m UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES Ui . 1 REX CHRISTUS •^ ^h^)C^^>^ REX CHRISTUS AN OUTLINE STUDY OF CHINA BY ARTHUR H. SMITH *•**•**. >J^ 3 ' »«rO»3*^'* THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. STRATFORD & GREEN BOOKSELLERS 642-644 SO. MAIN ST. LOS ANGELES 14 a i i{ COPTBIQHT, 1903, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up, electrotyped, and published August, 1903. Reprinted February, 1904. PUBLISHED FOR THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON THE UNITED STUDY OF MISSIONS. f I * € ^ t 1- • ( • « • r ' - . " " . < . '- • « , ' - t t lit c KortoooB grtss J. S. Cnshing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 3V 1^\^ . STATEMENT fj" OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON THE ^ UNITED STUDY OF MISSIONS ^ The plan of the United Study of Missions, which was •^- inaugurated at the Ecumenical Conference in 1900, is no C- longer an experiment. The remarkable and increasing suc- ^ cess of the enterprise encourages us in presenting this, the third text-book of our series. The sales of the first of the series, "Via Christi," by Louise Manning Hodgkins, have amounted to forty thousand copies, while the second book, "Lux Christi, An Outline Study of India," by Caroline Atwater Mason, has met with even greater success. Dr. Smith is too well known as our foremost writer on China to need any introduction. He has been ably assisted by Miss Frances J. Dyer, who has edited the book and prepared the supplementary material. China is in the foreground of the political world to-day, and the interests of the Kingdom of God in this vast empire demand the thoughtful, prayerful study of all Christians. May this little volume help toward that end. Mrs. NORMAN MATHER WATERBURY, Chairmaw, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass. Miss E. HARRIET STANWOOD, 70k Congi-egational Eouae, Boston, Mass. Miss ELLEN C. PARSONS, Presbyterian Building, 166 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Mrs. J. T. GRACEY, in Pearl Street, Rochester, K. Y. Mm. HARRIET L. SCUDDER, Church Missions Souse, hth Avenue and 33d Street, New Torh City. Miss CLEMENTINA BUTLER, Secretary and Treasurer, Newton Centre, Mass. V PREFACE The object of this book is by no means to tell a little of everything that ought to be known about China, but rather so to present a few selected topics as to incite to a genuine study of the subject, by which alone it can be expected to make upon the mind its due im- pression. Lack of experience in the prepa- ration of manuals of this sort, together with limitations of time and the demands of a large parish, must be the inadequate apology for the many sins of omission which the discerning reader will not fail to discover. Standard •authorities, such as Dr. Williams's "Middle Kingdom " and Professor Giles's " Historic China " have been often cited, sometimes with- out quotation marks. The reader should have at hand Mr. Beach's indispensable " Geography and Atlas of Missions," and make excursions in whatever direction seems most inviting, for which helps are abundant. The vast bulk of the Chinese Empire helps to disguise the fact that for some years it has been making rapid progress, even at times when to the eye nothing was apparent but ret- vii viii PBEFACE rogression. Adequately to treat of the present transition state of Ciiina would have required much ampler space than could be given in the closing chapters. There has never been a time when a larger and fuller knowledge of what China is to be was more necessary than to-day. There is no reason why every reader of this book should not contribute something toward the right settlement of some of the greatest and most difficult questions confronting the Christian world at the opening of the twentieth century. A. H. S. P'ang Chuang, Shantung, China, April, 1903. CONTENTS PAGK Statement of the Centkal Committee . . . v Preface vii CHAPTER I A Self-centred Empire Physical Features and Population — Cultivation of the Soil — Waterways and Loess — Climate and Food Products — Minerals — China's Rulers — The Leg- endary Period — The Chou Dynasty — The Tsin Dynasty — The Han Dynasty — A Dark Period — The T'ang Dynasty — Tlie Sung Dynasty — The Mongol Dynasty — The Ming Dynasty — ■ Th'>, Man- chu Dynasty 1 The Provinces of China 29 Significant Sentences ...... 39 CHAPTER II The Religions of China Teachings of Confucius — Foundation Principles — Weak Spots in Confucianism — Universality of Temples — Comparison between Confucianism and Christianity — Taoism — Modern Taoism — Root of the Boxer Madness — Chinese Buddhism — The Dominant Religion — Temples to the Three Religions — Mohammedanism in China — Secret Sects 44 Significant Sentences 80 iz CONTENTS CHAPTER III The Pbople of China PA8E Solidarity of Cliinese Society — Fixity of Residence — Unity in Variety — Industry and Poverty — Puz- zling Problems — Sentiment toward Foreigners — Patriotism — Conservatism — How a Cliinese Scholar views Christianity — Race Characteristics — Talent for Indirection — Suspicion and Distrust — Untruthfulness and Insincerity — Saving One's "Face" — Christianity a Solvent . ... 84 Watmarks in the History of Missions in China . Ill Significant Sentences 116 CHAPTER IV Christian Missions. Part I. From Earliest Times till near the Close of the Nineteenth Century Nestorian and Roman Catholic Missions — The Situa- tion To-day — Protestant Missions — The Pioneer Society — A True Yokefellow — Strong Foimda- tions Laid — Arrival of Americans — Beginning of Medical Work — The Second Period, 1842 to 1860 — Splendid Reinforcements — Translation of the Scriptures — Treachery in Treaties — The Third Period, 1860 to 1895 — Evidences of a New Era — The China Inland Mission — Modus of Mission Work — The Second Step — The Peripatetic Preacher — Churches in Embryo — The Doctor and the Dispensary 120 Significant Sbntbnces 162 CHAPTER V CHRigTiAN Missions. Part II. On the Thresh- old OF the Twentieth Century Woman's Work — The Educational Work — Day and Boarding Schools — Influence on the Community CONTENTS PAGF — A Birthday Gift to the Empress Dowager — Kin- dergartens — Bible Women and Other Workers — Medical Work — The First Medical College for Women — General Summary of the Third Period — The Great Famine — Two Notable Gatherings — Bible and Tract Societies — Literary Labors — Power of the Printing-Press — The Fourth Period, 1895 to 1903 — A Wonderful Awakening — The Anti-Foot-binding Society — Other Reforms — China in Convulsion — The Great Boxer Ris- ing — Effect on the Native Church — The Aftermath 167 Significant Sentences 216 CHAPTER VI The Open Door of Opportunity A Modern Miracle — A United Church — Power of Re- generated Lives — Educational Reforms — Educa- tional Needs — The New China .... 221 Significant Sentences 240 APPENDIX List of Leading Missionary Periodicals . . 245 Additional Articles in Periodicals . . . 246 List of Twenty Books ...... 247 Statistics of Protestant Missions in China . . 