-
(jclins) and, at last, short before its falling into the
ocean, al the hamlet of Barra, overagainst Morro de
S. Paulo, Ihe river do Craslo.

Some surveys were at once accomplished on pur-
pose to unite, with the help of the Craslo, the Je-
(piiri(,^i and Jaguaripe by means of a channel, the con-
struction of which mighl not be diflicull and extending
from the Crasto to the Folumungu.

The bar of the Jequiriya is obstructed by a shelf.

The river is deep and navigable from its mouth to the

ancient village, now abandoned, of Jequiriya, which

lies at the distance of 4 leagues olf the bar and where

the first ^vatel•-t'all is to be found. From this point the
river inny be navigated by canoes, but, even so, after
having been cleared from the nenuphar, whicli has in-
vaded it lo a great extent.

This district was at once very rich in precious tim-
ber, savagely hewn down in less than one century
and consumed by fire set on purpose, against which
vainly remonstrated Dcsembargador C) Francisco Nunes
da Costa, the Auditor of the disliict and keeper of its
forests.

15— The Una (of Valencai has its source in [he Serra
do Mocugc, in a quite woody and almost uninhabited
district. It flows from AV. to E., parallel wi Ii the Jc-
(piiri^a; it washes the town of Valenca, where its stream
serves as a moving power to the laclory Todos os Sonlos,
and disembogues into the bay of Tinharc, communi-
cating with the ocean, on the soulh, by means of Ihc
channel or strait separating the conlinent from the
islands that form the archipelago of Tinhare, and where
discharges itself the Jiqnw, which, springing forth near
the source of the Una, washes the village of Nova
Boi])el)a.

The most remarkable of its afilucnls is the Una-
merim, that ])ours out its stream 1 leagues before liic
town of Valenca.

1(5— The Rio de Coidoa springs 2 leagues southward
from the village of Bom Jesus do Uio de Contas, on the
summit of the Serni da Tromba. It Hows uoilhward
at lirst and, by bordering the above mentioned village
in the form of a Ix'auliful semicircle, it tuins soulli-
ward.

The Sena da Troinha sliows in its oiigiu a high
rock, that gave it the name and whence two ridges of

The title of a liiL;h magistrate in Brazil.

mountains come forlh to the north-west, separating
from each other in tlie figure of a triangle, at the central
part of which stretches away a campaign called Fa-
zcnda clos Geraes. The streams that are found there
How to the Rio deContas, as well as those lliat, coming
from that lidge of mountains, trend southward and
eastward, while those that How northward fall into the
Paraguassi'i, and into the S. Francisco those that run
westward.

On the side of the Scrid da Tromba iiave also their
source, near Bom Jesus, the Ciirralinho, (aiIoIch and Pal-
meiras, thai, afier joining togelher beyond the Tromba,
receive the name ofRibeirdo de Ca/o/c's, equally formed by
some other rivers coming from the Serra do Gnardamor.
The Ribeirao de Catolcs Hows away through one league
and falls into the Agiia Siija, that runs from Ihe Itabira
hill on the Scrra do Gnardainor. and, 7 leagues on
the south-west of Bom Jesus, falls into the Rio de
Contas, aflcr a course of 12 leagues.

Thus augmented by all these rivers, the Rio de Contas
lakes the south-eastern direction and receives south-
cast of the town of Minas do Rio de Contas the Bro-
mado, which has ils source in Ihe hill das Almas and
forms a beautiful cataract half a league beyond the
town.

Going on ils course, the Rio de Contas receives the
Slo. Anlonio, enlarged by the Tapera, and after 6 more
leagues the Gauido, coming from the Serra das Almas
and enforced— on the right by the rivers Condeuba,
Sta. Anna, Cannabrava, liarra de Sta. Anna and Ressaca,
and on the left by the Po(;6es, Genlios and Duas Passa-
gens. Still farther the Rio de Contas receives: on the
left side, the Sincord, that springs from the ridge of
mountains so called, and the Prclo, das Pedras, Mana-
(jeri'i, Ribeirao de Areia, Pires, Agua Branca, Ori(;o-
gnassii and the like, all flowing through extensive
woodlands, and on the right the Grongogy, enlarged by

the Salina. Beyond this confluence there is to be seen
the place and waterfall called Salto dos Funis. From
this point the Rio dc ('.ontos trends caslward, till it
forms its bar at the villMj;c of Uarra do Ixio dc Conlas,
\vhcie it affords a good anchoring, 4 IV.lhoins in deplh
and the bottom of which is nuiddy.

The three following rivers are smaller than the Rio
dc Contas:

17— The Itahipe, formed by a great many rivers flow-
ing f'Om the Scrra do Jacarc, one of which washes the
town of Conquista.

18— The Cachocira, with a conrsc of 09 leagues,
springing from the Scrra do Grongogy and enforced by the
S(d(/ado, that comes from the same ridge of mountains
and flows Ihrongii 40 leagues.

The Itahipe and Cachocira disembogue nl Iho Ilhoos

19 — Tbc I'lia. smaller Ihan llic two precedent livers,
has its source in the soulhc:ly ranges of hills of Vi-
ctoria, flows from W. to S., receiving the important
Brago do Sid, and falls into the oceon, after wa>hing
the village of Una.

20— Tlie Poxiiu comes from the lagoon of Poxiin, near
the above named chains of mounlnins, and disem-
bogues on the north of Cannavieiras, forming the
islands of Povlo do Medio, Oilizciro and C.oiuiuandiduba
and communicating with the Vidipc hy means of the
c'.uinncl called Porlo do Mallo.

21— The Rio Pardo springs horn Ihe Scrra das Almas,
in the slate of Minas (ieraes. and enlcrs that of Rahia
passing through the Scrra dos Aiimorcs.

Nine leagues far from Ihe sea it communica es wilh
the .lequitirdionha by two clianncis: the (me called do
liio da Scdsa, the other -.////u//a/j//. ft falN\ at last, into
Ihe ocean. '.5 leagues northward I'lom Ihe bar of the Jc-
(|uitinhonha, washing the town of (".annavieira!^, after a
/■ourse of (iliO Uilom.

Near its mouth it forms a channel thai, under the
name of liio Sipo, joins to another, named Patipc, whicli
communicates llie rivers Pardo and Poxini. Tliesc
cli nnels form llie island of Cannavieiras, where stands
Ihe town. Besides this island that of Passaj^em is to be
seen overagainst it.

It is the Uio da Salsa that allbrds a common con-
veyance to the goods coming down the Jequilinhonha
in search of ('annavleiras, on account of the superioiity
of its bar over that of the Jequilinhonha.

Among the aflluents of the river Pardo the following
arc to be distinguished on the left bank: the Mniuh
Novo, Giboia, Verruga, thai pour out Iheir stream before
the hamlet of ('.achimbo, and the Doiis Riachos. Calole
Grande and Corrego da Onca beyond that hamlet. On
the right bank it receives: the rivulet Ladcira, which
discharges itself before the above hamlet ofC.achimbo,
and the rivers Piabanha, Riacho d'Agna, Mangerona,
Manhanquininque and the rill Xado, beyond it.

22— The Jequilinhonha, one of the largest livers in
Prazil, runs from the Serra da Pedra Redonda, in the
slate of Minas, that it crosses along a great many
leagues, receiving there several imporlant affluents. It
en'icrs the slate of Bahia, passing over the Scrra dos
Aijmores, that it rushes down, from the heiglil of
20 fathoms or 44 meters, forming the calai'act called
Sallo Grande, one of the most imj^ortant in Brazil, and
falling into a laige hollow formed by high rocks; dhc
s'ream dashes d^wn in so thin a sprinkling as to hide
the horizon like a fog, its clashing being heard at the
distance of 4 leagues)^.

From this point the stream grows stiller ar.d stiller;
ils bed considerably w dens and it rolls majeslicnlly
over a vast plain, where a good deal of aflluents Hows
to it, the princi;)al being the 5. Jodo de einia and S. Jodo
dc baixo; then it falls into the ocean, at the town of
Belmonte, at lat. 15' lo".

It is quite navigable from its bar to Cachoeirinha,
that is to say— through an extent of 135 kilom.

Several islands are to be seen at its mouth, one of
which was called Peso, from the channel formed by
Mie river on the north and disemboguing in the place
called Barra do Peso, which was the utmost limit of
the captaincy and comarca I'l of the Ilhcos.

The following rivers, which are to be found along
the coast and spring either from the Serra dos Aymo-
res or from its eastern ramifications, are far less im
portant than those we have mentioned:

23— The Sanlo Antonio.

24— The Jooo Tiba (Sernambiliba), washing the village
of Santa Cruz.

25— The Buranhem, that springs from the Scrra dos Ay-
mores, on the left side of which it receives a fev.- rivers
coming from the same ridge of mountains, crosses the
lagoon of Gravala and forms that of Villa Verde, where
stands the village so called, and disembogues in Porto
Seguro.

26— The Rio do Fradc.

27— The Cabij.

28 -The Jucuruci't, formed by the rivers do Norlc and
do Sal and falling into the sea, after washing the village
of Prado; its bar is very dangerous.

29— The Itanhem, that waslies, at its bar. Die village
of iAlcobaca and Hows to the ocean, overagainst Ihc
northern extremity of the i)hare of Abrollios.

30— Tlie Peruhipe has its source in the Serni dos Ay-
mores and diseml)ogues into the ocean, after having
washed Villa Vi(,'osa. It communicales with the bay of
Caravellas hy means of a deep channel called Tiirvo.

■ One ol llie de|)ailmcnls into which the slate is
divi<li'd lor governmental purposes.

Ai)

31— The Mitcnrij. This is Ihe iilinost river in the slnlc.
lis source is lo be fouri'l in Ihc stale of Minas (leraes.
Tiic Muciiry comes into H,ihi;» at the hamlet Santa Cla-
ra, flows lhrou<;Ii 15S kilom. and falls into the ocean,
washing al its moulh the village of S. Jose <le Porto
Alegre. It is navigable in ils whole course.

Climate, averag"3 temperature, seasons,
prevailing winds

The climate of Bahia is generally warm. The average
leraperalure is 28° in summer and 22.-' in winter.
According lo Dr. Alvaro de Oliveira's informations,
from the 10." lo the south, as the sun is at Ihc north
hemisphere, the NNE. and E. winds prevail along the
sea and Ihe N. along Ibe land; as the sun occupies the
soulh hemisphere, the SE. monsoon is predominant and
appears along the sea towards E. and SE. and along the
land towards S. On rainy season, and considering Ihe
country from N. to S , winds generally blow from S.
and W. Moreover, fr. ra May to August, between Bahia
and Rio de Janeiro blow the blasts known by the name
of rajadas dos Abrolhos.

Seasons do not vary in Bahia; the only difference
among them lies in the frequence and intensity of rain.
From November to February and March thunderclap
rains prevail; in April winter rains appear, after a
short summer in May. It is in the interior of the state
that the distinction is more evidently marked in two
seasons: the one dry, the other rainy. The latter ordinari-
ly comes after the solstice, the local configuration hav-
ing, however, a great inllucnce over its beginning and
duration.

Rain prevails uninterruptedly from November to May
on either side of the S. Francisco. The clin:ale in the

valley of this river is te.tiperate, dry and warm in
summer, on tlic highest places, and humid and some-
what cold in winter, when some frost accidentally
occurs; at the lowest parts it is dry and warm.

Also according to the observations of the above-
cited author, rain becomes more copious at the distance
of 100 kilom. from the river, on the uplands, that
appear in many places like ridges of mountains and
high elevated plains; but droughts frequently occur
even there, wasting, sometimes for a few years running,
a vast region on both sides of the river, comprising
large tracts of the territory of Pcrnambuco and Hahia
and the north extremity of Minas.

((From the neiglibourhood of Piranhas, at the distance
of 283 kilom. from the sea», concludes the above-named
doctor, (train is so irregular that, generally to speak,
only the little sloping river banks arc naturally
tillable, as well as the numerous alluvial islunds, that are
j'early overflowed by the river. The phenomenon of rains
is naturally connected with the topographical condi-
tions of the valley. The sea winds depisc of course, in
the form of rain, the humidity Ih^y take with Ihcm-
selves upon the eastern ridges of mounlains. At Ihc
narrow openings of the chain of mounlains dividing Ihe
different streams, the rain water Hows down, no doubt,
lowai'ds the S. Francisco and throws ilself inio Ibis
river; at other places it goes back directly to the
Atlantic.

«As in Ceara, droughts in f^ahia depend upon the va-
riable elevalioi! of winds and their velocity «

Salubrity, epidemics and prevailing" diseases

liahia, as Dr. Marlins (^^osta asserts, is generally
salubrious. Malarial fevers are endemic along Ihe
sea-coast and river banks. Bilious climalical fevers
and dysentery are Irecpiciit on sun)nioi- lime. Sy|)h-
ilis, I u b e r c u I o s i s, beiibcri, liver, slomnch and

hciirl (Hscases, rheumatism, acute diseases of the
respiratory ducts, intertropical hypoemy, arabiaii ele-
phantiasis and lymphangitis— are the prevailing diseases.
Morphew occurs at some points of the coast.

YcHoNY fever, Ihat lirst appeared towards the close
of the 17"| century, under the name of biclia, came
again in 18 !9, being Ihen imported from New Orleans,
anil uses to reappear, but moderately, from time lo
time, every seven years.

Cholera-morbus wasted the stale in 1855 and 185C.

Flora

The brazilian flora is extraordinarily rich and, as
our slate is situated in the vast region of the virgin
forests of the Atlantic, extending nearly as far as 30° S.,
always keeping the tropical brazilian type, its woods
cannot but show a great variety and beauty, both in
Ihe form of the trunks and in that of the leaves and
llowers. However Ihe magnificence of the virgin forest
is nowhere to be more admired than as it is gazed on
hard by the rivers flowing through it to the ocean.

(iFrom the thick chaosw, states Dr. Ramiz Galvao,
('that in impenetrable walls stretches awaj' along the
river banks, or rises up in high pyramids, some insulate
giants come into view; creepers and twisting shrubs
exhibit the most glowing and elegant fineries.

"The yellow corols of the banisleri<r nod on the top
of gigantic trees in pompous festoons. The blue, white
and yellow llowers of the bignoniw, that are only
lound high on the trees, form elegant garlands or pensile
bridges at the rivor banks. By the o/7.s/o/oc/2/Vj"(conmu)nly
called here j<trrinhas), with their beautiful leaves and
graceful llowers, glows the delicate passiflora. Our at-
tention is singularly drawn by Ihc nlumdirobd (Fenillea

Irilobata, L.i, an enormous twisting plant that shows
7

daik-ycllow llowers and fruits almost reacliing the size
of a child's head.

iiAninyas lArum sp.i arc to be seen at other places,
with their green-ashy stalks and sagitliform leaves,
forming real impenetrable palisades, named aninijacs.
Elegant heliconkx' eqnally occur, with their purple or
fiery corols, and amidst the thick branches of the mi-
mosa' appears tlic iibu ov pdo dcflccluis iCdneriuni pas-
sillorum, Xecs).

"However, as,- according to what says noble |)rincc
Maximilian of Austria, to whom we are indebted
tor a beautiful and poetical description of the virgin
forest of Brazil—, these woods represent the free re-
public of plants, where generally the human despot
but rarely appears, the life of this i-epublic shows the
incessant struggle for freedom and c((ualily, which is
at length changed into a general struggle for life.

«^Yith so remarkable an opulence of life, with such
a fight for independence, even a [)lenleous soil, as that
of our virgin forest is, cannot alford the necessary
nourishment to so many plants. Some grown up trees,
wanliiig a good deal of nulri men t, have to supi^ort the in-
llucnce of Ihc more_])()werful adjacent lices, llieii- gi-owlh
suddenly slops and Ihey yield to the natural power that
moves Ihem to death. Thus a great many mighly trees,
after a few years of a consumptive sulfering, are calen
by anl:^ or other insects and rot up from the roots to
the top, till, with a dread noise, they lund)le down,
drawing in (heir fall several thousands ol' parasites and
epipliylcs, that had contributed elfeclually to suck the
force of the mighty tree, but cling again to Ihe shoots that
spring I'orlli ai'ler Ihe lall. Such fallen truidcs iVeiiueiilly
obstruct the paths and are a ixal loruu-nl lo (lie Irav-
cllei-."

In this rej^ion of viij^in forests, asserts Ihe last-
named aulhoi\ the beautiful s(ij)ucatm i Lecylhis sp.)

shoots up into the air. Tlie yarara/u/a ^^hlch(I.'rillm sp.)
attracts our sight with the elegancy of its foliage. Tlie
emb(ilu/b(t (Ocropia pcllala), with its smoolli liglil ashy
and slightly howcd trunk, reaches a great height. Beau-
tiful cd'salpinid' of dillerent kinds, so plenteous with
blossoms, the laurel, the cedar (Cedrela brasiliensisi,
iUa pdo dal ho (Scorododcndron), with its bark smelling
o garlick, and many other trees, which it should be
very long to enumerate, arc to be profusely seen.

The palm-tree called jiissara (Euterpe edulis Mart.),
with which the natives prepare the cauiin, shows a
trunk smooth, light, white, crowned with a green
high shoot and unfolding its plume of elegant leaves,
resembling the feathers of an ostrich. The palm-tree
called ticnni (Astrocaryum vulgarc, M.) the leaves of
which produce an excellent libre, is also found, as
well as the piassaua (Attalca funifera, M.), the fibres
and nuts of which are extremely useful. On sandy shores
the cocoa-lree rises up, imparting to the landscape an
extraordinary charm with its gigantic elegant stem and
gracious plume.

The form of campaigns predominates in the interior
and is determined both by the geognostical and oro-
graphical constitution and by the climatic conditions.
They are divided into four classes, known by the
names oi cainpos geracs, laboleiros, chopadas and serloes.

Campos (jeraes arc large tracts of land covered with
grey and green grass and distinguished by their i-olling
form from the North-America prairies and the South-
America llanos and pampas. They sometimes rise up,
as real hills. In case their surface be little undulating,
dry and arid, they are called taholeiros; but when they
are elevated at some points of Iheir front i)art, so as to
adect the (igure of a plateau, they receive the name of
chapadas. They arc to a great extent covered with
vegetation: grass, shrubs and even trees. According to

the number and thickness of trees, they form what
one calls capoes, carrascos and cotingas. Capocs are in-
sulale groves lying in a field like green islands. Car-
rascos are thickets having far less trees than furzes.
Cotinyas are larger Ihickcls, low, f rzy and presenting
a great deal of entangled shrubs. They never reach
the vigour and height of the virgin forest.

Campaigns change their aspect according to seasons.
They are sometimes burnt up on dry season, the trees
losing nearly all their leaves; but no sooner rain
appears than the trees shoot out on a sudden and cam-
paigns are rapidly verdurous again.

On showy fields grow up many kinds of Paspaliim,
Panicuin, Tricachne, Ceiichrns, Papophoriim, etc., while
on wild ones the genera Cijnodon, Dicclomis, Traclnj-
poijon, Anlhcslcria, etc. arc prevailing.

Among the dilTerent kinds of grass the nuist appre-
ciated as a provender are the Panicum jnmcniornm
(^Pers.), Paspalnm stolonifcriiii}, etc.

Several palm-trees are to be seen on marshes, such
as {he carnaiibeira (Corypha cerifera. Air.) and tlieyoa-
zeiro (Zizyphus Joazeiro, U.).

On the fields called caput's grow many kinds of
Lduriis, Vochijsia, Aniiona, IJvaria, Xijlopia, and Mi/r-
laccons plants, bearing ajjpreciated fruits, such as the
(jnimixanut duigcnia Hra/.ilicnsisi, jabolicabcira [\i. cau-
liilorai, pilangueira (E. pitanga, L.).

There is a great variety in the vegetation of catingas.
Low spriggy trees, covered with tlu)rns, and cacti are
specially seen there, as well as the uinhiiraiia \\h\vscri\
leptophloeos, M.>. paofcrro ((".(csalpinia ferrca, M.),
imhiizciro (Spondias luberosa, Arr.), many si)ecies of
miiliiiuii'i il-]rylhrinai and a great deal of Juipliorhiarcous
lilanls.

When ciilingas, in bnnon |)lalcaus, are changed into
(7//7a.sro.s and serines, the above named species are added

with a large number of Myrtaceous, Meliaceous, Mal-
pighiaceoiis, Apocijnian and Supindaceoiis trees, covered
from place lo place with loraidhi and oilier jjarasilcs.

Low woods are extremely abundant with PaulUnux',
Sida', Hibisci, Telracerw and Cadi A few palm-trees, such
as the aliciiri (Cocos coronala, M.), are of no lare oc-
currence.

The inangaiba ( Mancornia mangaba i and nnirici
(Byrsonima verbasclfolia, Ktb.) grow on some pla'caus
in the interior of the state. The wild ananas (pine-
apple) is equally found, as well as, on sandy and
stony lands, some herbaceous plants, of the genera
Cassia, Slylosanthes, EvoIduIus, Convolvulus, Echiles, etc.

As there is an enormous number of plants useful lo
man's nourishment and econoiny and of a great impor-
tance lo trade, we will only cite some of the most
remarkable, in order to indicate the richness of their
products.

We have mentioned among palm-trees Ihc—piassava,
the fibres of which are a very good exportable article.

The carnauba, that we have also spoken of, the
leaves of which may be applied lo clothing and arc
now exported to Kuropc, is used in the slalo for
tlie fabrication of wax and candles. Shingles and rafters
are made out of its stump and employed for house-
building. Its stem, by being triturated in water and
after setlling, produces a good flour. Inlanders make
a large use of its fruits, as an appreciated aliment, ])y
boiling Ihcm with milk.

The dende (Ehuis guineensis) gives a sort of oil, largely
used as a po]niIar food.

The mangaiba (Hancornia spec.) affords a milky juice,
that, after hardening, forms a kind of caoutchouc,
which is largely exported.

There is a great deal of balmy trees, such as the
copaiua; some give precious resins, as the jatobd or

jalahy (Hynienoca Courbaril, L.) and the giimmastich-
tree, that is ? species of idea.

The bark of several kinds of nij'rtaceous plants, as
well as the fruit of the janipaba (Genipa braziliensis),
produce a black ink. The l>ark of some other trcs, as
the mangiie vermclho (Rizophora mangle, L.), is used in
skins dressing. The rieinus (Ricinus communis, L.) and
the andiroba (Carapa Guyanensis, Aubl.i are productive
of oil.

Great is the variety of banann-lrces (^Musa paradi-
siaca, L.). Several kinds of sapiieoyas (Lecythis sp.)
afford both savoury nuts and tow, which is made out
of its bark and used in calking.

The mangaiba, besides the caoutchouc produced 1>\'
it, bears tasteful fruits; the janipaba, eashciv-tree (Ana-
cardium occidcnlnle, L ), z/?)/>/;r('//o (Spondias tuberosa),
papaw (Carica papaya, L.), several species of passion
jniil (Passiflora maliformis. L.i, and dlllcrcut niyrta-
ceous i)lanls, as the yrumixameira, jabotieabeira, pi
tangueira, and some species of psidiain, as the abio
(Lucuma caimito), etc., equally bear savoury fruits.

The eaeao (Theobroma cacao, L.) is largely i)lanled
and furnishes Ihe generally known exportable article.

Some bromeliaceous plants alford. as well as palm-
trees, fibres of a precious use in ropeyard, such as the
gravald or ((//•//() (Bilbcrgia Sp.), imbc (Philodendron
imi)e. Schott), einbijra (Xylopia scricia) and the like.

Among the trees giving dyeing essences we will cite
the bi'dzil-wood iCd'salpinia cchinala i and [he lalagiba
(Madura tinctorial.

As to the trees alfording a wood 111 for house-building,
furniture and ship-building we will meulion the .s//c//-
j)ira (Bowdicliia virgiloides. Marl.), pdo ro.co (Pello-
gync guarubin, vinatieo (lu'hyrospermum IJallhasarii),
jalahij (Hymenea avu>, }>do d'areo (Tecoma Sp.), sa-
piiraiia (Lecythisi, je(]uilil>d (Pyxidaria macrocarpa) and
pevuba i.\spidospcrma pcrobai.

The Jacaranda (Machoeriiim sp.), peroba, cedar, viiut-
tico, pujidd-iiKtrfini (Asj)i(l()S[)crma cl)iinieuni), (/oncalo-
alvcs (Aslroniuin fraxinn'oliuni', sclxislido de urriida
(IMiyU)C'iilynina llorilniii(liiiii), the diHercnt hiiirels (Car-
dial, etc , arc extremely (it for joinery.

Wc will mention, at last, the massarandnbn (Minui-
sops elatai, barai'ina (Melanoxilon Braunai, aderno
(Biirscraccas Astronium), angeliin (Andira stipulacca),
conduri'i (Broximuni conduriV), bnranhem (Clirysoi)hyl-
lum buranhcm), oiticica (Soaresia nitida), piqui (Caryocar
brasiliensis), pindahijba (Xilopea sencca), angico (Bocoa
proveancis) and a larj^e numl)er of other trees.

Fauna

In consequence of the extreme richness of our fauna,
we will mention, for the sake of shortness, but a
few of its representatives, in accordance with what was
written on the subject by Dr. Joao .Toaquini Pizarro.

Among mammifers the order of inoiikeijs is enormous,
of which 50 species are known in Brazil, all belonging
to tiie sub-order of the Plalijivhini.

The Chciroplcrii order is larj^ely represented, the
family of vampires (phyllostomai abounding with spe-
cies and greatly troubling here and there the oxen and
horses breeding.

There is a considerable number of carnivorous and
omnivorous animals. The ounce (Felis onca, L.) and
the sussnarana (P'clis concolor, L.), etc., are to be
sjiecially remarked in the family of cats (Felisi, of
which one knows six species.

In the family of dogs (Canis:, having three principal
species, we will cite the canis brasiliensis (Lund), which
lives in the mountainous littoral forests.

We will also mention the oiler iLutra brasiliensis,
Roy) and the two species of the genus Ga//c//s,— the

papa-inel or irara iGalictis barbara, Bell, and Galictis
vitlata. Belli.

To the family of bears, whereof llierc are in Brazil
small anomalous forms, belongs the guachinim (Procyon
cancrivorus lUig). There are Iwo species of coatimondis:
Ihe nasiia socialis and the nasiia solilaria.

The Mavsupialia order, that the gambd belongs to,
is represented In* two types pcrlaining to the Didelphidoc
family, — the didclphys cancrivora and the chironeles ua-
riegatiis. To the sub-order of the rapacious animals
equally belong the dormouse (Didelphis murina, L.)
and the didelphys cinerea, which inhabits the sea-coast
and is extremely voracious.

In the Rodenlia order, the most numerous in the class
of mammifers, we must specially cite a few animals
of the families Subiinqulata, Miirida and Scinrida.

The species of the genera Cavia, (Avlogenys, Dasy-
procla and Hydroeheriis are to be remarked among the
siibnngulaUi'; such as— the caoy iCavia aperei, moco
(Cavia ruprestis), paca iCaMogcnis paca^, agouti iDasy-
procta aguli) and capibar (Hydrochorus capybarai. The
squirrel, known here by tlie name of cachiiigucic
(Scyurus (rsluans, Lin.), is smaller than the european
one and inal)ils the lilloral woodlands.

To the family of Muridd' belong brazilian mice, which
form a very numci-ous genus.

Urcliius and porcu])ines, belonging to the subfamilies
(IcrcoUdnniv and Ilyslriciiue of the family Hyslricida, are
to be singled out of Ihe Rodenlia older as animals of
a curious form.

The bra:Hian ndibil (Lepus brasiliensisi and the hare
arc the principal representatives of the L<7>or/(/rr family.

The order of the Edentata, which, as well as that ot
the liodeutia, characterizes wery veil our fauna, is
principally represented by Ihe sloth (Tardigrada Cuv.
Biadypus tridaclylus), belonging to the family of the
liradypodi\ Ihe arm(ulillo i l-lUbdcnlia, ('uv. dasypoda)

a genus with several species; llie I'lmandnn iMynneco-
phagaL with three species ijiibala, Iclradaclijld ami
(liddclijla). They have i ol yet been seen hut in tlie aine-
ricyn continent.

Tlie order Arlhrodaclyla, wliich forms a part of llie
great order of the Riimiiutiitia, is only represented in
Brazil by the genus Cervns, of which four or five spe-
cies are known and belonging to the family of the Ccr-
vidcv.

\\c will cite as belonging to the suborder of the Ar-
throdaclijla pachidcrmald, represented by 4 characteris-
tical form«, 3 species of sivine (Dicolyles) and 1 of Uipir
(Ta|)irusi, [he peccary iDicotyles labiatus, Cuv ), coclili'i
canella riiiva (Dicolyles torqualus, Cuv.i and caeliln (Di-
colyles caelilu, Liaisi. The Icipir iTapirus americanus)
is the largest and most common of the two tcipiri of
Brazil.

Pertaining to the Cclacea order, frequently appear in
Bahia a species of dolphin named boto and the several
kinds of wludcs, the Bcdwiui nujsUcelus and Bahciut phij-
salus, L., being the most commonly found. Cachalols
(Catodon macrocephalus, Lacep.i are of no rare occur-
rence.

The ornithological fauna is surely the most exube-
rant in the world. We will firstly treat of the numerous
order of ravenous birds (Raptatores, Rapaces), which is
represented by 2 species of vuUnres, 23 of hawks and 8
of owls.

Among vultures Vulluridie) are the kincj-vidhire iCa-
thartes Papa, Pr. Maxi and the common turkey buz:ard,
with two varieties: Cathartes brasiliensis and Calharles
fu'lcns, Illig.

The group of caracards or sparrow-hawks iPoly-

borina'i, subdivided into several species, is the most

charaeteriscal in the Falconida- family, as well as the

acauan (Hcrpetotheres cachimans) in the Accipilrinw
8

sub lamily. Wc ^vill acldilionally nienlion, as pertaining
lo the 3 brazilian species of Falcoiiichr, the fdlco sjtar-
vcriiis, and belonging lo the MilniiKc sub-laniily ( kites i,
wilii 8 genera and 10 species, llie harpagiis bidenlalus,
Nvliicb lives in the littoral woodlands.

To the Strigidd- family belong the homed oio!, owls
and cabores.

In the order of cliinbin;/ birds iScansoresi the family
of jHtrrols iPsittacidici is to be found, with 7 species, the
largest re|)resentative of which is the macaw iMacro-
ccrcus L.i and the least one the small paroquet iPsitacula
passerina, L.i.

There are several species of toucans iRamphastidifl,
curious by the enormous size of the bill, manner of
llight and the nasal and hoarse notes uttered by them.

The most curious of the diircrent species of woodpeck-
ers is the carpenter woodpecker iPicus colaptes cani-
peslrisi.

The family of c7a7>-oo.s- iCuculida'i is principally repre-
sented by (wo species of the genus Crotophaga dick-
catcrsi: Crolophoga. major oi- large ami and Crotophaga
ami or small ami.

The most remarkable order in the class of birds in
Iha/.il is that of singing birds (Passeres, Insessoresi. It
is divided in two groups: crijing and singing birds iCla-
matores and Canor(r),the foi-mer being subdivided into
Strisores and Tracheophones.

According to the form ol' the beak these birds arc
classilied under the general names of I'lssiroslrcs, Sevi-
ruslres, Tenuirostres, Coniroslirs and Dentiroslrcs.

To the group of the Temiirostres belongs the family of
llie Trochilidir. leprescnled by the humming-bird, of
which f)!) species are known, all lemarkable foi- tfic
splendour and extreme variety of their hues and forms.

.\s belonging to the C.gpseliihc and ('.aprimnlgiiUv fami-
lies, wliicli form a part of the hisessores order, we will

()I

specially cite, as to the former, llic hinuulo colldris (a
real brazilian swallow) and as for the latter llio //)o//?-
Iiunlcr iC.apriinuli^us) and whip-ponv-ivill iCaprimiil;»us
j^randisi, cliaraclerized for the great dilatation of the
tracheal region.

The Prionilidw subfamily, known by the nnmc of
taqnaras or nnld cocks, belongs to the Coraciihr family.

In the group of the Tnichcophoncs, the most important
of the Insessores and having several subdivisions, we
will mention the urupoiif/a or ferrador Chasmaryncus
nudicollisi, living on the mountainous littoral forests:
it is white, and has a green naked neck, broad bill and
extremely dilatable throat; its shrill note resembles the
stroke of a hammer on the anvil.

The tyrant flycatcher (Tyrannus) is a curious entomo-
phagous bird, that uses to pursue sparrow hawks.

Amongst the Dendrocolaptida' or Aiiabalida' rar.ks a
notable sjjecies: the oven-bird iFurnarius rufus.

The family of the Turdidcv dhrushesi, which are liighly
esteemed singing birds, is i^rincipally represented by the
tardus rafivenlris. talhocillis talbircnter, tardus /lavipcs.
niiinas lividus, ni. (jilras, ni. triuvus and m. satarninas,
the scientiOcal names of the birds commonly called in
Bahia sabid larangeira, sabid da praia, sabid da malta.
sabid prcta, una ov poca, sabid piranga.

The Proync purpurea, steel- coloured and witli a violet-
coloured rellex, must be singled out of the Fissiraslrcs
group, as well as of the Tenuirostrcs — lhc sohy iGoe-
reba flaveolai and ot the Conirostrcs the Panayradida'
and Frinyillida' families, which comprise a few wcll-
singing birds.

The Euphonida' are highly prized for their singing,
such as the yurinhatan. The Frinyillida' family has two
species of birds distinguished by their white feathers
and red head, overtopped with an equally red tuft; they
arc: the cardinal Coryphospingus cristatus and the

field-cock (C. pilealiis). The pataliba (Fringilla plumbea)
is remarkable for its power of song, as well as some
species of Ihe genus Sijcalis, known by the names of
cananj-bird and gold finch.

It is the same wilh the graiina (Icterus nigra) and in
the Curvidw family the magpie.

The order of pigeons (Columbinir) is profusely repre-
sented, from the Irue-dove (Columba loricata) to tlic
tnrtle-dovc (Columba Talpacolei ami jnrily (Ferislcra
frontalis).

The pdilridge, inhainbii and some others form a part
of the Gallinacew order (Rasores), while the sevcial
kinds oi jaci'is, as well as the araciian, are of the num-
ber of the Penelopidiv.

The nuilnin, with several genera, ranks among the
Cvax.

The emeu (Rhea amcricana), alcijon (Calidris arcna-
ria), and the like pertain to the order of the Gralalorrs.

The dillerenl qualities of saraciirax (Aramides) be-
long to the Uollidu' family. In thcgrou]) of.s/or/.-.s (Arvi-
colidae) we will si)ccially mention the scricma (Dicolo-
phus cristatusi and in the Ciconidd' family the spoon-bill
(Cancorma cochlearia). There are sundry kinds of heroiu,
such as the ivliilc Iieron, soco, etc. (Ardca cgrclla and
pillcala).

Tiie order of the Palmipedes comiiriscs, among some
otluT individuals, the diiek lAnas brasilicnsisi.

Tlie Replilia class is principally represented by the
tortoise and marsh tortoise d^mis depressa).

The alligator is to be remarked in the numerous order
of ( loeodiles. Among lizards iSauriai we will cite Ihe
chameleon and nu)nitor (Tens monilori.

The /joa (Boa consti ictoi I, sneiiriuba d^uncctes mil-
linus or Uaa aquaticai, as well as, among small snakes,
llic eainana (Coluber i);ecilosloma) and eoral (Coluber
foiniosusi, ;nc comprised in the Dpldilia ordei".

In the group of venomous serpents arc the crotalida',
among which we must distinguish llic ralllesnake (Cro-
talus horridus), liighly poisonous, Ihe siiriiciici'i (f.achc-
sis rhonibeata), jararacd (belonging to the genus lio-
lhi()j)s), coral (Flaps coralinusi. The double headed snake,
finally, forms a part of the Ainphisbenida' family, per-
taining [o \Uc Saiiria order.

The order of the amphibious Datrachla, which com-
prises the load and fro(}, is extremely ahundaiit. \Vc
will cite as belonging '.o the family of the Ilijlidiv the
hijla faber or rd ferreiro ismilh frog) and the hijla crc-
pilans, the voice of which resembles the cracking of
wood.

Numerous groups of toads are equally to be met with.

The cai-ainiirn (Lepidosircn paradoxal, which has the
form of an ichthyoid eel, is not, proi)erly to call, an
amphibian, but rather a fish of the Dipnciimona order
and Sircnoidiv family, marking the transition between
the two classes.

Of the extremely abundant ichlhyological fauna we
will but mention a few of the principal representatives,
wilh regard both to the fluvial fauna and to the oceanic
one.

Rank among the former the cuvinuUan (Schizodon
fasciatus), sn/'n/2j/>z (Plalistoma), />/a/i (Leporinusi, Iva-
hira (Syodus^ acard (Chromis acara), bagre iSilurus
bagre), several species of Irijgon, and the piranha, the
voracity of which has become a proverb.

Among the numberless sea-fishes the inost common
are the acanlhnrus bahianiis, caranx pisquelus (solteira),
cybiiini caballa (^mackerel), cijbium regale (sororoca),
prionodou limbalns and many others, the enumeration
of which would be very fastidious.

The entomological fauna is equally overabundant.
The Colcoplera order is the most numerous, the Chrgso-
melida', Cuciirlionida' and Ceraiubgcidw families being
specially frequent.

In the Elalerida' family the pyrophorus nocliliicus is
to be remarked. Tiie difierent species of loiupijris, per-
taining to tlie Malacodermata family, comprise the in-
sects commonh' titled glom-wonns.

The lantcrn-flij, bcloni-ing to the order of the Ihjincno-
ptera and the FuUjoridw family, shows an original form.

The numerous species of Tenebrionidu', very destru
ctive to timber, are equally found here.

The great family of Blatidw (cockroaches), of the Oiilio-
ptera order, is very common.

There are different species of locusts (Acridiodjic),
which are extrcmel}'^ numerous.

To the Hemiptcra order pertains the Ciccuhv family,
celebrated for the extraordinary magnitude of the vocal
organ.

The most blood-sucking species oibiigs is the conorhi-
nns vestiliis.

The Nevroplera oriiev in interesting for the great num-
ber oi lermiles (wood wormsi, of which there are to be
seen several species.

In the Ilijinenoplera order there is plenty of anls, of
dillerent kinds, so much to be feared by tillers. U't/.s/JS
and maribondus (Amophillus opulcnlus) c(iually occur
and are notable for their slinging very sharply.

Among brazilian bees are principally found in lhi.>
slate the several species of the genera Mellipona and
Trii/oiui; thirty species being known of the former and
sixty of the latter.

As for the Lepidoplvra order the entomological fauna
shows a really splendid variety.

The most connnon of Diplcroiis iiisoiis arc cxaclly the
most annoying and hurtful to num. There are three kinds
of !/nat, as well as the iiiiiliicd and cuvopcuii jUi imusca
domestical.

Among llie Apli(iiiii)lri(t we will cile the chiijoc (Tulcx
pencliaiisi and jUut T'uk-x inilansi, which are siippo-

sed to have been imported. The louse <Pe(liculiis capitis)
is also to Ijc aljuiidantly found.

The Mijriapodd class is specially represented by the
scorpion, the bile of which is veiy i)ainrul.

The Araclinida class has also in this state a few genera
and species. One of its orders is constituted by the Aca-
ridiv, very numerous and showing a great deal of spe-
cies, highly annoying to man and beasts, the most
common being the lick (Ixodes i, of which a few arc
large (Ixodes americanusi and others small ilxodes cre-
natus). The nuicniiu is a microscopical species of the
genus Trombidimu.

There is a great deal oi cnislacea, which form a class
of ArUiropoda. The land crab (Cancer Uq*a) is highly
prized for its affording a savoury meat.

The genera Palaenion calappa, Corcinus and Lupca
comprise several species of siris, crabs, lobslcrs and
small lobslcrs.

A great number of teslacca is to be found, belonging
to the Molliisca class. The genus Buliiuiis is vei-y abun-
dant with species.

The sundry species of the genus Ampullaria are to be
singled out of the fresh water snails.

At last, we will signalize the frequence of several
kinds of oysters at Iguape.

Minerals

In his "Heconhecimcnlo gcologico do valle do S. Fran-
cisco" Mr. Orville Derby mentions the minerals lying
therein and indicates the sites where they are to be
found.

As to

(iOI.I)

the celebrated professor assei'ls it may be found in the
valley of the river Veide, belonging to the conuirca of
Chique-Chique.

This river having its source neiir the Serra das AInins
and passing Uiroiigh the mountainous districls of Clia-
pada and Assurua, so much renowned for their richness
in every kind of nnnerals, melals and precious s'.ones,
there is no douht that ils valley should partake to a
great extent of that richness, though it \vas never conve-
niently explored.

However, as for the mines of Ihe Scrra do Assiirnd,
we may conclude from a memorial wrillcn by Fred. M.
Schuberl that Ihey were discovereil about lialf a cen-
tury ago, 90 leagues westward from Bahia, at the place
named Genlio, pertaining to the coinarca of Chique-
Chique, upon which several thousands ol persons ran
from every side, but chiefly from the S. Francisco banks,
to dig out gold, which was abundantly found, there
and thereabouts, close to the ground. A great deal of
gold was indeed drawn out. A few pieces as weighty
as some pounds were of no rare occurrence; even a
few were found weighing some arrobas, which enriched
many people; but there is no statistics on such a matter,
for the gold extracted from the grour.d was bought by
the goldsmiths living in the interior and was also em-
ployed to a great extent in Ihe payment of goods and
merchandises to the merchants of Bahia, who would
send it at last to Eui'ope.

The discovery of the diamond mines of Sincora, in
1812 or 184;{, caused the mines of Assurua to l)e aban-
doned, on account of their being less advantageous than
those. Notwithstanding, in 1857 some ten or twelve mer-
chants of Lenci-oes and Bahia, l)eing informed of the
valour and abuntiancc of the Assurua mines, created a
company, for which Ihey oi)laine(I a lettei- patent for
!)() years, and sent to i;ur()|)e, in the following year, a
few agents in search of an engineer tl)at might have a
piactice of mines exploration and 50 woikmen. Bui,
nstead of these, 200 people came, including their fami-

C'7

lies; which clcvnlcd Ihc expenses of Ihc company lo so
iiigh a degree Ihal it could nol stand any longer and was
obliged lo dissolve, Ihe drought that then wasted the
region contributing in like manner lo the result. Upon
this the government ordered the works to be suspended.

iJiit lately, the enterprising genius rising up through-
out Brazil, a new company was formed for the explo-
rati( n of tlic noble metal in the Scird do Assuriid. This
company also failed, in consequence of its bad direction;
which, howevei , docs not impede the constitution of
another in the running time, the elforts and experience
of which may be of great piHifit lo the state.

Gold has been discovered and extracted in many other
places.

In the river Agua Suja, 3 leagues northward from Ihe
town of Minas do Rio de (Lontas and having its source
in the Serra de lUdnjra, those who are versed in such a
business affirm the existence of the richest gold mines
in the stale, and it is asserted that, in case the bed of
this river j-hould be changed to the hamlet of Furnas,
by means of a channel half a league long at the most,
real treasures would be found out.

Some inexhausted mines also lie at Andarahy, in the
intermediate space between the rivers Paraguassii and
Cocho, near Len^^oes and Santa Isabel, as well as in the
Serra de Arnbd, where the metal under consideration
was discovered in 1808 by Capitdo-mor i") Jose Gon-
salves da Cosla.

The existence of gold was long ago verified in Ihe river
Asccsi, on the south of the stale; which is mentioned by
old chroniclers upon describing the expedition of Sebas-
tiao Fernando Tourinho to the falls of the river Doce,
under the government of Luiz de Brillo e Almeida
(1573-78).

(*i The title given to the highest ol'liccrs of theca|)lain-
cies of Brazil in old times.
9

A •vreat deal of gold 23 carats fine is said to lie in the
river Bromadinho, an affluent of the Rio de Contas, and
ill llie ('oclio.

The hame metal is to be found at the neighbourhood
of Inferno water-fall, in the municipal district ofTucano.
The adjacent quarries are inscribed ^vilh some hiero-
glyphs, indicating that there lived once a people which
was given up to mining pursuits.

Gold is likewise to be found in the coinurca of Caetilc,
as Accioli affirms in his "Memorias Historicas»

The Serra das Almos is rich in this metal, which
abounds at the adjacent hamlet of Catoles. It is the same
with the district of Chapada Velha, 3 leagues far from
Villa Velha and near the hamlel of Mallo Grosso, that
wc will allcrwards speak of.

At Figuras, scaled on the lop of Ihe Serrci daJacobina,
there are some unexplored gold mines, as well as in
(iado Bravo, a ridge of mountains next to Sincora.

In the place called Gloria, near ilie river Eguas, that
falls into Ihe Correnle, some gold mines are to be
found; lhc\- were explored towards the middle of the
last centiry by a few adventurers, who fell upon Ihe pre-
cious melal, exceeding abundant, close to the ground.

Dr. Gatao Guerreiro de Castro stales the following
with respect to the above mine*':

« About tiic year 1800 was discovered the vast gold
mine of the river Hico, afterwards named das Eguas,
from the numerous excursions of herdsmen on the wild
mares they met there. In the place then inhabited (that
is to say— in the ancient village, now seated al the bank
of the river Correnlei the first inhal)itants, having explo-
red the bed of this river, extracted from it some arro-
lias of gold at the places called Buroco do Gusmao, Bia-
cho do Goloveh), Tamarana, Biacho Verm'^lho, etc.
The ancient liamlcl was created a parish (X. ssa Se-
nhoia da Gloria do Bio Bicoi in 1806, and altcrwaids a

village, under the name of Rio das Eguas. A <;rcal dcnl
of gold is still dug out tlierc; but not only the great ex-
l)crKscs necessary for digging it out make it loo dear,
hut the process of extraction is very toilsome. »

One of the most productive gold mines in the slate is
thai of Jacohina, known from the IT'i'. age and of which
Rocha Pitta says in his « America Portugueza »:

(' Upon that time llie mines of Jacobina yielded the
most portentous gold grains that have ever been seen
in the mines of Brazil. Four of them were brought to
Ihe Mint, of remarkable figure and so weighty that one
was valued at more than 700jS000, another a little less,
a third one at 3000 crusades. The very line gold discov-
ered since a few years was taxed under the government
of the Vice-roy (the Marquis of Angeja, 1714-18i. The
Governor-General, I). Joao de Lancastro, having been
given intelligence of those mines, sent in 1701, in order
to recognize them, Colonel Antonio Alves da Silva and
a Carmelite, who, as he was a native of S. Paulo, was
well acquainted with that course of business; they were
aided by 2 sergeants and 10 soldiers, all furnished with
every tool necessary for the accomplishmcnl of their
mission, which did not give the expected result, fcr few
drachms of gold were drawn out.

"Short before the Marquis' coming, n:any ncojjle
came from several parts and, as they employed greater
ellurts, the mines are now under exploration, tiiough
with more dil'llcully than the southern ones, because
the gold of Jacobina— the finer is its carat, Ihe deeper
it lies. »

It was, however, under the government of Vasco Fer-
nandas Cezarde Menezes (1721-35) that those mines were
widely wrought, such an impulse resulting in (lie
creation of llie village, in 1722. A charter of the Ultra-
marine Council, on the 13i'i. of May 172G, ordered the
creation of two casting houses, the one at Jacobina, the

other at Minas do Rio de Contas, and 3831 1/2 drachms
of gold. 23 carats fine, were collected ii: 1747 and 1748,
in spite of its having been widely embezzled. A com-
pany was of late organized to explore these n.ines, llic
gold of which, as Rocha Pitta said, the deeper llie best.

At Lavra Velha, in Minas do Rio de Contas, a gold
lamina weigliing 2 3 4 pounds was found in 1840, on a
small portion of ground fallen down near an abandoned
rivulet.

Hxtremely abundant mines lie at Mandiocal, an unim-
portant place that belongs to the comarca of Rio de Con-
tas and is so called for the gold veins are there as large
as manioc roots.

In the report presented in 1721 to Vice-roy Vasco
Fernandes Cezar de Menezes and which is to be read
from page 177 to 190 of the 15"'. Royal Ordinances book,
extent in the Public Archive of Bahia, Miguel Pereira
da Costa slates respecting the mines of Matto-Grosso:

« At the distance of three leagues from Matto Grosso,
after travelling over a rough hilly way, the rivulet is to
be seen where was digging for metals (>olonel Sebasliao
Raposo, a native of S. Paulo, whence he came with his
whole retinue of slaves, indians and niiiamuis (*i, by
whom he had several children. He rambled over those
mountains, already searched before him by a lew explo-
rators, who had found no good (juallly gold; yet, as he
was a man of great experience and examined the place
well, he was pleased with it and accordingly proceeded
to plant in liic adjacent capocs, whcve he lixed his dwelling.
They call cdjx'ics some tracts of wood, rising on mount-
ains and campaigns and which, al'lci' having been hewn
dciwn, are burnt up, that they may {.;ive place to the
plantation of n)aize, largely used loi- food in the regions
under consideration.

'■| l'\'nial(' shivi's, more Uindly Ireakd llian the others
and jjcnerallv cliar-'ed w illi waitin'' on their mistress.

"Colonel Sebastiao Haposo was said to have rclired
from S. Paulo and Minas Geraes for fear of Ihc orders
of the Holy Office tribiiiial and, as it sceu.ed to every
body, he led a cruel life and was lieart-hardened, for he
used to perpetrate murders for any trillinj^ motive. His
retinue attended him very unwillingly, because they
feared their death at every moment; and really on the
way, as [\\o mncainas, being too tired, could no longer
follow him, he slew one among some hills and rushed
down the other, saying he would not carry them alive,
that they might not attend any one else.

" Having fixed his residence in the above place, he
began to dig for metals and would post sentinels on the
higher parts and on the way, to withhold any one from
going there, and, as he was powerful, fear kept every
body in respect and maintained his despotic sway.

« He was so lucky as to light upon gold in the depth
of 4 oi 5 spans. He set at work with 80 hateas ('i, but,
having met with large veins of gold, he employed his
whole attendance, coliunins (Indian male slaves i and
women, 130 balcas being thus at service in the rivulet. He
then neglected minute gold, for its washing required a
long lime, and therefore, as the baleas were discharged,
large pieces, laminas and grains were only looked for, a
few workmen being severely punished who gave forlh
but one pound of gold a day.

<> It is wonderful, but not paradoxic, that a piece ot
gold was dug out as weighty as 1 1/2 arroba, in the shape
of a copper pot handle, and, moreover, that one day,
having lit upon the chief l.iyer, they were at work
from break of day to 10 o'clock evening, with the help
of torches, and drew out 9 arrobas of gold.

" A nephew of Raposo, named Antonio de Almeida,

(*) Wooden vessels where the earth that is mixed
with gold is separated from this, by being profusely
washed.

who had come with his uncle and bore him company,
was not allowed, as well as his few attendants, to dig
for gold with Raposo's woikmen, but separately; they
came after him, revolving again the already rolled ground
and pebbles, fron. the fragments of which they drew a
great deal of gold.

« Raposo being now satiated, whether for the gold he
possessed was then quite enough to satisfy his ambition,
or because the exploration did no longer yield the same
advantageous result, or fearing the fame of his riches
should call there any greater power that might sup-
plant him, retired through the woods to the inland, with
his workmen, after having dug out gold from an area
the eighth part of a league in extent, whence he
extracted all the gold he took along with himself, of
which he always spoke with vivacity.

« As I had received intelligence in the inland that he
had drawn out some gold, I began to make a nearer in-
quiry and, seeing amidst those men a few more qualilied,
one of whom was a confidential friend to Raposo, who
used to buy of him cattle and victuals for his workmen
(for which reason he permitted him to go into his mines
and take a great profit by thcmi, and also finding among
the natives of S. Paulo some more capable and a mamc-
luke belonging to Raposo, from whom he had one night
lied away, after having been hidden in the inland, for fear
he should be slain,— from every one I heard separately
what I tell of Colonel Raposo and I am sure to be the
truth, for those men were the most comjietcnt to know
the matter and inquire of their companions after it.

<' They unanimously told that Raposo had taken with
himself about -10 arrobas of gold. They calculated so,
both on account of the i)omp they had found with him
and of the borracluis (') and scrips where he kept the

Ti Leathern vessels where miners use to keep powder-
ed gold.

gold, as well as the luggage they ohservcd upon his reti-
ring, lor those men, well acquainted with the devices
and sagacity of each other, knew very well how to
distinguish the volumes containing gold from those
which had hut victuals. They also reported that Raposo
had never declared to them the real portion of gold
he took wilh himsell, but only said, by lessening the
word: / have here some little arrobas.

« After having taken his way to the inland, he examined
his worktnen whom he supposed to carry some gold
with themselves and he found indeed many pounds with
them, some having 3 and 5, some 6 and 9. It was upon
this occasion that the above mentioned mameluke fled
from him, for he was among the guiltiest. One could
not know what way he had taken, as he got into the
woods through a new patii made by himself; but after
a short time some natives and inlanders who met him
in the woods informed that, by going more and more
into the inland, he was seeking for Maranhao.

« Upon my arrival at those districts of the Rio de Con-
tns he was gone away more than six months ago and
it was reported he had arrived at Piauhy, where he had
been slain. »

This was not the only place of the comarca of Rio de
Contas where gold had been found upon that time. By
the name of mines of Morro do Fogo (iire hilli, so called
from the fire that the explorators kindled in the forest
to mark the place where they stood, so rich mines were
known that, in spile of their having been explored, the
precious metal is even now abundantly found there.

In the intermediate space, 168 square leagues in extent,
between the river Contas and other places of the comar-
ca, a kind of sand is found which indicates the existence
of gold and other metals. We may cite as an example
the river Paramirim das Creoulas, one of the sources
of the Paramirim, where gold is extremely abundant.

In the same year (1748i when, as \vc have prcco(lently
said, 3,831 12 drachms of gold were sent from the casl-
ing house of Jacobina to Bahia, from Ihat of Rio de
Conlas were sent 24.793 1/2.

A few natives of .S. Paulo discovered in 1718 son e
mines of gold at Panibu, which they afiei wards aban-
doned, as I hey found out some oUier riclier mines, of
copper and silver, in the Serra da Bovracha.

The whole region on either side of the river (jrande
and its aflluenls is extremely rich in gold, particularly
the margins of the river Ondas.

In Bom Jesus dos Limocs, also situated on Ihe bank of
the Rio de Conlas, a lagoon may be seen where lie^ a
large gold mine, now abandoned.

The richness of Ihe Scrra da Iliuba is even now l)cyond
calcnlalion, both in gold and in copper, silver, iron and
other melals.

DI.XMOXnS

They are said by Mr. Orville A. Derby to ))e found
in the sources of Ihe .Icquitinhonha, Rio de Contas and
Pai'aguassii. Let us exaniine what was written about
the two last-i:amed rivers.

.Mr. (iuslavo Adolpho de Mcnezes asserts in his « Mc-
moria dcscripliva e eslalislica da ricpieza mineral da
Provincia da Bahia » (Bahia. Oclob. 3bi., 18()0), that it
was v. Spix and v Marlins (hat first verilied, in 1821,
the existence of dir.monds in liie Scrnt do Siiicord and
comnuinicaled it to Sergeant-major Francisco .lose da
Rocha Medrado, who owned there some tracts of land.
It was, however, in 1811 that .love Pereira do l*rado, with
a son and a slave, lit upon the In st diamonds in Ihe river
Mocuge, llial lalls into the Par aguassi'i; tlie\ were in so
great a (pianlily as to prove that the mine Ironi which
Ihev were extracted was the richest diamond «nine in

Brazil, wherefore 30,000 persons there resorted in
crowds from 1844 lo 1848.

Upon the same epoch some (tiamond mines were
found out in other places of liiat region, as Arociras,
the mine of which, though it has been much explored,
is not yet exhausted.

I is the same with the mine of Harra da Solidao.

Diamond also abounds in the fi)llowing places: the
rives Cajuciro and Colinguiba (irande, the former
flowing from the Scira do Andanihij, the latter from the
Sena do Siiicord and falling into Ihc Alpargala; the Scrrci
do Gagdo, whicli is but a prolongation of that ofCocal;
the liver Combucas, which has its source, like the Mo-
cugc, thatitrun.>, paialk-l wiili, in the Serra da Chapada;
the cataract named Influencia, ono league fiom the hamlet
of Paiaguassu, where in 1845 many people dug out a gre?t
deal of diamonds, 14 1/2 drachms having been extracted
one day by Jose da Silva Dullra; the river Negro,
that runs from the Serra do Sincord; and, in short, the
afllueuts of the Paraguassi'i: Una, Rio Preto, Piabas, Ra-
budOjLen^oes, Andarahy, etc.,— from which, as Dr. Catao
Guerreiro de Castro says, several arrobas of diamond
were drawn out and where rose up the villages of Len-
focs, Santa Izabel, Andarahy, etc.

It must be remarked, however, that the mountains of

Sincora arc not the only place where the precious stone

was found. It had precedently been discovered in ihe

Serra do Assuriia.ln 1841 a miner of the name of Matlos

went down the stream of tiie S. Francisco and settled in

Ihe place named Cotovelo, situated between the hamlet of

Miradouro and Chic[ue-Chique, near the lagoon washing

the western base of the Serra do Assurmi, and there lit

upon a rich diamond mine. Another was discovered by

Anlouio Alvcs das Virgcns in the plateaus of Morro do

Chapeo. In Santo Ignacio, of the same district, 30 Ieagu.es

distant from Chapada Velha and 60 from Macalmbas,
10

very important mines, not yet exhausted, were also

found out.
In 1881 on important mine was discovered al the place

called Salobro, 12 laagues southward from Cannaviciras-

Diamond overabounds there and is constantly of excel

lent quality, as being the best that has ever been found

according to the assertion of them who know well the

matter.

In 188:}, at length, the G/zara/j/y, a journal edited in the
town of Cachoeira, wrote the following, that, like nearly
all the notices we give here, was [)ublished in the "Dic-
cionario Geographico das Minas do Brazil^ by Fran-
cisco Ignacio Ferreira iRio de Janeiro 1885 >:

"Several diamond explorators, at tlic service oj
Dr. Julio da Camp and lodged at Caplnin Jose Anguslo's,
on being informed by a certain fi'llow of ilic name < f Igna-
cio, wlio w;is a clei k at r.;ip!.iin W \:: \\i,\ sliojis, IhU in
the place called Barra I-strada d'oi-to SinLloi, wliore lived
C-oIoncl Zcfcrino Jose de Carvalho, in S. I'elix, I here
were to be seen some indicflive signs of the exis'cnce
of diamond, llicre bent their course on llio 2||'|. instant,
led by a boatman named Andre, and, l)y ellccling Ihc
examination of the ground and a few sligiit excavations,
lit with no great difficulty, after having been at work
two liours running, upon two ricli diamonds, one of
which is exceedingly while and shining.

" We were yesterday kindly shown such gems l)y our
fiiend tlie Tax-Galheier ("icneral of tliis town, l-jisign
(^amillo (ionsalves Lima; tiiey are exhibited to public
\iew at tiu' shoj) of Captain Jose Auguslo I'eixolo,
siliialcd in Ihc priiuipul slicet of llu' parish ol' S. I'liix

■ \N'c ;irc loj I llial the same diamond nii'M-rs and a
ijcli ni(ic!i ml 'if tlini parisl) yeste-'l y dirct'.cd to tlsal
place ill order lo explore the new mine

The c )nliiiualion of the iiupiiries that began I wo days
ago and may be of so great a pro'il to us is highly neces-
sary »'.

Remarkable as the existence of diamonds is in the
state, its exploration has gradually decreased and draws
towards its end. That is ascribable to the discovery and
exploration of diamonds in (iood Hope Cape, which
broui^ht down in Kurope the price of such a merchandise
to so f^reat an extent as to suspend the whole commercial
intercourse in the mines, which were abandoned, nearly
all the inhabitants applyinj^ themselves thenceforth
to colfec plantation, which now allords them j<rcat
advantages.

Those v\ho are still given up to mining pursuits prefer
bclore the exploration of diamonds that of carbonate,
highly prized at present and i)romising a large profil, for
Hahia is (he only pk'cc in Ihc world where it has been
found up to this lime.

SILVKU

The existence of this metal in our state is known from
the first times of colonisation.

Every l)r)dy knows wlr.il Rocha Pilla tells, at the 195"'
page of his "Historia da America Portugucza", respecting
a certain Roberio Dias, who was a descendant of Cara-
niuri'i and in 1591 offered th3 king llic mines he had
found out in Rraz'l, so rich as to yield a greater jiortion
of silver than that of iron furnished by the mines of Bil-
bao, under the cjudi'.ion of his being granlcd llie title
of Marcfuis of the Mines. This, however, was promised to
I). Francisco de Souza, then a|)pointed governor of Ba-
hia, in case he should light upon the treasures under
consideration, wliile liobcrio Uias was only to be
rewarded with the administration of the above-men-
tioned mines.

The descendant of Caramuru i)roceeded, out of spite,
to disguise every vestige, so that the mines were never
found out and Roberio Dias carried the secret with

himself to the grave, in 1593, leaving to posterity the
eagerness to discover them.

That was sufficient to raise up thenceforward in many
people the desire to discover Robcrio Dias' celebniled
mines, inciting Ihoni to rami)lc over and over the inland
with a numerous atlcndancc, in search of the hidden
riches.

Rocha Pitta additionally tells that, while Alfonso Fur-
tado de Castro do Rio Mendonga governed Brazil il671-
75), an inlander came to Bahia and made known to him
he had discovered some mines in a region far diilerent
from that which was indicated for the cdebraled mines
of Roberio Dias. He ascertained the discovery by show-
ing some small gold bars, which he said to have cast
from the stones that he had drawn out of the mines,
which he affirmed to rival the richest ones in the Spa-
nish Indies.

The governor, as he bclcft the adventurers words,
immediately dispatched to Lisbon, to give intelligence of
the event to Prince 1). Pedro, alterwards King 1). Pedro
11, his son, .loao Furtado de Mendon^a, accompanied
with some other persons; but they wrecked at the coast
of Pcniche, exccjiting only .loiio Furlado, who arrived
at Lisbon without the s;implos and letters sent by his
father and just lost on the shipwreck.

The court, nolwithslaiuling, gave all iirovidenccs
and sent oil' to Bahia every thing necessary lo the conti-
nuation of the discovery. Bui upon the arrival at Bahia
of them who had been charged with that mission, the
inlander who said to be iiiniself Ihe discoverer of the
mines had died in the inland and the opportunity was
again lost to lind out the silver mines and take profit
by them.

A few years later (172'.)i Manuel I'rancisco dos Santos
Soledade made I). .loao a pi'oposal for showing him
several abundant silver mini, s in Ihe inland, ])rovide(|

that a tract of untilled land should be granted to him.
This he obtained, comprehending a vast territory in the
captaincy of the lllieos; yet no sooner was such an
adventurer's imposition clearly known (for he never
pointed out the station of the promised riches and laid
hold of a large tract of the best lands), tlian the king
annulled the contract.

Towards the middle of the last century some inlanders
of Minas, accompanied with their retinues, rambled
several times over the interior of Bahia, in search of
Roberio Dias' mines, and one of them, in 1753, set down
a report, which, on account ot ils curiosity, was pub-
lished in the ( Hevista do Inslitulo Historico e Gcogia-
phico Brazileiro'). In such a report was noticed the dis-
covery of an enchanted town, where a palace rose up,
with several windows, arcades, saloons, aqueducts and
galleries, looking into a navigable river, on which
floated canoes; a crystal mount towered up there, with
a paved street, lofty houses, arches, etc.

The Institute charged with the discovery of such an
enchanted town Canon Benigno Jose dc Carvalho e Cu-
nha, who, after deciding it was probably situated in the
Serra do Sincord, wandered long over the inland, till in
1846 the President of Bahia, in his report presented to
the Provincial Assembly, after having communicated
that Canon Benigno had long since been applied to the
discovery of an abandoned town. I hat constantly was
nearly before his eyes, but he could never reach (which
was likely owing to an enchantment),— declared he had
already imparted the above-named explorator his reso-
lution to call back the orderlies that were in attendance
on him and, moreover, he thought it was lime to stop the
subsidy he received from the provincial treasury.

But befor? that priest was in search of the celebra.
ted enchanted town at Sincora, an event had come to
pass in Rio Verde, which rendered the discovery ol'
Roberio Dias' mines reallv admissible.

4 In 1807", tells Benedicto Marques da Silva AcauA in his
"Memoria sobrc os terrenos dianiantinos da Bahia», »Si-
mfio Moreira, who was a dweller in that district, showed
nunierons ramples of grainy silver, cast at the hamlet
of Vilhi Vclha, to Ihc mar.ni;or of I he estates belonging
to the Count of Ponlc. rjeulenant-Colonel Joaquiin Pe-
reira dc Caslro, whom he a-ked for some letters to the
Count, that this might licl[i luni in the discovery of the
mines.

" He had his asking and, upon his turning back
with official letters to the Corrcgidor ol the district of
Jacobina and to t!ie Cf;/j//«o-/?jo/- of Senlo-Se, he was
informed liiat these two functionaries had been charged
by the Count witli the discovery of the mines under
consideration and, therefore, he himself should not
succeed better tlian Roberio Dias; upon which he re-
solved to keep home, where he soon after died of an
intermittent fever. Me did not, however, like the other
discoverer in 1591, carry his secret with himself to the
grave, but Iclt a memorial record of his own hand,
which, after luiving been in his wife's power, was
possessed by a natural son of an ensign of tlie name of
Antonio Pinliciro, wlio lived in Villa da Barra and in
lh37 applied to Priest M.uuicl Ignacio do Olivcira Mar-
lins for aid in order tluit, by following the above
memorial record, lie might go and lind out the spoken
of mines.

lilt was an tldcriy iiuin, wlu> dwelt in Pilao Arcado
and iiad ke[)l company with H<d)crio Dias h)r a limc(!),
but whose nau)e is not known, that, engaged by the
good offices ofSimao Moreira, informed him of the
existence of those mines and at the same time recom-
mended iiini lo ennie to an understanding with the
indians oi llie hanilel ol .loa/eiro, in order that lie might
be instructed l)y lliemas for llu- way he shoidd lake lo Ihc
rivulet Mulalo and thence to a wide [)iain on the l()|) uf

the inounlain, where rose up a lolly jaloh(i[vcc hard
l)y a thislle, at a sliorl distance of wliich tlie mines were
lyin^, marked by liie vestiges of the cisterns made In'
Hobc'iio to keep rain water, for the ground was dry
there.

« The son of Antonio Pinheiro, al'ier having pcipetrated
a crime at Aruciras, lied away, and nobody knc.ws where
he may be found.

"What the negligence of the precedent gr^-ernmcnts
still k^eps at ignorance will be soon discovered i)y in-
terest or chance, as it was the case with the diamond
mines, which, unknown in this ridge of mountains up
to September of 1844, are now-a-days well acquainted
wilh through an area 70 to 80 leagues in extent.))

In several other points of ihc stfde some facts concern-
ing the story of the lamous mines are to be heard, in
which Ih'j nan)c ofRiibeiii) Dias is conncctt d wilh Hk'.I
of Htlchioi- Dias Moreia ilhe latter aijpellalion being but
a translation from (]arii:i;uri'i), who descended from the
celebrated portiignese so laikuamed and was the owner
of a few tracts of laad (ju Ihenoith of this stale and in
Sergipc. The name of Muribcca is also pronounced.

It may, indeed, be concluded from an inscription on
Ihc loi) of the Scrra de Gercinoabo, hard by a chapel
consecrated to the Holy Cross, that Hoberio Dias was
there. The most ancient dwellers in the village ol Maca-
hubas a.sscrt the existence of those mines in that region,
the slory of Roberio Dias being told by lliem nearly in
the same way j'S il is re[)orted by Rocha Pitta.

The same narration is likewise to be heaid near Chi-
(pic-C.hi (lie. 'There, in the estate Ciirral das JujiiaS',
tells Dr. Antonio Pereira da Silva Lnl)f\ nal the distance
of () 'eagti->'; lr)m the above named village, which v.'as
i.iicv- peopled b\- indians, stiU live a geat deal of their
ilescendanls, who tell the whole story of Muribeca, the
events that then took i)lacc, his riches, and afUrm he was
the chief of the indians and lived there, exploring, wher-

ever he plecsed, the chain of mountahis, whence he dug
out a great quantity of gohl and diamonds; which is
ascertained by the great works he had made for such a
puri)osc and are still to be seen on the top of the moun-
tain, at the places called ('.oelho, Sassuapara and Manga-
beira i where they are now digging tV.r dianiondsi. In the
last-named place, as well as in some others, one may see
several crucibles, anvils and earthen vessels, a few ones
being slamped with the mark of a coin, and other ob-
jects, })artially impaired by the agency of time, such as
stakes and props that once served to support houses. A
few stones have also been found, inscribed with char-
acters unknown to us, seeming as if they had been
faslcned or inlaid on purpose, with a view to stop up
or conceal something, because, as I am told, not one
could be drawn off, up to the present time, in spile of
the means and efforts that have i^een emjiloyed.

«In short, the ancient inhabitants of this estate tell mi-
nutely a few ])ai-licnlars (that most likely they are
ac(iu-iinted with ])y tradition) on Muribecas life; such as,
for exam])le: the proposal made by him to the king of
Portugal with regard to such riches; his ])resumption;
how, in the place called Rdiicho da I-'oiuc, he i)oisoned the
Indians attending him on his way to 13ahia, that they
might not reveal the site of the mines; his death and
some characters or symbolical signs, like those which
had ])een precedently found on the top of the mountain,
as if they were to mark the spot in which his treasures
lay hidden. Several incpiiries were accordingly made
and the region began to be explored, not with the ne-
cessary constancy or attention, but at random, several
iioles or small excavations having beei^ made in difle-
rent sites, which caused several tracts to be found
where diamonds arc now drawn out, namely: Taman-
dua, Pintor, Mangabeira, (ian^eleira, Cotovelo and some
others, for in a cii-cund'erence of 1 I leagues diamonds
may be met with, in a variable (luanlity, wherever the

«3

ground is explored. The gold mine lies at llie distance of
60 leagues from this; nevertheless gold is of no rare
occurrence throughout the intermediate space between
the two mines.

(The riciiness of such a place is to be wondered at,
not described."

A few similar fads are reported, with regard to Ma-
cahubas, by Colonel Durval Vieira de Aguiar, in his
woik published in 1888 under the title of "Descripfoes
praiicas da provincia da liahia».

This illustrious compatriot of ours refers lo have seen
2 leagues oil the village of Macahubas a large ridge
of mounlains presenting a deep cavity quite stopped up
with stones, dillercnl in their quality from those of tiie
neighbourhood, as if they had been conveyed from a dis-
tant place, and not being able to be taken olT, in spite
of the etforts of those who wished to get the cavity
emptied.

That place was once peopled by Indians, of whom
only two old women were still alive, who would keep
hidden in the mountains, that Ihey left between whiles,
taking with themselves one or two drachms of gold,
which they never owned how they had come by.

It was such women, says the above-cited Colonel,
that told the people of those regions the story of Mu-
ribeca. They aflirni he was a while man, who became
the chief of the tribe living there and, after having laid
hold on the secret of the famous mines (which was only
known by his tribe), came to Bahia and offered them to
the king (Governor), under the claim of high recom-
penses. They also assert that, as his olfer was accepted,
Muiibeca turned back with a numerous escort of sol-
diers and mine-diggers, under the command of a cap-
lain, who bore a sealed up warrant, staling the recom-
pense that was lo be granted to Muribeca, who might

not be acquainted with it before delivering the mines;

11 ^ '

but Muribeca, l)eini^ rather cifiident, no sooner arrived
at the Rio de Contas mounlains tlian, by assuring lie
was before llie mines, enticed the ollicer, wiio upon
tliis broi<c open tlic sealed up warrant, which they
found to bear only p patent of militia captain. Muribeca
— it is additionally reported — being highly displeased at
that, refused to go forward and especially to reveal the
secret of his discovery, in spite of tiie promises, threat-
enings and even cudgellings he was given by the escort,
which, being no longer in hope of knowing the secret,
brought back Muribeca, arrested and manacled, to the
dungeons of the capital, where he died, without reveal-
ing the secret.

But for its final part, the story told in Macahubas is in
perfect accordance with the old chronicles rcspecling
Roberio Dias or Muribeca. Whether this may belong
to the family of Belchior Dias Moreia, Ihe owner of vast
estates on the north of Rahia and in Sergipe, or, as Ac-
cioll says, he may liave been a famous native of S. Pau-
lo, from whose mines were taken and held forth by a
private man, in 1701, the four gold lamels that Rocha
Pitta treated of. as we have mentioned, the largest of
which was worth 1:200^000 and another 780:i()03,—
however it may be, it is interesting that the story told
about Ihcni in Macahubas is much the same as it was
reported in C.hiciue Chique to Dr. Antonio Pcreira da
Silva Lobo and is repeated in several other places of
the stale, with the only conhision of the two person-
ages— Roberio Dias and Muribeca.

Xolwithslanding, as it is not ouis to make a nearer
in(|uiry into such a matter, or to make sure of truth l)y
MU'Miis (if ciilicism, we will proceed to iu'iicale the
spots in the slate wlicre silver has been found.

The exislence of Ihe metal in point in Ihe Scrra do
Assiiriiii cannol be i)!()uglil inio doubt, as Pro!'. Orvillc
A. Derby allirms in his above-ciled "Reconheciuiento
geologico do valle do Rio S. Fiancisco».

They have also lit upon silver in Cachoeira do Inferno
(Tucano), where gold, copper and other precious things
were likewise met with.

In Villa Nova da Rainha, a municipal district likewise
known by the name of Jacobina Nova, in the rivulels
Bananeira and Aipim, that I'all into the Ilapicuru-nicrim,
a few silver mines lie, which are supposed to be the
celebrated ones of Robcrio Dias, on account of the
large cavities and galleries dug In the ground in the
direction to tlie grotto named dos Abreus, at Joazeiro.

Unexplored silver mines arc overabundant in the las'.-
named place, particularh' by the river Salitrc, where
a celebrated grotto, as high as the nave of a large church
and GU spans wide, is to be seen and leads down through
something like a well of an enormous diameter.

A few samples of silver have been drawn out of the
bed and banks of the river Caixa, which has its source
in the Serra do Andavahij.

In the Serra da Borracha. also known by the names
oi Muribeca and Paulisla, there are silver mines, discov-
ered in 1783 by Capildo mor Chrislovao da Pocha Pitta,
who dug out there a great deal of ore.

In case wMiat is written should not be sufllcient lo
prove the existence of silver in the slate, we will end
this chapter by citing the words of Gab. Soarcs, a writer
very compclent both in this matter and in many otlicrs,
parJcularly for his having endeavoured, with the sacri-
fice of his own life, lo put in execution the memorial
record left by his brother Joao Coclho de Souza, the
discoverer of vast and inexhaustible mines near the river
S. Francisco and contemporary with Roberio Dias:

«\Ve have)), says Gabriel Soares, upon concluding the
last chapter of his monumental work, set forth by the
Viscount of Porto Seguro in the H"'. tome of the "Re-
vista do Institute) Ilislorico e Geographico I3razileiro»,
«\ve have here (in Bahia) so little an esteem for the metals

most highly prized by tlie world, tiiat is to say— gold and
silver, that we have treated of them last of all, instead
of their being mentioned before any other snbject, for
—Ihc [/round of Bahia abounds with them to so high a
degree as it mai/ lie imagined; so that, shoidd his Majestij
be so pleased, greater cargoes can lye sent off to Spain eoerg
gear than the g have ever cone from the Western Indies «

Copper, lew and iron

The first notice of the existence of copper in this state
dates from 1718.

Acaua tells in his preccdenlly (juoted memoir that the
Auditor of Rio de C.ontas, .loiio Francisco Lourcnc^,
on being informed that an alcaid named Faim knew the
spot where copper ores might be found, aski.d Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Joaquim Pereira de Castro to furnish the
above-named alcaid with the means to fake with him-
self some of them. Such an asking being granted, the
alcaid took away a few of the copper ores and, by cast-
ing one arroba of them, 17 pounds of good quality cop-
per were freed. This occurred in Villa Vellia do Rio dc
Contas, situated on the bank of flic Rromado.

Sixty and odd years later, in 178:3, the Marcpiis of Va-
Icn^a communicated to the king the discovery made in
the Serra da Borracha l)y (Utpitdo-mor Christovao da
Rocha Pitia, who sent iiim fi-om that place a fragtnent
of copper ore, weighing no more than f drachms and
3!{ grains, which, by being cast, produced 1 drachms
and 18 grains oi co|)per. Amid the fragments of copper
ore brouglit in the precedent year by liie Juiz de lu\ra
(') of C.aelioeira, who liad been commissioned l)y llie
(iovernor to verify tlie discovery made by llic al)ovc-
named Capitdo-mor, one, of a sm;ill si/c and only wcigh-

(*i Tiie lille given in I'ormei- limes to a certain class
of judges in f'.i a/.il.

ing one ounce, which was essayed at the Mint hy Ihc
Marquis' order, produced 2 drachms and 52 grains of
copper, liaving lost upon ils being founded o drachms
and 20 grains. <■

Sucli discoveries occasioned the Royal Patent of July
12"'. 179 ', which conferred on Francisco Agostinlio do-
mes the authorization to work the mines. One docs not
know, however, whether that was carried into edccl.

About that time the Juiz do fora of (Lachoeira, Dr. Ma-
nuel da Silva Pcreira, sent to Portugal a good deal of
copper, drawn out at the place called Mamocabo, near
that town, on the left bank of the Paraguassu, one of
the fragments weighing o2 arrobas and 2 pounds, the
oilier being far less weighty, as it was informed by I)o-
niingos Jose Antonio Rcbcllo in the 250'ii. page of his
"Chorographia'), Bahia 1829. Manuel Francisco dos San-
tos Solcdade, whom we have prccedently spoken ot,
had dug out for minerals in the same place during the
government of Vasco Fernandes Cezar de Menezes.

It is asserted by Dr. Antonio Maria dc Olivcira in his
("Esludos para o prolonganiento da estrada de ferro do
S. FranciscoB, that copper is extraordinarily abundant
7 leagues eastward from Curralinho, in the estate Cara-
hyba, where it may be seen close to the ground at sev-
eral points and whence was extracted the whole por-
tion of copper neces!-ary to cast a bell for the parish
cliui-ch of Villa Nova. The remains of this bell niay
slill be seen and testify the quality of the metal. The
illustrate doctor additionally affirms that the mineral
under consideration has been found in Jacobina Nova,
mixed with antimony and iron sulphurets.

Copper is also said to occur at the handets of Belem,
Muritiba, S. Jose and Genipapo, near Cachoeira, as well
as in the place named Ciichoeira do Inferno, in Tucano
iwhere, as we have said, gold and silver equally lie),
and in Chapada Velha, at the handct of Mallo Grosso.

where pure and native copper was discovered in the
same mines in wliicli gold lies.

In 1854 the celebrated miner Jose Francisco Thomaz:
do Nascimcnto lit upon the same metal in the river
Amendoim Jtaparicai.

The Sena da Iliiibd, finally, overabounds with copper,
as well as with several oilier metals.

As for lead, Prof. Derljy aflLms its existence in the
Scrni do Assuriici and Acaua in several points of the
four ridges of mountains of Chapada.

«Lying to the left of the river Paramcrira,» he stales,
«at the distance of 4 leagues from the Serra de Macuhii-
bas, a few excavations and exploratory works are to he
seen, from one of which, in the estate S. Bartholomeu,
Captain Rodrigo Pereira de Caslro drew out, in 1837, a
piece of Hint, that, by undergoing the efficiency of the,
melted away and resulted in lead and a metal as white
as silver, but harder than this, which it is presumable
to l)e platinum."

With regard to iron, what we have transcribed from
Prof. Derby's works enables us to infer lliat such a
metal is to be found nearly throughout the ground of
Hahia. We will, however, point out some places where,
no doubt, it has been mostly met with.

It is exceeding abundant in [he Sena do Brcjo Grande.
The reports are well known tiiat signalize its presence
in the Serra da Coneei(;do, in the rivulet Hedengo and
some other ph'ces adjacent to Caciuicira. It has been
also met with in Caetile, Ilheos (^farm named Queimado),
(".opiol)a, 3 leagues from Maragogipe, llirough the whole
municipal district of Monte Santo and in Nazareth.

Prol. Derby asserts the existence of lliis metal in the
section of the S. Krancisco betwixt Chicpie-Chicjue and
Hiaclio (la Oasa Nova. In the Serra da (Ihaimda (district
of Andarahyi and in that of Iliuba it has also been
found.

As for Ihc iron mine of liie Scrni da (A)iicci(;du, Scr-
geant-Major Guilhermc Christiano Fcldiicr set forth a
description that is to stimulate to a great extent the
exploration of this metal. Acaua treats niinulcly of its
presence in <1 Ifereiit places of the mountains of VMa-
pada, such as dorrego da Mntiica, Serra das Eguas,
etc., etc.

Pit-coal

Accioli tells in his »Memorias Historicas» that "One
night of June 1815, at the sugar factory Caboto (muni-
cipal district of the capital) a loud subterranean clap
was heard as following a submarine earthquake and on
the next morning a hill that rose up by the ancient re-
doubt standing at the mouth of the river Colegipe during
the dutch occupation was ])artially overthrown and
mouldering away and large pieces of pit-coal, pyrites
and molibdcn were found amid the remains. They were
sent by several jjrivate jiersons to Rio de Janeiro, where,
by the order of the king, they were examined by >hijor
Guilhermc Christiano Feldner, who recognised therein
two sorts of pit-coal, the one superior to the best pit-
coal known in England, the other inferior to it and
being a petrified substance classified in Linnanis' system
under the title of lelrantax vgelalis, which had contrib-
uted to the formation of the first sort or any other. That
was communicated to the Governor, Count of Arcos,
in the official letter of November 28"'. of the same year,
expedited by the State Secretaryship of the home de-
partment. Another communication, dated January 1'.
of the following year, ordered him lo give Feldner all
tlic Iiel[) he might need to accomplisli the mission of
invesligaling such an interesting natural product. No
tther measure, however, was taken on such a subject,
though the ulterior inquiries ((uile agree with the al)()ve
mentioned investigation and pit-coal is abundantly found

in olhcr places of the province and in llic neighl)our-
hood of tlie capital, as the island of Itaparica and the
district of Pirajii.»

After this first notice aljout the existence of the pre-
cious fuel, it was discovered in the sugar factory Colo-
nia (municipal district of Santo Amaro), in the comarcas
of Brcjo Grande, Bom Jesus dos Meiras, Pirajuhia, Cay-
ru, Ilheos, Taperoa. Boipeha, etc.

Several decrees have authorised different persons for
the digi^ing out and exploration ol pit-coal, but with no
favourable result up to the present time,— whether for
in some of those jilaccs ihc pit-coal layers are very
deei)-lying, for which reason the fragments that have
been extracted do not answer the hopes of those who
have tried to work them out, or because a great many
fragments were found, upon a proper examination, not
to be pit-coal, but lignite or jet, as those of Itaparica,
according to Rathbun's opinion, in spite of the contrary
affirmation, above-cited, of Accioli.

As a compensation, the discoveries of turf, petroleum
and naphta, in several places of the state, have succeeded
well, specially Ihat^wich was made in 1852 by Jose Fran-
cisco Thoinaz do Nascimento in Marahii, where, in con-
sctiuence of several authorisations and concessions
granted by the government, the exploration of such
substances is now advantageously carried on by the
lirm John (irant tS: C".

SAi,ri'i;rm-: and oruEU mini:kai, pkodi'cts

Throiigh the whole upper paii lof the S. l-'rancisco
valleyt, beyond I'riibi'i", says I'lof. Dei by, "lliis mineral
isallpelic I is very counnon, inijjregnaling the ground
whci'ever Ihe calcareous substance lies exposcif, as well
as lliercabouts. It is more abundanlly found especially in
Ihc numerous caverns formed in llic lavers of calcareous
sti!>-.lauce, sometimes also appearing in the caverns

occiirrin}4 in grilly mailer. In a grcal many places,
as in llic rivulel Salilre, near .Toazciro, it is mixed wilh
common salt. 1 saw in Bom Jcsns da Lapa a specimen
of carbonate of potasli that appears in sallpetrous rocks.
Tliis salt is widely extracted for the preparation ot
gunpowder and supplies a considerable part of the in-
land: but no i)ortion of it, as I am informed, is actually
exported from the country, not even comes to the lit-
toral places. The (luantity of saltpetre seems to be con-
sidcinblc and, under the condition of an easy communi-
cation, the extraction of the mineral in point may
become an important industry."

The importance of those vast mines in the municipal
districts bordering upon the river S. Franscisco was
well pointed out by v. Spix and v. Martins in their
Heisen in Bnmlien and afterwards by Halfcld upon his
exploring that river. Yet they are known Irom the
beginning of the IT"', century, as it may be read in an
interesting memoir belonging to the Public Archive of
Bahia, in book IV of the official correspondence sent by
D. Fernando Jose de Portugal to the Court.

There is no doubt, in accordance with the above
mentioned memoir, that the most ancient notice in those
books is to be found in the chapter XXXI of the Regu-
lation given on the IG"'. of June 1612 to the Govei'uor and
Caplain-Gencral of the state of Brazil, Antonio Tclles da
Silva, wherein not only the saltpetre mines, discovered,
by the king's order, by Governor D. Diogo de Mcnezcs
are recommended to him, but he himself is charged
wilh working in the factories that might be established.

The same charge was committed i>y the Royal Patent
of February 23"'. 1672 to AfTonso Furtado. Another, of
July 1-1. of the following year, slated the government
should come to an agreement about the allair with Anto-
nio Guedcs de Britto. In the chapter XXIX of the Regu-
lation given on the 23'''. of January 1677 to Ro(|ue da

Costa Barretto the matter is highlv recommended.
12

Afterwards, D. Joao de Lancastro, who then held the
government, was ordered to go and examine in his own
person the saltpetrous gronnd, of which his predecessor
had sent a few samples to Lisbon, and how this active
governor accomplislied his task Rocha Pitta tells in the
ensning lines:

«'The Most Serene King D. Pedro being informed that
in Brazil, and raoslly in the inland of Bahia, some mines
of that mineral (saltpetre) were to be found, equal in
abundance and quality to the asiatic ones and less ex-
pensive and difficultly dugout, which might abundantly
supply his whole monarchy, charged the Governor and
Captain-General, D. Joao de Laneastro, with going in
his own person to the place where such mines were
said to lie. Upon his coming from Portugal, this governor
proceeded to establish the Mint and forward some other
affairs of the state and next left the city of Bahia, in
1695, to fulfil his important mission.

"He set out to the village of Cachoeira. accompanied
with many [)eople, all the workmen for the exploration
of saltpe'.ie. every tool necessary to extiact and better
it, as well as a few persons well acquainted with the
region that he was to travel over and knowing the
mines that he went in search of. lie was at considerable
expenses with such a retinue, wherefore the king ordered
a large subsidy to be given to him.

"From the port of that village he directed to the Se-
minaiy of Belem, wlieie he was waited by the convoy
he had bespoken. After a short delay he |)rocecded to
Jacarc and thence to S. Jose de llai)ororocas, whence
he went to Matla, Tocos, Pinda, Papagaio, the rivers
Peixc and Tapicuru la migiily riveii, tiic Scrra (Id Tohi'i,
the other Tapicuru, called iniriin la river also I'anious,
but less current I, reached the Scn<i dti JacohiiKi, where
he relVcshed his convo>, and, going on his march
through the Melds of that hamlet mow a viliagci, and
ol Teiij(') and \ariiha Secca, arrived al Ihe saltpetre

mines named de JoCio Marlins, where some mineral salt-
petre was taken out and thou«fht of {^ood (luallly, upon
being experienced; llie mines, liowcver, were considered
to be rather permanent than abundant.

«D. Joao de Lancastro spent a few days in that exam-
ination and then went off to other mines, named de
Jodo Peixoto, where similar experiments proved the
saltpetre of tliis mine to rival the other in jfoodness and
abundance. He thence directed to a place called dos
Abrcus, on the banks of the river Pauqui, in the mines
of which he found saltpetre of the same quality, but in
greater quantity. He went, at last, to other mines called
do Scrrdo, and oblained the same result.

"Being in possession of such experiences and notices
D. Joao de Lancastro turned back to the cily of Bahia,
after having travelled over more than 150 leagues by
land and made new roads to shorten the distances.

"Being not yet out ol hopes as for the utility and con-
venience of the mines, D. Joiio, after his return to the
city, ordered some saltpetre to be taken out of the mines
that overabounded with it or lay at a shorter distance
and cliarged Colonel Pedro Barbosa Leal with such a mis-
sion, which he hcli)ed with his care and money, and so
obtained some saltpetre that he sent several Mmes to
Bahia in leather bales. However, as they found, at last,
that, on account of the distance, the roughness of the
road, where there was no food for them who passed by
and were to convey the saltpetre, this became too dear
to the royal treasury and its conveyance extremely toil-
some, and, moreover, it was not drawn out in so great a
quantity as to make up for the expense, not even to equal
it, they were convinced of the unprofitableness of the
mines, that ought no longer to be wrought. Such was
indeed the resolution that the king deigned to take, as
he 'viewed the saltpetre sent to him by the (iovernor
and was well informed about the matter.')
. Yet, in consequence of what was communicated to

him by D. Joao de Lancastro on returning from his
expedition, the King ordered, in his charters of the 7"'.
and 15"'. of March 1697, the foundation of saltpetre fac-
tories, wherever they would seem convenient, and the
accejifalion of the services that D. Leonor d'Avila obli-
ged herself to do in the mines. A contract was made with
her, whereby she was bound to deliver in Cachoeira,
at her own expenses, 2 ',000 quintals of saltpetre, under
the condition of certain recompenses; but, not being
able to accomi)lish such conditions, her services were
done williout.

Tiie royal patent of January 20'''. 1700 recommended
again the matter and ordered the improvement of the
factories established by Colonel Pedro Harbosa Leal in
the river Pau(pii and Jacobina Vclha, all the saUi)elre
being collected in a storehouse and every cattle-breeder
in the inland being lo contribute a jade for the convey-
ance of the mineral, in oi'dei" to avoid the high expenses
of the new exploration.

One may conclude from the account given on the 12iii.
of October, 1702, ])y Governoi- I). Hodrigo da Cosia to
.lose de I'aria, a Secretary of Stale, that the mines did
not yield a snflicient prolit, owing lo the ignorance of
the explorers, who not only were unaccpiaintcd with
such a conise of business, hut did not know how lo
belter ll:c L'.r.unid wiience the mineral was extracted,
'i'lie s:nne account staled that, up lo thai lime, 80 scrips
Iiad come from Ihose mines lo Hahia and yielded h'.i
(piinlals, 1 ari'oba and 21 pounds of saltpetre.

I). Hodrigo also connnunicaled, in a Idler bearing the
dale of .May 7'''. 1701, lli:il he had ordered the search
of some mines in Morro do Cliapeo, where it was verified
llial, by till' l);mk of Ihe ii\cr .lacare, lay a lew tracts
of sallpctroiis ground, wliifli were examined by ('insj)ar
dits Itcis I'creira, and lli;il the hansi'ciencc of ll;e salt-
1 eire f.ictories lo Mich a place seemed highly suilable.

Such a dubious state of things brought tlie mind of a
Secretary of State, Antonio Percira da Silva, into liie
doubt, communicated to the Governor in the letter of
April 27"|. 1703, whether the suppression of those facto-
ries was or not to be recommended.

The new Governor, Luiz Cesar dc Menezcs, did not
make him any answer till the 20iii. of December 17(io, on
account of his having been wailing for the in(iispcnsal)lc
informations, and then stated that 207 quintals of salt-
petre had been sent to the royal income receiver in Bahin
and any portion whatever that might come would not
be sufficient— wheiher to produce the gunpowder neces-
sary to supply the whole state, or to make up for the
expenses that were to be made with the salaries of the
workmen in that factory; upon which His Majesty
vouchsafed to order, in the royal chater of August QUi.
1700, the factory to be shut up (which was carried into
effect), in consequence of the great expenses it iiad
occasioned, as confronted with its little utility, proved
by the experience of so many years; so that its small
production was indeed loo exi)cnsive.

After a great many years Vasco Fernandes Cesar dc
Menezes made known the discovery of saltpetre, as well
as of silver, in the river de Contas. lie sent a pattern
of sallpelre, assuring, in accordance wilh the assertions
of some person?, that there was plenty of it. This vice-
roy affirmed in another letter ihat the mines lay in the
river Paramirim, 220 leagues from Bahia. One does not
know the issue of the matter. It was only in 1739 that
a royal charier of October IS''', permitted Manuel Fer-
nandes Lavado,.Toao Baptisla Rodrigues and some olher
persons to work the saltpetre mines that Ihcy had dis-
covered in the interior of the stale; however nothing
is alike known about the result of this enterprise.

Fourteen or fifteen years later the Inspector of the
new mines of Arassuahy, Camp-maslcr Pedro Leolino

Mariz, scut to the Court some patterns of saltpetre found
in the ridge of mountains called do Salilre, near the river
S. Francisco. The receipt of such patterns, which were
thought of good quality, was acknowledged in the letter,
dated on the 28iii. of Januaiy 1753, from the Secretary
of State Diogo de IMcndonca Corte Real to the Vice-Roy.
The Count of Arcos, answering several questions he
had heen asked in that letter about the advantage of
founding a factory in such a place, etc., tells in a letter
of May 10"'. 17o6, that when he took possession of the
government the provisional governors had already
begun to fulfil the orders of the above-named Secretary
of State and so, as he came to Bahia through the inland
of the S. Francisco laftcr leaving Goyaz, where he had
just been a governon, to assume the government of the
slate, and visited Ihe ridges of mountains called dos
Monies Alios, they were already examining the new-dis-
covered saltpetre, of the abundance of which he could
not form an opinion, as they had just begun their ser-
vice. He verified, however, during his short delay, tliat
the chain of mountains was high and extensive, in want
oi woods on its top and provided with but little or no
water, which was to l)e found in some lower parts.

Alhiding to the loiters he had received from Pedro
Lcoiino, the Count ol' Arcos tells that in Ihe above-
named ridge of mountains six leagues of land were found
out where sall])elre lay in a variable (|uanlity. He also
slates it was possible to draw out more Ihaii 2(100 ([uinlals
a year, their cost being no more than ricidOO a (|uiiilal.
set on llic ])ort of Cachociia, under the condition of a
convenient road and tlie due economy in tiie operations.
He sent to the Court 21 large boxes, each holding one
arroba, wilh pure saltpetre, as it was created l)\ na-
ture: salti)elre set in stones, extracted from the ground
Ihniugli iiilusion, rcrnu'd and mixed saltpetre and small
pebbles, all accompanied wilh liic bill of expenses oflhese
liisl examinalions. which amounted to 782^273.

He set down tlic Ibllowing addilioiial statcincnls: —
llic nioimtaiiis should be ciil down, as he \vas inl'oiiucd
l)y Pedro Leolino Mariz, lew workmen being necessary
lor such a purpose; the earth and pebbles should be
carried away in carls; the roads suited well the con-
veyance of the mineral and the supply of wood and
water; some plantations should be made by the road, lor
the convenience of the travellers, in order to lodge
them and shelter their mules and carts; the}' should turn
down the hillsides, that they might get olfthe precipices.
The Viceroy thought it very diflicult, both on account
of the distance— 140 leag es at the least— from that ridge
of mountains to Cachoeira, all along an unknown way,
and of the great expenses with the freights or the
buying of horses for the conveyance of the saltpetre.

A letter from the Secretary of vSfatc Jose Joaquim da
Costa Corte Real, dated on the 27ii'. of May 1757, states
that the saltpetre sent to Lisbon was found, upon exami-
nalion, to be of so good a quality that the gunpowder
made up with it was far better than that which was
made with asiatic salipctrc and it lost but little of its
substance by refinement. In order to make a nearer
iiuiuiry into the matter, ii was ordered thai a minister
of the Relacdo (*i and a trustworthy military officer
should join to Pedro Leolino Mariz and, first of all,
examine well the matter, so as to inform that Secretary
of State of the dilferent opinions of Leolino, Priest Al-
bano Pereira, Descmbargador Thomaz Ruby de Rarros
Harrcllo and Counsellor Wenceslao Pereira da Silva
respccling the wjys for the conveyance of the mineral,
both by land and by the S. Frajicisco river. It was noti-
fied, moreover, that every necessary expense had been
authorized by His Majesty.

To fullil such an order, the Vice-roy api)ointed Des-

{") A court of justice in Rrazil.

embar(j(tdor Joao Pcrcira Henriques da Silva, Foot En-
sign I'rancisco (Ui Cunlia anci Engineering Scrgcant-
Major Manuel Cardoso Saldanha. who left Baliia in May
lO'ii. 1758. In accor(!ancc with his charier dated on the
24'ii. of that month and year, the Viceroy sent 15,000
crusades to Pedro Leolino for the acquisition of 80
or 100 negroes, ^vi^h the adequate nunihcr of fei-
tores (directors), whom he ha(i thought rcquirable for
the above mentioned examination, that they might dig
the ground to a great dcptli. Such was, however, from
his estimate, loo small a sum as confronted with the
large unavoidable expenses.

The letter addressed in the same year, on the IS'i'. of
September, by the Count of Arcos to the rbove- named
secretary accounted for the result of sucli an exi^edilion.
The Viceroy related that there was plenty of sallpelre
in the Scrra dos Monies Alios, which required the eslab-
lishment of three factories, in the following places
— Coquciro, near the chai)el consecrated to O. L. of Ma-
dre dc Deus, Cuyatc andCarcunda, and that is was ne-
cessary to supply them with the requisite instruments
and a few workmen well acquainted with saltpetre
renncment. The cost of the expedition amounted to
■1:01 U8:W. In the letter of November 30"'. he set down the
result ot the incjuiries Ihal Desenibarcjadcr Thomaz Ruby
de IJarros Barretlo Ind made, also by His Majesty's
order, in the Serra dos Monies Alios, where he lit upon
extensive abundant mines in the hills Sipoand Parauna.

Sucli circumstances JM'ought finally the King into the
resolution (wliicli lie communii-alcd lo Die provisional
goviMunu'nl in an oi'licial IcttiT dalcMJ in April Ki'i'. MVA)
to establish in Cocjueiro and C-uyale two factories for the
extiaclion and rclinemenl of saltpetic, provided with
laboratories, storehouses and eveiy apartment neces-
sary not only to relinc and kec|) the mineral, but lo
lodge the oflicci's of the Moyal Treasury and workmen
ol tlie factories. Two saltpetre reliiiers weie dispatched

lo Ihc factories, which also received the l'()no\vin<^ tools:
16 large copper kettles, for the purification ofsaltpclie,
all wcigliinj^ 123 arrobas and 18 pounds; 2 more l<eltles,
\veij»liing ;53 arrol)as and 18 pounds; 20 wooden tubs for
lixivium; 1 large copper tub, weighing 58 i)ounds, to
pour in ilic mineral afler itsl)cing l)oiled; 1 hirge skim-
mers, 13 pounds in wciglit; 2 copper vessels in the
fashion of calabashes and weighing 13 pounds, to lake
the saUjictre from the kettles; 4 iron instruments
for cutting il; 4 hatchets; 2 iron spoons; 4 wooden
l)ail>; 1 brass sieve; ;{ large copper pots, weighing 42
jjounds; 2 iron instruments to grind the mineral in the
kcltles; 2 iron chimneys with their appurtenances; 12
hr-ge wooden shovels; 1 box with 150 pounds of alum
and another with 1 ai roba of ichthyocol; 24 cloth bolters;
2 small shovels and G copper vessels in the shape of
calabashes, weighing/2 pounds, and G hair brooms.

Tlic same royal letter determined that the nccessaiy
number of slaves ^hould be employed in the mining
works and it should be prccl?inied in edicts, which were
to be posted uj) in the most conspicuous and public
l)laces, that the inhabilar.ts of Ihose legions were per-
mitted to dig for sallpttre in tracts assigned for the
purpose and methodically markeJ out, in accordance with
the special instructions they had received. The necessarj'
rK)ads from Cachoeira to the mines were ordered to be
made and a superintendent, a treasurer and a scrivener
of the royal treasury, two storetiouse keepers, etc., were
nominated. The Royal Charter of the ]8i''. of the same
month and year appointed sui)ei inlendent Foot Major
Luiz de Almeida Pimentel, who was granted a twofold
salary and the .'subsidy of 300^000 for the expenses of
his transportation.

Seven days after the arrival at Monies Altos (which

took place in October T'l'. 1762) of Lieutenant-Colonel

Manuel Cardoso de Saldanha and Captain Francisco da

Cunha c Araujo, accompanied w'ith the two saltpetre

100

refiners sent from Lisbon, they wrote a letter stating
there was in the ridge of mountains under considera-
tion no saltpetre that would be worth the trouble to
be explored, for its abundance, so much spoken of by
the lirst explorers, was now at an end, on account of
its having been produced but by the filth of animals,
a great many years being necessary for the production
of new saltpetre in the like manner.

The provisional government answered this letter by
ordering new inquiries to be made, considering it was
not possible to get any certainty on so important a
matter in the short space of 7 days, the more because
they had precedently assured sall])etre to lie there in so
great a quantity as to be sufficient to supply the kingdom
and trade with all the nations of Flurope. But, as they
continued answering as before, so many intrigues and
disputes rose up among them that several officers
brought back despotically, without any order and beyond
the limits of their jurisdiction. Major Superintendent Luiz
(le Almeida Pimentel — arrested, with fetters round his
neck and bound fast to the neck of the horse, under
the jM-etcxt of his having embezzled a sum committed
to his keeping and endeavouring by all means, in full
agreement with the refiners and with a view to private
jMirposes, to proclaim that there was no ])lenty of
saltpetre.

In such a posture of affairs the government was obli-
ged to charge with making a naiTow scrutiny of the
mailer Dcscnilxifuddor lU'iMiardo (lon/.aga, wlio relates in
a Idler adchx-ssed to the (iovcrnor tliat the superintend-
ent beliaved with a remarkai)le omission in liie exami-
iialion lie had ell'ecliMl, but lliere was no jiroof of iiis
having (Mni)(v.zled Ilie money of liie royal treasury, in
another U'ltcr, beai'ing the dale of Sepl('nil)cr 10"'. 1701,
alter accounting lor the csaniinalion and iM(|Miiios he
had cairied into ellccl in tiu' Scrni dos Monies Alios,
he concludes that, in consctiucnce of the expenses that

101

would be necessary for the establishment of factories
there, the want of wood and pasture f^rounds (for the
soil was dry, barren and stony in a ciicumfcrence of
many leagues), as well as the small portion of sallpeti-e
then drawn out of the mines, it did not, in his opinion,
suit the royal treasury to undertake the charge of any
factory, but he thought it more advisable to permit any
private person to dig out saltpetre, and sell it in the town
to the governmcnl for a reasonable price, that might
afford them some encouraging lucre.

(•Upon this minute information)', concludes the above-
cited memoir, "the provisional government ordered the
sale, on the occount of the royal treasury, of the
slaves that were at work in such factories, where
3 ).000 and odd crusades had been spent, out of the 80
that had been sent. It was additionally ordered that the
officers should be called back and, in homage to
Major Superintendent Luiz de Almeida Pimentel, his ser-
vices should be put to good use, as it was necessary,
because of the war then engaged between Portugal and
Spain. Nothing is, however, known about the result of
the atTair.))

Things weic in such a slate when, in 1798, D. Fcr
nando Jose de Portugal wrote the memoir that we have
alluded to and from which we have taken all these
particulars.

Another memoir, written in 1799 by Dr. Jose de Sa
Biltencourt Accioli (and also extant in the Public Ar-
chives of the State), wherein the author shows a vast
knowledge, could not advance any thing more about
the progress of the factories under consideration, only
proposing a road to be made, for the transportation of
saltpetre, passing through the estate of Rosa and the
places called Imburanas, Barrocas, Catole, Santa Rosa do
Gaviao,and going down the valley of the Rio de Con-
tas as far as Camanu'i, with an extent of 80 leagues.
So it was that those mines, of which Francisco Xa-

102

vier de Mcndonga Furl ado, a Secretary of Stale, said
that the sallpeUv Ihere explored luas so ncccssani a
merchandise that niii/lU become more importanl to the
monarehij than the mines ( f (/old and diamond,— \h( ^c
mines, I <-ay, after Ihoy had l)een \vrou,i;ht for a few-
years, were abandoned, llioir cxph)ralion thon^lil of
no advantage, on accciint of the disljince and dearness
of fare, and the copper vessels that cscajied from hcin^
slolcn sold lor less than G()it;j^O;)0; so that, upon Accioli's
])assage, in 1820, <a great deal of siicli copjier ohjecls,
thad had not been used by ind usli ions false coiners,
there were still lyin^ on every sidj; l)ut the late Fi-
nance iioard auctioned every thing, the proceeds of
which did not come up to Ihe total sum of (iOOiOOO".

Colonel Dnrval de Aguiar could Iheiefore no longer
find, when he visited those places and wrote bis uDes-
cripcoes praticas (hi Provincia da Habia", any vestige
whatever of that factory ■'.

It is to be hoped, should a railroad pass through those
regions, that the industry of which we have treated
will rise again and cause the happiness and richness
both of Ihe district and of the stale.

Saltpeli'c has bc>en also found in Ihe Scrra do (local.

As for common salt, Mr. Derby stales:

('The section of the river from Paulo Alfonso lo Clii(|ue-
(^hitjuc abounds wilh salleins and mosl of Ihe villages
and handels in Ibis section owe their existence to .«^alt
trade. Hiacho da Casa Nova, ' ant'Auna, Hen)anso, IMlao
Arcado and (^hi(|ue-('hi!jue,a;e the principal lommercial
centres. The |)uresl anri clearest salt is lb it of Taboleiro,
\\\ [he comarra of ('Jii(pie-(".lii(pic. In l€S.">'i, accoriling to
I lallVld, !! I sallcrns were to be I'duiuI llu'rc, liic produce
of which was valued between 1,000 and r),0;)0 ahpiiers.
1 coubl nol obtain any exact notes resi)ecting the actual
prodiu'lion.

The sail is oblaincd by scraping olV the uppei* incrus-
lalion of the ground where it lies, straining and evaiio-

rating the water in the sun. The product is souicl in.es
(lark and carlhy-looking (an inconvcnicncv that may be
obviated l)y taking a greater care of the proccssi an I
generally contains a grca! deal of sulpliales and magnesia
j^alts; it is, however, at some places, clear and com-
paratively pure.

•'Dry years are thought less suitable to the preparation
of common salt, the ])r,(lucl being far less abundant
than in i-ainy years. The salterns, when exhausted, are
said to be restored after some years. Such facts confirm
the conjecture that the mineral is brought to thcsallerns
by rain waters and deposited on the ground, as such
waters, kept in the depressions of the surface, evaporate
on drought lime. Therefore it may come to the salterns
from a c^.nsiderable distance; wherefore its origin is not
to be nrc.ssarily looked for in the very sjjot or anudst
the rocks where it is found.

"In Cachoeira do Sobradinho and Rodcllas, as VncII
as in some other points, the gneiss rocks are often cov-
ered with a saline efll )rescency and in Caissara some
masses of grit impregnated with salt come into view.
Salt may be su[)posed in the lust case one of the origi-
nal constituent principles of the rock; but such a hypo-
thesis is more unnatural and unnecessary in the first
cise, for the sandy soil covering Ih.e rock is impregnated
with salt, and water, by infilirating through it and moist-
ening the gneiss, may, upon its evaporation, leave a
small saline deposit. That mineral has [jrobably its origin
in the scries of gritty substance comprising marly
scliists and plaster, which, as I have (observed, bears a
great resemblance to the saliniferous layers in I'lurojjc
and the United Slates. It is worth the trouble to examine
carefully this series, with a view to extract common salt
from it in a more economical and easy manner than from
the very salterns. Should we rely upon such a salinifei ous
deposit, well supplied with water, an important industry
might be created and supply a vast region in the centre

104

of Brazil. As it is now-a-days, the above mentioned
industrj^ will hardly stand it, as soon as the river is
regularly navigated by steamers, because it will then be
possible to import sea-sail of better quality and cheaper. »

Dr. Antonio Maria dc Olivcira Bulhoes, in his prece-
dently cited wEstudos para o prolongamcnto da Estrada
de Eerro do S. Erancisc », also alludes in the following
lines to the existence of common salt:

('At a short distance before the place called Enciiizi-
lluula I beyond Joa), one begins to find rock salt close or
almost close to the ground. The inhabitants of the place
obtain it in the most primitive way. They put some eaith
into a box or any other vase bored through its bollom;
water is then poured into it by little and little and, by
filtering through the earth, dissolves a portion of the
salt that it is mixed with, the filtrate being received into
a leather vessel or a stony cavity. The salt, after the
evaporation of its water, leaves a very impure saline
residue, used to salt flesh and fish in the region of the
S. Erancisco. The flesh prepared in such a manner
shows a reddish colour, denouncing the presence of
saltpetre, and is not savoury; those who are not inured
to such a food are ordinarily taken willi violent fits of
colic, owing to the salt (here called— (/a Icrra, rock-
salt), that the flesh is seasoned with.

"The salinilVrous ground comprises a consiilcrable
area in the valley of llie S. Erancisco and its affluents.
The formation of Ihe ground in Ihe upper part of all
the streams ti ibutary to Ihe S. I-'rancisco, on its right
bank, being the same as that of the river Salilre, several
caverns are commonly found there, in calcareous rock,
abounding with nitrate of jjolasli. Here is a nalural
richness, which will be the object ol an industry in Ihe
running lime, under the condition of an econonucal
conveyance. •

Colonel Durval, in iiis "Descripvoes |)ralicas, elc, » tells
Willi rcgaicl to llic salt mines on Ihe left bank of the

io5

S. Francisco that «4 leagues nortliward Iroin the Yilla}4e
of C:imiK) Largo, in the higinvay to Santa Hilla, very im-
portant salt mines are to be found, perhaps tlie vastest in
tiie province, lying in the estates Unibuzeirinlio, Salobro
and Alravessada. This salt is not very fit for seasoning,
because it is very dark, oiiginates fits of colic and acts
lii<e a drastic on those who are not accustomed to it,
wlierelbre it is generally used for the nourishment of
beasts, which grow so fat by it as to get a smooth glossy
fur, and when they are not given their allowance of salt
they use to lick the ground containing th'^ mineral, and
ply it so much as to seem they are eating the cartli;
on account of which the ancient explorers usually
mistook the fact. The process of its preparation consists
( f a few filters made with braided rods or coclws ('),
where some humected earth is laid and from which a
dark salt water percolates, that Ihey evaporate by the
agency ot fire, in order to obtain the salt that it holds
in solution.)

After treating of common salt, Prof. Derby makes
mention of the calcareous substance of the S. Francisco
valley, as well as of building stones. As for the former
he asserts it may be found, of excellent quality and
belonging to difierent geological horizons, through the
whole extent of the valley. «Lime-', he says, «is made in
several points. The middle part of the valley is supplied
with that which comes from Chique-Chique, while its
inferior part receives lime from Capim Grosso. Excellent
marble lies in several spots between the rivers Cabrobo
and Hodellas, in Cranuan, near Piranhas, and in Lagoa
Funda, not far from Traipu; however, the principal im-
portance of this region will still be for a long time
restricted to the fabrication of lime".

Whi'e ash-coloured, rosy, black and speckled marble

(') Cocho—a sort of wooden vessel.

lO'j

ovcrabouiuls in Sniila Isal)cl, the rivers Palipe and Pardo,
and in Caciite.

In tiie Snra do Cocal and river S. Jr.se alum is also
proruscly found.

In Ihe Serrd dc Caclilc a i^real n'any while ciyslals,
i^ranile. rugged bluish stones, as chi ysoliles, topazes
and piiujos (i(i(/iia— arc to be abundantly met with.

Anielhysls are likewise to be found in the last-named
ridge of mountains, as well as emeralds, sapphires and
rubies in tlie cointirca of Porlo Seguro.

Bom Jesus da Lapa is renowned, from the beginning of
the last century, for its celebrated grolto of slalacliles.

In Manga do Amadoi". betwixt Carinhanha and Ja-
niiaria.even reaching liie leriilory of Miiias, Prof. Derby
asserts Ihe existence of a few phosphalic nodules, which
may be important, for the future, as a fertilizing sub-
stance. U is the same wi'h Die ])hns])hale of lime, which
was discovered in Abrolhos and is belter than that of
Fernando de Noronha. or at least ecpial to il, for its
j)eing mixed wilh organic substances, produced by a
great deal of birds and beasts inhabiting those regions.

In the comarca of Nazaielh, one of the richest in min-
eral ])roducls in the stale, but liltle searched fill now,
the exislence of jiei oxide of manganese was veiilied at
Cociioand Sajjc, and in the beginning of Ibis age, utuier
the government of I'lancisco da C.unI a Mcne^es, mer-
cury was also discovered there.

Finally, in 1810, Major (iuilherme C.hrisliano Feldner
tnd Luiz (lAlencour t, upon examining the already men-
ioned j)il-c()al mines, loiind in the municipal district of
AbranU'S an excellent graphite mine, of which, however,
no i)r<»lil has yel been made.

Population

In llu" following lal)lc, drawn by the Slalislical Office,
Ihe actual ])opulation of the slate is found to be of
1 .S7(i. ()'.)'.) inhabilanls:

TABLE sliov^iiK) llio popiilatioii of llic Slale of Baliia,
drawn bv llic Slalislical Oliice

ML'Nir.IPIA

POPULATION

1872 I 1892

Ciipiliil

S. Kelix

(>urniliiih(). ...

Tnpcra .......

(^onccivao do Almeida .

Santo Aiiiaro

Villa do S. Francisco .

(!lachoeira .

S. (ioncalo dos Campos .
Fciia de Sanl'Anna ...
Hiachao do Jacuipc . . . ,
C-onceicao do Coite . . . ,

Nazareth

Aratuhy|)e

Jai^uaripe

Santo Antonio de Jesus .

Maragojfipe

Itajiarica

S. Felippe

Malta

Abranles

Calu . .

Valcnca. .

Taperoa

C-ayru

Nova Boipeba

Minas do Hio de Contas .
Bom Jesus do Rio de Con-
tas

Agua Quenle

Reniedios

Barra do Bio (Irande .

CJiique-Cliique

(iamelleira do A.ssurua.
Brotas de Macahubas .

Caetite

Villa Bella das Umbnranas

Almas

Serriidia .......

Burilicacao ......

Coracao dc Maria . . . .

Urubu

Oliveira do Brejinho .
Macahubas

129109

3.')()«(5

102:{2

13235

21548

500i4

17966

28314

17549

32593

7251

4247

13.134

10734

6235

9654

12439

14473

13002

19257

7804

8342

1.1821

4114

2636

2188

20645

23348
14273

4535
11523
15746

4322
17864
18196

7362
19984

:i725
33064

8331
18774

4325
19304

173H79

47234

13756

17810

28997

€6417

24195

38136

23'i93

4;J862

9744

5614

J 7935

14465

8380

12976

16512

19471

17228

26110

10491

11212

18479

3316

3527

2923

27780

34121
19203

5999
15496
21117

57i'8
24009
24555

9892
27003

4994
44509
11035
25265

3801
25974

Muxic.im.v

44 Santa Moria da Viclori

45 Corrciilina.

46 Boni-Jesus da Lai)a.

47 Sant'Anna dos Brojos

48 Amargosa ....

49 Areia.

50 S. Miguel ....

51 Capella Nova de Jcqui

52 Jacobina ....

53 Morro do Chapco
5i INIontc Alegre .

55 Cani,jo Largo.

51) Sanla Rilta do Rio Pre

57 Baneiras .

58 Angieal

59 Coiideuba ....
GO Con(|uisla .

Gl Poeoes . .

62 Inliambupe.

63 Conde

64 Abbadia. . . .

65 Alagoinhas ....

66 En I re Hios.

67 Ilai)icuru ....

68 Soiirc

69 Rarraeao

70 Nos.sa vSenhora do Am

71 Rcmanso ....
li Pilao Arcado .

73 S. Jose da C.asa Nova

74 Monte Alto. .

75 Carinlianha.

76 I^iaclio de SanlWniia

77 Ri'ejo ("iiande .

78 IJom .iesiis dos Meiras

79 .lussiapc

80 S. .loao do Paraguassi'i

81 Andaiaby

82 Honi C.onsclbo.

83 I'oinbal

84 Palioeinio do (".oile .

85 Joa/eiid

86 Senio Se ....
H/ ("apini-drosso .

POPULATION

1872 ' 1892

9783

13151

6120

8222

20775 i

27982

5346

7173

10022

13277

20631

27792

6738 1

9062

4631

6216

2()928

36108

7419

9970

71iO

9568

7680

10334

15:i5S

21065

4681

6582

10588

M242

210-23

28291

11408

13383

7428

998.3

H892

1799:;

17249

23212

5589

7369

21739

2924(1

11384

15318

11246

15127

5974

8025

8743

llS'iO

3716

4981

5327

7152

17971

24 ISO

3829

51.36

11886

15984

7511

10089

6'i61

9!);il

663!

890!)

90SO

I'..'2(i7

8557

11.503

18102

1>4;{I4

58'i3

7813

700 1

9I.'')5

3(i'.)0

'i945

13034

17278

7863

I0.")(i7

()684

S9(;7

87(;2

117S0

POPUL.\TION

MUNICIl'lA

'—- —

1872

1892

Caniisao

11671

15695

Haixa Cirandc

7197

9527

i)()

Miindo Novo

4133

5543

1)1

(icreiiioabo.

17!Hil

21170

1)2

Santo Antonio da Gloria .

3CkS9

4937

isi

Maracas

9135

12281

Orobo

11500

15555

Lcneocs

10503

11152

9(5

C.anipcstrc

7507

101 (i8

Villa HcUa das Palnieiras.

21(i2

3298

C.anianu'i

1)548

13028

Ii^ra|)iuna

1806

2410

1(10

Sanlarcni

4096

5496

loi

BarccUos

2nl6

269?

102

Maralu'i

2761

3695

103

Bonilini ........

11642

16712

1U4

Santo Antonio das Qucinia-

das .... ....

33)0

4504

lOo

Campo Fornioso

3860

5162

lOG

Monte Santo

9218

12305

lUV

Tucano . .

7213

9694

lOS

Raso

2560

3474

109

Ilheos

5682

7629

110

Olivcn^a

2132

2847

111

Una . .

2S77

3850

112

Barra do Bio de Conlas . .

3(312

4844

113

Caravellas

4031

5410

114

4017

5385

lio

S. Jo.sc dc Porto-Alcifrc .

2184

5917

IIG

3122

4185

11/

Belniontc

4;i23

57;I0

118

3168

4246

119

Santa-Griiz

1331

1770

120

Trancoso .

1461

19'i5

1-21

Villa-Vcrde. ......

535

695

122

Alcobaca . .

3459

4637

its

Prado

2226

4974

1380670

1870099

tio
Government

TERRITORIAL AXD POLITIC VL UNITY

The National Constitution, of February 24'!'. 1891,
which instituted the republican federative form of the
brazilian government, stated, in its art. II, that every
one of the ancient provinces (into which the late empire
was divided) should be reckoned a uslate-). Hie art. I
establishing that the Nation «is constituted by the per-
petual indissoluble union of the ancient provinces, now
stales, forming the United Stales of Brazil».

So Bahia, which was among the 20 imperial prov-
inces, acquired the autonomy and rights of a slate,
forming a part of the l)razilian community.

The art. LXIII of the Federal Republican Constilulion
assured Ihe independence of the states, by cslablishing
that "every stale should be regulated by the Constilulion
and laws that it might adopt, under the condition of
respecting the constitutional principles of the Union».

The representative of the provisional government in
the stale of Bahia, on being empowered with such a
precept, summoned a Constituent Assembly, which was
elected by popular sullVagc and, inspired with patriolism
and the eagerness for consolidating the political order,
right, liberty and public weal, promulgated on Ihe 2"''. of
July of the same yei^.r (1891 1 the Constitution of the Slate,
the principal points of whidi shall be marked out in
the following short statement:

OIIKMN AM) rOHM OK C.OVEHNMKNT

Tlie sovereignty of Hie state lestswith Hie people and
is exercised l)y Ihree powers: legislative, executive and
judicial, independent l)ul harmonical with regard to
eacli othei-.

Not one of such |»owers is allowed lo commit to an-
otlicT Hie poilormance of its functions.

1 1 1

—The form of ^ovcrnmenl is republican lederalivc,
(lemocralical aiul represenlalive.

THE LliGISLATIYE POWER

The Icj^isUilive power is vcslcd ill llie General Assembly,
whicii consists of two chambers: the House oi I^eprcsenl-
atives and the Senate.

Tiie former is composed of 42 members and the latter
of 21(arls. V, VI and VII).

Such a number, however, may be augmented, as soon
as the census of the state proves it to be under the pro-
portion of 1 representative to 50,000 inhabitants and
1 senator to 100 000. Yet there is c limit not to be surpassed
by the legislative representation, whatever muy be the
surplus of population with regard to the above mentioned
proportion; this limit is: 120 as for representatives and
GO as to senators.

—The initiative of bills belongs to any of the two
branches of parliament, excepting that of the annual
budget, or any other laying new taxes, the bill fixing the
police force and organizing the militia of the state, the
discussion of the proposals offered by the executive
power and the declaration whelher the charge brought
against the governor ( impeachment) is admittable or
refusablc.

The matter comprised in the above exception belongs
exclusively to the House of Representatives.

—The House of Representatives receives a legislative
delegation for two years, the Senate for six; a third of
the latter is, however, to be renovated every two years.

— The elections for the total renovation of the House
of Representatives and for the third part of the Senate
are to be held on the same day.

—The legislative body will meet, no previous con-

I 12

vocation being necessary for Uie purpose, on the 7''|. of
April in every year. They will hold their sessions
during 3 months, from the day of their installation.

—The sessions may lie prorogued, by the only delib-
eration of the General Assembly.

—The prerogative is conferred upon the Governor to
call extraordinarily Ihc General Assembly, whenever it
suits the interest of the State.

ENACTMENT AND SANCTION OF LAWS

After a bill passes one of the houses of parliament, it
will be presented lo the other, which, in case it should
also approve the bill, will address it to the Governor 0[
the Stale, by whom it will be sanctioned and promul-
gated, if he assent lo it. If he should not ac([uicscc,
he will oj)pose his uclo to the bill, in the term of ten
days from that in which it was received by iiim.

']"hc bill, on being thus relumed, will be readily
submilted again lo a single discussion in the house ol
parliament where it was first put up; if it be approved,
that is to say— if the house should net agree wilh Ihc
government in the reasons of the veto, the bill will be
directed lo the other branch of parliament, to be like-
wise put lo a single discussion. In case it also pass
this house, it will l)e atldresscd again, in the character
of a law, lo the Governor, in order lo be promulgated
by him.

The majority of Ihe members attending a session in
each house of parliament is sullicicnl lo apjirove a bill
Dial was reUniicd by llie Governor; bul Ihe concurrence
at least of two thirds of each house isrecpiired in this
j)arlicuhir case lo conslilulea (piorum to do business.

—As for llie nundftr of meud)ers Ihal nnisl be present
lo deliberate aljout :Maw or rcsolulidii or lo Note it, Ihe
genera! rule is the a))solulc majority in cither house
oi pain;uncid.

ii3

Tliis rule is, ho\vcvcr, linblc to a few exccplions, such
as thai which was just mcnlioned (the bills to which a
nclo was opposed) and some others hitjhly concernini*
public interest or matters with regard to which expe-
rience proved a check to be necessary, as what concerns
an aiii^mentnlion of expenses that was not proposed in the
budget, new expenses, though they may have been pro-
posed by the government, taxes wilh a view to i)rotcct
any industry carried on with outlandish first matter,
with detriment to others of the same products, but
ex[)lorcd wilh national lirsl matters, etc.

THK H^ECUTIVr-: POWI It

The executive power is vested in a Governor elcclcd
by his stale for the term of 4 years.

Ilis substitutes are: ^'., the president of the Senate;
2'"' , that of the House of Represenlalivcs; 3"'.; that of
the Supreme Revicv\- Court.

Such a substitution, however— in case of death, rc-
nuncialion or divestiture of the office— is to last but the
time necessary for a new election to be ellccted.

The substitute holding the government tluring the last
half-year before the election may not bo chosen a
governor.

—The governor is only reeligible after his time was
over 4 years ago.

—The two houses of parliament will meet together to
cn'ccl the general reckoning of votes in the eleclion for
governor.

He will be ])roclaimed a governor who will have
obtained the sullVage of the absolute majority of the
electors in the state.

If such majority be wanting, the two houses of par-

114

liament, bcingjoined and the majoril\- of their respective
members being at the session, will choose one of the two
citizens that were assisted with the greatest number ot
voles upon the popular election.

—It belongs to the governor to sanction, promulgate
and execute, in accordance with merely regulating
instructions and decrees, the laws and decrees that
passed the Legislative General Assembly.

— It also belongs to him to propose bills to the legis-
lative body, without airecting the initiative that is wilhiu
their jurisdiction.

—The governor presides over the administralion of
the state. He is competent to irake with other states
any agreement or covenant having no political char-
acter, under the condition of its being authorised and
approved by the legislative body. He represents the state
in its official intercourse with Ihe government of the
Union and that of the other states of Ihe republic.

—In responsibility CI imes iby abusing the functions
of his charge) the Governor is to be privativcly accused
by the House of Representatives, but tried and judged by
the Senate. No sooner is the charge brought against the
Governor accepted by the House ofHcprcsenlatives than
he is su.spcnded from his office. The characteristics of
responsibility crimes are defined by the Constitution.

Ill

rin-: .iidic.i.m. i'owkii

Lawsiiils and conlesls on criminal, civil and admi-
nistrative mailer belong to the judges and tribunals of
the state, save if the UKittei- be within the jurisdiction
of Ihe ledcral judges and Irihnn.ils, in Ihe cases defined
by Ihe National (^onslilulion.
The organs of Ihe adminislration of justice are:
li Ihe ///.s//(T.s o/" //u' /u'arr, appointed by popular elec-

ii5

lion to serve 4 yenrs i\\i(\ i celi<^ible. They have a juris-
diction restricted to their res[)ective district. 'I'lie dislricl
is tlie tcniloriiil unity in tlie juchciar}' order. It ordi-
narily consists ol a parisli, save when lliis is too i)0-
pulous, in whicli case it conii)riscs two or more tlian
two districts

The district is to have I justices of the peace, every
one holdinj^ liis functions during one year, according to
tlic order in which they wei"e voted for. Tlie process and
judgement in the first resoii of actions on moveable
proi)erly, up to the value of 200^^000, falls principally un-
dei- the cognizance of the justices of the peace. They may
not, however, take cognizance of personal controversies
concerning the station, civil capacity and nationality.
These are exceeding important matters; wherefore they
arc to be assigned for the deliberation of higher judges
ijiiizes de dircito).

The process and judgement of the violation of muni-
cipal laws and regulations is also within the province
of the justices of the peace.

They preside in their districts over the ceremony of
civil marriage.

Thej' form a part of the Pctli/ Jiinj iJiirij Correccionnl),
which is, as it shall soon be explained, a tribunal insti-
tuted for the judgement of slight dcliiKpiencies.

Next to the justices of the peace in the judiciary scale
lank the

2) Juizi's dc direilo (judges in common law).

The jurisdiction of '.hese judges leaches vast territo-
rial divisions, called coinarats (judiciary circuits).

In order to facilitate the ready administration of jus-
lice, a coma/ra may be divided (and it is generally soi in
leriuos ^districts). A few coiuarcas consist of but one Icr-
mo; some of two, three or four leriuos, according to the
density of population on. wide territories. Nevertheless,
whatever may be the number of /e/v/jos in a comarca, the

jurisdiction of [he j'luz de direilo reaches all of them. Such
1.')

ii6

a jurisdiction may only l)e delegated to the assessors
(assi^tant judges. l)achelors in lawi, who should reside
in every termo.

Every termo \vlll have, at least, one actual (is-
sessor, who should reside there, and three snbstiintes.
The assessor is to be chosen by the government from
among the bachelors in law having a twelvemonth -at
least— of forensic practice, and will hold his olTice
during four years, w'tli llie faculty of being appninlcd
again, in case he should have performed well his dn'.ics.
The siibslitiites are to be proposed to tiic government
by the Municipal Council in a triple-named list.

—It belongs to iho jiiiz de direilo to decide in the sec
end resort the litigations within the province of the
justices of the peace, the other matters being judged by
h'm in the first resort.

—The appointment lo Jiii: dc dircito belongs to the
(j< veinor, who will choose him. under the approbation
of the Senate, from among the candidates ajiprovcd after
due competition.

The trials in such an examination shall be ellecled
before a committee consisting of six lile-mrigistrates
ithi-ee belonging to the Appeal Court and three to tho
First Resort Coui'l), under the presidence of the most
ancient mem!)er of the Appeal Court. ^

The comijetilion will be attended and watched either
by the chief of public ministry, or by his substitute, or
any otbei- jierson that he may appoint fr>i- liie purpose.
'I'lure are two kinds of proofs for the comi)etition:
scicniifind proofs itiials on law and practice of courh
and suhsidiarji proofs iciirricidnni luhr^, thai is to say -
the exhibition of cerlillcates given by I he judiclaiy
auliiorities l)efore whom the cnmiidaU's ni;iy iiavc done
tiieii- services; a cerlilicale jjioving the ex;icl perfoiin-
ance of the duties respecting the judiciary slatistics; a
document dcmonstralory of the lorensic alfairs in whicli
thc\ ma\ liave been concerned, with every specidcation

117

evincing the nature, date and solution of tlie above
aflairs, and, generally speaking, any scientifical works
on juridical literature that Ihcy may have composed
and wish to exhibit.

The jiiizes de direito are to serve for life.

—Higher than the last-named judges is the Appeal
Court, consisting of 12 counsellors.

It is the second resort tribunal.

The establishment of more than one Appeal C.ourt,
should the administration of justice require it in course
of time, is permitted by the Constitution.

It belongs to this tribunal, in plenary sitting and using
a special process, under the name of Revieiv Coiiii, to
review civil and criminal causes, whenever the preter-
mission of formalities essential to the process, violation
of law or notorious injustice— is alleged.

The disciplinary jurisdiction over all magistrates in
the slate also belongs to the Review Court, as well as
the conflicts on prerogatives and competency among
the judiciary authorities.

—In order to resolve administrative litigations was
instituted the Adiuinistrotive Court, composed of 5 jud-
ges, delegated by the three political powers, namely:
one is appointed by the Governor, another by the
Senate, a third one by the House of Representatives (the
two last mentioned judges being not permitted t3 form a
part of the parliament) and two by the Review Court.

The judge appointed by the Governor is the president
of the tribunal. The representatives of the government
and the two liouses of parliament must be renowned
jurisconsults, having a forensic practice of 10 years at
the least; they will be 4 years in service, but may be
confirmed in their office after such a period.

—Among some other prerogatives, belonging to this
tribunal, we will specially mention the competency for
crustini/jng whether the yearly accounts of public

income and issues of the stale arc in conformity to the
budget hiw or any oilier in vigour.

— The five lasl-mcnlioncd judges have also wilhin
tlieir jurisdiclioii some other funclions, siich as to re-
solve the conllicls of Ihe administralivc aulhoiilies with
each other or with the judiciary ones; to take cogni-
zance, in Ihe second resort, of pleas on the validity or
application of the federal laws and treaties or of the laws
or acts issued by the government of the state as con-
fronted witli the P'ederal Conslilution or laws. In any of
such cases an appeal may be made to the Federal Su-
preme Court, in the capital of the Union.

The Administralivc Court has likewise to judge, in
the second and last resort, such decisions of any judge
or tribunal of the state as may be Ihoughl contrary to
its Constitution.

—The five judges composing the Administrative Court,
whenever they are to judge tlic conllicts and sentences
charged witli unconstilulionality, form the tribunal
nanied Coii/licls Cowl.

—The committing to the same judges of the funclions
belonging to the Administrative and Conllicls courts, as
well as the oneness of ihe Api)eal and Review Court
(only saving the dill'erencc of process and the plenitude
recjuired for llie decisions of the last-named liil)unal),
may !)e altered, as it is slated by the Constitution, in
case it siiould suit Ihc adminislialion of justice and be
within llie reach of the state income. b>- the disjunction
of the couits to foi-m distinct Iribiuials, each having its
own prei'ogatives.

MINICIPH'M

'liic leirilory of llie stale is divided into several //;;/-
uicipia.

The nu!nici|)al government seals in towns, or. shouhl
tliesc he wauling, in villages.

1 1()

The population of 15,000 inhabitants is requisite to
the creation of a niunicipiuni.

The creation of dislricls, namely— the subdivision of
the municipal territory, in order to facilitate its admi-
nistration, belongs privalively to the municipal govern-
ment.

The municipal government is autonomous and
lias at its own charge tlie internal adminislraiivo and
economical service, as concerning tlic local interest;
the exceptions being attended to, which are expressed
in the C.oiislitution.

It consists of:

—the general deliberative council;

—the mayor, invested with the executive functions;

—one board in every district of the municipium, with
its respective overseer;

—the municipal assend)ly.

1) The General deliberalivc council. It is composed of
7 members in the municipia having from 15,000 to
25,(00 inhabitants; of 9 in those having 25,0 to 35,000;
of 11, between 35,000 and 50,000 inhabitants; of J3, from
50,000 to 100,030; and of 15 in the municipia having
more than 103, OoO inhabitants.

Tlic augnientation of such a number is to be grounded
on the official statistics of the population. In case the
municipal government have organized no census, the
r.umber of members will go by llie ccnsual works of
the Union or the State.

The prerogatives of the council comprise, generally
to speak, the voting and regulation of whatever concerns
the local interest, such as, besides many others: the sub-
division of tlie municipal territory into districts; the lay-
ing of taxes and system of collecting them; the authori-
sation of credit operations in order to meet extraordinary
and pressing e.Npenscs, under the condition, however,
that tlie charge which is to result from the paying off and

120

interest of the new debt, by beinj* added to the previous
one, may not go beyond the fifth of the municipal
income; accords, agreements and covenants with other
municipia on affairs of common interest and utility,
such as railroads and highways, telegraphical and postal
lines, navigation; tlie creation and assistance of
establishments of bcneticence, public instruction and
the like, without any detriment to the general services;
disappropriations— should it consult the municipal inter-
est— by means of a previous indeniniflcalion; the crea-
tion and suppression of employments; the making of
useful works; the cleaning, lighting, hygiene and embel
lishing of squares and streets; the institution of primary
and technical schools, adequate to tlie kind of industry
or tillage in the municipium; the supply of victuals; the
regulation of fairs and markets, free competition being
respected, etc., etc.

The member of the council is to serve upon freecost.
He will hold his charge for the term of four years.

2) The Mayor. He is the chief of the municipal exec-
utive power. The council is the judge of lys qualifi-
cation, but it iielongs to the Senate to resolve any appeal
from the decisions of Ihe council on the matter.

The substitute for llic mayor, during his disa])ililics,
is the president of the municii)al council.

The mayor will hold his ofllce during the same
term as the council; the election bolii for the one and
for the other will lake pfacc on the same day.

He may receive a pecuniary compensation for his
service.

His functions comprise liic execution of the dclibe
rations t;ikeii by the council and municipal assembly, as
well as the adminisli ation of Ihe municipal services.
Thus it belongs to him: lo issue the laws, decrees,
regulations, instructions ami decisions from those cor-
|)()iations; lo execute Ihem whelher l)\ himself or bv

121

means of liis delegates, for which purpose he will
cxpcdile the competent orders and instructions to his
suhordinates; to appoint and dismiss, at his own dis-
cretion, to license and suspend liie fiscals or agents of
the municipal guard and the gaolers of the municipal
])iisons; to inllict upon tliem the penalties defined by
laws and regulations; to appoint in a provisional man-
ner the functionaries whose nomination depends on the
approbalion of the council; to propose to the council
hills, decrees or any resolulion else, with a view to
provide for Ihc municipal service or lo belter it; to give
the council the informntions that it may recjuirc; to
care for the preservation and proper use of the muni-
cipal estates and commons; to inspect tlic service of
public lighting, water supply, cleaning and draining; to
oversee the instruclion and public assistance establish-
ments, as well as any other, maintained by the munici-
pal treasury; to represent the municiiiium in the judicial
litigalions and acts, and in the contracts authorized by
law; to rule the municipal |)olice, etc., etc.

He niay not vote upon the deliberations of the council.

Whenever the mayor does not com])ly with the laws
or resolutions passed by the municipal council or assem-
bly, for his lliinking Ihem prejudicial or inconvenient,
contrary to the constitutions and law-; of the republic or
state, or done in contempt of the lights of other muni-
cipia, he may return them to the municipal council or
assembly and solicit llieir reconsideration.

In ca e their supi)ression or alteration should be re-
fused, the mayor will appeal to the legislative power
of the stale, wiiich will annul such resolutions and laws,
if lliey be conlraiy to the state laws or the federal ones,
harmful to the rights of other municipia, or evidently
vexatious in point of taxes. In the last case a repre-
sentation is requisite, signed by one lumdred lax-|)aycis
in the municipium.

3i The Dislricl(tl board mul ils ooersecr. Evcrv

122

(ii trict (llic actiuil parishes in llie muiiiciiiiiimi has a
sn all council, named dislriclal boai-d, composed of 3
members, under the presi(Ience of an executive function-
ary, — the over, cer — , who is elected to hold his
office for the same time as the council, but has no vote

His charge is likewise to be held for four years and
is to coincide with the term and election for the muni-
cipal council and mayoralty.

The qualifications of the dislrictal boards are to be
scrutinized by the councils of the nuinicipiura, from
which an appeal is permitted to llie municipal assembly.

The cnnipctency of the boards is ralhcr administrative
than deliberative. It is within Ihcir jurisdiction: to
oversee all the municipal seiviccs comprised in the
area of their jurisdiction; to pro]iosc to (he council the
calculation of their annual income and expenditures, as
well as the regulations for their jMivalive services; to
vote decrees, that must be ratified by the council before
llieir being put in execution; to watch over the local
estal)lishments of instruction and the like; to promote
the application of instruction Uuns, the census and sta-
tistics, etc.

4> The Miinicijxtl (tssi'iuhlii. It is composed of flic mem-
bers of the nuinici|)al council, those of all the dis-
lriclal boards and Ihc dwellers in Ihc municipium paying
the higlicst svim of ninnicii)al taxes, assembled by the
prcsidenl of the council and equal in number lo the
third of llie totality made up by the nuMubers of Ihe dis-
ti ictiil Ixiaids and tlic cnuncil.

'J'lu' pi-esidcnl of the municiiial council is also lo pre-
side ovci" tiic municipal assen)l)ly.

The cliaiaclcr of a deliberative bodx , witli its prixative
prerogatives and juiisdicliona! aniiioiity lor Ihe solu-
lion of Ihc appc:ds made from llie decisions of Ihc coun-
cil, is conferred on Ihc nuiiiici|)al assembly, the piinci-
jial allril)tili(ins of which arc: lo alter the seal of the

123

municipium; to lay, increase or allcr taxes; to borrow
money in or witlioul llic state; to sell or pernuile tiie
immovable estates of the municipium, or make any
transaction, rent or mortgage the same estates.

The electoral hegimen

The members of the (iencral Assembly, the governor,
mayors, members of the municipal council, dislriclal
boards and their overseers and justices of the peace
will be elected by direct sulFrage.

A foreigner may be an elector 0:1 the municipal elec-
tions in case lie shoud luivc been— a twelvemonth at
least —a resident in the niunicii'iuni and a taxpayer
therein.

The right of volin;^ is exercised under the condition
of a previous enrollment, upon wliicli the legal requi-
sites are to be verified, such as:

—to be a brazilian citizen;

— to be more than 21 years old;

- to know how to read and write.

Are excluded from the right of voting: beggars,
common soldiers (excepling the scholars of the military
colleges), friars, companies, congregations or communi-
ties, what name soever they may be called by, bound
by any obedience vow, rule or statute, that may imply
the renunciation of liberty.

The electoral list will be reviewed every year, in
order to enroll such as may have acquired the legal
requisites and exclude those who may have slipt Ihem.

