»l^j6^^j'jiAi>'yA//MK,h^f^/^)/.f'^''>^^ ' '-/ , /■////. y UC-NRLF $B 3D3 IDD ARMING * mT.».^s^jr±m I (*' '£. ^r^ sLfl, OF THE University of California, ^^07^ UV)£yiAyH^ T A/ryn^ Received ^Q^t^J'^i^* » ^90 1 T Carrots. carrot is unquestionably the most profitable variety for a farmer to grow for feeding purposes. The nutritive value is equal to any of the white varieties, and it is much more easily harvested than the others. For yield it takes the lead. Under favorable circumstances Yield per this carrot will yield from twenty-five to thirty tons per acre. The cultivation of carrots is similar to mang^el Cultivation o of Carrots. wurzels and sugar beets, with the exception of thinning. The carrot plants should be from eight to ten inches apart in the row. The time Harvesting . . Carrots. to harvest is the last week in October. In harvesting, the tops can be readily taken ofi" 66 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Carrots for Horses and Cows Beets Replacing Carrots. Swede Turnip. Improving Swedes. Oreen Top Swedes. with an ordinary hoe while the roots are still in the ground. Then, with an iron plow without the mould board, the roots can be turned out. The plow should be run only sufficiently deep that the share will cut the points off the roots. This work may be done first, and top them with a knife. A very little frost will injure them after being pulled, so that it will be necessary to cover them at night if there is any danger of frost. Carrots are grown chiefly for feeding to horses and milch cows. The Danish sugar beet is taking the place of the white carrot on account of its better keeping qualities and greater nutritive value. The same method of keeping mangel wurzels and sugar beets during the winter is required for the keeping of carrots. There are many varieties of the Swede turnip offered at the present time. These have been improved from the original " Skirving," a work which is done extensively by growers of seeds. The type of a root is fixed by growing seed from a certain type for a number of years. It would be difficult to say which, for all purposes, is the leading Swede at the present time. While some of the newer varieties are large and smooth, their quality for table use may not be equal to that of some otliers. As a rule, the bronze top varieties are superior to the purple top for table use. In some sections of the country the practice of growing Swede turnips SPRING CULTIVATIOX FOR ROOTS. 67 for export to the United States, for table use, has become quite an extensive business. As to the wisdom of this is another matter, for, aside from the ready cash derived, we must consider the fact that it takes double the nutriment from the soil to produce a crop of turnips that it does for a grain crop. A2:ain the farmer should consider the pjreat Tumips ^ 11.. Should be loss of fertility to the soil by selling and shipping Fed on the the whole product instead of feeding it on the farm, and returning it again to the soil, as only a small percentage is retained by the animals for the production of beef or milk. In preparing soil the previous fall for Swede Turnip turnips, while it is preferable to have the land manured and ribbed, it is not so important, as turnips do not require to be sown as early as mangel wurzels, sugar beets and carrots. It is advisable to have Swedes follow a clover sod which has been thoroughly decomposed, and has been manured in the fall or during the winter with about fifteen waggon loads of farm manure per Preparing . the Soil. acre, and the same thoroughly incorporated with the surface soil. Before making the drills, if there is a clay subsoil, it should be loosened as deep as possible, using four horses on a culti- vator provided with chisel pointed teeth made for the purpose. (See 111. 10 J). In order to do the work thoroughly it is subsoiiing advisable to first set the cultivator so as to Tooth Cultivator. loosen the ground about eight inches deep, then 68 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Drilling for Turnips. Time to Sow Swedes. Quantity of Seed per Acre. Conserving Moisture. Thorough Cultivation. FaU Turnips. cultivate across about two inches deeper ; this does more thorough work. The next thing is to harrow and roll the land, before making the drills, which are made the same as for mangel wurzels, shallow, and thirty inches wide. The time to sow Swedes is from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth of June. If sown earlier they are liable to be more woody, and are subject to the turnip louse (Aphis). The quantity of seed necessary is from two to three pounds per acre, and is best sown with the ordinary turnip horse drill. (See 111. 31). In twenty-four hours, if the drills are dry, roll them down with a heavy land roller, so as to hasten capillary action, and pulverize the surface, the same as with the mangel wurzels, to conserve moisture. If the surface is kept pulverized there will be no difficulty in getting a catch, even if there should be no rain. The mode of thinning is the same as mangels, viz., with a turnip hoe. The work should be done early ; while the plants are in the second rough leaf. To secure best results level and thorough cultivation should be continued during the growing season. There are many varieties of fall turnips, and while their nutritive value is not equal to the Swede, yet they have certain qualifications that recommend them to our consideration. Some, being more rapid growers, can be sown later, as SPRING CULTIVATION FOR ROOTS. 69 a catch crop, after a crop of early potatoes or clover sod. The last of June or the first part of July is not too late for some of these. They should be sown in shallow drills, and cultivated cultivation. and harvested same as Swedes, for early feeding. Some farmers prefer to sow these on the level, using an ordinary grain drill, each alternate spout being stopped. They then feed them off on the land in the fall. Sheep and young cattle thrive well on this succulent food, and it will be found particularly advantageous when pasture is dry or scanty, as this soiling crop gives stock a good start for the winter. Among ordinary turnips the most suitable varieties, varieties are the Yellow Aberdeen, the Greystone and the ordinary white. In Northern Ontario the time to harvest Time to Harvest Swedes is the last days of October. The first Swedes, week in November answers in Central Ontario. There are various methods of doing the work. Where help is plentiful the old method of ^anrest pulling and topping by hand, throwing the roots of four drills into one row for convenience in loading into the waggon, is preferable. In many cases, however, other methods have to be adopted in order to save hand labor. One of these is to top the turnips with an ordinary hoe, and drag them out of the ground with the harrows, by harrowing across the drills, letting the harrows half lap if necessary. This method answers very well in sandy soil, but in clay soil 70 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Different Methods of Harvesting Swedes. Storing Swedes for Winter. the turnips are considerably injured in the process, and, as a rule, there is more earth clinging to the roots than is desirable. Another method is to top with the hoe, and cut off the roots with an iron plow without the mould board, and having the wing of share wide and sharp to cut off the roots. The following is generally adopted in some- sections: Use a heavy hoe or mattock, both to top and root. This method is becoming popular. Turnips should be left on the ground for a day or more after being pulled, as they are not so easily injured by frost as other roots. Indeed it has been found that three or four degrees of frost rather improves them for keeping. The same directions for storing mangel wurzel, both in cellar and pits, hold in the storing of turnips for the winter. Section VIII. HOW TO (iROW ROOTS FOR EXHIBITION. It may be interesting to many, especially to young people, to know how to grow monstrous roots for exhibition purposes. It is like feeding and preparing animals to win prizes, which is more for glory than profit. However, it is inter- esting to demonstrate that a mangel wurzel seed, planted, say on April tenth, will, by the tenth of October, with proper care and surroundings, develop into a root weighing over sixty pounds ; HOW TO GROW ROOTS FOR EXHIBITION. 71 (a bushel) developed from one small seed in six months. The first thing to be done in the preparation Making of the soil is to thoroughly underdrain it. Then, in the autumn, open out with a plow where the drills are to be made. In this case the drills should be five feet apart. This will require two rounds, that is four furrows, with the plow for each drill. Then loosen the subsoil with a subsoil plow, after which scatter over a portion of the compost prepared several months previous. When making up the drills incorporate the compost thoroughly with the soil, and, after the drills are finished, spread a covering of the compost over the whole surface to remain as a mulching. The compost heap is of the following mixture : compost Well rotted farm manure mixed with that from pigs, sheep, and poultry. The latter is super- ior to the others. Decomposed night soil, if obtainable, should be added ; incorporate with this considerable old sod and bone dust. Each time the compost is turned over (which should be every two or three weeks) scatter over considerable gypsum to prevent the ammonia from escaping. The seed should be sown early in April. On Distance the drills, at intervals of five feet, sow five or ^" ' six seeds. After the plants have grown some time thin out to three plants, and eventually to the one most vigorous. Follow the above plan 72 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. for mangel wurzel and sugar beets ; carrots and parsnips two feet apart. Turnips should be sown early in the month of May, and after- wards thinned as above indicated. Cultivation Subsoil between the drills as deep as possible, Monstrous and SOW Salt over the whole surface, except on carrots and parsnips, where nitrate of soda should be used instead. Then cultivate fre- quently during the whole season, and on no account allow a crust to form on the surface. After rain all that is necessary is a garden rake with which to pulverize the surface. In growing mammoth roots and vegetables for exhibiting, much valuable knowledge may be gained by the grower. Section IX. CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. The most suitable soil for potatoes is a thoroughly rotted clover sod, which is prepared by plowing early in the fall, and cultivating and harrowing alternately until the end of October. Then cover with well rotted farm manure, and rib as in the preparation for mangel wurzels. In the spring the cultivation and subsoiling must be thorough. If the soil is a clay it is •Liming Cold advisable to sow lime over the surface. Put on *^" about five hundred pounds per acre. It will warm the soil and assist in the decomposition of the vegetable matter CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. 73 The drills are opened out with a drill plow, with marker thirty inches wide. These are 5"?i"& •^ Potatoes. made from four to five inches deep. Plant medium sized potatoes, cut in sets, with from two to three eyes in each. Drop the sets in the drills, twelve inches apart. Then cover with the same plow, and after ten days harrow down Potato nearly level and smooth with a " Breed weeder." The " weeder " should be used frequently at this stage, and even after the potatoes have made considerable growth. Use the horse hoe frequently during the growing season. The cultivation must be on the level, and on no account should Horse Hoeing the potatoes be banked up. The last time the Potatoes. work is done the teeth of the scuffler may be changed so as to throw the earth tow^ards the potatoes, and thus prevent their being sunburnt. While there are machines for cutting: seed Jo^ to„cut *= _ Potato Sets. potatoes, and some of them do the work fairly successful, the ordinary farmer is content to cut the sets by hand. To do this work properly cut off the stem end of the potato first. This will invariably have one or two eyes. Then, by revolving the potato in one hand and cutting with the other, cut so as to leave two or three eyes in each set. Then split the seed end. By experiment this has been found to give the best all round results. The time to plant early potatoes depends when to largely upon circumstances. If wanted for the f^l^^ ^ early market, it is necessary to have the land 74 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. When to Plant Late Potatoes. Varieties to Plant. Early Varieties. Late Varieties. Harvesting: Potatoes. thoroughly prepared the previous fall. Plant about middle of April. The soil, being cold so early in the season, lime may be used to advantage in warming it, so as to make the plant food available. In all cases it is advisable to plant early varieties early in the spring, so that they will be matured before the hot, dry weather in July. It is better not to plant late varieties until the end of May, in order that they will keep on growing during the hot weather, and be ready to harvest by the tenth of October. To recommend, from the long list grown at the present time, the best variety to plant is a difficult task, and an unsatisfactory one ; more especially as potatoes " run out " so quickly, and those varieties which are most popular at the present time in a few years may be far behind some other varieties now unknown. The " Early Rose " may be considered an exception, for whereas this variety held first place for many years, it is to-day a close rival for first place as an early variety. The " Early Market " and " Early Ohio " are among the first of extra early varieties, and " Rose of the North " for second early. Among the late varieties at present the " Empire State " stands among the first at the Ontario Agi-icultural College. There are many kinds of implements used in harvesting potatoes, ranging from the spading CULTIVATION FOR POTATOES. 75 fork to the expensive combiijed digger and picker. The common plow, however, is generally used, although the Dennis potato digger (see 111. 36) is a decided improvement, as with it the potatoes are nearly all spread on the surface, ready to be picked up. The potato digging attachment for the drill plow (see 111. 13) works satisfactorily. Potatoes will keep much better during the Pitting winter if, after digging, they are pitted in the field for ten days that they may sweat. Cover 36. DENNIS P.OTATO DIGGER. the pit with straw and a light covering of earth. The straw prevents the earth mixing with the potatoes. Store for the winter, and ventilate according storing to the directions given for mangel wurzels. Potatoes stored in pits are usually firmer and of better quality in the spring than those stored in cellars. V6 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Section X. RAPE SEED. When to Sow. Cultivation. Feeding: Rape. " Dwarf Essex " rape is a succulent fodder plant that should be cultivated more extensively in this country than it is, as it grows luxuriantly, and is of great value as a fodder. An ordinary crop will yield over twenty tons per acre of a most nutritious food. By sowing, say half an acre or more, early in May, it will be ready in July for the lambs at weaning time, and for young growing pigs. It can either be fed on the land or carted to the stables. The general crop should be sown from the twentieth of June to the first of July. The same preparation of the soil is required that is necessary for a root crop. Rape gi-ows to the greatest perfection when sown in drills, the same as turnips. The drills should be twenty- five inches wide, and two pounds of seed per acre is sufficient. The cultivation is similar to that of turnips, excepting that hand hoeing is not necessary. Rape can be grown successfully as a catch crop after early potatoes or grain are harvested. All animals do well when fed a daily ration of rape during the fall. Milch cows may be fed a limited quantity at noon each day, until January first, without injury to the milk. In order to keep rape for early winter feeding it PREPAKATION FOR CORN. VY should be cut about the twentieth of November Rape for with an ordinary scythe, and forked into heaps winter. and carted to the stable as required. When frozen leave it in the stable to thaw before using. Section XL PREPARATION FOR CORN. In the preparation of the soil for corn we must take into consideration that this plant is, to a certain extent, semi-tropical, and is better adapted to a warmer climate than ours. How- ever, by preparing the soil with a view to keeping it warm during the growing season, we may expect good results. In the first place, the land, a well rotted clover sod, must be either naturally or artificially drained, and thoroughly cultivated and manured the previous fall, the sa,me as is done for roots. If the land is manured during the winter it will be necessary first, in the spring, to gang plow it shallow, say three or four inches deep, so as to incorporate the manure with the surface soil. Then harrow and cultivate thoroughly, and before sowing, if a clay subsoil, loosen as deep as possible, and harrow until the land is in fine tilth. In Central and North Ontario, as a rule, the Time to best results are obtained by sowing silage corn about the twenty-fourth of May. There are many varieties to choose from in variety to making a selection. Every farmer will have to 78 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. be governed according to soil and locality. In Southern Ontario a later and larger variety can be grown than could be further north. It is useless to grow a variety for silage which will not be in a firm, dough state by the fifteenth or twentieth of September. The " flint " varieties are invariably earlier than the "dents." For Northern Ontario I would name "North Dakota" Varieties and " Compton's Early," both of which are Northern flint Varieties. The former is white and the Ontario. latter yellow. From the roots of these, and many other flint varieties, grow up a number of shoots, which makes the harvesting more difficult, when done by hand, than if " dent " varieties are used. For Central Ontario, larger and heavier yielding varieties may be grown. Corn for viz. : " Mammoth Cuban " and " Wisconsin Ontario. Earlicst White Dent." These are both dent varieties, and throw up no shoots. Under favorable circumstances they will yield twenty tons per acre, one-fifth of w^hich will be ears. While the bulk yield of the flint varieties named is rather less in the total than the dent varieties, the proportion of ears is about the same. SoiUng For cutting and feeding green, the sweet varieties are considered preferable. " Mammoth Sweet " is one of the heaviest yielders, and is of fair quality. Planting There are several methods of sowing or planting corn, each of which has advantages under certain conditions. If the land has not PREPARATION FOR CORN. 79 been thoroughly cleaned of weeds and weed seeds the previous fall, it is necessary to plant in hills, so that the land can be cultivated both ways. This can be done by the use, first, of a corn marker, marking both ways. Drop four or five grains in each cross, either by hand or with a hand planter. (See 111. 37). The American check row planter is expensive, but does the work satisfactorily. When planting in hills forty inches apart about ten pounds of seed per acre is sufficient. Sowing 37. HAND CORN PLANTER. When the land is fairly free from weeds and weed seeds, com can be sown with an ordinary grain drill (see 111. 7), stopping all the spouts g°S.^^*^ but two, leaving six spaces, between which is forty-two inches. A drill with an odd number of spouts, say eleven or thirteen, is preferable, as the teamster will not be so liable to make a mistake. A careful driver should make the drills perfectly straight and even, and sow twelve acres per day. Fourteen or fifteen pounds of seed corn per acre- is sufficient. As soon as 80 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Cultivating Corn. sown the land should be crossed with a light harrow or Breed weeder (see 111. 32), then on the angle and again across, until the corn is up, after which use the weeder lengthwise, covering two drills at a time ; taking out two teeth in line with each row of corn. Fine Tilth Necessary. 38. CORN CULTIVATOR When the corn is a few inches high start the two-horse cultivator. (See 111. 38). Use the narrow points first, so as to loosen the soil several inches deep. This is followed with Breed's weeder, to make a fine tilth ; and, not only to kill weeds, but to assist the bacteria to act on the humtis, and make it available for PREPARATION FOR CORN. 81 plant food. Corn, being a gross feed,er, requires a large amount of soluble food, which can only be prepared by thorough cultivation. The weeder and the two-liorse cultivator should be used alternately until the corn is too high to work over, then it becomes necessary to use a one-horse hoe (see 111. 34), which should be 39. CORN PULVERIZER. continued until the corn is about six feet high. After this a scuffler with harrow teeth is all that is required to pulverize the surface. 111. 39). All cultivation may cease after the corn is in tassel. See last scuffling at the Ontario Agricultural College, 1899. (See 111. 39i). (See Surface Pulverizer. PREPARATION FOR CORN, 83 The time to harvest corn for silage is when when to ° Harvest it is in the firm, dough state. No mode of com. harvesting that is altogether satisfactory has yet been found. Until recent years most of the corn was cut with either the reaping hook or corn knife, or with a stone boat having two pieces of saw blade sharpened on the edge and fastened to the sides of the boat. This was not a success. At the present time the two most common implements are the common hoe and the corn How to harvester. Where labor is plentiful, my idea is, using the hoe (see 111. 