J X 
 
 IC-NRLF 
 
GIFT OF 
 

 E/Ae 
 
 
 i 
 
ROOSEVELT GLADSTONE WILLIAM 
 
 NAPOLEON SALISBURY BISMARCK 
 
 TALLEYRAND METTERNICH CAVOUR 
 
 ITO GORTCHAKOFF YUAN SHI KAI 
 
 LEADERS OF WORLD POLITICS 
 
<A Primer of The Science 
 
 of 
 
 INTERNATIONALISM 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE 
 W UNIVERSITY DEBATES 
 
 WILBUR F. CRArrs, PH.D. 
 
 Superintendent of the International Reform Bureau 
 Author of " Successful Men of To-day," etc. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU 
 
Copyrighted, 1908, WILBUR F. CRAFTS 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE 7 
 
 AUTHOR'S PREFACE 8 
 
 AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 I. THE "CONCERT OF EUROPE" IN WAR 13 
 
 TABLE OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TREATIES 18 
 
 II. TREATIES OF PEACE MADE BY "CONCERT OF EUROPE" 23 
 
 HI. INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND THE HAGUE COURT 29 
 
 INTERNATIONAL LAWS MADE BY THE HAGUE CONFERENCE OF 1907 32 
 
 IV. LAWS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE 37 
 
 V. INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY OF NATIONS 43 
 
 VI * INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION FOR MARKETS AND MORALS 49 
 
 VII. INTERNATIONAL MORAL LEGISLATION 69 
 
 VIII. INTERNATIONAL ACTION ON GAMBLING NEEDED 73 
 
 IX. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF IMMIGRATION 77 
 
 X. INTERNAL RECOGNITIONS OF SUNDAY 81 
 
 APPENDIX : 
 
 ESPERANTO DESCRIBED 83 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU 89 
 
 411440 
 
PUBLISHER'S PREFACE 
 
 For those who need an introduction to the author of this book we subjoin 
 the following brief sketch of his life and work from the British "Who's Who": 
 
 CRAFTS, WILBUR FISK, minister, author, editor, lecturer, reformer, b. Fryburg, 
 Me., 12 Jan. 1850; s. of Rev. Frederick A. Crafts, a Methodist preacher of Puritan 
 stock ; m., 1874, Sara J. Timanus, Sunday-school writer and speaker ; graduated 
 at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 1869, B. A. ; 1871, A.M.; also from 
 Boston University School of Theology, 1871, B. D. (Ph.D., Marietta College, 
 1896) ; 1867-89, was pastor of churches in Stoneham, Haverhill, New Bedford, 
 all Mass.; Dover, N. H. ; Chicago, Brooklyn, and New York. Since 1871 has 
 been active in Sunday-school work and has participated (usually with his wife) 
 in twenty-nine Sunday-school assemblies known as Chautauqnas, and in countless 
 conventions; founded the American Sabbath Union, 1889; lectured in all parts 
 of the United States as its Field Secretary, 1889-90; founded the Reform Bureau, 
 since named the International Reform Bureau, 1895 ; chief editor of the Chris- 
 tian Statesman, 1901-3; Twentieth Century Quarterly since 1896. Author of 
 33 books : Through the Eye to the Heart, 1873 ; Wagons for Eye Gate, Trophies 
 of Song, 1874; Childhood, The Text-Book of the Age, 1875; The Ideal Sunday- 
 School, 1876; Fireside Talks on Genesis, Song Victories, 1877; The Bible and 
 the Sunday-School, The Two Chains, 1878; The Coming 'Man Is the Present Child, 
 Illustrations of the International Sunday-School Lessons, Symbols and System 
 in Bible Reading, Normal Outlines, 1879; Rescue of Child-Soul, 1880; Normal 
 Half-Hours, Plain Uses of the Blackboard, 1881 ; Talks to Boys and Girls About 
 Jesus, Teachers' Edition of the Revised Testament, Successful Men of To-Day, 
 1883; Must the Old Testament Go? Talks and Stories of Heroes and Holidays, 
 The Sabbath for Man, Rhetoric Made Racy, 1884; The Temperance Century, 
 1885; Prndirr flip Ttilili nilli TMiih. 1887; The Civil Sabbath, 1890; Practical 
 Christian Sociology, 1895; Social Progress, 1896; Before the Lost Arts, Protec- 
 tion of Native Races Against Intoxicants and Opium, 1900 ; The March of 
 Christ Down the Centuries, 1902. Address: 206 Pennsylvania Avenue, S. E., 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 As to his preparation to speak on Internationalism, it may be mentioned 
 that since 1895 he has been the chief executive officer of the International Reform 
 Bureau, arrd as such has had correspondence and extended interviews in Wash- 
 ington and in foreign travel with ambassadors of many European nations, and 
 with such statesmen of Asia as Marquis Ito, Count Okuma, Viscount Hayashi, 
 Viceroy Yuan Shih kai, Sir Chentung Liang cheng, H. E. Tang Shao yi, and other 
 Foreign Secretaries of China. He is himself a sort of unofficial diplomat-at- 
 large, seeking not the advantage of one nation but of all, through the promotion 
 of those moral and social reforms which history proclaims are the real questions 
 of life or death to nations. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE 
 
 A speech on "World Politics as Related to Morals and Markets," 
 which was well received at a reception breakfast in Westminster 
 Palace Hotel by ten members of the Imperial Parliament and ten 
 representative officers of missionary and reform societies to whom it 
 was first delivered, and has been so received since by numerous British, 
 Japanese, Chinese and American audiences, is herein expanded into a 
 "Primer of the Science of Internationalism, with Special Reference 
 to University Debates." It is the first effort, so far as the author 
 knows, toward formulating in a science all the official relations of 
 nations to each other. It is hoped the little book may lead university 
 men everywhere to increased study of international philanthropy and 
 social ethics as matters of which no educated man has a right to be 
 uninformed. 
 
 The author is planning for the translation of the little book into 
 seven languages that will bring it within* reach of about all the student 
 body of the world: I. French, with English on parallel pages; 2. 
 German; 3. Spanish; 4. Arabic; 5. Urdu; 6. High Wenli; 7. 
 Esperanto. 
 
 Typewritten copies of the book have been submitted to literary 
 leaders in eastern and western Asia, who favor its publication and 
 circulation in the native tongues 'if the cost can be provided for. It 
 has also been abridged 1 into an address that has been delivered at 
 various colleges whose faculty and students have asked its publication 
 as a text-book and an arsenal for debates. 
 
 This first edition is printed not published in order to send it, 
 before final publication, for opinions and suggestions, to a few who 
 are qualified to speak on this subject. The author will be glad to know 
 at what points, within the modest range of a primer, it can be modified 
 to advantage. 
 
 WILBUR F. CRAFTS. 
 
 206 Pennsylvania Ave., S. E., Washington, D. C. 
 
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION 
 
 Speaking to shipmates of several nations in an 
 entertainment on an Atlantic liner, in October, 1906, 
 I remarked that international travel and international 
 commerce and I might add, international reading 
 are developing an increasing group of interna- 
 tional men, whose hearts, like the ocean, reach out 
 helpfully to all shores. The title of "International 
 Man" was presumably first given to Richard 
 Cobden, because he advocated legislation that he 
 conceived to be, not in the interest of one nation 
 only, but of all. It has been suggested that such a 
 person is more strictly "a uninational man." Patri- 
 otism has been nobly defined as love for man mani- 
 festing itself most strongly to those who are nearest. 
 Does any educated Hindu regret that Buddha was 
 too great for India to keep to herself? Is it not the 
 supreme honor of Confucius that he is the teacher 
 of Korea and Japan as well as of his own vast 
 people? Does any Mohammedan wish that his 
 prophet had confined his message of monotheism 
 and abstinence to his own race? Is there a Greek 
 that does not "rejoice" chiefly that the artists and 
 philosophers of his country were great enough to 
 teach the world? Did Mazzini, who charged work- 
 men to put duties before rights, belong alone to 
 Italy? And Washington is the more "first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen" because the work he 
 wrought for liberty is increasingly recognized as 
 done for all mankind. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Is a broad social- 
 ity essential to the 
 noblest individual- 
 ity? 
 
 Is the watchword, 
 "My country, right 
 or wrong," justifi- 
 able? 
 