—No civil or military authority is permitted to inter-
jcre in the eleclions, in his official character, nor call
any meeting for the purpose of alluring electors.

—The Constitution and ordinary laws establish the
incompatibility of some public charges with the electo-
ral ones, so as to avoid the electoral influence of the
functionaries and assure the complete liberty of the
popular sullVage.
lU

124

From the first times of colonisation to tlie actual epoch
Baliia has been governed by

A) Donees:

P^.— Francisco Pereira Coilinho, to whom D. Joiio III,
in April 5i''. \dM, granted fifty leagues of coast, extend-
ing from the end of the S. Francisco bar to the south,
as far as the Ponta do Padrao (Santo Antonio da Barra
in Bahia de Todos os Santos) (Registry of August 26"'.
1534). In 1535 or 1536 he came to begin the colonisation
of his captaincy. He died in 1517, devoured by the Indi-
ans of the eastern coast of Itaparica, where he wrecked
upon coming from Porto Seguro.

He was succeeded by his son

2'"^.— Manuel Pereira Coilinho, who, wilii the assent
of his wife and eldest son, Miguel Pereira (>oilinho, gave
up the action he had brought against the king for a
pension of 400^000,— which was (hawn up in August
G'l'. 1576.

B) Royal governors;

1-'. — 77jo//(('' (/(' Sonza, the first govcrnoi general of
Brazil, appointed by the Roy »1 Charier of January 7'ii.
1519. to whom were subject all the captaincies the foun-
dali(ni of which was ordered in that charier and which
were to have their seat in Bahia.

He set out from Lisbon on the lirsl of February of
the same year and arriveil at Bahia on the '21)"i. of March,
being received by Diogo Alvares and his Tui>inaml);is,
who, in sign of peace and submission to their new chief,
bent down their bows.

Thome de Souza proceeded to lay the foundation of
the new cily and chose a place that he Ihoughl Ihe most
suila!)lc, on a steep highhuid, n )l f.ir fioin llie slioie,
which he named Cidadc do Salmidor. A huudred houses
were buill within four monlhs, with their leas and
planlalions, the cinirch, cuslom-honse and (i jvernor's
palace l)i.'ing the lirst conslruclcd edilices. Tlic mission-

125

ary Jesuits built the church, and in all tiiose primitive
works the Portuguese were aided by the Tupinambas.
Thome dc Souza look solemnly possession of his
office on the 1*'. of November, registering his patent
and taking his oath in the Town-House, which had
been just built, before noblemen, clergy and people.
From his arrival, in March 29"'., 1549, to July 13"'., 1553,
when the administration devolved on his successor, he
governed 4 years, 4 montiis and 4 days. He went away
on the loi'i. of July.

2'"K—D. Diiarte da Cosla, appointed by the Royal
Charter of March 1-'. 1553. He left Lisbon in May 8"'.
1553 and arrived at Bahia on the S"' of July, accompa-
nied with sixteen Jesuits, among whom was the cele-
brated Jose de Anchieta. He was invested with the
government on the 13"'. of July and left it in July
1558. His government terminated upon the arrival of

3''i.-Mt'm de Sd, nominated by the Patent of July 23''".,
1556. Writers do not agree respecting the day and year
of his arrival, but recent inquiries have proved it took
place after the 14"'. of August 1557; he left Cabo Verde,
where he delayed for a time, oi the 27"'. of May (the
day before Holy Thursday) of the above-mentioned year.

He governed till March 2"'i. 1572, when he died. He
was buried in the calhedral church.

4"'.— Li//r de Brillo e Almeida, appointed in December
10"'. 1572. He arrived at Bahia in May 13"'. 1573 and
governed up to the last day of 1577, when he was
succeeded by

5"'.— Lo»re/ifo da Veiga, who had till that time admi-
nistrated the above-mentioned captaincy as a capitao-
mor and lieutenant of the donees of S. Vicente, that
had succeeded Pcro Lopes. He arrived at Bahia towards
the close of December 1577, assumed the government
in January 1"'., 1578, and died on the 17"'. of June of
the same year. As he felt sick, he devolved the govern-

126

ment on the Town-House Senate and the Auditor Gene-
ral, Cosme Rangel dc Macedo. Such was a new collective
form of government, afterwards confirmed by the king,.
who was then Philip II of Spain. This provisional gov-
ernment liehl their functions till arrived

Of'.— 3/a/HU'/ Telles Darrctto, who was appointed in
November 20"'. 1581, assumed the administration in May
9"'. 1583 and e.^ercised his office up to March 27'i'. 1587,
when he died. In acordance willi the via de siicces-
sdo (') he had taken with himself, he was succeeded
by a board, composed of the bishop [D. Anlonio Barrei-
ros}, the superintendent of the exchequer [Chrislovdo dc
Barros) and, for a short time, the Auditor (ieneral
{Anlonio Coellio de Agniar). This board held the govern-
ment till October 24"'. 1591, when arrived

l^^'.—D. Francisco de Sonza, nominated l)y the Royyl
Charier of December 1^'. 1590. He governed from Octo-
ber -I'li. 1591 to Miiy 12'ii. 1G02 When he went, in 1598,
in search of Rol)erio Dias" silver mines, he devolved
the government on Capildo-mor AliHiro de Carvalho.

H^^'. — Diogo /io/t'//jo, wlio was ajipoinlcd by the H. Ch.
of February 20i'i. IGOl and took possession, in May 12'''.
lf)()2, of his office, which he hold lilll'cbruary l^i. 1G07.

9"i. — /.). Diogo dc Mcnczcs, afterwards llie l''. Count of
lu'iceira. He was ai)poinlcd in August 22i"i. KKK), arrived
;il I'ernambuco toward (lie close of 1()U7, al Hahia in
l''el)ruaty of 1(108 ^Virrnliageni and governed up to IGKl.

His successor was

\()\h, — (i(isf)ar dc Souza, who was appoinlc-d on liic
1-^1. of Marcli 1(513 and assumed liic government in
I)ecemi)er 21 i. 1613. He fixed al first his dwelling in

I*) Vid dc succcssdn: a sealed up chnilci" whereby the
king used lo appoint several persons lo suppl\ Ihe place
of a governor on bis dealh and piovide for Ihe order
of subsliluliou in Ihe lirsl. second and third place.

127

Pcrnambuco, by the order of the king, on account of the
war in wliicli they were engaged against the French, who
were willing to settle in Maranhao. In IGIG, while he
was still in Olinda, he issued a writ, on the 20"'. of
January, nominating Vasco dc Soiiza Pacheco capildo-
inor of liahia, in order to substitute him.

IV^'.—D.Liiizde Soiiza took possession of his office
in January 1"'. 1G17 and govei-ned till October cf 1G22,
when he devolved the administration on

12i'|. —Z^/or/o de Mendonga Fiirtado, who governed up
to May 10"'. 1624, when he was arrested, with thirteen
more jiersons, by the dutch invaders and sent away to
Holland.

In accordance with the via de snccessdo the govern-
ment belonged to

\3^^<.—Malluas de Albuquerque. He was then holding the
government of Pcrnambuco; but, till he took possession
of his new office, exercised the government, in the char-
acter of capildes-mores of the inland:

a) Auditor General Antdo de Mesqnila e Oliveiva, im-
hiediately after the taking of Bahia;

b) The board composed of the bishop {D. Marcos Tci-
\eira), Anlonio Cardoso de Darros and Louren(;o de Albu-
querque, which governed up to September; and, at last,

c) Francisco Nuues Mariiiho, who came as a lieutenant
of Mathias de Albuquerque and governed from Septem-
ber 22"! to December 3"'. of the same year (1624),
assisted by Mauuel de Souza d'Eca.

li^^'.— Francisco de Moura Rolim was invested with
the government in December 3"'. 1624, after having re-
ceived from the king the patent of capildo-nwr of the
inland. He governed till October 6"'. 1626, when he was
succeeded by

I51I'. —/)/or/o Luiz de Olivcira, Count of Miranda, who
governed up to the close of 1635. His successor was

l&^'.— Pedro da Silvn, o Duro ^the Hard mam, after-

128

wards Count cfS. Lourenfo. He assumed the govern-
ment towards the end of 1635 and governed till the 20"'.
of January 1639.

17"'.— Z). Fernando do Mascarcnhas, Count of Torre,
took possession of his ofiice in January 20'^'. 1639 and
governed till January TH'. 1610, wlien he set out, com-
manding tlie tleel, wliich was so unsuccessful on the
1211'., 13'ii. and 17'i'. D. Vasco de Mascarcnhas, Count of
Obidos, hsld temporarily the government till the arri-
val of

18'!'.— Z). Jorge de Mascarcnhas, Marquis of Montalvao,
the first viceroy of Brazil. He was invested with the
government in June 3i''., 1610. On being arrested and
deposed on the 15iii. of April of the inext year, he was,
on the 5"|. of June, fettered and sent to Lisbon,
watched over by his personal enemy Luiz Tellcs da Sil-
va. His place was provisionally supplied by a board
composed of the bishop jD. Pedro da Sihfa Sampaio),
Luiz Barbalho and Lourcn^o de Brillo Correiu, till arrived

W^K— Antonio I'cllcs da Sih)a, who took possession ot
his charge in August 26"'., 1642, and governed up to
December 22'"'. 1647.

20"'.— A/i/on/o Telles de Menezcs, Count of Villapouca
de Aguiar, was invested wilh the government in Decem-
ber 22"'i., 1647, and governed till March 7"'. 1650.

21'*'.— Joao liodrignes de Vasconccllos, Count of Cas-
tello Mclhor, was invested wilh the government on the
7"'. of Maich 1650 and held his office till the 5"'. of Janua-
ly 1654.

22'"'.— ./f/o/iy//io dc Alhai/de, Count of Atouguia, gov-
erned from January 6"'. 1654 to June 18"'. 1657.

2'.]>'^. — Francisco liarrcllo dc Mcnczcs took jiossession
of his office in June 20"'., 1657, and governed till the
24"'. of June, 1663.

21"'. — /.). Vasco dc Mascarcnhas, Count of Obidos, the
second viceroy, governed from June 24"'. 1663 to June
J3"'. 1667.

I2f)

251I'.— /l/e.iY//j(/re de Sauza Freire governed Iroin Ihc
13"'. of June 1007 to the SH'. of May 1671. Joclo Correia
da Siloa, who had been appointed his successor, srt
out from Lisbon early in KiOy, in order to take posses-
sion of Iiis office, but was wreclced and died in the
coasts of llio Vermelho. His corpse was found out and
buried in St. Francis convent.

20"'.— Ay/b/jso Fiirtado de Castro do Rio de Mendonga,
Viscount of I3arbaccna, assumed the j^ovcrnment in May
8"'. 1671 and died of eiysipelas in November 20"'. 1075.

As there was no via de siiccessdo, lie chose his succes-
sors in conformiiy wiih llie Town-House Senate, namely:
Chancellor Agostinho de Azeoedo Monteiro, Camp-masler
Alvaro de Azevcdo and Ordinary Judge Antonio Guedes
de Britto. On the Chancellor's death, which happened
after a short time, the most ancient Desembargador,
Cliristondo de Burgos Contreiras, was elected to fdl the

vacancy.

This government was followed by

27^^'. ^Boque da Costa Barretto, who, having been
appointed by the Royal Patent of February 3'''. 1067, took
possession of his office on the 15"'. of March 1678 and
governed till the 3>'i. of May 1682. He set out to Lisbon
on the 23i'i. of the same month.

28"'.— /1/i/on/o de Souza 'Menezes, o Brago de Praia
(the Silver Arm), governed from the 23'''. of May, 1682
to the 4"'. of June, 1084.

29"'.— A/j/0/2/0 Luiz de Souza Tello de Menezes, the sec-
ond Marquis of Minas, took possession of the govern-
ment on the 4"'. of June, 1084, and held it up to the 4"'.
of July 1087.

30"'.— Ma//? /a.s da Canha. He was invested with the
government on Ihc 0"'. of July 1087, died of the bicha
(yellow fever) on the 24"'. of October 1088 and was
buried in St. Benedict church.

As there was no via de successdo (as it had been pre-

cedcntly the cnse), he assembled, when he was about to
die, both the aldermen and noblemen and the superior
officers of the town, who resolved to elect, in order to
succeed the governor, a board, composed of the arch-
bishop, D. Fr. Manuel da Resiirreigdo, and Chancellor
Manuel Carneiro de Sd. This board governed till October
8"'. 1690.

31-'.— .l/j/o/2(o Lniz Gonsatvcs da Camara Conlinho, the
chief market-clerk of Portugal, took possession of his
charge in October lOH'. 1690 and governed till May 22'"'.
1694. He died in Bahia, in 1702, on his turning back
from the Indies, that he had just governed, and was
buried in the cathedral church.

32'"'.— D. Jodo de Lancaslro governed from the 22ii'i.
of May 1094 to the 3"i. of July 1702.

33"'. — D Rodrigo da Cosla. He assumed the adminis-
tration in July 3i''. 1702 and held the government till
September 8"'. 1705. He was the son of D. Joao da Cos-
ta, llie first Count of Sourc.

3 Jill _ 7^,;/; Cezav de Menezes, the first-ensign of Portu-
gal, assumed the government in September 8"'. 1705 and
governed till May 3'''. 1710.

35i'i. — /). Lowen{-o de Almada took possession of his
office on the 3"'. of May, 1710, and governed only till
the 14"'. of October of the next year, on account of his
having been called to preside over the Commerce Board
in Lisbon. He was succeeded by

3()"i. —Pcrfro de Vaseoncellos e Sauza, \hc second Count
of Caslello Mcllior, wlio assumed the government in
October 14"' 1711 and held his office up to June 13"' 1714.

37"'. /). Pedro de Xoronlia, the second Count of Villa-
Verde, lirsl Mar(|uis of Angeja and lliird \ iceroy, look
possession of Ihe govciiimcnt on the 13"'. of June 1711
and governed till llu' 21'. of August 171.S

38"'. — /). Sanrlio de Faro e Souza, llie second Count of
N'imieiro, assumed llie government in AugusI 21-'. 1718

[ M

and died in the next year, on the l.'{"'. of October, l)einj^
inliuiualed in Picdade ciuncli.

Tlic adminislralion was provisional!} devolved on the
archbishop {D. SebasUdo Monteiro da Vide), (chancellor
Caetano dc Brillo Ficjiieiredo and Canip-niaster Jodo de
Araiijo c Azeuedo, who, on the 14i''. of October 1719,
were invested with the government, which devolved, in
November 23'''. of the following year, upon

39"'. — Vasco Fernandcs Cezar de Menezes, afleiwards
Count of Sabugosa, the fourth \itc-king. He was the
son of Luiz Cezar de Menezes ino. 3i) and nephew ot
D. Joiiodo Lancastro nio. 32). He governed from Novem-
ber 23''i. 1720 to May G"'. 1735.

Willi i-egard to the duration of his government, he
ranks next to Mem de Sa. Was al.so long the govern-
ment of his successor

40"'.— ^4/K/rt' de Mello e Caslro, Count of Galveias, the
fifih vice-king, who look possession of his office in May
ll'i'., 1735, and held it till the 16"'. of December, 1749.

4l^K—Liiiz Pedro Percgriiio de Carvalho Menezes de
Alhayde, Count of Atouguia, the sixth vice-king, was
invested with the government on the 16"'. of December
1749, and governed up to August 7"'. 1754.

Till his successor came, the government was provis-
ionally devolved, in August 7"'. 1754, upon the board
composed of the archbishop tD. Jose Bolclho de Mattosj,
Chancellor Manuel Antonio da Cnnha Soulo Maior and
Colonel Lourenco .l/o/i/c/ro, designalcd in the ria de snc-
cessdo that the Jcsuils had been trusted with.

On the death of Colonel Lourenco Monteiro, in April
29"'. 1755, the two others continued at the head of the
government, till, on the 23'''i. of December of the same
year, it was vested in

42'"'.— yj. Marcos de Noronha e Brillo, the sixth Count
of Arcos and seventh vicero\-, who governed up to
the 9"'. ol' January 1760, and went away to Lisbon, on

the 24"'. of Ai)ril, in the ship Nossa Senlwra da Ajnda.

i3.

_j3ni _£). Anlonio de Almeida Soares Poiiiigdl, the third
Count of Avintes, first Marquis of Lavradio, ciglitii and
last viceroy in Bahia. He took possession of liis office
in January 9"'., 17G1), and died in the same year.
As there was no via de siiccessfio, the aldermen, cliapter
and magistrates of the Relacdo were assembled and
appointed temporary governor, on the 6'i'. of July, Chan-
cellor D. Thomaz Rubiiu de Darros Barvelo, who held
the government up to June 2VK of the following year.
But this choice was not approved by the king; where-
fore the provii^ional governor gave place to a board
composed of Chancellor Jose de Carvallin de Andradc
and Colonel Guugalo Xovier de Barros Alvim, which
assumed the government in June 21^i ITGl. On the 29'ii.
of July of the next year was added to the board the
assistant bishop of Bahia, 1). Fr. Manuel de Sanla
Iijncz, who was afterwards an aichbishop That board
held the adininislialion till March 25ii'. 17GG.

41'ii —Anlonio Roliin de Moura Tavai-es, the first Count
of A/.ambuja, was invested with the government in
March 25iii. 17G6 and govcrncMl till October 31 '. 17G7,
when he went oil to Rio, in order to succeed tlie Count
of Cunha.

Till his successor came, the archbishop i/l Fr. Moiniel
de Sanla lynez) exercised the government.

45"' —I) Lniz Anlonio de Almeida Poiiagal Soares d'Ei;a
Ahtreno Mello c Silna Mascarenhas, the fourth Count of
Avintes and second .Marcjuis of Lavradio, goNci ned from
A|)ril 11)11'. 17G<S to October ll"'. of Ihc next year, when
he had to assume tiie government in lUo de Janeiro, as
a viceroy, and was succeeded by

l()'i'. — /J. Jose da Cnnha (Iran de Alliai/de e Mello, Ihc
fourth Count of Povolide, wlio governed from Oclob r
11"'. 17()1) to Apiil .t"!. 1771, when, by the royal com-
mand, he set on! to Cisbon and devolved the adminis-
tialion upon a board, composed of the archbishop

1 33

{D. Joaqiiim Borgesde F/<7/;c/roa), Chancellor Miguel Ser-
icio Diniz and Lieutenant-Colonel Manuel Xauier Al(t, in
accordance with the cliaii?r of Deccnd)cr I'ii''. 1770.

This board was at the head of the government up to
September 8"'. 1774.

i'/ih— Manuel da Cunha Menezes, afterwards Court of
Lumiar, took possession of his office in September S"'.
1774 and held it till November 12<''. 1779.

4811.. _£). Affonso Miguel de Portugal e Castro, Marquis
of Valen^a, governed from November 1.'}"'. 1779 to June
31*'. 1783. Till his successor came the government was
exercised by a board cr mposed of the archbishop, /). An-
tonio Correia, Chancellor Joaquini Ignacio de Britto Bo-
carro Castanheda and Colonel Jose Clarque Lobo, who
were at the head of the administration till the 6"'. of
January 1784, when it devolved upon

49ih._£). Rodrigo Jose de Menezes e Castro, afterwards
Count of Cavalleiros, who governed till the ISH'. of
April 1788.

50iii.— D. Fernando Jose de Portugal, afterwards Mar-
quis of Aguiar, governed from April IS"'. 1788 to Octo-
ber lO'ii. 1801. This was one of the longest governments
in Bahia.

While they were wailing for the subsequent governor,
D. Antonio Correia ilhe archbishop), Firmino de Maga-
Ihcies Cerqueira Fonseca and Florencio Jose Correia de
Mello held temporarily the government.

51^'.— Fra/ic(sco da Cunha Menezes governed from
April 5"'. 1802 to December 14ii'. 1805.

52"t'.— Z). Jodo de Saldanha da Gama Mello Torres Cue-
des de Britto, the sixth Count of Ponte, took possession
of the administration in December U^'. 1805 and died
in May 24"'. 1809. He was buried in the church of Pie-
dade.

He was succeeded by a provisional government, com-
posed of the archbishop, I). Fr. Jose de Santa I'Jscholas-
tica. Chancellor Antonio Jose Pereira da Cunha and Mar-

1 34

shal Jodo Baplista Vieira Godinho, who governed till
October SO"'. 1810, when the administriilion was assu-
med by

53i(i._i). Marcos dc Xoronha e Erillo, the eighth Count
of Arcos, who governed up to January 26"' 1818. Upon
this lime the government of the captaincy was trusted to

5^ii,_£) Francisco de Assis Mascareuhas, Count of
Palnia and the last governor of Bahia. On the IQH'. of
February 1821 he devolved the administration on a pro-
visional board, composed of Canon Jose Fernandes da
Silva Frcirc, Lieulenant-Ccloncl Francisco de Paula OH-
veira, Lieut. -Col. Francisco Jose Pcrcira, Francisco An-
tonio Filgueiras, Jose Antonio Rodrigncs Vianna, Paulo
Jose de Mello de Azevedo Brit to, Desembargador Fuiz Ma-
nuel de Moura CabraU Desembargador Jose Caetano de
Paiua Percira, Bachelor Jose Lino Coitinho and Colonel
Manuel Pedro de Frcitas Gniniardes.

This board was succeeded, on the 2"<'. of February of
the next year, by another, composed of— Dr. Francisco
ViceiUe Vianna (president^ Desembargador Francisco
CAirneiro de Campos (secretary), Francisco Marlins da
Costa, Francisco Elesbdo Pires de Carvalho e Albuquer-
que, Canon Jose Cardoso Pereira dc Mello, Lieulcnanl-
Coloncl Manuel Ignacio da Cunha Menezcs and Desem-
bargador AiUonio da Silua Tellcs.

This second board was deposed, en the O"'. of May
182:^, by General Madeira.

In the mean time another was organized, in Ca-
chocira, on Ihe G"'. of Seplemi)er 18'.'2, composed of
Capildo-mor Francisco lilesbdo Pires de Carvalho c Albu-
querque ipresidciili, Bachelor Fi'ancisco domes dc Bran
dc'io Montezuma isecrelaryi, Desembarimdor Corregidor
Antonio Jose Duarte dc Araujo (iondim, Cai)tain Manuel
da Silna Sousa Coimbra, Captain Manuel Gons(dves Maia
liilteneourl ;ni(i I'rirsl Manuel Dende tins. Tliis board was
later- addrd w ith -iU/////(7 Ctdnum du Pin e Almeida,

1 35

Manuel da Silva Paraluj, Thcodosio Bias do Caslro, Siindo
Gomes Fcrrciva Vclloso, Manuel dos Saidos Silua and
Francisco Aijres dc Almeida Fredas, as Uie rcprcsenla-
livcs of the united vill-igcs.

This board was finally succeeded by that which was
created b}' the Imperial Charier of December 5>'|. 1822,
composed of Francisco Elesbdo Pires de Carvalbo c Albu-
querque, afterwards Baron of Jaguaripc, Dr. Joaquim
Jose Pinheiro de Vasconcellos, afterwards Baron and
Viscount of Montserrate, Jose Joaquim de Siqueira Buledo,
who was later Baron of S. Francisco, Jose Joaquim Mu-
ni: Barrelo de Arogdo, a'lerwards Baron of Itapororo-
cas, Desen}bar(jador Anlonio Auguslo da Silva, Manuel
Gongalvcs Main Bitlencourl and Colonel Felisberlo Gomes
Caldeira.

It was this board that deliveied the government to the
first president of the province of Bahia.

C) Presidents:

l'^'.— Dr. Francisco Vicente Vianna, afterwards Baron
of Rio de Contas, was invested with the government in
January lO"'. 1824 and governed till July 4'!'. 1825.

2'"'.— Counsellor Jodo Severiano Macicl da Costa, after-
wards Viscount and Marquis of Qucluz, took possession
of the government in July 4iii. 1825 and governed up to
July 7"'. 182G, when, till his successor came, the govern-
ment was provisionally exercised by the vice-president,
Manuel Ignacio da Cunha Menezes, who was later Vis-
count of Rio Vermelho.

3"!.— Dr. A^;//io Eucjcnio de Locio Seilbilz governed but
a few days, from March ITH'. 1827 to April 20iii. of the
same year

His substitute was the vice-president, Manuel Ignacio
da Cunha Menezes, till the new president came.

4'ii. —/osc Egydio Gordilho de Barbuda, Viscount of
Camanu'i, assumed the govcrnmci.t on the ll"'. of Octo-
ber 1827 and was murdered on the 28ii'. of February,

1 36

1830, at night. The administration was provisionally
exercised by Counsellor Jodo Gongalves Cezimbra, who
delivered it to

5'!'.— Lm'r Paulo de Araiijo Baslo, Viscount of Fiaes,
who w-as invested with the government in April 13'i'.
1830 and held it up to Apiil 15ti'. 1831. From this day to
the 15"'. of May lb31 Counsellor Jodo Gongalves Ceziin-
bra took again the government as a vice-president.

He was succeeded by Counsellor Liiiz dos Santos
Lima, who governed, as a vice-president, up to the
21-'. of June of the same year.

Gill. — Counsellor Honoralo Jose de Barros Paim, who
presided over tl\c province up to June 4iii. 1832.

71I1. —Counsellor Joaqii'un Jose Pinheiro de Vasconcellos,
afteiwards Viscount of Monlserrate, from June 4"'. l.'^32
to December 10"'. 1834.

8iii._Dr. Francisco de Soaza Marlins, afterwards Baron
of Parahyba, from December 10"'. 1834 to April 18"'. 1835.
^Vhile they were wailing for his successor, the gov-
ernment was exercised by the vice-president, Deseni-
bargador Manuel Anlonio Galvdo, up to September 26">.
of the same year. Then, also in the character of a vice-
president, Desenibargador Joaquim Marcellino de Brilto
held the government of tlic province till March 26"'. 1836.
gill. —Senator Francisco de Sonza Paraizo. He look pos-
session of his office in March 20"'. 1836 and governed
up to Ihe revolution called Sabinada, on the 7"'. of No-
vember 1837. Upon this time he retired to the brig of
war Tresde Main and afterwards to Santo Amaro, where,
on the 15"'. of November, he devolved the administra-
tion upon the vice-president, Ilon^ralo Jose de Barros
Paim, wiio, on the 10"'., delivered it in Cachoeira to the
newly-come president, appointed by the Imperial (lov-
ernment.

10"'. Counsellor Aiifonio Pcrcint Ihirrrllo Pedrnso. lie
governed the province in the inland dining Ihe revolu-

i37

lion and, allcr it was over (March IG"'. 1838), in the cap-
ihij, lill Ai)ril IO''i. of tiie same year, when lie went
away to occupy liis scat at liie Geneial Assembly, the
government devolving then upon the vice president,
Alexandre Gomes dc Argollo Ferrdo, afterwards Baron of
Cajahyha, who, in his turn, delivered it to the new pres-
ident on the 28i'i. of the same month.

11"|.— Counsellor Thomaz Xavicr Garcia de Almeida He
governed from April 2^. 1838 to October loH'. 1840.

12t'i.— Controller Paulo Jose de Mello de Azcvedo c
Britlo, from October 15'!'. 1840 to June 26ii'. 1841.

13'ii.— Counsellor Joaquim Jose Pinheiro de Vasconcel-
los.He took possession of his office in June 26"' 1841
and held it up to August 13"'. 1844.

Till the arrival of his successor, the province was gov-
erned by the vice-president, Desemharqador Manuel Mes-
sias de LeCio i August IS"', to November 22i"i. 1844).

14i'i.- Lieutenant General Francisco Jose de Azcvedo
Soares de Andrea, afterwards Baron of Cagapava, govern-
ed from November 22"'i. 1844 to August 4'!'. 1846, when
assumed the governn.cnt, as a vice-president, Desembar-
(jador Manuel Mcssius de Ledo, who transferred it to the
new president.

15"'. — Counsellor Anlonio Ignacio de Azeoedo was in-
vested wilh the government in August 27"'. 1846 and held
it up to September 21^' 1847.

i&^'. — Dcscmbargndor Jodo Jose de Monra Magalhdes
look the government in September 21'. 1847 and gov-
erned lill April 14"'. 1848.

While they were waiting for the new president, Dcs-
embovgador Manuel Mrssias de Ledo had again to admin-
isiraicthc province in Ihe character of a vice-president.

17"'.— Counsellor Joaquim Jose Pinheiro de Vasroncel-
los governed from May 6"'. 1S48 to Sei)tember 11"'. of
the same year.

18"'.— Counsellor Jodo Duarle Lisboa Scrra governed
only from September 11"'. to October 12"'. 1848.

i38

19"'.— Counsellor Francisco Gongalres Martins, afler-
Nvards Baron and Viscount of S Lourcnc^o, assumed the
adminlslralion on Ihe 12iii. of October 1848 and govern-
ed till the 3"i. of M;iy 1852, with the folloNving inter-
missions:

a) from March 26ii'. to April 4ii'. 1850 the government
was exercised by the vice-president, Dr. Alvaro Tibcrio
de Moncorvo e Lima. On the last mentioned epoch Mnv-
lins reassuraed the administration, which he held u[) to
the 20"'. of the same month;

b) from this date to September 24"'. of the same year
Dr. Alvaro Tiberio de Moncorvo e Lima was again at Ihc
head of the government, as a vice-president. On the 24"'.
of September Marlins leassumed the administration,
which he exercised till the o'''. of May 1851;

c) from this date to the 23"i. of September of the same
year the government was held over again by the vice
president, Dr Alvaro Tibcrio de Moncorvo e Lima. In
September 23"i., 1851, INIartins returned to Ihe gov-
ernment, and only loft it in May 3"'. 1852;

d) from this date to the 20"'. of Seplomber of Ihe same
year the vice-president, Dr. Alvaro Tibcrio de Moncorvo
e Lima, held the administration one time more.

20"'. — Dr. Jodo Manricio Wandcrleij, aftei wards Baron
of Cotegipe, took possession of the govei-nnient in Sep-
tember 20"'. 18:)2 and j'.ovei-ncd lill tlir l>i. of May
1855. His government was also interrupted, as follows:

ai In May 18"' 1853 Dr. Alvaro Tibcrio dc Moncorvo c
Lini(t assumed Ihe government in his character of a
vice i)rcsidcnt, and rendered it, on Ihe 1''. of October
ol Ihe same year, to Wanderlty, who kept at the head
of the ndniinistralion up to .Innc 1-'. 1851;

b) upon lliis lime Dr. Alvaro Tibcrio dc Moncorvo c
Lime l)egan to act again as |)resi(lenl and in September
11)'''. of Ihe same \car delivcicd Ihe adminisli alion to
WniKh'rlcN, who licld il lill llu- 1 '. of Mav 1N55;

1 39

c) from this dale to August 23"'. of the same year llic
same vice-president, Dr. Alvaro Tiberio de Moncorvo c
Lima, presided over llic province.

21^' —Dr. Alvaro Tiberio de Moncorvo e Lima was ilien
appointed president and governed from August 23"'.
1855 to August 19"'. 185G.

22'"^.— Desembargador Jodo Litis Vicira Cansan(^-do de
Sinimbn, afterwards Viscount of Sinimbu, governed from
August 19"'. 185G to May 11"'. 1858, willi the following
inlc ruptions:

a) Dcscmbargador Manuel Mcssicis de LeCio adminis-
trated tlie province as its vice-president from June 5"'.
to 3U"'., 1857, wlien the president rcassumed llie govern-
ment, that lie kept till May 11"'. of the subsequent
year;

b) from this dale lo Ihe 28"'. of Scpleniber of the same
year Ihe province was governed by Ihe same vice-pres-
ident, Manuel Messins da Ledo.

23'''. — Dr. Francisco Xavier Paes Ikirretlo iook posses-
sion of his office in Seplembcr 28"'. 1858 and governed
till April 19"'. 1859.

Till his successor's arrival the province was adminis-
trated by the above-named vice-president, Desembar-
(jador Manuel Messias de Ledo (April 19"'. to September
28"'. 1859).

24"'.— Counsellor Herculano Fcrrcira Penna was invest-
ed wilh the government in September 28"'. 1859 and
held it up to April 2G"'. IHGO.

25"' — A/i/o/j/o da Costa Pinlo governed from that ('ate
to June 1^'. 18G1.

The province was then temporarily administrated by
Counsellor Jose Angnslo Chaves, as a vice-president, up
to the arrival of

26"'.— Coui'sellor Joaquim Anldo Fernandes Ledo, who

took possession of his charge in December 2-1"'. 1860

and exercised il till the 30"'. of September 1862.
18

140

27'''.— Counsellor Antonio Coclho de Sd e Albuquerque
assumed Ihe administralion in Sepleuibcr 30'''. 18G2 and
governed till the 15'''. of December 1863.

While Ihoy were waiting for his successor, Counsellor
Manuel Maria do Aniaral governed the province as a
vice-president.

2H'^'.—Desen}bar(/ador Antonio Joaquini da Silva Gomes
governed from M;iy 2i:'i. to Xovcnibcr ^''i. 1864, the
administration then devolving on Desembar</ador Lniz
Antonio Barbosa de Almeida, v\"ho piesidcd over the
province, as its \ice-prcsident, till he was appointed
president.

29'^'. — Desembargndor Lniz Antonio Barbosa de Almeida
was invested with the j)resi(lence on the 29'''. of Novem-
ber 1864 and governed till the 2'"K of May 1865.

Dr. Balthazar de Araujo Aragdo Buledo governed tiicu
ihe province, as its vice-president, and delivered the
government to

30'''. — Counsellor Manuel Pinto de Souza Daidas, who
look possession of liis charge in Jul\- 2i"'. 1865 and
exercised it up to March 3'''. 1866.

Till his successor came the following vice-presidents
were at the head of the government:

l-'.-Dr. Pedro Ledo Velloso, up to October 14"'. 1866;

2'"'.— Dr. Francisco Liberal o de Mattos. who devolved
the administration upon

'M-\ — I)esend)ar(iador Antttrosio Leitdo da (jinha, after-
wards l5aron of Mamore, who assumed the government
on the 25'''. of November 186() and governed till the lii'''.
of March 1867.

I-'i'om this dale Dr. Jodo Ferreira de Maura governed
the province as its vice-president.

32'"'. — Dr. Jose Bonifacio Naseeide- de ,lr<//;i/n/y'(/ gov-
erned from June 21>'. 1867 to July 26"'. 1868, when
the administration devolved on llie \ ice-i)rcsidcnt, I)es-
emlHtnjadnr Antonio fjulisldo de I-'igiwiredo Hoelui.

141

33''^.—lkiron and afterwards Viscount of S. Loiiiciigo
governed from August 6"'. 1808 to April 15"'. 1871, willi
the following inlcrniissions:

a) Desciubargador Anlonio Ladislao dc Figiieircdo Ro-
cha governed from April 29"'. to October 21-'. 1869, wlien
Marlins rcassunied the presidence, that he held till the
28"'. of May 1870;

b) he then delivered the administration to the vice-
president, Counsellor JoCio Jose de Almeida Conlo, after-
wards Baron of Desterro, who exercised it till the 10"'.
of October of the same year, when Martins reassumed
his office, which he performed up to April 15"'. 1871;

C) from this date to the 17"'. of October 1871 the gov-
ernment w^as exercised by another vice-president,
Dr. Francisco Jose da Roclut;

d) this vice-president was succeeded by the above-
named vice-president, Counsellor Jodo Jose de Al-
meida Conto, who acted as president till the 8"'. of No-
vember of the same year.

'SV^'.—Desembargador Jodo Antonio de Avaujo Freitas
Ilcnriques assumed Ihc government in November 8"'.
1871 and governed till June 6"'. 1872.

Till his successor came the province was administra-
ted by Die vice-president Counsellor Jodo Jose dc Al-
ireida Conto.

35"'.— Dr. JotKjnim Pires Machado Fortella governed
from July U'. 1872 to November IG"'. of Ihc snine year.

The following vice-prcsidcnis held successively Ihc
government uj) to the arrival of Ihe new president:

a) Counsellor Jodo Jose de Almeida Conlo, from No-
vember 10"'. 1872 to June 10"'. 1873;

b) Dr. Jose Ednavdo Freire de Carvalho, from June
10"'. to October 2-2"". 1S73.

■.}0"'. — Commander Antonio Candido da Cm: Macluido.
afterwards Viscount of Serro Frio, governed from Octo-
ber 22"". 1873 to June 23i'i. 1874.

14^

37'''.— Dr. Venancio Jose de Oliveira Lishoa, from June
23''i. 1874 to July 20"'. 1875.

Till his successor came, Dr. Jose Eduardo Frcirc dc
(laivalho governed Die province as its vice-jircsi lent.

38'''.— Dr. Luiz Antonio da Silna Nnnes took possession
of Ihe government on the 16"'. of August 1876 and gov-
erned till the 5'''. of February 1877.

'^9'''.—Desen}bargador Henrique Pereira de Lz/ce/uz, after-
wards Baron of Lucena, assumed the govcrninent in
February 5'"'. 1877 and held it up to February 4'''. 1878.

Tlie province was Ihenceforlh administrated by
Dr. Jose Ediutrdo Freire de Carualho. as its vice-presi-
dent, till arrived

4{y^'.— Baron Homenx de Mello, who governed from
February 25'''. 1878 to November 25'''. of the same year.

While they were wailing for tlic appointment of his
successor, Ihe government was exercised by Dr. ,l/i/o-
nio de Araujo de Aragao Balccio, afterwards l3aron of
S. Francisco, as a vice president, who, aflcr a short
time, on the 25'''. of January 1879, took possession of
the government as the president of the province.

4h'. — Dr. Anlonio de Aranjo Ara(/('u) Ihdcdo, up to
March 25"'. 1881.

42"'!. — Counsellor Jodo Litslosa da (huilui Paranat/nd,
afterwaids Viscount and Marcpiis of I'aranagua, gov-
erned from March 25'!'. 1881 to Janu ;ry 5"' 1882, when
liic administration devolved on the vice-pi"esident
Dr. Jodo das lieis de Soma Danlas.

4;i"i. — Counsellor Pedro Luiz Pereira de Sousa, assu-
med the government on tiie 29"'. of March 1882 and pre-
sided over the province till the 11"'. of April 1884, his
government being only inlerru[)ted from llie 11"'. to the
!()"'. of December 1882, when Dr. Auj/uslo Aliuurs Gui-
inaides governed as a vice-president.

1 1"'. — Counsellor ./rH?f) l{odri(/ues Cluuws look posses-
sion of his functions in April II"'. 1881 and governed till
the 10"'. of Sepk-nihcr ol the same year.

143

45i'i.— Dcsembargador Esperidido Eloij de Barros Pi-
meiilcl presided over the province from Seplcmbcr
lO'ii. 1884 lo May 25"' 1885. Dr. Aiujiislo Alvarcs Giii-
inardes llicii look the j^ovcrnment, which he hcki
as a vice-presidei:t up to the arrival of the new pres-
ident.

46iii.— Connsellor Jose Lin: de Almeida Conlo was in-
vested Willi the f^overnnicnt on the !■'. of June 1885 and
exercised his functions till the 29ii'. of August of Ihc
same year.

lie rendered the government to the vice-president
Desembanjador Aiirelio Ferrcira Espinlieira, who admin-
istrated the province till arrived

47(ii —Counsellor Theodora Machado Freive Percira da
SHua, who governed from October 2V^K 1885 to July
2G'i'. J886, when he devolved the government on the
vice-president Desembanjador Aiirelio Ferrcira Espi-
nlieira, who governed up to the arrival of the new pres-
ident.

-IS"'.— Counsellor Jodo Capislrano Dandeira de McUo
took possession of the government in October llii'. 1886
and exercised his office up to February 29"'. 1888, when
he delivered the administration to the vice-president
Dcsembargador Aiirelio Ferrcira Espiiihcira.

49"'. — Counsellor Manuel do Nascimento Machado Por-
Iclla governed from March 27"' 1888 lo April PK 1889
The government was thcncoforlh held by the above-
mentioned vice-president, Dcsembargador Aurelio Fer-
rcira Espiiihcira, till the arrival of the subsequent pres-
ident.

5{j^^K— Dcsembargador Antonio Liiiz Afjonso de Car-
valho took possession of his charge in May 9"'. 1889
and exercised it only till the 14"' of June of the same
year.

51 I. — (Counsellor Jose Liiiz de Almeida Conlo governed
from Ihe 14"'. of June 1889 to the 17"'. of November of
the same year, when Bahia adhered lo the Republic of

144

the United Stales of Brazil, wliicli had been just pro-
claimed, on the 15'!'.

Bahia was thenceforth governed, as one of the united
states of the Brazilian Republic, by

Di Governors:

In order to foi m a centre of government while
the Provisional Government could not yet take a
definitive resolution. Dr. Virgilio Climaco Daiuazio pro-
ceeded to administrate the new state on the 18"'. of No-
vember, as a provisional vice governor, and delivered
the administration, on the 23"'., to the first governor
appointed by the provisional government of Ihe Bepublic,

1^'.— Dr. Manuel Viclorino Pcreira, who was solemn)}'
invested with his charge on the 23"i. of November 1889
and held it up to April -iGU'. 1890.

2'"'.— Marshal Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca governed
from April 26'ii. to September 15"'. 1890.

Up to the appointment of the subsequent governor,
the state was administrated by the vice governor.
Dr. Virgilio Climaco Damazio, from September 15"'. to
November 1>'. 1890.

3'''.— Dr. Jose Gonsalvcs da Silva held the govern-
ment from November l^i. 1890 to July 2"'i. 1891.

The Constilulion of the stale having been proclaimed
on that day by Ihc ("^onslilucnt Congress, which had been
called for the purpose, and dclcrmining Ihal tlic first gov-
ernor siunild be circled by Ihal Congress, was chosen

4"'. — Dr. Jose Gonsidi'cs da Silini, who look his oath on
Ihe same day before Congres.s and was invested wllh his
charge. On the 24"'. of November of the same year, as
some anarchical movcmcnls had taken place, Brigadier
"J'nde Soares Xeiiut proceeded lo mainlain pul)lic order
(from November 24"'. lo December 17"'. 1891 1, and aflfM-
him Lieut. -Col, Francisro de Ahren c Lima (from l!ic
17"'. lo llie 2.'}"'. of Decend)en.

On the 22'"'. of Ihe same month the governor gave up
his charge; wiierefore liie President of the Senate assii-

145

mcd llic j^overnnienl on that very day, in accordance
willi llic consliliilional precept, and assembled Congress
cxlraordinaiily, l)e('orc whicli he presented his re-
nouncement. The Senate immediately chose a pres-
ident, who was Senator Rear admiral Joaqnim Leal
Fcrreira. The new-elected president of the Senate
was, in such a character, invested with the govern-
ment, in December 23"'. 1891, and held his functions
up to May 28"'. 1892, wlien a^sumcd the administration,
after the election that was clleclcd in accordance with
the Constitution, the o'l'. governor, Dr. Manuel Joafjuini
Hodrigues Lima, chosen for the constitutional term of
4 years.

Divisions

A) ADMINISTRATIVIi

According to the table in the page 107, the stale is
divided into 123 municipia, of which 33 have Iheir seals
in towns and 90 in villages.

B) JUDICIAIIY

The stale is divided into 40 romarcas and 117 leriuos,
according to the respective table.

C) ELECTORAL

The three electoral circumscriptions of which the
stale is composed, in accordance with the Law no. 10
of January 21^'. and Act of August 3"'. 1892, consist: the
PK of 12 municipia and 51 parishes; the 2"'., of G4 mu-
nici|)ia and 85 parishes; the 3''i. of 47 munici[)ia and
47 paiishes, as il may be seen in the respective table.

Di i:c(:n:sL\STicAL

The archbishoprick of Bahia was composed, up to
the creation of a bishoprick in Dianumtina, of parishes

14')

belonging to Bahia, Sergipe and the norlhcrn part cf
Minas, which once formed a part of the captaincy of
Bahia; but no sooner the above-mentioned bishoprick
was created than the northern parishes of Minas were
added to it, only the parishes ot the two other
stales composing thenceforth the archbish.oprick.

Those which belong to Baliia arc tlic following:

1) Se, 2) Vicloria and 3) Ilheos, created in 1552 by
the fir t bishop of Brazil, D. Pedro Fcrnaiulcs Sardinha.

4 I Pirajd, 5) Paripe, 6) Maloim. 1\ Passe, 8) Soccorro,
9) Monle, lOi Cotegipe, 11 1 Camanii'i, 12) Iguape, 13) Vera-
Cruz, 14 1 Sanlo Aiuaro da Piirificaeao, 15) S. Gongalo da
Palatum A), 16) Sanlo Ainaro do Ipilanga (2), created
in the interior of Ihe stale by the 2'"^. and 3'''. bishops,
D. Pedro Leildo ( 1559-75 1 and /). Anlonio Barreiros
(1576-1600).

17i Cayri'i, which is said to have been created in
1608 or 1610, 18) Jagiiaripe, created in 1613, and
Boipeba, in 1610, by D. Conslanliiw Barradas 1 1603-18).

20) Nossa Seiihora da (A)nceicdo da Praia, in this capital,
created in 1623, under the government of bishop
D. Marcos Teixeira (1622-42).

21) Maragogipe (1640i, 22i Sanlo Aiuaro do Cain (1643)
and 23) Sanlo Anlonio alcm do Carmo, in the capital,
1645), created during the government of bishop /). Pedro
da Silu'i Saiujxtio, (1634-49).

24) .S". Congalo de Sergipe do Co/u/c (1677), 25) S. Pedro
Velho (1679 or 1673) and 26) S(uila Anna, both in Ihc
capital ((-barter of June 20ii'. K)79i, were created while
held the government the lirst aichbishop, /). Caspar
Barala de Meudoura 1 1677-82.

27) Saulo Anlonio da Fregnczia Vrtlia do Canipo For-

( 1 ) It is no h)ngcr

(2 I II was e\lin';iiislic(l by Ihe prdviiicial Law of April
/ii'. 1851, wiiicji liansfeired lis seal lo llapoan.

147

moso (16815) dates from the govcriiiiienl of D. Joao da
Madrc dc Dens ilC83-8()).

28) Suiibara (1087), 29) Cuchoeira (1G88) and, 30) S. Gon
gala dos Campus (1689) belong to the government of
D. Fr. Manuel da Resnirekfio (1688-91).

31) S. Jose das Ilapororocas {3) (I69()) and 32) Naza-
relli dc Uapicnn'i (4) (1C98), were created during the gov-
ernment o[ I). Jocio Franco de Olivcira (1692-1700).

3'i) Conde (1702i, 31) MnrilUm (1705), 35) Pirajnhia
(17131, 36) Pand)i'i (1714) (5i, 37) Marahii (17]5i, 38) Vrnbn,
39) Rio Fnndo, 40i Olivcira dos Cjunpinhos, 41) Barra
do Rio de Coidas, 42) Rna do J^asso, in tlie capital,
43) Brotas, also in the capital, 44) Abbadia, 45) S Se-
baslido das Cabeceiras de Passe, 46) Cannavieiras, 47)
Jcqnirii;d (6), 48) Carmo de Belmonte, 49) S. Felippe,
50) Agna Fria (7), 51) Onleiro Rcdondo (8), 52) Ge
remoabo, 53) Inhambnpe and 54) Pilar (in the capital),
were all created by D. Sebastiao Monteiro da Vide
(1702-22), in accordance with the Royal Charter of
April nil'. (1718).

55) Villa Vicosa (1748), 56) Nazareth das Farinhas
and 57) Sant'Anna do Cainisdo, in 1753, 58) S. Jose
da Barra do Senlo Sc (1755), 59) Caetite, 60) Sanlo

(3) The Law of March 19ii'. 1846 transferred its seat
to Feiia de Snnl'Anna (no. 123); but that of April 23i'i.
1864 created again the parish of S. Jose dc Ilapoi orocas,
giving it new limils.

(4 ) Extinguished by the Law of March 8"'. 1870, which
removed lis scat to ^Iissao da Saudc (no. 162i.

(5) E.xlinguished by the Resolution of June OH'. 1853,
that removed its seat to Capim Grosso (no. 130i.

(6) Tiie Resolution of April 9"'. 1870 Iransfcried the
scat of this parish to Cariry (no. lG3i.

(7i Kxtinguished by the Hesulution of May l^i. 1843,
which removed its seat to Ouri^angas (no. 120).

(8) Will) territories dismembered from this parish
was created that of Cruz das Almas (91) by the Charter
of Januarv 22i"i. 1815.
19

148

Eslevdo (ie Jacnhijpe and 61) Tncano (17r)4i, 62i Ca-
raoclhts (Charter of January I81''. 1755i, G3i Porlo
Alcfjre (Charter of December 22i"i. 17o5i, 64) Oliucnca,
(Royal Patent of May S"'. 1758) (9i, 65) Santarcm,
66) .So are and 67) Abrantes (1758), 68' Poiubal (Royal
Patent of May SH'. 1758), 69) Barcellos (lOi and 70) Sanlo
Antonio de Jacobina (1758), 71) Mirandella dl), 72) I'edra
Branca and 73) Penlia de Ilapagipe (1760), 74 1 Malta de
S. Jodo, 75) S. Fidelis de Una (12), 76) S. Pedro do Ja-
cnhjipe do Assi'i da Torre (13i, 77i .S. Jo ;o Baptisla do
Serldo de liodellas (14) (1761), all created duiini; the
government of 1). Jose Botelho de Maltos.

78) Monte Santo (1788, 7i)) Porto Segaro (1795), 80)
Santa Crnz (Chailer of December 2'"'. 1795, 81) V7//a
Verde and 82) Trancoso (1795), 83i Alcolnii-a (Law of
October 28i''. 1795), 84 1 Prado (Charter of October
2(Jiii. 1795,, 85) Said'Anna do Cain (179G), 86) hjrapinna
(Charter of June 22'"'. 1797), ^7i Xalenca (Charier of
September 2 H'. 1801) and 88) Pedrdo (Charter of Au-
gust 2'"i. 1802i, belonghig to l.-e time of 1). Fr. Anto-
nio Correia (1779 1802).

89) Vdla Nova da Rahdia (Charter of Deceml)er 12ii'.
1812), 90) Carinhanha (1813), 91) Cruz das Almas iCluuicr

(9i The Pvosohilion of Julv 21^' 18 h* removed ils
seal lo iiarra do Una (no. 152,; but lliat of July 28ii'. 1880
considered again 01iven(;a tiie seat of the parish.

(10) Tiie Resoh'lion of August hSU'. 1879 transreire<l its
seat to .St. Renediefs chapel, in the luunlet of Santa
Cruz, whence it afterwards turned again to BaiccUos.

(11) Ivxiinguished by the Resolution of April V2^^'.
1843.

(12) I-lxtinguished in 1801, when was created liie
parish of Valen^a.

(13) F^xtinguislied 1).\ llic Hesolulion ol' Ihe .3"i, ol
April 1871, which rcnu)ve<l its seal to Ihe (•ha|>el of
Palame, but reinstalled l)y the Resolution of A|)ril 1"'.
1S82. Palame was tiien sepnraled from Assu and Ihence-
forlh conslituled, like Ihe latter, an inde])endcnl parish.

I 14 I It was exliu'iuishcd.

149

of July 18"'. 18151, 92i //a/w/a? (Charier of July 12'i'. I815i,
93) Monte Gordo (Charter of September 9"'. 1816), 94 1 Ala-
(joinhas (Charter of Novciiibei 7"'. ISlfii (15i, 95) Apord
(Charier of April IG"'. 1817), 96) Bom Comelho do Bo-
(jiieirdo (Charter of November 21 i. 1817).

The first parish created by Imperial Charier was
97 1 S. Mi</iiel das Mat las de Nazareth (Charier of No-
vember 2411'. 1823 (16).

The Regency created the following: 98) S. Goncalo e
Senhor do Bom fun da Estiva and 99) Mare (Decrees of
July 19"'. 1832).

Other parishes were thenceforth created by the Pro-
vincial Assembly, as follows: 1(0) Taperod (11), 101) Ser-
rinha, 102) Coracdo de Jesus do Riachdo, 103) Nossa Se-
nhora da Saude de Jacobimu 104) Bomfun de Nova
Boipeha (18), 105^ Monte Alegre and 106) Morro do
Cliapco (Law of June l>i. 1838), VM\ Bom Jar dim iLaw
of April 8"'. 1839), 108) Victoria da Conquista and 109)
Conceicdo de Macaliubas Law of May 19"'. 1839), 110)
Joazeiro (Law of March 26"'. 1840), 111) Monte Alto (Law
of May 19"'. 1840), 112) Sant'Anna da Aldeia (Law ot
June 2'"'. 1840), 113) Purificngdo dos Campos de Irard,
^Law of February 28"'. 1842i, 114) Maracds and 115)
Bom Jesus do Rio de Contas (Law of April 25"'. 1842), 116)

(15) Its seat was transferred, bv the Law no. 1135 of
May 28"'. 1871, to the chapel ot' Hgrcja Nova; but it
was reinstalled in Alagoinhas Velha, in 1872, by the
Law no. 1248 of June 28"'.

( 16) Extinguished by the Resolution of April 12"'. 1870,
which removed its seat to the chapel of O. L. das
Dnres, at the hamlet of Nova Lage, but reinslajled,
with new limits, bv the Rcsolulion of August 5"'. 1884.

(17) See no. 135.'

( 18) l^xtinguished by the Resolution of the2I''. cf June
1849, wiiich transferred its scat to llie chapel of St. Blaze,
at the village of Taperoa, but reinstalled by the Law of
June 25"'. 1872.

i5o

Santo Antonio do Ciirral dos Bois (IQ) (Law of April 8'ii.
1842), 117) Santo Antonio das Qneimadas (Law ofJMav
19"'. 1842), 118) Tapcroci, and 119) Undniranas (Law
of April Kill'. 184.']), 120) Ouricangas (20) (Law of May
1^1. 1843), 121) Rosario do O/o/kJ (Law of May ISH'. 1843),
V22) Morro do Fogo (21 1 (Law of May 29ii'. 1843), 12-3)
Feira de SanrAnna (22) (Law of March I'JH'. 184(ii, 124)
Arcia (Law of March IG'''. 1847), 125) Brotas dc Maca-
hnbas (Law of March 27iii. 1847), 12()i San a I:alH'l do
Paraguaasi'i (Law of March 17'ii. I847i, 127 1 Riaclulo do
Jacuipe and 128) Feira da Conceit-do iLaw of May 25iii.
1847i, 129) Remedios da Feira (Law of June 12ii'. 1847),
13(1 1 Aniparo da Ribcira do Pdo Grande iLaw of May 9"'.
1848), 131) Guerem (23) (Law of May 23"i 1818), 132i Fntre-
/? /OS (Law of June 1^'. 1848), 133) Rosario do Geidio and
134) Itapoan (24) (Law of April nn'. 1849), 135) S. Braz
de Taperod (2oi (Law of July 21^'. 1851), \'iQ)\ Santo An-

(19) According to the Resolution of Maich ;)l^i. 1846
it received tlic denomination oi Santo Antonio da Gloria
do Curral dos Bois. Its scat was afterwards removed, l)y
the Hesolulion of July H"'. 1848, to the chapel consecra-
ted to O. L. of (iood Hope, in Tajjera de (lima. Such a
Hesolution was. however, revoked by ihal of Septeud)cr
17"|. 1849, which delernrncd the seat of the |)arish to
continue at the handel of C.urr:-1 dos Bois.

(20) The seal of the parish ofAifuaFiia was removed
to this place, in consccpicnce of the lU'soIution of Octo-
ber 1^1. 1843

(21 1 Kxtin;4uished by the Hcsolulion of March '2'.\"K
187.'), which transferred its seal to the hamlet of Agua
Quenle.

i22i Created by the above mentioned law, which re-
moved to this parish the seal of that of .S Jose dc Ita-
pororocas (See the note no. 32).

(23i Lxlii];4uished l)y tlie Resolution (A' May 8iii. 181),"),
wliich tr:insfcried its seal to the iiandel ol Momlim,
wlicre il still continues under tiie ancient (kMiominatioii.

(21 1 Stc tlie note no. 2.

(IT)) il continued as a parisli even alter the tr.-insl'er-
encc lo the river Jicpue of the |)arish of Hondim de
Nova noijieba. which had !)een prci'edeidly transferred
to S. I5ra/. de 4'apci-oa (See liu- note no. 17>.

i5i

lonio da Barm (Law of May 19'''. 1831), 137) Sanlo Aitlo-
nio de Jesus (Law of June 19"'. 1852), 1158) (loragCw dc
Maria and Mid) Capini Gro.s.so (26) (Law ot June 6"'. 1853),
111)) Harracdo (Law of May8ii'. 1855), )A\) Amargosa (Law
of June 3wiii. 1855), 142) Len^dcs (Law of December 18"'.
185(5), 143) (loncei(;Cio do Coiic (Resolulion of May D"'.
1857), 144) .Sa/!/a Barbara (Hcsolnlion of June G"'. 1857i,
145) S Felix (Resolulion of Oclober 15iii. 1857), 14()) Boa
Viagem e Almas (Law of December IG"'. 1857), 147) (kni-
cei(,do do (kwido (Law of December 31'. 1857), 148) Miin-
do Novo (Law of December 31'' 1857) 149i Bomfiin da
Feira (Resolulit ii of June IG"'. .859), 150) Iliimildes [Wcao-
lulion of June 1.3"'. 1859), 151) Serapidnj (27) (Law of June
11"'. I8(i()), 152) Barra do Una (2|) (Law of July 21^i. l^G(i),
153) Riaclio de Sanl'Aiina (Resolulion of December 12"'.
1861), 154) /i/T/o Gra/u/c (Resolution of April 10"'. 18G2),
155) Campcslre [Law of iMay 15"'. 1863), 156) Nova Latje
(29) (Law of May 2"'i. 18G4), 157) Serra Prela (Law of
May 2'"'. 1867), 158) S. Gongalo do Anuirante da Iliuba
(Law of March 16"'. 1868), 159) Livramento do Bromado
(Law of April 16"'. 18C8), 160) Sanl'Anna dos Brejos
(Law of May 2"". 1868), 161) liOin Jesus dus Meiras (Law
of June 19"'. 186*^^)), 162) Missdo da Saude (Law of March
8"'. 1870), 163) Caririj (30) (Resolulion of April 9"'. 1870,

(26) It is the new seat of the parish of Pambu. (See
the note no. 5).

(27) Extinj^uishod by the Law of March 57"'. 1872,
which removed its seat to the Misericordia chapel, but
reinstalled by the Law of June 23"'. 1879.

(28) See the note no. 9.

(29) The Law of April 12"'. 1870 revoked that of May
2'"'. 1SG4, which created this i)ari.sli, removing to Laoe
the scat of Ihc parish of S. Miguel (See Ihe note no. 16),
the latter being therefore exlini^uished. !kit the Law of
August 5"'. 1884 separated S. Miguel from Lagc, giving
Ihe Iwo parishes new limits, as il is staled in the ensuing
note.

(30) In consequence of the Resolulion of April 9"'.

1:^2

164) Rosario, in the town of Santo Aniaro ^La^Y of
April 29"'. 1871), 165) i\ ores [in the capital) iResolution
of May 6'ii. 1871), 166) Palrocinio do Coilc (Law of May
22'"i. 1871), 167) Massacard (31) (Law of xMarch 22"-'. 1872),
168) Sanl'Anna do Rio du Dona (32) (Resolution of April
16i'i. 1872), 169) Coiiccicdo do Almeida (Law of March
23"'. 1872), 170) Bai.va Grande (La\Y of April 22i"i. 1872),
171 1 Renumso (33i (Lt»w of .\pril 27'ii. 1872), 172) Ara^as
(Law of June 21^'. 1872), 173) Alagoinhas Nova (Law of
June 28"'. 1872). 174) Riaclio da Casa Nova (Law of
April 3i'i. 1873), 175) Cnrralinho (Law of June 28"'. 18/3),
176) S. Sebastido do Sincord (34) (Law of November 3'''.
1873), 177) Rosario da Cannabrava (Law of May 27"'.
1874), 178) Sanlo Anlonio de Arguini (Law of August 13"'.
1875), 179) Santa Rilla das Dnas Barras (35) (Law of
May 2'"i. 1876 , 180) SanCAnna de Lustosa (Law of July
4"'. 1870i. 181 1 Rcmedius do Rio de Contas iLaw of Ajjril

1870 (Sec the note no. 6i, the seal of the parish of Jcqui-
rica was removed to lliis place. Hut the Law of August
5"'. 1884 extinguished the |)arish of Caiiry and removed
its seat to Lage, the territory of Cariry being joined
to a part of that of Lage, under the name of Nossa Se-
nhora da Conceicao do Cariry da Lage.

(31) Tlie Law of May 18"'. i^81 ren'iovcd its scat to the
cliapcl of (Aimbe; but it was revoked bv the Law of
June 25"'. 18S2.

(32) The Hesohilion of August li)i''. 1876 Iransferrcd its
seat to the chapel of Livramento in Taboleiro das Almas;
but it was reinstalled by the Law of June 10"'. 1880,
which revoked I he last-mentioned one, the Hesolutiou
of Ajiril 16"'. 1872, that created the parish of Santa
Anna do Hio da Dona, being likewise rcNoked.

(33) It was created by the Law of December N"'. 1857,
which removed to Ibis place (he seal of the |)arisii of
Lilao Arcado, as it was also determined by the Hesolu-
tiou of April 27"'. 1872.

i34) I'Alingiiislied by the Hesohilion olMiine8"' 187(),
which removed ilsseat to the hamlel /"Vjcc/zf/a do (uido.
ll was. howevei-, icinslalled b\ the Hesohilion of Mav
<)"'. 1881.

i35i The Hesohilion of June 10"'. 1880 gave il the deno-
miualion of Sanla Anlonio das Dnas Riuras.

1 53

12"'. 1877), 182i Raso (Law of April 12"'. 1877i, 183) Bom
Dcspdcho da Fcira (Law of July ii"' 1877), 184) S. Sc-
bdsliao dds Umbiiranas (Law of July 6'ii. 1877), 185) An-
daraluj (Law of July 11"'. 1878i, 1H6) Pogocs and 187)

Jioiii/iin ddS Vclluis (L:iw of Scpleinbcr IG"'. :878i, 188i
Conccigdo dos Olhos d'Agiia (Law of May 27"'. 1879i,
18'Ji Tanqainho (Law of July 28"'. 1879), 190i 5. Sebas-
lido dcCactite (Law of June 12"'. 1880), 191 1 Oliveird do
/in:/7/j/io (Law of June 25"'. 1880), 192) Giboia (3Gi Law
of August 15'!'. I88O1, W,h Conceigao do S(tpc iLaw of
August yi''. 1885), 194) Bom Jcsns da Boa Esperanga do
Riachdo dc Ulintja (Law of November 22i"i. 1887), 195)
Santo Aidoiiio dc PUdo Arcailo (37) (Law of July 22'"'.
1889).

Wc will addilionally uienlion llie following parishes,
Ihc dale of their creation being not known : 19G 1
i>. Francisco das Chagas da Barra do Rio Grande, 197)
Campo Laryo, \dS) Angic(d, VJ9) Sanla Ritia do Rio Prclo,
200) Chiqiie-Chique, 2 1 ) A' os.sa Scnhora da Gloria do Rio
das Eg lias.

The latter is .said to have been created in 1806, and
Campo Largo, Angical and Rio Prclo in 1804. The pai ish
of 5 Francisco das Chagas da Barra do Rio Grande dates
from a remoter period. Some other |)arishes were also
created by llie Provincial Assembly; but, as Ihey did
not receive Ihe canonical sanction, we left them out.

(36) This ])arish was not at first canonized; but the
Hesdlution of August 25i''. 1880, though it e.xlinguishcd
Ihis |)arish, by removinu its seat to Tapera, yet it crea-
ted aiiidlher parish of (liboia, separated from Tapei-a.

(37) Us seat being removed to Remanso by the Heso-
luiion of April 27"'. 1872 (See the note no. '33), it was
reinstalled by the Law of July 22"'i. 1889. The epoch
when it was liisl created is not known; it is presumed,
however, its creation dates from the first years of this
cenlurw

ID4

According to what asserts the Vi' count of Poiio
Scguro, the hishoprick of Brazil was created, at the
pressing request olD. Joao III, by the bull Super spe-
cula mititanlis ccclesid', of Februai y 2.')'''. 1331.

The bishop exercised his authority over the whole
Brazil and adjacent i. lands, till other episcopal sees
were instituted. He was called the Primate of Brazil,
for his having been its first bishop.

One hundred and twenty one years, eight months and
fifteen days later, on the 16"'. ofNovembL-r 1676, the sec
ot Bahia wasele\aled to the lank of an archbishoprick
by a bull of Innocent XI, in the reign of 1). Pedro 11 in
Portugal.

The first bishop was:

1'.— D. Pedro Feruaudes Sardinha. He was a vicar
general at (ioa, when, on the 4"'. of December 1551,
according to what Prie^t Simao de Vasconcellos affirms
in his " Chronica da Con:panhian, he was api)oinled
bishop of Salvadoi .

He left Belem (Lisbon) on the 24'''. of March 1552. On
the 271''. he was in sight of Madeiia, arrived on Ihc S'''.
of April at Santiago do Cabo Yerde, where he slaid four
days, going on his voyage on the 11"'. at night. <(One
day before the eve of Midsummer day«, states Priest
Xobrega in a letter, "the bishop arrived here, at Bahia,
witli all his alleiuhinis and crew in good hcaUh, though
the voyage was so long that every body thought he
would not come, wherefore the whole cily was very
sorry-)

He lodged al (list in the house (T the .lesuils. 111! a
|)roper a|)arlu,enl was found for him. He picaeiied in
the feast (if Si. Pelei" and M Paul Mhe2'.)"' of.luiiei willi
a great religious failii, which wrs, as Xobrega sivs,
■ very advantageous to the heart of his siieep".

On Ihc 2"'. ol .iiiiii' IT),')!) he wimiI oil' (o Lisbon to
com|)lain to the kiii.i; of the discoids thai had risen

i55

belween him and I). Diiartc da Cosla. On the Ki"'. he
wrecked in the hay dos Fnincczes, l)et\vcen the rivers
S. Francisco and (Airuripe. 'i'iic bishop, tiic chicl'-provi-
dcr oi llie exclieciucr, Antonio Cardoso dc Harros, wiio
had accompanied liim, and tlic whole crew an(! passen-
i^crs Dial had escaped irom the shipwreck, men and
women, more than one liunchcd, were devoured by tlie
indians C.aheles, who seized tlicm, one portuguese
bein_L5 only saved, who knew the Indians' languaj^e, and
a IVw natives ol' I^ahia.

2"K-I). Pedro Lcitdo, appointed by 1). Scbastiao and
conlirmed by Paul IV, arrived at Hahia on the 2'"'. of
l)eceml)er 1559 and on the 9'''. was invested with his
ol'lice. He died, according to Porto Seguro, in 1575 and
was buiicd in the chapel of O. L. ol Aivporo 'which
was consecrated upon that time to the Holy Sacrament),
in the church of i\% whence his bones were afterwards
carried away to Lisbon.

3"'.- D. Anlonio Barrciros, also a])pointed by D. Sebas-
tiao, in the pontificate of (Gregory XHI, arrived at Bahia
in August 5'''. 157(5. (According to Anchiela, in his «In-
lorma^ao do Brazil e suas capitaniasw, written in 1584, it
happened in 1575). He assumed the government on the
15'''., according to Porto Seguro, and died in May 11"'.
IGOn, as it is affirmed in Dr. Mello Moraes' manuscript.

4"'.—/). Conslanlino Barradas, appointed under Philip-
pe n and during the pontificate of Clement VHI, by
whom he was confirmed, took possession of his charge
in 1603, according to Porto Seguro. He promulgated a
l)articular constitution for the government of his diocese
in 1005. At his request an edict w^as issued in 1608, which
increased the revenues of the capitulary body and parsons
of the fourteen churches then existent, in addition to
which he create I those of Boipeba, Cayrii, Jaguaripe and
Sergipe d'Rl-rey. lie died in November l'. 1618 and was
buried in the chief-chapel of St. Francis' convent. Mariz

asserts he died in 1621.
20

1 56

5"'.— D. Marcos re/.re/ra, appointed by Philippe IV, in
Ihc pontificates of Paul V and Gregory XV (because the
former died and llie latter was elected in tlie same month)
and obliged by the Royal Patent of March IQi''. 1G22,
addressed to the Board of Conscience and Orders,
to leave Lisbon, arrived at Brazil upon the lime
of the dutch invasion and took possession of his
charge in December 8'''. 1622. During the dutch occu-
pation he held the civil and military government
for three months and astonished every body with his
boldness and wit. He died in October 8'''. 1624, in the
camp of the Portuguese troops, and was buried in the
Conception chapel of Itapagipe.

6'^— /) Fr. Miguel Pereira, chosen in the reign of
Philil)pe IV and pontificate of Urban VIII, took possession
of his office by proxy on the 19'''. of June 1628, but did
not come to exercise the high functions of his charge,
for, having staid in Lisbon up to 1630, he died there
on the 16"'. of August of the same year.

7^^'.— D.Pedro daSilva Sampaio. He was appointed in the
reign of Philippe IV and pontificate of Urban VHI, after
the sec was vacant ten years since, on account of the
dutch war and the little attention that the Spanish gov-
ernment paid to Brazil. He arrived at Bahia on the 19"'.
of May 1631 and his first care was to reform the calhe
dral, which was still mudwalled. As he was endowed
with an irascible and intolerant temper, he drew upon
himself the antipathy of the people, the local government
ar:d the Court. When the Duke of Bragan^a, in conse-
quence of the revolution that rose up in Lisbon in De-
cember 1~'. 1640, was proclaimed king, D. Pedro da Silva
assumed the general government, contributing to the
violent and unjust deposition of tlic Viceroy, >hu'(juis of
Montalvao, and to liis sending away to Lisbon, loaded
witli chains. He died on the 14"'. or l")"'. of April 164i),
the news of Ills (icatli being received l)y the people with

I -■'7

the greatest indiirerencc. He was l)uried in tlie chief-
chapel of the church of^Sc'. The galleon Sanla Maria or
Sanla Mar(](irida, which afterwards carried away his
bones to Lisbon, was wrecked off the Azores.

8'''.—/^. Alvaro Soares de Castro, chosen by D. Joao IV,
was not confirmed on account of the conse((ucnces that
sprunjf from the revolution of 1640. That took place dur-
in<4 the pontificate of Urban VIII. He died in Lisbon.
Nevertheless he is reckoned the eighth l)ishop of Brazil.

9'''.— D. Eslevam dos Santos, chosen by D. Aflbnso VI
or, rather, by his brother D. Pedro (afterwards king
D. Pedro II i, then a regent prince, and in the pontificate
of Clement X. He arrived at Bahia in April 15'''. 1672
and held the episcopal government for one month and
twenty one days, because he died on the 6'''. of July. He
was buried in the chief-chapel of the church of Se.

10'''.— D. Constantino de Sampaio, proposed by the
above named prince to the same pope, did not take
possession of his office, for he died in 1676, in Lisbon,
while he was still waiting for the bulls of his confirma-
tion. He was the last bishop.

ARCHBISHOPS

The bishoprick was elevated by the bull Romani Pon-
tificis pastoralis solicitudo to the rank of a metropolitan
and primatial archbishoprick of Brazil and the prelacies
of Hio de Janeiro and Pernambuco to bishopricks, sub-
ordinate to the archbishoprick. The see of Maranhao was
also created, IjuI subordinate to that of Lisbon. Prince
D. Pedro was then reigning over Portugal. The territories
of the captaincy of S. Vicente and bishoprick ofMarian-
na formed a part of the bislioprick of Rio de Janeiro up
to 1746 and that of Rio Grande do Sul till 1847 or ^848.
(The law that created the archbishoprick was issued in
1847 and the bull in 1848 1.

i58

The first archbishop was:

l^K—D. Caspar Barata de Mendonga, who, chosen by D.
Pedro Hand confirmed by the Holy See, took possession
of his office by proxy on the 3"'. of June 1677. He
never came to his diocese, on account of his valetu-
dinary state, which short cftcr obliged him to resign
the archbishoprick. He died at the village of Sctubal
in December ll'i'. 1686.

2'"'.—/). Fr. JoCio da Madre dc Dens, who arrived at
Bahia on the 20"'. of May 1683, after having (according
to Mello Moraesi been invested with his office in Sep-
tember 2'"'. 1682. He died in June 13"'. 1686 and was
buried in the chief-chapel of Ihe church o[ Sc, after hav-
ing been precedenlly inhuraalcd in the chapel of O. L.
of Maravilhas, because upon his death the inhumation
was not possible in the chief-chapel.

^'K—D. Fr. Manuel da Resnrreigdo. He arrived at Bahia
on the 13"'. of May 1688. He governed provisionally Ihc
stale after the death of Malhiasda Cunha up to the arri-
val of Antonio Luiz Gonsalves da Camara Coulinho, in
October 10'''. 1690. After visiting the southern territories
of the archbishoprick, he died in Belem, near ('achoeira,
on the 16"'. of January 1691, and lies in the church of
that ancient seminary, in its chief-chapel.

I'*'. — J). Fr. Jodo Franco de Oliveira, removed from
Angola lo Bahia, under the ponlillcalc of Innocent XH,
arrived at Bahia on liie ;")'''. of December 1691. There
are dilferenl opinions rcsijccliiig the day of his arrival:
the author of the "Dalas C.elcbrcs" and Abrcu e Lima
assert it took place in 1()97 and the «Uoleiro dos bisjja-
dos», Ildcfonso Xavier I'erreira, «Constiluivt3cs primeiras
do arcebispado da iJahiai> and Dr. Mello Moracs' manus-
cript al'firm it happened on tiie .")"'. of December 1(592.
Tliis is Iruc, incU-cd, as (o liu' day and nionlli, but not as
1(» the year, because in a letter preserved in iiie I*ui)Iic
Ai chive of Baiiia, written in Ibis city in July 12'''. 1692,

i5q

by the archbishop to the king, complaining of the bad
reception bestowed on liim by the Governor (Antonio
Luiz Gonsalves da Camara Coilinho), D. Joao Franco
slates: c(I have been in lliis archbishopricl< . . from llic
.■)''!. of last December".

Dr. Mello Moraes" manuscript says liiat he clr.ndcd in
Santo Antonio da Harra, where lie staid three days and
ordered Reverend Dean Andre de N. to take possession
of the archbishoprirk; on the 8'''. of the same monlh
he efTected his public presentation; after a few months
the capilana of the fleet brought the pall, which was
bestowed on him ^in consequence of the Dean's death,
who had been charged wilh that ceremony) by Ihe
grand treasurer of the See, Joao Passos da Silva, in June
29"'. 1693 (the day of the Holy Apostles St. Peter and
St. Paul), before a great deal of people, noblemen, friars,
etc., who legalized the scene and made the day more
solemn >>.

Though this archbishop governed a short time, j'et
he visited some parishes both littoral and on the S. Fran-
cisco banks and administered the chrism to 40,000 per-
sons. In August 28"'. 1700 h? went away to Lisbon,
whence he was to set out to Miranda, in order to take
possession of the bishoprick thereof, lo which he had
asked his removal, thus proving his inditTcrence to
wordly vanities, for he ceased to be a metropolitan and
primate to become a mere subordinate bishop. He died
in Condeixas, his birlh-place, in August of 1715.

.")"'.—/). Sebnslido Monteiro da Vide arrived at Bahia in
March 22"'. (or May 20"'., according to Jaboalaoi and
look possession of his office, in his own person, on the
22'"'. of May. He issued in June 21". 1707 the constitu-
tions of the archbishoprick, after they had been accepted
and approved by the diocesan synod, the first in Brazil,
called by him and held on the 12"'. of that monlh, and
al which were present the bishop of Angola (D. Luiz Si-
moes Brandaoi and the (lovcrnor iLuiz Cesar de Mene-

[6o

zes). He created 2J parochial churches, built that of
S. Pedro Novo and the dwelling house of the arch-
bishops. He substituted in the civil government of the
state the Count of Viraieiro (deceased on the 13'''. of Octo-
ber 1719i and died in September 7i''. 1722. 79 years and .")
months old, after having gnvcrned his diocese during
20 years, .') months and 19 days. He was buried in the
chief-chapel of the church of Sc, where this epitaph is
to be read: Obclormivit in Domino 7 Sept. anni MDCCXXII.
6'''.— D. Liiiz Alvares do Figiieiredo, appointed arch-
bishop in 1725, arrived in the same year and took posses-
sion of his charge on the 17'''. of September. He died ten
years later, in 1735, on the 27"'. of August, 65 years old,
after having been an archbishop during 10 years, and
was buried in St. Joseph's chapel, in the church of^'c,
as he had asked in his will.

7'ii.— jD. Fr. Jose Fiolho. After having governed for
13 years the diocese of Peinambuco, for which he had
been proposed by D. Joao V and confirmed by Be-
nedict XllI in February 20ii'. 1725, he was removed, in
July 20'''. 1738, to the archbishoprick of Bahia, where he
arrived on the 2'"'. of February of the following year
and whence he was afterwards removed to the bishop-
rick of Guarda. He died in Lisbon in March 18'''. 1741.
S'U—1), Jose Bolcllw dc Midlos. He arrived at Bahia
on llic 3"'. of May 1711. It was under iiis government
that the extinction of the Jesuits look i)lacc. He exer-
cised the functions of a civil governor in substitution
of the Count of Alouguia, who set out lo Lisbon in Au-
gust 7'''. 1755. In January 7"'. 17()0 he (k'livcred liic gov-
ernmcnl of the diocese lo the capitulary body and
rclircd to I lie |)arisli of Nossa Scnhoni da Penlia dc
Frau{(i. of llapagipe, where he died, on the 22'"'. of No-
vember 17()7, in the house he had built for liimself. He
was jiiliunied in llie eiiier-cliapel of that jjaiish ciiurch.
l)r. Mello Moraes niaiuiseripl also aMiiius Hie arch-

I()I

bishoi)'s (Icnlli on the ahovc-inciilioiicd date. Inil asserls
1k' ceased to i^ovcrn the arcliblshopricU in November
IT.VJ.

[y^K—D. Fr. Manuel do Sanla Igncz. Here is wbat re-
jjorls about liini the above-cited nianiiscrii)t:

(■1770. In Jaiuiarv 7'''. 17(5) the reverend chapter, on
receivinj^ tlie Royal Patent of November 4'''. 1759, which
was delivered to it by the Deseinbargador Civil Auditor
General, wherein Mis Majesty participated to have ac-
cepted the renouncing of the Most Excellent D. Jose I3o-
tclho de Mattos (the archbishop of Bahiai, immediately
declared the Sec vacant; ujion which the archbishop re-
tired to Penha, as we have said. On the 29'''. of July 17G2,
in conse(iuencc of His Majesty's positive order, given
on the 20'ii. of April 1761 and transmitlcd to the reve-
rend chapter by the Most Excellent bishop of Angola
D. Manuel de Santa Ignez, chosen archbishop of Bahia
at the morn of the day after his arrival, in the convent
of the Barefoot Carmelites, and in accordance with the
resolution of the chapter, two canons invested him with
the government as a capilulary vicar, while they were
wailing for the apostolical lellers. In ncccnil)cr V. 1770
Ihe above-mentioned prelate took jiosscssion of the arch-
bishoprick in the church of Sc, in consequence of the
apostolical letters, by means of his representer, Reverend
Vicar General Dr. Gon^alo de Souza Falcao.

..He died on the 29"'. of June 1771 and was buried in
the church of St. Theresa. On the death of the Marquis
of Lavradio, the older, he governed 4 years and 4 months
with Chancellor Jose de Carvalho de Andrade and Colo-
nel Gonc;iIo Xavier de Barros Alvim. After the Count
of Azambuja retired to Rio dc Janeiro, he held alone
the governmenl, by royal command, till the Marcjuis of
Lavradio, the younger, arrived, after 5 months and 19
days."

10'"'.— Z). .Joaqniin Borges dc Figueirua, nominated in

1 62

April S-^'. 1772. Mc was then a bishop in Mariana. The
abovc-quolc'd manuscript writes the following about
him:

"No sooner were the letters ol' his conlirmation re-
ceived than he came to Bahia and took possession of
the archbishopriek. obliging the regular clergy to wail
on him upon his landing, with their cross lifted up, and
accompany him as far as the see of the archbishopriek."

The manuscript does not indicate, however, the day
when that took place. The Viscount of Porto Seguro
asserts it came to pass in December 1773; Ignacio Accioly,
the (iRoteiro dos Bispados" and Canon Ildefonso— about
the end of October.

He afterwards resigned his ollice. The above-men-
tioned authors do not agree on the matter. Ildefonso,
Accioly and the "Roteiro dos Bispados» alTirm that the
renunciation happened in 1780 and Abrcu e Lima in 1778.
The manuscript, however, says still more: >'He was a
doctor of laws, the first bishop of Marianna ihe was, in
truth, the second, the first being D. Fr. Manuel da Cruz),
and as the Count of Povolide left the government he
held it together with (>hancellar Miguel Serrao Diniz
and Colonel Manuel Xavicr Ala, for 5 years and o days.
In 1777 he asked his dismissal to the govei nment of Por-
tugal; nevertheless he continued governing till the reve-
rend chapter, on being informed that, in consecjuence of
his renunciation, another archbishop had been chosen,
declared Ihe see vacant nnd edVcled Ihe election for
capitulary vicar, while Ihe i)relale under consideration
was still in this city; wheiefore he applied to the Crown
Tribunal, as if he iuid Ixen deposed; but, such a claim
not being approved, he was foiccd to go away to
Lisbon, where he died, in SepUniber L'.')"'. 178S, 71 years,
1 months and 18 days old, and was buried in the church
of () L. of Carmo"

11"'. -•/>>. /•'/•. Aiiloiiio (Ic S. Josr. He was ruling since

i63

len years, as its sixth l)isliop, the diocese of Maranhao,
when, on account oi" his having maintained a capital
point on llie ininnmity of churcli, he was called to the
Portuguese court, to which he set out in February 14'''.
17(57, and was ordered to retire into the convent of his
order, in Leiria.

On the death of D. Jose I, Queen D. Maria transferred
him to I3ahia, putting an end to the disfavour under
which he was and to his long ostracism. According to
the manuscript that we have spoken of he was appointed
on the 2'"'. of May and confirmed on the 201''. of July,
1778. Not being able, however, on account of his illness,
to come and take possession of his new office, he re-
mained in Lisbon, in the convent of O. L. of Graga,
where lie died, in August 3"'. 1779. Yet he is reckoned
the ll'ii. archbishop of Bahia.

12'ii.— 79. Fr. Aiilonio Correia, appointed on the 16i''. of
August 1779. After having been consecrated, in April 9'''.
1780, in the church of St. Augustine convent, belonging
to his order, he came to Bahia, where he arrived in
December 24111, 1781. He exercised the functions of a gov-
ernor in 1783, during the absence of the governor, the
Marquis of Valen^a, and in 1801, while D. Fernando Jose
de Portugal was also absent. He died, as it is stated in
his epitaph, inscribed in the chief-chapel of the church
of Se, in July 12'ii. 1802, uafter having chosen his grave
in the cathedral, by Christ's altar, where is kept the
Blessed Heart of Jesus, that he was greatly devoted to».

l.'J'ii. -Fr. Jose de Santa Escholastica, presented in Octo-
ber 25"'. 1803 and preconized in Rome on the 28'ii. of
March 1804, look possession of his office, by proxy,
in June 12iii. of the subseciuent year, and arrived at
Bahia in July IIH'. 1805. He lodged here in the monastery
of his order (St. Benedict), on the next day sent his
rcpresenter. Reverend Dean Manuel de Almeida Maciel,

to assume the government, and on the 17"'. made his
21

164

entrance with Ihc wonlcd ceremonies and the greatest
poii)[). On the death of the Count of Ponle, he exercised
the secuhir power, with Chancellor Antonio Luiz Pe-
reira da Cunha and Lieutenant General Joao Baplista
Vieira Godinho, during one year and four months. He
died on the 3"'. of January 1814 and was inhumed in
St. Joseph's chapel in the monastery of St. Benedict.

I41I'.— D. Fr. Francisco de S. Dainaso dc Abreu Vieira.
He was holding the episcopal government in Malacca
when he was appointed, in May IS"'. 1814. governor and
capitulary vicar of the archbishoprick by the bishop of
S Paulo, D. Matheus dc Abreu Pereira (the most ancient
sulTragon), because the clnjiler had not offered any name
for llie office ill duo limo. One docs not know whclhcr
he was afterwards appoidlcd ai'chlMshop or ruled Ihc
diocese as a governor and capitulary vicar. It is known
that, in order to fulfd the last-named functions, he arri-
ved at Haliia on the lO"'. of Septcnd)er 1814, founded the
seminary in the house bequeathed for tlie purpose by
Canon Jose Telles de Menezes, the grand treasurer of the
arcldiishoprick, and died in November 18'''. 1816, being
inhumed in the cathedral church. Chroniclers consider
him the 14ii'. arch])ishop.

Mill.— /J. Jodo Maiizoni. He was among the Oratorians
and resigned his office, alleging his old age and habit-
ual illness. This renunciation took ])lace in 181S, the
very year when, on the IS"', of May, he had been i)re-
sentcd. He was succeeded in the same year by

16"'. — /^. Fr. Viccnlc da Soledade Caslro, who, being
confirmed by Pope Pius VH and proclaimed arch!)ish()p
in the secret consistory held on the 28'''. of August 182i>,
took possession of his charge by |)roxy, but never came
to bis diocese. He conlinued holdini!, Ihc functions of
mend)er of the legislative body in Lisl)()n, where he died.
The diocese was administrated all the while by Ihe capi-
lularv vicar.

i6b

17'''.— Z). Romiuddo Antonio de Seixos. Presented in
October 26>''. 1826, confirmed by Leo XII in May 20"'.
1827 and consecrated in Rio de Janeiro on the 28'''. of
October of the same year, Count and afterwards Mar-
quis of Santa Cruz, deputy of the General Assembly in
1826 and 1841, and appointed in 18.'S8 minister of the
Empire department la charge that he did not accept),
D. Romualdo took possession of his office, in January
31^'. 1828, by means of his representer, Canon Jose Car-
doso de Mello, and made his entrance on the 26"'. of
November of the same year.

After having administrated his diocese with general
applause more than 32 years, by allying the aflection and
love of his sheep with the respect to the high functions
exercised by him, he died in the suburb of Penha, on
the 29"'. of December 1860, at eleven o'clock a. m., and
was inhumed in the cathedral, by the door of the
Sacrament chapel.

W^'.— I). Manuel Joaqiiim da Silvcira, who was then
holding the diocesan government of Maranhao, was re-
moved to Bahia by the Imperial Charter of January 5"'.
1861 and preconizcd in Rome in the consistory held on
the 11)"'. of March of that year. iThe bulls of his confir-
mation bear the date of March 23"').

He arrived at Bahia on the 27"'. of June, on the 29"'.
received the pall from 1). Antonio de Macedo Costa, then
the bishop of Para, and took possession of his office on
the I'l. of July of the same year, represented by his attor-
ney. Dean Miguel Antonio Ferreira.

In 1864 he was appointed vice-chaplain, that he miglit
celebrate the marriage of the princesses D. Leopoldina
and D. Izabel, on the 15"'. of October and 1.")"'. of De-
cember of that year, for which purpose he was called
to the Court. He was afterwards bestowed the title of
Count of S. Salvador and died 67 years, 2 months and
12 days old, on the 23"^'. of June 1874, at eleven o'clock
p. ra.. He was buried in the cathedral church.

i66

19tii._£). Joaquim Gonsalves de Azevedo, the third bish-
op of Goyaz, was, b\' the decree of May 14''". 1876,
appointed archbishop of Bahia and prcconizcd in the
consistory held on the 19'''. of December of the same
year. He received the pall from the hands of the bishop
of Rio de Janeiro in the church of Castello, in April 29'''.
1877, took possession of his diocese in May 7"'. and ar-
rived at Bahia on the 14"'., when he assumed the admi-
nistration. He died at Itaparica, in November 6'''. 1879,
and was inhumed in the capital.

20ii'._/). Liiiz Anlonio dos Santos, the first bishop of
Ceara, appointed archbishop by the decree of Novem-
ber 15'''. 1879, preconized at Rome on the l^"'. of May
1881. He took possession of his office in the person of
his represenler, Monscigneur Manuel dos Santos Perei-
ra, on the 20'''. of October of the same year, and began
lo govern in his own person in September h'. 1882; lie
resigned his charge on the 29"'. of July 1890, and died in
the archiepiscopal palace of the city, on the 11'''. of
March 1891, being inhumed before the Holy Sacrament
chapel of the cathedral church.

21>'.— D. Anlonio de Macedo Costa, the 10'''. bishop of
Para, was preconized at Rome on the 26'''. of June 1890.
He received the pall in S. Paulo on the 31*'. of August
of the same year, by means of his represenler and coad
jutor of the diocese, the bishop of Eucarpia, Monsei-
gneur Manuel dos Santos Pcreira, then a capitulary vicar,
in September 18'''. 1890. He died, without having person-
ally governed his diocese, at Barbacena (stale of Minas),
on the 21''. of March 1891. His cor|)sc w;is brought lo
iiahia an 1 inhumaled in April before Ihe Holy Sananieul
chapel in the cathedral church.

Railways

Allhough 34 years have elapsed since was built in this
slale Ihe lirsl railroad, which also was among the first

167

in Brazil, yet the railroad enterprizes have been but
little forwarded, owing almost exclusively to the ancient
political ccnlralisalion, which brought thcni under the
dependency on the central government.

Tiierc are in the slate little more than one thousand
kilometers of railroad, in several lines, built whether by
the central government, or by different companies or the
state.

The Bahia and S. Francisco Railmay Company began
in 1858 its works, which were concluded in 1863, when
was put up to public traffic a line 123 kilom. 500 m.
in extent, commencing in the city of Bahia (Calcada do
Bomfim), 5 meters above the sea-level, and gradually
ascending, till it reaches the town of Alagoinhas, 136 m.
above the sea.

This company afterwards built a branch road 83 kilom.
in extent, which began to be constructed on the 14i''. of
June 1884 and leads from Alagoinlias to the hamlet of
Timbo, whence another company, recently organized,
intends to prolong it as far as the capital and other
towns of Sergipe.

The company Tramroad de Nazarclh laid open to pub-
lic traffic in September 7"'. 1881 the first kilometers of its
railway, from the town of Nazarclh lo that of Santo
Antonio de Jesus, through an extent of 34 kilom., and in
June of last year another tract, 65 kilom. long, from
Santo Antonio de Jesus to the town of Amargosa.

It is a very promising railway, though it would be
better for it to have its initial station 4 leagues before
its actual starling point, that is to say— in the village of
Jaguaripe, the topographical conditions of which are
very suitable and where two good vast harbours are to
be seen, instead of originating in the town of Nazareth,
which docs not offer sucli advantages.

Between 1870 and 1880 the Brazilian Central Bahia
Railwaij Company built a chief line, which stretches

;68

away from the town of S. Felix do Paraguassu and ter-
minates for the present time— on one side in Machado
Porlella, on the otlicr in Bandeira de Mello, the former
being 244 Iciloni. and the laller 254 from the first station.
Its first section, iVoni S. Felix to Tapera (84 kilom.),
was inaugurated in December 23"'. 1881.

A branch-road, from the town of Cachoeira to that of
Feira, 45 kilom. in extent, which was already conclu-
ded, was laid open to public trallic on the 2"'. of De-
cember 187G, when they set at the constrution of the prin-
cipal line, and is now to be extended as far as the station
of Ouriq-angas, belonging to the Prolongamcnto railway,
the valleys of the S. Francisco and Paraguassu being thus
in connection.

The company intends: 1) to extend the line towards
the south as far as the town of Caetitc; 2) to build a
branch-road terminating in Mundo Novo or Baixa Gran-
de, after having passed the colonies that are to be crea-
ted in the woodlands of Orobo; 3) to establish in the
terminal station an agency on the account of the com-
pany, to receive and deliver the cargoes come from the
inland and pay the due fare, for which purpose the com-
pany will keep in deposit the sums trusted to it by the
parties, who will be under no charge for it; 4i to estab-
lish in the intermedial stations that may require it a few
agencies like that of the terminal station, or, in case
the station be unimportant, to add such a service to that
of the respective agcnl; 5) to organize on the account of
the company a line of steamships between the capital and
S. Felix, so that the Central Bahia Jiailmaij may have its
central station in liie capital.

The company also intends to build a branch-road from
Tapera to Tarlaruga, as well as another between S. Felix
and Maragogipe, Ibis being destined for the starting point
of the steamers towards Ihe capital.

The stale is the owner of 5, ()()() shares ol lliis railway,
l,0(jO:l)()ll^O(U) wortli, which were taken to the ancient

i6o

enterprise Paraguassu. Only 3,000 shares, corresponding
lo llic realized money entrances of the new company,
have their interest guaranteed, for the company thinks
that the other 2,000, corresponding to the money-en-
trances ellccled in tlie ancient Paraguassu, 400:000/000
worth, are not comprised by the art. II of the Decree
no. 6637 of June 31 '. 1877, which ordered the interest
to he paid on the sums deposited in a bank. The budget
law in vigour empowers the state government to come
to an agreement with the federal one in order to obtain
the same advantages for the 2,000 shares excluded from
the guarantee.

Tlie bridge joining the chief lino to the hranchrond
of Fcira, bc'wixt Cachoeira and S. Felix, which lanks
among the most imjiortant works of such a kind in Bra-
zil, was inaugurated in July 7'''. 1885.

The Prulongamento railway, constructed by the general
government, connects the town of Alagoinhas with that
of Bomfim (322 kilom.i and will soon reach the town of
Joazeiro; which will be highly auspicious, on account of
the communication of the whole S. Francisco valley with
the capital.

The Bahia-Minas railway begins in the town of Cara-
vellas and has its terminus for the present time at "Ay-
mores", in the frontier of Minas, 142 kilom. from Cara-
vellas.

The prosperity of this railway depends on its being
extended through the northern part of the state of
Minas. The company intended to carry it into effect till
it might reach Theophilo Ottoni, through an extent of 235
kilom., with a guarantee of interest granted by the state
of Minas, the monarchical government having also guar-
anteed the interest on 150 kilom. westward from Theo
philo Ottoni, as far as S. Joao Baptista. The railroad
would be afterwards so much extended as to reach the
S. Francisco river.

1 70

The government of the then province of liahia had
hound itself in a contract, in consequence of the Law
no. 1946 of August 28"'. 1879, to pay the subsidy of 9:000^
for every kilometer of this railway that might be built
on the territory ofBahia; wherefore the state had to
spend the enormous sum of l,321:17U.50rO, under the con-
dition that, after 50 years of privilege, eilher the rail-
wav should become a property of the stale, or the com-
pany should return, at any time, the sums paid and the
respective interest at 6 per cent.

The company having declared in its report for 1889
to pay the sum laid out and its interest, the government
was authorized to receive il by Ihc art. VI ij II of the
budget law in vigour.

The Sanlo Amaro railway belongs to the stale. II starts
from Ihe town of Sanlo Amaro and reaches the hamlet of
Jacu (Iparish of Bom Jardini), through an extent of 30200
meters.

It is serviceable to the cane sugar induhlry of Ihe
parishes that it passes through, as well as to the cenlral
factory of Bom Jardim.

The extension of the railroad as far as Alagoinhas,
which Ihey are carrying into elVccl, will be of great
prolit to the line, in consequence of the direct commu-
nication that will be established between the S. Fran
Cisco valley and the capital.

The Siiiilo Aiuaro railway, Ihe construction of which
was authorized by the provincial Law no. 1812 ol July ll'i'
1878, was inaugurated in December 2,)'''. 1KS3, with the
stations ;;f Sanlo Amaro, Filar, Tiaripe, .lacuipe, Terra
Nova and .lacu It conveyed 1820S pas.sengers in 1891,
Ihe inconic being ()8::{1'.I^180 and liie expenditure
99:J:)85()10.

The establislimcnt of Ihe republic laiscd up tiic enler-
prizing genius, and several concessions were made by

lyi

llic stale government to the followin.L; persons and com-
panies lor the construction of railroads:

(1) Forlunato, Pinlio, Aveliar & C. (April 18"'. 1890),
lor a railway from the river Aratuhype to the hamlet
of Jicjuie;

(2) the company Trainroad dc Nazareth (October IG'''.
1890), for extending its line from Areia to Conquisla;

(3 1 the same company (October 27"'. 1890), for a rail-
way starting from the station of Nozareth and running
aloi.g the bank of the Jaguaripe, till it reaches the point
most suitable to navigation;

(4) Dr. P'rancisco Teixeiia de Magalhaes (October 28"'.
1890), for a railway from the river Pardo to the port
of Santa Cruz;

(5) Luiz (iomes Pereira (October 29"'. 1890), for a rail-
road from the Serra de Itiuba to the town of Jacobina;

(6) Engineer Luiz Antonio de Souza Bahiana (October
31"!. 1890), for a railway from the branch-road of Tim-
bo to the river Real;

i7) John Cameron Grant, Franck George Williamson
and Joao Jose da Cruz Caniarao (October 31'' 1890), for
a railroad from Camamu or Marahu to the riv^er S. Fran-
cisco;

(8) Baron of Soromenha and Engineer Modesto de Fa-
ria Bello (December 22""'. 1890), for a railway contin-
uing that of Monies Clarosand reaching S. Sebastiao do
Salto Grande, in the slate of Minas, and Porto Seguro
in this slate;

i9) Leopoldo Jose da Silva (December 27"'. 1890), for
a railway between Pojuca and Barra do Rio Grande;

(10) Dr. David Ottoni (December 31^'. 1890i, for a
railroad from Cannavieiras to the frontier ot Minas;

(111 Engineer Luiz Thomaz da Cunha Navarro de

Andrade (March 9"'. 1891), for a railway from Alagoi-

nhas to the river S. Francisco;

(12) Alfredo Botelho Benjamin and Jose Ferreira Car-
22

172

doso (April 241"'. 1891), for a branch-road from the
station Bandeira de Mello to the village of Andarahy;

(13) Lieut. -Col. Jose Xiines AfTonso Brilto (June 8"'.
1891), for a railway from Lagoa Redonda to the hamlet
of Palame;

(14) Dr. Antonio Victorio de Araujo Falcao and Agra -
rio Barbosa de Carvalho iJiine 15'''. 1891), for a raih'O ad
from the terminus of the Central Rai'way to the state
ot Goyaz;

(1,5 1 Colonels Mauiicio Jose de Souza Danlas and
Marcos Leiio Velloso (June 20'i'. 1891), for a railway from
Entre-Rios to the hamlet of Manga;

1I61 Joao Jose Vaz, Americo de Freilas, Pedro Jay-
me David and Joaquim dos Santos Correia (July 1''.
1891 1, for a railroad from Passe to the town of Santo
Amaro;

(17) Knginccr Franciscj de Sallcs Torres llomeni
iJaniiary lli''. 1891 1, for a railwny from Vnlenq-a to Ca-
rinhanha.

Navigration and shipping in lh ■ port
of the capital

The Iluvial and oceanic navigation has been highly
forwarded.

Have their seat in the capital:

1 1 The Cowpanhia Dahiana de Kaveija^Cio a apor,
founded in 1858. It etlecls every week 3v(iy:iges for Ca-
chocira,3 for Nazareth, .3 for Sanio Amaro ion Uics(hiys,
thursdays and Saturdays), 1 for Valen^a every friday
and 1 for Itaparica every day. In the line of Cachoeira
the steamers call at Maragogipe and other intermediate
|)orts. In the line of Santo Amaro they touch at Bom
Jesus, Villa de S. Francisco and S. Bento das Lagcs,
where is situated the Agricultural School. The steamers
sailing for Nazareth touch at Aldcia, Jaguaripe and

i7'3

Hapaiica. In the line of Valcnq-a, finnlly, they call al
Taperoii and Mono de S. Paulo.

The company has aclnally 6 steamers for this inland
navigation {S. Francisco, 120 tons; Volern-a, 120; Boa
Viayeni, 90; Nazareth, 90; Santo Antonio, 90; Itaparica,
90), which in 1891 transported: to Cachoeira 53,568 pas-
sengers, Santo Amaro 35,788, Nazareth 25,770, Valen^a
4,788, Itaparica 46,776, such numbers comprising the
totality of passengers, going both abaft and on the prow
and intermediate places.

Besides this inland navigation the company takes also
the charge of the external or coasting one, reaching
Pernambuco on the north and S. Jose de Peruhype on
the south.

The steamers of the north line call at Estancia, Es-
pirito-Santo, S. Christovao, Aracaju, Villa Nova, Pene-
do, Maceio and Pernambuco, making 3 voyages a month,
on the 5"'., 15"'. and 25ii'. in every month. The south
line steamers enter the ports of Ilheos, Cannaviciras,
Belmonte, Santa Cruz, Porto Seguro, Prado, Alcoba^a,
Ponta d'Areia, Caravellas, Vi^osa and S. Jose, in 2 voy-
ages a month, on the 12"'. and 24"'.

The company employs 6 steamers in this service:
Principe do Grdo Para (580 tons); Marquez de Caxias
(403 t.); Sergipe (350 t.); Marinho Visconde (350 t.); Cara-
vellas (353 t.); 5. Felix (200 t.).

2) The Lloijd Brazileiro was authorized by the decrees
nos. 8834 of January 5'K 1883 and 9590 of April 24"'. 1886,
which renovated the contract made with the Compa
nhia Brazilcira de Nauegagao a Vapor on the 24'''. of
January 1874, and 857 of October 13'!'. 1890, which reg-
ulated the service of the Lloyd Brazileiro.

It is under contract with the government for carrying
the mails. It ellects 5 voyages a month for the port of
Bahia, one being extraordinary. Their ships arc packet-
boats.

174

The companj' has its seat in Rio de Janeiro au<^ re-
ceives a subsidy from the federal government. It con-
veyed ill 1891 the number of passengers set down in
the 3""''. table and lio,540 bales, 53,719 being exported
and 51,821 imported.

Among Ihc lines of higli son sloamcrs calling at Haliin
we will mention:

1) Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate Mail Steamers. Tiiis
company was authorized by the order of F"chruary 1^'.
18fi7, which confencd upon its shijis the ])iivilcge of
packet-boats. It is under contract witli the government
for carrying the mails, without any subsidy. II perfoi'uis
2 and sometimes more than 2 voyages a month from Liv-
erpool, 1 from Antwerp and London, and a few ex-
traordinary ones from New York and Portugal, the
voyages from the south to the above ineniioned ports
l)eing between 4 and 5 Some arc loading steamers, some
are packet-boats. The company has its seat in Liverpool.
As for the nundjer ol passengers transported in Ib'JI, sec
the 3-'. table.

2) The Pacific Steam Xavigalion Compamj was author-
ized by the decree no. 9981 ol' July 18'i'. 1888. The fed-
eral government made a conlracl willi it for the convey-
ance of the miiils, without any subsidy. It has clfected
of late 2 monthly voyages Irom the north and 1 from
Ihc south. lis ships aic both jira-ket boats and loading
sleamcis. The seat of the company is in Liverpool. As
lor Ihc number of passengers in 18 1 see the \V\ table.

3i The CIkii'i/ciiis Priiitis, a french steam-ship joint-
slock c( nii)any, with Iho capital of ri,-i! 0,1)00 franks It
was aulhori'.ed by the decree no. 591 of Soptend)er 13'''.
185') and ordei- no. 72 (yf July lOH'. 187;!. It ellVcts 4 voy-
ages a month Irom Ihe north and 2, 3 or 4 from the
south, as necessi;y shall retpiire. Its ships are loading
and iliird class passengers steamers. The seat of Ihc com-
|)aiiy is in I'aiis. The I'edei'al goveinnienl does not pay

it:*

any subsidy to llie company. The nuiiibcr of passengers
conveyed in 1891 is set down in the 3*'. table. The com-
pany imi)orlcd in that year 45,518 i)alcs and oxporlcd
172, 152, wliich makes up the total of 220,970 bales.

4) Tlie Norddeiilscher Lloijd, of Bremen, was anthoi-
ized by the decree no. 10,li)5 of February l^K 1889. It is
under no contract wilh the government for Ihc convey-
ance of the mails and receives no subsidy. It cllccis 2
voyages a month for the port ol Bahia. Its sicamcrs arc
both for load and passengers. As to the number of pas-
sengers in 1891, sec the 3''. table.

5) The Mcssagcries Maritimes was authorized by the
orders of May 11"'. 1860 and August 9'!'. 1861, which
regulated the decree no. 4955 ot March 4"'. 1872. In con-
sequence of the postal convention it also conveys the
mails. Their ships make 2 monthly voyages, the one
from the norlh, leaving Fordcaux on the 20"'. in every
month, and calling at Lisbon, Dakar, Pcrnambuco, Ba-
hia, Rio dc Janeiro, Montevideo and Duenos-Ayrcs, the
other on returning from the south and touching at the
same ports. The ships of this company arc packet boats,
but also receive load. The seat of the company is in Paris
and the general agency in Bordeaux. It receives no
subsidy from the government. In 1891 it conveyed 1113
passengers (403 arrivals, 710 departures) and 44,430 bales
(31,499 being imported and 12,931 exported.)

0) The Unilcd Stales and Brazil Mail Slcamship Com-
pany was authorized by the decree no. 9799 of Novem-
ber 5"'. 1887. It is under contract with the government
for carrying the mails and receives for such a service
the subsidy of 190:000^000 a year. It performs 2 voyages
from the north and 2 from the south every month. The
ships of this company, though they are loading vessels,
yet are ])acketboats. New York is the seat of the com-
pany. See the 3"'. table as to the number of passengers
transported in 1891.

I7(^

7) The Hamburg Sudamerikanische Dampfschiffahrls-
Gesellschafl was authorized by the order of the exche-
quer deparlnieut minister, which conferred on its ships
the privilege of packet-bc.als, in October If)"'. 1869. The
government made a ccntiact willi the agency of the
company in Rio de Janeiro for the conveyance of tlie
mails. The company realizes 4 voyages a month from
Hamburg and 4 from our port, besides a few extraordi-
nary ones. The steamers convey both passengers and
cargoes. The company receives no subsidy from the
government. Its seat is Hamburg. The 3"'. table states the
number of passengers conveyed in 1891.

8) The Lloyd Austriaco made a postal contract with
the government in the agency of Rio de Janeiro. It per-
foimsG voyages for Brazil every year. Its ships arc also
loading steamers . The seat of the company is in Trieste.
It does not receive any subsidy from Ihc government.
As for the number of passengers conveyed in 1891 see
the 3-'. table.

9) The lioycd Mail Sleam Packet Companij celebrated
a contract with the government for the transportation
of the mails, but receives no subsidy for such a ser-
vice. Its steamers make 2 voyages a month, from the
north and south. They arc both for passengers and load.
The scat of the company is in London.

We will additionally mention the following compa-
nies, which send, whether regularly or irregularly, their
steamers to the port of Hahia:

1) Companhia Pernambiicana dc Naoe(ja(;ao a Vapor;

2) Companhia Friyorifera c Pasloril Brazileira;

3) C. Nacional dc NaiH'na{-ao Coslcira;
4} C. dc Naoc(/(ndo Carioca;

5) C. de Paqaclcs Brazil Oriental..
G) C. de N(mc(f(n-do IHspirilo-Sanlcnse:
7) Deulsclic I)ani}>fsclii/lahrtsGc!icllscluiJt-II(niS(i, Rrc-
men;

177

8 1 Linlut Benchimol S: Sobrinho;

9) Lii Veloce NuL>i(ja:ione Ilaliana a Vapore;

lOl Navigazioiie Halo Braziliana, of Genoa;

11) Austrian-Hungarian.,

12 1 Sociele Generale de Transports Maritimes a Vapour
(Marseille);

13i Mala Real PorUujucza.

In 1891 came into the port of Bahia 730 high sea ships,
of which 577 were slcani ships; namely: 568 steamers
of regular and irregular lines, 5 ironchuls, 1 cruiser,
1 frigate and 2 torijcdo-boals, and 155 sailing vessels,
thus classified:

Harks. .

. . 77

Luggers . .

. . 29

Pinnaces.

. . 29

Brigs . . .

. . 7

Galleys .

. . 5

Caics .

. . 3

Yachts

. . 2

Schooners .

3 - 155

The high sea ships

Ih;

il called at the port of Bahia in

1891 were:

English . .

. . 198

German . .

.196

Ficnch

. . 132

Norwegian .

. . 65

American

. . 57

Belgian .

. . 25

Austrian.

Ilalian

Portuguese .

. . 10

Brazilian.

. . 9

Danish . .

, . 6

Dutch. . .

. . 3

Swedish .

. . 2

Spanish . .

. . 2

,78

Chilian 1

Ari^cnlinc .... 2

Tlicy came from:

Siinlos Mild Rio dc Ja-
neiro .... 141
B u c n o s-Ayres and

other ports ... 71
Liverpool and inter-
mediate ports . 43
Cardill . . . . 40
New York and other

ports . . . . ■ 20
Valparaiso and other

])orts . . . ■ 21

Bremen and oilier

ports 10

New York (directly) 18
Pclotas -' 18

PorloAlegre and other

ports IG

Rosario de Sania Fc
and intermediate

ports 10

Liverpool i directly ) 15
Antwerp a n d oilier

ports 15

St. John (Terra Nova) 13
Bordeaux and other

ports 12

Trieste a n d other

ports 12

liio de Janeiro ^ di-

lectlv) 11

Montevideo . . .10

New Port .... 7

("icnoa and other ports 7

llamhiir'' direclK < 5

730

179

Glasgow 5

Swansea 4

Ballimore 4

Antwerp ... . 3

Philadelphia. . 3

New Castle .... 3

Pernaiubuco. ... 3

London 3

Oporto 3

Hull 2

Ports of Chili ... 2

Finnic and inlerme-

dintc ports ... 2

Figneras 2

Marseille and other

ports

Quebec ....
Lisbon and interme-
diate ports
Genoa (directly) .
New Caledonia .
Iceland ...

Nantz

Kiel

Iquique

Congo and Lagos.
Brunswick ....
Figueras and Oporto .
Falniouth, calling at
Tenerife ....

Campana

Fernandina ....
London and other

ports

California

Lagos

•^3

i8o

Santos 1

Paranagua ... 1

Montreal 1

Sidney 1

Tacaliiiania .... 1 — 730
The cargo of the ahove mentioned vessels consisted of:

Sundries 568

Pit-coal .... 52

Several merchandises 48

Dried meat txarquo . 15

Stone or sand-ballast. 14

Cod-lish 13

War-stock .... 7
Driven into the har-
b () ur f o r having

sprung a leak .

Timber 2

Saltpetre 1

Wine 1

Machines 1

Iron 1

Grease .... 1 — 730

During the same year (1891) 718 high sea vessels left
tlic port of Baliia, of \vhicli 572 ^verc steam-ships (563
steamers of reguhu- and irreguhir lines, 5 ironclads, 2
t()ii)cdoi)oats, 1 cruiser and 1 frigate), and MG sailing
vessels, thus classified:

Barks 70

Pinnaces 34

I^iiJ^Ucrs 27

Brigs 8

dalleys 4

Caics 2

Yacht 1 - 1 16

l-'rom among llie \cssels llial k-fl llie hai-|)()nr 117 were
in JKiIlasl and iiOl loaded.

i8i

vas:

The lalter were:
(icrman .
English .
French .
American
Norwegian
Belgian .
Italian
Portuguese
Austrian .
Danish .
Brazilian.

Their destination

Hamburg, calling at

Lisbon

New York a n d other

ports

Bremen and other

ports

La Plata and other

ports

Southampton and other

ports

Havre and other ports
Liverpool and other

ports

Bordeaux a n d other

ports

Marseille and other

ports

London

Genoa and other ports
Philadelphia ....
Lisboa and Oporto. .

Antwerp

Hampton Rod . . .

2
1
1

24
21

12
9
8
5
5
3

301

1 82

Delaware 2

Trieste and other ports 2

Boston 1

Lagos 1 — 301

Their total cargo was:

10 casks with 1.000 kilograms of lump sugar, 244. S?8
bags with 17.142.160 kilogr. of raw sugar, 294 bales wilh
26.460 kilogr. of cotton-wool, 120 pipes of brandy, 158.327
bags wilh 9.499.620 kilogr. of coffee, 8:?.812 bags with
5.028.720 kilogr. of cacao, 1.447 rolls and 5.565 bundles
of twisted tobacco, 330.011 bales with 26.400.880 kilogr.
of tabacco in leaves, 65 packs of cigars, 71.468 sailed
leathers, 141.390 dried leathers, 1 pack of diamonds,
226.681 packs and 46.949 bales of p/a.ssrtwi, 2.051 bundles
ot small coco- nuts [coqnUhos), 198 stumps of several
woods, 38.437 stumps of brazil-wood, 9.338 stumps
of jacaranda, 2.539 bundles of mangaiba caoutchouc,
2.314 bundles of tapioca, 306 bales aniciim, 1.031 bundles
of horns, 8 packs of araroha, 895 bales of whale-oil and
2.648 bales of leathers of goats and other beasts.

The 417 vessels that left the port in ballast were:

English 130

German .... 88

French 71

Norwegian .... 50

American 30

Austrian 12

Belgian 8

Portuguese .... 6

Brazilian 5

Dutch 4

Spanish 3

Swedish 2

Argentine 2

Chilian 1 — 417

i83

Their deslination was:

Santos, calling at Rio

de Janeiro.

198

Buenos Ayres and

other ports . . .

Barbados ....

Valparaiso and inler-

mediate ports. . .

Pernambuco.

Macao (Rio Grande do

Norte)

Hamburg, calling at

Lisbon

Liverpool and other

ports

St. Vincent ....

St. Thomas ....

Sidney

Tybcc

Mobile

St. John (Terra Nova)

New York ....

Balisc

Jamaica ....

Rio de Janeiro . . .

Mossoro .....

Mexico

Pelotas ...

Pensacola . .

Bremen and other

ports

Swansea

Bordeaux and interme-

diate ports . . .

Southampton and

other ports . .

1 84

Havre, calling at St

Vincent
Trinidad .
China .
Aracaju, calling

rahu
Walminglon
Estancia .
West Bay .
Laguna .
Porto-Alegre
Uruba . .
Savanali .
Cadiz .
Vigo . . .
Congo

Mirachiniie .
Porto Cabello
Telegraphical com

tee . . .
Maracahibo .
Rangoon .
Royal Roads
Demerara
California
Madagascar .
Galveston
Santos
Lagos . .
ParA . . .
Madeira island
Sainl Lucia .
Kingstown .
Java
Dundee .

Rosario di Sanl

mit

- 117

i85

As to coastinjf navigation, it is to be remarked that
705 national vessels came in 1801 into the port ofBaliia.
248 being steam-sliips and 457 sailing vessels, thus clas-
sified:

Launchs 206

Yachts 186

Lighters 25

Schooners .... 18

Pinnac2s .... 10

Barks 8

Luggers ... . 4 — 457

The 705 coasting vessels came from:

Porto-Seguro ... 93

Prado 52

Belmonte ... 56

Pernambuco and in-
termediate ports . 49

Santa Cruz .... 46

Manaos and other

ports 46

Rio de Janeiro (di-
rectly) ... . 45

Ilhcos 44

Rio de Janeiro and in-
termediate ports. . 38

AracaJLi . . . . 25

Alcoba^a .... 25

Una 24

S. Jose and o t li e r

ports 20

Pelotas 14

Itapicuru .... 14

Abbadia 13

Carahyba .... 10

Aracaju a n d other

ports 8

1 86

Maceio and other p<

3rts 8

Porlo-Alegrc . .

Mogiqui^aba

Inhambupe .

Commandatuba

Cannavieiras .

Villa do Coiide

Estancia .

Alcobaga

Pcnedo and o 1 1

1 e r

ports . .

Santo Antonio

Rio de Contas .

Baixio

Itaquena .

. . 2

Santareni.

Estancia, calling

Abbadia

Macao (Rio (irandc

; do

Norte) .

Mucury . .

S. Christ ovao .
Santos, calling at Rio

de Janeiro.
Rio Grande do Sul
Caravellas ....

- 705

They conveyed: sundries and passengers 218, pias$avn
151, several goods 117, several kinds of \vood, including
brazil-wood, jacaranda and (loiniilo-alrcs (iS, cacao 22, ca-
cao and piassdim 15, nianihot Hour 14, dried meal (xdniiie)
12, stone or sand ballast 12, common salt 9, sugar 8,
codec and tiniher 5, cacao and limber- 5, sugar ami pias-
sai'd 4, sailed lish .'5, manioc Hour and limber .'{, fish and
piiissdiui 2, pidssdixt a nd cocoa nuts 2, cocoa-nuts 2, tim-
ber and jiidssdiui 1, oil and pidssdiui 1, coll'ee 1; total 7()5.

(i()3 national coasting vessels lell the port, of which

187

229 were slcamships and 374 sailing vessels, the lallcr
being lliiis classified:

Yachts 163

Launchs 147

Lighters 28

Schooners lo

Pinnaces 10

liarks 8

Luggers 3 — 374

Tlu'ir des'inalions were:

Porto Seguro. ... 79

Pernanibucoand other

ports 73

Belmonle . . . . , 52

Santa Cruz 46

Rio do Janeiro and

inlcrniediate ports 39

Manaos and interme-
diate ports. ... 38

Prado 35

Aracaju 35

Ilheos 27

Alcobaga 25

S. Jose and other

ports 22

Rio de Janeiro and

other ports. ... 17

Itapicuru 14

Eslancia 13

Mogiqui^aba .... 11

Aracaju and other

ports 9

Peninnibuco (directly) 7

Estancia and Abbadia 7

Caraliyba 6

Comraandatuba ... 6
24

Pelotas 5

Baixio 4

Villa do Conde ... 4

Rio Grande do Sul. . 4

Maceioaiid otherports 4

Itaquena 4

Abbadia 3

Cannavieiras. ... 3

Macao (Rio Grande do

Norle) 2

Una 2

Santos, callinj^ at Rio

de Janeiro .... 2

S. Christovao ... 1

Penedo 1

Victoria 1

Caravellas 1

Mossoro (Rio Grande

do Norte I .... 1 — G03

These ships conveyed:

Several merchandises 303, several goods and passen-
gers 229, stone or sand ballast 59, common salt 7, bricks
2, ballast and passengers 1, coal 1, tiles 1.
Total 603.

We have not comprised in the number of arrivals
and departures those from and for Gamamii, Marahu,
Taperoa, (>ayru, Valenc,'., Rio de Conlas and olhcr i)orts
in the sla'.e, for the vessels making sucli voyages
I yachts, launchs and barksi are not lo be visited like
olhcr small coasting vessels.

All rivers in the slate are not navigated or navigable.
They are not navigated on account of the natural
hinderances (a few ones ixMiig not difficultly removable),
and the small population .md culture of llieir banks,

1 89

while, the insuperable difficulty that the large water-
falls in a few rivers oircr lo Iheir navigation makes them
quite unnayigable. Some surveys have been accom-
plished with a view fo facilitate their navigation.
I As fpr llie rivers falling , into All Snirjts bay, Cpunsellor
Dr, Manual, do Nascimento Mqchado, portella, who \yas
then administrating t^ie province, charged pngineer An-
i^oipip Plflcido Peixoto do ^mar^nle, in Decenibgr 1888,
\Yiitl,i l^e e|X,ploration of, the, rivers Sergipe do Conde,
I?pLi,D^a, Subahe,,^^r,ag^iassiu an^ Jagu^ripe. ^

• : The iilustirious ^ingincer yerified, as to the Sergipe do
Co/ic/e,, that it had a channel and depth sufQcipnt for
vessels drawing 1"'. and 1'". 3, but, In order to, ren|[i6'*iils
navigation safer, it was necessary to, improve the river
in two places: the one wa^ the, sandbank by ihe island
lying at a short distance beyond the port of Brotas,
where the riv^r widens and its channel stretches away
if\ a wide curye, fringed by the shrubs growing on the
riglit bank; the other vyas the, port of S. Louren^o,
where the river is narrow and turns rapidly, showing
a curve of 180°.

The channel proved, on being sounded, to be be-
tween 30 and 60 meters in width and from li".3 to 3m.
in depth, only excepting a few tracts hard by the sand
l^ank, where it was Om.8 in depth; but even there the
least depth was ordinarily dm. 7 on high water, should
the tide be estimated Cm. 9 in height, as it is the case
in the port of S. Amaro.

The improvement proposed b,y the above-nanied en-
gineer is the buoyipg of the channel, ofT the sand bank,
and yie rectifying of a small traci, as well as the cutting
oir, in the place where the river shows a curved line,
in the port of S. Lourengo, of the point that is to be
seen in the right bank, in order to facilitate the naviga-
tion of the river and keep badly steered vessels from
beating against the left margin.

i96

^he above-named engineer says but little with relation
to the Pelinga, for this river is only navigated by
canoes and small boats through an extent of 2,50()
meters.

The Snhalie, the bed of which is very winding, mostly
in tiie lower end of the town of Santo Aniaro, is ob-
structed by several alluvia, deposited in every winding
of the river by the torrents of rain water and floods
coming from the upper part of the valley. Its breadth
from the bridge of Calole, facing the railway station,
to its mouth, in the Traripe, is between 12 and 13
meters and augments gradually from this point till it
reaches about 80 m. Its banks are between 0"'. 9 and
3m. above tiie low-waler level, covered with shrubs
from the |)lace called — Parti<lo— to the livcr-moulh and
only overflowed on hiifh floods. As it is subject to
the influence of tides, the height of which ordinarily
reaches 0'".9 above the town port level, and not very
large, it is generally little cuirent.

The above-named engineer measured with a water-
gauge in a place, downward from the port, where the
stream was but 12m. wide on low-water, the velocity
of2.250m. an hour, l.OOi) cubic niclcis flowing every
second.

The channel, on being sounded, was found to be be-
tween 15 and 30m. in width and 3m. 3 to 1"'.2 in depth
between the bars of the rivers Pctinga and Traripe, 1"'.
6 to 0"'.4 from the Traripe to Parlido (1.300m ) and 0"'.l
from Partido to the bridge of C.alolr, in the port of the
town (200m.).

The navigation of the Subnlie is, therefore, inter-
mittent and dependent on tides; the river recpiires the
following improvements, that it may be navigated by
steamers drawing Im.: the making of a channel, 30m. in
width and 80i) in length, from the bridge of (laloie to
the river mouth; liie fencing with fascines of the chan-

loi

nel that will not be made use of; the palisading and
embankment of the river and dredging of its bed in order
to rectify and deepen it as far as the bar of the Traripe,
Ihro'.igh an extent of about 2.500m.

The Traripe. The clianncl of this river is between IG
and 20m. wide from its moulli to the port of Bana-
neiras (1.200m.), and between 0"'.7 and 2"'. 3 in depth and
12 to ICm. in width from the last-mentioned place to llie
port of Pilar.

As this river is relatively deeper and larger than the
Subahe and less liable to be obstructed, it may be more
easily and less expensively improved, for wiiich purpose
it is only necessary to make a channel in a straight
line, 30m. wide and with a proper deplh, about 950 me-
ters in extent, through the low ground, covered with
shrubs, that stretches away from the port of Pilar to
Bananeiras, and to fence the channels that may not be
made use of

The Paragiiassi'i. The navigation of this rivtr is free
and safe from its mouth to the adjacencies of the ham-
lets Nagc and Coqueiros. From this point to Cachocira
the river is obstructed by large sand banks, which on
low-water hinder its navigation from i)lace to place and
u ake the channel winding and narrow, mostly in the
place called— Pedreira, where vessels are obliged to
make a curved way hard by the stones of the right bank.

This tract of the river proved, upon being sounded,
to have a channel between 3» and ino meters in breadth
and l-3m. in deplh. a few points being found where the
depth was above 5 meters.

The |)ort of Ihe town is greatly choked up with mud,
sand and gravel and the channel lies nearer to the left
bank than to the right one; on low-water the river is
but 30 60m. in width and l-2m. 3 in depth.

In order that this river may be frankly and safely
navigable, some improvements are necessary, such as:

IQ2

to dredge a few sabd banks and lake off a few crags,
to deepen the river bed; to widen and rectify the chan-
nel and buoy it from Nage to the town. The bed of the
river must be dredged through its whole breadth in
the port of the town (300m.), in order to augment its
depth and clear a larger way to vessels, specially over-
against the landing and embarking bridges. The ground
obtained l)y the excavation might be used for the
embankment of the Calabar square, upwards from the
mouth of the river Pitanga, in the towh^ the wharf of
which, already commenced, should be extended as far
as the bridge of the railway; such an improvement being
of great advantage to the hygiene and embellishment
of the port.

The middle and upper part of ihe Paraguassi'i were
also investigated with regard to their conditions of nav-
igability. In 1861 the governnient charged with such
an investigation the navy lieutenant Bachelor Francis-
co da Cunha Galvao, who presenied a report on the 29"'.
of May, wherein he staled 214:00();§000 were necessary to
make the river navigable by barks as far as Len(^oes and
578:C0O|.0OO that it might be navigated by sleamers>

In 1863 were intrusted with a similar mission and pre-
sented their report in February 1^'. 1864 engineers Ladis-
lao de Videcki and Trajano da Silva Hego, who explored
the Paraguassi'i and Santo Antonio, that is to say--the
tract from Len<;ocsto Cachoeira, and concluded that the
improvements necessary to render tjie river navigable
were very numerous and to be made through an, extent
of 70 leagues or 462 kilometers, consisting generally in
the cutting oil of hard crags, that lay in the stream to
the third part of their whole bulk, and the rectifying
of the moulhs of the largest allluents; the works were
cstiniatcd to i)e made up belween 1") and 20 years.

Fngincer Aniarantc says additionally in his report that
the river Jaijimripe runs, downward from the town of

ig3

Nnzarcth, in the j^eneral south eastern trend and is diffi-
cultly navij^al)le through a narrow channel, obstructed
from place to place and showing several abrupt wind-
ings in the ligure of an S, as far as the neighbourhood
of Barreiras, in the extent of about 4.500 meters; from
this point it forms wide curves, is regularly broad and
deep and may be perfectly navigated as far as its mouth
by vessels drawing 1 meter. Its bed is formed by mud,
sand, gravel and stones and its banks, low-lying and cov-
ered with shrubs, are widely overflowed on high water,
which reached lm.5 in height, as confronted with the
scale of the port.

The river, on being sounded betwixt Nazareth and
Barreiras, was found to be between 2m. 6 and 2m. 4 in
depth, as compared with the low-water level. In order
to improve this tract of the river it is necessary: to
widen and deepen its bed in the total extent of 300 me-
ters, from the port of Nazareth to the river-mouth, and
make a straight line channel extending from this point
through the low shrubby ground, 30 meters wide, regu-
larly deep and 1.060m. long, in order to suppress the
windings, and passing overagainst the slaughterhouse;
to make profit of a part of the actual river-bed as far as
the island of Araca; to stop up the unnavigable river-
arms with fascines or palisades and fill them up with
ground; (o dredge and rectify the channel from the island
of Ara^a to Barreiras.

The above-named engineer calculated 446:600^000 as
necessary for the accomplishment of such works, which
unhappily it was not possible to efiect up to the pres-
ent time.

As for the river S. Francisco, there is not yet a true
and regular navigation.

According to what Dr. Thomaz Garcez Paranhos Mon-
tenegro states in his work «A provincia e a navegacao
do Rio S. Francisco (Bahia, 1875)>), in the end of the
last centurv the river S. Francisco was onlv navigated

194

by c.mocs and ajoujos (*) and aflcrwards by barks,
which were a kind of olvarengas {") provided with an
awning, both abaft and on the stem, wooden to the half
of its height and covered with straw. The first bark,
belonging to two inliabitants of Sento Sc, was titled
Santa Maria Prime! ra.

In consequence of Iheir primitive construction (too
wide with regard to their length), such barks are under
a great difficulty to surmount Ihe current, the more
because they are not propelled by the wind, but by oars
as they are gliding down the river and by poles when
they are going it up.

To pole is a very hard service. He who is employed
in it almost wears no clolhes, or only wears a shoi t
petticoat, and makes use of a pole 6 meters long, pro-
vided with an iron crcok at one end, which is to be fi-
xed on the river-bed or on the branch of a tree, the other
end being fixed on the breast of the waterman, who Ihcn
uses to walk upon some lateral planks, named coxias.
Abscesses, that sometimes it is necessary to tear open,
are of no rare occurrence on the waterman's breast, in
the very place where the end of the pole is usually
fixed.

The crew of the bark is composed of the master or
pilot and a few boatmen, ordinarily between 3 and 8,
according to the size of the bark. As they arc going up
the river, they profit by the river-banks or shelves to fix
the poles therein; as they are gliding down the stream,
their work is not so hard, for the barks are propelled
either by oars or de Ida, that is to say— by the oidy
action of the current.

The arrival or departure of the l)arks is announced
l)v a tin instrument called buzio, which is to be found
in everv bark. A bark is not obliged to salute an ajoiijo,

{') A sort of old bra/ilian shijjs.

(••) A sort of bra/ilian ships, still largely used.

1 95

in the same manner as llic latter is not to salute the
former. \Vlien a bark arri\'es at a port, those that are
already riding at anchor musi answer the announce-
ment of the newly come one, the crew of that which did
not answer being fined by the crew of the newly-
arrived bark When they come in sight of a village or
imporlanl hamlet, the person,— w hether he may be the
owner of the bark, or a boatman, i)iIot or passenger—,
who first notices the event is also lined.

As we have said, the vessels under consideiation do
not use any sails, which are only employed by a few
baiks called paqiicles (packct-boals), which ply between
Ihe town and tlie op[)osite village of Pelrolina, in Pcr-
nambuco.

On high Hood the voyages are Ico slow, for, as the
boalmen cannot feel Ihe river-bed wilh Iheir poles, the\'
use to fix on Ihe branches of Ihe margins a pole pro-
vided wilh a crooked iron point, which they caW goni]o,
and so they advance one or two leagues a da}'; some-
times, however, they aie propelled by the only action
ol the current.

Violent currents are to be found in some windings of
the river, which are called ponlas d'agiia; the barks,
upon passing such places, are no rarely impelled by the
current to the middle of the river, where the poles can-
not reach the river-bed, so that the barks glide down
the river till the crew obtain to draw near a bank
and stop Ihem. The barks are then said tomar iima
toa. Sometimes they are propelled so far as to stop bey-
ond their starling point or the place where they rode
at anchor the precedent night.

A boatman uses, besides the (/ongo, some other com-
mon poles provided wilh an iron point, in the figure
of a pitchfork, at one end, which they call pc de cabra
(spike diawer) and are used to be infixed in the thin-
nest branches, that cannot be easily reached by

the other poles; there arc, however, so practical boat-
2,")

ic)6

men as to use only Ihc (jongo and hardly miss a small
brancli.

The barks hold 1.000 arobes on an average, that is to
say— about 15.0C0 kilograms. As they go up the river
their princi{)al cargo is common salt rnd cloth; but as
they come down the stream they are loaded with Indian
corn, rice, manioc flour, cane-sugar, swcelmecls, leath-
ers, etc., but specially coffee and raspadnras [a sort of
sugar!.

The boatmen, as Ihoy are going up the river, use to
provide Ihemsclvcs with every thing necessary in the
himlets or estates that they are successively passing,
where they sell their merchandises ordinarily on credit,
to receive the jiayment upon their returning; which
makes the voyages too slow and expensive, for the boat-
men are to be fed all the while and take revenge of
their hard work by eating like two or three men. At
morning, before setting at work, they breakfast on french
bean, dried meat and bacon, that is boiled during the
precedent night; at noon they ealjacubd, namely — ma-
nioc Hour and raspuilnrn, which is no rarely added with
saiHa, that is the pulp extracted from the fruit of the
palm tree called biirihj- at night, boiled meat with pirdo
{') or rice,— all of that in a great ([uanlity. A boatman
eats ordinarily more than 1 pound or 5 '0 grams of nis-
padnra a day, and, should it be left to their own dis-
cretion, they would eat far more, because they say
they are not able to work without eating such a sweet-
meat.

We have told thus far what is asserted by Dr. Mon-
tenegro.

As the river is frankly navigable through '210 leagues
from I'irapora water-fall (in llie slate of Minasi to Sta.
Anna do Sobi adinho, wliere begins the region of the

(*) A sort of biolh made ol mauihot boiled in some
water.

197

water-falls, and 60 leagues in the allluenl Paracatu, 35
in Ihc Urucuia, 20 in llic Correnle, 104 in the Grande
and ils allluenls Prelo and Bianco, that is to say— 459
leagues, \\c must admit that the navigation by the
above-menlioned sysleni is quite unimportant, and such
will be the state of things for a long time.

The central government paid but little attention to
the matter; but it showed the interest it took in the re-
gion un ler consideration by charging with exploring
the river Engineer Halfeld, who wrote the minutest
description we have of the large river, accompanied with
an important chart, where the dilfercnt soundings elc.
aie indicated.

Such surveys proving the possibility of the steam-
ship navigation, the natives of Minas eflected, in 1871,
in the steamer Saldanha Marinho, under the command
of navy lieutenant F. M. Alvares de Araujo, an explora-
tory voyage from the village of Guaicuhy (Minas ) to
Boa Vista ^Pernambuco).

In the following year Counsellor Manuel Pinto de
Souza Danlas, an illustrious native of Bahia, who was
Ihcn administrating the province, resolved a steamer to
glide away on the stream of the S. Francisco, and ac-
cordingly the several pieces of the steamer Presidente
Dantcts were transported by land as far as that river,
where they were set up together, and the steam-ship
swept in December of that year (1872) along the river
Januaria (Minas), in ils whole extent, asfar as the vil-
lage of Capim Grosso.

Though the two above mentioned steamers perfectly
demonstrated the relatively easy navigability of the
large river, no regular line of steamers was instituted,
from very complex reasons, one of the principal being
the indispensable improvement of the several water-falls
and rapids from Sobradinho to the nether part of the
river.

iq8

Dr. Montenegro, upon referring in his above cited
work the voyage he made by going down the river, from
the town of Barra, says willi regard to Sobradinho:

«We received on board another pilot, in Santa Anna,
to surmount Ibe water-fall, and at 2 o" clock we passed
Cachao without any accident. We thought this waterfall
very dangerous; but after we passed it and, moreover,
after we saw the water-falls from Boa Vista to Vao, we
are quite convinced what has been asserted on such a
subject is but an exaggeralion. Should one be accompa-
nied with a pilot, one may say there is no danger at all.

('Two crags are to be found in the centre of the river,
the higher lying to the left hand, as one is going down
the stream; on drought time, as we were told by the
pilot, one must pass between them and then drive o(l
the vessel not to beat against another crag, that lies far-
ther on and is named Cachao. We left this crag on our
left side and then the pilot steered the vessel towards
the left bank. At G o' clock we reached the slate Corren-
te/.a (on the right bank), where we staid all niglit. On
the 17"'. we left the place at G o' clock and at noon
arrived at Joazeiro.»

The central government deliberated at length, in 1882,
to order the improvement of the waterfalls in the tract
of the river comprehending the handct of Santa Anna,
the town of Joazeiro and the villages of Petrolina, Ca-
])im ("irosso and Boa Vista, through an extent of 31 12
kilometers.

It was asserted in the report (page 142) jircsentcd by
Counsellor Dr. Manuel doNascimenlo Machado Portella,
upon devolving the adniinislralion of the i)rovince on
Desemhornador Aurelio Ferreira Ksi)inheira, in April 1^'.
1H89, that the works under consideration were conclu-
ded and the improvemenis oflho water falls Ala(jue and
l-iinil, 21 leagues before Joazeiro, had already com-
mented.

»99

In the improved waler-falls Ihe channel is frankly and
safely navigable by steamers drawing 0"'.4.

The number of vessels plying belwixl the port of Ja-
[oM (the terminus of the Paulo Alfonso railway) and
the upper part of the S. Francisco is always augmenting,
11.000 tons of merchandises having been conveyed last
year, that is to say— 2.500 more than in the precedent
year.

Commerce has attained a great development through
the whole valley of the large river. The steamer Prcsi-
dcnle Dantas, belonging to the ancient province, and
the launch D. Pedro II, both employed in the service
of the committee, have navigated perfectly well, the
former having performed without any accident the total
course of 13.000 kilom. and the latter 3.000.

The sums destined for such a service, from 1882-83
to 1887-88, amount to 850:OCO^00O, of which 675:000^(00
liave been expended, 150:OCO,S(00 being employed in
materials.

The Jeqiiilinhonha was also navigated for a short time
by steam-ships of a company that could no longer
hold on.

Telegraphic linss

The telegraphic lines of the government in this state
began to be constructed in January 1872 and were grad-
ually extended, so that they now stretch away Ironi the
river Real, in the northern frontier of the state, where
it confines with the slate of Sergipe, to the southern
boundaries, where this state is divided from that of Es-
pirito Santo. The telegraphic lines comprise, through an
extent of 1.08G kilom. and 755 meters, the lines from
Pojuca to the capital, from Cachoeira to S. Felix, as
well as those of Marahii and Villi Vi?osa.

Four conductors are set up in that whole extent.

200

The posts are made of iron, the isolating instruments
belong lo the Siemens and Capanema systems and the
wiie is of iron covered with zinc.

As for the telegraphic skuions that are now at work
in the slate, see the respective table, at the end ol this
book.

Colonies

The colonisation of foreigners in this slate received its
first impulse from the government of D. Joao VI, then
a regent prince, who about 1812 began to pay altenlion
lo this subject and founded in that year in Espirito Sanlo
the colony 5a;i/o Agoslinho (Vianuai, with azorian, and
in Rio de Janeiro, in 1819, that of Nova Friburgo, wiih
germans.

In order that Bahia might also partake of this move-
ment, he charged Busch, Peycke and Freyreis with
the foundation of a colony, that was established, in
1818, on the bank of the Peruhipe, under the name of Lco-
poldina, composed of Swisses. This colony increased,
came to some prosperity and was emancipated. But its
prosperity by means of slaves' arms, whom the colonists
soon knew how to furnish themselves of, gives it no
right to he considered a european agricultural establish-
ment, and such a circumstance perhaps qualified it lo
prosper, because the region under consideration, par-
ticularly on the sea-coast, has no favourable conditions
to european colonisation without a previous prepara-
tion by native forces.

About that lime, 1818, two oilier speculators, Pedro
Weylc and Saucrackcr, oblained some pieces of ground
at Uhcos, and four years later sctlled liicrc IGl colo-
nists, umslly of germaii nation and poor, wlu) were im-
plicated in the |)()litical convulsions of the Iiulcpoudencc
and dispersed Ihroughout the counliy. To the few colo-
nists lh;it remained Pedro I paid some assistance, with

201

it which was possible to form on the left bank of the
liver Cachoeira a little colony named S. Jonjc dosllhcos,
that was y;ivcn to the cultivation of cacao and soon
dissolved into the population of the country.

A third attempt was made in 182B, with the settlement
of 222 irishmen, who had been at the bra/.ilian military
service, the new colony being named Santa Janiiaria
and situated by the river En<^enho, four leagues beyond
the village of Taperoa; its direction was trusted to a
committee under the presidence of the Auditor.

Its ground was very fertile, the water excellent and the
river offered, on account of its water-falls, a sufficient
moving power for industrial work-houses. The neces-
sary agricultural tools were given to the colonists, as well
as a daily allowance, till the eslablishment might oiler
a subsistence.

Great sums were spent there, but without any result,
because, as there had not been a careful choice of colo-
nists, who had just left the idle life of the barracks and
therefore had no habit or liking to agricultural labour
and were full of vices, the least of which was drunken-
ness, no sooner was their daily allowance stopped
than they began to leave the colony and sell their tools
and dispersed through several places.

Some years later, the sad remembrance of its exist-
ence was only wiiat remained of the colony.

With such a discouraging experience, augmented by
two other colonies,— of a different nature, it is true—,
one founded on the 20ii'. of August 1818, hard by the
river Salsa, and dissolved in 1827, the other established
on the 28"'. of November 1815, on the northern bank of
the liver Mucury, in consequence of the consignation of
8:761^000 granted by the provincial law no. 225 for the
exi)cricncc of military agricultural colonies, and dissol-
ved by the act of June G"'. 1849, after an examination
made by a committee of idoneous men, the project of
new settlements was put by for a time.