40) has the advantage, since, with it, you can cut close to the ground. Harvest. 40. CORN HOE. The cost is less than one dollar per acre. With com ■^ Harvesters. a corn harvester (see 111. 41) the twine alone costs fifty cents per acre to bind a crop of eighteen tons ; this may be saved by dropping the corn in bundles without bindino;. Whether the corn should be taken to the silo immediately after being cut, depends on its condition. If rather green and full of sap it is better to lay on the ground after being cut, for half a day or more, to wilt, otherwise the silage will be sour. -|! If the corn is frozen the sooner it is put into | the silo the better. If it becomes overdry water f may be added as the silo is being filled. preparatio:n- for corn. 85 A low platform, attached to an ordinary Hauling to waggon, is what is required for hauling corn to the cutter at silo. (See 111. 42). The accompanying cut is a sketch of a homemade platform for drawing corn, used by a good many silo men in connection with ordin- ary waggon wheels, the reach and front bolster being removed. The two main pieces (C C) are eighteen feet long and eight inches wide by ^(S 42. CORN PLATFORM. three inches thick. The point A rests on the front axle, the kingbolt going through a hole bored where the two pieces come together. B B are bored holes through which the clips (F F), made of three-quarter-inch round iron, pass. These go over the hind axle, and extending down through the planks, are fastened below with nuts, thus holding them to the under side of the axle. The side pieces of platform (D D) are eleven feet long, and the cross pieces (E E) 86 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. six feet long and two inches thick — all made of hard wood and securely bolted together. G G are two upright pieces of scantling, five or six feet long, slanting back and upward from (H H) two iron clips fastened through C and bolted at H H. These act like stakes to keep ■ ■ /I .k'^IK JL^flU JHHb lIB Bilage Cutter. 43. CORN CUTTING AND SILO. the corn from pressing against the hind wheels. The whole frame should be covered with pine boards. The corn is laid on crossways. Regarding the best silage cutter, there are several styles, any of which are quite satisfactory. The self-feeding table is an advantage, and the OTHER SILAGE CROPS. 8"/ blower is an improvement over the carriers, although it requires more power. To elevate from eight to ten tons per hour, from thirty to thirty-five feet high, requires an engine of from twelve to sixteen horse power. (See 111. 43). The most suitable length to cut corn for silage has been a debated question for years, but it is generally conceded that a half -inch cut is about right. Section XII. OTHER SILAGE CROPS. In addition to corn, which is preferable to all other fodder crops for silage, are the clovers, which make a good quality of silage, being a nitrogenous food. Clover is specially adapted to feed with corn silage and other carbonaceous foods. Lucerne gives the largest yield of any of the clovers, and, being a perennial, it can be cut in succession for a number of years, if the land receives a top dressing every winter with good farm manure. The time to cut and put it into the silo, is when the clover is in bloom. " Dwarf Essex Rape " will yield a large crop of good fodder for the silo. This will rival the corn for quantity. Then follow " Sorghum," " Millet," " Peas and Oats " (mixed). Many peas and other crops, when cut green, can be put into the siiage. silo, and will make a good quality of succulent food for winter. The time has come when silos are no longer an experiment. In sections 88 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Canada Thistles for Silage. Covering the Silo. Time Required to Cure. Construc- tion of Silo. Round Stave Silo. of the country where corn cannot be grown successfully, every farmer should build a silo and fill it with some green crop adapted for that section of the country, even if it should be Canada thistles and other weeds. In filling a silo with corn, or any other fodder crop, it should be kept level and tramped, particularly around the sides, as this will assist in excluding the air, and after fermentation commences the silage will settle quite rapidly. As soon as the silo is filled, or say all that is to be put in at that time, scatter salt over the top, then cover with five or six inches of chaff or cut straw, and sow over it barley or oats, and water it every day for a few days until the grain commences to grow, which will make a close covering that will exclude the air. A cloth saturated with crude petroleum makes a good covering, but the cloth will not last longer than two years. It requires five or six weeks for silage to cure and be ready for feeding. In the mean- time, it is well to have sufficient corn shocked either in the barn or outside, to cut daily as required for feeding. At the present time there are several styles of silos in use, wliich are constructed of various materials. To decide wliich is preferable, will depend to a certain extent on circumstances. The round stave silo (see 111. 44) has certain advantages. It is simple in construction, and is the cheapest. The cost will be about seventy- OTHER SILAGE CROPS. 89 44. ROrXD STAVK SILO. 90 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. five cents per ton. That is, a silo of one hundred tons capacity will cost about seventy-five dollars. Most farmers will have no difficulty in constructing a stave silo. The staves are cut generally two by six inches, the length vary- ing according to the height of the silo. For a thirty foot silo, use staves sixteen and fourteen feet and joined alternately, so that the joints will not be opposite each other. The joints are made by sawing a groove in the ends and fitting in a piece of hoop iron. It is advisable to have a cement floor in the silo. The hoops may be made of heavy band iron or three quarter inch round, each hoop in two sections, so arranged that they can be tightened or loosened as required. In making connections use a block of wood or casting. (See 111. 44). Portable Openings eighteen by twenty-four inches each, four feet apart, can be cut after the silo is built to throw out the silage. Cut in a slant so that they will fit closely. The stave silo has the advantage of being portable, so that a farmer on a rented farm can take it with him at the expiration of his lease. Bricking The stave silo can be improved very materi- ally by bricking it up inside, four inches thick, the same as wells are bricked, and plastering inside with cement. This makes the silo air tight and frost proof, which are two very important matters necessary to secure a good quality of silage. SUo, Inside. OTHER SILAGE CROPS. 91 A second form of wooden silo is here shown second Hound Silo. (see 111. 43), which is more substantial than the stave, and is perfectly air tight. A similar one is used in the dairy department at the 46. CONCRETE SILO AT THE ONTARIO EXPERIMENTAL FARM. Ontario Agricultural College. The frame work is made of two by six inch uprights, and fifteen inch centres, for a silo thirty feet high. The uprights may be farther apart for a lower 92 SUCCESvSFUL FARMING. Cement Silo. Octagon. Square Silo. silo. The inside sheeting is two layers of half- inch lumber, with the tar paper between. The outside is of half inch matched lumber. Openings must be made at the top and bottom for air, between the outside and inside sheetings. These should be covered with wire screen to prevent mice getting in. Doors, eighteen by twenty- four inches, can be cut after the silo is built, and at intervals of four feet on the side most convenient for feeding. The cost of the above silo is about one dollar and a quarter per ton capacity. For a silo that is durable and satisfactory in every respect I would recommend the cement silo. (See 111. 46). As a rule these are built square; occasionally one is built octagonal in shape. By building these designs, iron rods can be built in the walls, near the top, to bind the structure together, so that an opening can be left from top to bottom instead of using doors through which to get out the silage. These openings, twenty inches wide, are closed when the silo is being filled by setting in inch boards one foot wide, nailed together with an overlap of two and a half inches, to break the joints. Set them against cleats nailed to the door frame, two inches back from the inside face of the wall, so that, when set in place, the boards are even with the wall. These boards are set in as the silo fills, and taken out and tacked about four feet above, as the silage is taken out from OTHER SILAGE CROPS. 93 the top. This is a very convenient way of getting the silage out. There is an advantage in building a long silo so that a partition can be Partition put across, in order to make two compartments, one of which is about double the size of the other. The ensilage of the large compartment is reserved for winter feeding, and the smaller for summer use. It does not require a mechanic to build a cement silo. It is scarcely necessary to give details in this work, as the manufacturers of cement send a man, free of charge, to instruct their customers how to construct silos and other farm structures. The cost of building a cement silo is from one dollar and a quarter to one fifty per ton, for total capacity. When building a cement silo the walls may be filled with large field stones, which lessens the cost very materially, but the stones must be kept two inches from the sides of the silo, otherwise the silaofe next the stone will be injured, through freezing and thawing. In estimating the capacity of a silo, allow capacity forty pounds per cubic foot for a silo twenty- four feet deep and under, and forty-five pounds for a silo thirty feet deep. In taking out silage commence at the top, Taking out and keep the surface level ; a heavy rake is the most suitable for the purpose. The amount of ensilage required to winter Quantity n n . , . , „ Required lull-grown animals is about tour tons each. to winter Some are under the impression that corn Animals. 94 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Dry Corn vs. Silage. shocked in the field, and cut or shredded in the winter as required, is equal in feeding value to silage. According to analysis there is little difference, except that there is less water in the dry corn, but in making practical experiments in feeding there is a very great difference in favor of silage. Section XIII. Ribbing After Corn. Treatment of Corn Stubble. Ribbing Root Land. FALL CULTIVATION. Having now given the cultivation, harvest- ing and storing of the hoe crops grown on number three section in the rotation for mixed farming, I will now give the fall cultivation of the land, after corn and roots, -^diich is to be followed with spring grain. If the corn land is entirely free from weeds, all that is required is to rib the land with the drill plow, making them twenty-one inches wide, so tliat there will be a row of corn roots, in each alternate rib the corn rows being forty-two inches apart. If the land is not perfectly free from weeds, an iron plow without the mould board is an excel- lent implement to turn out tlie corn roots, so that the land can be harrowed and cultivated with the wide points, and all weeds be cut off. The land sliould now be ribbed across with the double mould board drill plow so as to put all the surface soil in the centre of the narrow ribs. By so doing the soluble fertility is pre- FALL CULTIVATION. 95 vented from leaching away during the winter, as the rains and melting snows will run off in the furrows without carrying away any of the humus. Another advantage is that this allows the frost into the subsoil to loosen it. Land ribbed in the fall will dry out much earlier in the spring, and will make a much better seed bed. The root land cannot be cultivated on account of the tops ; especially is this true of the turnip land. If there should be an occasional thistle cut them off with a garden hoe or a spud. The month of September is a specially good spudding Thistles in time to cut off all thistles on the farm. Cut September, close to or below the surface. By so doing the top is prevented from nourishing the root, and the next top will be destroyed by the frost before it is sufficiently matured to feed the root. This severe drain on the root will weaken it considerably, and a heavy crop of clover or grain, the following season, will be free from thistles. All root land should be ribbed (not plowed) Rib Root in the fall, about twenty-one inches each in Fail. width and across, so as to incorporate the tops with the surface soil. Run furrows in the low portions to carry off the surface water. Land which is ribbed will keep much drier than land which is plowed in ridges of say fourteen feet wide. Besides the following crop will be much more abundant, as it will be more uniform. 96 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Why Root Land Should Not Be Plowed. When root and corn land is plowed in the fall, the following crop will frequently be lodged in the centre of the ridge (where a double portion of vegetable matter has been gathered), and in the furrows where the veoretable matter has been turned off there will not be half a crop. These are facts which are the experience of every farmer. Section XIV. GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. Spring Wheat. Wild Goose Variety. How to Sow Spring Wheat. (See Diagram, page We will now deal with number four section, which is all grain. The fall wheat was sown the previous fall, after the peas, and was seeded with timothy at tlie same time that the wheat was sown. The Red clover and Alsike are sown in the spring. For the past few years spring wheat has not been a success in many parts of Ontario. It appeared to be ati'ected with some sort of fungi, so that it did not mature properly. Many farmers have given up sowing it. Last season (1899) showed the best crop for a number of years. The *' Wild Goose " variety has yielded better than any others. Spring wheat should be sown as early as possible in the spring, after corn or roots. The ribs that were made up in the fall are harrowed and cultivated down with the spring-tooth culti- GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 97 vator, as deep as possible, using the narrow points. Again harrow to make a fine tilth. Then sow the wheat with a grain drill, at the rate of one and a quarter bushels per acre. Clover and grass seed should be sown at the sowing same time in the following proportions : Seven pounds Red clover, three pounds Alsike, and four pounds timothy. Sow these seeds in front of the grain spouts, so that the seeds will be sown on the surface, and the grain spouts will throw the seeds between the rows of grain, where they will not be liable to be choked out with the grain. After the grain is sown harrow across with Harrow a light harrow or " Breed's Weeder," to smooth seeding, the surface. Do not roll until the land is thoroughly dry, even if, by that time, the grain is three or four inches high. The roller will when to then pulverize the lumps of earth without making a smooth surface, which would encourage evaporation of the moisture in the soil. Oats must be sown in spring the same as oats. wheat, and are best drilled, at the rate of one and a quarter bushels per acre, and seeded with same grass mixture as with the spring wheat. A change of seed grain is desirable every few years. It is well known that oats develop to imported greater perfection in Great Britain than in Canada, and a change from there to this country increases the yield very materially. The first 98 ' SUCCESSFUL FARMING. year after importation, both the yield and quality are inferior, but after they are acclimatized for several succeeding years, there is a marked superiority over those crops not grown from imported seed. According to experiments at the Ontario Agricultural College at present the variety known as the " Siberian " stands at the head. This is a white oat. Whether we grow the heaviest yielding variety or not is one of the things that makes the difference between profit and loss. Barley. While barley requires to be sown early in the spring for best results, it will not stand as much cold and wet as spring wheat and oats. It is advisable therefore to sow the latter first and the barley later. The land is prepared for barley same as for w^heat and oats, viz., by harrowing and cultivating down the narrow ribs made in the fall and sowing with a grain drill at the rate of one and a half bushels per acre of the heaviest yielding variety known. Importing Accordiug to expcrimcnts, the " Mands- cheuri " barley stands highest as to yield. We should also import a change of seed barley every few years, from either Great Britain or Europe, where the grain grows to greater perfection than in this country. The " Mands- cheuri " variety was imported from Russia. Barley ground should also be seeded down with the same mixture as the spring wheat and oats, Seed Barley. GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 99 SO that the whole section number four will be in grass the following year. While it improves barley to cover the shocks caps for with caps, it is a question whether or not it will pay to do so. It is true that the same caps may be used for the clover ; a great advantage in a wet season. As soon as each of the grain crops is harvested, seeding and before the stubbles are horse raked, if there should be any portions rather thin of clover through the grain lodging, or from any other cause, it is advisable to scatter seed over these places by hand, or with a grass seeder. By fall these parts will have made sufficient growth to stand the winter, and thus a uniform crop the following season will be more assured. The following year number one section (see 111. Number page 32) will be in hay or pasture, as desired. If the soil is in proper condition, it will require no attention further than to keep all live stock off it. Pasturing stock early in the spring, as soon as the grass begins to grow, is an injury to both the grass and the animals. Harrowing meadows and pastures in the spring with a chain harrow improves them. (See 111. 47). It pulverizes and smooths the surface, and consequently hastens vegetation. In deciding on a mixture of grass seed the seeds for first thing to consider is the soil, and purpose for which it is seeded. For hay it is necessary 100 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Seeds for Pasture. General Mixture. to SOW a tnixture which will mature at the same time. For pasture, although it is not absolutely necessary, it is preferable to sow varieties that mature at different times during the summer. In a rotation where the crop will be required both for meadow and pasture, and where the land varies, so that some portions are dry whilst other parts are wet, the mixture recommended previously will give general satisfaction, viz. : 47. CHAIN HARROWS. Seven pounds Red' clover, three pounds Alsike, and four pounds timothy per acre. The first crop will be nearly all Red clover if the land is dry. The wet portions will yield mostly Alsike and timothy. The second year the crop will be nearly all Alsike and timothy, as the Red clover is a biennial, while the Alsike and timothy are perennials. Whereas it is not always necessary to mix any of the grasses with the clovers, it GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 101 is always advisable to sow clover with the sow clover grasses, which latter are nitrogen feeders, and Timothy, must have it in the soil, otherwise they will become sickly. It is well known that timothy sown without Red clover will soon run out, whereas, if sown with Red clover it will grow ^-'^■■^fii 48. HAY TEDDER. luxuriantly for several years after the clover dies out. As a fertilizer our common " Red " clover is a ciover as a most valuable plant. It collects the free nitrogen from the air, and deposits it in the roots, near the surface of the soil, through the bacteria of nitrification. The tap roots strike deep into the subsoil, and bring up soluble mineral matter 102 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Clover as a Subsoiler. Clover for Feed. sufficient to develop the plant, and this is made available to feed other crops. Thus, by growing clover, in a short rotation of crops, the fertility of the soil can be maintained. Again, the clover roots perforating the subsoil and decaying, leave it more porous than it can be made with any implement. According to analysis clover hay, when properly cured, is worth considerably more than any other hay for feeding live stock of all kinds. Curing of Clover. 49. HAY CAP. including horses and pigs. It is the best flesh former and strength giver. It improves and balances the other rations, so that there will be less waste when feeding concentrated foods. The curing of clover is an important matter. It should be cut when coming into full bloom, and be shaken out with a hay tedder (see 111. 48) soon after being cut. When it is GEAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 103 sufficiently dry rake it into wind-rows and put into ricks. All that was cut in the forenoon might be thus put up in the afternoon, or more if the weather is hot and dry. The proper place to cure clover is in the rick. Hay caps Hay caps, (see 111. 