 Is foreign travel, 
 on the whole, a 
 benefit? 
 
10 
 
 Author's Introduction * 
 
 Has Japan 
 achieved a civiliza- 
 tion equal to that 
 of Europe, and 
 without material 
 aid from Chris- 
 tianity? 
 
 Do material sci- 
 ences have more 
 than a fair share 
 of attention? 
 
 Can there be a 
 real science of 
 Theology? 
 
 Is man properly 
 classified as be- 
 longing to the ani- 
 mal kingdom? 
 
 What significance there is for individual develop- 
 ment in the open-mindedness of Japan, whose 
 leaders inaugurated their new era, as Count Okuma 
 has said, by accepting the suggestions of an 
 American missionary, Dr. Verbeck, that they should 
 send out a Commission to search all nations for 
 whatever was better than Japan already possessed, 
 that it might be adapted and adopted. Thus in 
 fifty years Japan harvested much of the fruitage of 
 nineteen Christian centuries. Holding the best of 
 the Orient, Japan added the best of the Occident. 
 So should every student traverse all centuries and 
 all countries to gather for himself and his people 
 the best of past and present, of East and West. 
 What else does "University" mean? 
 
 Was not the material universe too large a part of 
 the University's field in the nineteenth century? 
 This was due to the interest aroused by new dis- 
 coveries in geology, and the reaction from too much 
 metaphysics in previous centuries? Here the 
 Orient, with its instinct for meditation, has a mes- 
 sage we may well bring back to a civilization too 
 much absorbed in seeing. Surely the highest 
 sciences are not those of the mineral, vegetable, 
 animal kingdoms, but those of the kingdom of mind 
 and spirit, to which man and God belong. The 
 highest branch of this highest science, is the science 
 of God and of man's relations to God. But next to 
 that is the highest branch of the science of man, 
 which deals with man in his widest relation, the 
 hitherto unclassified science of internationalism. 
 This science, save the erudite fraction of it called 
 international law, is not yet in our universities, but 
 should be, and perhaps the debating societies may 
 afford the best introduction. 
 
Author's Introduction 1 1 
 
 The writer in this book aims only to blaze a path 
 into the new science where others may make a high- 
 way. Internationalism is fitted to be in the twen- 
 tieth century of largest interest because of greatest 
 novelty and of largest human importance. 
 
 WILBUR F. CRAFTS. 
 Washington, D. C, Jan. 12, 1908. 
 
I THE "CONCERT OF EUROPE" IN WAR 
 
 The first "Concert of Europe" was the clash of 
 arms known as the "Crusades" the most unselfish 
 wars in history. It would be interesting for a com- 
 pany of students to hunt in the wilds of history, 
 where nations, strangely proud to call themselves 
 by the names of birds and beasts of prey, have so 
 often stained themselves in each others' blood, for 
 any international war before or since the Crusades 
 that was not, on the part of the aggressor, a mere 
 enlargement of the story of Ahab killing Naboth to 
 annex his vineyard for his own glory and enrich- 
 ment. The way to give war its true character is to 
 individualize it. Both killing and stealing have often 
 hidden their true character by dazzling multiplica- 
 tion on a large scale. More territory, more markets, 
 personal glory, revenge these four notes make up 
 the world's martiaJl music, with but one exception 
 since the Crusades.* 
 
 The Crusades did not originate with some king 
 ambitious to increase his dominions or his fame as 
 a warrior or his country's glory, but in a hermit- 
 
 * In the American war with Spain, in 1908, the dom- 
 inant motive unquestionably was the desire of a great 
 nation to deliver a weak people from intolerable oppres- 
 sion. When the oppressor was displaced from Cuba and 
 the conqueror refused to take the vacated mastery, the 
 world was compelled to believe in the unselfish motive it 
 had till then refused to credit as something unprecedented 
 in history. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Can there be such 
 a thing as a "holy 
 war?" 
 
 Were the wars 
 of the Crusades 
 unselfish or benefi- 
 cial and, for these 
 and other reasons, 
 justifiable? 
 
 Are civilized na- 
 tions suitably sym- 
 bolized by birds 
 and beasts of prey? 
 
 Is the instigator 
 of a war whose 
 real aim is fame 
 or conquest a mur- 
 derer? 
 
 Was the war of 
 the United States 
 with Spain brought 
 on by unselfish 
 motives, and was it 
 for that or other 
 reasons justifiable? 
 
 Was the Thirty 
 Years' War of the 
 Reformation period 
 equally with the 
 Crusades main- 
 tained and con- 
 cluded chiefly by 
 religious motives? 
 

 14 
 
 Is is possible to 
 find some motive 
 that will appeal to 
 men as strongly as 
 war, which instead 
 of destroying men 
 will destroy the 
 evils that destroy 
 them? 
 
 Is sincerity a 
 savior? 
 
 Was Richard 
 Coeur -de - Lion 
 more chivalric than 
 his opponent Sala- 
 din? 
 
 Was the influence 
 of Napoleon in 
 Europe, on the 
 whole, beneficial? 
 
 Did the French 
 Revolution delay 
 the evolution of 
 popular Govern- 
 ment ? 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 priest solicitous for the recovery of the tomb of 
 Christ from the control of the Moslem. He called 
 the religious sentiment of Europe to battle, shout- 
 ing, "God wills it." In claiming that the dominant 
 motive of the Crusades was unselfish we do not 
 justify war, not even those exceptional wars. Sin- 
 cerity is often misdirected. Can anyone conceive 
 of the living Christ leading thousands to premature 
 graves to rescue his own vacant tomb? 
 
 Without justifying the Crusades we may claim 
 that beneficial results followed through the Provi- 
 dence that overrules the "wrath" and even the folly 
 of men. British and French and Germans, who had 
 previously met each other face to face in battle, 
 fought side by side as comrades, and -so learned 
 to understand and respect each other. And they 
 all discovered that "the Infidel," as they called the 
 Moslem from afar, thinking of him as some strange 
 ghoul, "neither brute nor human," believed half of 
 the Christian creed, and was capable of knightly 
 deeds. Europe even in war learned to co-operate 
 and was led along the battle path to a renewal of 
 intercourse with Asia, that helped both commerce 
 and culture. 
 
 Another "Concert of Europe," which originated 
 this term was that of "the Allies" against Napoleon, 
 who fell when he had driven Austria, Russia and 
 Germany into coalition with Britain against him. 
 So long as the "Concert" was less than a quartette 
 his brilliant generalship triumphed. It is remark- 
 able how long he kept one or more of these Powers 
 on his side by the promise of some share in his spoils. 
 
 This Concert of "Great Powers" was continued, 
 in a measure, for the repression of European revolu- 
 tionary movements, that were begotten, and blighted 
 also, by the French Revolution. Conservative re- 
 
The "Concert of Europe" m War 
 
 formers withdrew from the widespread ''Revolu- 
 tion," especially in Great Britain, lest a "reign of 
 terror" should displace the reign of tyranny. The 
 crimes perpetrated in France in the name of 
 "liberty" a word still abused there and elsewhere 
 became the effective excuse for kings to resist all 
 those struggles for popular government that stirred 
 Christendom for half a century after the American 
 people rang the Liberty Bell of world-wide awaken- 
 ing. Kings could not have checked the movement 
 if the first revolutionists in Europe had been led by 
 such God-fearing Puritans as steadied the initial 
 revolution in America. But France had slain and 
 exiled its Puritans, the Huguenots, and had few left 
 for leaders save Godless Cavaliers. By driving the 
 Revolution too fast in France they slowed it up 
 everywhere else. The monarchs of Russia, Prussia, 
 and Austria with whom the British Government had 
 agreed to act against the French Revolution, would 
 have extended that fourfold "Concert" to forcible 
 suppression of all resistance to government through- 
 out Europe but that Canning, on behalf of Great 
 Britain, condemned the proposal as "a combination 
 of governments against liberty." The monarchs 
 of Russia, Prussia and Austria nevertheless agreed 
 to act together to that end to a limited degree, and 
 began by forcing despotism back on Naples, which 
 had achieved constitutional government. 
 
 The tortoise of British evolution has reached 
 safe popular government sooner than the hare of 
 French revolution, which has turned back to 
 monarchy over and over again. 
 