202

It was only alter nine years that Ihey tried to put in
practice the system ot national colonisation on the banks
of the rivers Conlas and Pardo. The area of the Rio do
Conlas colony was marked out at 10 miles from the
port of Pancada, with an extent of G.SoO, divided into
several plots, every one being ICO fathoms in the front.
The other was scllled at 22 miles from the sea, on the
extremely fertile margins of a navigable river. The
ground of the two colonics was fruitful and qualified to
every kind of culture. The colouisls, however, had
rather give themselves up to woodfelling, which allbrded
them a more expeditious profit than the tillage of the
ground. And thus those colonies al o Jisappeared.

After eleven years late Commander Thomaz Pedreira
Geremcabo, one of the most palriolical, active and in-
telligent natives of Bahia, had the idea of experiencing
in his«ugar factory Engenho Novo, by the river Para-
guassu, the foundation of a colony, grounded on the
system of partnership, and for such a purpose he made a
contract in 1859 with the presidencc of the province,
whereby the sum of 20:000i00a was lent to him, that
he might send for from Portugal 70 healthy and
morigerous workmen, with their families, and settle
them in his factory, where he had already introduced,
at his own expense and with no lilllc saciifice. 40 colo-
nists of that nation. IJut in a short time all these colo-
nists, except only two, left the cstablishmeni, breaking,
without the least plausible reason, the compromises
they had spontaneously submit led to and not paying the
del)ts they had contracted.

In spite, however, of such a disaster, anolhcr citizen.
Dr. Anionio domes Vilia^a, who had been a judge for a
long time iu the soulijern districis <.f the stale, con-
ceived the thought of making profit oftiie immigralory
movement, which was then taking place towards the
moulh of the Comujandatuba, of some pool- families
coming from the northern region of the slate, partic-

20:)

ularly from Villa do Conde, in order to sellle there,
at the expense of the public treasury, a vast nucleus of
national colonists.

He comnuinicaled his project to the government,
which, as it had a great confidence in that magistrate's
knowledge and experience, charged an engineer with
examining the place and uttering his opinion about it,
as well as, in case the i)lace should be thought suitable,
with effecting the dcmarkation of the several tracts of
ground and laying out of streets and squares for the
future handct. The colony being established in 1867, a
school was created there and it began to develop
regularly, by cultivating the manioc, ricinus, rice,
frcnch bean, maize, cacao and cofTec. Though its situa-
tion in a very fruitful ground, on the bank of a fishful
river and near Cannavieiras, seemed to assure itsslabil-
ily, yet it ceased to exist in 1878.

During the war between the northern and southern
states of the American Union, caused by the slavery
emancipation, several slavery-loving farmers of the
southern states conceived tlie thought of emigrating to
Brazil, where the institution against which the northern
farmers had risen up still existed. They attempted and
even made here some contracts for the introduction of
american colonists. The banks of the rivers Pardo and
Jequitinhonha were the site most desired by the enter-
prisers, of whom a few even came to the buying of some
tracts of ground, partially cultivated. Such endeavours,
however, did not come to a fact.

In 1870 a new attempt seemed to recompense the dis-
appointments of the unsuccessful essays that had been
made till then. At the place named Cachoeira, in Ilheos,
a nucleus of northern immigrants was created. It was
situated on the banks of the Cachoeira, in the highway
that leads from the town of Ilheos to Victoria da C.on-

quista, and was directed by Brother Luiz de Grave, a
26

204

capuchin. The colony so much throve 2s lo reduce lo
a great extent the expense of the slate with the main-
tenance of the colonists and almost hecomc the centre
of civilizalion for the savage Indians thereabouts. But six
years had elapsed when Brother Luiz dc (nave died,
and, as he was not substituted, the colony was abandon-
ed and at length extinguished.

As the system of national colonies did not produce
any profitable result, they turned again to that of foreign-
ers. In 1873, in consequence of the contract made with
the Imperial Government in accordance with the decree
no. 5291 of May 24'''., Counsellor Polycarpo Lopes de
Leao and Commander Egas Moniz BLrrcllo de Aragao
founded the colonies named Moniz, Theodora and Rio
Bronco, a colonial nucleus being annexed to the former,
under the name of Carolina, and another to the latter,
under the denomination of Poro.

Haifa league southward from the port of Commanda-
tuba and along the shore line was situated the colony
Moniz, composed of gcrmans. Two leagues and a hall
northward the port of Una was to be seen. At six hours of
fluvial voyage from this port lay the colony Theodora,
with polanders, on the right bank of the Una, and
two leagues and a half up the river, on the same l)ank,
the colon}' Rio Bronco, composed of germans.

Several causes, which it would be very long lo enu-
merate, obliged the government (decree no. o703 of
.July 31^'. 1874) to abrogate the contract, the state
becoming tlie owner both of Ihosc colonies, with all
their buildings, ships, cattle, agricultural instruments,
etc., and of the contract made by the founders of the
colonics with Jorge Adolpho Stolze for the settlement of
five families in the place named Carolina, as well as
their rigiit to require from the immigrants liie payment
of the ground-plots distributed to them and Hie advances
made whether for their transportation IVom !u:i-opc to
tlie colonies, or for their food, treatment and clothes.

20D

tlie immigrants l)eing accountable to the Imperial Gov-
ernment for the indemnification of the whole expense
made with Iheir settlement.

The minister of agriculture, commerce and public
works department extinguished at length the colony
Moniz (order of October 2Gii'. 1874). lie also extinguished
the ancient settlement of Indians in S. Fidelis (Valen^a),
which had been destined to be the scat of a new^ colony,
composed of them who had just left the colony Moniz,
for these colonists, only excepting two families, did not
at all assent to their settling there. They who refused
to go to S. Fidelis refused also to be transferred to lUo
Branco; which was only accepted, not long after this,
by a few colonists.

The Theodoro was extinguished because the polandcrs,
that it was composed of, did not come to any agreement
and only wished either to come to the capital or to turn
back to their native country.

Here is what Engineer Manuel Joaquim de Souza
Britto says about them in the report presented in 1875,
after having been temporarily charged with the official
colonies lying to the south of the llien province: «As lor
the polish, nothing has been obtained up to the present
time, nor can we expect any thing from them. That is
not, happily, to be much regretted. What still remains
of this race, as it may be verified in the relation I have
presented, consists of disabled and idle fellows, widow-
ers, etc., in short of corrupted people, full of vices and
of no service, real dregs that we must' pour out to a
great distance without any delay. » And [thus the colony
Theodoro came to an end.

The liio Bianco, after having been under a new
administration, was extinguished by the President in
1878 and the 76 german colonists— men, women and
children- of which it was composed, were sent oil to
Rio de Janeiro at their own request.

20b

After so many unsuccessful attempts the government
and private persons were quite dispirited for such en-
terprises.

It was not long before the slavery emancipation,
which threatened to suspend the agricultural activ-
ity, that the provincial government ])aid attention to
immigration and initiated its activity by charging the
inspector of public grounds and colonisation with inform-
ing which were the districts ablest to receive european
colonists.

AVe extract the following interesting passages from the
report presented by this intelligent functionary, Dr. Dio-
nysio Gonsalvcs Marlins, on the 20"'. of April 1888,
short before the law of May 13i''. was promulgated:

«COM.\UCA)) OF C.\R.\.VKLL.\S

((Extending from the soulhcrn end of the province
there is to be seen the region washed by the Mucury,
the banks of which are thought fertile, but unwhole-
some in the part belonging to us. Were it possible to re-
move the hurtful conditions, such a region, no doubt,
would be advantageous to immigrants, as it is very near
those which are washed by the rivers of Vi?osa and Ca-
ravellas, united by the channel ling permit the steam-
ship navigation as far as S. Jose, a port of the ancient
colony Leopoldina.

A\c are not, however, in such conditions as to elTcct
those improvements, nor are wc under the urgent ne-
cessity of making them, because there arc several other
places in more favoui'al)lc condilions.

"Tlie colony Leopoldina was nourishing cnougli when
tlic (irsl cxplorators found easily slaves for Iheir cshitcs
and tlie banks of the river Pcruliype, whicii waslics that
region, being more fertile llian llie inlerior of the wood-
lands, yielded good harvests willi a small exjiense. As it
was peopled by active si)aring Swisses and gcrmans,

207

though the ground was meanly fruitful, the result com-
pensed every elTort. This colony, however, is now in
decay, its inhabitants changing very frequently their
residence, in search of the river Jeribocassu or Prado,
the banks of which are undoubtedly more fertile than
those of the Peruhipc.

"There lies, you know, the railway from Cara
vcllas to the province of Minas; but this railroad will
only be of great service to colonisation afler reaching
the upper part of the Mucury, in the frontier prov-
ince, for it will find there excellent conditions for the
establishment of colonies.

«Its actual course in this province (142 km and 400 m.)
is not very engaging, at least in its first 80 or 100 kilom.
In Santa Clara, one of its marginal i)oints, the found-
ation of a colony was attempted, with Spanish settlers;
but it did not produce any satisfactory result, and I
think it was abandoned, in spite of the vast woodlands
lying near.

((This railway, on the condition of being extended as
far, at least, as Philadelphia (a colony founded by
Counsellor Ottoni), may become one of the most vivifi-
cative in the country and facilitate the exploration and
utilization of the upper part of the Mucury. Such a task
is to be assigned to the province of Minas, which will
make a direct profit of that improvement.

((COMARCVrt OF .\LCOBAgA

('As one goes up tlie shore, in the northern direction,
one sees the river Itanliahcm or Alcobaca, that crosses
a fenny ground in its first 25 or 30 kilom. and therefore
is not qualified to encourage any initiative. From this
j)oint, called das Pcdras, to Onleiro the left bank is 40-50
meters above the river level, while the right one stretches
away into vast meadows, 503 to lOJO meters wide, suit-
able to the feeding of cattle, but liable to periodical

208

inundations, upon which the catlle retire to the uplands
of eillier margin, that afTord them a rich and abundant
food.

«Some coffee plantations are to be seen on those hills,
the most important belonging to Dr. Melga^o, in Cana-
brava. From this place to about 60 kilom. oil the river
mouth, at the place named Serraria, the ground begins,
mostly on the left bank, to be more indicative of fer-
tility, abundance of woods and salubrily, as far as the
first water- fall, called Cuciem, nearly 80 kilom. from
the moulh of the river.

"One cannot go up the river in a canoe in less than
two days, by oaring 12 kilom. a day, while its going
down is easily effected in 18 hours. The river is deep
enough for the small navigation and one might shorten
the voyage by diminishing its sinuosities. The steam-
ship navigation, however, could only beefl'ecled by small
lowing ships, drawing 80 centim. of water, for in some
places, during the lowest water upon drought time, the
depth of the stream docs not go beyond 1 metre.

"One might dispense with the navigation, if the left
margin of the river were united to the railway of ('.a-
ravcUas by a branch-road less than 30 kilom. in Icnglh.
The place is luholcsome, abundanl unlli water, vcnj fciiile
and leads easily lo the market places by means of the rail-
way tliat is already in traffic, for the construction of
which tbc province contributed 1,321:170^000, a sacrifice
that must not be wholly lost.

"It has at its disposal two important ports and two
maritime lines lo export its goods, those oflbe Comj)a-
nliia liahiana and lUo dc Janeiro a Cannwlhis, the
latter going as far as Caravellas; which is very liurlful
to the former, as well as lo the market of Ihis capilal,
in consequence of tin- atlri>c-lion exercised h\ llie mar-
ket of Rio.

"The region produces abundantly cofice, rice and

209

vegetables, and is fit for sugar-cane cultivation; meat
and manioc flour are to be had very cheap; but it wants
workmen, their introduction being necessary for any
preliminary works, indispensable to chase away the
discouragement of the new explorators. It abounds with
writer, even sufficient to be used as a moving power,
which must be a requirable condition as to the choice
of places, for its facilitating the econoroica Icslablish-
tmen of agricultural industries.

«lt would not be very expensive to disappropriate the
two margins, because from the first water-fall the ground
has no owner,. a few places being only seen where the
jacaranda is cut ofl, in accordance with official con-
cessions.

I'Thcn we begin to go up the first steps of the Serra
dos Aijmores, the top of which can be seen from a great
distance, seducing us with the legendary traditions of
vegetal opulence and mineralogical richness. The colo-
nisation of sucii i)laces wou'd tend to approach us to a
vast region still unknown in its peculiarities, but which
the indications hardly collected show rich and aus-
picious.

PHADO

" After leaving the port of Alcoba^a, the cxplorator
finds that of Prado, a bordering municipium, and tiie
river Jucurucii, which is, in its turn, bifurcated at 25
kilom. from its mouth, in the j^lacc named Duas Barras
or Cdijri'i; no locality is to be seen in this first course
thai may suit Ihe foundation ot colonies.

((After 40 kilom. there are to be found several grounds
fit for every tropical culture, from the places named
Cnivciro, on the right bank, and Rio Branco, on the left
one. It was to the latter (northern branch) that went the
colonists of Leopoldina, seduced by the superiority of
its ground. We must observe, liowever, that the rivulets

210

and brooks are not so mighty as those of Itanhaem,
as far as Ihc rivulet das Pedras, for the establishment of
hydraulic motors.

((The Jucurucu, bolh in its northern branch and in the
southern one, runs throui^h a low marshy ground, there
fore subject to peiiodical inundations. Vrom Dims Bar-
ras the ground, after being conveniently prepared, is
admirably qualified for Ihc culture of rice or even
herbaceous cotton through an extent of 50-60 kilo-
melrcs.

(■Two inundations occur there every year, Ihe widest
taking place from October to November and the least in
April. The grounds under consideralion arc now given
up to pastoral industry, which makes profit of Ihem
without any labour

ult seems not yet prudent to sellle immigrants in
this section of (he river, lor the Hood always occasions
upon its drawing back the production of miasmata,
which would be fatal to the colonists and so compromise
the viability of the colonies, in spile of the good condi-
tions of fertility ani transport.

uTill wc aic able to carry into ellect the improvement
that they require, these first sections of the southern
rivers in the province will always oppose a serious hind-
erance to colonial undertakings. II is to be regretted so
many prcxiuctive sources may remain inactive.

"AH those fiuvial arteries arc divided into three char-
aclcrislical sections: the first comprises the inaiujncs
(marshy shrubl)y grounds), barren and unwholesome
and comprehending Ihe region inlluenccd by the alter-
nate el)b and How of the sea; Ihe second, though it is
remote I'roiu tlie salt waters and has a good ground,
yet is under tii" same inconveniences, l\)r it is marsliy
and Ihereforc unsuital)le to them who are not accustom-
ed to our climalological conditions; llie tliird, consti-
tuted l)y the canalized part of the river ne.\t to the

21 I

water-falls, will oiler good conditions for colonisation,
in case Ihc river lh?t thty belong to should permit at
a.iy lime an easy conveyance of the colonial products to
the sea -port and this sheltered port should be frankly
accessible to coasting vessels,— a question that requires
no great expense to be resolved in a month with few
workmen.

(.The river washing the region of Prado is subject to
the same inconveniences as all the others, but has over
Ihem the advantage of displaying, from the rivulet das
Pedras, in the northern liranch (which is the most
favoured by nature), to the first water-fall, a tract more
than WO kiloiu. in extent, perjecthj navigable and withall
the conditions requisite to colonisation.

"There is specially an important place, after passing
Jundia, at the lower part of a group of mountains, some
of them, as ,/of7o de Ledo and Redondo, are between GOO
and 700 m. above the sea-level.

«This region is washed by a great many large rivulets
and brooks, which would be of great service to indus-
trious colonists, securing them from the excess of sea-
sons and permitting them to make profit of an incal-
culable moving power with no great advance of money.

(lAs to my inconsiderable opinion, the last-mentioned
river is the most favoured in this region. It is navigable
through 180 kilom. of its course, as far as the first water-
fall, if not by large ships, at least by towing steamers,
drawing laden aliuirengas or chatas; 100 kilom. of its
margins in its northern arm and 50 in its southern one
arc perfectly suitable to curopean immigration.

(.Though tliis river is, more than the Itanhacm or Al-
coba(,-a, qualified for tlic hwgo dcveloppment of the colo-
nies already founded, with no liinderance to the fluvial
navigation, yet its maritime port is inferior to that of
Alcobaya. One might, up to the realisation of some

im[)rovements, freight the ships bv the svstem of rafts,
37

212

for the channel, formed by the range of reefs ex-
tending from the Itacohimins to CaraveUas, protects
the shore against storms through many leagues.

«I wiU'complete this notice about the valley of the
Jucurucu, by ollering the catalogue of the principal
kinds of timber there known:

1) Massaranduba-mirim

2) Massaranduba-paraju
3 1 Potumuju

4) Pao d'arco or Ilapicuri'i

5i Arapaly or Qniri

6i Mucitahiba

7) Beriba prela (black beribai

8i Adernussu or Arruda

9) Angelim araroba

10) Laurel

11) Gilahy preto (black gitahyi

12) Gilahy amarello lyellow gitahy)

13) Iron-wood or Garahuna

14) Guanandy carvnlho

15) Cedar
16i Oiti

17) Sajjucaia

18) Ipe-peroba
19 1 Pcroba

20) Brazil wood

21) Cabore

22) Pi(iuia

2".5) Angelim verinelho i red angc'Iiini

24) (iuarubii

25) Oleo vei-melho ned oil)
2()) GinnamoM or Irinhala

27) Sassafras i black ciniKinioii)

28) Balsamo (i)alni-lreci
29> Vinalico

30; Tapinhoan

2l3

31) Conduru

'.\2) Gon^alo-alves

33) Oiliclca

34) Pacahyba

35) Jacaranda.

('About 3'Jkilom. from the port of Prado, as one goes
up the shore, lies the point Comichatiba, where Ihere is a
good port, sheltered by the Itacoluniin>. This port would
be of great service to the above colony by being
united to it by a railroad, in case it should, as I
think, be thought safer than that of Prado.

«Such a railroad, however, no more than 25 kilom. in
extent, according to the informations I have collected,
and having its terminus at tbe above-mentioned Riacho
das Pedras, should not be attempted till the colony
might be in a trai i for prosperity. One might avoid by it
the most unwholesome and tedious part of the fluvial
navigation, relative to the first and second sections.

«COMARCAS» OF PORTO SEGURO AND CANXAVIEIRAS

«I know nothing from Comichatiba to Porto Seguro
that may offer any interest to foreign colonisation

«I will not mention some rivulets of this region, which
fall into the sea and rather hinder the passing over the
coast than facilitate the formation of hamlets; such are
the Dous Irmaos, Pino and Corumbas, the latter reach-
ing the lower part of the mount Paschoal, recorded in
history. One sees afterwards the river Carahyna, on
the banks of which they are culling down jacaranda,
with a regular authorisation. Then comes the river do
Frdde, the port of which (Ilaquena) is little more than
two leagues distant from its mouth and now serves to
the exportation of the manioc Hour made thereabouts.
Such is the only commerce there known, except that of
salted garoiipas (a sort of fish). The village of Trancoso,
now in decay and no longer deserving the honour of

2l4

that denomination, lies near and is also uninteresting.
It is the same with the river da Barra, which comes
next, and Ihe Porto Seguro.

«The region under consideration will only prosper
when the dcvclop'rent of the other places has spread
far and wide the eftecls cf civilisation.

«The last-mentioned river, only remarkable for its
running through the ancient town of Porto Seguro, has
no good conditions of navigability. It is only at 60
kilom. from its mouth that one finds the first good
qualiiy grounds, in the place named Traripe, opposite
to Villa Verde, which was at once an estate of the bcne-
diclines, who are slill its indirect owners. Upon my visit
I did not think the place wholesome; but, as I staid
there a short time, I cannot assure the reality of what
I thought. At any rate, I was not pleased either with the
nature of the ground or with its quality, and, moreover,
the river ceases from that point to be frankly navigable.
The adjacent woodlands were much wasted by the cut-
ling olTof jacaranda and brazilwood when the friars
directed or administrated the estate.

(.By pursuing the northern direction one passes from
Porto Seguro to Santa Cruz, a beautiful and picturesque
place, the port of which is the best in the whole south-
ern coast and accessible to large size ships; which
has taken place, as I witnessed several limes, in order
to be freighted up with timber.

"The village, in spile of such natural advantages and
the events connected with its discovery, is unhappily
poor and falling into decay, for want of protection.

.I'lhe river Sania (Lruz, called there Joao Tiba, for
this was the name of the only i)orluguese inhabitant
that escaped from an onset of Indians, is not very cur-
rent and is about 100 kiloni. in its course. The lower
grounds that it runs through are fertile, but unwhole-
some, like all the others in the same conditions, while

2l5

llie higher ones are of a mean quality. Its source
lies few Icilom. from the riglit bnnlv of the Jequilinho-
nlia, near the estate named Gcnebiri, wliich is about 90
Uilom. far from the moiilh of the river, where is
situated Die village of Bclmonte. The estate Gcnchni
belonged d don't know whether it is still soi to General
Pederneiras, who had there a well provided and directed
sa wing-workhouse.

«I think the river Santa Cruz is formed by the inun-
dations of the Jequilinhonha in that direction; which
would be highly favourable to the commercial inter-
course in the upper part of the Jequitinhonha, as far as
Calhao, by avoiding the ports of Belmonte and Canna-
vieiras, the bars of which, mostly the former, which is
very dangerous, ofTer great difficulties to coasting nav-
igation and dangers to commerce.

(.1 can assure you the veracity of such dangers,
because I visited the two bars and explored the two
large rivers Jequitinhonha and Pardo, which washes the
village of Cannavieiras, as far as their water-falls.

"The channel that I propose as a future improvement
of this province, destined to dispense with the two mar-
itime bars, might also be made near the coast, the
navigation of the river Santa Cruz being put aside and
that of the Jequitinhonha itself being profited by,—
which would be more practical and less expensive.

«It would only be necessary to utilize, as far as the
Cahy, the stream of the Mogiquigaba, falling into
the sea, between Santa Cruz and Belmonte, to enter the
river Guayu and profit by the vast adjacent low grounds,
as far as the river Santo Antonio, and reach Santa Cruz
througji the valley of the last-named river. By utilizing
tne aboveinenlioned rivers the channel should be 80-100
kilom. long. The ground that is to be excavated, we
must additionally say, is sandy and disgregating and
only two meters above the sea-level. The channel should

2l6

begin al 8 kilom. beyond the mouth of the Jequitinhonha
and so the best part this river otlcrs to navigation should
be turned to profitable account. Such a part is compre-
hended between the village olBelmonte and the channel
Poassu. Genebra lies far beyond this channel.

"As you know, Sir, it is the Poassu that communicates
the Jequitinhonha with the Pardo, by means of the river
Salsa, falling into the latter.

«The new channel that 1 propose would have the
advantage of raising the price of the whole littoral ground
between the villages of Belmonte and Santa Cruz,
now depopulated and of no service.

cil must reniaikthat those indications are not sufficient
for the attempting of the above-mentioned improve-
ment; but it would lie convenient to study seriously
the matter, which 1 could not ellect upon iiiy visiting
those places, unfurnished as 1 was with the necessary
meanr.

«I think it would be necessary to remove about
150.000 to 200.00) meters of slack ground in order to
make a channel 5 m. in width; which would not raise
the expense beyond 15'J:000jS00). If we are to admit, as an
hypothesis, that 50:000^00) are additionally necessary (o
improve the part already existent by nature, the pecu-
niary sacrifice would amount to about 200:000i^000, but
would disclose a wide horizon to the bordering regions,
by permitting the easy exploration of the fertile and
vast giounds of the river Santo Antonio, of which it is
not possible to make any profit now a days.

"Tile littoral grounds, it is true, do not suit the curo-
])can immigration, in llic sime manner as those of any
other region; but they might be inlial)itcd by our coun-
trymen, mostly having grown salubrious after the
construction of the channel.

"I dwell on those considerations, not in (M-der to en-
gage the official action in undertakings of such a mo-

217

nienl, but to make you acquainted witli every soullicrn
place ol' this province and the essential improvements
they are wanting.

((After the Santa Cruz there is to be seen the Jequiti-
nhonha, sufficiently described by General Pederneiras
and by me, when I was charged by the Most Excellent
President of the province, Mr. Silva Nunes, with inform-
ing about the possibility of that navigation. It is undoubt-
edly majestic with the wideness of its bed and beauty
of its banks, fertile and abundant with lind)er, but little
who'csonie and mucli infested with insects, that highly
torment Ihc dwellers in its margins. I don't think it suit-
able to foreign colonisation and, moreover, the best
places are already occupied.

"The rivers Salsa and Pardo are more salubrious,
but their margins are likewise peopled. The latter is
exceptionally lit for the cultivation of cacao, because
the freshness of its margins is always entertained by the
water infiltrating through the ground ancd coming
from the superior marshes lying round. In the like
manner I w^ould not counsel foreign colonists, in case
there should be any unoccupied tract of ground in those
regions, to settle therein, for they would likely be vic-
tims to marshy fevers.

((Generally speaking, the culture of rice and cacao
is not the most suitable to.foregn colonists. It is the
same w'ilh the exploration of piassnva, wdiich is also a
favourite course of business at Cannaviciras.

"If a few foreigners, mostly i)orluguese, have settled
in this municiiiium and jjrospcred, resisting the noxious
inlluencc of its clinialc, how many have been unknown
victims and how many hecatombs would lill the history
of Ihc immigralion lo .such a region! It would be an
inhumanily lo attempt il, at least officially.

((Besides, those two lluvial arteries don't want the
incentive of colonisation that they may prosper. They

2l8

have already a few elements of their own, which develop
from day to day, contributing to such a fact both the
agricultural production, considerable and extremely
promising, and Ihc commercial intercourse held with
the province of Minas (Calhio and Sao Miguel), which
sends catlle and several commodilics and receives salt,
mostly by the port of Cannavieiras.

«That navigation, pursuing the course of the rivers
Pardo, Salsa and channel Poassii, is due to the endea
vours of General Pederneiras, to whom one is indebted
for the safety now enjoyed along the banks of those
rivers.

((Such is not the only private attempt at improve-
ment to be found there.

((A highway lies open from the banks of the river Par-
do to the imperial village of Victoria, crossing the hamlet
Cachimbo; it is due to Mr. Jorge Stolze, a man of an
active and audacious mind, who ellected the highway at
his own expense, in an extent of about 60 leagues through
the unexplored forest, where lived some savage tribes.
This road, undertaken by a single man, with the purpose
of attracting workmen at a low price, is unhappily
loo imperfect that it may call to Ihc littoral places the
cooperation of those who live in the inland.

(.COM.VHCA" C\- ILHEOS

«The topography of the littoral region between Can-
navieiras and Ilheos is variable.

(-As far as Commandatuba and Una the shore is washed
by mariliiue marshes and next by ot hers of sweet water
roncliing the lower part of tlie hills; these are generally
diy, uiiwiiolcsome and little fertile. Suih was. however,
the place chosen for the first selllenienl of foreign co-
lonists, for which purpose was founded the colony Mu-
ni:, tlie uusuccessliil forerniuier of tlie 'I'lirotloro and
nil) Hidiico. I spoke my ojjinion alxiiil llicni in a minute

2I()

report prcscnicd lo the Presidence oftlic ])roviiice when
I was charj»ed with cxainhiing the viability of the co-
lonial nuclei, which I always doubted, in spite of the
favourable official informations

wOfall llinse colonies founded from speculation,— an
expedient of which 1 nm slill aiiprehensive in the new
task we are to underlake— , that which oflered the best
conditions was, no doui)t,the colony liio Bronco, poasea^-
ini«a great deal of fruitful i^rounds, but unwholesome and
Irirdly coninuinicalinj* with the market, the river das
Pedras, Ihal grosses il, as well as the Thcodoro. being
injpraciicable even for canoes, so stony is its bed.

((The fourth colony, established upon that time, was
situated on the banks of the river Pardo, next to its
first water-falls, and was called Carolina.

"Thougli its situation was well chosen, on account of
the navigation of the river and fertility of its banks, the
colony was insalubrious and contaminated by the vices
inherent to the olliers, of which the least were not the
administialive weakness and looseness. No doubt was to
be atlmilted about Ihe result of sucli facts, only unseen
to the blind opliniisni of that time. My report was badly
received, as it troubled every hope, and had to lie down
in the dusty archives of the Agriculture Department Mi-
nistry, where it is still, nor was it ever published. The
fascinating undertaking was carried on and every thing
was annihilated.

«Iu ordjr to be perfectly acquainted with the colony
Carolina, in wliich were then all hopes, after they had
been disappointed as to the other colonies, I went by
land from Rio Hianco to ('arolina, to inquire about the
possibility of uniting the new colony to the others by
a h ghway that might dispense with the going down ol
llic rivci- Pardo and the bar of (lannavieiras.

(tWitliout any resources or workmen, for I had no offi

cial fellow-worker, pecuniarv remuneration or help at
28

2 20

all, the whole service being gratuitous and at my own
expense, I travelled on foot about 9 leagues through the
virgin forest, which up to that time had not yet been
trodden upon. The result quite discouraged me as to
the issue of the attempt. The region is actually peopled,
after having been annihilated the tribe of the PctUichos,
who lived there and whom I always thought inolTcnsive,
on account of their not having troubled me upon my
travelling, that lasted two days.

((My attendance only consisted of 5 i)crsons, 3 work-
men, who went before me clearing the way. Dr. Luiz
Moreau, a considerate, jiiudent and knowing mind,
my fellow-worker in intellectual labours 24 years since,
and I,— all of us badly armed.

win this region lie the diamond mines of the Salobro,
a salt liver that runs Ihrough the above-mentioned
woodland, which, though I recognized Ihcm, I thought
of no importance at all, for I considered their exploration
a catastrophe, as it was in fact. The ci-Uivators, seduced
by the adamantine mirage, abandoned their plantations
and the contests inevitable in such a conflict of ambi-
tions rose up violently.

((From Una to Ilheos the hills draw nearer the shore,
but without changing their aspect or qualily. They are
generally little fruitful and unpeopled; Villa Nova, lying
hard by the sea, has a population of poor and iinindus-
trious indians, who use to plant manioc and draw out
piassaiHi, destroying the woods, as it is custcunary with
such explorations.

"The port and bar of I heos are comnu dioiis and .'^afe;
but several attempts at colonisation have not sncceedici
there, it must be said that the ground dois not present
everywhere the same character of ferlilily. There are to
be found some estates produclive enoiigli and abeady
occupied, as well as wide tracts ol an iiic(.nle:-.tablc
mediocrit V.

221

((Tlie margins of the Almada and Lagoa, washing that
region, arc peopled, the local movemenl not being,
therefore, delayed for want of population. One of the
favourite cultures is that of the cacao, which, though it
does not ahbrd so abundant a gathering as in the banks
of the river Pardo, yet it is remunerative enough to
attract the concurrence of planters.

«In the river Pardo the lower grounds are preferred,
on account of their freshness and the greater thickness
of the argillaceous layers; hut in Ilhcos they use to plant
everywhere, even in the hillsides, which justifies the
dillerence of production and threatens the cacao plan-
tation not to be so durable. It is in the lower tracts of
the river-banks that they plant the sugar cane, of which
brandy is made up, well looked upon as a commercial
article and largely exported.

The rivers of Ilheos are little navigable; the longest
is no more than 80 kilom. as far as the first water-fall.
A colony might be founded on the banks of the Lagoa;
but the bed of this river has been but lately taken up
by an orchid (nenuphar^ quite impeding the navigation.
They have vainly attempted to extinguish it; the hind-
erance is always increasing and threatening the planters,
who will not be able to lake any profit of such a com-
munication for the conveyance of their merchandises-
Steamship might perhaps, after toilsome labours, anni-
hilate such a pernicious germ; but how many expenses
would be necessary to come by it?

"I will say, in short, as an abridgement of all that I
hive slated concerning the five above-mentioned comar-
cas, that from the river Ilheos one passes through a tract
cf land 200 square leagues in extent, consisting of the best
ground in (he world, washed by mighly and abundant
rivers flowing from the Serra dos /ij/mo/Vs, separated
from the coast by a region between 20 and 30 leagues
in width and thoroughly unpeopled, if not unknown. Its

222

r ^ricultural richnes^ is beyond calculalion, as well as
t le niineralog cal oi e, and conslitutcsa precious reserve
f -r fLilurc, when Ihe ways of commiinical>on, eillici'by
canoes or i-ailroads, f'aciii!a!c !iie local Cf 1^ nisaiioii.
«If it seems a proper ti'iie for such unrieitakings, it
will be necessary to prepare the funds in order to
attempt them. On Iheni only depends the future of an
immense region, so rich as to wonder the exploialor
and sadden the patriot, on seeing it inactive and aban-
doned.

"COMAUCA" Ol- CAMAMU'

(iSerra Grande, in the municipium of Barra do Rio de
Conlas, 45 kilom. northward from Ilhcos, is, no doubt,
belter situated than this port. There are to be found
fruitful grounds and good streams, fit for the establish-
ment of hydraulic motors; but it would be necessary
to make roads either to Ilheos or to Hio dc Conlas, and
so Ihe cenlrc ol Ihe colony should be on the banks of Ihe
river Jcribocassi'i, 15 kilom. far from the Rio dc Contas;
such a mailer, however, rccjuircs a nearer inquiry.
On Ihe banks of (he last- mentioned river, 30 kilom. from
its mouth, a good estate is to be seen, which belongs
to Colonel Antonio Lessa and is said to be 12 leagues in
extent; but not only it is in want of ways of communi-
cation, bul the river is not navigable, on accnml of the
great deal of waterfalls, the first of which, called Paii-
cada Grande, lies at 20 kilom. from Ihc river-moulh and
Iherefore 10 kilom. before the ahovo-menliouetl cslale.
Canoes are only able, up to the present time, to go
down liic river over the water-falls; a dangerous navi-
gation, which cannol he ulili/ed for Ihe tiansporlalion
of agriculUual commodilics. A railway would be neces-
sary to keep away from the obstacles, by going round
them.

"Relween the bar of the Hio de Conlas and Maralu'i is

223

the coiinlry wnslicd l)y llic livcr Acnraliy, consislin^f of
Icrliary jfrounds and improper for colonisation. At Mara-
lii'i lie a few calearcous and turfy ;4rounds, suilable to
in(luslii;il exjiloriilions, win'cli have been iindcrlaken to
sonic extent, Ihoui^h with no ajjprcciable commercial
result.

wAfler five more leagues, in the northern direction,
one reaches the village of ('.amsmi'i, the district of which
does not oder, in my opinion, any real advantage to im-
migration. Though I was informed there the elements
are favourable to colonisation, I cannot take upon me
such an affirmation, as the place is quite unknown to
me. It would be convenient to search into it, with re-
gard to its future, and I think such a purpose would
not require a great expense.

«(:OMAUC.\S>' OF TAPEROA, VALEXCA AND NAZARETH

«I don't doubt whether the grounds of Taperoa and Va-
len^a be or not of prime qualiiy; I am informed, how-
vcr, that one may not rely on their salubrity where
they might be acquired for colonisation.

((A colonial essay was made rnany years ago, 4 leagues
from Tai)croa, upon the time of the Independence or
before, ts I think, with no success at all, owing either to
the frequence of fevers, or to the difficulty of commu-
nications. The colonists died and it was thus much for
that.

«Al the distance of 2 leagues from Valen^a, in the place
named S. Fidelis,— a granitic, reddish and rough ground,
perhaps suitable to the cultivation of colfee— , an
attempt at colonisation was also clfected, but in bad
conditions. Invited in 1875 by the President of the Prov-
ince, Dr. Venancio Lisboa, to visit the place under
consideration and speak my opinion about the move-
ment that took place when the colony seemed to be in a
train for development, I was contrary to the system estab-

224

lished there and condemned such a regimental manner
of founding colonies in llie same wa}' as if they were
estates. Tlie events once more sliowed me in tlie right
and the colony languish^; end was extinguished in a
lew months.

"In the comarca of Nazareth some grounds are most
likely to he found suitable to the foundation of a
colony; but I don't know^ whether there be any without
owner and in such economical conditions as to permit
their exploration, and it is not proper to ground a pro-
ject on informations with no elTective responsibility.
Any expense would be perfectly justifiable with a view
to assure the minute investigation of the local conditions,
the more because a railway already in traffic might be
advantageously profited by, in casj the conditions of the
place should be thought favourable."

The illustrious Inspector of Public Grounds, after a few
observations on other coinarcas and after citing an
official letter wherein the judge of Victoria asked immi-
grants to be directed to that place, on which he does
not utter his opinion for his not being well informed
of the matter, thus continues:

"In Maragogipe we enler the sugar factories region,
comprehending the municipia ofCachoeira, Santo Ama-
ro, S. Francisco, Malta de S. Joao and a part of Ala-
goinhas, reaching the valleys of the Subahuma and
Inhanibupe and extending as far as the muuicipium of
C.ondc.

"The colonisation of such regions, under cultivation
and belonging to numerous owners, will only be advan-
tageous to them who aie alieady settled there— in case it
should be incited by the actual owners, I'rcc from
mortifying apprehensions, and will ixniuiro a huge em-
ployment of funds, not on account of llic immigration
itself, but of the industries that it must develop.
"Iwill finish what is still to be said about the con-

225

dilion of the [grounds lit for ifumigralion, by making a
few obscrvalions on those which arc next to our great
railways in traffic.

WOODLANDS OK QUO HO

«I will speak first of the region of the Central Railway,
for its having been indicated by the Most Excellent
minister of AgricuUure department, in consequence of
the good informations given about it by Counsellor Oan-
deira de Mello. 1 allude to the opinion expressed by the
intelligent and distinct engineer Dr. Mij^uel de Teive
c Argollo and annexed to the Report of the Presidencc
in 1887.

((The knowing engineer only described the favourable
situation of the woodland of Orobo, between 25 and
!()0 kilom. from the station of Silio Novo, 600!) square
kilom. in extent, in good conditions of climate and fer-
tility and washed by the rivers Utinga and Agua Branca.

((Accepting with anticipation Dr. Argolio's observa-
tions on the natural advantages there to be found, though
I don't think the hydrographical situation quite suitable,
for the woodland is washed by two only rivers, the
importance of which is not very great, chiefly after the
destruction of the woods has diminished, as it is infal-
lible, Ihp regimen and frequence of waters, I beg you
leave to set foilh the illustrious engineer's opinion, in
order that the bad intcrprctalion of phrases may not
wrong his rural and economical opinions.

«I don't iK'lieve, as it is supposed by many people and
might be falsely concluded from Dr. Argolio's words,
that it must be the desire of our coutitrymen to anni-
hilate great tillage, which is, was and ioill ahvays
be everywhere the support of economical i)roduction,
the germ of public wealth in agricultural countries. Since
such is not an aspiration legitimate enough to determine

226

thai desire, nor can it be so, it must be looked upon
as noxious to public interest.

«Litlle tillaj^e, limited in its means and aspiralions, is
synonimous with misery, whether to tillers or to the
country where it is exclusiveh' established. The thought
that it might be the substitute of j^reat tillage sprung
from the extravagancies ol the frcnch reY<Uution, de-
sirous to bring to their utmost bounds the conclusions
drawn from social levelling. There was but an economi-
cal absurd and a warranted inhumanity, improperly
called great exploration. They meant to correct it and
created a situation that could not but disappear within
two or three generations. The actual mind, better led,
begins to call back the (juestion to its true ground; the
endeavours now tend to agglomerations not to subdi-
visions, to coadjuvancy originating from reciprocal inter-
est, not to retiredness, imbittercd by the asi)irations of
egotism, however legitimate it may apjicar.

uThe falseness of the judgement arises from the confu-
sion generally existii'g between lillle tilhnie and lillle
properly, as well as btlwcen ureal ciiUure and cxlcnsive
doinciins »

After having exposed his opinion concerning ilic mat
ter, whereupon he justifie> those premises in long and
instructive observations, the author i)rosecutcs thus:

«The above observations were not produced for the
purpo<^e of denying llic aptness of the woodlands ol
Orolx) f.):- the establish men I of colonics, any distance
being possibly supplied by an economical biancii road.

"Since the place is sal ui)i ions and abundant with
streams, any atlenipt is pt)ssible and even |)rolilal)le, in
case it sIduM be assisted willi Ilic necis'-ai y funds, tlial
it may not become a new dis;ij)p )in'.menl in the run-
ning time. Wiliioul the coincidence of the Ihiee elements,
—(innituL fiiiids .nid ii'orl:, I think ;i!iy advantageous
pi'oduclion and, llicrcl'orc, ;iny cratlinn oj ivciillh, (piite

227

impossible, moslly when, as it is the case now-a-days, tlie
disorganization of labour threatens to swallow up every
thing.

«The woodlands of Orobo, according to the plans
before me, drawn by the commissioml judge, Kngi-
neer Santos Souza, don't appear to me sufficiently
streamy. The Agua Fkanca is Die only river passing
through one ot their extremities, to pour out its stream
into the Capivary, an aflUicnt of the Paraguassi'i. The
regicn, naturally confined on three sides by the two
above rivers, is most likely about lOOl) square kilom. in
area; ils fourtii side is limited by Ihe highway leading
from Ihe hamlet of Utinga to Mundo Novo It lies hard
by several highways and estates and was chosen, as
1 think, for the establishment of a colony by the su-
l)crintendenl of the cnglish line Central Railway, who
went to Europe in search of the necessary elements.

"The tract of woodland belw^een the Agua Branca and
Ulinga is vaster, 5'JOO square kilom. at least in extent;
but I suppose it is drier, not being passed through by
any lluvial artery deserving lobe indicated in the plan
that I am speaking of.

«The rivers Bonito, Riachao do Utinga, Rio do Morro
and Riachao da Lapinha fall into each other and run
together to the Utinga, a river tributary to the Santo
Antonio, which falls into the Paraguassu.

«1 am not acquainted with the place and the indications
to which I have just alluded are not, as for my opinion,
sufficient for any attempt.

«A distinct engineer. Dr. Augusto de Lacerda, asserts
me that Iho w'anl of streams in the woodlands might be
supplied, by directing to them, in some places, the wa
ters of Ihe Ulinga the bed of which lies in a higher situ-
ation. Wliether that will require a great expense one
cannot [)reviously tell; at any rate, I think that will hurt

them who are alreadv settled on Ihe banks of the Utin-
29

228

ga, Ihe waters of which will be reduced in llieir vol-
ume, in a region where there is no plenty of them.

RAILWAY TO ALAGOINHAS

ftThisliiie is greatly in want, llirougli its whole course,
of elements suitable to colonisation. In its first 35 to 40
kilom. the margins are taken up l)y sugar factories and
estates, generally of a doubtful fertility. The grounds
being already cullivated and wasted, occui)ied by nu-
merous inhabitants, any attempt to disappropriate them
would require great expenses, quite unprofitable to the
railway guaranteed by the state, since in the first 20 or
25 kihim. there are to be found several sea-i)orts, per-
fectly shcllercd. which would be attractive to trade.

■ Frrni the 35iii. to the 05'!'. kilom., jiretty near, the
conditions, but doubtful at first, become frankly detest-
able. The grounds are almost all tertiary, scarcely
rolling and highly deficient in alluvia. The vegetation
consists but of piassaim, little cocoa-nuts (cnqiiillws)
and mangaiba, even so in a rachilic manner. The cattle
itself is of a limited fecundity and unfavourable aspect.
Heal heaths are only to be seen, quite inapplicable now-
a-days, though it is to be found there the kaolin, so
much esteemed for china works.

'In the (5511'. kilom. begins the region tf the sugar
factories belonging to the municipium of Malta, the
fertility of which, so much extolled, has disappeared to
a great extent. This region, extending nearly as far as
the lOO'i'. kilom.. and entering the municipium of Calu,
is rcgi.'lariy fit for rural explorations, but shows no spe-
cial site suitable to immigration.

«From the lOO'i'. to the 123"'. kilom., the terminal
point in Alagoinhas, tertiary grounds occur again with
Ihe same incoincnicncies already mentioned, Ihough
wilh less inlcnsily. It would b ; unjust not to acknowl-
edge il. There is, however, in the region crossed by this

229

line, an excellent cenlral faclonj, belonging to an* asso-
ciation of land owners, who furnish the chief mailer
themselves. The adjacent grounds are fertile and
extremely suitable to the sugar-cane cultivation. So they
have the best elements of prosperity, should Ihcy be
under an intelligent and truly industrial direction.

«One might actually found a similar establishment
with more surily of success and far less expenses, for
saccharine industry has greatly improved and the ways
of its exploration have become more perfect. The capi-
tal spent there amounts to 600:000-)0(0, not including the
cost of the railways and a few kilometers of cart roads
The yield of sugar never exceeded 9,5, in spile of the
superior quality of the sugar-canes.

A more profitable establishment might be founded
now-a-days with 300:000^000. I am told that the central
sugar factory of Ribeiriio, in Pernambuco, cost the last-
mentioned sum, including 100:GO0;;SO0) spent in railways.
The yield of sugar attains 10 "/« and the industrial la-
bour afTordcd the partners the profit ot 19 per cent.

"This province, Sir, has been too unsuccessful in ils
innovations. The cenlral factories that were created do
not answer to the expectation, almost always for want
of a convenient direction. Those which were conceded
to an cnglish company had to struggle against Ihe vo-
racity of pretensions and failed before their inauguration.

((Through the course of the railroad under considera-
tion, in Cotegipe, one of such disappointed attempts may
be seen, representing a regular capital, quite lost; it
was elfc'cled in a fertile sugar factory, surrouudrd with
many others, which might assure it an auspicious future,
the most because it i; tiie nearest to the market of the
capital.

((As it is no matter to bring such impiovements into
discussion, I will render my opinion on the matter upon
speaking my own judgement about the inland and ils
agricultural necessities.

2:>o

BRANCH-ROAD OF TIMBO

((The english line obtained llie concession of a brancli-
road from Alagoinlias to Ihe liamlet of Timbo, in rcnrcli
of Ihc province of Sergipe. This branchi oad, already
in Irafhc, passes at first llirough grounds closely resem-
bling those of its starting point; then it enters the valleys
of the Subahnma and Inhambupe, where a great deal of
sugar-factorie^, estates and tobacco plantations are to be
found. There is no place thereabouts that may suit any
colonial essay, save in the conditions rccjuired by the
inland.

EXTENSION OF THE RAILWAY FROM ALAGOINHAS TO
VILLA NOVA

((This line, which is a national properly, construcled
at the expense of the public treasury, for the purpose of
communicating the important S. Francisco valley with
the market of the capital, passes, in a great extent
of its actual course, through tracts of ground generally
of a bad qualily and terminates at Villa Nevada Rainha,
now called Cidade do Bomfim.

(■From Alagoinhas to Serrinha. in the kilom. 110,581,
the region is barren and in lack of water; it consists of
plateaus, only fit for cattle-breeding and hardly coming
up to this purpose, on account of the cruel alternatives
that it is liable to. Lamarao, in the kilom. 85,441, is the
only place having some density of population, which
sutlers a great deal on drought lime. There arc to be
seen by places a few regular tracts of land, where little
culture subsists more or less miserably. Whenever the
hot season is not accompanied with cla|)s oflhundcr,
that fill up the ponds, the inhabitants use to emigrate
in search of the element of life that they need.

"Such conditions are intolerable and rcijuire the

23l

waters to be collected and reserved for the limes of
necessity, Nvhich come by peiiods.

((From Serriiiha to Iliuba one crosses the region of
llie atlingas, suitable to cattle-feeding, fertile when it
has rained, according to the information of the iidiab-
ilanls, but so very burning on drouglit time as not to
I)crmit the boughs to be a food to cattle.

«The Serra da Iliuba, in the kilom. 269,260, is fertile,
wholesome, of a sweet climate, and every tropical plant
rises up there. The grape grows up very luxuriantly and
is highly productive, the region being suital)le to the
culture of vines, which might take up the slopes and
valleys of the mountains. The grape, that in Europe may
be reaped but once a year, may afford here even three
harvests, and we want no more to consider such a cult-
ure a very important branch of trade and even of
industry, -that of vine dressers. The region under con-
sideration has, however, the inconvenience of being too
mountainous, which hinders the expansion of the great
annual cultures under the influence of capital.

wThe region of Villa Nova da Rainha, or Cidade do
Bomfim, is undoubtedly, through its whole extent, the
most suitable to colonisation, and it would be advanta-
geous to examine it with such a purpose and even now
make profit of it.

((The town is built on a basin surrounded with moun-
tains and hills, that keep the place always fresh, even
during the hottest months. Several rivulets, as that of
Villa Nova das Missoes, and numerous fountains con-
tribute to keep the fields green and favour the planta-
tions. The adjacent grounds are accordingly fruitful and
there arc to be found several cofTee plantations on
meadows once tilled up by maize, french-bean and ma-
nioc planters and showing so great a rankness and vig-
our as those of the virgin soil, an evident sign that they
find liiere the whole nourishment thev want. The

2J2

rocks are granitic, the soil argillaceous and reddish,
from dark red to chocolate colour, which is indicative
of a good nature, as it is the case in the province of Sao
Paulo, that possesses similar grounds, wonderfully
productive.

«In spite of such excellent conditions, the environs of
the town contribute but little to supply the market.
Properly to speak, a real tillage will only arise after a
locomotive engine wakes the actually failing spirits.
That is natural, since the exportation of the several pro-
duces would not compensate the labour and the local
sale is very limited. That tilling is all divided, the prin-
cipal being what we call Utile culture, that will never
forward the place, if it is to live only upon such
explorations.

(iltwill be unjust, however, not to acknowledge that a
few land-owners, as the intelligent engineer Dr. Austri-
cliano de Carvalho, have made useful reforms, which
W'll beneficially influence the public mind, by encour-
aging it with such an example and propagating the true
principles of agricultural exploration.

((Owing, of course, to such want of initiative as for
the remunerative plantation or to the little rural able-
ness of the inhabitants, who now begin to discover
the real advantages of civilisation, the ground of Villa
Nova da Hainlia may not yet be very cosily and is there-
fore easily acquirable al an advantageous price. On
the other side tlie population, numerous and lilllc exi-
gent, works for a short remuneration, not exceeding
(iOO to 700 rces a day.

«As I appreciated such exceptional advantages, I char-
ged an able gentleman, who, knowing my thoughts,
studies conveniently every Ihing in a way suitable to de-
velop or criticise it. Dr. Luiz Morcau, preccdentiy
mentioned in this rep(>rt, with travelling over a certain

rcf^ion and lake an account of its conditions for the
establishment of colonies.

«As one leaves Villa Nova and pursues the northern
trend, one finds that the first 1") kilom. are relatively of
a mean quali'y; tiie good grounds begin in the handet
(^aldeirao, near tlie station of CariacA, reach the river
Hranco or the Aipini, through an extent of 20 kilom.,
where grow up unexplored forests, highly suitable to
the plantation of tropical seeds. I do not know whether
such an advantage attain the cacao, for one cannot, of
course, judge assuredly of ihe suitableness of a ground
without sounding it. T'le cacao only vegetates and
thrives in a fresh soil, frankly and profoundly argilla-
ceous, their moisture being maintained by a constant
capillarity in the roots. In i)roporlion as these go into
the soil, this must furnish them with matters of that
kind. Whenever the lay of ground, in spite of its being
rich and humid, is not thick enough to keep invariable
the primitive conditions, it is in vain to attempt any
plantation, for the tree, though branchy at first,
unexpectedly languislies and dies away. Several exam-
ples have proved such an assertion, the planters being
at a loss in the beginning about the causes of the dis-
aster.

wSuch is the reason why the cacao plantation does
not develop successfully everywhere and but a few
regions are quite capable of answeiing to the exigencies
of this precious vegetable.

wThere are to be seen in the forests of which I am
speaking some jdcces of land planted with coilee, the
splendid vegetation of which confirms the observations
I have made and vaticinates excellent results. On the
bank of the river Branco, hard by a water-fall, fit for
the establishment of hydraulic motors, a colony might
be founded, which would afierwards gain the whole
region, with all the probabilities of success.

uAs the res-ion is 25 kilom. far from Villa Nova da Rai-

234

nha and 20 from Cariaca, I find il not dii'ficiiU lo unite
it to any of llicsc stations by means of a small branch-
road of economical construction, ulilizini^ the rolling
stock of [he Prolongamento railway, in which case would
be fulfilled the principal conditions favourable lo colo
nisatiun, namely: scihibrili), clinialc, plcnlij of loaler and
loaijs of easy conveyance, permitting the establishment of
hydraulic motors, a very valuable economical condition.

"In Campo Formoso, lying also near Villa Nova, a
colony might be attempted; but not only the ways of
communication that it would require are more dillicult
and expensive, but it is less abundant wilh rivulets and
fountains, which is highly hurtful to any place, chiclly
in the inland, subject as it is to the interruption of rain
for many months running.

«I think the woodland named Periquito, that I have
just referred lo, on the banks of the rivers Branco and
Aipim, should be preferred in the region under consider-
ation. The small branch-road might be buili by the
administration of the Prolonyanienlo railway, eagerly
zealous as it has been, with a very little expense.

«The distinct director of the service, Dr. Luiz da Ro-
cha Dias, has already explored the above region; but
of late, with a view lo attract travellers, he had a wide
path made as far as Agua Branca, and such a road is
actually a lrc(|uentcd highway.

<-As Ihe po])ulation of the place is very dense, I Ihink
it easy lo found there a mixl colony of natives and
foreigners, wiio might help and ccmplete each other,
the bllcr leaching belter processes of labour, the for-
mer receiving obscrvalions and counsels from the nati-
ves, taught by the ir own exptriciue Such a colonisation
would advantageously expand, with no great additional
expense, Ihe inlercoursc of the place and originate a
revenue lliat might accelerate, by the example of such
advantages, the emancipalion of the railway, still dc-

235

pending upon the help of the public treasury. The crea-
tion of similar colonies along the almost unknown inland
would follow such an attempt.

«The state, which has spent about 180,000:000^000 in
railways of its own, is inleresled in the development
of their intercourse, in order to reduce the expenses.

((These remarks must be attended to, in preference to
any other, as soon as the conditions of the place per-
mit it, with regard to the resolutions that are to be
taken on so grave a matter, because they contribute
both to increase the official resources of the country
and to vivify the several places.

«In the 226,959 kilom. of the Prolongamenlo railway
is the station of Santo Antonio das Queimadas, in a little
templing region, on account of its lying in the midst
of catingas, which exposes it to all the climatical influ-
ences of such situations; it has, however, some relative
importance, which must not be set at nought, since
it is the destined starling point of a railway to Jacobina,
that has already a grantee, but with no guarantee of
interest. This line is to call nt Morro do Chapeo, 36
leagues from Queimadas and no more than 20 from Ja-
cobina. The region to be crossed by the railroad pos-
sesses rich mines and even traditionary legends are to be
heard about it. The ground of Morro do Chapeo is fer-
tile, but quite inapplicable at the present time.

((Jacobina Velha is thought excellent for culture. It is
450 meters above the sea-level. The nearest forests are
those of Tombador, three leagues westward from the
village and crossed by the river Itapicuri'i merim; where-
fore the inhabitants like better to use the water of the
Riacho do Ouro, flowing through the village itself or
hard by it.

((Jacobina, founded in 1721, was of old a considerable
centre of auriferous exploration, abandoned after the
discovery of the diamond mines of Len^oes. A few ves-
tiges of the ancient works are still to be seen there.
30

236

The grantee of the privilege asserted me that the region
is splendid and destined to a high importance in future.
«As the matter requires minuter informations, which
I have not, 1 do nothing hut mention the ahove advan-
tages, without taking upon me the accounlahlcness for
the assertion. The grantee is Commander Jose Antonio
de Araujo, who may give more circumstantial expla-
nations, if they be necessary »

Public instruction

The relatively little advanced state of puhlic instruc-
tion is owing to historical causes.

There was almost no instruction during the whole
colonial time; it was but towards the close of last cen-
tury that some attention began to be paid in Bahia to
this highly important branch of public service, in con-
sequence of the wise laws that the Marquis of Ponibal
had just issued in Portugal.

In 1808, upon the arrival of the Regent Prince, after-
wards King i). Joao VI, at Bahia, there were but a few
primary and latin classes in the province. ^Yhoewe^
desired a higher instruction was to go to Portugal in
search of it.

Instruction was forwarded during the government of
the Count ol Arcos, whose name is connected with
many other improvements in the history of Bahia. The
four public classes of lafin, created in the capital before
1810, got the threefold number of scholars and a private
class was also created; the class of rhetoric doubled
the number of its disciples; it was the same with the
classes of philosophy, geometry, drawing and commerce.
The Royal Patent of Ai)ril 51'' 1811 created' the Senn-
nary of theological sciences; that of l)ccemi)c'r 2U"'. 1815,
the Medico-surgical college; some private classes of geo-
graphy, french, english, his'ory, music and fencing were

237

likewise instituted by several gentlemen, inlluenced by
the benefical direclion taken by public instruction.

Tiie Count of Arcos took a great interest in instruc-
tion, wliich he highly protected, by liberally furnish-
ing with the necessary resources those who were
willing to study and receive in Coimbra their academ-
ical degree, and such is, no doubt, the reason why a
great deal of enlightened and strong minds came forth
upon the Independence time.

A few chairs were also created in the villages of the
then captaincy, both for the leaching of the vernacular
language and for that of latin, geometry, logic, rheto-
ric, agriculture and french, the latter under the name
of ("higher classes», so that these chairs amounted to
43 after the independence of Brazil, in 1823, besides a
great many primary schools throughout the province.

After the independence of Brazil was proclaimed, the
central government undertook the direction of public
instruction and soon proceeded to augment the number
of chairs, to which were appointed the teachers that
might then be disposed of.

The primary chairs were filled in accordance with
this process: — as soon as one of Ihcm was vacant, the
jiiiz de fora la kind of judge in former times) issued an
edict whereby the chair was put up for competilicn. The
examination of Ihe candidales was trusted to two teach-
ers, who gave him a book, such as, for example, the
wElemenlos de civilidade» (Elements of Civility), where
he was to read a few periods; some common phrases
were afterwards dictated to be written by the pretender,
who was also obliged to make several addition, subtrac-
tion, multiplication and division accounts, and, at length,
to answer a few questions on porluguese grammar and
cliristian doctrine. The written proofs were then direct-
ed to the archbishop or his substitute, to speak his
opinion about the candidates, after which the munici-
pal council appointed the teacher.

238

The faculty of legislating on primary and secondary
instruction being conferred by the Additional Act upon
the provincial assemblies and a lyceum having been
created in the capital (law no. 33 of March 9"'. 1836i, the
legislative power of Bahia began to extinguish by little
and little the «higher classes», established throughout
the vast territory of the province, and to concentrate
them in the lyceum, so that in 1838 were only left 2G
higher classes, quite exlinguished in 1860.

The latter was the date of the first reform of public
instruction (Regulation of Deceml)er 28'''. 1860), author-
ized by the Art. IV of the Law no. 844 of August 2ii'i. of
that very year, approved by the legislative body and
somewhat altered by the Resolution no. 868 of September
6"'. 1861. Such alterations caused the regulation to be
drawn up again; it was afterwards promulgated and
came to the execuiion (Act of April 22"'. 1862) under the
name of «Regulamenlo Organico da Instruccao Publica>)
(Organical Regulation of Public Instruction).

Another reform was enacted and pul)lished in the
regulation of September 27i''. 1873 by the vice-president,
Dr. Jose Eduardo Frcire de Carvalho, duly authorized
by the Art. HI i^ V of the Law no. 1330 of June 30"'. of
that year. It was approved, after having been some-
what altered, by the Resolution no. 1561 of June 28"'.
1875, issued by the president, Dr. Venancio Jose de Oli-
veira Lisboa.

A third regulation, reforming public instruction, was
published in January 5'''. 1881 i)y Dr. Antonio A. A. Bul-
cao, afterwards Raron of S. Francisco, in accordance
with the faculty conferred on him by llie Art. XXI of
the Law no. 2114 of August 24'ii. 1881. It was somewhat
altered and ap|)rovcd by the legislative body.

Be<-idestlic three above-mentioned reforms, a few acts
were issued, during the administration of the Viscount
of S. Lourcn^o, in conseciuencc of the Art. V of the Res-
olution no. 1051 of June 23"i. 1868. Such acts were all

23q

published in 1870 (January 18"'. and 21^'., February 21*'.
and 22'"!., March 4'ii.)

Before thai period, that is to say— from 1835 (when
the provincial assemblies began to perform their I'unc-
tiont Ui 1859, were enacted the following laws on public
instruction: no. 33, already cited, of March 19'i'. 1836,
no. 37 of April 14'i'. of the same year, no. 8G of August
14'ii. 1838, no. 151 of June 23"'. 1841, no. 172 of May 25"'.
1844, no. 375 of November H"'. 1849, resolution no. 378
of November IQH'. 1819, law no. 379 of November 3"''. of
the same year, rci-olulions nos. 403 of August 2'"'. 1850
and 6fi8 of December 31^t. 1857.

The other laws and resolutions concerning the matter
did not regulate public instruction; they only created
and suppressed chairs, granted exemptions from all serv-
ice and licences, established the salary of functionaries
and pecuniary subsidies to a few n-slives ofBahia, that
they might go and study in Europe.

The government of the state ordered at length a new
regulation to be obeyed (Act of August 18'i'. 1890), the
act of the precedent government (December 30"'. 1889),
being laid aside. This regulation is still in vigour and
will be so till the legislative power of the state pro-
m-ulgate another law' regulating so highly important a
service.

In accordance with this regulation the supreme direc-
tion of instruction belongs to the Governor of the state
and is exercised through the Director General of public
instruction and his auxiliary functionaries.

The immediate inspection belongs to:

1— the Director General of public instruction,

2 — the High Council of Instruction,

3— the Director of the Lyceum,

4— the Directors of the Normal Schools,

5 -the District inspectors,

6— the Municipal and Parish School Councils and their
delegates.

240

The Director General is freely appoinlable by the
Governor.

The High Council of Instruction is composed of the
Director General, as the president, the directors of the
Lyceum and Normal Schools, that of a private establish-
ment of instruction, a public teacher of primary in-
struction in the capital, elected every year by his
peers, the mayor of the capilal, the professor of hy-
giene in the Facully of Medicine, the engineer director
of public works, the director of the Public Library,
that of the Agronomical School and the director-pres-
i^ent of the Arts and Trades Lyceum.

This council, which ordinarily assembles but once a
month and extraordinarily when convoked by the Direc-
tor General, or by the order of the government, is
indued with a consullalive voice in every subject con-
cerning public inslruclion and is to pronounce its
opinion about the adoption of n^clhods and practical
systems of teaching, the adoption, revision or substitu-
tion of school books and other objects, the internal
regimen of schools and public establishments of instruc-
tion, the elaboration of bases to ground any relorm or
improvement that public teaching may be in need of.
The inquiiy, trial and judgement of primary instruction
teachers in point of disciplinary infraction, that may
require the penalties of icmoval, suspension and dismis-
sal, are also within the province ot this council.

The duly of the district inspectors, proposed by the
Director General and appointed by the Governor to
the twelve school-districts into which the stale is
divided, is to ovei\sce all the |)ui)lic or private schools
and establishments of instruction in tlieir respective
districts, except the Official institute of Secondary In-
struction and the Normal Schools. Tiiey are to be in
service for two years, except the two of the capilal.

It is also theirs to oversee the school-census.

241

They receive a pecuniary rerauneralion from Uie slate.

Tlie municipal and parisli scliool-councils are com-
posed of: a) in tlie chief towns and villages in every co-
inarca, the judge in common law, the mayor and three
citizens chosen every two years by the poll-tax payers;
hi in the villages that are not the seats of comarcas, the
municipal judge, the mayor and three citizens elected
in the like manner; c) in the parish seats, the first
justice of the peace, the parson and three citizens elected
in the same manner as precedently.

It belongs specially to these councils: to visit, once a
month at least, the primary schools of their district. In
order to examine their condition and note books, the
improvement of the disciples and the behaviour of the
teachers, to make sure of their zeal, morality and voca-
tion; to preside over the final yearly examinations; to
furnish the Director General with informations and
maps; to propose the substitutes for the primary in-
struction chairs during the te achcrs' disabilities.

As for teaching, it is classified in primary, secondary
and professional or technical one. The first is committed
to the injantile, primarij and higher primary schools; the
second to the Normal Schools and Official Instiliitc of
Secondary Instruction; the third to the Bahia Agronom-
ical School, Arts and Trades Lyceum and Fine Arts Acad-
emy.

Fra^bel's process is adopted in the infantile schools.

Children between 7 and 13 years old are admitted to
the primary schools, where teaching is gratuitous, obli-
gatory and secular. These schools are for both sexes
and directed by a school-mistress, in every hamlet where
15 children, in the least, of each sex frequent the school.
When the number of frequenters is beyond 30 children
of each sex, tliere will be two separate schools. In the
parish seats and villages there is one school for each
sex, on the condition that the number of matriculates
be 30, in the least, and that of frcciuenters 20. In case

242

it be not so, the two schools will be reduced to one
raixt school.

In the towns, as well as in the capital, there wille be as
many schools as necessary in order that every one may
hold up to one hundred scholars.

The primary schools are divided into 4 classes, not
according to the matter taught therein, but to their sit-
uation. Belong to the l~i. class those which are situated
in hamlets, parishes and villages, including the seats of
!•*'. resort comarcas; the 2'"'. class comprises the schools
situated in the villages that are the seats of 2""'. and 3'^.
resort comarcas-, the schools of towns belong to the 3'"^<.
class, and to the 4'i'. those of the capital.

These schools perform their functions in two sessions
a day, the one from 8 to 12 o'clock a. m., the olher
from 2 to 4 p. w.

The lessons run upon: writing, reading, elements of
proUiguesc grammar, arithmetic (elementary operations
with practical applications, decimal and ordinary frac-
tions, proportions and their due applications, decimal
metrical system), linear and outline drawing, elements
of history and geography, especially those of our native
country, rudiments of natural sciences, moral and civic
instruction, lessons on things, as applied to every disci-
pline, choral singing, manual labour, inclutiing garden-
ing and horticulli're, callislhenic and military exercises.
Needle works and household accomplishments are addi-
tionally used in girls schools.

The higher primary schools are only established in
the capital, where eight were created by the regulation
in vigour (4 schools for each sex), and in the towns,
which arc to have only two (1 for each sex\

They will he in function from 9 o'clock morning to 2
evening and will improve the pui)ils in llie vernacular
language (exercises of redaclion and slylc, reading and
analysis of cla.ssical authors), aiillunelic, drawing,
geography, hislor) and civic inslruclion. In such

243

schools arc also taught— a few elements of hygiene,
anatomy and physiology, political economy and the
constitutional law of our country, grammar and trans-
lation from latin and frcnch.

There are also the nocturnal schools, the program of
which comprises reading, writing, arithmetic (up to
proporlions and their application), elements of geogra-
phy and national history, political rights and duties of
citizens. They \vork from 7 to 9 o'clock p. m.

A document from the father, tutor or protector, evin-
cing the age, birth-place and filiation of the candidate, as
well as a certificate that he was vaccinated and does
not sutler any contagious disease, are required that he
may be admitted to a public school.

Boys between 5 and 7 years in age may be admitted to
the girls schools and irequent them till they are 8 years
old.

The punishments consist in: reprehension, additional
labour after the lesson lime, interdiction from the play-
ground, and some other penalties, causing a moral vexa-
tion, but not humbling the scholar or damaging his
health, a minute information to the parents, tutors or
protectors, of the faults committed by the scholars and
the penalties they have undergone, and, at length, their
expulsion from llie school.

The obligatory primary instruction, established by the
regulation of January lO"'. 1890, was accepted by that of
August 18'ii. of the same year, thus modified: every child
between 7 and 13 years, whose dwelling-place may be
subject to the payment of urban tithes, or living in a
circumference of 1 kilometer round the villages and
hamlets df the state, is obliged to go to school; in the
first year after the execution of the law, the obligato-
riness wi'l be only applied in the capital; in the second
year il will reach the other towns; in the third one the
villages that mav be the seat o[ comarcas. ^d so on, in
31

244

such a manner as to have come to the cxcculion in the
whole state within five years.

Tlie scliool-census is cdecled in accordance wllli the
above-mentioned regulation of January 10"'.

PUliLIC MASTERSHIP

The following conditions are requisite lo the appoint-
ment to public mastership:

a) no less than 18 years in age for school-mistresses
and 20 for school-masters;

b) a professorial patent;

c) a certificate of his or her being no criminal;

d) morality, evinced by aulhcnticnl documents frcm
the authorities of the candidate's dwclling-plnce;

e) a medical certificate of his or her not suH'eiing any
disease incompatible with the mastership fundions and
having been vaccinated five years ago, in the least.

Such as will have undergone the galleys or imprison-
ment and labour or have been sentenced lor any attempt
upon the sccurily of honour, of the civil and domestical
state and of properly, or any olhci* infaming crime, arc
excluded from the exercise of public m;islcrship.

The first class chairs are filled by free appoinlment,
those of the second, third and fourth classes by promo-
tion, (jronnded on Ihe absohile nntiqnilfj or hiijh njcrit.

Teachers may be removed at their own petition or
from public utility and are substituted, during their
disabilities, by persons appointed by the local authorities
charged with overseeing leaching and chosen with pref-
erence from among the teachers out of service and those
who were not yet employed.

Official i)rimary teachers are to be in service for thirty
years. A teacher having edoctivcly served more than
ten years is allowed to be a jubilate:

a) with a salary proportionate lo the service time, if
it be under Ihirlv vears;

245

b) with the whole salary after thirty years of service.

The pension is decreed by the government, by its own
inilialive, at the proposal of the High Council or the
teacher's pelilion.

A teacher who, after having been granted his pension,
accept and exercise any general, provincial or municipal
employment will be divested of his pension.

NORMAL SCHOOLS

Two normal schools perform in the capital the func-
tion of preparing masters and mistresses for the primary
schools. Their program consists of the following disci-
plines, taught in the fourteen ensuing chairs:

Isi.) national language: Iheorical and practical gram-
mar, exercises of redaction and style, theorical and
practical calligraphy, rudiments of littralurc;

2'"'.) french language: grammar, translation from french
into Portuguese and on the contrary, conversation;

3"i.) latin language: grammar, translation into Portu-
guese and vice-versa;

41I1.) pedagogy: its histcry, organisation of schools,
methodology, moral, physical and intellectual educa-
tion, inslruclion laws, principles of hygiene;

51I1.) practice of tlie several methods of teaching in
their whole development;

6'!'.) mathematics: arithmetic, elements of algebra,
geometry, trigonometry, practical applications;

71I'.) geography and history, cosmography, general geo-
graphy, elements of universal history, chorography and
history of Brazil;

8H'.) natural sciences; elements of botany and zoology
and of human anatomy and physiology;

9"'.) elements of physics and chemistry;
IQi''.) psychology and logic: elements of sociology,
political economy and practical constitutional law, civic
instruction;

246

ll'i'.) drawing: imitative drawing;
12"') music: solfaing, patriot ical and clioral songs;
13"'.) gymnastics: calisthenic and military exercises;
14"i. houseliold accomplishmcnls, Uie manage of sew-
ing machines, the making of children y.nd women clothes.
Latin and gymnastics are only taught in the Normal
School for boys, and household accomplishments in
that for girls.

To each of these schools are annexed an infantile, a
primary and a higher primary school, every one being
directed by a teacher, under the general direction of
that of practice of methods. They serve for models to the
others of the state and are utilized by the disciples of the
Normal Schools, who acquire there the necessary prac-
tice.

The Normal Schools have a pedagogical museum and
small laboratories of chemistry, physics and natural his-
tory, as well as a library.

The normal course of lectures is to be attended in four
years.

The disciplines taught in the first year are: Portu-
guese grammar and Iheorical and practical calligraphy,
reading, grammar and translation from frcnch into i)or-
luguese, grammar and elementary translation from latin,
arithmetic (practical exerciscsi, linear drawing, general
geography and cosmography, practice of methods, music,
household accomplishments (for women) and manual
labour (for men).

The second year embraces: philosophical grammar as
applied to the Portuguese language, grammar, transla-
tion from and into french and exercises of conversation;
grammar and translation from latin; methodology, phys-
ical and moral education; drawing iligures'; universal
history; metrology and algebra; botany; practice of
methods; music (sollaingi; iiouseiiold accomplishments
(lor woraeni and manual labour (for men).

247

The lessons of the third year comprehend: elements
of Portuguese lileralurc and especially the national one;
grammar and translation from and into latin; geometry
and trigonometry; chorography and history of Brazil
(Normal School lor women); pedagogy and its history,
intellectual education; physics; elements of sociology;
elements of political economy; practice of methods;
music (solfaing); drawing (figures); household accom-
plishments (for women); manual labour (for men).

In the fourth, at length, are taught: pedagogy, laws
of teaching; elements of hygiene; redaction and style;
cholegraphy and history of Brazil (for women); zoology;
rudiments of human anatomy and physiology; chemis-
try and mineralogy; logic; rudiments of national con-
stitutional law; practice ot methods; music (singing),-
drawing (copy of models and objects from nature);
household accomplishments (for women); gymnastics
and manual labour (for men).

In order to be admitted to these schools the candidates
not only must exhibit a certificate of good morals from
the authorities of their dwelling-place, another of age,
not under 14 years for girls and 16 for boys, but are also
to pass an examination showing their ableness to study
the disciplines of the normal course, such an examina-
tion being only dispensed with in case the candidates'
qualification be evinced by the certificate of an exa-
mination effected in a public primary and higher pri-
mary school.

The lessons are given in the Normal Schools from
February 15"'. to October 31^'.

The examinations begin every year on the 3''. of No-
vember.

The chairs are filled by competition and granted with
prclercnce, should the conditions be equal, to: Islly.,
the assistants to the vacant chairs; 2ndly., the teachers
of the higher primary schools; 3rdly., the 4'''. class

248

teachers. The chairs of household accomplishments,
music, gymnastics and drawing are to be excepted, for
they are fdled by contract.

Each Normal School is administrated by a director
or directress. The teachers are to serve for life, save
those who were appointed by means of a contract. The
former are congregated on the first workday in February
to approve the teaching programs; on the first thursday
of every month tojudge the pupils' defaults in the whole
precedent month, to annul their matriculation and make
acquainted of any thing else concerning teaching; on the
first workday of November to judge of the disciples'
improvement, organize the several articles in which
they will be examined and close the lessons of the
year. The teachers are convoked extraordinarily when-
ever the director thinks i» proper.

It also belongs to the congregation of the teachers:
1.) to organize the teaching and examination programs;
2.) tojudge the defaults of the disciples; 2.) to infiict upon
them the annulment of their matriculation and tempo-
rary exclusion, up to three years, an appeal being per-
mitted to the director-general; 4.) to propose the correc-
tions and alterations required by experience with regard
to the laws and practice of the Normal School and
wliatcver may concern the instruction given by the
same school or the primary ones; 0.1, to speak its opin-
ion on any matter respecting primary instruction,
by the order of the director general or tlie slate go-
vernment.

Each Normal School has, at length, besides the
teachers, an amanuensis, charged with the police and
(liscipUne of the establishment, a porter and several
servants.

Sl;r.0M).\UY INSTUir.TION

As wc have prccedcnlly said, there were in several
places of tlie ancient province before 18.%, in accord-

240

ancc wilh the instruclions thai accompanied the charier
of 1759, several hip;her classes, « which were successively
allcnded, as if Ihe disciples were coming up several
steps from the piimary school to Iheir admission to a
facuHy or seminary, etc.')

After the creation of the provincial assemblies, that
of Bahia, being desirous to regulate public instruction,
created (above-cited law no. 33 of March 19>i'. 183G) an
establishment of secondary instruction, named Provin-
cial Lyceum, and concentrated in it the higher classes
then extant and where the following disciplines were
taught— rational and moral philosophy, arithmetic, geo-
metry and trigonometry, geography and history, com-
merce, philosophical grammar of the porluguese lan-
guage, eloquence, poetiy, analysis and critique on our
classics, drawing, music, french, english, latin and greek
grammars.

In accordance with such a law, the budget for 1838
extinguished the chairs of latin, logic, rhetoric, geom-
etry, french and agriculture, that were then vacant, as
well as Ihe others of the same rank, in proportion as
they might be likewise unoccupied. So Ihe higher classes
were soon extinguished, the wiiolc secondary instruction
being concentrated in the L^'ceum.

The Lyceum was reformed by Ihe Law no. 151 of
June22'Hi. 1841, Organical Regulation of April 22'"i. 1862,
Act (from Ihe Viscount of S. Louren^o) of February
22'"'. 1870, Resolution no. 1561 of June 28"'. 1875, and, at
last, Act (from the government of the State) of October
23"'. 1890.

Ten years were not yet elapsed since the foundation
of the Lyceum and it was considered quite useless, es-
pecially for the examinations efTected there did not
qualify the students to be admitted to the medical and
juridical facullics. Some would have it transformed into
a boarding school, some into a college of arts, for board-
ing and external pupils.

25o

One of its dircclors ascribed its decay to the follow-
ing causes: 1*'.) Ihe defective inslruclion received in
the public or private primary schools by the matricu-
lates of the Lyceum; 2'"'.) the want of an obligatory
study in the establishment, in order !o supply the pu-
pils' negligence at home and the carelcssncsc or inca-
pacity of their parents for the direction of their studies;
3'^J.)the insufficient leaching of living languages; 4"'.) the
want of laboratories, instruments, reagents and the like
for the study of chemistry, physics, botany and zoology;
5"'.) the invalidity of the examinations effected in the
Lyceum with regard to the matriculation in the superior
schools; 6'ii/) the existence of a great deal of private col-
leges, much resorted to by the rich classes; 7"'.) the
endeavours of the proprietors of such establishments to
obtain pupils from their friends and acquaintances; 8"'.)
the facility with which the pupils not frequenting the
Lyceum despatched their studies.

Whatever might be tlie causes, it is certain that the
number of frequenters was decreasing evciy year in Ihe
Lyceum, while, as it was natural, Ihc dilTerent private
colleges of the capital were more and more crowded
wllh pupils.

In 1.S89, at length, the Lyceum was only frequented
by 8.'} pupils. Nineteen maliiculalions were qiiasheil in
consequence ot the excessive nuniljer of defaults; forty
two pui^ils, who attended the dill'erent couiscs of lectures
up to tiieir termination imjjroved regularly, a few of
liiem in more lluiii one iiisei|)line.

Upon the coming of Ihe republican government, the
reform of the Lyceum was among those which were
calling for imnuMliate allciitioii and, Ihongli it should
form a part ol Ihe general refonnalion that the whole
service of public inslruclion was recpiiring and is now
depending on the legislative power, Ihe government
published the regulation of October ZV'K 18!)0, still in

25l

vigour and by which the establishment was tilled 0//j-
cial Institute of Secoiulary Instruction.
In accordaiice with this regulation three regular courses
may be attended in the Institute: 1~'., the bachelor-
ship in sciences; 2i"i , Ihe bachelorship in sciences and
letters; 3"'., the conmiercial course.

In order to fulfil such n purpose twenty three chairs
of theorical or theorical and practical studies were
crciited, as well as four of merely practical studies.
The former are: 1^'., vernacular language, grammar,
exercises of redaction, theorical and practical calligra-
phy; 2i"'., latin language, grammar and reciprocal version;
3'^^'., french language, grammar, reciprocal version and
conversation; 4i''., Italian language, grammar, reciprocal
version and conversation; 5"'., cnglish language, gram-
mar, reciprocal version and conversation; 6'i'., gerraan
language, grammar, reciprocal version and conversa-
tion; 7"|., greek language, grammar and reciprocal
version; S'l'., arilhmcUc (Ihe whole matter), elementary
algebra, applications; 9'i'., plane surfaces and solids
geometry, trigonometry, elements of descriptive geom-
etry, elementary mechanics, applications; lO'i'., physics
in general and in its applications to arts, meteorology;
ll'ii., chemistry (mineral and organical) and mineralogy
in its applications to arts and industries, mostly the
melallurgic one; 12iii., cosmography, geogony, geodesy,
physical geography and climatology; ISH'., elements of
geology and paleontology, botany and zoology in gen-
eral and in their applications to agriculture, and zoo-
technics; 14'i'., elements of hum an anatomy and physiol-
ogy and anthropology in general and in its applica-
tions to hygiene; If)"'., general biology, physiology, pure
and .pplied logics, history of the several philosophical
methods i.\\u\ systems; IQH'., elements of linguistics,
general and comparative grammar, 17'i'., political and
historical geography, sti.tislics and ethnography; 18'i'.,
32

2D2

universal histor)'; 19"'., chorography and history of Bra-
zil, liiograpliy of celebrated brazilians; 2<;"'., sociology,
ethics, rudiments ofnatiuiial i)iiblic and privale law; 21^'.,
political economy, mercantile law and liislory of com
merce; 22i"i., esthetics, history of (ine arts, rhetoric and
poetiy; 23"'., universal and comparative literature, spe-
cially the brazilian one.

The four chairs of merely practical studies arc: 1*'.,
linear drawing, perspective, imitative drawing; 2'"'.,
vocal and instrumental nuisic^ S^'., general gymnastics;
■4'''., accounts and book keeping.

The theorical chairs of every course arc classified in
series, which should be .successively and yearly studied.

The course of lectures f.;r the bachelorship in sciences
consists of 7 series, of which the 1'. comprises the
choirs nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4; the 2'i'i., the chairs nos. 2, 3,
5, 6 and 4 (the latter being optional); the 3'"'., the chairs
nos. ,"), G, 7 and S; tlie 4'^, the nos. 7, 9, 10 and 11; the
511'., the nos. 12, 13, U and 15; the Gi''., the nos. 16, 17,
18 and 19; the 7"'., at last, the nos. 20 and 21. The pu-
pils arc obliged to frequent, besides ll.csc, the prac'ical
classes no. 1 in '.he first foui- series and no. 3 during
their whole course; the no. 2 l)cing optional.

The course of lectures for the bachelorsliip in scien-
ces and letters is also divided in the just mentioned 7
scries, thus modified: Islly., the two cxandnations of llie
Italian language are olMigalory and may be ellVcted to-
gether with lliose oi" the 1"'. and 2'"'. or any other supe-
rior scries; 2ndly., the 7ii'. scries will be added with the
chairs nos. 22 and 23.

The commercial course, at lenglli, consists of 4 series,
of whicli the 1^'. embraces the chairs nos. 1, 3, 5 and 6;
the 2"'., the nos. 3, 5, G and 8; the 3"' . the nos. 9, 12
and 17; llie V>'., at last, the nos. 19 and 21. Tiie slu(k'nls
arc also obliged to attend the lessons in drawing during

253

the whole course, as well as accounts and book-keeping;
the frequence of gymnastics is optional. •

Besides this division, the regulation that we arc treat-
ing of classilies the above chairs in ten sections, every
one having two substitutes. There are 3 sections of lan-
guages, 3 of natural sciences and 4 of biology, psychol-
ogy, linguistics, geography, history, brazilian cho-
rography, sociology, political economy, esthetics and
literature.

The chairs of this institute are also filled by corape-
lition. The substitutes are proposed by the congregation
of the teachers, who address to the government a list
with the names of one, two or three candidates chosen
out from those who have shown themselves the most
distinguished upon the cxaminalions, and are appointed
by the governor.

The Institute has a director, selected by the govern-
ment from among its respective teachers; a secretary;
an inspector, especially charged with watching the pu-
pils' behaviour in the establishment and its adjacent
places, hindering them from troubling the order and
breaking the requirable decency; an amanuensis; a
porter, servants, beadles and guards.

The congregation is the meeting of the teachers. It lies
principally within their province: to discuss and approve
the program produced by every teacher with regard
to his chair; to appoint the days for the not daily lessons
and the lime for the practical and theorical courses of
lectures, and to take any other providence that may suit
the order of the establishment.

A candidate must present, in order to be admitted,
the cerlificate of his having been approved in the exam-
ination of primary instruction and vaccinated, of his
not sullering any contagious disease and being in the
least 10 years in age, as well as the declaration of his

2D4

name, age, nationality, filiation and the course he means
to 'attend.

The lessons are given by day, except those of polilicnl
economy, mercantile law, history of commerce and book-
keeping, which arc nocturnal.

The students" frequence is obligatory; the matricula-
tion ot those who have been absent 20 times with no
justifiable motive, or 40 times in case the motive be
justifiable, will be annulled. The annual ordinary examina-
tions take place in November; the extraordinary ones
(for such as have been reproved in the precedent year)
in March. Not only the pupils of the Institute are admit-
ted to such examinations, but those belonging to otlier
establishments, on the condition of proving to the board
of examiners the identicilness of their ow^n person.

After they have concluded the courses of sciences or
sciences and letters the pupils may require of the con-
gregation their diploma of bachelor of sciences or of
sciences and letters. They are not obliged to maintain
a thesis, but are allowed to do il; in which case they
will be questioned by the board of examiners, under the
presidence of the most ancient teacher forming a part
of the board. Such bachelors will be, with equal con-
ditions, preferred by the state government for the sec-
ondary mastersliip and public employments.

Those who have been approved in the whole com-
mercial course may require the respective diploma.

C.OLI.EC.ES

As the Official Institute did not produce, as we have
seen, llic desirable results, nor was il able to answer,
even in tlie case of a sufficient (lcvel(q)nionl, to the
necessities of the p()|)ulalion of a large cily, for its
being a single eslablis'imenl,- private institutes of sec-
ondary inslruclion socwi began to apjjcar, niulei" llie
name of rollci/cs, for boarding or extermil puj'ils or for

255

both of Ihcm at the same time, and admitting eitlier
hoys or girls. Sucli iiislitutes, not aiming at a fixed
purpose and with no unity and lirinness in their plan,
conlrihuled to the atrophy of the Onicial Institute an<l
the ruin of instruction, though we must acknowledge,
on the other side, they were the origin of what is now
existing.

The following list shows that, hut for the colleges
S. Jose, Scple dc Scplemhro and S. Pedro de AlcanUira,
all the others were not founded more than twelve years
since.

Colleges for boys

1) S. Jose'.— It was founded in 1858, under the denom-
ination of Gijmnasio Bahiano, by Dr. Abilio Cesar Bor-
ges, who directed it up to 1870, when he began to be
directed by Canon Dr. Joao Neponiuccno l>ocha, that
gave it its actual name; in 187G its possession and di-
rection was devolved upon Dr. Joao Florencio Gomes,
who is still directing it. It is situated in ffBarris) street,
parish of wS. Fedroi>. Its professors rank among the best
in the capital and teach the disciplines constituting
primary and secondary instruction, known by the name
of "preliminary studies)), and qualifying the disciples for
the examinations requisite to their admission to the su-
perior establishments. It has been of late frequented by
more than 200 students, both boarding and external or
half-boarding disciples.

2) Seple de Septembro.— Founded in 1862. It performs
its functions in a building of its own, standing in «Co-
queiroB street, parish of wS. Pedro». It has the best pro-
lessors in the city and was frequented in 1892 by 200
students, both boarding and external or half-boarding
ones.

3) S. Pedro de Alcanlara (anciently Pedro //).— It was
inaugurated in 1871 and is situated in «Macicl de Cima«

256

street. The lessons are given by ancient professors of
good repute. Tlie number of its pupils in 1891 was 130.

4) Florencio.—U began to perform its functions in 1880
and is now situated in wArcial de Baixo» street, parish of
((S. Pedron. Renowned teachers give lessons there. It was
frequented in 1891 by 168 boys (98 boarding pupils and
70 external ones).

5) 5. 5a/yfl(/or. -Founded in 1885 and established in
the palace «I3erqu6», at the street of the same denomina-
tion. The congregation of its teachers is not inferior to
that of the above colleges. It was frequented in 1891 by
101 boarding and 149 external pupils.

6) S. Liiiz Gonrof/a.— Established in 1890 in «Josc de
Alencar» square. The number of its matriculates in 1891
was 107, both boarding and external discij)les.

7) S. Thomaz de Aquino— Founded in March 10"'. 1892,
situated in «Conselheiro Pedro Luiz» street and frccjuent-
cd in its first twelvemonth by 32 students. Its teachers
are among the best in the ca|)ilal.

8> Spencer.— Founded in 1890 in «Barbalho» sqnare,
parish of «Santo Antonio alcm do Carmo». Its professors
are the director and vicc-diicctor and 5 more teachers.
It was frequented in 1891 by 32 boarding scholars and
65 external ones.

There a'C some other colleges, of which we had no
information.

Colleges for girls

1) Nossa Scnhorci da G/onV/. — Founded in 1873, in «S.
Hcnlo« s(|uarc (parish of ..S. Pedro") and frequented
up to 1892 by 1710 girls, both boardhig and external
ones. Ten school-mistresses learn there the disciplines
of primary and seconthiry instruction.

2i r'/jmo. -Inaugurated in 1875 in Nazarelh scjuare (par-
ish of -Santa Anna»), in a very good house, surround-
ed with windows and in the midst of wide gardens. It

2D7

only receives boardiii}? girls. It also undertakes the in-
struclion of such girls as wish to be admitted to the
Normal School, ll was frequented by 50 girls in 1891
and by 5G in 1892.

3) Nossa Senhora da Piedade.— Founded in 1861 in
Santo Amaro, but removed to the capital in 1877. It is
situated in the street (cConselheiro Pedro Luizo, parish
of <.S. Pedrow. 108 girls, both boarding and external ones,
frequented the college in 1891. Distinguished teachers
give their lessons there.

4) Nossa Senhora da Boa Esperanga. — Siiualed in
«Areial de Baixo" street (parish of wS. Pedron) and
founded in 1878. It has 9 teachers and was frequented
in 1891 by 83 girls.

5) Nossa Senhora Rainha dos An/os.— Founded in 1882
and situated in «Portao da Piedade» street, parish of
«S. PedrO". The number of its matriculates in 1891 was
116, that is-95 pirls and 21 boys up to 7 years in age.

6) Sao-f'e//.r/a.— Founded in 1882 in the town of S.
Felix and afterwards removed to the capital and estab-
lished in "Duartc)) street, parish of «S. Pedro)). It has a
primary course and a secondary one for the two sexes.
It was frequented in 1891 by 21 disciples.

There are also some other colleges, of which we were
not informed.

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

There are two professional schools in the state:
1) Aiis and Trades Lyceum.— ll was founded in Octo-
ber 2)11'. 1872 by the then president of the province,
Desenibargador Freitas Henriques, in accordance with
a few native and foreign artists living in and without
Hahia and forming a society, with a view: Istly., to fur-
nish its members and their children with the technical
and professional instruction, as well as the literary one;
2ndly., to profess fraternal beneficence.

2b8

This society is actually compose 1 of 1607 elTective, 16
meritorious and 81 honorary members, 1704 in all.

Its patrimony consists of a vast edifice in "Snldanha«
street, the most central part of the city, and two smaller
houses contiguous to the chief buihling, besides a nu-
merous and important furniture, plaster statues, speci-
mens of several kinds, a gallery of paintings, geographical
charts, celestial and terrestrial spheres, a large metrical
demonstrative instrument, mechanical counting instru-
ment, pictures on anatomy, on events concerning the
holy history, and on zoology, botany and elementary
geometry, as well as a complete school-slock for the
intuitional teaching, in accordance with Michel Breal's
modern pedagogical principles. A popular library, with
1000 works in 1610 volumes, also forms a part of the
patrimony.

Two important historical pictures are also to be seen
there, one of which represents the heroic behaviour
of Sister Angelica, in the convent of Lapa. They were
nicely painted by a brazilian artist, Firmino Monteiro,
so untimely dead.

This extremely useful cslablishmcnl mainlains tlic
following classes: [irimaiy instruction (one class for each
sex); arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry;
drawing of figures and ornaments (one for each sex);
industrial diawing; geography and universal history;
piano and singing (for girls); orchestra and singing (for
boys); Ihcoric;'! and practical english, a nocturnal
course of primary instruclion for adults; thcorical and
practical frcnch; portuguese; vocal and instrumental
music, and the worksho|)s of sculpt-ire, l)indiug, join-
ciy, gihiiiig and decoraiing |)ainlii'g.

The Lyceum also possesses an industiial inuseiiui and
ellccis every ycai- public e\iiil)ili()us of the associates'
juid |)upils" works, upon which tl;ey wlio show Ihcm-
.sclves the most dislinguisiicd are bestowed a reward. A

239

pccuniniy sul)sidy is also granted to such pupils as, hav-
ing the highest merit, \vlsh to travel on foreign coun-
tries in order to improve in the study of their art.

This useful society receives from the stale government
the annual suhsidy of 7:000^000 and from the federal one
that of 5:000^000, wherefore any person may receive in
the Lyceum a gratuitous instruction.

2) Fine Arts Academy.— U was founded in December
IC'ii. 1877 by a few cultivators of fine arts, in order to
teach Iheorically and pratically, propagate and improve
the study of fine arts, enabling the pupils for the pro-
fessions of painter, sculptor, architect, undertaker of
works and draughtsman.

The disciplines are classified into three principal
sections (painting, sculpture and architecture) and an
annexed one (music).

The society is directed by an administrative council,
elected every year, and receives the cubsidy of 6:000;^000
from the slate government. It possesses a small library,
a wide collection of plates and plaster figures, compre-
hending models of architecture, tufts of leaves, hands,
feet, faces, heads, complete busts and statues, the half
of them being of the natural size. It also possesses
every substance and tool necessary for drawing use.

The number of matriculates has been, on an average,
between 150 and 200; in 1892 it was 162.

It has efi'ected six exhibitions, the pupils' works being
on an average, between 5G0 and 625.

The disciplines are classed, as we have said, into
four sections, embracing architecture, painting, sculpture
and music.

The lessens in architecture are given in three years.
In the 1'. the theorical lessons in arithmetic, algebra,
geometry and trigonometry, and the practical lessons in
linear drawing for architecture and machines and orna-
mental and shaded drawing. In the 2"^'. year are taught:
33

21^0

Iheorically, descriptive geometry, elemental y mechanics
and elements of architecture; practically, descriptive
geometry, elements of architecture, in their applications,
drawing of doors, windows, timbcrwork, etc. etc. In the
3"'. year the students learn theorically how to know the
strength of materials and steadiness of constructions,
machines used in building, composition of edifices and
history of architecture, and practically the application
of the above knowledge, plans of houses and public eJi-
liccs, shaded and unshaded drawing wilh a crayon.

In the course ot painting the clementai-y lessons con-
sist in the thcorical study of ariihmelic and geometry
and the practical one of linear drawing (elementary
studies of figuresi, shaded drawing, drawing of orna-
ments, landscapes, flowers and animals. The superior
lessons treat, theorically, of the history of fine arts and
esthetics, anatomy for painters, descii[)live geometry and
perspective, and practically of the painting of anlicjuilies
and garments, drawing from nature, colouring and
composition.

In the course oi' scnlpUire the elementary lessons, either
thcorical or i)ractical, are the same as those of the
section of i)ainling; such is also the case with those of
the superior section, the only dillerence being the study
of sculpture from ancient models and from nature,
garments and composition, instead of colouring and
composition.

In the section of /h/;,s(c the students leair, how to sing
by i.otes, to i)lay on the i)iano and other instruments,
so as to form a philharmonic society.

Another section is annexed to tlie just mentioned ones
and consists of a piimary school, where lessons arc
given in calligraphy, reading, holy and nali(;nal liistory,
gcograpiiy, lessons on things, elements of natural sci-
ences, drawing and music.

All lessons are given upon free cost.

2C)l

SUPERIOU INSTRUCTION

The establishments of superior instruction arc:

1) the Medical Faculty;

2) the Private Juridical Faculty;

3) the Theological Seminary;

4) the IJahia Agronomical School.

1)— The Medical F'aculty was created under the name
of Medico-surgical college and established in the «Mise-
ricordiai^ hospital, in accordance with the Royal Charter
of December 29"'. 1815, that came to the execution in the
beginning of 1816.

The course of lectures was then to be attended in six
years. Anatomy and pharmaceutical chemistry were
taught in the first year; in the second, physiology; in the
third, hygiene, pathology and therapeutics; operations
and obstetrics in the fourth year, and medicinal substances
and practical medicine in the fifth and sixth. There
was also a chair of general chemistry and ai other of
pharmaceutics. The students, after this course of lectures
during six years, were to study three more years in a
university in order to receive their degree.

Afterwards the decree of September Q"'. 1825 permit-
ted the students to obtain the patent of surgeon after a
course of five years and that of graduated surgeon after
six years, with the faculty of professing surgery and
medicine throughout the empire. The law of October 3''K
1832 changed this college into the Faculty of Medicine,
which has been, up to the present epoch, reformed
several times.

The following disciplines are actually taught there:
medical mineral chemistry, medical physics, organical
and biological chemistry, medical botany and zoology,
analytical chemistry and toxicology, pharmacology and
formulizing art, Iheorical and practical histology, de-
scriptive anatomy, medico-surgical and comparative
anatomy, thcorical and experimental physiology, raedici-

202

nal substances and therapeutics, pathological anatomy
and physiology, hygiene, general pathology and history
of medicine.legal medicine and toxicology, topographical
anatomy and operations, surgical pathology, clinical sur-
gery (two chairs^, medical pathology, clinical prope-
deutics, clinical medicine ([\\o chairs), clinical obste-
trics and gynecology, obstetrics, clinical medicine and
surgery of children, clinical ophthalmology, clinical der-
matology and syphiligraphy, clinical psychiatry.

2) Private Juridical Facullij. It was created by the
decree no. 1432 of January 2'"'. 1891, recognized by the
decree no. 599 of October ISH'. of Ihe same year and sol-
emnly inaugurated on the 15'i'. of April 1891.

The disciplines taught in this Faculty are classified in
3 courses: that of juridical sciences, that of social
sciences, and the notarial course.

The course of juridical sciences is divided into 4
scries. The first has a chair of philosophy and history
of law and another of public and constitutional law. The
second series comprises the chairs of: roman law, per-
sonal civil law, commercial tcrrestiial law and criminal
law. The disciplines of the third series are: legal medi-
cine, civil law on things, commercial maritime law. In
the fourth series the following disciplines arc to be
learned: history of national law. civil, criminal and com-
mercial process, elements of political economy and
administrative law, and, at length, forensic practice.

The course of social sciences is divided into 3 series.
The first comprises the same disciplines as those of the
first series in the prccedcn'ly mentioned course. The se-
cond com|)rchends the chairs of: law of nations, diplo-
iTiacyand history of treaties, political economy and public
hygiene. The third series embraces the chairs of: com-
parative laws on private law, science of administration
and administrative law, science of finances and slate
accounts.

263

The notarial course embraces 2 series. The second
chair of Ihe second series is the same as the fourth
chair of the fourth series in the course of juridical sci-
ences. The first series comprises the chairs of: elemenls of
our constitutional and administrative law and elements
of our criminal, civil and commercial law. The disci-
plines of the second series are: elemenls of our law on
processes and forensic practice.

The number of matriculates in 1891 was 102, of whom
53 submitted to the due examinations.

The matriculations produced in that year the total
amount of lOioOO^OOO, and the associates' money-en-
trances, as well as several donations, 15:940^000; tliesc
sums, being added to their respective interests, make up
27:494i460, which, after the expense (12:984^420) was
deduced, was brought down to 14:ol0^i040.

The state gives the Faculty the subsidy of 25:0COi.O0O
(budget of January ll'i'. ]892i, which was afterwards
(law n ). 10) elevated to 30:000.^000.

The Faculty has 21 professors, G substitutes and 1
preparator.

3) Theological Seminary. No sooner the colonisation
of Brazil had begun than the creation of seminaries for
the education of the clergy was thought necessary, and
accordingly D. Sebasliao ordered, in the Royal Charter
of February 12ii'. 1569, to the bishop (D. Pedro Leitao)
to set at the construction of a seminary in this cily, for
the m?inlenance of which was assigned the sum of
120^COO every year, deducted from the tithes revenue.
The direction of the seroin.nry was to be trusted to the
Jesuits, the faculty of appointing the rector being con-
ferred upon the bishops.

That was not, however, carried into eflcct; a great
many years elapsed and attcnlion was not at all paid
to such a matter. It was in the first times of the archi-
episcopal government of 1). Sebastiao Monteiro da Vide
that a provision of the law of March 13'ii. 1705, whereby

264

the Regent Queen permitted this prelate to build a house
for his own residence and that of his successors, stated
the house should be constructed on the ground destined
to the arcliiepiscopal seminary, that is to say— confined
by the «Collegio'^ church, the house of the Jesuits and
those of Joao Carrolo Villasboas.

Nevertheless the seminary was not yet to be construct-
ed, as it is proved by the permission given by the
above-named archbibhop, on the 15'''. of January 1709, to
the «S. Pedro dos Clerigos» brotherhood - to raise a
church on the place assigned for the seminary, where, in
fact, it began to be built, the construclion being after-
wards suspended in consequence of a landslip that
happened on the "Misericordia» hillside.

Afterwards the archbishop, D. Fr. Manuel de Sanla
Ignez,re(iuired of the public treasury the sum of 600^000
in order to begin the construclion of the seminary in
an estate at "Saudo) street, bought for 1:400^(00 (a sum
donations obtained by means of several) of Sergeant-Major
Antonio Lobalo de Jesus. Upon this the Ultramarine
Council i.ssued the provisions of January 1-1'''. 1750 and
December 5'''. to the Count of Atouguia that he might
render his opinion about the matter. An inspection of
the place was accordingly effected, on the IIH'. of Sep-
tember, by two engineers, who valued the expenses to
be made in 49:296^545.

The governor consulled the provincial of the company,
as it was determined by the above-cited provisions,
about his accepting or not the administration of the
seminary; but the provincial answered by exhibiting a
cliartcr, bcai ing Ihc di.te of March 2"'. 1751, whereby
not only he was empowered to found Ihc seminary, but
Ihc public treasury was obliged to give the subsidy of
:U)0^()00 every year for the nu\inlcnance of the establish-
ment. Such a conlradiclion in the oidcrs resulted in
the adjournment of tlie woiks.

265

In the mean time Gabriel Malagrida, a Jesuit, having
bee - aulhorized lo found seminaries Ihrougbout Brazil,
intended to raise one in Bahia, for which purpose the
al)ove-cited archbishop laid the corner stone in the
same year of 1751. However, though such a delibera-
tion was approved by the provision of September 24iii.
of the subsequent year, addressed to the Count of Atou-
guia, yet the fate that soon befell the Jesuit and his
order, extinguished within a short time, caused the
works of the seminary lo l)e (juite suspended.

In 1805, as the charter of May W'. ordered again the
creation of seminaries in the bishopricks where they
might be still wanting, this purpose was once more
attempted to be carried into effect in Bahia and highly
favoured l)y D. Fr. Francisco de S. Damaso de Abreu
Vieira, who was then at the head of the archbishoprick.

The Royal Charter of April 5"'. 1815 approved the
establishment of the seminary in the house bequeathed
for such a purpose by Canon Jose Telles de Menezes and
ordered the yearly subsidy of 1:000^000 should be deliv-
ered by the public treasury. The lessons began, at the
archbishop's endeavours, on the 15^''. of August 1815, in
tlie college founded by him under the name o^S. Damaso,
in the just-mentioned house of Canon Jose Telles. The
establishment was, however, extinguished by little and
little upon the occupation of the cily by the porluguese
troops.

In 1823, as these troops left the city and the convent
of O. L. of Palma, built in 1G93 in the suburb of Palraa
by the Augustinians, was abandoned, the first president
of Bahia demanded of the imperial government, in the
official letter of April 8i''. 1824, such a convent to be as-
signed for Ihc seminary, which, after the asking was
granted by the Imperial Charter of May 31^'. 1824, was at
length inaugurated there on the GH'. of April 1834, with
23 pupils (12 boarding and 11 external ones), under the

266

dircclion of Priest Jose Maria de Lima. A few chairs,
paid by the i)iiblic treasury, were then created, sucli as
those of philosopliy, ecclesiastical hislor y, theological
texts, moral and dogmatical theology, music and eccle-
siastical singing.

The provincial assembly having afterwards decreed
(law no. 33) the creation of a lyceuni, to which there
was no adequate building, the convent of Palnia was
marked out for such a purpose; wherefore the president
of the province. Dr. Francisco de Souza Paraizo, pro-
posed to the archbishop, D. Romualdo Antonio de Sei-
xas, the exchange of the convent of Palma for that of
St. Theresa, in order to remove the seminary to the
latter and establish in the former the Lyceum, which
had been just created.

As the few friars belonging to the order of St. Theresa
and living in the convent assented to the permutation,
the archbishop also agreed to it, on the condition that,
till the convent of St. Theresa or any other edifice
might be granted by the slate to be used for the edu-
cation of the clergy, the seminary would maintain its
right over the convent of Palma, exclusively conceded
by the central government to this pious and useful
establishment.

The permutation being ratified by the justice depart-
ment minister in January SO'i'. 1837, the seminary was
removed to the convent of St. Theresa, where the les-
sons were first given on the IS"', of April. The rector look
possession on the 7ii'. of August of tiie convent and its
appurtenances, which are occupied i)y the seminary
up to the present lime. It was afterwards reformed by
the decree of August 22'"'. 18(53.

The elcnrcninnj scniiiuiri; was innnguiatcd January
18r)2, consecrated to St. Vincent (k' Paul l)y the arch-
bisliop Marcpiis ol Santa Cru/. and (rusted (o the direc-
tion of Brother Aisenio da Nalividade Moura, a bencdic-

2G7

tine monk. It is now, as well as liic hUjhcr sciniiiaiij,
under the direction of Uic lazarilcs.

The following disciplines arc laii.^ht in the lii<4licr
seminary: moral and dogmatical theology, ecclesiastical
history, thcorical and practical liturgy, henncneutics,
canonical law, plain singing, eloquence and holy
scripture. In the elementary seminary, which is but a
college for secondary instruction, there arc the classes
of Portuguese, latin, french and english languages,
geography and cosmography, sacred and profane history,
rhetoric, philosophy, arithmetic, algebra, geomclry,
physics and natural sciences, music and christian
doctrine.

4) Baliin Agronomical School. It is situated in S. Bento
das Lages, belonging lo the municipium of Villa dc
S. Francisco and coniarca of Santo Amaro, and was
solemnly inaugurated in February 15'''. 1ST7.

The lessons given the;c are both thcorical and prac-
tical and divided in two degrees, the superior and the
elementary ones, the former preparing agriculturists
and veterinarians, the latter— husbandmen and forest
regents.

The superior degree comprises two courses of lectures:
that of agronomy, which is to be attended in four years,
and that of veterinary art, professed in three years. The
elementary course comprises: reading, writing, elements
of arithmetic, agriculture catechism, etc., and practical
rural works.

The stiperior degree consists of the following -disci-
plines in 6 chairs:

1^'.— physics and inorganical chemistry, mineralogy,
organical chemistry, analytical chemistry and agri-
cultural technology:

2'"'.— botany, zoology and geology;

3"'.— rural engineering, embracing; mechanics, gen-
34

26S

erol principles of hydraulic conslruclion, rural con-
slruclions;

4'!'.— veteiinary descriptive anatomy and physiology,
veterinary pathology, surgery, oljstetrics, pharmacology,
sederotechnics, zootechnics, hygiene and law;

o'li. — lines, figures, animals and plants di-a\ving, de-
scriptive geometry and topography;

Gi'i. — agrology, phitolechnics, arboriculture, sylvi-
culture, agricultural and forest economy, agricultural
laws and accounts.

The school year is ilivided in two half years and at
the end of each tlie pupils are to be examined Ihcoric-
ally and practically in the disciplines studied within
the six months.

The lessons, which arc daily, are given in accordance
with the program propos cd by the professor o( the
chair and approved by the congregation of the teachers.

The practical exercises run upon the disciplines of
every chair and take place in the chemical and other
labof'atorics, annexed establishments and woikhouses
and on the Held. The rural exercises embrace the practice
of constructions, levelling, surveying, plantation and
every tiling concerning the cullivalion of the cconomi
caland industrial plants of our country and specially
of the stale of Bahia.

There arc in the school: a libranj, with HOOO vol-
umes on the sciences and arts constiluling llie several
courses of llic school or connected with them; a 11111-
seuin, where are collected a great many animals of dif-
ferent classes, stones, samples of ground, limber, elc;
cdhinrls of physics, zoology, rural engineering, drawing
and veterinary arl; a Inborolonj of chemistry for the
auciiyscs of grounds, dtiiigs and agricultural produces,
and an (uscnal, with Irench, englisli and american agri-
cMltur;d tools, iiiid all their accessories, inducting yokes
and liarncsscs I'oi- woiking l)c'asts.

2<) )

The lessons are f^ivcn l)y six professors.

It belongs lo Ihc director to oversee every instruc-
tional matter and the administration of the annexed
estate. He is assisted by as many functionaries as ne-
cessity may require.

The superior course was attended last year by 54
I)U|)ils (of whom 2(5 belonged to the l'\ year, 9 to the
2'"!., G to the 3"'. and 1.3 to the 4i''.), and the elementary
course by 3U.

The disciples are obliged, after the termination of
their course of lectures, to exhibit and maintain a thesis
on agriculture or any closely connected science, after
which they arc given a diploma qualifying them to
exercise the profession of an agronomical engineer or
veterinarian, according to the course they have attended.
The disciples who, after attending the elementary course
during four years, are entitled to be agricultural or for-
est regents, will also receive a diploma.

The School is immediately presided over by the Direct-
ory of the I3ahia Agronomical Institute, composed of
seven citizens, of whom one is the president, another
the secretary and a third one the treasurer. It is main-
tained by the subsidy of 20:( 00;2C00, granted by the
federal government, and that of 24:000^000, given by the
stale, besides the produce of the pupils' matriculation
and the sale of some agricultural commodities.

Commerce

The market of Bahia ranks among the best in the Re-
public.
The customhouse received in 1891;
A) Federal income:

IMPORTS

Imports lax for sale 8.453:536^791

Expenses with free commodities. . . 95:233,^840

Expenses ^villl wnrdsbip 33:087^878

Warehousing 119:884^7'2G

Heaconn.uc .

r)2:4GOiOOO

Dock-lax n-.mWS

i.xpor.Ts

Tax on llic expoiialior. of r.alional

jvoods • 1 r)00.390i317

1 "/„ on diamonds 1:285^870

Iiilernal revenue

I'locccds of Ihc ulmprensa Nacional"

and "Diario Oriicial.. GO^OOO

Proceeds of Uic malriculalions in Ihc

fslablisliincnls of sii[)crior inslruc-

tion 17:830^000

Tax on ground-plols (wOi.l^S

Scahn-* of papers 347:584i.GSl

Tax on Ihc transmission of propcrlies. 207:G47£822

Indiisliies and professions lax . . . 234:r)83^l39

Tax on buihlings 19:1)4:)^G88

Tax on siil)sidies and salaiies. . . • i?:20iljL047

Ccdlecling of ontslandinf^ dcbls. . . 4:990^808

lUxIraordincini ineoiuc

Conliihiilions lo Ihe i)ublic fimclion

arics insurance inslilnlion . • 2:487^39o

Indemnincalions I:377i880

r.venlual income 17:44U359

Tax <m h.llery lickels 256:200^000

Athlilional lax of .") •■ ,. 308^8:);')

A<<io of gold coin. 1890:835/041

Depcisih

()iili)i(ldinj^ of •.'.oods for sale. . . . 877i8Gr)

from averaj^e. . 1:194^)920

„ (. <. " apprehension 27i38(l

271

Mulcts for functionaries

Contribulions for tlic benefit of the

« Misericordia » brollierhood .
Contributions for llie benefit of the

Lazaret . .

Scaling of patents of the National Guard

B) State income:

IMPORTS

7 Vo on general importation taxes.

Rum

5 7o on national goods. ...

Brandy

Cotton

FMaying cards

EXPORTS

Carbonates

Diamonds

Small wares

Lealhers

lirandy

Cacao

Collce

Tobacco

Timber

«IMassava«

wCoquilhos')

Cocoa-nuts

Eventual income

C) Municipal income:

14:010^740

3l:GG04742

2:180^480
29:538^000

IMPORTS

Kerosene

13.306:989^754

589:180.5953

1:889^000

79:378^050

18:5225501

29:402^195

05^7

1:524^240

4:292;i430

43:2245824

49:157^098

4h^C04

217:820^150

474:9755029

302:459^898

27:0205480

272:050^803

4:088^819

155240

152^040

2.175:8855852

40:3484800

272

Pilch 4:502^000

Tar 432^0C0

GunpoNvder 4:034ji20O

Matches. 14:76:)^700

Sallpelre 428^800

Brimslone 245^200

Alcohol 175;50CO

Turpentine 11.5000

Turpentine spirit 77.^000

EXPOUTS

Tobacco 38:7411071

109:758^771

The table annexed to this ])ook under the title of
(•Table of Exportation, elc.«, slates minutely the expor-
tation of the principal goods from the state to several
ports, from January 1'. to December 31-'. 1891.

04 importing houses are established in Bahia and thus
classified: stulls, 25; small wares, 12; stowage goods,
12; inlandish and outlandish «xarque)) (dried meat) 6;
iron-bar works, 4; jewels, 3; umbrellas, 2.

There are 11 exporting houses, of which 4 arc gcr-
man, 3 english, 3 american (only dealing in leathers of
goat, sheep, swine etc.) and 1 brazilian

There are also 30 commission-agencies, which trade
on their own and on others' account.

The sale by retail is held by 95G houses, thus classed:
victuals, 500; coarse cloth, 92; alimcnlal pastes(corn noun,
51; victuals (warehouses), 44;small wares, 40; medicines,
34; shoes, 25 (15 of outlandish shoes and 10 ol national
onesi; .ra/Y///t' (dried mcali, 2!); fashionable articles and
prime quality clolli, 1<S; trunks, mattresses mid iiorlman-
teau'?, 13; hardwares, 11 (I of first and 7 of second ranki;
second-hand household goods and other articles (these
houses are named /x/ra/csi, 8; ciiina ware and glasses,
7; books and l)uie;iu arliclos, 7; spick and span house-

273

hold goods, 7; druj^s mil of first ranki, fi; Icalhers,
sabols and slippers, 6; cigars and cif»areltes, G; umbrel-
las, 5; goldsmilli's wares and jewels (1 of first rank
and 3 of secondary one), 4; leathers ( warehouses or
depositories), 4 mot including 3 houses that export
goat leathers, elo; reMned sugar and other goods, 4;
watches, 3; perfumery, 3; trimming and military articles
3; glasses, pictures and prints, 3; ship-chandlers, 3
brazier's wares, 3; wax candles, 2; cloth and hats, 2
corn, 2; cordage, 2; confiture, sirups and drinks, 2
cutlery, 2; lollery tickets, 2; naturalist's articles,!; gloves
1; pianos and printed music-folios, 1; marble wares, 1;
weapons and hunting implements, 1; sewing machines,
1; sculpture articles, gilt objects, looking glasses, images
and the like, 1.

Five brokers perform their functions in the market;
4 transact every course of business and 1 is specially
applied to merchandises brokerage.

As for banks we will mention:

1) The Banco da Baliia, authorized by decree nc. 2140
of April S'-'i. 1858.

Us subscribed and realized capital is 6.000:000^000,
divided into 30,030 shares of 200^000.

It transacts the following descriptions of business:

a I to discount bills of exchange or any other deed from
the federal, state and municipal government; money
orders or any other commercial deed at order, provided
they are subscribed at least by two persons of good
rej)ulc, of whom one must be a resident in the capital;

b) to lend upon pawn of precious stones or metals,
policies of public debt, whether general, provincial or
municipal, shares of companies and enterprizes standing
in high credit at the market, merchandises not easily
impaired, deposited in the customhouse or custom-
warehouses, or merchandises not yet arrived, but
proved by their respective bill of lading to have been

2 74

bespoken; sailing orders, invoices and insurance pol-
icies, the quotations being convenienlly attended to; lo
make contracts of agricultural pawn, loaning upon
security of agricultural produces, niacbines, beasts and
any other agronomical tools, in accordance willi the
laws in vigour;

c) to lend money, if secured by a mortgage on urban
and rural immoveables;

d) to receive in account current the sums intrusted to
it by private men, public establishments, banks, enter-
prizes and associations;

c to open accounts current for persons of good
repute and olfering a sufficient security by means of a
pawn, caution or bail and a subscribed and specified
deed;

f) to buy, sell and subscribe, on its own account or
that of another, and upon commission, metals and pre-
cious stones, deeds of general, provincial and municipal
public debt, hypothecary notes, shares and debentures
of mercantile enterprizes and, generally lo speak, any
industrial or commercial goods;

g) to place, in or without the slate, loans for Ihe gen-
eral, state or municipal government and for agricultural,
industrial or commercial enterprizes; to undertake the
creation of new banks, the organization of companies
and other associations that may be trusted and thought
of i)ublic utility;

h) to transfer its own funds or those of other people
from one lo another stale or to a foreign country, and
to transact any exchange business on its own account
<jr that of anoliier;

ii lo hold in trust, upon commission, any deed or sum,
lo underlnUe the reception of dividends, revenues and
inheritances.

The dividend in J891 was \) per cent of the capital,
n;inicly 18MKK) for every share; but in the first half year
of 1J<!)2, Dial is to say— up lo the 3()i''. of June, Ihe div-

275

i(icn(l was 10 '/,, per aiiiunn or 20ii000 for every share
and llic reserve riiml was elevated to 2.400:0005000.

2) The Coi.ra Econoinica da Baliia was founded and
jnau{*uraled in the capital in 1834 and recognized by
decree no. 575 of January 10"'. 1849. It was reorganized
by the statutes of July 29iii. 1888, written in accordance
with the law no. 3150 of Ncvember 4ii'. 1882 and decree
n. 8821 of December 30"'. of the same year. It has been,
therefore, performing its functions these 85 years.

lis capital is floating and on the 31^i. of July 1892 was
2, 888:190^000 A new project of statutes was presented to
the shareholders, who will deliberate in proper time
about the matter in a general assembly. The capital, con-
verled by this project into a fixed one, will be imme-
dialely elevated to 4,000:000,;^(fOO and may afterwards
reach 6 000:000^000. As soon as I he floating capital is
changed into a fixed one, the establishment will l)e titled
Banco Economko da Bahia.

It mikes loans whether to the state or any private
man and discounts bills of exchange, on condition of
their being guaranteed by a firm, cautions, pawais and
hypothecas.

After its turning into a bank it will transact every
description of banking business, only excepting those
that are to be held with foreign markets.

The dividend in the period from P^ebruary l^i. to July
31^1. 1892 was 2, 800 7„, which makes up the annual
dividend of 5, GOO "/o. From February l-^'. 1891 to Jan-
uary 31"!. 1892 the dividend was 5 "/„ per annum; but
in a few precedent years it sometimes reached 10 "jo-

Tlie reorganization of the Caixa Economica into a bank
will result, as it is to be hoped, in a rise of the
dividends.

3) The re|)resenl:ilive of the London and Brazilian

Bank Liniiled transacts the same business as the branch

office in Rio de Janeiro. The capital assigned bv the head
35

2 76

office, ill Loiulcwi, to its representative in tliis state is
2()0:OOOiOOU.

It transacts exchange and any oilier banking business
in accordance with the laws in vigour. The last divi-
den(i disliibuled by the head office in London was
l-I ' „ per annum.

-li The Banco Einissor da Bahia, authorized by decree
n. 391 of May 12"'. 1890.

The subscribed capi^tal is 20.000:0 0^000, the realized
fund 8.39(i:-18')^00i).

It Iransacts the following courses of business: dis-
counts, deposits, accounts current, loans to tillers and
agricultural industries by means of an issue of hypoth-
ecary notes, and other banking afiairs.

The issue is of 9,500:0005000, with a base of the same
amnunt in public debt policies, deposited in the na
lional treasury and sinking establish- cnt.

The last dividend was 8 "j., per annum, which is the
maximuni allowed by the statutes.

5 1 The Caixa Economica e Monte de Soccorro da Baliia
was authorized by decree no. 5594 of April ISH'. 1874,
allcrcd by decree no. 9738 of April 1887.

The establishment answers the ensuing purposes: to
receive any sum in de[)osit, from 1^5000 and its mulliplcs
to 4:000^000, the interests being realized every six
months in accordance with the rate delermined by
govermnenlal decree. The Monlc de Soccorro (mount of
picly) lends money upon pledge at a low rale of inlercsl.
No ti-ansaclion inferior lo 545ii()() is iicrniilled and no
pawn is allowed lo guaranty more Ihan four fifths o\'
its value, as judged by Ihe appraiser of the eslablish-
incnl .

The sum ol moncN dc|)osiie<l on the .30"' of June 18S2
amounted lo 5,978: 123 /><i55 and llu- number (d (it positors
was 11,793.

2-/7

The inleresl of 5 "/o per annum is j^iiaranlccd l)y Ihc
government.

In 1891 was lent the sum of 140:735^000; from January
to June 1892 that of 82:809^000. On tlie 30ii'. of June

1892 there lay in the establishment 20G'5 pledges,

103:203^000 worth.

C) The Banco Anxiliar das Classes was granted a lew
favours and guarantees by the federal, slate and mu-
nicipal governments, in accordance with decrees
nos. 771, of September 20ii'. 1890, 64CG of Octobei' 31^1.
1891 and act from the slate government in May G"'. 1(S91.

It effects the following transactions, specified by the
art. Ill of the statutes: to lend money, specially to state,
municipal and federal functionaries and pensioners,
upon the security of their respective salaries; to receive
the salary of any public functionary; to discount bills
of exchange and cautionary deeds; to advance the cost
of goods deposited in custom-warehouses or not yet
landed, represented by duly guaranteed bills of lading,
as well as the cost of jobbers' contracts and of any
l)rovision made to public'offices; to buy and sell, on its
own or on others' account, any previous compromise
l)eing quite respected; to acquire rights, cjucessions or
privileges that may be advantageous to the establishment;
to receive house-rents, whether on the owners' account
or on the responsibility of the bank itself; to advance
money, upon previous contract, for the payment of
tithes; to receive any sura, no less than 100^000, at in-
terest for fixed periods, by means of a bill of exchange
or account current; to aid the incorporation ol anony-
mous societies and useful enterprizes; to buy and sell
properties on other's account and make the buyers the
advances they may want, the properly being mortgaged
to secure the loan up to its total extinction by means
of moderate payments; to receive in the capital any
sum, bills of exchange, interests of policies and shares,

27^

quit-rents, revenues, as well as any sum in the inland;
lo buy and sell grounds, on its own or on others
account, dividing them into several plots, as it may
plea.-e the pretender; to have a section destined to anii-
chresis contracts; to transact any credit business with a
view to free poor people from the necessities that
oppri ss theni; to open accounts current u])or. security
of deeds or mortgage of properties, and, ;it length, to
lend money upon hypolhccalion and pawn.

Tiie subscribed and i-ealized capital of this bank is
l,(iOi):OJOiOaj.

The di .idcnd l'i)r the half y.ar ending in December
3011'. 1891 was 3 per cent of (300:OUO^OjO, the capital then
realized. In the half year ending June 301'. 1892 the
dividend was 5 ■/„ of the whole capital, that was then
integrated.

Besides these banking establishments some ol'iers, as
the Ijiiiico Mcrcanlil and du Dolsci, perform their func-
tions in Ihe market.

As fur iuburance companies we will nicntion:

1) The C.oiuniercUil de Segnros Mariliinos e Tcrrcslrcs,
the scat of whicii is in the capital. It was cslablishcd
in June 20"'. 18G9 and began to transact its business on
the 30"'. of that very month and year.

Its capital is 1,200:0;;O^UO(); the realized one is

800:0. lO^OOO.

It insures commodiiies, money and houses. The cap-
ital insured eveiy \ear is between 9.000 and tl.dOO
conlos. It sustained in bS91 the damage of 1.") 37l)MU)() of
maiitimc insurance.

2 1 The Norlli Ilrilish (iitd Mcrcdiililc iDstinincc Com-
jidiuj. London. It is the most ancient comj)any in the
market ol' Hahia and was eslalilislied in bS The com-
pany, the head office ol which is in I.ondon, only in-
suics in Hrazil against the ri.sk of lire. Its authorized
capital is 3 0i;() (;(K) poundsaijd in I)ecend)cr 1891 amoiinl-

279

ed to 10.695.969 pounds. Tlie capital insured in this
cily is about 1.1 50:000/000. The damage it sudered in
18i)P anH)unlcd lo 42.213;S000 when we were given the
above inCoi iiinlions.

3) The Northern Insurance was inaugurated in 1836.
It insures against the risk of death and fire and lias the
capital of 3 000.000 pounds. Tiie sum insured in this cap-
ital amounts fo about 2,500:000^000. It did not sutler
any detriment in 1891.

4) The Liverpool and London Globe, established in
1836. It ellects life and terrestrial insurances, but only
the latter are accepted in this capital. The stock of the
company is 96.730:000^000 and the sum insured in this
market— 2 551:700^000. It had to sustain no damage in
1891.

5) The Royal Insurance Company, established in 1845,
insures against the risk of fire and death. Its capital is
2.000.000 pounds and the su.ni insured in this city is,
pretty near, 10 000:003 iOD). Its damage in 1891 was 105
pounds. The accumulated funds amount to 8.000.000
pounds.

6) The Garanlia do Porto, having its head office in the
town of Oporto and accomplishing its functions since
1853, insures against every rea and thunderbolt risk. Its
capital is 1.0;)0:000^093. The last balance-sheet of the
agency in this capital stales the maritime insurances
amounted lo 103:447,5000 and the terrestrial ones to
4.309:300^000. The damage, in consequence of the pay-
ment of sea and fire insurances, was 37:059(^636.

7) The Transatlanlische Feucr-Versiclierungs-Aclien'
Gesellschafl, founded in 1872, insures against the risk ol
Ore. The capital is 6.000.000 marks; the money entrances
ellccted by the shareholders up to the end of 1891 rose
to 1.200.000 m. The sum insured in this capital is,
pretty near, 5.000:000,^000. In 1891 the company sustained
o la mage in lliis slate.

28o

81 The Hamburg-Magdebiirger Feiier-Versicheriinc/s-Ges-
ellschaft, established in 1876 in Hamburg. Its branch
office in this capital began to perform its functions in
1879. The company insures against the risk of fire. The
realized capital is 2.000.UOO marks and the sum insured
in this stale in 1891— 2. 013:000^01 0. There was no dam-
age that year.

9) The New York Life Insurance, the head office of
which is in New York, has the capital of 3.750.000 anier-
ican dollars. This company had to suffer in 1891 the
detriment of 98.000 d.

We will mention, at las', the following insurance
companies:

10) Allianca, 11) Educadora, 12) Interesse Publico.

Industry

Though industry is still in its beginning in this state,
yet it is represented by 123 actual factories, 107 being
situated in the capital and 16 in the littoral regions.

There are in the slate 10 cloth and thread factories,
belonging to several enlerpri/es.

I— To the company Unido Fabril, the capital cf which
is 1.540:( 00^000, belong the following factories:

1) S. Sidimdor, established at "Fonte Nova» scpiare,
with 326-1 spindles, 8.") looms and 132 workers. It made
in 224 days 720.300 meters of prime and second quality
white cloth and 1.221 col Ion blankels, to the total
amount of 22.'):! OS 6(100.

2) Modelo, at <. Valla" street, wilh 3 318 spindles, 70
looms and 161 workers. 524.918 meters of second and
third (pinlit\ wliite cloth, 5.221 meters of canvass,
39.885 kilograms of tlirciul in clews, 2(13:533,^880 worlh,
were produced in 225 days.

3) C.oncci^do, silnalcil on Ihc higliesl part of llie an-
cieiil sugar I'actory Conceivao, wilb 2.1()0 spindles, (iO
looms and 116 worUers. II inaniiracUired In 211 days

2Xi

038.789 melers ol" while and painted clolh ollirsl, second
and Ihii-d qualily, 187:G23;^800 worth.

4) iV. S. da Penha, situated at «Ribeira de Itai)aj<ii)e)',
with 2.520 spindles, 00 looms and 101 workers. It made
in 226 Jays 569 085 meters of first quality white cloth,
2.475 meters of prime quality canvass and 375 kilo<^r.
of thread in clews, to the total amount of 184:200.^700.

5) S. Carlos, established in the estate Tororo, at some
distance before reaching the town of Cachoeira, with
2.636 spindles, 53 looms and 125 workers. It produced
in 225 days 485.301 meters of white cloth of second and
third quality and 5.997 kilogr. of thread in clews, equal
in value to 136:522^800.

6) Queinuido, established at Queimado square, with
1.924 spindles, 30 looms and 110 workers. 229 651 meters
of white and dyed cloth, of first and second quality,
and 21.275 kilogr. of thread in clews, 103:505^360 worth,
were produced by this Hictory in 219 days.

The above mentioned factories, therefore, employ:

Spindles 15.885

Looms 35H

Workers 805

They produced:
While and i)ainled cloth of first,

second and third quality . . . 3. 108 050 meters

Prime quality canvass 8.190 met.

Bags . . 201.510

Thread in clews 07.502 kilogr.

Blankets 1.221

Thread in skains 622

The total value was 1.040:584^542.

II To the enterprize V(dcn(;a Industricd, with the cap.
ilal of 800:000^000, belong the following factories:

1) N. S. do Amparo, in Valen^a, with 5.568 sfjindlcs,
145 looms and 320 workers. II produces 1.200.000 melers
of while and painted cloth a year.

28-

2) Todos OS Santos, in Valencia, willi 5.184 spindles,
135 looms and 300 workers, and making every year
l.OOO.OUO meters of while and coloured clo'.h.

The enlcrprize under consideration employs, there-
lore, in its factories-
Spindles 10.752

Looms 280

Workers 620

and produces:

White and painted cloth. . . . 2.200.(00 me'ers

III - The following factories belong lo the comi)any
Progresso Indnstridl da Bahia:

li S. Diaz, at Plataforma, with 5.920 spindles, 151
looms and 340 workers.

2i Z^oni/iV;?, established at «Cal(,'ada do Bomliin», with
2077 spindles, 54 looms and 160 workers.

These two factories are applied to weaving and spin-
ning and employ, as collectively considered, 7.007 spin-
dles, 208 looms and 500 workers.

There are, besides these, two more factories, that are
to work on a large scale and of which one is almost
wrought out. They arc: thai which belongs lo the CJo/n-
paiihia Fabril dos Fiaes, established in the estate Fiaes
and especially producing canvass, and the factory be-
longing to the company Empoiio Indnslvinl do Norl(\ at
the suburb of Hoa Viagem. The construction of 'he Killer
is carried on with a prodigious aclivily.

We must additionally menlion:

Three lutt factories. One of these, established on the
street "('()(|ueiros d'Agna de Mcninosi., is of (irst rank,
employs two steam motors and 500 workers and pro-
duces yearly 000.000 hats of several kinds, such as fell,
wool, hare skin, straw and sparlerie. ll belongs lo the
company ChapcUiria Xorlc !iidtislri<d, the capital of
which is 1.50ii:()0().;/0;)0. The two other factories, one

■283

being of second and another of third rank, arc applied
lo the manufaclurc of silk nap liats.

Two shoe factories, the one at the hamlet of Plata-
form;., with 800 workers, makin}» every kind of shoes,
from woollen slippers to Icalhcrn first quality boots, and
belongin}* to the company Progresso Industrial da Baliia;
the other at the subuib of Bomfim and belonging to
Messrs. Gama & Son.

One snuff hictory, on the tract of shore named "Unhao-^
and belonging to Borel & C.% the successors of Meu-
ron & C". It is moved by steam-engine and produces on
a large scale.

One piime quality biscuits factory, belonging to the
Companhia Nacional de Biscoutos, with the capital of
200:000^3000. Fifty workers are employed in this factory.
It is also moved by steam engine.

One factory of ice, oils and other useful products. It
is situated at «Preguiga» shore. Its machinery is set in
motion by the agency of steam. It belongs to Jose Ma-
nuel de Araujo «& C".

One factory of wooden household goods. Us machines
are also moved by steam. It is established at «Concei-
9ao» hillside, and belongs to the company Marcenaria
a Vapor Bahiana.

Five factories, called here alambiques (alembics), for
the distillation of brandy and other alcoholic products.
One of them works on a large scale and belongs to
the Companhia Alcoolica; the others do not work so
much and belong to private persons.

Four cigarretes factories. Two of them are moved by
steam and work on a large scale.

Twelve cigar factories, 4 in the capital, 6 at S. Felix
and 2 at Maiagogipe.

Five iron, bronze and other metals foundries, at the
following places: Jequitaia (belonging to the Companhia
Metropolilana), Pilar (belonging to Azevedo Lcilc &
36

284

Hrollicrs), Ilapagipe (to the Companhia Bahiana dc Nave-
(jticdo a Vapor), all in the capital. There are to be seen
two more foundries, the one at the town ofValenca (be-
longing to the enlerprize Valcn^a Indiislrial and annexed
to the factory Todos os Santos), [he other at the town of
Sanio Aniaro. Tlie movement of its machines is impart-
ed by sleani.

One nails factory, the machines of which are also
moved by steam. It belongs to Cox & Brothers.

Four candles factories. One of them, belonging to the
Conijxinhia Inlernacional de Marahi'i, with the capital
of 10.000:000^000, works on a large scale and makes sev-
eral kinds of paraffme candles and a sort of petroleum,
called brazoline.

Two factories (>f max and carnaiiba C) candles, all
belonging to private persons,

P'our su(jar refineries, producing first, second and third
quality sugar.

Ten soap and savonels factoiies, three of which are
moved by slcam-engincs and employ modern processes.

Two chocolale factories, one of first and another of
second rank, besides many others working to a little
extent.

Two breweries, S. Jorge and S. Bra-:.

One factory of kid leather and shammii (jloves.

One matches factory, the machinery of which is set
in motion by the action of steam.

Fifty bakehnnses (for bread and aliincntal jjaslesi.

Six .s7///' niith, moved by steam, '2 in the capilal and 1
in the littoral places.

One enamelled iron factory, at ■ Pa|)agai()" scpiarc illa-
|)agipe).

Two shirts and stoekinns factories.

1*1 A i^ill(l of vegclable (allow drawn hom a p.iimlice
so called.

285

General Post

The postal service belongs to Ihc federal government
iind is (iircclcd by Ihe Iiuiiislry, Railways and Public
Worlcs ministry.

The post-office in this capital is a pretty good house,
at "Alfandega" street.

Here is the organization of the postal service:

Scclions

Administration

Counting section

Treasurv

1^'. section
(Distribution of letters and
papers)

2'|'i. section
(Sending off" of letters and
papers)

Registering section
Selling of postage stamps

(Postc reslante»

Functionaries

Administrator

Accountant

Third class officers . 3

Praclisers . . .5

Treasurer
Trustee .

Section manager

1^1. class officer
2'"'. class officer
Practisers .

1-'. class officer
3"'. class officers
Practisers

2'"'. class officers
Practisers .

3'''. class officer
Practisers

3'''. class officer
Practisers .

Postmen ... 25

Ambulant function-
aries ..... 18

(*) It belongs to tiie section manager to oversee the
reception, sending off and registering sections, as \vcll
as tlie "poste restanle". He is also charged with the dis-
tribution of the postmen's and ambulant functionaries'
service.

286

There are 163 postal agencies and 106 postal lines,
slretchinrt away through 8.444 kilom.

The following tahle shows the time spent hy tlic sev-
eral postal lines to reach their respective destinations:

Postal lines

77;/ J c

postal

lines

(lav

))

days

))

()

))

Total: 106

posta

L lines.

41.485 mails were despatched in 1892 to several places,
whether within or without the slale.

In the same year "jTo.OOT letters were received and
809.775 were sent ofl".

312.122 packets of papers were received and 304.658
dcspalchcd.

In several places of the cily and principal siihiirhs
20 post cases are to he found, which received 77.492
ol)jecls.

The money orders that were paid amounted to

314:818^418 and those that were sent olT ascended to
I(i4.-2:i4i831.

The despatch and reception of jr.ails from ships arc
cllccted hy the barge of the custom-house chief guard;
which no rarely dt-lays the distrihution of letters and
papers. Such an inconveniency will, however, disappear
in a short lime, as soon as a steam launch, exclusively

287

destined to so important a service and the construc-
tion of which was already put up for competition, is
quite wrought out.

Whenever it is required by the f^reat deal of work
to be done, the edifice, which is lit up by carbonic
J as, lcec|)s open at night.

Tlipy inlenci to remove the postolfice to a more com-
modious e(Jifice, in the commercial movement heart.

Agriculture

suo.\R-c.\NE. — The topographical conditions of this
state, exceptional'y favoured by the nature of the
ground, suitable for the cultivation of the several trop-
ical plants and those of temperate regions; its climate,
little variable and sweet in a great many places, and fit
for the acclimation of plants growing in the mostdifTer-
ent regions with regard to the meteorological condi-
tions; its vast liltoral region, extremely fruitful, easily
accessible r nd laboured in a little measure as confronted
with its extent, where rome impoitant rivers and rivu-
lets, a few ones being perfectly navigable, pour out their
stream, and where stand several villages and towns,
the commercial importance of which increases every
day; the splendid vivacily of its vegetation, always rank
and remunerative if conveniently incited,— have made
and will always make the fortune and future of the
slate dependent on agricultural labour and its peculiar
industries.

From the colonial limes, when the first explorators of
the ground were surrounded with forests of an inex-
haustible vegetation, growing on a soil consisting of
deep layers of humus and abundantly washed by mighty
livulets, the landowners had the idea to employ the
alrican race in grubbing up and planting, as they were
the ablest to support the rigour of summer and winter

288

and, moreover, the acquisition of american indigenes
had been forbidden by the metropolis.

Such a deliberation, that the opinions and religious
sentiments tlicn prevailing rendered legitimate, as they
thought a philanthropical resolution to change the
deadly struggles engaged in Iheafrican continent for the
hecatomb of slaves in ours, -such a deliberation, I say,
originated the human traffic, that invaded the country
far and wide and made the competition with any other
clement of labour quite impossible.

The littoral regions were thus peopled and several
estates rose up everywhere, the working of which was
depending upon a muscular but lymphatic race, com-
pletely uninterested in the result of labour. Such
workers were obtained for so low a price as not
to be rivalled even by labouring beasts.

The rural life in the state was, therefore, spent amidst
the curses of its origin and the impossibility of opening
the way to more operative workers. That was added
with the reluclancy of private interests.

Far-spreading cultivation took the sway on every side
and small tillage could not subsist but as a feud of lordly
properties, till it became, in its turn, the centre of an
identical movement and the privileges of race, restrain-
ing every individual aspiration, disappeared at all.

Hxtensive culture, I he only that could stand before
the economical sophisms in vigour, was reaciiing, from
municipium to municii)ium, the interior of the state, as
far as a sufUcMcnt remuneration for agricullural products
could be oi)taincd. Beyond such a limit liie only Uicra-
tive business was catlle-fceding, depending on the
instincts of nature and the agency of moderate seasons.
This business, indeed, exclusively prepossessed llie
iiilandiMs, whose carelessness or indolence reached so
high a degree as not to jierniit Ihem to look for any

:8o

scciirily against drouj^hl, that waslcd by periods liic
country lying at a distance from never-drying rivulets.

The slate of Bahia,lhat the melropolis first endeavour-
ed to people and cuhivate, received from the island of
Madeira the cane-sugar, introduced there by Infant
D. Henrique (a prince not to be forgotten in the Portu-
guese historyi, and employed in its cultivation all the
elements it might dispose of, as a chief colony of the
american possession.

This seed, set in a virgin soil, where its cverlasling-
ness was assured by a climate highly favourable to its
development and \ivacily, produced wonderfully, as to
surjjass the conjectures of tiie most exacting expectation.
The very same seed shot forth again after every yearly
harvest, during Fifteen, sixteen and more years, with
an equal vigour and productive power.

Such conditions, being an inexhaustible treasure for
the industrial culture under consideration, destined to
exportation, from which the metropolis drew an imme-
diate i)iofit, should attract to the above culture the
attention of the government, that helped it with the
legal protection and favours that it might then be as-
sisted with. The cultivators ol the soil, seduced by the
facility they found to make a good profit of their harv-
ests, laid every other culture entirely aside, lo give them-
selves up to the plantation of the productive gramin-
eous plant.

So we reached the epoch of oui- political emancipa-
tion, in 1822, still keeping after the independence all the
traditions and vices of the metropolis, including the
supremacy of its commerce, that was the only regulator
of our rural life up to few years ago and still highly
interferes in the commeicial movement of our market.