249 Index 253 EEX CHRISTUS CHAPTER I A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE The country which we call China, but which its own people designate as the Central Empire, is one of the oldest and mightiest kingdoms of the earth. Its hoary antiquity stretches away into the mists of fable for unknown thousands of years, but that part of its history which is well within the bounds of certainty takes it back to the early dawn of civilization. Its situation, on the eastern edge of the great continent of Asia, makes it a natural and an inevitable centre of influence over many adjacent lands ; and this has been abundantly illustrated in its history, which has been that of superiority to all its neighbors. China lies almost entirely in the temperate zone, and in what the annals of the human race have proved to be the belt of power, within which all the peoples which have made a deep mark on the tablets of time have had their habitation. Physical Features and Population. — China faces the east. Her mountains rise in height as one goes west, and it is from them that the great B 1 2 BEX CHRISTUS rivers of this part of the globe take their rise, the Yang-tse, and the Yellow River. One of them is called China's Girdle, and pours an enormous stream of water every second into the Yellow Sea, draining a large portion of the empire. The other is well styled China's Sorrow, "bringing from the great plateaus of the desert of Gobi continents of sand and yellow mud, which are turned into the sea to shoal its waters and to make new land, while the floods burst their banks and devastate the whole province." In the north- eastern portion of China Proper, by which is meant the Eighteen Provinces, stretches one of the great plains of the earth, which occupies a large part of several provinces, from the moun- tains north and west of Peking to the southern side of the Yang-tse. Within an area averaging from 200 to 400 miles in width, it is estimated that a popula- tion is to be found numbering more than 170,000,000, so that parts of this region are the most densely populated in the world. China's millions are literally uncounted, and until some distant day, when western modes of adminis- tration are adopted, are likely to remain so. Without entering into the somewhat compli- cated question of the probable population of the empire, it may be suggested that since all censuses are but " a pagoda of guesses," one must be governed by general probabilities in A SELF-CENTRED EM I' IRE 3 lieu of relative certainties. Perhaps the total of 400,000,000 may not be too large, but 360,- 000,000 is perhaps a more reasonable estimate. The coast line of China is 2000 miles in length, well furnished with excellent harbors. The Chinese have never been a maritime people, but their country has unrivalled facilities for intercourse with all the rest of mankind. The area of China Proper is only about one-third of the whole empire, or about the size of that part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. It is seven times as large as France, fifteen times the size of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and nearly half as large as the whole of Europe. Whence came the stoe\ from which the population of this land is descended has not yet been deter- mined, but it is known that they first appeared at the northwest, along the banks of the Yellow River, to the vicinity of which the earliest set- tlements were largely confined. They were a pastoral people, as is evidenced, among other ways, in the language. The word signifying "righteousness," " justice," "rectitude," is com- posed of the ideographs for me (or my) and sheep, denoting that the one who was content with his own cattle and sheep was the standard of virtue. Cultivation of the Soil. — The Chinese people are themselves a conglomerate composed of many different strains. It was not till the T'ang 4 EEX CHRISTUS dynasty (620-907 a.d.) that the southern por- tions of what is now China were incorporated into the common rule, and this was effected but gradually. To this day the southerners call themselves the "Men of T'ang." From their first experiments in the cultivation of the soil the Chinese showed great skill in adapting themselves to the peculiarities of the particular region in which they settled. What- ever was once gained as a part of the common stock of experience was handed down from age to age, and has become almost a second nature. Perhaps no people have greater skill as irri- gators of the soil. They know how to level a tract of land in such a way that the water will always run in the desired direction ; how to divert streams where they are needed ; how to raise water from lower levels by the Persian wheel, the screw of Archimedes, by the well- sweep, the windlass, and by willow baskets slung on ropes held by two men who, with dextrous toes, throw the water from the surface of the river to the cultivated gardens above. Much of the farming is practically gardening because the holdings are so small, and the owner is quite aware of the importance of the rotation of crops, and is incomparably better acquainted than most of his Occidental neighbors with wise ways of fertilization. But for the incessant economy practised in all parts of the empire in the preparation and use of " poudrette," China A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 5 would never have been able to raise enough food for the support of its uncounted millions. Waterways and Loess= -• Aside from the two great rivers already mentioned, the empire is abundantly supplied with large streams, which, from ancient times, have been avenues for a great internal commerce. The Chinese have always shown the greatest skill in the opening of artificial waterways, and all China was interpenetrated with canals at a time when one such existed in Europe. In the central parts of the eighteen provinces this is espe- cially the case, the ramifications of these boat roads being intricate and innumerable. A large part of the northern area of China is covered to a greater or less extent with a peculiar soil named, from an analogous phenom- enon in the valley of the Rhine, "loess." It is an extremely porous, brownish-colored earth, readily pulverized by the fingers, and capable of becoming an impalpable dust of great penetrat- ing power. The regions where this peculiar soil occurs abound in cave dwellings cut out of the loam, photographs of which are to be found in many books of travel. The appear- ance of an extensive loess formation, like that to be met with in the mountains separating Shansi from Chihli, with its singularly regular terrace formation, interspersed with many wide and deep chasms, is one of the remarkable sights of China. The occurrence of this soil, 6 REX CHBI8TUS which was for a long time a geological puzzle, has much to do with the great population sup- ported in regions where it occurs, for it is capable of producing immense crops without aid of fertilization. Climate and Food Products. — In a country stretching through more than twenty-five de- grees of latitude, it may readily be