 More in the spirit of the Crusades was the 
 united action of the British, French and Russian 
 fleets against the Turks in the Battle of Navarino. 
 that saved Greece from defeat and subjugation. 
 
 Would it be wise 
 and right for the 
 nations to unite for 
 suppression of an- 
 archistic speakers 
 who advocate the 
 forcible overthrow 
 of all Government ? 
 
 Is the present 
 backwardness of 
 Southern Europe 
 due in large meas- 
 ure to the multitu- 
 dinous executions 
 of progressive men 
 in the days of per- 
 secution ? 
 
 Is the United 
 States Government 
 a better form of 
 popular Govern- 
 ment than the Brit- 
 ish? 
 
 Had the Russian 
 Douma a reason- 
 able degree of pre- 
 rogative for an evo- 
 lutionary beginning 
 of a limited mon- 
 archy in its orig- 
 inal charter? 
 
ib 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Would the Great 
 Powers of Europe 
 have been justified 
 in interposing in 
 behalf of Armeni- 
 ans at the time of 
 the massacres? 
 
 Is a limitation of 
 armaments desira- 
 ble and practi- 
 cable? 
 
 Is the develop- 
 ment of a great 
 Greek Empire, 
 with Constanti- 
 nople as its capi- 
 tal, and all Greek- 
 speaking nations 
 about the ^Egean 
 as its constituents, 
 the best solution 
 of "the Eastern 
 problem?" 
 
 Never were so many nations united in a military 
 expedition as when the troops of the European 
 Powers marched with those of the United States 
 and Japan as a Concert of the World to rescue the 
 beleaguered legations and missionaries at Pekin. 
 After the fighting was over these Powers continued 
 their control in some ports of North China for over 
 a year, during which many permanent reforms were 
 accomplished by this World Government, includ- 
 ing the tearing down of the Tientsin city wall. 
 Why do not these same Powers, by mutual agree- 
 ment, tear down their own armaments, substi- 
 tuting "decisive" arbitrations for less "decisive 
 battles?" 
 
 Will there ever be again "a battle of the nations" 
 such as brought the forces of five Great Powers 
 into one battlefield, when Britain, Prussia, Austria, 
 and Russia together defeated Napoleon's French 
 forces at Leipsic? We cannot declare to the con- 
 trary with confidence, even in the age of the Hague 
 Court. "The Eastern Problem" will never be settled 
 till it is settled right, and a change of rulers in 
 Austria or Turkey might bring it up anew. And 
 there is another "Eastern problem," in "The Far 
 East." Britain and Japan have an offensive and 
 defensive alliance to fight together if either is at- 
 tacked by two Powers, and similar agreements are 
 probably in force in connection with other, if not all 
 Great Powers. If continued abuse of Japanese in 
 America should at last drive Japan to seize the 
 Philippines, that might in turn bring an armed 
 protest from some European Power, which would 
 compel Great Britain to de-fend its ally ; and neither 
 Russia nor France woul^ be likely to be inactive 
 while a change of status was occurring in the new 
 storm-centre of the world. 
 
The "Concert of Europe" in War 
 
 "The war against war" should be intensified 
 before other more serious perils to peace develop in 
 China, which is soon to follow Japan into a place 
 among the Great Powers, that, let us hope, will 
 celebrate in 1915 the centennial of the inauguration 
 of the "Concert of Europe" against Napoleon by 
 a Concert of the World against War. 
 
Science of Internationalism 
 
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H. TREATIES OF PEACE MADE BY THE CON- 
 CERT OF EUROPE AT THE END OF WARS 
 
 Taking a step forward from the Concert of 
 Nations in war, we note the treaties of peace made 
 by three or more Powers at the end of wars, to keep 
 the peace and "the balance of power." These were 
 usually made by three or more of the five strongest 
 European Governments, namely Britain, Prussia, 
 Austria, Russia, France. The four first named are 
 known as "'the Four Courts." When France was 
 admitted, after Napoleon's fall, to the Concert of 
 Europe, the term was changed to "the Five Courts." 
 When these nations conferred at some one place by 
 delegated Ambassadors only, their meeting was 
 called a "Conference," but it became a "Congress" 
 when Monarchs and Cabinet Ministers 'participated. 
 Often a "Congress" included the Czar Alexander, 
 of Russia, and Emperor Francis, of Austria, and 
 King Frederick William, of Prussia, and their 
 Cabinet Ministers, and a British Minister. Some- 
 times Napoleon I or III was present, and sometimes 
 other lesser monarchs. No British King is recorded 
 as participating. The Ministers of greatest ability 
 and largest influence who took part were: Metter- 
 nich and Stein of Austria; Gortchakofr", of Russia; 
 Hardenberg and Bismarck, of Prussia ; Talleyrand, 
 
 23 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Would not a Par- 
 liament of interna- 
 tional experts be a 
 better agency for 
 settling such ques- 
 tions as are fre- 
 quently dealt with 
 by special interna- 
 tional Conferences 
 and Congresses? 
 
 Have the efforts 
 of the Concert of 
 Europe to preserve 
 the balance o f 
 power proved use- 
 ful? 
 
 Have the territo- 
 rial acquisitions se- 
 cured by diplomacy 
 proved more per- 
 manent than those 
 of war? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Was Bismarck 
 the most successful 
 of European diplo- 
 matists? 
 
 Is lying essential 
 to successful diplo- 
 macy? 
 
 Is "Golden Rule" 
 diplomacy practi- 
 cable? 
 
 of France; Castlereagh, Wellington, D'Israeli, and 
 Salisbury, of Britain. The gathering of such giants 
 at a "Congress" of the world was more "decisive" 
 than any battle, and should have put battles out of 
 fashion. But how few graduates of high schools 
 know, as they know Waterloo, these "victories of 
 peace not less renowned than war!" 
 
 Among European treaties eight tower pre- 
 eminent. Three of these limited France, two Russia, 
 one limited and one isolated Austria. One re- 
 arranged the map of Western Continental Europe; 
 another of Central Europe; another of Eastern 
 Europe. 
 
 i. The Treaty of Westphalia was made in 1648 
 at the close of "The Thirty Years' War," which 
 originated in the conflicts of the Protestant Refor- 
 mation but involved other than religious considera- 
 tions, prominent among which was the determination 
 of the smaller German-speaking states to curb the 
 undue predominance of Austria, which the treaty 
 shows to have been in some measure accomplished. 
 
 The Austrian Emperor had been ambitious to 
 subdue all Europe and restore the "Holy Roman 
 Empire." Until the middle of the nineteenth century 
 it was assumed that there could be one "Emperor," 
 and the very title carried with it a claim to the sub- 
 mission of Europe. By the terms of the Treaty, 
 Austria consented that any Government might have 
 whatever religion it pleased. That did not mean 
 that any individual could have any religion he 
 pleased. Neither side had gotten that far yet. It 
 simply allowed a King to be his own Pope, if he 
 wished, by establishing a State Church independent 
 of the Pope of Rome. They did not write in that 
 Treaty what to many was the most important result 
 of the war, namely, that other Monarchs were no 
 
Treaties of Peace Made by Concert of Europe 25 
 
 longer claimed as vassals by the Emperor of Aus- 
 tria. It was the first instance of guarding the Euro- 
 pean "balance of power" by lesser nations uniting 
 to curb the strongest. 
 
 2. The Treaty Utrecht was made by leading 
 European nations in 1713, two years before the 
 death of King Louis XIV of France, and aimed 
 to check the preponderance of that Power by taking 
 away some of the conquests annexed by the "Grand 
 Monarch" in his long and bloody reign. 
 
 3. The Treaty of Reichenbach, 1813, was a cov- 
 enant of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia, "the 
 Four Courts," for the overthrow of Napoleon. This 
 is the turning point of his career. Had he consented 
 to yield in some small matters to Austria he could 
 have held the larger portion of his conquests, with 
 an Austrian alliance to secure him against the other 
 Great Powers. But an insatiate desire for wider 
 conquests, combined with the pride that goes before 
 a fall, led him to scorn Austria's most reasonable 
 proposals, and so drive that mighty ally into the 
 camp of his foes, leaving him to fight all Europe. 
 The result was his complete overthrow at Leipsic 
 in "the Battle of the Nations." 
 