49) are very little used in this country, on account of the expense, as they cost about thirty cents each. 50. SELF RAKE REAPER. The province of Ontario is especially adapted ciover seed, to the growing of both Red clover and Alsike, and an immense quantity is exported to Great Britain and Europe annually. The seed from Alsike matures in the first growth, as it is fertilized by the honey bees distributing the pollen as soon as it comes into bloom. The seed from Red clover is matured in the Fertilization of Clover. second growth, on account of the fertilization 104 When to Cut Clover. SUCCESSFUL FARMING. being done by the young bumble bees which are not sufficiently developed for the first growth of clover, as they are all hatched in the spring ; only the queen bumble bees live through the winter. To get the largest yield and best quality of Red clover seed the first grov/th should be cut 51. MOWER WITH CLOVER SEED ATTACHMENT. by the fifteenth or twenty-fifth of June. If it has been pastured the cattle should be taken off by the fifteenth, and the land gone over with a mower to cut off* any weeds, and also to give the clover an equal start. It is worthy of note here that a heavy growth of clover will check Canada thistles, and materially assist in cleaning the land of weeds. GRAm SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 105 Cutting clover for seed, both Red and Alsike, How to cut is usually done with an old self rake reaper seed, (see 111. 50), so that the clover can be put off in small sheaves. It requires to be turned occa- sionally that it may dry thoroughly. This work requires to be done carefully with a straw fork, otherwise the best seed wall be lost. A second method of cutting clover for seed is to use a mowing machine, with a platform fastened behind, on which the clover drops. (See 111. 51). A man puts it off in sheaves, using a fork or rake. It should remain out a week or ten days after beinsc cut, or until it is sufficiently Threshing 1 1 1 mi Clover Seed. dry to be put in the barn or threshed. The best quality of clover seed, both Alsike and Red, is got by threshing it as taken from the field. The curing of timothy hay as a rule is an Timothy easier matter than curing clover. While the very best quality of hay is made by putting it up into ricks and allowing it to stand a few days (see field of hay in ricks at the Ontario Experimental Farm, 111. 52), this is not always necessary. If the weather is dry and warm, shake out the timothy with the tedder (see 111. curing 48) soon after it is cut, and rake it into wind- rows with a horse rake. (See 111. 53). If the weather is favorable, timothy hay may be sufficiently dry the day it is cut to be taken to the barn. It is loaded on the waggons either with forks or with a hay loader. (See 111. 54). In laying out a farm, it is advisable to have GRAIN SECTION NUMBER FOUR. 107 a field near the barn for pasture and soiling Permanent T-,. . , . rv» • J i? Pasture. crops. Eight acres, perhaps, is sumcient tor permanent pasture. Adjoining this, about six acres might be set apart, divided as follows : two acres of clover, two acres peas and oats soiling Crops. (mixed), and two acres of rape. Before seeding down the portion for pasture it should be thoroughly cultivated, and, if neces- sary, underdrained ; then subsoiled, manured 53. HORSE RAKE. and ribbed in the fall, so that it will be in good shape for spring cultivation, which should con- sist of harrowing and cultivating the ribs down level. Then, with a grain drill, sow barley at the rate of one bushel per acre. At the same time, sow ahead of the grain spouts the follow- ing mixture of grass seed: Lucerne, four pounds ; Red clover, three pounds ; Alsike, three Seeding for Pasture. 108 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. pounds ; White clover, one pound ; Timothy, three pounds; blue grass, three pounds; red top, three pounds ; total, twenty pounds per acre. After seeding, level off with a light harrow or " Breed's Weeder." About two acres of the pasture land should be Shelter for planted with Maple trees, both for the purpose of ornament and for shelter for the cattle. It is 54. HAY LOADER. advisable not to seed this portion the first year, as the trees will make more rapid growth by keeping the land cultivated for another year. Mulcli with farm manure. Soft Maple. Soft maple will make more rapid growth than the hard or sugar maple. The former is desirable in this case, as they are wanted for shelter as soon as possible. It is advisable to ROTATION OF SOILING CROPS. 109 plant the trees not more than twenty-five feet apart, so that the whole surface of the soil will be shaded and kept cool in the summer. Section XV. ROTATION OF SOILING CROPS. Soiling crops should be grown in rotation, viz., mixed peas and oats follow rape, the rape after clover. In sowing the peas and oats which follow Mixed Peas the rape, the first acre should be sown as early as possible, the other nearly a month later, when the crop is off", say, by the first of August without plowing. Sow Red clover at the rate of ciover twelve pounds per acre, and thoroughly harrow ** '°^* it in. If the surface soil is composed of " humus " there will be no risk in getting a catch, and a good growth before the winter. The Red clover may be cut green and fed to milch cows and other animals on the farm, and if there is a surplus it can be cured for hay. In August the clover sod should be plowed Fan about four inches deep, rolled and harrowed, and cultivated several times with the wide points on the spring-tooth cultivator. In October spread farm manure on the surface and cover in ribs. The following spring harrow and cultivate alternately for rape. One acre Rape, should be sown at the beginning of May for early feeding, and the other acre a month later. 110 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Value of Rape. Other Hoe Crops. Pasture and Soiling Crop. Second Pasture. It is advisable to sow rape in drills two feet wide, and cultivate according to the previous directions. Rape is one of the best foods for keeping animals (including pigs, sheep, calves and all young stock) in a good, healthy condition. It is an excellent food for milch cows, but must be fed in limited quantities, otherwise it is liable to injure the flavor of the milk. The other acre may be sown with any other hoe crop if so desired. After the hoe crop is taken off, the land should be cultivated repeated- ly until fall, then ribbed, and followed in the spring with peas and oats. With a few acres of pasture, conveniently situated, and such soiling crops as are here named, a large number of animals can be fed cheaply, and, at the same time, give the best results financially. A second pasture of two or three acres, near the barn, is necessary for sheep, calves or pigs. For shelter they require a building to go in at will ; all pastures should have a group of maple trees. They grow quickly if cultivated in the summer, and mulched in winter for two or three years. THREE years' ROTATION. Ill Section XVL THREE years' ROTATION. Having fully explained a four years' rotation of crops, according to the diagram on page 32, which, with certain variations, may be adopted on many farms in this country with success, I will explain, briefly, the advantages and dis- advantages of a three years' rotation. Divide the farm proper (that which is under cultivation) into three sections. In brief, omit the second section of four years' rotation. (See diagram page 32). Cultivate as follows: One section in clover, mostly Red, for hay and pasture, is plowed in August, harrowed and cultivated until October, according to previous directions, then manured and ribbed. This is followed with a hoe crop and peas, then with a grain crop, again seeding with clover. This system is desirable where a limited number of animals are kept in the summer, the object being to feed cattle and lambs during the winter for export or home consumption. The advantages in this system are, first, by plowing under green clover (second growth) every third year, and feeding all the roots, corn, fodder and coarse grains ; the fertility of the soil is thereby not only main- incrlasld. tained but increased. Second, the labor on the farm is more evenly distributed throughout the year by this system. With a disconnected or outlying portion of land it may not be convenient to manure and cultivate in the regular rotation. ^^^^' 112 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Fertility Maintained Without Manure. Only Two Years Grass. Destroying Wire Worms. Re-seeding: Pasture. A three years' course may be followed by leaving out the hoe crops and farm manure, viz. ; two sections grass, hay or pasture, and the third section grain; seeding with the regular mixture mentioned in the four years' rotation. The section that has been in grass for two years is plowed in August, and thoroughly har- rowed and cultivated alternately until October, then ribbed and sov/n the following spring with grain, and again seeded. With this system fertility can be maintained without applying manure. In any rotation land should not remain in grass more than two years, for the reason that it becomes filled with wire worms, so that the two following crops are more or less injured. Land intended for pasture only should be renovated every few years by plowing in August, and, in order to destroy the wire worms which are almost certain to be in the sod, harrow and cultivate alternately and contin- uously until the winter, say November or December. The object is, first, to rot the sod, and, second, to rid the ground of wire worms by disturbing them late in the fall or the beginning of winter, so that they will be frozen and thus destroyed. Seed again in the spring with the pasture mixture of grass seed mentioned on page 107, seeding with any kind of spring grain (barley preferred), sown according to previous directions. CHAPTER 11. Sectiox I. BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. While no class of people anywhere has such opportunities to make a beautiful home as the farmer, beautifying the home surroundings on oppor- the farm is sadly neglected, as a rule. The Beautify. farmer has sufficient land, so that by laying out the grounds around his house artistically he cain make the home attractive, and give the place a Attractive park-like appearance, such as cannot be done in the city. The artist, in selecting a subject for a painting of an ideal home, invariably selects a painting of , , . p I -i .an "Ideal country home in prererence to a city mansion. Home." There are home comforts and privileges on the Farm farm that cannot be had in any other occupation. Eievatf *^ It is to be regretted that more farmers do not take advantage of their opportunities, and endeavor to make their calling more elevating and pleasant, so that the young people will not cj^y be attracted to our towns and cities. Attractions. There is no necessity of making farming a systematic drudgery. There should be system on the farm, ^*''°^'°^" , the same as in a factory or a business office. Systematized work saves time and labor. While it is necessary to rise early in the morning, say at five o'clock, it is equally as necessary to quit work at six o'clock in the evening, so that there Time for will be sufficient time for reading and enjoyment, and^'"^ Every farmer should subscribe for one or two 113 Enjoyment. 114 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Subscribe good agricultural journals, a religious paper, for apers. g^j^j^^^y reading, a ladies' journal, and a daily newspaper, so that it will not necessitate any member of the family going to the blacksmith's shop, shoemaker's, the store, or the tavern to get the news of the day. Every member of the family should have the opportunity of reading for himself or herself, and so keep apace with the times. The present Demands agfe demauds intelligience in all thing^s. Less Intelligence ^ ^ . manual labor and more thought would bring many farmers better returns than they now enjoy. Farming is more healthful, independent, and interesting than any other occupation or pro- Few fession. While only a small percentage of business men make a success, only a small percentage of farmers make a failure. This is a well-known fact, and with our present knowledge in agriculture, farming should be made more profitable now than ever before. Other professions are more than filled, but, as we pointed out, there is a great demand at present for farm managers. Every farmer Knowledge should liave a thorough knowledge of his of Farming! business, including the cultivation of the soil, feeding and caring of live stock, dairying, horticulture, etc. Less House ^ farm home can be made comfortable and Ornament attractive at little cost. Many farm houses are Grounds. too costly. If onc-quarter or even one-third of BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 115 the cost had been spent in laying out the grounds, and planting trees properly arranged, it would not only have added to the comfort and appearance of the place, but would have increased the value of the farm much more. Indeed, the value of this cannot be reckoned in dollars and cents. It should be the ambition of parents to make home the brightest and most attractive spot on earth for their family. In improving a farm one of the first things size of is to decide what quantity of land is desirable to enclose for orchard, small fruits, vegetable garden, and lawn. Provision should also be made for a small pasture at the back for calves, etc. (See diagram, page 32). Having decided on this, clear away all old cieanng fences, and rubbish of every kind on the whole r^ces. space intended to be enclosed. If any grading is required it should be done Grading before commencing to cultivate. Do no more ^'■°""'^*' grading than is necessary, as grounds have a more natural appearance when they are some- what undulating. The portion intended for the cultivation lawn should be heavily manured with farm manure before plowing. The whole enclosure should be plowed shallow, and thoroughly harrowed and cultivated alternately until the land is cleared of all weeds and weed seeds. The subsoil should be loosened as deeply as possible with the subsoiler. Then prepare a plan and work to it the 116 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Prepare a Plan. Landscape Gardening. Enclosing Grounds. Planting Evergreens. Hedge. Wind Break. Double Row Wind Break. same as a mechanic working to a plan prepared for a building. Every farmer will require to have a plan especially adapted for his own place. In preparing this he should consider the location of buildings and the lay of the ground. Getting the desired effect belongs to landscape gardening. Good ideas of what will best suit circumstances can be got by securing one of those inexpensive books on this kind of work. A wire fence should be erected around the whole of these grounds, and evergreen trees planted inside of the fence. There are none more suitable than the Norway spruce, which answers well both for a hedge and a wind-break. Trees about twenty inches high are suffic- iently large. Nursery trees that have been transplanted are preferable, the cost of which is about six dollars per hundred. For a hedge, plant them about sixteen inches inside of the fence, and from thirty to forty inches apart. For a wind-break they should be planted from eight to ten feet apart. These will grow up with little attention, and will soon become both ornamental and useful. For various reasons it is not advisable to plant a double row for a wind-break. In a few years the inside branches die for want of air, and it requires so much nourishment to support a double row that no vegetation will grow near BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 117 the trees. It is injurious to fruit trees to be too closely hemmed in with evergreens. Fruit trees require a certain amount of wind to purify the air, and drive away the moths and other insects which are also more likely to collect in closely confined grounds. A single row planted not too closely will single Row make a more healthy and more graceful wind- Break, break, and will not have the objection of preventing sufficient wind from passing through the orchard. Both the Yellow and White pine make Best wind Break. desirable wind-breaks. The White cedar (arbor vitae) is also suitable. In a country with long winters, and when the deciduous trees are without their foliage, it makes the home more attractive and comfortable Groups of Evergreens. if surrounded with evergreens. A few groups properly located in the grounds improve the scenery. Slope the sides of hedgres so that the bottom siope . ° ^ Hedges. branches will get a share of the rains and dews. Cut the top even with the upper wire of fence, which should not be too high. In a long hedge it is advisable to allow a tree to grow eighteen inches higher every fifty or sixty feet, and round the top. This improves Trimming J- ^ Evergreen the appearance by taking off the plainness. At Hedges. each side of gates, leave a tree about thirty inches above the hedge, trimmed round, or any desirable shape. 118 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Evergreens for Hedges. Several Evergreens. Close to Wire Fence Hedge for Fifty Years. Deciduous Shrubs for Hedges. Gracefully Curved Walks and Drives. Seeding Lawn. Any of the evergreens are suitable for hedges. Both the Yellow and White pine make desirable line hedges on suitable soil, and where the winters are not too severe, the hemlock with its drooping branches, makes one of the most graceful hedges. The White cedar is of slower growth, but makes the most compact hedge of any of the evergreens. All evergreen hedges should be grown close to a wire fence, so that the branches will grow through, and after being trimmed for several years outside the fence, the branches and wires will get so interwoven that after the posts decay, the wires will remain in place, and be stock proof, and at the same time a live and ornamental hedge, one which will live for fifty or more years. There are many deciduous shrubs that make beautiful hedges during the summer months, but on account of casting their leaves in the autumn, they add no beauty to a place, when it is most needed. These also require the protection of a wire fence. In laying out drives and walks, give them graceful curves whenever possible ; avoid a straight walk from front door to the road. Before seeding a lawn, make sure that it has been cultivated sufficiently to destroy all weeds and weed seeds. The lawn can be seeded with success any time between early spring and the fifteenth of October. If sown after this date in Northern BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 119 Ontario the White clover will not stand the cold winter. Sow the following mixture: Five pounds lawn White clover, five pounds Red Top, and five pounds Kentucky Blue grass per acre, with one bushel of barley. Sow all broadcast on the 55. BRUSH HARROW. surface; after which give one stroke with the Barley with harrow or "Breed's Weeder." After the barley is up several inches, cut and leave it on the ground as a mulching. By keeping barley cut the lawn will very soon have an attractive appearance. 120 SUCCESSFUL FARMIJJG. Sowing Clover. Brush Harrowing Lawn. Clover in Lawn Seed. Lawn Requires Little Attention. Each spring, sow a little White clover, and brush harrow (see 111. 55) the lawn thoroughly to pulverize and smooth the surface, which is usually made uneven by earth worms. This is preferable to rolling. Clover is of very great importance in a lawn to keep up the fertility, as it collects nitrogen to feed the other grasses, and keeps the lawn green during the summer. If the land has been thoroughly cleaned of weeds before seeding, it will require very little 66. LAWN MOWER, Cutting the Lawn. Value of a Lawn. attention in after years. The portion used for amusements in the summer evenings will require to be cut frequently with a lawn mower (see 111. 