seen that there is every variety of climate, from the dreary cold winters of Manchuria to the damp chill of the southeast in winter, alternating with torrid heats in summer. The variations of temperature in many parts of the Great Plain amount to a hundred degrees Fahren- heit for the year, but sudden alternations of heat and cold are far less common than in the same belt throughout North America. In most parts of China there is a rainy season and a dry, but the confines are not as dis- tinctly marked as in India. The rains begin at the southeast of China in March and ex- tend northward, till by July the whole of the Great Plain ought to have its share. When- ever the supply is delayed or is inadequate, the greatest anxiety is everywhere felt, for drought is the synonym of famine. The food supply of the empire is of the most varied description, including a wide range of cereals and fruits, from those cultivated in the extreme north to the tropical treasures of the south. Rice has always been a staple A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 7 food of the Chinese, although in the northern portions it is a mere luxury,, and, except by name, often altogether unknown. Wheat is almost universal, and is considered the best food known to man, while millet, va- rious kinds of sorghum, barley, buckwheat, oats, and maize are to be found in different regions. Sugar-cane is raised in the south. The magnifi- cent grass which we know as the bamboo is one of nature's best gifts to China, as to many other lands, and it is a current proverb that no one should live where it will not thrive. Its varieties are endless and its uses innumerable. Its shoots are employed as food, and with a sweet syrup as a confectionery. Its shafts are put to countless service in the construction of dwellings, and in making nearly every article needed for the use of man or woman. The character for bamboo written over that of a ruler means " to govern," showing the conception of what a magistrate ought to be ; and the verb " to bamboo " may connote every grade of pun- ishment, from a slight beating up to the extinc- tion of life itself. The tallow tree is one of the eccentricities of China, of which the fullest use has been made. The wealth of the provision made for man in this great empire is well matched by the almost unequalled talent displayed by man for discovering ways in which the varied needs of the race may be met by the illimitable 8 REX CHRISTUS resources placed at its disposal. The Chinese are not keen sportsmen, but they greatly excel in fish culture, and they have long been famous for their success in making rivers, streams, and the great ocean tributary to their claims. It is not without reason, in view of the lavish gifts bestowed upon them, that the Chinese consider themselves the most favored people on the earth. China is, in fact, an empire which might be practically independent of the rest of the world, as for so many ages it has been, — a circumstance which has done much toward fostering that over- weening national conceit which has often brought on conflicts with other nations. Minerals. — The mineral wealth of China is to a large extent unexplored, but enough is known to make it probable tliat it is in excess of that of any other land, except, perhaps, the United States. The coal deposits in particular, which are found in immediate contiguity to illimitable ■supplies of the best iron ore, are probably the largest in the world, and the coal-bearing area has been estimated at not less than 419,000 square miles, unequally distributed through every one of the eighteen provinces. Iron and coal are the basis of our present civilization, and the apparently inexhaustible supply in the Chinese Empire must ultimately affect in ways not yet evident the destiny of the human race. It is not the so-called useful minerals only which are to be found, but almost all others, A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 9 with the exception of platinum. Gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, quicksilver, could be produced in enormous quantities with the improved methods used elsewhere. But accompanying this vast and immeasurable potential wealth is the blighting superstition of " Feng-shui " (literally wind-water), which contraindicates the disturbance of the soil beyond a certain depth, lest the " earth-dragon " be offended and nameless ills ensue. The province of Ssuch'uan has salt wells of great depth, from which, with rude machinery and clumsy skill, is extracted the brine which is afterward evaporated into an article of commerce. In the province of Shansi there is a great lake of dry salt which furnishes a supply for a large region. Along the coast salt is obtained from the water of the sea, and, its sale being a government monopoly, is an important source of revenue. Great as are the resources of the empire, it is prob- able that but a fraction of them has as yet been put to use. They still await that scien- tific development without which they are largely useless to their owners, and to mankind at large. Into this magnificent inheritance the earliest colonists came, and in possession of it they have ever since remained. The Chinese are the only people who have never left their origi- nal seats, and who, having once entered upon 10 BEX CHRISTUS certain lines of race activity, have never been deflected from them. China's Rulers A brief recapitulation in merest outline of the history of this remarkable people may fitly accompany a sketch of the empire in miniature. It is not surprising that the uncritical Chi- nese annalists have amused themselves, and flattered the national vanity, with a catalogue of long ages of mythical monarchs, who reigned under impossible conditions for fabulous periods. No actual weight is attached even by Chinese writers to these tales of prehistoric epochs, which simply serve to fill in what would other- wise be blanks, in the manner of the geogra- phers of whom Swift complained that they " O'er uninhabitable downs Place elephants foi* want of towns." The Legendary Period. — Every Chinese is ready to talk of the good old days of Yao, and Shun, his successor, when the morals of the people were so ideal that doors and win- dows were not closed at night, and nothing dropped on the road was picked up by any one but the owner. According to the notions of Chinese chronologists, the close of the legendary period would bring one to the beginning of the twenty-second century B.C., when the Hsai dynasty begins with the great A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 11 Yu, who by his engineering skill drained away a terrible inundation. The Emperor Shun was made the head of the state on account of his filial piety, " in recognition of which, wild beasts used to come voluntarily and drag his plough for him, while birds of the air would guard his grain from the depredations of in- sects." Even as far back as this period there was a comparatively advanced state of civili- zation. The system of knotted cords as a means