Afier the government of our country, wisely inspired,
stiuck the first blow on slavery, by really suppressing
the african traffic, already forbidden by law a great

290

many years since, the land-owners began to consider
their interests in a new light; notwithstanding, many
years elapsed before such a change was revealed by
real facts. As the first abolitionist ciy resounded in
l)arliamcnt the country was already in a condition to
hear and obey it, and the idea was vic'.orious, in spite
of the rtluctancy of a great many persons having an
interest in its disappointment: the first mark, followed
by many others, was set on the way to lehabilitation,
which widenet from day to day, so that in 1888
the banner of emancipation was definitively raised up
and the whole country sided with the absolute liberty,
with no indemnification at all, that might call to any
one's mind the right primitively accepted and conse-
crated by the laws in vigour. The reaction came back to
past and cfiaced by lire every vestige of slavery, the
documenis being only pieservcd that might have an
historical interest.

There was not the space of a generation between the
first and last blow struck on slavery, and,— let it be said
as an honour to our country—, no imprudence troubled
fhe lustral waters of that blcsicd redemption.

Meanwhile small culture was developing by little and
little and actpiiriiig a certain independence, that in-
creased every day. Us attention was directed to alimenlal
plants, as well as to the tobacco, that quite suited the
propensity of our poor tillers and was easily saleable, on
account of the large use of the mortiferous solanaceous
plant. l)y way of pastime and common stimulant. It
afterwards began to cultivate the sugar-cane, that now
adords it the same profit formerly peculiar to ricii land-
owners.

The exportation of sugar to foreign countries in 1801
reached 17.M2.2G0 kilograms and was still greater in
1892. 'I'hc sugar-cane cultivation, reduced after the trans-
formation ol labour, is now becoming more active

291

and evidently remunerative wllh the turning baclv of
those who had abandoned it. We will, Ihcreforc, refuse
no praise to Ihe governmental measures with a view
to incite the sugar cane cullivalion and multiply the
number of central factories for its manipulation.

There are actually nine central factories, of which
four belong to compani 's and five to private persons.
These factories are able to produce, as a maximum,
twelve millions of kilograms, while we want the fivefold
quantity to restore the troubled equilibrium, for in our
country, where sugar forms a part of a great deal of
sweetmeats and is daily employed in many meals, its
use cannot be estimated less than 36 kilogr. a person
every year or 3 kilogr. a month, which amounts to the
annual use of 72 millions of kilograms.

No apprehension is, therefore, to be admitted as for
Ihe future of cane-sugar, mostly if its price be brought
down by means of a better process of labour and eco-
nomical preparation, so as to ameliorate the quality of
the product without augmenting the sacrifice of the great
deal of persons using it.

It is then to be concluded that the sugar cane culti-
vation is highly auspicious, and, moreover, no country
is qualified to rival this stale in the production and
quality of cane sugar.

coFFEii. — The cultivation of the colTee-trce, introduced
into the soulhern part of the state by a few swiss colo-
nists, who founded there, in a pretty good ground,
some vast estates, almost abandoned at the present
time for want of slaves, that were the elements of their
foundation,— has reached several municipia and spe-
cially occupies middle and small cultures, that now be-
come more and more extensive, on account of the high
price of the nbovc product in the market of the country.
The municipium of Lencoes ranks among the first as
to the cultivation of the collee-trcc. Such a cultivation,
37

2q2

predominant in the municipia of Nazareth, Araargosa,
Arcia, S Felix, Maragoi«ipc, Concei^ao do Ahiicida, etc.
etc , in the south of the state and the central regions
ollering an easy conveyance for the product, will attain
in a short time the threefold importance, as confronted

wilh the actual one. The expo, lalion in 1891 was

9.499.620 kilograms, but it will soon come up to 27 or
30 millions of kilograms, for there is in the just men-
tioned municipia a great deal of ground-plots already
prepared for the plantation of the coiTee-tree.

It would be very convenient to ameliorate the indus-
trial preparation, by establishing,— since small culture
begins to cultivate the cofTee tree— , a few central fac-
tories, as it is exactly the case, but on a larger scale,
with the sugar-cane cultivation.

CACAO.— The cultivation of the cacao, planted in a
great many regions and highly rcnuuicrnlivc, has pros-
pered in the southern districts, from Valen(;a to Alco-
ba^a, but specially in Ilheos, Cannavieiras and Hel-
monte.

Small and middle estates are principally given up to
such a cultivation; however a few large estates are also
occupied in it, with a high remuneration.

The nature of the plant, requiring a soil constantly
humid, extremely argillaceous and possessing a thick
lay of humus, is the reason why there is a limited re-
gion lor tlie remunerative |)lantali()n of the cacao.

The exportation in 1«91 nmounlod to ;{.02S.720 kilogr.;
but, as there are large tracts of ground planted with ca-
cao, the i)roducti()n will reach a high degree within
three years. One may assure it will come up to nearly
10 millions of kilograms, wiiich will still increase after
some lime, because the cacao jjlantation is ever aug-
menting

COTTON.— This chi'^f matter of a great many industrial
esl:il)lisliiiients that aie to be found lieie, in the best

2f)3

conditions of lorlune. and labour, also finds in this state
a few districts extremely suitable to its cultivation,
which does not, unhappily, attain the desirable degree,
for the distant and discouraging places where the cotton-
plant grows up are greatly in want of workers and ways
of transportation for the product.

The quantity of cotton produced in this state does not
answer to the local necessities, wherefore it is sent for
from the neighbouring slates, where the industry using
such a product could not yet be founded and forward-
ed as it is here. The cultivation of the cotton-plant
must, therefore, be protected and encouraged. It is to
be wondered the cotton cloth industry has not tried to
plant the shrub on a large scale, the more because the
soil of this state is extremely fit for such a plantation.

The yield of cotton in 1891 did not surpass 26.460
kilograms.

TOBACCO.— The most considerable agricultural produc-
tion in 1891 was that of tobacco, which amounted to
26.400 880 kilograms in bales, 1447 rolls, 6065 bundles of
several sizes and 65 packs of cigars, not including the
enormous quantity of tobacco spent in the inland and
most likely equal to the above quantity.

The tobacco plantation is the favouri'e one of our
small culture, from which, however, it does not receive
any improvement, save in a lew municipia, such as
Inhambupe, Cachoeira, S. Felix, Maragogipe, Feira de
Sant'Anna, Purifica^ao, Santo Amaro, Nazareth, Curra-
linho, etc. etc., where it has been somewhat improved.

In case tobacco planters should use an intelligent and
improved process of cultivation and revigorate the soil
by periodically restoring the elements lost by it, one
may assert no other country would be able to excel
ours in such a cultivation, that might nowhere find
a greater deal of sympathy and ways of labour.

MANIOC— The manioc, the cultivation of which began

294

in the colonial times and even was obligatory, in ac-
cordance with some laws then in vigour, slill lies in ils
primitive condilion, with regard t) ils cultivation and
the preparation of its principal product.

The flour drawn from the manioc, which is the base
of general nourishment, oscillates between very incon-
sistent prices.

One miy assert that in the colonial and even in the
l)roviiicial time, the majority of gieat tillage, if not its
totality, lived by the preparation of manioc flour,
now devolved on small tillage, which still uses the very
same implements. It must be, however, acknowledged
that in a few estates the indigenous tapilij was substi-
tuted for the wooden press, coarsely made, and one
may say such is, in more than three hundred years,
the only improvement in the fabrication of manioc
flour.

The state government now intends helping the indus-
try under consideration with the establishment of cen-
tral factories for the preparation of manioc Hour and
its congenerous products.

There is almost no exportation of manioc flour; but
in the beginning of 1890 this product was so much sent
out to foreign countries that the city council was
obliged to provide seriously against such an inconven-
iency and established a public cellar. As for ils con-
generous products, liie most largely exported is the
Uipiuca.

(■.i:iu:,\i,i ors ckains and onii:n phodccts.— it may be
said there is throughout the slate cveiy kind of culture.
The mai/.e, fiench bean, rice, corn etc. are planted here,
but in so rcstiicled a manner that we are obliged to
import Ihcm, though the soil of the slate extremely
suits the cidlivation of such products.

Jivery soil of polalocs, grapes, onions, legumes,—

2()D

every thing, in short, becomes inured to the blessed
ground of the slate and produces therein.

The piassaiHi and its small cocoa-nut is largely export-
ed to foreign markets.

Several munici|)ia, cliielly that of Monte Alto, over-
abound with the ma gaiba, from which a great deal of
caouchouc is drawn.

The tabic annexed to this book, under the title of
«Agricultui;.l production of the state", shows clearly
both the va.iety of cultures and the municipia where
every one is prevailing.

We will a>l liticnally tell that there are in the state
the best pa>.lure-grounds for the food of oxen, mules,
goats, swine, etc., that find there an extremely various
provender, peculiar to this slate. Modern feeders have
paid of lale a great attention to cross-breeding, for which
purpose fine specimens have been imported by them.

The above-mentioned table also shows the regions
where cattle-feeding is prevalent.

Finances

The public receipts and expenditure of Bahia are
divided into federal, slate and municipal ones.

Thty were thus estimated for the period from January
^'. to December 31^. 1893:

Federal-Rcccipls 12.219:954^000

Expenditure 7 602:564^294

Balance 4.617:389^706

Slate-Receipts 5.553:011^185

Typenditure
(includin;.; llie debt interests and re-
deeming) 4.923:120^516

B L.nce 629:890^969

296

The municipal expenses were not yet calculated and
decreed. The last municipal budget decreed by the Pro-
vincial Assembly, already extinguished, and stating the
receipt and expenditure of every municipium, is still
in vigour.

It must be added, wilh regard to the finances of the
stale, that the above balance, estimated at 629:890^909,
will reach, according to the most reasonable conviclion,
a far higher degree, for the receipts were calculated
wilh the greatest restriction and, moreover, the agri-
cultural production, on account of the regularity of sea-
sons but lately occurring, will be extraordinary and far
superior to that which had been previously calculated.

The liabilities of the state are:

External 765.519 pounds

Internal, divided into

Grounded on policies 3.881:6005000

Floating 1.462:2141093

5.343:814^093

The stale pays the annual interest of 5 per cent of
the two first mentioned sums and that of 8 per cent of
a part of the last-mentioned one; the other part is not
subject to any interest.

All the engagements of the slate wilh regard to its
external and internal debt have been and will continue
to be strictly fulfilled, the most rigorous punctuality
being observed in llic payment of the interests and re-
deeming of the del)l

Temples and other relig-ious edifices of the
capital, monuments and pmlic fountains

niSTOlUCAl, N0Ti;S

As Hahia has been, up to the present time, the cap-
ital of the Bra/ilian Cluircli, it possesses, as it was to

297

be expected, a large inimber of temples, undoubtedly
superior to the religious necessity of its i)opulalion.

In a city, indeed, the population of which is less than
200.000 souls, the following is not a small number:

Cathedral 1

Mother churches 11

Friaries 4

Nunneries 4

Hospices 8

Retirement houses 2

Third orders 5

Chapels 42

Total 77

not including the chapels tliat are to be found in the
suburban parishes and bring up to 82 the total number
of temples.

Let us first treat of the

CATHEDRAL AND MOTHER CHLRCHES

I — The church o/«Sf».— The church that first served as
the see was the small chapel built by the Jesuits under
the name of <(Ajuda» in 1549, on the foundation of Ihc
city b}' Thome de Souza.

This small church w^as mudwalled and thatched. I3y
its side stood a few houses, where the Jesuits began to
perform their spiritual exercises; but on the coming,
in 1552, of the first bishop of Brazil, D. Pedro Fernan-
dcs Sardinha, the Jesuits gave him up their chapel and
houses and removed to the « Monte Calvario» (Carmo),
where they built a small hospital (according to Ignacio
Accioli), hard by a hermitage that rose up there and
was consecrated to 0. L. of Penha or Picdade,— perhaps
the one that Christovam d'Aguiar Daltro afterwards
made over to the carmeliles.

2q8

The small chapel of Ajiida served, therefore, as a
cathedral church till the l)ishoi) toe k tlie necessary
measures fcr the conslruclion of the church of «Se»,
which began in the following year of 1553, that is to
say— one year after the creation of the parish.

The last-named church was building for a long time
before it was possible to remove the chapter to it. In
the episcopal government of D. Peiro da Silva it was
not yet built up, as it is still the case at the present
lime.

Several governors paid it a particular attention, spe-
cially the Maiquis of Angeja. In fact, as one of the
lowers (not yet raised up at the end of the 16"'. age),
menaced a fall, on account of the unfirm ground on
which the chapel stood, the above-cited marquis had it
wholly pulled down, ti ok the bells from the other tower
and strengthened the chapel walls by means of thick
iron connecting-rods, a work the cost of which was
1:350^000. The demolishing of the lower had been pro-
posed in 1708 by Major Engineer Antonio Rodrigues Hi-
beiro.

In 1754 the Count of Atouguia ordered the construc-
lion of a thick wall to support the churchyard, for the
old one had partially chinked in 1751.

Ill spile of some olhcr woiks ma(!c in several epochs,
the church of »Se» is not yet built up, as it is still want-
ing the lowers and the completion of Ihe frontispiece,
constructed with stones drawn from the reef of Ilapi-
langa, lying to the norlii ( f Ihe island of Marc and
whence also came the grave stones.

Here is (labiiel Soares' descriplion ol Ihe (luirch a!
the close of the K)"' century:

• The chuicli consists (MlliKc n:t\cs, (if a proper niag-
niliide; it is high, of a pleasing asitcci and has live well
crjiislrucled and oinamenUd chapels and two altars at
the side faces of Ihe chief clKii)el. II is surrounded wilh

2()f)

n Ijirj^e Irncl of ground. The coiislriiclion of llic bclfi}
and clock lower is not vol concludod, ns well ;is liial of
sonic oilier very necessary appurleniuiccs, for llie clmrcli
is exlreniely poor and has only llie revenue oC 100^000
51 year, iiol punclnally p;iid »

When llic order of llie jesuils was dissolved the royal
priiN ision ol Oe'ober 2{)i''. ITC),") conferred on llic «Col-
lei;io" church the preroi^nlive of a calhedral, while the
church of "Sc" was in rcjiair, and such a prcroL!,alivc is
slill i I vigour al Ihe piTsent lime.

2 »Colle(iiO" church. — Afier llie jesuils had built for
their order the church of "Ajudai> and removed to «Cal-
vaio". they resolved lo leave this place, on account ol
its being much exposed to the onsets of the aboriginals,
and transfer their residence to the city, for which pur-
pose they obtained a concession from llie governor.

They accordingly raised up, on llie square afterwards
named ■ Terrtiro de Jesus", a small mudwalled and
lliatchcd chapel, as it is told by piiesl Nobrega in a let-
ter written in this state in I5rv2. This construction was
cariied into effect in the very year when the foundation
of the city began, for in the just-cited letter it is also
reported that the church was about to fall, wheicfore «he
(Nobrega) was endeavouring lo call together the most
honest men in order to lend him assistance in the nec-
essary r^?[)air, that they might, while God was not
pleased lo grant them a more durable church, have one
able to stand out three more yc'nrs>.

The thought of the foundation of llie jesuils" colleg
dales lr(nii ir)50, for another Idler from priest Nobrega
to the provincial ol' the company, in Portugal, written in
Porto Seguro, on tlie ()"'. of January, noticed that the
Jesuits were w;wling lor an answer from His Paternity lo
found llie college "Salvador da naliia", which, as to their
opiiiicn, <|jd not recjuire no high an expense as the pro-
xincial supposed, since the sum ol one bundled crusades
was<|uile enough lor building a few mudwalled houses,

;!8

3oo

pcireclly Mitlicienl in the bci;inning. Anollier lelter,
bearing the date of Septenibe.- U'l'. of the subsequent
year lo'A) and written in Olinda, reported the above-
mentioned collei^e \vas ah-eady regnlarly loiinded and
frequented by 20 boys, for whose dwelling the ("rovcrnor
mnst order the construction of a few lionses, because
those which were made l)y tlicni were liltle dural)lc.

Notwithstanding, tlie foundation of tlie college and
the construction of tlie church were not seriously car-
ried on, till D. Sebasliao (provision of November 7"'.
1561) endowed the collego of Bahia, where lived then
10 priests and 15 brethren, willi a sum for the support
of 00 religious persons at the most and assigned for such
a purpose upon the retithing oi the then captainry. This
revenue was afterwards transformed into the subsidy
of 20i000a |)crson, ilie whole amounting to 300 crusades.

It is to such a conslruclion Ihnl pricsl Anchietla al-
ludes as follows, in liis "Infoi luacao da Provincia do
Brazil", written in 1584:

"We have here iHahiai a college and seminaiy; a sepa-
rate novitiate house and schools are to ])e seen beside
the college, which stands on a wide site, co;nmanding
the sea. .\ cloister of stone and mortar was but lately
made.

('On the eastern side lise up the church and vestry.
The former is of a regular capacity, well nnished, pro-
vided with a dioir and ([uile suflicienl for the present
lor the local necessities; it possesses rich ornaments, a
silver cross and thurible and a great deal of relics set
in silver, such as, anu)ng ollieis, tiirce IknhIs of the eleven
lliousand viri^ins, ;ni(l some other objects, - which is ;i
high comfort to the inh:ibitants of the country, wheiber
living in this college or not On the southern pail of the
edilice stand llic chapel and an in(irii)ar\ of a middling
niagnitude in the higher stor\ , a |)anlry and wine-cellai-
in the lowei- (me, On the western side nineteen apait-
ments aie lo l)(> lonnd, nine in tlu' higbei' story and Icn in

3oi

llie lower one, the wiiuiows of which look into the sea,
besides three more Iarf«c windows, placed in the lij«iire ol"
a cross and opening into llic {galleries. Seven apartments
on the hii^licr story and six on the lower one, vaster
than those of Coimbra and the inner roof of whicli is
overlaid with cedar boards, arc to be seen on the north-
eastern side.

«The frontispiece of I he edifice, which possesses good
accommodations, is made of free-stone. Tlie construc-
tion of the galleries was not concluded up to the present
time and their inner roof was not yet overlaid with
l)oards and garnished.

"New workhouses are still wanting, as well as novi-
tiate houses and schools, for the ones that exist at the
present time are all mudwallcd. The works go on slowly,
for the revenue of IfiO ducats oll'ereil by king 1). Sebas.
tiao for them is not punctually paid; nevertheless they
are carried on as actively as possible.

('This college is ordinarily inhabited by 60 religious
persons, for wliose niaiiiicnnuce king D. Sebasliao as-
signed the revenue of . '5. 00) (1ul\Us a year, not punctually
paid by his officers, wherefore the college has run into
debt. It is so much crowded with jjoople for its being
a seminary and inhabited by n()\ices, [)upils, interpreters
i.nd the old no longer able to work. The slaves are also
verv numerous, because a great deal oflhem co not
work so much as a single slave; they have, moreover,
several callings, such as those of a mason, carpenter,
blacksmith, carman, heidsmanand tailor. It is necessary
to bi.y women to be theii- wives, that they may lead a
dece. t life; the women and their children are employed
in [)lanthig and cooking, washing, dyeing with indigo
and sewing clothes.

cTliere is a wide palisaded ground beside the college,
where grow up a great deal of orange and lemon trees,
banana and other fruitful plants, a^ well as pot herbs.
This palisaded ground is the common thoroughfare of

.->0 2

such as arc going to embark, lor nearly all I lie com-
nuinicalions in Baliia are held by sea, and the sea
washes the face ot' the i)alisade. . . ■

As for the church of iCoUegion itself the above-cited
author says in another writing, titled uluforniacao do
Brazil e de suas capitanlas') and published in the same
epoch as that which we have preccdenlly alludtd to,
that it was Mem de Sa who constructed at his own
expense this church, wliere lie was buried. We arc.
Iherefore, qualified to conclude thai tiie whole lem|)le
was wrought out befjrc 1572.

3.-5/. rctcr.—A Idler addressed in Ajuil 11"'. h")54
by the bisliop il). Pedro Sardinhai to L). Joao III and
published in the ^Revista do Instituto Historico e (ieo-
graphico do I3razil» (vol. 49, page 559*, states that this
])relate, in o'dcr to punish some persons that had l)een
concerned in a riot and arrested a priest, ccndemned
them to the expenses of the hermiluge, consccialed to
Si. Peter, that he was rt ising on the road to Villa Velha,
which, as iie told, hivas alinosl loroiujhl oiil, so that up to
I lie 20"'. of April a mass could })Qssil)lij he said there. »

The chapel stood in lCi6 by the icrtIe^sof the same
denominaticn, on a silc then |jelun!;ing to Sergeanl-
Major I^'rancisco Fcrnandcs IJrra, whose cattle used to
feed there. Accorciiug to an ancient Iradi^icn, Ihc chapel
was adeiwards pulled (l()Wn, on account of its being
exposed to llie shots Irt m the (oilicss, and raised
on the place now Irkcn up by St. Peiei s mother
church, thai was elevated to a parish by i). (la: par Ha-
rata de Mendonca in 1()7.'} or KiT',).

I. - " r/r/o/-/a". -'I'L Is was, no doubl, l!ie lirsl church
constructed in Hahia. II is ceilain Ihal a lew writers, as
Dr. Mello Moraes, being grounded on Hie as'-crlion of
priest Simao de Vasconcellos in his "Cdironica da Com-
panhia (book 1, pago Ihand on an ancient ruanuscripl,
which issuroiv the "('alalogo gcnealogico h\ piiesl.Ia-
boalao. piil)lished but lately in (luj Hevisladc Insliluto

.*>0^

llislorico c Gc o;',rapliico», assigns the prioiily to llie
siiuiU tli;ipel of «(ira(;a)) ;aiul reports the mysterious
rouiuialion of this hennila.-'e belwcin ir)25 and ir)27.

Ilowevci, though it conns !o no piirpi sc to (iiscuss
such a (iiiestioii in these lints, we will sa\ there is no
doubt that in KhM Mai liin Alionso was in Bahia, where
a few franciscans, who Icejit company with him, rclc-
bralod the baptism and marriage of some daughters of
Caramuru, who had then been here for 22 years.- and
thai such a ceremony look place in the church of "Vi-
ctoria", which lie had short before built in commemo-
ration of a \ictory gained against the Tupinambas, it is
proved ui dilfcrence oidy existing with regard to the
yean by the following epilaph, inscribed on Ihe chief
chapel of the same church:

Here lies Alfonso Rodrigues, a native of Obidos, the
first that married in this church, in 1534. His wife was
Magdalena Alvares, the daughter of Diogo Alvares Cor-
reia, the first inhabitant of this captaincy. He died in
15C1.).

This iiisciiption also proves that the founder of the
church was not the donee, but Caramuru.

On the ccming of Thome dc Souza, in 1549, Nt brega
wrote: AVe found a kind of church ard lodged beside il».

Yarnhagem slates in his c Ilistoria Geral do Praziln:
(.Those who belonged to the navy immediately to( k their
lodging beside the chapel of "Victoria", that was fall-
ing to decay, in order to cel'-!)rate in this church their
religious piacliccs". Ncbrcga had then to serve as a
vicar, al the earnest request ol the Governor and
people-), according to his own words, «by confessing,
preaching, absolving and, in shoit, entirely acting as a
vicar '.

A while after, the Jesuits removed lo the church of

Ajuda", when the foundation of the town began, and

on the coming ofl). Pedro Sardinha, in 1552, one of the

3 04

Ihsl piovidcnces taken In' I his bishop was to create the
paiishes of 'Se» and "Viclorici".

This is evinced by another inscriptioji engraved en
the soullicrn pillar of the church under considci-;dion
and giving some other notices of what afterwards befell
it. Here is the inscription:

'This church of O. L. of "Victoria" was raised on
the discovery of Bahia. it Wcis created a parish in 1552
by the first bishop, I) Pedro Fernandcs Sardinha. It
was recdilled by Joao C.orreia de Ih itto and liis brother
Manuel de Figucircdo. Tlic rccdilication was concluded
in June 20"'. IGGG, by his nephew and heir, a knight of
the order of "S. licnto de Aviz», and captain of a man
of war, the galleon "Nossa Senhora do Populoo. His
Royal Highness granted, when he was in Bahia in Feb-
ruary 1808, 3 0<t() CI usades for the benefit of the frater-
nity ((Sanlissimo S?ciamentoe iicnifcitorcs«, at Figuei-
redo's request."

Upon one of lliese reconstructions the front ot Ihe
church, that precede nlly faced the sea, was changed to
the eastern side.

."). — 5/. .W?/ic. — Tlie lirsl molher church in the par-
ish of St. Anno, which is said to have been created in
H)7;>, was the chapel of the "Deslerro relircmenl house.
The charter of July 20"'. 1G79, that really created the
palish, elevated it to a vicar?ge for life. In 1()9() the
chapel of uSaudc" was considered a mother church and
continued performing this function till it was transfer-
red, in 1752, in the government of the S"'. aichbishop.
D. Jose Eotelho de Mallos, lo the new church of St.
Anne, which had been constiucled ior such a i)urpose.

The last-mentioned churcli has a more elegant ai-chi-
tecturc Ihan tlie others and is celcl)ialed lor its contain-
ing the grave of priest Jose Igiiacio Homa. an uiducky
|)atiiol, shot on Hie 29"'. of March 1<SI7 in Hie stpiare
foimerly called ■ C.ampo da Tolvnia ■ and now "('ampo
dos Marlvres" i\n<\ inlinmed in Hiis church in conse-

3o5

(|iiciu-e ol the endeavours used by vicar Manuel Clocllio
dc Siinipaio c Menezes.

(). — "/?//« do Pa.s.sO'i. -Tlic parish was created by
I). Scbasliao Monteiro da Vide, in 1718, and till Ihc
ciiurch under consideration was buill up-the lunclion
of a niollicr church was perlbrnied by Ihe cliapel con-
secriitcd to (). L. ol nRosario dss Portas do Carnio».
constructed in 1(385.

~. — <'Concci(;do da i-*/a/'(/».— Upon the creation of tlie
|)arish, in 1(323, by I). Marcos Teixeira, a sixiall ancient
cliapel, so called and belonging to the family Cavalcanli
de Albuquerque, r.)sc up where now stands the molhcr
churc.h of the same denomination.

According to (labriel Scares this small chapel was
erected l)y Thome de Souza, as it is to be concluded
from a letter bearing the d?te of April 8'''. 1555 and
addressed by 1). Dusrte da C.os'.a to the king, wherein
Ihe governor said: / inas on Ihe Conception daij licarin;/
(I nuiss in his hcrmiUujr. It is consequently evident that
Thome (ie Souza rt.ised the church on a site of his own,
as he was permitted by his regiment; then he gave away,
in 155.'5, upon his leaving the government, all his lands,
by way of sale or donation, to (iarcia d'Avila,the founder
of the family (llavalcanli de Albuquerque; there is, there-
fore, no doubt the chapel under consideration is that
which was built by Thome de Souza.

As the parish was created, the above mentioned fam-
ily bestowed the chapel to serve as a mother church,
where the fraternities of the Holy Sacrament and O. L of
(lonceplion were soon instiUiled These fraternities ful-
lilled Ihcir funclions up to 173(i, when the chapel was
l)ulled down to make way to the new church, still
existent; wherefore its functions were devolved on the
neighbcuiing chapel of .Corpo SantO", which held them
ii[) to 17(55, when they were transferred to the new moth-
er chuich, in spile of the imi)cifect state of its coni-
|)lemental works.

'3o6

8.-S/. Aiilhoiiij. — The pnrish to \vhich bclon^i^s Ibis
molluM- church was created in I'US by I). Pedro d;i Silvn
Sainpciio, who then heUi the episcopal government. There
Nvas to be seen a very ancient chapel so called, that rose
up on a site bclonj^ing Id Chrislovao (.Ic Ai^uiar Dallro,
who, occordini* to Dr. Miilo Moiacs, erected it in \M)i or
1595 and assigned a palrimon\ for il. As the parish
wanted a large cliurch, adecpi ite to i's category, the
small chapel was demolished and bnill in its stead the
niolhcr church, Umking to the west, while the old cliapel
looked to the east The niolher chnrcli aClerwards l)e-
gan to menace a f;ill, wlicrefore i; was, in its turn,
pulled down to give way to that which still stands up at
the i)resent time.

9 - i(/i/-o/(/,s .— Tiie parish of Biulas was created in
1718 by the above incnliuned archbishop, 1). Sebasliao
Monteiro da Vide; one dees not luiow, howe\cr, when
the temple was erected oi- who was its founder.

10.— "P//ar.).— The parisli was created i)y the last-
named archI)ispop in ITKv

The epoch when the church was creeled is also un-
known; l)ut it is certain il was not built in tiie KiH'. cen-
tur\ , for (iabriel Soares does not make any ullusion to
il, or in the 18'''. age, f ( r nt he time when the cariue
liles. ;uithori/e(i by Ihe H!>y..l Faleul of Marcii 'il'. 1711,
established llieir retirement liouse tl ereabouls, the
chnrcli of Pilai' wasalre:;dy Cdnstrncted and liierc per-
foiniedils liinclioi; a IVih rnilx, consecrate d to Ihe Holy
SacramenI, which eagerlx opposed the construction of
the retirement house. TIk; mother church ol <lMlar»
dates, therefore, from Ihe 17ii' ccniury.

II —«M(ir(.s<>.—'l'\\v. parish of .Mares" was created by
llic l'ro\incial Asscnd)ly in 1871 (Itesobilion of Apiil
1 I"' I. The cli;ipel was coiisli uclid before 17."):; and l)c-
'oUL^cd to thv or(hi of llu' c:iimeliles. 11 possessed a

Soy

large tract of ground, where a few plantations and
houses, sul>jcct to the payment of a rent, were to be seen.

12. — «Pc/!/jH)).— In 1742, after 1). Jose Bolclho de Mat-
tos had been a twelvemonth at the head of the arch-
bishopric, he raised at Itapagipe a chapel, where he
placed an image of O. L of ((Penha de Fran?a», and by
the chapel a small palace for his recreation, with a gallery
leading to the church choir. He afterwards conferred
upon this chapel (1760) the prerogative of a mother
church. On his death (November 22"'. 1767) he stated in
his will the house should be assigned for the parsons'
dwelling, upon the following conditions on their part:
—to call together, every Sunday and holiday, the inhab-
itants of the place, in order to sing the office of the
Blessed Virgin; to celebrate every year the festival of
the Assumption; to get the house repaired whenever it
might be necessary. The fulfilment of these testamentary
provisions should be devolved upon the fraternity of
O L. of Penha in case the parson should not submit to
it; but it should be conferred again on a parson that
might be ready to acquiesce in it.

Meanwhile the tithes rent was not paid, whether by
the parsons or by the fraternities, which caused the pal-
ace to be seized by the public treasury and accordingly
become a national property. However, by the king's
order, instead of being auctioned, it was assigned for the
archbishops' dwelling in hot season.

FRI.\RIES

I.— St. Francis' conw/j/.— Jorge de Albuquerque Coelho,
the donee of the captaincy of Pernambuco, being desi-
rous to promote the civilization of the ferocious Indians
of his captaincy and the propagation of Christianity,
asked the minister general of Ihe capuchins in Portugal,
brother Francisco Gonzaga, to send to that captaincj'

a few friars of this order. Seven friars came, indeed,
39

3o8

landed in Pcrnambuco on the 12"'. of April lo84 and
founded their convent wliere Maria Rosa, tlie ^vido^Y of
Pedro Leitao, had begun the construction of a chapel
consecrated to O. L. of Neves, which, as well as the
adjoining tract of ground, slie made over to the capuchins
by deed of gift.

D. Antonio Barreiros, the bishop ot Brazil, was then
in Pernambuco and when he turned back to Bahia, in
1537, he brought in company with himself three friars,
wlio, after having been lodged f.r twenty days in the
episcopal palace, were removed to a small thatched
house standing on the site of the actual convent and
next to a hermitage, the founder of which is not known,
consecrated to St. Francis.

The ground on wh.ich stoo 1 the liouse and hermitage
had been granted by Mem de Sa to the municipality,
which, having a mind to make a donation of it to
the capuchins, was opposed by Antonio Fernandes, a
resident in tlie island of Mare, who alleged the ground
had been made over to him, causa dolis, by his father
in law, Pedio de (".intra, who had built there a few
thatched houses, for he had also been given the ground
by the above mentioned governor. In consequence of
such an opposition the bishop resolved to buy of Antonio
Fernandes the ground witli the improvements and im-
mediately made them over to tlie friars, by deed of gift,
in April S"'. of the same year iir)87i. The bishop made
afterwards the IViars, in October 2'i'''. 1589, the donation
of another house, contiguous to the just mentioned one
and bought of Chrislovao Albernaz. Tlie IViai-s, in their
turn, bought in l)eceml)er 5ii'. 1622 of Martini Alfonso
Moreira another ti-acl of ground, in order to make a
sullicienl loom to raise up the convent.

The woiks began towards the close of 1587 and were
conchKk'd in 15'.)(», when the church and a small con-
vent were wrought out. The friars, however, were

.->oo

more and more numerous, so that it was necessary to
augment the convent; which caused a new churcli and
convent to be constructed by the order, the corner-stone
being laid by the governor general Marquis of Minas,
on the 2'"'. of December 1G86.

The front of llie church was changed, for it prece-
denlly looked to the east, at the street now called »da
Ordem Terceira»,and one of the doors that are actually
to be seen at the front of the temple was situated at the
side face of the old convent.

The new temple and convent were inaugurated in
October 3"'. 1713, after they were consecrated by the
archbishop, D. Sebastiao Monteiro da Vide.

2.— St. Benedicts' convent.— The first portuguese bene-
dictines were commissioned to Rio de Janeiro in 1565
and, as they were generally esteemed there for their
good behaviour, the inhabitants of Bahia asked, in 1581,
a monastery of bencdiclines to be founded here.

The general of the order, brother Placido Villasboas,
sent from Lisbon in that very year a few' monks, under
the direction of brother Antonio Ventura, who, after
getting from the governor (Lourenco da Veiga), the
bishop and the municipal council, in April 15'i'. of that
year, the necessary permission to found his monastery,
obtained from constaMe Francisco Alfonso nearly all
the ground where now stands up the monastery, that
was consecrated to St. Sebastian, on account of a hermi-
tage, devoted to this martyr, that is to be seen there.
Such a donation was made by means of public deeds,
dated— the one on the ICi''. of June 1581, the other on
tlie Gill, of February 1587. The municipal council also
made over to the monks, by deed of gift, bearing the
date of June GH'. 1612, a plot, where the church was
raised up.

The congregation of Portugal, in the general chapter
held in 1584, elected the above-named brother Antonio

3io

Ventura abbot of the new convent, and thus the order
was regularly established in Bahia.

3.— ('Car/7io».— Upon the same epoch the carnicliles
came to establish themselves in Bahia. The fleet that,
under the reign of cardinal 1). Henrique, left Lisbon after
having taken on board Fructuoso Barbosa with a few
colonists intended for the foundation of a colonial estab-
lishment in Parahyba, also brought friars Alberto de
Sania Maria, Fructuoso Pinheiro, Bernardo Pimcnlcl,
and, in thechaiaclcr of their vicar and superior, friar
Domingos Freire,- all of Ihem chosen to found con-
vents in Brazil, in accordance with the resolution taken
by the congregation of Portugal iu 1580 The first convent
they founded was that of Pernambuco, after which they
creeled that of Bahia.

They established themselves here in the ancient ((Mon-
te Calvario«, where, as we have said, the Jesuits had
been for a short time. Then the owner of the grounds,
Christovao de Aguiar Daltro, granted them both the
small chapel, consecrated to O. L. of «Picdade«, and Ihc
adjacent lands, that foiined a part of his sugar factory
((Agua de Meninosn, where the monks erected the con-
vent and afterwards its church, conslrucled in such a
manner as to comprehend the old small chapel. Manuel
Telles Barrelo was then holding the government of the
sla'e.

A.— The (ibhci/ of " G ra {a >.—Tho chapel of Gra^a, of
which we will afterwards speak, was erected by (^atha-
rina Alvarcs, who made it over, by deed of gift, in July
IG"'. 1586, to the bcnediclines, that raised there a mon-
astery. The chapel was leedilied in a later epoch by
its abbot, Ihollicr Ignacio da Picdack^ Peixolo, the
works having begun in October 11"'. 1/70.

NTWICHins

1.— .S7. C.hini (\f 'l)('sU'rro>\—A[ Ihc time when Mem de
Sa was governing the Stale of Brazil, in I^IJO, some

3ii

religious persons built a small chapel consecrated to
O. L. of cDesterro)), where they placed the images of
Jesus, Mary and Joseph. This was an old-fashioned
chapel, made of boards and covered with palms, which
abounded thereabouts and gave the name to the neigh-
bouring hospice, founded by the Auguslinians in 1693.

There is a tradition that a man who had just visited
the chapel sat on its threshold and fell asleep. After a
short time he awoke and found his waist was girt wi!h a
snake. Then he called, terrified, on the name and help
of the Blessed Virgin and, snatching a knife he took with
himself, killed the reptile with a few gashes and so got
rid of the constriction caused by it; after going into the
chapel again and thanksgiving the Holy Virgin, he turn-
ed back to the city and proclaimed the miracle that the
Blessed Virgin of «Desttrro>> had just wrought. The re-
ligious devotion of the people to the image of the Virgin
rose up again and they thought seriously of erecting
a new chapel on the place; which was highly approved
by the pious governor (Mem de Sa) and the principal
persons in the city. The governor, indeed, who specially
undertook the realization of the idea, had the wood
that grew on the site wholly cut down and then began
the reedification of the chapel, that was made of stone
and mortar in that same year.

In order that this chapel might not l)e insulated, a.s
the old one was, in so lonely a place, Mem de Sa had a
few houses constructed, where he used to lodge upon
his visiting the chapel. Such an example being followed
by many considerable persons, the houses becan.e
more and more numerous, so that in few years a sub-
urb was formed there, the houses and streets of which
were in a short time joined to those of the city.

Upon this time the Governor endeavoured earnestly to
build a nunnery there; but, not being able to come by
the realization of his wish during his life, he commend-

312

ed it to the town council, as well as to the priest who
directed the college of Bahia, and bequeathed the sum of
one thousand crusades, to be held in deposit and deliv-
ered to Ibe religious persons tbal would come and take
possession of the house,— which was fulfilled in due
time.

No sooner was reh)rmed the small chapel of Desterro
than a fralernily was founded, which performed its
functions for a long time, celebrated pompous feasts
and repaired the chapel in 1627.

After a few years, in 1665, the senate began the con-
struction of a retirement house and in 1673 the chapel
of Desterro was, as we have said, bestowed the priv-
ilege of a parish church, which was subsequently trans-
ferred to the chapel of »Saude» and at last, in 1752, to
the church consecrated to St. Anne.

The king was at lirsl unwilling to permit the con-
struction of a convent, considering it was not convenient
to a colony to restrain with a nunnery the advantageous
increasing of its population; but at length he consented
to the construction of a convent Ihal was to admit only
fifty professed nuns and a few supernumerary recluses.

In 1677, as a few cells were in construction, came
from the convent of St. Clara of Kvora four nuns and
two female servants, one of the nuns isislcr Margarida
da Columna) in the characler of an abbess. They had
been commissioned to institute the communily in Bahia;
and, while they were still in the ship that had conveyed
Ihem, the most urgent works were made in Ihc convent,
Ihat was already buihiing, and Ihcy were immedialely
lodged in it, as well as the female novices. They began
to regulate Die communily, wiiile Ihe works were car-
ried on, and, as soon as every thing was in a good con-
dition, Ihcy went back to Portugal, in 1686, after having
api)oinled to the dignity of abbess the most ancient

3i3

female novice, sister Martlia de Chrislo, to Nvhom I he
convent is indebted for a great deal of services.

Such is llie origin of the first nunnery in Hahia.

2.— wLapai).— No sooner was the convent of Deslerro
founded Ihan riany people had a mind to follow such
an example.

Joao de Miranda Ribeiro, who had erected a chapel
consecrated to O. I., of Lapa, asked the royal permis-
sion to raise on the place a nunnery, where the rule of
the franciscan order should be stricllj' kept, the expenses
of Ihe construction being borne by himself and Manuel
Antunes de Lima, as well as somebody else desiring to
keep their daughters there, after the manner of the epoch.

The king now agreed easily to the asking,— though he
was reluctant to i)erniil the foundation of the Deslerro
nunnery, for his being unwilling to hinder proliflcation
in a colony. In fact the provision of October 20'''. 1733
consented to the foundation of the new convent upon
condition of its admitting no more tlian twenty nuns,
whose dotation would be regulated by the archbishop.
So tlie conslruc'ion was commenced; the pontifical brief
of April lo'''. 1731 had already approved it and the chap-
ter sede vacante assigned the dotation of 1:600^000 for
every nun, who would live by the interests of this sum.

As soon as the convent was built were removed from
the convent of Deslerro to it, on the 7'''. of December
1744, sisters Maria Caelana da Assump^ao, as an abbess,
appointed by the archbishop (D. Jose Botelho de Mat-
los), and Josepha Clara de Jesus, in order to supply the
place of the former and be the instructress of the
order. They were charged with the direction of the
new nunnery, to which were admitted on the following
day fifteen novices, among whom were five daughters
of the founder, Joao de Miranda.

The number of twenty nuns was soon attained; but
it was thought too much restricted, wherefore a per-

3i4

mission was asked to double such a maximum. In spite
of llic governoi's opinion, quite contrary to such a peti-
tion, lor his finding it excessive, tlie Iving gave his
consent, in August 2Ui''. 1794, to the brief of March 5"'.
1754, which allowed the admission of 13 more nuns of
the choir and 4 penitents.

3. — vMerccs».—Y). Ursula Luiza dc Monserrate, having
received after the death of his fi'lhrr, Colonel Pedro
Barbosa Leal, to whom she was the only heiress, the
enormous sum of 355:000^000, and being encouraged at
considering how easily the king permitted the creation
of nunneries, asked the necessary leave to employ the
above sum in the institution of a convent of Jesuitical
nuns or ursulines, at ihe village of Santo Amaro. The
king acquiesced in the petition (Royal Charter of Janu-
ary 23'i'. 1735), but resolved the nunnery to be founded
in this city or its suburbs, as it might please the arch-
bishop, on the following conditions: it should be sit-
uate on such a place as not to hinder the defence of the
cily or trouble the public; the leprcsenlative of the
crown would choose the rule to be observed by the
nuns, whose number might not g'^ beyond fifty, every
one being endowetl with a pension oi 100^000 for her
lilc; the council was not permitted to claim a larger do-
tation, inheiit any properly al all, or retjuirc any other
conlribution. since Ihe foundress would undertake the
expenses of the construction and dotation of the convent,
the nuns being only allowed to pay lOOiOOO, as a fee,
upon making their vows.

The works of the nunnery began and al the ^ame litre
a small hospice was raised, where some recluses
were admitted, wiiile the nunnery was building, in order
to pass tlieir nnviliale, in accordance willi llic charier
of April IC)"'. 173.S. A decree l)earing the date ofKeljriiary
18'!'. 1710 look the nunnery into the (|ueens protection
and permitted the royal arms to be engraven in its
frontispiece.

Towards the middle ol" 1711 the nunnery was in a
condition to admit its inhabitants; which took phice
on the 2h'. of September of the same year, al'lcr they
had received from the archbishop (D. Jose Botclho de
Mattosi, on the 1^'. of this very month, a regulation in
IG articles. The foundress of the nunnery was then
appointed a superior mother.

A. — ^'Soledadeo.— On the place where this convent is
now to be seen an old hermitage once stood, conse-
crated to O. L. of Soledade, on account of a medal found
upon the laying of the foundations and engraven on one
face with the image of 0. L. of Piedade, on the other
with that of 0. L. of Soledade.

One is not acquainted with the epoch when this her-
mitage was constructed; it is only known it was raised
by several private men at the time when the whole
place was called «Queimado .

Under pretence of erecting there a retirement house
for penitent prostitutes and necessitous virgins, the cele-
brated Jesuit (iabriel Malagrida obtained from the fra-
le>nity then administrating the hermitage a tract of the
adjacent ground, where, as he was countenanced by
the archbishop, D. Jose Fialho, and the governor,
Count of Atouguia, he began, en the 28"'. of September
1739, the construction of a retirement housekeeping the
rule of St. Angela of Brescia and immediately dispos-
sessed the fraternity of the administration of the her-
mitage, in spile of the objections raised against such a
violence.

The claims were, however, laid again by the frater-
nity in 1751 and the governor was ordered by the royal
provision of November lUH' 1751 to speak his opinion
rboul the matter; upon which he sent the king the
answtrhe had rcct-ived on the IG'i'. of October of the
subseciuent year from the superior mother, Beatriz Ma-
ria de Jesus, who declared the retirement house was in
40

3i6

possession of the communion-table, choir, towers, naves,
etc , by deed of cession from tlie above-mentioned fra
ternity, the following perpetual obligations being laid
upon the retirement house: to chant a litany every Sat-
urday' and celebrate a religious office every octave in
behalf of the brethren, both alive and dead, to keep the
hermitage ever neat, as well as the altar-clothes, and, at
last, deliver GOO^OOO to Manuel Gomes de Oliveira, a
mason, that had built the hermitage and to whom this
sum was still due. The superior mother additionally
stated that such a possession had been confirmed by
the provision of March 11'''. 1746 and rcconlirmcd by
that of August 91I'. 1749.

Upon this the fraternit}- gave up all contestation and
the retirement house was changed, in October 28'ii. 1752,
into a nunnery, under the rule and dislinclive sign of
the Blessed Heart of Jesus. The episcopal government
was then held by brother I). Manuel de Santa Igncz, in
the reign of I). Jose 1, who had authorized the foundation
of the nunnery in the Hoyal Charter of March 22' 'K 17ol.

IIOSPICKS

]. — ((Piedadc>K—ln 1679, under the govermcnl of Ro-
([uc da Cosia Barreto, arrived at Bahia the ilalian cap-
uchins (liovanni Promeano and Tomaso di Sosa, who
began the foundation of a hospice, consecrated to O. L.
of 'lMedade«, on the site where it still stands up.

Before these ilalian friars arrived at Bahia some
french capuchins had come, who, having drawn u|)on
Ihcnisclves the favour of the public on account of Ihoir
zeal for catechising in llic inlerior, led the nuiuicipal
council to request, in the official letter of March 24'ii.
167S. llie royal protection in their behalf. The king agreed
to that and accordingly issued the chaiter of Deccudier
111''. 1671). whereby lhe\ were allowi'd to found a hos-
])ice on a site |)revi(uisly designated l»\ llu' municipal

3i7

council and where G or 8 I'riars were only lo be admit-
ted. The French friars did not, however, come to the foun-
(hdion of the hospice, wherefore, by the order of king
I). Pedro II, they had to lodf*e with their superior,
brother Jacques, in the hospice of the Italian friars,
which they occupied for 20 years.

The italian capuchins afterwards came again to the
possession of the hospice, that was delivered lo brother
Eraanuele Angelo di Napoli and reckoned an apostolical
missionaiy house by the decree of February 29ii'. 1712.
The administration of the missions with a view to cate-
chise the Indians of the S. Francisco banks was also
conferred once more on the italian capuchins.

The church of the hospice was thoroughly reformed
after the roman fashion, in the beginning of this age,
during the occupation of the city by the Portuguese
troops, by 'the prefect, brother Antonio di Rocca, and
brother Arcangelo di Ancona, who had obtained a few
alms for such a puipose, as well as the king's permis-
sion, that was granted in January 18"'. 1809.

Civilization is highly indebted to these friars for the
foundation and development of missions in the follow-
ing places: Pacatuba (Indians of the tribe Carrapato); S.
Ptdro (of the tribe Romanes); Rodclas, Acara and Var-
gem (Irocaz); Pambu, Cavallo, Trapoa and Vacarapa (Ka-
sino); Rio de Conlas and S. Felix (Guerem).

2.—vB()a Viagem'K—D. Lourcn^a Maria, who lived at
the shore of wltapagipe de baixo», an estate belonging
to her, made over by deed of gift, in November 19"'.
1710, a tract of ground to the convent of St. Francis
(the guardian of which was then brother Vicente das
Chagas, the provincial- brother Estevao de Santa Maria
and the syndic— Andre Nunes Souto), on condition that
five masses should be said every year, three for her
joul and two for that of her daughter D. Maria Pereira
de Negreiros.

3i8

D. Lourcn^a had previously consented to the con-
struction of aliouse on the above-menlioned j^round, to
keep in the tools wilh which were luken oh" the stones
necessar)' to the works of the convent, that was in
reedification, and specially those of the church, that had
l^egun few years ai>o,— a ciicumstance that easily led to
the donation that we have just treated of.

Two years after the donation had been made, the
friars set about Ihe conslruclion of a lofly house and
oratory, made of stone and niorlar, which is the orij»iii
of the hospice under consideration.

3. - «Pz7a/-".— This liospice was at first a small chapel
raised by the shod Carmelites one year after their settle-
ment in the city.

The Royal Patent of April 27'ii. 1709 addressed to the
municipal council slated, as some olhers had precedent-
ly done, no convent or any other religious house would
be erected without a previous royal leave. Being earn-
estly requested to permit the construclion of a hospice
beside the chapel, the crown granted the asking on the
21^1. of March 1714, upon condition that the hospice
should have the dimcnsiotis sulTicient for the lodging of
two only friars; but, in spile of such a dclcrmination, the
friars raised a large hospice, under prel< ncc it was but
a house specifically lilted for study; which caused a
violent contest, in whicii the friars and the fraternily of
the Holy Sacrnmcnl of Pilar were engaged, the laller
taxing the foi-uur willi having cxoibitalcd from the royal
permission, the parishioners being so deprived of the
ground on the sca-siiore line.

Such a slate f)f things led the governnienl to order
(provision of January Ki"' 17.'),") to the Count of Arcos)
Ihe dcmolilion of ihe hospice, which, however, was not
carried into ellect.

1.- ./(•/•.•.'.sf //(*/;».- In 1725, brother Francesco dclla C.on-
ce/.ione, Ihe vice-commissioner general of the Holy Land

3i9

in the vStatc ol' Brazil, and some ollicrs, founded, in
llieir quality of eleemosynary friars, minors and observ-
nnlins, a hospice consecrated lo O. L. of Conception,
ol" which the former was the rej^fiit and where a few
laymen also lived, chargeil wiili the remittances lo the
Holy Land.

The possession of the hospice was afterwards devolv-
ed by a lef>islative act upon the or[)hans liviui^ in the
charity house of the city; but the friars of the Holy
Land are again in possession of it.

5.— Mo/j/se/To/. — It is lo be concluded from the writ-
ings of Gabriel Soares that no church was to be seen,
up to the end of the 16'''. century, on the neckland now
called jMontserrat'i and belonging lo Garcia d'Avila, who
had there a pottery and cow-house.

By reading the will of this powerful native of Bahia,
made on the 18'''. of May 1C08 and transcribed in the sec-
ond terrar-book of the monastery of St. Benedict in
this city, one finds he bequeathed the lands he possessed
at Itapagipe and Itapoan (S. Francisco) to the benedict-
incs and the «Misericordia« brotherhood, but did not
allude to any chapel on the first-mentioned lands.

The two heirs had afterwards a lawsuit between each
other about the distribution of the two tracts of ground;
but they came at length lo an agreement, upon which
a deed of settlement, also transcribed in the above-men-
tioned terrar book (page 75), was written down on the
13"'. of March 1G14. It was established in this document
that «the hermitage of 0. L. of Monlserrat, on the neck-
Ian 5 of Itapagipe, was lo belong, as before, to the
monastery of St. Benedict, as well as, for the use of the
hermitage, a tract of ground twenty fathoms long, as
considered from the church lo the haven, and as broad
as the necklan 1 ilsclf»; which evidently proves that it
was not Garcia d'Avila who erected the hermitage,
which was constructed between 1608 (the date of the

320

will) and 1614 (when the deed of settlement was written
down I. On the other side, the complete want oF docu-
ments in the archives of the monastery shows it was not
the order of the hencdiclines that erected the hermitage.

Who was then its huilder".' — There is a tradition in
the convent that it was a military Spaniard of a high
rank, native of Barcelona and greatly devoted to O. L.
of Monlserrat, that huilt on the place under considera-
tion a small chapel, which he soon after made over to
the monastery of St. Benedict hy deed of gift. (The
just mentioned image of O. L. of Montseirat, to which
ihc Spaniard was extremely devoted, was venerated in
a bcncdictine abbey on the valley of Lobrega, halt way
to Montserrat, 3937 feet high and erected in 880 by the
Count of Barcelona, Sefredo el Velloso, on the place
where he lit on an image of the Holy Virgin, that
wrought a great deal of miracles. The abbey of which
we have just treated is celebrated for its having been
inhabited for a while by St. Ignatius of Loyola, who
retired into it, in order to meditate and contrive Ihe plan
of the great order of the Jesuits created by him.)

It is noticed in one of the numerous papers found in
the monastery of the town of Santos that the construc-
tion of another chapel, also consecrated to 0. L. oi
Montserrat, is ascribed to the same military Spaniard. It
is a great pity that liie whole name, or even the surname,
of such a pious and distinguished military man does
not figure in tradition, or,- more important still—, in
history.

r.oNVKxrs and ii()si'u;i:s no i.oxc.iut kxtant

1.— .S7. Thercsd —At the earnest retpiesl of Ihe munic-
ipal council of B?liia came from Lisbon four friars,
under brother Jose do Ivspirilo Santo, charged with
founding a convent of their order.

Upon leaving Portugal they intended eslablishiiif-

321

themselves in the chapel of Deslerro, as they had been
authorized by the Royal Patent of September 2'"i.
16G!5; but the great opposition they found here obliged
them to alter their mind, wiierefore the king ordered
the municipal council (Royal Patent of June 25'''. 1665)
to assign another place for their lodging, which resulted
in the remo /al of the friars from the shore of Prcgui^a,
where they had been lodged since their arrival, to the
neighbouring hill, on which tliey erected the church and
convent of St. Theresa, still standing up at the present
time.

The friars, though forbidden by their regulation to
possess any estate at all, yet, in process of lime, seized
upon a good deal of houses and plots, under pretence
of administrating the |)roperlies bequeathed to them,
and thus, to the violation of their rule, they displayed
an opulence now extinguished. One does not know
what became of the rich furniture and ol)jects of sacred
use that were to be seen there.

They administrated advantageously for a while sev-
eral missions on the S. Francisco banks; but the decree
of December IQH'. 1709 devolved such an administration
upon the Italian capuchins, in compliance with what
had been asked by Garcia d'Avila Pereira, who under-
took the expenses with them. The subsidy that the por
tuguese friars received from the public treasury was
accordingly suspended; they continued, however, to
administrate the mission of Massarandupio, at the dis-
trict of Torre, where they had erected a church conse-
crated to (<S. Joao da Cruz.i'

During Ihe occupation of the capital by the Portu-
guese troops these friars interfered actively in politics
and sided with the Portuguese, which caused them to
incur the geneial dislike; nevertheless, in spile of the
separation of the empire, Ihey continued to pay obe-
dience to their superiors of Portugal, which obliged the

D22

brazilian govermnciit to make Ihcm acquainted, l)y way
of an order addressed to Ihe president of tlie province
in July 28"|. 1828, wllli the forbiddancc, in case they
should desire to remain in Brazil, to obey tlieir supe-
riors of Porliigai, lor this was clearly oirensive to the
rank of an independent country, detrimental to its
interests and intei dieted by its laws.

Such a providence caused the convent to be aban-
doned, so that it was short after inhabited by a single
monk.

2.- <.< Palmn>K— In 1693 brotlier Alipio da Purifica^ao,
the commissioner general ot the barefoot missionary
augustinians, arrived at Bahia with three more friars,
in order to establish a convent of their orcier.

Having obtained from the heirs to the brothers Arraes
(Ensign Bernardo da Cruz Arraes, Licentiate Ventura da
Cruz Arraes and Francisco da Cruz Arraes) the cession
of the church of Falma, built by the just named broth-
ers in 1G30, and the donation of the adjacent tract of
ground, the friars immediately set about the building
of a hospice to receive the missionaries of their ordcr
who might call at Bahia upon their going from Portu-
gal to tiie island of St. ThonuiN.

They had been duly aulhoii/.cd by Ihe Royal Charier
of March ()"'. 1()1)3, whorel)y the governor (Antonio Luiz
(lonsalvcs da Caniai a r.onlinhoi was ordered lo deliver
Ihem the chapels of "Ajuda- ilhat they had sagaciously
told to be contiguous to Ihat of <'Palma» and lead to it
by a galleryi, 'Monlserral", St. Anlhony of "Barra»,
belonging lo the archl)isliO|)rick, and tiial of St. Bcn-
edicTs monaslery. But no soonci- \\;is llii' imi)osilion
known than llic above -inenlioncd cliailer was anindled.
Nolwillislandin.^ Ili(> friars conlinucd occupying Ihe
new hospice, Ihat was subject lo Ihe island of St. Tho-
nias, till it was Inrncd, 1)> Ihe government, in 1778,

323

to a mililary hospital,— cither for Ihe friars \Yere no
loiif^cr in llie cily, or from any other motive.

The hospice came again to tlic possession of llie friars
in a later cp .ch and was occupied l)y hrolher Bento da
Trindade, by wiioin it was recdificd. On the 2'"'. of
July 18?3 the only fi iar ?lill remaining in the hospice
went away to Portugal and delivered the chapel to the
fraternity of "l3om Jesus da Cruz», which had been
founded there since 1751.

3 — «S. Felippe Nenj'K — As soon as the friars of the
congregation so called, created by this saint in Rome,
in the IG"'. century, under the title of ((Congregation of
the Oratorians)), settled in the capital of Pernambuco,
Ihey immediately thought of building a hospice for
themselves an'l asked the king's permission. In accord-
ance with the Royal Charter of April 12'i'. 1756, the
municipal council and people were assembled to speak
their opinion about the matter and resolved to approve
of it, in s[)ite of the objections raised by an alderman,
Francisco Gomes de Abreu, who was highly contrary lo
the creation of new religious orders. The friars had thus
their asking and immediately set about the construc-
tion of the hospice.

The inhabitants of the city lent them some assistance,

by buying the piece of land where the hospice was

to be raised and making it over, by deed of gift, to

priests Francisco Pinheiro and Luiz de Lima, who were

then in Bahia and came by the conclusion of the work.

Capildo nwr Manuel da Fonseca, an extremely fanatical

man, specially contributed to such a result; not only he

gave all his properties unto the oratorians, who were

only bound to say a few masses for his soul, but even

he incorporaled, in Iho character of a lay-brother, into

the congregation, the habit of which he wore up to his

death.

The congregation being extinguished bv the law of
41

324

December 9"'. 1830, the administration of the patrimony
belonging to the iiospice was devolved into the board
of the Charity House of St. Joachim.

RETIREMENT HOUSES

\.—»Per(iucs». — In the beginning of last century Do-
mingos do Rosario and his brother Francisco das Lha-
gas, thougli they were not very rich, intended to raise
a chapel consecrated to O. L. of uPiedade» and a small
retirement house, dedicated to the worship of Our Lord
Pardoning Je?us, for the lodging of their sister Antonia
de Jesus and some other devout women desiring to
lead a life of penitents and wear a sackcloth.

They raised, Indeed, the edifice on the place where
it is still to be seen and where they possessed three
houses. A few women were immediately admillcd,
whose commendable behaviour engaged the attcnlion of
the public to so high a :logrce Ihtit in 1732 the archl)ishop
(I). Luiz Alvares) resolved to grant llicm a slatulc, lo
which an addition was made in 1741 by I). Joso Bolelho
de Maltos, who obliged them to say the office of the
Blessed Virgin in latin and submitted the retirement
house, as it really was from its beginning, to the juris-
diction of the diocesan preh le.

In 1792 brother I). Antonio Correia ordered the sack-
cloth of the recluses to be changed for black serge or
woollen slulV and, though the recluses had reached llic
numl)er of twenty five, yet he permitted the admission
of some others, in the (piality of supernumeraries and
I)upils.

The chapel and retirement bouse l<ept their primilivc
artless stale up to 1789, when Camp-master Thcodorico
(ionsalves da Silva and his wife, I). Anna de Sou/a
Queiro/,, set about their reformation and considcral)lc
cidargement. The chapel, liowevcr, was not gill l)eforc

325

1819, when, by its chaplains endeavours, they set
about its gildinj^.

The recluses oKen asked for the category of a nunnery
for their retirement house, but the archbishops always
opposed such a longing, because they thought unnec-
essary the creation ofalifth nunnery in Baliia. Notwith-
standing the recluses came by the pontifical brief, so
much longed for, against whicli the arclibishop, brother
U. Antonio Correia, remonstrated with the pope on the
30"'. of January 1799. The consequence was the Royal
Charter of July 29"'., whereby the governor was order-
ed not to execute the brief, for its having been subrep-
tiliously obtained.

In 1820 the recluses laid again their claim, but they
were disappointed once more, on account of the oppo-
sition of the governor. Count of Palma.

The actual patrimony of the retirement house con-
sists in several housts in the city, producing a yearly
revenue between 6:000^000 and 8:000^000.

She who aspires after her admission to the retirement
house is to fulfil the following requisite conditions: not
to be above 30 years old and live a twelvemonth
at least in the cstablishement before her being ad-
mitted to it, such an admission being only allowed by
the votes of the community; to pay upon her admission
the sura of 1:000^000 as a money-entrance. The recluses
devote themselves to religious exercises and womanly
labours. The retirement house is inhabited at the present
time by 12 numerary and 21 supernumerai y recluses and
25 female servants.

2.-5/. Raymond.- Raymundo Maciel Scares upon
his dying (1759), charged the prior of St. Theresa's
convent with working out a retirement house he had
began to build in 1753, for the lodging of 12 repentant
women, that might ask for their admission of their own
accord, and as many female servants, upon the only

326

condition of tlieir offering up three daily prayers to the
Virgin Mary for the benefit of his soul.

The institutor bequeathed for the maintenance of the
recluses all his fortune, consisting of excellent build-
ings in the city and the quit-rents paid by the tenants
of the tracts of ground extending from the secondaiy
door of the convent of oMercesD to Ihe estate of late
Barcn of Ilapororocas and behind the chapel of «Rosa-
rio de Joao Tcreira."

As the works were concluded the lelircu'ent house
was consccratc<l by the archbishop, brolher 1). Manuel
de Santa Ignez.

Tn accordance with the statute of March S"'. 1761, the
retirement house is directed by a first redress, a sec-
ond one, who is the instructress, and a third one, that
is the portress. Besides the recluses, orphan virgins,
bereft of both father and mother, or any other girl of
good behaviour may be admitted, on condition of their
paying a certain sum. The properly of the retirement
house is now very small. The number of recluses as-
cends at the present time to 25, the maximum allowed
by th.e statute.

TIIIUD oiu)i:us

1.— 5/. Francis.- It was established in 1(535, in accord-
ance with the patent of October 4'ii. of the same year
to the guardir.n, brolher Manuel Baptisla de Obidos.
Tiic image was deposited on the allar of O. L. of Con-
ception in the old churcii of the convent, till a special
chapel was erected. Oil llie '2'.V<K of l)ccen)l)er of the
above year Ihe fiist cjuionical eicclion look place and
on the 2.SI''. Ihe first feslival was celebrated.

The coruer-slone of liie chapel was laid in.Ianuaiy
1^1. 171)2 l)y Colonel Douiingos Pircs de Carvalho, who
was then the niiiiisler of the order, in execution of the
rcsohition lyken bv Ihc board in the vear 1()1)7. The

327

chapel was solemnly inaugurated in June 22"'. 1703,
when hrolher Luiz de Jesus, the guardian of the con-
vent, said the first mass. It is 62 spans in tlie front hy
135 in the hack; there are to he .'■ccn 7 altirs, on which,
in accordance witli the ohligalions of tlie order, 7358
masses were said eveiy year, up to 1754.

2. — SI. Dominic — \n 1722 a portngucse dcniinican mis-
sionary, hrother Gahriel Baptista, was in Bahia, having
come from India; upon which seveial hrethren c f the
third order of St. Dominic, who lived here and had,
nearly all, prof«.sscd in Oporto, Lisbon and Vianna do
Minho, had a mind to found in this city a third order
and obtained by the intervention of the above-named
priest, in 1723, the necessary permission from the prior
and provincial of the pious preachers of Portugal, broth-
er Antonio do Sacramento. The official letter whereby
the permission was granted and, moreover, brother Ga-
briel Baptista was appointed director— was read on the
30"'. of October in the monastery of St. Benedict, where
the brethren were assembled. They agreed to the ap-
pointment and the order was installed before Viceroy
Vasco Fernandes Cesar de Menezes and tha choicest
society in the city. Then the election took place and
Desenibargador Afibnso Rodrigues Bernardo Sampaio
was chcsen a prior.

The order was short after removed from the monas
tery of St. Benedict to the hospice of Pa4ma, belon" in<'
to the Barefoot Augustinians, wiiere it performed its
functions for a short time.

By the intervention of the vice-roy, who had become
a member of the order en the very day when it was
installed in the monastery of St. Benedict, the brethren
obtained a tract of ground in Terreiro square, where
Vasco Fernandes laid the corner stone of a church in
December IS"'. 1731.

The works were carried on so quickly that in the I'ol-

328

lowing year the church was consecrated, in accord-
ance with the authorization granted hy Joao Borges de
Campos (the curate ol the church of «Se))i on the 24"'.
of November 1732, when the first mass was said by the
director of the order, brother Louren^o Justiniano Ri-
bciro. The image of St. Dominic had been deposited
in the church on the precedent day.

3. — «Concei^cio do Boqiieiido.^^—The fraternity of 0. L.
of ttConceifao do Boqueirao«, founded (one does not
know when) in the mollier church of «Sto. Antonio
alem do Carmos under the name of «Tawny complex-
ioned men fraternity*, asked in 1726 Vice roy Vasco Fer-
nandts Cesar de Menezes for the concession of the
trenches standing on the street of "Sto. Antonio alem do
Carmo»and tilled «lhe trenches of Boqueir ao«, in order
lo erect a chapel there. Such an asking being granted,
after the municipal council and Camp-master Miguel
Pereira da Costa had spoken their opinion about it, the
fraternity, duly authorized by the archbishop, D. Luiz
Alvares de Figuciredo, in March 8"'. 1727, immediately
set about the construction of the chapel.

In the following year an embargo was laid on the
works by Vicente and Antonio Gomes Correia, who
alleged the tract of ground on which the chapel was
building belonged to them, lor they had bought it of
some persons lo whom il had been given by D. Joao de
Lancaslro in January ll"'. 1701; but, at length, the fra-
ternity carried the cause.

In 1843 the brotherhood requested of the apostolical
internuncio in Hio de Janeiro its elevation to a pro-
fessed community, wiHi the faculty lo wear a habil in
imitation of that of a third order; such a petition was
granted by Ihe internuncio, Gaetano Bedini, and ap-
proved by the emperor in January 17"'. 1848.

Being not yet satisfied with such a new category, the
Iratcrnily petitioned the nuncio, in 1872, lor its being

329

elcvateii to the rank of a third order and, with some
diflicully, had its asking and obtained the apostolical
brief of July 22'"i. 1873, duly approved on the 19'i'. ol
August of the same year, whereby it was titled— the
Venerable Third Order of the Imnaculate Conception
of the Blessed Virgin of oBoqueiraO)) . Its statutes \vere
approved by the bishop of luicarpia, who held then the
archiepiscopal government, on the IS"', of September
of 1884 and, as to the administrative part, by the pres-
ident of the province, Desembarcjador Esperidiao Eloy
de Barros Pimcntel, on the 28"'. of October of the same
year.

4. — «C'a/7?jo«.— This third order was instituted in Oc-
tober 19'ii. 1636, its patroness being St. Theresa of Jesus
and its first prior governor Pedro da Silva.

In March 18ii'. 1644 it obtained from the convent of
"Carmo)) the permission to erect a chapel on a tract ot
ground lying to Ihe soulh of the convent and bought
for the sum of 25^000, bequeathed by Gon^alo Alvcs.
One does not know the precise date when the woiks
began; we can only assert they did not immediately set
about them, for the corner-stone of Ihe vestry and
presbitery of the chapel was laid on the 30i'i. of October
1709 and the graves and oratory were consecrated on
the l^t. of January 1710. On the 29ti'. of November 1713
the l)oard ventilated which was the best way of con-
cluding the church and the construction of a chict
chapel was then deliberated. It was in April I8'ii. 1714
that they resolved to gild up the church.

A long discord rose up in 1722 between the convent and
the order, and it was highly detrimentous to the latter.

On the 201''. of March 1788, upon the celebration ol
the Maundy-Thursday festival, the church was on fire
and wholly burnt to ashes, as well as all its rich fur-
niture and objects for the use of divine worship. The
brethren, however, were not discouraged at so great

3'3o

a disaster, for Ihey ininiedialely deliberalcd to erect a
new Icmple at llirir own expense and set al)oul the work
inOcU)berof that vciy year, the prior being the worthy
merchant Innocencio Jose da Costa, who, by dint ot
endeavours and fatigues, wrought out the magnificent
edifice that is still standing up.

The charnel-houses were consecrated on the IG"'. of
Februaiy 1794 and inaugurated on the 11"'. of Septem-
ber 1803.

The brethien tried several times to separate from the
convent, on account of the discord tint still continued
between them, and obtained fur such a purpose some
pontifical briefs, such as, among others, that of Septem-
ber 131''. 1818; but the intervention of the archbishops
always obtained to settle the two parties.

It was resolved in 1819 to construct an hospital by
the right side of the chapel, on a tract of ground where
stood three houses belonging to the order. They laid
the corner-stone on the hSU'. of July; but, as a munic-
ipal law forbade the construction of hospitals in the
central (juarter of the city, the board deliberated, in Au-
gust 18"|. 1832, to carry on the building, but in such a
manner as to qualify it to be let out to hire.

In 1858 the order obtained from the government,
upon payment of a (juit rent, a portion of ground, at
«Quinta dosLazaros", for the construction of its char-
nel-houses. They immediatt ly entered upon the works,
which delayed a great deal and caused the exjjensc of
above (P:<'OO^OUO. In the mean time several other works
were carried on, both in the chapel and in the wall sus-
taining it on the eastern side, and came at an end in
18K1,

The statutes of the order wcic reformed in Ihe last-
mentioned ycai".

5. -The JUcssctI 7'////;7// — Joao Antonio Milheiios,
AlcixG (".oelho Matassao, Antonio da Silva Mene/es, Joao

33i

(le Aliucidii Cruz iind Joao Mar([ucs <ia Silva rented, in
June I31I1. 1733, a plul Ihirly fathoms in extent and he-
lonuing to tlie chapel of «Sto. Antonio alem do CarniO",
in or/ler lo huild there a chapel consecrated to O. L.
of the H (snry and the HIessed Trinity. A small chapel
was indeed erected on the top of the mountain behind
tiic li )uses of the Blessed Trinity street, commonly
called «Agua de Meninos). The remains of this small
chapel are sAill to be seen.

When the chapel was wrought out the just instituted
fraternity perceived its capacity did not answer to the
number of devout persons, that increased from day to
day; wherefore they deliberated to build a larger church.
The corner-stone of the actual church, raised on a site
lower by little than that of the old one, was laid in 1739
and the first mass was said there in 1796.

A bull issued by Pius VII in August 26'i'. 1806 and
received in this city in January H"'. 1807 extinguished
the fraternity under consideration and created as a
substitute the Third Order of the Blessed Trinity and
Slaves' Redemption, to which every thing belonging to
the old fraternity should be delivered. All the privileges
and favours bestowed on the third order of the same
denomination in the town of Oporto were also confer-
red upon the new fraternity in Bahia.

In January 29"'. 1807 reverend Provisor Manuel Mar-
ques Brandao, being delegated by the archbishop, broth-
er I). Jose de Santa Escholastica, inaugurated the new
order and assigned the 1"'. of February of the same
year for the brethren's profession, at which thirty six
were present, of whom Ihe sixteen that first appeared
were chosen to compose the administrative board, the
prior being jiriesl Francisco Agoslinho Gomes.

In 1877 the order obtained from the presidence of the

province the donation of the cemetery of «Bom Jesus»

and its adjacent grounds. The chapel consecrated to 0. L.
42

332

of «Candcias>), a legendary hennitngc at the parish ol
Passe, was nude over by Lieut. Col. Dr. Miguel dc Teivc
e Argollo to the Celestial Order of the Blessed Trinity,
by deed of gift, recorded in the archive> of Jose Au-
gusto Abranches, a notary. The order look possession of
the chapel in March 1883, in the forms of legal justice.

Such a donation was held questionable, on account
of a contest in which were engaged the donor, on one
side, and his relations Captain Francisco Ribeiro Lopes
and his son. Bachelor Francisco de Tcive e Argollo, on
the other; but the latter put an end to the lawsuit by
buying the chapel by auction and making it over, by
deed of gift, to a fraternity that they are instituting there.

At the night of June 25iii. 188S the cliurch, which was
in reconstruction, was devoured by a burning, from
which the walls only escaped. It is now building again
and a small chapel at the entrance into the church was
already wrought out, where the sacred images, which
had been kept in the church of Pilar, are now deposited.

CMAl'El.S

a) parish of "Sc":

L— ('/ijnrffl)). — As we have said, this chapel was erected
in 1519 by the Jesuits, when they came fiom Villa Velha
to the cily of Salvador, upon the foundation of the
latter by Thome dc Sousa.

The Jesuits, not being helped by any body, constructed
the temple and houses with their own liands, for,
though the inhabitants of liie cily were desirous to
assist them, they could not do it, because they were
ol)lige(l not only tol)uil(l Ihc houses of tiie cily and lay
out the streels by a line, elc, l)ul lo palisade the new
capital, in order lo defend II against Ihc Indians. The
limber for Ihe consli uclion was cut down by the jiriesl:;
Ihemsclvcs and carried awa\ on Ihcir own i)ack from
the valle\ of Hie rivci- das Tripas' ; Ihe clay for the

333

walls was dug out by thcin,and, as they had no resources
at all for their mainlenance, tliey were obliged to ask the
colonisls for their food, which was not censurable, for,
generally to speak, every body was poor.

On the coming of the bishop, in June 22'"'. 1552, the
Jesuits delivered him the chapel, to be the cathedral
church, and the houses for his lodging, and removed
to «Monte Calvario)>, where they raised a hospice hard
by the small h.ermitage consecrated to 0. L. of Penha
or IMedade; but, as they were constantly attacked by
the savages, they were obliged to come to the city and
built another hospice on the place where they after-
wards raised the sumptuou.s temple still exiant and
called "Collegio').

The church .!;f Ajuda was short after reedified by the
bishop and inhabitants of the city, so that upon the
lime of Gabriel Soares it was, as he said, <a beaut'ful
church with a vai.Ilcd chapel».

The charier of Januaiy 14i''. 1807 reckoned this
church a national property and the decree of February
lO'ii. 1827 made it over to the fraternity of Our SufTering
Lord, a donation confirmed by the resolution no. 519
of February 12'i'. of the same year, issued by the General
Legislative Assembly, and Imperial Charter of February
20'!'. 1850.

2. — o5. Pedro dos Clerigos<K — l). Sebastiao Monteiro
da Vide permitted the brotherhood of cS. Pedro dos
Clerigos)), in January 15'ii. 1709, to erect a chapel on
the place called «Siliodo Seminario», where was after-
wards built the archiepiscopal palace; but, as it was
not possible for the brotherhood to build immediately
the chapel, it was raised at a later epoch on the site
occupied, at the square named «Terreiro de Jesusi> by
two small houses, which were bought, the one for
803^200, of D. Anlonia Maria de Jesus, in August 7"'.

334

1784, the other for 400^000, of Camp-master Garcia
d'Avila Pereira de Aragao.

3.—St. Michael.— This chapel was erected by Francisco
Gomes do Rego, a merchant, who died in 1744 and
bequeathed it to the Venerable Third Order of St. Fran-
cis, as well as its whole furniture and 11 houses, which,
added to some others that were afterwards acquired,
formed a good patrimony for the order. This was bound
to have seven votive masses s'id every year and pro-
vide in order that the sacred stations may be visited
every week by 15 poor men. who will receive a pay-
ment, so that such a sacred exercise may be always
kept.

4. — «M/serzcora/a».— This chapel and the ancient hos-
pital of St. Christopher were the principal edifices built
by the wMisericordia" fraternity in oder to ful'l its
christian mission. They were already constructed when
Gabriel Soares published his celebrated work at Madrid,
in 1587.

The necessary plots were made over to the fraternity
by Simao da Gama, who, having come to Bahia in the
second year of the governuKnt of Thome de Sousa, as
the commander of the galleon S. Joiio Baplista, obtained
from the governor several tracts of ground at Piraji^,
where he settled and died, having bequeathed the third
of his properties to the above mentioned fraternity.

This first cliapcl, lliough small and inii)cifect, was
quite sufficient for tlie epoch and so strongly built that
it was only alter cue hundred years, in 1053, that the
board resolved to demolish it and raise another on the
same site, largo enough for the cclebiation of solemn
religious acts. The construciiou of the second chapel
was concluded in 1059.
b) St. Peter's parish:

1 _„/i,//707»//j/i«», a chapel erected in accordance
with the determination of July 81''. 1722, in the archi-

335

episcopal government of D. Sebastiao Monleiro da Vide,

who laid its corner-stone in November 25"'. of the same
year.

2. ".4////c/os>. - Antonio Soarcs, a Portuguese, who
lived at «Faisca» street, made a nich in the front wall
of the church of «Merces», under the belfry, after having
been duly authorized by the convent, and placed therein
an image of Our Lord of «Afflictos» and «B6a Senten^a".
The image, that was carried away in procession, was
visited evciy fridyy by a great deal of religious persons,
who went there to sing religious hymns.

After a few years Antonio Soares thought of raising a
chapel, where the image might be placed and more dc
cently venerated than in the nich, for the people had
then to assemble on the street. The construction was
commenced on the site where the chapel now stands
and no sooner this was roofed and the altar made than
the image was removed to it. Meanwhile the works
were carried on, up to their conclusion and greatly
assisted by the gifts made by religious persons.

A fraternity was instituted in 1825, to take care of
the chapel and divine worship.

3.- Rosary of •.<JoCio Perciray^. ~ln 1689 was created
a brotherhood of O. L. oi the Rosary, formed by negroes,
who placed the image they venerated on an altar of
St. Peter's church, where it was to be seen till the
year 1746. As a contest rose upon this time between the
fraternity and the vicar, the former resolved to build
a chapel and, after obtaining in 1768 the necessary per-
mission from the archbishop, brother D. Manuel de San-
ta Ignez, delibciatcd the chapel should be erected on
the site where it now stands, which was then tributiiry
to the monastery of St. Benedict. The abbot, brother
Antonio da Luz, did not, however, agree with the fra-
ternity in the concession of the ground for a yearly
contribution of an egg or chicken, since the concession

336

was relatiiuj to sacred purposes, but accepted the contri-
bution of 1 patacas a year.

The property of the fralernily consisted of a low
house, at ePiedadc)) street, bestowed by Eleuterio Pe-
reira da Silva, the chief brother, and some other
brethren In 1779 a pontifical brief conferred on the
religious body Ihe prerogative of a confralernity.

c) St. Annes parish:

l.—St. Anlhonij of «il/oa/arm». — The construction ot
this chapel began in the government of the Count of
Sabugosa, who laid the corner-stone in October :29"'.
1724. After one year and a half, on the 12'ii. of June, the
chapel was consecrated by Ihc chanter, Canon Joao
Calmon, before the above-mentioned viceroy, chief
persons of the city and 27 brethren. The statute of the
brotherhood was then subscribed and stated the chap-
lain should have the yea- ly salary of 8^000 and one
pataca for every mass he jaid on Sundays and holidays
for the soul of Ihe alive brethren; the slave charged
with taking care of the chapel should have the fourth
part of a bushel of manioc Hour every ten days. The
saint patron of the church, who was granted by the
king the patent of a foot ensign, had the salary of
30,^000, received by his proclor every third year.

2.—0. L. of Ihe liosarij, in the quartci's of c(Palma».
This chapel was built in 1696 by Camp master Andre
Cu^a, assisted by the brotherhood, and reformed in 1874,
by the order of the war department minister. Senator
Joao Jose de Oliveira Juncpieira, Ihe commander of the
18"'. line battalion being Lieut-Col. Alexandre Augusto
de Frias Villar. When il was wrought out the commander
was Lieut. -Col. Lima e Silva.

3. — Nazareth —One docs not know the epoch when
this chapel was eiccled; it can only be asserted that an
apostolical biief issued by Ihe nuncio in Lisbon, in
October 25'''. 1779, and confirmed by the Viscount of

337

Villa Nova da Cerocira, pppoinled brother Elias da Ma-
dre dc Deus, l)elonj<in<^ to the order of the carnielitcs hi
Bahia, to the dignity of a peri)etual chaplain.

4.— «Sa/k/c«.— This chapel was raised by Lieut-Col.
Manuel Ramos Parenle, a knight of the order of Christ,
at his own expense and that of his wife, D. Maria de
Almeida Reis, on a piece of land that they possessed at
the place called «Alvo)). The corner-stone was laid by
Vice roy Vasco Fernandes Cesar de Mene/es, in Februa-
ry 2"'i. 1723. After one year, as the chief chapel, vestry
and tribunes were wrought out, the image of O. L. of
"Sai'ide» was removed, in solemn procession, to the new
chapel and the first festival was celebrated.

Lieut. Col Parente, wiio died in 1726, bequealed I he
chapel all the pieces of land he possessed in the pre-
cedcntly mentioned place (Alvo); his widow, who car-
ried on the works till they were concluded, svas char-
ged with administrating these properties and applying
the revenue they yielded both to divine worship and to
masses for the benefit of his soul.

5— Tingiii— The worship of Our Sufiering Lord was
held since 1783 in a house of the ancient «Tingui)' street
by a religious association, which in August 22'"'. 1849,
after having been duly authorized by the archbishop,
deliberated to erect a public chapel on Ihe very same
l)lace where they held their private devotion.

The piece of land was bought of Jose de Alvellos Hot-
tas for the sum of 200^000.

d) St. Anthony's parish:

1.— a LapinhdK— The worship of 0. L. of «Lapa)) was
instituted hard by the front door of the ancient church
of "Sto. Antonio alem do Carmo», and afterwards In ns-
ferred, in 1771, to a chapel raised on the ui)land of cSo-
ledadc)) by means of several gifts obtained b\ priest Jose
Barbosa da Franca Cortc Real, who afterwards aug-
mented the proi)erty of the fraterniiy, of which he

338

Nvas the Ircasnicr, by a k\\ s-mall l.ouscs, at the sirect
called uSlo. Anlonio alcm do CainiO" luui bought of
Luiza da Conceivao for the sum of 300;^(00.

2.— vQiilnt<i dos Lazarosn. This chape 1 belonged at
first to the liospilal founded in 1784 by governor D. Ro-
drigo Jose de Menezes in liie farm ( f ihe Jesuits, for the
trealment of lepers. It now belongs to the cemetery
construcled by govcrnn^enl on an upland at a short
distance froin the hospital, where, as a compensation,
a small oratory was made.

3.-0. L. of Ihe liosonj, of ^^Quinzc Miistcrios'). — The
fraternity consecraled to the worship of this Holy Lady
and composed of negroes was created in 1811 in tiie an-
cient mother church. After a few years ii began lo build
the chapel, not yd concludeii, where in 1852 the brother-
hood of 0. L. of Soledade was formed.

4.- SI. Joseph of Ribainar— This chapel was erected
toward the middle of the 18'i'. century, on a piece of
land tributary lo the church of «Sto. Anlonio alem do
Carmo", by Domingos do Rosario Lopes and his wifC'
Sebastiana Pereira da Conccicao, who slated in their
will tluy should be first succeeded in the administralion
of Ihe chapel by their children Valenlim Ferreira Lopes
and Joanna do Sacramento, which was executed.

As the expenditures surpassed the income and she
was resolved to live in the retirement house of «Pcr-
does", Joanna do Sacramento devolved the administra-
tion of the chapel on Domingos dc Oliveita Bastos, who
held the last place among the successors appointed by
the institulor. This administrator managed the chapel in
a very convenient way and augmenlcd ils small proj)-
erly by building, al his own cliatge and Ihal of some
devout persons, G houses, llial yirlded a revenue, applied
by him lo the ex|)enses and pieserxation of the eliapel.

On the <iealh of Ibis administtator, no other having
been precedenlly nominated by the institulor,— (Wpria-

339

no Dvonisio da Silva Soiisa c Azcvcdo (a jiidf^c charf»C(l
willi oversccin<* chapels) appdinted adminislralor, in
171j(), Miiniicl J()a(|uini dos Santos Kibeiro, who squander-
ed away the small proi)erty o( the chspol.

After Ihe insliliiloi 's dcalh his wife, Scbastiana Perci-
ra da Conctirao, in'cnded raising hard hy the chapel a
retirement house for 15 maidens,— which she did not
carry into cd'ecl, on account of the contrary opinion
comnuinicaled to Ihe king, in 1757, hy the sixth Count of
Arcos, who was tt.cn the viceroy of the Stale of Hra/.il
and thought too exiguous the sum of 14:000^3000, assigned
hy the inslitutress for the foundation of the establishment.

As the chapel had come to i)overty on account of Ihj
mismanagement of Santos Ribeiro,— Joaquim Francisco
do Livramento, a philanlhropical native of Sta. Catha-
rina, who was then in Bahia, was appointed adminis-
trator, in June 4i''. 1804, by the then governor, Francisco
da Cunha Menezes. The first providence taken by this
new administrator was to remove to the houses of the
chapel the forlorn orphan's college, established b}' him
in his own house. The houses of the chapel were short
after in a bad condition, wherefore the administrator
obtained the necessary permission to remove the orphans'
college to the novitiate house, which was also falling
inlj ruin.

Such was the beginn ing of the St. Joachim orphans'
college, of which we will treat as opportunity may re-
quire.

c) parish of Pilar:

1.— 5/. Francis of Paolo.- Towards the close of last
century priest Antonio Borges Monteiro used to call
cvei y evening at an old friend's house, standing on a
hillock rising on the place called cAgua de Meniuos".
One (I ly he lit, by his friend's house, on a medal en-
graven with the cfligy of St. Francis of Paola; upon

which he deliberated to buv such a house and, after
43

340

ordering the wood growing on the place to be cut down,
employed his whole forliine in building a chapel, con-
secrated to the saint under consideration, the corner-
stone being laid by his nephew Antonio Lour^ngo Feijo
de Mello. l^eing assisted by several devout perrons, ^vho
supplied Ihe works with lime, stones, etc., he wrought
out the chapel that is now to be seen and to which he
bequeathed the whole fortune he had inherited from liis
parents and consisting of several pieces of land, houses,
dis'illery, etc. He also staled in his will that the admin-
istration of the chapel should be in<:trusted to Theolonio
de Amorim Falcao, who, in case it should be ordered,
should devolve his functions upon Francisco de Paula
Borges Monteiro, the nephew of the testator,— which,
however, did not happen.

The tcslalor also determined the chapel to be deliv-
ered, wilh its whole patrimony, to any friar belonging
to Ihe convent of St. Francis of Paola that might come
to Bahia,--whicli likewise did not occur.

Priest Antonio Borges Monlciro died in 1819 and wos
inhumed in the chief cl apcl of Ihe c!iurch he had built,
and, as no relation of his came to take care of Ihe chap-
el, its administration devtdved upon Descmborijadov
Joaquini Anselnio Alves Bianco, the judge charged with
overseeing chapels. This judge appointed administrator
his nephew Domingos Alves Branco Moni/. Barretto,
who squandered away the revenue of the chapel and
mortgaged the houses forming its patrimony, so thai
every thing was in the worst condition.

On the death of the last-named administrator the
clnpel and ils patrimony were reckoned among national
|)r()perlies and Ihe chapel was quite abandoned; where-
fore the members of the fraternity of O. L. Mother of
the I'ooi-, whicli performed ils functions in St. Francis'
church, asked permission, in 1813, to hold their devo-
tion in the chapel under consideralioii; and, such an

341

asking being granted by D. Romualdo Antonio de Seixas,
who was at the head of the archiepiscop^l government,
the frateniily took possession of the chapel on llie 12'''.
of June of the above year.

On Ihe 28"'. of September D. Homualdo permitted the
creation of anollier fraternity, consecrated to the wor-
ship of St. Francis of Pnola.

2— St. Joachim.— The lioiise now occupied by St.
Joachim's college was not assigned at first for the turn
it afterwards served.

In 1706-1710, during the government of Luiz Cesar de
Menezes, Domingos Alfonso Serlao, the celebrated dis-
coverer and conqueror of Piauhy, began to build a
house, which was wrought out in 1724, after 28:000>^000
had been spent in the works, and made it over, by deed
of gift, to the provincial of the Jesuits, who established
therein a novitiate house, which performed its function
during the existence of the order in Brazil. After the
expulsion of the Jesuits the house was abandoned for a
long time and, as nobody took care of it, began to fall
into ruin.

In 1817 the Count of Palma, who had just been in-
vested with the government and observed with interest
the progress of the college founded by Joaquim Fran-
cisco do Livramento in his own house and afterwards
removed, as we have said, to the houses belonging to
St. Joseph's chapel, -the Count of Palma, we say, intend-
ed removing the college to the novitiate house and, after
having obtained the necessary permission (Royal Charter
of July 28'''. 1817), set about the works in order to adapt
the edifice to its new* use.

The corporation of merchants not only contributed
generously to the works of the important establishment,
which was titled «St. Joachim's ColIege» in honour of
its founder, but assigned the sum of 40:0005^000 for its
patrimony and applied to the reedification of the house

2>4l

the remainder of the sums subscribed to solemnize the
coronation of the reigning monaich. Upon this the new
Icing ordered siicli philanthropical feelings to be praised
(wliicli was executed in July 31^'. 1818) and also deter-
mined that the governor, who was to oversee the college,
should forward the works and organize the statutes, that
were written down by Francisco Carnciro de Campos
(the orph: ns' judge) and approved in February 17'''. 1821.

In 1825, at length, after large sums had been spent,
the house and chapel were wrought out and on the 12'''.
of October the college was inaugurated.

The chapel is wide, elegant and gilt over, with three
altars after the roman fashion, a dome overtopping the
chief chapel and a clock in the tower; the house has
several large ;:chool-rooms, sleeping chambers, yard,
mirador, garden, etc. etc.

We will treat more minutely of the subject in the
article— St. Joachim's college of orphans.

{) parish of Penha:

1.— «5onj/j/7}»). — Post captain Theodorico Uodrigues de
Faria, being warndy devoted to the worship ot Our
Cruciiied Lord, which is kept in a fmall chapel near
Setubal, in Portugal, took willi binisclf fi oui Lisl)on an
image like tliat which he venerated and deposited it?
with great solemnity, in 17-15, upon Easier-time, in the
church of Penha, at Ilapagipc.

After a few years, as the image had attracted a great
deal of devout persons, he resolved to build a chai)el for
it and chose for such a purpose the upland now called
oBom(im». On the 24"'. of June 1754 the woiks came to
an end and the image was carried away in procession
to I lie new chapel. Alter liirce years he die<i and was
inhumed hard by (he presl)ilery.

2. — (A)ii(t'i)ti()n of fl(tp(i(ji{H'. - Tiie chapel consecrated
to (). L. of Conception of « itapagipe de cima" was erect-
ed in the beginning of llie 17"'. century l)y Francisco

343

de Mcdeiros and Anlonio Cardoso de Bari'os, the chief
cverscer of the exchequer.

It is siDall, l)ut of a great historical importance, for
tlicre is to be seen the grave of bishop 1). Marcos Tei-
xeira, who died during the war against llic dutch, in
October 8'!'. 1G24.

The chroniclers and historians of Bahia do not agree
together in the matler. Some assert the ancient sugar
factory called Eiujcnho da Conccigdo, where the bishop
was buried, is that which still holds this name, after
having been laid waste by t'.ic porlnguese troops in 1822,
and where now stands the Penitentiary (which is not to
be believed for its creation is fiir posterior to 1624); some
affirm the chapel under consideration is now forming a
part of the mother church of Penha.

A j)ious man placed, not long ago, on the grave of
the prelate and soldier a stone, inscribed with an epi-
taph indicating there was inhumed the celebrated bishop
and brave soldier.

g) parish of aConceigao da Prai:!»:

l.—Sl. Barbara. —This chapel was erected by Colonel
FranciiCoPereira do I^ago, who instituted with his wife,
Andreza de Araujo, the entail of St. Barbara, which, as
there were no previously appointed heirs, devolved upon
the necessary ones and afterwar.is, as the latter disap-
peared in process of lime, was reckoned a public
properly.

It is reported Ihere was a man who, under pretence
of his being an attorney of the heirs, enjoyed the entail
for 30 years and only abandoned it when he was called
to account, upr n which some heirs appeared and litigat-
ed with the public treasury Iheir claim to the entail.

This chapel is celebrated for in a contiguous house,
forming a part of Ihe same entail with it, was published
for the first time, in 1811, the Idade de Oiiro, the first
newspaper printed in Bahia.

344

2.— ((Corpo San/o».— The origin of this chapel is thus
reported by tradilicn:

It was in 1711. The sea washed the foot of the mount-
ain on which the city stands and religion swayed with
nations and individuals. Pero Gonzalves, a Spaniard, the
captain of a merchant ship and a \er\ wealthy man, was
struggling in his galleon against a dreadful tempest near
the bar of All Sainls bay ahd was no longer in hope to
get the betier of the elements, when, in a transport ot
despair and at the same time illuminated by the glare of
faith, he fell down on his knees, before yielding, on the
deck of his galh on, from which he was ready to part for
ever, and called on the name of St. Pero Gonzalves. Upon
this he saw suddenly appearing before the galleon a do-
minican monk, bearing a lighted candle in his right hand
and seeming about to be swallowed up by the w ives.
Not being mindful of his condition and pitying him
who, as he thought, was ready to be a victim to the
billows, Ihc old sailor hastened in a boat to save him,
but. .. the monk had vanished out of his sight and the
storm was over.

Upon seeing such a miracle, Pero Gonzalves knelt,
with all the crew, on the deck of his galleon, to thanks-
give the Master of winds and seas, and no sooner had
he gotten out ot such a state of consoling joy than, to
his great surprize, he saw his vessel, unmaslcd and tem-
pest tossed, touching the shore. Then he landed and,
directing towards a straw roofed cottage, where lived
an old african ncgress, he struck up a bargain wilh
her and in a short lime, wilh no greater formalily, the
possession of the cottage was devolved on him.

After a few days some woikmen were assembled Ihcie
and in a short time a churdi was creeled, where he
deposited an image of SI. Pero Gonzalves, grasping in
liis riglil hand a liglilcd cindle, as he had api)cared to
the sailor, who had lliC dale of such a prodigious event

345

wrillcn on the frontispiece of the chapel and the image
of liis patron cnj»rave(l in a ship.

The sailor afterwards endowed the clnirch and ol)-
tained from the f^ovcniors larj^e tracts of ground on llic
sea-shore line, in order to augment the patrimony of
the chapel. These pieces of land belonged, as we have
said, to the family (Lavalcanli de Albuquerque, which
ha(i inherited it, as we have also precedently reported,
from Thome de Souza, the founder of the neighbouring
church af «Concci?ao da Praia)), elevated to a parish in
1623.

We will additionally say, once more, that the chapel
under consideration served from 1736 to 1765 for a
mother church, while the last-mentioned temple was
building.

h) ((Victoria)) parish:

i. — St. Anlhomj of «Barra>K—Di'. Mello Moraes asserts
in his ((Brazil llistorico» to have found in the register
of the royal charters of 1626 all the cxijlanator}"^ notes
abcut the foundation of this church, between 1595 and
1600, which he would prove with documents upon treat-
ing of the chapel. It is a great, pity, however, nobody
knows where is such a work.

2. — «Grfl{-«)).— The epoch when this chapel was erected
is not yet elucidated, both for there is no positive notice
about the first times of the colonisation of Bahia and
for the few no ices reaching our time are altered by
the rather poetical than veridical narratives of re-
ligious authors. Thus priest Simao de Vasconcellos,
upon relating in his ((Chronica da Companhia de Jesus»
the wreck of the castilian ship S. Pedro, at Boipcba,
where Diogo Alvares had gone to save the poor ship-
wrecked, augments the narrative with the following
story:

(Upon the shipwreck a memorable event came to pass:
when Diogo Alvares Caramuru returned, after having

346

lent assistance to the caslilians, his ^vifc, Catharina Al-
varcs Paraj^ussi'i, eiilrcalcd him very (ariicstly to go
back to the siiip lorn woman who, having come tlierein,
was then among the indians and whom she saw in a
vision and heard praying to send for her and raise
a house for her lodging, ("aianiuiu turned back and
h)oked lor the woman, wliom ho did not find out in
any liandel of indians; but Catharina Alvares, devout as
she was, was not trancjuil and insisted upon her wish,
for, she said, constant visions made her sure of wliat
she affirmed. By h)()king for tlic woman for a lliird time,
Caramuru lit on an image of the Blessed /irgin, that an
iiuiian had found on the shore and thrown on a corner
of a house. Upon seeing the imago, Catharina embraced
it, saying it was the woman that had appeared to licr
and entreated her husband to have a church made for
it. A clayey chapel was accordingly raised and after-
wards substituted for another of stone and morlar,
where the image was venerated under the title of O. L.
of "Cra^-a". This chapel was enriched with a great deal
of relics sent by the pope, who granted it a great many
indulgencies. It now belongs to the benedictines, lo
whom it was made over, by deed of gift, as well as the
adjacent gr( v,n{\, by the pious matron, who was inhumed
there.'

Dr. McUo Moraes asserts tlie consliuctinn of the chapel
took place between 1525 and 1527, \'nv the chapel of Vi-
ctoria, the construction of which began, as he thinks,
before 1530, dates from an epoch posterior lo the first
mentione<l one. We will, liowevci-, remark that the
shipwreck that caused llie dicanis ( [ C:ilii:irii a was tha
of the castilian vessel S. I'vdro, icpoilcd by llerrera,
which, accoidiug to Accioli, hajjix ncd ( n the b'. (d'
May \W.\:\ and between 1525 and 1527 according to
Dr. Mello Moraes, who derives his opinion from the

347

only consideration that «lhe chapel of ((Grafas was erect-
ed hefore that of «Victoria».

Here is, however, what is to be assured about the
matter:

1)— Diogo Alvares was j^iven a tract of ground by Fran-
cisco Pcrcira C.oulinho, in December 20iii. 153G, in ac-
cordance with Ihc charier transcribed in the terrar-
book (page 3()'ii.) of St. Benedict's monastery; no church
is mentioned in this document; 2) in the deed of gift
(transcribed in the 40"'. page of the above book) where-
by Caliiarina Alvares, in 1586, made over the chapel
of cGra^a)) and its adjacent grounds to the monastery of
St. Benedict, she says these estates had been allotted to
her in consequence of the partition that took place on
the death of her husband, who expired in October 3'^'.
1557 and was inhumed in the collegiate church of the
Jesuits.

If we are to admit (which is more credible) that the
chapel was raised after the donation of the plot where
it stands, that is to say— after 1536, and, on the other
side, the shipwreck having really happened on the l-'.
of May 1535, we are perfectly enabled to grant that it
was the above-mentioned dreams of Calharina that
caused the chapel to be erected. At any rate we cannot
help wondering not a word is to be read, with regard
to the chapel under consideration, both in the letter
written by Coitinho and in those which were written
since 1519 by Nobrega and other Jesuits, who used to
make their i)relales of Portugal so minutely acquainted
with every thing occurring in Bahia. We wonder the
more because in one of such letters priest Nobrega treats
ol' the chapel of Victoria, where he performed the func-
tions of a [larson on the first days of the foundation of
Bahia. A christian church in a new-discovered country,

with so poetical an origin, according to priest Siraao
44

348

de Vasconcellos, was not, of course, so trifling a tli'ng
as to be so unanimously passed over.

We tliiuk, therefore, the chapel of uGra^a" was erect-
ed after the coming of Thome de Souza and not before
1531, as it is affirmed by Dr. Mcllo Moraes, grounded
on the wCatalogo Genealogico)) by brother Jaboalao.

We will mention, at last, the following uncalholic
churches:

The Baplislical chapel of the capital, founded by mis-
sionaries coming from the United States and maintain-
ed by the baptists of the southern regions of that coun-
tiy. It was established in 1882 with only live mend)ers,
who have preached the gospel and baptized, by immtr-
sing their body into water, several men and women who
require it of their own accord.

These missionaries have visited the interior of the
slate and obtained a few proselytes in some places, such
as Villa do Conde, Jacobina, Qucimadas, Alagoinhas,
Valen^a, etc. About 500i) bibles, testament and cvangllc
books have been sold every year, besides some other
religious books.

There are now 281 baptists, who possess a house ap-
propriate to their worship, on i<Collegio» sired no. 32,
and a printing office, where are published A Vcrdade,
a monthly newspaper, the lessons given in the domin-
ical school and a few treatises on the baplislical doc-
trine.

The Bdhia Brilish Cliurch, on cDuque de Caxias» stpiare
(once called "Campo Grandc" ) The worship, which is
proleslant, is held in an appropriate edifice, of a sim-
|)le archilecture; it is maintained by english setlleisand
assisted by liic government of Her Ihitish iM^jesiy.

Tlie Prcshjileriaii CJitirch, definitively established in this
capital in April 21 i. Is72, has obtained up to the present
time 93 adult proselytes and ba|)lizcd 78 minors, their
ciiildren.

349

A minister of this religion founded in 1875 another
church at Cachoeira, where 47 adults have professed
and 23 minors have been baptized.

A third church, established in the stale of Sergipe in
December 28'i'. 1871, has obtained 118 adult proselytes
and baptized 79 minors.

Besides the churches of which we have just treated
—some congregations, depending on them, have been
established through the inland part of the state.

The presbytcrian ministers not only preach their re-
ligion in public and private houses, but direct the col-
porters of the biblical societies of New York and Lon-
don. They write in the newspapers published by the
Presbyterian Church of Brazil and other periodicals, pro-
claiming the gospel in this wise throughout brazilian
states.

MONUMENTS

Riaclnielo.— In March 29'''. 1872 was laid the corner-
stone of this monument, which was solemnly inaugu-
rated in November 23"'. 1874. It is intended to commem-
orate the unforgotten and glorious exploits of brazilian
arms in the signal victories gained by our army and
navy in the war against the republic of Paraguay.

The monument is 23 m. in height. The pedestal and
basis, the latter occupying, with the staircase, the area
of 4 square meters, are made of fine polished french
stone and enclosed with large iron grates, where some
chains of the same metal are fastened to elegant small
columns. The column of the monument is in bronze,
after the corinth'an style, crowned with a gilt chap-
iter, whence eight volutes, also gilt over, spring forth,
and upholds a sphere, on which stands the angel of Vic-
tory, in an attitude as to lly away and bearing a palm
in one hand and a crown of laurel in the other, all of
this in bronze.

35o

The column is engraven, from the chapiter to the
base, with the names, in golden letters, of the places
where the most important battles were fought, as
follows:

On the side looking to the sea:

MDCCCLXXII

Riachuelo, Yatahij, Uruguayana, Parana, Eslero Bellaco,
Cnruzi'i, Corambd, Pilar, Tagij, Tinjiicnc, Timbo, Assiin-
cion.

A large ring is to be seen on the column, in its third
part, sustaining four golden crowns, under which the
following inscription is to be read ('):

To the Volunteers of Our Counlry, Imperial Army and
Navy, Jor the victories gained in Paraguay.

On the side looking to the land:

Lima de Rojas, Chaco, Ilumayld, Tebicuary, Anguslura,
Lomas Valenlinas, Ytororu, Piksyry, Villeta, Ascura, Pc-
rebebuy, Caragualay, Aquidaban.

The basis of the column is composed of two rings,
on which hang four large festoons and as many helmets,
one in every angle, all in bronze.

In the pedestal are to be seen:

On the side looking to the sea: a large bronze medal,
where arc engraved the arms of Ihc extinct cmpiic.

On the side looking to Ihe land: anolher medallion,
engraven willi the arms of the Municipal C.ouncil, name-
ly: a Hying dove, bearing in her bill an olive branch,
and round her Ihis biblical vcrsicio: Sic ilia ad arcam
reversa est.

On the sor.lhorn side Ihe following inscription ('):

Under Ihe reign of I). Pedro il, the (A)nstilnlion(d Em-
peror and Perpvlnal Defender of Brazil, the Archbishop

(') We transhded into cnglish the above inscription,
written in portugiicse.
(') It was translated by us from Portuguese.

35i

of Bahia and Piimale of Brazil being Ihe Count ofS. Sal-
vador and the President of the Province « Desembarga-
dor» Judo Antonio de Aranjo Frritas ne:iri(jues, in the
year

MDCCCLXXII

On the northern side (*):

Erected bg the commercial body of Bahia, represented
by its Directory, in

MDCCCLXXII

The following dedication (*") is inscribed below:

Offered to the Brazilian People.

The nionuracnl under consideration was set up b}^ Ihe
direclive board of the Commercial Association of the
slate, aided by the commercial body of the capital and
the town of Cachoeira. The Commercial Association con-
tributed the sum of 38:512^320, to make up that of . . . .
55:948i^920, to which amountei.1 the cost of the monu-
ment and some other charges.

It stands on the middle of the wide Riachuelo garden,
belonging to the edifice of the Commercial Association,
which rises on its eastern side.

Monument to the memory of Dr. Patcrson. — This mon-
ument, erected on ((Gra^ao square (parish of >iVictoria»)
to the memory of Dr. John Ligertwood Paterson, a
charitable unforgotten engiish physician, who lived and
professed medicine in Bahia for about 40 years (1842-
1883), was raised by means of a public subscription,
promoted by Dr. Patcrson's friends, colleagues and
clients, that inaugurated it solemnly on the 13"'. of De-
cember 188G.

The monument is made tf granite come from Scotland,
the native country of Dr. Paterson.

(*) The original inscription is also written in Por-
tuguese.
(**) The same as above.

032

The pedestal is quadrangular and represents a fount-
ain with a bronze ccck and stony basin on each face;
on its anj^les rise four pillars, upholding a vault, and
outside to these— four elegant columns of polished gran-
ite. The monument, which is not very high, is crowned
with a pyramidal cupola, opening on the four sides
and the base of which is embellished with four circular
medallions.

On the central part of the pedestal and under the
vault stands the bust, in Carrara marble, of Dr. Pater-
son, whose face is turned to the west.

The quadrangular spaces between the lops of the pil-
lars and columns and the basis of the cupola are engraven
with the following inscriptions, in capital letters:

On the western side:

As a testimony of friendship, esteem and gratitnde this
monument was erected by the public to the memory of
Dr. John Ligertivod Paterson, in this site which was grant-
ed by the Municipal Council of the city of Dahia, the Pres-
ident being Dr. Augusto Ferreira Franga and the Presi-
dent of the Province Councillor Pedro Luiz Pereira de
Souza.

On the eastern side:

A' memoria do Dr. John Ligertwood Paterson, em tes-
lemunho de amizade, estima e gratiddo, foi este monu-
mento erigido pclo publico neste logar conccdido pela
Camara Municipal da Cidade da Bahia, sendo seu Presi-
dente o Dr. Augusto Ferreira Franga e da Provincia o
Conselheiro Pedro Luiz Pcrcira de Souza (').

Tlic following inscriptions are lo be read on the four
medallions:
On that looking lo the west. Alios salvos fee t;
On the eastern one: Vi.vit propter alios;

(*) This is the same above inscription, in the Portu-
guese language.

353

On the medallion facing the south: He was born on
the 7//'ii. of September 18W (' ).

On that which stands opposite to the north: He died
on the 91I'. 0/ December ISH'i \").

Three tamarind trees grow without the grate, on the
norlliern, southern and eastern sides.

The popular sul)scription for the construction of Ihc
monument p oduced the sum of 11:147,^870.

Mcnnnient to the memorij of the Count of Pereira Ma-
n/i/io.— This marble monument rises up in front of the
new^ St. Elizabeth hospital, an Nazareth square. It repre-
sents Charily under the figure of the venerable count
(now dead) between two foundlings, who ofTer him
flowers, as a token of gratitude. The count bears in his
left hand the new plan of the edifice.

The whole monument is 4">.75 in height. It was erect-
ed in accordance with the resolution taken by the di-
recting board of the ('Misericordia» brotherhood in April
2G"'. 1887.

The following inscription is engraved on it:

As a homage lo the memorij of the very worthij ex
Provisor, Count of Pereira Marinho.

Resolution of April 26"'. 1887, as a lestinwuij of (jrati-
lude for the important services done by hin} to the ^^Mi-
sericordia>^ brotherhood t***).

It was inaugurated on the same day as the new hos-
pital, the 3011'. of July 1893.

Memorial to the arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family.
— In the beautiful and vast Public Garden rises up a
jjyramid of fine Portuguese marble, inaugurated in Jan-
uary 23"'. 1815, to commemorate the landing of the Por-
tuguese Royal Family in this city on the 22'"'. of January
1808 (Ignacio Accioli).

(*) The original is written in Portuguese.

(*') The same as above.

( ) The original is w'rilten in Portuguese.

354

This monument was elected under the government
of the 81''. Count of Arcos, at the expense of the Munic-
ipal Council. A great many persons of every social
class and the garrison of the city, in full parade, were
present at its inauguration.

Monument lo Ihe Second of July— In order to commem-
orate the unforgollen dale of our political independ-
ence, a majestic important monument, of white Carrara
marble and bron/e, made in Italy, is erecting on the
square «Duque de Caxia^o, anciently called «Campo
Grandc".

It consists of a 1 lonze column and sumptuous pedes-
tal of Carrara while marble, after the Corinthian style
and 25m. high, and a staircase of the same marble.
110'". 25 in its basis or 10'" 50 in each side, every step
being O'i'.SO in height. The shaft, which is striated
and 12"'. in its whole height, is crowned with a rich
capital, formed of oak and laurel festoons and some
olhcr allegorical ornaments, all of gilt bronze, and
upholding a small pedestal, on which stands an indian
4m. high, armed with his bow and arrows, symbolizing
Brazil and in such an attitude as if he were ready to
strike a dreadful blow on a serpent, designed to repre-
sent the government of the metropolis and which he
endeavours lo crusii nnder lis feet. Three elegant rings
in full relief arc to be seen under the statue and reach
the liighci- third portion of the shaft, whicii is adorn-
ed with gilt festoons of oak and laurel leaves, hanging
on metallic buttons. The immediate tliird portion of the
shaft is smooth and consists of a few sjjhccs or fasciic,
engraven with golden insci iplions.

On the four scutcheons of llic c liapiloi- are ciigiavcd
liic following inscriplioiis, alUuling lo the camp-
lights:

(^.(ihrito — Xni'cinbcr «S''''. IS'21.

Funil-Jniii \>!t>K 1ST>.

355

Pirajd- November S'l'. 1822.

vEiujenho da Conceit-don— December ?.9'i' 78?? (*).

The sixteen spaces or lascid-, the central pail of the
four laurel crowns end llic eiyhl faces of the last third
[)orlion oi' the slmfl arc enj^raven with several inscrip-
tions, in Ihe following order:

Spaces or lasciw: Brigadier Manuel Pedro -General
Pedro Labalul—Lieiil-Col. Sunza Lima— (Colonel Lima e
SiliHi — Major Silini Castro—Corncller Lniz Lopes.

Ciown: Entry of the libcraling Iroops— July ?'"'. 1823.

Spaces or fascite: Lieutenant Jodo das Bottas— Lieu-
tenant Jose Pinheiro de Lemos— Lieutenant Jacome Dorea
— Lieutenant Silirn Lisboa- Captain Cypriano Siqueira.

Crown: Sea-fight against the portugnese fleet— May i'l'.
1823.

Spaces or fascia?: Barges de Barros—Lino Continho —
Cypriano Barata— Gomes Ferrdo -Pedro Bandeira-Mon-
tesuma.

Crown: Assembling of the court— August ?6'''. 1826.

S|)aces or lasciai: Viscount of Pirajd—Carneiro de
Campos— Garcia Pacheco—Bodrigo Branddo—Freitas Bar-
bosa—Pereira Rebougas.

Crown: Organization of the Board of Caclweira—July
26^^K 1822.

Two rings in full relief are to be seen in the last third
portion of the shaft, the intermediate space being adorn-
ed with a few ornaments, circular in form, and at last
Ihe l)asis of the column, formed by two more rings in
high relief, and a small quadrangular pedestal, upon two
o|)posile sides of which two slalues are leaning, the one
rei)resenting Cathai ina Paraguassii, with her arms of a
manful woman, grasping a weapon in her left hand, in
a i)osluie as to defend herself, and in her right hand a

[') These insci iptions, as well as the others in the
nionuaient under consideration, are all written in Por-
tuguese.
45

356

shield with this inscription— /:;7/iC/' independence or
Dcdlh. The hair of this statue is (iishcvelled and i<irt
willi a crown of hiiirel. The other slalue, on the opposite
side, represents Baliia in the figure of a woman, standing
erect, wrapt up in a hannershe hears in her hand and
proclaiming her liberty. The two statues, finely and cor-
rectly wrought, are made of bronze.

The two other faces of tlie pedestal are sculptured
with t'ophicsand crowns of laurel. On one face this in-
sci i|)tion 's to be rend — 5''c ilia ad arcani reversa est, with
a dove bearing an olive branch in Ium- bill, represent-
ing the ensign or arms of the city; on the other face are
sculptured the arms of the Republic of the United Slates
of Brazil.

The large quadrangular pedestal then comes into
view, in the four angles of which as many cylindric col-
umns stand, showing on their laces four scutcheons
with the following inscriptions:

First coniinj/ of Cabral to Porto Seijuro- April 2^"''
1300.

Foundation of Baliia — Auiiust ^'i'. 1.')'i!).

Proclaiuation of the Independence Seplcnjlnr /i''. 18'2'2.

Fntrij of the Liberidiiu/ Arnuj—Jnlii i*"''. IS'23.

Some trophies of indigenous arms, all in bronze, rest
on these columns. The ligld ai:(l left faces ol" the ped-
estal are two artislienl low rcliels in bronze. The one
consists of a grounded baik, l.oarded by a great many
soldiers and po|)ular persons and lepresenting the he-
roism of the inhabitants of Itaparica upon seizing the
bark Lnsitania: tiie iollowing inscription is engi'aven
on this face:

Itaparica - Jdnuari] /"'. IS'^li.

On the other face, where another bark is to be seen at
a river-bank and invaded by a great deal of persons
wiio, armed witli stones and cudgels, lay hold of it, this
inscription is to be read:

357

Cachoeira de Paragnnssi'i—Junc y.?ii. IHI^.

The Iwo oilier laces arc decoialcd witli Iwo magnifi-
cent eagles.

The staircase, IQi'i.T)!) in height, is made of while
(^larrara marble and consists of seven steps, on which
stands the pedestal. In every angle of the quadrangular
jiedestal is a piece of while niaible, on which rests a
gigantic bronze lion, above 2'". in the basis and propor-
tionately high, the nostrils of which are bored throuf;h
in order to let out water. The four lions are lying and
several allegoric figures are sculptured under their paws.

On the two principal faces of the large pedestal ere
leaning Iw^o colossal statues, representing the two prin-
cipal rivers of Baliia— the S. Francisco and the Para-
guassu. The former is symbolized by a long-bearded
old man, grasping an oar in his right hand and sur-
rounded with indigenes and pirogues; the Paulo Alfonso
cataract is also rc[)rcscnlcd there. The latter is sym-
bolized by an aged man, whose head rests on a grass-
plot and whose feel plunge into the sea; it is also sur-
rounded with several allegories. The following inscrip-
tions are engraven on the faces of the pedestal:

— To the heroes of the Independence of the Province

The country thankful.

— In perpeluum vivere ill'gentur

Qui pro palria occiderunt. — {')

In every face, in front of the rivers, is a basin of fine
Gio.'^ja marble, in a cavity made in the central part of
the stairs, to take in the water fiowing from llie bronze
statues that symbolize the rivers.

The monument will be enclosed wiih an elegant grate
of bronzed cast iron, where will rise up from place to
place a pedestal, of the just named metal, adorned with
several alleg ric figures and intended to support the chan-

(*) The first of these inscriptions is written in Portu-
guese on the monument.

358

deliers; these are beautiful gigantic s'atues, c.lso of cast
iron, each upholding five Venetian lanterns of a fine
chasing.

The space between the grate and the stairs, which
will be completely enclosed and reached through two
lateral doors, will be paved with marble of dilfcrent
hues and figures.

The erection of the sumi)luous monument is in great
forwardness and the committee charged with carrying
into efiecl such a palriolical attempt intends inaugu-
rating it on the 2"''. of July of the next year.

PUBLIC FOUXT.\IXS

The principal squares in the city are ornamented,
besides the monuments of which we have just treated,
W'ith a few elegant and nicely accomplished public
fountains, as follows:

vl5 de Novembro^^ square, anciently called Terreiro.--
The public fountain standing on the centre of this
square and 33 spans high is f.n important master piece
in a fine archileclonic taste. It is all made of cast iron,
in imitation of bronze, prepared in the forges of Mme.
Veuve Andre et Fils (Champagne), and engages the at-
tention of all that pass by. There arc to be seen four
chandeliers, povided with cocks, through which water
flows. It is surrounded wi'h an iron grate.

Upon the popular festivals to commemorjle the glo-
rious dale ol our political independence water spouts
out from the higlicst point,— which is a woman of the
natural size, representing goddess Ceres — , to the base,
formed by four colossal statues, loaning on the oclag-
oiKil tiunl( suslaiiiiiig tlie first basin and insciibed with
tlie names of tlic piincipal rivers of Maliia.

Caslro Aires Sijtiarc. -The public fountain on tins
scjuare is made of Carrara marl)lc and represents Pedro
Mvares Cabral, llic discoverer of Hrazil, dressed after

369

tlie fashion of his lime. It is 20 spans in heij^ht by Ki in
diameter and a few steps are to be seen round it. It is
enclosed wilh a bcauliful iron f^rale and liglited up by
4 cliandeliers, provided wilh cocks.

«/3 de Maio» square— The public fountain set up en
this square is 22 spans in diameter and 28 in lieiglil; it is
also made of Carrara marble and represents an Indian
trampling a serpent under his feet, -an allegory that
symbolizes Bahia shaking off the yoke of the metropolis.
It stands on the central part of a beautiful garden. In
former times, before the garden was made, il supplied the
Inhabitants of Ihe city wilh water, like the other public
fountains, but now it ordinarily serves for a mere orna-
ment of the garden, because waler only spouts from it
on festival days.

(.iConceigdo da Praia» square.— In front of Ihe majestic
temple rising on ihis square a public fountain stands,
made of Carrara marble, circular in form and enclosed
wilh an iron fence. Four proportionate chandeliers are
to be seen Iherc. Il is 17 spans in height and 19 in diam-
eter.

vConde dos Arcos» square.— There stands a cast iron
public fountain, wilh a marble basin and surrounded
wilh two marble sleps. Il is bcauliful and of a good
arlislical lasle. It was exhibited in London in 1851, at
the entrance to Ihe exhibition palace, and is 23 spans
in height, without including the sleps An iron grate is
to be seen round il, as well as 4 chandeliers, provided
wilh as many cocks. It stands in the middle of the
square, on wliich grow up some bcauliful trees

aPilam square —The public fountain of this square,
made of cast iron in imitation of bronze and resting on
marble step?, is 13 spans high and provided with 4
cocks. Two chandeliers are to be seen there. It is
simple, but of a good taste and consists of a child bear-

36o

ing on his head a shell, from the hollow ot which water
gushes down.

Besides these tliere are in the city many other puhlic
fountains, of a simpler structure, made of cast iron,
between 13 and 20 spans in height and representing
chandeliers and several allegoric figuies.

Hospitals, infi maries, privats hospitals,
asyla and cemetsries

HOSPITALS

There are the following hospitals in the capital of
the state:

1-S/. Elizabcllis hospital; 2— Ilospilal for lazarsj 3 —
the Portuguese hospital.

1)—St. Elizabeths hospital. — We know, by reading a
letter addressed by D Duarle da Costa to the King in
April 3''^'. 1555, that upon llial lime there was in Bahia
an hospital called cN. S. das Candoias)), that was of
great service to the people. \Vhellier such was the «Mi-
sericordiaw hospital the above mentioned letter does not
tell. In case it sliould be so, we would have a proof
the brolherliood existed upon that lime.

The notices cxlanl in the archives of the fraternity do
not seem to confirm such a hypothesis, because the first
hospital built by the brotherhood when it raised its first
thapel, contiguous to the southern and western faces of
the hospital and presbitery and consisting of a few small
rooms and cells, received the name of St. Chrislopher^s
hospital and was in such a slate llial in a representation
from the board of the fralcinily to liie King, in 181(5, it
was said that Ihe infirmaries, pantry, kitchen and other
apartments of Ihe hospital, situate more than two hun-
dred years ago on Ihe lop of Ihe mounlain commanding
llie i)ay that serves for an anchorage to Ihe cily, were
like sublerranes, now exposed, during liie year, to a

36 1

great heal, now lo winds and humidity, so that they who
went there lor a remedy for tlieir diseases found Ihoy
augmcnled; moreover, its capacity was so small as lo be
scarcely able lo hold half I he sick persons who were
then under treatment; in sliorl, it was only adequate to
the small population of Ihe remote lime of its founda-
tion.

On account of Ihat, liicy intended in 1814 to remove
llie hospital lo a house, belonging to the brolherhood,
on Ihe srjuarc called "Campo d\ Polvora», or to the place
called wTororo"; Ihe lalt- r was preferred and its owner,
Captain Joao Francisco da Cosla, even granted the piece
of land necessary lo the construction of the hospital. Two
more tracts of ground were ofTered: the farm of Priest
ii, near «Sauden street, and the place named «Gabriel".
No resolution however, was taken up to the Independ-
ence war, for want of money.

After the war was over the few Carmelites that were
slill in Bahia offered a part of their convent for the cs
lablishment of the hospital. But, as Ihe 4'''. line battalion
was quartei'cd there, it w^s necessary to require its
remolion, Ihat the new hospital might be established in
the convent; the asking, however, was not obtained
and the board, being obliged lo look for another place,
tliought of removing Ihe hospital to the Lazars' House,
on account of its being a national properly, but this
was also refused.

The plan of the fraternity being once more disappoint-
ed, they resolved to acquire another place for the hos-
pital, and in the session held on the 23'''. of September
1827 they deliberated to purchase a piece of land in Na-
zareth, belonging lo Antonio Alves de Carvalho, which
was cariied into eilect in May 19i''. 1828 for the sum of
15:200^001). Such was the bargain stricken up between
the seller and buyer for the alienation of the tract of
land and 4 small houses.

362

On the 13i'|. of July the first stone was set, inlaid with
a gold medal, on Nvhich was an allusive inscription.

In 1832 a decree from tlie Regency cxlin.miished the
military hospital, founded in Ihe old cdlegiate church
of the Jesuits under the government of D. Fernando Jose
de Portugal. Such apartments thus hecoming vacant, the
administrative hoard of the fraternity a'^ked for them, in
order to establish therein the ho pita), while tint which
they had just begun in Nazareth square was not yet
comjileled. After snme htsilation Ihe cdi^cc was grant-
ed and Ihe sick persons we-e removed to it on the 2'"'.
of July 1833

Meanwhile, after they had set about the works in Na-
zareth and the edifice rose up to the first story (namely
— its front only, for of the other apartments there was
but the foundation! and after several interruptions, the
works were abandoned on the 17"'. of February 18'i0, lor
want of resources from the part of the fralcrnily, which
had spent in the cr nstructicn, up to that line, Ihe sum of
88:688^269, including that of 15:200^000, for which were
bought the farm and 4 small houses. The provisor of
the brotherhood was then Brigadier Jose de Sa Bitten-
court da Camara.

Fourty four years ebpsed during which the mailer
was entirely laid aside, till Ihe !>'. of Novcnd)er 18P3,
when the provisor made Ihe board ac(|nainled with Ihe
opinion of a committee, preccdenlly appointed and
composed of renowned clinical physicians and engineers
on Ihe conslruclion of the hospital, as well as its respect-
ive plans.

The board approved tliem and resolved to open an
account ciu-rent of I()(;:(i(i0,5()n0 in a banU of Ihe cily,
upon security of a hundred public del)l policies at Iho
interest of 6"',, and commilted Ihe discretionary direc
lion of Ihe works lo the i)r()visor, who conlraclcd for Ihe
conslruclion wilh architect Carlos (-roesv.

363

In conscquerce ( f this resolution llie works began on
Ihc i;')"'. of February 1884 and the crown of the building
was set up in December 8"'. of the same year.

Tlic works were carried on with such a celerity that
the 'H)ard, on the session held in May 19"'. 1886, uttered
the hope to inaugurate the hospital in April 2Gi'i. 1888, a
com iiiitee of brethren being then appointed to forward
the ealixation of such a desire; but unforeseen difficul-
ties and events occurred thr.t put it ofl for a while. In
the mean lime the ar.cient convent of the Jesuits con-
tinuiid serving for an hospital, which was of great serv-
ice both to sick persons and to medical science, for the
clinical lessons of the Medical Faculty were given there.

On the 151''. of July 18915 all patients were removed
from the ancient hospital, on ^Terreiro > s([uare, lo the
new one, which was solemnly inaugurated on the 30'''.
of the same month, under the name of SI. Elizabeth's
hospilal, the provisor being Commander Manuel de Sou-
za Campos.

Situate on Nazareth square, that ranks among the
best places in the city, the new hospital is 196"' in the
forepart and 281'". in length. The main body of the edi-
fice is 70'" 80 in the front, 13'" 22 in height from the pave-
ment to the coinice, and in the side faces, from the
front to the hinder part, 29"'. 65. At the centre of the
Irontispiece a surbased arch is to be seen, 13'". 75 wide
and 4"' 50 high. Two very elegant staircases rest upon
the sides of this arch and lead to the chief story. Both the
slairca'-.cs and balustrades are made of excellent Lisbon
marble. Upon the central part of the arch lies a roofed
vestibule, supported by four beautiful corinthian col-
umns, 6"'. 90 high, the capital and base of wiiich arc also
ol marble. A large door is lo be seen at the central part
of the vestibule, belwecn two other doors, all leading
to the chapel, at the centre of the chief story; the high-
est part of the central door, which is 4'". 93 high by 2'". 9
46

364

wide, is inlaid with a stone, 3'". 20 in area and adorned
with festoons of flowers, on which is to be read tlie
following inscription, intended to coramemoralc the
continuation of the works: On the 2Ji''. of Febrnarij 1SS-^t,
under the reign of His Imperial Majeshj D. Pedro II,
the Most Excellent Connt of Pereira Marinho being the
proinsor of the <'Misericordi(i>^ brotherhood, this stone nms
set, to commemonde the continuation, under a new plan,
of the n>orks of this edifice, interrupted since ISM), i " i

The central part of llie edifice is crowned with an
important dome, circled interiorly with a varnished bal-
ustrade of potumujii.

From any side of the terrace surrounding the dome
and enclosed with an iron grate attached to stone pillars,
an admirable prospect can be obtained.

The infirmaries occupy six pavilicns, comn.unlcaling
wilh Ihe main body of the edifice and Ihc kitchen by
means cf galleries. There are several excellent aparl-
menls, outside to the infirmaries, appropriate to privies
and bath-rooms.

To the left of the edifice lies the water r(servoir, which
is filled wilh excellent drinkable spring-water taken
from a well, 50 cubic meters in capacity and 10'". deep
by o'li. wide and able to supply the hospital with al)oul
10.000 barrels a <h.y. The establishment is also supplicil
wilh water by the company «Aquaria do Queimado".

A good wash-house and every apartment necessary
to a large liospilal arc annexed to the edifice, which
also alfords a comfortable lodging to tlie sisters of mercy
having charge of the internal service, physicians, phar-
maceutist, hospital .iltendants and other functionaries.
Tlie hosi)ilal, 31'". wide in its frontispiece, is enclosed
with a magnificent iron grate, 91'". .Si in extent, wilh
three imjiortant iron portals, on llie lop of which is
placed tlie emblem of the Misericordia" fralcruity. The

(•) The original inscription is written in Portuguese.

365

cenlral portal is, more than the olliers, an important
arlistical piece of work, made in the foundry establisli-
ed at the town of Valenya.

The piece of ground facing the hospital is divided in
two beautiful gardens, on the sides of liie edifice, and
a central square, where stands the statue of the very
worthy provisor, Count of Pereira Marinho. There are
through the whole edifice a great many sculpture works
performed by Carlos Croesy, an arciiitect, wlio was
liie first superintendent of the works.

The construction and fitting of this important charity
house amounted to 1.400:000^0ro.

Tiie hospital was applied to in 1891-92, when it was
still in "Terreiro" square, by 2531 out-patients; 3730 were
treated in the medicine and surgery infirnnaries, of whom
2893 recovered, 565 died, 272 continued in Ireatnient.

During the period under consideration 125 dead bodies
were sent by seventl nulliorities to the depository of
corpses of the hospital (95 dead men and 30 dead women).

The general mortality was 19 ••/„, that of the surgery
infirmaries 8 "/o, and in the medicine infirmaries 27 "/,>;
which, as confronted with that of the preceding year,
enables us to conclude that both the general and the
partial number of decedents did not amount to that of
the foregoing year and, therefore, the mortality was
inferior.

The new hospital received since its inauguration, in
July I51I'. 1893, in 4 surgery and 2 medicine infirmaries
for men, 193 sick persons; in 2 surgery and 2 medicine
infirmaries lor women, 83; children. It; deliverance in-
firmary, 1. There was the mortality of 19 men and 10
women.

Fourteen sisters of mercy are charged with the in-
ternal administration of the hospital. The medical service
is performed by 5 professors, the surgical one by 2.
There is also a polyclinical service, in a consulting room

366

tilled Sola do banco, intrusted to a plij'sician living in
tlie establishment and aided by ! adjunct and 3 students
of the two last series of medical studies.

2i The Hospital for Lazars, inaugurated in August 27"'.
1787 by D. Rodrigo Jose de Menczes, is specially de-
signed for the lodging and treatment of lepers of both
sexes, whatever may be their condition, nationality or
religion.

It is directed by an administrative board, composed
of fifteen gentlemen, appointed by the stale government
every four years. The provisor, scrivener and treasurer
are chosen by ballot among the members of the board; the
other members are to be successively designated every
month by the provisor for the charge of chief manager
of the hospital, the properly of which consists of the
tract of land and house- where it is established, with
their furniture, and the yearly subsidy of 13:000;^l 00,
granted by the government.

The hospital is divided in two infirmaries: St. Chris-
topher's, for men, and St Anne's, for women. It is only
designed to admit lepers, who are treated by 1 physi-
cian, 2 hospital attendants and 3 servants. A private
pharmacy (for there is no one in the establisliment) is
under contract with tlie administrative board of tlie
hospital for supplying it with medicines.

Only 7 lepers, of whom 5 died, were treated in Ihc
establishment in 1891.

Tlie edifice, situate on the jilace called »Haixa das
Quintas", is (iilm. in area; it is divided in Iwo wings,
between which stands the ciiapel. It is now provided
Willi Ki sick-beds.

3) The Hospital of the lioijal Portufjuese Charitable So-
cicttj was founded in Se|)lember IG'''. 186(5. It is directed
by a commiltee, composed of 12 associates elected in a
genera! assembly, who are to choose among themselves

367

the president, secretary and treasurer. Its property in
September 3 "'. 1891 amounted to 417:56857-13, the value of
theedifice n90:n7^48()),furniturennd utensils (1G:94-Iji;917)
being included. The remaining sum, the two last-men-
tioned ones being excluded, produces a yearly interest
by which I he hospital is maintained.

It is divided into 3 infirmaries, S/. Joseph, St. Anthony
and St. Elizabeth, and 6 privaie rooms.

Helpless associates are treated upon freecost and those
who, being well oil', wish to be treated in the hospital
as 1^'. or 2"'. class pensionaries are to pay 5^000 a day
in the first and 3^000 in the second case. Besides these,
other quite necessitous Portugueses will be treated
who ask for it. No associate suflering any contagious
disease will be admitted to the establishment.

The clinical service is committed to a physician, who
may enter into conference with any of the ten clinical
physicians that ofiered to the Society for such a service,
no payment being required for it from necessitous sick
persons.

The administrator, one hospital attendant, one cook,
one gardener and two servants perform their functions
in the hospital.

There is no pharmacy in the establishment; the med-
icines are supplied by a private pharmacy.

Fifty one patients were treated in 1891 and not a one
died. The infirmaries are provided with sixteen beds, the
prevailing diseases being syphilis and fevers.

The hospital stands on the upland of Bomfim, in a
farm belonging to the Society. It is 25ni. in its forepart,
20m. .') in width ond 17m. in height, and shows an elegant
structure. A garden is to be seen before it. There are
in the first story: the chapel, where the chaplain cele-
brates mass on Sundays and holidays, the drawing
room, pantry, privies and kitchen beside the edifice.
The second story is divided into: the chief saloon, with

368

a gallery of portraits of those who have made charitable
contributions for tlic hospital, St. Anthony's and St. Eli-
zabeth's infirmaries, the C private apartments, reading-
cabinet, bathrooms and privies. Four chambers, annex-
ed to the edifice, atlord a lodging to the functionaries of
the establishment.

Besides the hospitals of this city, some others, belong-
ing to several charitable fraternities, similar to the «Mi-
sericordian brotherhood of the cnpital, were founded in
the principal towns of the state, such as:

Maragogipe.—kn hospital with 4 infirmaries, where
sick persons arc received whether upon freecost or
upon payment. It is served by 1 physician, 2 hospital
attendants and 1 servant. It received and treated last
year 52 patients, of whom 14 died.

It is somewhat remote from the town, near a large
hill, on the place called nMontO), and hard by a chapel
so called, belonging to the hospital. It is 30m. in width
by 16". 5 in length. The hospital is provided with 16
sick-beds. The prevailing disease is syphilis.

Nazareth.— The ho.«pital of this town, inaugurated in
February 1^'. 1831, has 4 infirmaries and 4 apartments
for pensionaries. The clinical service is performed by
2 physicians, under whose direction are 2 male and 1
female hospital attendants and 7 servants. There is a
pharmacy in the hospital, under the direction of a phy-
sician and a practitioner. In 1891 were received and
treated 204 patients, of whom 48 died.

The edifice stands on the place called i'Sccco», which
is llie best in the town with regard to its hygienic con-
ditions. It is sliaped like a 11 and is 51'" in width by
40". in lenglii. The infirmaries are provided with 48
sick-beds. Malarial diseases and sypiiilis are prevalent
there.

(Auhoeira.— The hospital of this town is the most an-
cient in the interior of tlie slate and is divided into

36o

spacious infirmaries, abundantly supplied with water.
390 siclv persons were received in 1891, of whom 89 died,
268 recovered and 33 continued under treatment in the
subsequent year. It is served by 1 pliysician, 3 liospilal
attendants and 2 servants, has a pharmacy, under the
direction of an apolliecary, and a beautiful chapel. The
prevailing diseases are enteritis, pulmonary tubercles
and dysentery.

There are some other hospitals belonging to the «'Mi-
scricordiai) brotherhoods of: Valen^a, Santo Amaro, Hel-
monte, Oliveira dos Campinhos, Joazeiro, Amargosa,
Barra and Fcira de Sta. Anna.

INriUM.\RIES

The Infirmary for the variolous was inaugurated by the
])rovincial government in this capital, on lhe30"'. of Sep-
tember 1885, in the fortress of Barhalho. It is under the
direction of the Hygiene Inspector and only receives
patients infected with the small pox. It is divided in
two sections, one for each sex, and a few cells for such
as are under arrest, witli 118 beds in all. It receives
necessitous people (that are maintained by the public
treasury), as well as militarj' men and pensionaries.

A physician, who is the director of the infirmary, a
chief hospital attendant, a male nurse, a female nurse
and two servants perform their functions in the infirm-
ary. There is no pharmacy, some private pharmacies
being under contract with the government for supplying
the infirmary with the necessary medicines. In 1891 were
received 148 sick persons, of whom 47 died.

The infirmary for such as are infected with beriberi
and other intervening diseases is established in the fori
of St. Laurence (island and town of Itaparlca) and only
receives military men. It is under the direction of Dr.
Augusto Flavio Gomes Villa^a, the director of the Pri-
vate Hospital of the same town, wlio is under contract

Syo

with the wav doparlment ministry for such a service.
The infirmary, in good liygienic conditions, is always
kepi in a state of cleanliness.

PHIV.^TE HOSPIT.\L

A private hospital was fcninded at the island of Ita-
parica, in January 18i''. 1882, under the direction of Dr.
Auguslo Flavio Gomes Villa<;'a, and receives sick per-
sons inlecled with beriberi or ready to sutler any oper-
ation, as well as such as are upon recovery from not
contagious diseases,— all of them lodged in several apart-
ments, according to their respective classes.

Tlie medical service is performed by the director, who
will consult, if necessary, with some other physicians.
The director is assisted by 3 hospital attendants and 4
servants. The establishment is provided with the most
necessary medicaments, to be employed by the director.
It received 60 patients in 1891, whether allected with
malarial fevers and beriberi, or upon recover^' from
several diseases. Only one died who applied to the hos -
pital in a dying condition, in consequence of Brighl's
disease.

The hosjiilal under consideration lies to the west ol
the town, near the sea-shore line, in a large edifice,
(juile sufficient to hold 30 patients in spacious and aired
rooms. It is i)rovided with a great deal of sick-beds.

ASYLA

".S. Jodo de Deus'.—Thc "Misericordia« fraternity ha<l
been Ihinking a great while ago of creating a bedlam.
The Irealmenl of sucii wretched creatures, either pent
up in the damj) and unwholesome sublcrranes of the
■ Misericoidia hospital, which hardly let in air and
light, Ol ill tiio (liiiigcons of the iiridewell, or. finally,
abaiidoiKd uii the slieels, exhibiting the mo.vt sorrow

371

fill sif^hl,— nil this tduchcd llic brotherhood and made
it think of loundiii^ a madhouse.

Yel the initiative ol' this measure is not due lo the
broliierliood, but lo tlie Provincial Assembly, \vhich,
in llie law no. 9.")) of May 27ii'. 1864, a document that
ranks among the most honourable, authorised the gov-
ernment to spend the sum necessary to the creation of
a madhouse, coming to an unaerstanding for such a
|)urpose Nvilh the fraternity, in case it should be thought
convenient

For fear such a decision should be passed over, the
Provinci d Asscml)ly additionally decreed (Resolution no.
1001 of October 28ii'. 1807) that the government, in order
lo fullil the provision of art. Ill ,^ V of the law no. O.IO
of May 271I1. 1864, should buy the ground and house
contiguous to the asylum of Campo da Polvora and
belonging to Commander Francisco Ezequie! Meira, or
any others that might be thought convenient, after a
previous understanding with Ihe administration of the
(iMisericordia) fraternity.

Xolwilhslanding,asthc government took no providence
about the mailer, in spile of the imperative character of
Ihe lasl-mcnuoned Resolution, it was decreed (Resolu-
tion no. 1089 ol July 18"'. 1869) that it should buy the
edifice al Roa Vista in order lo be founded therein the
madhouse or any other rharitablc eslablishmcnl and il
was empowered to spend up lo 100:OUOiO(lO for that pur-
pc.se. In consequence of such a resolution, Ihe vice-
president of the province, Antonio Ladislao de Figuei-
redo Rocha, carried into elfect Ihe purchase of the
edilicc and in an oflicial letter dated the 18"'. of Scp-
lember made the fraternity ac(|uainled with his resolu-
tion lo deliver il the edifice, for the foundation of Ihc
asylum. Five years had then elapsed. Rut a variance

rose between Ihe government and the fralernilv, and Iwo
47

372

more years passed before the latter set at the most
important and urgent works, that commenced in 1872

On the 24"'. of June 1874 the asylum was Ihially inau-
gurated, Counsellor Manuel Pinto de Souza Dantas being
the Provisor of the fraternity.

Upon the inauguration of the bedlam 42 madmen were
admitted, their number ascending to 107 in the follow-
ing year.

The administration of tiie asylum, under the direclion
(.fits rcspetlive chief manager, is distributed among:
the adminislialor, a priest ifor the religions service) and
a phyiician (For the clinical onei.