 4. The Treaty of Paris, in 1814, was made by 
 a Congress of Monarchs and Ministers of "the Five 
 Courts," France being admitted to the counsels of 
 its conquerors, with Talleyrand, as great in diplo- 
 macy as Napoleon in war, as its representative. 
 Napoleon having abdicated, the conquering nations 
 first reduced France to substantially pre-Napoleon 
 dimensions, and then restored the Bourbons to the 
 throne. As often in those years the Czar Alexander, 
 Emperor Francis and King Frederick William were 
 all in attendance and active in the deliberations. 
 This Conference remodeled the map of southern and 
 
26 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Have the efforts 
 of the Powers to 
 protect the Chris- 
 tian subjects of the 
 Porte proved a rea- 
 sonable success? 
 
 western Europe, for the Empire of Napoleon had 
 extended from Turkey to Spain and from Naples 
 to Denmark. 
 
 5. The Treaty of Vienna, in 1815, was an 
 adjourned Session of the Paris Congress, and 
 reshaped the map of central Europe, dividing the 
 territory recovered from Napoleon mostly between 
 Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The smaller nations 
 expected nothing, not even restoration of their pre- 
 Napoleon status. Great Britain asked nothing. 
 "The Four Courts" for the time constituted a Euro- 
 pean Government of territorial authority fully equal 
 to that of the Roman Empire in its palmiest days. 
 
 6. The Treaty of London, in 1827, made by 
 Britain, France and Russia against Turkey, led to 
 the independence of Greece, and being made in 
 spite of Austria's opposition diminished -that nation's 
 prestige. 
 
 7. The Treaty of Paris, in 1856, made at the 
 close of the Crimean War by Britain, France, Prus- 
 sia, Austria, Russia, "the Five Courts," somewhat 
 checked the growth of Russia southward by closing 
 the Dardanelles to its navy, and neutralizing the 
 Black Sea and the Danube. 
 
 8. The Treaty of Berlin, in 1878, at the close 
 of the war between Turkey and Russia, was a diplo- 
 matic battle of giants, in which Lord Salisbury and 
 DTsraeli represented Great Britain, on the one side, 
 and Gortchiakoff represented Russia, on 'the other, 
 while Bismarck mediated between these contending 
 antagonists and prevented the failure of the Con- 
 gress. It resulted in depriving Russia of most of 
 its conquests in the war with Turkey, and strength- 
 ening the latter Power by its guarantees of partici- 
 pation in and protection by the Concert of Europe. 
 About all of the map of Europe outside of "the 
 
Treaties of Peace Made by Concert of Europe 
 
 Four Courts," that had not been remodeled in the 
 Treaties of Paris and Vienna, was made over by 
 the Treaty of Berlin. 
 
 It is curious that when the great nations of 
 Europe found that no one of them at the end of a 
 zvar could do what he would with his conquered foe, 
 but must submit the whole matter to a European 
 Congress, they did not arrange to sarue themselves 
 the waste of blood and treasure thereafter by hold- 
 ing the Congress before the zvar instead of after it. 
 These irregular but decisive Congresses need only 
 to be made periodical, and to include just provision 
 for weaker nations, to fulfil Tennyson's dream, 
 which they have proved practicable 
 
 "The parliament of man, the federation of 
 the world." 
 
 Surely no parliament of regular sessions and 
 wide range of action could deal with greater matters 
 than did the Berlin Congress in the adjustment of 
 the status of half a dozen nations about the Balkans. 
 And the control of the Ottoman Empire since 1840 
 by a European Protectorate could hardly have been 
 exercised so badly by any world parliament as by 
 the discordant "Concert of -the Powers" whose 
 jealousies have cost the greatest atrocities of history. 
 
 When the writer, in 1906, was introduced at a 
 reception breakfast in Westminster Palace Hotel, 
 attended by ten Members of Parliament and ten 
 leaders of Missions and Reform, the Chairman, Dr. 
 V. H. Rutherford, remarked, "Dr. Crafts is one 
 of those idealists who believe in a world parlia- 
 ment." "Indeed I do," I replied on rising, "and 
 there have been three world parliaments in this 
 very month of October, 1906, namely, the inter- 
 national conferences at Brussels, Paris, and Berlin, 
 on liquors, prostitution, and wireless telegraphy, 
 
 Would the Great 
 Powers be justified 
 in appointing a joint 
 commission to con- 
 trol any country 
 which has long 
 failed to establish 
 a humane and effi- 
 cient government? 
 
28 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 whose work, done mostly by diplomats who hap- 
 pened to be at these posts, could have been done 
 much better by one parliament of international 
 experts, to whom all such matters should be regu- 
 larly referred by the Powers, whose separate ratifi- 
 cation might take the place of the Upper House in 
 safeguarding each nation's interests." 
 
III. -INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND THE 
 HAGUE COURT 
 
 We have seen -the "Concert" of nations, first, in 
 war, second, in treaties of peace at the end of wars, 
 and now, taking another step forward, we are to 
 consider treaties of arbitration made in times of 
 peace to prevent war, that have culminated in the 
 Hague Court. 
 
 The gist of the whole peace and arbitration move- 
 ment is in the following words of the Toronto Star, 
 in an editorial on a visit, in 1907, of Hon Elihu 
 Root, American Secretary of State, to the Cana- 
 dian Capital: 
 
 "In our relations with our own countrymen we 
 agree to differ in politics, in religion, in other mat- 
 ters about which we feel very deeply and hold the 
 strongest convictions. In those relations we have 
 entirely discarded the idea of personal violence as 
 a means of settlement. This is civilization, and 
 we are sanguine enough to believe that civiliza- 
 tion will eventually govern the relations between 
 nations." 
 
 The absurdity of war at once appeals when we 
 individualize it and imagine civilized men returning 
 to the custom of going about day after day loaded 
 with weapons, instead of continuing the present 
 successful policy of individual "disarmament," with 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Does readiness 
 for war promote 
 peace? 
 
 Should the Hague 
 Court be consti- 
 tuted of judges per- 
 manently appointed 
 and resident rather 
 than of special 
 arbiters called to- 
 gether for each 
 case? 
 
 Should the cases 
 to be submitted be 
 determined by a 
 general agreement 
 rather than by dual 
 treaties? 
 
 Is it wise or nec- 
 essary to reserve 
 from the Court 
 questions supposed 
 to concern the na- 
 tional honor? 
 
 Would it be wise 
 to supplement the 
 Hague Court with 
 a legislative and 
 executive depart- 
 ment? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 In view of inter- 
 national jealousies, 
 if each of the Great 
 European Powers 
 were represented 
 by one of the 
 Executive Commit- 
 tee, who would be 
 the most suitable 
 Chairman ? 
 
 Is the military 
 profession a desir- 
 able one in times 
 w hen no national 
 peril threatens? 
 
 Are the princi- 
 ples of a^true civ- 
 ilization inconsist- 
 ent with the con- 
 tinuance of war? 
 
 mutual agreement to settle our personal quarrels in 
 the courts. "The best way to prevent fighting," the 
 advocates of increasing armaments say, "is to be 
 prepared for it." If that be so the States where 
 men go about with bowie-knives in their boots and 
 pistols on their hips should be freest from deadly 
 quarrels. Such States, in fact, are the scenes of 
 frequent murders, that would never have occurred 
 if the combatants had not 'been always "prepared 
 for war." 
 
 It was to Napoleon Schiller made Richelieu say, 
 in a word-picture of war worthy to rank with the 
 paintings of Verestchagen 
 
 "From rank showers of blood 
 And the red light of blazing roofs 
 You paint the rainbow, Glory, 
 And to shuddering conscience cry 
 Lo, the bridge to heaven !" 
 
 Napoleon himself is reported to have said, "War 
 is the trade of barbarians," and General Sherman 
 spoke from much observation when he said, "War 
 is hell." When such truths are taught in the home 
 and school and church, and gory is no longer mis- 
 taken for glory, we shall at last achieve a true 
 civilization that will settle public as well as private 
 disputes by law. 
 