56). The balance should be cut the beginning of June. This can be done with a horse mowing machine, but it is better not cut during the hot summer months. Groups of trees on the lawn give the place a park -like appearance, say one group in front near the road, and the other at the back. A BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 121 variety of evergreen and deciduous trees may be Grouping planted in these groups. One or two weeping elms are ornamental and agreeable during the summer months. Groups of flowering shrubs on the lawn are gl°'^f"°^ very interesting. In order to get the best results it is advisable to dig around them. In grouping trees, or shrubs, and in making shape of flower beds, have no sharp angles, but round off* the corners. This takes off' the stiffness and gives a place a more easy and natural appearance. In arranging groups do not plant three How to trees or shrubs in line. It is more natural to Groups. have them set irregular. In making a selection of flowering shrubs, two things must be observed, viz. : select varieties sufficiently hardy for the locality in which they are required, and choose a collection that will bloom at various times, from early spring until autumn. The followinsf are a few varieties that have Selection of nn Hardy proved sufficiently hardy at the Ontario Agri- Flowering cultural College grounds, Guelph, where the ther- mometer occasionally reaches twenty to twenty- five degrees below zero : The rose-colored Wei- gelia (Diervilla Deshoisi), the white-flowered Weigelia (Diervilla Hortensis Nivea), the large flowering Hydrangea (Hydrangea Paniculata Orandiflora), the Honeysuckle (Lonicera Tar- tarica Grandiflora), the Japan Quince (Pyrus Japonica), the Germander leaved Spirea (Spirea 122 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Chanicedrifolia), the Gudder rose-leaved Spirea (Spirea Operlifolia), the Purple Lilac (Syringa Oblata), the White Lilac (Syringa Vulgaris Alba), the Snowball (Viburnitm Nudum). The above list of shrubs will give satisfac- tion. There are many others which might be added for sheltered locations, such as the flowering Almond, etc., but which could only be grown with difliculty. Flower The sizc ajid shape of flower beds will Beds. . ^ depend upon circumstances. A family who are fond of flowers will care for a larger and more varied collection than others whose tastes run in other lines. Two or three flower beds on the lawn are necessary for variety. These should be of various shapes, and, to get satisfactory Bulbs for results from them, a collection of autumn bulbs, Fall Planting. especially tulips, should be planted in October or November, and covered with leaves or coarse stable manure. Snowdrops and crocus are the flrst to bloom in the spring, and should, there- fore, be included in the collection. Covering Rake off the covering on the first signs of spring, and give those little beauties a chance to show their colors. Tulips are the most popular of all Holland bulbs for outdoor planting. Between the single and double varieties it is simply a matter of choice. Both make a magnificent display. A few Hyacinths in a flower bed, in addition to their beauty, add a pleasant odour. It is not necessary to continue for ^ulbs. BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 123 the list of bulbs suitable for outdoor planting. These can be procured by applying to any seedsman. Fall-planted bulbs will continue in bloom from early spring until the beginning of Continuous Sloom for June, when the flower beds should be refilled Fiower ... Beds. with bedding out plants, which will continue to bloom until late in the fall. It is not necessary for a farmer to buy either flower or vegetable plants, when he can buy the seed for a mere trifle, and, by making a hot bed, grow all the plants he will require at very little cost. (See 111. 57). The situation Hot Bed, for a hot bed should be dry underneath, be Make."* sheltered on the north and northwest by some kind of wind-break, and be fully exposed to the sun. It should be built up from two to two and a half feet high, and wider by one foot on each side than the frame which is to be placed on the heating material which forms the bed. This heating material should be fresh horse manure with the usual amount of litter. This is thrown into a pile, and in a few days, when fermenta- tion has taken place, it is again turned over and carefully shaken out, and formed again into a pile, which is left until the second fermentation takes place. It may now be placed in position for the hot bed, shaped and trodden down so that it is uniform. Supposing the frame is made six feet by nine feet, twelve inches high at the back, and eight inches in front facing the south, the manure bed should be eight by eleven feet. 124 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Instead of covering the frame with glass, cotton is all that is necessary. It is much cheaper How to Cover. than glass and requires less attention. Get a cotton sheet made larger than the frame, so as to overlap a few inches. Have a roller made BEAUTIFYIXG THE FARM. 125 about ten feet long, and the cotton tacked to it and Roiier to the upper side of the frame. This will hang cover. over the ends and prevent the wind from moving the cotton. The cotton can be rolled up to air the plants when required. After the first intense heat has passed off, cover the manure over with soii for about six inches of soil, which should be prepared the previous fall of rotted sod and cow manure. When the hot bed is completed, it is advisable to let it stand two or three days until the heat moderates before planting the seeds. The time to make a hot bed in Central Ontario Bedding out is the beginning of April, so that the plants will be ready to set out by the first of June. The selection of flower seeds best adapted for growing bedding out plants is a matter of fancy. As a rule those should be preferred that bloom from the time they are set out, say, the first of June, until late in autumn. The following should be included in the list : varieties Petunia, Phlox Drummondi, Verbena and Ger- anium. The latter can be grown in a hot bed from cuttings. For a full collection of flower seeds, see any of the seedsmen's catalogues. It is very desirable that a portion of the hot ^^^. ^gd for bed should be reserved for vegetable plants for vege^tabies. early planting, say tomato, lettuce, cabbage, cauli- flower, etc. Melons can be started in a hot bed by inverting sods in the soil and planting seeds in them. By leaving a few plants in the hot 126 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. bed at the close of the season, it will be both ornamental and useful during the summer. Cold Frame. lu addition to a hot bed, every farmer should have a cold frame (see IlL 58) to start vegetable plants early in the spring, such as cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes and lettuce. A few plants of the latter may be started in the hot bed, and transplanted into the cold frame, where they will soon be ready for use. Early lettuce is relished by most people, and provision How to Construct. How to Prepare Soil 58. COLD FRAME. should be made by all farmers to have some ready for home use as early in spring as possible. The preparation of the soil should be done in the autumn, by digging in a quantity of well rotted farm manure, and covering a foot deep or more with coarse stable manure to prevent the soil from freezing, so that it can be planted early in the spring. Use the same frame as for a hot bed. When wanted for use remove the BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 127 manure, and put the frame on the soil, using the same manure to bank the frame on the outside. Cover the frame with cotton, provided with covering. a roller the same as for the hot bed. It is necessary to have strips three feet apart, to pre- Prevent vent the cotton from sagging in the centre, from Sagging. Loosen up the soil with a spading fork before sowing seeds. The cold frame must be sheltered from the Time to west and north. By making due preparation, and sowing the seeds by the last of March, the plants will be ready to set out in the open ground by the end of May. These dates are for Central and Northern Ontario. For more southern latitudes, the time for sowing the seed and planting in the open ground, will vary according to situation. When more space is required to grow plants, Large coid it is not necessary to make separate frames, but enclose in one space, by setting short posts at back and front and nail eight-inch boards on the front and twelve-inch at the back. Closely board the ends and bank with either earth or manure. A cold frame of this description can be extended to any required capacity. In addition to a flower bed of annuals on riower Bed. the lawn, there should also be a bed of flowering perennials. These require very little attention. Make the bed of irregular shape, with rounded corners. Dig in considerable farm manure and mulch every winter. Plant such flowers as are 128 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. hardy and showy and that will bloom profusely in their season during the summer. PerenrAai "^^^ foUowiug is a list of hardy perennials Flowers. to select from. The common names only are given, and the colors are named. Bleeding Heart, pink. Coreopsis, yellow. Dwarf Phlox, white, rose and crimson. Gaillardia, red. Garden Pinks, white, striped and rose. German Iris, white, yellow and purple. Helianthus, yellow. Hollyhock, white, pink, yellow and crimson. Japanese Iris, white, blue and crimson. Larkspur, mixed colors. Lemon Lily, yellow. Lilium Candidum, white. Oriental Popp}^ scarlet. Pseonies, white, rose and crimson colors. Rudbeckia, yellow. Sweet William, mixed colors. Cut The above list will provide a collection of bloom most of the summer, sufficient to brighten and make glad several homes with cut bloom, in addition to the outdoor ornamentation. Rockery. Auothcr attraction on the lawn is a rockery in some shady corner, oval in shape, and raised in the centre with a few wheelbarrow fulls of rich mould. Spade in sufficient well rotted farm manure to prevent the soil getting hard, or forming a crust. When the bed is in shape and BEAUTIFYING THE FARM. 129 raked, place ^ve or six rustic stones on the bed, How to not in line or formal, but irregular. It is now ready for planting. The first thing to get is a collection of native ferns. This is an interesting work. Plant one root of each variety. There will be no difficulty in collecting fifteen or twenty distinct varieties in our woods or swamps. After the ferns are planted, put in a Planting few perennial flowers, such as the Japanese and Perennial German Iris, Dwarf Phlox, Bleeding Heart and Garden Pinks. A rockery requires to be shaded, especially Location for from the south and west. Frequently there is * °^ *^^" a shaded corner close to the house that is suit- able for a rockery, one which will look cosy and requires little attention. A few hardy climbers around the house give Hardy a home-like and interesting appearance. A few plants of Ampelopsis Veitchii (Boston Ivy,) Boston ivy. planted so that they can get hold of the wall will cover an ordinary house in a few years. It requires no support other than the wall to which it will cling, be it stone, brick or wood, and although it does not bloom, it is very attractive. Clematis Jackmanii, has a large dark purple clematis, flower, and the Clematis Paniculata a small white fragrant flower. These are both hardy climbers. No home would be complete without a climbing variety of Roses. For hardy climbers, the two well-known varieties, "Baltimore Belle," blush 130 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Summer Flowering Bulbs. Varieties For Border. Horse Cultivation, Rose, Queen of Flowers. Collection of Rotes. color, and "Prairie Queen," rose color, still hold their own. A border of summer flowering bulbs divid- ing the lawn from the vegetable garden is quite attractive, and as the bulbs multiply each year, the principal cost is in the commencement. For the first row next the lawn, I would suggest Gladiolus, the flowers of which are of various colors and charming appearance. Second row, Cannas, Crozy's Dwarf sorts. Third row, Dahlias, mixed colors. The rows should be thirty inches apart so that the cultivating can be done with a horse. The bulbs require to be taken up in the autumn and kept in a cool cellar where they will not freeze. Should there be any danger of frost, sprinkle a little sand or mould over them in the early part of the winter. This subject would not be complete without mentioning the queen of flowers, the Rose. In order to complete the floral department, plant a row of hardy Roses, four feet from the row of Dahlias so that the cultivating can be done with a horse. There are such a large variety of roses that I will only name the following varieties as being suitable for outdoor blooming, and refer the reader to the nurserymen's and seedsmen's catalogues for a larger collection. Coquette des Blanches, white; General Jacqueminot, scarlet ; Paul Neyron, pink ; Persian, yellow. vegetable garden. 131 Section IL vegetable garden. The vegetable garden should be looked on as one of the important departments of the farm. A succession of fresh vegetables from early spring until winter is necessary for the health of all classes in this country. It is a wise provision of nature that the food we should eat can be grown in the climate in which we live. In the tropical climates we find the people living vaiueof almost entirely on fruits and vegetables. Were Fofd.*^^^* they to eat fatty foods they could not long live, as such a diet would encourage disease. In our temperate zone, where we have both heat and - cold, we should govern ourselves accordingly, and so arrange that our diet during the summer Diet season be composed largely of fruits and to^Simafe. vegetables. According to analysis from eighty to ninety per cent, of fruits and vegetables is water. The same holds good for grass. We know that our animals never thrive better than in spring, on fresh grass without any additional food. The lesson we deduce from this is that a vegetable food in summer is what we require, but for an outdoor life in winter we require a more concentrated and heating food. In the Arctic regions the food of the natives is principally the fat of whales and other sea animals, called "blubber." • This is necessary to supply heat for the body. 132 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Underdrain- ing Garden. Manuring Garden. Subsoiling Garden. List of Vegetables. Asparagus. Planting Asparagus. The first consideration in selecting a location for the vegetable garden is to have a dry subsoil. If it is not naturally so it should be thoroughly underdrained. In clay soil the drains should not be more than thirty feet apart. Spread on the surface well rotted farm manure, about twenty-five tons per acre. Plow this under not more than four inches deep. After being thoroughly harrowed and cultivated, so that the manure and surface soil are thoroughly incorporated, break up the subsoil with a subsoil plow, or cultivator with chisel pointed teeth, as illustrated on page 26. It is preferable to have all this work done in the Autumn, and have the ground ribbed so that there is nothing required in the spring except to harrow and cultivate. The following is a list of vegetables suitable for a private garden. The directions for culti- vation are suggestive. Asparagus is one of the very earliest vege- tables in the spring. It is a perennial and can be grown from seed sown in the spring. Plant in rows thirty inches apart, the plants left nine inches apart in the row, or plant in a bed two feet between the rows, and nine inches in the row, for hand cultivation. For best results, the land must be thoroughly enriched with well rotted manure in the fall. As it is a gross feeder, apply a good sprinkling of salt in the. VEGETABLE GARDEN. 133 spring. A good variety of asparagus is the variety of " Palmetto." The roots can be purchased from any seedsman. Beans, dwarf or bush. This vegetable being Beans a " Legume " is known to be of the most nutri- Food, tious and best as a flesh forming food. A succession of sowings should be made from early spring until the middle of summer. Plant in drills two feet apart, and the seeds three inches in the drills, and about two inches deep. The rule governing the depth of all Depth to seeds is from four to five times their diameter. Seeds. 3C=C T-r 59. THE DIBBLER. Two varieties suitable to sow are the Beans " Valentine," having green pods and the " Kidney Wax," which has a yellow pod. For early use sow beets in the spring, as Beets, soon as the ground is fit to work, in drills two feet apart, and thin the plants to six inches apart in the drills. For winter use it is advisable to sow in when to June, as this will give a more crisp and superior serd. ** quality. By using a dibbler (see 111. 59) beets and, in Dibbimg fact, most seeds and plants, both flower and Plants. 134 SUCCESSFUL FARMUsTCr. vegetable, can be grown at the desired distance apart without any variation. This gives a garden an attractive appearance. For those who grow Hiu Seed vegetables on a larger scale a " Hill " dropping seed drill is preferable. (See 111. 60). Variety of Popular Varieties of beets are Crosby's Egyptian, and the Eclipse. Cabbage. There can be no mistake in growing a large quantity of cabbage, for should there be more 60. HILL DROPPING SEED DRILL. than is required for home use, the balance can be fed, at a profit, to the animals. The plants are taken from the cold frame, as soon as all danger of frost is past, and planted in the vegetable garden. How to Plant in rows two feet apart, with the plants cibblge. eighteen inches apart in the rows. Varieties of ^^^ ^^® early variety " Winningstadt" answers Cabbage. ^^^^ ^^^j £qj. ^ ^^^^ variety " Fottler's Drumhead." VEGETABLE GARDEN. 135 Cauliflower is a plant that requires abund- cauliflower ance of moisture in order to get the best results. Moisture. It would stand a shower bath every evening when near the time for heading, but as this is seldom practicable the next best thing is to cultivate the soil every few days, so as to conserve moisture As soon as the heads bep^in to show, break Keep ^ Cauliflower down the top leaves, which prevents the heads Heajs from getting discolored. Among the reliable varieties are " Earliest cauliflower Erfurt " and " Snowball." """"''''■ Carrot cultivation is similar to that of beets, carrot Cultivation. excepting that the distance the plants are apart in the row should be four inches instead of six. Oxheart and Chantenay are two satisfactory varieties of ... (, , 1 ^ Carrots. varieties tor table use. Celery requires a cool, moist atmosphere, and ceiery a rich, black muck is especially adapted for this Mature. plant. The seeds should be sown in a cold frame, or in the open ground, early in the spring. Celery, cabbage and cauliflower plants are made more stocky by shearing off" the tops once or twice before transplanting. The best results are obtained by transplanting from the frame into plant boxes, six in each, then trans- ceiery planting in July in rows three feet apart, and six inches in the row. It is not necessary to plant celery in trenches. When transplanting Trans- firm the soil with the feet to insure a start. In celSr^^ 136 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Blanching Celery. Storing Celery. Celery for Poultry. Varieties of Celery. Sweet Corn. Planting Corn. Varieties of Corn. four or five ^Veeks begin to earth up, to teach the plants an '* upright " life. For blanching or whitening, first use a hoe, drawing up the leaves with one hand, and packing the earth around the plants with the other. Subsequent banking up can be done with the horse and plow. To prevent the earth getting among the stalks lap binder twine once around each plant. The last banking should be done ten or fifteen days before it is required for use or to be stored. In storing for winter use, dig up before the time of hard frosts, and take immediately to a cool cellar and set on the floor, with boards at the sides. Bank up with sand or earth, the same as for blanching in the field. Celery is now being fed to poultry in the feeding process for table use. It imparts a delightful flavor to the flesh. Varieties for table use : " White Plume " and " Paris Golden." No garden w^ould be complete without a supply of sweet corn for table use. Plant corn after all danger of frost is past, either in hills three and a half feet each way or in rows four feet apart, and eight inches in the row. Corn requires continuous cultivation during the grow- ing season to conserve moisture. Varieties: "White Cory" and " StoweU's Evergreen." VEGETABLE GARDEN. 137 Cucumber plants for early use can be Cucumber ^ "^ ^ Planting. started in the hot bed and set in the open ground as soon as all danger of frost is past. At the same time, the general crop may be planted by putting a few seeds in hills four feet apart. Pick the fruit whether it is required for use or not, otherwise the vines will die off. Varieties for table use and for picklino^ : cucumbers " Lons: Green " and " White Spine." and ^ ^ ^ Pickling. Lettuce may be sown early in the spring in cultivation rows two feet apart. Thin out for table use, or for the poultry, and allow a certain number to heart. If sown every three weeks, fresh lettuce may be had during the summer season. " Simpson's Curled " and " Nonpareil," are varieties of 1 ' i'' Lettuce. good varieties. Musk melons are greatly relished by most Melon Musk people, and should be cultivated in every garden. A light warm soil is preferable, one made rich with well rotted farm manure. The cultivation necessary is the same as for cucumbers. Musk melons and cucumbers should be kept Melon Mush some distance apart, otherwise they are liable to become inoculated. A reliable variety is the " Hackensack." The cultivation of the water melon is Melon exactly the same as for musk melons. A variety delicious variety is the " Ice Cream." The citron well known for preserving should (,j^j.^„ ^^j. be in every garden. It requires to be grown ^^es^'i'^^- 138 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Cultivation of Onions. Onions from Seed. Onions from Sets. Varieties of Onions. Parsnip Cultivation. Parsnip Variety. Peas for Daily Food. Varieties. some distance from the water melons. Give the same cultivation as for melons. The " Red Seeded," is a suitable variety. Onion seed may be sown quite early in the spring, as a few degrees of frost will not injure the young plants. Sow (thin) in rows fifteen inches apart. After the bulbs are about half an inch in diameter all that are not required for use when thinning may be left on the ground to dry off. These can be kept over winter and planted for early use in the spring. Varieties : " Yellow Globe Danvers," " Red Wethersfield " and the " Silver Skin " for pickling. The parsnip is one of our most nutritious vegetables. Sow the seed early in the spring in rows, two feet apart, and thin to six inches in the rows. Leave them in the ground, until early winter, as they are improved by the early frost. A good variety is the " Hollow Crown." Peas being one of the legumes should form a portion of our daily diet. Sow early in the spring in rows two feet apart. Cultivate thoroughly. Make two or three sowings at intervals of three or four weeks. Varieties suitable are " Extra Early " (for first sowing) followed by " Little Gem " and " Stratagem." The last two are large, green, wrinkled varieties. All the pumpkins required for table use may VEGETABLE GARDEN. 