According to Ihe last Rci)ort presented by the Provi-
sor of the ((Misericordia« fraternity the number of mad-
men in 1891 ascended to 141, of whom 26 were sent
awav, whether grown l)ctter or restored to health, with
no show Nvliatevcr of madness, and 23 died of: jiaraly-
sis, beriberi, brain congestion, epilepsy, enterocolitis
and tuberculosis.

The expenditure amounted to 40:341^118, the sum ot
0:725^505 being included lliat passed from the anteced-
ent year; the incduie was 22:480;S940, including r):07()^740
received in the preceding financial year, the general
revenue having been estimated at 2r):o49ji()()0. The income
is produced by the interest of some policies, a sub^idy
IVom the government, pensions i)aid by private persons
and land-rents.

Tiic Ik'ifnars' Asiihiin was created by the law no. 891
of May 22'"i. 18()2; the law no. 1:^3.") of June 30"'. 1873
determined it should be eslal)lishcd in the same edifice
Willi tlic liospilal for the treatment of la/ars, and this
was carried into ellect in July 29"'. 1870,' when it was
inauginated: but in July 29"'. 1887 it was removed to the
new edifice, situate at Boa Viagem and ranking among
the most remarkable buildings in Hahia.

It was founded to receive and maintain such as,

373

whether liviiiff in this town or not, are quite helpless,
from disability or any other motive iindepending on
their will, without a shelter or bread for themselves and
obliged to implore public charity.

The administration of the asylum is intrusted to fif-
teen gentlemen, appointed every four years by the stale
government. The provisor, scrivener and treasurer are
chosen among them by ballot; of the other twelve every
one is to perform the function of a chief manager during
one month in every year. The property consists of the
edifice where the asylum is cslablished and its furniture.
Such as are entertained in the asylum almost do not work,
on account of their state of disability. The asylum re-
ceives from the state the subsidy of 42:000^000 a year.

There are a few infirmaries in the establishment for
the treatment of those who fall sick. From I he inaugu-
ration of the asylum, in July 29"'. 1876, to the 30'i'. of
September 1892, 3147 !)eggars were admitted, of whom
1209 left the asylum ol their own accord, 1G97 died and
241 are still there (94 men, 147 women).

Foundlings' Asylum - In order to put a stop to the
criminous conduct of some unnatural mothers, who
exposed everywhere, even on the most unclean places
in the city, the forbidden fruits of their se.\ual inter-
courses, the C^ount of Sabugosa, on his governing the
State of Brazil, endeavoured to exert an inlluence upon
the administrative board of the «Misericordia» fraternity
with regard to the creation of a foundling's asylum. The
Viceroy succeeded in his desire, for he obtained from
the administrative board the resolution of February 14"'.
1726, whereby a turning box (*) was to be set up, either
in the hospital or where the board might thought it
more convenient, in order to take in foundlings. It wa,s

(*) A round box standing on an end upon an iron pin
to turn round, by which foundlings arc received with-
out the parties being seen by each other.

374

placed in Uie hospital, where the wretched children
were suckled by nurses not lodging in the establish-
ment, the yearly subsidy of 400^000 for sucli a service
being granted by the Viceroy in llie charter of June 28"'.
1734.

Upon tlie transference of the hospital to the collegiate
church of the Jesuits, in 1833, the turning box was re-
moved to the Retirement House; but, as the service had
augmented and the narrow apartments of this establish-
ment became insuflicient, the foundhngs were lodged
in the house no. 109, on Gravata street, bequcatlied to
the fraternity by Canon Joao Lino da Silva, though it
was not large enough and even had proved unwhole-
some, for a few tenants had been infected with inter-
mittent fevers.

The confraternity of St. Vincent dc Paul possessed a
beautiful house at Campo da Polvora, built on a ground
once belonging to the «Misericordia» Ijrolhcrhood, when
it had there its cemetery, and sold, on the 22"'i. ot No
vember 1852, to Counsellor Joaquim Jose Pinheiro do
Vasconcellos, who had, in his turn, sold it tojhe above-
mentioned confraternity. Tins edifice had been almost
thoroughly constructed for a girls' college that the con-
fraterniiy intended establishing under the direction of
the sisters of mercy and the denomination ot Nossa Se-
nlwra dos Anjos. As this building was to be sold for
the payment of large dcbt.s under which the confratcr-
nily was, the "Misericordia-- brotherhood, aficr having
come to an understanding with the direction of tiiat
confraternity, elfcclcd on February 11"'. 18()1 the pur-
chase of liic liousc, for tiie sum of ()G:(H)(UOOO, and es-
tablished there the Foundlings' Asyhnn (). L. of «Miseri-
cordiaM, ihc inangurat on of which took place on the
29'!'. of June 1862.

The foundlings received in the asyhnn are given the
suiiiame of MitlUis, in token of gratitude to llic great-

375

est benefactor of the «Misericordia)) brotherhood, and
the chiislian name of their birlh-(]ay or, should this
he unknown, thai of the saint lo whicii is consecrated the
(hiy wlien they were exposed, or that which the chief
manai^er |)leases to i^ive them, their baptism being im-
mediately celebrated in case their life be in danger
npon their admittance into the asylum.

The necessary number of nurses, whether lodging in
the establishment or not, is under contract with the
fraternity for suckling the foundlings. Kvery child is
suckled but one year, unless the physician order such
a period lo i)e prolonged, and no sooner is it come to an
end than the children suckled without the asylum turn
back to it, having been previously vaccinated. As they
are 6 years old, the male foundlings receive the primary
instruction and then — either they arc taught a trade, or
admitted into St. Joachim's college or the apprentices
mariners company, as soon as they attain the legal age.
The female foundlings are admitted, when they are 6
years in age, to the schools of the asylum, which they
will leave but to marry or to live in company with an
honest family, upon contract, or lo live at large, if they
please, as they are of full age.

In the intermediate space between their completing
the scholar instruction and leaving the asylum— the fe-
male foundlings work for then:selvcs, for the asylum
and for the other establishments of Ihe ><Miscricordia')
fraternity, the internal service of the asylum being dis-
tributed among them in accordance with their ages and
aptness. As soon as they are ten years in age they make
their first communion.

Such as marry receive the dower of 400^0lJ0 and thtir
bride's clothes. The civil marriage is celebrated before
the civil authority and the religious one in the chapel
of the asylum, by the chaplain; upon ending the cere-
mony, the treasurer delivers the new-mairied girl her

376

dower, before all beholders, and is given the due receipt
by her and her husliand.

The establishment under consideration is directed by
its respective chief-manager. The administrative service,
comprising the economical and religious ones, is com-
mitted: the former to the sisters of mere)', under the
direction of ihe superior sister; the latter to a priest
belonging to the Congregation of St. Vincent de Paul,
in the character of a chaplain. The asylum has also a
physician and a dentist.

The school of the establishment, directed by two sisters
of mercy, was frequented last year, besides the found-
lings, by 160 poor scholars living thereabouts.

The work of the foundlings produced last year the
sum of 4:699i^900, which, as usual, was applied to the
purchase of cloth for them.

Asijlnm ofO. L. of Loiirdcs, at the town of Feira de
Sant'Anna.— This establishment, which has been of great
service to helpless orphan girls, was founded by a
downright apostle of charity, priest Ovidio Alvares de
S. Boaventura, the parson of the town, in March 25'*'.
1879.

It receives helpless orphan girls, who are maintained
and educated there. Its administration is intrusted to
an association of charitable ladies established in the
town and to the vicar, Canon Jose Joaquim de Britto,
who is tlie director of the asylum. Its property con-
sists of IG.UOUjSOOO in money, the lofty house where the
asylum performs its function and a chapel. Fifty orphan
girls were received in 1892.

Joaquim de Mcllo Sampaio, now dead, is to be sin
gled out among the numerous benefactors of the asylum.
The cstal)lishmeut receives from tlic stale the yearly
subsidy of 3:()()0i00().

Astilniu of Anne's daughters, at the town of Cachocira.
—This asylum, founded in September 27iii. 1891, is dc-

377

signed to maintain and educate female cliildrcn, orphan
and helpless. It is administrated by the society «Protecl-
ivc mothers". Us patrimony amounts to 7:000^000. Elev-
en children received their instruction in this establish-
ment in 1892. The state pays it the subsidy of 2O'JO^O00
a year.

CKMKTERIES

Six cemeteries are to be seen in the city of Bahia:
\ — i<Campo Sanlon, 2—^>Quinlii dos Laz(tros», 3 — /?/'o/a.s,
-i—^'Bom Jesns de Massarandiiba>\ 5— Foreigners' cemc-
lerij, G— English cemelerij.

l~'(Campo .Sa/:/o» ecmctenj —li was the general usage
for a long time to bury corpses in the churches of vil-
lages and towns. In 1801, in consequence of a remon-
stralion against the injui ics that public health lay expos-
ed to in Bahia and the populous towns of the other
ultramarine domains with the burial of corpses in the
churches of those to\\'ns, because of the vapours ex
haling from dead bodies and causing epidemical danger-
rous diseases,— a Royal Chcrter, addressed an the 14ii'. of
January to Francisco da Cunha Menezcs, ordered him
to endeavour, upon being acquainted with such a char-
ter and the archbishop being previously consulted, to
build, far from the city, on a ground dry and ex|)osed
to the free passage of winds, chiefly the north and east
ones, one or more cemeteries, to inhume therein every
dead body, with no exception. The same charter staled
the cemeteries should be large enough as not to be
necessary to open the graves before the thorough con-
sumption of the corpses buried therein; that any family
was allowed to raise there a simple charnel, where they
might bury their d^ad relations.lt was additionally stated
that burials would be no longer permitted in churches
after the construction of the cemeteries, in which
the erection of an altar or chapel was permitted, as well

378

as the ins-tilution of a chaplain, for the daily mass and
funerals.

The charier under consideralion was long unfullilled,
the ccmclei ics not being built, and it is to be believed
the only cllcct it proauced was the repair of a cemetery
made a long while ago by the «Misericordia)) fraternity
at iCampo da Polvora)), where, btt for three unlucky
patriots, Domingos Jose Marlins, Piicst Miguel Jeronynio
de Almeida and Dr. Jose Luiz deMendonca, shot by the
order of the Count of Arcos in June 12"'. 1817, were
only inhumed sucii as died in the hospital, slaves and
Ihose who were put to death by the authority's order.

The condition of the «Campo SantO'Cemelery was ex-
tremely bad in 1835. «Shaped like a sm?ll quadrilateral)),
says in tiie register of the immovable estates belonging
to the ((Misericordia)) fraternity of Pahia its learned
accountant Antonio Jcaquim Damasio, «16 fathoms in
its forepart by 2i 12 in length, quite walled up, so as
not lo have any space whatever left, through which it
might stretch away, its groui d being fatigued with so
long consuming a great number of corpses, that were
therefore but hall absorbed, and continually obliged lo
lake in dead bodies in a city more and more abundant
with sick persons and stationai-y with regard to Iho
number of slaves (for the tral'lic of africnns, still tole-
rated, made up for their mortalil\i, Ihe cemetery at
("ampo (la Pclvora was a real nightmare lo the «Mise-
ricordiii" lialcrnity and a Ihtcaleiiing peslilenlial focus
lo this lilllc progressional ciiy)).

As Ihc civilizing opinion that it was highly inconven-
ient to biriy cori)ses wilhin churches was gainig mor'C
followers, the Asseinhly, at the recpiesl ( f Jcse Arrgirslo
Pcreiia de Matlos and (".o , pr-omulgaled the Pesolution
of June I'l' ISiir), wluieby lluy werT granted for !{ » years
the prixiltgeol eslahl.sliing ccmclcries. They soon set
at Work and built in liltle more than a twelverrronth

^79

the wCampo Sanio' cemetery, which was consecrated in
Oclohcr 23i'i. 183(j by the vicar of "Vicloria" parish, that
it belongs to.

The institution of a cemetery being extremely preju-
dicial to fraternities, priests, decorators and the like,
that lived till then by the ancient custom of inhuming
cor[)ses in churches, it can be easily imagined that they
were not at all pleased with the institution of the ceme-
tery, which Ihey opposed slill more and more in pro-
portion as its construction was drawing to an end. Find-
ing then they were in danger of their interests, they
began to incite unlearned superstitious people, so as to
stir them up into a mutiny on the 25"'. of October 1836,
the second day after the cemetery had been consecrat-
ed. In fact, on that day, afier hiving— all morning long
—surprised the city with general, frequent and long-
continued sounds of knell, several brotherhoods, con-
fraternities and third orders, in their habits and preced-
ed by lifted up crosses, resorted to the Government
House, to exact the suspension of the cemeterj' law.

The presidents pusillanimous character yielded to
such a revolt and caused him to promise he would call
parliament extraordinarily, in order to promote the
sus[)ension of the Irw. Being thus encouraged with such
a weakness, they were so bold as to incite the people
to pull down the cemetery, which was immediately
cariied into elfect, so that at 4 o' clock p. m. the ceme-
tery was thoroughly overthrown. The society then claim-
ed lo be indemnified and the law of May 2"'K 1837, re-
voking that of June 4'''. 1835, determined the building
and its accessories to be acquired by the government,
and the law of April 12"'. 1839, approving the contract
for indemnillcaiion celebrated between the government
and the society, ordered the cemetery to be delivered
to the «Misericordia>) brotherhood or any other that

might wish it.
48

38o

After due negotiations, the government and the «Mise-
ricordian fraternity came to a fmal agreement, whereby
the former was to make over the cemetery, for the
sum of 10:0(10^000, to the latter, which bound itself to
remove to the new burying ground the bones lying in
the old cemetery at Cainpo da Polvora, as well as to
demolish the last- mentioned grave yard, for the benefit
of public health.

In the subsequent year (1841) commenced the works of
the new cemetery, where only slaves began to be buried
on the l-^i. of May 1814, not any other persons, for the
old opinion had not yet resolved to surrender; but it
was at length obliged to capitulate, wiieu the dreadful
epidemic of clu>!cra-morbus in 185') put a definitive slop
to so lamentable an abuse, by inaugurating the epoch of
the exclusive inhumalion in cemeteries

The burying ground under consideration now occupies
an area f f about 100 square meters, divided into sev-
eral square beds, of which some are assigned for the
raising of mausolea and charnels and some for low
graves. Dead bodies are also buried in ditches, in epi-
den^ic times.

The cemetery is provided with 1035 charnels (namely
795 common ones, 132 special marbly charnels foi- the
porpetual rest of the brethren, their wifcs and children
and 108 belonging to the fraternity of St. Peter's Holy
Sacrament) and 24(K) low graves. The number of mau-
solea, of which a few are very sumptuous, amounts to
155.

The primitive chapel, the architecture and dimensions
of which called for a reformation, was subslitulod for
the actual one, beautiful and strongly built, in conse-
quence of a resolution taken by the board that perform-
ed its functions from 1869 to 1870. Its construction was
intrusted to Carlos Croesy, an architect (who set about
it on liie 151''. of November 1870i and afterwards, wlicn

38 1

he obtained his dismissal, in December IG'i'. 1871, to
Antonio Marques da Rocha (who had charge of over-
seeing the works of the cMisericordia)) fraternity), under
the immediate direction of Engineer Dr. Alexandre Frei-
re Maia Bittencourt. After several intermissions the
construction of the chapel came to an end, in June 71''.
1874, under the direction of Croesy, who had again
undertaken the works in 1873.

The chapel is adorned with G large angels and 76
small statues. Marble is profusely employed there and
the beauties of the golhic style are prevalent. The image
O. L. of ((Piedade», the saint patroness of the chapel,
w^as made by Croesy, as well as the chief altar, orna-
ments, painting and 8 pictures on the dome.

In the chapel are to be seen 326 depositories for bones,
called cavas ('} (9 of 1^'. class, 5 of 2'"'., 312 of 3''i.) and
288 in several galleries There is also a common depos-
itory called snmidouro. 1187 dead bodies were inhum-
ed last year in this cemetery.

Besides the chief manager, to whom belongs the over-
sight, preservation and direction of the cemetery with
all its services, it has the administrator, the chaplain,
the under-administralor, 1 sexton, 1 gardener, 1 mason, 2
grave-diggers, 1 water-conveyer and 2 functionaries hav-
ing charge of canying corpses.

As it is slated in the last report piesentcd by the pro-
visor, the expenditure of the cemetery amounted to
employed in the salaries of the functionaries and work-
16:5?8^174, men, several works, conveyance of corpses,
crosses for the graves and other charges on All Souls' day,
telephone, chapel, a beast of burden, iron tools for the
garden and eventual expenses. The income amounted to
4:444^000, produced by burials in charnels and low
graves, the sale of flowers, burials in mausolea, con-

(*) Stony cavities in the pavement.

382

veyance of dead bodies, prorogation of inhumation lime,
exhiimalion of bones, depositing of bones into cavas Bud
vaults, leaves for inscriptions, stoppage of the charnels
belonging to the fraternity of St. Peter's Holy Sacrament
and the depositing of urns in the galleries. Besides the
previously estimated expen<iilure, 5:112^960 were spent
in the construction of a few more charnels, walls, etc.

2— The cemetery at "Qiiinla dos La:aros^^ was inau-
gurated on the same day wih an hospital at the above
place, in August 27"'. 1787, an(i for the only purpose of
serving as a burying ground for such as would die in
the same hospital; but on the 2"''. of February 1850 the
President of the Province, Dr. Francisco Gon^alves
Martins, ordered it to be considered a public cemetery.
It forms a part of the hospital property and is 400
square meters in area and 2 kilom. from the city.
Several brotherhoods have 35i charnels in it and there
are to be seen 15 private mausolea. Its chapel is con-
secrated to St. Christopher of Lazars. It has the secular
character. 2219 corpses were inhumed there last year.

3-- The cemetery of firo/os was inaugurated in 1876. It
belongs to the state and is l(i3 sq. met. in area. The
Holy Sacrament fraternity of Hrotns constructed there
15 charnels, in addition to wiiich tlicre .'^^rc to be seen
4 private ones. It has no chapel. A charncl is to be had
for 25^^000 and a low grave for 2^000. In 1891 were
buried 84 corpses in this cemetery. It is in a good con-
dition of preservation and cleanliness.

4— The cemetery of Bom Jesus, at Massaranduha, was
inslilnlcd in l.S.').'), belongs to the Tiiird Order of the
lilcsscd Trinity and is 5 kilom. from tlic city. It pos-
sesses 502 charnels and only 1 mausoleum. Its chapel is
consecrated to (). Lady of "Piedadc". A charncl is to be
had for 20. 500(1 and a low grave for 2.5000. It has the re^
ligious cliaracter.

The graves arc '.) 12 spans in length, I in width and

383

9 in depth. 297 dead bodies were buried during tlieyear

1891.

5 — The Foreigners' cemclenj (Bahia Fremdcn Kirchnof),
laciiii^ thai of I'Campo Santo",was foriunlly opened in 1851.
It belonj^s to a pi ivale associalion and is 25 fathoms
in front and 30 in length. It lies at tiic distance of 1150
meters from the city. It lias no charnels or mausolea,
but hiis a chapel designed to divine worship. Nothing
is to be paid for the burial of an associate's corpse; that
of a person that ^vas a resident in Bahia, but not an
associate, will pay 300^030. It is dedicated to no wor-
ship. The graves, lm.6) in extent, are perpetual. In 1891
only G corpses were buried and 430 from the year of
its foundation to the picsent lime.

6— The Hiujlish Cemeterij, situated at Ladeira da Barra
and about 2 kilom. from the city, was inaugurated in
J839 and belongs to the english government. It is GO
fathoms long by 34 wide. It has no charnels, mausolea
or chapel. It is protestant; nolwilhslanding the dead
bodies of persons belonging to any religion are admitted
there, upon condition of their having been english
subjects. There is also to be found a small area for the
corpses of the jews. The prices of the graves, which arc
7 spans deep, are 200^(00, 100^000 and 50^000. In the
whole year 1891 but 4 dead bodies were inhumed in this
cemetery.

Philanthropical and beneficent establishments
and associations

cMlSIClUCOUDIA" IHATKRXnil'S

vMisericordid" fraiernilij of Ihe ccpiUd. -The "Miseri-
cordia» fraternities established in Brazil upon the first
limes of its colonisation had very naturally their origin
in the institution that served for a model to them, cre-
ated in Lisbon by brother Miguel de Contreiras, a friar

384

of the Holy Trinity order and confessor of Queen D.
Leonor, tlie wife ol D. Joao II.

While this princess governed Portugal during the
absence of her brother I). Manuel, who had been called
to Castile by calholic kings Fernando and Isabel, in
order to be recognized an heir to that crown, which,
on the death of prince D. Joao, the first-born of those
kings, belonged to D. Isabel, the wife of D. Manuel,
she sanctioned the project of brother Miguel de Con-
treiras, in August 1498, and such a resolution was con-
firmed by the Royal Patent of March 14"'. 1499.

King D. Manuel granted the new brotherhood, in Sep-
tember 29'''. 1498, its regulations, printed in December
20"'. 1516 and confirmed by the charter of July 4'''. 1564.

The colonisation oi Brazil commencing after a short
lime, the brotherhood got by little and litlle in every
new founded village or town, the most ancient being
that of Santos, instituted in 1543 by Braz Cubas, the
founder of that town.

There is no positive notice about the year when the
fraternity under consideration was instituted in Bahia,
its foundation seeming doubtful during the two first
governments, of Thome de Souza and 1). Duarle da
Costa (1549-57). There is no doubt, on the contrary, the
fraternity existed in the government of Mem de Si'i (1557-
72), for this governor bequeathed the third part of his
fortune, consisting of a sugar factory and several tracts
of land in Sergipe do Conde (village of S. Francisco),
in equal jjorlions to the <'Misericordia» fraternity of Ba-
hia, the poor and orphans of the same town and the
College of the Jesuits; lie additionally staled the prop-
erties should be sold for the execution of the legacy.
The part allotted to the wMisericordia)' fratcniily amount-
ed to 80.000 crusades.

The first edifices raised l>y llic i)hihinlliio|)ical asso-
ciation of wliich wc arc treating weie the chapel and

385

the hospital. (V/de— «Misericordia)) chapel and St. Eli-
zabeth's hospital).

Captain Joao de Mattos Aguiar, who died on the 26'''.
of May 1700, left a large fortune to be employed in pious
deeds. One of these was the institution of a retirement
house for women, which was to be founded by the "Mi-
sericordia)) fraternity. On the 21^'. of July of the same
year the administrative board of the fraternity resolved
the retirement house should be contiguous to the hos-
pital and set about the works, that scarcely came to an
end in 171G.

In accordance with the inslitutor's will and the reg
ulations in vigour, the board of the (Miserico rdia» fra-
ternity took the direction of the establishment, admit-
ting, ruling, employing and dismissing Ih^ recluses, as
jt was thought proper; nor was ever questioned its
right, that it always exercised of itself, without consult-
ing with the council, in accordance with the statutes
granted to the retirement house on the 22"'. of June 1806.

After a great many good services had been done by
the institution, it began, in the first years of the instant
century, to be a victim to grievances, which reached
so high a degree that in 1843 the scrivener, Antonio Joa-
quimAhares do Amaral, said with regard to the retire-
ment house that, «instead of i-ts being a college for
fep-ale scholars, it was rather, on account of the accu-
mulation of so many people, like a detestable bride-
well or an establishment that was not any thing of a
house for religious, moral and civil education.))

The grievances grew so uncommon in few years that
the fraternity thought of sending for sisters of mercy
from France and instrusl tiiem with the regeneration of
the establishment. We must say, however, that the
thought of sending for these sisters dates from 1834.
when it was presented as highly advantageous to im-
prove the service of the hospital by the learned Mar-

386

quis of Abrantes in his "Projeclo de Compromisso para
a Irmandade da Santa Misericordia da Bahia» (A project
of regulations for the ^Misericordia" fraternity of Bahia.)

On llie 11"'. of January 1847 the l^oard proposed to the
council of the fralernily the sending for of four sisters
of mercy; but the french revolution of 1848 troubled
and disappointed such a design. In 1856, as the matter
was again brought into discnssioi-, the b^ard resolved, on
the 31^'. of August, to send for fifieen sisters of mercy
and a lazarite, bolh to attend the sick persons in the
hospital and to take the direction of the retirement
house, as well as that of the foundlings' asylum, which
had been created in 172(). Though the board met with
some difficulties, they were gotten over and seven sis-
ters of mercy arrived at Bahia on the first days of De-
cember; on the 28i'i. they were invested with the admin-
istration of the retirement house and after a few days
with that of the foundlings' asylum.

The regimen established by the sisters of mercy and
grounded on religious practices, instruction, labour and
order, though it was prudently and sagaciously intro-
duced, could not be but unwillingly received by the
recluses, addicted as they were to so many inveterate
\ices. They began therefore to rebel against the new
state of things, at first gently, but afterwards with a
crescent energy, so that the spirit of rebellion stole
more and more into the retirement house, the more
because a few persons not belonging to the eslal)lish-
menl, but having an interest in the former slate of things,
stirred up the peojilc against tiie sisters of mercy.

The board tliouglit at first of imposing some pen-
alties on tiic rechisc^ l)nt tiie sisters of mercy ojiposcd
such a measure; upon whirli it was icsolved to remove
from the cstablisbnienl tlie most rebellious recluses. 'J'he
membeis of the board cliarged witii accompanying then
to tiic c<jnvenls of "Soledade ■ and >MercOs' , in accord-

38;

aiice wiiii the archbishop's authorisation, weic com-
pletely (iisrcs|)ccled aiui scoHed.

Finally, on the 2.S'ii. of February 18J8, the board re-
solved to go to tiie retirement-house and admonish again
the stubborn recluses, attempting to check them. The
recluses, however, says a Report, \vere ready for a
great hostile movement. They intended availing them-
selves for such a purpose of the presence of some per-
sons that were upon the watch and of the people, that
were assembling to hear the Lent sermon. Therefore,
as they had been advised, they broke out in loud cries
and ap[)eared at the windows, bawling and calling for
help and crying out they had been beaten b\- the sisters
of mercy and the members of the board! Twas the
signal agreed upon. The crowd, indignant and unfa-
vourably prepossessed with the sisters of mercy, began
to attack the establishment, stoning it and thus oflering
a very lamentable sight.

The immediate result of such a mutiny was the dis-
missal of the provisor and the resolution taken by the
l)c)ard of sei)araliug from the youngest the rebellious
recluses and all those who, being above 17 years in age,
would be willing to accompany them, the latter being
removed to a new establishment, in the same conditions
as those of the retirement house, the former remaining
in the last-mentioned establishment, under the direction
of the sisters of mercy. Such a transference, however,
was soon found not to be of easy execution and was
tluMcforc adjourned.

The board performing its functions in 1862 63 looked

seriously again into the matter and, with a view to

improve the recluses' condition, deliberated to remove

I he establishment from the place where it stood, hard

by the chapel, and, having bought on the H'''. of February

1863 a house and adjacent ground at Campo da Pol-

vora. to remove to this place the Foundlings' Asvlum
49

388

(Vide Foundings' Asj'lum), resolved to establish therein
the relirenicnt house and in April of the same year re-
moved 48 recluses, from 6 to 16 years old.

The board intended, moreover, to extinguish the re-
tirement house, in consequence of the above-mention-
ed events and therefore admitted into the new asylum
the reclnse.> from G to 16 years old, permilling the others
to gc away to keep company with their relations or
protectors and everyone receiving cither half her dower
(Which was then 60L);5O0;)i and the other half upon her
marriage, with the authorisation of the board, or the
yearly pension of 8^000 and the right to half her dower
upon her marriage.

Thus a great m^ny recluses wore separated from the
retirement house, where the number of girls was grad-
ually diminishing till, after 3 or 4 years, the establisli-
ment was quite uninhabited and dclinitively substituted
for the Foundlings' Asylum.

The general administration of the «Misericordia» fra-
ternity is exercised: 1^'. by the board; 2ndly., by the
council.

The board is composed of the i)rovisor, scrivener,
treasurer, alloiney general ;wid 9 counsellors. The
council is con-posed < f Ihe board and 16 defincrs.

The provisor is the chief of the administrative serv-
ice; the scrivener is its walclier; tiie treasurer, the de-
|)osilary of the money and any other things of value
belonging to tlie fraternity; the attorney general is char-
ged with the inspection, i)rcservalion and liiring of the
houses forming a part of tiie patrimony

In conse(|ueiu-e of the amplitude, diversity and mul-
tiplicity of the achuinisliative service, some other ad-
ministrative directions weie created in time under the
name o[ niordoniids i chief manageries), every one l)eing
committed to a brothei', who is llie cliief manager.

There are eleven chief managers, for the following
service departments:

1^'.— /or llie imprisoned, having charge of the moral
improvement of prisons, etc.;

'2'"^.- for the hospital, having under his direction the
whole service relating to this establishment and divided
into economical, sanitary and religious services, the
first being directed by the chief sister of mercy, the
second by the physicians, whether they live or not in
the hospital, the third by the chaplain;

3'''K—for the asylum 0. L. of « Misericord ia^) (Found-
lings' Asylum); he is intrusted with the inspection ol
the establishment, the economical service of which is
committed to the chief sister of mercy and the relig-
ious one to a priest belonging to the Congregation of
St. Vincent de Paul's Mission, in the character of a
chaplain.

4'ii.— /or the cemelcrij; Ihe direction, inspecUon, etc.
of the «Campo Santo» cemetery ?nd its functionaries,
already mentioned, is committed to this chief manager,
as the representative of the board and provisor;

5"'.— /b/- the chapel; he pei forms the above functions
with regard to the chapel and is assisted by: a chief
chaplain, an under-chaplain, a sexton, an organist and
a bell-ringer;

6"'.— /or wills, having charge of promoting the execu-
tion of the wills whereby a legacy is conferred on the
fraternity, to receive the bequest, etc.;

71I'.— /o/- laa)-suits; it belongs to this chief manager to
oversee the progress of pleas;

8'''. — /b/- the ((S. Jodo de Delist Asylum. This establish
ment is administrated by 3 brethren appointed every year
by the board, one acting as a scrivener (who is the chiel
manager of the asylum), one as a treasurer and another
as an attorney. The economical service is committed to
an administrator; the sanitary one to a physician, as-

OQO

sisted by hospital attendants and servants; the religious
service to a chaplain.

The duties of the attorney general having exltaordi-
narily augmented, they were subdivided and intrusted
to diflerent chief managers, as follows:

9"|.— for house-hiring, charged with the oversight and
administration of all that concerns the hiring and pre-
servation of the numerous buildings of the fraternity;
he is assisted by the receiver;

10"'.— for the works, to whom is committed the repair
of the houses; he is assisted by the master-builder and
a keeper of the store-houses;

11"'.— for contentions; he is assisted by a lawyer and
a solicitor and charged with the receiving of outstand-
ing debts, inheritances, legacies and unliquidated usu
fructuary properties.

The book-keeping and correspondence belong to the
Central station or Inspector's office, intrusted with the
setting down of the income and expenditure of the fra-
ternity, as well as its whole correspondence. It is, for
such a purpose, divided into: the accounts section, char-
ged with book-keeping, and the expedient section, where
the lilies of the functionaries and contracts not depend-
ing upon public record are set down, the correspond-
ence is written, intelligence is given respecting every
matter within the jurisdiction of the section, as well as
any other not belonging to another section.

The central station, the chief r.f which is the Inspec-
tor, has besides Ibis the following functionaries: in the
accounts section 'A scriveners and 3 praclisers; in the
expedient section 2 scriveners, of whom one is the ar-
chivist, and 2 practisers. There are still a porter and a
beadle.

The places of the highest administration arc (illcd iiy
means of an iiniirccl cicclion. On the third sunday of
June Hie clodois and dclincrs arc chosen. On the dav

oqi

after that on which they have been selected, they are
convoked for the election of the board and vote at first,
in a special scrutiny, lor the cliari^o of ;)rovisor; next
for those of scrivener, treasurer and i'ltorncy j^eneral,
and then, also in a special scrutiny, for the charges of
counsellors, who are to serve with the members of the
board.

The members of the board and definers are invested
with their functions on the 2'"'. of July.

The fralernity possessed not longaj^o 240 urban build-
ings, of which 17 were sold, their number being there-
fore reduced to "223. Among those that were sold, six
formed a part of tlie legacy bequeathed by Commander
Elias Baplista da Silva, in the state of Pernambuco.
When the fraternity took possession of these buildings
the} were estimated at 72:000^000, and their sale pro-
duced, the due expenses being deducted, the sum of
69:820^000. It is a great pity the archives of the fraternity
have no notice whatever about the value of the houses,
which was not yet estimated.

The «Misericor(lia» fratcrnily of the loam oj Maragogipe
was founded in 1850. Its patrimony consists of: a tract
of ground three square quarters of a league in extent,
a tiled house, a cemetery enclosed with a wall made of
stone and mortar, with an iron grate on the forepart,
and the sum of l;OOOjH!00, deposited in the «Caixa Eco-
nomical. The hcsi)i[al of the town belongs to this fra-
ternity.

The <s.Misericorduv< fraternitij of the town of Xazarelh
was founded in February 1^'. 1831. It possesses the patri-
mony of 408:282;^821 and the hospital that we have pre-
cedenlly mentioned.

uMisericordia' fralernity of the town of Cachoeira,— An
hospital was founded between the years 1729 and 1734
by Antonio Machado de Nossa Senhora de Belem, who
administrated it up to 1756, when he devolved the admin-

392

istralion 0:1 the friars of the order of «S. Joao de Deus»,
in whicli he professed. These friars consecrated the es>
tabUshnient to «S. Joao de Deus» and appointed brother
Joao de S. Tliomaz Castro its a(?niinistrator. The estab-
lishment was afterwards directed by several adminis-
trators and boards till the year 1826, when was issued
the imperial charier of April 20"'., that elevated the
hospital ((S. Joao dc Deus" to the category of an estab-
lishment belonging to a new «Misericordia» fraternity,
to which were granted Ihe same privileges and prerog-
atives as those that had been conferred on the fraternity
of Lisbon, the regulations of which it should observe.
Short after was canonically installed the first adminis-
trative board, elected by the fraternity itself, the first
provisor being Antonio Lopes Ferreira e Souza.

The administration of the hospital belongs to the
«Misericordia« fraternity, composed of 260 members.

The patrimony of the brotherhood consists of 72 build-
ings [06 low houses and 16 lofty ones), 230 fathoms of
lands held at a quit-rent, several other tracts of ground,
of which some are rented and some unoccupied, and 2
public debt policies, each having the nominal value of
200^000.

Besides the «Miscricordia)) fraternities of which we
have treated there arc some others, to which belong
the already mentioned hospitals, in the following places:
Valcnya, Santo Amaro, Bclmonte, Oliveira de Campi-
nhos, Joa/.eiro, Amargosa, Barra and Feira dc Sant'Anna.

They all receive from the state the yearly subsidy of
3:000^000.

THE PllOVIDKNCli HOL'Si: AND ASSOC.l.VTION OK CHAIUTAIM.I';

LADIKS

The arrival of french sisters of mercy at Bahia in 1853
brouglit a few ladies of this city into the tliought of
creating an association to lend assistance to poor help-
cssl orphan girls.

393

This project bein}^ highlj' commended and favoured
by Amand Lamant, a lazarite, the foundreoses obtained,
through liis intervention, from the superior j^eneral in
Paris the faculty necessary to the creation of the soci-
ety and installed, in July Q'l'. 1854, in the college mN.
S. (ios Anjos", the first board, under the presidence ol
the Countess of Barral, a few ladies being then elected
for the charges of a female president, vice-president and
secretary, a treasuress and three female counsellors, as
well as a superior council, composed of three ladies.
The act was subscribed on this day by 33 ladies. The
statutes of the association were soon approved by the
archbishop and confirmed by the superior of the Mission.

On the session held in July 23i''. 18o4 the ladies de-
liberated to found an establishment for the education of
helpless orphan girls and send for four sisters of mercN'
to take upon themselves the direction of the establish-
ment, that was to be titled «Gasa da Providencia» (Prov-
idence House).

On the 14'!'. of October 1855 was bought for nearly
lOiOJO^OOO (obtained by means of lotteries, gifts etc.) the
house contiguous to the church consecrated to O. L. of
the Rosary, on the square called «Baixa dos Sapateirosw.
In this house, where 8 orphan girls had been previously
admitted and intrusted to the direction of 4 sisters of
mercy, who had come in August from Paris, was sol-
emnly inaugurated the Providence House.

The establishment augmented so much that in No-
vember they thought of sending for two more sisters
ofinercy, the four that were in the Providence House
being not sufficient for the new service of a gratuitous
school for girls not living in the establishment, whose
number amounted to 80 at the close of the year.

According to the report then presented- 251 sick per-
sons were visited in their own houses, 1427 visits were
made bv the sister of mercv charged with such a serv-

^94

ice and the charitable ladies, 24 families were main-
tained by the association, and 278 pieces of clothes were
distributed. The number of ladies belonging to the char-
ilable association amounted to 251.

In a short time the house was quite insufficient for so
rapidly increasing a service, and on the 14'''. of May 1865
the trcasuress announced to have bought of Canon
Francisco Pereira de Souza, for 40:000^0- 0, a house
situate at ('Alvo" street, and to have contracted for the
works necessary in the new house in order to remove
the girls to it,— which was soon carried into elfect. The
whol-j expense for such woi ks amounted to 54:695;^l)48.

In 1879 were bought a piece of ground and 20 small
houses, which were pulled down, a wall was construct-
ed ill order to support the ground and a chapel was
raised, afflcr the golhic style, wiih a chief altar and tw)
lalei-al ones, all of marble, elegant glass-windows with
beautiful coloured paintin[js, a pulpit and confessional
of an elegant style. This chapel was solemnly inaugu-
rated May 2511'. 1886.

Up to the instant year (1893) about 100.000 visits have
been made by the charitable ladies to more than 22.540
poor persons, 15 897 pieces of clothes have been distrib-
uted and more llian 25:OaO;50;)0 have been employed in
alms.

Many people wlio have applied lo the Providence
House have been supplied with remedies, food and
ci(<lhes.

The niiiiibcr of visits made l)y the association to the
poor or by these lo the establisluuent was 289 in 18."i6;
but in the following year it ascended lo 265?9 and in a
few years it has gone beyond :?(i<K).

Xf) less successful w.is the :,s^oeiali<)ii wilii regard lo
the oilier part ol its mission, ihat which i elates to the
maintenance and education of helpless orphan girls,
who have been thus relieved from abandoinnenl and

395

kepi away from llie abyss to which Ihey ran uncon-
sciously aii(i some ones transformed by charily and re-
•^eneratcd by Ihechislian education received in the estab-
lishment, where they actjuire botli tlie habit of lal)our
and the instruction sufficient for their social condition. A
few girls are also admitted upon a small payment for their
nourishment, the sums thus obtained being applied to
the education of the orphans. Female slaves were like-
wise received. Fro.ii the beginning of its foundation the
establishment has admitted external pupils upon freecost.

The following disciplines are taught in the establish-
ment: the Portuguese and fiench languages, sacred, na-
tional and contemporary history, calligraphy, geography,
cosmography, metrical system, arithmetic, the playing
upon the piano, every kind '^f needleworks and other
house hold accomplishments. The orphan girls do not
learn how to play upon the piano. The lessons given to
the external pupils run upon: the portuguesc language,
catechism, sacred and national history, metrical system,
arithmetic and every sort of needleworks. The establish-
ment furnishes the pupils living therein, as well as some
external ones, with paper and any thing else necessary
to their instruction.

The orphan girls are allowed to remain in the estab-
lishment till they are 18 years. Up to the present
time 3 18 have left the establishment and made profit of
their instruction to get honestly their livelihood.

Only 18 orphan girls have died from the foundation
of llie establishment to the present epoch 30) girls now
receive their instruction in the Providence House, of
whom 150 live therein The lessons arc given by 16
Irench and brazilian sisters of mercy.

The income of the establishment is produced by do-
nations, money-entrances, yearly subsidies and gifts
from the ladies forming the charitable association, a
subsidv granted bv the Provincial Asscmblv, legacies,
50

396

the sale of several pieces of work made in the establish-
ment and small sums paid by a few parents for the edu-
cation of their daughters. The sums obtained by means
of i^ifts amount to 25:l(iO;5000. The property is formed
by 38 public debt policies. The work of the orphan girls

has produced from 1857 58 to 1892-93 the sum of

97:49U;S-180. The subsitlies i^rantcd till the present epoch
by the legislative power of the stale to the association
amount to 01:253^446, and the lotteries authorised by
this power and ah'cady drawn for the beneilt of the es-
tablishment have proiiu'-ed the sum of 73:058^578.

From the crfation of the Providence House lo this
time the total expenditure was 1.031:974^310, the sum
not being included that was applied to the purchase of
the building, construction of the chapel and purchase of
a few policies. The legacies received by the association
from 1887 lo 1892 amount to 81:922iS773.

In the hall where the association holds its sessions a
table is to be seen, inscribed, in token of honour, with the
names of 32 gentlemen and 32 ladies of the highest social
rank, who have conferred benefits upon tiie establish-
ment.

The administrative board is now composed of: a fe-
male president and vice-president, a Ircasuress ami vice-
Ircasurcss, a female secretary and vicc-secrelary and
five female counsellors. The superior council is com-
posed of four ladies.

cHAnrrv nousi; and oiu'n.vNs' com.kc.i: of sr. .io.vc.iiim

Tiiis useful institulion was founded in 1799 by .loa-
(piim I'rancisco do Livramento, a native of the slate of
Sania C.atharina, wiio at first received a few or|)hans in
Ihecliapel consecrated loSt. .losepli of Mibamar, whence
they were removed (October 12"'. 1825i to the edifice
where the institution now perfoiins its functions.

397

It is administrated by a board, composed of 13 mem-
bers (who are the provisor, scrivener, treasurer, proctor
and nine counsellors) and renewed every third year bv
means of an election ellecled by the board that is about
to conclude its service lime, such an election being
submitted to the judgement of the governor of the stale.
The direction of the establishment is committed to a
rector, chosen and ai)poinled by the board and under
its direction.

The institution is designed for the protection of help-
less orphan boys, who are admitted to the college,
nourished and clad, given the primary instruction and
treated in their diseases. Lessons in latin are given by
the rector ai.d in french by the teacher of primary in-
struction, as well as lessons in nmsic. There are also
tailor and shoemaker workhouses, wiiere the boys work
for themselves.

The orphans are lo remain in the college till they are
between 16 and 18 years in age, when they are allowed
to leave the establishment, wiiether reclaimed by their
relations, or at a proprietor's request, to be employed
in private establishments.

The propel ty of the college consists of urban build-
ings, estimated at 288:889;;g492, public debt and state pol-
icies of the total value of 84:400^0(10 and the sum ot
4:600^000 in shares of the branch ofhce of the «Banco
do Brazil.) in this state,-377:cS'89^492 in all.

Thougli the number of orphans is variable, in pro-
portion as they are admitted into the establishment or
leave it, yet the college is not allowed to receive more
than 106 orphans. The school was fre {uenfed in 1891
by 114 boys, of whom 19 left the establishment.

orphans' college of the blessed heart of JESUS

The good example and excellent results obtained by
the Orphans' College of St. Joachim encouraged an-

398

oilier philanlhropist, priest Francisco Gomes de Souza,
to found a congenerous c slablishment for helpless girls,
which was carried into clfect on Ihe 2"'. of February 1827,
when, assisted by Maria Luiza das Merces, a tawny-
complexioned woman, the priest began to receive or-
phan girls in his own house, on aS. Jose» street. In 18-17,
when he died, 37 orphan girls had been admitted into the
new establishment. Upon this lime the orphan's judge,
Dr. Francisco Liberalo de Mattos, was charged by the
president of the province. Counsellor Antonio Ignacio
de Azevedo, wiili the direction of the college, to which
the Provincial Assembly gianted Ihe yearly subsidy of
3:f00i^000 and the exemption from all taxes relating to
houses, inheritances and legacies.

The above-mentioned judge then appointed Manuel
Belens de Lima director of the eslabiishment and after-
wards, as the law no. 376 of November 17'''. 1849 au-
thorized the college, its first administrative board was
appointed by the Viscount of S. Lourenc^-o, on the 19'''.
of February of the subsequent year, and invested with
its functions on the 19"'. of March. This board organized
the statutes still in vigour.

The sum of 20:000^000 l)c(piealhcd to the college by
Mr. Meuron, now dead and the founder of the siiulf-
faclory "Areia Prcta», was applied to the purchase of
the house, at "(iova da ()ii(,'a», where the college is now
established. (')'} orphan girls were removed to Ibis house
in June 21-i. l^r)7.

On the 19"'. ot March I<S91 was inauguiated the new
chapel, raised, after the golh'c style, on a plot granted by
the government in l.SSO and lying lo the north, between
the college and the house where is established the Nor-
mal School l()i- gii Is.

The administrative board of Ihe college, having a
mind to aciiiiiic the laslnienlioned house, conliguous to
the chapel, bought a building that belonged lo Dr. Jc-

399

suino Jose Gomes, on « Caquende » street, and intends
obtaining from government lo change it for the wishcd-
for h^use.

The college is directed by a sister of mercy. Its prop-
erty amounts to 185:577^923. The number of giils
now lodged in the establishment is 120. From 1890 to
1892 twenty orphan giils were admitted into the college
and as many left it; nine of the latter contracted with
several families for their services as instructresses, two
for household services and nine were reclaimed by their
mothers and relations.

Among such as have been provisors of the establish-
ment we will cite the Viscount of Fiaes, Dr. Alvaro
Tiberio de Moncorvo e Lima and Dr. Americo de Sou-
za Gomes.

We had the above informations from the report pre-
sented to the administrative board by the scrivener,
Dr. Eloy Jose Jorge

ST. VINCENT DE PAUl's SOCIETY

This society, founded in Paris, in May 1833, under
the name of Charily Conference, by seven law and med-
ical students, in a house situate on a quarter of the
city specially inhabited by students, soon got into the
whole France and other countries and now consists of
several thousands of conferences and partial, central
and higher councils, with a general council in Paris.

The first conference in Bahia was consecrated to St.
Joseph and held on the 27iii. of August 1876, under the
presidence of I). Anlonio de Macedo Cosla, who was then
the bishop of Para.

The society is designed for the religious improvement
of its members and protection of the poor, whose families
are visited at least once a week, and for the practice of
every deed of charity.

The society has no capital at all, but the sums

400

bestowed upon it in 1890, for example, amounted to
10.350.347 franks or 5.175:193^500. Such sums are always
increasing every year and they will go in the instant
year, as it is to be expected, far l)eyond 6. 0( '0:000^000.
They are obtained by means of contributions received
in a se:ret purse upon the weekly conferences.

The income in this stale was 7:458;S0OO in 1890. when
there were but seven conferences in the capital, one at
Feira de Sant'Anna and one partial council; the income
in the present year is estimated to go beyond 12:000.^000,
for there are fifteen conferences in the capital, seven at
the towns of Maragogipe, Santo Amaro, Alagoinhas and
Feira and two partial councils; nioreover, a central
council, the jurisdiction of which will comprise the
whole archbishopric, is about to Le instituted, as well
as several conferences and partial councils

The society is composed of many thousands of mem-
bers throughout the world. In this stale there are 422
effective members, 60 honourary ones (priests) and 400
subscribers. The 422 cITective members are to visit,
once a week in the least, 25'J poor families, compose .1
of one thousand and odd persons.

COLLEGt: OF O. L. OF S.\LLETE

This college, founded in Fel)ruary 18(51, is designed
for philanlhropionl purposes, such as Ihc education of
orphan and poor girls. It has no i)roperly, but receives
from the government the yearly subsidy of 5:000^000; it
also receives a sum l)ctwcen 3:00()^()()0 and 4:(K'0^()00,
produced l)y tlic pensions paid by cighlccn boarding
pupils, needleworks and several gifls.

In 1892 Ihe college was rrc(|ucnlcd by On boarding
girls and 7J external ones.

iu:xi;i-I(:i:nt sociictiics

1) Associdlion for the Prolcclioii oj Helpless Children.—
This association was founded Januarv .'J"'. 1882, with

401

a view to furnish helpless children of either sex with
the means to go to school (for which purpose the3' are
given simple and decent clothes) and to found cliildrens
gardens or asylum halls. The last-menlioned purpose was
not yet fulfilled. 220 children have hcon furnished every
six months with the clothes necessary to their going to
school. The association is composed of 200 members. Us
properly amounts to 14:903^030 and it receives from
the state government the yearly subsidy of 2:000/2000.

2) Academical Beneficent Societij. — It was founded
September lo'i'. 1872 by a few students of the iMedicyl
Faculty, to assist poor students in the payment of
iheir matriculation fees, purchase of books, printing
of theses, as well as to grant a pension to such
as will need and beg assistance from the society. It has
the property of 7:101^000, deposited in several banks.
It is composed of 30 effective members, 24 correspondent
ar.d 5 meritorious ones

3) Clerks Beneficent Society —ll was inaugurated on the
lO'*". of April 1885, with 88 members, in Ihe chief saloon of
the Clerks' Club. It fulfils its ends in two different ways:
h'., by endeavouring to obtain an employment for such
members as will be in need of it and defending their
rights whenever they are unjustly accused; 2ndly, by
granting a i)ension to such as will be sick, unemployed
or disabled, and supplying with the necessary resources
those who will wish to leave the city for an employ-
ment or a relief to their diseases; and, finally, by taking
upon itself the funeral of them who have left no re-
sources for iheir burial.

In the last balance sheet the capital of the society
amounted to 28:r)88^7()2, in public debt policies and
money deposited in several banks. At the present time
Ibis useful society is but composed of 31 members.

4) Socielij ^t Purse o/C/ian7[/».— Inaugurated in May 8"'.
1872 by national workmen of the Arsenal of War, this so-

402

ciely was founded lo assist its members, in case of dis-
ease or indigence, wiih Ihe sum of 10^000 and, in case
of dealli, with thai of 100^000. Its capital consists of
23:ol8il31. in public debt policies r.nd money deposited
in several banks, and a house eslimaled at 4:518^134. It
receives Irom the state government the subsidy of
1:000*S()UO per annum. It is composed of 352 actual, 2
racrilorious and 5 honourary members, as well as 21
adjuncts.

5t Typographical Associalion of Buhia.— Thin society
was installed in this capital on the 16'''. of April 1871.

It is designed: 1^'., to assist its sick members with
money, treatment and remedies; 2ndly., to undertake
the funeral of the dead members and grant their fam-
ilies a pension. Its capital amounts to 2():!4r)^261. It is
composed at the present time ot 56 actual, 2 meritorious
and 12 honourary members and pensions 11 widows. It
receives from the slate the yearly subsidy o( 1:500^000.

6 1 lioijal PorliKjucsc Benevolent Socichj ^dhe 16^^K of
September' —This society was founded in August 14"'.
1859, for llie treatment of its sick members, the distri-
bution of pensions to such as grow necessitous or to
their families and the protection of all that will need it.

()1 widows and 15 members of the society arc now
succoured t^y it; the sum of 0:1205000 a year is s[)enl in
such a service, and that of 25:000i010 in the hospital,
extraordinary aids in money, passages, funeral rilis and
burials.

The capilal amounts lo 117.568ii7()3, namely:

11)0: 117^086, the value of the building where the hospital
is established; 16:9116717, in furniture and implements;
2IO;5()()^510, laid out on interest.

The society is composed ol '.).'{5 members, of whom
262 are to pay a conlribulion (vciy monlli ;ind ()7.{ lune
redeemed Ihcmselves from such a duly

7) Medico-Pliarmaceulical Society of Mutual Beneficence.

4o3

— Soni3 physicians lint used to call logelher every fif-
Iccn (iays in order to converse about several matters
rclatini; to their profession conceived in the year 186 5
Ihc Ihoimht of foundin;^ this society. The realization of
such a dcsijfn hcini; adjourned in consequence of the
death of two promoters of the institution, Dr. Jose dc
Cioes Sitjueira pleaded earnestly in its favour and in two
excellent articles, published in the Gazcta Medica da
Unhid in December 1866 and January 1867, engaj^ed the
attention of physicians to the matter.

The endeavours and perseverance of Dr. Jose de Goes
resulted in the foundation of the "society on the 8'''. of De-
cember 1(%7, its solemn inauiijiiration having taken place
on the 13"'. of December 18G8, before 42 members, con-
sidered the founders of the society, the president of
the province and a large number of important persons.
Its first president was Counsellor Vicente Ferreira de
Magalhaes.

Here is the purpose of the society, as it was stated by
Dr. Jose de Goes in his speech upon its inauguration:
« to join by charity and duty the medical and
pharmaceutical classes, to call them to a common
centre, to promote, discuss and regulate the interest,
rights and prerogatives belonging to them and required
by their decorum and dignity, contributing in this wise
to their regeneration).

The capital of the society, consisting of public debt
policies, amounted, according to the last bal nee sheet,
lo 31): 692^000, two third parts of the income having been
employed in ordinary and extraordinary pensions. Elev-
en i)ensions are paid a month and they amounted last
year to 2;160M^OO. The society is composed of 92 mem-
bers, of whom 19 are to pay every month their contribu-
tions and 43 have redeemed themselves from such a
payment. It is in a very prosperous condition, so as to

be able to iullil its purpose.
51

404

8) Beneficent Socielij of IloUcrs.-ll was founded in
August 91''. 1891, l)olh to exercise fralcrnal Ijcncficence,
by lending a^sislarce lo its nicniljers in case Ihcy grow
sick or necessitous, and to contribute to Ibeir obse-
quies. A (iircclory elected every year, presides over it.

9t Charilable Society of Ladies. — Eslshlhhcd on llie lO'i'.
cf June 1888, for tbe purpose of succouring its members
in case of sickness, deatb or any olber critical circum-
stance. 140 ladies form a pert of the society, tbe capital
ot wbicb an.ounls lo 1:273^850.

10) Artificers' Mount.— The object of tbis society is lo
benefit its members and Ibeir families. The members are
132 in number. Tbe property consists of a building,
estimated at 8:000;0fl0, a few cbarnels in Ibc cemetery
of «Quinla dos Lazaroso and ll:500;i000 in money. It
receives from tbe slate tbe yearly subsidy of 1:000;JOOO.

11) Beneficent Association of Public Functionaries.— Thin
society was founded January O'l'. 1887, in order: 1'.,
to lend assistance to such luembers as, from an accident,
disease or old age, become unable lo exercise their em-
ployment and, in case they be dead, lo succour their
families, both by contributing the sum of 200^^000 for
Iheir chiefs' burial and granting them a pension; 2ndly.,
to defend the interest and lights of the whole class and
expostulate with public jinwer on any abusive act.

lis capital consists of 9:000 j'iMIO in policies and

9:387 .•^3r)() in money, depojited in a bank. The stale p:Jys
it Ibe sum of 1:000^000 a year.

I'Ji Benrficent Societi/ <M<)iint of the Municipal Function-
aries in the capital oj Bahia". — This society, founded in
May 1890, is designed to assist the b.milies of ils dead
members, by granting them the sum of 200^000 for their
chiefs' burial and a pension, as soon as the capital, which
is now 3:0004000, amounts to 10:0004000.

13i Beneficent Societii of tlic Federal Treasunj Func-
tionaries It was created in l.S.SI, for the only purpose

40^

of contributing the sum of 300i^000 for the burial of their
members. Its capital amounts to G:718il83. It is compos-
ed of 28 members and receives from the stale the yearly
subsidy of liOOO^SOOO.

14) Beneficent Ilalian Sociely. — The object of this so-
ciety, founded ^January 25"'. 1863, is to tyrant a pen-
sion to poor sick Italians. It has the capital of 3:017^3104
and is composed of 56 members.

15) Machinisls' Cliib.— U was founded in October 11"'.
1889 and is designed for the protection and benefit of
its members and their families and the celebration oi
their funerals. It has the capital ol 5251384. Its members
are 100 in number: 90 actual and 10 honourary ones.

16) General Monnl of Bahia.— This society was instal-
led in this capital on the 22"'. of November 1857 under
the title oi Monte-Pio dos Caixeiros Nacionaes {i^Moniit»
of Nalional ClerJ<s); in 1870 its by-law was reform-
ed, so as to admit any persons, what class soever they
might belong to, upon which the society received the
name of Monte-Pio Geral da Bahia {General i~Mounh
of Bahia). It i> composed of 63 members has the
capital of 90:000^000, in federal public debt policies, and
pensions the families of its dead members.

17) Mount o/ 7?a/j/a.— Founded in October 8"'. 1851, in
order to supply its members with a subsidy, this so-
ciely receives from theslate the sum of l:OCOsSO0O a year.

18) Artists' Philanthropic Society.— U receives from the
state the yearly subsidy of 1:000»S0C0.

19) Artists' Monnt.— The state supplies this society
which the yearly subsidy of 1:000^000.

20) Sociely Jor the Protection of the Helpless —U recei-
ves from the state the subsidy of l:000;^U00 every year.

21) The First oj May Society.

22) Sociely for the Mutual Assistance of the State Func-
tionaries.— The yearly subsidy of 1:000.^000 is granted by
the stale to this society.

4o6

23) uDeutscher Hiilfs Feremj».— The object of this so-
ciety, founded in August 28"'. 1868, is to lend assistance
to poor germans in the slate of Bahia. It has the cap-
ital of 11:900^000 and is composed of 59 members.

24) «Soc/e/t' Frangaise de Bienfaisance^K — Founded
Februarj' 9"". 1868, in order to lend assistance to neces-
sitous french persons. The capital amounts to 4:700jSOOO
and the members are 30 in numl)cr.

25) vSocicdad Beneficenle Espanola<K— The object of
this society, founded on llie 1^'. of January 1885, is to lend
assistance to ils members. It lias the patrimony of
11:000^000 and is composed of 249 members.

Tlicre are some otlier lienevolent associations, about
whicli we had no information, as well as the followiuif
masonic societies, the object of which is no oilier than
to plead foi- the happiness of mankind and promote its
moral and intellectual progress by wnys consistent with
honour and dignity:

1) Gr.-. Lod.\ of the State of Bahia,

2) KadoscK Coiinc. in the city oj Bahia,

3) Aug.-. Cap •. Lod.-. Union and Secret,

4) Aug.-. Cap.-. Lad.-. Udo Schleusner,

5) Aug •. Cap.-. Lod.-. A Shelter to Manlcind,

6) Aug.-. Cap.-. Lod.-. Giddily and Beneficence,

7) Aug -. Cap.-. Lod.-. Unirersal Charity,

8) Aug.-. Cap.-. Lod.-. Force and Union, the '.">'.,

9) Duke of Clarence.

Besides these lodges, csfablishcd in the capital, there
arc also the following:

1) Aug.-. Cap.-. Lod.-. Universal Charity, at the town
of C.achocira,

2) Aug.-. Cap . Lad.-. Charily and Secret of Fcira de
Sant'Anna, at the town so called,

3) Aug.-. Cap. . Lod.'. Light and Cliarily, at Canna-

407

Ssientifical, literary, artistical and amusing
societies

Medical Socielij of Bahia.~\i w.;s founded Apiil 13"'.
and inaugurated May 3"'. 1888 and is designed for llic
study of all that concerns medical sciences and can con-
tribute lo their j)rogress. It is composed of 50 efTeclivc
members and G correspondent ones. It has no capital
and is maintained by the monthly contribution of 1^000
from each ellcclive member.

The society has not yet a library, which, however,
it intends founding with the books and reviews grant-
ed by its members. The wri'ings are published in the
Gaze la Medica da Bahia.

To the great endeavours of this society wc are indebt-
ed for the assembling in this capital of the Third Bra-
zilian Congress of Medicine and Surgery, which held
its daily sessions from the 15"'. to the 25"'. of October
1890.

Porliiguese Reading Catniiel. — U was founded March
2i"i. 1863, for the purpose of promoting the instruction
of the members of the society to which it belongs
and whose number was 562 on the 31^'. of March 1892,
(the end of the social year). Its property consists of a
library, estimated at UA()4^21G, the sum of 4:766^463
in moveables and that of 6:150^000 deposited in banks.
The library is provided with 4 000 works in 6.000 vol-
umes.

It is established in a good vast building, on «Palaciofl
street.

Lileranj Cenlre.— The object of this useful association
is to propagate inslrutlion and the taste for literature
by me.^ns of a library. It was founded in May 20"'. 1860
and is composed of 248 members, divided in four clas-
ses, naaely: 255 efTeclive members, 13 quite redeemed
from any pecuniary contribution, 12 meritorious and 4
honourary ones. It possesses 3.450 works in 5.748 vol-

4o8

umes, and several newspapers and reviews. It has the
capital of 1:000^030, besides the books, book- cases, furni-
ture and other objects, estimated at 25:000^000.

Musical Society Union of IJallcrs, founded February
o"". 1885 and composed of 125 members, 59 being eflective
and 66 dilettanti. Its stock amounts to 3:970^000. The
object of the society is to propagate and improve mu-
sical teaching among its members.

Musical Society Recreation of Bomfim.— This society,
installed in May lO'i'. 1881 for the cultivation of music,
is composed of 45 elTective members. It has no capital
at all.

Musical Society Carlos Gomes - It was founded on the
l^t. of September 1887, at the suburb of Itapagipe, be-
longing to the parish of 0. L. of oPenha-), in order to
leach and cultivate music, for which purpose it has,
like the other musical societies, an able teacher, the
members of the jociely, whose number amounts to 125,
being formed into a philharmonic band. The property of
the society is represented by pieces of furniture and
musical instruments, estimated at 3;000i000.

Clerks Club —The object of this society, founded in
May 21^'. 1870, is to instruct and amuse its members,
whose number amounts to 345. It possesses the capital
of 10:000;5000, as well as a library with 655 volumes,
and is eslabli.shed on «Pedro Luiz» street, which ranks
among the most beautiful streets in the capital.

Tlie Buliia British Club was inaugurated in 1874 for
the purpose of offering the cnglish living in Bahia an
appointed place, where they might easily uicel, in order
to read foreign i-.cwsi apers, and founding a lii)rary. It is
maintained l)y way of a subsci iijlion aniong lis ineml)crs,
wlio conlribulc a sum calculated in sucli a manner as
only to make up the expenses, wlierefore there is no re-
serve fund. Tlic ciul) is now composed ol' 60 mcndjcrs,
the governor of liie slate and the consuls of llngland and

409

the Unilcd Slates of North America beinj^ honourary
members. A library is to be seen in Ihc club Iioiise, pro-
vided with 2 (lOO volumes, most of Ihem beinj^ romances
or bio-^raphies and travels. Kxcepling but a few, these
books are wrillen in cnglish.

Besides the societies r f which we have just trealed
we will mention the IVdlowlng, about which it was not
possible for us to come by any information whatever:

Apollo's Lijre (musical society), Eiilerpe, 'musical and
amusing soc), Luso Giiararij unusical and amusing soc.)
German Club {?musinff soc), Athenian Club iliterary snc.),
Lileranj and Scientific Centre (lilci-ary soc.i, IJlcntnj
Parthenon iliterary soc ), International Fehciiuj CAub
(amusing soc.) and many others that it would be toil-
some to enumerate.

The press

The first newspaper printed in Bahia was published
upon the lime of the 53"'. governor (1810 18), D. Mar-
cos de Noronha e Brilto, the S"'. Count of Arcos.

This learned nobleman not only, during his highly
progressional government, forwarded public instruction
in the country and, by favouring the meritorious pro
posal of three very worthy gentlemen, Pedro Gomes
Ferrao, Alexandre Gomes Fcrrao and priest Francisco
Agoslinho Gomes, created our public librai y, but estab-
lished the first printing office, where was published the
newspaper Made de Ouro.

The publication of this newspaper was authoii/cd by
the Royal Charier of January 5'''. 1811. lis fir-st writer
was priest Ignacio Jose de Macedo and the printing
oHice was located in an apartment belonging to the
entail of cSanla Barbara)).

The liberty of the press being thus instituted, sev-
eral newspapers were successively published, among
which we will specially mention the Semanario Critico

410

and the Conslilncidiwl, that did a good deal of excellent
services to tlic holy cause of our independence.

As il was to he expected, was always increasing the
numhcr of newspapers, not only treating of patriotical
suljjects, but of commercial and even humorous, scien-
tillc and lileiary ones.

It W' uld be toilsome to enumerate all the newspa-
pers that have been sent forth in this stale. The follow-
ing are published at the present time:

uDiario da Bahia K—ll was founded in 1856 by the firm
Manuel Jesuino Ferreira & Co., that in 1858 devolved
the properl)' of the newspaper to Dr. Jcsc Joaquim Lan-
dulpho da Rocha Medrado, who, in his turn, transfer-
rv'd it in 1860 to Dr. Demeliio Cyriaco Tourinho, till on
Ihe 2'!''. of August 1868 it was devolved on an anony-
mous socleiy Up to the extinction of the "liberal')
parly the Diurio da Bahia was ils organ.

The printing office is well provided with new print-
ing stock, presses and types, for the j)rinting of books
and visiting cards. A perfect book-binding workliouse,
with every modern machinery, is annexed to the [)rinl-
ing office.

The dail)' edition of the newspaper, whicli among
those that are published evtiy day is the most ancient
in the state, is al)ove 4.000 copies. Alau/ct's and Liber
ly's printing ; resses are seen U) work in the piinting
office, which imports jiaper from Fiance and Ciermany
and kee[)S ().'5 woikmen in service, besides the finiction-
aries ciiaiged will. Ihe adminislralion of the eslab-
Isiimenl, the pt oof-sheets revision an(i the redaction of
llic newspaper

'ilic Didiio (III lldliin has the pdniical eliaracter, is IJ-.e
organ of llie d'eilei .ilist re|)ul)lican > party and is now
in'rusled with pnblidiing the expcd-ent of every public
office, the jiKiiciary courts l)eing included, and the ex-

4«i

pcdicnt and debates of the hvo houses of the stale par-
lianiciil.

I'/is/af/o f/a Z?a/u'n)>.— This newspaper bch)nj^s to a po-
litical association. It is t'le orj^an of the « national »
party. Its purpose is to plead for the federative parlia-
mentary republic.

It was founded during the monarchical jjovernment
under the lille of Jornal da Bahia, published for the
(irst lime in May QH'. 1853, and was the organ of the «con-
scrvativci) party. On the !•*'. of January 1879, upon the
political change, it received I he name of Gazela da Ba-
hia, which was later changed, in August 1890, after the
fall of the monarchy, for the actual title of Eslado da
Bahia.

The daily edition of the newspaper amounts to 1.000
copies. The workmen employed in the printing office
are between ^.l and 30 in number.

"Jornal de No ticias».— The daily edition of this even-
ing newspaper, of a vast circulation throughout the
slate, amounts to G.OOO copies.

It was founded in 1878 by a private association and
thoroughly reformed, Nove.nber 2'"'. 1886, by the firm
Carlos de Moraes & Carvalho, its director being phar
maceutist Lellis Piedade.

It is quite neutral in point of politics and, besides a
great deal of minute news, a literary part, humorous
sections un passing events and correspondence from sev-
eral places of the republic and foreign countries, it holds
a s|)ecial telegraphic service from every place of Brazil
and foreign countries, a minute commercial section,
rates of exchange, shipping, exchange quotations, etc.

The piinling and redaction offices are located on
the first story of the house no. 16, «Princezas)) street.
The newspaper is printed by means of a Marinoni's
press, set in motion by carbonic gas. 26 workmen, the
administrator, machinist and under-raachinist being

412

included in this number, are employed in the printinjf
office. It was rewarded with a special medal upon the
Universal Exhibition of Paris in 1889.

i^Diario de Noticias'). — This newspaper was sent forth
for the first time on the 1*'. of March 1875 and was the
first noticin<f and quite neutral newspapers published in
Brazil and the first that instituted a daily telegraphic
service, from every part of the civilized world, as well
as subscriptions for the benefit of the poor, of which
two at 'east are efiectcd every year, the one upon
Christmas, the other upon Kasier-time. These subscrip-
tions have produce 1 up to the present time the sum of
about 80:000^003.

The Diario de Nolicias was founded by Manuel da
Silva Lopes Cardoso, assisted by Eduardo DeVccchi,
who, on the founder's death, became its proprietor and
chief writer.

The daily edition of this newspaper, which pleads for
the interest and rights of every social class and has a
great circulation, amounts to a large number of copies.
24 workmen are kept in service in the printi g office, be-
sides the functionaries intrusted with its t.dministialion
and the revision and redaction of the newspaper.

^'Correio de Nolicioso.- The publication of this news-
paper began on the 28"'. of April 1892. It belongs to
Arthur, Mendes i.*t Co. Its daily edition amounts to 4.O0O
copies, which have a vast circulation

"I.ciintas licligiosas" . — Voundcd in April 1889 and be-
longing to private gentlemen. It is published but once a
week, its edition consisting of 4. 000 copies.

I'Moiiilor Calliolico<. — H. was published for the first
time on the 19'''. of June 1887 and belongs to an asso-
ciation. It" hebdomadal edition amounts to 1.000 copies.

"Gazcta Mcdicd da Iiahi(i».—'VW\s aucienland esteem-
ed scicntifical news])aper was founded in .Iidy 18()() by
an association of i)hysicl:ins and now-a-days belongs to

4i3

Dr. Antonio Pacifico Pcrcira, who is the director and
cliief writer. The manager-writer is Dr. Braz Hermene-
gildo do Amaral. The newspaper is edited once a month,
in pamphlets consisting oi 60-64 pages, the edition of
which amounts to 500 copies.

uRevista do Ensino P/-m?nr/o».— This newspaper, found-
ed on the 1^'. of November 1892, belongs to an association
of primary instruction teachers. Its monthly edition con-
sists of 500 copies. The following is the purpose it is
designed for: to plead for the enlargement of instruc-
tion and civic education of children in accordance with
the fundamental federative principles; to give a national
character to pedagofiical science; to labour for the ele-
vation of the body of teachers, by conquering for them
the necessary prerogatives and autonomy.

vRevisla Commercial>K— Founded in 1892.

«0 Mona/-c/i/s/a».— Founded in 1892.

nEcho da Mocidaden .—T\\\s newspaper, edited every
fifteen days, is the organ of the society Gremio Litlera-
rio e Scientifico (Literary and Scientifical Centre). It was
published for the first time on the 30"'. of July 1893.

«A Verdaden.—ll is the organ of the baptist church
and is edited once a month.

Besides the newspapers that we have mentioned, many
others, which it would be toilsome to enumerate, are
published at intervals in the capital. Some are edited in
the towns of the state, of which many have more than
one newspaper. In short, the number of newspapers,
both political and neutral, is always increasing in the
state.

Evening newspapers are sold in the streets by chil-
dren, who use to proclaim with a loud voice the title
of the newspaper and its principal news. Those having
a political character are generally distributed in the
morning to their subscribers and sold on the streets
to a very little extent. Both the newspapers edited in

414

the capital and those coming from other places arc set
to sale in the principal confectionaries and kiosks, in
the platforms of the Hydraulic Lift and Inclirud Plane.

We will additionally mention the following news-
papers:

«0 Giiaranij", a republican, noticing, literary and
commercial newspaper, founded in 1875. It is sent forth
at the town of Cachoeira on Wednesdays, fridays and
Sundays.

«A Ordenin, at the same town, founded in 1869 and
published on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

(iO Popnlar^\ founded in 1868 at the town of Santo
Araaro and edited on tuesdays and fridays.

((0 Commercial'^ founded in 1888 at the same town.

«A Alvoracia>\ at the town of AraUihype. It was pub-
lished for the lirst time on the 18'!'. of August 1887.

«0 Paroguassi'i'f, at the town of S. F'clix.

«A Palricif, the organ of the wfeJeralist" party of S.
Felix do Paraguassi'i and founded in 1891.

aGazeta de Valengan, a literary, noticing and com-
mercial periodical, appearing once a week and founded
in 1888.

Topography

Tin-: CAPITAL, TOWN'S AND N'lLLAC.ES OK Tllli STATK

Tlie cnpilal— The city of Salvador, commanding All
Saints Hay, the capital of the Stale of Brazil till the year
1703 and, uj) to the present lime, the see of the pri-
malial archbisliopric in Brazil, lies at 12° 53' 27." S.
and 4." 37.' 30, 40" E. R. on the meridian of Rio de Ja
nciro and is situate by the eastern side of All Saints
Bay, on the western shore of a hir^h and somewhat
recurvous point of land, extending from N. to S. and
presenting a majestically beniilil'ul aspect.

The city is irregularly built nnd divided in I wo
veiy dillerent parts: tlic lower and the up|)cr ones.

4i5

The former, also called Praia (sca-sliore), for its lying
hard by the sea, consists nearly of a single street, more
than one league in length and with which run j)arallcl,
in the business centre, some other streets, between 250
and 300 steps in length and intersected by several lanes
leading from the b^se of the mountain to the wiiarf.
This portion of the cily comprises the parishes of «N. vS.
da Concei^ao da Praia», «Pilar», wMares» and «Penha».

The two first-mentioned parishes form the principal
commercial centre, overabounding with shops, com-
mercial offices, warehouses, etc. There are also to be
seen the Custom-house and Dock-yard, the elegant
edifice of the Commercial Board, the principal banks,
the Harbour-master's office, the Post-office, etc.

The following churches are to be noticed: the mother
church consecrated to 0. L. of Conception, on a small
square, and spacious, made of freestone imported from
Europe and provided with two towers and a carillon,
rich golden and silver arrays and utensils for divine wor-
ship; the wCorpo Santo» chapel, an ancient mother chuch;
the equally ancient chapel consecrated to St. Barbara,
beside which stands the house where was established
the first printing office in Bahia and published the first
newspaper, the Made dc Oiiro; the parish church of
Pilar, spacious, gilt, paved with european freestone,
provided with rich implements and standing hard by the
mountain, from which it is sheltered by strongh' built
walls; the old chapel of the hospice of O. L. of Carmo,
near the just-menlioncd parish church, on the side of
the sea, now fallen to ruin and shut up; farther on, the
elegant chapel, burnt down not long ago, belonging to
the Third Order of the Blessed Trinity and standing on
an upland, and finally, also on an elevate ground, the
small chapel consecrated to St. Francis of Paola.

To the parish of «Mares)' belong the sightly chapel,
pious house and college of St. Joachim's orphans, the

4i6

parish church of uMares» and the chapel of «Boa-Via-
geni», to which is annexed a hospice of franciscans.

On tlie necliland of Monserrat a cliapel comes into
view, hard by a liospice belonging to the benediclines;
it is situate in a cliarming site, but is falling into ruin
At a short distance, in a verj' pleasant site, stands on
an upland the spacious, beautiful and rich chapel oi
Bomfim, much frequented bv pilgiims and whence the
whole city and its environs can be perceived. In this
chapel, adorned with a great deal of gilt and half relief
pieces of work, are to be seen seven altars, many rich
gold and silver implements and an enormous quantity of
figures representing the miracles wrought by the saint
patron of the chapel. It is also embellished with several
oil paintings, by Theophilo de Jesus, a countryman of
ours. Pilgrims use to resort in crowds to the chapel
every friday and the sums bestowed by them amount to
many millions a year. Magnificent and popular festivals,
attended by a great many persons, are held there in
January. A great deal of houses stand beside the chapel
for the lodging of pilgrims.

The chapels consecrated to St. John, O. L. of the
Rosary and Conception, at Ribeira, are to be addition-
nally mentioned in the peninsula of Itapagipe. Tlie
latter is renowned for its containing the grave of I). Mar-
cos Teixeira, a bishop. At the extremity of the peninsula
rises the mother church consecrated to O. L. of «Pe-
nha», beside the archiepiscopal palace, built by D. Jose
Botelho dc Maltos.

By considering again the commercial centre, our atten-
tion is engaged by the Exchange, a spletulid building,
raised during the government of the Count of Arcos at
the expense of merchants and situate on a square planted
with taiuaritul trees; it is divided into spacious rooms,
adorned with the portiaits of its founder and benefac-
tors. Ik'liiiul this l)uil(ling, on another gardened scpiare

417

hard by the sea-shore line, rises the monument to the
campaign of Paraguay, topped with the angel of Victory.

The following edifices are also to be seen in this por-
tion of the lower town: the small St. John's market-
house, built by the municipal council in 1819; another
market house on the place called «Caes Douradoi (par-
ish of Pilar), raised by a company; the office and bridge
of the «Com[)anhia Bahiana de Navega^ao a Vapor»
(liahia Steamship Company); the ancient cavalry quar-
ters; the Arsenal of War, beside St. Joachim's College,
and at a short distance the Gasometer; on the place called
Jequitaia the station of the Bahia and S Francisco
Railway, simple but elegant and spacious, made oi pa-
pier machc and whence start the wagons for Alagoinhas,
Timbo, the river S. Francisco and, within a short time,
Sergipe; not far from this station and on its right side
stands the Penitentiary.

The large and elegant Beggars' Asylum comes into view
on «B6a-Viagem« street. From this point forward a
great deal of factories have been established of lale,
such as those for the manufacture of brass nails, cigars
and cigarettes, candles, chocolale and some others,
among which we must specially mention that which
belongs to the company «Emporio Industrial;), almost
completed, and that of Fiaes, both designed for the
manufacture of cotton cloth, the enamelled iron factory,
etc., which— it is to be expected— will in a short lime
transform the extensive suburb into a small Manchester,
with its numerous toweling and smoky chimneys. In
Ihe suburb (jf Bomfim rises the important edifice of the
I^ortuguese Hospital. Two tramway lines, of which one
leads to the centre of the upper part of the city, are
seen to ply in this portion of the capital.

The forts of "Sto Antonio da I3arra", "S'a. Maria» and
«S. DiogO), raised in former limes by Francisco Pereira
Coulinho, a donee of the city, and Manuel Telles Bar-

4i8

reto, stand at the entrance to the bay. The first- men-
tioned fort was rccdified in the IG'i' century by Engineer
Turreanp and occupied in 1624 by the dutcli; an impor-
tant light-house was erected there. The fort of «Sla.
Mariai), sliaped lilvc an octagon and surrounded with
walls, was reedified in 1609 and armed with 18 cannons;
a small light-house was also set in this fortress. The fort
of I'S. Diogoo, lying to the north of Ihe precedenlly men-
tioned one, stands on an upland, surrounded with walls
in the figure of an arc; it is unarmed and only serves
as a telegraphic station for maritime signals. By pur-
suing still the northern trend, one sees on the sea-shore
line the fortress of ('Gamb6a», rectangular in figure, arm-
ed with ordnance, of which we will specially mention
an Armstrong's cannon of a great range; it has charge
of watching the port. On the middle of the anchorage
and facing the ciiy stands the fort of S. Marcello, also
called do mar (sea-fort), in the circular form; it began
to be constructed by Diogo de Mendon^a Furlado in
1623, was rccdified by the Count of Caslcllo Melhor, in
accordance with the Rcyal Charier of October 4"'. 1650,
and reformed by the Count of Arcos, by whom it was
armed with 46 cannons, of which it has only 30 at the
present time. At a short distance beyond the church con-
secrated to Si. Francis of Paola the fort wSlo. AlberlO"
comes into view, upon a r( ck rising on the shore; it
was built ill Uic lime of 1). Piogo dc Menezcs (1606-l612i
and then considered a highly strategical fort. There are
to be seen, farther on: the fort of .icMiuiiaia, now un-
armed, the hex-;^on,il redoubt of llio bridge of Monlser-
ral, provided with turrets, already existing upon the
period of the dutch invasions and occupied in 1637 by
llu- Count of Nassau nnd, ;il length, at Itapagipe, the
fortress "S. Harlholomeu". now fallen inio ruin and
also taken by the (jiunt of Nassau in 1627.

The conimunications between llie lower and upper

4>9

parts ol" the ci y arc held both hy means of sleep hill-
side and the Hydiaulic Lift of «Conccigaoi', as well as,
wiliiin a siiort lime, another lift, at «Taborio«, and by
means of the Inclined Plane, alonj^ which the cars, fast-
ened to i)rass ropes, are drawn np or moved down by a
steam-engine set on the nppcr extremity of the plane.

We must remark that several considerable improve-
ments have been realized in order to facilihile the com-
munications of which wc ore treating, such as, for
cxam[)le, the street called "Barao Homem de Melloi> or
«Mor.tanha« st., an important work of art, consisting in
a slightly declivous street, resting upon arcades for
the most part of ils cxten! and leading from the business
centre, in the lower portion of the city, to the «Theatro»
square. The Hydraulic Lift of iConceicaox, belonging to
the comi^any Trnnspoiies Urhanos (Url)an Transport)
and inauguiated on the 8'''. of December 1873, is situate on
«Alfandega« st., where rises uj) a tower, 191 feet high,
(eiminating at «Constiluicao» square. The tunnel leading
to this tower is 81 12 feet in extent. Two cabins perform
their function within the tower, each holding up to
twenty persons. The ascension is effected in one minute.

The upper part of the city, between 200 and 300 feet
above '-he sea, consists in a large tract of uneven ground,
excavated by several valleys, wliere an evergreen exu-
berant vegetation comes into view and wide kitchen gar-
dens are cultivate 1 and produce every kind of legumes.
It is cot'iposed of streets wider tlian those of the lower
part and several squares. A few places, specially the
I'ublic Garden, that ranks with the most beautiful in
America and from which the most majestic view can be
obtained, afford a fine prospect both of the harbour and
of the islands and shores facing it. This portion of the
cily is divided into six paiishcs, called by the names of:

nSe», ((Victoria*, ^S. Pedro», ((Sanl'Anna", «Sto. Antonio"
53

420

and ( Rua do Pa^O). There is also a suburban parish,
that of "Brotas".

The church of <(Sei> is the If^igcst one in Ihe cily. It
has but one nave with a chapel, richly adorned and
consecrated to the Holy Sacrament. It stands on a small
square, majeslicall}' commanding the sea. A covered
bridge leads from this church to the archiepiscopal |)al-
ace, which serves for the archbishops dwelling and the
Metropolitan Court and Secretary's Office.

Here is what Accioli asserts with regard to the origin
cf the palace under consideration: the queen of England
and regent of Portugal granted the archbishop, D. Se-
basliao Montciro da Vide (Charter of March 13"'. 1705),
the necessary permission to build a house for his and
his successors' dwelling on the site assigned for the ar-
chiepiscopal seminary, between the church and college
of the Jesuits and the houses belonging to Joao (-arnoto
Villasboas, and ordered the wciks to be concluded in
the term of eight years; the tract of ground of which
we are treating might not have a dilVerent destination.
However, as the site was thought insufficient tor the
building, the charter of February 8"'. 1707 permitted it
to be changed for that where the palace was raised and
belonging to the brotherhood of "S. Pedro dos Cleri-
gos», of which it was bought for 5:200^000; the other
piece of land was sold for .'5:6(iO;SOO >, in order to keep,
as it was stated in the just mentioned charter, from
any contest with the Jesuits. The public trcasmy con-
tributed the sum of .'}:'200^000, in yearly payments of
lOO^^OOO, in accordance with the Royal Charier of No-
vember 5'!'. 1700, as well as the sum necessary to con-
struct the covered bridge, the cathedral and the wall that
sustains the mountain commanding the lower part of
the cily.

The Metropolitan Court was created , soon after the
creation of the arclil)islio|)iic, by I). Caspar Raiala de

421

Mendonfa (Charter dated in Lisbon the 30"', of March
1678). It was formally opened with three judges (desein-
bargadorcs), of whom every one was to receive the sal-
ary of 150^000, which was elevated to 300^^000, taken
from the royal lilhes of the State of Brazil, for the arch-
bishop was authorized to appoint them to the dignities
of chanter and chief treasurer, as well as to the vacant
canonries, upon condition of their not having been bes-
towed any other benefice in the cathedral, in which
case they were to be paid only the salary of 15(1^000.
In accordance with this resolution it was ordered that
any vacant dignity in the cathedral or vicarship in the
archbishopric should be be.^ towed upon the desembarga-
dor not yet appointed to such benefices.

The «Collegio» churck is also to be seen in the parish
of ('Se», on <iTerreiro> square. This sumptuous marble
temple, once belonging to the extinct order of the Jesuits
and now used as a cathedral church, possesses a mag-
nificent vestry and a great many altars. In its chief nave
were inhumed a governor (Mem de Sa) and s vcral
archbishops. There are also in the parish the churches
of: <'S. Pedro dos CIerigos», Third Orders of St. Dominic
and St. Francis, St. Francis' convent, «Ajuda» and «Mi-
sericordiaw.

Hard by the church belonging to the Third Order of
St. Francis is the friary consecrated to this saint and
now inhabited by more than thirty german friars, al-
ready naturalized, who purpose to invigorate the order,
by admitting novices, and to keep in good repair the
valuable temple and convent. The temple is renowned
for its gilt half relief and jacaranda pieces of work, the
former covering the walls in such a manner as not to let
a span of bare wall to be seen. In one of its lateral al-
tars is kept an image of «S. Pedro de Alcantara», which
is a sculpture masterpiece. The galleries leading to the

4^2

cloister are half-faced with beautiful and extreiiicly rare
illuminated tiles, representing sacred subjects.

On the southern side of «Palacio» square (now called
wConstitui^ao" square) rises up the palace of ihc ancient
vieroys. It was raised by Thome de Souza in 1549 and
reedified in 1663 by P'rancisco Harrcto de Mcnezes, who
erected on the site where stood the old edifice a new
palace, 20 fathoms in its forepart, iiavitig 11 windows
in all and occupying a wide area, where the fedeml
treasury was also located. Tlie works did not come !o
an end until a great many years elapsed. The part facing
the square is l)ut lately pulled down and a new palarc,
after the modern style and elegant, is now under con-
struction.

The Cily llall, situated on the eastern side of ><C.on-ti-
tuiyao" square, was raised in 1819, reedified in tlie reign
of Alfonso VI and repaired of lale, when i'.s face was
turned to a modern elegant one and a clock tower was
made, whence a far spreading view of the whole city
and its environs, as far as the ocean, can be obtained.
It is di.'ided into several rooms, fur the sessions, secre-
tary's office and archives of the municipal council on
one side, and on the other for the ."-cssions, secretary's
office, etc. of (he (diambcr of Deputies. In Ihc under-
most stoiy are Iccated the Municipal Hygiene Labora-
tory and the engineering department office.

The iMedical School, contiguous to the " C-ollegio »
church, was formerly a convent of the Jesuits, but it is
thoroughly reformed at lhc|)iesenl lime ar.d augmented
with a chief saloon, several class-rooms, laboratories,
n)usea, a library, etc.

The Public Library, founded in ISII by the (-ount of
Arcos, possesses more than thirl\ himdred volumes and
occupies a wide salo n o\er the veslry of llwi "Collc-
gio» cluirch.

The Public .\rehives of the Stale are located in n

423

hall on "Vinte e Oilo dc SelembroD street, where the
Fine Arts Academy also performs its functions.

The recently instituted Juridical Faculty is situate on
"Visconde do Rio l3ranco« St., a", a short distance fiom
the Cily Hall.

The Arts and Trades Lyceum, much resorted lo and,
as it is indicated by its name, ofi'ering workmen and
artists a technical instruclion, is located on «D. Jose»
street, anciently called "Pa^o do Saldanhaw.

At the farlher end of «Conslitui5ao>) st., on a gardened
square tilled "Casiro Alves», stands St. John's theatre,
constructed in 18 G and supported by a large wall on
its western side. It is divided into foijcr, several sa-
loons, an amphilhealre. consisting of four superposed
rows of boxes, a vast stage, etc . for the performance of
( l)cras, d.amas and comedies.

The State Treasury occupies a building on «Pao de-16^'
street.

As for the parish cS. Pedro», we will first mcntionithe
following temples: 'Parroquinha", a small church on
the easlein side of aCastro Alves» square; the mon-
astery of St. Benedict, founded in .^oSl; the ancient
convent of St. Theresa, raised in 1G65; the parish church
of St. Peter, furnished with beautiful and i ich imple-
ments, on the street of its name; the convent of Italian
capuchins, consecrated to Ihe worship of 0. L. of I'Pie-
dadc" and creeled in 1679 on the wide and gardened
square «Trcze de Maio»; at a short distance horn this
friary and on Ihe eastern side of the church, is Ihe con-
vent of "Lapa", for franciscan nuns, with a comely chap-
el and walled up background and formally opened on
December 7i''. 1744. This nunnery was the scene of the
heroic deed of sister Angelica, which inspired Firmino
Monleiro, a brtzilian painter, with the conception of
the beauiiful picture now in possession of the Arts and
Trades Lvceum.

424

From the square «Treze de Maio^' extends southward
the liroad "Pedro LAz» street, formerly called »Rosa-
rio» from a chapel standing on this street, belonging to
a brotherhood of blacks and consecrated to «N. S. do
Rosario» [0. L of the Rosary). Back of this chapel, on
«S. Raymundo)) st., is the retirement house so called,
for repentant women. The prolongation of « Pedro
Luiz" street forms the one that is called « Merces», on
account of a large convent of ursuline nuns, possessing
a chapel all over gilt and a pretty wide walled up
background. On the right of this street rises up the
church of Our Lord of the Afilicted, finely looking into
the sea, and farther to the north the chapel and hos-
pice of Jerusalem, of minorites, the erection of which
is due to the endeavours of brother Francisco da Con-
ceifao, the then vice-commissary general of the Holy
Land in Brazil.

The most noteworthy public buildings in the parish
under consideration are: that where the Slate Secre-
tary's Ollice and Senate are located, both of them on
cTreze de Maio)> square, the Polylheama, Mead-Quarters,
Central Barracks of the police force. Normal Scho( 1
for men. etc., and several private palaces, as, for exam-
ple, the I'S. Josc" college, on uBarrisi) st.

The Public (iarden, on c.Acclamai;ao» square, where
ends the beautiful street of «Merces», and made in 1810,
under the government of the Count of Arcos, is situate
on an extremely pleasant site, shaded with tufled trees,
and whence a magnificent view of the bay and city can
be obtained. It possesses beautiful terraces, adorned
with maible statues, a zoological collection and an
obelisk raised l)y tiie municipal council in commemora-
tion of llie arrival at Bahia of llic regent prince, after-
wards king 1). Joao VI, an event having a highly his-
torical imi)ortancc with regard to the inde[)endence of
Brazil.

425

Hard by the Public Garden stands the historical St.
Peter fort, rectan<fular in form, now servinjf for a bar-
rack and raised in the tiiie of the dutch. The independ-
ence war began in this fort on the 19"'. of February
1822, when it was besieged by General Madeira and
Brigadier Manuel Pedro de Frcilas Guimaraes was seiz-
ed. The republican movement in 1837 also originated in
this fort, wliere, finally, was proclaimed in 1889 the
republic of the United States of Brazil, wherefore the
ancient name of the square on which the fortress stands
(((Largo do Forte de S. Pedro») was changed for that
of "Pra^a da Acclama^ao)) (Acclamation square).

Comes next the large s(iuare formerly called «C-mpo
Grande» and now «l)uque de Caxias», where thej'^ are
erecting a monument to the Second of Jidy, in com-
memoration of the independence of Bahia and the larg-
est and most sumptuous that has ever been raised in
Brazil. The scjuare is very large; elegant dwelling houses
are to be seen there, as well as the English Chapel on
one of its sides.

The ('Victoria') street runs southward from the last-
mentioned square; it is an aristocratical district, crowd-
ed with magnificent houses and beautiful gardens The
street terminates southward at ((Vicloria« square, on
which stands the parish church of the same name, the
first temple raised in the state, already set up in 1531
and elevated to the category of a mother church in 1552.
From this point forward the whole country h's a great
historical importance, for there was located in old times
by Francisco Pereira Coulinho, the first donee of Bahia
(153G-1517), the earliest selt'ement in thocily, under the
name of « Villa Velha do Pereira », where lived Diogo
Alvares, the Caramuru.

A beautiful street leads from this place to «Gra^a>'
square, where stand the chapel and hospice so called,
which were made over to the benedictines, bv deed of

426

gift, in 1582. by the wife of Carnnuiru, Catharina Alva
res, who is inhiineci there. It is a pleasant site, from
which the ocean can be perceived and where rises up
a moniinient to the memory of Dr. John L. Paterson, a
charitab'e and popular physician.

From « Victoria rt square runs also a beautiful broad
street leading down to tiie suburb of Barra, where comes
into view, on a hill, tl e chnpc-l consecrated to St. An-
thony and founded between 1595 and IGtiO.

In several suburban places of Ihe parish rise up the
chapels consecrated to St. La/arus, the Holy Mother ot
God and St. Anne, at Riu Veimelho.

The most noteworthy public building in the parish
of which we are treating is the government-house, on
<<Vicloria« si

In the parish of "Sta. Anna*) we will first mention the
jKirish church, standing on an elevate grc^unit, of an
elegant archilcclurc and renowned for its containing
the bones of unlucky piicst R( ma and tlic gloiious
banner of the -10'''. battalion of Patriotic Volunteers.
Some other edifices consecrated to di\ine worship mus-.t
be mentioned in the parish under consideration; such
as: the church and convent of St. Clare, at uDesterro",
richly provided with g( Id and silver in pliiuenls, wall-
ed up and having on the background a chapel conse-
crated to SI. Theresa; the chapels of "Saude-s gill and
possessing i ieh iinpk nieiils; Nazareth, on a pleasant
site; "Sto. Antonio da Mourai ia", belonging to a military
bi<>therhnod, as well as the chapel consecrated to (). L.
of Ihe Hosary, in the (juaileis of Talma; Tingui; Pal
mn. annexed to a iiospice founded by the Augustinians
and now belonging to the Oflicial Institute of Secondary
Inslruclion. The 'rhcoloi^icnl ScniiiKii y of Si Duniasus,
created by the H ly -1 Chailer of April 5'''. LSI!, perform-
ed ils fiinclions in ;lu' lasl-nanied hospice, till it was
removed lolhe convent of St. Theresa, of which we have

42;

prccedciUly Ircalcd. The Official Institule possesses a
nolcworlliy iiiuseum of natural liistory.

Besides Ihc cdilices assigned Tor divine worship there
are lo be noticed: the orphans' colleges called «Cora-
^•ao dc Jesusu and "Providencia », each possessing a
chapel after Hie golhic style; the Normal School for
women; the cpiarters at Palnia; the Fonndlings' and St.
lilizabeth's asyla and the new hospital on Nazareth
square.

We must specially mention in the parish under con-
sideration the I'Canipo da Polvora», (now "Pra(;'a dos
Marlyresi' (Martyrs' scpiare), so called for there stood of
old a gunpowder depository, removed by the governor,
Hocpie da (".osia Barreto, from «S. Benlo« square, where
it had been located to the great disadvantage of the
people, to this square. The cPraya dos Martyres" is cel-
ebrated for the execution of priest Roma and other
l)alriotic natives of Pernambuco, which took place in
1817. I^ul for such a circumstance, the square is quite
uninteresting; it is levelled, but short of houses, soli-
tary an i gloomy, as though it were still to remind the
sad events, with a view lo deslruct liberty, of which it
was the scene, and the cemetery that the wMisericordiai
fraternity possessed there in former times. The next
scjuare, that of Nazareth, is more pleasant, with its
elegant houses, the large hospital and ancient 'chapel.

The most noteworthy edifices in the parish of «Rua
do Pacow are: the parish church, gilt and provided
wilii rich implements; the convent and church of Car-
mo, founded in 1585 and now falling into ruin, on ac
count of the imminent extinction of its resi)eclive order,
though it was once rich; the chapel of the Third Order
ofCarmo, hard by the convent, rich and in modern
las'e, and, at length, that which is consecrated to O.
I. of the Rosary, on the place called wBaixa dos Sapa-

teiros" and belonging to a brotherhood of blacks.
54

428

In the parish of «Sto. Antonio alem do Carnioi>, north
of that of which we have just treated, a large hut very
simple parish church stands on «Sto. Antonio» square.
The chapels are more important; Ihey are: that of «Con-
ceifao do Boqueirao», on «Sto. Antonio^* st., gilt, pro-
vided wilh rich implements and belonging to the Third
Order of Conception, a brotherhood of tawny-com-
plexioned men; that which is consecrated to O. L. of
the Rosary, on the place called "Quinze Mysterios«,ncw,
uninteresting and belonging to a brotherhood of blacks;
that of St. Joseph of Riba-Mar, made over to the or-
phans of the city by a charter issued by Ibe Ultramarine
Council October 24"'. 1807; the retirement house ot
«Perd6es% near the above small church, with a well
adorned chapel; farther on, in a northern direction from
the just mentioned retirement house, the ursuline con-
vent of O. L. of "Soledadc", on a pleasant site, and, at
the distance of a few steps, the chapel consecrated to
0. L. ot Lapa and called by the name of "Lapinha". This
chapel is renowned both for the fcstivuls celebrated
there upon Epiphany lime and for in a large jiavilion
on the scjuarc where the chapel stands are kept the
emblems of the independence of Bahia, which arc
solemnly carried along the streets of the city on the 'i'"'.
of July.

On the place called "Cabulla», without the limits ol
the city, rises up a chapel, completed on the 8"'. of
Se|)lcmbcr 1S20 by priest Francisco Gomes de Sou/.a and
consecrated to the Holy Heart of Jesus. The chapel,
where was lormerly located the college fororplian girls,
is consecrated at the present time to O. L. of "Hesgate».

We will still mention in the |)arish of which we are
treating: the hospital for the treatment of lepers and the
cha|)cl annexed to it, eslablislied in 1784 by the gov-
ernor, I). Hodrigo Jose de Mcne/es, in an estate once be-
longing to the Jesuits; liu" large water reservoir, which

42()

supplies the city, belonging to the «Companhia Aquaria
do Queimado» (Queiinado Water-supply Co.), the St.
Anthony and <iBarbalho» fortresses, at a short distance
from each other and unarmed.

The first-named fortress, serving at this lime as a pris-
on-house, dates from the period of D. Diogo de Menezes
and maintained fierce combats upon the dutch inva-
sions of 1624 and 1627 and specially 1637, when the power
of the Count of Nassau was obliged to yield to it. The
fortress of Barbalho, already existing at the epoch of
the above-mentioned invasions and bulwarked, was the
first in the city in which the triumphant liberating troops
held up the golden green colours, on the 2"''. of July
1823. Hard by it stood not long ago the municipal
slaughterhouse, where oxen are no longer butchered,
but only swine, after the municipal council constructed
a large slaughterhouse on the estate called "Retiro»,
which is connected with the city by a tramway line.

Among the streets of the parish the following are to
be singled out: «Rua Direita de Santo Antonio«, broad
and well aired, showing good houses and leading to
ffSto. Antonio* square, on which stand the parish church
and fortress of ihe same name; «Soledade" street, also
wide, bordered on each side with good buildings and
leading upwards to "Soledade» square, on which rises
up the nunnery so called. «Barbalho» square, a vast
field of a rural aspect and now under levelling, will be-
come in a short time an important common place.

The parishes of «Se», «S. Pedro», "Victoria)), «Sla.
Anna* and «Sto. Anlonio», in the upper part of the city,
are passed over by the tramway lines of the following
companies: 1) «Transportes Urbanos), the tram-cars of
which start from «Constitui(;'ao» square and reach Barra
and Rio Yermelho, after having served the parishes of
*Sc)), «S. Pedro)) and "Victoria^); 2) «Trilhos Centraes»,
running from Barroquinha to Rio Vermelho, calling at

43o

«Fonte Nova», «riefro» and «Baixa da Soiedade»; 3) «Li-
nha Circular", with two brandies, one starting from
((Quinze de Novetnbrow square (ancicnily called '<Tcrrci-
rO")to «Canella» and «Bom Gostow, after bavirg seivcd
the principal streets of the parishes of «Sc», «S. Pedro"
and ((Victoria", t!ie other running from the some i^oiiit
as the preceden ly mentioned branch and reaching the
pleasant suburb of Nazareth, in the parish of "Sta.
Anna". Another line of the company under consideration
starts from «Biixa dos Sipat eiros", ascend- the country
behind the ancient (>arm ) convent, serves the princi-
pal streets of the ((Sto. Antonio» parish as far as ><Hai\a
da Soledade» and then, passing on a slightly declivous
street recently cut in the hilNide, reaches the picturesque
subuib of Itapagipe, after having served the parish of
«Mares>', at the place called "CalQada do Bomfim>>; 4)
((Vehiculos Econoniicosn, staiMing from wClonceicao da
Praia" square, at the lower part of tlie city, serving Ihc
principal streets of the business centre and reacliing
Bomfim, where lies its tenninus and whence runs a
branch to Ribeira de Itapagipc". A few tram-cars of this
line call at o ]iC)i\ Viagem » street, where the company
((Emporio Industrial do NortC" is constructing a cotton-
cloth factory, which will most likely be the most impor-
tant in Brazil.

Si.\ cemelci ics rre to be seen in llie city: 1) «r.ampo
SantO" cemeteiy, with a beautiful chapel in the pure
gotliic style and magnificent mausolca; 2) Foreigners'
cemetery; 3) English cemetery, — all of them in the paiisli
of "Victoria"; 4) cQuinta dosLazaros", in "Sto. Antonio»
parish; 5) Massaranduba or "Bom Jesus", in the paiishof
(•Mares)'; 6) Brolas, in the parish so called. The "S. Joao
de Deusi asylum, for madmen, is to lie seen in the last-
named [)arish.

Theie is a worth-noticing lake, called I)> the name of
I)i(|ue , lliat washes the city on the eastern side. It is

43 1

about two kilometers long and proportionately wide and
surrounded with lofty hills, covered with a rank vege-
lalion. A trnnnvny line runt along its eastern bank to-
wards the pnelicnl suburb of Hio Vcrmelho; the large
cS. Joao dc Dcusi> asylum rises op on this side, on an
elevate g-ound. The new district of Tororo, with its
chapel, can be perceived, also on an upland, on the
western bank. Should tlic margins of the lake be duly
iuiiiroved with regar 1 to their sanitary conditions, they
would become, with a small help of art, a place of a
nare beauty. Tiic lake is re]iorted by tradition to have
been a work of the dutch, who made there a sluice
{(ieiche), whence arises the name o^ Dique;hiii the dutch
only made, as it would seem, an earthw^ork across the
lake, in order to connect the dis'rict of Nazareth, by way
of the hillside so called, with the district of Pitangueiras,
by means of the hillside called dos Golcs Such is the
origin of the teutonic name of the lake.

The favourite mnritime suburbs of the city are: Rio
Vermelho, Barra, Boa Viagem, Monlserrat, Itapagipe
and Plataforma; the campestral ones are: Pitangueiras,
Castro Neves, Cabula, Brotas and Cidade de Palha.

The suburb of Piio Vermelho was highly improved
after it was served, (rem the year 1871), by two tram-
way lines. The poor dwelling-place of a few^ fishermen,
that were left of the ancient Jesuitical mission of St.
Paul, was transformed into an elegant suburb, with its
liolels, beautiful field-houses, hippodrome, etc. It is
much resorted to by high life people for sea-baths, which
is also the case with the suburb of Barra.

TOWNS

1) Alagoinhas.— This new important town stands on the
banks of the river Catu, which is an alfiuent of the
Pojuca and crosses it from north to soulii. It is the
chief town of the comarca of its name.

432

There are to be seen modern buildings and broad
streets; the houses arc for the most part low, but a good
deal of plastered and glazed lofty houses also occur. It
has three squares: «Mercado», «(^onimercio» and «Matriz».
The parish church is under conslruclion on the last-
named square; its function is performed for the present
by the chapel of "Senhor do Bomfim", on the right bank
of the river Catii and lying to the left of the street
"Commendador Moreira Rego». Another church, con-
secrated to St. Anthony, rises up at the ancient hamlet
called "Alagoinhas Vclha)>.

The most noteworthy public building is the town-
house, which ranks with the best in the state, at the
end of the street called "Rua Nova da C.nmara", in front
of the station of the cnglish railway.

An important fair is hcUl on Saturdays in the two vast
squares wCommercioo and cMcrcado)), on the latter of
whicli stand the market-house and shambles, raised
by the municipal council.

Industry is represented by three soap factoiies, four
distilleries, a sawing workhouse, the machinery of which
is set in motion by the action of steam, two well mount-
ed smithies and several potteries.

The town is highly commercial, dealing specially in
tobacco, cane-sugar, leather and mangaiba caouchouc.
It holds direct intercourse with the capital and the
towns, villages and parishes situate hard by the "Pro-
longamcnto" railway and Timbo l)ranch-ro;id.

The inhal)ilants of tlic munici|)al district also apply
themselves to cane-sugar, tobacco and cerealeous grains
culture, as well as to oxen and horses breeding.

Two railway stations are to be seen in the town; the
more ancient belongs to the Hahia and Tim!)6 raihoad,
while tlie other, recently built, spacious and in an ele-
gant style, belongs to the S. Francisco railway. Four •
schools arc established in the town. Resides the ancient

433

religious cemetery, another is under construction, west
of the town, by llie order of the municipnl council.

The orij^in of tiie town was a small chapel, two kilo-
meters east of it, consecrated to St. Anthony, depending
on the parish cliurch of Inliainbupe and standing on a
desert elev.ite plain that was the common way for such
as drove their oxen from Piauhy to Hahia. The Charier
of November 7"'. 1816 elevated the chapel to the cate-
gory cfa parish church and the parish thus instituted
was created a village in 185? by Act no. 442 of June 16"'.
issued by the Provincial Assembly.

In 1863, as the railway had completed 123 kilometers,
according to the contract celebrated with the govern-
ment, the terminus was fixed on that very place, lying
west of Alagoinhas, from which it was 2 kilom. distant.
A great many workmen and functionaries resorting in
crowds to the place, a few thatched cottages were raised
and the important fair held at Alagoinhas every satur
day was removed in 1868 to the new hau let. The mer-
chants of Alagoinhas and other places then began to
increase tbe commercial movement of the new hamlet
and to build in a wonderfully rapid manner a good
deal of houses, in accordance with a plan drawn by
the municipal council. The business centre of the vil
lage of Alagoinhas being thus removed to the place
wiiere stood the railway terminus, the parish was
abandoned; wherefore the law no. 1135 of May 28ii'. 1871
transferred its seat to the chapel of l\greja Nova; a
parish was afterwards created in the new village by law
no. 1248 of July 28ii>. 1872; but Alagoinhas Velha was
considered again a parish by that of August 12"'. 1881.
At length Alagoinhas was elevated to a town by tlie law
of June 711'. 1880.

2) A/naryos«.— This town is situate on a high plain,
crossed by the Hibeirao, surrounded with fruitful val-

434

leys, 4 leagues from llie villaife of S. Miguel. It occu-
pies a very fertile district, Nvhere valuable forests grow
ii|>, aiul is intersected by a few livcrs. Many cofTee plan-
li lions are to be seen thereabouts.

The houses, but for a few lofty ones, generally con-
sist of a single floor, all of them being plastered, set
out with glazed windows and disi)0sed in three squares
:ind fourteen streets. The parish church (the only temple
in the town), consecrated to 6. L. of »Boni Conselho»,
rises up on «Malriz» square, where an important fair,
much resorted to, is held on Saturdays. The town-house,
on ((Conselheiro DantasM street, is kept in good repair.

The active exportation of coll'ee and tobaccif forms
the principal richness of the niunicipium, that sends
to the town of Nazareth, with which it is connected by
a railway, more than 250 arobcs of collee and 200. COO ol
tobacco.

Amargosa holds commercial inlcrcoiir«-e both with the
last-named town and with the cajiital, Curralinlio. S.
Felix, Cachoeira, Sto. Antonio de Jesus and Areia.

The niunicipium also applies itself to oxen breeding.
Four soap factories are at work in tlie town. Six public
schools perform IJieir functions there, as well as at the
hamlets of lirejoes, Corta-M;u> and (!oi rente, and four
private ones at the town under consideration and the
hamlets of Tarlnruga, Brejoes and C vaco.

The town was orginally a hamlet Ibrmcd by Indians
and called Haitinga, which was elevated to a parish by
tlie law ol .lune 3(Mi'. l.sr)5 and to a village by that ot
April 21^'. 1877, no. 1.72(), that removed to Amargosa the
seat of the village of Tapeia and was executed on the
l.")ii'. of l-"cl)i ua.y 1.S7S. 11 was, finally, created a town by
an act of the stale uovernnu-nt issued June 1!)"'. 1801.

:{i Aiiddrdlni — 'JLis t( wii is situate on the banks ol
the rivulet so calleii, which is |)asscd over by a wooden

435

bridge. II is very populous and has a few good slreels,
tolerable houses, a small church and burying-ground.
It is commercial enough and a fair is held there every
monday. Its climate is, like that of the whole district
of Lavras, hot in the day-limc and cold at night; it is
misty in I he morning.

The popu'ation of the place dales from the epoch
when it began to be searched for diamo ds. The parish
and Aiilage were created by law no. 2.534 of May IS'i'.
1888 and the town by an act of the state government
of April 28'i'. 1891.

4) Aratuhype.— This is a town situate on the banks of
the river Aratuhype, which are connected by a bridge
of stone and mortar. It lies at the distance of 6 kilom.
from Nazareth and is composed of good low and lofty
houses, plastered, set out with glazed windows and paint-
ed, disposed in ten paved streets and two squares,
called "da Matriz)) and cDous de Fevereiro«.

The parish church, consecrated to ^St. Anne, rises up
on the first-mentioned square. A chapel, consecrated to
O. L ofGuadelupc, is to be seen on Guadelupe.street and,
without the town, those of O. L. of Conception, at the
hamlet of Maragogipinho, and St. Anthony at the neigh-
bouring hamlet of Indians, founded towards the close
ot the 16"'. century to stand cgainst the savages' onsets.

The town-house, a beautiful spacious hall facing the
river, stands on «Dous de Fevereiro» square, where are
held on fridays and Saturdays important fairs, which
al-.o occupy the neighbouring streets, called— «do Go-
vernadoD), «Dr. Virgilio Uamazio« and «Quinze de No-
vembro').

The town holds an active commercial intercourse with
the capital, Lagc, Areia, Conquista, Jequie, Maracas and
even the slate of Minas, to which is exported a great

436

deal of cofTee, powdered-tobacco, manioc flour and ra-
paduras (*).

There is an old small cemetery beside the parish
church and another, but lately raised by the municipal
council, on a hygienic site, occupying an area forty
spans by three hundred, supported by a solid stone and
mortar foundation, provided with elegant pillars, an
iron grate and large door; the chapel was not yet
erected.

The inhabitants of the municipium apply themselves
to the cultivation of the sugar-cane, tobacco, coircc-lrec,
manioc and cerealeous grains, as well as to the fabrica-
tion of cane-sugar, brandy, manioc Hour, earthen ware,
bricks and tiles. The inoringues [*'), quartinhas (***)
and talhas [""\ of Maragogipinho are well renowned.

There are six schools in the municipal di*^ti ict, name-
ly: two in the town, two at the hamlet of Maragogipi-
nho and as many at the parish of Nova Lage.

The palish was created by the law of June 2'"'. 18J0,
the village b}' the act issued by the stale government on
the 71I'. of Februaiy 1890 and the town by the act of
June 91I1. 1891. On the place where the town is now sit-
uate a chapel rose up oiiginally, erected towards the
close of the last age by a few descendants of Paulo dc
ArgoUo Menezes, the first land-holder on the banks ol
the Araluhype.

5) Are/V/.— This town, situate both on the valley and
bank of the Jequiri(;;'i and on an upland, is therefore di-
vided in two districts: the upper and the lower ones. II

(*) A soit of raw su^ar.

(*■) A sort of earthen pot with a narrow netk for
water.

(**') A sort of carihcn vessel willi a broad neck.

(•"*) An earthen vessel with a broad neck and far
larger llian llie above-mentioned ones.

4^7

is 21 leagues from Nazareth and 20 from Maracas and was
peopled not long ago. There are to be seen about four
hundred houses, of stone and mortar, tiled and provided
with glazed windows, l)ut generally low.

The business centre lies in the low^er part of the town,
where the fairs are held, while the parish church,
consecrated to St. Vincent Ferrer, the town-hall and
dwelling-house of the authorities and principal persons
are located on the upper porlion of the town.

The municipium, served by well peopled cart-roads,
on either side of which a great many good plantations
and a few sugar factories are to be seen, is highly com-
mercial and exports a good deal of coflee and tobacco,
cacao, mules, horses and oxen, as well as, but on a
smaller scale, manioc flour, rapadura, cane sugar, rum,
maize, kidney bean, bacon and meat dried in the sun.
These articles are carried oil lo the neighbouring ports
or stations by beasts of burden, and they will be so
until the Iramroad of Nazareth reaches the place under
consideration.

The inhabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to the cultivation of the above-mentioned articles
and bringing up of cattle, which fatten in a wonderfully
rapid manner on the excellent pasture grounds that are
to be found there.

The parish of «S. Vicente Ferrer)) was cieated by law
no. 261 of March IG"'. 1847 and elevated to a village by
law no. IGll of June 17"'. 1876, which removed to it the
seat of the judge that was till then at the village of Je-
quirifu. The town was, finally, created by an act issued
by the state government on the 3U"'. of June 1891.

6) Barra do Rio Granrfe.— Standing on the very site
where the Rio Grande falls into the S. Francisco, the
town under description is divided in two districts: one
occupies both the mouth of the Rio Grande and the S,

438

Francisco bank and has a great mans' houses, regularly
built; the other, called Rosario, lies only on the bank of
the Rio Grande, was originally but a colUciion of ran-
clios (*), where people used to shelter upon flood-lime,
and augmented in a later period, when it was divided
into several streets, so as to have acquired a great im-
portance at the present time.

The town is composed, pretty near, of eight hundred
houses, substantially built, though low and of ancient
types, and disposed in broad streets, laid out by a line
and parallel with each other, and two excellent squares.

The town has a temple consecrated to «S. Francisco
das Chagas», which is the parish church, another con-
secrated to 0. L. of the Rosary and a third church, not
yet completed, perhaps on account of its enormous di-
mensions. It has also an excellent town-house.

The inhabitants of the town have advanced very much
in civilization and the public spirit and that of associa-
tion have reached a high degree of development. There
are, in fact, a «Misericordia)) brotherhood, with an im-
portant hospital, an anonymous society for the con-
struction of a theatre, a philharmonic society, a printing
office, two schools, etc.

Industry is represented by goldsmith's trade, in which
many persons arc very skilful and woi k for a low price.

The town of which we are treating is the native coun-
try of a great deal of celebrated brazilians.

A very salubrious climate is enjoyed there and is (juile
suitable to the cultivation of europcan fruit-trees, spe-
cially the vine, which bcais a large number of fruits,
that can be had for a low |)iice.

The commerce of Ihe town is very aclivc; fairs arc
held almost every day and abound with pi oducts brought
down, along the S. Francisco, from Minas (leraes, Ca-

(*) Moveable tents pitched wherever they were thought
necessary for the lime

4^9

rinhanha, Rio das Eguas and Uriihii, and along the
rivers GrancJc and Prelo from Campo Largo and Santa
Hitta, as well as willi lliose going up from Joazeiro, Rc-
nianso and Chiqne Cliicjue to the above points; which
makes llic town of iiarra the real business centre of the
S. Francisco region.

The inhabitants of llie mun'cipium are ratlier applied
to cattle-breeding than lo agriculture.

The origin of the town w^as a hamlet of tame indians
founded by I). Joao de Lancastro towards the close of
the 17'ii. ceiiLury, in order to withstand the constant
assaults of the savage indians wAcoroazes)) and «Mocoa-
zes« upon the cattle-breeding establishments of civilized
people. Towards the middle of the'18'''. century the in-
habitants of' the place petitioned for its elevation to a
village and the Count of Atouguia, in accordance with
the Royal Order of December 5'i'. 1752, whereby the pe-
tition was granted, had the new vilhge founded by the
oiwidor ('), Desembargador Henrique Correia Lob: to,
who installed it on the 23"'. of August 1753.

The tract of ground on which the town is located, as
well as the whole country on the left bank of the S.
Francisco, known by the name of «Seitao de Rodellasn,
belonged primitively to this state, by which it was col-
onized and administ. ated, the hamlets that originated the
actual town of Barra and those of Campo Largo, Pilao
Arcado, etc., being founded there by D. Joao de Lancas-
tro; but the Royal Decree of January ll"'. 1715 stated it
was to belong thenceforward, as for its administrative
and ecclesiastical alTairs, lo Pernambuco, the judicial
department continuing under the control of Rahia. After
a great many years had elapsed, the decree of January
15'ii. 1810 created the comarca called "Serlao de Per-
nambuco", comprising the village of Cimbres, the jiil-

A magistrate so called in former times.

440

gados (* ) of Garahuns, Theresina, Ribeira de Pajahu,
Tacaratu, Cabrobo, Ihc village of S. Francisco das Cha-
gas da Barra do Rio Grande and the hamlets of Pilao
Arcado, Campo Largo and Carinhanha. The decree
under consideration also staled that the village of Ibar-
ra, which was subject to the judicial jurisdiction of Ja-
cobina, in spite of its belonging to the captainry of
Pernambuco, that lay at a shorter distance than the
seat of its respective comarca, should thenceforth be
within the judicial jurisdiction of the new comarca.

The decree ol June 3"'. 1820 separated a portion of
the comarca called «Sertao dc Pernanibuco» and con-
sidered it a new comarca, under the title of vRio S.
Francisco", comprising the villages of Parra (as the seal)
and Pilao Arcado and the hamlets of Campo I.argo and
Carinhanha. The last-named comarca, extending from
wPio da Historia)) to the river Caribuamba, was sepa-
rated from Pernambuco by the decree of July 7"'. 1824
and annexed to the province of Minas; but the resolu-
tion of October 15'''. 1827 severed it from the last-
named province and annexed to Bahia.

The vast territory under consideration thus turned
again, after one hundred and twelve years, to the state
to which it priiuitively belonged. As for the ecclesias-
tical departmeni, it continued under the control of Per-
nambuco, till it also devolved upon Bahia in conse-
quence of the decree no. G93 of August 10"'. 1553 and
consihtorial decree of May 25'''. 1854.

7) Bclmonlc.-'rh'm town, siliiale on a j)lcasaiU hill
rising on the right bank of (he .leciuilinhonha, at a short
distance from the rivcr-moulh, is composed of about
three hundred and (illy houses, disposed in several

I' I Small iiihabiled places, having a judgp, but u|)on
which some privileges enjoyed i)y villages were not yet
conferred.

441

streets. An excellent cliniale is enjoyed at Ihe town.
There are to be seen a parish church, consecrated to
O. L. of Carmo, the town-house, two schools, a tele-
graphic stilion and a light-house, erected in 1885.

The site of the town, the cacao culture (which has
reached a high degree on the Jequitinhonha valley) and
the commercial intercourse with the northern part of
Minas, cannot but promise a prosperous future to the
town, the commerce of which is in a train for increase;
it exports cacao, timber and piassava, with which
overabound the extensive forests of the municipium.

Rich quarries, from which are taken stones of dillVr-
ent kinds and even rosy marble, lie at several places
of the municipium.

The river abounds with fishes and its banks are ex-
tremely fertile.

The origin of the town was a collection of huts where
lived some botocudos, belonging to the indinn tribes
«Manhao>) and «Camacan» and congregated by priest
Jose de Araujo Ferraz, a Jesuit, who erected there a
cliapel consecrated to the Holy Mother of God. In 1718
D. Sebastiiio Monteiro da Vide elevated the place to the
category of a parish under the title of «N. S. do Carmo«.
The village w^as installed in 1765 by the ouvidor gcral
of Porto Seguro, Dr. Thome Couceiro de Abreu. The
town was created by an act issued by the state govern-
ment on the 23>'i. of Mav 1891.

8) Cac/joez>«. —This is an ancient legendary town, on
the left bank of the Paraguassu, 14 leagues from Ihe
capital and facing the town of S Felix, with which it
is connected by one of the most important iron biidgcs
in Brazil. This bridge is 365m. G4 by 9m. and is divided
into several spans, of which evciy one is 9m. 41 in extent;
it was built by the "Con;panhia da Estrada de Ferro Cen-
tral)) (Central Uailway Co.), that made a railroad start-

442

ing from this point to Feira dc SanfAnna. The town is
also washed bj' the rivers Pitanga and Caqucndc, the
former specially supplying it with first rale drinkable
water, the latter offering several places, resembling
natural bath rooms, of which a large profit is made by
the inuabilants of the town, who, rroreover, ascribe
Ihsrapeutic properties to the water for the treatment of
skin diseases and syphilis.

The town is long, but narrow, on account of the con-
tractedness of the valley, for the mounlains called Ca-
poeirussu advance as far as nearly to reach the river.
This is a very unfavourable condition, as it facilitates
the inundations occurring from lime to lime and detri-
mental to the town, as it came to pass in 1839, when
the stream, overflowing the river-bed, invaded the town
and overspread it to Ihe height of 8in. 75 above the low-
water level, so that Ihe streets could not be passed
over but in canoes

The town is divided into five large squares, six small
ones and forty three streets and- lanes, bordcied wiih
houses substantially built and generally one slory high;
but few ones are two slorics in height and litlle more
than a third of the total numl)cr of houses consists only
of the ground-floor. Among the streets, all of which arc
paved, the following are specially noleworlhy: ><Malri/«
street, where rise up beautiful lofty houses and extend-
ing, under dilTercnl lilies, as far as it reaches the Inven,
on the western end of the town; «lUia dc Baixoi\ bor-
dered wilh showy buildings, of which a few ones aie
like real palaces. The last-nanied street is the business
centre of the town and numerous elegant shops are lo-
cated lliereabouls.

Ten temples rise up in Ihe town, namely: the mother
church, consecralcd l(< () L (dthe liosary k n >.Malriz"
street); liir churcliCN ( I ("ai ino (on Carmo st.\ «S. .loiio
dc Deus' (in the "Misericordia" h()S|)ilal, on oHcgcnera-

443

yao» sqiKirc), iConccifao do MoiiIcd (upon a mouni, froni
which a nuiynihccnl view of Ihc town and the Para-
guassi'i can be obtained). The following churches, unlike
the just mentioned ones, are not towered; they are con-
secrated to: O. L. of the Poor (on the place called Ca-
quendc), O. L. of Carnio (belonging? to a third order),
(). L. of «Ampar0", O. I., of «Hemedios» (facing «Macieli)
scjuare), O. L. of «Uosatio do Cora^ao de Jesus« (on a
mount in front of «Deodoro» square) and «Ajudao (the
most ancient church in the town, standing on an upland
between the streets cde Baixo» and "da Matriz^.

The town-house, raised in 1698 on a terreplcin, is
composed of two stories, of which the upper is occu-
l)ied by the jury, municipal council and secretary's of-
lice, and the lower one is used as a public prison-house.

There is no fair at the town, the commerce of which
has fallen into some decay after the inauguration of the
railway; however it holds commercial intercourse with
S. Felix, Feira, S. Goncalo, Camisao, Baixa Grande,
Mundo Novo, etc.

The town possesses three cemeteries (of which two
are still under construction), belonging to the brother-
hoods of "Miseiicordia), O. L. of «Rosario do Coracao
dc Jcsus'i and Third Order of Carmo.

Industry is chiefly represented by the packing and
rolling up of tobacco for exportation and the fabrica-
tion of cigar boxes, for which purpose three sawing
woikhouscs were established in the town. There are
also to ie seen a large cloth factory, several distilleries,
soap, glue, vinegar, and cigar factories, potteries, refin-
eries and a few establishments for cofTee torrefaction.

The bank of the Paraguassu is bordered with a wharf,
not ycl completed, which is to reach the place called
M'anga and the bridge of tlie railway.

The town possesses some good hotels, printing offices,

where are edited daily and periodical newspapers,
56

444

litcrarj' and beneficent societies, public lighting, phar-
macies, shambles, a postal agency, eight schools, of
which seven are located on the central part of the mu-
nicipium etc. Several physicians perform their func-
tions there.

The town holds communication with the capital, by
means of the steamers of the Bahia Steamship Co , and
with the town of Fcira de Sant'Anna by Ihe Central
Railway, starling from the elegant station of Manga,
calling at Belem (7 kilom.) and reaching Feira de Santa
Anna at the 4r)'ii. kilom., after having ascended a zigzag
inclined plane, where several small bridges, deep ex-
cavations, elevate viaducts and admirable works cf art
engage the traveller's attention.

The origin of the important town under consideration
was a sugar factory established, as it is reported by
Gabriel Soares, by a mamehike named Rodrigo Martins,
at his own expense and that of Luizde Rrillo c Almei-
da, the brother of.Ioao de Brillo e Almeida, who was
the owner of the sugar factory called «P(nla».It later be-
longed to some (lesiendants of Cara mi;ru, nauicd Ador
nos, who built another sugar factory, the n achinery
of which was set in motion by the stream of the Ca-
quende, erected the chapel of ><Ajuda» and a stately
dwelling-house and called together a great many In-
dians, who were formed into a hamlet and aftci wards
were of great service to the civilization and j)eopling
f)f the region. On account of its good situation, the
above-mentioned chapel was elevated to a parish church;
llie parish was later created a village by I). Joiio de
Lanc;islro, in accordance wilb the Royal Command of
December 27"'. 1(V.),'{, iiiJanuaiy 1()*.)9, when were also
created llie villages of ,Iagu aripe (December l()97i and
S. Francisco il-'cbruary KiU.Si. Ihe cailiesl in llie
interior of Bahia

Upon tlie epoch of the Independence war Cachoeira

445

was the centre of aclivily of our countrymen, who as-
pired after freedom, and where the first cry for liberty
was set up; a directive board was then instituted, on the
251I'. of June 1S22, and afterwards a provisional govern-
ment, which was composed of representatives of all the
united villages and governed the province, directing the
whole military movement against the capital, occupied
by the portuguese troops under the command of General
Madeira. During the «Sabinada" (1837 38) it was the seat
of the legal government. The inlnbitants of the town,—
the native country of several highly intelligent and cele-
brated brazilians— , arc still distinguished in literature
and arts, as poets and musicians.

The country within the jurisdiction of the town com-
prises at the present epoch a very small area and is
generally cultivated in tobacco and sugar-cane. Such is
specially the case with the parish of Iguape, a delight-
ful valley, where sugar-cane culture was established
and soon reached a high degree of development and
richness, as it is still attested, at the present time, by
the large sugar factories, splendid houses, resembling
real palaces, and sumptuous chapels, ihe ruins of which
testify the opulence and splendour of their ancient
owners. The parish is now in possession of a central
sugar factory.

The river Paraguassu is extremely abundant with
fishes, among which we will specially mention the roballo
(a very savoury fish), curimd, pili'i and petitinga, the
latter, highly prized, being the object of a commercial
intercourse with the capital.

D. Pedro I, upon visiting the village (April 20"'. 1826)
granted it the title of Heroica (heroic). It was, finally,
elevated to a town by law no. 44 of March 13"'. 1837.

9) Coe/Z/e.— This town is situate on the place where
is to be found the source of four rivulets, called Alegre,

4+6

Monle, Pedreiras and Jatcbii, flowing into the liver
Antonio, which, in its turn, i'alls inlo the Rio dc Con-
tas. It lies on an irregular slope ground btlnrging !o the
ridge of mountains called ^Serra Gcial* or luio Rspi-
nha^O)) and rear an extensive plateau formed \>\ wild
campaigns, where is the source of the livcr «das Ras«,
an afTluent of the S. Francisco. An exctllenl climalc,
cold from May to August and temperate in the other
months, can be enjoyed at the town under considera-
tion. It is 118 leagues fiom the capital and 8 from Villa
Bella das Umburanas.

The houses, of ancient types and for the most part
painted with ochre, consist generally of a single floor;
there are, however, a few lofly houses. They are ar-
ranged in twenty one streets and several lanes, all of
them long, narrow and badly ranked, and four squares,
called by the names of yMatriz», ((Camara«, hS. Sebas-
tiao» and «Alegre').

On the first-named square stantls the ])arish church,
consecrated to St. Anne; on «S. Joao Baptisla« street,
the chapel devoted to St. John Ihe Baptist; that ol St.
Benedict, on «Quinze de Novembro« st,, and that of St.
Sebastian— on «S. Sebastiao« scjuare. On Ihe square
called c(l*raya da Caniara» is kcalcd Ihe town-hall, a
small flooicd house, but substantially built; Ihe munici-
pal council intends, however, icnK-ving to a more
spacious and convenient lofiy house of I heir own, on
«Malriz)) square. On the square named "Alcgrc", at the
lower part of (he town, takes place evciy jalurday and
Sunday, in a large shed belonging to Ihe nuinicipalily,
a fair, well provided with ccic;:leons giains, which are
to be had for a low price.

Industi y is specially rcpresenlcd by the manufacUire
of greatly prized leather shoes. The town is a relaiivcly
inq)oilanl business centre, jirovided wilh a go( d deal
of cslablishmcnls dealing in ilolli. victuals and small

447

wares, and a branch office that supplies Ihe tradesmen
of Ihe wide region formed by llie inhind and banks of
the S. Francisco wilh small warfs, sluil" and hardwares.
Nalion?l indiislry j:rliclcs, moslly sent from Minas, as
well as goods of foreign manufaclnrc, sent from Ihe cap-
ital, are imported on a large scale. The principal articles
of export are cotton and cattle, sent out to the interior
of Hahia and Ihe slates of Minas and S. Paulo.

There are two schools in the town and some others at
several places of the municipal district, as follows: one
at (-Cannabrava das Caldeiras; one at cBonilo-; another
at cCaculdrt; two at «S. Sebastiaort. There are also a
market-house and two cemeteries, named oSantissimo
SacramenlO)) and <(S. Benedicto".

The residers of the town are in just repute as kind,
obliging and civilized, which justifies the appellation of
Corle do Serldo (the court of the inland) given to Cae-
tite.

The municipal district is in possession of all that is
necessary to its hai)piness, richness and comfortable-
ness, which will develop as soon as a tramway reaches
it. Saltpetre, crystal and emeralds lie deeply in the
ridges of mounlains rising there, which, moreover,
show some indications of their containing precious
metals.

As for agriculture, we must say the choicest grounds
are to be found, fit for every kind of culture, from
fruits to cercaleous grains and even, on account of Ihe
soft climate, the fruits of temperate regions (specially
the grape) and the wheat, of which bread has been
made up. The market is always abundantly supplied
wilh maize, french beans and manioc flour. It is not
the same with tobacco, but that which is put up for
sale is first rate. Prime quality cotton is also produced
and exported, of which a particular species occurs,
consisting in yellowish silky filaments, therefore called

448

algoddo seda ( silk-cotton); this is an article highly prized
in the market of Liverpool and promising to prove, in
process of time, a very important manufaclural product.
Cane sugar, rapadnra and rum are also made in a few
small factories and distilleries for the local consump-
tion, as well as requeijoes (*), which are in great repute.

The woodland in the municipal district abounds with
excellent limber, a great deal of medicinal plants and
every sort of game.

At the place named aAgua Q.uente)), three leagues off
the town, is a thermal spring, called wSta. Luzia« much
resorted to for the cure of syphilis.

No manufactory has been established up to the pres-
ent time; thej' design, however, to found a cloth factory.

There is plenty of water in the municipium, crossed
as it is by a great many rivers and rivulets

The origin of the town was a collection of huts oc-
cupied by Indians of the tribe Cahetcs, which most
likely was very numerous, as it is indicated by Ihe last
sj'llable of tlie name, meaning — augmenlation or multi-
tude. The country was later conquered by a few advent-
urers coming from S. Paulo and fell to the possession
of some men of the name of (>arvalhos, who in 1754
made it over, with the hamlet and chapel of «Sla. Anna«,
by deed of gift, for llie creation of a parish. It was,
however, incorporated into the properly of Ihe crown
by the 3-'i., 5'i'., 13'i'., 26>i'. and 28iii. provisions of Ihe
charier issued October 5"'. 1795; wherefore, on the crea-
tion of the village, in 1810, a scjuare half league, the
centre of which was the pillory, was assigned for ihe
raising of houses. The village was created a town by
law no. DO") of October 12iii. 1867.

lOi (IdiiKiini'i. —'l'\us town stands on the lell bank of
the river Acarahy, at the most central part of the bay

(*) A kind of curds-chcesc.

449

so called. It is composed of plastered houses, [generally
consislinff of but one door, for the most part <^lazcd
and arranged in 29 streets and 4 squares, the latter
being called "Matriz", « Araparo», ■l)csterro» and ('Mu-
nicipal)).

A church is to be seen on each square, except the
last-mentioned one,— the other three having the same
name with llie church rising on them. The parish
church is consecrated to 0. L. of the Assumption. The
town-hall, in good condition, stands on the «Municipal))
square.

There is no fair in the town, but at the hamlets Aca-
rahy, 4 kilom. oil' the town, on the left river bank, and
Pinare, north of the town and 10 kilom. from it.

A commercial intercourse, though unimportant, is
held with the capital, the neighbouring villages of
Igrapiuna, Santarom, Barcellos, Marahu, Santa Cruz and
the towns of Valenga, Nazareth, Sto. Amaro, Cachoeira
and Itaparica.

There are three cemeteries, two wiihin the town lof
which one has a chapel) and one without its boundaries,
(^ne of the burying grounds is a public one, while the
others belong to fraternities.

Two public schools perform iheir functions in the
town and two at the hamlet of Acarahy. There are also
ten private schools

The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to manioc fluur
making and, on a small scalf?, to agriculture.

The origin of the town was a hamlet of Indians fonnd-
cil in loCO by the Jesuits, who erected there :i thapcl
c nsecralcd tc. O. L. of Ihe Assunqjlion of Mi.c;'m3mu,
upon which — it is so reporled - Ihe honours of a paiish
church were conferred in 1570. Mem de Sa granted the
al)ovc piiesls the whole territory, to which Ihcy added
other tracts of ground, obtained by means of private
gifts and legacies.

45o

Here is what Balthazar da Silva Lisboa reports in his
wMcmoria da Comarca de IlheosM:

wBalthazar Ferrcira Gaivo'.o, th? proctor and lieuten-
ant of the third governor of ihe caplainry of Ilheos,
having a mind to found a village at the district of Ca-
niamu, intrusted the mission to Joao dc Andrada, who
erected several factorial houses, appointed scriveners
and judges and inaugurated the village under the title
of M Andrada)). But the Jesuits opposed such a measure
and obtained, after a long-deliycd lawsuit, a sentence,
pronounced in Bahia on the iG'ii of August 1614, whcre-
b}' the village had to turn again to a hamlet, as it prc-
cedenlly was, and the chiefs of the donees were enjoin-
ed not to disturb the college and pay the charges)).

It is probable, however, the above sentence was not
executed, for we are in possession of a few documents
t f the epoch when (lennal Francisco Barrelo de Mene-
zes was at the head of the government (from 1637 for-
ward)— such as several letteis to the officers of the
municipal council of Caniamu — , that prove the village
was already existing upon that time; which is confirm-
ed by Balthazar da Silva Lisboa iiimself, when he slates
that the village of Cayii'i was created in the lime of the
first donee, being one of the five ancient villages com-
posing the caplainry, among wliicli was IIkiI oI Camanu'i.

In spile of its excellent i)ort, ihe town uiidei- con-
sideration is more and more ialling into decay, spe-
cially at the piesent time, after the neigiil)onr ing village
of Maralu'i began to llouiish wiih ils factories for the
extraction and |)repaiali()n of turf prodrcls.

Notwithstanding the village of (".amaniii was ciealed
a town by an act of Ihe stale govei nn.cnt, issued June
22"'i. 18'J1.

11) ('.(iinpcslrc. On ;, small In'gli plain, wlieie rise up
a few brandies ol Ihi- lidge of niountaius called Scrra

45 1

d(i Chapadn , thai crosses it from norlh to soiilli, stands
Ihc lowii, 12 lca},'uos NNW of the town of Len^ocs and
8 WNW of the village of Palrneiras. It is served by a
single never drying rivulet, supplying it with drinkable
water and Rowing at a short distance.

The town is little jjopulous. The houses, generally
consisting of a single floor, arc badly built; they are
set out with unglazed windows, unplastered and dis-
jiosed in few stieets and but one square, on which are
to be seen, not yet completed, the parish church, con-
jccrated to O. L of Conception, and the town-house.
An unimportant fair, held every thursday on the only
s(iuarc, is scantily supplied with dried meat, bacon,
rapaduras, some fruits produced in the suburbs and
cerealeous grains.

A small cemetery is to be seen on the square; but it
is now abandoned, after another was made, which
stands on an inadequate site and is kept in a bad state
of preservation.

The commercial movement of the town is uninterest-
ing. C.olTee and sugar-cane culture, as well as cattle-
breeding, on large and good pasture-grounds in the
municipal district, are ihe principal business of its in-
habitants.

A few somewhat important hamlets form a part of
the municipium.

The parish was created by law no. 899 of May 15"'.
186-J, the village by that, no. 2G52, of May 14"'. 1889, and
the town by act no. -191, issued by the governor of the
slate on the 22"'i. of June 1891.

12) Caiaucllas.— This beautiful town stands in a safe
commodious bay on the left bank of the river Cara-
veJlas and 291 maritime miles IVcm the capital.

The hvc streets composing the town, thirteen meters

wide, parallel with the river and regularly intersected
57

4^2

at right angles by seven narrower streets, arc paved and
bordered with lioiises of a pleasant aspect, tliough low
and of ancient types, on account of Iheir being 'arran-
ged in a regular line. A few lofty houses rise up on the
streets, which lead to two squares.

Several churches, the parish one being consecrated to
St. Anthonj' and all of them in good lepair, are to be
seen at the town, as well as public schools, a iheatre,
telegraphic station, philharmonic society and hotel, a
few pharmacies, shops, hardwares and victuals store-
houses and the station of the «Conipanhia Bahiana>>.
There are also some potteries and whale oil factories.

The commercial intercourse of the town extends as
far as Arassuahy, Minas Novas, Montes Claros, Grao Mo-
gol, S. Joao Haplisfa and Phila(ieli)hia, for the products
of which it is an expoitation centre Tl'.e nunicipal dis-
trict, ihe ground of which is very fertile, produces
abundantly manioc flour and, on a smaller scale, a
highly prized sort of cotlce.

One league below the town starts from the point call-
ed (iPonta da Arcia^ a railway, titled oBahia e Minas»,
that reaches for the present time the station Aymorcs,
near the ridge of mountains so called, after having call-
ed at the stations Taquary (38 kilom.), Jurema (51), Pe-
ruhype i66), Mucury (122) and Aymorcs (1-12). This line
will enter the slate of Minas as far as Phihidelphia.

The origin of Caravellas was a hamlet of Indians
founded by the Jesuits, as soon as the place began to be
jjcopled, and afterwards extinguished. In loSl a french
friar erected there a chapel, consecrated to »Sto. Anto-
nio do Campo dos Coqueirosn. During the 17"'. century
several hamlets were founded again, which were attack-
ed by the dutch in 1636. In a later period a few natives
of S. Paulo, coming from the interior of Minas, settled
liieir abode on the place under consideration; bul, as
thcv l)egan to leave it after a short time, 1). .loao de

453

Lancastro congregated a few ones that had remained,
as well as some Indians, on the bank of the river Cara-
vellas, where he created a village in 1700. The parish,
however, was not instil iiled until the IK"', of January
1755. The town was created by law no. 521 of April 23"'.
1855.

13) Condeiiba.— This town, situate on the very point
where the river Condeuba falls into the Gaviao, an
aflluentof the Rio de Conlas, is fi leagues from the fron-
tier of Minas and the mountain called oMorro de Con-
deuba)).

There are to be seen about five hundred houses, con-
sisting of a single floor, kept in a good slate of clean-
liness and solidly built, a good parish church, conse-
crated to St. Anthony, and an excellent town house on
the square, on the central part of which is held every
Saturday a fair, abundantly supplied with products and
where many horses and oxen are put up for sale, above
three thousand head of cattle being sent to the capital.

Two schools perform their functions in the town, the
climate of which is very salubrious, the water of good
quality, the inhabitants endowed with an excellent
temper, obliging and kind.

The municipal district is extremely fertile and ade-
quate to every sort of culture. There are a few small
factories, that make first-rate cane-sugar and rapaduru.
The manioc is planted on a large scale. The woodlands
at the southern part of the municipium, where it bor-
ders upon Minas, are cultivated in coffee, which is
exported to Cachoeira, in s\)He of the great distance
between the last mentioned town and that of Condeuba.

The parish was created in 1851 (resolution no. 413 of
May 19"'.), the village in 1860 (law no. 809 of June 11"'.),
under the name of wSto. Antonio da Barra^*, and the

454

town in 1889 (law no. 2673 of June 28"m, under Ihe liile
of Condciiba.