 Let those who think war has at least been mate- 
 rially profitable to the aggressive nations not only 
 consider the destruction and demoralization that 
 war brings, but also contrast the historic gains of 
 peaceful diplomacy and discovery and commerce 
 with the territory lost by war. For example, Great 
 Britain has hardly made up in a century what was 
 lost by the perversity of King George III in driving 
 
International Arbitration and the Hague Court 
 
 the American colonies to war, and her permanent 
 gains of empire are in provinces won more by com- 
 merce than by conquest. It is said that Russia has 
 gained all her vast increase of territory by diplomacy 
 and lessened her area by every war. Germany's 
 gains also have been mostly won by diplomacy. 
 After all Napoleon's devastating wars the con- 
 quered territory he had thus annexed was taken 
 from France by the Powers, whereas France might 
 probably have held nearly all of them if he had 
 accepted Austria's generous diplomatic proposals 
 shortly before the Battle of Leipsic. And when 
 Talleyrand was restoring France by diplomacy to 
 European leadership, Napoleon's return to Waterloo 
 threw it back again to a position no better than 
 that of the pre-Napoleonic period. 
 
 Permanent peace for the world is the goal sought 
 by an increasing number, including the leaders of 
 commerce, which war always injures in these days ; 
 and of labor, that always bears the brunt of war, 
 both in service and in taxation ; and many in 
 churches and schools, which last are more and more 
 observing the anniversary of the establishment of 
 the Hague Tribunal, May iSth, as "Peace Day." 
 We may therefore hope the school histories will 
 some day cease to give undue prominence to war, 
 and our college graduates will be able to name the 
 "decisive" international arbitrations as readily as 
 the "decisive battles." 
 
 There were two hundred such arbitrations within 
 a century from the time the first President of the 
 United States, George Washington, inaugurated 
 this method of settling disputes.* Great Britain 
 
 * These are concisely described in "Modern Pacific 
 Settlements," by W. Evans Darby, LL. D., published by 
 the Peace Society, 47 New Broad Street, London, E. C. 
 
 Was it a mistake 
 that America did 
 not propose arbi- 
 tration of the issues 
 that led to the 
 Spanish - American 
 War of 1898? 
 
THE HAGUE CONFERENCE OF J907 
 
 "The calling: of the Conference would hare been 
 justified if it had done nothing more than demon- 
 strate the possibility of creating: a universal parlia- 
 ment." Karon D'Estournelles de Constant. 
 
 By the Unanimous Vote of Forty-five Nations 
 
 (1) Established the inviolability of neutral territory, and the right of 
 
 asylum in it of prisoners of war ; 
 
 (2) Prohibited belligerents to establish wireless telegraph stations in 
 
 neutral territory ; 
 
 (3) Forbade belligerent ships to revictual at neutral ports except to com- 
 
 plete their normal supplies, or to take fuel except to reach the 
 nearest port of their own country ; 
 
 (4) Provided that hostilities should not begin except by declaration of war 
 
 or an ultimatum with conditional declaration ; 
 
 (5) Directed that a state of war must be notified at once to neutral powers 
 
 and may be given by wire ; 
 
 Revived three prohibitions of 1899, which had lapsed five years after, 
 namely : 
 
 (6) Prohibited the dropping of projectiles from balloons ; 
 
 (7) Prohibited the diffusing of deleterious gases; 
 
 (8) Prohibited the use of expanding bullets; 
 
 (9) Required indemnification by any belligerent who violates the laws 
 
 of war ; 
 
 (10) Prohibited the use of mines for restricting commercial navigation; 
 
 (11) Provided a definite period of grace to be allowed merchantmen in an 
 
 enemy's ports at the outbreak of hostilities ; 
 
 (12) Prohibited the use of floating mines except those so constructed as to 
 
 become innocuous within an hour after they pass from human 
 control ; 
 
 (13) Prohibited the use of anchored mines that do not become innocuous 
 
 after they have broken their moorings ; 
 
 (14) Prohibited the bombardment of unfortified places; 
 
 (15) Provided for the inviolability of fishing boats; 
 
 (16) Provided for the inviolability of the postal service; 
 
 (17) Ratified the humanitarian recommendations of the Geneva Red Cress 
 
 Convention of 1906, and added others ; 
 
 (18) Provided for the humane treatment of captured crews; 
 
 (19) ESTABLISHED AN INTERNATIONAL PRIZE COURT, IN WHICH UNLIMITED 
 
 RIGHT OF APPEAL IS GIVEN WHERE NEUTRALS ARE CONCERNED 
 (THOUGH FAILING TO AGREE ON THE INVIOLABILITY OF PRIVATE 
 PROPERTY AT SEA AND ON DEFINITIONS OF "CONTRABAND" AND, 
 "EFFECTIVE BLOCADE' ' ) . 
 
 (20) Prohibited any nation to attempt forcibly to collect a debt claimed 
 
 by its citizens of the government of another nation unless theve 
 has been a previous offer by the creditor country to submit the 
 question of the indebtedness to arbitration; 
 
 (21) Declared in favor of a permanent international court (realization of 
 
 which is delayed because none of the forty-five rations were 
 willing to be unrepresented by judges) ; 
 
 (22) Proclaimed its belief in the principle of obligatory arbitration (though 
 
 not ready to adopt a general arbitration treaty) ; 
 
 (23) Provided for the reassembling of the conference (but not yet for 
 
 regularly recurring world parliaments). 
 
 (On many other progressive propositions there was a majority vote, but the 
 above were unanimous and so will be incorporated in a treaty that when 
 ratified, as it undoubtedly will be by all the participating Powers, all of 
 which by cable instructed their delegates to sign fourteen articled that are 
 analyzed into the twenty-three above given, will become a valuable addition 
 to the commercial and humanitarian chapter of international law. The above 
 statement of conclusions was submitted to several American delegates to the 
 Second Hague Conference and approved as correct.) 
 
International Arbitration and the Hague Court 
 
 33 
 
 was the other party to that first arbitration, and 
 these two Anglo-Saxon nations should be prouder 
 than of 'their wars that they participated in half 
 the arbitrations of the first century of this humane 
 and wise reform. 
 
 There could hardly be a more interesting or a 
 more profitable subject for debate to prompt historic 
 reading 'and clear thinking and eloquent speech, 
 than that which is printed in capitals in the margin, 
 namely, ''Does the Hague Court need a world police 
 or a world army to enforce its decrees ?" 
 
 The Mohonk Arbitration Conference in America, 
 at which America's real "Four Hundred," states- 
 men, jurists, educators, authors, and merchant 
 princes, gather annually to study international arbi- 
 tration, has put on record its convictions that the 
 Hague Court should (i) be developed into a per- 
 manent Court of resident judges, ready to settle the 
 quarrels of nations promptly before the "war fever" 
 reaches a crisis; (2) should also be supplemented 
 by a world parliament meeting regularly to codify 
 and complete international law, subject, of course, 
 to the ratification of the governments concerned, as 
 in the case of the "Conferences" now so frequent.* 
 
 As a complete government includes not only 
 the judicial and legislative branches, but also the 
 executive, it is an interesting question whether there 
 should not be an International Executive Commis- 
 sion also at The Hague, charged with putting into 
 force the decrees of the Court and the ratified laws 
 of the Parliament. 
 
 And as executives in all other governments have 
 needed armies and police, will not the developing 
 World Government at The Hague also need such 
 
 DOES THE HAGUE 
 COURT NEED A 
 WORLD POLICE OR A 
 WORLD ARMY TO 
 ENFORCE ITS DE- 
 CREES ? 
 
 S h o u 1 d it be 
 made a part of in- 
 ternational law that 
 some explicit ulti- 
 matum or declara- 
 tion of war should 
 always precede the 
 beginning of hos- 
 tilities? (It was 
 so voted at the 
 Hague Conference 
 of 1907.) 
 
 * Send to American Peace Society, Boston, for its 
 Memorial and Arguments in favor of a -"World Congress." 
 
34 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Was the relief of 
 Pekin and subse- 
 quent joint action 
 a successful experi- 
 ment in world gov- 
 ernment ? 
 
 Is it possible for 
 the Great Powers 
 to use diplomatic 
 pressure unitedly 
 to-day as effective- 
 ly as they formerly 
 used war? 
 
 Is it desirable and 
 practicable that na- 
 tions believing in 
 arbitration should 
 constrain backward 
 nations to accept 
 this substitute for 
 war ? 
 
 a force? Why not supply this World Government 
 such a picturesque International Army as marched 
 on Pekin for the relief of the beleaguered legations? 
 That was in fact 'the first armed "Concert of the 
 World," Japan and the United States co-operating 
 with "the Five Courts" of Europe. This "Pro- 
 visional Government" even administered the affairs 
 of the great city of Tientsin for a long period, and 
 made numerous reforms that have permanently 
 improved the city, which thus witnesses to the prac- 
 ticability of a World Government. 
 