of notation of ideas had given place to notches on wood, and these in turn to rude out- lines of natural objects. It is from a limited number of such that the ideographs of the Chi- nese language in use to-day have sprung, but not without many intermediate processes of alteration. There was in the earlier ages a " tadpole " character which is now illegible, and survives in but a few examples. There was at that time no such thing as paper, the only books being bamboo tablets inscribed with a sharp stylus, but none are now extant. This was followed by writing on silk, but ink in the modern shape (hard blocks rubbed up with water for the use of the soft brush used in writing) was introduced much later. The Chou Dynasty. — The Chou dynasty, where we are at last on comparatively firm his- torical ground, began in the year 1122 B.C., and extended until 255 B.C. During these nine 12 REX CHEISTUS centuries the history of European nations was in its infancy. The Trojan War had just ended, and the monarchy of Israel had begun. The whole brilliant period of Grecian history was contemporaneous with this dynasty, and in it the Eternal City was founded. What the Chinese are to-day has its roots in the ancient period of the Chous. Their language, their ideas, their administration of their government, and above all their elaborate ceremonial, with- out which China would not be China, all take their origin here. So, too, with their national literature and their great sages, Confucius and Mencius, the one born 551 B.C., and the other 372 B.C., each of them in what is now the prov- ince of Shantung. Few individuals in the an- nals of the human race have more powerfully influenced so large a number of their fellow-men as these two Chinese, and, what is more re- markable, their authority once established has never been disputed. In these early days war was carried on with bowmen on the one side and spearmen on the other. " The centre was occupied by chariots, each drawn by three or four horses, harnessed abreast. Swords, daggers, shields, iron-headed clubs some five or six feet in length and weighing from twelve to fifteen pounds, huge iron hooks, drums, cymbals, gongs, horns, banners and streamers innumer- able, were also among the equipment of war." A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 13 From this descriptive snatch, the discerning reader is able to recognize the root of much of the noisy, showy, and tawdry display which is the accompaniment of every Chinese public function to-day. The Tsin Dynasty. — The Chou dynasty broke down finally, though it had lasted for almost a millennium. It was followed by the reign of one of the greatest men China has ever produced, who arrogated to himself the title of the First Emperoi- (Ch'in Shih Huang), and who raised the state of Ch'in, at the head of which he had been for twenty-six years, to the sover- eign place among the various subordinate king- doms, and then swept away the entire feudal system, by means of which the Chou emperors had divested themselves of the cares of govern- ment, and divided the empire, including vast tracts which he had annexed on the south, into thirty-six provinces, " thus effecting a revolu- tion which, after a lapse of 2000 years, history has seen repeated in Japan." This restless Napoleon of China despatched an expedition to look for some mysterious islands off the coast. He was the builder of the Great Wall, which skirts the eighteen provinces for a distance of nearly 1400 miles, from Shan Hai Kuan on the present Gulf of Pechili, to the Great Desert at the western terminus of the empire. This gigantic work, which was the continuation of other defences already existing 14 BEX CHBISTUS against the outer barbarians, was completed by- means of forced labor and incredible cruelty in the space of ten years. It is difficult to understand how such a task could have been accomplished at all, and the fact that it was so, has been rightly regarded as an incidental proof of a large population. The boundless ambition of the First Emperor was not satisfied with these great works of statesmanship and of public utility, but he thirsted to have all liter- ature recreated with his reign. He issued an order for the destruction of all books (with cer- tain exceptions), but finding his literati in- tractable, he caused many hundreds of them to be buried in pits, and the books were burned. The prodigious memories of the Chinese schol- ars who survived the early fall of the emperor enabled them to reproduce the greater part of the works destroyed, but many of them were in an incomplete condition. The name of this monarch has been held in detestation by the scholars of China ever since, and though his consolidation of the empire re- mained, the death of his son, after a brief reign of three years, put an end to the dynasty. The Han Dynasty. — Under different names this lasted for a period of about four hundred years, nearly evenly divided by the opening of the Christian era. Our Lord was born in the first year of the Emperor P'ing Ti, " Prince of Peace," a coincidence often remarked upon. A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 15 During this long period the empire was becom- ing more settled, and was advancing in civiliza- tion. There was a general revival of learning, and the books so precious to scholars were rescued from the hiding-places to which they had been banished under the destructive First Emperor. Ink was invented, and it was used to compile voluminous commentaries on the recov- ered classics, which were now printed on paper made from the bark of trees. In the latter portion of the second centur}' B.C. lived the Herodotus of China, Ssu Ma Ch'ien, who composed the first connected and comprehensive survey of the records of China, beginning from the mythical period of the "Yellow Emperor," and extending to about a century before the Christian era. A great lexicographical work called the " Shuo Wen " also appeared within this period, which shows that the principle of phonetic formation of char- acters was the same then as at present. It was during the Han dynasty that the Buddhist reli- gion was brought to China, in response to the request of envoys sent in consequence of an imperial dream. It is supposed that a Jewish colony entered China at the same time, but neither then nor at any subsequent period did it attract serious attention from the Chinese, who nicknamed these singular people the "sinew-plucking sect." It is from the Han period that literary degrees take their rise, and 16 REX CHBISTUS perpetual rank was conferred on the descend- ants of Confucius, whose teachings at this time made their way to Japan, where they held undisputed sway until within the past few decades. A Dark Period. — The Han was followed by the epoch of the Three Kingdoms, a time of bloodshed and civil war, mainly of interest to us at this day on account of a celebrated histori- cal novel from which it takes its name, parts of which are repeated in tea-shops and enacted in plays all over China. The