The icgion on which lh3 town stands wjs conqiKMeil
to the botocndos by Colonel Joao Cionsalvcs da ('.( sla in
1805. In 1831, when the parish of Hio Pardo Wiis cio-
aled a village, the region, as well as that on which is
now silnale the town of Conquisia, began to foi in a
part of the province of iNIinas Geraes, from which it was
separated iti 1839, in consequence of a petition put up
by the inhabitants, who alleged they were then 8.000
to 10.000 in number and only ninety six leagues from
the capital of Bahia, while the distance separating them
from that of Minas arrounted to one hundred and eighty
leagues.

1-1) Conquisia. — On the southern baj-c of the ridge ol
mountains called 5e/Ta do Peripcri, that comes from the
state of Minas and runs through a pleasant valley lead-
ing to Ihe liver Palypc or Pardo, which fertilizes the
soLilhcin part of the miinicipium, stands the town of
Con(iuista, 84 kilom. from the village ol Po(,'6es, 180
from Ihe town of Condciiba and 170 from the village of
Bom Jesus dos Meiras, which, notwilhslandiiig, are the
nearest places.

The town, occupying an uneven ground, is composed
of houses generally c( nsisling of a single lloor, set out
Willi glazed windows, painted with ochre or lime and
disposed in eleven streets and two scpiares. On the
largest and most central s<|uare, called .Prac^a da Ma-
trix", rise up liie parish chui ch, consecrated to O. L.
of ((Victorias Ihe only temple in the town, and the
town-bouse, belonging to a private person. A much
tic(|iienled fair is held every Saturday on tlie scpiare
undc-r consideration, where is a large commodious mar-
ket-liouse, l)e!(mging to llic immicipalily.

455

There is in the town a well situate burying-ground,
with a chapel, two public schools and six private ones.

The commercial movement is very important and
commercial intercourse is held with the capital of the
slate, the towns and villages of the interior and the
municipal districts on the banks of the river Pardo and
a few ones of the northern part of Minas, that it borders
ui)on.

It is 48 kilom from the capital, with which it commu-
nicates, to a certain extent, by means of the Central
Railway.

The inhabitants of the municipium generally devote
themselves to agriculture and cattle-breeding. The su-
gar cane, cofTee-lree, manioc, cotton-shrub, maize, to-
bacco, rice, etc. are brought under cultivation there.
Herds of oxen, horses and mules are bred in very im-
portant estates. Cane-sugar and rum are made in a great
deal of small factories, as well as manioc flour, starch
and lime.

Marble, calcareous stones and rock-salt are also to be
found ill the valley of the river Pardo.

There is plenty of water, both for drinking and to
meet the necessities of tilling. Covered with gigantic
forests, occupying an extremely fertile ground, highly
favoured by nature, the municipium is not subject lo
the rigour of drought; on the contrary, when the inte-
rior of the stale was wasted by drought four years ago,
the municipium of which we are treating assisted the
burnt region and a part of the state of Minas with many
thousands of nlquiers of manioc flour, kidney bean and
the like, — which resulted in the introduction of above
10.0(0 immigrants, who have highly contributed to the
prosperity of the town, that has always increased in a
remarkable way. The temperature of the town comes
down lo 10° upon winter and oscillates in summer be-

456

tween 18° and 25° in the shade, so as to admit the cul-
tivation of curopean fjiii'iS.

The whole terriloy of Victoria was once occupied
b)^ a numeioiis and warlike liibe of Indians, whnse lips
were bored lluonjih and hiinraed with round small
pieces of wood, who from 1803 to 1806 were kept under
by Camp-master Joao da Silva Guimaraes and his son in
law, Colonel Joao Gonsahes da Costa, and finally submit-
ted after a fierce war that came to a close in a long
battle, from 4 o' clock morning to evening, between
three hundred Indians and fifty Portugueses. The scene
of this battle was a place, therefore called by the name
of Dalalha (battle), one league ofi the town, and where
the christians, in commemoration of the victory they
had gained, erected a chapel consecrated to 0. L. of
((Victoria da Conquista».

The just mentioned chapel w^as depending, as for the
ecclesiastical department, upon the parish church of
Rio Pardo, that stood, as it is still the case, on a
territory belonging to the state of Minas. No sooner,
however, was the first school created by the General
Assembly in the place under consideration than, at its
inhabitants' petition, the chapel devolved upon the ju-
risdiction ofUrobi'i,

The law no 124 of May 19"'. 1840 (art. Ill) elevated
the chapel to the category of a parish church and the
hamlet to that of a village, which was annexed to the
comarca of Rio de Contas and installed on the 9"'. of
November. It was afterwards created a town, under
the title of Conquista, by an act of the stale government,
issued June 1^'.

15) Cannaviciras.— The situation of this town is very
bad, for its lying in an island, on the left bank and
mouth of the river Pardo.

The houses are low and sheltered from the rivcr-llood

457

by means of palisades, — which makes them intolerably
humid; they are mudwallcd, as well as the parish church,
conseciated to «S. Bonvenlura do Poximi, and are dis-
posed in five wide streets, forming continued lines and
leading to the river, three lanes and one square.

The river Sip6, washing the town on the northern
side, pours its stream into tlic Palypeand communicates
the town with the hamlet of Commandatuba by means
of a canal made by General Pederneiras and connect-
ing the Patype with the Poxim.

A town-house, two schools and a telegraphic station
are to be seen at the town.

In spite of the great deal of rivers, marshes and heaps
of mud, surrounding the town and producing on high
flood an enormous quantity of gnats, of which nobody
can get rid, there is not a spring in the island, where
is only to be found a well, the water of which is not
drinkable; so that the inhabitants must needs make use
of the water springing from a few cavities on the river-
bank. In such circumstances the sanitary condition of
the town cannot but be exceedingly bad, the inhabitants
being constantly victims to malignant fevers; moreover,
the short distance from the burying ground to the houses
and the want of caution with regard to inhumations
- Contribute to the just mentioned unfavourable result.

In spile of such disadvantageous c< ndilions, Canna-
vieiras is in a train for progress, after the discovery of
a few mines at Salobro and on account of the rapid
and increasing development of cacao culture on Ihe
banks of the river Pardo and the valley of the Jequili-
nhonha, holding communication with Cannaviciras by
means of the river Salsa and canal Poassu. The com-
mercial mo\ement of Ihe town has, therefore, enlarged
to a great measure and extended as f r as the town of
Arassuahy, in the slate of Minas.

Large and inexhaustible quarries, abounding with the

458

finest marble of various hues, are to be found on the
river-banks.

The soil is prodiyiously fertile and covered with virgin
forests, extremely rich in timber, the felling of which
furnishes many people with a gainful livelihood.

TI.e parish was created in 1718 ai:d elevated to the
category of a village by the decree of November l/Hi.
1833; it was, at last, created a town by the act of the
state government of Mav 25'i'. 1891.

16) Feira de Sanl'Anna.—T\\\<> (own, standing on a vrst
plain, one league olT the left bank of the Jacuhype and
eight from the town of Cachoeira, wilh which it is con-
nected by a railway, is a great many meters above the
sea-level and is endowed wilh a good climate, highly
commended by physicians for the treatment of pulmo-
nary diseases; its temperature oscillates betwixt 15 and
18 centigrade degrees in winter.

The streets are 1 road, clean and pleasant, bordered
with very well built edifices, anu ng which a large and
excellent town-hall, sumptuous shnmbles, hotels, a the
atre and the like are to be singled dut. There arc lour
principal slrecis, the most noteworthy of which is that
of (iSenhor dos Passos', the best in the town, on ac-
count of its breadth and l),'auly.

On the last-named sticct i iscs the chapel consecrated
to 'iScnhor dos Passc)S'>, and at Ihc entrance to the town,
near the railway station, the paiish church, spacious
and sigiitly, consecrated to St. Anne. At a short distance
stands llie Ijeaiiliful ■Misericoniia)) hosjjital. on a street
crowded wilh sliowy (ield-houses. On the street called
"Una ])ireita>i is located tiie asylum O. L. of Lourdes,
for oipluin gills, loui i\i:^\ by jjiiest Ovidio Alves de S.
Hoiiveutuia, a virtuous parson, deceased on the li)'''. ol
March 18M() and inhuiucd in the parisii church, to whose
nuiuory a statue was l)ut hUely set up.

4^9

Renowned fairs, Ihat gave the town its name and the
most important in tiie state, arc held every monday on
the three large s([uares. On one of Ihem, paved and
bordered with commercial houses, victuals are set to
sale in a wonderful quantity. On another are sold—
leather, tobacco, brandy and the like. On a Ihird square
called "Campo do Ga(lo» (Cattle field) is held the most
important fair in the state; above 10.000 head of horses,
oxen, mules, sheep and swine are sold there a week.
These fairs, specially Ihat of oxen, have decreased in
some measure, after the extension of the S. Francisco
railway.

There are 11 commercial houses dealing in tobacco
by the gross and 70 by retail. Four manufactories, the
machinery of which is set in motion by the action of
slcam, and two of them being designed for the prepa-
ration of oil and soap, are at work in the town.

The territory of the municipium is extremely ade-
quate for cattle-breeding and tobacco culture and is
also cultivated in sugar-cane, maize and frcnch beans.

The origin of the town was an estate where in 1828
were to be seen a chapel, depending upon the parish
of «S. Jose das Itapororocasw and a large hamlet, com-
posed of many streets, on which stood a great deal of
commercial houses. A fair, provided with victuals, fruit,
clolh, hardwares, game etc., was held there every week
and was so much resorted to, that 40 to 50 oxen were
butchered for the frequenters' supply. The place being
so important, the inhabitants petitioned for the crea-
tion of a village, which was granted by the decree of Sep-
tember 1311'. 1832. The law of March 19"'. 1846 removed to
the new village the seat of the i)arish of S. Jose das lla-
pororocas. It was, finally, created a town by law no.
1320 of June 18"'. 1873.

During the "Sabinada» (1837) it sided with the revolu-

4t>o

tionisls, who took refuge there and withstood gallantly
an onset of the legal troops.

17) ///ieo5.— Situate bj- the baj' so called, that afiords
a very good anchorage to any vessel, but having no
wharf, this town is small, composed of houses consist-
ing of one or more than one lloor and disposed in a
few paved streets, where the most noteworthy public
buildings are the small parish church, consecrated to
St. George, the town house, also small, and a chapel.

Two rivers, the Cachoeira and Alraada or Itahype,
pour their stream into the bay of llhcos.

The municipium is verj' fertile and produces cacao,
coffee, manioc and sugar-cane, which, as well as bran-
dj', are the principal articles in Ihe market of the town.
The number of cacao plantations is always increasing
in the municipal district, where grow up extensive im-
portant woods.

Fishery is very productive, both in the sea and in
the rivers and lakes. One of the rivers, the Almada,
cannot be navigated, for its being obstructed by an
orchidaceous plant, thp nenuphar, which was carried
from the capital, on account of its beautiful flowers,
and, with its entangled long lools, hindered navigation
to so high a degree as to rcciuire a gi'cat expense in
order to be drawn oil'.

Turf and bituminous schists, petroleum, naphtha and
the like are to be abundantly found in the soil of the
municipal district.

The village of llhcos was founded by Francisco Ho
mero, a lieutenant of Jorge de Figuciredo C.orreia, the
donee of the captainry, when he came and commenced
the colonization of the place under consideration, in
I."):}.") or 1.").%.

The new village and the territory of the caj)lainry
were for manv vears the scene of llie most wasting

4^1

wars and assaults made by the savages, especially those
belonging to the tribe Aymore, who overthrew all the
establishments and reduced to a hundred the inhabit-
ants of the villages of S.Jorge. The captainry, after hav-
ing belonged for a short lime to the family of Jorge
Correia, was sold to that of Lucas Gualdes; its posses-
sion later devolved upon the family of D. Joao de Cas-
tro, in consequence of the execution put up by the
latter against Lu cas Gualdes, till, at length, it turned
again to the crown, under the reign of D. Jose, having
been bought of D. Antonio de Castro. In 1635 a dutch
lleet, under the command of Lichthardt, entered the
port of Ilheos, attacked and ransacked the village.

The village dates, therefore, from 1536. It was elevated
to the category of a town by resolutic n no. 2187 of
June 28'ii. The parish was created by the first bishop
of Brazil, D Pedro Fernandes Sardinha (1551 56).

18) //apanca.— This town is situate on the northern
point of the island of Itaparica, where stands a fort
called «S. Lourengoi), erected in 1711 by D. Louren^o
de Almada on the very sile where Van Schkoppe, on his
taking the island, in 1647, had built another, with four
redoubts, so unsuccessfully attacked by brave Francis-
co Rabello.

Brilliant exploits were performed in this fort when
it was assaulted, January 6'i'. 1823, by the Portuguese
maritime forces. Though the fort was armed with a
few cannons, Captain Antonio de Souza Lima, the gov-
ernor of the island, brought some others from the fort
of Morro de S. Paulo and with such cannons the inhab-
itants of Itaparica fought so intrepidly upon the attacks
of the memoi'able days of January that (General Labatut
presented the garrison with a brazilian ilag (the first
that was hoisted in the island) and published an hon-
ourable order of the day on January IS'ii. Moreover,

462

the title of Intrepida (intrepid) was conferred upon the
island by D. Pedro I.

Colonel Folisberto Gomes Caldeira was inipiiscncd
in the fort, by the order of Labatiit, from the 19"'. to
the 22">'. of May, 1823; which resulted in the dismissal
of the general, who devolved the com.nand of the army
into the hands of Colonel Jose Joaquim de Lima e Silva.

In 1841 the fort was in a bad condition, as well as
its thirteen cannons; but it was carefully repaiicd in
1862, during the Chislic conflict.

The town of Itaparica was but recently created and
is generally composed of inelegant houses, consisting
for the most part of a single floor and disposed in streets
narrow and badly paved, but arranged in more or less
straight lines. After the air and water, taken from the
fountain called Fonlc da Bica, proved to be advanta-
geous in the treatment of Lcribcri,lhe village (now town),
already falling into a great decay, improved very much,
on account of the great affluence of sick persons, that
went there to recover from their disease, and several
rows of elegant houses, of a pleasant aspect, were con-
structed, both on a street at the north-eastern part of
the town, to which the pompous name of Boulevard was
given, and on a field, at the southern jioilion of the
town, called by the name of Campo Fonuoso.

The following temples rise up in the town: that which
is consecrated to the Holy Sacrament (which is a parish
church since 1815), spacious, kept in good repair, located
on the western shore, its background being washed
by the sea; the chapel of St. Laurence, the most ancient
id the town, near the fort and coeval wiih it, and, at
last, hard by the fori, a small chapel, where an image
is to i)e seen to which are acribcd by the inhabitants
a supernatural virtue and participalif n in the heroic
deeds of the Independence war.

The lown-liousc consists of but one floor ai.d is of

463

an ancient type. A large lofty house rises up beside the
fort and serves at the same time as a private hospital
for the treatment of such as are infected with beriberi
and as a hole), under the direclion of a physician. Tliere
are also to be seen a lime factory, the remainder of an
ancient active industry, now almost extinguished, of the
town, and a few distilleries, the last representatives of
another industry, also fallen into decay. As to that of
rope- making, which gave the title to a street in the
town, only the name was left at the present time. The
town, as well as the whole island, abounds wilh plan-
tations, producing delicious fruits, that made the town
and island highly renowned. The ancient and celebrated
stocks are now reduced to a small number.

The also ancient and celebrated whale oil factories,
which gave the name of Ponta da Baleia (whale point)
to the point where the fort stands, though equally fall-
ing into decay, are now^ located on the eastern shore
of the island, soulh of the town.

Fishery is a favourite business of the inhabitants.

The steamers to or from Nazareth call six times a week
at the town, which is the terminus of a special steam-
ship line, created to meet the necessities of the great
affluence of persons, whether infected with beriberi or
not, going from the capital and most of them residing
in the town; the steamers of this line come to the cap-
ital every morning and turn back at the afternoon.

The island where the town stands was allotted by
Thome de Souza, in 1552, to the Count of Castanheira,
by whom its colonization was commenced. The village
was created by the decree of November 13"'. 1832 and
the town by an act issued by the governor of the state on
the 30III. of October 1890.

It is the native country of a few celebrated brazilians.

19) Jacobina, on the two banks, connected by a bridge,

464

of the river Ouro, an affluent of the Itapicuri'i-merim,
in a valley formed by 'v.o tidges of mountains running
almost parallel with each oilier, in a direction from
SSW. to XNW.

The town i^ composed of liouses consisting of one
or more floors, plastered, painted, generally set out
with glazed windows and disposed in 21 streets, 10
alleys and 4 squares. On the square called «da Matriz«
stands the parish church, titled- 0. Lady of the Ro-
sary, though its patron is St. Anthony. Another church,
consecrated to 0. L. of Conception, rises on wConcei-
9ao» square, and on a third square, called «Missao)', is
a church of the same name. A chapel, consecrated to
St. Anne, is to be seen on cCapellinhax street. The town-
hall, of an ancient type, but strongly built, like most
of the houses in the town, is situate on the square call-
ed «Mnnicip.' 1», where a fair is held every week, as
well as on «Matriz» square.

There arc two cemeteries at the town. One of them,
situate on a square, was secularized and interdicted, for
its lying in a very disadvantageous situation, on a rock
on the surface of which there was a layer of earth not
deep enough for the giavcs; putrid exhalations from de-
caying corpses were perceived at some distance from
the burying ground, which, moreover (and this was
more pernicious) was declivous, so that whenever it
rained the torrent came down from the cemetery into
the river, which flows at a short distance and crosses
the town, supplying the inhabitants with water. The
other cemetery is remote from I lie town and in good
hygienic conditions.

On the western extremity of the town a collection of
houses comes into vie wand commercial establishments
arc to be seen among them, though the fair is held, as
we have said, on two squares near the bridge.

Jacobina is 400 kilom. from the capital, with which

465

it communicates— whether by the town of Feira de
Sant'Anna (from which it is 260 kilom. distant), or by
the villa<^e of Queimadas, a station of the cProlonga-
mento)) railway, lying at the distance of 110 kilometers.

The town holds a commercial intercourse with Villa
Nova (now the town ofBomfim), Amargosa, Feira de
Sant'Anna, Cachoeira, Alagoinhas, Barra do Rio Grande,
Lenfoc^, Morro do Chapeo, Mundo Novo, Riachao de
Jacuipe, <^ampo Formoso, Monte Santo, Tucano and
Bom Conselho— in this slate, Larangeiras and Simao
Dias in the state of Sergipe, and the states of Goyaz and
Piauhy, with which it deals in cattle on a large scale.

Eight schools are at work in the municipal district,
that is to say— two in the town, two at the parish of
«Saude)>, two at l^at of Riachao, two at the hamlet of
S. Jose and one at that of Palmeirinhas. The tempera-
ture of the town is very irregular and subject to the
influence of the numerous lofty ridges of mountains
rising thereabouts.

The inhabitants of the municipium apply themselves
to the culture of colfee, manioc, maize, french bean,
sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, cotton and some other kinds
of limited culture, and in the bringing up of oxen, horses,
mules, sheep, goats and swine, f* r which purpose there
are several estates, where excellent pasture-grounds are
to be seen. Mango trees, bearing celebrated fruits, are
also cultivated in the municipal district. Industry is
represented by the rolling up of tobacco and the prep-
aration, on a large scale, of the celebrated stwcelmeals
of aragd (*), imbu (*), quince and lemon, as well ashy Ihc
f. brication of lime, soap, cigarettes and cigars.

\\c must say, however, that what originated the name
and even the creation of Jacobina was the vast and ricii
geld mines, which are to be seen even within the town,
found out when thev were looking for Roberio Dias'

(*) A fruit of Brazil.

466

mines, so niiich spoken of and lying in Ihe municipium.
A great deal of adventurers and explorators coming from
S. Paulo began to inhabit the region under considera-
tion, which resulted in the royal order of August 5"'.
1720, whereby a village was founded there, and that of
May 13"'. 1726, that credited a casting house, called at
Ihe present time casa das almas, where 3841 pounds of
prime quality gold were cast in a twelvemonth.

Such a lucrative industry is ready to be revived by a
company, wCompanhia das Minas de Jacobina", that
was organized four years ago and is successfully carried
on, employing about two hundred workmen, under the
direction of skilful technical functionaries. This com-
pany possesses an iniporlant workhouse, provided wi h
the most modern machines, of sixl;^ horse-power, an
americau will (California Stamp MillK for the pulveri-
zation of auriferous ore, and several apparatuses for
amalgamation, concentration and the like.

A municipal district is rarely lo be found in the state
so abundant with never drying water, to supply the
town and parishes, both for drinking and lo meet the
necessities of agriculture and mining.

The parish dates from 1677. The village was created,
on the 24'!'. of June 1722, at the place called «Missao
do Sahy)), an ancient mission of Indians founded by
the franciscans in 1697; but it was transferred, Feb-
ruary loi'i. 1724, for Ihe benefit of mining, to the
hamlet of Bom Jesus, a mission also founded by Ihe
franciscans in 17()(). The law no. 2049 of July 28ii'. 1880
elevated the village lo Ihe categorv of a town.

20i ./oarr/ro.— This Idwn slaiids on the right miugin
ol the liver S. Francisco, upon an upland, in front of
Ihe i)icliiies(iuc village of relrolina, belonging lo Ihe
stale of Pcrnambuco. It lies at the distance of 120 kilo-
meters beyond Ihe village of Capim drossoand as many

467

before tlial of Sento Se and is composed of twenty
sticels arranj^ed in a coiilinuous line, parallel wilh the
river, and bordered wilb elegant bouses, plastered or
painted in dillerent colours, seven lanes and five
squares, titled «I)esembargador Mouteiro", cLiberdadC)),
oHedemp^aoi), cRosario)) and "Avenida Moenia«.

On Ibe first-named square rises up tbe magnificent
jiarisb cburcb, consecrated to O. L. of '(GrottasD, tbat
ranks wilb tbe most sumptuous temples in the interior
of the state. A town ball is building on «Rosario" square.

There are two schools in tbe town and two at tbe
hamlet of Snlitre At the distance of 500 meters from the
town a cemetery, called cEgualdadC)) and possessing a
chapel, conies into view.

The Babia and S. Francisco railwaj' will soon reach
tbe town, which will be its terminus.

Tbe commercial movement of Joazeiro is very active.
Tbe town rectives foreign articles from tbe capital and
cx[)orts them to Piauby and the whole valley of the
large S. Francisco as far as the town of Januaria,in tbe
stale of Minas, and receives from these places a great
deal of victuals, leather, caoucbouc and the like. Rs
principal intercourse is held wilh the villages of Sento
Se, Riacbo da Casa Nova, Remanso, Pilao Arcado, Cbi-
que ('.bique, the town of Barra, the villages of Urubii,
Lapa, Carinbanha and some others on the valley of Ibe
large river.

Industry is represented at the town by a few cigaretes
factories and workhouses of carpenter, blacksmith,
goldsmith, shoemaker and the like; the inhabitants also
deal in imported goods. Tbe inhabitants of the rural
regions are devoted to agriculture and cattle-breeding.

Tbe port of the town, planted wilh trees, is frequented
by cttasiirig-vesscls, that caiiy a good deal oi merchan-
dises from it to the villages and hamlets on the river

bank.

468

The origin of Joazeiro was a hamlet inhabited by
aboriginals and administrated by the franciscans, who
had founded it in 1706. Towards the close of the 18"'.
century this town was ajulgado, created in 1766 by the
Count of Azarabuja. The law of March 26ii'. 1840 instituted
there a parish, which was elevated to a village, on the 9'''.
of May 1833, by a resolution of the General Council of
the province. The village was created a town by law
no. 1814 of July 15ii'. 1878.

21) Le/ij'oes. — This town is situate on a declivous
ground on the valleys of the rivers Lenfoes and S. Jose,
the two margins ot the latter being connected by a
bridge, and not far from the rivers Sto. Antonio and
Ulinga.

The town is composed of 1500 houses.

Here is whal is staled about it by Colonel Durval de
Aguiar:

"The town, standing on a declivous ground, has no
beauty at all. A slope square, planted with a few trees
and surrounded with lofty houses, the ground-lloorsof
which are occupied by commercial establishments, leads
on all sides to very uninleresling streets, of which some
are i)aved wiih the vciy stones of the rock on which
they were cut. A large and old lolly house on the square
serves as a town-hall, and back of it, on .Mineiros)'
street, a lloored house is to be seen, which is used as a
prison house and barrack. The parish church was never
completed, wherefore its functions are performed in
the church consecrated to (). L. of the Rosary, on I'lia-
dcrna" street.

"Tliere was an active commercial movement, which
has diminished to a great extent after the mines began
to lose their importance. A fair, very uninteresting and
little resorted to, is held every monday. Two schools
are at work in the town.

4^^9

«Up to 1871 the diamond mines flourished wonder-
fii lly. Immigrants resorted in crowds to the town and
all commercial stations thereabouts and devoted them-
selves to a very lucralive trade. Activilj% wcallii, luxury
and ostentation originated a great commercial move-
ment. Diamonds of every hue were only looked for;
carbonates were set at nought, as it is still the case
with rock-crystal, thrown away by mine-diggers as
quite unuseful, — wherefore they are looking vainly, up
to the present time, for a carbonate, one kilogram in
weight, on which a few negroes lit, upon working a
mine in the ridge of mountains called cSerra do Vene-
no)', but thrown down the mountain, as if it were an
uninteresting stone, by Jose M artins da Rocha, the chief
of the mine-diggers.

("After the discovery of the Good Hope cape diamonds,
the price of diamond fell in such a way as to stop sud-
denly all commercial movement in the mines and reduce
to miser}^ the merchants who had employed their whole
capital in such a course of business. The disaster was
complete and afTccled both the market of the capital
and that of the neighbouring places, which were more
or less njaintained by diamond trade.

((When ten years later we called at the place under
consideration, we saw poverty, stinginess and dejection,
instead of the richness, activity and commercial move-
ment of former times. The mines were almost aban-
doned and a few miners that still continued to work
them hardly came by the sum necessary for their food.

('The mines being thus abandoned, the inhabitants of
the niunicii)ium applied themselves to the cultivation
of the cotree-lrce, of a rare quality and planted in the
places called groUas, that is to say— in valleys crossed
by rivers and rivulets and lying in a craggy ground,
formed by numerous mountains, which have been turn-
ed topsy-turvy after the mining works were commenced.

470

These grotlas are .extremely fertile and have, up to the
present lime, produced a great deal 'of coffee. The dis;;-
ging for carbonates, now Iiighly prized and paid, is now-
a-days the principal business of the miners »

Tlie site where the town now stands was llrsl peopled
on the discovery of its mines, in 1845, and by law no.
G04 of December 14"'. 1856 was elevated to a village,
under the title of ((Commercial Villa dos Len^oesw (Com-
mercial Village of Len^oes). The village was, finally,
created a town by law no. 946 of May 20"'. 1864 The
parish was created by the law of December 18'''. 1856.

22) Mara^of/Zpe. -Standing on the left bank cf the river
of its name, also called Capanema or Guahy (an affluent
of the Paraguassi'O, on the very point where these rivers
widen and form a large majestic lake, known by the
name of uLago do Paraguassu«, the town under con-
sideration lies on several necklands going a great way
from the place called <Saude" into the river and sur-
rounded with mangues {'} and apiciins (*). Nevertheless it
is composed of good houses, consisting of one or more
floors, plastered and set out witli glazed windows, form-
ing fourteen good paved streets (besides some other ot
less importance) and six squares.

The parish church, consecrated to St. IJartludomew,
is located on "Matriz" square; the chapel of St. Peter,
on ((Hnseadao st.; that of O. Lady of Nazareth, on ((Con-
selheiro Pedro Luiz" st., and that of O. Lady of Lapa
on ((Saboeiron square. The last named chapel belongs to
the Charity Hospital and is located on the hillside where
this establishment stands.

A sigblly town-bouse is to be seen on tlie scpiarc
called "Municipal"; it is a solidly built edifice, now
somewhat damaged. A fair is iield on IVidays, Saturdays
and mondnys, botli on liiis scpiare and on the streets

(*) Shrubs of Ihazil, growing on river-b.mks.

471

tilled "Rua Nova do Commercio" and «Porto Grando).
Five public fountains, made by a company, supply the
town with water.

A commercial intercourse, though active, is only held
with the inland and sea-bordering regions and the cap-
ital of the stale. There are a few cigar factories, of which
two are very important, and several soap, candles, lime
and brandy factories, a hotel and some establishments
dealing in clolh and victuals, bakehouses, shambles,
pharmacy, literary and philharmonic societies. Several
phj'sicians perform their functions in the town.

To Ihe wMisericordia" brotherhood belongs a cemetery
in good hj'gienic conditions, with a chapel consecrated
lo O. L. of (tPiedadc)). There are four schools in the
town and six at the following places: Nage, Coqueiros,
Piedade, Capanema, Barra de S. Roquc and the hamlet
of S. Roque.

The inhabitants of the municipal district, the area of
which is now very reduced, apply themselves to the
culture of sugar-canes, cofTee, tobacco, manioc, maize,
french bean, and to the breeding of oxen, horses and
swine; such as live in Ihe town are cigar-makers, fisher-
men, merchants, tailors etc.

Nage and Coqueiros (wilh a chapel consecrated to
0. L. of oLivramcnto» and scvertrl earthen-ware fac-
tories), Saboeiro, Concei^ao do Monte, Vira^ao, Capa-
nema, Sape and Knseada are the principal hamlets
within the jurisdiction of the town.

Maragogipe holds communication with the capital,
from which it is 14 maritime leagues distant, both by
the steamers of the «Companhia Rahianaw (line cf Ca-
chocira) and by sailing barks.

The place where the town is located was known in
the beginning of Ihe 17"'. centuiy. It was created a par-
ish in 1640, while D. Pedro da Silva was at the head
of the episcopal government. The village, which was

472

the capital of the captainry of Paraguassii, made over in
1557, by deed of gift, to D. Alvaro da Costa, by his fa-
ther, D. Duarle da Costa, the 2'"'. governor of Brazil,
was created hy the order, issued February 16"'. 1724, of
Vice-roy Vasco Fcrnandes Cesar de Menezes. It was
elevated to the category of a town by law no. 1320 of
July 16"'. 1873.

23) Minas do Rio de Con/as.— Situate by the left bank
of the Bromado, on a wide plain, this town is composed
of substantially built houses, consisting of one or more
floors, plastered, set out wilh glazed windows and form-
ing seven broad, plain and long streets, two large beau-
tiful squares, called by the names of «Matriz» and
«Rosario», and two small ones, called «Capim« and
«Sant'Anna».

The following temples rise up at the town: the parish
church, consecrated to the Holy Sacrament, on «Matriz^'
square; a church consecrated to O. L. of the Rosary,
on ((Rosario') square, and the chapel of St. Anne, still
under construction, on «Sant'Anna» square.

A strongly built town-hall, of a pleasant aspect, stands
on "MatriZ" square, where an important fair is held
once a week. The cemetery lies in a hygienic situation
and has no chapel. Two schools are at work in the
town, one at the hamlet of Furna, another at that of
Serra and three at Villa Velha.

The town, the commercial movement of which de-
clined to a great extent alter mining works lost their
importance and the price of amethysts fell, holds inter-
course with the capikil, liie villages belonging to the
connircu of which the town under consideration forms
a part, the town ol Caclitc, the S. Francisco region and
the stales of Minas, S. Paulo, Goyaz and Fspirito Santo.
Industry is specially represented by the trades of a
blaksmilli and goldsmith; the best bridles, according to

473

Col Durval, and the finest gold and silver pieces of
work are to be found there, all of them being made
with the only help of the artists' hands and the ancient
tools. The climate of the town is salubrious; its temper-
ature comes down to a very low degree at night, as
well as at morning.

It is 95 leagues from the capital. In order to reach the
town one is to go on horseback for 31 leagues and 64
by railway.

The municipium overabounds with gold, iron, rock-
crystal and precious stones, sulphate of alumin and rich
salt-pits. Gold is a first-rate one and hundreds of aro-
bes were extracted from a few mines in the colonial
epoch. Upon that time there was so great a plenty of
gold at Rio de Contas, says the above-cited writer, as
to seem that the archives of the municipal council and
even the statutes of the fraternities exaggerated the
number of arobes of gold. Gold in powder or bars was
current money and it can almost be said a drachm was
the monetary unit. All payments were made in drachms;
a piece of cloth was to be had for a certain number of
drachms. The statutes of the fraternities assigned a few
diachms of gold for the salary of ihe parson, who was
also [)aid in drachms of gold for the ceremonies of his
profession. In short, it is reported bj' the old persons of
the town that on public festivals, celebrated there with
all imaginable pomp, gold in powder was spilt from
paper cases on the head of a king and a queen, elecled
to solemnize such feasts.

Cane-sugar, rapaduras, rum, cotton clolh, bridles,
spurs, agriculture tools, gold and silver objects, bricks,
earthen vessels and the like are made in the munici-
l)ium. There is plenty of excellent drinkable water,
which, however, is not sufficent, upon drought time, to
meet the necessities of tilling, specially at several central

474

places not possessing any spring or rivulet whatever,
even for the use uf the inhabitants and beasts.

The origin of the town was a haralct founded, towards
Ihe close of tjie 17'''. century, by a few natives of S.
Paulo anil Minps on Ihe place where— if must be said —
a few natives ot Bahia had alicady established them-
selves. After the discovery of gold a village was created
in 1724, one league beyond the actual town of Minas
do Rio de Conlas, ou the place now called «Villa VelhaB,
where there w'as a hamlet since 1715, formed by some
natives of S. Paulo.

Villa Velha, also situate on the bank of the Bromado,
stands on a higher position than the town of Rio de
Contas, with which it communicates by means of a hill-
side, ("from which a grand sight can be perceived,— the
important Bromado cataract rushing down the mount-
ain with a thundering fall and resolving into wide sur-
faces of white foam, distinctly perceivable from a dis-
tance through the green foliage or on Ihe dark stone of
Ihe rock. From Ihe top of Ihe mountain a long series of
green plains can be seen, where only rises up the small
hill on which stands Villa Velha, divided in two por
lions: the upper one, alicady fallen into ruin and almost
abandoned, an<l the lower disliicl, en the Bromado
valley and justly jMcferred by the inhabitants. This
valley is extremely fertile and several estates planted
with fruit ti CCS arc to be seen Ihcrci.

Villa Vf'lha was created a village by the resolulion of
July :J"'. 1880, but was not installed.

Vasco Fernandcs Cesar dc iMenc/.es fdunded in 1721
the village of "Nossa Senhoia do Livramcnto dc Minas
do Rio de Conlas" at the distance of seven kiloni. from
liic actual town In 1712 the ('ount of (ialvcas Iransl'er-
red it to the |)lace where the town now slainis and upon
this lime was transferred to the same place, by the
order of the archbishop, I). .lose Bolclho dc Mallos, the

475

parish of «Slo. Antonio de Mallo GrossO", under the
new lille of«SS. Sacramento das Minas do Rio de Con-
tas». The rcsohilion no. 2544, issued hy the Provincial
Assembly in 1885, elevated the village to the category
of a town.

24) Nazarelh,- on the two margins of the river Jagua-
ripe, connected by a solid stone and mortar bridge and
consisting of a great many arches.

The influence of tides extends as far as this point.

The ^own is one league olF Aratuhype and four oil Sto.
Anlop.io de Jesus and is composed of substantially built
houses, consisting of one or more than one floor, of a
sightly aspect and generally set out with glazed win-
dows. In consequence of the narrowness of the valley,
there are a long principal street and two lateral ones,
with a small wharf on the Jaguaripe bank, and another
street, at the district of wConcei^ao)), on the right river
bank. The squares called «Camamu)), "Porto» and wMu-
nicipalidadc)), are to be specially mentioned.

The most noteworthy temple is the parish church,
consecrated to O. L. of Nazareth, a beautiful edifice in
a very good condition and the inside of which is well
ornamented; it is located on wQuitanda-) street and has
on ils sides two small narrow streets; in 1785 was in-
stituted in this church a fraternity, the statutes of which
were approved, March 20"'. 1810, by D. Joao, then a
regml prince and afterwards king D. Joao VI. The fol-
lowing chapels are also to be noticed: that which is con
secrated to O. L. of Nazarelh, at the district of Cumarau,
the first church that was erected in the town; the chapel
of O. L. of C.onception, also ancient and small, on the
right liver bank; that otOur Lady Queen of the Angels,
'I new c'egant chapel, at the iicad of the street called
uRua Augusta)), at the district of Ratalii; finally, the "Mi

sericordia» chapel, equally new, but in a simple stvle,
60

476

standing upon a hill on the central part of the town
and lying to its northern part.

A «Misericordla)) fialernily, to which belong a ceme-
tery and a new elegant hospital, was instituted at the
town. The hospital stands in a good silualion, in the
place called «Secco», upon a hill on the central part of
the town, and has a chapel; a small piece of ground,
not yet gardened and pertaining to the hospital, adjoins
to it. Th2 spacious and i«ighlly town-hall lises up on
('Municipalidade» square. A fair, that was once much
resorted to, is hdd every Saturday both on the last-
named square and on that which is called by the name
of uPrafa do Porto», on the ground floor of several pri-
vate houses.

The town holds an active commercial intercourse
with the capital, from which it receives the merchan-
dises that are to be transported by the tramroad of
Nazareth, starting from the town under consideration
and reaching for the present the town of Amargosa,
after having called at the town of Sto. Antonio dc Je-
sus and village of S. Miguel.

The inhabitants of the niunicipium apply themselves to
the preparation of manioc Hour, which was once made
in so large a quantity as to give the town the title of oNa-
zarcth das Farinhas». Coflee, tobacco, rapadnrns, cane-
sugar and the like are also exported from the town.
There arc in the niunicipium a few potteries and in the
town two sawing workhouses, the machinery of which
is set in motion by the action of steam and one of them
being very important; a great deal of sugar factories
(some moved by steam or water, some by beasts), a
few distilleries and water-mills, where mai/e is ground
to me.il, a manufactory of /^/c/n/rMnicolin extracted from
lobatco stalks) and a s( ap and candles factory aic
also at work in the niunicipium.

The soil of the municipal district is very fertile, in-

477

tersecled by a j^reat many rivers and kept under culti-
vation; it abounds with several minerals, specially iron.

Nazareth is 18 leagues from the capital, with which it
communicates both by means of the steamers of the
<'Companhia Bahianaw, and by sailing barks. Six schools
are at work in the town and two at the hamlet of Onha.
The town is supplied wilh water from a rivulet, the
stream of which is received in a reservoir belong-
ing to the municipium. Several physicians exercise their
profession in the town, where arc to be seen a few
pharmacies, large shops and storehouses, hotels, literary
associations, such as the «Club Litterario Nazareno»
(Nazarene Literary Club), and amusing societie<5.

Here is the origin of the town: the right bank of the
Jaguaripe was allotted by Mem de Sii to Diogo Correia
Sande, who raised there a sugar factory wilh a chapel,
tilled «S. BentO", which was for a long time a victim
to the onsets of the Aymorcs, by whom it was at length
destroj'ed. The descendants of Diogo Correia allerwards
erected a chapel, in 16..., which is now consecrated to
O. Lady of Conception. Upon this time thejgroui.ds on the
lett river-bank were allotted to Antonio de Oliveira,
one of whose descendants, Antonio de Brillo, raised the
chapel of O. Lady of Nazareth, to which he made over
the whole territory, by deed of gift. As m£ ny people
resorted to the place, on account of the manioc culture,
that colonial laws had rendered obligatory, a parish w'as
instituted in 1753. The parish was created a village by
the decree of October 25"'. 1^31 and the latter was ele-
vated to a town by law no. 368 of November 19'''. 1849.

25) I'orio Segiiro— This is a town standing on the left
bank of the Buranhcm and divided in two portions, the
ippcr and lowerone, or— the better to speak- in tLrcc
districts, of which two lie hard by thejivcr-bank and
on the other the parish church and the strongly built

478

toNvn-hall rise up. The upper portion of the town is an
excellent dwelling-placo, on account of the fine views
obtained from it and the pure air that is breathe 1 there;
it is not the same with the lower district, larger than
the other, but damp and insalubrious.

The inhabitants are principally given to the exlraclic n
and exportation of limber and the catching of garou-
pas (*), as well as to the construction of boats.

In spite of the ferlilily of the g ound, the inhabitants
of the raunicipium do not apply themselves to tilling

Pedro de Campos Tourinho, to whom was first grant-
ed the captainry of Porto Seguro, on the 29"'. of May
1534, was the founder of the village cf Porto Seguro,
though a law had already created there, in 1504, a fac-
tory, the most ancient in Brazil. During the life of the
first donee Ihe village was very prosperous; but it began
to decay with the constant onsets of the savages, chiefly
in 1654, when it was attacked by Abaliras, the chief of
the Aymores. After having been rcedified, it was as-
saulted several times by Ihe indians of the tribe Gucrens,
who, according to RabcUo (<'Chorographia, etc.«), would
perhaps have complelcly destroyed it, had not the cele-
brated Taleno, a cazic of Ihe tribes of the Sto. Antonio
banks, who kept in awe the other indians and was a
great friend to the christians, lent Ihcm assistance,
though, from sickness, he could not walk and was
carried away in a hammcc on the shoulders of his most
vigorous companions.

The parish, consecrated to Our Lady of «Penna»,
was cannonically instituted in 1795. The town was creat-
ed by an act of the state government, issued June 30"'.
1891.

26) Scrriiiliit.— This town stands on a plateau, hard by
the «Prolongamenlo» railway and 14 leagues oil' Alagoi-

(*) A sort of fis'i.

479

nhas. It is composed of strongly built houses, generally
consisting of but one floor, except only six, plastered,
painted and set out with glazed windows; they are dis-
posed in several paved streets, kept in a stale of clean-
liness, and three squares, the most important of which,
spacious, planted with trees and lit with helgian lamps,
is called by the name of ((Dr. Manuel Victorino>).

On the just mentioned square comes into view the
parish church, consecrated to St. Anne, on an upland.
The town-hall, almost completed and perfectly adapted
to the sessions of the municipal council, the jury, bar-
rack and the like, is also located there; it will rank,
on account of its solidity and elegance, with the most
important in the interior of the slate. A fair is held once
a week on the square under consideration.

The commercial intercourse of the town is uninter-
esting and only held with the capital and the town of
Alagoinhas. There is a cemetery, with a chapel, as w^ell
as two schools in the town and one at ever}^ one of the
hamlets called Lamarao, Manga and Pedra. A literary
society, under t'ne title of «23 de NovembroB, performs
its functions in the town.

It is 234 kilom. from the capital, namely— 111 from
Serrinha to Alagoinhas and 123 from Alagoinhas to the
capital. Such as are coming from the northern inland
regions in Ihe state to take the railway to the capital
use to call at Serrinha.

Though there .are good pasture-grounds in the munic-
ipal district, the inhabitants apply themselves on a
limited scale to cattle-breeding, for the district lacks
water in summer lime, as the dammed up w^ater is quite
{•pent. There is plenty of drinking water, but not suffi-
cient for the necessities of agriculture, represented by
the cultivation of cerealeous grains, cotton and tobacco
of first-rate quality) specially at the district of Beritin-

48o

gas), which are exported on a large scale, grapes and
every sort of potatoes, including the english ones.

An excellent climate is enjoyed at the place of which
we arc trealing, that abounds with rich quarries, limber,
calcareous stones and clay for the fabrication of tiles
and bricks.

The parish was created by Ihe Irw of June 1*'. 1838,
the village by law no. 1609 of June IS'i'. 1876 and the
town by an act of Ihe stale government, issued June
30'i'. 1891.

27) Sanio Amaro.— On bolh margins of the Subah6
and its affluent, Ihe Sergimerim, that falls !nlo the former
within Ihe town, Santo Amaro is cc mposed of Iwo prin-
cipal streets, long, parallel with each other and paved,
and several transversal streets, all of Ihem bordered
with lofty edifices, country-houses and magnificent
buildings, solidly built.

On the upper part of Ihe town is Ihe vast wPuiifica-
^aoo square, where rise up, on the upper side, the large
and sightly parish church, consecrated to Ihe Blessed
Virgin of the Purification, on the right side of which is
located the excellent <'Misericordia» hospital, and on the
lower side the vast, elegant and solid town hall. There
is another parish church, consecrated to O. L. of the
Rosary, smaller than the other and situated on wRosario))
square. The theatre, a small but good and commodious
edifice, stands on another square.

We will additionally mention the following churches,
consecrated to: Our Lady ol MAmparo», on Ihe street
so called, back of the «Munici|)al)) square; O. Lord of
oBomlim", on the highway of Jericho; St. Lucy, the
most ancient in the town and a parisii church in former
limes, on an upland at the lower part of the town, find,
at length, the small chapel dedicated to mN. S. dos IIu-

48 1

mildes)) (Our Lady of the Mumble), on the left bank oi
the Subahe.

The last-named chapel was erected in 1805 by priest
Ignocio dos Santos Araujo, who annexed to it a modest
house for the lodging of a few honest women desirous
to be of service to the chapel and to the enlargement
of divir.e woi-ship Such an idea was so well received
that a rcsi)cctable comnuinily was formed in a short
lime. In 1813 D. Joao VI permitted the establishment to
be considered an education house for the female sex,
being bound to receive and educate orphan girls; this has
been done, indeed, up to the present time, so that Die
establishment, which also receives a few girls upon pay-
ment, from this or other slates, has done a great deal of
important services.

The establishment is under the immediate direction
of the archbishop and is chiefly maintained by the man-
ual labour of the recluses, for its property only con-
sists of a few houses of a small value.

The following conditions arc requisite to the admis-
sion of a girl: 1''., to have been baptized; 2'"'., to be
between 6 and 16 years old; 3i''i , not to be infected with
a conlag'ous disease; 4i''., to have been vaccinated. A
few girls not above 16 years may be admitted for the
sum of 2'0;$000 a year, in four p? ymenls of 50^000, every
three months.

As soon as the girls have received Ihe elementary
instruction and learnt several needleworks, which takes
place in an appropriate apartment, called (cSeminario",
where hygienic rules are strictly kept, some are reclaim-
ed by their parents and some, in rase they should desire,
with the consent of llicir lami!i( s, to improve and accjuire
a deeper knowledge of household acccnii)Iislitrenls",
such as embroidery wilh gold wire, singing, the playing
on Ihe piano and the like, are removed from the «Semi-
nario » to the place where higher works a»c performed

482

and where, under the title of «Educandas» (*), lliey are
to wear a daik blue habit , light blue veil and while
coif, while the former wear a while habit and coif, as
well as a light blue veil and band. A few girls who,
after having grown perfect in the above-mentioned
accomplishments, desire to remain in the establishment,
are removed lo another class called the « Rccolhidas »
(recluses); they are to wear a dark blue habit wilh white
coif and veil and bek ng properly to the communily,
in case they should have the necessary requirement of
age, which is twenty five years.

Some of Ihe recluses give themselves to teaching and
others to such works as embroidering in difTerent mat-
ters, the making of artificial flowers, embroidered pict-
ures and the like, while all in common strive to maintain
their physical and spiritual life. There are now one
hundred recluses, but many of them can do nothing on
account of their advanced age.

The town, which formerly sufi'cred somuchon account
of its inhabitants drinking the muddy and uncarcd for
water of Ihe Subahc river, is suj^plied at the present
time with Ihe best drinking water, coming from the cSer-
ra da Pedra% two leagues west of the town and distrib-
uted Ihrou;;!! iron pipes to ?ny jiarl of llie town. These
walcr-woiks lK'h)ng lo Ihe wA(iuniia» Co. Thty have a
large and high reservoir in Ihe "Miis.surunga>' sugar fac-
tory and a ccrl.iin number of public Ibunlnins in the
town, furnishin„ water lo pi iv; 1l houses.

Distilleries and founderics arc also to be profusely
seen.

A street-car line passes llirongh :ilnu si every pari of
Ihe lown ;i'.;(i oilers a commodious and (piiel; eommu-
nicalion wilh Ihc "Con(if>. sugar factory, lying hulf a
league from Ihe crnlral jtarl < f Ihe t<>wn, from wliieh
sl.iil lite slcniiiers of Ihc • (.onipjinhia Haliiana », llial

1*1 (iirls |)ul in a nunnery lo be educated.

483

cannot }*o up lo Ihc cily, as Ihcy used to do, for the river
is obslruclcd at several points by the continual floods.
Tlie street cars connCv t also all parls of the town with
the railway station, located on Ihc left bank of the Su-
bahe. This railroad luns from Santo Aiuaro to Jacu and
will reach in a short lime the town of Ala^oinhas, cross-
ing the very fruitful soil of the parishes of Santo Amaro,
Rio Fundo and Bom Jardim. In the last named parish
there is a large central sugar factory.

There ?re in the town a number of printing offices,
four schools, hotels, newspapers, literary and charitable
>ocielies, gaslight, bridges over the rivers Subahe and
Sergimerim, physicians, pharmacies, shambles, two well
located cemeteries and a post-office.

One league before the town, almost bordering upon
the village of S. Francisco, is the Bahia Agronomical
School, a large edifice built on Die old grounds of the
sugar factory S. Bento, for the purpose of agronomical
instruction.

The municipal distiict, consisting of the two parishes
of tlietown and those of Saubara, Rio Fundo and Bom
Jardim, the soil of which is generally composed of
massape, possesses a great number of large sugar fac-
tories, stt in motion both by steam and water. The fac-
tories have numeious dwelling-houses for the workmen
and produce a larger quantity of sugar than any other
part of the state. Besides this industry the inhabitants
are also given to the cultivation of tobacco and manioc.
The commerce between the town and the capital is very
active and there are in the town a great many ware-
houses and shops.

The town exports sugar, rum, sweetmeats, usually
made with the nragd {'), and cigars, made with tobacco
of Santo Amaro and its suburbs. After the slavery aboli-
tion the sugar trade has sulfercd very much and has

(*) A brazilian fruit.
61

484

not yet recovered its former nclivity; neverlhelcss, it has
somewhat improved after the establishment of central
sugar riclories, as well as distilleries in Ihe town The
fertility of the soil promises a prosperous future, as soon
as the eflcct of this great trouble in tlic woik has dis-
appeared.

Santo Amaro was originated in the fust limes of tl.c
colonization. The parish called Sergipe do Conde was,
no doubt, created by the second or third bishop of Brazil.

A public deed of sale, written in 1700, says that about
the year 1600 the j*. suits founded the chapel of Our Lady
of the Hosary, on tlie Tra ipc bank, where once there
was a hamlet, half a league from which ran the river
Subahe. This hamlet wai the dwelling-place of the Indi-
ans Abaliras and was covered with thick woods, where
the civilizing influence of Europe had nc t yet penetralcd.
From personal di^sentions, frequently occuningupon
that lime, the inhabitants of Ihe hamlet flew into a
passion against their priest and one day, as he was
celebrating the mass, from one ol the boats on Ihe livcr
facing the chapel a shol was fired that killed the piiesl,
sprinkling the walls wilh his blood On nccounl ol Ibis
crime the chapel was clo^ed, wherefore the inhabilants
cmigraltd to the bank of the Subalie, where lliey raised
a chapel, consecrated to Our Lady of Purification.

Such was the origin of the town. Gabriel Soares, a
writer of great confidence, upon describing these re-
gions in his work written between 1584 and 1587, says,
however, wilh regard to the place where the small
church consecrated to O. L. of the Rosary most likely
stood:

uThe tide tnlcrs this river SergiiK*. into which falls,
after a coiii-i- i.|' lliici' leagues, :i liviilel ciillu 1 Ta'ary
(Traiipci, on the bank of which llu-ie was n sugai- fac-
ctory, conslrucled by Antonio Dias Adorno and after-
wards abandoned, as the very ex|)ensive llood-gatc gave

485

away. It will not remain forsaken for o long time, be-
cause ils soil is very good and it is worth the expense
of some money in order to be improved.))

It is, therefore, to be admitted that a little while after-
wards the Jesuits constructed there the chapel conse-
crated to O. L. of the Rosaiy, of which the above men-
tioned deed speaks; but the going of its inhabitants to
the banks of the Subahe, the foundation on this place
of the chapel devoted to O. L. of Purification and the
origin of the actual town are not in agreement with the
fact of the existence of the parish, because it was created
by the second or third bishop.

Be it as it may, the lact is that in the beginning of the
18"'. century Santo Amaro had developped so much that
the Marquis of Angeja, upon visiting the interior in
171o, had a mind to found there a village; this was
carried into efTect, in 1727, by Vasco Fernandcs Cesar de
Menezes, whose order was executed by the oiwidor, Pe-
dro Gonfalves Cardoso, who installed the village on Ja-
nuary 5"'. The law no. 43 of March 13"'. 1837 made it a
town and the law of April 29ii'. 1891 created the parish of
((Rosario)).

28) Sanlo Anlonio de Jesus— a. town of good climate,
situated on an extensive plain hard by the river Jagua-
ripe, seven leagues from Nazareth and five from S. Mi-
guel, the station of the Nazareth railroad.

This town has a principal street, long and broad, but
tortuous and unpaved, a large square, on which stands,
in bad condition, the parish church, and a great many
houses, well constructed but generally low and giving,
nevertheless, an agreable aspect to the place. The town-
hall, in modern style, is located on a large street leading
to the railway station. The town possesses two schools.
Its commerce is active and flourishing; it has several
warehouses for both collce and tobacco.

486

The soil of the municipal district, where important
woods grow up, is extremely fertile and produces m i-
nioc, coflee, tobacco and sugar-cane.

On account of the extension of the Iramroad to Amai-
gosa and S. Miguel, Sto. Antonio de Jesus is falling inlo
decay.

The origin of the town was a chapel, raised by Ma-
Iheus Vieira during the last century, round which some
edifices were constructed, till the law no. 448 of June
10"'. 1852 created there a parish, which by law no. 1952
of May 29"'., 188U, was made a village ai.d afterwards
a town by an act of the state governor, issued June 30"'.
1891.

29) S. Felix do Paragiiassii—\\ef> on the right bank of
the river Paraguassu in front of r.achocira, of which
it once formed a part and that it is connected with by
a large and important bridge, built by the Central
Railway, which runs westward frotn this point to the
interior.

The town is made very long by the narrowness of the
valley and is almost composed of one street, wheie
rise up some good edifices, especially on the s(|uare and
on the street called cRua Direila». It has no wharf.

S. Felix is quite commcrciul and industrious, ils prin-
cipal business being the liadc in tobacco, which is
brought bolii by llic railway w.iggons and by beasts of
burden. Among the many factories ol c'gars are partic-
ularly noteworthy those of Danneman c't Co. and Si-
mas & Cardoso. The greatest exportation of cigars in
the Brazilian Republic is cllccted in the town under
consideration.

A spacious railway station and large workliouses are
to be seen on liie eastern part of tlie town. The town-
liall is new and elegant. The parish church is consecrat-
ed to Young Jesus. There are two schools, seveial

487

philharmonic and other societies, a municipal library
and a cemetery.

The parish was created by the law of October 15"'.
1857 and the village by an act issued Dec. 20'i'., 1889,
which was the first resolution of this kind taken by (he
republican government in this state. It was installed
February 12"'. 1890. The village was elevated to the cat-
egory of a town by an act of the slate government
issued October 25"'. 1890.

30) S.Jodo do Paragiiassii.— This town had its origin
in the old hamlet Mocuje, where diamond was first
discovered in 1841. It has a parish church, cemetery,
good buildings and some paved streets. It lies at the
distance of six leagues from Andarahy, twelve from Len-
foes and twenty from Queimadinhas. Its commerce is
important and a fair is held there every Sunday. Two
schools pei form Iheir functions in the town. As the
business of the inhabitants was not long ago the extrac-
tion of diamond, the coflee plantation has not yet de-
veloped, although there are very suitable grounds Min-
erals are found in the river Una.

This place was made a village, under the name of
« Sania Izabel", by law no. 271 of May 17"'. 1847 and
installed on Fc bruary 17"'. 1848. The act of the state
government issued October 8"'. 1890 elevated it to a
town, under the name of «S. Joao do Paraguassi'io. The
parish was created by law no. 271 of May 17"'. 1817.
The place reached a high development with the discov-
ery and extraction of diamond in 1844.

31) Va/fHfn.-This town, which ranks with the most
beautiful, pleasant and promising in the slate, stands on
the right bank of the river Una, which flows into the
bay of Tinhare, seven kilometers before the town, and

488

is navigable as far as the Amparo waterfall, beyond the
town, where it is four hundred spans broad.

The town is four leagues from the village of Tapero^,
twelve from the town of Nazareth and eighleen from
that of Areia. It has about seventy houses two or more
stories high and one thousand consisting of a single
story, all of them white-washed or painted, generally set
out with glazed windows and a few ones having beautiful
gardens. These houses are disposed in twenty five paved
streets and five spacious squares, all well lighted.

The parish church, consecrated to the Holy Heart of
Jesus, although without towers, is quite magnificent and
advantageously situate on the top of a small hill, from
which a good view can be obtained of a great part of
the town and several hamlets, among which is «j\Iorro
de S. Paulo». Besides this church there are the chapel
of ><Amparo», the old parish church, now recdified after
the modern slyle, on a hill on the right bank of the
river Una; the church of 0. L. of «Amparo dos Nave-
gantes», also on the bank of Ihe river Una, at the en-
trance to the town, and finally another church, on the
western part of the town, at the place called dPitanga*
and consecrated to St Anthony.

Among the other public buildings is noteworthy the
magnificent town-hall, situate on the street called " om-
mendador Madureiraw; it is the best in the slate, both
for its size and for its construction; it was acciuircd by
public deed in 1877 and is divided into several rooms for
the council, jury and judges, luxuriantly decorated,
especially the chief saloon.

We will mention among the cliaiilable establishments
the hospital, with three infirmaries, that can hold up
to fifty patients and founded on llic .'?()i''. of September
IHCO by llic Haron of .lecpiiri^-a.

'I'he town is sup|)licd with excellent drinking wafer,
brought from the river Una by an excellent company,

489

that built four i)"blic fountains, of which the most im-
portant is that of the square «Barao Ilomeni dc Mello»,
where is liehl a large fair every week. On the square
« Regis Ferrcirai) there is also a weekly fair.

Valenga has a telegraphic station and a well located
cemetery on nCampiiiho » (with a chapel not yet com-
j)lcled), an excellent foundery, two large sawing work-
houses, the cotton factories «Todos os Santos« (one of
the best factories in the country, founded in 1844) and
«Ampar0)) ( founded in 1859 ), each employing three
hundred workmen. There are also a few potteries and
factories of wine, beer and other liquors, as well as
good stocks.

The municipal district, covered wilh extensive rich
woods, is very fertile and produces a great quantity of
manioc, coffee, sugar-cane, maize, rice, french beans,
vegetables and the like. Most of the inhabitants are cm-
ployed in the preparation of manioc Hour and brandy.

The town holds an active con.mercial intercourse with
the neighbouring places and the capital of the slate, by
means of the steamers of the «Companhia lJahiana» and
private barks.

There are eight schools in the town, two at Maricoa-
bo and one at Graciosa, Mapendipe, Serra Grande and
Guerera.

The municipal district is intersected by a great deal
of rivers. The seasons are regular.

The origin of Valen^a was a sugar factory constructed
upon the first times of the colonization by Sebastiao da
Ponte, who raised there a chapel, consecrated to St.
Gens; he was afterwards imprisoned, because of several
criri.es he had comn itled, wherefore he was sent to
Lisbon, where he died in i)iisrvn. The sugar factory was
then abandoned and firuliy destroyed by the Aymorcs,
who made frequent and violent onsets upon all the lit-
toral regions. About the end of the last centurv this

490

place Nvas chosen by Ihe onvidcr of Ilheos, Desembar-
(jador Balthazar da Silva Lisboa, for Ihe creation of a
village, which lie proposed lo the government, because,
the place was good for wood-felling. This was approv-
ed by the Royal Patent of January 23'^''. 1799 and the
village was installed June 10'''. by the above-mentioned
Hallhazar da Silva Lisboa. The law of November 10"'.
1849 elevated it to the category of n town. The parish
of ((Santissimo Cora^ao de Jesusw was created in 1801.

32) Bomfim («Villa Nova da Rainha') on the decliv-
ity ol the Serra da Sai'ide, from which flow the rivulets
Maravilha, Moco and Gringa, that supply the town with
water and, after joining at the distance of three kiloni.
west of the town, are called by the name of Cariaca.

The town of Bomfim, standing at the kiloni. no. 321
of the railway from Alagoinhas to the S. Francisco, is
18 kilom. olf the village of Carapo Formoso. It is divid-
ed in two wards: the old one (which is the lower por-
tion of the town, near the railway station and composed
of ancient inelegant houses) and the modern one, where
a great many houses are to be seen, one or more than
one story high, plastered, set out with gla/ed windows
and after the modern style. These houses, above one
thousand in number, form fourteen streets, several lanrs
and live scpiares

One of these Mpiares, called Dr. Jo^c Cionvalves->,
vast and planted with trees, is an active business cen-
tre and there is held every Saturday an important fair,
provided with commodities of all descriptions; a chapel,
consecrated to (). Lady of Conception, is now building
there. On a second squaic, also planted with trees and
called i.da Matriz", lises uj) the spacious and siglitly
p.-'iish cluiich, conseciated lo 0. Loid of "Bondini".
On the inlermcdialc space between the <'Cadcia» and
aMatriz" scpiarcs comes into view the town-hall, one of

491

the host edifices in the stale, raised in 1845 by General
Ancliea and rcedified in 1891 by Dr. Jose Gon^alves da
Silva, the then governor of Die state. A fourth square,
called «do Gado», is specially designed for cattle trade,
which is very active. The fifth square, named «F"eira
Velha», was assigned for the fairs in former times.

There is a cemetery at the town, the chapel of which
is in a bad state of preservation; the cemetery itself, in
spile of its good position, requires the construction of
another, for its being now situate almost within the
town.

The inhabitants of the municipium apply themselves
to the cultivation of the coffee tree the berries of which
lank with the best ones in the brazilian market,
tobacco, bearing leaves of an admirable size, which are
rolled up for exportation, sugar-cane, french bean and
indian corn, that are abundantly produced; a few ones
are also given to cattle-breeding.

The town holds an active commercial intercourse with
the towns of Feira de Sant'Anna, Alagoinh^s, Joaz< iro
and the capital, as well as with the states of Piauhy,
Pernambuco and Ceara. Upon drought-time it supplies
Monte Santo, Joaz iro, Capim Grosso and even a por-
tion of the inland of Ceara.

Thcie are four schools in the town and four at the
hamlets called Missao do Sahy, Ja^uarary, Cariaca and
Canoa. A soap factory is located in the town and a
gui)|)o\vder factory at Missao do Sahy.

On the last-named hamlet was installed, January 24"',
1722, the village of Sto. Antonio de Jacobina, created
by the Royal Charter of August o'l'. 1720; this village
was, however, transferred, two years later, as it was
convenient to mining works, to the hamlet of Bora Je-
sus. The origin of the town was an ancient hamlet
called wSenhor do Bonifim)), much resorted to by trav-
ellers and herds of cattle coming from the northern part
62

49»

of the inland; Ihe inhabltanLs, in order to put a slop to
the constant tumults caused by the aflluence of so nnny
l)C(iple from so dilTerent places, pcli'ioncd for Ihc ele-
vation of ihe hamlet to llie category of a villige, which
was granted in 1799, when the new village was install^
cd under Ihe name of Villa Nova da Hainha. The town
was created by resolution no. 2 199 of May 28'''. 1885
and installed on the 1*'. of January 1887, under the dc
nomination ofBomfim.

VILLXOES

1) Abbadia — an unimportant decaying village, on the
right bank of the river Real, o leagues beyond its mouth.
Iti houses are ungraceful and badly built; it has a par-
ish church, consecrated to O. Lady of «Abbadia», on a
scpiare, a house, which is falling into ruin, for Ihe ses-
sions of the municipal council, and a cemetery. It has
no industry or commerce whatever. Such a decadency
is due to the transference, for the convenience of com-
merce, of the seal ot the village to the hamlet called
Cachocira de Abbadia, 2 leagues west of Abbadia, which
is the limit of the navigability of the livcr Real and the
point where begins the water-falls region.

The village under consideration has also a telegraphic
station and several warehouses, in tortuous streets with
ungraceful houtes, and a church under construction.

There are to be seen some other churches, such as:
thai which is consecrated to St. Anthony, at the hamlet
of Cepa Forte, 5 1/2 leagues olT the village, and at the ham-
let of Mangue Secco the chapel dedicated to the wor-
ship of Ihe Holy Cross, by the mouth of the river Real.
These hamlets hold an active cominercial intercourse
with Ikliia an i ICstaniia.

Tlieie arc seven schools al the following place.-> of Ihe
municipal district: the ancient village, (Cachocira, (Lepa
Forte and Mangue Secco. Us territory is small, but has

493

good forests and is regularly cullivaled in tobacco, su-
gar-cane, manioc and cerealeous grains. Tliere arc to be
seen a few sugar factories, the machinery of which is
set in motion whetlhcr by the agency cf steam, or by
that of water, or beasts.

The chapel consecrated to O. Lady of Abbadia, raised
in the 17"'. century, was considered a parish church in
1718 and reckoned among the twenty that, in accord-
ance with the Royal Charter of April 11"'. 1718, were
created by the archbishop, D. Sebastiao Monteiro da
Vide. The village was created by Viceroy Vasco Fer-
nandes Cesar de Menezes, in compliance with the Royal
Order of April 28"'. 1728.

2) Abrantes ~ standing at a short distance from the
mouth of the river Joannes and surrounded, in the fig-
ure of a horse-shoe, by the rivulets Poassii and Capi-
vara. It lies at the distance of 44 kilom. from Bahia and
2 leagues from the station of Parafuso, belonging to the
Bahia and Alagcinhas railway.

The village, small and decaying, slands in a salubrious
site and has 250 houses, all of them white- washed and
one story high, a few ones being set out with glazed
windows, and forming two streets and one square.

On the latter stands the parish church, consecrated
to the Holy Ghost, a spacious temple built by the Jes-
uits, who raised beside it a convent, which fell into
ruin and, after being conveniently repaired, serves at
the present lime for the sessions of the municipal coun-
cil. Some other churches rise up in the municipium,
such as: 1"., that which is consecrated to St. Anthony
of Ipitanga, the ancient parish church, at the distance
of two leagues from the village, on the road to Bahia;
this temple, also laised by the Jesuits, who had a con-
vent beside it, is large and was once rich, possessing
valuable silver and gold implements and a patrimony

494

in land; 2'"'., the church erected at the hamlet of S. Fran-
cisco do Jaua, in 1886, by Herculano Francisco Diiarte;
3"'., a small chapel raised in 1887, at the hamlet calicd
Portao, by the inhabitants of this place.

There is no fair at the village; the municipal council
intended to establish one at the hamlet of Parafuso, but
this was not carried into effecl, on account of llie grtat
tumults that usually took place there.

The village and its hamlets hold a small commercial
intercourse with the capital, Malta de S. Joao, Pojuca,
Calii and Alagoinhas. The municipium has no particu-
lar industry; most of its inhabitants apply themselves
to the fabrication of charcoal, so noxious to tillage, both
for the waste of woods and for the abandonment of
agricultural woiks; they also use to make cocoa and
dende (*) oil and are given to fishery and the plantation
of manioc, sugar-cane (for the preparation of raspadu-
ras), malagueta pepper (a few ones live exclusively by
this kind of culture), while onions, as well as cocoa-
trees, of which there are even 6.C00, 8.000 and 10.000 in
several plantations. They now begin to plant tol.acco
and coll'ee. The ancient celebrated sugar factories are
almost inactive since the slavery abolition; yet there are
still four sugar factories, of which one is moved by
steam-engine and throe by water, and a great deal of
small factories for ras/jaf/z/ros, the machinery of which
is set in motion by oxen or horses, two distilleries at
Monte Gordo and s veral manufactories of tiles and
bricks. The breeding of oxen is lin)ited, which is not the
case with that of swine, sheep and goals, particularly at
Monte Gordo.

There are in Ihc munici|)al district some unexplored
diamond mines in the rivers Imbassahy, Cama<;ary and
Arcias; near Ihc village graphilc mines, also uncx|)lored
up to the present time, were discovered, in the begin-

(*) Kld'is guinccnsis.

49^

ning of this age, by Guilherme Christiano Feldncr and
L'jiz d'Alencourt.

The village has a cem eleiy, n'ade in 1889, enclosed
with pikes; ilhas a portal and large cross, but no char-
ncl or chi-pel.

There are two schools in the village, one at the ham-
let of Sto. Amaro do Ipitanga, one at Parofuso and two
at Monte Gordo.

The village holds communication with the capital, by
means of the reads to Ilapoan and Piraja and the ail-
way station of Parafuso, as well as, though but rarely,
by sea, in boats; such voyages, however, cannot be reg-
ularly made, on account of the obstacles lying at the
mouths of the rivers Joannes and Jacuipe. Tn the mu-
nicipium are specially seen the sand hills called by navi-
gators lengoes de Ilapoan.

The municipal district is abundantly supplied with
water, for, besides the rivers Joannes, Capivara Gran-
de, Jacuipe and Pojuca, there lies a great deal of riv-
ulets, tanks, lagoons and fountains.

Abranleswas at once a hamlet, tilled «Espirito Santo»
and formed by Indians, congregated there by the Jesuits
during the government of Mem de Sii, who granted
these Indians a tract of ground on the 7"'. of Septem-
ber 1562. In accordance with an order issued Septem-
ber 28'''. 1758, a village was installed there by Dr. Joao
Ferreira de Bitlcncourt Sa, under the title of «Espirilo
Santo da Nova Abrantes), its chapel being in that very
year elevated to the category of a parish church. In 1846
it was extinguished by provincial law no. 241 of April
16'''., but it was re-eslablished by law no. 310 of June
3"'. 1848.

3) Agna Quente— on the left bank of the Paramerim,
8 leagues from the town of Minas do Rio de Contas. It is
composed of houses one story high, strongly and gra-

496

ciously built, forming nine streets and two squares
(«Sao Joaox and «IntenJcncia»). On the latter stands the
parish church, c< nsecrated to O. L. of Carmo, the only
temple in tl'.c village. Some other churches are to be
seen without it, such as the ancient parish church ot
Morro do Fogo, at the distance of two leagues from the
village, the chapel consecrated to O. Lady of Conception,
at an equal distance, at the hamlet of Barra, that of
S. Felix da Ro^a, at the distance of six leagues, large
and much resorted to by pilgrims, and finally that of
Sta. Maria do Ouro ^Mamonas), ten leagues distant from
the village.

A house is building on dntendencia" square for the
municipal council, the sessions of which are held for
the present in a private house.

On «S. Joao» square, in a large booth raised for such
a purpose, takes place a weekly fair, which is rather
decaying on account of the frequent droughts that have
wasted the inland.

The village under consideration possesses a cemetery
with a chapel. Its commerce is active, and there are to
be seen 8 shops, of which seme are supplied with a
variety of goods, like real bazars, where every thing may
be found.

A commercial intercourse is constantly held with the
capital and nearly all the towns and villages of the
inland and the S. Francisco region.

Besides the two schools of the village there are also:
one at the hamlet of Sta. Maria do Ouro (Mamonas),
two at the paiish of Sto. Antonio de Paramerim, one at
the hamlet of C-annabravinha and two at that of Sta.
Ritta do Pio da Colher.

The inhnbilants of the municipiuni apply themselves
to sugar-cane plaiilallon, which is the principal, as
well as to that of corn-crops, manioc, coffee, cotton,
quince trees, etc. They also dig for gold, the municipal

497

district being crowned with the most auriferous mount-
ains in tlic state; there are also to be found some
other precious minerals, still little explored. Oxen,
horses, sheep and goats arealike bred there.

Tlie principal industry of the municipium is the mak-
ing of cane-sugar (a very good one) and cotton cloth.
More than five hundred small factories make a great
deal of good sugar and raspaduros A great many small
cotton factories produce white and dyed cloth, blankets,
trowsers, coats, hammocks, shawls, stockings, gloves
and the like.

The village is chiefly renowned for its havinjj two
springs of thermal water, very advantageous to the treat-
ment of gastric and dermatic diseases. This water is
extremely saturated with soda salts. The two hot water
gushes, which gave the village its name (*), spring from
a central lagoon and communicate curiously with each
otlier. Between them, through an extent of about 50
meters, flows the river Paramerim, which, by receiving
a great r'eal of such waters, takes an alkaline taste, so
noxious, from this point downward, to the purity and
savour of its crystal water.

The village is about KX) leagues from the capital, with
which it ludds communication, from the Machado For-
tella station forward (40 leagues off Agua Quente), by
means of the Central Railway.

There is plenty of drinkable water in the municipal
district, for it is crossed both by rivulets and mighty
rivers, such as the Paramerim, Morro do Fogo, Pires
and Caixa, very useful to plantations through their
whole course.

In 1843 the resolution no. 169 of May 29'i'. created at
the ancient hamlet of Morro do Fogo, which dales
ficm Ihe fiist exphuations of the region, in llie begin-
ning of Ihe 18'''. century, a parish, af.ei wards elevated,

(*) Agua Quente means— hot water.

408

in 1878, by law no. 1849 of September IGU'., lo Ihc cat-
egory of a village, that, nevertheless, was not installed.
In Ihe mean time, as in the estate <'f Colonel Liberate
Jose da Silva, ai the distance cf 2 leagues, the hamlet
of Agua Quente was reaching a higli degree of develop
ment, the seal of the parish was Iran fcrr^d to this place,
which by an act of the slate government, issncd March
24"'. 3890, was created a village, that was solemnly in-
stalled on the 23'"''. of May of the same y« ar.

4) Alcobaca—hy the month and on the left bank of the
Itanhaem and lying 280 miles lo the south of Bahia. It is
composed of about three hundred houses, with a parish
church, consecrated to St. Bernard, a house for Ihc mu-
nicipal council, a telegraphic s'ation and two schools, lis
uninteresting commerce consists in the exportation of
manioc flour, piassava, caCao and coquilhos (small cocoa-
nuts).

The municipal district is fertile, covered with vast
forests abounding with precious timber, but little in-
habited. Us inhabitants live, as we have said, by the
cultivation of manioc and cacao and the extraction of
several products from Ihe woods.

In 1752 a few inhabitants pf Caravell;:s scltlcd at the
place where Alcoba(;a now a-days lies and were imitat-
ed by some indians. Tne hamlet thus constituted enga-
ged the altentifMi of the governn cut, f-o as lo be in 1772
elevated to a \illagc and puri.sh J^y the Hoyal Charter
of March 3''. 1775. Neverlhclcss it was only considered
a palish in c()nse(|ucnce of the charlers of October 20"'.
and December 22'"'. 1795, which confencd the preroga-
tives of a parish church to Ihc churches of vast handcls.

5i .A//j/a.s — 10 leagues south of Ihc town of Condenba,
at Ihe frc nlicr ol Mioas, in a very salubrious site. lis
climate is hot. II |)osscsscs a vast territory, composed

499

of the parish of Almas and thai of Sla. Rilta das Duas
Barras. It has a parish church, consecrated to 0. Lady
of «I36a Viagem e Almaso and a house for the sessions
of the municipal ccuncil.

The soil of the municipiura is fertile and suitable to
tilling and cattle-breeding.

The parish was created by the law of December 16"'.
1857 and the village by law no. 1.958 of June 7'''. 1880,
the latter being installed on the 25"i. of April 1885.

The territory lying to the south of the village and
now belonging to Minas Geraes formed a part of Bahia
at the lime when, in accordance with the Royal Order
of August 51I1. 172'^, that created the village of Jaco-
bina and ordered it to he installed, Viceroy Vasco Fer-
nandes Ce^arde Menezes trusted such a task to Desem-
bargador Luiz de Siqueira da Gama, who could not ful-
fill such a mission for his having fallen sick on the way.
He was substituted by Colonel Pedro Barbosa Leal, who
instituted the village on the place called «Missao de N.
S. das Neves do Sahy». Desembargador Pedro Gonsalves
Cordeiro, being then cliargcd with completing the mis-
sion under consideration, not only transferred the seat
of the village to the place where is now Jacobina, but
assigned as the limits of the new territory -Sergipe
d'El rei, the village of Maragogipe, llheos, on the sea-
coast, Pernambuco, by the river S. Francisco, and the
captainry of Minas Geraes by the river Mortes.

As the judges of Bahia could not, on account of the
enormous distance, visit so vast a territory, the judge
of Serro Frio used to administer justice there. In or-
der to put a slop to such an irregularity, the Crown, on
December 10"'. 1734, formed a new comorca with the
above-mentioned districts under the name of «Comarca
(la Bahia da parte do sul (Soulhcrn coz/farca of Bahia),
which was installed by its lirst oiwidov, Manuel da Fon-

seca Brandao, on the SQU'. of June 1742. The just named
63

5oo

j.idge, after taking possession of his charge, ordered
lli: ancient demarcation to be observed.

Upon the discovery of new mines in 1727, an order
from the Ultramarine Council to Vasco Fernandes Cesar
de Menezes, dated the 20"'. of May 1729, in accordance
with tlie resolution of the 17'''., determined the terri
tory of these mines to be kept under the jurisdiction of
Bahia, though this was to be exercised by Ihe oiividor oi
Se:roFiio, subordinale to the Viceiny.

Thirty one years later, at the request and influence of
the Count of Bobadella, was issued, Au:4usl 29"'. 1760, the
order of the Ultramarine Council, whereby it was de
lermined that, as the decree of May 17'''. 1758 hsd sep-
arated from the jurisdiction of Bahia the new mines
of Fanado and put them under the control of Serro
Frio, the whole jurisdiction of the mines should belong
to the conuirca of Serro Fiioand government of Minns
Ccraes, in accordance with Ihe rcsoiulion taken on the
26'!'. of thalmonih and year, after the Ullramaiinc Coun-
cil had been duly consullcd on the natter. The frontier
was Ihcnceforlh definitively brought back to the rivers
Verde Grande and Verde Pequeno, «Srrra das Almas«,
((Morro da Condeuba« and "Valle Fundo».

Gi Ain])aio -on the i ighl bank of the river <id()s Paos",
1 leagues oil the ^illagc of Pombal. It is composed of
while- washed houses, one story high and disposed in
live streets and one square, where a fair is held every
Saturday and on llic central part of which stands the
palish chutch, consecrated to O. Lady of "Amparo».
The house where are celebrated the sessions of Ihe mu-
nicipf.1 couiui! is located on Ihe street called "lUia de
Cima".

The inhabitants apply Ihcnisclves lo lilling and callle-
hercdingand hold comiucrcial intercourse with the cap-

5oi

ital, from which the villaj^e is 50 leagues distant, and
Serf^il)e. There are two schools at the village

The municipal district, crossed by the rivers Itapi-
curi'i, Ttapicuru-merim and «dos Pi^osB, possesses a few
sugar factories, where cane-sugar and rapaduras are
made.

The village was once a faim belonging to Manuel Jose
de Aragao. The parish, created by the law of May 9'''.
1848, was elevated to a village by an act of the state
government, issued December 17'''. 1890, and installed
February 28»|. 1891.

7) Angicol—al the distance of 3 1/2 leagues fiom Rio
Grande, in an extremely fertile low ground, 44 leagues
olf the town of Barra and 9 offlhe villages of Barrtiras
and Campo Largo.

It is composed of 210 houses, consisting of but one
floor, white-washed and clean, forming 8 j^lrecls and 2
squares, called «da Malriz» and «Ruy Baibosa>). On the
former of these squares is situated the parish church,
consecrated to St. Anne. Some other churches rise up
at the village, such as that of ((Bom Jesus)), on the street
so called, and the chapel of the cemetery. The private
Ir use where are held the sessions of the municipal
council, till that which is building for such a purpose
is completed, is in a very good slate of preservation.

Two schools perform their functions at the village.
A fair takes place there, once a w'eek, in a large booth
belonging to the municipality. The village holds
a small commercial inlcrcor.rse with the capital, Joa-
zeiro, the town of Barra and Barreiras. Its particular
industrjf consists in the fabrication of cane-sugar, brandy
and cotton cloth. The inhabitants are generally tillers
and cattle-breeders and possess a great deal of small
sugar factories and weaver's locms.

The municipal district is crossed, near the place tilled

502

Aricobe, by a ridge of mountains veiy rich in alum; in
that of Hibcira iron and other melals are lo be found.
NVe will mention, moreover, the rock-salt mines of Um-
buzeirinho, Salobro and Atravessada, which, according
to Colonel Aguiar, are perhaps the vastest in the stale.

The territory of the municipium is abundantly sup-
plied with water. The river Grande, passing through it
from the village of liarreiras to its falling into the S.
Francisco, after a course of 40 80 leagues, is perfectly
navigable and its margins, wonderfully fertile, are very
fit for colonization.

The village lies at the distance of 180 leagues from the
capital, with which it communicates by means of barks
along the rivers Grande and S. Francisco as far as Joa-
zeiro. It was oiiginally an estate btlonging to Colonel
Jose Joaquim de Almeida, where a hamlet was establish-
ed with a chapel, that was elevated to a parish church
in the beginning of this age The village was created on
the 5"'. of June 1890.

8) Baixa Grande— G leagues off the village of Monte
Alegre an<l 10 ofl that of (>amisao. It is situate at the
central i)art of an agricultural district, on an extremely
fertile gound, surrounded with bills. It is composed of
inore than 2(i0 houses, not solidly built, and possesses
a parish church, a house for the sessions of the munic-
ipal council and two schools. An important fair is held
every Saturday.

There is an active commercial movement at the vil
lage, which cxporls a great deal of collee and above
59.00.) arobes of tobacco. Oxen breeding and fattening
has also reached a high degree of development, for
which purpose there arc excellent pasture grounds,
planted withCiuinea capiin ('), called there bcn(]0. There

(*) A sort of hay of America.

5o3

is, however, no good water, for Ihe only rivulet crossing
liie parish, hehind the parish church, is salt; wherefore
they make use of rain water, wiiich is collected in
p )nds.

The parish was created by the law of April 2C'''. 1872
and the village by law no. 2.502 of July 17i''. 1885.

9) Barra do lUo de Conlds — standing at the mouth
of the «Rio de Contas)), 4 leagues ofT the village of Ma-
rahu. Its houses, consisting for the most part of a single
story and whether made of stone and mortar or mud-
walled, generally plastered and a few ones set out with
glazed windows, are disposed in 18 streets and 3 squares,
on one of which ("Malriz" square) stands the parish
church, consecrated to St. Michael and the only temple
in the village. The sessions of the municipal council
are held in a house, kept in good repair, on «Cadeiai)
street There are in the village a cemetery (without
chapel) and two schools.

The inhabitants apply themselves to trade, fishery and
seafaring life, as well as to the cultivation of the manioc,
sugar-cane, cacao, cofTee-tree, Indian corn, rice and
french bean, and to the breeding of oxen, swine and
goats. They hold commercial intercourse with the cap-
ital. Their industry is represented by two sawing work-
houses, the machinery of which is set in motion by
water, a distillery, several small factories of ropaduras
and manioc and tapioca Hour.

The village was yore a small hamlet, inhabited by in
diens, the chapel of which was elevated to the category
of a parish church by D. Sebastiao Monteiro da Vide,
who then held the archiepiscopal government; this
hamlet wus turned to a village, by the order of the
Countess of Rezende, to whom Ihe caplainry of Ilheos
had been allotted, on the 27"'. of January 1732.

D04

10) Barracdo.— This important agricullural village, ly-
ing 7 leagues north of Itapicuru, of the territory of
which it once foiraed a part, is endowed with a very
fertile soil, occupied b}' a great deal of sugar factories.
It has a parish church, a house for the sessions of the
municipal council and two schools.

The parish was created by the law of May 8"'. 1855;
the village, created by law no. 1.991 of July I-''. 1880,
was installed May IG'i'. 1882.

11) Barcellos — on the margin of the upper section of
the river ((Barra de Camarau», 3 leagues from the town so
called. It is composed of plastered houses, one story high
and a few ones being furnished with glazed windows;
they are disposed in 8 streets and 3 squares, the latter
being titled wda Matrizo, «Cruz de Cim.a» and »Cruz de
Baixo». On Ihe first-menlioned square is located ihe par-
ish church, consecrated to the Holy Lady of "Candeias»,
and on "Cruz de Cima» square Ihc chapel of St. Benedict;
on the other square («Cruz de Baixo))) a lair is held
once a week. The house for the sessions of the munici-
pal council, one of the two lofty houses in the village,
stands on the street called «Direita do Commercio') and
is falling into ruin.

Two schools perform their functions in the village
and two in its second district. There is also a cemetery.

The village exports to the capital coflce, cacao, ma-
nioc Hour and sugar-canes. The inhabitants apply them-
selves to agriculture, as well as to llic works of Ihe man-
ufactory established at Maralui, which lies hard by.

The village is 22 leagues distant from the cajjilal, with
which it communicates by means of sail barks.

Its origin was a hamlet, inhabited by indians, which
was elevated to the category of a villaj/c i)y the charier
of December 28"'. 1758. The parish was created upon
the same epoch. As the Nillage did not make any

5o5

progress, the law no. 1935 of August I8i''. 1879 transferred
its seal to the place called «Sta. Cruz», under the name
of <(Sla. Cruz de Barccllos)). It was, however, re-estab-
lished, ;it a later period, in lis ancient situation, on the
bank of the river «Barra do Caniamu».

12) Barreiras — a nourishing village, situate on the
right bank of the river Grande, 55 leagues beyond its
falling into the S. Francisco. It is composed of simple
houses, consisting of a single floor, white-washed, clean
and of a pleasant aspect, forming several streets and
one square, on which a chapel is building, consecrated
to St. John and dependent on the parish of Sta. Anna
do Angical.

The sessions of the municipal council are held in a
private house, indiirerenlly built, where cleanliness and
decency are duly kept. There is no fair. The cemetery,
inaugurated four years ago, with a badly built chaplet,
is now hard by the streets, so the village has rapidly
increased; wherelore a private man, aided by the mu-
nicipal council, is constructing another, in due hj'gienic
conditions and conveniently distant from the village.

The inhabilanls apply themselves to the cultivation
of the extremely fertile soil of the municipal district,
by planting the sugar-cane, french bean, maize and ma-
nioc, as well as to the extraction of the precious man-
gaiba caouchouc, abounding in the western territory,
near the frontier of Goyaz They are also given to catllc-
b- ceding, chielly at the district of Varzea.

There is an active commercial movement, which is
always increasing, in the village, that exports rapadu-
ra, cane sugar and brandy (specially made in Barracaoi,
Idbacco, rice, french bean, manioc flour, leather and
caouchcuc, and imports europcan articles and collee.
It holds c( mmunicaticn principally with Joazeiro, the
capital of the state and many villages of Goyaz.

5o6

The place where llie village is now siluated was be-
fore 1870 inlnbiled by a single man, Placid) Barbosa,
who lived by himsdr in a small house hard by Ihe riv-
er bank, on a ground belonging lo the estate called "Ma-
Ihadaw, of Colonel Jose Joaquim de Almeida. People
thenceforth began to report in crowds to this place, so
that its population increased in a rapid way and a great
many houses were built, wherefore it was elevated to
the rank of a village by the act of April 6'i'. 1891.

13) Boipeba (Nova)- on the light bank of the Jiquic,
12 leagues bej'ond the village cf Taperoa. Its houses,
but for a few lofiy ones, are generally one story high
and laid out in 11 slieels and 3 squares. On one of the
latter stand the parish church, consecrated to 0. Lord
of «Bomrim", and the substantially built house where
the sessions of the municipal council are held. On this
square a fair takes place every week.

The village holds an active commercial intercourse
with the capital, Valen^a and Taperoa, to wh'ch it ex-
ports the products of its rich forests (excellent limber
and /)/(;.s.sayai and several agricultural articles, such as:
colTee, cacao, manioc Hour, Indian corn and frcnch
bean.

Besides Ihe parish church there are in Ihe municipal
district the cliapels consecrated to: St. Anthony, at the
hamlet of Tiina; Good Jesus, a' Ihe hamlet of Tabero;
St. Francis, at Ihe hamlet so called, and «Bom Je.sus
dos Carvalhos".

There are four sawing workhouses (two of Ihem being
moved by water and two by steam), two potteries and
a eenlral sugar factory, the latter being still under con-
struction.

There are a few scIm oK bolli in the village and at th:
liaiidel of Tiuca.

The village was inslalled in an ancient estate l)clong-

5o7

ing to Joaqiiim Cromcs Machado, on the IQ"'. of Decem-
ber 1810, by the Count of Arcos, who transfei red to this
phice, at the proposal of Dr. Balthazar da Silva Lisboa,
the oiwidor of Ilheos, the scat of the very ancient vil-
lage of Espirito Santo de Boipeba. Such a transference
was carried into elfecl by Dr. Balthazar, February 28"'.
1811. Afterwards, in 1847. the resolution of May 29<i'.
removed the seat of the village to Taperoa, and in 1873
the resolution no. 1.279 of April 30"'. created again a
court of justice at Jiquie. The parish was created by
the law of June l'^'. 1838 and transferred to Tapero^ by
the resolution of June 21'-'. 1872.

14) Bom Conselho — \5 leagues far from Geremoabo,
near the frontier of Sergipe, in a valley between the
mountain "Santa Cruz): and the ridge of mountains called
«Gaviao».

There are to be seen about two hundred houses, indif-
ferently built, forming a long street, on the central part
of which is the parish church, consecrated to Our Lady
of «Bora Conselho)-. A chaplet is also to be mentioned,
devoted to the worship of the Holy Cross and raised on
a mount facing the parish church by brother Apollo-
nio de Todi, a missionary.

There are only some twenty commercial houses at
the village, which holds commercial intercourse with
Sergipe and where a fair lakes place every week.

The village lies under so great a want of water, that

its inhabit.' nts must needs use rain water, collected in

a lank lying at a short distance and called «Navio)),

though it is of a bad quality and has the colour and

smack of clay. In spite of its being subject to droughts,

the soil is fit for the manioc and tobacco cultivation,

which is the principal description of business at the

village.

The parish was created in 1817 (Charter of November
64

5o8

21*'.) and tlie village in 1875 (Resolution no. 1518 of
June 9"'.).

The origin of the village is reported as follows by
brother ApoUonio de Todi, a missionary:

uUpon this time the inhabitants of Taboleiro, a place
lying at the distance of 12 leagues from Mirandella, en-
treated me to have a chapel built in Ihe old cemetery
ofCacunea. The Most Excellent archbishop granting such
a request and charging me with performing the char-
itable work, I set at my way on the 8'''. of July 1812 and
was led to the house of a ncgress, 103 years old, at a
great distance from the above-mentioned cemetery. On
the next day two men came and showed me the destined
place, which was all over woods, where a grave came
into view from place to place. I saw by the cemetery
a wide road, which I was infoimcd to be the highway
that alforded a thoroughfare to the herds of oxen and
convoys coming from the S. Francisco river to Bahia I
was also informed, at my request, that there was no
river in the place, but a great deal of springs, that never
dried up even upon a rigorous drought lime. I was alike
told that, as this was a llioroughfare jihice, it was the
scene of a great many slaughters, for many people slop-
jiing there for water were as«-ailed by thieves in Ihcir
sleep, slain, robbed and buried in the cemetery.

"Then I turned back very weary to the negress' house,
told the two men who had accompanied me that
I would say a mass on the next sunday and ordered
them to invite the neighbouring people to come and
be informed of what was to be done. Many people came,
indrcd, to luar the mass, and were ordered to assemble
on the next :>alurday in the ccniclciy, tnking axes,
scythes ;ind iidcs wilii 'hcmsches. in tiidcr to prepare
the site for the chaijcl. About 50 men came early on the
assignc<l day and cut down Ihc whole wood, upon which
tliey killed a great deal of vipers, of so great a size

5o9

that one of them was thought to be two arobes weighty.
I ordered the men to come again on the next monday,
that they might raise a small house for the celebration of
masses and another for my own dwelling, and took my
lodging in the cemetery.

((As I found it impossible to build a chapel with lime
and mortar, for want of stones (the few ones that were
found being all over white and red and good for noth-
ing, because of their softness), I began to ramble with
a guide and some other people over the woods, in search
of good quality timber for the chapel I intended rais-
ing, to be employed in planks, connecting rods, beams,
shingles and the like. As soon as every thing was ready
for the works, after two months and a half, and laid
down on the due place, I sent for Antonio Machado, a
master-builder, to raise the chapel. After delineating the
works, digging the foundation holes and setting up the
principal props, and being convinced the master-builder
was capable of carrying on the works, I came to Bahia
and ordered to be made the images of O. Lady of aBom
Conselho)) (the saint patroness), St. Anne and St. Anthony
and upon my returning with the images I saw the chapel
was already roofed; the vestries, balconies and doors, the
chief altar with its shrine, the pulpit and church-stuff
box were successively made; the chapel was then paint-
ed and every solemn festive church stuff was made
ready.

((Meanwhile the reverend vicar (*), having committed
a crime in the capital, dispatched to lake care of the
chapel a young coadjutor, who immediately set out.
Scandalous, litigious, quarrelsome and bully as he was,
the coadjutor began to use so great an arrogance that
I was obliged to complain in writing to the archbishop,
brother Francisco de S. Damaso. Upon such a complaint
the archbishop ordered a declaration to be made of

(*) Of Geremoabo, of course.

5io

the division and number of inhabitants, who were ad-
vised to petition for the creation of a parish. This w^s
done and two years ago His Majesty decreed the place
under consideralion to be elevated to the category of a
parish, reverent! priest Manuel de Barros being appoint-
ed a provisional parson.

uOveragainst the chapel, at the aistance of CO lath-
oras, a very liigh mountain towers up, on the top of
which I raised the Holy Calvary in a chaplet, where I
deposited liie three crosses and the images of Our Lady
of ftSoIedadc", St. John and Jesus in His tomb. This
chaplet has a handsome altar, that the Most Excellent
D. Francisco de S. Damaso, in a pastoral letter, ordered
to be consecrated; he permitted masses to be caid on
this altar and conferred upon it several privileges and
indulgencies, wherefore it is much visited by pilgrims,
who receive a great many favours from the Holy Cal-
vary.

(•Thus, a great deal of pilgrims, herds of oxen, con-
voys and passengers resorting constantly to the place,
a great many houses were built by the inhabitants; so
that, should the place be created a village by His Maj-
esty, it would be very important and profitable to him
and his subjects.))

The worthy missionary's prevision was realized, for
the charter, already cited, of November 21^<. 1817 created
the parish and 08 years later the village was created by
provincial law no. 1518 of June 9"'. 1875.

15) Bom Jesus da Aapa — situate on the ridge of mount-
ains so called, a quarter of a league elf the right bank
of the S. Francisco and 81 kilometers from the village
of Urubi'i.

This village is composed of houses consisting of but
one story, while washed and some of Ihem being set
out witii glazed windows, and two lofty houses, all laid

5ii

out in eight streets and three squares. On ttCruzeiro)>
square rises up the celebrated church (it is not a parish
one) c nsecrated to «Bom Jesus da Lapan, which gave
Ihc village its name and renown ana is a very interest-
ing groUo, discovered towards the close of the 17"'. cen-
tur}' by brother Francisco da Soledade, known in the
world by the name of Francisco de Mendon^a Mar. A
long series of pious and mysterious legends is reported
with regard to this grolto. The village possesses, besides
this church, the chapel consecrated to St. Lucy, en the
extremity ofwDr. Jose Gonsalvesw street.

The municipal council has not yet a house of their
own for their sessions, which are held in a hired lofly
house, in good condition and properly furnished, on
((Bomfira)) square.

There is a school in the village and another at Silio
do Mallo. Two cemeteries are to be seen there, namely:
an ecclesiaslical one, badly situated tor its lying within
the village, to the great disadvan age of public health,
and a lay one, still under construction and about 500
meters ofi the village.

The inhabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to Ihe cullivalion of the cotton-tree, manioc,
maize, rice, french bean and the like and to the breed-
ing of oxen, horses, mules, sheep and goals, as well as
to the digging for sallpelre and the making of lime.

These articles originate a veiy active commercial
intercourse with the villages lying on the S. Francisco
valley, the capital of the slate and the states of Minas
and Goyaz. A lair is held every Saturday on aCruzeiron
square, where are set to sale, amidst other articles, the
industrial products of the municipium, such as a great
deal of cotton cloth, straw and leather hats.

The village under consideration is 828 kilometers from
the capital, with which its inhabitants communicate—
whether by coming down the river as far as Joazeiro,

5l2

or by pursuing the roads leading to the station «Macha-
do Portellai) of the Cenlral Railway.

Drinkable water abounds in the municipal district,
where extensive plantations are made on the carmiros,
which are tracts of land that become uncovered after
the S. Francisco floods subside.

The greatest celebrity of the village is its church, al-
ready mentioned, which is visited from June to Septem-
ber by thousands of pilgrims.

The village was created by the decree of September
18'''. 1890. Its origin was a hamlet formed on the place
where stood the celebrated sanctuary in the estate «Iti-
beraba», which partially belongs to the churcb.

16) Bom Jesus dos Meiras— on the left margin of the
river Antonio, an affluent of the Bromado. It is 14 lea-
gues distant from Brejo Grande, 22 from the town of
Rio de Contas, 20 from Caetile and 40 from the railway
station «Machado Portella». Its houses generally consist
of but one floor and are disposed in several streets, laid
out by a line, and four squares.

On «Matriz)) square is located the parish church, con-
secrated to Good Jesus. There are also three chaplets,
one in a cemeterj% two witbout the village, namely—
at the hainlct of Grystacs (consecrated to O. Lady of
Conception) and at tlie hamlet of Sla. Cruz. A small
chapel is equally to be seen at «Gamcleira dos Macba-
dos)), in the 2'"'. district (Sao Pcdro\ and, finally, anolher
at the .'}'"''. district (S. Gon(;alo da Lage). On the just
named square there is also to be seen the strongly built
and aired house in which are held the sessions of the
nuinicipal council.

Weekly fairs lake place in a large booth situated be-
tween two streets, near the house of the municii)al
council. The village has two cemeteries, one of wliicli,
the ancient one, lying near the parish church, is almost

5i3

filled with dead bodies; wherefore another was made on
a more dislant place, where stood a private chaplct,
which was made over by its proprietress by deed of gift.
There are two schools in the village.

The inhabitants of the municipal district live by tilling
and cattle-breeding and supply the fair with manioc
flour, maize, french bean, rice, collee, corn, siigar-canc,
rapadura and rum. They also make reqiieijues (curds
cheese) and dyed cotton hammocks.

Overagainst the village, on llie right bank of the riv-
er Antonio and connected with it by a wooden bridge,
is the hamlet of S. Feli.K.

The forests of the municipal district abound with
good quality timber. Its ridges of mountains, besides
iron and rock-crystal, contain marbles of different col-
ours, jasper, chalk, cement, saltpetre, onj'x, alum etc.
There are to be found three kinds of chalk,— a white
one, another blue and a rosy one — , extremely used for
the making of candlesticks, inkstands and the like.
There is so great a plenty of iron that a rich proprietor
founded in 1868 a casting house, that is no longer, trora
which was sent to Europe a sample of iron, that proved,
by being analyzed there, to contain 85 7„ of the metal.

Gigantic fossils of antediluvian animals have been lit
on in the neighbouring ridges of mountains.

The village holds commercial intercourse with Brejo
Grande, Almas, Minas do Rio de Contas, Villa Velha,
Caetite, Sla. Izabel, Conquisla, Machado Porlella, Ma-
racjis, Len^oes and Cachoeira.

The place where the village now stands was foiniorly,
townrds Ihe close of last cenlur}', an estate belonging
to Gaplain Francisco dc Souza Meira and situate near a
hamlet of Indians called Concjuista. The paiish was
created on June 19i''. 1809 (law no. 1091) and the village
in 1787 (law no. 1756 of June 11"'.).

5i4

17) Pom Jesus do Rio de Con/as.— This village stands
on a plain, in the valley formed by the ridges of mount-
ains called Serra da Tromba and Serra de Sta. Anna.
It is 118U meters above the sea, 12 leagues from the
town of Minas do Rio de Contas and 12 frcm that of S.
Joao do Paraguassu.

There are eight slreels and four squares in the vil-
lage, all of Ihem bordered with plastered houses, one
sloiy high, of which a few are furnished with glazed
windows. On «Matriz)) square rises up the parish church,
consecrated to Holy Jesus. On another square, called
«Pra?a da Camara», is located the house, in a tolerable
state of preservation, where are held the sessions of Ihe
municipal council and jury. On wFeira/' square a fair is
held on Sundays. On cRosariow street stands a chapel,
consecrated to 0. Lady of the Rosary.

Three cemeteries are to be seen at the village, one of
them being located in a very good site and having a
small chapel, consecrated to Our Lord of the Afllicled;
another is falling inlo ruin; behind the parish church
stands a third cemetery.

The village holds commercial intercourse with the
neighbouring towns, villages and hamlets, but chiefly
with the capital of the state and Lavras Diamanlinas.

Two schools perform their functions in the village,
one at Carrapato, one at Sumidouro and another at Ta-
bocas.

The inhabitants of the municipal district arc given
to the cultivation of the collee-lree, thai is the principal
one, and to that of the sugar-cane and other alimentary
plants. They were once exclusively devoted to the dig-
ging for gold, the mines of which are now abandoned.
Notwilhslanding sf me persons still apply themselves to
Ihe digging f<jr gold and di;imonds. Sugar-cane, quince
sweetmeat, manioc Hour, rum and the like— are made
in the district under consideration.

Si5

There is plenty of water in the municipal district.
Durinj; the terrible droii<^ht that came to pass not long
a'J!,o, the number of inhabilanls thai left the place was
too small and far smaller that of such as died of hunger,
so that the "Comile Wagner)' had only to spend in the
municipal district the slender sum of 2:000^000, employ-
ed for the most part in the assistance lent to those com-
ing from other places for help.

The village is 80 leagues from the capital and is in
lack of cart-roads or any other tolerable road, as far
as Queimadinhas, where is a station of the Central Rail-
way. It may be said the roads to the village are gener-
ally craggy and tortuous; t'ley grow almost imprac-
ticable in rain}' weather, on account of the marshes
formed by the overflowing of the rivers, that are not
passed over by any bridge.

The parish was created by provincial law no. 169 ot
April 25'ii. 1842 and was reckoned among the villages of
the state by the law of July U'l'. 1878. The new munic-
ipal district was separated frcm that of Minas do Rib
de Contas by an act issued September 27'ii. 1884.

The village was not, in its origin, an estate belonging
to any private person cr a hamlet of Indians. It is re-
ported by tradition that its first inhabitants were a few
Spaniards, afterwards imitated by some other persons,
who resorted to the place in search of gold.

18) Drej'o Grande— on the right bank of the river so
called, that flows from the mountain called Morro do
Ohio, 4 leagues north of the village, and, half a league
before it, at the place called Mangabeira, receives the
Tamandui^ running from the Morro dos Anyicos, 2 lea-
gues northwest of the village, and forn)s the fresh and
pleasant valley where the village stands. The river Rrcjo
Grande, on pursuing its course, forms, one league soutli-

waid from the village, the beautiful lagoon titled «For-
65

5i6

mosa» and then falls into the river Ouiivcs, one league
ofT llie hamlet of La^os.

The villaf^e is 12 ler.gues distant ff' m that of Bom
Jesus dos Meiras, 11 from that of Jnssiape, 14 liom the
town of Rio de Conlas, 22 from the terminus of the Cen-
tral Railway and 7() from the capital.

There are in Ihe village a great many houses, low and
ungraceful, hut kept in a good stale of cleanliness and
plastered, some ones heing set out with glazed windows.
They are disposed in several unpaved even streets and
four scjuares, c;>lled by the names ol «Mercado», «Ma-
lriz», (iHscolaw and <rCadeia». On Ihe first-m nlioned
square, ])Ianted wilh several trees, stands the edifice
where are held the sittings of Ihe municipal council,—
a substantially built house, recently made an 1 spacious,
in front of whicii takes i)lace every Saturday a fair,
abundanlly supplied wilh alimenlaiy articles and lo
which Ihe inhabilanls of the n( i{.'libc ui ing places rcsoi I
in crowds. On uMalri/.o scjuare rises up llie i)arish
church, the only temple in the village, consecrated lo
O. Lady of «Allivio".

The commercial movement of the village is unimpor-
tant; but an active commercial intercourse is held wilh
tl e cai)ilal, to which cclfee, collon and cattle, a-s well
as skins, are exported on a large scale.

Two public schools and three private ones perform
their functions in the village and one at the hanilel ol
La^os.

There are two cemeteries: the one, ancient, wilhin
the village and therefore no longer in use; Ihe other,
recently made, one kilometer oil" Ihe village, kept in
good lepair, walled up am' having a chaplel.

The soil of Ihe mur)icipal disliicl is exliemely suit
able to the cullivalion of Ihe sugar-cane, lol)acco, french
bean, tnai/e, manioc, rice, collon and collec Irers. Such
kinds of culture, speciallv the latlei", have reached of

5i7

lale a high degree of development. The vine was also
planted, but a disease infecting it caused its almost total
extinction. The inhabitants are also given to the breed
ing, on a large scale, of oxen, mules, horses, sheep, swine
and goats. The new and lucrative goat skins trade has
been of late verj- much developped.

Lime, saltpetre, gunpowder and several cotton stuffs
are equally made. There is a number of small sugar
factories, producing cane-sugar and rapadiiras, and a
good deal of distilleries. A great many women use to
make cotton cloth in looms of their own, a trade in
which they are very skilful; it is, therefore, a pity no-
body had the thought of founding a cotton-factory in
the district, abundantly supplied with water as it is and
where the rivers, on account of their waterfalls, may
be used as a moving power.

The inhabitants of the municipal district do not sutler
so much as those of some other places— in consequence
of the irregularity of seasons, both on account of the
proximity of large rivers, such as— the Rio deContas and
Ourives, as well as of the lagoons Formosa and Manga-
beira, highly useful to agriculture, and on account of
the great deal of ndges of mountains, forming a part of
the Serra do Sincord, and three high hills ('Ouro», «Sanla
Barbara); and «Florencio», parallel with each other and
causing the soil to be very fresh and suitable to plants.

The soil of the village is little, firm; it is subject to give
away from place to place, showing the entrances to
some grottos, of which a few are known from a time out
of memory, such as that of Mangabcira, the most cele-
brated among them, 3140 meters in extent, with beauti-
ful galleries and several saloons, adorned with elegant
stalactites. The figure of the valle}', the opening of the
ridges of mountains south of the village, near the ham-
let of Lagos, the existence of a great many grottos, as
well as of saltpetre and several other salts, and, finally,

5i8

the general nature of the ground, all this brings us inlo
the belief that the place under description was formerly
a vast salt lake.

Drinkable water is extremely abundant throughout
the municipal district, except only the liau)lct of La-
90s, where water holds soda and potash salts in solu
lion.

The calcareous nature of the mountains and the salt-
petrous one of the soil caused some capitalists to organ-
ize a company, which explored the ground of the vil-
lage and established there a few factories, that came by
the extraction of good quality saltpetre. Such an indus-
try, however, has not yet been conveniently forwarded
perhaps because of the great distance from the village
to the Central Railway terminus.

The village, the climate of which is temperate and
salubrious, was yo. e a hamlet of Indians, conquered
by four brothers of the names of Isaac, Scbasliao, Joa-
quim and Andre da Rocha Pinto, who were granted by
the government, at their request, the conquered terri-
tory, that they shared among themselves, Rrpjo (iran-
de being then cdlotted to Scbasliao, who left it to his
nine heirs.

The parish was created by resolution no. 382 of Api il
10"'. 18()2 and elevated to the rank of a village by law
no. 988 of October O'l'. 18G7.

19i lirulas dc Macahnbas — s\i\\u\\v\g on a plain, sur-
rounded with a chain of mountains forming a part of
the Sena da Mangabeira, 12 leagues oil" the village of
Breginho, 30 oIlMacahubos and .30 oil the town of Rar-
ra, in an adanianlilerous disliict.

The place where the village stands is very salubrious/
lis houses, generally one story high, plastered and fur-
nishe I wilii glazed windows, arc disposed in twelve
streets and two squares. On one ol these squares, on

5i9

which rises up the parish church, consecrated to 0.
Lad}' of Brolas, a weekly fair is held, well supplied
with com modilies and much rcsorled to.

The village holds an active commercial intercourse
with the towns of Amargosaand S. Felix. It has a ceme-
tery, with a chapel, hadly situated for its standing on the
central part of the village. Two schools perform their
functions in the village and one at the hamlet of Fundao.

The inhahilants of the municipal district avail them-
selves of the ferlilily of its ground, hy planting the su-
gar-cane, manioc, french bean, maize and specially
tobacco, the latter being a highly prized product and
forming the principal article of export. They also ap-
ply themselves to the breeding of oxen, horses, sheep,
goals, swine, etc.

The village is ICO leagues off the capital, with which
it communicates by means of the Central Railway sta-
tion ((Machado Porlella».

Though drinkable water is sufficiently abundant in
the village, its ground is little irrigated and exposed lo
the effects of droughts. In order to oppose such an in-
convcniency the «Comite \Vagner» made of late, in a
valley near the village and under the direction of Jose
Baibosa Campos, an important tank, able to hold a great
deal of water and where 's to be found plenty of fishes,
largely used for food by the poor persons in the Aillage.

The parish, crea'ed by law no. 256 of March 19^''.
1847, was originally an estate belonging to Antonio Al-
ves de Oliveira, who made it over, by deed of gift, to
the parish church. The village was created by law no.
1817 of July IG'i'. 1878.

20) Co/n/sdo- situate on a plateau lying at the distance
of 16 leagues from Feira dc Sant'Anna. It is a thorough-
fare for pa-scngcrs and herds of cattle coming from
Lavras Diamantinas, the decay of which resulted in

520

that of Camisao. It is composed of white-washed houses,
generally consisting of a bingle floor, a few ones being
set out with glazed windows and all of them disposed
in eight streets and two squares («Commercio» and «Ma-
triz))). On the first-mentioned square, where a fair is
held once a week, is located the house in which are
celebrated the sessions of the municipal, council; on
«Matriz)) square stands the parish church, consecrated
to St. Anne. There are two other churches, dedicated
to the worship of the Holy Cross and Our Sullering
Lord.

The village holds a small commercial intercourse with
the capital, Cachoeira, Feira de Sta. Anna, Curralinho
and the whole interior of the state. Its industry is leather
tanning. The ground is very suitable to cattle-breeding,
for which purpose many farms were established, with
excellent pasture grounds. A few inhabitants apply
themselves to agriculture. There are two schools in the
village and two at the hamlet of Serra Preta.

Camisao was known early in the 17ii'. century, when
the Portuguese began to entertain a friendly intercourse
with the Indians of the district. Its parish, however,
was created in 1755 and the village one century later,
by resolution no. 521 of April 20"'. 1850.

21) Campo Formoso.— This village stands on the banks
of the rivers Agna Branca and Campo Formoso, at the
distance of 19 kilom. from the town of Bomfim. It is
composed of white washed houses, one story high and
forming 9 streets and 3 squares, on one of which («Ma-
triz" scjuarc) stands the parish church, consecrated to
St. Anlliony, the only temple in the village; another,
dedicated to Our Lady of Brubury, is located at the
hamlet Gameleira, one kilom. south of the village. On
tlic same scjuare, north of tlie paiish church, they are
building a house for the sessions of the municipal
council.

521

There is a cemetery in Ihe village

A fair takes place ever}' week on MCommercio)) street.
An active commercial intercourse is held with the town
of Bomfim or Villa Nova and the capital of the state,
as well as with the district of Paranagu^, in the state
of Piauhy.

The inliabilanls of the municii)ium apply themselves
to agriculture and oxen breeding. The most lucrative
agricultural product is tobacco, the leaves of which
are of an admirable size.

At the farm Baixa (irande, on the bank of the river
Faqui, that falls into the Salitre, a celebrated grotto
comes into view with several rooms, adorned with stones
in imitation of images, which has stirred up religious
feelings.

Two schools perform their functions in the village
and one at the hamlet of Bananeiras.

Campo Formoso was originally a hamlet of Indians,
where in 1682 was created the parish of «Santo Anto-
nio da Frcguczia Velha do Campo FormosO)). The vil-
lage was created by law no. 2 051 of July 28i''. 1880 and
was installed July 22i"i. 1^83.

22) Compo Largo- ou Ihe left bank of Ihe river Gran-
de, 34 leagues westward from the town of Barra, 24
southward from the village of Sta. Ritta do Rio Preto, 9
northward from Angical and 18 eastward from Barrei-
ras. It is situate on a barren plateau, betwixt the bars
of the rivers Preto and Branco.

The aspect of this village is not pleasant, for its being
composed, for the most part, of mudwallcd thatched
hou«-e-, painted wilh dark ochre, extracted from Ihe port
(f the village It is composed of 8 streets and 1 square,
called «da Matriz», on which stands the parish chuich,
consecrated to St. Anne, the only temple in the munic-
ipal district. It has a cemetery (without a chapel) and two

522

schools. On Ihe sirect c;illccl «!leira do Rico rises u;)
theedifi'e, kcpl i:i g )0(1 repair, where are licid the
sillings of the municipal council.

A fair lakes p'ace once a wet-k on the port and ^Tom-
ba» street, which are the business centre. A sn^all com-
mercial intercom se is held ^Yith the capital, Joazeiro,
Barra and the villages of Arraias, Sla. Maria de Tagua-
linga, Nalividade and Concci^ao in Ihc >la!e of Goyaz.

The inhabitants of the n.unicipal di.strict apply them-
selves to pastoral in luslry and the plantation of the
manioc, sugar-cane, frvncii bean, maize, rice, cotton-tree
and the like; they m ik • cane-sugar, rcipadum, rum and
stripped cloth and ha uniocks.

Though the soil is fertile, plain atid abiuidant with
drinkable water, yet there is no water enough to meet
the necessities of agi icuitnre, the municipal district
being only supplied with permanent water in Ihe marshes
lying in one of its parls; in tlu otlier pari plinters mnst
needs wait for the rainy season; they use to plant the
river banks, hard by the creeks formed by it after its
ebbing, from March forward.

The village lies at the distance of lOG leagues from
the capital, wilh wliich its inhnbitanls now conimuni-
cale— whether by coming down the livcr s.s far as the
Joazeiro railway station, or by taking tlie ancient roads
to Morro do Chapeo rnd Cachoeita, or Len^oes and
Queimadinhas.

The village had its origin in a faim of Jose Lopes
Coulinho do Bomlim, Ihe cliapel of which was elevated
to a parish church early in the instant century. The
|)arisli was aflciwa.d created a \illage by the lloyal
CJiailer ol June (>'''. 1820 The whole terril ry on the
lelt bank of Ihe S I'l am-isco, known by the panic of
Srilno <{(■ I'ciiHiiiiliiico and beh ngiug to Ihe last named
stale, was, by the dc« rcc < I July 7"' 1821 and in con-
sequence of the ie|)ublican movement of Hecife, scpa

523

rated from I^crnambiico and annexed to Minas; but the
decree of October lo'i'. 1827 separated it from tbe state
of Minas and incorporated into (hat of Haliia, as we
have more minutely said upon treating of the town of
Barra.

23) Capclla Nova do Jc<jiiiii(;d - situate 2 leagues before
the town of Arcia, on the very [)Iace where the river
«das Velhas" (which gave the parish its title of"Senhor
do Bomfim das Velhas») falls into the Jequiri^a, in an
extremely fertile distiict and at the entrance to the rich
forests specially known by the name of «Macucos».

The village, composed of commodious graceful houses,
consisting of but one floor, while-washed and generally
set out with glazed windows, stretches along the mar-
gin of the Jequiri^^a in a long street, only interrupted by
a mountain advancing as far as the river and dividing
the village in two parts, the upper and the lower ones,
each having a church. The parish church stands on an
upland at the lower part.

There is an active commercial movement at the vil-
lage, where an important fair is held and where two
schools perform their functions Its commercial impor-
tance is more and more increasing in |)roportion as the
Nazarelh railroad draws near it. The railway station
.<{>orfamao", 5 leagues off the village, receives the prod-
ucts (specially cotfeei exported from the village.

The parish was created by the law of September 16"'.
1878 and the village by an act of the state government,
issued January 31-'. 1891.

24) Capim Grosso—ou the right margin of the S. Fran-
cisco, 20 leagues before the town of Joazciro. It is di-
vided in two wards and composed of plastered houses
one story high, a few ones being furnished with glazed

windows, and forming 10 streets and 2 s(iuares(«Merca-
66

524

(io>- and ('Wagner»i. Between llie two squares stands
the parish church, consecrated to Sf. Anthony. There
is a chapel in the cemelei y. On oMercado" square is tiie
house for the sittings of the municipal council, a good
and proper edifice, be=iide which a large booth is located
where the fairs lake place.

The village holds a small commercial intercourse with
the capital and the slates of Sergipe, Alagoas and Per-
nambuco. The municipal district deals, on a large scale,
in oxen, bred in its vast and good pasture grounds
and forming its principal article of export.

Tlicrc .' I e 4 ^cho()Is in the nnmicipiuni, that is: 2 in
the village, 1 at the hamlet of Chorrocho and another at
that of Patamule.

The inhabitants apply themselves to tiie breeding of
oxen, horjcs, mules, goats and sheep and also to the
manioc, maize and french bean cultivation, for which
purpose the ground is very fit, for its being sufficiently
irrigated.

The village communicates with Joazeiro by means of
steamers and with the capital by the Villa Nova railway.

Capim Cirosso was originally a farm belonging to Major
Florencio Francisco dos Santos, who raised there a
chapel, consecrated to St. Anthony, that served as the
centre round which people were settling in i)rocess of
time. This chapel was elevated to the rank of a parish
church by the law of June G"'. 18'):]. To this place
was transferred, in accordance with resolution no.
488 of Ihe above datr, the scat of the parish and vil-
lage of Pauibu, lying at the distance of 20 leagues before
the village under consideration and having an impracti-
cable port.

2."), ('Mvinhitiihit -standing on ;iM upland, at the left
bank ot the S Francisco, 1/2 league before the con-

525

fluence of the river Carinhanha, which separates Bahia
from Minas, and 24 leagues beyond the Corrente mouth.

It is composed of old houses, consisting of but one
floor, generally mudwalled and unplaslered and most
of them falling into ruin. lis parish church, consecrat-
ed to St. Joseph, is out of repair, as well as the house
where are held the sittings of the municipal council.
The streets are nearly desert. There is almost no com-
mercial movement. Two schools perform their func-
tions at the village. A dry salubrious climate is enjoyed
there, save upon ebbing-time, when the inhabitants are
assailed by intermittent fevers, very common through-
out the S. Francisco valley.

There is a special industry at Ihe village under con-
sideration, — the manufacture, on a small scale, of
leather hats, in imitation of felt, Manilla and Chili straw
hats Such an industry, exercised by a family, is the
more to be admired because every thing is made almost
manually, without the help of any machine whatever.

There is a great deal of cattle-breeding estates in the
municipal district, which is, however, much damaged
for want of personal security, troubled by the criminals
of the three neighbouring stales, who arc not checked
by a sufllcient police force.

The soil of the municipal district may be laboured
in two dillerenl ways,— whether periodically or per-
manently; Ihe former is used by the inhabitants of the
river bank, upon low-water lime, to make profit of the
ground fertilized by the overllow, and consists in the
plantation of french beans, maize, aipim ['), manioc,
water-mtlon, gourd and Ihe like, which grow up in a
prodigious abundance; the latter takes place in the fields
called yeraes and occupied, for their being extremely
fertile and widely irrigated, by some small sugar fac-
tories, 50 to 60 in number, the machinery of which is set

(*) A kind of manioc.

526

in motion by oxen and even bj* human hands, and pro-
ducing every year between 50 and GO arobes of excellent
cane-sugar, rupadiira and honey for the pre|:aration of
brandy. Such products, that should increase the rich-
ness and importance of the villag% are for the most
part carried away to the village of Sta. Maria da Victo-
ria, for it is impossible to go down the river Carinhanha,
the stream of which is obstructed by the easily de-
stroyable «Marrccas» waterfall.

This region of Carinhanha, 40 leagues in extent, is
proverbially fertile. The inhabitants apply themselves
to cattle-breeding, that has reached there a wonderful
degree of development, a great many estates, some of
thera, very valuable, being located on the livcr banks
for the just-mentioned purpose. Fish is found in large
shonls in a few plashes formed by the river and called
ipoeiras.

Carinhanha was primitively a hamlet of Cayapos, with
whom some white men associated who raised a chapel,
consecrated to St. Joseph, which in 1813 was elevated
to the rank of a parish church. The decree of July 6"'.
1832 turned this parish to a village.

26) Casa Nova (S. Jose do Riacho rfa)-siluatcd on the
left bank of the S Francisco, at the conlluence of the
Riacho da Casa Xova, 25 leagues before the village ol'
Hemanso.

There arc to be seen the parish church, consecrated
to St. Joseph, Ihc house for the sessions of the munici-
pal council and two schools. It has a large commercial
movement, coasting trade being the most important
description ol business. A great deal ( f lii'st rank salt,
extracted from llu" sallpits of the municipal district, is
eximrled from liic \ilhige. A great many inliabilnnls of
l^iauhy use to lead their herds of oxen to tins \illogc, in
oilier to change Iheni lor dillercnt merchandises.

527

The parish was created by the law of April 3"'. 187.J
and ekvated by that of June 20"'. 1879 to the category
of a village, which was installed November 15''' 1888.
Casa Nova was originally a hamlet, where Captain Jose
Manuel Vianna erected a chapel, consecrated to St. Jo-
seph.

27) Cali'i {Santa Anna do)~on the right bank of the
river so called, that falls into the Pojuca. It lies at the
kilora. no. 92 of the Bahia and S. Francisco railway, at
the distance of 30 kilom. from the village of Matta and
town of Alagoinhas.

The village is composed of plastered houses, generally
consisting of but one floor, furnished with glazed win-
dows and disposed in 5 slope streets and 2 squares, named
i<da Matriz)) and cdo Commercio». On wMatriz" square,
lying on an upland, are the parish church, consecrated
to St. Anne, and the house, out of repair, where are
held the sessions of the municipal council. On "Coni-
mercio» square rise up a large booth, in which a weekly
fair takes place, and an edifice for shambles. The par-
ish church is the only temple iii the village; but there
are a few chapels at the hamlets of Pojuca, Sitio Novo
and S. Miguel, belonging to the municipal district. There
is a cemetery, with a chapel, in a hygienic position. The
village has 2 schools; Pojuca, ;j; Sitio Novo, 2; S. Mi-
guel, 1; the farm of P^o Lavrado, 1.

An uninteresting commeicial intercourse, which is
more active on fair days, is held with the capital, Sto.
Amaro and Purifica^ao. Fairs are also eflecled at the
hamlels of Pojuca and S. Miguel.

The soil of the municipal district is veiy suitable to
sugar-cane plantation and therefore occupied by a num-
ber of sugar factories and a distillery. There is a central
sugar facory at the hamlet of Pojuca, where the tele-
graphic lines join with one another. A few inhabitants

528

are also given to cattle-breeding. Tlie municipal district
is intersected by several streams.

The village was originally a hamlet formed in a ter-
ritory that had been granted to the Count ol Ponle. In
1796 its chapel was created a parish church. The parish
was afterwards elevated to the rank of a village by law
no. 1058 of June 26ii'. 1868,- but it was installed in May
7'''. 1877, when it ceased to form a part of the territory
belonging to the village of S. Francisco.

28) Caijri'i—a very ancient and decaying village, situate
on the island so called, belonging to the archipelago of
Morro de S. Paulo. Its streets, all paved, lead from the
haven to an upland, where stands the parish church,
consecralcd to O. L. of the Rosary, on the right side
of which comes into view^ St. Francis' convent, built
in 1G50 on a ground made over for such a purpose, by
deed of gift, by Bento Salvador and his wife, Isabel Go-
mes. In this convent is established the Third Order of
St. Rose of Viterbo. Besides these churches there is also
the chapel consecrated to O. Lady of wLapas. A house
for the sessions of the municipal council and two schools
•are equally to be seen at the village.

The comn7ercial and agricultural movement of Cayrii
is quite uninteresting, its principal branch of industry
being the preparation, on a small scale, of manioc Hour.

The parish is said to have been founded in 1600 and
the village in 1610. Notwithstanding Balthasar da Silva
Lisboa asserts the village was founded on the days of
the first donee of llhcos. The history of the village is
but a long series of constant assaults made during two
centuries by several hordes of savages. It was once the
seat of a board chaigcd with overseeing the forests, un-
der the presidcnce of the oiwidov of llhcos.

29; Chi(jiiv-(:hi(jiic—ou the margin of the river Ipoei-

529

ra, an affluent of the S. Francisco. It is 12 leagues oil
tiie town of Birra, 12 oft the village of Gameleira do As-
surua and 18 off Piiao Arcado. Helween the large river
and the village stands an island, named "Miradouro-),
where a chapel and a few houses are to be seen; this
island is abundantly productive of cerealeous grains.

The houses of the village, consisting of but one floor,
are kept in a bad state of preservation and form,— one
might say so — , a single street, where are the large par-
ish church, consecrated to O. Lord of «liomfimrt, and
a chaplet facing the cemetery and dedicated to the
worship of the Huly Cress (on the southern end of the
street). There are some other chapels, at the following
places, belonging to the municipal district: Ulinga, Sac-
co dos Bois, Tiririca, Miradouro and Boa Vista. We must
additionally mention at the village: the house where are
held the sessions of the municipal council, the cemetery
and two schools.

A number of hamlets form a part of the municipal
district, such as: Miradouro, Casa Nova, Picada, Mar-
recos, Boa Visla, Tapera, Silio, Pedras, Jatoba, Sacco
dos Bois, Porto da Malalolagem, Tiririca, etc.

The progress of the village has been constantly hin-
dered by wasting political struggles, that often, on
the last days of the monarchy, demolished or burnt
down its houses, shot through the walls of the church,
cemetery and houses, changing them into ticnches,
=which caused the inhabilanls to emigrate, the streets
being only full of banditti — , put on fire the archives and
collectors' offices, as well as the post-office, and devas-
tated the cattle-breeding estates, overspreading the roads
with bones of beasts and filling them with graves.

The territory is extremely rich in mines, known by
the name of Minas do Assurud. the latter being one of
the titles of a ridge of mountains called by many other
names. Saltpetre and aluminium are to be found there.

53o

Mnrc'iivcr the carnauha (*i <irnws up prnl'iisely aloufS, the
m:iri>ins of Ihe river, as far as Joazeiro; the inlinbitanls
make profit of its powder, leaves and even wood, llial is
very fit for building, on account of its durability; they
also apply themselves to the cultivation of cerealeous
grains and fruits, among which the water melon is note-
worthy, which reaches a considerable size. A few inhab-
itants us*^ to deal in salt, specially drawn out of a lagoon
named «Itaparica>i, near the «Sto. Ignacio) ridge of
mountains.

The origin of the village was a cattle-breeding estate,
titled " Praia 0, possessing a large and very lucrative 11*^11,
pond and belonging, little more than one century ago-
to the family of Theobnldo Jose de Carvalho. The vil-
lage was created by the decree of July G'l'. 1832 and
installed October 23"'. 1834.

30) Concei{-do do Coile on a small sandy mountain, at
the distance of 7 leagues from the town of Scrriiiha and
6 from the village of Hiachao do Jacuipe. It is composed
of white-washed houses, one story hi*h and disposed in
fi streets and 1 square. The parish chuich. consecrated
to O. I., of Conception, the only temple in the village,
rises upon Hie square, in which takes place a weekly
fiir. A chapel is locai'^d at the hamlet of Valenle. The
cemetery iwith a smull chapel) is very well situated half
n kilom. oil' the village.

The inhabitants of the miinici,)nl district apply them-
selves I > the breeding of oxen, horses, swine, shcej).
goats and inides, as well as to the plantation of the to-
bacco, cotton-liee, manioc, potatoes, etc. Their prin-
ci|)al branrii of industry isllic manufacture of hammocks
:.nd cotton cloth, the rolling up of tobacco leaves and the
taking away of cotton seeds; which originates a conimer
cial intercourse with the capital, Alagoinhas, Fcira de

(') A kind of palm tree ol'Ura/il.

53i

Sanl'Anna, Serrinha, Bomfim, Jacobina, Monte Alc-
gre, etc.

It is 50 leagues from the village to the capital, with
which it holds communication Ly means of the ^Pro-
longamento)) and Bahia and S. Francisco railway.

There are two schools in the village and one at the
hamlet of Valente.

The ground of the municipal district is very much
exposed to drought; drinkable water is not abundant,
that of the tanks being of bad quality and insufficient
in quantity.

The parish was created by the resolution of May 9"'.
1857 and the village by an act of the slate government,
issued December 17"'. 1890.

31) Coite (Palrocinio do)— confining with Sergipe. It
was created a short time ago by law no. 2533 of May
!>'. 1886 and installed on the 1^'. ot February 1888. It
had been made a parish by the law of May 22'"'. 1871.

It has a parish church.

32) Conceigao do A/me/da— situate on a plain between
the rivers Cedro and Mutum. Its houses, indifi"erently
built, one story high and set out with glazed window*^,
are disposed in six streets and one square, on the central
part of wiiich stands the parish church and where a
fair is held once a week. The parish church consecrated
to St. Anne, at Rio da Dona, and the chapels standing
on the places called S. Francisco da Mombasa, Sapa-
tuhy, Commercio, Almas, Pao Cedro, Musungue and
Sururii, also belong to the municipal district.

The sessions of the municipal council are held in a
very small house. There are two schools in the village
and four at the following places: S. Francisco da Mom-
basa, Sto. Antonio de Sapatuhy, Commercio and Pao

Cedro.
67

553

A comtrercial intercourse is held with Cachoeira, S.

Felix, Sto. Antrnio de Jcsn«, Naziircth, Curralinho and
Maragogipe. The inhabilaiits apply themselves lo the
cultivation of the siij^ar cane, coll'ee-trce, tobacco, as
well as of cerealeous grains. Several sugar factories and
distilleries are located in the municipal district, ihe sr il
of which is very fertile and is indicative of the existence
of mines.

A private chapel, raised on a site forming a part ot
Ihe estate belonging to Antonio Coelhode Almeida San-
de, was ehvatcd to the rank of a parish church by the
resolution of March 23i'. 1872. Thus a new parish was
created, which was reckoned a village by an act of the
stale government, issued July 18'''. 1890.

33) Conde-on both margins of tlic livcr Itapicuru, 2
leagues beyond its mouth It |)rimitivcly consisted but
of Ihe part lying on Ihe light bank, higher than the
other, having no longer any commerce whatever and
falling into decay. The part situated on the left bank,
named cRibeira do Condeu, is modern and the true
seat of the village and its commercial movement.

The village is composed, in its two parts, of houses
generally one story high, mudwalled and tiled, a few
ones being set out with gla/.cd windows, all of them
arranged in 2 squares and 8 streets. On one ol these
scpiares, called da Matriz", in Ihe part of the village
named "Conde VelhoD, stands a church consecrated lo
(V Lady of Monte do Itapicuru da Praia", and created
a parish church in 1702. On the other scjuare («liom-
llin»i are the chapel dedicated to O. Lord ot cHomfim"
and the private house where are held the sessions of
the municipal council Another chapel is to he seen in
tiie cemetery, which is situated in a very hygienic
position.

There is an indill'erenl commercial movement at the

533

village, where a fair takes place once a week on 'Bom-
fimw square.

The soil of the village, like the whole valley of the
Itapicurii, is extremely fertile and there is to be seen a
great deal of sugar factories, the product of which is
conveyed to the liamlct of Timb(') (the terminal station
of a railroad to Alagoinhas), from which it is exported.

There are 4 schools in llic village and 10 at the fol-
lowing hamlets of the municipal district, namely: Sitio,
1; Concei^ao do Sacco, 2; Timho, 2; Esplanada, 1; Pala-
me, 2; Baixio, 2. A few slocks are equally to be seen.
The ground is well irrigated and therefore qualified for
any kind ot culture.

The origin of the village was a settlement of Indians.
The Count of Arcos, who was the governor of Bahia,
being entreated to create a village there, complied with
the request (wherefore the village received his name). It
was accordingly founded, December l?"'. 180G, by ouvi-
dor Navarro.

34) f'oragao de Mar/a.— This village stands at the dis-
tance of 1/2 league from the river Pojuca and 1/4 from
the Paramerim, on a vast plain extending from the Pa-
ramerim to the Ingazeira, 6 leagues ell" I'eiia and 7 oil
Sto. Amaro.

Its houses are white-washed, furnished with glazed
windows and generally one story high; they are disposed
in 5 streets and 1 bcc-uliful square, where the fairs take
place and stands the parish church, consecrated to the
Holy Heart of Mary, on the western side, and on the
northern one the house in which are held the sittings
of the municipal council. The village has, moreover, a
good cemetery, enclosed with iron grates and portals,
and one school. Two schools perform their functions
at the hamlet of Oliveira, two at Lapa, one at S. Fran-
cisco and another at S. Siraao.

534

The inhabitants of the municipal district, where there
is plenty of good drinkable water, apply themselves to
the cultivation of the cofTee-tree, tobacco, manioc, In-
dian corn and trench bean. There are also to be seen a
few distilleries.

The origin of the village was an ancient chapel, raised
on a ground belonging to Bento Simoes, which was
elevated to the category of a parish church by the law
of June 6'!'. 1853; the parish was created a village by
an act of the state government, issued March 28"'. 1891.

35) Correnlina— on the right bank of the river «das
Eguas)), that falls into the Corrente and cannot be nav-
igated for its being obstructed by several rocks.

It lies 12 leagues beyond the village of Porlo de Sta.
Maria da Victoria and 4i» beyond that of Carinhanha. It
is composed of simple houses, one story high, built with
limber, adobe (*) and clay and forming 12 streets and 1
square, named (iPra^a Grande>, where stand, amidst
several others, the following buildings: Ihe parish church,
conserrated to O. Lady of Glory and looking into
the river; an ancient chapel; the strongly built house
in which are held the sessions of the municipal council
(facing the parish church) and a large booth where a
fair takes place once a week.

The village has but one school, as well as one cem-
etery, with a chapel. It holds an active commercial
intercourse with the village of Porto de Sta. Maria, to
which are exported its agiicultural products, such as
-cane sugar, rum, frcnch bean, rice, manioc Hour, ra
paduras, Indian corn, cnouchouc, leather and timber,
and with the villages of Pofo, S. Domingos and Flores,
in (ioyaz, and tlu- li:iinlel of .Silio.

(■) A kind of brick nol burnt, hnl dried up ar.d hard-
ened in the sun.

535

The inhabitants of this rich municipium are gener-
ally given to agriculture and cattle-breeding. Scarce a
few ones apply themselves to tlie digging for gold, which
is very abundant in the municipal district and occasion-
ed, according to Colonel Durval, the exploration of the
river «das Eguas" in 1791 by priest Anacleto Pereira
dos Santos. According to the same author, gold is found
there everywhere, both in the river and on the streets
and even on the ground of unpaved houses; amidst the
sweepings small pieces of gold may be lit on, which
women use to gather in small portions, that they put
up for sale.

The village lies at the distance of 160 leagues from
the capital. Us rudimental and behindhand sugar-canes
culture occupies a number of unimportant sug^r facto-
ries, the machinery of which is set in motion by oxen.

There is plenty of water in the municipium; which
makes it a place of resort for the dwellers of the mu-
nicipal districts of Riacho de Sta. Anna,Macahubas and
the like, upon drought-time.

The origin of the village dates from the epoch when
gold was discovered in the river «das l£guas«, that was
tilled on this account "Rio Rico» (Rich River) and after-
wards ((Rio das Eguas'i (Marcs Rivei i, for the herdsmen
of the region used to ride wild mares in order to make
their excur.sions.

The parish w^as created in 18 G and the village in 18C6
(resolution of Mjiy 15"'.). The resolution of June 8'i'.
U80 removed its seat to Porto de Sta. Maria, frcm which
it was transferied again to Rio das T^guas by the re-
solution ofMnyH"'. 188G. The resolution of May 14"'.
1888 removed it to Sla. Maria da Victoi ia, of which it
formed a part, till it was elevated by an act of the state
government, issued May 5"'. 1891, to the rank of a vil-
lage, independent from that cf Sla. Maria, under the
name of Correnlina, which should rather be given to

S36

the village standing on the Corrente bank than to that
of which we are treating, situate on the margin of the
river <'das Eguasv

36) Ciirralinho. -This village, standing on a vast plain,
surrounded with small hills, at the foot of the ridge of
mountains called GairiiU), and 11 leagues distant from
S. Felix,-is composed of fifteen broad streets, crowded
with beautiful plastered houses, after the modern style,
generally one story high and furnished with glazed win-
dows, and three squares, of the names of «Castro Alves»,
((Pedro Luiz" and («S. Jose».

On ((Castro Alves* square, so called from the name of
the celebrated poet, who was born there, rises up,
on an upland, the parish church, consecrated to 0.
Lady of (Conception, and behind it the cemetery. On
((S. Jose» square is the house where are held the ses-
sions of the municipal council, a magnificent edifice in
modern taste.

A few chapels are also to be mentioned, at the follow-
ing places of the municipal district: S. Jos6 do Genipapo
two leagues olV the village, a very ancient chapel raised
by the Jesuits; Slo. Antonio do Candcal, one league from
the village; S Jose do Sitio do Meio, three leagues fiom
the village; Sto. Antonio da Hocca do (Campo, one league
oil the village; Sto. Antonio de Argoim, six leagues
north of the village and elevated to the category of a
parish church in 1877.

Important fairs, established in a remote period and
occupying "Castro Alvcs- and "S. Josc' scpiarcs, arc
abundantly siip|)lic(l with tobacco, collee, maize, french
bean, manioc Hour, raw and tanned leather, horses,
oxen, sheep, kwine and the like. There is, therefore,
an active tommcrcial movement at the village, which
holds commercial intercourse with Cachoeira, S. Felix,
Amargosa, Sto. Antonio de Jesus, Concci^ao do Almei-

537

da, Giboia, Orobo, Joao Amaro, Tapera and Cruz das
Almas.

Several cigar and soap facloi ies, as well as potteries
and lanyards, are located in the villaj^e. Four schools
perform Iheir funclions tlierc and four ai liie hamlets of
Argoim, Genipapo and Sitio do Meio.

The municipal district lacks water, u[)on drought-time,
at several places called calii}(j(is, only supplied with the
brackish Nvalerof a few rivulets llowing into the Para
guassu, which, by pursuing its course towards Cachoei-
ra, crosses the district at the distance of five leagues
fioni Curralinho. Tliis village was, therefore, in great
want of water; which, hn])pily, is no longer the case,
after a company began to convey water through appro-
priate pipes from the rivulet Tocaiha, running from I he
ridge of mountains tilled Gaiiiiu, 9 kiloni. ofT the vil-
lage, and raised a Wbsh-luiise, stvcial public balhing
houses and two public fountains, the latter supplying
the inhabitants with water at the rate ol one ree a liter.
The company is under contract with several proprietors,
whose houses are supplied with 220 liters of water a
month for tlie sum of 4i500.

The origin of the village was a farm, belonging in
17l0 to Joao Evangelista de Castro Tanajura, where the
travellers and heids of cattle coming from S. Vc\\\ to
the mines of Rio de Conlas used to slo|) for a while. A
parish was created there by the law of June 28"'. 1873;
the law of June 26"'. 1880 elevated the parish to the cate-
gory of a village, which was installed on the 11"'. of
January 1883 by the president of the municipal council
of Cachoeira.

37) Enlre Rins-a small uninteresting village, on a hill
between the rivers Inhambupe and Subahuma, which
is the reason of its name <*). There is no commercial

(') Enlre Rios means— situate between some rivers.

538

movement, except on Saturdays, when takes place an
unimportant fair. The onlj' temple in the village is con-
secrated to the Holy Lady of .PrazcrcS') and located
near the Timho railway; it was created a parish church
by law no. 308 of June \-K 1848.

Two hariilets -Fesmaria and Divina Paslora— form a
part of the municipal district, occupied by a few sugar
factories and cattle breeding estates. Fi'sl-rate tobacco
is also produced there.

The village was created by the law of April 3"'. 1872.