139 be grown along with the corn. The " Large pumpkins Cheese " is a good variety. *"^ ^' Kadish must be grown quickly in order to Radish be crisp. Sow at intervals from early spring until autumn. To hasten vegetation, harrow in land plaster before sowing. Sow in rows two feet apart. Varieties are " Scarlet Turnip " (white tip) varieties and " Long Chartier." Rhubarb seed may be sown in spring in Rhubarb drills two feet apart, and thinned to same and Roots, distance, or it may be grown more satisfactory by dividing the roots. For this plant the soil cannot be too rich. Mulch in winter. "Johnston's St. Martin" is a good variety. The squash as a vegetable is increasing in squash popularity. The cultivation is similar to melons, excepting that the hills should be eight feet apart. For summer use sow the "Vegetable Marrow," squash and for winter use the " Hubbard." The tomato plants are supposed to be started Tomato in the hot bed or cold frame. For best results transplant into quart berry boxes, one plant in each, and when all danger of frost is past transplant (on a cloudy day if possible) three feet apart each way. Reliable varieties are the Tomato " Early Atlantic or Ruby " and "Livingston's Perfection." For early turnips sow in spring, in drills Tumip two feet apart, and thin to eight inches. For 140 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Turnip Varieties. Potato Culture for Early Market. Potato Planting. Potato Propagating: an early variety would name " Early White Globe." For winter use sow a Bronze Top Swede " about first of July. In the cultivation of potatoes for the early market, the largest profit is from the very earliest, so that there has become quite a strife among gardeners to be first. In order to gain this the soil, if not naturally dry and warm, must be made so by underdraining. In the Autumn give a good coat of farm manure, and incorporate it with the surface soil. Then put up in narrow ribs for the winter. In spring harrow and cultivate these down, and sow broadcast over the surface lime at the rate of about five hundred pounds per acre. Then cultivate and harrow thoroughly, and the ground is now ready for planting. Open the drills with a plow, four inches deep and thirty inches apart. Plant whole potatoes of medium size, eighteen inches apart in the row. Cover with the plow, and in eight days harrow down. Keep the surface pulverized with a " Breed Weeder." Cultivate frequently while the potatoes are growing to conserve moisture. The last time the earth may be thrown towards the potatoes to cover any that may be exposed to the sun. Do not hill up potatoes. Two weeks before planting spread the seed potatoes on the floor in a warm room, where there is plenty of sunlight, so that the hardy SMALL FRUITS. 141 sprouts will start. These should not be injured. This method will ensure an early crop. Among the innumerable number of early varieties two old sorts are worthy of mention as these are Early still among the first : the " Early Ohio " and varieties. the " Early Market." In p;ardeninff follow a rotation so far as Rotation in ? A /. 1 1 Garden. practical. After the early potatoes are harvested, sow peas and buckwheat to plow under. This will add fertility, in addition to improving the texture of the soil. Section III. SMALL FRUITS. The same preparation of the land necessary for vegetables is required for small fruits. The first of these to ripen is the wholesome and appetizing strawberry. These should be straw- grown in every garden. The surplus can always be disposed of at remunerative prices. The plants can be set out at any time from piantmg early spring until October, in thoroughly berries. prepared soil. Set in rows three feet apart, and eighteen inches in the row. Cultivate frequently the first season, and destroy all weeds. Renew by setting out one-third of the whole in new plants every year. An equal portion of the old stock may be Renewing plowed under and used for some other crop. hJivZl. This rotation will give superior fruit. Mulch 142 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Mulching Straw- berries. Clyde Strawberry. late in the fall with coarse farm manure. Uncover the crown of plants early in spring, and leave the manure for mulching. The varieties are so numerous that it is difficult to make a selection. The " Clyde " is regarded as one of the best all round varieties at the present time, having a perfect flower. Ripens early ; fruit firm and large. (See 111. 61). Goose- berries. Varieties of Goose- berries. 61. STRAWBERRY— CLYDE. While gooseberries do not grow to the same perfection in this country that they do in Great Britain, yet the following varieties give, as a rule, very good results: "Downing" (green in color) (see 111. 62); "Whitesmith," yellowish white and smooth (see 111. 68); "Industry," dark red, hairy (see 111. 64). Plant gooseberries in rows four feet apart each way. Train the bushes in the form of a tree. 62. GOOSEBERRY— DOWNING. [143] 144 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 63. GOOSEBERRY — WHITKSMITH. SMALL FRUITS. 145 In the cultivation of fruits of all kinds, cultivation there should be an abundant supply of vege- table matter incorporated with the surface soil to supply plant food and act as a mulching to conserve moisture. The cultivating should be 64. GOOSEBERRY — INDUSTRY. done during the spring months. In July, sow Red clover between the rows of bushes, and sometime during the following spring, spread between the rows some rotted farm mature, and plow under lightly, then harrow and cultivate according to the previous directions. 146 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 65. CURRANT — fays' PROLIFIC (RED). SMALL FRUITS. 147 66. CURRANT— BLACK CHAMPION. No farm home would be complete without Red a supply of currant jelly. The planting and cultivation of currants is similar to that of gooseberries except that currants may be grown in bushes instead of a single stalk. By this means, the wood can be renewed by cutting out 148 SUCCESSFUL FARMING 67. RASPBERRY— MARLBORO. SMALL FRUITS. 149 68. RASPBERRY — CUTHBERT. the old stalks. As a suitable Red currant we would suggest the old reliable " Fays' Prolific " (see 111. 65), and for a black variety the " Black siack Champion " (see 111. 66). """""'" Raspberries come immediately after the strawberry season, and give abundance of 160 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. ^^rr-^^ RASPBERRY — GOLDEN QUEEN. 70. BLACK CAP BERRY— HILBORN. [151] 152 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Planting Rasp- berries. Pruning Rasp- berries. Variety of Rasp- berries. Black Cap Berries. Black- berries (Brambles). Varieties of Black- berries. Grapes. How to Plant Grapes. delicious fruit at little cost. Plant and cultivate according to directions given for other small fruits. Cut out all the old wood and weak shoots each spring, leaving not more than six stalks for fruiting. No suckers should be allowed to grow outside the hills. From the long list of red varieties the following might be named : " Marlboro' " for earliest (see 111. 67), and "Cuthbert" (see 111. 68) to follow. For a yellow variety " Golden Queen " (see 111. m. For black cap berries, there will be no mistake in selecting either the " Hilborn " (see 111. 70), or the "Gregg" (see 111. 71). Black- berries (brambles) are generally relished on account of their peculiar aromatic flavor. The cultivation is the same as for raspberries, except that the rows should be seven feet apart, and the plants four feet apart in the row. In selecting a variety, there can be no mistake in choosing either the " Snyder " (see 111. 72), or a newer variety that is claiming first place, the " Wilson Junior " (see 111. 73). If one fruit is more highly esteemed than another, it is the grape. Besides its delicious fruit, the vines can be trained on a trellis or an arbor, so as to be both ornamental and useful. To ensure success, the cultivation and pruning must receive proper attention. Set out in the spring, selecting good, strong vines. The soil must have been thoroughly SMALL FRUITS. 153 71. BLACK CAP BERRY— GREGG. 154 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 72. BLACKBERRY — SNYDER. SMALL FRUITS. 155 73. BLACKBERRY — WILSON JUNIOR. 156 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. How to Prune Grapes. cultivated. Plant in rows eight feet apart, and about sixteen feet in the row. Allow grape vines to grow the first summer without pruning. In the fall prune back, leaving three or four buds at the bottom. The following spring allow only two of these shoots to grow, and in the fall cut them back to about four feet. The following spring these two shoots may be fastened horizontally to the lower wire of the trellis. (See 111. 74). (4. GRAPE TRELLIS. How to Train Grapes. Culivation of Grapes. Mulching Grapes. The uprights should be from ten to twelve inches apart. In the fall the upright shoots should be cut back to two or three buds, and only one of these allowed to grow in the spring. In tying up grape vines use some soft material, as tow or roffea. Tlie cultivation of grapes should be thorough, and only in the spring and early summer. At the end of July some crop should be sown, and allowed to remain on the surface as a mulching until the following spring. A suitable crop for this purpose is vetches and buckwheat (mixed). SMALL FRUITS. 157 The advantage of this method is that the crop will use a large portion of the moisture (of the soil) during the months of August and September. This will allow the wood and fruit to mature earlier and in its proper season. This mulching Ripening also prevents the frost from injuring the roots ^*^^^' in winter, and keeps the grapes from starting to grow too early in the spring. By plowing this under, along with well Fertilizing Grapes. rotted farm manure, in the spring, and culti- ^'4 --'J 75. GRAPE— CAMPBELL'S EARLY (bLACK) . vating as in the previous year, you will insure an abundance of matured fruit. During the past few years many new varieties of grapes have been introduced, and after a trial have been found wanting. The following varieties can be relied upon : " Camp- bell's Early" (see 111. 75) and the "Concord" (black color), the "Brighton" (see 111. 76) and " Moyer " (red), and " Moore's Diamond " (see IlL 77) and "Niagara" (white). Varieties of Grapes. 158 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 76. GRAPE— BRIGHTON (rED), SMALL FRUITS. 159 77. GRAPE — MOORE'S DIAMOND (wHITE) . 160 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Section IV. ORCHARD. Exposure It IS Considered that the most suitable loca- tion for an orchard is a north-east by east exposure, for the reason that the trees thus exposed are later in blooming, and consequently there is less danger of frost destroying the fruit when it is forming. This, however, can in a measure be obviated by mulching in the autumn. Draining an Before plantiuor an orchard the land should Orchard. .^ t-io ii- be put m proper condition by first under-drain- ing, the drains placed thirty-five feet apart, and arranged so that there will be a drain between the rows of trees. If close to the trees the, drains are liable to be choked with the rootlets. A clover sod plowed and manured in the fall the same as for root crop (see cultivation for field roots) is the most desirable preparation of the soil for planting an orcliai'd. Planting an The early spring is the proper time to plant all fruit trees. Plant an orchard in rows thirty - five feet apart, and thirty-five feet in tlie row. Set alternately so as to allow more space for the trees. Pears, plums and cherry trees would do with twenty feet space, but wlien only a few of each of these are required for home use it is advis- able, for convenience in cultivating, to keep them in line with the apple orchard. ORCHARD. 161 In planting make the holes large enough to How to admit the roots without cramping or bending, and deep enough to bring the tree to its natural depth. The fine surface soil should be used for 't CHERRY — LOUIS PHILLIPPE. covering the roots, and this should be carefully worked among them. If the ground is dry, it is well to pour in some water when the hole is partially filled. See that the ground is firmly 162 SUCCESSFrL FARxMING. r9. CHERRY— BLACK TARTARIAN. ORCHARD. 163 80. PLUM—NIAGARA. 1(]4 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Mtilching Trees. Cultivating an Orchard. Cropping Between Trees. packed over all parts of the roots by exerting the full weight of the planter upon it, so that there will be no opportunity for dry air to enter and destroy the roots. Fill the holes full enough to be even with the surrounding surface after the fresh earth. settles. Never put manure in contact with the roots. The young trees should be staked and tied so that the wind will not loosen the roots. When the trees are planted, they should be mulched with coarse farm manure four or five inches deep, for a space of two feet more in diameter than the extent of the roots. This keeps the earth moist and of even temperature. The following spring the ground should be cultivated around each tree for a space of at least two feet outside the roots. Repeat the cultivating frequently during the summer. Again mulch in the autunin. A hoe crop may be grown the first season after planting between the rows of trees, followed with a grain crop the second year, seeding with Red clover. After an orchard commences to bear fruit, which should be in three or four years, no other crop should be taken off the land. The after culti- vation should be as follows: Plow shallow early in the spring, then harrow and cultivate alternately during the early summer, using wide points on the spring tooth cultivator to cut off all thistles and weeds, and thus thoroughly clean the land. ORCHARD. 165 81. PLUM — duane's purple. 166 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Cover Crop for Orchard. Advantages of Cover Crop. What to Sow in Orchard. Cultivation of Cover Crop. Advantag:e8 of Clover in Orchard. In July or August sow some crop to remain on the land during the winter as a cover crop. This has the same beneficial effect as for grapes. It absorbs a portion of the moisture, so that the fruit will be ripened in better condition to prevent rot, and the wood also matures earlier, so that it will the better stand the winter frost. The covering also prevents the roots from being injured by the frost. The cover crop should consist largely of some legume^ such as clover, peas or vetches. A good mixture would be vetches, one bushel, buckwheat, one peck (mixed), and drilled in, and at the same time sow eight pounds of Red clover seed in front of the drill spouts. After drilling, give one stroke with the harrows to smooth the surface. In winter spread farm manure in the rows of trees about twelve feet wide, and plow under (shallow) with the cover crop. Then harrow and cultivate as before. The eighteen feet of clover between the rows of trees may be cut for hay the first year, and plowed the following spring along with the balance. After the orchard is in full bearing it is an advantage to allow the clover to grow over the entire surface for a year occasionally, and remain over winter for a mulching. The advantages are that it will collect a large amount of free nitrogen from the air. The roots will go down two or three feet and bring up a large atnount of soluble mineral matter. Besides they perforate the soil among ORCHARD. 167 82. PLUM— REINE CLAUDE. the roots of the trees and let in the air, which is very essential. A cover crop of clover, vetches or farm manure also prevents the trees from blooming too early in the spring. Although the above directions are especially applicable to 168 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Plum Culture. the apple orchard, they are equally beneficial Cherry for other fruit trees. Following: in the order, Varieties. ° according to diagram on page 32, the cherries will come in order next to the grapes. Standard trees are more suitable than dwarfs for horse cultivation. Reliable varieties of acid cherries for preserving are " Montmorency," a red, and "Louis Phillipe,"also a red. (See 111. 78). The Cherries for f ollowiuff are three satisfactory varieties of Preserving. ° sweet cherries for table use : " Governor Wood," Cherries for a piuk, " Eltou," a vellow blusli, and the " Black Table Use. r ' > J Tartarian." (See 111. 79). This most delicious of fruits, the plum, has suffered severely in past years from the " Cur- culio " and " black knot," but now that we are able to combat against these and other pests, by spraying with certain compounds which will be given later in apple culture, the plum should be grown. For an early plum the " Niagara " (see 111. 80) might be named. This is a seedling from the " Bradshaw." Its color is dark blue. For second, the early " Duane's Purple " is a favorite (see 111. 81), and for an autumn variety the " Reine Claude," a greenish plum marked with red. (See 111. 82). Hardy peaches for Central and Northern Ontario are yet in the experimental stage, and, no doubt, this desirable object will be obtained within the next few years. A Mr. Breckon already claims to have a new seedling which Plum Varieties. Peaches. ORCHARD. 169 83. PEAR— CLAPP'S FAVORITE. 170 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. will grow in more northern latitudes than our present varieties. Pear The cultivatlon of the pear is extendins: as Culture. . , . its value IS appreciated. The melting, juicy texture, the fine flavor and delicate aroma of the pear give it a high place among fruits. Pears, A pear orchard, properly attended to, will yield larger returns than an apple orchard, but pears require special care, particularly in picking and packing, both for home use and for shipping. Two reliable summer varieties are the "Bartlett" and "Clapp's Favorite." (See 111. 83). Pear For the autumn "Sheldon" and "Flemish Beauty " (see 111. 84) are suitable, and for early winter " Beurre D' Anjou " and " Beurre Clair- geau." (See 111. 85). Apple The apple orchard should be divided into two Orchard. , o /. i departments ; the first for domestic use, and the second for export purposes. For home use, in Varieties Ordinary cases, two or three trees of each of the forDomestic p ^^ • • i* mi i rr- ' i c Use. lollowmg varieties will be sumcient tor summer and early winter use. Apples for One of our best and earliest varieties is the Export. "Yellow Transparent" (See 111. 86). This is a Russian variety which was imported in 1870 by the Agricultural Department. Then follow the "Duchess of Oldenburg," "Stibbard's Seedling," "Snow" or "Famuse," and "Wealthy." The balance may be reserved from the winter var- ieties grown for export. ORCHARD. 171 84. PEAE— FLEMISH BEAUTY. 172 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Sell on the Tree. Plant Healthy Trees. Grafting on Talman Sweet. How to Graft. This export trade is bound to increase as this country is specially adapted to apple culture. Our farmers should, therefore, take advantage of their opportunity, and be pre- pared, each for his portion of this trade. My idea is that the farmer's part of the business is to grow the apples, and sell them outright to the shippers in the autumn, so that he can attend to his other farm work and let the ship- pers see after the picking, packing, etc. Many farmers who have orchards in full bearing and of a suitable variety for export, are deriving handsome returns. In planting out an orchard, first decide on the variety you intend to grow for the export trade, and see that you get good, healthy young trees. For export it is necessary to have a good winter variety; one of the best is the "King of Tompkins" (see 111. 87). It is a good shipper and commands a high price in the British market, but it is a scant bearer, unless grafted on healthy growing stock, such as " Tal- man Sweet," than which none is better. By doing so the yield will be increased double. This is done by planting out an orchard of "Talman Sweet" trees, and the second year grafting "Kings" on half of the top. If there are four or five main branches to form the top, graft each alternate branch about three inches from the trunk and liorizontal, to form the top properly, and the balance the fol- ORCHARD. 173 85. PEAR — BEURRE CLAIRGEAU, 174 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Advantage of Grafting. Apples for Export. Graft Northern Spy. Varieties Without -Grafting. Pruning Fruit Trees. Shape of Tree Top. lowing year. Do not cut off the whole top in one year. These trees will commence to bear in three or four years after grafting. Satisfac- tory results are obtained from grafting " Kings " on the "Wealthy," "Duchess" and "Ben Davis" (see 111. 88). The latter is one of the most prolific and best shipping apples, but the quality is inferior. As a long keeper it has no superior, if equal. There are many orchards being planted with this variety, and should the market get overstocked, either "Kings" or "Northern Spy" (see 111. 89) can be grafted on the "Ben Davis" trees. The "Northern Spy" will bear in four or five years, whereas on their own stock they will not bear for fourteen or fifteen years from time of planting. Any of the following varieties will give satisfaction for export, without grafting, viz., "Ontario," "Sutton Beauty" (see 111. 90) and "Baldwin." Pruning fruit trees is an important matter. The time to begin is before the tree is planted, when the branches should be cut back and the top formed. Pruning sliould be done as the leaves are opening, end of May or first of June. When this work is attended to annually and properly, there will rarely be any large limbs to cut off. Tlie ideal shape is an inverted umbrella, so that the sun and air may reach all the branches. ORCHARD. 