 But 'the conclusive proof that the Hague Court 
 needs no other than the power of international 
 public opinion, which is only second to the omnipo- 
 tence O'f God, is that this has proved sufficient in 
 every arbitration thus far. Not once has a nation 
 refused to accept even, an unjust decision, though 
 in one such case there was a delay and success- 
 ful appeal for a rehearing, by which justice was 
 secured.* 
 
 // any nation participating in an arbitration 
 should refuse to accept the verdict, the reserve 
 forces of diplomatic isolation could be brought to 
 bear. A nation from which all ambassadors and 
 consuls were recalled would be like Dr. Edward 
 Everett Kale's "Man Without a Country." Such 
 a nation would be in a state of international siege 
 and could not long hold out. As the Russian people 
 by a general strike compelled the Czar to grant 
 them a Duma, or popular Assembly, so the forty- 
 five nations of the world that in 1907 unanimously 
 joined in further developing the Hague Court may 
 
 * After the above was written it was reported that one 
 nation had refused to accept an arbitral award. If this 
 should prove true it would be interesting to see the nations 
 call out the reserves described above, 
 
International Arbitration and the Hague Court 
 
 35 
 
 constrain any recalcitrant nation to accept arbitra- 
 tion by uniting in a general diplomatic boycott. 
 
 Why may not the Concert of Powers that has 
 so often settled the result of a war after it was over 
 use a like compulsion for a like settlement in 
 advance, since "prevention is better than cure?" 
 Indeed the Powers have used prevention already 
 in guaranteeing the neutrality or integrity, or both, 
 of several nations, including Belgium, Holland, 
 Sweden, Norway, China of how many more it will 
 be interesting to discover thus conferring a double 
 benefit in relieving the Great Powers of temptations 
 to conflict and 'the small nations of the burdens of 
 defense. The consequent commercial prosperity 
 and social welfare of such nations suggests the 
 desirability of adding Italy and Spain and other 
 nations to their number, and so reducing war areas 
 outside "the Five Courts" to territory that is or 
 has been a part of Turkey in Europe. As the 
 Powers have long pretended to control there, why 
 not really do it by a Hague Executive Commission ? 
 
 Why should the status of Alsace-Lorraine for- 
 ever threaten the peace of the world? Russia, Aus- 
 tria, and Britain, when with Germany they adjusted 
 the geography of Europe in the Treaty of Paris 
 after the abdication of conquered Napoleon, refused 
 to give Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in what was 
 intended 'to be and proved to be the interests of 
 European peace. Much more to-day the interests of 
 International commerce also demand that the Powers 
 should compel Germany to submit that deadly inter- 
 national sore to the arbitration of the Hague Court. 
 If the provinces should be given back to France it 
 would be only what Wellington successfully advised 
 in 1814, only what Bismarck unsuccessfully advised 
 in 1870. Germany might easily save the value of 
 
 Is it feasible and 
 desirable for the 
 Great Powers to 
 guarantee the neu- 
 trality of allothers? 
 
.56 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Did the exten- 
 sion of the United 
 States of America 
 to Asia by the 
 acquisition of the 
 Philippines weaken 
 the Monroe Doc- 
 trine, and, if so or 
 for other reasons, 
 is the retention of 
 the Philippines de- 
 sirable? 
 
 Is the American 
 proposal, made at 
 the Hague Confer- 
 ence of 1907 in 
 behalf of South 
 American Repub- 
 lics, that debts shall 
 not be collected by 
 force until the 
 amount of the debt 
 and the time al- 
 lowed for payment 
 have been deter- 
 mined by arbitra- 
 tion, a just and wise 
 proposal? (So 
 voted by Hague 
 Conference, 1907.) 
 
 the provinces in reduced armaments when the con- 
 stant peril of French "revenge" was removed from 
 her borders. 
 
 As to the uncivilized and half-civilized portions 
 . of the world, there have been three Brussels Con- 
 ferences of European colonizing Powers as to 
 Africa, and Britain earlier proposed a treaty as to 
 Oceanica. Of these we shall speak in detail later, 
 but it is pertinent to say here that one important 
 function of a Hague Executive Commission might 
 be to insist that everywhere, even in South America, 
 there shall be efficient government in accord with 
 civilized conceptions of human rights. Where this 
 is lacking, and the failure to protect foreign mer- 
 chants or missionaries might afford a pretext for 
 some nation to make war in its own separate inter- 
 ests, the Executive Commission of The Hague 
 should establish a Protectorate to be continued until 
 an adequate native government could be established 
 and neutralized, or the area thus governed could be 
 annexed to some other Government in the interest, 
 not of that country alone but of the world. 
 
 If the United States is to maintain the Monroe 
 Doctrine and bar all European Governments from 
 establishing additional colonies or protectorates on 
 the American continent, even where the property 
 interests of Germans or some other European people 
 are paramount, it would seem necessary that some 
 Concert of American Republics should undertake 
 to provide protection of life and property in coun- 
 tries where disorder is chronic, and should see that 
 debts to Europe are paid, lest they become the 
 occasions not only of naval demonstrations and 
 bombardments, but of actual war, conquest and 
 annexation. 
 
IV.-LAWS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE 
 
 Commercial interests, more than all others, 
 prompt joint action of nations in war and peace. 
 The trade relations of New York, London and 
 Paris to - day are more intimate than those of 
 London, Birmingham and Liverpool a century ago. 
 The very numerous agreements made by three or 
 more nations, by conferences or correspondence, 
 with reference to international commerce would 
 form an interesting study, especially for a commer- 
 cial college or school of diplomacy, but we can 
 only enumerate a few examples by way of explain- 
 ing and illustrating this branch of Internationalism. 
 
 In 1780 there was formed what was called "the 
 Armed Neutrality," succeeded in 1800 by "the 
 Northern Maritime League," in which Russia, 
 Sweden, Denmark and Prussia joined, whose pur- 
 pose was to resist the seizure of goods not contra- 
 band of war, under a neutral flag, even though the 
 goods might belong to the citizens of a nation at 
 war. The issue had been raised by the confiscation 
 by Great Britain during its war with the American 
 Colonies of goods owned by Americans or destined 
 for them. It was not disputed that goods for use 
 in the war might be seized, or a ship entering a 
 blockaded port. Great Britain did not yield to this 
 contention till 1856. (See below.) 
 
 The co-operation of nations against piracy is 
 
 37 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Are privateering 
 and the division of 
 prizes captured in 
 war at sea kin- 
 dred to piracy and 
 unworthy of a civ- 
 ilized nation? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Would not an 
 international agree- 
 ment that private 
 property shall be 
 inviolable at sea as 
 it is on land, as 
 proposed by United 
 States delegates at 
 The Hague, pro- 
 mote war by lessen- 
 ing its deterrents ? 
 
 Was Britain's 
 proposal at that 
 Conference wise 
 and just that the 
 use of torpedoes 
 should be limited to 
 recognized war- 
 ships ? 
 
 Is it practicable 
 and desirable to 
 establish at The 
 Hague an interna- 
 tional neutral prize 
 court as a court of 
 appeal in war time 
 in case of the seiz- 
 ure of vessels be- 
 lieved to have con- 
 traband of war on 
 board? (So voted 
 at Hague Confer- 
 ence, 1907.) 
 
 Should the de- 
 struction of cap- 
 tured neutral ves- 
 sels in advance of 
 condemnation by a 
 prize court be for- 
 bidden by interna- 
 tional law ? (So 
 voted, same.) 
 
 Should the bom- 
 bardment of unfor- 
 tified places be for- 
 bidden? (So voted, 
 same.) 
 
 Should the trans- 
 formation of mer- 
 chant vessels into 
 war-ships be lim- 
 ited to their home 
 ports? 
 
 worthy of study as another important subject of 
 international action in the interest of the world's 
 commerce. 
 
 In 1836 was consummated the Zollverein, or 
 Customs Union, in which all German - speaking 
 States except Austria joined. 
 