characters in this stirring drama are better known by far than contemporary statesmen, of whom the common people never hear anything and for whom if they should hear they would not care. After the Three Kingdoms ensued a variety of minor dynasties, the enumeration of which would only serve to tease the I'eader, the appearance and the disappearance alike not affecting the gen- eral progress of events. The T'ang Dynasty. — The next great period is the T'ang dynasty, from 620 to 907 A.D., dur- ing which time, as Dr. Williams remarks, " China was probably the most civilized country on earth; the darkest days of the West, when Europe was wrapped in the ignorance and degradation of the Middle Ages, formed the brightest era of the East. They exercised a humanizing effect on all the surrounding countries, and led their inhabitants to see the benefits and understand A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 17 the management of a government where the laws were above the officers." The T'ang is one of the most brilUant epochs in the history of the Flowery Land, and its second emperor, T'ai Tsung " may be regarded as the most accomplished in the Chinese annals, — famed alike for his wisdom and nobleness, his con- quests and good government, his temperance, cultivated tastes, and patronage of literary men." He established schools and instituted a system of literary examinations. He had the Confucian classics published under the super- vision of the most learned men in the empire, and took great pains to prepare and preserve the historical annals of the recent dynasties. His broad dominions extended to the borders of Persia and the Caspian Sea, embracing large parts of Central Asia. The reign of his son (Kao Tsung) was as imbecile as that of his father had been glorious. His empress obtained control over him, and after his death, for twenty-one years usurped the throne, murdering all who opposed her will, and assuming such titles as Queen of Heaven, Holy Mother, and Divine Sovereign. By a palace conspiracy her son at length removed her, and she died in seclusion at the age of eighty-one years. About the year 722 a census of the fifteen provinces is said to have given a total of more than 52,884,000. It was in the T'ang period that Buddhism 18 BEX CHRISTUS attained its greatest successes, the whole land being filled with its temples and its worship, one of the later emperors determining to receive with the highest honors a bone of the founder, Shakya- muna. Against this one of his ablest ministers made a famous protest, the text of which is familiar to all scholars even to-day, and is regarded as a masterpiece of argument and invective. The result was the banishment of the remonstrant to the remote and barbarous regions of the south, near the present port of Swatow, from which he was, however, recalled later, and has since been canonized under the title of Prince of Literature. Only six years after the Hegira of the Prophet, the followers of Mohammed are supposed to have entered China. In the following century a force of Arab soldiers was sent to China to assist in quelling an insurrection, and as a reward they were allowed to settle in the coun- try. During this dynasty the greatest Chinese poets flourished, and a complete collection of the works of the epoch are arranged in 48,900 pieces in 900 books. The use of paper money dates from this time, and it is thought that the originals of the Court Circular, or what is now called the Pekirig Grazette, are here to be found. Tradition has also assigned to this dynasty the beginning of the almost universal practice of binding the feet of girls, but there is no docu- mentary evidence as to its introduction. Its firm A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 19 grip on the people is one of the most singular facts in this land of strange phenomena. The Sung Dynasty. — The Sung dynasty, which after a few decades of minor rulers suc- ceeded the T'angs, is divided into the Northern Sung and the Southern Sung, having its capital at what is now Hangchou in Chekiang, in order to be safer from the troublesome Tartars, by whom the dynasty was at length overthrown, after a duration of 167 for the former and 153 years for the latter, each branch furnishing nine emperors. The period is notable chiefly for its literary men, not for its rulers, especially for Chu Hsi, the great commentator on the Chinese classics, whose interpretations have totally obliterated those of the scholars of the Han, and have been the sole and only Confucian orthodoxy ever since, a literary triumph which for thoroughness and permanence has few parallels in history. A historian named Ssu Ma Kuang produced one of those works which for voluminousness are typically Chinese, being completed in 294 books. Another historian called Ma Tuan Lin wrote a history in 348 books. It is productions of this description which give point to the Chinese aphorism that "In order to know the Ancient and the Modern it is necessary to read five cart loads of books." Another noted name in the Sung dynasty is that of a socialistic statesman who introduced 20 BEX CHRISTUS plans which were many hundred years in advance of his time. He wished to have the whole body of the people liable to military drill and for service in time of need, and he devised a system of state loans to farmers, in order to supply them with more capital. His schemes were disallowed, and have become way-marks in the Chinese desert to show where not to go. The little Tri- metrical Classic which is the first book put into the hands of schoolboys on entering school, also dates from this time, as well as the authorized list of Chinese surnames, now also a part of the routine instruction of every pupil. The Mongol Dynasty. — ^The next dynasty was a relatively short one of about eighty years, and is of interest because it was the first time that the outer barbarian had gained the imperial throne. The new incumbents were Mongols, under the noted Genghis Khan, who occupied Peking in the year 1264. The great Kublai Khan, who held the sway of the empire for fifteen years, was an enlightened monarch who did much to consolidate his rule by wise plans, but the Mongol material upon which he had to work was incomparably inferior to the Chinese, and the dynasty came to an end after a few inglorious reigns, and was supplanted by the Mings. It was in the Mongol or Yuan dynasty that Marco Polo came to China, and most of what we know of the mediaeval potentate, Ku- blai Khan, comes from the marvellously vivid A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 21 narrative of the great Venetian, whose work had so little acceptance during his lifetime that when on his dying bed he was urged to repent of all his sins, and to confess the falsehoods which he had told about Cathay ; which, being an honest reporter, he stoutly refused to do. He visited large parts of the empire and had a varied experience both as guest and as an offi- cial. His patron, Kublai Khan, greatly extended the work of the dissolute Yang Ti (of