175 86. APPLE— YELLOW TRANSPARENT. No two cross branches should overlap each other. The last but not the least important work spraying in connection with fruit culture is protecting the trees and fruit against insect pests. With 176 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 87. APPLE — KlN(i OK TOMPKINS. ORCHARD. 117 APPLE — BEN DAVIS, 178 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Selecting Spraying Apparatus. Apple Insects. Kerosene Emulsion. Apple Scab Treatment. the proper utensils and materials this can be accomplished (see 111. 91). First secure a good brass spraying pump mounted on a barrel sup- plied with an agitator. Set the barrel on a cart, waggon or hand-cart. Select a nozzle which is easily cleaned, and that will break up the solution so that it will leave the nozzle like a mist. As a fine spi'ay cannot be thrown any distance, it is advisable to attach two nozzles to a bamboo pole by a T (see 111. 91) and the hose fastened to the other end of the pole. The solution to be applied for masticatory insects, such as caterpillars and beetles, is one pound of Paris green to two hundred gallons of water. For suctorial insects, such as Aphides and Scale insects, use kerosene emulsion, made after the following formula: Hard soap, one half pound, or soft soap, one quart; boiling water (soft) one gallon; coal oil, two gallons. After dissolving the soap in the water, add the coal oil and stir well for from five to ten minutes. In using, dilute with from ten to twelve parts of water. For treating the scab, use a Bordeaux mix- ture made according to the following formula : Copper sulphate, four pounds; lime (fresh), four pounds; water, forty gallons. Suspend the copper sulpliate in five gallons of warm water. This may be done by putting it in a bag made of coarse material, and hanging it so as to be covered by the water. Slake the lime in about ORCHARD. 179 89. APPLE— NORTHERN SPY. 180 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Spraying Solution. the same quantity of water, then mix the two, and add the remainder of the forty gallons of water. It is best to combine the Paris green and the Bordeaux mixture, and in this way 90. APPLE— SUTTON BEAUTT. apply a combined insecticide and fungicide. The results are as good as if each were applied separately. The following is the proper treat- ment for an orchard: For destroying codling ORCHARD. 181 moth, bud moth, tent caterpillars, canker worm, apple spot and leaf blight (first spraying) apply Bordeaux mixture and the Paris green (four ounces of Paris green to a barrel of the mix- ture) when the buds are swelling. Second spraying: Bordeaux mixture and Time to Paris green before the blossoms open. Spray. 91. SPRAYER. Third spraying: Bordeaux mixture and Paris green when the blossoms have fallen. Fourth and fifth sprayings: Bordeaux mix- ture and Paris green at intervals of ten and fifteen days. A sixth application may be necessary if any scale should appear on the fruit or leaves. 182 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. The same pump and barrel is used for spraying Spraying Potatoes for the beetle ( Doryphora and Decorn- Potatoes. . m, . p , . lineata). The preparation tor this purpose is one pound of Paris green to a barrel of water, placed on a cart or other one-horse vehicle so that while the horse is walking in one drill the wheels will be in the two adjoining. With the drills thirty inches apart, a T sprayer can be made with one-inch iron gas pipe so as to spray four or six drills at a time. One man sits behind and attends to the sprayer and another works the pump. CHAPTER III. Sectiox I. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. In the first place it is desirable to purchase Purchasing Implements only such implements as are necessary and best suited for the different kinds of work for which they are intended. An expensive implement is not always the best. The rule should be to buy only such implements as are necessary and up-to-date, and on no account to buy an imple- ment that is not required on the farm. The whole assortment of implements should be cared for in the best possible* manner, with a view to extending their time of usefulness. The first thinff to be done is to provide an implement ° . ^ House. implement and tool house (see elevation, 111. 92), and the second to see that every implement and tool is under cover, and in its proper place when not in actual use. Exposure to rains and sun is ruinous to Exposure implements, even to those which are constructed implements] of iron or steel. It is a saving of time and money to keep all the farm machinery, imple- ments, etc., under cover, and in their place, and keep every implement in good working order. The implements and tools should be painted occasionally, a work which may be done on mild days during the winter season. iiiiili'lSi II r' '1 1 '.{IIIHII '■■'"■'|l!l i,= 111 I'! N 'Jljiliilli i" i" ;iii'iii;iiii|ii',iii' 'I ,1 I 11^ W ii"'!!"" im "il 'HI ilL >% S FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 185 In one end of the implement house there Blacksmith should be a forge (a cheap fan forge is all that °'^^^' is necessary), with an anvil and a few black- smith's tools. Most men, if at all " handy," can do ordinary repairs on a farm, and save not only expense, but also the time of going to the blacksmith shop, which is often worth more than the cost of repairing. In addition to a blacksmith's bench and work tools, in the same end of the building, there Tools, should be a carpenter's bench, provided with such tools as are necessary to do ordinary wood- work repairs. Extra sets of Whipple trees should be kept on hand in case of breakage, and hooks for all the spades, shovels, scythes, forks, etc. The location of the building should be convenient to both the barn and the house (see diagram of farm, page 32), and at the same time be isolated for safety in case of fire. The size of the building must correspond to Dimensions the requirement of the farm. For a farm of one hundred and fifty acres, a building sixty feet long by twenty-six feet wide (see plan, 111. 93) will not be too large for all the farm machinery, implements, waggons, sleighs, car- riages, cutters, etc. The building need not be high unless the loft is required for hay. This, however, is not desirable, as more or less dust will get through, and, besides destroying, will make the implements and vehicles look untidy. 186 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. 93. GROUND PLAN OF POULTRY HOUSE. FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 187 The floor should be low so that the waggons Low Floor. and implements can be taken out or put in by hand. An earth floor, slightly higher than the surrounding ground, is all that is necessary. In a building sixty feet long three doors are all that are required, each nine feet wide, with the spaces also nine feet. Hang: the doors with Doors with . , -.111 Rollers. pulleys on an iron bar running the whole length. The doors can all be opened without interfering with each other. Section II. ^ FARM BARN. The most important building on the farm is the barn. The location of the barn has much to do with the profits of the farm. Not only have the handling and storing of the crops to be considered, but the housing of the live stock, so as to get the best results at the least cost. The first thing to consider is the system of farming system of to be adopted. If dairying, will it be home dairying, or will the milk be sent to the factory, or is the intention to raise pure-bred stock. It may be that the farm and location are suitable for summer grazing, selling the stock in autumn. In this case little or no stabling is required. The method that many are following with good results, that is, buying stock in the autumn, fattening them during the winter, and selling in the spring, requires considerable stable-room. Farming. 188 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Farm Bam. Sheep and Pigs Separate Bmldings. End Drive or Side. Size of Bam. Flooring Bam. These all require buildings, especially- arranged, and, in giving the design for a barn, I will have to go on general principles. In the first place, it is desirable, for convenience, to have the live stock under one roof, or in buildings close together. Horses and cattle do all right in a stone or concrete basement ; sheep and pigs do better in separate and wood buildings. Whether a barn with an end or side drive is preferable is a debatable question. With an end drive, that is one in the centre, there is a large amount of space lost, since the driveway comes under the highest part of the roof. In a side drive, where the barn is over sixty feet long, it is necessary to have two drives. For a farm of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred acres, the barn should be sixty feet wide by one hundred feet long, with twenty- four feet posts (see Elevation 94). The mows are twenty-seven feet deep; the driveways twelve feet each and the space between twenty-one feet, half of which is for the granary. The balance between the driveways is convenient for turning the waggons on, by driving in one wa}^ and out the other. When not required for storing gi*ain, it can also be used for storing chaff or straw, which is too valuable to be stacked in tlie yard. The whole of the ground floor should be covered with two thicknesses of inch boards, twelve inches wide. First cover with inch hem- lii,i I. ,1 . '.' In,. '. |ii,ii;iii i|ii,', |l'l I'l.ll' I'll'lM 'll I ■l'lll"!ll'I"', V.I : • -nil " '',: "|i,'"i!Mii, •i:;l!l|i •l''il• 'l'! I i'|i|iii'i III ii iii:i"l'''y"l|li|i\J ^'u 'v'%i|^ ^^. 1 ^s South-Down Dsscribed. 117. BOliDEii LEICESTER. compact animal full of quality, both in flesh and wool. The wool is of a fine silky texture with which the entire body is covered. The face and legs are dark. Tlie average w^eight of fleece is from eight to nine pounds each. The most compact and hardy of all the breeds is the South-Down. (See 111. 120). This is a smaller animal than the other breeds, but VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP. 243 the deficiency in size is made up in quality both of flesh and wool, which are superior to those of any of the other breeds. The average weight of fleece is from seven to eight pounds. There are other varieties as the Dorset, other Hampshire, Suffolk, and other breeds, each hav- ing their special characteristics. For the first it is claimed they will raise two crops of lambs Breeds. 118. OXFORD-DOWN. per year, but this is not practicable. Again, having horns they are said to be able to take care of themselves against dogs. For that annoyance, lead is more effectual, and every farmer who has a valuable flock of sheep, should keep a loaded gun in a convenient place, and shoot when he finds a dog chasing his sheep he should shoot it, bury it, and keep his mouth shut. Dogs, 244 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Feeding Breeding Ewes. Bape for Feed. Early Lambs. The feeding and exercise of breeding ewes requires special attention. In the autumn when being mated, they should receive extra feed; nothing is better than a feed of rape each day. It is advisable to have lambs come early in the spring, provided the ewes have a warm pen. The lambs should have a compartment in the pen, arranged so that the ewes cannot get in, 119. SHROPSHIRE. Weaning Lambs. and where they can receive extra mixed feed of pulped roots, cut clover, bran, bruised oats and ground flaxseed. The lambs should be docked when a week old. Have some early rape ready for them by the middle of July (weaning time) so as to keep them growing and develop a strong, healthy VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP. 24i frame. Soon after lambing the ewes should be shorn, and both the ewes and lambs dipped with Dipping . . Sheep. one of the commercial dips, following printed directions. Ewes and lambs should also be dipped in the autumn. In winter sheep require a dry and thoroughly winter ventilated building, which is not too warm, but free from draughts. Not too many sheep should 120. SOUTH -DOWN. be in a pen. (For this see plan of sheep house, 111. 101). The breeding ewes should have daily exercise, either in a yard or field. Feed morning and evening the following Feeding mixture, prepared a few hours before feeding: Cut clover, salted, pulped turnips, silage and a little bran. The quantity fed should be what they will eat in an hour. Noon ration, pea Sheep. 246 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Winter Feeding: of Lambs. straw or clover hay, fed outside in racks con- structed as per diagram. (See 111. 102). For those farmers who prefer not to breed sheep, but follow the system of winter feeding, I would suggest the following: Buy a sufficient number of wether and ewe lambs to fill the sheep house. In the autumn, for the first two months, feed according to the above directions given for breeding ewes. Then for finishing, add to the mixture a little chopped grain, peas, barley, and oats. The writer found this method very profitable. On no account buy old sheep to feed, unless it is for soap grease. Section VII. Breeds Required for the; Trade. Chang:e of Type. SWINE. During recent years all the popular breeds of swine have had to undergo a change, to suit the present demands of the trade, which calls for juicy flesh instead of fat. The big fat hog, that was so popular some years ago, has had to give way to one of an entirely diflferent type (see 111. 121), one with longer body and hams, for the most expensive cuts (see 111. 122), and greater depth of body and less width on back. (See 111. 123). In should carry its width evenly from shoulder to tail, with light shoulder and gowl, as these are cheap cuts. This change of conformation was first brought about by a desire to cater to the trade of Great Britain, SWINE. 247 248 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. The Fleshy Hog. Years to Fix a Type. Feeding Swine. Feed for Young Pigs. which demands pork of a fleshy and better quality. Our home trade is also undergoing a change in the same direction. The fat pork, that was so popular some years ago, is no longer wanted. The fat on the back must not exceed one and a half inches in thickness. What is wanted is a fleshy hog, about eight months old, and rather under than over two hundred pounds. While great progress is being made in the change of type, still, so far none of our present breeds of swine conform exactly to the ideal aimed at. To fix a type will take years to accomplish, even by our most expert breeders, and whether this will be by cross breeding or through one of our present pure breeds is difficult to say. Even after we have got the typical hog, the work is only half done. The compounding and preparing of foods to produce the best quality of flesh is yet in the experimental stage, and will evidently take some time before tjie results will be entirely reliable, so as to produce a uniform good quality of flesh. According to experiments one thing has been fully dem- onstrated. In order to keep young pigs growing, after being weaned, they should be given a certain quantity of skim milk, along with other feed, which at first should be composed largely of middlings with a little ground flaxseed. When about three months old add bran, pulped roots, and green clover or rape, and a little SWINE. 249 250 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Feed for Finishing. Salt and Ashes. Brood Sow. Winter Food for Swine. ground grain, peas, barley, and oats, mixed. In winter clover should be cut and scalded. Mix the whole together, and feed a limited quantity, morning, noon and evening. When the pigs are &ve or six months old increase the grain, and feed less of the bulky food, and for the last six weeks in finishing the morning and evening rations may be largely of chopped grain. Do not give more than they will ^consume in one hour and a half. At noon feed sugar beets or mangel wurzels raw, without grain. This system of feeding keeps the pigs in a healthy and growing condition, and makes a juicy quality of flesh. During the winter when housed they require old sods, also salt and hardwood ashes. With proper care and feeding, no animal on the farm will give such quick returns and large profits as the pig. This is the friend that has so often been depended upon to pay the rent. To get the best results from a brood sow, she should receive kind treatment so that she will be gentle and kind. This has a very gi-eat influence on her offspring. With proper care she will have two litters per year, rearing on the average from seven to ten pigs each time. As this means a heavy drain on the system of the sow, she will require to be fed accordingly. In winter, feed skim milk, bran, pulped roots and chopped grain (mixed) morning and evening, and at noon, sugar beets only. Exercise is SWINE. 251 252 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. necessary, but she should not be turned out of doors in cold weather and allowed to get chilled. As a substitute for skim milk, fill a barrel or milk can with hot w'ater, stir in a little mid- dlings and chopped grain, and cover over for a few hours. Pigs, both young and old, should have in addition all the pure water they wish to drink. Summer Food for Swine. Portable Pig Houses. TZX a FT 124. PORTABLE PIG ^USE. In summer, young growing pigs should have the run of a clover patch, but when finishing for market, keep them in the house where they will be comfortable and clean. The brood sow should also have the run of a clover patch in summer. A small portion of the clover field may be hurdled ofi*, and a portable pig house (see 111. 124) constructed to shelter the animals from the hot sun and storms. POULTRY. 253 Each brood sow should have a separate enclosure and a portable house in which to rear her young in summer. The same style of house may be used for the young pigs during the summer. In order to get the best results, it is necessary to provide shelter in the clover or rape pasture during the summer season. A pair of horses will haul the portable "pig house" wherever required. Section VIII. POULTRY. Poultry is kept on most farms, but, as a How, rule, it receives very indifferent treatment, often kept. Seldom have the fowls a house to protect them from the storms and cold weather, and are allowed to roost . out of doors on implements, fences, trees, etc., in all kinds of weather. When a house is built for them, it is frequently quite unsuitable for their health and comfort, so that the results are not satisfactory. For plan of hen house with modern con- pianof veniences see page 186 and end view illus- Poultry tration 125 showing position of nest, roost, and feed trough. This is on the south side of the implement house, and isolated from the cattle stables, which is desirable. The size of building here drawn is twelve feet wide by fifty-two feet long. This can be made shorter or longer according to the requirements. House. h 254 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Specifica- tions. There is a passage of three feet on the north side. The balance is divided, with wire netting, into six compartments, which are eight and a half feet square. These are of ample size for ten or twelve hens each. The roof over the passage is eight and a half feet high with a fall of six inches. This is covered with inch boards, tar paper and shingles. The main roof is six 125. POULTRY HOUSE — END VIEW. feet high next the passage, and is covered with inch boards, tar paper and shingles. The south side is two feet high, sheeted on the outside with tar paper and boards. From the top of this lower wall, to the main roof, is glass, at such an angle that in winter when the sun is low it will shine into the pen, covering about two- thirds of the space, and in summer when the POULTRY. 255 sun is high, about one-third. (See page 184). The inside of the poultry house, including sides, ends and roof, should be lathed and plastered. Whitewash the inside of the poultry house every spring, and the glass as well, so as to moderate the sunlight* in summer. This should be washed 126. INCUBATOR. off the glass in autumn. The feed trough is Feed and placed in the passage, and provided with round Trough, uprights, two inches apart, or sufficient for the fowls to put their heads between to feed. They may be watered in the same way. Nests, roosts, and board for droppings should all be 256 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Heating the Poultry House. moveable. The latter can be made to tilt into a box or wheelbarrow in the passage. While every precaution has been taken to make the poultry house frost proof, yet it may be necessary to provide artificial heat in veiy cold weather. This may be done by placing a small furnace or stove in a recess on the north side of passage, and from this have a six inch, hot air, tin pipe extending about two-thirds of the length of the building, and open at the Early Chicks. Winter Eggs. 127. NURSERY BROODER. ends, which will keep the building both dry and warm during the coldest weather. This is essential that you may have early chicks, say in February or the beginning of March. These will commence to lay when eight months old, say at the beginning of November, and continue laying all winter, or during a time wlien fresh eggs are worth tliree times as much as in summer. In a flock of fifty or sixty hens the difference amounts to considerable. The object should be POULTRY. 