38) Gameleira do Assi//vu/.— This village, standing on
a high plain that is to be seen on the ridges of mount-
ains of Assurui and 12 leagues of! the town of Barra, is
composed of wiiite-washed houses, consisting of but
one floor and arranged in 4 streets and 2 squares, na-
med «Piedade>) and «Commercio«. On the first mention-
ed square is located the parish chuich, consecrated to
St. Anne; the other square is assigned for the weekly
fairs. There is no house for the sessions of the munici-
p?l council or public school. A cemetery is to be seen
in a good situation.

The village holds ccmimerciol intercourse with the
towns of Barra, Lcn(,'(')es and .lacobina and the villages
of (>hique-Chique, P.rolns and Morro do Chapco.

The inhabitants of the municipal district employ them-
selves in the sugar-cane, tobacco and maniic culture
and the making of biandy, as well as in cattle-breeding
and the digging for diamonds, carbonate, gold and salt-
petre.

It is 120 leagues Iroin the > illage to the capilal of the
stale and there are a lew highways commtiiiicating the
two places.

The soil of llie niiinici|);il district is well irrigated and
extremely lertile, wliereloie it is to he expected the
district will make a great progress in process of time.

S3()

Tlie vilI.i.»o \v«s oroaled by an ael of llic stale j'ovcrn-
lueiil, issued July 9"'. 1890.

39) Gere irxiho—ou the bank of the river so called, a
(|ii.irlcr of a league Iroin the Vasa Barris, between the
S.-irn do Cdixtlleiro, on the eastern side, and the Sena
tie Thome Gomes on the western one.

Tne houses of the village, small and one story high,
are arranged in a single street, at the central part of
which is a s(|uare, on which stand the parish church,
consecrated to St. John the Baptist, the private house,
in a tolerable state of preservation, where are held the
sessions of the municii)al council, and a large booth,
ovcragainst the last-named house, lor Ihe lairs, that
lake place once a week.

On the top of the Serra do Cavalleiro rises up a small
chapel, tilled «Monte Calvarlo^> (Mount Calvary), much
resorted to by pilgrims and hard by which an inscrip-
tion is engraved on the rock, indicative of the existence
of mines in former times; this insciii)tion is ascribed
lo celebialed Robeiio Dias. Another ch-^pel is located in
the cemetery.

Geremoabo holds an uninteresting commercial inter-
course wilh the capital of the state, Estancia and Pira-
nhas. It is 80 leagues oil the capital, from which one
may go by railway, through 34 leagues, as far asTimbo.

The inhibitan'tS of ihe municipal district apply them-
selves lo the sugfr-cane, tobacco and cerealeous grains
culture, as well as U cattle-breeding, the latter not
being in a prosperous slate, for the ground is much ex-
posed to droughts, b:\tensive plateaus stretch away in
the district, where mangaibas grow up by thousands,
from which a good doal of c louchouc might he ex-
tracted.

In 1792 the IVanciscans congregated a few Indians on
a site belonging lo the hjusc of Torre. The hamlet thus

540

formed wjs created a parish in 1718 bj' the archbishop.
D. Sebaslifio Monlciro da Vide, and elevntcd lo llie rank
of a village by the decree of October 25'ii. 1831. Such i .
the origin of the village.

40) Fgrapiuna—a small village on the bank of the river
so called, that pours out its stream into tlie bay of Ca-
niami'i.

We will specially mention in this village the parish
church, the house for the sessions ol the municipal
council and two schools. The inhabitants of the munic
ipal district apply themselves to the manioc and rice
culture, as well as to the preparation of mani jc 11 mv and
the extraction of several products from the woods.

The parish was created by the charter of December
27<''. 1797, put in e.Kcculion in 1801, and the village by
an act of the stale governnienl, issued Ma: ch 12'''. 1890.

41 1 I nhumhupe. — This village lies at the distance ol
75 kilom. from the sea-shore, upon a small upland on
the margin of the river lnhambu|)e. Us climate is veiy
sweet. Its houses are badly built and ranked and of an-
cient types. On the vast square stand the old and spa
cious parisli churcli, consecrated to the Holy (Ihost, and
the large house, substantially built, where arc held the
sessions of the municipal council. There are two sclioola
in the village and two at the hamlet olAi)ura.

On «Feira» square is the active business centre; a
great deal of tobacco, produced in the municipal dis-
trict, is exported by the Timbo railway. Industry is
specially represented in the village by leather-tanning
and the making of leather articles. Large tracts ol
ground arc planted with sugar-canes and tobacco and a
few good sugar factories are to be seen there. The in-
habitants aie also given lo cattle breeding.

The Icirilory of lidiamlnipc i)clonged to a gieat extent

54 [

to the lionso ol' Torre and parish ol Slo. Amaro flo Ipi-
•an^fa, till, in 17 18, 0. Sel)asliao Montciro iLi Vide, in
.pile ol' llie opposilioii of Garcia d'Avila iwho liad raised
a chapel, consecrated to the Holy (Ihost, on the very
site where the village now slandsi, elevated the last-
named chap 1 to the category ol a parish ciuirch.

In 1728 Vasco Fernandes Cesar de Menezes, in accord-
..nee with a royal order, elevated the parish to the rank
of a village, the inslallalion of which was long delayed.
The parish continued, indeed, forming a part of the
village of Agua Fria, up to 1801, when its inhabitants
• )elitioned the king for the dellnitive creation and in-
slallalion of the village, as it was extremely trouble-
some for them to go to Agua F"ria, that lay at a great
iislance, for judicial purposes. Then His Majesly, alter
crnsulling the o«y/rfor, Joaquim Antonio Gonzaga, and
the royal exchequer and crown attorneys, as well as the
governor, issued the Royal Charier of June 26iii. 18')1,
whereby was created the village, which was finally in-
stalled on Ihe 13"'. ot March 1802.

42) Ilapicnn'i -on a high sandy plain, by the left bank
of the river Ilapicuru, 20 leagues from Alagoinhas and
"^ from the village of Soure. It is composed of mud-
walled tiled houses, very badly built and disposed in
six sireets and one square, on which stand: the parish
church, consecrated to O. Lady of Nazareth of Ilapicuru
de Cima (the only temple in the village and kept in
good repair), a large booth where a fair is held once a
week, a spacious house for the sittings of the munici-
pal council, a good cemetery (with a chapel) and two
schools. There is also a school in every one of the f«)l-
lowing hamlets: Bom Jesus, Nambis, Mocambo, Tapera
de Cima and Sambahiba.

A small commercial movement is held at the village.
Us fertile soil produces maize, french bean, rice, ma-

^4-2

nioc, tobpcco and sugar-cane. Oxen and horses breed-
ing is also used Ihcro. The whole Ilapicuru vrilloy is
exlremely fertile and ihcre were once lo be seen a great
many sugar factories and distilleries.

There -are several Ihennal springs hi the municipal
district, winch are called by the names of: «Missao«, at
Ihe distance of a (juartcr of a league from the village;
another, a little- more distant, at the valley of the Ita-
picurii, where some olheis are to be found, the most
imi^ortantof them being: cMae dAgua«, «Sip6.) (near the
village of Soure, where is localed a very rudimentary
establishment, maintained by the state), i'Fervente»,
uFervenlinho*, "Rio Quentc«, «Talbado», «01ho dAguaw,
('Fonte da Lage» ami many others, in the waters of
vviiich, kept in vaiious degrees of temperature and pos-
sessing dillerent chemical properties, alkaline substances
and iron are prevulcni.

The village holds communication with the capital b}'
means of the Timbo railway, lying at the distance of
12 leagues from it.

Itapicuri'i was situated in 1728, when it was created
a village by Vicerf y Vasco F'ernandes Cesar de Menezes,
one league beyond its actual site, on the place where
had been created in 1038 the |)arish of "N. S. de Nazareth
do Ilapicuiu decima». In 1820 its inhabili.nts petitioned
f)r the transference of its scat (which was granted by
llie decree of Oclol)er 25"'. 1831) to the place where it
now stands, called "Missao da Sai'idc" or "de Slo. Anlo-
nio", that was a selilemenl of indians, founded in
1039 by tiie franciscans. The parish, however, con-
linued in its ancient seat, till it was also Iransfeired lo
the aclu;>l site of the village by Ihe law of March 8i''.
1870.

•l:}) JuiiiKti ipc.—'lUls village, Ihe most ancient in Ihe
caplainry and interior of Haliii. stands on Ihe right

-M^

l)ank of flic .Tasiinripo, 2 Icnjfucs beyond ils lallinp inio
the occ;in, niid on llio left niiirjiin of Hie Iiio <ln Donn,
known there by Ih'^ name of Estiva or Cabipc (wbicb
is the principal afllncnl of the first mentioned river\
one kilonv beyond is conllucnee. It has two excellent
ports, deep enoiigb for shi[)s drawing a great volume
of water, and is situate on a picturesque site, very sa-
lubrious, 18 kilom. oir the town of Aratuliipe and 24
from that of Nazareth.

The houses of the village, subs'anlially built, one or
more than one story high, white washed and generally
set out with gla/.ed windows, are disposed in twelve
streets and four squares, all of them paved with stones
and Ihii-k b icks liid on a compound ol lime and sand,
s'ill kept in a perfect state of preservation, in spite cf ils
having been ma le nearly two hundred years ago.

On i<Treze de Maio» scjuare is the spacious and strong-
ly built parish church, consecrated to O. Lady of
«.\juda>), looking to the north, into the river Jaguaripe,
and standing upon an upland that commands the vjUnge
and from which a vast splendid view can be ol)laiiied,
on the north-eastern side,— from Morro de S. Paulo,
with ils !;amlet, fortress, beacon and the ocean, passed
over by a great deal of vessels coming from the south-
ern region of the republic,— to the interior ol the S.
Francisco village. On the south-western side the ridge
of mountains called <rSerra do Feio^ can be perceived
at the hazy distance; the «Serra da Giboia» on tbe west-
ern side; on the northern one the «Pao de Assucar« of
the river Paraguassu and the "Serra Pelada.), belonging
to the district of FncarnH^io; on tbe northern side the
hamlet called Funil, the town :!nd island of Ilaparica
and the neckland titled «Punta de Nossa Senhora", at
the island Frades.

Besides the pa^i.^h church, of wl.ich we have just
trealeJ, tbere is a large chapel, consecrated to 0. Lady

D44

of the Rosary and also slan(lir.« upon an upland on
aSilva Jardim- square. This chapel, strongly built and
kept in good repair, looks, like the parish church, into
the river Jaguaripe. Another chapel, consecrated to O.
Lady of «Lapa», is still under construction on the bank
of the river Estiva.

On ((Benjamin Constant « square is located a vast sol-
idly built edifice, two stories high, twenty square fath-
oms in area, resting on arcades and raised early in
the 18'ii. age, serving for the sessions of the municipal
council and jury, as well as for the lodging of the
judges in common law and in former times for the cor-
regidors. Back of this edifice the river Hows away. On
the eastern side of the square under consideration stand
the ancient and strongly built houses, belonging to the
municipal district and looking to the west, in which
were lorme-ly lodged the officers that kept company
wi'h the corregidor.

A solid wharf Ijorders the i iver bank, behind the house
for the sessions of the municipal council, through the
wliole length of the above-mentioned square, which
communicates with the river by means of a broad sl;ii!-
C3se. At the distance of about twenty meters from Ihc
wharf any vessel can ride at anchor, as it was the case
on the 3''. of November 1859, when the Apa, a steamer
drawing a large volume of water, anchored tliere, at the
time when 1). Pedro II, the then emperor of Brazil,
was visiting Bahia and its interior.

The important fair that look place at tlic village in
ohl times is no longer held; it has been elfected, in
process of lime, in the sugar factories S. Bernardo and
I'sliva. The municipal council endeavours at the pres-
ent time to revive it, by inviting the agricultors of the
district and improving its roads.

Tiiere is a cemetery at the village; il stands on a con-
venient site and was ialely repaired

54^

Kij^hl schools pcirorm Uicir fmiclions at llic munici-
pal district, namely: two at the village, two at the ham-
let ofPirajuhia and one at ever}' one of the following
hamlets: Mula, Barreiras de Jacuruna, Estiva and Palma
(district of Prazerest.

Iniustry is chiedy represented at the village hy the
ceramic one, a celehrated industry, coeval with the
foundation of the village. A dock-yard is also located
there. Cattle-hreeding and the cultivation of the sugar-
cane, coffee-tree, cacao, manioc, cotton-shruh, maize,
french bean, potato, as well as timber felling and the
extraction oi piassava, which are exported on a large
scale, are the principal business of the inhabitants of
the municipium, occupied b}' a good deal of sugar,
manioc Hour, tapioca and dende oil factories, distilleries
sawing workhouses and large storehouses for the keep-
ing and improvement of piassava, specially at the hamlet
of Estiva.

The following hamlets form a part of the municipal
district: Estiva, on the bank of the river so called, 3
leagues south ol the village, and where are to be seen
good dwelling houses (a few ones being more than one
story high), a pa'Msh church (consecrated to St. (ionza-
lo and O. Lord of wBomfim)^, a few potteries and com-
mercial houses dealing in piassaua, tiles and limber,
and a fair, much resorted to and held on Saturday*;;
Prazeres, on the left bank of the Jequiric^a and having
a chapel (it was primitively a settlement of indiansi;
Palraa, Capao, S Bernardo, Barra do Jequiriga, Barra
do Garcez, Piedade, Cainema, Mocujo and Barreiras de
Jacuruna, a few ones possessing a chapel. There are
some other hamlets at the parish ofPirajuhia.

A fountain, called dtt hicd, hard by the house of the
munici[)al council, is really noteworthy for the medici-
nal nature of its water, which has recovered many
people from their diseases

n4'>

The parish of X. S. dAjiuin" was crcalcil in 1GI3 by
n. Conslanliiio Marradas, who was then nl Ihc head of
Ihc hisliopi ic, at Ihe request of the chaphiin of Slo.
An.aro do Cati'i, priest Balthazar Mariiiho, ^Yho was Ihc
first par-on of Jaguaripe. The ^ill;lgc,-the first that
was created, as we have saicJ, in tlie captainry and in-
terior of li Ilia— , was installed in December 1697 by the
order of Joao dc Lencastro, in accordance with the
Royal Order of December 27"'. ICO:?.

J4) Jnssinpe— on the left bank of the Hio dc Conlas, G
leagues from the lown of Minas do Rio de Contas and
74 from the capital. lis houses, c(>nsisling of but one
fljor, strongly built and white-wished, are disposed in
twelve sireets (besides tw > others on Ihe opposite rver
l)aiik and belonging to the municipal district of Minas
do Rio do Contasi and four squares, on one of which,
named ulntendencia», where c fair, much resorted lo,
is held once a week, is an edifice, still under construc-
tion, for the sessions of Ihe municipal council. On
"Meicado" sciuare lisosu)) the parish church, conse-
crated to O. Lady of ..Sau(lc».

The village, which deals actively in colloe and cerer-
Icous grains, holds intercourse wilh every lown and
village of tlic interior and with the cn|)ilal. Its induslry
is tiic miiiufacture, on a large scale, of cotton cloth,
straw mals, embiru (*l and carnd {') rojies.

There are two schools in the village and one at the
h:imk-l of Sincori'i. We will menlion, at last, two cem-
elcrics, of which one, behind Ihc church and gardened,
is out of service; Ihe olher was reccnily made, in a
liy;ienic silc, .it the distance uf i:).) melers from the
village.

The miiniti|i;il disliicl is cullivalcd in collec and cot-
ton. (Lallle breeding is also used llierc. It is [)isscd over

(") A brazilian plani, having suit bul resisting fibres.

547

by the ridge of inoiinlains called «Serra do Sincor^»,
renowned for ils mines, not yet explorel, of diamond,
gold ar.d oilier iiiclals. It is also crossed by the river
«de Conlas", \vheiefo-e it is rich in water, a circum-
stance very favourable to tillage.

The origin of ihe village was a cattle breeding estate,
named wFazenda do Gado)), belonging to the parish of
Sjncora. A parish was created there by the resolution
of June 8"'. 1876, which transferred to this place the
s(at of the parish of S. Sebastiao do Sincora, created
by the law of November 3'"''. 1873. This parish was ele-
vated to the rank of a village by an act of the slate gov-
ernment, issued October 25"'. 1890.

45) Macalnibas.— This village, situate on the eas'ern
base of the chain of mountains liLled «Serra Geral de
Macahubas)), stands at the distance of 14 leagues eastward
from the village of Urubi'i. It is composed of plastered
houses, consisting of but one floor and laid out in fifleen
streets and two squares, on one of which (^<Matiiz')
s(juarc) rise up the paiish church, consecrated to O.
Lady of Conception, and a large booth where a fair is
held every Saturday. This square is the central point
from which run the different streets, on one of which
(«Garganla» st.) is the house for the sittings of the mu-
nicipal council.

Two schools perform their functions in the village
and one at the hamlet of Sta. Rilta. There isalsoacem-
clery, where a chapel is to be seen, in a good situation.

A commercial intercourse, not so active as it was
in former times, is held with Urubu, Caetite, Rio de
Conlas, Remedies, Sta. Maria da Victoria, Riacho de
Sla. Anna, Morro doChapcc, Bom Jesus do Rio de Con-
las, (>amcleira do Assurua, Campeslrc, Campo Largo
and several villages belonging to the slate of Goyaz.

The fertile soil of Ihe municipal district is cultivated,

548

on a small scale, in cotton, sugnr cane and ccrcaleous
grains. Cattle-breeding is also used '.here. The ridge ot
mounlains lillcd »Scrra dos Machichcs* i-; rich in alum.
A great many thermal springs arc to be found in the
municipal district, one of them, -10." in temperature,
lying veiy near the village. The inhabitants of the mu-
nicipinm affirm it is the place where lie the celebrated
Roberio Dias' mines.

It is 100 leagues from the village to the capital; a
highway, 50 leagues in extent, leads from the village
to Queimadinhas, the nearest station of the Central
Railway.

The origin of Macihubas was a settlement of Indians
known by this name, which is also the title of a palm-
tree. A parish was created there by the law of May 19"'.
1839; the village had already been created, seven years
ago, by the law of July G"'. 1832.

46) Maracds—a decaying village, on the southern end
of a vast wild plateau, 20 leagues frc m the town of
Areia and 28 from the village of Rrejo Grande. lis houses
are low and disposed in a few' ungraceful streets and
one square, on the central part of which stands the
parish church, consecrated lo O Lady rf cGincaw and
surrounded with .sev lal houses, in bad condition, one
of which is as.signed foi- the sittings (f the munici|)al
council. 'I'liere is a sm;ill commercial movement; an
uninteresting fair is held every Saturday. Two schools
perform their functions at the village. At the distance
of 2(0 meters from the parish church the river .UMjui-
ri^a springs out of some uncared for sources.

The municipal district consists of two dillerenl re-
gions: the north and south ones. The lormrr, where
the village stands, is conjpose I of buricii plalcnns, ex-
posed lo droughts and uncullivalcd. On the hitler, con-
sisting of extremely fertile grounds, is a nourishing

549

hamlet (Jequie), on the bank of the Uio de Contas, 12
leagues dlstml from the village and composed of about
one hundred iiouses, inhabited by a great deal of ilalian
iramigranls, dealing aclivcly in coffee, which is ex-
ported by Ihein. There is a fuir once a week. The last-
named region will reach, as it is lo be exi)ecled, a great
importance in process of lime and is highly suitable
lo immigration, bolh lor Ihe excellence and salubrity
of its climate and for the lichness of ils soil and for-
ests. Precious minerals overabonnd in Ihe subsoil. Cat-
tle-breeding is also used there.

As it is indicated by ils name, the region under con-
sideration was originally inhabited by the indians na-
med «Maracas», that were conquered in 1671 by Estevao
Baiao, who intended removing to this place the scat of
the village he had founded on the bank of Ihe Para-
guassu, in a tract of land granted lo him by Alfonso
Furlado and afterwards made over by his son, Joao
Amaro, to Col. Manuel de Aragao. It is probable Ma-
nuel de Aragao began lo perform such a design; it is
certain, however, the parish of «N. S. da Grafa* w^as
created by resolution no. 1G9 of April 25"'. 1842 and the
village by resolution no. 5'8 of April lOH'. 1856. The
parish was separated frc ni the dislricl ( f Hiodc Conlas.

47) Ma/-a/»i- situate at the island Marahu, on the
margin of a narrow river so called, which divides the
island from the main land. There are lo be noticed the
parish church, consecrated to St Sebastian, the house
for the sittings of the municipal council and two schools.

The parish was created in 1718 by D. Sebasliao Mon-
leiro da Vide and the village in 1761 by Ihe provisional
government that succeeded D. Anlonio de Portugal.

The village is now in a train for prosperity, after the
discovery of bituminous schisl, which caused the estab-
lishment of the v<Conipanhia de Marahiio (Marahu Co.),

55o

for the exploration of the extensive mines of petroleum
lying in tlie region under consideration. The above com-
pany, the importance of whicli is always inc casing, pro-
duces paraffine (titled brazolina), several tons ot candles
every week, sulphuric acid and the like.

48) Matla de S. Jodo — n small decaying village, on the
margin of the Jacuhype, at the 69"'. kilom. of the Bahia
awd S. Francisco Railway. It is not crowded with houses.
Its commercial movement is quite uninteresting; an
unimportant fair is held there every Saturday. The
parish church, consecrated to 0. Lord of «Bomfim»,
rises up one kilom. west of the railway station. Three
schools perform their functions there.

The municipal district comprises the village and the
hamlets of Assu, Sipo, Sauhipe and Praia do Forte, the
latter possessing a haven, adequate to vessels drawing
a large volume of water. Its fertile soil, cultivated in
tobacco, manioc and cerealeous grains, is occupied by
a few sugar factories, much fallen from their ancient
celebrity. The inhabitants are also given, on a small
scale, to oxen breeding.

The parish was created in 17G1 and llie village in
184G(law no. 211 of April 15"'.).

49) Monte A/e<7rc— This small pleasant village, standing
at the foot of a mountain formings part of the ridge of
mountains called "Scrra Prela) and lying at the dis-
tance of leagues from the village of Ikiixa (Irande, 18
from Jacobina and 25 from Morro do ("Jiapdo, is com-
posed of one hundred and odd phislci cd clean houses.
On an uphuid liscs up Hie pniish cliurch. There are also
to be seen the liouse for the sessions of I he munici-
pal council, the cemetery and two scluxils.

Tlie |)urchase and rxporlali' n ol' lobacco arc the
principal desciiplion of business at the village, where

55i

a fair is held every satll^dn5^ The village is endowed
with a dry salubrious climate. The inhabitants of the
municipal district apply llicmsclvcs to the cultivation
of the tobacco plant and cercalcous {grains; they are
also given to cattle-breeding, in spite of droughts.

Near the village stands the "Santa Ciuz» hill, on the
towering top of which is a chapel, whence a fine far-
extending prospect can be obtained.

The parish was created by the law of June 1^'. 1838
and the village l)y law no. G69 of December 31^'. 1857.

50) Monle Alio -at the foot of the ridge of mountains
so called, from which flows a raighly rivulet, that
through several canals washes the village, suf plying it
with excellent drinkable water.

This village, lying at the distance of 13 leagues from
the right bank of the S Francisco, is composed of three
large squares and eleven streets, bordered with sub-
stantially built houses, consisting of but one floor and
plastered.

From the parish church, consecrated to the Holy Lady
Mother of Men and standing on a hill in front of the
village, a magnificent far-extending view ol the northern,
eastern and western sides can be obtained. Another vast
church was under construction on "Camara" square;
but the works were delayed in consequence of the
drought that has lately fallen upon the whole inland.
On ((Conselho') square is located the house where are
held the sessions of the municipal council; in front of
this house is a large booth for the fairs.

The village possesses a cemetery with no chapel, but
W'ilh several mausolea. Three public schcols perform
their functions in the municipal district, namely: two
in the village and one at the hamlet of Beija-llor; there
are a few private ones, the existence of which is quite
ephemeral.

552

The inhabitants of the municipal district are specially
given to the extraction of niangaiba caoucliouc, which
is exported on a large scale, and to the preparation of
lime, for Ihe supply of the neighbouring dislt icts. Tlicse
two branches of industrj' have not made a sufficient
progress for want of roads. Cerealeous grains and cot-
ton-shrub culture, representing the capital of 500:003^000
a year, as well as the breeding of oxen, horses, mules,
swine, sheep and goats, exported on a large scale, are
also used in the municipal district, which, moreover,
exports at the present time a great deal of leather.

A commercial intercourse is held with the capital,
Caetite and other towns in this state, as well as with
several towns and villages of the stale of Minas, to
which above 60(f0 loads of cotton, every one 1(0 kilogr.
in weight, are specially sent out.

It iv, 858 kilom. from the village to the capital; the
highway leading from Ihe village to ihe nearest Central
Railway station (Machado Portella) is 480 kilom. in
extent.

The municipal district is passed over from east to
west by a ridge of mountains called «Serra de Monte
Alto«, rich in saltpetre and already known in the last
century (See -Saltpetre, pg. 90). Iron overabounds in
the adjacent grounds. A few small sugar factories and
workhouses for taking away cotton seeds are located in
the municipium, which— we will additionally say— is in
lack of water.

The origin of the village was a cattle-breeding estate,
belonging to Francisco Pereira de Barros. The parisii
and village date from 1810 (law of Mav IQi''.).

51) Monlc .S'a;i/o.— Tiiis village, standing at the foot of
the ridge of mounlains so caMed, 11 leagues distant
from Sto. Antonio das Qucimadas and 24 from the town
of Bomtim, is composed of several houses, arranged in

553

a sfa^ioiis square, on which arc located the p/irlsh
churcli, consccritc;! loO. Latly of Conccplion, the house
where a^-e held the sittings of the municipal council and
a large hoolh for the fairs. There are two schools at the
village. Its commcicinl niovonienl is quite uninteresting,
for the soil of the municipal district is extremely expos-
ed to the ellects of drought, which is highly disadvanta-
geous lo tillage and ci ttle hreeding. Industry is repre-
sented there by leather tanning and the manufacture of
hammocks.

It was in the territory of Monte Santo that they lit
on the celebrated aerolite called by the name of Be-
dengo, wdiich in 1888 was carried off to Rio de Janeiro.

The village under consideration had its origin in a
cattle-breeding estate, hard by the ridge of mountains
named «Piquaraca», where llie celebrated missionary
brother Apolonio de Todi established a hamlet and rai-
sed a chapel. The endeavours he used to found the
hamlet are reported by himself as follows:

(As I was earnestly entreated lo go to the chain of
mountains titled nPiquara^a», I left the place (Massacaia)
where I was acting as a nissionary, in October 1785.
Ui)on reaching the mountains, I saw a small straw-
roofed house, called Cnsa da Oragcio (prayer-house),
where the reverend parson went every four or five years
and staid seven or eight days, in order to shrive such as
applied to him. Being then at a loss what to do, God
inspired me. In fact, on looking at the mountains they
appeared to me like the (.alvary of Jerusalem, where-
fore I resolved lo make a wooden chai)let and an arbour,
where I might preach tlie gospel; I set at this work and
at the same time I had a few trunks of lentisc and
cedar cut down, in order to represent upon the moun-
tains (one league in extent, but for the dillerence of 300
fathoms) the sulh-rings (.f the Holy Virgin and Our
Blessed Lord.

554

«Iii accortJance with God's will, Ihere were in this
wild inland many carpenters and masons, whom I char-
ged wiih realizing the plan willi which Cod had inspired
ir.e; so that I had a few Iar{^e crosses made and, as my
mission was at an end, on All Saints day, past 2 o'clock,
I preached a penitential seinion, alter which, at 3 o'
clock evening, the penilenlial procession moved on-
ward and the crosses were successively set up in a
manner and distance in perfect accordance with the
pontifical prescriptions.

«0n a sudden, as only a half of the crosses represent-
ing the sufferings of Our Blessed Lord was set up, so
violent a whirlwind started up from the foot of the
mountain that every lantern was put out and all persons
had to throw themselves down, specially the women,
who were keping the rear, livery hody was terrified,
but I ciied nobody should yield to terror but call on
the help of Our Helping Lord, whose image we had taken
with ourselves and with which I crossed myself on the
instant. The whirlwind immediately subsided, the lan-
terns were lit agcin, the cercmonioi s train went for-
ward, the other crosses were setup and, always praying
and in procession, we came down the mountain and at
8 o' clock p. ni. I cached our starling place. I then went
up to the pulpit, jircachcd the last penilenlial sermon
and exhorted the hearers lo go on thp following day
and visit the Holy Crosses, since they lived in so great
a remoteness from religion and died wilhont confession,
Ihcir children not being bapli/ed, etc. I also ordered the
mountains should be no longer called, from thai (h.y,
uScrra do Pitjuara?^)), but «Monle SantO".

"On the nc.\t day 1 put an end to my hidy missi<.n and
set out to the village ol Miianilclla. No sooner had 1
gone away Ihan Cod, in order to show that whal had
been pcifirined was nol due lo Ihe missionary, but lo
Ilis will, caused several rainbows oMive hues— blue.

555

yellow, white, violet and red— to appear on the crosses,
Kivcr}' body was wondered at seeing the phenomenon,
began to visit the Holy Crosses and such as were sick
and kissed the Cross of the Calvary' recovered from
their diseases.

"The news spreading far and wide and the rainbows
still appearing, a great deal of sick persons— blind,
lame, even a few ones being carried away in hammocks
— resorted in crowds from afar to the place under con-
sideration and came by the restoration from their sick-
ness. I was then obliged to turn back from the parish
of Tccano to Monte Santo and immediately thought of
making lime in order to rsise a small chapel, to shelter
the crosses, and a larger church; which was so rapidly
done as to surpass my expectation, for the people was
inspired with a religious fervour and God helped every
body.

«In the mean time, as the works were actively carried
on, in November 1787, the reverend archbishop demand-
ed mc to go to Hodelas and preach the gospel on the
S. Francisco bank,— upon which I set out and staid
4 1/2 years in the place, the chapel of which, falling
into ruin on account of two thunderbolts that had
struck it, was repaired by roc. I used to come back
every year to Monte Santo, where I remained four
months to oversee the works, and when I returned to
Rodelas I chargrd late Jose Antonio de Almeida with
executing what I had just ordered. Upon this lime I
or<lcred the following objects to be made: large ])ic-
turcs representing the sullerings of the Holy Virgin and
Our Blessed Lord; the image of Our Blessed Lord, to
be placed on the Calvary; the images of O. Lady of the
Solitude and St. John, to be deposited in the sacred
ton)b; those of O. Lady of Conception and the Holy
Heart of Jesus for the parish church, which was under
their patronage, and, finally, two bells.

556

(.At the same time a pclilirn was put up to Ihc arch-
bishop (brother D. Antonio Corrcia), that he might clc-
valc the place under consideration to tlic rank of a par-
ish and permit Ihe institution of a fraternity, devoted
to tlic Nvorshij) dfOur Blessed Lord and the regulations
of which had been previously apprr ved hy His Majesty.
A decree dated Lisbon 1790 was issued, whereby the
1 arish was created, reverend priest Antonio Pios de
Carvalho being then appointed a provisional parson.

«Everv thing was done in the term of 6 -7 years, that
is to say- in 1791, and at the close of this year the arch-
hi.vlii p ('emanded me to go to the southern region, in
order to act as a niissionaiy, to courirm, ctc».

The village was created by the law of March 23"i.
1837 and installed on the 15i'i. of August of the same
year.

52) Morrn do Chapeo- on the highest plateau of the
Cliapada mountains, by Ihc light bank of the river. la-
cuipe, 2(1 leagues frrm .lacobina, 27 from Lcn(,-oes and
16 from Mundo Novo, Its houses, ronsi-ting of but one
floor, while-washed and strongly built, are disposed in
six slieets and two scpiaies (oMalriz» and AYagncr»).
The laiish (hmch, Ihe only tcn^ple in the \illage, con-
sc'ciaU-d to (). 1 ady of "(liava*, liscs v\^ on «Matn/."
s(iuarc, as well as a si)acious house, kept in good re-
pair, where are held the sessions of the municipal coun-
cil. On «Wagner» square is a large booth, subsianlially
built, where a fair takes place every week.

Several chapels arc to be seen at Ihc following places
of the municipal district: the parish of Riachao do Dtin-
ga (a chapel consf crated to O. Lord of Good Hope);
the hamlet .Wagner"; S. Scbasliao do Ulingn (con-
secrated to SI. Sebastian); Ciameleira (dsdicaled to ().
F.ady of -Ficdadc.), Brcjinho; Cannabrava do Miranda

557

(consecrated to O. Lady of cPatrocinio)') and America
Dourada (to St. Sebastian).

There is in the village a good cemetery, with a great
deal of mausolea, but having no chapel, and one at every
one of the above hamlets.

Tillage, cattle-breeding, trade and the digging for
carbonates and diamonds, which are bought and sold
on a large scale, are the principal business of the in-
habitants of the municipal district, who also deal active-
ly in cattle, coming from several states, such as Goyaz,
Piauhy, Minas and the like, and for the breeding and
fattening of which there are vast pasture grounds in the
district.

The village holds intercourse with the towns of Len-
foes, Jacobina, Bomfim (Villa Nova da Rainha) and the
village of Mundo Novo.

The eastern and southern parts of the region under
consideration are well irrigated and then fertile, where-
fore they are cultivated, though on a small scale, in
cacao and coflee. The northern and western parts, not
being so abundant with water, are dry and less fertile;
nevertheless, the cotton-tree is planted there,— a kind
of culture that has not yet attained a high degree of de-
velopment. Several small sugar factories, distilieries and
establishments for taking away cotton seeds and weav-
ing it by means of appropriate machines are located in
the district.

On the margin of the river Vcreda de Romao Grama-
cho comes into view a very interesting natural grotto,
much resorted tc, nearly half a league in extent and di-
vided into a great deal of saloons, where several altars,
ewers, candlesticks and the like are to be seen. One
cannot go into the grotto without a light.

Thermal springs a:e to be found at the place called
«Tareco)), near the last-named river. The forest in the
municipal district overabounds with «sebasliao d'arru-

558

da«, jacaranda, «potumuju)>, cedar, ftgon^alo-alves", vi-
nalico jnd other highly prized kinds of limber. In the
hills surrounding the village -calcareous stones, granite
and the like have been lit on. The village itself stands
on a ground containing mines of carbonate and diamond,
which are found out wherever one looks for them by
digging the soil. The municipal district is, therefore'
endowed with every element for its future greatness
and richness.

There is the distance of 76 leagues from the village to
the capital— should one call at Feira de Sanla Anna, 84
bj' calling at Sitio Novo and 104 at Santo Antonio das
Queimadas.

There are two public schools and a private one at the
village, one public school at Riachao do Utinga, another
at the hamlet Wagner and two at Cannabrava.

The origin of the village was a cattle-breeding estate,
belonging to the house of the ( ount of Ponte. A parish
was created there by the law of June 1"'. 1838 and after-
wards elevated to the rank of a village by resolution
no. 993 of May 7'i'. 1864.

53) Miindo iYoi^o.— This village, siUiale on both mar-
gins of the river Capivary, in I he woodland of Orobo,
celebrated for its great fertility, is small and composed
of white-washed houses, generally consisting of a single
floor, a few ones being furnished with glazed windows,
and disposed in fix streets and two squares, on one of
which (wCommerciort square) rise up the parish church,
consccKited to O. Lady of Conception, and the house, be-
longing to a private jierson and kept in good repair,
where are celebrated the sessions of the municipal
council. A fair lakes place on liiis scjuare once a week.

The village holds an active cinnmercial intercourse
will) tlic ca|)ital, Cachocira, S. Felix, Feita de Sla. Anna,
JacobiiKi, Curraiirilin, Amargosa, Camisao, Haixa (Iran-

559

de, Monro do Chapeo and several other places in the
interior of the state.

Two schools perform their functions at the villajje
Two cemeteries, in a hygienic situation, are also to be
seen there; the one is a religious burying ground, with
a chapel; the other, still under construction, belongs
to the municipality.

The soil of Ihc municipal district is extremely fertile,
unexposed to drought and well irrigated; it is cultivated
in cofree, tobacco, sugar-cane and cerealeous grains,
as well as in capim, for the fattening of cattle, which is
bred there. A great deal of precious timber is to be
found in its forest.

It is 54 leagues from the village to the capital (14
maritime leagues being included), IG to Sitio Novo (a
Central Railway station) and 32 to Feira de Sant'Anna.

Here is the origin of the village: in 1833 Jose Carlos
da Molla, Joaquim Jose de Assump^ao and some others
discovered a vast woodland, near which several tracts
of ground were granted by 1). Fernando Jose, of Portu-
gal, and other governors. In this woodland Jose Carlos
established a farm, that was moie and more peopled,
till, in 1847, the law no. 6C8 of December 31-^'. created
a pari.'>h, which was elevated to Ihc category of a vil-
lage by an act of the state government, issued March
1^'. 1890.

54) Oliveira do Brejinho— on a vast plain near the river
Paramcrim and at the distance of 12 leagues from the
ridges of mountains called «Mangabeira)) and «Geral'>
(the latter crossing Macahubas), 12 leagues from the vil-
lage of Urubi'i and 1:2 from Brotas. Its houses, generally
one ctory high and clean, are disposed in eight streets
and two squares, on one of which («Malriz» square) stands
the parish church, consecrated to 0. Lady of «01iveira».

56o

The house for the sittings of the municipal council is
lucated on the street called «Rua Direitaw.

The village has a cemetery in a good condition and
several prinjary schools. Us principal branch of liade
is the exportation of caouchouc to the capital of the
state; it also holds a commercial intercourse with Ma-
cahubas, as well as Joazeiro and Bora Jardim, en the
S. Francisco bank. Cattle-breeding is also used in the
municipal district.

The origin of the village was a farm, belonging to
Jose Manuel Teixeira Leite and turned to a hamlet,
where a chapel was erected. On Ihe 25'''. of June 1880
this hamlet was elevated to the rank of a parish, which
was created a village by an act of the slalc government
dated the 1^'. of June 1891.

55) OUvenga- situate on a high plain hard by the
ocean, 3 leagues south of Ilheos and 9 south of the village
of Una. It is composed of plastered houses, one slory
high and generally set out with glazed windows, dis-
posed in several streets and a large square, on the south-
ern side of which is the parish church, consecrated to
O. Lady of «Escada», and on the central part a large
booth, still under construction, for Ihe unimportant
fairs of the village. On the street called oHua Direita)!
is located Ihe edifice, now under repair, for the sessions
of the municipal council.

A cemetery, with a chapel, is building, because the
old one is badly situated, for its lying next to the village,
at the further end of "Slo. Anlonio» street. There is but
one school at the village.

The inhabitants of the municipal district apply Ihem-
selve; to the cultivation of the colfce-lrec, cacao, ma-
nioc and several Iruits, to the extraction of piassava and
to the breeding, on a small scale, of oxen, sheep, swine
and goats. Tobacco culture is now growing into use.

56i

There arc 16 commercial houses at the village, from
which the above merchandises are exported to Ilheos
and the capital of the slate.

Oliven^a was originally a settlement of indians;
in 1758 the ouvidor of the captainry of Ilheos, Dr. Lbiz
dc Vcras, in accordance with the Royal Order ot
November 22"'., turned it to a village. The parish was
created on the 8'''. of May of the same year.

56) 0/'o/)d.— This village is situate at the distiict where
g^ow^s up the celebrated forest of its name, on a sn all
upland standing at the distance of 100 meters from the
left margin of the river Piranhas, which, coming from
(•Caldeirao da On^an, in the «Serra dos Brejos», lying
to the northwest, pours out its stream into the Paia-
guassu, after a course of 11 leagues, 14 leagues south < f
Camisao and 5 of Joao Amaro.

About four hundred houses of a pleasant aspect, while-
washed, clean and most of them furnished with glazed
windows, are to be seen at the village; they are trran^ed
in nine streets and three vast squares, called by Ihc
names of «Malrizi), cDr. Quinlino Ferreira» and «Nas-
cenle».

On the central part of the first-named square stands
Ihc parish church, consec aled to 0. Lady of the Rosary,
beside which is the house, belonging to a private per-
son, where are held the sittings of the municipal council.
On the same square a fair, much resorted to, lakes plnce
once a week. There is a chapel in the cemetery, in front
of which is another, consecrated to St. Benedict; a third
chapel, consecrated to O. Lord of cLapaw, rises up on
an insulate mount, one kilom. oir the village.

Two cemeteries are to be seen at the village, one of
which, standing on the left side of St. Renedict's chapel
and falling into ruin, is now out of use; the other, at
the distance of 800 meters from the parish church and

562

made by Ihe cComite Wagrrr)!, is subslanlially andcle-
ganlly built.

Two schools peifoim Ihcir fnnclions in the village
and two at the haiulet Orobo Grande, at the distance
of 6 leagues.

The municipal district, interj-cclcd by several rivers
belonging to the basin of the Paraguassu, consists for
the most part of the ctlebratcd woe dland of Orobo,
which will reach a very high importance as soon as
national hard-labouring colonists begin to settle there.
The inhabitants apply themselves, in an advantageous
manner, to the cultivation rf the colVee tree, tobacco,
collon-shrub, nianicc, frcnch bei>n, rice, maize and to
the breeding of oxen, horses snd the like. Precious min-
erals are to be profusely found in the subsoil ct the
municipal district, in which the story of Hoberio Dias
is to be heard everywhere.

The village holds an active commercial intercourse
with Curralinho, S. Filix, Cache eira and the capital. It
is 30 leagues far from Cachceiia and 4 from the Central
Railway; so that, by leaving the \illape nt 5 o' clock
morning, one uathes S. Felix al 6 o' clock evening.

At the distance of !< meters west of Ihe village was
made by the oComilc Wagner-'-a spacious tank, sur-
iound(d wilh a stirrjly built stony wall Two watering-
places aic to l)e sun mar the tank.

Orobo is known fu m the 17'i'. cenluiy, when l)y the
governors oidci scvcial assaults were made ujxm Ihe
savages, who used every year to atlack Ihe porlugiie-se
eslablishmcnis in Ihe inland. The site wluie the village
stands was originally a faim, bcknging to AnIonio dc
Figueiredo Mascaicnhas an<i lilled "S. Simaos where a
cha|)el was raised. As the i)f pulalion of the place was
jlways increasing, the privilege of :> paiish church was
conferred upon the chapel by rcNoliilion no. IS).') o-
Oclobcr 18"'. 1«J3. The parish thus instituted was clef

3r>3

vatcd to flie rank of n villn^'e hy rcsolulion no. 1715 of
M ircMi 2G"'. 1877.

57 1 Palmeiras {Villa Bella de)—on the left niarf^iii ol
the river Grande, also called by the name of Preto,
which, after joining to the river Cocho, 2 leagues before
the village, receives the name of Sto. Antonio and falls
into the Paraguassii, before Andarahy. Its title arises
from a wide plain lying to the w'est and covered with
palm-trees i*). It is 6 leagues distant from Len^oes] and
8 from Campestre.

The houses of this village (except only two) are one
story high, plastered and also painted in several hues
and arranged in seven streets and one square, called
«do Mercado», on the central part of which rise> up a
church, consecrated to O. Lord of «Lapa>). On «Lagedi-
nho') street is a house, belonging to a private person,
where the sessions of the municipal council are held
for the present, while an appropriate edifice is building
on a square recently made near the ab jve-nientioned
street. A chapel is to be seen in the cemetery.

Though the district where the village is situate is
crossed by a great many ridges of mountains, explored
by mine-diggers, yet the lower places, washed by sev-
eral rivers and rivulets, are wonderfully fertile and
suitable to any kind of culiivation. Colfee cuUure has
reached a high degree of development in the municipal
district, which cxj)orts, on a lirge scale, the celebrated
Chapada coll'te, for which purpose a commercial in-
tercourse is held with the capital, S. Felix, Qui imadi-
nhas, Feira, Mun io Novo and some other places near
the woodland of Orobo, the upper region of the S. Fran-
cisco, Macahub-js, Campestre and specially Lenfoes. A
great many merchants of Lenyoes use to ai)j)ly to the
fair every w'cek in order to buy several com mod ies,

I'l Paliiiiiirus means — palm -trees.
71

5()4

particular!}' coHee, carbonales and vliamonds. A few
inhabitants of the municipal (iistrict are j^ivcn to the
breediuj* of oxen and horses. Tliere are to be seen an
establishment f >r the polishing of diamonds and several
other, smaller than the just-mentioned one and work-
inj4 by the action of wiler or beasts, for peeling coflee.

There are two branches of industry peculiar to the
village, namely: the extraction of an oil from the nut
of the palm-tree and the preparation of a resinous
pow ler, extraclei from a fibrous plant called condom-
b(i and resembling pitch, that, bj' being mixed with
tallow and sand, turns to an impermeable hard sub-
stance, used for the repair of canoes and hnlcna C).

Two schools perform their functions in the village
and some others at the hamlet of Capao Grande.

The origin of the village was a farm, belonging to a
private person. As to the ecclesiastical department, it is
dependent on the parish of I.cnc^'oes. The village was
created by an act of the slate government dated the 23"'.
of December 1890. •

58) Pildo Arcado— on the left margin of the S. Fran-
cisco, 2 leagues before the mouth of the river Verde,
16 before the village of Remanso and 30 before the ti)\vn
of Harra do Hio (irande. It stands in a beautiful site,
PS seen from the river. Its houses, generally badly built,
are arranged in eight streets and two squares The pal-
ish church, the most noteworthy building in tiie village,
consecrated to O. Lady of MLjvraniento", rises up on
• Matriz" square. On tlie stieot called > liua l)ireila» is
the edifice, in good repair, where are cclobralod llic
sessions of the municipil council.

There are two schf)ols in [lie village and one at the
hamlet of Urejo do /acharias. Theie Is also a cemetery,
with no chai)el, in the villngc

(•) Vessels lor washinf4 gold

56S

The inh-ibUnnts of tho municipal dislrict apply them-
selves to the l)reedinj4 of oxen and horses and to the
ciiltivalion of cerealeous grains, the latter taking place,
on a small scale, upon cbhing-time, in the islands,
which are then extremely fertile. Tiiey also use to make
brandy. A cointncrcial intercourse is held with the
whole S. Francisco valley, as far as the stale of Minas,
and with the state of Piauhy.

The village was created by the Royal Charier of Jan-
uary 18'''. 1810, but the resolution no. G50 of December
14'''. 1857 brought it under the judicial jurisdiction of
i'emanso. The seat of its parish was transferred to ihe
last-named village by law no. 1197 of April 27"'. 1872.
This law, however, was revoked by that of July 22"'.
1889, that brought back the seat of the parish to Pilao
Arcado. On the 3h'. of October 1890 an act of the slate
government was issued, whereby the village was rein,
stalled.

After it was placed under Ihe j'jdicial control of Re-
manso and in consequence of the sanj^umary electoral
wars between the two parlies— Mililao and Guerreiro,
that continually took place there, the village fell into a
great decay. The celebrated farm <(Carun'>, of late Mili-
lao, the chief of one of the parties that laid waste Ihe
region under consideration, is slill to be seen at the dis-
tance of 9 leagues before the village.

59) Pofdes.— This village, standing on the margin of
the S. Jose river, 14 leagues from the town of Conquista,
is composed of solidly built houses, consisting of a sin-
gle Iloor, generally furnished with glazed windows and
arranged in one scjuare and seven streets. On the cen
tral part of the scjuare rises up the parish church, con-
secrated to the Holy Ghost. The sittings of the munici-
pal council are celebrated in a private house on «Ma-
galhaes" street, where is also to be seen a large boolh,

S66

belonging to the municipality, in which a f^ir takes
place once a week. A chapel, consecrated to O. Lndy
of ((Piedado), rises up in the cemetery, and another at
the place called uLapinha».

The village holds an active commercial intercourse
with the capital, Nazareth, Aratuhype, Valen?a, S. Fe-
lix, Conquisla and a great deal ot villages and hamlets.
The inhabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to the cultivation of the collee-trce, tobacco, su-
grr-cane, manioc, french bean, maize, rice and cotton-
shrub, as well as to the breeding of oxen, horses, mules,
goats and swine; they are also given to the preparation
of cane-sugar and brandy and to the manufacture of
common cloth, cotton blankets and hammocks.

U is 70 leagues from the village to the capital.

Po^oes was sixty years ago a district under the con-
trol of a justice of the peace and afterwards, forty years
ago, under the authority of a subdelcgate. It was creat-
ed a parish by the law of September 16"'. 1878 and a
village bv the resolution of June 20"'. 1880.

()0) Po/n/n//— situate on a vast plateau, by tlie left bank
of the Itapicuru and at the distance of 5 leagues from
the village of Amparo, 6 f. om lint of 13om Consclho
and from that of Tucano. It is composed of about
two hundred houses, one story high and white- washed,
disposed in seven streets and two squares, on one of
which (xCommercio" scjuare) stand: the parish church,
the only temple in the village, consecrated to St. The-
resa; the ediiice, in good repair, for the sittings of the
municipal council, and, in front of it, a large booth,
where an uninteresting iair talu-s pl.ice once a week. A
cha|)el is to !)e seen, 5 leagues oil" the village, at the
ancient village of Mirandella. There is a cemetery, in
a bad condition, at the village, where two scliools per-

SiJ7

form their functions; two more scliools were establish-
ed 111 Miiandclhi.

Tlierc is an unimportant commercial movement at the
village, which holds commercial intercourse with the
capital of this stale and the town of l^lbtaucia in the state
of Sergipe. It is 5G leagues distant from the capital, with
which it communicates by means of the railway stations
of Scrrinha ( «Prolongamenlo» railway) and Timbo
(branch-road of Timbo).

The inliabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to the cultivation of the sugar-cane, manioc,
maize, rice, french bean and tobacco, which are plant-
ed on a small scale on account of the lack of water
under which the district lies; notwithstanding several
tracts of marshy ground lie near the village and supply
it with agricultural products upon drought-time.

Pombal was originally a settlement of Indians, titled
Cannabrava. This settlement was elevated in 1754 to the
rank of a village, which was 'nstalled by the oiwidor of
Sergipe, Miguel de Ares Lobo de Carvalho. The parish
was created bv the charter of Mav 8"'. 1758.

01 j Poilo Ale<jre— on the left margin and mouth of
the river Mucury, in a very fertile district.

A pari.-h church, consecrated to St. Joseph, an unin-
teresting edilice where are held the sessions of the mu-
nicipal council and two schools— are to be noticed in
the village under consideration, the commercial move-
ment of which consists in the exportation of coffee,
limber and piassaua.

Collee and cacao culture, as well as wood- felling and
the extraction of piassaua in the vast forest are the
usual business of the inhabitants of the municipal dis-
tiict

The origin of the village was the hamlet of Mucury,
foru.cd by the congregation of a few cxiles from Bahia

568

and Rio de Janeiro, with whom several Indians associa-
ted who had fled from the neighbouring settlements At
the hamlet of Miicury was raised a chapel, consecrated
to St. Joseph and straw-roofed. The hamlet was elevat-
ed to the rank of a village by a Rnyal Charter issued by
D. Jose I, on March 3"'. 1755, whereby the rivulc
Doce was assigned as the southern boundary of the
new village. The Royal Order of October lO'i'. 1769 as-
signed as the definitive boundaries of the village the
region lying to the south of the river Mucury as far as
the margin of the above-mentioned rividet. The village
was installed on the 15'''. of October 1779 by the oiwi-
dor f/eral of Porto Seguro, Dr. Jose X;ivier Machado
Montciro.

6^1 Prado-a small village standing on the left bank
of the river Jucurucu, at the distance of 270 maritime
miles from the capital. It is composed of few houses.
The parish church, consecrated to O. Lady of PuriTi-
cation, the edifice for the sessions of the municipal
council, a telegraphic station and two schools are to be
specially mentioned.

The municipal district possesses a very fertile soil,
which, nevertheless, is not turned to profitable account,
its inhabitants a[)plying themselves to the felling and
exportation of timber, which is the principal branch of
trade in the village.

i'rado was originally a settlement of Indians; the Royal
Cinrter of March 3"'. 17G5 made it a village, which was
installed, on the 12"'. of December 1765, by the oiiui-
dor (jpvdl of Porto Seguro, Thome Couceiros de Abreu.
The pai i^h was created by the charter of October 20"'.
17ii:..

()!{i Piiii/if(ii,('i()- nn a vast plain near tlic ridge of
mnunlains called irara" and Iving at liic distance of 7

5b()

lcaj»ucs from Fclra dc Sanl'Anna. It is a pleasant vil-
la'43, endowed wilU a sweet salubrious climate. Us
houses, generally one story high and furnished with
glazed windows, are arranged in several streets and
two squares. On one of the squares rises up the parish
cluirch, consecrated to O. Lady of Purification, and is
held a weekly fair; on another («Centro» square,) is the
house for the sessions of the municipal council.

Two public schools perform their functions in the
village, two at PeJrao, one at Patrimonio, one at Con-
cei^ao de Bento Si noes, one at Ouri^angas. There are
also several private schools.

Tobacco exportation is the principal ]):anch of trade
at the village. The municipal district is occupied by
vast cattle breeding estates and a few sugar and brandy
factories. There are also to be seen several potteries.

The ridge of mountains named clrara) is said to con-
tuin silver, gold and precious stones and is the source
of a great deal of rivers and rivalets, which, by irri-
gating the soil, make it very fertile.

A good highway, 2 1/2 leagues in extent, leads from
Pui ilicagao to Agua Fria, a station of the <Prolonga-
menloo railway.

The parish of Purifica^ao was created, on the place
where there was an ancient chapel, by law no. 153 of
February 28'i'. 1812 and the village by the law of May
27'''. of the same year, when the seat of the municipal
district was transferred from Agua Fria to PuriOcacao.

6i) Raso.— This villnge, standing on a plain near a
lillle elevjted ridge of mountains, 5 leagr.es south of
the river Itapicuru Grande and 2 south of the river
iVixe, is composed of several houses one story high,
clean, laid out by a line and arranged in eight streets
and three squares ( 'Concei(,-ao», ^<i\lachadg») and *Sq-
ccgo •> ) .

S-jo

On tlic rirst-menlioncd square rise up the parish
church and a large boolh where a fair takes place twice
a week: on Sundays, when it is much resorted to by
the inhabitants of Serrinha, Conceic^-ao do Coile, Sto.
Antonio das Queimadas, Tucano and Soure, and on
thursdays, when it is frequented by dealers in cattle,
hides and the like Tlie last-named merchandises are
cxi)orted to Seriinha and Feira de Sant'Anna. On «l)r.
Jose GonsalvesB street is located a strongly built house,
belonging to a private person, in which are celebrated
the sessions of the jury and municipal council.

A rather active commercial intercourse is held with
Serrinha, Feira, Alagoinhas, Furilica(,*ao, the capital of
the slate and many places in the inland. There is a cem-
elerj' in the village and some others at the farms Pedra
Alia (G leagues otf the village) and Serra Branca (8 lea-
gues from Raso), ail of Ihem made by religious corpo-
ralions.

Two highways lead from the north region of Ihe state
to the village under consideration; one runs from Curral
dos Bois, Geremoabo, Bom Conselho, Pombal and Tu-
cano, and the other from Curaya, Vasa-Barris and Mon-
te Santo.

The inhabilanls of the municipal dislrict emi)loy them-
selves in Ihe cullivalion of the manioc, mai/.e, freoch
bean, iMtlon-shrub and tobacco. Tlicy arc also given to
the bleeding of oxen, goats and sheep, specially in the
above-cited ridge of mountains, west of Ihe village,
equally culliva'.cd in cotton, tol)acco, manioc, maize
and french bean,— a kind of culture likewise used on
th(» rivci- banks of the municipal dislricl.

The ijianoiies of industry most common in Ihe region
under consideralion are represented in a few lanyard.^,
potleiies and manulaclories of mats and caron ropes.

Two schooN |)crrorMi llieir funclions at the village.
The niunicipal (li->lricl is niuunlainous. but lacks

D71

walcr; whciclote the inlinl)itniits tnnkc use of a public
tank nnd several piivale ones. A larj<c sprinj.^ water lank
at Ihc ruriii «Querera.>, belonging lo a private person,
is of a great service wlicncver the other tanks are in
lack of water; the conveyance of its water, through
a|)propriate pipes, to the village would be very advan-
tageous.

The villsge is 40 leagues far from the capital, 8 from
Tucano and 6 from Serrinha, where is a station of the
■ Prolongamentort railway, which communicates the vil
lage with the capital.

The origin of the village was sn estate (both for ag'i-
cultural purposes and cattle-breeding^ belonging to Cap-
lain Jose Fcrreira de Carvalho, who, by being aided
by his sons and sons in law, raised in 1857 a chapel,
which in 18(50 was put under the religious control of Ihe
parish of Tucano and in 1871 was elevated to the rank
of a curaleship church; in 1877 the place was turned to
a parish (law of April 12"'.). The village was created by
an act of the state government, dated December 13"'.
1890, and installed on the 4"'. of February 1891 by the
vice-mayor of Serrinha, Captain Jose Joatiuim de Araujo.

65) Remanso— on the left bank of the river S. Fran-
cisco and 14 leagues before Pilao Arcado. It is a pleas-
ant village, with a- great population and having several
streets parallel with the river and bordered with plas-
tered houses in modern taste. It is endowed w'ith a sa-
lubrious climate, even on ebbinrt-time, for its being
situate on an upland. There arc to be specially seen: an
ancient chapel serving for the jirescnl as a parish church,
till a large temi)lc for such a pur|)ose is completed, the
small house where are celebrated the sessions of the
municipal council, two i)i!blic schools and a private
one.

There is an active commercial movement at the vil-
72

57-2

lage; Ihe inhabitants of Ihe inland of Tiauhy use to
supply themselves with commodities at the village, to
which they lend their herds of oxen, that are put up
for sale. The port is alwjys full of vessels, which aug-
ments the commercial movement of the village. The
l)rincipal branches of industry are the manufacture of
cigarettes and the salting and drying of fish for expor-
tation. As soon as the railway reaches Joazeiro, the
alcove exportation will attain a high degree of develop-
ment.

The municipal district is not suitable to agricultural
works, on account uf the droughts that it is exposed to;
the great deal of islands lying in the river a e oidy
cultivated, on cbbing-lime, in ccrcaleuus giains and
legumes.

The law no. 1197 of April 27'i'. 1872 transferred to the
place under consicteratiun the parish of Pilao Arcado;
l.ie seat of this village was lem jved to Remanso by rc-
sjiulion no. 050 of December 11'''. 1857.

66) Reinedius do Rio de Coiilas - situate on a valley of
the ridge of mountains called «Mangabcira)), which is a
branch of that of «Almas», and 14 leagues distant from
the villages of Bom Jesus do Uio de Contas and Maca-
hubas. It is composed of white washed houses, consist-
ing of but one lloor and arranged in ten streets and one
square, on which rises up the parish church, the only
temple in the village, and a lair is held every sunday.
As the village was but recently created, the sittings
of the municii)al council are celebrated in a private
house.

The village has a cemetery, with a chajjel !t has also
two public schools, two more having l)een created at
the hamlets of Horn Successo an 1 Agua do Secco.

The inhabitants of the municipal ilistiicl apply them
-elves to the onltivalion of the su|.;ar-cane, cotton shrul).

^7-

tobacco, maize, IVench bean, rice, manioc and cofTee-
Ircc and to the breeding? of oxen, horses, mules, swine,
sheep and {?oats, for which purpose there arc <^ood pas-
ture grounds.

The municipiiim is very rich in mines of gold, of
whicli a few were advantageously explored n^^t long
ago. Tiiere is so great a plenty of this mineral that it
may be said the village rests on gold. To the want of
wjter in the municipal district, on account of often
repeated droughts, is due the little development of min-
ing works. The village, however, is well supplied wMth
drinkable water.

It is 38 leagues from the village to the «Bandeira de
Melloo station of the C.entral Railway.

The parish was created by the law of April 12'''. 1877,
whereby the region under descrip'.ion was separated
from the iiarisli of Bom .Tnrilim. Tlic village was creat
cd by an act of the state government, issued February
201 ii. 1891.

67) Riachdo de Jacnipe— on the left margin of the Ja-
cuipe and 5 leagues distant from the village of Concci-
^iio do Coile. Its houses, generally consisting of hut
one floor, plastered and furnished with glazed windows,
arc arranged in six streets and two squares. The parish
church, the only temple in the village and consecrated
to O. Lady of Conception, is located on «Mercado»
s(|uare, where a fair lakes place once a week. The sit-
tings of the municipal council are celebrated in a pri-
vate house.

The village holds a small commercial intercourse with
the capital and the town ol Fcira de Sanl'Anna. It lies ot
the distance of 36 leagues from the capital, with which
travellers communicate by calling at Serrinha and Fci
ra de SantAun.i. It has a vciv well situated cemcteiv,

574

with a chapel. Two schools perform their functions in
the village and one at the parish of Gaviao.

The municipal district, in spite of its being exposed
to frequent droughts, is very suitable to callle-brceding,
which is the principal business of its inhabitants.

Hiachao de Jacuipe was originally a cattle-breeding
estate, belonging to Joao dos Santos Cruz. A parish was
created there by the law of June 1^'. 1838 and a village
by law no. 1823 of August !>•'. 1878.

68) liiacho de Sanl'Anna— on the right bank of the
river Monte Alto, 12 leagues east of the S. Francisco
river. It is composed of but one street, bordered with
low houses, and a vast square, on which stand the par-
ish church, consecrated to 0. Lady of the Rosary, and
the edifice for the sittings of the municipal council. It
has two schools and is end.jwed with a dry salubrious
climate.

Though the soil of the municipal district is specially
lit for agricultural purposes, yet it is cultivated in col-
ton on a small scale and is occupied by a great deal of
callle-brccding estates.

The parish dates from December 12'i'. ISIW; the village
was created by law no. 182G of August 13"'. 1878.

01)) S(ml(ii\'in—i\ small unimportant village, ( n llie left
margin ol the Serinhaem. It stands on an upland. A
pirisli church, consecrated to St. Andrew, an edifice
for the essions of tiie muni .-ip d council and two schools
are to be specially manlioui^'d in this village. Tliere is
almo'-.t no commercial movement.

Tiie manioc was planted in this village on a small
scale, only to meet the necessities of its inhabitants;
early in the instant age the few portuguesci living at
Santarem began to i)lant the collee-lree and cacao,

S75

which were short afier destroyed by the in(lians, who
thought lliem quite uiiuscful.

Saiitarem was a seltlcinent of natives wlien, by the
order of the Ultramarine Council, dated the 27"'. of De-
cember 1758, it was crealed a village, that was installed,
as well as the parish, by ouuidur Luiz Freire de Veras.

70) SanrAnna dos B/<yos— situate on the left bank
of the rivulet Sanl'Anna, 27 kiloni. oil the villai^e of Sta.
Maria da Victoria, and composed of plastered houses,
generally consisting (except only two) of a single lloor,
unfurnished with glazed windows and arranged in six
streets and two squares.

On uMatrizo square stand the vast parisli church,
consecrated to St. Anne, and the private house where
are held the sittings of the municipal council; in front
c f this house is a large booth, belonging to the munic-
ipality, in which a fair takes place on Sundays.

Several chapels are to be seen at the following ham-
lets: S. Gon^alo, 42 kiloni. from the village (a chapel
consecrated to St. Gonzalo and raised on the only squai e
("Santa Cruz) of this hamleli; Sto. Antonio (consecrated
to St. Anthony), .']() kilom. from the village; Curral Novo
(a chapel consecrated to St. Sebastian); Alagoinhas (a
chapel dedicated to St. Michael.

Tue inhabitants of the municipal district are princi-
pally givtn to the cultivation of the sugar-cane, manioc,
maize, rice, french bean, tobacco, cotton and coll'ee
trees, as well as to the breeding of oxen, mules and
sheep. A few ones are tailors, goldsmiths, blacksmiths,
shoemakers, saddlers or carpenters. A great many
women apply themselves to cotton weaving. Cane-sugar
and brandy are made in a great deal of small sugar
factories and distilleries.

A commeicial intercourse is held with the villages of
Sla. Maiia da Victoria, Lapa, Urubii and Corrcnlina, as

576

well as with the capital, in this state, and with the vil
lagcs of Posse, S. Doraingos and Flores, in the slate of
Goyaz.

There is a cemetery (without a chapel) in the village,
from which a good cart-road leads to Curral Novo, on
the margin of the Corrente, which is navigated by ca-
noes and barks.

Two public schools are at work in the village and
two at the hamlets S. Gon?alo and Sto. Antonio.

The origin of the vilhge was a farm, which belonged
to Sergeant-Major Antonio da Costa and devolved on
his son and heir, Raymundo da Crista Xavier A hamlet,
where rose up a cha|)el and belonging to the judicial
district of S. Gon^alo, that formed a p^irt of the parish
of Rio das Eguas, was instituted there. Tiic law of May
2'"'. 18G8 separated from the control of the last-mentioned
parish a tract of ground, which was created a parish
(Sla. Anna dos Brejos) and put under the judicial juris-
diction of Sta. Maria da Victoria. The village was cre-
ated by an act of the state government, dated the 26'''.
of August 1890.

71) Sanla Crnz-on the right margin of the river San-
ta Cruz, miscalled Joao Tiba (Sernambiliba) or Marobi'i,
and lying at the distance of about 200 niarilime miles
south of Bahia. This is a small village, divided in two
portions: the lower one, at the port of which the steam-
ers of Ihc "Conipanhia Bahiana» use to call, and llic
upper (ine, \ery salubrious, where is located a smaller
nunil)er of houses than in tiie lower part and from
wliicli a splendid view can be obtained.

A pariNli church, an cdific* for tii j sessions of the
m:inicii)d couiu il, tw) scIido'.s and a telegraphic sta-
tion MIC lo \)L' si)L'ci.illy mcntio.u'd in llie vilhtge under
Cdnsideralion.

Wiihoiil tJK' l).ir comes into view the bav called Co-

577

roa Vcrmelln», where the lirst mass was performed in
Brazil, in 1503. The bay "O.ibralia" lies farther to the
south.

Thi' inhabitants of the numicipal district employ them-
selves in the felling of wood, in vast forests still unex-
plored to a large extent and wdiere live a few Indians.

The village was founded by the bay Cabralia, in 1536,
by Pedro do Canipo Tourinho, the donee of the terri-
tory of which we are treating. In 1561 it was laid waste
by Abatiras, the chief of the Ay mores. A new village
was then founded, under the same denomination, on
the bink of the river Joao Tiba, \vhere tliey raised a
chapel, that in 1681 was put under the religious control
of Porto Se^uro. Thii clupel was elevated to the rank
of a parish church by the charter of January 12"'. 1755.
Tlie pariih, however, was more and more falling into
decay, so that the village became a iiamlet; but in a
later period, after having regained by little and little
its former importance, it was turned again to a village,
on the 23"' of June 1833, in accordance with the de-
cree of November 29"'. 1832. The parish hid been pre-
viously reinstalled by a charter of December 1795.

72) Sla. Maria da V7c7or/a— standing on the lelt bank
ol the river Correnle, 12 leagues off the village of Sta.
Anna dos Brejos. Its houses, one story high and white-
w.^shed, arc arranged in ten streets and four squares
(«Matriz», wSto. Antonio», «Menino I)eus» and « 15 de
Novcmbro«).

On the first-mentioned scjuare rises up the parish
church, consecrated to SI. Mjry of ((Victoria-) A chapel
conspcratcd to Young Jesus stands on "Menino Deus«
square. On «I)r. Jose Gonsalves" street is located the
house in which arc celebrated the sessions of the mu-
nicipal council There arc two schools at the village

578

There is also a cemclct y, wilhoiit a cliaprl, in a con-
venient situation.

There is no fair at the village, which, however, holds
an active commercial intercourse with Sanl'Anna dos
Brejos, Carinhanhn, Lipa, Gnyaz, Minas and Pcrnam-
buco.

The inhabitants of the municipal district are given
to cattle-breeding ani agriculture, as well as to cotton
weaving. Cane-sugar, rapndnras and brandy are made
in a good deal of small sugar factories and distilleries.
A mine of gold was discovered on the bank of the «Rio
das Eguasi) and saltpetre is to be founi everywhere
The soil is fertile and intersected by several streams. In
short, the municipal district is perfectly qualified to
reach a high degree of prosperity in process of time.

The law no. 1970 of June 8"'. 1883 transferred to the
place under consideration the seat of the village of Uio
das Eguas (Sec— Rio das Eguas), whicli is still the seat
of tlic parish.

73) Santa liilla do /?/ ) Preto —on a vast plain, stretch-
ing along the left bank of the river Preto ami lying
at the distance of 21 leagues from the village of Cumi)o
Largo and 3'2 from the town of Harra do Rio (irande,
from whicli it is se|)aralcd by extensive campaigns cal-
led (icraes and Inunled by ounces, (jiiaidx, tigers, tapirs,
capibars, harts, emews, wild cits and several other
wild animals,— wherefore it is very dangerous to travel
over sucli a region, which, moreover, on account of
its uniform |)rospecl, cx|)oses tli^ travellers to constant
strayings, even when they ar; gui led by persons well
accpiainled with the territory. The Just-mentioned cam-
paigns, very (it for horse-breeding, arc 30 leagues from
east to west and 22 in breadth.

The river Preto is sinuous, but navijablc through its
course, II leagues in extent; il is the same with the

Sapao, ils afll leril, and the afllucnls of the rivers Ouro
and Riachao, thai cross a tenitory of a rare ferlilily and
salubrity.

The village, which is rcilly pleasant, is composed ol
plastered clean houses, disposed in ei{«ht streets and
thr. e squares. The parish church is not yet completed,
its functions being performed for the present by the
cliapel consecrated to O. Lady of the Rosary, on "Ro-
sario' street, where also stands the house for the sit-
tings of the municipal council, a vast substantially built
edifice, belonging to the municipality and having fine
prospects. A fair takes place once a week on «Flores»
street. There are two schools at the village. We will
still mention a cemetery, in a bad situation and on the
central part of which rises up a chapel.

The fertile soil of the municipal district is cultivated
in cerealeous grains, sugar-cane, several other fruits
and manioc. First rate cane-sugar is made in a great
deal of sugar factories. Cattle-breeding is also used in
the district.

The village is 16) leagues distant from the capital,
with which its inhabitants communicate— whether by
going down the river as far as Joazeiro, or calling at
Jacobina and Cachocira. Its commercial movement
reaches the slates of Goyaz and Piauhy.

Here is the origin of the village: A chapel standing
in a farm named «Sta. Ritta» and belonging to a private
person was elevated to the rank of a parish church in
1804. The new parish was created a village by law no.
119 of March 2G'i'. 1840.

74j Sanlo Anlonio da Gloria— n small uninteresting

village, created l)y the provincial law of May 1^'. 1886

and installed on the 7"'. of January 18'^7. It is sHuato on

a little fertile ground, exposed to droughts, on the S.

Francisco margin. 25 leagues from Gcremoabo, near the
73

b^o

Paulo AfTonso cataract. A parish church, consecrated
to St. Anthony- of «Gloria do Curral dos Bois), an edi
fice for the sessions of the municipal council and two
schools are to be specially noticed.
The parish was created by the law of May 19"'. 1842.

73) Santo Anionic das Qiieimadas— on the right bank
of the river Itapicuru. We will specially mention in this
villa{»e the station of the S. Francisco railway, the par-
ish church, the edilice where are held the sittings of
the municipal council and two schools.

The parish was created by law no. 108 of May 19"'.
1842 and the village by resolution no. 2451 of June 20"'.
1884.

7G) S. Franc'sco da Barm dc Senjipc do Conde— an
ancient village situate on an upland, by the bar of
the river Sergipe do Conde, at All Saints bay, in a pic-
turesque situation. The vast St. Francis' convent, stand-
ing on a high mountain, at the foot of which the waters
of the bay stretch away, commands the village. Its
houses, substantially built, are disposed in several pav-
ed streets, leading up from a square at the sea-shore,
planted wilh trees, to a high plain. Tiiere arc two
schools at the village. The vast temple consecrated to
St. Gonzalo and created a parish church in 1077 stands
on another mountain.

There is also at the village the church of the cele-
brated above mentioned convent, which was commence I
in 1618 by a few friars on the place called Marape,
one league east of the village and commanding the bay.
In a l:rer period (1629) (iaspar Pinto dos Reis and his
wife, I). I/.abel Fernandes, made over to the friars, by
deed of gifl, a tract of ground, \\'\ falhoms in area, at
the vc'iy [)lace wlierc the villagi' now stands and on

38 1

wliich the friars raiserla liospice and chapel, that were
wrought out in 1G3(). In IG.W, the hospice not hcin'4
spacious enough for religious necessities, was erected
the actual convent, completed in 1649. The chapel of
the last-mentioned convent was afterwards (1718-22) sub-
stituted by the actual one, where the first mass was said
on the 25"'. of March 1722

Another chapel is to be seen on the port, at the place
called Caquende. A good sightly house for the sittings
of the municipal council rises up on the already men-
tioned square, planted with trees, at the sea-shore, to
which lead the principal paved streets of the village.

A great many warehouses, distilleries and other vast
establishments were once to be seen at the village,
which is now fallen into a great decay. Its inhabitants,
of whom a great many are given to fishery, export to
the capital fresh and dried shrimp and cured chang6s{').
By going up the river one sees, at tlie distance ot
one league from the village, the Bahia Agronomical
School, which, Uiiluckily, has been little profitable to
the village, in spite of the large expenses it has required
u[) to the present time.

In the municipal district, the soil of which consists of
massapes, w^ere established the earliest and most im-
portant sugar factories in the state, very well mounted
and having sumptuous dwelling-houses for their rich
owners; their number even amounted, in former time,
to more than one hundred and twenty in the five par-
ishes composing the municipal district. The inhabitants
are given to the culture of the tobacco and manioc, as
well as to that of cerealeous grains. Cattle-breeding is
also used, on a small scale.

The village dates from the foundation of St. Francis'
convent, of which we have previously treated. The
grounds belonged primitively, from the river Marape

[*) Small fishes.

S82

to the Aciipc, to the C.oiint ot Linharcs, to whom they
had been granted, in dillcrcnt epochs, hy Mem de S:'i; a
sugar factory, still exlant, was then established by the
Count, under the name of nKngenho do Conde» I'Counl's
sugar factory). It is al>^o on this account that the river
Scrgy or Scrgipe was titled .Sergipeao Conde« (Count's
Sergipe), in order lo be <lislinguished from the other
Sergipe, in the actual state so called, belonging to the
Crown and therefore named <'Sergipe d'El-rei)) (King's
Sergipe).

When the king resolved lo found the first villages in
the interior of Bahia (Royal Charter of December 27"'.
1G93), one of the sites chosen by 1). Joao de Lancas-
Iro for a village was the place called S. Francisco, where,
in accordance with the order issued by this governor
on the 27'''. of November 1697, Desembargador Estevam
Ferraz de Campos installed the village (February 16"'.
1608), after having installed those of Jaguaripe (Decem-
ber 1697) and Caclioeira (January 169S).

77) S. /"VZ/ppc— lying 5 leagues south west of Marago-
gipe, in a ricli district cultivated in sugar-cane and an
indigenous sj)ccies of collee, highly prized for its size
in several exhibitions.

We will specially mention in this village: the temple
consecrated to St. Philip, which wis created a parish
church by 1). Sebasliao Monleiro da Vide, in 1718; the
edifice where are held the sittings of the municipal
council; two schools, several commercial eslablishmenls,
bakehouses, philharmonic societies and the like. There
is an active commercial movement at llic village, where
a fair lakes place every Saturday.

T!;e village was created by law no. VX)i of iMay 29"'.
ISSO and itislalled November 25"'. 188:?.

78i S (ioncdli) dos (.timi)<)s—5 leagues oil (^ach<teira,

S85

in a region consisting of several campai}^ns once called
b\' the niune of «<".;uii|)os da Caclioeira.>. Il is connecled
l)y a branch-road, in Ihe slalion nainc<l «Cruzo, wilij
llie railroad from Cachociri; to Feira de Sanl'Anna. It
has a vast and sightly temple, consecrated to St. Gon-
zalo, which was turned to a parish church in 1G89, after
having been a curateship church for a long time. An
edifice for the sessions of the municipal council and
two schools are also to be noticed.

The inhabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to the manioc and tobacco cultures and cattle-
breeding.

The village was created by law no. 2160 of July 281''.
1884, whereby the new municipium was to comprise
the parishes of S. Gon^alo and Uraburana.;.

79) S. Miguel.— This, village stands on an upland, sur-
rounded with mountains forming 'a part of the Scrra
de S. Miguel and w^ashed by the Riachao.

Its houses, consisting for the most part of but one
lloor, kept in a state of cleanliness, white-washed and
furnished with glazed windows, are arranged in several
streets and two squ.' res. One of these squares is called
•<da Matriz)) and another is situate at the hamlet S. Mi-
guel. On the first-mentioned square, where a fair, much
resorted to, takes place every Saturday, rise up: the par-
ish church, consecrated to St. Michael and completed
in 1886, and the private house, quite adequate to its pur
pose, in which are held the session;; of the municipal
council. On the other square is an ancient chapel, that
was afterwards created a parish church.

There are two public schools in the village and a few
private ones at several hamlets. There is also an an-
cient cemetery, well situated. A commercial intercourse
is held principally with the capital, to which are ex-
ported the products of the municipal district It is 25

584

kilom. from the villajfc to Amargosa and 180 to the cap-
ital. There is in the village a station of the tramroad of
Nazareth.

The inhabitants of the municipal district are gener-
ally given to the cultivation of the colfee-lree, sugar-
cane, tobacco and manioc, as well as to that of cerealeous
grains. There are to be seen a great many small sugar
factories, the machinery of v^iiich is set in motion
whether by oxen or by the action of steam or water,
and six distilleries, producing 1200 pipes of brandy. It
must be said, however, that the sugar-cane culture has
been somewhat harmed, for want of workers, after the
slavery aboliiion.

The origin of the village was a very ancient settlement
of Indians, upon which the rank of a parish was con-
ferred by the imperial charter of November 24"'. 1823.
This parish was extinguished by the law of May 2"'.
1864, whereby its seat was transferred to Lagc; but the
Provincial Assembly (law no. 2462 of August 5'"'. 1884)
created again a parish at S. Miguel, quite independent
from that of Lage. At length, on the 1^'. of June 1891,
the state government issued an act, whereby the parish
was elevated to the category of a village.

On the restoration of the parish, in 1881, a new parish
church was raised a little beyond the site of the ancient
church, on a plain more adc(|uate to the construction
of houses. This new parish church was the central point
round which the houses of the actual village were grad-
ually raised.

80) Senlo 5c— on a small sandy and barren upland, less
than a quarter of a league from the right bank of the S.
I'rancisco. It is a gloomy and unj)lcasant village, with a
small number of badly built houses, separated from one
aiiollicr. There is no commerce whatever. On the S.
Francisco margin are to be seen a few nuidwalled straw-

585

roofed houses. Tlie only iiotcNvorlliy edifice is the par-
ish church, consecrated to St. John the Baptist. The
climate is hot at the villaj^e, which is always intolerably
dusly.

The extraction of salt, that is to be found near sev-
eral fresh water lagoons, and the cultivation of the
carnaiiba, that grows up everywhere, are the only rich
ness of the municipal district, where there are a few
hamlets in better condition than the village and endow
ed with a fertile soil.

The parish was created in 1755 and the village in 1832
(decree of July 6"i.).

81) Soiire— at the distance of 6 kiloni. from the right
bank of the Ilapicuru and composed of white-washed
houses, consisting of a single lloor, unfurnished with
glazed windows and disposed in seven streets and one
scpiare. The parish church, consecrated to O. Lady
of (Conception, and a large booth where a fair is held
on Saturdays, stand on the square. There is a small
chapel in the cemetery. On the street called «Rua de
Baixo" is an edifice, in good repair, in which arc
celebrated the sittings of the municipal council. Two
schools perform their functions at the village.

The inhabitants of the municipal district generally
employ themselves in the cultivation of the tobacco,
sugar-cane, rice, maize, french bean, and in the breed-
ing of oxen, sheep, swine, goats and the like. These
articles are exported to the capital, Alagoinhas, Serri-
nha, Purificagao, Feira, Inhambupe and Tucano.

The village is 252 kilom. from the capital, with w^hich
it communicates by means of the Serrinha railway sta-
tion, lying at the distance of UO kilom.

In the region under consideration lie the celebrated
thermal springs of Si|)6, highly commended for the
treatment of skin, stomach and liver diseases,

386

The parish was inslnlloei in IT.VI. in accordance willi
tlic law of May 8"'. 1758. The village, created by the
royal order of February 3"'. 1759, in accordance with
the charter of May IS"'. 1754 and laws of July 5"'. and
7"|. 1755, was also installed in the above-mentioned year
1759 by the jiiiz de fora of Cachoeira, Bachelor Jose Go-
mes Ribeiro.

The actual site of the village was primitively a setlle-
menl of Indians, founded by the Jesuits, under the name
of «Xaluba», towards the close of the 16"'. century.

82) ra/jcro.— This village lies at the distance of 21
kilom. from the right margin of the Paraguassu. near
the Serrn do Gairiru, at the kilom. no. S'.i of the Central
Railway, 12 kilom. from the village of Curralinho and
48 from the town of Amargosa. It is very salubrious,
on account of the purity of the air and excellence ol
the water, wherefore it is much resorted to by sick
persons.

The houses of this village, one story high and gener-
ally furnished with glazed windows, are arranged in
six streets and three squares. The |)arish church, con-
secrated to O. Lady of Conception, rises up on Matriz"
street. On Mcrcado" square is located the private house,
kept in a good slate of preservation, where are cele-
bialfd llic sessions of tlie municipal council, till another,
belonging to the municipality, is completed on the sanic
s(piare.

An uninteresting fair takes place every Saturday at
the village, wliicij holds a commercial intercourse with
the village of Curralinho. the towns of Amargosa. S
Felix, Cachoeira and the capital.

Two schools perform their (unctions in tlie village,
two al tlic parish of Joao Amaro, two a! th.il ofCiiboia,
one atcvciyone of the lollowing hamlets I'jdra IJran
ca, liotpicirfio. Veados and S. Hoque

587

We will additionally meiilion al Ihe village: a strongly
built cemetery, well situate and having a chapel, a tel-
egraphic station, post-agency and station of the Central
Railway.

The inhabitants of Ihe municipal district are specially
given to the breeding of oxen, horses, mules, swine,
sheep and goat. Though the soil of the district is con-
stantly subject to drought, yet it is cultivated in tobacco,
collee and cercaleous grains.

It is 28 leagues from the village to the capital and 14
to Cachoeira.

About one kilometer from the village and in the mid-
dle of the Scrra do Gairin'i come into view the cele-
brated rui IS of an edince, raised by the Jesuits— accord-
ing to the popular tradition. These ruins, between four
and five scjuare meters in area, having on the southern
side something like an entrance to the subsoil, is gener-
ally called casaforte (slrong-hold), which is far more
in accordance with history than the inconsiderate opin-
ion cf such as assert the ruins date from prehistoric
limes.

In fact, the history of Bahia makes us acquainted with
two similar buildings in so explicit a manner as to
exempt us from having recourse to prehistoric limes.
A casa jorte istrong-hold) was built, in 1591 or 1592, by
Gabriel Scares, when, having just returned from Spain,
he made his unlucky journey to the inland, in search
of the vast mines discovered by his brother. Joiio de
Souza, who had left an explanatory direction on the
mailer. Another was raised by Francisco Barrelo de
Menezes, the then governor of Bahia, for the purpose
of withstanding the savage Indians, who used to attack
every year in an atrocious manner the christian estab-
lishments on the barks of the rivers Paraguassii and Ja-
guaripe. The ruins under consideration likely belong to
the last-mentioned strong-hold.
74

588

The origin of Tapera was a farm, which in process
of lime became a hamlet, the chapel of which was turn-
ed to a parish church on the 10"'. of April 1843. The
village was created by the law of April lO'''. 1849. Its
seat was transferred to Amargosa by law no. 1726 of
April 21^'. 1877; but the state government issued an act
on the 28'''. of May 1890, whereby it was brought back
to Tapera, where the village was reinstalled June 15i''.
1890.

83) Taperod by the mouth of the Jiquie, on the mar-
gin of the straits separating the main-land from the
islands forming the archipelago of Tinhare.lt consists of
three wards: Jordao, Camorogipe and Pituassu. The
pari>h church, consecrated to St. Blase, rises upon the
top of a hill, from which a splendid view can be oblain-
ei. There are at the village but few streets, the princi-
pal of which is paved. Two schools and a house where
are held the sessions of the municipal council are to be
specially noticed. There is at the village an uninterest-
ing commercial movement, which is almost a ramifica-
tion of that of the neighbouring town of Valcn^-a. Ma-
nioc and cacao, the latter on a small scale, arc the prin-
cipal agricultural products in the municipal district.

Tiie parish was created by law no. 67 of June 1^'. 1838
and the village by resolution no. 284 of May 29t"'. 1847.

84) rro/»ro.so- lying one league south of Ihc light mar-
gin of the river Frado, on the left bank of the Ipilanga,
and three oil' the town of I'orlo Scguro. This is an unim-
portant decaying village, having a single street, ex-
tremely broad, where 37 houses arc located. On an
cxtremily of this street stands the parish church, con-
secrated to St. John the Baptist and the backside oi
which I()(>ks iiilo Ihc sea. Another church, dedicated to

S8(j

St. Sebastian, is located at the hamlet Caralvamerauan,

4 leagues south of the village and belonging to the same
municipal district with it. The edifice, belonging to a
private person, where are held the sessions of the mu-
nicipal council is kept in good repair. There is but one
school at the village. There is also a cemetery with no
chapel.

It is 72 maritime leagues from the village to the cap-
ital.

The municipal district is cultivated in manioc, coffee
and sugar-cane. Cattle breeding is also used there.

The hamlet of Itaquena is far more important than the
village under description; it is the real business centre
of the municipal district, for its being far larger and far
more commercial than the village and having a sea-port,
affording a good anchorage to ships drawing a large
volume of water and from which merchandises are ex-
ported directly to the capital. The seat of the village
should naturally be removed to this hamlet and such is
the desire of its inhabitants.

There is plenly of water in the municipal district: the
river Itahipe runs north of the village, which it sepa-
rates from Porto Scguro; at the distance of a quarter of
a league south of the village the river Verde glides
away and farther on— the Itapororoca. The river Frade,
celebrated in the history of the region under considera-
tion, is the largest one; at the distance of 12 leagues
from its moulh begins a series of eight cataracts ("Gran-
de)), wSecca)), .(Craveiro», wFunib), «Tombo», «Fedra de
boi), «Airis« and «Barriguda»), beyond which several
roads and old cottages of tapuyos (*), as well as an ex-
tensive rich woodland, is to be seen. Before reaching
the cataracts one sees several plantalions of coffee,
sugar-cane and manioc. Another important river is the
Garaivamemuan, enlarged by its affluents Jambeiro,

(*) The name of a tribe of Indians in Brazil.

5qo

Capoeiro, Preto, Canzil, Cachoeira, Amaro, Ccmiterio.
Ilha and Norle; the banks of this river are culUvated
in manioc and conee; by its bar, Ihal lighters drawing
a small volume of water use to enter, in order to lake
in limber and /;msso^'n, is a somewhat comnifrcial ham-
let, where are located a few houses. Haifa Ici'gue south
of the last-named liver the Corumbi'o pouis out its
stream, which separates the municipal district from Ihat
of Prado and tlic margins of w lich overabound wilh
precious limber, slill lillle exploreii.

Out of the ridges of mountains, which are but rami-
fications of llie vast Serra dos Aijmorcs, called there hy
the names of "Joao de Leao) and "Sanlo Andrc», must
be singled the hisloiical Mount cPaschoa!'), Ihat towers
insulate on the soulhcin side and was Ihe first tract of
brazilian land perceived by Pedro Alvares Cabral.

The municipal district, which has made no progress
at all and has a small pcpulalion, is extremely fertile
through its whole extent and fit for any kind of cullure.
Its inhabilanls apply themselves to Ihe cotrce-lrec, sugar-
cane and cercaleous grains culture, as well as to Ihe
exportation of limber (specially brazil-wood) and /)/(/,s-
sava. The sea oil" the region of which we are Irealing
and the livers wasliing it overabound with fi^lu^s. The
region is endowed wilh a good saUibvious climale.

The hamlets ol llaquena, Claraivaniemuan (the most
nourishing ones), Cachoeira, S. Simiio and Bana Velha.
near ("araivamenuian, form a jiail, wilh the village, of
the municipal distiict.

Tlu' origin of Ihe village was a seltiement of Indians,
named S. Juao and founded by the Jesui's in ].")*'(), which
by the Hoyal Order of January f)"'. 17.V.) was elevated to
the rani; of a village, installed on the li)"'. of I'chriiaiy
ol Ihe same year by Anionio da Oosia Souza and Ma-
nuel da Cruz I'Yeiie, Ihe former being the capilao-nior

5()i

and the laller Ihe oiwidor of Porto Seguro. The parish
was dcfinilivclv created bv a charter issued in 1795.

85) I'uca/jo.— This village lies at the dislaace of ! lea-
gue from the river Itapicuru, 7 leagues south of the vil-
lage of Pombal and south east of that of Raso. Its houses,
solidly built and plastered, a few ones being more than
one story high, are arranged in ten streets and three
squares. On «MaIri/,» square stands the parish church,
consecrated to St. Anne. On «Comniercio» square is the
edifice, more than one story high and in good repair,
where aie lield the sittings of the municipal cou cil. A
fair takes place once a week on this square. A cemeteiy
(with no chapel) is to be seen in a good situalion. There
are two schools in the village and one at the hamlet
called «Pe da Seria*.

The inhabitants of the municipal district are given to
agricultural woiks and the breeding of cattle, — specially
sheep, for Ihcir bcaiing far better than the other beasts
the ellecls of drought, which destroys every year a
great deal of oxen. Their principal branches of industry
are leather-tanning and weaving. They hold a small
commercial inlercourse with several towns.

Tucano is 51 leagues (If the capi'al, with which it
communicates by rreans of the railway station of Ser-
rinha, lying at Ihe distance of 14 leagues.

We will, finally, mention in Ihe municipal district a
large grotto, titled Buraco do uciUo, and a gieat deal of
thermal springs.

The parish dates fioni 1751; Ihe village was created
by law no. 51 of March 21^'. 1837 and installed on the
2GII'. of Mav tf the same vear.

86) [^na— an unimportpnl village, lying to the south
of Olivenya, by the mouth of the liver Una. Its principal

592

branch of trade is the exportation, on a small scale, of
piassava, cocoa-nuts and coquilhos. The soil of the mu-
nicipal district is very fertile and covered at several
places with extensive unexplored forests. The parish was
created by the resolution of July 21^'. 18G1) and the vil-
lage by an act ot the state government issued August
2""i. 1890.

87) Urubii.— This village is 2 kilom. distant from the
right margin of the S. Francisco, 42 leagues beyond the
town of Barra, 36 before the village of Carinhanha, and
in front of a very ferlilo island, which supplies it with
legumes and cerealeous grains. On account of the pe-
riodical overflows of ihe river, it was not founded on
the river-bank, but at some distance, on an upland,
sheltering it from the overflows.

The village is falling into decay. Its streets are desert,
its houses have fallen into ruin and are uninhabited.
The parish church, consecrated to St. Anthonv, and the
house for the sessions of the municipal council are very
old. There are but few commercial houses and two
schools. Such a stale of decadency of a village that it
seemed to be destined, because of its situation, to rank
with llie greatest business centres on the S. Francisco
margins, is due to tlie long-continued and savage polit-
ical strifes that look place tliere. Nevcrliielcss, there
are in Ihe municipal district several important cattle-
breeding slates, where a great many calves, up to eight
hundred, are brouglil forlli a year.

Tlie parisli was created in 1718 by I). Sebasliao Mon-
teiro da Vide and the village in 174(5 f)y the Count of
Galvcias. In 182:5 ouvidor Francisco Ayrcs de Almeida
F'reitas, undei' pretence of an epidemic tliat was then
wasting liie village, obtained an order from llie empire
department minister, dated Die 17"'. of l)ecen)ber 1823,
whereby Ihe judicial category of Urubii was transferred

5o3

to the hamlet of Macahubas, till, at the earnest request
of the inhabitants of Urubi'i, such a category was brought
back to llie site of the ancient village, in 1834.

88) Umbiiranas (Villa Bella das)— on the left bank of
the river Umburanas, 8 Iccignes oil' Caelilc. It is com-
posed of a number of white-washed houses, consisting
of a single floor (except only two), a few ones being
furnished with glazed windows and all of them arran-
ged in eight streets and three squares. On the square
called by the name of wPrincipal') stand the parish
church, consecrated to St. Sebastian, and the edifice,
still under construction, for Ihe sessions of the munic-
ipal council; a fair takes place once a week on this
square. There are two cemeteries, without a chapel., at
the village.

An active commercial intercourse is held with Cae
tile, Monte Alto, Riacho de Sant'Anna, Almas and the
capital, as well as with some villages and the town of
Rio Pardo in the neighbouring state of Minas.

The inhabitants of the municipal district apply them-
selves to agriculture and cattle-breeding and to the dig-
ging for amethysts. Several mines, not yet explored, of
gold and iron are to bs found in the district. There is
plenty of water to meet the necessities of tilling.

There are two schools in the village, two at the i)ar-
ish of Duas Barras and one at that of Genlio.

Umburanas is ICO leagues distant from the capital,
with which it communicates by means of the railway
Irom Queimadinhas forward.

The origin of the village was a hamlet, the chapel ( I'
which was elevated to the rank of a parish church by
the law of April 10"'. 1843, the new parish being tilled
(•Amparo das Uraburanasu. The village was created by
law no. 2261 of June 8"'. 1889 and installed on the 1-".
of October 1891.

594

89i Villa Verde— an unimportant village, the origin of
which was a setllement of Indians called "Patalibi)>. It
was created bj- the Royal Order of January 5'''. 1759 and
installed on the 19"'. of March of the same year by Dr.
Manuel da Cruz Freire, the oiwidor of Porto Seguro, and
capUCio-nwr Antonio da Costa Souza. It lies at a short
distance from the town of Porto Seguro, on the bank
of the river Buranhem. Its only noleworlhy building is
the tenijile consecrated to the Holy Ghost and elevated
to the rank of a parish church in 1795. Its inhabitants
apply themselves to wood-felling.

90) V/7/« Vicosa—on the right margin of the Peruhj'-
pc, G leagues off Caravellas. This is a small plain vil-
lage, clean, pleasant and salubrious. The parish church,
consecrated to O. Lady of Conception, the spacious and
solidly built house where arc celebrated the sessions of
the municipal council and a telegraphic station are to
be specially noticed.

There is no industrial development at the village, the
commercial movement of which i-^ (|uilc uninteresting.
Coffee and first-rate manioc fioui , coming frcm the col
ony Lco[)oldina, are exported by this village. Its mu-
nicipal district is vast and rich.

The origMi of Ihe village was a han^let founded at the
|)lacc named ct.ampinhos" by Jcao Dcn'ingos Monleiro,
who fixed h.is dwelling there in 1720 and, with the help
of several persons that associated with him, raised a
cha|)cl, consecrated to 0. Lady of Conception. The
charier of October 2^5"'. 17-18 conferred upon Ihe hamlet
Ihe lanU of a paiisii and village, under the title of cVil-
1 1 \'i(^"osa ••

History

Towaids Ihe cl'>se ( f llic midolo age Ihe inhabilanls
of Ihe Ihciian Peninsula had improved far more than
any olliers in scientific navigation and prcficuous mar-

n():>

ilime expeditions, parlicularly in llic meridional At-
lantic, llic natives of Catalonia and Majorca being the
most distinguished and even possessing before 1286
maritinoe charts and instruments for measuring time
and thj altitude of the pole. But since the beginning of
the 15'''. century the Portuguese got the start and, en-
couraged and protected by Int'anle D. Henrique, o Nu-
veyador [ihe Navigator), who with a great interest called
to the court of Lisbon every person that then excelled
in science and practical knowledge, they became a peo-
ple of bold and successful navigators and commenced
a brilliant series ot important voyages in search of new
countries, the most momentous of which was that of
Vasco da Garaa to India,

Among the numerous voyages then made by several
Portugueses and Spaniards the most interesting for us
are the following:

In December 1499 set sail from Palos, his native
country, for a voyage in search of new countries, Vi
cente Yancs Pinzon,a companion of the great Columbus.
Steering to the south-west and pursuing constantly such
a direction, he crossed the line, lost sight of the north-
star and at length perceived a large cape, where he land-
ed in January or February 1500. It was, according to
the general opinion, cape Sto. Agostinho, to which he
gave the name of *(Cabo da Consolagaou and some other
navigators, in a later period, that of «Rosto Forraoso"
and «Santa Cruz".

Pinzon took possession of the country for the crown
of Castile and went on his voyage by coasting along
towards the northwest, till he came to the mouths of
the Maranhao, Amazonas and Oyapock, after which he
continued coasting along the Columbian countries, till
he reached again Palos, in September of the same year.

Few weeks after Pinzon, appeared on the brazilian
coast anoll.er Spaniard, named Diogo de Lcpe, who
75

5r)6

had also left Palos on the last days of 14«)9. This navi-
gator also perceived cape Sto. Agoslinho, stood more lo
the south, but short after turned to the north ani
took the same way as Pinzon, and was the first that, in
1500, had the conception of the pyramidal form of the
soulh-american continent.

However, before those two Spaniards had reached
their native countries, a portugucse ileet appeared on
the brazilian sea, with a view to continue the discov-
eries.

Vasco da Garaa had arrived at theTaaus, few months
before, July 10"'. 1499, on his return from his great
voyage to India and king D. Manuel, ndvi-cd by him,
resolved to fit out another expedition to Asia, in order
to estcblish factories at Calicut and lasting intercourse
with the inhabitants of this distant region. This Ileet left
Lisbon on the 9'''. of March 1500, under the command of
Pedro Alvares Cabral, to whom some i istructions were
given, suggested by Gama's experience, among which
was the warning to keep as far as possible from the
coasts of Guiue, in order to avoid the calms of these
regions.

Therefore, sailing towards the west, Cabral got into
the oceanic stream now called Brazilian, which drove
him farther south, lo the same coast that Pinzon and
Lepe had just visited.

In I^aster week he fell in with an unknown country,
indicated by a round mount towering up from a ridge
of mountains covered with woods. The admiral gave
the mount the name of «Paschoals in allusion to tlic
epoch of the discovery, and to the country the name of
(•Terra da Voin Cru/.n.

Upon tr.king land, ho pcMCcivcMl sonic nnfivcs, with
whom sucii as he sent to land in a boat could not cs-
lai)Iisii any communication whatever; upon which he
turned northward and, about ten miles from the Mount

D(j7

Paschoaljic discivcrcd a haven ofTdrins a safe anchora{:*e
to his ncct, where he cast anchor and which he named
« Porto Seguro" (Sale Haven). The fleet remained there
eight days. Cabral entered into a friendly intercourse
with the natives, lifted up a large wooden cross with
the po'-lugiiese arms and ensi'^ns, ordered a solemn
mass to he performed, took a solemn possession of the
new country for the Portuguese crown and then set out
to India, after leaving tw ) criminals on shore, that they
might learn the language ol the country and afterwards
serve as interpreters.

Befere setting sail, he despatched to Lisbon Gaspar de
Lcmos with the report of the great event, written by
Pedro Vaz Caminha, the secretary to the expedition. It
is probable Lemos, upon returning, pursued the coast
as far as cape S. Roque and thus verified the continuity
of Pinzon and Lepe's discoveries on one side and Ca-
bral's on the other.

The gladness caused by the news of this discovery
induced king D. Manuel to fit out another fleet to pro-
ceed on the new discoveries. On the 10"', of May of
the following year this fleet left tlii Tagus; it wis com-
posed of three £»kips, commanded one does not know
by whom, but having on board, as a man of the vastest
knowledge, Amerigo Vespucci, a florentinc cosmogra-
pher, who, from May 1499 to July 150), had accompa-
nied Alonso de Hojeda, under the Spanish pavilion, on an
expedition to the shores of Guyana and Colombia, and
then was at Ihe service of the portuguesc crown. This
fleet met, olf cape Verde, thU of Pedro Alvares Cabral,
which was turning back from India.

By proceeding their way, the fleet called at cape S.
Roque on the 16"'. of August, the day of the saint so
called, and by coasting along they discovered the follow
ing places, to which were given the names of liic sjinls

SO'S

that were the patrons of the days when they were dis-
covered:

Cape S. Agostinho ^August 28>i'.), river S. Miguel (Sept.
29"'.), S. Jeronyrao (Sept. SO'i'.), river S. Francisco (Oc-
tober 4"'.), Bahia de Todos os Santos (All Saints Bay)
(November 1^'.), river S. Luzia (December iS'i'.), S. Tho-
me (December 21^'.), Rio dc Janeiro (January 1-*'. 1502),
Angra dos Reis (January G"'.), island S. Sebastiao (Jan-
uary 20"'.) and S. Vicente (January 22""'.').

On the 13"'. of February, off the actual republic of
Uruguay, Vespucci left the american coast and, after a
long and stormy voyage, entered the Tagus again on
Scplemter 7"'. 1502.

In the following year he accompanied a second Por-
tuguese expedition under Gon^alo Coelho, which set
sail on the 10"'. of May 1503 in search of a western way
to Malacca or the Moluccas. On this second voyage he
discovered an island, which is supposed to be S. Ma-
theus or Fernando de Noronha. The commander's galley
being wrecked, he came into All Saints bay, where he
remained two months, waiting in vain for the other
straggling ships that formed a part of tlie expedition;
he then coasted along as far as 18." (where actually lies
Porto Seguro, as some say, or the actual town of Ca-
ravellas, according to others' o|)inion, for its being the
poitit situated in the above-mentioned latitude) and
built there a factory, which lie armed with twelve can-
nons and was, therefore, the first Portuguese settlement
in Brazil. He Icli there, supplied with arms and victuals
for six months, twenty four men of his crew,— who, on
account ol the natives' humanily, penetrated the inland
as far as 10 leagues—, and, after frcighling liis ships with
brazil-wood, set sail to the Tagus, that he reached on
the 28"'. of June l.'IOl, after 77 «iays of voyage, and where
he was very joyfully welcomed, for lie had been given
up for lost

iU()

Some think All Sat its bny was discovered upon the
second voyaf^c, in 1533, not 1501; l)ut such an opinion
cannot hold good, should we consider that the instruc-
tions given to Gon?alo Coelho in 1503 recommended
him to stand to All Saints bay, where the ships were to
join in case they should straggle, as it is stated by Ves-
pucci himself in his letter to Soderini.

Therefore, the first notion of the pyrami<lal form of
South-America being due to Diogo de Lepe, we are
indebted to Vespucci for the equally important knowledge
we have that this country is a continent and not one
or more isles and is in continental union with the re-
gions precedently discovered in Guyana and Colombia.

The Portuguese thenceforth did but little for the ben-
efit of their discoveries in the brazilian coast. The
whole attention of the government was directed to India,
to which the lleets were sent. Some of them called at
the new factory of Santa Cruz, as it was the case with
the fleet commanded by Aflonso de Albuquerque.

Commerce was by far the most interested in the new-
discovered country; the french, particularly, sent their
ships from Honfleur and Dieppe. We have a more pos-
itive notice of an expedition effected in 1503 by Binot
Palmier de Gonneville, who entered the Paraguassu,
after having visited the river S. Francisco do 5ul, in
the actual state of Santa Catharina, and other points
of the coast of Bahia.

S'jch expeditions had the great advantage of calling
th3 attention of Portugal to the events that were passing
onthe coasts of its south-araerican possession, where-
fore D. Manuel and, in a later period, his successor,
after having vainly remonstrated with the court of Paris
against the violation of their rights, took the resolution
to fit out a llaet, tint should stay at the coasts of Brazil
and cruise along, to defend them from the french. Its
command was trusted to Christovam Jacques, who a^

boo

the close of 152G appeared with six ships in Pernain-
buco, where he founded, at tlic place called by the
in Hans algaraci-u^, a factory, to serve him as the centre
of his operations.

Jacques then begJn to cousl along the shore as far as
llie mouth of the Plata and on his returning he met,
oir All Saints bay, with three sheeps from Britain, that
he fought a whole day, the french at length yielding,
330 in number, who were seized and carried away to
the factory of Pernambuco.

Jacques was succeeded in the command of Ihe lactory
l)y Antonio Ribeiro, of whose activity there is no notice,
and short after the fleet went away.

In the following years the french seized again upon
Ihc lactory, and thus the coast was once more committed
to every body. It was, however, while the brazilian
coast war. tiius completely abandoned, before D. Joao
had taken the resolution of appoinling Christovao Jac-
(jues to survey it, that appeared in Bahia a portuguese,
wlio was afterwards of great service to the colonization
of the place, when it seriously began, and roun 1 wliom
a legendary atmosphere develop cd in process of lime.
T.iis portugaesa wis Diog) Alvares, who bclween
I.IDO and 1510 had been Wi'ecked— one does not know
from what ship-olf the shore of Bahia, near tlie place
where the city now stands Having oblained to escai)e
the death with which he WJs tireatencd by the anthro-
pophagous natives (a legend says it was in consequence
of the enormous dread infused into the indians by a gun-
sliol lirod l)y him against a l)ird, that fell instantly
dcadi au'l hiving acquired a gicat inlUience over the
?ieighl)ourin.i tribes, lie lived long among the indians of
Bihia, in a state of concubinale witli several indigenous
women, l)y wliom he iiad a great deal of cliildren;
among liiesc women Paraguassu is to 1)C singled out,
whom ho allcrwaids married.

6oi

Christovam .Iac(iues, after he rcliirncd to Portuj^al,
proposed to the government the same plan which had
succeeded well in Madeira, namely— to divide the bra-
zllian continent into hereditary captainries and grant
them to such persons as would be willing to colonize
at their own expense.

Such a proposal was very much approved by Diogo
dc Gouveia, an eminent man of those tirac^; but the
crowu was still hesitating about the resolution it was
to take, till a letter from Seville, dated the 2"'. of Au-
gust 1530 and noticing the regress of Sebastiao Cabot,
the discoverer of the Paran^, Paraguay and Plata, elec-
trified the mill I of the portug lesc an 1 caised their res-
olution to precede t!ic Spaniards in tlie possession ot
such riches, and, therefore, a new ll^et of 5 ships and
400 men was soon fitted out on the Tagus.

Martini Allonso de Souza was appointed admiral of tlic
licet (November 20'!'. 1530) and was intrustei with ex-
traordinary powers, such as that of proposing the divi-
sion of the territory and filling every charge, as well as
a full civil and criminal jurisdiction, which comprised
the right of life and death, save on noblemen. Me was,
moreover, ch-^rged with granting tracts of land to all
that might wish if, such lands being, however, personal
feuds ad vilam, that were not permitted to be inherited.
On the last days of January 1531 the fleet passed cape
Sto. Agostinho and anchored at the factory of Per-
nambuco, where it uiet with three french ships, that
W'ere directly seized. Martini Afionso then divided his
lleet, sending ofi to Portugal a ship with the prisoners
and despatching two others, under Diogo Leite, to ex-
plore the northern shores and set up posts on the most
convenient points; this was executed by Leite as far as
tlij bay of Gurupy, after which he steered to Lisbon.
Martim Afionso set suit to the south with the other ves-
sels and came shirt after into All Saints bay, where he

6o2

was received by Diogo x\lvarcs and all his nunicrour,
fa mil 3'.

Diogo had then been 22 years in Bahia, at the hamlet
founded by himself on the place now called iA'ictoria»
and "Gra^art, where, in commeraoralion of the victory
gained over the Indians, he had raised a chapel, con-
secrated to (N. S. da Victoria" (O. Lady of Victory),
in which the marriage of his daughters was then cele-
brated by the franciscans who had come with the fleet.
Upon this occasion the admiral assisted at a sea-fight,
which lasted nearly a whole day, among the Indians of
the neighbourhood, in sixty canoes.

Before leaving the country Martini Alfonso left here
some colonists, furnishe 1 with every description of seeds,
that they might experience what was the kind of culture
most adaptable to the ground. Pedro I.ipes, upon his
returning, left here three more men, who had lied from
his shi|), one of whom wis perhaps Alfonso Rodrigues
de Obidos, afterwards a son in law of Diogo. The num-
ber of these first european colonists was augmented,
four years later, in August 15^5, with some wrecked
men belonging to the Spanish ship.Sa/i Pero, which had
sailed in lint year, with another ship, from S. Lucar, to
the Pacific Sea, under the command of Simao de Alca-
(^ovaand, on turning back from a certain point of the
straits of Magalhacs to the port of Lobos, had been
stranded by her revolted crew at the island of Hoipeba,
a few leagues south of All Saints bay. .loao de Mori, the
commander of the above-mentioned ship, says the col-
onists weio then nine in number. Souza set s;jil to the
soiilh on the iiO"'. of April.

1). .loao 111 resolved, at Icnglli, to put in execution the
putpnsal made by C.lnislovao Jacipies and Diogo de
(ii)uveia in 1527 and tlistribuled Ihe bra/.ilian contineni
among here.lilaiy donees, who should coloni/.e at their

6o3

own expense the territory that fliey were {*ranted and
make a solemn oalli of fealty to the crown of Portugal.

The donees were twelve at first, among which we
will specially mention: T'., Francisco Pereira Coulinho,
an officer who had distinguished himself on the wars
of the Indies; he obtained the territory situate between
the rivcr S. Francisco and the point of the bar of All
Saints bay and culled the captainry of Bahia (April 5"'.
]r)34); 2'»i., Jorge de Figueiredo Correia, the secretary of
s ale of the exchequer department, who was granted
the captainry of Ilheos, extending from the river Ja-
guaripe, at the point facing that of All Saints bay, to the
liver now called Jequitinhonha i April 1^'. 1535); 3"'.,
Pedro do Campo Tourinho, a nch portuguese husband-
man, to whom were granted 50 leagues of coast, from
the Jequitinhonha to the south iMay 27"'. 1534).

Tnese donatories received patents of donation, whereby
the rights of Uie crown and theirs were stipulated. After
the above documents were written down, the donees be-
gan to i)repare for their settlement.

Pedro do Campo Tourinho, the donatory of Porto Se-
guro, landed at the old port of Cabral, founded hard by
it the capital of his captainry and distributed the adja-
cent grounds among his followers. Being endowed with
gocd qualities for government, he took proper measures
to keep in respect the Indians of the district (who.
though they received him in a friendlike manner, yet
used to give the colony treacherous onsets from time
to lime I and to maintain the order; so that the colony
was gradually dcvelcping. Its principal branch of in-
dustry was fishery, the product of which even was ex-
ported to Portugal. Brazil-wood was also exported and
cane sugar was prepared on a small scale.

In 1550 Pedro do Canipo died and was succeeded by
his son Fernao, who, in his turn, was succeeded by

his sister Leonordhe widow of Gregorio da Pesqueirai,

6o4

who had the confirmation of her succession in the
Hoyal Palenl of May 30'ii. 1553 Two monlhs had elapsed
when another Royal Patent permitted her to sill tiic
caplainry to D. Joao de Lancaslro, Duke of Aveiro,
who assigned it as an inhoritance to his second son, for
the payment ufGl.O^OQQ at sight and a yearly payment
of 12 1/2 mil rcis anJ 2 luoios I'l of coin. So little was
a caplainiy worth in Brazil upon that lime!

The donee of Ilheos, Jorge de Figueiredo Correia, not
being able, on account of the important office he held
in the (.ouri, to come himself to inaugurate his caplainry,
dc|)u!cd a Spaniard, by name Francisco Romero, who
began the (list settlement at the island Tinhare. He
short after abandoned this place and founded the new
capital farther to the south, by a small bay where lay
four sea holms, which gave it the name, as well as to
the whole caplainry.

The ground being very fertile and abundant wilh
sircams, cane-sugar was soon widely produced, with
Hie helpoflhe large capitals brought from Lisbon.

Nevertheless Romero was not quite (pialified for the
charge he had been trusted with. As he was accustom-
ed, by long continuance, to military habits, he desired
to submit every thing to the military discipline, wilh
no regal d whellier to law or lo his subjects' privileges;
which readily stirred them up to rebellion, so that Ro-
mero was arrested and sent back to Lisbon.

The donee, however, unluckily and capriciously sent
him again to the capiainry, thus renewing and enler-
laining constant rebelliuns,— a circumstance of which
the al)()riginals availed themselves to make upon the col-
ony several ass.iulls, which, Ihough repelled, were re-
peated more and more violently and put a rapid end lo

(•) A sort of measure used in Portugal for corn, bailey
and the like; it contains sixty alquicrs.

6o5

the progress of the caplainry. that was then reduced to
its capital.

Jeronymo do Figueiredo, on his death, in 1551, was
succeeded by his son Jeronymo de Alarcao, who short
after, by the king's permission, sohl the captainry to
Lucas Gcraldes.

Tlie donee of the caplainry of Bahia, Francisco Pe-
reira Coutinho, was a brave and distinguished but old
officer, lie arrived at Bahia in 1535 or 1536 and landed
at the dwelling-place of Diogo Alvares, who received
him in a fricndlike manner and facilitaled, as well as the
other european men living in his company and of whom
we have precedently treated, his settlement, serving for
interpreters to him.

Though such a circumstance was favourable to Cou-
tinho's mission, yet it was unfavourable in some re-
spects. The intercourse with their countrymen that had
grown serai-barbarous was perversive of such as had
been brought by Coutinho. While the former lived in
an Indian idleness, the latter had to support the hard
labours of the first selllement and therefore abandoned
their labour to live at large in the woods. The donee,
in his turn, relied too much upon the friendly inter-
course that the Indians and white men held with one
another, and, instead of keeping his setllers assembled
and well disciplined in his capital, began to disperse
them by granting them several tracts of land through the
inland, as it was the case with Joao Velloso, to whom he
granted the lands of Piraja, where this colonist began to
build a sugar factory.

Thus the colonists were isolated from Coutinho's im-
mediate and constant survey and vigilance and the col-
ony was weakened. The setllers, on getting rid of their
governor, began to ■ commit violences against the
aboriginals, who at length, deliberated to take their
revenge on them, at first with hostile onsets, but after-

6o6

wards with a great and formal attack upon the capital,
which drove them back.

Coutinho, now convinced of his error, called the dis-
persed colonists to the capital. Some obeyed and turned
back, but some set the summons at nought and were,
there fore, in their farms, victims to their disobedience.
Notwithstanding, Coutinho obtained to call together a
sufficient force to fight, had he thought well, an aggres-
sive battle against the natives; but he did nothing but
to stand upon the defensive, suffering himself to be more
and more besieged in the narrow cape on which his
capital stood and where they were in lark of victuals
and water.

Such an irresolution and passivity resulted in the
discontent and disorganization of the troops: some ones
lied to the neighbouring captainries, some sided treach
erously with the Indians.

Such was the state of things when a ship arrived at
Bahia carrying on board a priest, who had a few months
ago lied from the colony and now exhibited a lalse
royal letter; whereby the prison of the donee was or-
dered. Whether fairly or perfidiously the authorities
obeyed, arrested the donee and, becoming free from any
discipline whatever, the colony was dissolved: every
man went wherever he pleaded, mostly to llheos. The
donee being Ihus abandoned, retired to Porto Seguro,
where he staid a twelvemonth.

Afterwards, such as had remained witli Diogo Alva-
res and fought against the indians, beiru sensible of the
necessity of their contiymen in the intercourse they
held with them when they were in the colony, entreat-
ed Coutinho to return, warranting him, for themselves
and their indigenous companions, the greatest friend-
ship. Coutinho complied with such a request, though
unwillingly, and set cut to Hahia; bu', u|)()n enleiing
llie large bay, he wrec ked on the shore of the island

6o7

Itaparica, where he was captured, with all his com-
panions, by the Tupiramb^s. who slew and devoured
nearly all of them.

Thus this enterprise of civilization ended in 1545.

D. Joao III, in consequence of such a disaster, resolv-
ed finally to accept the advice of Luiz de Goes and
Duarte Coellio. the donee of Pernanibuco, to take in
earnest the colonization of Brazil. He determined that
the crown itself should participate in the colonization,
by founding in Brazil a royal captainry, strong enough
to help the others. The king chose for such a founda-
tion Coutinho's captainiy, for its being situated in the
geographic centre of the poj tuguese America. He bought
it of the heirs to the unlucky donee for an annual rent of
400^000 and issued the charter of January 7"'. 1549,
whereby he ordered a fortress to be built by All Saints
bay, ss well as a large town to be the capital of the
new royal captainry and the seat of the central colo-
nial power, with jurisdiction over the whole Brazil and
constituted by three high royal functionaries: a gov-
ernor general, invested with the administration, an ou-
vidor geral, intrusted with judicial affairs, and a chief-
provisor of the exchequer. Under this triumvirate was a
capilciG-mur (^overseer) of the coast.

During the winter of 1548-49 preparations began to be
made for the installation of the great enlerprize. The
functions of a governor general were intrusted to Thome
de Souza, a bastard descendant of one of the noblest
Portuguese houses, who had been tried and approved
in India as a general and administrator. The second
office was committed to Dr. Pedro Borges, afterwards
renowned as an extremely severe judge, and the third
to Antonio C.ardoso de Barros, the unlucky donee of Ma-
ranhao. The functions of an overseer of the coast were
confided to Pedro de Goes, another unfortunate donee.

No sooner had the fleet been fitted out than they set sail

6o8

from Lisbon on Ihe 1^'. of February 1549, having on
board 600 soldiers, 40) exiles and a few Jesuits, under
the direction of priest Manuel da Nobrega. On the 29"'.
of March the Ueet anchored at All Saints bay, being re-
ceived by about forty Portugueses then living at ViUa
Velha de Coiiiinho and among whom was Captain (ira-
raatao Telles, who, by the kings order, had come in
the precedent year with two caravels. Diogo Alvares,
who had been here since 1509 and died October 5'ii. 1557,
was then very old. Under his direction the newly come
persons took their way to the ancient hamlet, from the
ruins of which still rose up the small chapel, out of re-
pair, erected by him or Coutinho and, in commemora-
tion of the victory gained by him over the natives, con-
secrated, as it is still at the present lime, to «N. S. da
Victoria!) (Our Lady of Vicloryi, and where the first
mass was performed in thanksgiving.

Thome de Souza immediately proceeded to lay the
foundation of the town. As he was not pleased with the
situation of the old settlement, particularly for the sea
was there too much swollen and the bay was not fit for
a harbour, he ordered an exploration of the country
and a place was chosen half a league distant from the
first. After a long rellcction and indecision, he chose it,
mostly for it abounded with springs, which were want-
ing at Itapagipe, to which the governor inclined at first,
lie accordingly endeavoured to carry into efiecl his res-
olution and a strong palisade was soon raised, to siicUcr
the workmen and soldiers from the Indians' assaults
and within it some mudwalled thatched houses, where
lodged the workmen and soldici s that had come in the
lleet.

The construclinn of houses made a rapid progress,
Willi llic neighbouring Indians' help, and the straw-
roofed houses were readily substituted by lasting ones.
A square was made and in its vicinity a cathedral, a

6o9

college for Ihe Jesuits and several other churches \vere
commenced; on the square Ihcy raised large houses,
for the governor's dwelling, prison-house, town-house
(where, on the l^i. of November, upon the solemn instal-
lation of the new cily, Thome de Souza took the oath of
his office), custom-house, accounts and treasury houses,
storehouses and other offices necessary to the royal
service. Round these buildings a thick mudwall was
creeled wiih six bulwaiked towers, two towards the sea
and four towards the land, every one being armed with
cannons of a large bore, sent for from Europe for such
a purpose; so that the town was perfectly defended from
the onsets of the gentiles.

Thome de Souza next crdered a broad and secure
road to be made between the new town and Villa Ve-
Iha and began to distribute the adjacent grounds among
his followers; he sent a ship to the islands of Cabo Ver-
de for domestic animals and, as the number of woik-
mcn increased every year, agricultural works and the
production of sugar made a rapid progress.

In consequence of the useful intervention of Dio-
go Alvares, an active commerce was soon established
among the newly come people and the indians and semi-
baibarous porlugucscs. Nevertheless, theft was of no
rare occurrence, succeeded by threatenings and open
hosliliiits, and at length a few Indians seized four col-
onists, who had left afar the cily, kilkd and devoured
th( m. Such an event made a strong impression and
Thome de Souza, obtaining to capture the two piincipal
ciiminals, had them ti(d, before a great deal of indians,
to llic moulh of a cunnon and oidend it to be filed.
Wiih this only punishment the governor was able lo
keep in rc.spccl and awe the neighbouring tr.bes.

The jesuils that had come with the governor genei-al
began lo catechise the indians. They obtained by
clinl of labour lo found an establishment for the preach-

6io

inj:; of the Gospel near Ihe town, under the name of
"Sii) Paul.)", the direction of which wjs intrustetl to
one of tlie priests, assisted by an inclian functionary
that received Ihe name of meirinho {*). The number of
such establishments was rapidly multiplied round the
town.

Besides tliis toilsome labour of catechi^ing, the Jesuits
iiad also llie equally difficult mission cf moralizing the
colonial society, profoundly rorrupted by Ihe bad ex-
ample oMcred by the semi barbarous poitugueses of the
first settlement. A great many newly come Portugueses,
seduced by the pernicious examples lying before their
eyes, lived in concubinale with a great deal of female
iudians, after the local fashion, or with them whom they
singled out of their slaves. The priests themselves
(lid Ihe same; so that Nobrega wrote to Ihe king, on
August 9"'. 1549, that the laymen took a very bad exam-
ple by the priests and the gentiles by the christians;
that the interior of the country was full of christians'
children, both young and adult, male and female, who
lived and multiplied after Ihe g'niile way; that hate and
disputes were to be found everywhere and religious and
judicial alfdiis were badly managed.

Upon this, Ihe Jesuits, aided by the governor, obtain-
ed the cclcbralion of marriages; sevci a! setlicM s chose in-
<ligenous fi male slaves, whom Ihey fued an<l married,
others married Ihe few eurupean wnnicn who had ac-
companied the e.xpediliuii; wheielore Nobrega recom-
mended in the above- cited leller orphan girls or even
proslilules lo be sent lo Bahia, lor Ihey would all inaiiy,
because liie coun'iy was vast and uncivilized.

Meatiwhilc ihey tried lo oblain Ihe creation of a bi.-h-
opric, both lo put a slop lo such inconveniencies and
particularly to discipline llie clergy and keep it in good

('i The proper name of an ollicer lo apprehend all
criiuinals and malefactors.

6ti

rrder At the kinf<"s earnest request the bishopric was
created and appointed bishop the vicar general of G6a,
I'tdro Fernandes Sardinha, who arrived at the town of
Salvador in K^YI, on the fore-vigil of inidsumnier-day.

The oiwidor (jeral and the chief-provisor of the
exchequer, short after their arrival, went to visit the
soutiiern captainries, where the former adniinislered
justice and the latter regulated the reception of rents,
and returned in October 1549 Three years later, towards
the close of 1552, the governor general himself, accom-
fanied with the inspector of the coast, made another
V('3'age, upon which he endeavoured to organize every
thing, and no sooner had he reached again Bahia than he
despatched Pedro Goes to Lisbon, not only to make the
government acquainted with every thing he had done,
but lo propose some necessary reforms, such as the
creation of a chief alcaid to be his substitute upon his
absence from the capital (which was satisfied with the
appointment of Diogo Moniz Barreto, on May 2'"'. 1554)
and the greater concentration of the colonial govern-
ment, at least for a while (which was also granted), the
functions of a chief provisor being added to those of
an ouvidor geral after the death of Antonio Cardoso
de Barros, in 1556.

At length, after several requests, the king granted him
his dismissal and in July 1553 Thome de Souza set out
to Portugal, the government devolving on the second
governor general

D. Diiarlc da Costa
(1553-1557)

This government was detrimental to the new city and
colony in the same measure as the first was good.

I). Duarle brought in his company his son 1). Alvaro,
a young and brave soldier, but ol' bad morals, which
was highly disadvantageous to the colony.

The bishop was lirst oflcnded by the behaviour of the

6l2

young man. Though in a letter to the king, dated the
1211'. of July 1532, the prelate asserted that in a new
country and in the first limes one should rather excuse
than punish, yet, short after this letter, he resolved to
rebuke publicly in a sermon the behaviour of D. Alva-
ro, who, highly offended, swore to revenge such an
affront. Discord began therefore to prevail in the Hmit-
ed society and it became still stronger after the gov-
ernor sided with his son, not punishing his violences
and disorders.

It is also said that D. Duarle abused his power, by
selling, through the medium of his agents, lands, public
employments, leaves for the ransom of Indians, etc. etc.
It is certain that the inhabitants of the city of Salvador
were divided in two parties, the one composed of the
bishop and a great deal of the most respected colonists,
such as tlie chief-provisor of the exchequer, the undcr-
inspcclor of the coast, the chief physician of the colony
and the chamber of the city, the other of the governor,
his son and other men.

One lived thenceforth in a constant strife, which grad-
ually attained so high a degree that the bishop delib-
erated at length to set out to Lisbon. He was accompa-
nied by the dean and two canons of his chapter, the
cliicf-provisor and the donee, Antonio Cardoso dc Barros,
and many other discontented men, about one hundred
in number; but, upon reaching the moulli of the river
Coruripc, in tlie actual stale of Alagoas, the ship ran a
ground and no sooner had the wrecked men escaped
than lliey fell into the hands of the anthropophagous
ccalictes".

Trom such a dreadful carnage only escaped a Portu-
guese and two indian slaves, who brought to Baiiia, in
ISf)."), the unlucky news.

The discord entertained during Ihis government weak-

6i3

encd the colony, which encouraged the Indians of the
neighbourhood to attack the settlers.

Though D. Alvaro, upon several onsets, in May 1555,
obliged the revolted men to yield, those who were so
happy as lo escape his sword retiring to the inland,
yet the central government of Bahia had not the power
necessary lo defend the interests of the colonists of the
other captainries, which were seriously sacrificed, spe-
cially in Rio de Janeiro, where the french had just set-
tled under the command ot Villegaignon.

In such a troubled and disastrous slate of things the
government of Lisbon recalled D. Uuarte da Costa, who
was succeeded by

M em de Sd
(1557-1572)

With this governor better days appeared to the Por-
tuguese colony. This honest, active and intelligent gov-
ernor began his administration by putting a stop to the
discords between the ecclesiastical and civil powers.
He paid attention to the natural richness of the country
and ordered the search for metals and precious stones,
commenced by Thome de Souza, lo be carried on. He
attacked, vanquished and submitled the remaining tribes
of «tupinambas)>, who inhabited the interior of Bahia;
he lent assistance to the captainries of Ilheos, Porlo Se-
guro and Espirito Santo, which were threatened with
a complete ruin by the Indians, and to the captainries
of Sto. Amaro and S. Vicente against the attacks of
Cunhambebe.

But the most important of his deeds in this particular
was his going to Rio de Janeiro, in 1560, accompanied
by priest Nobrrgi, to free that district from the yoke of
the french; which he obtained in a brilliant manner, his
nephew Estacio de Sa laying the foundalion of the
town S. Sebastiao.

This voyage brought him into the conviction, that he

6i4

exposed to the Courl, that it was a political necessity
to create on the south a new captainry with a town
lilce that of Salvador, to lend as islancc, at any lime, to
the southern captainries. He thought at first of the port
of Santos, hut he soon gave the preference to Uio <ie
Janeiro, as he viewed its large hay. Mem do Sa, finally,
came by the realization of his meaning through many
efforts and pertinacy.

Another remarkable event of his long government was
the beginning of the long question about the condition
of the Indians in the new christian curopean society.
Two parties rose up: 1^'.— the colonists; 2"''.— the Jesuits.
The former had from the first times beslaved in all
manners a great deal of aboriginals, for they needed
workmen for the cultivation of their lands, and con-
stantly endeavoured to augment the number of beslaved
indians. The Jesuits converted them tociirislianily, called
them together on the places where they were to hear the
Gospel and obliged them to agricultural works; moreover
they contended with the settlers for the liberly and
against the slavery of the indians. Several royal letters
frequently incited the Jesuits to such an undertaking,
earnestly warning the settlers to abstain from tlieft and
violences against the natives and to assist the priests
in their hard ministry.

After a long contention the all'air was brought before
the Board of Conscience, which decided that the col-
onists were permitted to keep in slavery three only
classes of indians: 1^'. — such as might be seized on a
just war; 2ndly. — such as might be sold by their own
parents; 3rdly.-such as might sell themselves.

The condition of aiVairs grew worse i)y lids resolu-
tion: prisoners conliniied to !)e made on war, though
not jusi; one dill nnl iii(|nire whethei' the seller of an
iiidian was or not his father, and thus personal sales
were efiecled out of violence, guile or knavisliness. The

6i5

Jesuits, on Iheir side, obtained from king D. Sebastiao
the appointment of a committee, composed of llie gov-
ernor general the bishop, the oiwidor geral and a few
Jesuits, which was to clioose a curator for llie indians,
in order to resolve those questions.

Such a measure, however, was not satisfactory. D. Se-
bastiao was obliged, after consulting the Board of Con-
science, to forbid, in the charier of March 20"'. 1570,
any form whatever of Indians' slavery, the enslavement
only being thought valid that was eflectcd on a war de-
clared just by the Crown and realized by the governor
general, specially the wars made against the tribes that,
in order to satisfy their brutal instincts, such as the
dbotocudos" and Maymores« of Ilheos and Porto Seguro,
frequently used to attack the Portuguese settlements.

The immediate consequence of this royal determi-
nations, really philanlhropical, was the introduction of
a greater number of negroes, which the Crown endea-
voured to leslrain by facilitating a little morn the en-
slavement of the indians in the laws of 1573 and 1574.

Mem de S& was in perfect harmony with the Jesuits,
whom he protected very much, by giving Ihcm large
tracts of land and augmenting Iheir colonial revenues.
Nevertheless, the colonists continued respecting and
loving him, for he paid great attention to agriculture,
commerce and navigation.

However, displeased at the litlle gratitude of the gov-
ernment for his labours and cares, he repeatedly asked
his own dismissal. This was at length granted in 1569,
Luiz de Vasconcellos being appointed to succede him.
But the ships that brought both this new governor and
the new provincial of the Jesuits, Ignacio de Azevedo,
who came to relieve aged Nobrcga, were beaten by vio-
lent storms and seized by french pi ivateers, so that there
was ever since no notice whatever of the passengers.

Mem de Sa was therefore obliged to hold the govern-

6i6

ment four more years, and, as he was about to devolve
the administration into the hands of his successor, he
was overtaken by death, in 1572, and was inliumed in
the chief nave of the College of the Jesuits in Bahia.

Meanwhile the Portuguese government had resolved
to create two governments in Brazil, one on the north,
the other on the south, the former having its seat in
Bahia and the latter in Rio de Janeiro.

For the south had just been appomted Antonio Sa-
lermo and for the government of Bahia

Luiz de Brito e Almeida
(1573-1577)

But little is to be reported about this government.
The french having fixed their visits to the coast of Bra-
zil at Cabo Frio and Rio Real, Luiz de Brito determined
to expel them from the last-named place,— which he
obtained, as well as the submission of the Indians liv-
ing there, and then founded a hamlet, that was called
«Sta. Luzia)), directed by the missionaries.

The second portion of Luiz de Britos government was
devoted to the conquest of Parahyba, and upon the ex-
piration of his term the metropolitan government re-
solved to turn again to the primitive system of a single
governor general for the whole Brazil and appointed
Lourenfo da Veiga to succeed Luiz de Brito.

Lourenio da Veiga
(1578-1581)

Ills short administration was not at all remarkable.
It was however l)y this time that took place llie rout
and death of king 1). Scbastiao,on the 4"'. of August 1578,
at Alcaccr(iuibir, an<I tlie consc(|ucnl and definitive devo-
lution of tlic portugucse crown upon Pliilippe II of Spain,
to whom Bahia made the oath of fidelity on the 25"i.
of May 1582.

Such an event was disadvantageous to Brazil, on ac-

6i7

count of its making enemies of this country those of
PhiIippcII,-HollandandEngland-,for wherever waved
the Spanish or porluguese flag the dutch or english ap-
peared, either as conquerors or privateers.

Things kept in this state up to the death of Louren^o
da Veiga, in Bahia, on the 17"'. of June 1581, when the
government was committed, till the arrival of a new
governor appointed by the Court, to a triumvirate,
composed of the bishop, the oiwidor geral and the mu-
nicipal council. In 1583 arrived the new governor, who
liad been appointed in Madrid.

Manuel Telles Barrelto
(1583-1587)

This governor also died in Bahia (March 1587) before
the expiration of his term, the government being com-
milled again to a triumvirate, composed of the bishop,
the oiwidor geral and the chief-provisor oi the exche-
quer, Christovao de Barros. This triumvirate held the
government up to the year 1591.

During the government of Manuel Telles the income
of Bahia was 30,825 crusades and the expenditure 30,000.
The conquest of Parahyba, the reparation of the for-
tresses and the construction of two more forts at the
bar, as well as the establishment of the orders of St.
Benedict, St. Francis and Carmo, pertain to the same
period.

During the provisional government that succeeded him
an english fleet, under the command of \Yithringlon,
came to Bahia in 1586, with a view to take possession
of the city; but, in consequence of the wise measures
taken by Christovao de Barros, the cily escaped from
Ihis attack; Wilhrington, however, remained six weeks,
wasting and sacking the sugar factories of Ihe inland.

II was also during this government that took place
the foundation of the captainry of Sergipe, the conquest
of which had been commenced, as we have precedently

6i8

slated, in 1374, in the {iovernment of Luiz de Brito,
when llie chapel consecrated to St. Lucy was raised. But
the •^ovei nmci.t now ordered the indians to be submitted,
the cliiet of the expedition beini* the chii'f provisor him-
self. Christovao de Barros, who went in his own per-
son and, after an attack on the 2:!''i. of December 1589
and anotlier on the b'. of January 1590, in which the
savages were defeated, proceeded to make a fort and
found a hamlet, that he called oC.idade de S. Christo-
vao do lio Sergipe» (Town cf S. Christovao of the river
Sergipe), to distribute grounds among his attendants,
and next retired to Bahia, after having instituted Tho-
me da Rocha the captain cf the new captainry.

There was but little worUi mentioning during the
provisional government.

In 1588 the Court appointed a new governor general,
who was Francisco (ieraldes, the lord of the captainry
of Ilheos, who died before con)ing to Brazil. 1). Fi'an-
cisco de Sousa was then appointed his successor.

D. Francisco de Sousa
(1591 -1G()2)

Upon this governors investiture Bahia had made the
following progress:

Its population consisted of 2.000 white men, 4.000 en-
slaved negroes and G. 000 tame indians. The production of
sugai- occupied 3G-10 sugar factories; the inhabitants also
applied themselves with a great profit to cattle-breeding
and (isheiy. The cily had, finally, a particular impor-
tance and pecuniary advantages, lor its Ixing Ihc po
lilical centre of the whcle Brazil, the dwelling-place of
the highest colonial auihorilies. as Ihc governor gen-
eral, oiinidor, |)r{ivi.sor. bishop and the i)rovincial of ihc
Jesuits. Morcovei- the\ inlended inslalling since 1588 a
lii'la{('to ('I, which was later caiiicd into ellecl.

I*) The tillc of a high court of justice.

6io

The cnplainries ol' Illieos aiul Porlo Seguro were in a
far (lillcrcnl state. Along the coast of these two unlucky
caplainries, particularly on the northern side, the In-
dians had ellected the widest devaslalions'upon their fre-
(|uent onsets. The caplainry of Illieos, whicii hclon^cd to
Giraldcs' family, as we have said, was reduced to its cap-
ital, the small hamlet S. Jorge, with only a hundred
inhabitants. Porto Seguro, which, as we have also stated,
had been purchased in 155G by the Duke of Aveiro, had
prospered a little more, received a few more immi-
grants and created some new hamlets. The Jesuits had
catechized the Indians and congregated them in several
settlements. The Aj'mores had, however, extended their
onsets as far as this place, the prosperity of which was
gradually stopped, so that in the last j^ears of the 16"'.
century there were only to be seen, besides the capital,
a small hamlet and some Indians' settlements.

Ihe captainry remained for a long time in such a
misCi-ablc state, wherefore there is only to be said con-
cerning its history that, upon Alfonso de Lancastro's
marriage to D. Anna de Sande, a lady of honour to the
queen, Philippe IV, the king of Spain and Portugal, ele-
vated the captainry to the rank of a marquisate (April
18"|. 1627), a title used up tc the present time in Spain
by the ducal house of Abrantes.

LJahia had but lillle to gain by the government ol
D. Francisco de Sousa.

During his administration the conquest anl founda-
tion of the captainry of Rio Grande were ellcclcil.

The governor applied a great portion ol time to the
discovery of mines, wherefore he used to absent him-
self several times from the ca[)ilal of the state, as, for
instance, when he was looking for the silver mines
ollered to the king by a descendant of Garamuru of the
name of Uoberio Dias.

D. Francisco began to i)av a great attention to the
78

620

defence of Ihc coasts do which purpose, at the request
of ^hinucl Tcllcs Barreto, some engineering officers
came, charged with the construction of new forts) and
laid Ihe foundation of the dock-yard and stocks. In
1599 several dutch ships entered the harbour of Bahia.
D. Francisco increased the preponderance of the Jesuits,
who then established a few classes for secondary in-
struction.

Towards the close of his government, in 1G02, a
((Council of India" was created in Lisbon, in imitation
of that of Castile, with a judicial and administrative
competency for the government of the colonies and to
which belonged all that concerned the t ansallanlic
possessions. Such an institution proved very useful and
outlived the fall, in 1840, of the Spanish dominion in
Portugal, under the name of (.Ultramarine Council)).

D. Francisco dc Souza was succeeded in the admin-
istration of Brazil by:

Diogo Botclho (1602-1607);

I). Diogo de Menezes c Cerqueira (1607—1613);

Caspar de Sousa (1613—1617);

1). Luiz de Scusa (1617—1622).

The loUowing is to l)e rei)orled about the above gov-
ernments;

Tiic 'Council of India" devclopped a great activity
for the defence of the country from foreign enemies,
for the redress of grievances radicated in the admin-
istration and for the regulation of the Indians' condition
in a manner very satisfactory for both parties, a pur-
pose in which he was greatly aided by the above-men-
tioned governors.

In 1601 entered Ihc port of Bahia seven dutch ships,
under the coniman 1 of V.in Cciiloii, which laid hold of
a freighted vessel and huinl anolhcr.

Diogo Botclho perronncd his u I must with a view to
cxliugiiisli llic al>uscs thai wcic put in practice in the
rcccplioii u\ taxes and punished the guilty: he opposed

021

Ihc creation of new convents and tlie land-rents in per-
petuuin granted by the municipal councils to the Jesuits,
—which set him at variance with the bishop; he also
forbade the Jesuits to congregate the natives in hamlets,
as he would rather have them living in places already
peopled; he lent assistance to llhcos, where he van-
quished the Aymorcs, who were submitted out of AI-
varo Adorno's endeavouis.

Some of these providences were, however, as it was
to be expected, the cause of a great many griefs Diogo
Bolelho had to meet wilh. His laudable endeavours
resulted in the new contest raised between the civil and
ecclesiastical powers by some measures taken by him.
The bishop, D. Constantino Barradas, was a man of an
unquiet imperious temper, who endeavoured to enlarge
his own inlluence, as well as that of the clergy, to the
detriment of the civil power and constantly augment,
at any rate, his own revenues and those of his church,
wherefore he was highly seconded by the Jesuits, ir-
ritated as they were against the governor, because of the
measures he had taken.

In such circumstances slight collisions between the
Iw'O powers, and even open conllicts, should naturally
arise.

D. Diogo de Menezes, at length, displeased with such
a slate of things, set out to Europe, nor did he wait for
his successor. lie had even to sulFer the arbitrary in-
terdict under which he and his most distinguished func-
lionaiies were laid by the bishop, and the metropolitan
government did not take any providence about the
matter.