the Sui dynasty, 605 a.d.) and united the Yang-tse and Yellow Rivers by the Grand Canal, one of the greatest and most useful of China's internal improvements. The Ming Dynasty. — It is a striking fact, well enunciated by Dr. Williams, that amid all the revolutions in China none have been based upon a principle. Each one has been a mere change of masters, with no better appreciation than before of the rights of the subject, or of the powers and duties of the rulers. From the standpoint of the Chinese this is due to the fact that the original principles upon which the empire was founded were ideally perfect, and all that remained was to put them into practice. Whenever the Son of Heaven fails to do this, he has lost " Heaven's decree," and is by a divine right turned out to make room for another who has received it. The founder of the Ming dynasty was a man named Chu Muan Chang, who had experienced 22 BEX CHBISTUS the deepest poverty, and had at one time been a Buddhist priest. His parents and elder brother had died of starvation, and being too poor to put them in coffins, he was forced to bury them in straw. The last emperor of the Mongols had degenerated into a voluptuary and was in the hands of his ministers a mere puppet. The great abilities of Chu enabled him by rapid stages to seize the sceptre of power, and in the year 1368 he mounted the Dragon Throne, taking the title of Hung Wu, by which name he is best known to foreigners. This, it will be recollected, was a century and a quarter before " Columbus crossed the ocean blue," but to the Chinese of to-day, accustomed to measure time by millenniums, it appears a period about as distant as " before the war " to an American. The new emperor, in addition to his military genius, showed almost equal skill in the admin- istration of the empire, and also became a liberal patron of literature and education. He organ- ized the present system of examinations, re- stored the dress of the T'ang dynasty, published a penal code, abolished punishment by mutila- tion, regulated taxation, put the coinage upon a proper basis with government notes and cash as equal currencj^. The capital was fixed at Nanking, but the son of Hung Wu wrested the power from his nephew to whom it had been given, and removed the seat of government to the ancient Cambaluc of the Mongols, the mod- A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 23 ern Peking, taking the title of Yung Lo, by far the best known of the sixteen Ming emperors. In his progress to seize Peking he committed enormous excesses, and so devastated all the regions through Avhich he passed that not a man, woman or child, not a cat or dog, remained alive. This is popularly referred to by every one as his "sweeping the north." As a result it be- came necessary to bring compulsory immigrants to Chihli and Sb.antung, in order to repeople the land, and every family will tell you that they " came from " some remote place, such as Hung Tung Hsien in Shansi, or Lai Chou Fu in Shantung, some nineteen generations ago, back of which, unfortunately, their family registers do not go ! The incursions of the Tartars from the north were incessant, but Yung Lo found time amid many activities to patronize literature on a scale hitherto unprecedented. At his behest a gigan- tic encyclopsedia was prepared, intended to col- lect in one work the substance of all the classical, historical, philosopliical, and literary works hitherto published. The task was intrusted to a committee of 3 presidents, 5 chief direc- tors, 20 sub-directors, and 2169 subordinates. The work was finished in the year 1407, con- taining in all 22,877 books besides the table of contents, which occupied sixty books, the whole being called Yung Lo Ta Tien or the Institutes of Yung Lo- Only two copies were ever made 24 BEX CHRISTUS One was destroyed in a great fire in Nanking, and the other was ruined or captured in the burning of the Han-lin Yuan in Peking, during the memorable siege in that city in the summer of 1900. Several hundred volumes only were rescued, and are now dispersed all over the world, a melancholy end to one of the greatest intellectual labors even of the Chinese. The sixteen emperors of the Ming period ended their rule in 1644, having like all their predecessors lost the " Decree of Heaven." The feuds with the Tartars were incessant, and dur- ing one of the insurrections the latter entered Peking unopposed, and their leader was quite ready to accept the invitation to ascend the throne, — which he did. The last Ming emperor stabbed his daughter and hung himself on a pine tree on the east side of the " Coal Hill" in the palace grounds in Peking. During the foreign occupation of that city this tree was pointed out to visitors, still flourishing, but blisfhted on the side where the Son of Heaven ended his inglorious reign. The leading Chinese general assented to the occupation of the throne by the Manchu Tartars, who called themselves the Ch'ing, or Great Pure Dynasty, on con- dition that no Chinese woman should be taken into the imperial seraglio, and that the first place in literary degrees should never be given to a Manchu. It was also agreed that while women should be allowed to retain their former A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 25 style of dress, the men should adopt that of the Manchus, although suffered to bury their dead in the Ming costume. A part of the stipulation as to the dress of the men was the acceptance of the Manchu queue, which for a long period in the southeastern portions of the empire was strongly resisted. Even to this day in those regions a turban is worn, the survival of an effort to conceal what was then felt to be a national disgrace. The Manchu Dynasty. — It was only a quarter of a century after the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock that the Manchus began their long rule over the magnificent possession into which they had come almost without effort. The second emperor, whose style is K'ang Hsi, came to the throne when he was but eight years of age and took the government into his own hands at fourteen, making a striking and instructive parallel with the history of Louis XIV of France, their two reigns being con- temporaneous for more than half a century. K'ang Hsi was undoubtedly one of the com- paratively few really great monarchs who have ruled the Celestial Empire. He greatly ex- tended his frontier on the west, consolidated his power everywhere, and established regulations which have contributed to the peace and pros- perity of China ever since. He was indefatiga- ble in his devotion to state affairs, liberal in his expenditure for public ends, and anxious to 26 BEX CHRISTUS promote the welfare of his people. He has been termed the most successful patron of literature the world, has ever seen, causing to be published four great works of continental scope, any one of which would have distinguished any ruler, aside from the great lexicon to which he has given his name. He governed China for the almost unprecedented period of