257 to raise chicks for winter laying instead of summer. Arrangre to keep the pullets for two winters, Disposing . , \ P ^^ ,^ Ml 1 of Poultry. and with proper care and leedmg they will be in good condition for table use in the months of May and June, after their second winter laying. At this season of the year poultry brings a high price. The male chicks should be fattened and 128. OUTDOOR BROODER. sold for broilers when four or five months old. At first feed bread crumbs or rolled oats, then ground corn, peas, barley and oats, mixed with skim milk. Also give ground bone and flesh with green vegetables or roots. When fattening, confine to a small pen without exercise. Furnish all the grit and pure water they wish. Give all the feed they will eat, and keep them free How to Feed 258 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Care of Hens when Laying. Dust Bath. Trees for Shelter. When to Mate. from vermin by using some insecticide or kerosene. With proper care it will not be necessary to use the cramming machine in finishing. To get the best results from hens in producing eggs, induce them to take plenty of exercise by scattering their food, composed of corn, peas, barley, oats and wheat, among chaff, so that they will have to scratch for it. In addition they should receive a liberal ration of cut clover, ground bone and flesh, also middlings, mixed with skim milk, and all the vegetables they wish, such as cabbage, lettuce, sugar beets, etc., also grit and pure water. The floor of the southern portion of the pen should be covered with fine gravel and sand for the fowls to take a regular dust bath, which is necessary to keep them clean. In summer the hens should have the run of a paddock of green sward, enclosed with a woven wire fence. This may be planted with groups of evergreen and deciduous trees for shelter from the hot sun in summer. In the plan (see page 32) provision is made so that tlie portion of lawn between the house and hennery, nearly an acre, may be enclosed for this purpose. Digging underneath the trees will help their growth, and make dust baths for the fowls. The hens selected for breeding purposes should be mated about ten days before eggs are wanted for hatching. After the breeding season POULTRY. 259 129. BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS. 260 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Separate Male Birds. Setting: Hens. Poultry a Specialty. Advantage of Brooder. Breeds of Poultry. is over, either kill the male bird or keep him by himself. According to experiments hens lay more eggs which have a superior flavor, and better keeping qualities when the male bird is kept away from them. Hens should be set in a secluded place. Food and fresh water should be constantly wdthin their reach. In preparing a nest, first put in the bottom a thin sod, and over this a sheet of tar paper. This will keep away lice; then some chaff is all that is necessary. When only a few fowls are kept, nothing more is required than an old hen to do the hatching and caring for young chicks. When poultry is made one of the special departments of the farm, and kept with a view to making money, the incubator (see 111. 126) has advantages over the hen, viz., if a hundred eggs are ready for setting, beginning of February, it might be difficult to get the necessary number of broody hens at that season, whereas the incubator can be got ready in a few minutes, and the hatching done quite satisfactorily. The manufacturers furnish printed instructions with each machine. The first two weeks is the most critical period in rearing chicks. The self regulating nursery brooder (see 111. 127) is particularly valuable for this purpose. For summer a simple outdoor brooder (see 111. 128) may be used. There is a long list of distinct breeds of poultry, each having its own special peculiarity and advantage. The following breeds are POULTRY. 261 262 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Egg specially noted as egg producers : Andalusians, Minorcas, Spanish, Leghorns, Houdans, Dom- iniques and several of the Game breeds. The above breeds are of various forms and colors. Table For table use the Brahmas and Cochins are Breeds. particularly suitable. General For general purpose, first, we had the old Breeds. Euglish Dorkiug. This has been superseded Plymouth by the barred Plymouth Rocks (see 111. 129), an American breed which has become very popular throughout the country. It is especially adapted for early maturing for table use, and as winter layers they are one of the best. The White Plymouth Rock (see 111. 130) has all the good qualities of the barred variety, with this additional, that it is more attractive when dressed for the British market, consequently is being preferred. There is also a new buff colored Plymouth Rock which may become wyandottes popular. The White Wyandotte (see 111. 131) is a still newer breed than the Plymouth Rock, and is quite equal as a general purpose fowl. For young broilers they put on flesh very rapidly, and being white, have the desirable clean and tidy appearance when dressed. Tliey Rose-Comb, liavc a Tose comb, which is preferable to a single one, as it is not so liable to get frosted. This breed is also one of the best winter layers. The new buff colored Wyandotte (see 111. 132) is very attractive, and likely to become popular when they can be bought at moderate prices. POULTRY. 263 264 SUCCESSFUL FARMING Managre- ment of Ducks. Pekin Variety. Aylesbury Duck. Housing Ducks. Lawn for Exercise. Hens vs. Incubator. How to Water and Feed. Skim Milk for Ducks. With proper management no branch of the poultry business will give larger and quicker returns than duck raising. The " Pekin " variety (see 111. 133) is recommended very highly. The "Aylesbury," a pure white duck, has many admirers. The "Pekin" is of a creamy white color. These ducks will lay over one hundred eggs each in a season. For breeding put one male with five or six ducks first of December. Do not set the first ten or twelve eggs. A por- tion of the poultry house (see page 184) is suitable for ducks, except that the roosts are not necessary. Instead, keep the floor of the pen covered with clean litter, either of cut straw or chaff. Ducks require only about half the space hens do. They should have a portion of the lawn or paddock for a run for exercise, the same as hens, but sliould be kept separated from other fowls by a woven wire fence. The eggs may be hatched under hens or with an incu- bator. The care and feed of ducklings is the same as described for chicks. They should have all the fresh water they wish to drink, but the trough should be protected by uprights, so that they can only get their heads between to drink. It is not necessary that they should get into it with their feet. They should be supplied with an abundance of green feed and grit. Grain fed to ducks, old or young, should be ground and mixed with skim milk. Aim to have as many early ducklings as possible as POULTRY. 265 132. BUFF WYANDOTTE. 266 SUCCESSFUL FARMING, Time to Market. How to Finish Geese a Specialty Breeds of Geese. Require Freedom. Fresh Water. these will command the highest price. They should be ready for market when between nine and ten weeks old, weighing at that time from four to five pounds each. In finishing ducklings for the market it is advisable to give one feed each day of "celery" during the last week. This imparts a pleasant flavor to the flesh. In connection with a home dairy where a supply of skim milk is available, the poultry department of the farm should be very profit- able. Milk is important for the fattening of chicks and ducklings. The individual farmer must decide whether geese should also be kept. Under certain con- ditions they may be made profitable, and that would be as a specialty. However, it may be said that, for the best results, every department of the farm should be made a specialty. The favorite breeds of geese are the "Tou- loose," a large gray, and the "Emden," a large white. A young goose will lay about twenty eggs in a season, and an old goose from thirty to thirty-five. In mating put two or three geese with one gander. Geese do not thrive in close confinement. They require at least the freedom of a pasture field. The eggs hatch in thirty days. The goslings require the same treatment and feed as ducklings. It is not necessary that they should have water in which to swim, but they should have at all times a supply of fresh water to drink. It is advisable rOULTRY '>>.. 267 268 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. When to Sell. The Turkey. A Monarch* Varieties. Allow Freedom. How to Feed. Mating. Young Turkeys When to SeU. to rush the goslings and sell them as soon as well feathered, say when they are two and a half months old. They should then weigh from twelve to fifteen pounds each. This is the most profitable time to sell. It is a common expression at Farmers' Institute meetings to " leave the big gun for the last," so the " Turkey " is left to the last in this work. Of all fowl this is the most noble. " He is monarch of all he surveys," and that includes the whole neighborhood. The "Bronze" variety is the largest and most popular. The " White Holland" has also many admirers. A shelter should be provided for the turkeys in the winter, but it must be roomy, and the roosts from eight to ten feet high. They will not thrive when closely confined. As the turkey hens are not expected to lay until the end of March or the first of April they should have plenty of exercise during the winter. Feed a little grain, peas, barley and oats, mixed. In addition give cut clover, moistened, and roots. A well known institute speaker advocates silage for fowls, and all other animals on the farm. In mating put about a dozen of hens with one male. The young turkeys are rather difficult to raise at first, but with a warm coop or brooder, having a small pen attached, there need be no loss. Turkeys hatched in June should weigh from twenty to twenty-five pounds for Thanksgiving and Christmas. CHAPTER V. Section I. BOOKKEEPING ON THE FARM. To be successful it is necessary that every Book- farmer should keep a systematic record of his iSssary. affairs. The most convenient books for this purpose are an ordinary Daily Journal and a small Ledger. The original book of entry should be the Daily Daily Journal, in which, at the close of each day, should be entered, in plain statements, a brief record of the day's transactions ; such as hiring of help, threshing, buying and selling, etc., being careful to enter such necessary details as the date, name of person with whom business is done, the thing received or given, price, quantity, quality, etc., and terms of sale or purchase, and of payment. Note prevailing weather also. Each entry in this Journal should be disposed Entries _ ^ ^ Disposed oJ. of, when time permits, by a further entry, wherever necessary, either (A) in the Daily Journal, (B) Cash Book (see cash book, as found in end of Daily Journal), or (C) in the Ledger. (A) If a transaction is to be completed, or a note paid to you, or by you, at some future date, turn to specified date in Daily Journal, and 270 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. * DAILY JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED. Monday April 17 1899 Light rain during night. Morning cloudy, then clear and warm. Sold 3 head of cattle to H. Miller as per agreement of \/ 2nd inst. Ree'd in full settlement, cash $50, Note due June 30th, $50 ^/Ordered from W. Smith, one 6 foot self-binder to be delivered June 30th, and settled for then by cash $25, and Note due Nov. 1st for balance $100 V^Sold T. Moore on account, 100 lbs. butter @ 20c. l/Sold Jas. Hamilton on account 50 bush. Wild Goose wheat @/ 75c. Commenced sowing spring wheat. Wild Goose variety. 00 00 00 50 Friday June 30 1899 Warm during night. Day hot and fine. Light rain toward evening. Memo from April 17th ; W. Smith to deliver binder to-day. " '' " H. Miller's Note my favor due to-day at l/Took delivery of binder from W. Smith, and settled for same by cash $25 and Note due Nov. 1st for $100, as arranged v/Paid T. Moore balance in full of acc't to date i/Rec'd from H. Miller cash in full for Note due to-day j/Rec'd from Jas. Hamilton bal. in full of acc't Hauling hay to barn, 22 loads, IGi tons. Wednesday November 1 1899 Light frost during night. Day fine and rather cold. Memo, from June 30th; Note favor account binder due to-day at Bank in l/Paid Note acc't binder due to-day by cheque on Dom. Bank Harvesting and hauling Swede turnips to cellar, 18 loads, 1170 bush. 100 100 00 00 *The " Daily Journal " referred to. is a standard annuul publication and may be btalned from any fixst-clais stationer. CASH BOOK. 271 make a memo, of it there. (See Daily Journal illustrated). (B) If cash has been paid to you or by you, make entry in Cash Book. (See Cash Book illustrated). (C) If anything has been bought or sold on account, that is, has not been settled for by cash or note, make an entry in the Ledger. (See Ledger illustrated). After disposing of each item in this way, check check it thus ( J ), to indicate that no further attention is necessary. (See Daily Journal illustrated). Section II. CASH BQOK. In the Cash Book enter cash on hand at cash Book, commencement, and all cash transactions as originally recorded in Daily Journal, in respective columns as received or paid. The difference between these columns showing the cash on hand. The balance in bank may be kept on stub Balance in of cheque book, amount of each deposit being added to, and amount of each cheque taken from, the preceding balance. To dispose of entries in Cash Book enter in Dispose of XI 1 IT n Entries. Ledger, under proper headmgs, all transactions with individuals with whom a running account is kept, taking care to place all items of cash received, on right hand or credit side of Ledger, 272 SUCCESSFUL FARMING. and all items of casli paid, on left hand or debit side of Ledger. (See' Ledger illustrated). As in tlie Daily Journal, check each item in the Cash Book thus (J) when disposed of. CASH BOOK ILLUSTRATED. Date. Received. Paid. 1899. April 3 Cash on hand. $ 13 70 "17 H. Miller, paid on account, three cattle. 50 00 June 30 Paid W. Smith on account binder. $ 25 00 V " Paid T. Moore balance in full of account to date. 33 70 S^ 162 78. Louis Phillipe r.^.j^.j.-^^^jJ^!,^_ A 161 Pear — V ^ ''^'^ J 85. Beurre Clairgeau ...?S^.^^j.^PQf^.t4^^^ 173 83. Clapp's Favorite ^^^T^?r::r::~±^^f^. 169 84. Flemish Beau^ty 171 Plum— 81. Duane's Purple 165 80. Niagara 163 82. Reine Claude 167 POULTRY. 129. Barred Plymouth Rocks 259 132. Buff Wyandotte 265 126. Incubator 255 127. Nursery Brooder 256 128. Outdoor Brooder 257 133. Pekin Ducks 267 125. Poultry House— End View 254 130. White Plymouth Rocks 261 131. White Wyandottes 263 SHEEP. 117. Border Leicester 242 115. Cotswold 240 116. Lincoln 241 118. Oxford-Down 243 120. South-Down "! 245 119. Shropshire 244 SWINE. 123. Typical Bacon Hog (front view) 251 121. Typical Bacon Hog (side view) 247 124. Portable Pig House 252 122. Side of Bacon, Cuts and average English Prices.. 249 GENEBAL INDEX. Aberdeen Angus Cattle 227 Abuse, Results of 216 Advantages in Shallow Cultivation 26 Advantages of Grafting 174 Advantages of Underdraining 12 Agricultural Colleges 9 Agriculture in Schools 9 Animals Warm and Comfortable 210 Apples — Orchard 170 Advantages of Grafting 174 For Export 170, 174 For Domestic Use 170 Graft Northern Spy 174 Grafting on Talmau Sweet 172 How to Graft 172 Insects 178 Plant Healthy Trees 172 Scab Treatment 178 Sell on the Tree 172 Varieties without Grafting 174 Applying Manure - 45 Asparagus — Planting 132 Variety 133 Autumn Feeding 210 Aylesbury Ducks 264 Ayrshire Cattle 221 Bacon, Side of 249 Bare Summer E^allow 21 Barley 98, 99 Barley with Lawn Seed 119 Bam— Farm 187 Basement, Plan of 197 Cattle Stanchion 197 Conductors of Pure Air 195 Doors 190 279 280 INDEX. Barn — Farm — Continued. Drive (end or side) 188 Elevation of Barn 189 Entrance to Barn 193 Feed Rooms 197 Filling Barn 192 Floor of Barn 188 Floor, Concrete 193 Fresh Air, to Moderate 195 " ** Distributing 195 Light and Air Essential 193 Old Style Unhealthy 193 Roof 191 Sheeting 192 Size of Barn ; 188 Unloading Grain 192 Ventilation 193, 195 Windows 191 Beans— Nutritious Food 133 Variety ; 133 Beautifying the Farm 113 Attractive Home 113 Boston Ivy 129 Bulbs ,....: 130 Clematis 129 City Attractions 113 Climbers 129 Cold Frame , 126, 127 Cultivation for Lawn 115 Cut Flowers 129 Elevate Farming 113 Evergreens 118 Farm Privileges 113 Fences, clearing away 115 Ferns 129 Flower Beds 122, 123, 127 Flowering Shrubs 121 Flowers, List of 128 Grounds, Size of 115 Grading : 115 INDEX. 281 Beautifying the Farm — Continued. Grounds, Enclosing 116 Group of Trees, Shape of 121 " How to Plant , 121 Hardy Climbers 129 *' Perennial Flowers 128 Hedge , 116, 117, 118 Hot Bed 123, 124, 125 Home 113 Knowledge of Farming : 114 Landscape Gardening 116 Lawn, Cultivation for 115 '' Plan for 116 " Seeding 118, 119, 120 Less House and Ornament the Grounds 114 Opportunities to Beautify 113 Painting an ''Ideal Home" 113 Perennial Flowers .-. 129 Prepare a Plan 116 Reading and Enjoyment, Time for 113 Rockery 128, 129 Roses 129, 130 Shrubs, Hardy Flowering 121 Subscribe for Papers 114 Trees 121 Walks and Drives 118 Windbreak, Double and Single 116, 117 Beef Breeds 223, 225 Beef Breeds of Cattle for Milk 223 Beets 66 Replacing Carrots 66 Sugar 61 Variety of 134 When to Sow 133 Benefits of Vegetable Matter 20 Blackberries — (Brambles) 152 Varieties .' 152 Black Cap Berries 152 Black Currants 149 Blacksmith's Forge 185 282 INDEX. Bookkeeping on the Farm 269 Annual Statement 273 Balance in Bank 271 Bookkeeping Necessary 269 Cash Book 271 Check Items 271 Daily Journal 269 Daily Journal Illustrated 270 Dispose of Entries 271 Entries Disposed of 269 Enter Account Transactions 272 Ledger 272 To Find Present Worth and Loss or Grain 273 Boston Ivy 129 Brooder, Advantages of 260 Brood Sow 250 Buildings— Implement House 183 Blacksmith's Forge 185 Convenience of 207 Cheapest Paint 207 Harmonize, etc 208 Mixing Paint 207 Natural Color 207 Painting 207 Dimension of 185 Doors with Rollers 187 Farm Bam 188 Low Floor 187 Piggery 202 Portable Pig House 252 Poultry House — End view 254 Sheep and Pigs Separate Buildings 188 Sheep Pen 198 Work Bench and Tools 185 Bulbs— Covering for 122 How to Cultivate 130 Summer Flowering 130 Varieties for Border 130 Butter Cow, Fancy 221 Buying Steers 229 INDEX. 283 Cabbage — How to Plant and Varieties of 134 Calves— Feeding and Care of 223, 225, 227, 229 Carrots — Cultivation and Varieties 65, 135 For Horses and Cows 66 Harvesting 65 Preparation for 47 Thinning 60 Yield per Acre 65 Cattle 217 Aberdeen Angus 227 Ayrshire 221 Beef Breeds 223, 225 Beef Breeds for Milk 223 '' Characteristics of 225 Buying Steers : 229 Calves 223 '' Feeding 225 " Care of , 227, 229 " Prices of 223 Crossbred Steers 229 Dairy Cow 221 Decide on one Breed 223 Dehorning Cattle 211 Devon... 227 Effect of Cold 219 Fancy Butter Cow 221 Fattening Old Cows 221 Feeding Rape 230 Roots 230 '' for Frame 230 Feeding Store Cattle 215 Finishing Steers 231 Galloway 227 Guernsey 223 Hereford 227 Holstein 219 Increasing the Production 219 Increasing the Rations 230 Insecticide, Preparation for 217 Jersey 221, 223 284 INDEX. Cattle — Continued. Judging by Points 229 Largest Returns 223 Milch Cows 219 Model Jersey Cow 223 Popular Dairy Cow , 221 Quality of Milch Cow 219 Selecting a Milch Cow 219 Selling Steers 231 Shrinkage, to Allow 231 Shorthorn "Durham'' 225 Steers, Feeding of 229, 230, 231 Sussex 227 Treatment of 216 Trees in Pasture 217 Vermin on : 216 Cauliflower— Keep Heads White 135 Requires Moisture 135 Varieties 135 Celery — Blanching 136 For Poultry 136 Plants 135 Requires Moisture 135 Storing : 136 Transplanting 135 Varieties of ..,. 136 Chain Harrows 100 Cherries — For Preserving 168 Black Tartarian 162 For Table Use , 168 Louis Phillippe .: 161 Varieties 168 Citron — For Preserving 137 Clematis 129 Cleveland Bay or English Coach Horse 234 Climbers 129 Clover — As Fertilizer 101 As Subsoiler 102 Curing 102 Cutting 104,105 INDEX. 285 Clover — Continued . Fertilization of 103 For Feed 102 How to Cut for Seed 105 In Orchard 166 Mixture 101 Seed 103 Seeding 109 Threshing 105 When to Cut 104 With Timothy 101 Clydesdale, Modern 232 Coach Horses — Demand for 234 Cold Frame— Covering 127 How to Construct 126 " Prepare Soil 126 Prevent Covering form Sagging 127 Time to Sow ^ 127 Colts— Feeding of 238, 239 Bearing of 238 Treatment of , 238 Commercial Foods 216 Compost Heap 71 Com— Cultivating 77, 80, 81 Fine Tilth Necessary 80 Harvesters 83 Hauling to Silo 85 How to Harvest 83 Planting 78, 136 Preparation for 77 Silage Crops 87, 88 Silage Cutter 86 Silo 86, 89, 90, 91, 92. 93, 94 Soiling Corn 78 Sowing Corn with a Drill 79 Surf ace Pulverizer 81 Stubble, Treatment of 94 Sweet 136 Time to. Sow 77 Varieties to Sow 77 286 INDEX. Corn — Continued . Varieties for Central Ontario '. 78 '' for Northern Ontario 78 ' ' of 136 When to Harvest 83 Cotswold Sheep 240 Crops — Rotation of 41 Cleaning the Land 45 Clover : 42 Depth to Plant Grain 47 Fall Wheat 51, 52 Fall Cultivation 45 Farm Manure 42, 45, 46, 47 Four Years Course 42 Grass Seed Mixture 42 Harrowing 43 Harvester 52, 53 Mangel Wurzel 47 Mixed Farming 42 Plowing Shallow 43, 45 " Sod 42 Quantity of Seed to Sow 47 Rape — Cultivation of 76 Feeding of 77 Shocking Grain 53 Threshing ** 53 Cucumbers— For Table and Pickling 137 Planting 137 Cultivation for Fruits 145 Cultivator— Corn 80 •' Spring Tooth 24 Cultivation of the Soil 17 Advantages in Shallow Cultivation 26 Bare Summer Fallow 21 " a loss 21 " •' " Destroys Humus 20 *' " " Temporarily Improves 20 Benefits of Vegetable Matter 20 Fertilizers 18, 23 (( on ly Stimulants 18 INDEX. 