 In 1856 at a Conference of Nations in Paris, the 
 free navigation of the Danube was agreed upon by 
 the Great Powers, and also the abolition of priva- 
 teering. It was also agreed that the goods of a 
 hostile nation, other than contraband of war, should 
 be safe under a neutral flag. 
 
 The experiences of the war between Russia and 
 Japan, when Russia risked provoking Britain and 
 other nations to join the foe by the seizure of goods 
 under neutral flags that it was plain were not con- 
 traband of war, showed the need of more specific 
 international law on this subject and sent the 
 matter to the Hague Conference of 1907, where 
 some progress was made by discussion ; but a world- 
 wide discussion must precede satisfactory action in 
 some later conference. 
 
 In 1865 the Latin Monetary Union was inter- 
 nationally constituted to fix the interchangeable 
 value of francs and related coins, doubtless with 
 reference to ridding Europe of such a shark tribe 
 of money-changers as infests China, promoting dis- 
 honesty and disturbing international trade to such 
 an extent as to justify the Powers that co-operated 
 in the march on Pekin in insisting upon a stable and 
 uniform coinage. 
 
 In 1865 the International Telegraphic Union 
 was also constituted, regulating international tel- 
 egrams. 
 
 In 1866 the European meridian was fixed by 
 a Conference of Nations at Berlin. 
 
Laws of International Commerce 
 
 39 
 
 In 1868 there was a Meteorological Conference 
 of Nations at Vienna. 
 
 In 1874 the Universal Postal Union was estab- 
 lished at Berne, by which a uniform rate of postage 
 for foreign mail was fixed for nearly all the civilized 
 world, including the low rate of one cent, or a half- 
 penny, for two ounces of printed matter, by which 
 a world-wide distribution of literature for any inter- 
 national cause is made feasible. 
 
 In 1875 the International Bureau of Weights 
 and Measures was constituted by another Confer- 
 ence of Nations. 
 
 In 1877 international health regulations were 
 agreed upon at a Brussels Conference of Nations, 
 and in the same year and city international action 
 was taken to regulate exploration in Africa. 
 
 In 1883 such a Conference dealt with the pro- 
 tection of patents. 
 
 In 1884 yet another provided protection for sub- 
 marine cables. 
 
 In 1886 another dealt with copyrights. 
 
 In 1906 in Berlin another Conference dealt with 
 wireless telegraphy. It was reported in 1902 that 
 Russia contemplated calling an International Con- 
 ference to regulate trusts. Undoubtedly such a 
 conference must some time be held. 
 
 Among the subjects upon which further world 
 legislation is probable may be named sanitation, 
 customs regulations, copyrights and trade-marks, 
 currency, travel, scientific co-operation, protection 
 of the lives and persons of leading officials. 
 
 The Hague Conference of 1907 sought to add 
 to previous international mitigations of the vast 
 injury done to the world's commerce whenever two 
 great nations attempt to settle a quarrel by force 
 
 Is it the best pol- 
 icy or even practi- 
 cable for a nation 
 to make its fiscal 
 policy with a view 
 to the greatest good 
 of mankind at 
 large? 
 
 Is the single gold 
 standard essential 
 to the prosperity of 
 International Com- 
 merce, and should 
 its gradual adop- 
 tion everywhere be 
 insisted on by the 
 Powers? 
 
 Is the American 
 protective policy as 
 favorable to Na- 
 tional Commerce 
 when domestic and 
 foreign trade are 
 considered, as the 
 British policy of 
 Free Trade? 
 
4 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 instead of reason.* Now that in every great port 
 there is property of many nations liable to destruc- 
 tion in the case of bombardment, and on every sea 
 neutral ships liable to delay, if not to destruction, 
 it cannot be that the great commercial forces, which 
 in this age of representative government are able 
 to control cabinets, will much longer allow two com- 
 batants to engage in the folly of a fight at the cost 
 of the whole world. 
 
 In New Zealand the people have learned that 
 the quarrels of labor and capital are 'threefold and 
 involve the general public also and most of all, and 
 so compulsory arbitration has been successfully 
 established, and "the Land without Strikes," from 
 being an ideal, has become a reality. Why may not 
 the Concert of Great Powers or another session of 
 the Hague Court establish compulsory arbitration 
 for all nations, and so in the Twentieth Christian 
 Century realize the practicable ideal of A WORLD 
 WITHOUT WAR? 
 
 One way in which international peace and inter- 
 national commerce will both be promoted will be by 
 an international agreement of commercial bodies 
 first, then of governments, to make Esperanto the 
 language of international communication. It is not 
 proposed as a substitute for anyone's native tongue, 
 but for a "second language." All who have met 
 kindred spirits speaking other tongues at the 
 increasingly numerous international conventions 
 appreciate the great service such a language would 
 render if adopted as the world convention language, 
 which a delegate could learn while voyaging to the 
 convention. Those who travel much or have much 
 to do with travelers will see at once its value as 
 
 * See magazines of 1907, June to December, for discus- 
 sions of proposals and agreements. 
 
Laws of International Commerce 
 
 a "travelers' language." The great reduction of 
 expense and increase of efficiency it would bring to 
 commercial establishments having foreign trade will 
 most of all compel its adoption as the language of 
 international .commerce. If, instead of hiring some 
 costly translator to read and answer every foreign 
 letter, it were generally agreed, through votes of 
 Chambers of Commerce, 'that commercial letters 
 going to lands speaking another tongue should be 
 in Esperanto, one or more clerks of each inter- 
 national house would learn this easiest of languages, 
 and not only save the cost but also the delay and 
 inconvenience of using highly educated and so high- 
 priced translators. When commercial bodies so 
 agree they will be able to induce their Governments 
 to provide that in every embassy or consulate some 
 one shall be able to speak and write Esperanto. It 
 will so become the language of diplomacy. Its 
 adoption for international travel and international 
 conventions will speedily follow, and for large 
 groups of international men the work of P>abel will 
 be undone. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Would the adop- 
 tion of Esperanto 
 as the language of 
 International Com- 
 merce and Conven- 
 tions and diplo- 
 macy and travel be 
 feasible and desir- 
 able? 
 
V.-INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY 
 OF NATIONS 
 
 The official philanthropy of nations does not yet 
 make much of a chapter, though every earthquake 
 and famine shows increasing "humanity" in all 
 parts of the world, which is sure to find more and 
 more governmental expression. 
 
 The brightest paragraph contributed to this 
 chapter by any official conference of nations comes 
 from the Geneva Convention of the Red Cross, an 
 international agreement, now recognized by all 
 civilized countries, to neutralize the hospital and 
 surgeon and nurse amid the horrors of battle. There 
 are a few other rules of war 'that aim to humanize 
 and civilize to some degree this relic of barbarism. 
 A careful study of the Hague Court of 1907 (see 
 page 32) will show that its work was aimed chiefly 
 not to the accomplishment of peace or even arbitra- 
 tion, but rather toward mitigating the horrors and 
 especially the commercial embarrassments of war. 
 
 It would be interesting to trace in the blue books 
 of Great Britain and in older records, the evolution 
 of modern warfare from the time when defeated 
 foes were massacred or enslaved men, women, 
 and children and note by what influences more 
 humane rules and customs have been established, 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Should interna- 
 tional law rule out 
 the use of such 
 high explosives as 
 dynamite? 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Would it be feas- 
 ible for nations 
 favoring compul- 
 sory arbitration 
 among nations to 
 enforce this method 
 of settling disputes 
 by excluding im- 
 ports of nations 
 refusing to accept 
 such a settlement? 
 
 until a chivalric conqueror returns the sword of a 
 valiant though vanquished foe. 
 