sixty-one years, and was succeeded by his son, Yung Cheng, in 1722. He in turn was followed by his famous son, Ch'ien Lung (or Kien Lung), who, after ruling sixty years, resigned the throne for the very Chinese reason that it would not be filial to outdo his grandfather ! tie was also a patron of literature, and a poet of great merit, his productions reaching the astonishing total of 33,950, many of which however were very short. Like K'ang Hsi he extended the boundaries of the empire, but wasted revenues on the support of large armies. He received embassies from the Russians, the Dutch, and the English, which tended to confirm the Chinese in their inefface- able conviction that China is the real centre of the universe, and all under the heavens merely tributary, — a theory which was to bear bitter fruits in the ensuing century. The next emperor, Chia Ch'ing (Kia King), was dissolute and superstitious, and his reign of twenty-five years was disturbed by rebellions on land and pirates by sea. He was followed iu A SELF-CENTRED EMPIRE 27 1820 by his son Tao Kuang, during whose reign China had to face unprecedented troubles, — a rebellion in Turkestan, an insurrection in For- mosa, and a rising in Kuangtung. But all these combined were trifling when compared with the dark cloud rising on the horizon from the pres- ence of the outer barbarians, who had been for some centuries trading at Canton, but who now broke out into what the Chinese considered to be "open rebellion." This was the Opium War between Great Britain and China, in which. Mobile there was much to regret on the foreign side of the case, there was abundant reason for the conflict aside from the special issues on which it was waged. It was terminated by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, of which Dr. Williams has justly remarked that whether regarded from the political, com- mercial, moral, or intellectual standpoint, it was " one of the turning-points in the history of mankind, involving the welfare of all nations in its wide-reaching consequences." By it, in ad- dition to Canton, were opened the ports of Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, — the promise and potency of the ultimate opening of all China which has not yet been effected. Just as this emperor quitted the stage the great T'ai P'ing Rebellion broke out, which rav- aged a large part of the empire, and shook the dynasty to its foundations, resulting in the loss of perhaps twenty millions of lives. This, after 28 BEX CHBISTUS fifteen years of ruin, was finally put down by the aid of foreigners, of whom General Charles George Gordon was the chief. In the inglorious reign of the Emperor Hsien Feng another war with foreign powers took place, ending in the capture of Peking (October, 1860) by the allied British and French forces, and the flight of the emperor, who died on a hunting excursion in his ancestral home in Man- churia in August, 1860. The next incumbent was a mere child, the son of an imperial concu- bine, who took the style of T'ung Chih, but he had barely attained his majority when he died of smallpox, January, 1875. The affairs of state had been in the hands of the empress mother, and the empress dowager, together with Prince Kung, a brother of the late emperor. Anotlier infant was now set upon the throne and another regency began, the events of which are fresh in the memories of those who know anything of China ; but for those who do not, it would be difficult to summarize them in the space at our disposal. There was a sort of war with France in 1844, in which the Chinese were not decisively beaten. There was another far more serious conflict with Japan ten years later in which China was humbled to the dust; but her semi-Bourbon leaders learned nothing and forgot everything, and the country drifted on. The attempted reforms of the emperor in 10 II loo 105 Longitude East /~H A I H '*>& rTu-ning // \ A■ o s ^ Li 05 ^ 4-d 1— ( a s s o tS a <0 sijdndjo joqmn^ 1— ^- cc OS o ^ iO — ^-< o . ca o c-J -* c^ t£^ 00 c^co . s[ooqos Xbp JO jaqnm^ t- . •<* . o ' i s^nsoianraino^ ■^ CO CO ^-* O '^^ O O O »— . , O . r-( O rH . . . . t- C^I r-« COjCO CO -^^t- CO . . O^ . .... CQC^T^CO-r^<^ r^ ... . . . . snoiiBis-jtio O! Bnoijirjs JO J9quinjj I— 1 c/; ^^ .^ f^ TS -< o <^ sja^jOJA. nSiaaoj itrjox »vb 00eO'^^ 0,'0^^*^<>*^ "* CO i-H t- CO CO rH to ir •«*< O r-i i-( ^-OVOI r^ ~ r< T-i suBioisXqd 0[Bca5ij 8JB oqM asaqi JO jaqinn^ auBioisXqd 9ii!ni a.re oqiv asaqi jo jaqtnnjsi natnoAV pauJBcau£i • (M|i-I . Od jS iC t-c SI • tM • oa rfMOOOr.#OOriJC'?acO .UIJ uacai'B'j H a 03 o 03 P « SQiJBnoissita panrepjo >-f - 5 air -f cow:) ^T-( »c aonRTjna jo JB8i >4 1—4 o o O 25 ^ CO rH (M • -COCOCdrH . C^O ai CO CO cocococO'^'trf'1? -^co ^ t— ;-- OO OO oolci os os as o:. o:» cs 000000000000p00000K«CO00Q000Q000p0C/^00a50OCOCO "^ "^ rf "i? "^^o to t— ;•* OO OO oolcs OS OS OS o:. o:» cs 00 00 bo oooo\co coooQqooooooEbc/^ooa:ijococo o o S 13 " is ■< pq a a c is'' *r « !^ • fc "".^ ' CO®'; C u. u < |:^ • O ^♦J o ^ s cc .SCQ53.20 OQ — 'd. . C C 'c - .^ "° ' a « S •Is •oQ 5 • a ■ « : a .o a . 013 • a S o'-'SW ■San '■J .2« .^.S 5£-s^a * o • as a 4X C4 00 *0 . .b-<>>10 .t-«C T-» ■^ «0 . . i-« T-i . r-* .coo . rH y-i OOIOOO . O <» r-t O .00 O !-< T-H , -"it Ci Ci 1-H . 5? CD -^ . *-< • • C* t- *- • O • •00 i-< • CO • • goo . T-. . 00 — T^ — )C4CM 'O CJ<0 . t- , . oo t- Tft CO . .CiOSCO . CO cc ooos«o . . -^ ■* O«'-^c0C0C^lr-i--r-.CCC^ 'cO O r-H ..-^ T-» ■* OJ !:£• CC CO . ri< . tH .1-1 • rH • Cfl "tJI tH • t-H OOt-C^t- • -t-CO • Tjl o . Tj< CO ■»# C^ Tjl T-l __ _ _ _ _':C'I-CO^JD(Xt aoccjocoooooooaoooa)cr-' rHT-'T-tT-ir-tr-«T— (iHrHi-i-i-i 2i^ feu . o • ® a ■S L^ . O CO S : fl^ t-. • o p ■° x'-s g V a> bf.-^ a ~ I. " i'r-. S Ph T3<» g P2 ^^s^f^Sfe-^li *s o XI >. 2 »"*< S c . •2 £>s! to "jj ^ 3^ c-q t. O O o m "2 2 en CO NfCIf o CO c W OJ • (M-^ • . 'Tj* 'fl* O Cfl C^ -aorH . .coi-Hc5rH<5aefl s s O CO T-CO 00 T-l C^KM'r-tCM .00 •OJ'* • X -t-tooocoaooaOiCiCs OOQOOOaOOOOOOOGO'XOO ?^T ■s="5 SIS >>C «i t. t. 2 S.2agP-.2 ^ ? « ° ti J .2^ p-5 « a; tit: b g « .£3 •» 0? a* ^ 3 « c3^ -as o "= — ■" a ca 03 3 o .Sja -3 2 n t- J; S Q qj C 03 lO 1— r- CO GO oo CO O) -J/j o o 00 ij •< >; o H !?; Ed .2- on (K cc •« . £o >cn o a o — teg XI O CO ^-* O OS (O ■^ CD OS'S Hh) a o OS O «o So CO Q« l-« o 03 C» CO o Q& C^ A 03 «i >. .2S-3 o ^ ^ " .£ o : a •s a! > s c ^ «) QJ ►-1 ^ C 03 A .»_1 \J a "3 Si i ti q 3 0) o ^o> -^ ,a ■*J .