287 Cultivation of the Soil — Continued. , Grerminating Weeds 26 How Weeds Grow 27 Humus , 18, 20, 23, 27, 30 Killing Weeds 27 Land, How to Clean 24 '' How to renew worn out 21 Mineral Fertilizers 18 Moisture 18 Native Sod 19 Plowing under Peas and Buckwheat 21 " down Weed Seeds 26 Quantity of Seed per Acre 29 Bibbing in Fall 28 " Advantage of 28 Rolling the Land 29 Rotted Sod for Potting 19 Spring Cultivation 28 Summer Cultivation 22, 30 The Old Theoretical Idea 19 The Practical Florist 19 The Plow Transplants Weeds 25 When to Roll 29 Worn out Farms 17 Currants— Red, Fay's Prolific 146, 149 Black Champion 147, 149 Cut Flowers 128 Dehorning Cattle 211 Depth to Plant Seeds 133 Devon Cattle 227 Diagram of Farm 32 '' of Drains 16 Diet according to Climate 131 Ditching Machines 16 Downing Gooseberry 143 Downs Sheep 241 Draining Orchard 160 Drains — Distance Apart of 13 *' Construction of 13 '' Connection for 16 288 INDEX. Drains — Continued. Grading 14 Drill Plow with Potato Digger Attachment 129 Ducks, Aylesbury 264 Hens vs. Incubator 264 Housing 264 How to Finish 266 How to Water and Feed 264 Lawn for Exercise 264 Management of 264 Pekin Variety 264 Skim Milk for Ducks 264 Time to Market 266 Duplex Fence Machine 36, 37 Economic Feeding 209 Alternative for Deficiency 214 Animals Warm and Comfortable "... 210 Autumn Feeding 210 Balanced Rations 209 Composition of Foods 209 Corn Silage 212 Dehorning Cattle 211 English Coach Horse, Cleveland Bay or 234 Exercising Animals 212 Feeding Meal in Mixture 214 Feed Proper Proportions 214 June Conditions 209 Nutritive Value of Fodder Food 212 Preparation of Food .' 213 Quantities of Mixture 213 Small Groups 212 Succulent Food 210 Soiling Crops 210 Twelve Hours to Moisten 213 Ventilated Stables 210 Water in Stable 212 Winter Feed 212 Fall Cultivation 45, 94, 109 Rib Root Laud in Fall 95 Ribbing after Com 94 INDEX. 289 Fall Cultivation — Continued. Ribbing Root Land 94, 95 Spudding Thistles „ 95 Treatment of Corn Stubble 94 Why Root Land should not be Plowed 96 Fall Turnips 68 Fall Wheat— Before Sowing 50 Harvesting 52 Quantity of for an Acre 51 Time to Sow 51 Varieties of 52 Farm — Diagram of 32 Farm Implements and Buildingg 183 Blacksmith's Forge 185 Dimensions of Buildings 185 Doors 187 Exposure ruins Implements 183 Implement House 183 Painting 207 Farm House Grounds, size of 115 Grading 115 Enclosing 116 Farming — System of 187 Farm Investment 9 Managers, Demand for 9 Privileges 113 Farm Management 9 Agricultural Colleges 9 Agriculture in Schools 9 Farm Managers, Demand for 9 Farm Investment 9 Knowledge Required 11 Nature's Method 12 New Land 12 Qualifications of Successful Manager 10 Feed— Clover for 102 Rack 201 Feeding 209 Autumn Feeding 210 Commercial Foods 216 290 INDEX. Feeding — Continued. Exercise 212, 215 Feeding Steers 229, 230, 231 Flesh Forming for Young Cattle 216 Fodder Crops 212 Food— Composition of 209, 210 Preparation of 213 Proportion of 214 Insecticide, Preparation for 219 Kind Treatment 216 Limited Quantity 214 Nothing between Meals 215 Rations for Milch Cows 215 Rations 209 Results of Abuse 216 Stables Ventilated 210 Store Cattle 215 Water... 212 Winter Feeding 212 Fencing 31 Clearing Away 125 Coiled Wire 36 Duplex Fence Machine 36, 37 Fences Harbor Weeds 31 ** Necessary 33 How to set Posts 40 Hurdle Fences 31, 33, 34, 35 Iron Stays 36 Necessary Fences 33 Ornamental Fence 38, 39 Permanent Fence 38, 39 ** ** at Ontario Agricultural College 39 Portable Woven Fence 35 ** " " Construction 35 Removing Portable Fence 38 Cost of College Fence 40 " of Portable Fence 38 Construction of 33 Setting the Hurdles 84 Cost of Hurdles 85 INDEX. 291 Fertility Maintained Without Manure 112 Fertilizers Only Stimulants 18 Clover as 101 Fertilization of Clover 103 Flail Threshing 53 Florist— The Practical 19 Flowering Shrubs 121 Flower Beds— Bulbs for Fall Planting ' 122 Continuous Bloom for 123 Covering for Bulbs 122 Fruits — Cultivation of 145 Four-Horse Subsoiler 26 Galloway Cattle 227 Geese— A Specialty 266 Breeds of 266 Emden 266 Eequire Freedom 266 *' Fresh Water 266 Touloose 266 When to Sell 268 Gooseberries — Varieties of 142 Downing 143 Industry 145 Whitesmith 144 Grade Mares 234 Grading — Farm House Grounds 115 '* a Drain 14 Grafting — Advantages of 174 " on Talman Sweet 172 Graft Northern Spy 174 Grain Drill 21 Grain Section 96 Barley 98, 99 Caps for 99 Clover, Mixture 101 as Fertilizer 101 as Sub-soiler 102 Curing 102 Fertilization of 103 for Feed 102 292 INDEX. Grain Section — Continued. Clover, How to Cut for Seed 105 " Seed 103 " Threshing 105 " When to Cut 104 " with Timothy 101 Cutting Clover : 104, 105 Fall Wheat 51, 52 Fertilization of Clover 103 Grass 112 Harrow after Seeding 97 Hay Caps „.. 103 How to Sow Spring Wheat 96 Imported Seed Oats 97 Importing Seed Barley 98 Manure 112 Meadows, Seeds for 99 Oats 97 Pasture : 100 Peas 47, 48 Permanent Seeding for 107 Re-seeding Pasture 112 Seeding a Meadow 99 " a Pasture 100, 107 " General Mixture 100 *' Thin Places : 99 Shelter for Cattle 108 Soft Maple 108 Soiling Crops 107 Sowing Grass Seed 97 Spring Wheat 96 Threshing Clover 105 Timothy Hay 105 " Curing 105 Wheat : 96 Wire Worms 112 Grapes— Brighton (red) 158 Campbell's Early (black) 157 Cultivation of 156 Fertilizing 157 INDEX. 293 Qisq^es— Continued. How to Plant : 152 " Prune 156 " Train 156 Moore's Diamond (white) 159 Mulching 156 Ripening 157 Varieties 157 Grass - 112 ** Seed Mixture 42 '' Sower 28 Green Top Swedes 66 Guernsey Cattle 223 Hardy Climbers 129 *' Perennial Flowers 128 Harrow after Seeding 97 Harrow, Adjustable 30 " Brush 119 " Chain 100 Harrowing 43 Harvester 52, 53 Hay Caps 103 Hedge— Best Wind Break 117 Close to Wire Fence 118 Deciduous Shrubs for 118 Evergreens for Hedges 118 Slope Hedges 117 Trimming Evergreen Hedges 117 Wind Break, Double and Single 116, 117 Hereford Cattle 226, 227 Holstein '* 218,219 Horse Breeding 232 Breed Right Type 234 Cleveland Bay or English Coach Horse 234 Colts, Care and Feeding of 238 Conformation of Coach Horse 236 Demand for Coach Horses 234 English Shire 237 General Conformation 232 Grade Mares 23i 294 INDEX. Horse Bveeding— Continued. Hackneys 237 Mares 234 Modern Clydesdale 232 Moisten Feed 239 Monster Animals 237 Pedigree Mares 234 Roadsters 237 Summer Ration 239 Two Objects ^2 Watering Horses 239 Winter Feed for Farm Horses 238 Hot Bed 123, 124, 125 Bedding Out Plants 125 For Early Vegetables 125 How to Cover 124 " Make 123 Roller for Cotton Cover 125 Soil for 125 Varieties of Flowers 125 How and When to Feed Animals 214 Commercial Foods 216 Quantity 214, 215 Rations for Cows 214 " Store Cattle 215 Treatment of Cattle 216 Vermin on Cattle 216 Humus, Color of 20 " Fixes Ammonia 18 " How to Make 23 " Improves the Texture 18 " Increasing Fertility 23, 27 " Retains Moisture 18 " To Further Increase 30 Hurdle Fences 31, 33, 34, 35 " *• Construction of ; 33 " " Setting the Hurdles 34 •* Cost of Hurdles 35 Implement House 183 Implements— Purchasing 183 INDEX. 295 Implements — Continued . Adjustable Harrow 28, 30 Breeds' Weeder 59,60 Brush Harrow 119 Chain Harrows 99, 100 Corn Cultivator 80 Corn Cutting and Silo 86, 87 €orn Harvester 83, 84 Corn Hoe 83 Corn Platform 85 Corn Pulverizer 81 Crummer .'. 14 Dennis Potato Digger 75 Dibbler, The 133 Ditching Machine 16, 17 Double Harpoon Hay Forks 190, 192 Draining 14, 15 Drain Connection 15, 16 Draining Spade 14 Drill Plow with Potato Digger 28, 29, 45, 56, 75 Exposure Euins 183 Four Horse Sub-Soiler 23, 26 Grain Drill 21, 47, 79 Grass Seed Sower 27, 28 Hand Corn Planter 79 Hay Cap 102 Hay Carrier and Slings 191, 192 Hay Loader 105,108 Hay Tedder 101, 102, 105 Horse Hoe or Scuffler 60, 62 Horse Rake 105, 107 Horse Seed Drill 58, 59, 68 Land Roller 22, 23 Lawn Mower 120 Modern Threshing Machine 57 Mower with Clover Seed Attachment.. 104, 105 Plow with Revolving Coulter 2^, 45 Seed Drill 134 Self Binder 53,54 Self Rake Reaper 103 296 INDEX. Implements — Continued. Sprayer 178, 181 Spring Tooth Cultivator 23, 24, 56 Spring Tooth for Hard Soil 23, 25, 56, 67 Sub-Soil Plow 13, 14 Threshing Machine 56, 57 Toltou Pea Harvester 48, 49 Turnip Hoe 60, 61 Two Furrow Gang Plow : 44, 45 Improvements in Harvesting 52 Incubator 255,260 Jersey Cattle 221, 223 " Cow, •* Mary Ann of St. Lamberts " 222 Kerosene Emulsion 178 Killing Weeds 27 Kind Treatment for Cattle 216 of Colts 238 Knowledge of Farming 114 Lambs, Early 244 " Weaning 244 " Winter Feeding of 246 Land, How to Clean 24 " How to Renew Worn Out 21 " Roller 23 Landscape Gardening 116 Lawn — Barley with Lawn Seed 119 Brush Harrowing Lawn 120 Clover in Lawn Seeds 120 Cutting the 120 Cultivation for 115 Mixture 119 Requires Little Attention 120 Seeding Lawn 118 Sowing Clover.... 120 Value o£ a 120 Laying Tile 15 Liming Cold Clay 72 Leicester Sheep 240 Lincoln " 240 Lettuce, Cultivation of 137 INDEX. 297 Lettuce, Varieties of 137 Making Drills 58 " Cellar Frost Proof 63 " a Pit 64 Managers, Demand for Farm 9 Mangel Wurzel — Preparation for 47 Pulling and Topping 63 Thinning 59 Time to Harvest 61 Varieties of 61 Manure 42, 45, 46, 47 Farm Fertility Maintained Without 112 Manure the Hoe Crop 47 " on the Surface 46 Manuring Rolling Land 46 " for Peas 46 " Vegetable Garden 132 Marketing Poultry 266 Mating " 258, 260, 268 *' Turkeys 268 Meadows — Seeds for 99 Melons — Musk, Cultivation and Varieties 137 " Water Variety 137 Milch Cow, Selecting a 219 Milk— Babcock Test for 11 Mineral Fertilizers. 18 Mixed Farming 42 " Peas and Oats 109 Modern Clydesdale Horse 232 ** Harvester 53 ** Threshing Machine 53 Model Jersey Cow 223 Monstrous Roots — Cultivation for 71 Mulching Grapes 156 ** Strawberries 142 " Trees 164 Nature's Method of Supplying Plant Food 12 Nature, The Laws of 11 New Land, Very Fertile. 12 Nursery Brooder. 256, 260 298 INDEX. Oats 97 " Peas and, for Silage 87 Onions - Cultivation of 138 From Seed 138 '' Sets 138 Varieties of ; 138 Orchard 160 Advantages of 166 Apples 170 " Export 170, 174 '' Grafting 172, 174 *' Insects 178 ** Kinds to Plant 172 " Scab Treatment 178 " Selling , 172 Cherry, Varieties of 168 Clover in Orchard 166 Cover Crop 166 Cultivation of 164 Cropping Orchard 164 Draining Orchard 160 Exposure for Orchard 160 Mulching Trees 164 Peaches 168 Pears 170 Planting 160, 161 Plums 168 Pruning 174 Shape of Top 174 Spraying 178, 181, 182 What to Sow in Orchard 166 Ornamental Lawn Fences 38, 40 Outdoor Brooder 257, 260 Oxford-Down Sheep 241 Parsnip Cultivation 138 Variety 138 Pasture 100, 107, 110, 217 Permanent 107 Trees in 217 Seed for 100 INDEX. 299 Pasture — Continued. Plowing Sod 42 Pea Bug, Destroy the 48 Peaches 168 Pear Culture, Their Value and Varieties 170 Clapp's Favorite 169 Bartlett 170 Flemish Beauty 171 Beurre D'Anjou 170 *' Clairgeau 173 Peas and Oats for Silage 87 Drilling 47 For Daily Food 138 Harvesting 48 Manuring for 46 Threshing 48 Varieties of : 138 Pedigree Mares 234 Pekin Ducks 264, 267 Perennial Flowers 129 Pig House, Portable j 252 Piggery 202 Foundation of 205 Gutters 204 Plan of Building 206 Size of Piggery 202 Ventilation 206 Pit, Covering 64, 65 Making 64 Root 64 Ventilating 65 Pitting Boots 64 Plant Food 59 Plow Transplants Weeds 25 " with Revolving Coulter 22 Plowing Sod 42 Shallow 43, 45 Under Peas and Buckwheat 21 Down Weed Seeds 26 Plum Culture and Varieties 168 300 INDEX. Plum Culture and Varieties— Cow^inwed. Niagara 163 Duane's Purple 165 Reine Claude 167 Plymouth Rocks, Barred 259, 262 " " White 261, 262 Buff Colored 262 Potato Digger Attachment, Drill Plow with 29 Potato Sets 73 How to Cut 73 ■ Propagating 140 Rotation in Garden 141 Spraying 182 Storing 75 Varieties t6 Plant 74 Potatoes, Cultivation of. 72 Culture for Early Market 140 Drilling... 73 Early Varieties 74, 141 Early, When to Plant 73 Harvesting Potatoes 74 Horse Hoeing 73 Late Varieties 74 Late, When to Plant 74 Liming Cold Clay 72 Planting 140 Pitting ^ 75 Poultry House, Plan of 253 " End View 254 Poultry 253 Advantages of Brooder 260 Aylesbury Ducks 264 Breeds of Poultry 260, 262 ** Geese » 266 Chicks, Early 256 Care of Hens When Laying 258 Disposing of Poultry 257 Ducks, Housing of 264 ** Management of.> 264 Dust Bath 258 INDEX. 301 Poultry — Continued. Eggs in Winter 256 Egg Producers 262 Feed and Water Trough 255 Geese 2C6, 268 General Purpose Breeds 262 Heating Poultry House 256 Hens vs. Incubator 264 How Poultry is often kept 253 How to Finish Ducks 266 '* Hatch Ducks 264 '* Feed Poultry 257 '* Feed Turkeys 268 " Water and Feed Ducks 264 Lawn for Exercise 264 Mating 258, 260, 268 Marketing 266 Pekin Variety of Ducks 264 Plan of Poultry House 253 Plymouth Rocks 262 Poultry a Specialty 260 Rose Comb 262 Separate Male Birds 260 Setting Hens 260 Skim Milk for Ducks 264 Specification for Poultry House 254 Shelter 258 Table Breeds 262 Time to Market 266 Trees for Shelter 258 Turkey, The 268 Water for Geese 266 When to Mate 258 '' to sell Geese 268 '' to sell Turkeys 268 Wyandottes 262 Young Turkeys 268 Practical Florist, The 19 Pruning Fruit Trees 174 " Shape of Tree Top 174 302 INDEX. Pruning Raspberries 152 Pulverizer, Surface 81 Pumpkins — Variety 139 Purchasing Implements 183 Qualifications of Successful Farm Manager 10 Quantity of Seed to Sow 47 " Seed per Acre 29, 58, 68 " Fall Wheat for an Acre 51 Radish Cultivation and Varieties 139 Eape Seed 76 Cultivation 76 Feeding Rape 76 Rape for Early Winter 77 When to Sow 76 Raspberries — Planting and Pruning 152 Cuthbert 149 Marlboro 148 Golden Queen 150 Varieties 152 Ration for Milch Cows 214, 215 Reading and Enjoyment, Time for 113 Removing Portable Fence 38 Rhubarb from Seed and Roots 139 Ribbing Land in Fall 28 " Advantage of 28 ** Root Land 94, 95 Roadster Horses 237 Rockery, How to Construct 128, 129 Roller, Land 23 Rolling the Land 29 Boots 56 Beets 66 Carrots 65 Compost Heap 71 Cultivation of 58 Distance apart 71 For Exhibition 70, 72 Making Drills 58, 71 Mangel Wurzel 61, 63 Monstrous Roots, Cultivation for 71 INDEX. 303 Eoots — Con tinned . Plant Food 59 Potatoes 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Seeds, Depth to Plant 133 Shallow Cultivation 26 Shallow Plowing 56 Sowing Seed , 58 Storing Roots - 63, 64, 65 Sugar Beet 61 Thinning Roots 59,60 Turnips 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 Roses, Climbing 129 ' Collection of 130 Eotation of Crops 41 Applying Manure 45 Before Sowing Fall Wheat 50 Cleaning the Land 45 Clover and Farm Manure 42 Cultivate and Harrow Alternately 43 Cultivation after Pea Crop 50 Depth to Plant Grain and Seeds 47 Destroy the Pea Bug 48 Drilling in Manure 45 " Peas 47 Fall Cultivation 45 Flail Threshing 53 Four Years' Course 42 Grass Seed Mixture - 42 Harrowing Overlapping 43 Harvester of 1840 52 Harvesting Peas 48 " Fall Wheat 52 Heat, Air and Moisture 43 How Smut Spores Feed 51 Hybridizing Grain 52 Improvements in Harvesting 52 Manure the Hoe Crop 47 Manure on the Surface 46 Manuring Rolling Land 46 " for Peas 46 304 INDE :. Rotation of Crops — Continuea. Mixed Farming 42 Modern Harvester 53 " Threshing Machine 53 Preparing Seed Wheat 51 Plowing in Summer 45 ** Shallow 43 Sod 42 Preparation for Mangel Wurzels, Beets and Carrots 47 Quantity of Fall Wheat for an Acre 51 " Seed for an Acre 47 Shocking in the Field 53 '' Grain 53 Sow a Productive Grain 51 Two-Furrow Gang Plow 44 Threshing Machines 53 " Peas 48 Time to Sow Fall Wheat 51 Varieties of Fall Wheat 52 Variations in Rotation 42 Vegetable Matter Absorbant 45 Winter Manuring 46 Botation of Soiling Cropi 109 Clover Seeding '..... 109 Fall Cultivation 109 Pasture and Soiling Crop 110 Mixed Peas and Oats 109 Other Hoe Crops 110 Rape 109 Value of 110 Second Pasture 110 Seed — Quantity of, to Sow 47 For Pasture 100 Depth to Plant 133 Selecting a Milch Cow 219 Setting Hens 260 Sheep and Pigs, Separate Buildings 188 Sheep — Various Breeds of 239 Breeding Ewes 244 / INILEX. 305 Sheep — Continued. ^ Cotswold Described 240 Dipping Sheep 245 Downs 241 Elevation of Sheep House 199 Feeding 244. 245 Feed Rack 201 Lambs, Early 244 Lambs, Weaning 244 Leicester Described 240 Lincoln Described 240 Other Breeds 243 Oxford-Down Described 241 Plan of House 200 Rape for Feed 244 Select According to Conditions 239 Shoot Dogs after 243 Special Care for Long Wool 239 South-Down Described 242 Shropshire Described 242 . This Country Favorable for 239 Winter Care 245 Winter Feeding of 246 Wool 239 Sheep Pen 198 Building, Plan of 198 Cattle and Sheep Separate 198 Compartments 198 Feed Rack 200, 201 Fresh Air and Light 201 Gas from Manure Injurious 202 Interior and Ventilation 201 Plan of 198 Portable Rack 201 Shocking Grain 53 Shorthorn Durham Cattle 224, 225 Shropshire Sheep Described 242 Shrubs — Flowering 121 Hardy Flowering 121 Silage Crops 87 306 INDEX. Silage Crops — Continued. Canada Thistles for Silage 88 Cutter '... 86 Dry Corn vs. Silage 94 Peas and Oats for Silage 87 Quantity Required to Winter Animals 93 Taking out Silage 93 Time Required to Cure 88 Silos— Bricking Inside 90 Capacity of 93 Construction of 88 Cement 92 Covering 88 Hauling to 85 Octagon 92 Portable 90 Partition in 93 Round 91 Round Stave 88 Square 92 Taking out Silage 93 Small Fruits 141 Blackberries 152 Black Currants 149 Cultivation of Fruits 145 Gooseberries 142 Grapes 152 Raspberries 152 Red Currants 147 Strawberries 141, 142 Soiling Crops 107 South-Down Sheep 242 Specification for Poultry House 254 Spraying Fruit Trees 175 Kerosene Emulsion 178 Selecting Apparatus 178 Solution 180 Time to Spray 181 Spraying Potatoes 182 Spring Cultivation for Boots , 56 INDEX. 307 Spring Cultivation for "Roots— Continued. Beets replacing Carrots _ 66 Carrots for Horses and Cows t)6 Conserving Moisture 68 Covering the Pit 64 Covering the Pit for Winter 65 Cultivation after Sowing 58 " of Carrots 65 Different Methods of Harvesting Swedes 70 Drilling for Turnips : 68 Fall Turnips 68 " " Cultivation of 69 Green Top Swedes 66 Harvesting Carrots 65 How to Harvest Swedes 69' Improving Swedes 66 Making Drills 58 '' Cellar Frost Proof 63 " a Pit 64 Pitting Roots 64 Pulling and Topping Mangels 63 Pulverize the Surface 59 Preparing the Soil 67 Quantity of Seed per Acre 58, 68 Shallow Drills 56 Shallow Plowing 56 Soluble Plant Food 59 Sowing the Seed 58 Storing Roots 63 Subsoil Clay Land 56 Sugar Beets 61 Subsoiling with Spring Tooth Cultivator 67 Swede Turnip 66 Storing Swedes for Winter 70 Thorough Cultivation 68 Thinning Mangel Wurzels 59 " Mangels and Carrots 60 Time to Harvest Mangels and Sugar Beets 61 " '' Swedes 69 Time to Sow Swedes 68 308 INDEX. Spring Cultivation for Roots — Continued. Turnip Culture 67 Turnips Should be Fed on the Farm 67 Varieties 69 Ventilating Cellar 63 " the Pit 65 Varieties of Mangel Wurzel 61 " Carrots 65 Varieties of Sugar Beets 61 Yield per Acre 61 Spring Tooth Cultivator 24 " " for Cultivating Hard Land and Sub- soiling 25 Spudding Thistles '95 Squash Cultivation, and Varieties 139 Stanchions, Stationary and Swinging 196, 197 Stables Ventilated 210 Steers, Feeding of 229, 230, 231 Store Cattle 215 Storing Roots 63, 64, 65 Strawberries — Clyde 142 Planting 141 Mulching 142 Subsoiler, Four Horse 23, 26 Subsoiling, Spring Tooth for 25 Successful Manager, Qualifications of 10 Sugar Beets, Yield of 61 Time to Harvest 61 Summer Fallow 21 Sussex Cattle .'. 227 Swine 246 Bacon, Side of 249 Breeds Required for the Trade 246 Brood Sow 250 Clean Animal 204 Feeding 248, 250 Feed for Finishing 250 " Young Pigs 248 Piggery 203 Plan of Piggery 206 INDEX. 309 Swine — Continued. Portable Pig House 252 Eequire Protection 204 Salt and Ashes 250 Side of Bacon, Showing Cuts and Prices 249 Skim Milk Pork 202 Summer Food for Swine 252 The Fleshy Hog 248 Typical Bacon Hog (Side View) 247 " " " (Front View) 251 Type, Change of 246 Winter Food for Swine 250 Years to Fix a Type 248 Systematic Farming 113 The Laws of Nature 11 Nature's Methods 12 New Land 12 Teachings of Science 11 Thistles, Exterminating 27 Three Years Eotation Ill Fertility Increased Ill Fertility Maintained Without Manure 112 Only Two Years Grass 112 Outlying Land Ill Ee-seeding Pasture 112 Threshing Grain 53 " Clover 105 " Machine 53, 57 Tomato, Cultivation and Varieties 139 Trees 121 For Shelter 258 Groups of 217 In Pasture 217 Plant on Rising Ground 217 Scattered Trees Objectionable... 219 Soft Maple 108 Turkeys 268 Varieties 268 Allow Freedom 268 How to Feed 268 310 INDEX. Turkey — Continued. Mating 268 Young Turkeys 268 When to Sell 268 Turnips, Cultivation 139 Culture 67 Drilling for 68 Improving Swede 66 Preparing Soil for 67 Should be Fed on the Farm 67 Subsoiling with Spring Tooth Cultivator 67 Varieties 140 TTnderdraining 12 Advantages 12 Constructing a Drain 13 Diagram of Drains 16 Ditching Machines 16 Distance apart of Drains 13 Grading a Drain 14 Laying the Tile 15 Size of Drain Tile 12 Variations in Rotation 42 Vegetable Food, Value of 131 Vegetable Garden 131 Asparagus 132 Beans 133 Beets 133 Cabbage 134 Carrot 135 Cauliflower 135 Celery 135, 136 Corn 132 Citron 137 Cucumber 137 Depth to Plant Seeds 133 Dibbling Seeds and Plants 133 Hill Seed Drill 133 Lettuce 137 Manuring 132 Melon 137 INDEX. 311 Vegetable Garden — Continued. Onion 138 Parsnip 138 Peas 138 Potato 140, 141 Pumpkin 139 Radish 139 Khubarb 139 Squash 139 Subsoiling 132 Tomato 139 Turnip 139 Underdraining '. 132 Value of Vegetable Food 131 Vegetable Matter Absorbent 45 Ventilation for Barn 193, 195 '* Cellar 63 " '' Piggery 206 " Pit 65 " " Sheep Pen 201,202 " " Stables 210 Vermin on Cattle 216 Water for Geese 266 Watering Horses 239 Water Melon 137 Weaning Lambs 244 Weeds, How They Grow 27 '* The Plow Transplants 25 Wheat, Fall 51, 52 *' Quantity for an Acre 51 '' Spring 96 " '' How to Sow 96 " '* Wild Goose Variety 96 When to Sell Geese 268 ic u u Turkeys 268 Windbreak 116, 117 Winter Care of Sheep 245 Wire Worms 112 Wool 239 Work Bench and Tools 185 312 INDEX. Worn Out Farms 17 Wyandotte Poultry 262 Buff Colored 262, 265 White 262, 263 Young Pigs, Care of 248 " Turkeys 268 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 30m-7,'12 •& YB 45462 €^•^07 si?-