The Iiela(;do of Brazil was installed during his admin-
istration. On the 25'''. of September 1587 was given a
regulation to this court of justice, the first creation of this
kind in Brazil, but short after superseded by the Charter
of January 23-'. 1588. The Resolution of March 7"'. 1G09,

622

issued by Philippe III, ordered, however, llic crenlion of
the tribunal lo be carried inlo ellect. Nevertheless, on
April 5"'. 1626, a royal charter suppressed the institution
and ap[)lied to the maintenance of the military garrison
the salary of the descmburgadores, Nvho were called to
Lisbon, c\cei)t two, that were to stay in the countr}^ the
one performing the functions of an oiwidor geral and
the other those of a chief provisor for absentees and
dead persons. Twenty six years later the Relagdo of Ba-
hia was reestablished by the Charter of September 12"'.
1052 and thenceforth it was kept in functions up to the
present day.

A new division of Brazil in two governmeuts, obtained
by D. Francisco de Souza with a view to explore in a
more convenient manner, in the soathern captaiaries he
had already visited during his government, the mines
that were supposed to lie Ihcrein, caused greater trou-
bles. 1). Diogo opposed such a division, by calling ttie
attention of the Crown to the na.ncrous inconvcniencies
that would be caused by the subdivision of the colo-
nial central power, on a time when, besides the french,
a new enemy api)eared,— the dutch—, whose number
was then increasing in the brazilian seas, and thus con-
cluded his reflections: ^(Believe, Majesty, the real mines
of Brazil are cane-sugar and brazil-wood ».

But that was of no profit; D. Francisco de Souza was
appointed, January 2"i. 1G08, governor general of the
south region.

On his death, in 1610, he was succeeded by his son,
D. Luiz de Sousa, who was invested after (iaspar de
Souza with the government of the north, and next dis-
appeared the division of the country in two govern-
ments.

By this lime was coiKpicred, on the north of Brazil,
the region lying between cape Norte and the mouth ol
llic AuKJZonas, as well as Maranhao and Ceara. The rea-

G23

lization ol this conquest is to be ascribed, to a <frcal
exicnl, to D. Dioj^o do Mcnczcs and iiis successor, (ias-
par dc Souza, who expelled the Trench.

Diugo de Meiidonca h'urlado
(1622-1G24)

Instead of the frcnch, Brazil had thenceforth a far
worse encni)': the dutch.

After the confederation of the seven united provinces
was constituted by the peace of Utrecht, on January SS""''.
1579, they had to sustain a strife of 70 years with the
crown of Spain for the acknowledgement of their inde-
pendence. Portugal engaging in this strife after its union
to Spain, its commerce was greatly damaged, as well as
its defenceless colonies, both in Asia and Americi and
even in Africa.

A dutch banner waved for the first time in Brazil in
1587 and when, in 1595, Lancaster, a flibuslier, entered
Pernambuco, he found there three dufch ships, with
which he partook the pillage of tlie place.

We have precedenlly said that in 1694 the dutch came
with seven ships into Bahia, laid hold of a ship and
burnt another.

Such events were thenceforth more and more fre-
quent, at different places. But in 1621 a decree issued
by the government of the General Slates on June 3"'.
1621 sanctioned the creation, already attempted in 1607,
of a netlierlandish West India company in imitation of
that of the Eastern Indies, created on the 29"'* of March
1602; the whole America and the eastern coast of Africa
were assigned to the company as the scene of its activ-
ity and the monopoly of all those vast regions was
granted to it, as well as the right of concjuest and colo-
nization for 24 years (which was renewed on the 22'"'.
of March 1647 and extinguished in 1674).

The company was immediately constituted and armed
and its first stroke was against Brazil In the beuinninji

024

of 16?4 a powerful lleet set sail from Holland, under
the command of admiral Jacob Willekens and vice-
admiral Pieter Heyn. It consisted of 23 sail, with 503
cannons and 1.600 men; colonel Johan van Dorth was also
on board, with 1.703 more soldiers, for disembarking.
They look with themselves a sealed paper, which, on
the 21". of April, they opened after crossing the line
and found to contain the order to conquer th.: city of
Salvador, tQ. which Willekens steered his course.

On the 9"|. of May he entered with all his ships the
splendid All Saints bay, where 15 Portuguese ships were
riding at anchor. After they had interchanged a few vol-
leys, the dutch lay hoU of 8 Portuguese ships, put the
others on fire, took possession of the fortresses «S. Mar-
ccUo" and «Slo. Antonio da Barra», and thus they were
in possession of liahia. It was also easy for them to con-
quer the city itself, from which, though the governor
ordered all the forces to be called together, most of li\e
inhabitants fled away at that very night and the rest
on the following day opened the doors to the victorious
hollanders. The governor general, who was in his palace
with a few authorities, was arrested with no resistance.
In his slead Johan van Dorth took the command of the
city and instantly ordered extensive fortifications to be
raised. Willekens next sailed for Holland with half his
lleet, leaving the rest under vice-admiral Heyn, who
in August departed upon a fruitless expedition to Africa.

The fugitives, who thought at first Willekens only
intended to occupy the city for a while and ell'ect its
pillage, began to join together and arm, so that 1.700
men, including 250 tame Indians, were in arms. The
aulhorilies of the caplainry assembled in the selllemcnt
of converlcd natives called cMissao de S. Paulo*, at Hio
Verniellu), and chose for their provisional governor the
oiwi<lni\ Anlao de Mes(iuila, who was soon after sub-
sliluled by another governmenl, ciioscn by the munici-

625

pal council and composed ol llic bishop, D. Marcos Tei-
xcira, Anlonio Cardoso tie Barros and Lourcnyo dc Al-
buquerque.

The valiant [)relatc died in October a victim to the
hard labour of the campaij^n and was succeeded in the
government by Francisco Nunes Marinho, who proceed-
ed to blockade Bahia and put in practice a series of
slight attacks and ambushes. On one of these assaults
commander Johan van Dorth was slain and on another
fell his successor, Allert Schouten, who— it must be
said— was not qualified for the charge he was to fulfil.

In consequence of such defeats the hollanders were
reduced but to fortifj^ the city and keep witliin it.

Meanwhile the news of the loss of Bahia reached the
Court (on the SI'-', of July) and excited the greatest in-
dignation. Providences were instantly taken and a few
weeks afterwards some squadrons left the Tagus. One
of them stood for the eastern coast of Africa, where it
arrived in time to repel the attacks of Pieter Ileyn
against the portuguese establishments. Other ships, with
orders and ammunitions, sailed to Brazil, with the royal
appointment of the donee of Pernambuco, Malhias de
Albuquerque, for the office of governor general and the
order to the captainries that they should arm and lend
assistance to the inhabitants of Bahia.

Malhias de Albuquerque
11624 1625)

This governor, not being able to come to Bahia, des-
patched 1). Francisco de Moura in the character of his
lieutenant.

I). Francisco de Moura
(1625-1626)

Wnile the above-mentioned events were passing, great
preparations were made in the iberian peninsula with
a view to recover Bihia Tiij n jbles an Uh.; portuguese

62 h

lowns, stimulated by a letter from the kins^, made Iar<»e
contributions; Lisbon, tor example, contributed 100 00)
crusades, *the Duke of Bragan^a 25.000. The sons of the
noblest families took up arms.

A Portuguese fleet left Lisbon, at lengtli, composed
of 4 000 men in 27 ships, under the command of D. Ma-
nuel de Menczes, and oil' the islands of cape Verde joined
that which had sailed from Spain, consisting of 40 sail
and 8.000 soldiers, under D. Fadrique de Toledo Osorio.
Going together on tlieir voyage, the (»7 ships with their
12.000 men appeared, on the 29iii. of March 1G25, oil' All
Saints bay, where Ihcy saw 20 dutch ships riding at an-
chor, which looked for i shelter near the land batteries,
rendering the two admirals the dominion over the baj'.

No sooner had the troops landed than they proceeded
to a rigorous blockade, both by sea and land, against
the city of Salvador. The city was defended b}' some
2 000 men, who could not offer a great resistance and
only waited for the succour tint was to come from Hol-
land. The city was bombarded, the dutch ships sunken
and the longed for succour did not appear.

Pieter Ileyn, who had returned from his voyage to
Africa, had attacked from the 10'''. to the 18"'. of March
the caplainry of Kspirifo Santo and appeared olV the
bay, but did not dare to come into it.

After a siege of one month, broke out in the dutch
anuy a revolt, that deposed tumultuously Schoulen,
who was succeeded by loao Kijf. This officer, being
convinced he was to struggle for a lost cause, entered
into negolialions wicli the Spanish admiral and capilu
laled, the capitulation l)oing signcMl May L'. 1625.

Tw.Mily six days afterwards arrived, unler thn c">m-
nj 111(1 ol' ailiuiral l^)nde\viyn ITendrlksznon, tl'io longed
for (hiU-!i II ;el,co isisling of .'U ships, wliioh submitted to
the acci)m|)lislie(I fad, tlic more bccausL- tliL're were on
board niaiiy sick pjrsjus, wiurcfore llciidrikszoon went

r,27

away, and imincdialely after him the fleet, which con-
veyed to Holland the ancient •'arrison of the city of Sal-
vador. At last sailed to Europe the two victorious ad-
mirals, I). Fadrique de Toledo Osorio and D. Manuel
dc Menczcs, leaving in Brazil 1 OOO portugaeses, under
F"rancisco de Moura, to garrison the city.

Mathias de Albuquerque continued performing the
functions of a governor up to the following year, when
was appointed

Diogo Liiiz de Oliueira, Count of Miranda
(1626-1635)

In 1627 Pieter Heyn came again to Bahia, where he
had to stand the fire of the batteries, losing two ships,
but obtaining to lay hold of eight loaded merchantmen

Three years later Pernambuco was attacked \Ma'ch
163 )i by the hollanders, who took Recife. In April of
ihe next year came to their help 16 ships, under admiral
Adriaen Janszoon Pater and bringing fresh troops. 1)
x\ntonio de Oquendo, who had also brought troops in
19 ships and, after dis;mbarking them in Bahia, steered
northward to disembark other troops in Pernambuco
and Parahyba, met off the coasts of Bahia with Pater's
licet and they instantly entered on a battle, the two
admirals fighting with the greatest bravery. But, as the
fight was most furiously raging, the dutch admiral-ship
was on fire and Pater, wrapping the colours round his
armour, plunged headlong into the sea, having rather
die than be a prisonner (Septembsr i2'ii. 1631).

The dutch obtained at length, from the intervenlioa
of Calabar, to extend their conquests from Recife to
Porto Calvo and, on the north, Itamaraca, Parahyba and
Rio Grande do Norte, and establish in the first-mention-
ed town a government consisting of a (Political Coun-
cil", comi)oscd of five members.
The dutch navy had become dangerous on account of

its conquests in the southern atlanlic ocean; which
79

(■i2S

oblii*ed the court of Madrid lo wake at lenglh from its
letluu-i^y and take serious measures, of wlii.'li the first
was the substitution of the funclionarics, wliereforc Pe-
dro da Silva was appointed ffovernor general of Brazil.

Pedro da Siloa, afteriuards Count ofS. Loiirenco
(1635-1639)

The West India company had deliberated by this time
to efi'ect great changes in the brazilian Holland. A federate
state was created to substitute the «PoliLical Council -»
and Joao Mauricio, Count of Nassau, was appointed gov-
ernor, captain and admiral general of the places belong-
ing to the West India Company in Brazil; he arrived at
Pernambuco, with 2.700 soldiers in 12 ships, on the 23"i.
of January 1637.

This governor immediately proceeded to enlarge the
conquests and obtained to extend them as farasCcara,
on the north, and the river S. Francisco on the south;
which obliged Bagnuolo, a napolitan general at the serv-
ice of Portugal, who had been impelled from Porto
Calvo to Sergipe, to retire from this caplainry to Ba-
hia, where he settled his head-quarters hard by those of
the governor general.

In 1637 admiral Lichthardt sailed to Ilheos, the capi-
tal of which surrendered to him, but no sooner had
the van(iuishers dispersed lor pillage than the inhabilanls
look up their arms and, alter a violent batlle, obliged the
hollanders to embark and sail oil'.

In the beginning of 1638 the Count of Nassau thought
of concjuering Bahia. Bagnuolo, hearing of thai, took
the necessary providences and received IVom the gov-
ernor, Pedro da Silva, the supreme military command.

The dutch Meet left Uocile on the <Si''. of April, bring-
ing on board the Count of N.issau, and on the 11"'. ar-
rived at BahIa, where on the 16''. 3.0()>» soldiers and
l.OJO Indians were landed. Bagnuolo, after a simulate
sallv, began lo lorlilv himscir in the cily The forenjost

62CJ

fortresses fell into the power of the hollanders, who,
liuNvcver, were beaten olf upon their assaulting in the
night the principal position, on the 21 '. of April. The
count did not succeed better upon another assault and
l)onibardnient during the night of the 17''. of May; so
that at tlie morning of the l^H'. he was obliged to sound
tlie retreat.

As diseases had fallen upon the dutch camp, which,
moreover, was in lack of victuals and new succour, the
count suspended the siege and embarked with his troops
to Uicife, on the 26"'. of May, after having lost 2.00U
men by the walls of the city of Salvador. The inhabit-
ants, beiny highly gkd of so irjportant a deed, thanked
bagnuolo and distributed 16.000 crusades among his
troops. King Philipe rewarded Count Bagnuolo with the
napolilan principate of San Felice and the governor
general with ihe title of Count of S. Lourenco, for the
sacrifice he had made by yielding, in spite of his higher
rank, to his expert subaltern.

Towards the close of this year a strong Portuguese
squadron, under D. Fernando de Mascarenhas, Count of
Torre, set sail from Lisbon to Bahia, that was reached
January 1639, when the Count of S. Lourenco devolved
the government on

D. Fernando de Mascarenhas, Count of Torre
(1639-1640)

The naval force was gradually augmented, every mer-
chant man being turned to a man of war. Moreover,
some other ships came from Spain, so that on the 3ut''.
of November 1639 a fleet of 90 ships was fitted out.

They intended making an assault upon the dutch,
both by sea and land, under the direction of the gov-
ernor general himself, but they did not succeed; the
lleet underwent at first violejt tempests, so that it was
but in the beginning of January that 63 ships joined oIT
Parahyba to land their troops, which began to be elTect-

63o

ed. But immediately came from Pcrnambiico atlmirals
Wiliem Cornelissen Loos and Jacol) Iluyiflicns wilii
41 ships, against which the Count of Torre liad to light
a fierce and long l)atlle. A dreadful encounter took place
four times, (irst oil" Itamaraca, on the 12"'. of January,
next between the river Goyana and cape Branco, on the
13"'., afterwards in Parahyba, on the 14"'., and finally,
off Rio Grande, a decisive battle, on the 17"'. of January,
when the dutch were victorious and turned back to
Recife. The Portuguese ships stood for cape S. Roque,
where they dispersed, the Count of Torre arriving at
Bahia with only a few ships.

In commemoration of such a signal victory the hol-
landers had a medal founded with this inscription: <(Jod
cast down the enemy's pride ».

The troop that, under Luiz Barbalho and consisting
of 2.000 men, could land on the coast of Rio Grande,
commenced ihe celebrated retreat, which, even accord-
ing to the opinion of foreign historians, has hardly its
ecjual in military history. A great deal of dutch forces
went to meet them and cut oil the retreat, but in vain;
Luiz Barbalho suddenly lost sight of them in the forests
growing on the ridges of mountains of the inland and,
likewise on a sudden, appeared agiin, to put a hamlet
on sword and fire or to vanquish a detachment. He at-
tracted by little and little the Portuguese voluntary
troops, which after the retreat of the dutch had com-
pleted tlicir work of devastation; other portuguese set-
tlers took the opportunity of their passage to lake refuge,
Willi their wlve> and children, under the national Hags.

.So lliis army marched through hundreds of leagues
in a country of enemies and districts of savage indians.
Being constantly augmented and always keeping in good
order, they passed over the S. Francisco and, after
long suMerings and labours, arrived at the longed for

D.^I

regions of Bahia, causing the greatest damages to the
hoUanders.

D. Jorge de Mascarenhas, Marquis of Monlalvdo

(1610 lG4t)

On the 5"'. of June landed in B:Uiia this governor, ap-

poinle I to succeed the Count of Torre. lie was the first

that bore the title of ^^ viceroy and captain general of

the land and sea« in the State of Brazil.

A few weeks after his arrival he received an embassy
fro n the Count of Nassau, who sent him a letter con-
gratulating with him and secretly proposing an armistice;
the viceroy agreed to such a proposal and immediately
despatched two ambassadors to Recife to thank the
count for his visit and deliver him a reserved proposal.
In the mean time the revolution broke out in Lisbon,
on the !■". of December 1610, which threw down the
Spanish yoke and elevated to the throne the Duke of
Bragan?a, under the name of D. Joao IV.

The news reached Bahia on the 16'i'. of February 1611.
The marquis instantly summoned the authorities and
most important persons in the city, who resolved to
adhere to the revolution of Lisbon, the Spanish iVxg being
changed on that very day for the pDrtugucse one and
the king of Portugal, I). Joao IV, being proclaimed the
sovereign of Brazil. The viceroy despatched to Lisbon
his son D. Fernando, in order to present the new king
the full homage of his south american colony.

However, as two other sons of D Jorge had opposed
in Portugal the elevation of D. Joao and therefore took
refuge in Madrid, the whole family Mascarenhas had
become suspect there; wherefore D. Joao sent imme-
diately to Bahia a Jesuit of the name of Francisco de
Vilhena, with a royal charter, dated March 4"'. 1641,
whereby D. Jorge was dismissed in case he should not
recognize the new king.
The contrary having already happened, upon Vilhe-

632

na's arrivJil, in Bahia and the other parts of Brazil, the
mission of this priest was quite disappointed; but he
was not willing to miss the opportunity to make profit
of his mission and, therefore, as the royal charter stated
that, in case the viceroy should be deposed, the gov-
ernment should be held by a triumvirate, composed of
the bishop, D. Pedro da Silva, Colonel Luiz Barbalho
and Provisor Louren^o de Brito Correia, these men,
being desirous not to miss so good an opportunity of
governing, deposed the viceroy and sent him arrested
to Lisbon. NotwithstanJing, ihe viceroy's innocence
being clearly demonstrated there, he was set at ibcrly,
while Barbalho and Brito Correia were made respon-
sible, the bishop only escaping the punishment on nc
count of his high ranii.

The viceroy was succeeded in the government of Bra-
zil jy Antonio Tclles da Silva.

Anlonio Telles da Silva
(1643-1647)

This was the first governor general appointed again
in Lisbon.

To the change that took place in Brazil with the ele-
vation to the throne of the dynasty of Bragan^a cor-
responds an unfavourable change that came to pass by
this lime in the brazilian Holland.

Upon the restoration of Portugal the dutch Brazil
iiad attained its golden age, under llie Count of Nassau.
The court of this prince in Pernambuco showed a bril-
liancy not yet rivalled in America. Not only practical
men, warriors, civil and ecclesiastical functionaries,
mcrchuils and navigators were assembled there; men
of science and arts were also highly prized in that court.
Several architects raised in Mauticea beautiful edifices;
|)ainlcrs reproduced in I heir pictures the fine tropical
sceneries; liisloi ians, such as Barleus, though he bad not
come lo Pernambuco, wrote the history of the !)razili:5n

633

Holland; iialiiral sciences were cullivated by IMso and
Markgraaf; even poelry was cullivalcd by such poels as
Francisco Plaule, who, in a poem of twelve canlos,
tilled Maurilias, celebrated the great deeds of his pro-
tector.

All this, however, did not please the direction of the
company, which, inspired with a stingy mercantile
spirit, despised completely the count's great plans and
only aimed at a pecuniary lucre, the increasing of the
revenues and diminution of expenses. During the war
the company was not willing to furnish whether the
money or troops that the count wanted; it is likewise
true that it was now far less desirous to furnish them,
because, after the elevation of the house of Bragan(;a,
an armistice had been established between Portugal and
Holland. During this armistice the direction ordered
the invasion of Sergipe and Maranhao, violating in this
wise the compromises it had taken and exciting the
indignation of the Portugueses; nevertheless, it refused
to augment the army and thought of reducing the num-
ber and salary of the soldiers.

Nassau opposed such a measure and in 1642 required
more troops. The war for the independence of Mara-
nhao, which ended with the expulsion of the hollanders,
was the answer to the avarice of the company. Not-
withstanding the company persisted in its purpo o
principally for fear that Nassau should have the design
to found, for himself and his family, an american king-
dom; wherefore he was secretly watched by the agents
of the company.

The count being tired of so much disloyally and
vileness, asked his dismissal, which was granted on
the 9"'. of May, i:)43. On the GH'. of May of the follow-
ing year Nassau delivered the government to the Coun-
cil and, leaving Mauricca on the 11'''., w^ent to Parahyba,
where he look the ship that was to convey him back

634

to his native country, and on the 22i"i. of May for ever
left Brazil. Such a departure put a definitive stop to
the ".golden age of t'le new brazilian Holland.

This victory of the vile mercantile spirit resulted di-
rectly in the war for the independence of Pernainbuco,
directed by Joao Fernandas Vieira. One any clearly
conclude frou one of Vieiras letters that, since the
departure of the Count of Nassau, the dutch army was
completely dissolving; the best officers had quit its
files, the soldiers that had been cashiered after the ex-
piration of their term had not been substituted, the for-
tresses were in bad condition, all the liollandcrs then
extant in Bahia were merchants and husbandmen, who,
convinced of Iheir security, did not mind but their bu-
siness, and so on

Antonio Telles da Silva was at a loss upon receivini*
such a letter, for it was impossible for him both to fall
out with the dutch and to refuse his help to the pa-
triots of Pernaml)uco. The use of guile was only Icfi
to him, that is: to respect publicly the armistice and
lend the patriots a secret assistance. This was done
and he sent the patriots, in De.:ember 1614, sixty brave
soldiers, wlo, that they might not raise any suspicion,
went one by one and unarmed, under the command of
Antonio Dias Cardoso Short after another supply was
despatched.

It was not long before Antonio Telles revealed his in
leresl, at first secret, with nearly no disguise. In fact,
a lew weeks before the battle of Mount Tabocas an em-
bassy from the dutch governnicnl council appeared at
Bahia, bearing llie news of the sublevalion of Pernam-
buco and complaining that a few natives of Bahia, under
the command of Gamarao and Hcnritjue Dias, had cross-
ed Ihe liver S. Francisco, wiierefore the governor gen-
eral was entreated to call them buck, that they might
be |)unishod. Antonio Telles answered die hud not been

635

acquainted with those two chiefs" behaviour and he was
liimseir resolved to observe the armistice and had no
doubt, should it be the desire of the council, to serve
£iS a mediator and, if necessary, to lend his assistance
for the extinction of the revolt).

A member of the dutch embassy, however, Dirk von
Hoogstraten, secretly offered again, as he had done in
the precedent year, to deliver the fort of "Pontal de Na-
zarclh" to the Portugueses, which Antonio Telles now
accepted.

Aficr they had agreed in the proposal, the governor
proceeded to make tlie necessary prepare lions; two regi-
ments were ordered to march oil', the one commanded
by Marlins Scares Morciuv the other by Andre Vidal de
Negreiros; a fleet of 8 ships, uncier Jeronymo Serrano
(ie Paivo, conveyed them to the bay of Tamandare,
where they landed. By anollicr fleet sailing to Europe
the governor general sent word to the council of Recife
that, to fulfil his promise, he had just despatched two
expert captains with a number of soldiers sufficient to
reduce the rebels to obedience, either willingly or un-
willingly. But history proved which cause they had
been sent to serve, which was clearly revealed by the
battles of the 16"'. and 17"'. of August in Recife and the
surrender of the fortress of «Pontal de Nazareth" by Dirk
von Hoogstraten on the 8"'. of September.

The dutch of Pernambuco were again full of hope
with the arrival, on the 1'. of August 16U, of a fleet
bringing troops from Holland, under the command of
Segismundo van Schkoppe, who had already been in
Brazil in the time of the Count of Nassau and was ac-
(luainltd with the affairs of Pernambuco.

Under the direction of this commander the hollondcrs

oblaine(J (o lecover their positions on the S. Francisco

banks. In tiie following year (1647) van Schkoppe came

to Bahia and took possession, in January, of the island
80

636

of Ilaparica, from which Antonio Tclles could not dis-
lodj^e him. It was in Januaiy of 1648 that van Schl^oppc,
licating of the proi^ress made in Feinambucoby the lib-
erating army, abandoned the positions of Itaparica
and the S. Francisco and concentrated all his troops in
Recife, where another dutch fleet arri'ed on the 18'''.
of May with a large supply of troops

Antonio Telles was then succeeded by Antonio Tclles
de Menezes, Count of Villapouca de Aguiar.

Antonio Telles de Menezes, Coiinl of Villa

pouca de Aguiar

11647-1650)

The hour had at length sounded for the defeat of the
dutch element in Brazil.

The patriotic forces won a great victory at Guarara-
pes, on the 19'i'. of April, the enemies leaving on Ihc
field above four hundred men, their whole baggage, sev-
eral cannons and banners an<' more than 500 wounded
soldiers. Another battle, in which the brazilian troops
also succeeded well, was fought at Guararapes on Fe-
bruary IQii'. of Iho following year.

Then was invested in Hahia with the administration
ol the State of Brazil the Count of Castello Melhor, Joao
Rodrjgucs de Vasconcellos.

Jodo l\odri()ucs de Vasconcellos, Count of Caslcllo

Melhor

(1650-1654)

In Ihe same year when this rew governor took pos-
session of the government, a Royal Order of December
L>'"i. 1650 staled he was to have a galleon of 700 800 tons
constructed every year in the dock-yard.

It was also during his government, in 1^52, that the
Hcla^do, a court of justice of which we have procedcntly
treated, created in 1(509 but suppressed in 1(526, was re-
installed, and a fortress in the sea, commenced in the

637

beginninji ot the centurj', war. repaired and completed,
in accordance with the Royal Charier of 1650.

Wliile the abovc-mcnlioiied events were passinj^ in
Pernambuco, olhers happened in Europe that greatly
influenced the future destiny of Brazil. The netherland-
ish republic had, on the 24'ii, of June 1648, made a peace
with Spain, wherefore the alliance kept till then with
Portugal was really broken off and the armistice stated
in the treaty of June 12'ii. 1641 was prevalent. But this had
been long since infringed by the two belligerent powers.
Portugal had an interest to keep peace with Holland,
and with such a view D. Francisco de Sousa CouUnho,
the Portuguese minister in Haya, exerted the most admi-
rable diplomatic talent.

As the dominion over the dutch Brazil belonged to
the West India Company, not to the General States, the
latter had no great interest to favour the company in its
pretensions. Its directors required vainly the continua-
tion of the war. The East India Company relused the
proposal for its junction to the West India Company.
The government of Brazil was offered to the Count of
Nassau, but the company did not agree to his exaction
of an army of 12 03 I men and the life annuity of 50 0(0
florins. The power and richness of Ihc company were
thus gradually decaying; the war had exhausted its
funds, its shares began to fall into a depreciation, as
well as its credit.

In such conditions the Portuguese crown attempted
to buy of the company both the territory that it still
possessed and its claims to the whole possession, which
had been recognized by the treaty of armistice in 1641.
The company, instead of accepting this proposal, re-
quired of the Portuguese crown the complete cession
of the districts recognized in the above-mentioned trea-
ty and, as an indemnification for the losses it had sus-
tained, a supply, for 20 years, of sugar, cattle and

638

100.000 crusades, yearly paid; the cession, during the
above terra, of the island Tinhare, as a security for the
payment, was also exacted, but at length renounced by
the company.

Portugal, not complying with such exactions, was in-
vited, as a final proposition, not to recognize the in-
surrection of Pcrnambuco, to give up all its rijihls and
cede the company th3 new brazilian Holland, for the
reconquering of which the subsidy of 600.00.) crusades
should be given by Portugal itself.

Such absurd exactions and the interest lo keep peace
at any rate delayed the definitive decison of the prop-
osition.

Such was the stale of things when, a war being de-
clared by England against the dutch republic, the £f-
fairs took a very difieicnt way. The republic now want-
ed all its forces and fleet to keep the dominion over the
neighbouring seas, and thus the new brazilian Holland
was left to its own extremely feeble resources.

This being known in Brazil, the natives of Pcrnam-
buco employed the utmost of their activity in attack-
ing the fortress of Salinas^ which surrendered after re-
sisting a whole day. The fortress of AUanar was next
taken, upon which the enemies abandoned thr.l of Bar-
reta, Buraco de Santi?go Jind Afogadcs, and Ihe army
then marched lowaids the fortiess of Cinco Ponlas,
whicli defended Uccife. After an alliuk Hint lasted a
few days the fortiess was about to capitulate. The
members of the Supreme Council, being at a loss, for
they were sensible Ihcy CDuId receive nosuccc ur what-
ever from Holland, proposed a capiluhilion, which was
accepted; they delivered the town of Hecife, with all
its defenses, and the captainries of Ilamaiaca, Hio Ciran-
dc and Paraiiyba.

Bv this time was at Hie licnd of the government,

63q

which he had begun to hold twenty two days ago, 1).
Jeronymo de Alhaide, the 6"'. Count of Atouguia.

D. Jeronymo de Alhaide, the G"' Cciinl of Atouguia
(1(54-1657).

The news of the capitulation of Recife was pompously
celebrated in Bahia. The new governor's task was there-
fore, during the three years of his administration, easier
and simpler than that of his predecessors; he was ac-
cordingly able to look better into the country affairs,
to restore what had been destroyed by the wars and
withstand the assaults, more and more violent since the
end of the preceding age, of the savages upon the in-
terior of liahia.

On the 18"'. of June 1657 the Count of Atouguia was
succeeded by

Francisco Darretlo de Menezes
(1657- 1C63)

This governor was appointed by the Regent Queen as
a reward for the services he had done upon the resto-
ra'ion of Pernambuco.

There is but little to be reported about his govern-
ment.

He carried en the war against the gentiles and pro-
moted the contribution to the peace of Holland and the
dower of Infanta Catharina upon her marriage to the
king of England. Towards the close of his government
he was at vai iance several times with Vidal de Negreiros,
whom he arrested, for his having refused to execute a
sentence passed by the Relagdo.

On the 24'''. of June 1663 he was succeeded in the gov-
ernment by

D. Yasco de Mascarenhas, Coiinl of Obidos
(1663-1667)

This governor bore the title of viceroy (the second)
and had precedently, in 1639, governed provisionally
the State during the Count of Torre's absence.

640

On October 1*'. 1663 he established a regulation for the
direction of the lords of Ihe captainries. In 1665 settled
in Bahia the priests of Sta. Theresa, who at first raised
a small hospice, that was afterwards turned to a large
convent, and founded several settlements of converted
natives through the inland.

In the following year it came to pass that several ca-
lamities fell upon Bahia, such as an epidemic of small
pox, which made a dreadful havock and was followed
by a wasting famine, caused by the want of workmen
for agricultural labours, and while it lasted D. Vasco
exerted a wonderful aclivily and charily. Before this
epoch the sea had thrice overflowed the shores of the
city and left on land a great deal of fishes, a mischance
ascribed by the superstitious spirit of the epoch to a
comet that had then appeared.

On the 13"'. of June 1667 the Count of Obidos was sub-
stituted by

Alexandre de Soiisa Freire
(1667-1671)

This was an old valetudinary governor, therefore un
able to exert in the government the necessary activity,
that he was in need of, wherefore he had to rely on the
diligence of a friend of his, far shoit of such a task.

The government, being acquainted with such circum-
stances, readily deliberated, in tiic following year, to
substitute him and appointed governor Joao Corrcia da
Silva, who set out from Lisbon early in 166'.) in the gal-
leon Sacrdincnlo, that served as the capilana of the fleet
belonging lo the Commerce Board.

This comi)any had been established by a few mer-
chants in Lisbon, in 1649, wiicn Bra/i! was governed by
Antonio Telles da Silva. with a view to defend com-
merce from the dutch and from the privateers of other
nations. It possessed a licet of 36 sail, of which eighteen
formed a squadron charged with convoying ships from

641

Brazil to Portugal and vice versa. This fleet used to
come eveiy year to Bahia, csco'ting ships to the difler-
ent ports of Brazil, oil' which they were left by the
fleet, which went to meet them upon their returning, in
order to convoy them back to Portugal. This board was
in function up to 1720, when it was extinguished by the
charter of January 1^'.

It was upon the voyage cf the just mentioned fleet
in 1669 that Joao Correia da Silva came to take pos-
session of his high office, but so unluckily that the gal-
leon that bore him, after having perceived Bahia at a
distance, wrecked, out of ttic pilots' negligence, on «*^an-
to AntoniO') shoal; nearly all passengers (the garrison
of the ship consisted of 800 men) died and the next
morning their corpses overspread the shore, the body of
the new governor being found amidst them and inhumed
in St. Francis' convent.

In consequence of this disaster Alexandre de Sousa
Freire had unluckily to hold the government for two
more years.

Tbe ferocious assaults made by the savage Indians
upon the christians of the littoral places still continued
and, no providence having been taken against Ihem
since the government of Francisco Barreto, they had
now reached the highest pitch. Upon Cayru the aborig-
inals made so violent and barbarous an assault, in 1669,
that they slew Captain Manuel Barbosa, that was in the
parish church with the people of the village attending
the mass.

Upon this Alexandre de Sousa Freire summoned the
desembargadores, prelates of the dilferenl religions, of-
ficers of the municipal council and all the principal men
in the city, who signed a declaration, on the 4"'. of
March 1669, tliat the war to be made against Ihe savages
was just. In consequence of such a decision, as Bahia
was in want of men fit for war and experienced, the

641

governor, in perfect agreement wilh the 'nunicipal coun-
cil, called for lliem in Sao Paulo, whence Ihcy came
after Alexandre de Sousa Frcire had devolved the gov-
ernraent on

Affonso Furtado de Mendonga Castro do Rio e Menezes,

Viscount of Uarbacena

(1671-1675)

This new governor took posbcssion of his charge in
May 8"'. 1671.

The beginning of his government was ill-omened with
a disaster happened in the capital. On account of nu-
merous and abundant showers it came to pass Ihat a
great deal of earth tumbled one night on the houses of
the lower town, i)ulling down many edifices and slaying
above thirty persons.

In (he same year Domingos Allonso Seriao discovered
Piauhy and arrived from S. Paulo Ihe men that Alexan-
dre de Sousa Freire had sent lor in order to make war
upon the Indians They were headed by Eslevao Ribeiro
Bayao Parente, who brought wilh himself his son Joao
Amaro Maciel Parcnle. Aflcr i,ivtial successful sallies,
Hslevao Bayao was lewaidcd wiih a large tract of land,
where he began to found the village of Slo. Anionio da
Concjuisla, beller known by the name of his son Joao
Amaro and afterwards sold by him, u[)on his retiring
to S. Paulo, to Colonel Manuel de Aranjo de Aragao.

Upon this time an inlander came and presented Ihe
governor some saruples ol silver, saying he had found
them out in a place dilferent from Ihat where Hoberio
Dias' mines, of which we have Irealcd in the chapler (in
minerals, were supposed to lie.

Allonso l-'urlado, llnally being assailed wilh a fatal
disease, died on Ihe 2()'i'. of November Ki?"), in Bahia,
and was buried in ihc cIuikIi of Si. I'raiuis" convent.

The govcrnmeni devolved, till his successor's anival,
upon a triumvirate, composed of Ihe chancellor of Ihc

^4"^

Ftclacdo, Camp inaslcr Alvaro de Azevedo and Antonio
(iucdcs de Hrito, which held the administration iij) to
March 15iii. 1078, when was invested with the i^overn-
ment

Roqiie da Cosla Uarreto
(1078-1082)

During the just mentioned j)rovi«ionaI government
I he bishopric of Bahia was elevated to the rank of a
metropolitan archbishopric (1670); Prince I). Pedro des-
patched a great deal of missionaries to catechise the
savages, and the convent of St. Clare, on cDesterroi
square, \vas founded, in 1077.

Roque da Costa Barreto made several establishments
and fortifications, lent assistance to the colony of Sacra-
mento and regulated the administration of the settle-
ments of Indians, in accordance with the instructions of
July 23"'. 1078. In 1679 the convent of the capuchins, in
Bahia, was erected on «Piedade» square. In 1082 the
governor was succeeded by

Antonio de Souza Menezes, nicknamed «o Brngo de Praia))

(the Silver Arm)

(1682-1684)

This governor, having made acquaintance long ago,
in Lisbon, with Francisco Tclles de Menezes, a native
of Bahia, who was now the chief alcade of this city,
yielded lo him to so great a measure as to be soon
dominated by him, who became the absolute director of
the government. Having reached such a position, he
began to carry into clfoct his designs of private ven-
geance against several high functionaries of the colony,
who were at enmity with hiui, and their families; some
of these functionaries were thrown into dungeons, some
divested o!" their offices, whicli were given to the chief
alcade's favourites, who, in their turn, committed every

kind of violences
81

644

So many excesses nnd nrbitrnrinesscs caused at IcnsHi
Antonio de Brito e Castro, the brother of the exchequer
provisor, who had also been pursued b}' the chief-al-
cade, to join to seven trust worthy men, all masked,
who attacked Francisco Telles de Menezes on the street
and fired on him, in broad day-light, four muske'-shots,
which killed one of his lackeys and wounded some
others; Brilo then advanced to the vehicle in which
the chief alcade was and, after taking oil' his mask,
slabbed him again and again witli a poniard, causing
his death in the evening, and, after having perpetrated
sucli a crime, retired quietly to the College of the Jesuits.
Tiic governor, enraged at the event, was out of his
wits, practiced the greatest absurdities, insulted all the
officers that were in the palace, sent to prison old Ber-
nardo Vicira Ravasco, ordered several houses to be be-
sieged and pursued his plan of vengeance, till, such
events being known in Lisbon, he was sul)stituted by

D. Antonio Luiz de Souzn Tello de Menezes,

the 2"'K Manjnis of Minus

(1684-1G87)

The first act of this governor was to sol free such as
were unjustly arrested, to appease and reconcile quar-
rels and thus restore peace. Ho next proceeded to supply
the market of the city with victuals, which were want-
ing, for tillers dared not bring them, terrified as they
were with the absurdies of tlie late governor. At last he
reestablished the public order in Pcrnambuco, troubled
by some discords originated by the government of Joao
da Cunha Soulo Maior, whore dismissal he tlirealencd
to obtain from Ihc governmoni, should he not alter his
behaviour.

An eclipse of the moon in December l(»8r>. after an-
ollur of the sun, a few months before, which terrified
every body and was prognosticated by a Jesuit, Va-
lentin! KslanccI, in Pernambuco, to cause a great deal

t)4D

of evils to Brazil, was t'oUowed, in IGSO, bj' a {»reat epi-
demic, whicli was called biclia and is actually known to
have been the yellow fever, first introduced in Pernam-
buco by a sliip corning I'rotn the island S. Thome and
the first victim to which was a cooper, who, upon open-
ing a large barrel of rotten meat, fell dead on the very
spot. The epidemic reached very rai>idly tlie city of
Bahia, where it made a wide havock, more than 200
persons falling sick every day, of whom but few bore
up nine days, most of them d3'ing on the very day the}'
were sick. The houses, as Rocha Pitta says, were full
of dying persons, the churches of corpses and the streets
of biers. Among the most important persons that died of
the yellow fever we will specially mention the bishop,
brother D. Joao da Madre de Deus, the Count of Prado,
the governor's son, who died on the sea few days after
his departure to Lisbon, and a great many physicians,
friars and high functionaries.

During ah this dreadful epoch the governor highly
diitinguished himself for his beneficence and charity
unto the sick persons; it was the same with a ladj', I).
Francisca de Sande, belonging to one of the most im-
portant families in Bahia, who installed an hospital in
her own house, where a great many patients were trcaled
with the greatest assiduity.

In the inland, which was also invaded by the epidem-
ic, the havock was not so wide, in consequence ol t!ie
immunity that coloured people are endowed of.

On June 4"'. of the following year (lG87i the Mnujuis
of Minas was relieved by

Malhias da Ciinlui
(1687—1688)

During this government continued the epidemic, to
which the governor was a victim one year later (Octo-
ber 21"'. 1688).

He commenced his administration bv making war

040

upon the Indians ot Cear^, who used to aasoult and
widely damage llie capital and its district.

Short after it came to pass that the governor was
assailed by the bicha, which was then attacking specially
the newly-come people. Upon this he assemijied in his
palace the municipal council and principal persons in
the city, that they might elect him who alter his death
shoulcf hold the government. The archbishop, brother D.
Manuel da Encarna^ao, was chosen, the judicial depart-
ment being cunlided to chancellor Manuel Carneiro
dc Sa.

On that very day tw^o third parts of the soldiers gar-
risoning the fortresses of the city rose into a mutiny,
on account of their not having been paid for their sal-
ary, and, after seizing upon the gunpowder storehouse,
which had been removed to «Desterro« square by Ro-
que da Costa Barrelo, exacted the payment of their sal-
ary, in the perenjptory term of 24 hours, on pain of
their coming into the city and ransacking it. The mu-
nici[)al council and the archbishop used their utmost
endeavours to pacify the soldiers, who, even after Ihey
ha 1 been paid for their salaries, did not lay down the
arms till iLcy were shown the charter of pardon signed
by the archbishop and iMalhias da Cunha, who subscrib-
ed il as he was already at the pangs of death and short
alter expired; the soldiers tlicn turned back to the city
and paid him the due funeral honours.

Tiij [)rovisional govern men I then look possession of
the govenment, wliicii was delivered, en the 10"i'. of
October 1G9 ), to

Anlonio Luiz Cion^'uloes da Canuira CoiiUnho
(1G90— lODl)

The firsl act of this governor was to issue, on the
lu"'. ot November, an edict, wliereby, to prevent the
want of manioc Hour, all the dwellers in a circumference

ill-:

of ten Icngucs round the city were ordered to plant
live hundred maniocs.

He aided Alexandre de Gusmao, a Jesuit, in tlic im-
provement of the seminary this priest had founded in
1G86 at Belera, near Cachoeira, and where he taught
Portuguese and grammar and died in 1724.

Five men of good families had congregated in Porto
Seguro a great number of criminals come from S. Pau-
lo and in their company they tyrannized the whole dis-
trict, nor did they spare whether life or properly. I)es-
embargudor Dyonisio d'Avila Vareirowas then despatch-
ed by the governor, at the head of fifty soldiers, to put
a stop to such a dissoluteness and came by the seizure
of the criminals; the three principal ones were tried in
Baliia and hanged, those fleeing away to the woods who
obtained to escape.

In 1G93 Ihe auguslinians founded a hospice on "Pal-
ma-) square and Francisco de Mendon^a Mar or Sole-
dade discovered the grotto of «Bom Jesus da Lapa^, on
the S. Francisco bank. The governor, at last, established
the annual contribution of 4:000^0i!0to succour the col-
ony of Sacramento; ratified the agreement made by the
inhabitants of S. Paulo with the secretary of the pro-
vincial concerning the aboriginals and, as he was ap-
pointed viceroy of India, devolved the government on
his successor.

D. Jodo de Lancaslro
(1694-1702)

This governor took possession of his charge Max 22'"'.
1694 and, except Mem de Sa and Luiz de Oliveira, was
the governor that held his functions for the longest
while.

Bahia is indebted to this active and perspicacious
governor for the reedification of the fortresses called
>iSto. Antonio da Barra", <'S. DiogO" and «Sla. Mariau,
the construction of a house for the Rilagdo and Mint

()48

(^which are no longer) the raising ot two castles on the
platform ot Ihc forts of «Sao BentO" and MCarmo) squares,
llie reediQcation of the prison-house, tlie complelcmenl
of the cliurcli of «Se)) and many other works of great
necessity and utilility, with which he commenced his
government.

The ?vlint was built at tlie request of the municipal
council, in order to regulate the value of coin and stan)p
one to have currency in Brazil. The king agreed to so
just a request and sent to Brazil, in 1694, judges, triers
and the other necessary functionaries, with the due in-
struments and materials, a superintendent being also ap-
pointed. D. Joao de Lantastro fullilled the royal order
and raised the Mint, which was shut up in 1G97, after
the coin that was found necessary had been stamped.

It was also during llie government of I). Joao de Lan-
castro that the famuiis (jnilonibo [') of I'almares, in Ala-
goas, was extinguished and took place, in accordance
with the king's order, the voyage of the governor to the
inland, to visit the sUtpetic mines, as we have pre-
cedcnlly said.

He ordered the execution of the Royal Order of jVhty
22'"'. 1()9;5 to his antecessor and created in December
1097 the village of Jagnai ipe, the first that was installed
in the interior of Bahia, that of (kichocira, in Janiiaiy
l(t98, and that of Sao Francisco, in February Authorized
jjy the laws of November lOH'. and December 2i"i. 1()98,
he founded the hamlets called Bio Brolo, BarnagiKi and
Bio (Iraiide (liic actual town of Ba*ra), in order lliat
their inhabitants, by being congregated, might con-
veniently wilhstand the indians Acoroa/es, Mocoazesand
liodelleiros, who infested the settlements on the S. Fran-
cisco district. Such a measure being not sufficient, he

(■) A |)lace ol refuge lo maroons oi runaway slaves
that had retired into the woods

^49

ordered the savages to 1)0 foiighl, in nccordnncc with
the Royal Charter of Xoveinbcr ITH'. 1099.

He look, however, a great care of the tame indians,
published regulations appropriate to their selllcments
and catechising and proposed a few reforms to the king,
such as seminaries to bring up the indians Coloniins,
Cunhatains and the like.

In 1G9G the king created the juizes cle vara branca [')
in the city, to substitute the ordinary ones, and the
ouuidoria of Sergipe.

In the following year died, on the 18'''. of July, Anto-
nio Vicira, the celebrated priest, and on the next day his
brother Ravasco, who had done important services to
Brazil as a secretary of stale.

As the assaults of the ferocious aboriginals of Mara
nhao began to be too frequent upon all the eslablishraenls
on the banks of the Itapicurii and Mearini, D Joao de
Lancastro, in accordance with the Roj'al Charier of
February 10"'. 1699, despatched from Bahia a considerable
force, which submitted the above-mentioned indians, as
well as those who hoslilized the inhabitants of Rio
Grande.

During this government were found out the mines of
Ouro Preto and Morro, called ^Minas de S. Paulon (S.
Paulo mines, with which any communication from Ha
hia was forbidden by the Royal Order of February 7'".

roi.

At last, aflcr having established in this capital a class
of fortifications, as it had been determined by the Royal
Order of January' 11"'. J699, ami ,"f!cr other interesting
acts of his long and useful administration, he delivered
the government to D. R)drigo da Costa.

I*) The name of a kind of judges in former times.

65.

D. Rodrijjo da Cosla
(1702-1705)

Durinj^ this <fovernment the Spaniards of Buenos Ayrcs
invaded Ihc colony of Sacramento; D. Rodrigo lent it
assistance, by sending there some troops.

In order to impede the emigration which was then
taking place from every littoral province to the mines
discovered in Ihe actual state of Minas Geraes, mostly
from Bahia, whence many people retired with their
slaves, the governor established several strong holds
through the inland, in order to capture the slaves trans-
ported to the above mines, an order that was, however,
short after revoked. He sent to Lisbon samples of ca-
raud; forwarded the construction of the saltpetre factory;
established that of gunpowder in Bahia; repaired and
augtiienlcd tl.e fortifications of Mon-o and some others
of the city, as well as of the island Itaparicn and month
of Ihe Paiaguassu; installed tlie Hoard of tlie Missions,
created by the Royal Charter of April Ti'ii. 17()2, address-
ed to I). Joao de Lancastro, and executed that of Febru-
ary 10"', 1701, which orderetl the copper coin of
Angola should have curienc}' in Brazil.
Lniz Cesar de Menezcs
(1705-1710)

This governor took possession of his office September
8i'i. ITO"). Two years afterwards was held the first dio-
cesan synod in Brazil, called by the archbishoj), i). Se-
bastiao Monteiro da Vide, which organized the consti-
tution of the archbishopric.

lAiiz Cesar promoted the plantation of the pepper and
cinnamon and stimulated that of sugar-canes of Mara-
nliao. lie aided the governor of Rio dc Janeiro, Antonio
de AIhu(pu'r(pie Coelho de Carvnllio, In drive back the
lurbidcnl fellows Ihal in Minns (lei-aes were lroui)ling
Die piil)lie order wilh a sedition between Ihe natives of
S I'aido and llios.' of l\)rtii;^.il. and raised a storehouse lo

65 1

keep Ihe manioc flour brought from the southern dis-
tricts.

On the lO'i'. of May he devolved the administration on
his successor

D. Lonrengo de Almada
( 1710-1711 )

In the short time of this government Rio de Janeiro
was invaded by the french; wherefore the governor
forwarded the works of the fortifications of Itaparica,
which, having been commenced by another, were com-
pleted by him, end raised a battery in the capital, near
the church on ((Conceifao da Praia* square, and a fortlet
at Rio Vermelho.

Another memorable event that came to pass during
his short government was tlie revolution of Pernambu-
co, promoted or maintained by the governor (Seliastiao
de Castro), who was arrested by the order of D. Lou-
renyo de Castro in the fortress of «Slo. Antonio alem do
Carmo)), whence he was afterwards sent back to Lisbon,

D.Pedro de Vasconcellos e Souza, the third

Count of Castello-Melhor

(1711-1714)

The events of Pernambuco and the invasion of Rio
de Janeiro by Duguay Trouin immediately influenced
the seditions stirred in Bahia under the government of
Pedro de Vasconcellos.

In order to acquire money, that he might defend the
coasts, augment the fortifications of the harbour of Ba-
hia and maintain a fleet to cruise along the coast, this
governor created a tax of 10 per cent on the value of
every article of import and augmented by a half the
price of salt.

These measures being badly received in Bahia, the then
centre of the brazilian commerce, as soon as Pedro de
Vasconcellos, immediately after his being invested with
82

652

the government lon the 14"'. of October^, delil)erated lo
put (hem in execution, a revolution brclie out. Tiie people
as.seral>lcd in a tumultuary manner and elected a juiz do
povo (judge of Ihe peopled; the bell of the revoltsoundcd;
the government-house was short after besieged, while a
committee, headed by ihe judge of the people, applied to
the governor and exacted the abolition of the new lax, as
well as the restoration of Ihe ancient price of salt. Pedro
do Vasconccllos answered he did not think himself qual-
ified lo make such cocccssions, since he was only
fuUilling the royal orders. Upon this Ihe people, not
being pleased with Ihe answer, called at the house of
Manuel Dias Filgueiras, who was under contract for
the supply of salt, and, hnding his house was shut up,
broke open the doors and not only destroyed the fur-
niture and whatever else they met within doors, but
forced open the storehouse, uncorked the pipes and all
other vessels keeping any liquid, which llowed away
along the streets. They aclcd in like manner at the
bouse of another merchant, the partner of Filgueiras.

The archbishop performed vainly his utmost to ap-
pease the revolted people wilh tbe charm of religion:
before his clergy and all the brolherhoods and holding
an ampulla wilh the holy particles, he walked over the
city Ibrough the multitude of rebels. The people paid the
Sacrament the usual honours, by accompanying it de-
voutly as far as the church from which it had been
carried along; but no sooner had the holy particles
been laid back in Iheir tabernacle Iban the aims Hash-
ed again and Ihe government house was once n)ore
besieged. I). Lourenfo de Almada, who bad not yet
left Haliia and was in the govcrnmenl-housc, counselled
the governor lo yield. Thus Ibe re(|uircment ( t Ihe |)e()-
j)lc was cuiiijiiii'd wilh and an amiicsly lor all the events
of that day was addilionally granted to them; wherefore,
ql G o' clock p. m., the bell of the revolt was silent and

653

the people dispersed It was then verified that not a
brazllian of social importance had been concerned in
all this tumult, nearly all its inciters being porlugucsc.

Few weeks afterwards the bell of the revolt sounded
again; the people assembled once more on the square
and another deputation applied to the governor, who
was then at D. Louren^o de Almada's, and required his
sending the ships of the convoy with the succour nec-
essary to the restoration of Rio de Janeiro. D. Lou-
ren^o de Almada, in the name of the governor, vainly
showed the people the impraclicableness of such a plan,
both for want of money and of war-stock; but the peo-
ple resolved, of their own accord, to empower him to
apply to the above-mentioned purpose the sums assign-
ed for pious designs and kept in the convents of the
theresians and Jesuits and to obtain what might be still
wanting by means of a contribution that should be es-
pecially paid by the Portuguese merchants.
^v^Vasconcellos, agreeing to this, declared, out of expe-
rience, he would order the municipal council to de-
termine the contribution,— which pleased the people,
that then went ofT.

On the next day the municipal council had to submit
to the suits of the judge of the people tmd cslablished
the contribution, which amounted to a large sum, that
was to be paid by the merchants. But while they were
fitting out the fleet the news arrived that Rio de Janeiro
had been evacuated on the ll"'. of November 1711.

The consequences of those two tumults lasted for a
while: the judge of the people kept on his usurped pow-
er and menaced the authorities with the bell of the re-
volt whenever they did not yield to his desires, that he
called the interest c>fthc people Such a slate of things
was seriously calling for the abolition of so trouble-
some a tribuneship, — which led the governor, a short
time afterwards, to order a secret inquiry to be made,

654

that he might know who had participated in the mu-
tinies; but he came by the prison of a small number of
persons, for most of them liad escaped.

The municipal council, moreover, complained to the
Court of such judges, who had even become more dan-
gerous than the ancient tribunes of Rome. An order
came from Lisbon, abolishing for ever the revolutionary
tribuneship and determining a summary inquiry to be
made, after which pardon put an end to every thing
and the order was again reestablished.

Pedro de Vasconcellos, displeased wilh such events,
asked his dismissal and was succeeded by

D. Pedro de Xoronha, Marquh of Angeja
(1714-1718)

This governor was invested with his office on the 13"'.
of June 17U in the character of the 3"'. viceroy of Brazil.

His first act was to reestablish the tithes tax, which
had caused the mutiny of which we have just treated,
but now was not opposed.

In 17!6, as two criminals were about to be put to
death, it came to pass that, a beam of the gallows being
broken, one of them fell down alive wilh the hangman.
The ((Misericordiax brotherhood, grounded on an ancient
abuse, covered the criminal with its banner, but the exe-
cutioner set such a formality at nought and killed the
patient with his poniard. The people were immediately
indignant and would have lorn the hangman to pieces
but lor the presence of mind of an alderman, Jeronymo
de Burgos, who sent the hangman to prison, accompa-
nied with a numerous escort. The brotherhood, having
taken ollcnce at the incident, bent its way to the gov-
ernment-house and reclaimed from the viceroy the im-
mediate punishment of the executioner. But the Marquis
of Angeja, being not afraid of the crowd, which uttered
seditious cries, ordered the niullitudc to be dispersed by
the guard and immediately sent to prison the members

655

of the brotherhood, who were only set free at the provi-
sors' request; which was fully approved by the Royal
Charier of April 30"'. 1716.

Several improvements are due to this governor. In
fact, he completed the works of the church of "Se» and
the chapter house, in which his portrait was placed in
token of gratitude; he made several works for the pre-
servation of the «Dique», in accordance with the Royal
Order of March 26"'. 1716; he reestablished the Mint,
that did not work since 1697, in coniequence of the
abundance of gold at Jacobina;he forwarded the launch-
ing of Ihe ships Padre Elerno, Nossa Senhora da Paliiia
e S. Pedro and Madre de Deus e S. Francisco, in accord-
ance with the Royal Charter of April 12"'. 1717, where-
by it was ordered a ship of 60 cannons should be con-
structed every year.

He also took a great care of fortifications, for which
purpose he went to the inland, accompanied with en-
gineering officers, for the establishment of fortifications,
and, in accordance with the Royal Charter of March
26"'. 1715, founded several timber storehouses.

During his government arrived at Bahia, April 1718,
a few gipsy families exiled from Portugal, by the res-
olution of April 11"'. 1718, on account of their scandal-
ous behaviour; by the order of the municipal council
they were lodged at ((Palma», a ward that was therefore
called Moiiraria, where they multiplied to so great an
extent that another place was assigned for their dwell-
ing, at the parish of cSto. Antonio alem do Carmo».

D. Sancho de Faro e Soiiza, Count of Vimieiro
(1718-1719)

This governor was invested with his office on the 21'^i.
of August 1718 and died on the 13"'. of October of the
following year, being inhumed in the chief-chapel of

656

«Piedade« church, where D. Joao de Mascarenhas had
a stone placed on his -^rave.

lie commenced a war against llia gentiles, who con-
tinued to infest the districts of Cayru and Jaguaripe.

During his government were sent from Rio de Janeiro
to Bahia, after an inquiry concerning the insults and
robberies they had committed on the coasts of that prov-
ince, about 48 pirates of different nations, that had
been captured upon their wrecking oif the shore of Ma-
cahc. They were pent up in the fortress of "Sto. Anto-
nio alcm do Carmoo. Thirteen of them slipt away; the
other thirly five were thrown into a close prison and
short after condemned to death by the Rclagao, except
three ifor there was no legal proof against them), five
minors and eight that were condemned to the perpetual
galleys. As to those who had been condemned lo death
twenty two were executed on one day and five on the
following. Such a horrible sight, though just and strictly
legal, overshaded in popular tradition the name of the
Count of Vimieiro.

After 1). Sancho's death, the government devolved, on
the 14'' . of October, on the archbishop, the chancellor
of the Relagdo and the most ancient camp-master in the
place, according lo what had been stated in the sealed
up instructions kept in the college of the Jesuits.

The most remarkable acts of this provisional govern-
ment were the preparations made for an assault upon
the indians of the Jequirifi, the sending of the Mint
provisor, Hugenio Freire de Andrade, to Minas (ieraes,
to put in execution there the reception of the taxes on
casting houses and the fifth part of revenues, which
caused a great deal of mutinies, and at last the execu-
tion of a resolution dated the 24'''. of February 1719,
with regard lo llic construction of the custom-house
bridge.

657

This governor was succeeded, November 23'^'. 1720, by
Vasco Fernandes Cesar de Meiiezes, afterwards
Count oj Sabiif/osa, the 4"'. viceroy
(1720-1735)

This was one of the most distinguished governors
in Brazil and Bahia and the administrator who held the
government for the longest lime (*).

His administration began with a great atmospheric
revolution, which, on Ihc 19^''. of March 1721, between
10 and 11 o' clock p. m , occurred in Bahia and com-
menced by a small rain and violent wind, soon followed
by sparkling lightnings and dreadful Ihunderclaps, from
which thunderbolts sprang upon the city in so great a
profusion that all the inhabitants were thrown into con-
sternation, thinking such w^as their last day of life. «Thc
great number of flashing thunderbolts and lhunderclaps«,
says Rocha Pitta, ^was better seen from the shores
fiicing the cily and fiom a few fishers' launches, that
were benighted near the bar, the thunderbolts seem-
ing to fall from the air like rotkels on the land and sea,
in the city and its bay. It is to be wondered, indeed,
that, so many ships liding at anchor in the harbour,
both large and small, not one was struck and only the
mast of a ship showed some maiks of fire. On land was
only damaged the balcony of the church of the Third
Order of cCaimO)), where a stone was broke asunder,
and, but slightly, the window of the house of a desem-
bargador. On the following day tumbled down a few
houses on ((Pregui^a)) and Ccnceicao da Praia » hillsides,
f( r the wall sustaining the platform of the "Sta Lu/.ia»
casllr, which comrrandcd that pri t of the cily, h;id
chinked a few ye.'Ts ago; but there was no victim."

The s'(-rm under consi'^ernlinn also djimagrd the in-

(*) Mem de Sa held tlie gcvernmcnt for 14-15 years;
the Count of Galveias, 14; D. Fernando Jose de Portu-
gal, 13; and Diogo Diniz de Oliveira, 10.

658

land, specially Santo Amaro, where the Subahe and its
aflluents took in so great a deal of water that they over-
flowed Ihe above town, then a hr^mlet, and caused a
great deal of sugar to deteriorate in the storehouses.
Happily there was also no victim to such a disaster.

Next it came to pass that a drought fell on the whole
Brazil.

Such extraordinary events gave Ihe viceroy the op-
portunity to exert a rare wit and activity to relieve
their consequences.

In the following year the only noteworthy events were
the visit of the patriarch of Alessandria, Carlo Anibro-
sio Mezzabarba, who was returning from China, where
he had been sent on a mission before the emperor, and
the death of the archbishop, O. Sebasliao Monteiro da
Vide, who had been at the head ot the archiepiscopal
government since the year 1700.

Domingos Allonso Sertao began to build in 1724 the
Novitiate House, that he bequeathed to the Jesuits. In
the same year the viceroy went to the inland and ele-
vated Maragogipe, Jacobina and Minas do Rio de Con-
tas to the rank of villages.

On the 4'!'. of January, between 7 nnd 8 o' clock p. m.,
a dreadful subterranean noise was heard in the city,
foilowel by a slight earthquake, which was also per-
ceived at Itapanca. This was the first earthquake in
Bahia.

Anolhcr dangerous accident was the l)urning of liic
gunpowder storehouse, which the viceroy, to a grc;il
danger of his life, went to slille in his own person. Hy
this lime he created in Die governmcnt-iiousc a literary
academy, under llie title of Acadvmia Bntzilcira dos Hs-
tjtti'cidos (fira/.ilian Acadcniy of llic Forgotten^ as an
alhision to llie carelessness of llie government with
regard lo llir countenance tlial ouglil to be given in Bra-
zil to men of talent.

659

In the following 3'ear he captured at Ilh6os a celebrated
fellow of the name of Joao Figiieira, who, living in the
hiding-places of the district and defended by some fero-
cious Indians that obeyed him, put all the district in
a constant fright, highly harming its inhabitants. He
also enlarged the custom house with a warehouse cal-
led «(>aldeirai), carried on the war against the fero-
cious indians, under the direction of capildo-mor Anto
nio Velloso da Silva, and created the villages of Santo
Aniaro, Ilapicuru, Inhanibupe and Abbndia, as well as
that of Bom Successo do Fanado, in the district of Mi-
nas Novas do Arassuahy, the territory of which was
annexed to that of Baliia. lie overcame a revolt of the
soldiers con)posing the regiment titled I'Tcr^o Velho da
Prafao and put its chiefs to death.

In 1732 there was another landslip from the place called
wPortas de S. Bento» upon the houses of «Concei?ao da
Praia)) square, and a few persons were victims to such
a disaster.

In 1733 the governor arrested an impostor, who was
rambling over Alagoas, saying himself a prince of Brazil
and accompanied with a priest, Eusebio Dias La^os.
The cheat w. s sent to Lisbon in 1735.

The viceroy proceeded actively to look for mines an I
keep the indians in submission and asked the government
for the necessary permission to enroll coloured people
in the military bodies of white men, wdilch was granted
by the Charter of January 12i''. 1733.

At last, on the 6"'. of May 1735, he was succeeded by
Andre de Mello e Castro, Count ofGalueas, the
J'li. viceroy
( 1735-1749)

This governor began his adiiiinistration by pursuing

the discovery, conjmenced by his jjrcdecessors, of the

gold and precious stones mines of the river S.Malheus,
83

66o

such a mission being intrusted to Jose Pereira Dultra,
a native of S. Paulo.

In consequence of lh° drought that had fallen on Bra-
zil since two years, he ordered every sugar-factory
owner to plant manioc; he established for the mines the
capitation rystem and lent assistance to the governor of
Pcrnambiico that he miglit expcll from the island Fer-
nando de Noro. hi the french, who had taken it.

As theft grew frequent in the city, seventeen lamps
and other silver objects, estimated at 140. OCO crusades,
having been stolen from the churches, tlie governor
CKcrtcd the utmost of his activity to detect and puni."-!!
the thieves; but he only obtained to captuie the pro-
prietor of a factory at the ward of «Sto. Antonio", where
the whole portion of silver was coined. This man was
put to death and burnt.

On the 9"'. of May 1737 the ship Nossa Senhora do Ro-
sorio e Sanlo Andre, that used to sail to India, was on
fire, the burning beginning at the gunroom, and above
twenty persons were then dead.

Andre (le (lastro inaugmatcd by the iiv(r S. ^h^lhc^:s
a wood-l'clling establishment; asked the Couit for some
providences against the augmentation of the number of
nuns and friars, wherefore only two marriages of im-
portant persons had been celebrated during four years
of his government.

In 1739 the lower town was near to be wholly de-
stroyed by a burning that broke forth, on the IS'ii. of
March, in the warehouse "Bru^ane/.)), lying at a very
shoit distance from the custom-house; but the viceroy
a|)pearedat3 o' clock morning and obtained, alter great
endeavours, to (piench the lire. In the same year he
created a militia body; sent succour to the colony ol
Sacrament('; elevated Urubi'i to the rank of a village;
Iranslerred the scat of the village ol Minas do Bio do
(lonlas to the place where it actually stands; madc'a

66 1

violent war upon the savage Indians of Cayri'i and Ja-
cobina ani sent to Lisbon several beasts and birds
of Brazil.

The Mint received from Ihe gold mines, in two years,
2.754 1/2 pounds of powdered gold.

In 1748 there was a large landslip, on the 3"'. of May,
upon «Pilar» street. In 1749 the setllemenls of Cayni
were attacked by the savages, who burnt down the
houses and slew more than thirty persons.

At last, on December IGU'. 1749, the Count of Galveas
devolved the administration on

D. Liiiz Peregrino de Carvalho Menezes de Alhaijde,

the 10^^\ Count of Atoiigiiia and 6"'ii. viceroy

(1749-1755)

The ferocious Indians persisted in their onsets during
this government and a sudden assault took place, in
June 1750, upon the setllemenls ofCamamu.

The Count of Atouguia required of the Court the crea-
tion oiajuiz de fura in Cacboeira, established the new
reception of the lax upon the fil'lh of revenues, in ac-
cordance with the plan cflercd by the miners, on March
24"'. 1734. This plan abolished the poll-lax. He establish-
ed at Cachoeira a register for the rcceplion of the rough-
fare taxes; ordered all the goldsmiths lo have their
w^orkhouses on the same street; elevated to a village the
hamlet of Barra do Rio Grande, in accordance with the
Royal Resolution of December VK 1752, and despatched
two desembargadores of the Relagao of Bahia lo Rio de
Janeiro in order to regulate that which had been just
created there.

The governor also ordered the Mint to be opened, in
order to stamp silver coins; promoted the cultivation
of mulberry-trees and sent for weavers and dyers from
India for the establishment of chintz factories, that the
government intended founding in Para and Maranhao.
In 1752 was installed in the capital the Inspection Board,

662

created by the law of April V\ 1751. At length, on the
T'*-. of August 1755, he went off to Lisbon, where, being
implicated in the crime of regicide, attempted against
D Jose I, he was beheaded. Then were invested with
the government, in accordance with the scale d up in
structions, kept by the Jesuits, the archbishop, D. Jose
Botelho de Mattos, Chancellor Manuel Antonio da Cunha
Souto Mayor and Colonel Lourengo Monteiro. The latlcr
died short after. This board held the government up to
December 23i'''. of the same year, when it devolved on

D. Marcos de Noronlia e Brito, the 6'^k Count
of Arcos and /'i'. viceroy

(1755—1760)

The Count of Arcos was governing (ioyaz when he
was appointed to administrate Bahia; wherefore, ceas-
ing to govern ih^t province on August 3U'''. 1755, he left
it on the l'^'. of October and, coming by land, visited
on the way the ridge of mountains called Serra de Mon-
te Alto, where they intended creating a saltpetre factory
that w'e have precedenlly treated of.

Upon taking possession of his new office, he had >o
put in execution the reception of Ihc new taxes levied
by the metropolis for the reedificalion of Lisbon, widely
wasted by the eartlu|uake happened November 1-'. 1755.
It was resolved by a numerous assembly, called on the
71''. of April, that all the cai)lainry and Scrgipe should
contribute three millions of crusades, to be paid in 30
years, at the rate of 100.000 crusades a year, the inhab-
itants of the caplainry being ocxtremely sorry", as the act
of the as.sembly staled, "for llie impossii)ilily of chang-
ing the blood of their own veins into large riches to be
then rpontaneously ollered to Ilis Majesty, in token ot
the great lidclily and zeal of his subjects".

The (iiscovcry of .saltpetre in Monlc Alto engaged Ihc
governoi s alleniion. Alld wards look place Ihe separa-

663

tion of the territory of Minas Novas, which was annexed
to Minas.

But the most important act of this government was
the execution of the decree of May dl"'. 1757, concern-
ing the expulsion of the Jesuits. The Count of Arcos,
having received intelligence from the Marquis of Pom-
bal, on May l-^'. 1758, that the Jesuits, in conseqrcnce of
their opposition to the treaty of limits of January 16'''.
1750 helween Portugal and Spain and also on account of
the intrigues that had heen spread about, were gen-
erally hated, interdicted from the confcssionary and
no longer permitted to enter the government-house, and
that, to bring down their pride, D. Jose had obtained
from the Roman Court a brief whereby cardinal Salda-
nha was appointed reformer of the company in the Por-
tuguese dominions,— immediately addressed an official
letter to the provincial of the company, declaring that
whether he or any other Jesuit was no longer allowed
to hold any intercourse whatever with the government-
house.

The Royal Charter of May 8"'. 1758, addressed to the
archbishop and short after received by him, ordered
that the Jesuits acting as parsons in the mi^^sions and
settlements of Indians should come back to their clois-
ters and that the setllcmcnls of indians should be eleva-
ted to the rank of villages, with seculais, to whom a
salary should be paid.

In consequence of this order were created the vil-
lages of Trancoso, Villa Verde, Oliven^a, Barccllos,
Santarem, Sourc, Pombal, Mirandella, Pedra Branca,
Abranles and some others, all of them quite uninteresting
up to the present time.

Another charter of the same date appointed Manuel
Esleviio de Almeida Vasconcellos Barbarino, a desem-
bargador of the Snpplicogdo ('), to come to Fahia and

(*) The title of an ancient court of justice in Portugal,

664

get acquainted (the Jesuits being previously notified in
the term of twenty day,) with the immovable estates
that they possessed and the respective royal leave, such
as might not have b en thus authorized being imme-
diately sequestered from their goods. The above men-
tioned desembargador had also received special instruc-
tions concerning his conduct rpon the installation of
the villages of which we precedenlly treated.

A Royal Patent of the IQ'i'. of the same month created
a hoarder delegation from the Ultramarine Council and
Board of Conscience and Orders for the appointment ot
vicars and other affairs that might require the inter-
ference of those tribunals. The board was composed of
Desembargador Barbarino, some other dcseinbargadores
come from Lisbon and the archbishop, as the repre-
sentative of cardinal Saldanha.

The archbishop, in order to fulfil his mission, after
a conflict with the dean of the church of «Se», who
had received an equal delegation from cardinal Salda-
nha,— a conllicl that was cut ofl by the governor—,
gave Desembargador Fernando Jose da Cunha Pcreira
the necessary instructions, which he executed, by show-
ing the whole congregation of the jcsuils, in their col-
lege, on the 7<ii., the brief and other orders concerning
the reformation of the company. Then the rector and
all the commiinily of the Jesuits, as well as the pro-
vincial and the rector of the Seminary, went to the arch-
bishop's palace to pay him the due obedience. On the
0'''. the provincial was notilied by the 'prelate to order
all ll)e curates of the company exercising their func-
tions in the cily and its suburbs to come to the college
in the term of three days and in that of thirty days
sucii as were at a greater distance from llie capital.

Short after, under colour ol Iheir heing strangers,
twelve jcsuils were arrested and sent to Lisbon on Jan-
uary 301''. 1759. 11 was not long before all the others

665

were seized and sequestered from their j^oods, in ac-
cordance with the Royal Order of the 19'''. of that month;
that of Septemher 3"'. of the same year declared them
rebellious and treacherous and therefore proscribed and
disnaturalized. In consequence of this resolution they
were all imprisonned in the Novitiate-House, whence,
attended by a numerous escort, they were led, 117 in
number, on the KS"'. of April 1760, to the ships Nossa Se-
nliora do Carmo and Nossa Senhora da Ajiida, which
conveyed them back to Lisbon. Afterwards the other
Jesuits, who had come In m several parts of the inland,
were also sent to Lisbon, where they were arrested in
the fortress «S. Juliao», and those who did not yield to
the conditions established by the law of August 28'''.
1767 were to incur the general extinction stated by the
brief Domiiuis ac Redemptor Nosier, approved by the
law of August 9"'. 1773.

At last the Royal Chr.rter of August 28i''. 1770, address-
ed to the governor, the Count of Povolide, ordered the
properly of the order to be valued and auctioned by the
Exchequer Board, Ihe immovabUs being bought for
547:89Gja005, though they were worth more than four
millions of crusades, seconding to Accioli.

The Count of Arcos, moreover, enlarged the Mint,
completed the large thick wall extending from the for-
tress tilled ados Francezes» to the Noviliale-House, sent
to Pernambuco, in compliance with the Royal Order ot
September IS"'. 1753, a yearly subsidy of 8;0 0^000 to
meet its expenditures and then retired to Lisbon in one
of Ihc ships that were to transport llie Jesuits.

D. Anlonio de Almeida Soares Porlugal, Ihe 3"'. Coiiiil of
Avinles, l^K Marquis of Lavradio, 6*'''. and lasl
viceroy in Bahia
(1760)

This governor took possession of his office January
9"'. 1760 and, having fallen sick after a short while, died

666

on Ihc 4"'. of July of Ihe same year and, therefore, had
no lime lo do any important service He expired in a
country house situate at the suburh of Nazareth and
was inhumed in St. Francis' convent.

The (lescivharf/adores, municipal council and prelates
of the several religious orders, as well as the principal
persons in the city, were then assembled to choose a
governor. On that very day was inve led with the gov-
ernment Chancellor Thomaz Robim lor Roby) de Bar-
ros Rarrelo, who only held the government up to the
21>'. of July of the following year, because his election
was not approved by the government of Lisbon. He was
succeeded by a triuravira'.e, composed of the new chan-
cellor, Jose de Carvalho de Andrade, Colonel Gon?alo
Xavier de Barros Alvim and, on the 29'''. of July 17G2,
D. Manuel de Sta. Ignez, who was then a coadjutant
bishop.

This government carried on the exploration of salt-
petre, ordered the examination of the saltpetre mines
of the rivers Sipo and Parauna, at Jacobina, created the
villages of Pedra Branca, in compliance with the Royal
Order of April 21^i. 1761, and Marahii, in accordance
with the Royal Charier of April IC'. 1701, and establish-
ed a saltpetre factory at Monte Alto.

In 1763 the seat of the viceroys of Brazil was trans-
ferred to Rio de Janeiro; the comarcas of llheos and
Porto Seguro were created, the territory of which had
been put not long ago under the control of the Crown;
all the fortresses were repaired, as a i)rcvcntivc measure
on account of the war among France, Spain and Portu-
gal; llic runaway negroes' hiding-places were evacuated;
the rank of a cathedral was bestowed on the - Collegio»
church, while that of "Sc- was under repair, in accord-
ance will) llic Boyal Order of October 26'''. 1761^; a reg-
ular .irlillety body was created, in compliance with Ihe
Royal Charter of November 26"'. 1765, and the abuses that

t)()'7

were ordinarily practiced upon Wliitsunlidc feasts were
stopped.

I) Aiilonio lioliin de Menezes Tavures,

Count of Azambiija

(1766-1767)

This count was governing Malto Grosso when he was
np[)ointcd to the adminislralion of Bahia. He came by
land from that capluinry an 1 look possession of his new
olfice March 25"'. 1766.

He created several charges of auxiliaries, pro[)osed
the elevation to a village of the hamlet of Joazeiro and
executed the Royal Order of July 22"'. 1766, whereby
vagrants were obliged to live in civil hamlets having
at least fifty houses and bein^' the dwelling-place of an
ordinary judge and aldermen. He also put in execution
the order of July 3^'^ 1766, which, to the detriment of
the country, extinguished the calling of a goldsmith in
the capital and province, and determined all the smiths
should be pulled down, the instruments deposited in the
Mint and all the goldsmiths and their apprentices listed
as soldiers. One hundred and fifty eight goldsmith's
shops were accordingly pulled down.

Hiving beanappointeJ viceroy, to succeed the Count of
Cu:iha, he set out to Rio de Janeiro and, on the 3b'. of
October 1767, delivered the t:overnment to the archbish-
op, brother 1). Manuel de Sta. Ignez, who held it up
to April i;)'''. 176S, anl during this period no important
event came to pass.

D Lidz Antonio de Almeida Portiujat So:ires d'Eca

Alarcfio Mello Siliui e Mascarenhas, the i'-'. Count

of Auintes and 2''''. Marquis of Luiuadio

^768-1769)

This governor was invested with his office on Octo-
ber 19"'. 1768 and was remjved to Rio de Janeiro, on

the ll'i'. of October 176J, in the character of a viceroy
S4

("68

The only memorable evert of his government was a
slight carthfiuakc that hnppencd in Bahia, on the 1-'. of
August 1769, at midnight, but happily did not cause
any damage at all.

D. Jose da Ciinha Grd de Alhaijde c Mello,
Count of Pouolide

11769 - 1774)

He was invesltvl with liic i>overnment October 1. 1''.
1769.

During his government the properly of the Jesuits
was sold; the charge of a public treasure [jrovisor was
al)olished and subsliluled by an Exchequer Hoard, in
accordance with the Charter of March 3'^'. 1770, the to-
bacco plantation was promoted on the tlelds of Ca-
choeira. lie then retired to Lisbon, after having deliver-
ed the government, on April 3''. 1771, to a board, com-
posed of the archbi-hop (D. .loaquim Gorges de Figuci-
roa), Chancellor Miguel Sena) Diiiiz and Colonel Manuel
Xavier Ala, in compliance with the Charter of Decem-
ber 12"'. 1770.

Mdniicl da Ciinha Menczes, Count of Lumiar
(1774-1779)

This governor look possession of his office on the 8"'.
of October 1774, after having just governed Pernambu-
co. We will single out of the most noteworthy acts of
his governujenl the creation of a class ol artillery in llic
capital, as well as that of the rcgiuu-nl called dos utcis,
an<l the sending to Ilio de Ja neiro of two regiments
of line, whei the government ot iiuenos Ayres was
Irouhliiig tlie frontiers of Hrazil.

His successor was the Mjr<[uis of Valen(,-a, D. Alfonso
Miguel de Portugal e Caslr(;

()()')

D Affonso Miguel dc Portugal c Castro,

Marquis oj Valenga

(1779-1783)

This governor was invested with his office on the 12"".
of November 1779 and llicre is no important thing to be
mentioned with regard to his government.

On the 31"'. of July 1783 he set out to Lisbon and then
devolved the government on the archbishop (brother
1). Antonio Correia), chancellor Jose Ignacio de Brito
Bocarra Castanheda and colonel Jose Clarque Lobo.

This provisional government, also unprofitable, held

its functions up to Januarj' G''. 1781, wlien it devolved on

D. Rodrigo Josii de Menezes e Castro

Count of Cavalleiros

11784-1788)

Far more interesting was tlie administration of this
governor, who had just rdministrated Minas Geraes.

He paid attention to agriculture, by ordering Indian
pepper to be planted, had some streets of the city
widened and '*Picda<le« square made, as well as the stables
at «S. Jose» street and other works of public utility,
among which we will specially mention the public gran-
ary and the hospital for lepers.

A lazaret had been established many years ago willi-
out the bar, near the chapel consecrated to St. Li-
zarus, for the treatment— both of the poor people lh»t
fell sick in the country and of such as came from Africa
infected witii scurvy. At the request of the municipal
council, in 1755, the government had permilted (Reso-
lution of Mirch 27'ii. 176'2i an lio^pilal to be raised
exclusively djslined for lepers, not for those who were
infected with scurvy, no other providence having been
thenceforth taken about the mailer; wlierefore H. Ro-
drigo, in order to carry into effect s.ich a design, bought
the farm Ihal had belonged to the Jesuits for the sum
oi 0:000^003 and after a hard work, that lasted six years.

U/O

completed the hospital and ordered that every alquier
of manioc Hour, rice, maize and french beans received
in the public granary, also created by him, as we have
said, should pay 20 rees for the benefit of the above
hospital.

At length D Hodrigo went away, after delivering the
government, on the 18''. of April 1788, to'

D. Fernando Jose de Portugal, Marquis of Aguiar
(17^8-18011

This governor's long government, specially in its last
years, ranks with the most interesting ones that Bahia
had.

On the 2'"'. of July 1797 a large tract of land tumbled
down upon a few houses of «Misericordiai hilhide and
caused the death of some persons. In the following year,
as a consequence of the ideas proclaimed by the french
revolution, a sublcvalion broke out in Bahia, on the 12i''.
of August, when several placards, posted up during the
preceding night, were seen in dillerent points of the
city, stirring up the people to a revolt, which D. Fer-
nando was sagacious enough to slille, by seizing and
trying its chiefs and pulling some of l)i2m to death
(Movember 8'i'. 1790) on wTiedadcv square, some being
con ieinncd to prison and exile.

D. Fernando paid a great allenlion to public works
and commenced on the first days of his government
the large wall sustaining the hillside tilled aMisericor-
dia . He also commenced the fortress of Rio Vermelho;
established a military hospital in Ihe college of the
Jesuits the soldiers being no 1 ^nger scnl to the "Misericor-
dia" hospital, where Ihcy wore very l)adly treated; re-
formed the public prison-house; published a regulation
for limber-felling; inslilulcd a pul)lic class of geometry
in the cily; created Ih'j villages of Inhambupe and Villa
Nova da Uainli:i, relormed liie dockyard idler the system
of lliat of L'sbon, sent lo llic (>ourl several indigenous

071

plants and commenced the works of the rond from Cu-
mami'i to Monle Alio, wliich were completed in 1801.

Durinj^ his government the harbour of Bahia was vis
itcd by several foreign llects, such as: in 1795, 15 ships
belonging to the English l^ast India Company; in 1800,
the english men of war Queen and Kent, of which the
former happened to be on fire, causing the death to 80
persons out of 320 that were on board and the loss of
150.000 pounds sterling.

D. Fernando exlinguislicd in 18.)1 the monopoly of the
contract for the supply of salt. The Royal Charters of
May 28 ''. 1799 and xMarch 3'-'. 1800 c-eated a botanical
garden in Bahia, which was not carried into clfcct, in
spite of I). Fernando's endeavours. In August 179(5 Por-
to Seguro was attacked by french privateers, who were
gallantly driven back by the militia body.

During tlic government under consideration was ex-
tinguished the ancient class of camp-master, which was
ciiangcd for liial of colonels, and the bodies of auxilia-
ries, substituted by militia bodies. The class of gariin-
pciros (diggers for diamonds), a celebrated band of scel-
erats, who used to commit through the inland every
kind of atrocities, was also extinguished.

At last, after having repaired the fortresses and or"
ganizcd the hydrographic chart, he was appointed vice-
roy of Rio de Janeiro by the R lyal Patent of March 21^'.
1830 and delivered the a Iminislration of Bahia, October
lOiii. 1801, to a p"ovisional government, composed of the
archbishop (D. Antonio Correia), Fiimino de Magalhaes
Cerqueira Fonseca and Florencio Jose Correia de Mello,
which devolved the administration into the hands of
Francisco da Cunha Menczes on the 5'ii. of April of the
following year (1802).

Francisco da Cunha Menezes
( 1802-1805 )

As it had been slated in the Royal Chai Ler of January

G-ji

31". and February 23"'. 1801, this governor ordered the
prison of Jose Duarte Coellio, tlie oiwidor of Porto Se-
gtiro, who had been accused of connivance at the
smuggle effected there by Thomas Lindley, an english-
man, the owner of the brig Pj(in>'t Rachel, who had
precedenlly been arrested by llie oiwidor gernl do crime,
Claudio Jose Pereira da Costa.

Daring this government vaccination was introduced
in Bahia; the establishment of the botanical garden was
attempted, with no success, the discoveries of minerals
were forwarded and «S. Bento ' square was made. In
October and November 1805 several english men of war
came into the port of Bahia.

Francisco da Cunha Menezes set out to Lisbon on the
Ml'', of December of the same year in llic ship Impera-
dor Adriano.

Jodo do Scddaiiha da Gania de Mello c Torres,

the 6"'. Count oj Ponte

11805-1810)

Tiiis governor took possession of the government
December 14"'. 1805.

On the 20"'. of April ISOt) Bahia was visited by a trench
licet, under the command of M. Wilannez and consist-
ing of seven ships, one of which was commanded by
Prince Jeronymo Bonaparte. This lleet was very court-
eously welcomed by the Count of Ponte, who present-
ed the government, on the 22"'. of April, a long report
of the coming of those ships. On the 28'''. of the same
nionlli another french scpiadron came, comjjoscd of six
vessels, under post caplain Ilcrmillc

Among the acts of this governor arc specially note-
wortiiy ihe extinction of several (iiiil'):uhos in tiie vi
cinity of the cily and tlie stilling ol a great insurrection
of negroes called by the name of I'ssas.

On Die 22'"'. of Janury pucl into the liaibour of Bahia
the Hags ship of ihc licet that, upon Junot s invasion in

r)73

Porlu{»nl, soiled from I.ishoii on the 29ii', of Novcn)])cr,
convcyinj^ to Brazil the regent prince, afterwards king
D. Joao VI.

This princes delay in Mahia was of great importance
to the history of the independence of Brazil. Among
the most noteworthy acts of this prince are to be spe-
cially mentioned: I he important charter of January 28i''.,
whereby all the ports of Brazil were opened to friendly
nation-^; the creation of a Surgical School; the leave for
the establishment of a glass factory; the creation cf an
insurance company under the title of Cominercio Mariti-
mo (Maritime Commerce); the authorization to the gov-
ernor for the construction of 25 gun-boats, for the crea-
tion of a gunpowder factory, as well as of a casting-
house, wlierc every cannon out of service should be cast
again, for the construction of all the works necessary
to the defence of Bahia and the augmentation of the
foot and horse regiments w'ith 1.200 soldiers, for the
making of roads, si)ecially to Rio de Janeiro, and, at last,
for the establishment of corn culture, etc etc.

On the 2Gi'|. of February the prince went od to Rio
de Janeiro. The Count remained in his post, executing
all those w^orks, and commenced the construction of the
public theatre f"S. Joai"); but, being assailed by a se-
rious disease, he died on the 21"'. of May 1809 and was
buried in uPiedadc' church.

In accordance with the Charter of December 12'''. HV.',
the government devolved on the archbishop (brother D.
Jose de Sta. Escholas^ica), Chancellor Antonio Luiz Pe-
reira da Cunha and Marshal Joao Ba|)tista Vieira Go-
dinho, who held the administration up to October 3Vi'.
1810.

Bahia is indebted to this government for the creation
of the Light Infantry and Horse Legion, the construe
tion of the horse soldiers barrack on «Agua de Meninos»
square, the creation of the village of Caetile, the e\e-

074

culion of the warrant of January IS"'. 1810, whereby were
c -ealcd the charges of jiiiz de fora (*) at Slo. Araaro,
Jaguaripe, Maragogipe and Rio de Contas, and of that
of March 19"'. of the above year, which ordered tlie in-
corporation ?o the oiwidoria of Ilheos of tlie woods con-
servatory of the district.

On the 30'''. of October of tlie same year the govern-
or was succeedrd by the 53"'. governor, D. Marcos de
Noronha e Brito, tlie 8"'. Count of Arcos.

D. Marcos de Noronha e Brito, Ihe S"'. Counl of Arcos
(1810-1818).

The government of this count was among Ihe most
prohtable ones in Bahia, specially with regard to Ihe
development of public instruction. In fact, twenly four
chairs — of porluguese, lalin, agriculture, drawing, che-
mistry, music, pharmaceutics and the like were created
in this capital and at several villages and hamlets-, as well
as a complete surgical course and a sell )ol of commerce.

1). Marcos also established a mililaiy foundry, creat-
ed several militia regiments, promoted the navigation
of the Jequilinhonha, on the banks of which he settled
several detachments to withstand the barbarians" onsels,
made several roads to facilitate the communication wilh
Minas, established the first printing office in Bahia,
where was published the newspaper titled Idadc de
Ouro, installed the Public Library, proposed by Pedro
(ionies Ferrao, who, in his own name and in that of his
relation Alexandre Gomes Ferrao, as well as priest Fran-
cisco Agostinho Gomes, and the governor himself, of-
fered the first books. The library was opened on Ihe
13"'. of May 1811 with 30,)0 volumes.

The counl also inaugurated llie public Ihcalrc iMay
13"'. of the following yean, repaired the fortresses, built
that of Jecpiilaia, made a road to Bio Vermellio, estab-
lished a foot-post to Maranhao and embellished Ihe cily.

') The tille of a class of judges in loruier limes.

675

He stifled a revoll of ussds, Ihat broke out February
28iii. 1813, and i)uiiishcd the rebels.

In consequence of large landslips happened on the
14'*'. of June 1813 and other days, which damaged and
pulled down a great deal of houses in the lower town
and caused the death to above 34 persons, the govern-
or thought of removing the city to the plains of the
peninsula ot Itapagipe and reedified the Novitiate House
for the sessions of the government, exchequer board,
Relagdo and municipal council. Yet such a plan did not
succeed, though it w^as greatly approved by the gov-
ernment, that even sent a committee of persons well
acquainted with the matter in order to study the plan.

The (]ount of Arcos also created an exchange, the first
in Brazil, located on the place where the fortress vS.
Fernandow stood in former time. He paid a great atten-
tion to agriculture, the first steam-engine for sugar fac-
tories being imported during his administration by
Lieut-Col. Pedro Antonio Cardoso. He founded a colony
witli natives of the Azores in the coinarca of Porto Se-
guro, commenced in 1816 the making of the canal ol
Jequitaia, which, unhappily not yet completed, will
be, no doubt, of great profit to the capital.

On the 1^'. of January 1817 the branch-office of the
<(Banco» began to perform its tunclions. On the 28'''. tlie
new exchange was solemnly inaugurated.

On March 6"'. 1817 a revolution broke out in Pernam-
buco against the form of government. The Count ofAr
cos, being informed that this revolution, being propa
gated through several other provinces, had also in
Bahia a few proselytes, employed the utmost of his
activity in order to hinder its propagation in this prov-
ince. Then appeared here priest Jose IgnacioRoma, who
had just arrived from Pernainbuco in a raft, to labour
in behalf of the rcvolulioncrs; liie count readily had

him arrested by Simplicio Manuel da (Losta, submitted
85

G76

him lo the judgeiricnt ot a military commillec, created
oil tiie 20"'. of March and composed of 2 generals, 2
colonels, 2 lieutenant-colonels and 2 majors, under the
governors presidecce, the reporter being the oiwidor
geral do crime. This committee condemned to death
priest Roma, who, at the evening of the 29"'., was shot
on the square called «Campo da Polvoraw, now wPra^a
dos Martyres».

On this very day a battalion of the Light Infantry Le-
gion set out to Pernambuco. Two horse squadrons had
precedently gone by land. On the 6'i'. of April 60 more
artillery soldiers were despatched and on the 7"'. of May
70 foot soldiers. Ail these measures were approved by
the count. The same governor augmented liic military
force, by creating several second line bodies.

On the 12"'. of June, at 4 o' clok p. m., were shot on
('Campo da Polvora, «in accordance with the sentence
inllicted on them by the tribunal, the prisoners come
from Pernambuco— Domingos Jose Martins, priest Mi-
guel Joaquim Caldas and Jose Luiz de Mendon?a.

At length, after having augmented the marine of war
with 2 frigates lof 40 and 50 cannons), 2 brigs, 12 gun-
boats and 3 i)ost-vessels, he was appointed (decrea of
June 2:5"'. 1817i minister and secretary of state of the
marine and ultramarine department, wherefore he de-
livered the government of the captainry lo D. Fran-
cisco de Assis e Mascarenhas, Count ol Palma.

D. Francisco de Assis e Mascarenhas, Count of Palma
(1818-22)

Tiiis was the last governor and captain general of the
captainry of iiahia. He took possession of llie govern-
ment on January 2()"'. ISIS.

One of his lirsl acts was, in order to facilitate the
commercial intercourse with Minas ticraes, to promote
the navigation of tlic Jeciuilinhonha and Salsa, on the
banks of wliicii he foumied a few hamlets. He also paid

^77

attention to the military orjfanization of the captainry
and created a i)rigade of horse artillerymen, laid the
corner stone of «S. Joaoo square, assigned for the mar-
ket, and applied himself to other public works, such as
the establishment of the Seminary and the Orphan:;' Col-
lege of St. Joachim.

This active governor was employed in these works
of progress and civilization wdien, in November 1820,
the news of the resolution of Oporto and Lisbon airiv-
ing on the 24ii'. of August and 15iii. of October of that
year, the public spirit began openly to sympathize with
the new system proclaimed in those towns; which was
greatly inlluenced by the merchants, who were nearly
all natives ot Portugal.

The minds being stirred up, the revolutionary move-
ments soon exploded. A revolutionary committee, of
which several artillery olficers and persons of dillerent
social classes formed a part, conducted so artfully that
the revolution broke out on the 10"'. of February of the
following year. At 2 o' clock morning the revolutionary
officers called together their comrade>, made ihem
acquainted with their design and it was then deliberat-
ed that Lieutenant Jo?e Pedro de Alcantara should be
intrusted with the imprisonment of the colonel com-
manding the artillery body that was garrisoning St. Pe-
ter's fortress, who, upon the precedent conciliables, had
opposed any change in the system of government. After
that prison was elFected, all the prisoners kept in the
dungeons of St. Peter's fortress were set at freedom and
ran to the files of the soldiers. The command of the ar-
tillery body w^as committed to Lieut Col. Manuel Pedro
de Freitas Guimaraes and then a proclamation was read
whereby the army was invited to overthrow despotism,
as its comrades had done in Portugal; it concluded by
raising hooras to the constitution and courts in I3jhia

6;^

and Brazil and to King D. Joao VI, the sovereign accord-
ing to tlie constitution.

At half past 5 the artillery body, under the command
of Manuel Pedro, marched to <'Palacio» square wilii 8
cannons, while a few oflicers took other positions.

No sooner had the Count of Palma been acquainted
with the first revolutionary movement than he rode oft
the government-house and, calling at the barracks of
the 1^'. regiment and Liglil Infantry Legion, ordered
these bodies to march immsdiately to «Piedadei) square,
under the chief-command of Marshal Felisberto Caldei-
ra Brant Pontes, who sent a column to take S. Peter's
fortress, which scarce resulted in a few volleys. Mean-
while, in accordance with the providences taken by
LieutCol. Manuel Pedro, a council had been constituted,
which resolved, i^as it was stated in an act written down
in the town-house) to appoint a board to govern the
province in accordance with the constitutional princi-
ples and under the presidence of the Count of Palma.

As soon as the new board was elected, the Count of
Palma delivered it the government and set out to Rio
dc Janeiro.

There was thenceforth no resisting the revolutionary
movement, which produced at length the declaration
of the independence of Brazil and the constitution of
the empire. We will try to restrict to the most indis-
pensable words the description of the movement with
regard to this state.

There was in Bahia, besides several brazilian battal-
ions, a Portuguese garrison, which, while a constitu-
tional transformation of the united kingdoms of Portu-
gal and Brazil was but the mailer, sided willi liie natives
of Brazil, obeying willingly tlie provisional board; but,
as the movemenl was gradually taking a more national
characler and the colony began to be more and more
alieniU' from Ilic metropolis, a striking national contrast

^7y

bcf^an to appear in Bahia and several contentions Uxjk
place, till at last, on the 3"'. of November 1S21, a real
battle was fought on the streets between braziiian and
Portuguese soldiers, which caused the emigration of
many people to the iiihuid.

Though the commander of the military district, Ma-
nuel Pedro de Freilas (iuimaraes, obtained, out of his
moderation, to restore tranquillity and peace, yet, few
months afterwards, he was dismissed.

In consequence ot such events, the government ot
Lisbon, considering the more and more threatening
character of the movement in Brazil, the portuguese gar-
risons having already been expelled from Rio de Ja-
neiro and most of the provinces, which in fact were in
possession of their independe'icc, resolved to keep firmly
at least in Bahia. With such a view were despatched
to this province all the disposable troops, under Brig-
adier Ignacio Luiz Madeira de Mello, an officer much
rcnow'ned both for his extraordinary energy and reso-
lute opposition to the desires of emancipation, then pre-
vailing throughout Brazil.

On the 11"'. of February the ship Danubio arrived at
Bahia, bearing the decree of December 9'''. 1821, where-
l)y Madeira was appointed; on the 15"'. tlie Leopoldina
brought the confirmation of this decree, and on the 16'''.
the Portuguese battalions paid Madeira the due obedi-
ence; but the braziiian ones refused to recognize him and,
fortified in St. Peter's fortress, durst provoke his author-
ity. This caused a sanguinary battle, on the 18"'., 19"'.
and 20"'. of February, in which both parties fought fu-
riously. The fortress was attacked, as well as several
houses and convents, specially that of "Lapa", where the
Portuguese soldiers, with the greatest perversity, after in-
sulting the nuns, murdered cruelly the abbess, sister
Joanna Angelica, upon her resisting them. Not even was
spared the old respectable chaplain of the convent, Da-

68o

niel da Silva Lisboa, who was almost killed with
hut-tends.

On several streets the fight lasted a great many hours,
till, at length, the Portuguese arms were victorious and
General Madeira was indisputably in possession of the
city.

Sucli a victory, however, incomplete as it was, came
dear to the General. While during the lights most of tlie
inhabitants had left the city, tlic villages and hamlets of
the inland began to declare for the independence of
Brazil and cut olT any intercourse whatever with the
capital of Bahia. The soldiers who had been left of the
brazilian garrison and had dispersed in consequence of
such events, soon began to congregate l)y little and little,
their numl)er being augmented with a great deal of vol-
unteers. This nucleus of a patriotic army then com-
menced an irregular blockade, so that the Portuguese,
whenever they did not receive their victuals by sea,
were obliged to obtain them by fighting; which result-
ed in a series of sanguinary battles through the inland,
where the soldiers of Baliia were crowned with victory.

The advantage that the natives of Bahia look of their
position was still augmented by the order received on
the IT)!!', of June by the troops of Madeira from the
Regent Princ^ (D. Pedro) to retire immediately to Por
tugal; but Madeira, disol)cying the command, resolved
to liold the post intrusted to him and defend it at any
rate; he was, moreover, encouraged by new orders and
the arrival of troops from Lisbon. However, as a com-
pensation, the camp o( the i)alriots became more and
more orderly after General Pedro Lab.ilul, despatched
from Rio, arrived at Bahia and look the command of
the lroo|)s

Tliis goiitMal turned llie blocku'c into a real siege;
the circle ol soldiers round the city was every day
growing shorter and sliortci', and when the porlugue.sc,

68 1

on Ihc 7"'. and 8"'. of November 1822, allcmplcd once
more to break at Piraja throu{»b the adverse ranks,
they were driven back alter three onsets and obliged
to run for a shelter behind tlie walls of the cil)', having
lost a great deal of soldiers and rendered the name of
Piraja for ever glorious.

Things were then occurring in IJahia as they had pass-
ed two hundred years ago, upon the dutch occupation
(1G24-25); the country was in the hands of the brazilians,
who kept the foreigners pent up within the walls of
the contjuered city; but they were not powerful enough
to subdue it either by the arms or by famine, till the
communications with the sea would be cut olf. It was
then necessary, as before, that a licet should appear
and give the decisive stroke. This was done: Lord Tho-
mas Cochrane, who since March 27iii. 1823 was at the
service of Brazil as an admiral, was instantly despatch-
ed to Bahia, where he arrived towards the close of
April.

A more powerful Portuguese fleet, stationed in Bahia
and which Lord Cochrane had to fight on the 4^''. of
May, with 6 ships against 9, defended the city from any
direct attack, but could not impede the brazilian ships
to elFect the most rigorous blockade.

Now, besieged on ever}' side and deprived of any
communication whatever, the Portugueses of the city
were soon reduced to the most pressing need. Madeira
had, therefore, to expell from the city all unserviceable
people— women, children and sick persons, ten thousand
in number; nevertheless, it was impossible to avoid
famine, which readily came, with all its horrors.

Madeira himself could not, at length, ht Ip owning he
was struggling for a lost cause and on the 21''. of June
he sun moned a council of war, composed of his officers,
who resolved to evacuate the city mi the term of fifteen
days. Every necessary providence was immediately

682

taken, the troops were embarked, as well as the war
slock, several objects belonging to the government and
everything ot value that might be carried away, and on
the 1-^'. of July the porluguese fleet, consisting of men of
war and transports, were ready to hoist the anchor,
which was done at the following night, when they stood
for Portugal. The small fleet of Lord Cochrane pursued
the Portuguese vessels as far as the mouth of the Tagus
and seized on the way a great deal of transports.

The «pacifying armyo, as the soldiers of Bahia were
titled, made its triumphal entry, under the command
of Col. Jose Joaquim dc Lima e Silva, into the just
liberated city, where, upon the walls of ><Barbalho»
fortress, it unfurled for the first time the new brazilian
flag, which was saluted with the cannons of the for-
tress.

The struggle for our independence was thus con-
cluded on the 2'"'. of July 1823.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PACES

NOS.

Boundaries ....

Extent

Nature of the coast
Abrolhos (archipelago ot
Boipeba (an Island)
Bom Jesus (an island)
Birabarra (an island).
Burgos (an island)
Cayru (an island) ,
Cajahyba (an island) .
Cal (an island) .
Cannas (an island)
Carapitubas (an island
Frades (an island)
Pontes (an island).
Guarita (an island) .
Itaparica (an island) .
Marahii (an island)
Maria Guarda (an island)
Madre de Deus do Boque

(an island) ....
Medo (an island) .
Muta (an island) .
Mirucaya or «dos Ralos«

island)

Matarandiva (an island)
Mucarabo an island)
Mare (an island) . .
Porcos (an island)

the

rao

Pedras (an island).
Quiepe (an island)
Hedonda on island;.
Santa Barbara (an island
Seriba (an island).
Sueste (an island).
Santo Antonio (an island)
Saleira lan island)
S. Gon^alo do Funil (an island
Sant'Anna (an island)
Tinbarc (an island) .
Tui)ia?ii (an island) .
Tubaroes (an island).
Vaccas (an island).
Configuration of the ground
Potamography
Tbe Buranbem (a river)

i< Cacboeira (a river) .

M Caby (a river).

« Contas (a river) .

« Frade (a river) .

« Ilabipe (a river) .

(' Itanhaem (a river) .

(( Inbambupe (a river).

'< llapicuru (a river). .

« Jacuipe a river) .

(' Joannes 'a river).

« Ja^uaripe (a river) .

I' Jequirifi (a river) .

«■ Jcquilinbonba fa river)

« Jucurucii (a river) .

« Joao Tiba (a river).

« Mucury (a liveri.

« Pardo (a river) .

" Pojuca (a liver) .

PAGES

NOS

Ill

« Paraguassu (a river). .
« Poxim (a river) .

Peruhipe (a river) . . .

Real (a river)

S. Francisco (a river) .

Subaliuma (a river) . .

Sauliipe (a river) ....

Sergipe do Conde (a river).

Santo Antonio (a river) .

Tariry (a river) ....

Una (of Valenga) (a river) .

Una (a river)

Climate, average temper-
ature, seasons, prevailing

winds

Salubrity, epidemics and pre-
vailing diseases

Flora

Fauna

Minerals

Copper, lead and iron .

Diamonds

Gold

Pit-coal

Saltpetre and other mineral
products

Silver

Population

Government

Districtal board and its over-
seer

Donees

Electoral regimen

Enactment and sanction of laws

Executive power

'AGES

NOS

50
51
56
65
86
74
65
89

77
106
110

121

124
123
112
113

General deliberative council .

Governors

Judicial power

(•Juizes de direitow (judges in
common law)

Justices of the peace .

Legislative power

Mayor

Municipium

Municipal assembly ....

Origin and form of govern-
ment

Presidents

Royal governors

Territorial and political unity
Divisions

Administrative

Ecclesiastical

F.lecloral

Judiciary

Rail-ways

Bahiaand S. Francisco Railway
Company

Baliia-Minas railway ....

Brazilian Central Bahia Railway
Company 1G7

Concessions for tlie construc-
tion of railroads .... 170

V Prolongamento » railway. 1(59

Santo Amaro railway . 170

"Tram road dc Nazareth" 107

Navigation and shipp ng in

the port of the capital 172

Arrivals of ships 177

"Char^ciirs lUunis». 174

PAGES

NOS

119

144

114

115

114

111

120

118

122

110

135

124

110

145

166

167

169

PAGES NOS.

Coasting navigation .... 185

uConipanliia Bahiana de Nave-
ga^ao a Vapors 172 I

Departures of vessels . . 180

Fluvial navigation 188

.1 Hamburg - Siidamerikanische
Dampfschifl'ahrts - Gesells-
chaft»

Jaguaripe (fluvial navigation).

Liverpool, Brazil and River
Plate Mail Steamers . .

«Lloyd Austriaco))

((Lloyd Brazileiro)) ....

((Messageries Marilimes». .

((Norddeutscher Lloyd».

Pacific Steam Navigation Com-
pany

Paraguassu (fluvial navigation)

Petinga (fluvial navigation) . .

Royal Mail Steam Packet Com-
pany

Sergipe do Conde (fluvial nav-
igation) ....... 189

Several companies .... 176

S. Francisco (fluvial naviga-
tion) 193

Subahe (fluvial navigation). . 190

Traripe (fluvial navigation). . 191

United Slates and Brazil Steam

ship Company 175

Telegraphic lines 199

Colonies 200

American colonization enter-
prisers 203

Branch-road of Timbo (colo-

176

192

174

176

175

174

191

190

176

P.\GES

nization) .....

230

Cachoeira (Ilheos). . . .

203

Carolina

204

((Comarca» of Alcjba^a.

207

« ofCamamu.

222

« of Caravellas . .

206

« of Ilheos . . .

218

((Comarcas)) of Porto Segurc

)

and Cannavieiras . . .

213

((Coraarcas« of Taperoa, Valen

9a and Nazareth .

223

Commandatuba ....

202

Engenho Novo (a colony) .

202

Extension of the railway frorr

Alagoinhas to Villa Nova (col

onization)

230

Leopoldina (a colony) . .

200

Moniz (a colony) ....

204

Po?o (a colony) ....

204

Prado (colonization) . . .

209

Railway to Alagoinhas (colo

nization)

228

I.Rio Branco)) (a colony). . .

204

« do C.onlas (a colony) . .

202

« Pardo (a colony) . .

202

« Mucury (a colony). .

201

« Salsa (a colony). . .

201

S. Jorge dos Ilheos (a colony)

201

Santa Januaria (a colony) .

201

Theodoro (a colony). . .

204

Woodlands ()f Orobo (coloniza

tionj

225

Public instruction . . .

236

Arts and Trades Lyceum

257

Baiiia Agronomical School. .

267

Colleges

« for boys

« for girls . . . .

College «Florencio» . . . .

« «N. S.da BoaEsperanya))

« «N. S. da Glorla» .

« «N. S. da Piedadeo.

« «N. S. Rainha dos Anjoss

« wSete de Setembro)). .

M «S. Felix ta» ....

« «S. Jose»

« «S. Luiz Gonzaga* .

« «S. Pedro de Alcantara
(anciently «Pedro II»^

« ((Spencer)) .

« ((S. Salvador)) .

« ((S. Thomaz de Aquino

« «Uniao))

Elementary Seminary
Fine Arts Academy .
Medical Faculty ....
Normal schools . . . •
Official Institute of Secondary

Instruction

Private Juridical Faculty .
Professional schools.
Provincial Lyceum .
Public mastership .
Secondary Instruction .
Theologicsll Seminary . .

Comaerce

(Banco Au.\iliar das Classes>)
((Banco da Bahiao ...
((Banco da Bolsa».
((Banco Emissor da Bahia».

PAGES

254

255

2o6

256

257

256

257

255

257

255

256

. 6

255

256

266

259

261

245

251

262

257

249

244

248

263

269

277

273

278

276

PAGES

278

273

275

276

272

VIII

^> Banco Mercanlil" ...

Banks

"Caixa Economica da Baliia>)

><Caixa Pxonomica e Monte de
Soccorro da Bahian

(Commission agencies. .

"Companliia Cunimercial de Se-
guros Maritimos e Terrestres»
(an insurance company) 278

"Die Hamburg - Magdeburger
Feuer - Versicherungs - Gesel-
Ischaft" 280

«Die Transallantische Feuer
Versiclierungs-Actien - Gesel-
lschaft»

Exporting houses

Federal exports

Federal income

wGaranlia do Porlo) (an in-
surance company) ....

Importing houses

Liverpool and London Globe
company

Municipal exports

Municipal imports

Municipal income

New York Lile Insurance com-
pany

Northern Insurance company .

North British and Mercantile
Insurance Company, London 278 2

Bcprescntative of the London
and Hra/ilian Bank Limited . 27.") 3

Boyal Insurance Company . 279 5

Sale l)v retail 272

279

272

27U

269

279

272

279

272

271

280

279

stale exports . .
State Imports . .
State income
Industry ....
Bakehouses .
((Borafim)) (a factory
Breweries .
Candle factories
Cliocolate factories
Cigaretes factories
Company «Fabril dos Fiaes»
« (Progresso Industrial

da Bahia)

Company «Uniao Fabril«
ciConceifaO" (a factory) .

Distilleries

((Eraporio Industrial do Norte

(a company)

Enamelled iron factory .
Enterprize aValen^a Industrial

Foundries

Hat factories

Ice, oils and other useful pro

ducts facte ry

Kid leather and shammy gloves

factory

Matches factory ....
cModelo') (a factory) . . .

Nails factory

«Nossa Senhora do Amparo

(a factory). ...
vNossa Senhora da Penha» u

factory)

Prime quality biscuits factory
«Queimado« (a factory) . .

PAGES

271

280

284

282

284

283

282

III

280

283

282

284

281

283

282

283

284

280

284

281

283

281

PAGES NOS.

Saw mills • . 284

«S. Braz)) (a factory) .... 282 1

((S. Carlos» (a factory) . . . 281 5

aS. Salvador)) (a factory) . . 280 1

Shirts and stockings factories 284

Shoe factories 283

Soap factories 284

Snulf factories 283

Sugar refineries 284

oTodos OS Santos« ( a fac-
tory. 282 2

Wax candles factories . . . 284
Wooden household goods fac-
tory 283

General Post 285

Agri culture . 287

Cacao 292

Cattle-breeding 295

Cerealeous grains and other

products 294

Cofiee. ........ 291

Cotton 292

Manioc .... ... 293

«Piassava» 295

Sugar-cane • 287

To!)acco . . .... 293

Finances 295

Federal receipts 295

Municipal receipts .... 296

Stale receipts . 295

Temples and othe religious
edifices of the capital,
monuments and public

fountains .... 296

Abbey of .(iava- .... 310 4

«Afflictos» (a chapel). . . .

«Ajuda)) (a chapel)

Arrival of the Portuguese Royal
Family (memorial tothei.

Bahia British Church.

Baptistical Chapel of the Cap-
ital

((Barroquinhaw (a chapel) .

Blessed Trinity i Third Order
of the)

«B6a-Viagem)) la hospice) .

«Bomfim» (a chapel).

«Brotas)) (a parish church).

«Carrao») (a third order). . .
« (a friary)

Cathedral

Chapels

((Concei^ao do Boqueirao« (a
third order) 328

«Concei?ao de Itapagipe» (a
chapel) 342

((Conceigao da Praia» la parish
church I 305

Convents and hospices no
longer extant 320

((Corpo-Santo» la chapel) . 344

Count of Pereira Marinho (mon-
ument to the memory of the) 353

Dr. Paterson (monument to the
memory of) 351

Friaries 307

ftGrafB)) (a chapel and monas-
tery 345

Historical notes 296

Hospices 316

PAGES

NOS

335

332

353

348

334

330

317

342

306

329

310

299

332

Xll

Jerusalem (a hospice) . .
«Lapa» (a nunnery) .
«Lapinha» (a chapel).
«Mares» (a parish church)
«Merces» (a nunnery).
Mise icordicj i^a chapel) .
Monlserrat la hospice) .

Monuments

«Nazareth» (a chapel)

Nunneries

0. L. of the Rosary, in the

quarters of Palma (a chapel)
O. L. of the Rosary of «Quinze

Mysterios)) (a chapel) .
«Palma') (a hospice) . . . .
«Penlia)) (a parish church)
«Perd6es» (a retirement-house)
uPiedadew (a hospice)
« Pilar* (a hospice) . . . .
«Pila'-» (a parish church) .
Presbyterian church . . . .

Public fountains

Public fountain on v Castro

Alves» square

Public fountain on uConcci^a )

da Praia-) scpuue . . . .
Public fountain on "Conde dos

Arcos» square

Public fountain on « Pilar »

scpiarc

Public fountain on "13 do Maio»

s(|uarc

Public fountains on (df) dc No-

vetnbro" scjuare

"•Quinla dos I^azaros) la chapel)

>AGES

NOS

318

ats

337

306

314

334

319

349

336

310

33C

338

322

307

324

316

318

306

318

358

:)58

309

359

358

338

305

337

297

354

315

304

303

XIII

PAGES NOS.

Retirement houses .... 324

Riachuelo (a monument) . 349

uRosario de Joao Pereira-) (a

chapel) 335 3

« Rua do Passo -' ( a parish

church) . . ...

«Saude» (a chapel)

«S6» (a parish church)
Second of July (monument to

the). ...

«Soledade« (a nunnery) .
St. Anne (a parish churchj.
St. Anthony (a parish church)
St. Anthony of ^ Barra » (a

chapel) 345

St. Anthony of « Mouraria >■> (a

chapel)

St. Barbara (a chapel) . . .
St. Benedict's convent . . .
St. Clare of « Desterro » ( a

nunnery) .......

St. Dominic (a third order). .
«S. Felippe Nery» (a hospice)
St. Francis (a third order) . .
St. Francis' convent ....

St. Francis of Paola (a chapel)

St. Joachim ^a chapel) .

St. Joseph of Ribamar (a chapel)

St. Michael (a chapel) .

« S. Pedro dos Cleiigos)) (a

chapel)

St. Peter (a parish church).
St. Raymond ( a lelircraent

house)

St. Theresa (a hospice) . . .

336

343

309

310

327

323

326

307

339

341

338

334

333

302

325

320

XIV

Third orders

'<Tingui» (a chapel) . . . .
"Victorian la parisli church) .

Hospitals, infirmaries, pri-
vate hospitals, asyla and
cemeteries

Asyla

Asylum of Anne's daughters
Beggars' asylum ....
"Bom Jesus)) of Massarandaba

ia cemetery)

Brotas (the cemetery of). .
Cachoeira (the hospital oft.
Campo-Santo cemetery
Cemeteries .
English cemetery.
Foreigners" cemetery
Foundlings' Asylum
Hospitals.
Hospital of the Royal Portu

guese Charitable Society.

Infirmaries

Infirmary for the variolous
Lazars (the hospital for). .
Maragogipe (the hospital of)
Nazareth (the hospital of) .
O. L. of Lourdcs (an asylum)
Private hospital ....
Private hospital for such as

are infected with beriberi
"Quinta dos La/aros» (the ccm

clcry at)

St. Klizabclh's Iiospilal

<'S. Joao dc Dcus" lan asvlum)

>AGES

326

337

302

360

370

376

372

382

368

377

383

373

360

366

369

366

368

376

370

382
360
370

PAGES NOS.

383

401

404

405

4(14

405

400

Philanthropical and Benefi-
cent establishments and

associations

Academical lieneficent Society

Artificers' Mount

Artists' Mount

Artists' Philanthroi)ic Society

Association for tlie Prctection
of Helpless Children . 400

Beneficent Association of
Puhlic Functionaries.

Beneficent Italian Society.

Beneficent societies ....

Beneficent Society of the Fed-
eral Treasury Functionaries 404 13

Beneficent Society «Mount of
the Municipal Functionaries
in the capital of Bahia» .

Beneficent Society of Hatters

Charity House and Orphans'
College of St. Joachim .

Charitable Society of Ladies .

Clerks' Beneficent Society.

College O. Lady of «Sallete)>

(iDeutscher Hufs Verein>) .

General Mount of Bahia .

Machinists' Club

Mason'c societies

Medico-Pharmaceutical Socie-
ty of Mutual Beneficence .

((Misericordia)) fraternities.

tf Misericordia » fraternity of
the capital 383

« Misericordia » f. aternity of
the town of Cachocira . 391

404

396

404

401

400

406

405

406

402

383

XVI

PAGES NOS

(I Misericordia » fralernily of
Ihe town of Maragogipe. . 391

« Misericordia » fraternity of
(he town of Nazareth . . 391

Mount of Bahia 405 17

Orphans' College of the Bless-
ed Heart of Jesus .... 397

Providence House and Asso-
ciation of Charitable Ladies 392

Retirement house for women 385

Royal Portuguese Benevolent
Society ((the 16'i'. of Septem-
ber» 402 6

((Sociedad Beneficenle Espa-
nola 406 25

Society for the Mutual Assist-
ance of the State Function-
aries 405 22

Society for the Protection ol
the Helpless 405 20

«Socielc Fran(;aise de Bicn-

faisance»

Society «Purse of Charily"
Society (The First of May» .
St Vincent dc Paul's Society
Typographical Association of

Bahia 402

Scientifical, literary, artist-
ical and amrslng societies 407

Bahia British Chih ... 408

( Icrks' Club 408

Literary Centre 407

Medical Society of Bahia 407

Musical Socictv Carlos G lucs 408

406

401

4(>5

399

XVII

PAGES

XOS.

Musical Society Recreation of
liomfiiii

Musical Society Union ot
Hatters

Portuguese Reading Cabinet

Several societies ....
The press

«Alvorada (A)) ....

«Commercial (0)»

'Correio de Nolicias>

cDiario da Bahiao .

oDiario de Nolicias I .

wEstado da Bahiao

i<Echo da Mocidade"

«Guarany lOi)

«Gazeta Mcdica« ....

"Gazeta de Valen^a".

<'Jornal de Noticias«
Leituras Religiosasw .

wMonitor Catholico».

wMonarchista <0)»

lOrdem (A))

t' Popular (0)»

((Paraguassu (0)» .

iiPalria (Ai- . .

«Revista do Ensino Priraario"

"Revista Commercial) .

"Verdade ^\}»

Topography

Abbadia

Abrantes

Agua Quenlc

Alagoinhas la lowni.

Alcobaya

Almas . .

■108

408

407

400

409

414

412

410

412

411

413

414

412

414

411

412

413

il4

414

413

414

492

493

495

431

498

XYIU

Amargosa (a town) ...

Amparo

Angical ■ •

Andarahy (a town) .
Araluhype ^a town).
Areia (a town) .....
Bahia (a city and the capital of

the state). . ....

Baixa Grande

Barra do Rio Grande (a town)

Barra do Rio dc Gontas

Barracao

Barcellos

Barreiras

Belinonte ^a town)

Boipeba (Nova) .

Bom Consellio.

Bomlim or Villa Nevada Rai-

nhaiatown).
Bom Jesus da Lapa.
Bom Jesus dos Meiras
Bom Jesus do Rio de G
Btejo Grande.
Brotas de Macahubas
Gaetitc (a town) .
Cachoeira (a town)
Gamami'i (a town)
(-amisao

Gainpeslrc (a towni
Campo Formoso.
Gampo Larj^o
(Lannaviciras a towm
Capclla Nova <U) Jc(piiri(,-:i
Gapim (i rosso.
Garavcllas (a town).

ontas

i'.\r.ES

xos

433

5J0

501

431

4:^

43G

414

502

437

50.3

50 1

5' 14

505

440

506

507

400

•32

510

512

514

515

518

II,')

418

519

450

520

521

I5(i

1.")

523

451

XIX

Carinhanha

Catu

Cayn'i

Chique-Chiqne
(^oite ((^oncei^ao do)
C.oite (Patrocinio do)
(^oncei^ao do Almeida

(>onde

C.ondeuba (a town) .

Conquista (a town) .

Clora^ao de Maria

('.orrenlina ....

Guiralinho.

iMitre-Rios ....

Feira de Sanl Anna (a tow

Gameleira do Assurua

(ierenioabo.

Igrapiuna .

Ilheos (a town)

I'jharabupe.

Itaparica (a town)

Itapicurii

Jacobina la town)

.laguaripe .

Joazeiro (a town)

Jussiape.

Lcn?6es (a town).

iMacahubas.

Maracas ....

Marahi'i ....

Maragogipe (a town

Mafta de S. Joao

Monte Alegre .

Monte Alto.

Monte Sanlo

PAGES

32 1

527

r)28

528

530

531

532

453

454

533

5:14

530

537

458

538

539

540

400

540

401

511

40!

512

400

2/)

5 10

408

547

518

549

470

550

551

552

Morro do Chapeo ....

Mundo Novo .....

Nazareth (a town) ....

Oliveira do BrcjiDlio .

Oliven^a

Orobo

Pilao Arcado . ....

Pcfoes

Poinbal

Porto Seguro (a town) .

Prado

Purifica^ao

Raso

Rcmcdios

Henianso

Riachao do Jacuipe.

Hiacho de Sanl Anna .

Rio de C.onlas (Minas do) (a
town)

Rio Prclo (Santa Ritta).
Santo Aniaro (a town) .
Sant Anna dos Biejos . .

SanlarcMn

Sunto Antonio da (iloria .
Santo Antonio de Jesus (i

town)

Santa C-ruz

Santa Maria da Victoria
Santo Antonio das Qiieiinadas

(Villa Bella dei

S. Fclippc ....
S. Felix do Paraguassu (a

town I . .

S. (ionvalo tlos (lanipos

PAGES

•NO

556

558

47;i

55<)

560

561

56't

565

566

477

568

508

569

572

571

6:j

573

()7

574

472

578

183

t>7

575

574

579

.485

57(5

577

580

582

I8(i

082

7.S

XXI

S. Joao do Paraguassii ( a
town). ....

S. Jose da Cnsa Nova .

S. Jose de Porto Alcgre.

S. Miguel

Sento Se

Serrinha ^a lown)

Soure

Tapera

TaperoA.

Trancoso

Tucano . *

Una

Urubi'i

Valen^a o town;

Villa Vifosa

Villa Bella das Palraeiras . .

Vdla Bella das Umburanas

Villa de S. Francisco .

Villa Verde ......

History

Antonio Telles da Silva— 1613-
47 (Remarkable facts during
llip government of) . . . fi'12

Antonio Telles de Menczes,
Count of Villapouca de
Aguiar — 1647 53 { Remark-
able facts during Ibe govern-
ment of) . 636

Alexandre de Souza Freire —
1667-71 (Remarkable facts
during Ibe government of) . 640

Alfonso Furtado dc Mendon^a
Castro do Rio e Menezcs,
Viscount of Barbacena —

P.VGES

.no;

487

;{()

526

2()

567

583

584

478

585

586

588

8:{

588

591

592

487

594

563

593

580

594

XXII

pa(;es

1671-75 ( Remarkable facts

during the government ofi 642

Antonio dc Souza Menezcs —

1682-b'4 (Remarkable facts

during the government of). G'i3

Antoiiio Luiz de Souza Tello

de Menezes ( D. ), the 2"'.

Marquis of Minas— 1684 87

(Remarkable facts during

the government of) 641

Antonio Luiz Gonsalves da Ca-

mara Coutinho— 1690-91 (Re

markable facts during the

government of) 616

Andre de Mello c Castro, Count

of Galveas, the 5"'. Viceroy

— 1735-49 (Remarkable facts

during the government of) . 659

Antonio de Almeida Soares

Portugal (1).), the 3"i. Count

of Avintes, 1*'. Marquis of

Lavradio, 8"'. and last Vice-
roy in Bahia — 1760 (Remark-
able tacts during the gf)v

ernment of) 665

Antonio Rolim de Menezcs Ta-

vares (!).), Count of.Azam-

buja — 1766-67 (Remarkable

facts during the govern-
ment of I. 6')7
Alfonso Miguel de I'ortugal e

Castro (l).t, Marquis of Va-

Icnva- 1779-83 (Remarkable

facts during the govern-
ment of) CG9

XX'M

PAGLS NOS.

Diiarlc (la Costa (D.)-ir)53-57
( Remarkable lads during
the government oi) Gil

Diogo de Mendonca Fiirlido
—1622-24 (Remarkable fads
during the government of) . 623

Diogo Luiz de Oliveira, Count
of Miranda — 1626-35 (Re-
markable facts during the
government of) 627

Francisco de Souza (D.) —
1591-1602 (Remarkable fads
during the government of) . 618

Francisco de Moura iV).) —
1625-26 (Remarkable facts
during the government of) 625

Fernando de Mascarcnhas (D.),
Count of Torre— 1639 40 (Re-
markable facts during the
government of) 629

Francisco Barreto de Menezes
—1657-63 (Remarkable facts
during the government of). 639

Fernando Jose de Portugal
(D.), Marcjuis of Aguiar—
1788-1801 (Remarkable facts
during the government of) 670

Francisco da Cunha Menezes
- 1802 - 1805 ( Remarkal)le
facts during the govern-
ment of) 671

Francisco de Assis c Mascarc-
nhas (D.), Count of Palma—
1818-22 676

Jorge de Mascarenhas, Mar-

XXIV

PAGES NOS.

quis of Moiilalvao -164U-41

iRemaikablc facts during

the government of) . . 631

JoiJo Rodrigues de Vasconcel-

los, Count of Castello Melhor

— 165U-54 (Remarkable facts

during the government of). 636

Jeronymo dc Alhayde lU i, the

6'!'. Count of Atouguia — 1054-

57 (Remarkable facts during

the government of) . 639

Joao de Lancaslro (D.)— 1694-

1702 ( Remarkable facts

during the government of). 617

Jose da Cunha Gran de Alhay-
de 6 Mello (D), Count of Po-

volide— 17G9-74 (Remarkable

facts during the go' ern-

mcnt of). 668

Joao de Saldanha da Gama de

Mello e Torres, the 6ii'.

Count of Ponte — 180.j 1811)

1 Rcn)arkai)lc facts during

the government of) 672

Lui/ de Britto e Almeida —

1573-77 ( Remarkable facts

during the government of" 616

Louren^-o da Vciga — 1578 81

(Remarkable facts during

tlie government ofi . . . 616

Lui/. Cesar de Mcnozes — 1705-

10 iRemaikable facts during

the government of) . 650

Lourcnyo ile Almada (D.i-

XXV

PAGES NOS.

1710-11 ( Remarkable facts

during the government ofj. 651

Luiz Peregrino de Carvalho
Menezes de Athayde (D.), the
10"'. Count of Atouguia and
CI''. Viceroy — 1749-55 (Re-
markable facts during the
government of) 661

Luiz Antonio de Almeida Por-
tugal Scares d'E^a Alarcao
Mello Silva e Mascarenhas
(D.), the 4"'. Count of Avinles
and 2"^'. Marquis of Lavra-
dio — 1768-69 ( Remarkable
facts during 'he govern-
ment of) . . . ... 667

Mem de Sa— 1557-72 (Remark-
able facts during the govern-
ment of) 613

xManuel Telles Barreto-1583-
87 (Remarkable lacts during
the government of) . . . 617

Mjathias de Albuquerque —
1624-25 ( Remarkable facts
during the government of). 625

Marcos de Noronha e Britto
(D.i, the 6"|. Count of Arcos
and 7'''. Viceroy — 1755-60
(Remarkable facts during
the government ofj . . . 662

Manuel da Cunha Menezes,
Count of Lumiar— 1774-79
(Remarkable facts during
the government of) . . . 668

Marcos de Noronha e Britto

XXVI

PAGES NOS,

^D. 1,1116 8ii'. Count of Arcos
— 1810-18 (Remarkable facts
daring the government of). 674

Mathlas da Cunha — 1687-88
^Remarkable facts during
the government of) . . . 645

Pedro da Silva, Count of S.
Lourengo— 1635-39 (Remark-
able facts during the govern-
ment of) 628

Pedro de Vasconcellos e Sou-
za (D.), the 3'''i. Count of
Castello Melhor — 1711 -14
Remarkable facts during
the government of) . . . 651

Pedro de Noronha (D.), Mar-
quis of Angeja— 1714-18 (Re-
markable facts during the
government of) 654

Roque da Costa Barreto —
1678-82 ( Remarkable facts
during the government ofi. 643

Rodrlgo da Costa (D.)— 1702-
1705 (Remarkable facts
during the government of). 650

Rodrigo Jos6 de Menezes e
Castro (D.), Count of Caval-
Iciros— 1781-88 (Remarkable
facts during the govern-
ment of) 669

Sancho de Faro e Souza (D.),
Count of Yimieiro— 1718-19
< Remarkable facts during
the government of) . . . 655

Thom(5 dc Souza -1549-1553

PAGES XOS ,

(Remarkable facts during

the government of) . . 607

Vasco de Mascarenhas ( D. ),

Count of Obidos — 1663-67

(Remarkable facts during

the government of) . . . 639

Vasco Fernandes Cesar de Mc-

nezes, Count of Sabugosa,

the 4'!'. Viceroy — 1720 - 35

(Remarkable facts during

the government of) . • . 657

ov miiA

^^^ ^^f July 15". j^^^^,

^ iiarracao.

• I '^iiira" Jo

'J'EnMos« r

(**)

^^*" ^e Conias.

"■ ^iilSe ?-r"-

'fosa.

'"» "^ose (Jo Porto

■ • M Jrancoso

'-'n^l ViJJa Verde.

Aiegre.

AJcobafa.
i'rado.

Towns 32

«ViI-

las» . 90 "Ternios,, C'j

117

JUDICJAIJIIVISION (IF TllE STATI': ()P llAlllA

liiiico with tho M (if Aii«nst •'!."' isil'.' .iiul I.mw »\ .Inly l."i."' l.Si)-.>

I:
III accord

FIRST CIRCUMSCRIPTION'

MUNICIPAIL
DISTRICT^

Capital

Cachocira

'-. (1 on ^" al o (1 o s
Campos

S. Felix ....

Curralinho .

Concei^ao do /
meida .

Marafjogi
S. Fclipp(
Santo Ai

PARTSJ I KS

SS. Sacramento da So, S. Pedro, Nossa Scnhora Sj
Anna, Nossa Scnhora da Vicloria, Xossa Sen
da Conceic-ao da Praia, SS. Sacramcnio di
SS. Sacramento da Riia do Paco, Nossa Senhof.
•Marcs, Santo Antonio aleni do (i-- - Nfissa Scnh
da Penha, Nossa Scnhora dc \',\

\ de Piraja, SanMAi-'- i. "

\daded' -

\lJO

S.
(
Sei

Coracaf
S. Frar

11 .iber 81.^' 1891

DKCKMBHH

o ^

o iT

OH AND TOTAL

STEAMERS

e «

tL =

, _ E-_

2'5i)

274

1<)9

•A

E- -

!- _

S o:

2 5

t^ c

•<

« a:

E- -

b. *

•< u

U X

c; I

822

581

020 I 020

8.399

7.078

Tiil)li' 111' till' >tcmniM's tliiit siiilcd iiitii tills liiirlmiir uml left it, the winpiinii's Ijciiig liiilicati'd tli;it tlii'j liplmii; tn, iis wi'll ii< tln' iiuiiiliiT tif tbrir |iiissciii;i'i's, Iimiii .liiiiiiiiry 1.' In Drci'mlici' )il " ISOl

JANUAIIV

FEani'AR^

A,.,m.

,uv

.UNI.:

s^pt™, 1

or.TO»™

xovi:

mi™

DKCKMOKIl

„.«nTOT*l

U.MI.AML.

„™

„;,..,.

.u,.:

,...,«,.

stmm

MlSBOm

smmii

H,ijl.WUS

amn!

Misusm 1 smms

pii^misi

stuheh: HSUiiiK

ini'^n:

HSUilU

»»:.

naiitus

SIUUK

FAUEKCm

Slums

FmLUERt

;;,

i'l

5 =

1:
'1

1 =

5 =

;iiy

S =

n
1=

Boyol J

,n^s,^j«.,,c.^,.^.^^_

ys Royn'l Mull

,«

■'

■

12,

122

■^

5l 0,

lai

[-r-

';;:,V„i

ics & vapeor .

;•

;

10,

. ■

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. ^

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.'"

."'

'■ p.

1)0

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105

I'ff

7.i

111

1.12

Coiniian

1 sii.ani-Ship Comji
>ia t'crniiiiibuciiiiu iU> Novcgsfiii) o vopor .

ilk

".'

;

111

2i?

;

'^i

'l»

.»

: .5

■

271

Mnll'-Bc

)I I'urlugUFia ' . .

ysl Hunuurlan Sea Navigolioli Coiiip- LiluilGd .

,|-

i;:p

.1 Brxil Ic jjivir Plalc Slcami
lia do Nnvcuatjao Noric c siil

".::::

■ ■;

■;

■1

■

•■

,'"

: >

]

■\:.

■i

;

2 2

l-i

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1- ■

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lia Nacionol tic Navcua^So Co

loir..

161

, j

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-3

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—

'«

501

0,1

.,,

,a.

.12

r,i

00.,

.|.v.

■"■«'

■"

■■■'

004

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■"

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J157

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Oil

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.52 52

903

! m

.55

»22

501

020

H.WD

7 07»

3lloAviiiM* braziliau tolograi)liirjil stations

<le)

tal

:!.■)(»
r»(io

7(»

(VM)

:').•;()

I'.IU
1>S()
^10
•2\()

420

r)(;o

-100
MO

•jio

41) t
:!50
4'.>0
700
700
140

:{r>o

210

:{:;o

STATIONS

ll«)sari() (Soulh) ...

Salinas

Satita IJarhara ....
Sanla (muz dCspirilo-Sanlo)
Sanla Cruz i Rio-Grande do Sul
Sanla Maria i Kio-Cirande do Sul
Sanla Victoria do Palmar
San la rem .....
Sanlo Amaro . . . .

Sanlo Anlonio dc Inheluva

Sanlo.s

S. Horja

S. Felix.

S. Kidelis ......

S. Francisco (Santa Catharin
S. F'rancisco de Paula . -

S. (iahriel

S. Joao da Harra .

S. Jose do Norle . . . .

S. I.ouren(.-o

S. Luiz do Maranhao (Capilali
S. Mallieus . . . . •

S. Mij^uel dos Campos . .
S. I'aulo ......

S. Pedro de Ihiapina

S. Sebasliao

S. Vieenle de Paula . .

Sepeliba ......

Serra down i^ii} ....

Serraria. — '-^aHHHHHHH

Irlr]ra|iliic:il slalioiis in Ik slale of Daliia, llic (lair of llicir iiiauijUi'alioD being iiidlcaleil. as well .-
\k niniibpr of lelcgrains sciil and riceivril |j( llirni in mill

I N A IT G U n ATI O N

TELEGRAMS

Abbndia .
Ala^oinhns
Pojuca. .
Bahia . .
Santo Amnrn
Cachocira .
S. Fclis (•)
Maragoi^ipp
Nairaiclh .
Valciu-a .

ncccmlicr 28"' 1881

12.«
12."
81
!.•
1.-

l>-74
1877
1871
187.-)
1875
1891

10.'
1 '

1875
187.1
187.1
18R0

I'J.I
1.-

18-;i

18'J2
lS7.'i

■M.J

1.'
11'

18711
1S85
187(1

as).'

2."

■5'

1880
1871)
187!l
1870
187G

21
IS'

1878
1.S7C.

I Sc|)lciiil>er 1,'' lo l)cccnil)cr 31-*

{

T;irift (if till' lckj^T;iiiis sent tViiin tlio statiuu of Babia to the fjllowiuK braziliau telograiihical stations^

III' lilt; S. Joao . .
iif the S. Mutlicus.
nrihc Rio Grande (In Sul
n( MtpCliuy. . . .

Cainaquan. .

iijjo Largo
Ciiini)o Maior

,cn1ral iFcdcral Cnnitnh
;cnlral Suyar Farlor.v

lliii iirn'ndc .

iSnnl'Anna do)
(['iauliyl .

e. ; . : .

STATIONS

I'.ni luiliyliii iPiuiiliyi

liio lie Coiil<i
Hio For;
Hlo-C.raiicic cl'"
111.. Paiilo V
llosari.i (Nor'l'l

> lliiiiu wiiUcii tiy the sciidi-r in Ihc iniiiuU' of
Illy exccpliilg Ihu marks of oum-liiulioii, hviili
r tills limit, II)) to nnecn, will lie rcckoiu-if as
linn aniitllcr worii Tlic rcdiicliuit of W iicr cl

lU:CKONIN(i OK \V*)HDS

,ill be fslimiit('<I far llie [inymonl <»f ll*^ '"V ""f'u'li

(Rin-Orandc do Sul)
Santa Marin (Hio-draiidc do Sul)
Sanla Victoria do Palmai
Sanlareni .....
Saiit<

) dc InlicUi

S. Ho

S, Felix
S. Fidelis . -
S. Francisco (Saul
S. Francisco de Pi
S. (iabriel . . .
S. Joao da llarra
S. Jos^ do Norlc
S Loin"en^o

Maranhao (CapilaH

Maliicus

Mit>iicl dos Campos .
Paulo ■. . ■

S, Scbasliil

S. Vicente de Pa

Scpcliba

Venda das Pctlras

<r'-,

lli(^lal(M)rBaliic

O 2

The tobacco and colli
inenced but a short tiui
expected, a hi^^li det^ro
time, .-♦wiiie, slicep ami
specially at Monte Gor(

The su<»ar cane and
special indij^enous kioj
trict.

iilife sliiiiij llif Hffirtifai of Ik pi'iiicifal jids hii tfc tt In si'y^riil fdiiiitrii'S iiiiil liarlirs 111 liiiiiiarj

I, 10

NATIONALITY OF THK Sllir:

IMPORTING COUNTRIES I IKPOBIIM; MIBOraS

Germany
England

Rio de In Plato ■

Belgium.

Engl lib possesion N

Montvviiieu anilQucnus-Ayrc
Lisbon and Oporlo

188U-I-I0 1G5 14850

28,80

.'~*'.'

.■'"

4501

nojo

631 1011

K3H12

22G681 lOtHV

xmm I IRim

■ ,M„I„

!\S

„«„

3117

.10

»S

aoT

108

znm

— ^,-

2311

~»1B

7;to

1173

4a«i2

18118

ioS

0117

«7

1720

2li

-A

TABLE of the ngrieiilliiral jn'odnclion of llio Slate of Rahia

THE HOST miiiiuiu hues

11'

Remarks

n Alagoinhns

I') A[;^|^"j,- ■ ■ ;

Anglcnl. ... ...

Alcobiva .

. 1

•

Tlielohncco and colloclrce cullivalion. wliicli com-

cx|icclcd, H lii|!li (le«rco of development 'in jirowvi iif
time .iwiiic, sheep and glials are Iircd on a large sculc,
specially u[ Moule Gordo,

n Uaha-r.r«aci.

r brcJo-Groiidc

•■

The coiroe-trce cultutc has increased very much,' M

Mangaiba caouchouc it liirRely produced, principally '
in llie wcslcrn rejiioii, near llic Imnlier of Goyait. LaUle ,^
IS widely bred at Iht .lislricl ol S'ar^ea /^

The principal article of export is tobacco, lii^hh

Cocliocira

P el f r Us good qujl.lv

Cj Cnmpeslrc
I*) ContiuUtu

Cannavleiros

Coracuo dc Marin . .

Rawiind tanned leallier are c^-porleH on a large scale

t-Mipim.Grosso .

Oxen are the principal article of export.

( ) Lornpo.ForrDo.o, .

Gamclcira do A&»urui '. .
Gcremoabo

■

---•—--■■"--■—

(•) Ilopicurii .
(') Jacotiina .

I'l Jussiape
Jp({unri|ic

Ci MarogORipc

MuiiiIo-Novo '""''; ,
(-) Morro do ClinpL-u . . .

(•) Moiilo-Allo

Nazarclh

^ Olivcira do Uirjliilio

OlivcDfa

;

The hamlet ol Jequld exports llrst-ratc codec on ;i

Us, inhntil'anls apply llicmselvcs. tor the most p.irl.
to the digging for minerals and oxen breeding

. ^S?!!"'""

Porlo-Alcgrc , .

taso 1

(') Remcilios .io Itio dc Conl.i> ; .

■Scrrinha . . i

Sanlo Amaro i .

Saiilo Atiionio dcJc^us . -

S. Pclix ....
(■) Sam-Anna dos llrHos . .

S. MinucI ...'..

Sasla-Cruz

S. Fclippe. . .

VuleiHa

■

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