^ o o >^ o .o a m Tl -3 a tfi 5 03 41 o a H 03 a a o o VI (E cu ^a INDEX Abeel, David, 136, 168, 186. Allen, Y. J., 193. Amherst, Lord, 133. Amoy, 27, 32, 139. Ancestral worship, 80, 88. Anhui, 36. Ann Arbor, 183. Antiquity, 1, 12, 121. Area, 2. Arnold, Edwin, 240. Ashmore, Dr., 141. Audience question, 186. Baldwin, Mrs., 81, 169. Bamboo, 7. Barrett, John, 241. Beach, H. P., 215. Bible societies, 174, 191 ; trans- lations, 132, 144 ; women, 174. Bishop, Isabella Bird, 180, 216. Blake, Lady, 172. Blind, 161. Blodget, Henry, 148. Books, bamboo, 11; Buddhist, 67 ; destruction of, 14 ; ency- clopaedia, 23 ; "of Changes," 57,59; "Shuo Wen," 15, 19; 60, 62, 78, 131, 156, 194, 215, 235. Boone, Dr., 143. Boulger, D. C, 115. Boxers, 64, 78, 125, 160, 192, 198, 206 et seq., 224, 226. Brewster, Mr. and Mrs., 161. Bridgmaa, E. C, 136, 144. Brown, S. R., 158. Buddhism, 15, 17, 61, 67 et seq. Burns, W. C, 141. Cambridge Band, 151. Canals, 5; Grand, 21, 30, 31. Canton, 27, 33, 127, 137, 198. Chang Chih Tung, 116, 209. Channiug, Blanche M., 164. Chao, Mrs., 178. Chef 00, 31, 33, 149, 161. Chekiang, 19, 32, 124, 216. Chentung Liang Cheng, 39. Chihli, 5, 23, 29, 149, 207, 216. Christian Associations, 202,235; Endeavor, 202, 236. Chu Fu-tze, 55. Chu Hsi, 19, 36. Ch'img Ch'ing, 35. Clarke, F. E., 242. Classics, 17, 19, 20, 141. Climate, 6. Colleges, 148, 234, 239. Combs, Dr., 180. Conceit, 8, 26, 126. Confucius, 12, 16, 31, 44 et seq. Sayings of, 80 ; 96, 175. Conservatism, 9(5, 101. Cooper, T. T., 107. Cumming, Miss Gordon, 241. Customs service, 147. Darwin, Charles, 241. Denby, Charles, 163, 217. Diffusion Society, 194, 205, 214. Dispensaries, 159. Distrust, 104. Door of Hope, 183. Dragon, 61 ; Throne, 22. Dudgeon, Dr., 148, 187. Dynasties, Chou, 11, 59; Han, 14, 227; Hsai, 10; Manchu, 253 254 INDEX 25; Ming, 21, 122; Mongol, 20,68,122; Sui,21,67; Sung, 19, 32, 68: T'ang, 4, 16, 51, 68. 76 ; Tsin, 13. East India Co., 127, 129, 132, 138. Edkins, Mr., 148. Education, 144. 168, 194, 234. Emperors, Chia Ch'ing, 26; Ch'ien Lung, 26; Ch'in Shili Huang, 13 ; Chu Muan Cliang, 21; Hsieu Feng, 28; K'ang Hsi, 25, 70 ; Kao Tsung, 17 ; Kuang Hsu, 117, 204, 231; Ming Ti, 67; P'ing Ti, 14; Shun, 10; Tai Tsung, 17; Tao Kuang, 27; T'ung Chih, 28; Yang Ti, 21; Yao, 10; " YeUow," 15 ; Yung Clieng, 26. Faber, Ernst, 54, 62, 195, 205. " Face," 107. Famine, 6; Groat, 187, 228. Farming, metliods of, 4. "Feng-shui," 9. Fitcli, G. F., 197. Five Relations, 47, 55, 89, 104. Foochow, 27, 32, 139, 169, 193, 198. Food supply, 6. Foot-binding, 18, 173, 202. Foreigners, sentiment toward, 94, 206. Formosa, 27, 32. Forum, 241. Foster, Mrs. Arnold, 217. Fukien, 32, 95, 161, 200, 216. Fulton, A. A., 202; Mary H., 184. Gamble, "William, 196. Genghis Khan, 20. " Glad Tidings Village," 189. Gordon, Charles George, 28. Gracey, J. T., 40. Graham, J. M., 219. Griffin, Lepel, 81. Hangchow, 19, 32, 149. Hankow, 36, 192. Headland, Dr. 176. Heber, Reginald, 242. Herodotus of China, 15. Hobson, Dr., 138. Holcombe, Chester, 167. Honan, 36. Hong Kong, 33, 144, 172, 198. Hospitals, 137, 159, 182. Howard, Dr., 180. Howe, Julia Ward, 162. Hue, Abbe', 120, 123, 155. Hu King Eng, 182. Hunan, 35, 76, 149, 203. Hunt, P. R., 198. Hupeh, 36, 216. Ideographs, 3, 11. Immigrants, 23, 33. India, 6, 67, 127, 135, 189, 221. Indirection, 103. Industry, 90. Infanticide, 58. Ink invented, 15. Insincerity, 105. Irishmen of China, 33. Itinerating, 156. Japan, 13, 16, 28, 59, 137, 199. Jesuits, 60, 123. Jews, 15, 49. John, Griffith, 149, 193. Kahn, Ida, 173, 183. Kansuh, 38, 76. Kerr, Dr., 161, 183. Kiangsu, 31, 216. Kindergartens, 175. Kipling, 41. Kuang Hsu, 231. Kuangsi, 33, 36, 70. Kuangtung, 27, 33, 123, 216. Kuan Yin, 74. INDEX 255 Kublai Khan, 20, 122, Ku Ch'eng, 33, 200. Kueichou, 34. Kung, Prince, 28. Kuo Sung Tao, 188. Lao-tze, 59, 62. Legge, Dr., 51, 54. Liang A-fa, 134. Li Hung Chang, 30, 36, 52, 54, 155, 180. Literature, 15, 17, 18, 26, 194. Little, Mrs., 117, 202. Liu, Deacon, 160. Lockhart, William, 138, 148. Loess, 5, .37. London Times, 40. Lui K'un Yi, 209. Hacao, 33, 130. Madison, James, 129. Mail, China, 185. Manchuria, 6, 24, 28, 38, 64, 152, 187, 201, 207, 216. Marco Polo, 20. Marsh, Dr., 81. Martin, W. A. P., 48, 71, 149, 242. Ma Tuan Lin, 19. McArthur, Alexander, 242. McKenzie, Dr., 148. Meadows, T. T., 139. Medhurst, W. H., 135, 142, 144. Medical work, 179. Mencius, 12, 31, 55, 70. Mills, Mrs., 161. Milne, Robert, 131, 144. Minerals, 8, 34. Missions, Am. Board, 136, 152, 169, 198 ; Baptist, 141, 1(59, 177, 189, 195; China Inland, 150, 198 ; Episcopal, 142, 149, 169, 198; Reformed, 142 ; German, 141 ; London, 128, 152 ; Meth- odist, 142, 150, 169, 180, 187 ; 198; Presbyterian, 38, 140, 143, 149, 152, 169, 182, 187, 196, 198, 199; Roman Cath- olic, 121, 188; Union, 169. Mohammedanism, 18, 53, 76 o.t seq.,22-2. Mongolia, 20, 68. Monte Corvino, 121. ^jfMorrison, Robert, 129, 140, 191. Muirhead, William, 142, 149, 218. Nanking, 22, 27, .31, 140, 149. Napoleon, 39; "of China," 13. Native Christians, 210, 225. Neandor, 39. Nestorians, 37. 120, 222. Nevius, J. L., 149. Niles, Mary, 183. Ningpo, 27, 32, 139, 197. North American Review, 162. 01jT)hant, Mr., 136. Opium, 27, 37, 90, 160. Pao Ting Fu, 30. Paper money, 18. Parker, Peter, 1.37. Parliament of Religions, 5, 97. Patriotism, 95. Peking, 2, 20, 24, 28, 30, 63, 127, 148, 173, 186, 198, 231; Ga- zette, 18, 53, 54; University, 198. Peng Kuang Yu, 52, 97, 108. Persecutions, 199, 208. Plain, Great, 6, 31, 36, 38, 85. Population, 2, 14, 17, 84, 221. Poverty, 58, 90, 92, 158. Prince, of Peace, 14; of litera- ture, 18. Printing presses, 133, 192, 196, 214. Provinces, 29. Queue, 64. Railroads, 30, 31, 35, 38, 203. Ralph, Julian, 40. 256 INDEX Ramazan fast, 76. Reed, W. B., 240. Reforms, 29, 35, 203, 230. Reid, Gilbert, 39. Ricci, Matthew. 123. Ricbard, Timothy, 69, 189, 195, 215. Rivers, 2, 21, 30, 33, 37. Roberts, Dr., 148. Roman Catholics, 206, 222. Russia, 31, 38. Salt wells, 9, 35. Schools, 17, 150, 157, 169, 171,233. Secret sects, 77 et seq., 222. Seward, G. F., 163; W. H., 41. Shanghai, 27, 30, 32, 135, 139, 172, 183, 188, 190, 196. Shansi, 5, 9, 23, 37, 95, 188, 207, 232. Shantung, 12, 23, 31, 38, 95, 135, 149, 226. Shensi, 37, 76, 189. Si Ngan Fu, 29, 37, 121. Singapore, 137, 168. Smith, Mrs. A. H., 171; Moses, 80. , Solidarity, 85. Soochow, 31, 149. Speer, William, 115. Ssuch'uan, 9, 35, 149, 199, 213. Stewart, Mr., 200. Stone, Mary, 182. Stronach, 144. Strong, Josiah, 238. Superstitions, 63. Suspicion, 104. Swatow, 18, 33, 141. T'ai P'ing Rebellion, 27, 31, 34, 36, 135, 140, 143. T'ai Shan, 31. Taoism, 59 et seq. Tartars, 19, 23. Taylor, J. H., 150 ; Mrs. F. H., 218. Temples, 53, 67, 72; Temple Bar, 115. Three Kingdoms, 16, 67. Tientsin, 30, 54, 145, 148, 154, 180. Titus, Mrs. E. C, 217. Tract societies, 191, 198. Training schools, 177. Treaties, 145. Tuan Fang, 209. Unity, 50, 89, 142, 222, 225. University, Peking, 149, 198; Tientsin, 102. Untruthfulness, 105. Valignani, 122, 128. Wall, Great, 13, 38. War, methods of, 12; with France, 28 ; with Great Brit- ain, 146; with Japan, 28, 32, 203 ; Opium, 27. Wei Hai Wei. 31, Williams, S. W., 16, 21, 27, 37, 52, 136, 188. Williamson, Dr., 182, 194, 218. Woman's work, 167. Woodhull, H. C, 163. Woolston sisters, 170. Worthley, Evelyn, 81. Wu, Mrs. 180. Yates, Dr. and Mrs., 143. Yuan Shih K'ai, 209. Yunnan, 34. 5 241 3 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below Sapnti 0 wet N 31374 FEB 8W ^^575 iRi;¥«««l 067J8iltt E/r«i'"toLD.UR. LD URL MAR 2 3 ]9|||MAY 1 INTERLI B R A R)t'4j^lffl^ MAR 9 1972 ^tir^B weeks from date of fWpipt — NonRenewabto :v.4uo p : MSR 2 3 72 IJC SOUTHERN RtGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 627 895 6