 The Great Powers missed a splendid opportunity 
 for philanthropic action when in the conference of 
 monarchs and ministers that met in Paris on the 
 overthrow of Napoleon, the P>ritish Minister, im- 
 pelled by the insistent anti-slavery sentiment of the 
 British people, that in 1807 had abolished the British 
 slave trade, asked the Powers to unite in suppressing 
 the slave trade at sea. European despots, busy in 
 dividing the spoils of empire recovered from 
 Napoleon, were not willing to exert themselves to 
 relieve the sufferings of kidnapped negroes, and so 
 the proposal failed, though a solemn condemnation 
 of the trade as contrary to civilization and human 
 rights was adopted by the Congress in February, 
 1815. It should be said also that Sweden had pro- 
 hibited the slave traffic in 1813, and Holland in the 
 following year. It is important to note here as a 
 contribution to the study of World Government, 
 that so great a statesman and diplomat as Castle- 
 reagh, on behalf of the British Cabinet proposed 
 that the universal suppression of the slave trade 
 should be committed to a "Council of Ambassadors 
 at London and Paris," and that slave dealing states 
 should be punished by an exclusion of their exports 
 from all the nations co-operating in the movement. 
 Here we see a powerful and constitutional method 
 that might be used by the nations in favor of arbi- 
 tration to compel others to accept that method for 
 settling their disputes. France alone agreed to 
 unite efforts with Great Britain for a general sup- 
 pression of the trade. Portugal would only agree 
 to a slight restriction. Spain was eager to get the 
 
International Philanthropy of Nations 45 
 
 lion's share of the slave trade which Great Britain 
 had given up. But though the effort in Paris 
 seemed to be almost a failure, it was, no doubt, the 
 beginning of the end, for it set at work against this 
 great wrong the irresistible power of international 
 Christian sentiment, and by diplomatic steps that it 
 would be interesting to trace, the slaver was driven 
 with the pirate to the limbo of crimes against civil- 
 ization. 
 
 This book takes no account, except incidentally, 
 of separate or merely dual action of nations, aiming 
 only to present such internationalism as involves 
 past or proposed action of at least three govern- 
 ments, but the emancipation of slaves, which swept 
 the Christian world as a second wave, following that 
 of popular government, in the middle third of the 
 nineteenth century, comes near to being a "Concert" 
 of nations. A tide of sentiment led all Christian 
 nations to take like action about the same time. 
 Men who have felt the swirl of the mighty "senti- 
 ment" that swept slavery out of Christendom will 
 hardly speak of "sentiment" as a trifle to be brushed 
 aside by a sneer. When I said to Senator Henry 
 Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts, on asking him to 
 get a certain philanthropic and reformatory meas- 
 ure passed as the first act of the United States 
 Senate in the twentieth century, "Perhaps that may 
 seem too much a matter of sentiment," he replied 
 earnestly, as the memory of New England's battle 
 with slavery no doubt came strongly to mind, 
 " SENTIMENT is THE MIGHTIEST THING IN 
 
 THE WORLD." 
 
 As the might of sentiment makes itself increas- 
 ingly felt this chapter of international history will 
 
46 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 grow. The righting of Congo wrongs should be 
 its next paragraph. 
 
 It is clearly recognized that "there exists a moral 
 duty and obligation imposed on all civilized coun- 
 tries to aid in maintaining that international public 
 opinion on which even international law itself rests. 
 Each Government has the privilege of submitting 
 to any other Government respectful petitions and 
 representations which, in terms and language to 
 which no exception can be taken, affirm and apply 
 to some specific case of persecution the claims of 
 humanity and religious freedbm to which all coun- 
 tries subscribe, however they may sometimes be set 
 at naught." 
 
 In 1872 Andrew Curtin, then American Ambas- 
 sador to St. Petersburg, was instructed to express 
 to Russia "as a protecting Power" "the sympathy 
 we entertain for the inhumanly persecuted Jews in 
 the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia" now 
 Roumania since "the grievance adverted to is so 
 enormous as to impart to it, as it were, a cosmo- 
 politan character, in the redress of which all coun- 
 tries, Governments and creeds are alike interested." 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Evarts, American Secretary of 
 State under President Hayes, proclaimed the right 
 of the United States "to make public at the proper 
 time and through legitimate channels its sentiments 
 and the sentiments of its citizens on great wrongs" 
 committed anywhere ; while James G. Blaine, Amer- 
 ican Secretary of State, in 1881 even urged that in 
 protesting against the proscription of the Hebrew 
 creed when held by an American citizen this coun- 
 try had to consider its "moral duty to our own 
 citizens and to the doctrine of religious freedom," 
 
International Philanthropy of Nations 47 
 
 "even at the risk of criticism of the municipal laws 
 of other States." Ten years later our legation at 
 St. Petersburg was pointing out that a persecution 
 which drove the pauper and panic-stricken to our 
 shores could not be regarded as limited in its effects 
 to "the internal regulation of Russia. 
 
VI.-INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION FOR 
 MARKETS AND MORALS 
 
 International action relating only to commerce 
 belongs in the fourth chapter, and international 
 action on purely moral questions goes into the 
 seventh chapter. Here we discuss only agreements 
 of three or more nations where interests both "moral 
 and material" are involved. Those two words were 
 combined in the first of a series of treatise on the 
 sale of intoxicants to savages, made by seventeen 
 nations, which thus recognized impressively and 
 suggestively the fundamental law of an ethical 
 universe, that only what is morally right can be 
 politically or commercially expedient. 
 
 In 1890 the first international action was taken 
 toward withholding the white men's rum from the 
 uncivilized races -- an action no doubt prompted 
 more by the interests of markets than of morals 
 and missions, though it helped all these. The Congo 
 country had just been opened to the world by 
 Stanley. Wise traders desired to abolish slavery 
 and to shut out firearms in this new market. The 
 reform and missionary societies of Great Britain, 
 with distinguished support by intelligent commercial 
 leaders, seized the opportunity to introduce the 
 question of the deeper slavery of intoxicants, and 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Does moral right 
 always coincide 
 with commercial 
 and political expe- 
 diency in the long 
 run? 
 
 49 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Is the liquor traf- 
 fic everywhere a 
 foe to industrial 
 efficiency and busi- 
 ness prosperity? 
 
 Is the Christian 
 religion one of the 
 total abstinence re- 
 ligions? 
 
 by uniting in a Native Races Committee induced 
 the British Government to propose for the treaty 
 drawn in that year by the Brussels Conference a 
 paragraph prohibiting the sale of distilled liquors 
 altogether within boundaries corresponding closely 
 to those of the Congo Free State. It was expressly 
 said in paragraph ninety of the treaty, that this 
 action was taken on account of the "moral and 
 material consequences to zvhich the abuse of 
 spirituous liquors subjects the native population." 
 
 Thus seventeen nations enacted the first inter- 
 national prohibitory law, and wrote in the heart of 
 Africa, "Zone de Prohibition," avowedly in the 
 interests of commerce as well as morals. Although 
 many criticisms have been made of the administra- 
 tion of the Congo Free State, it is universally 
 admitted that this first international prohibitory law 
 has been well enforced. It is a strong commercial 
 argument for prohibition that King Leopold has 
 recognized that if the negroes get rum they will 
 bring in less rubber a principle that is not confined 
 to the Congo country. Everywhere, the more intoxi- 
 cants, the less industrial efficiency. 
 
 In the course of two years this Brussels treaty 
 was ratified by seventeen nations, namely, Germany, 
 Belgium, Spain, the Congo Free State, France, Great 
 Britain, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Austria, Sweden, 
 Norway, Turkey, Persia, United States, Zanzibar. 
 Persia and Turkey are prohibitory, because Moham- 
 medan countries. 
 
 In 1899, another Brussels Conference met, this 
 time to consider only the question of liquors in 
 Africa. It was the most weighty temperance con- 
 vention in history, for it was made up entirely of 
 delegates appointed by the great governments of 
 the world. This convention attempted to extend 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 the protection of trade and morals against the white 
 men's rum to nearly the whole of Africa all except 
 the north African countries, in which the natives 
 were already protected by Mohammedan law, and 
 South Africa, where the sale of intoxicants to 
 natives was generally prohibited by British law, in 
 accordance with the express desire of the better 
 class of traders, who saw that when the gin-seller 
 was admitted to an African village all other trades 
 suffered, for he killed, first the buying power, and 
 then the buyers themselves. 
 
 The method adopted at this second Brussels 
 Conference, however, though well-intentioned, was 
 an ineffective one. It was thought to keep the 
 liquor away from the savages by raising the tax, 
 to a point theoretically "prohibitive" - seventy 
 francs per hectoliter. Great Britain desired to make 
 it a hundred francs, but was defeated by the opposi- 
 tion of Portugal, sustained by Germany. The testi- 
 mony of missionaries shows that the increased tax 
 did not prevent a disastrous increase of the con- 
 sumption of liquors by African natives ; but the 
 action was nevertheless a sign of progress in that 
 the nations recognized the evil influence of the traffic 
 and the duty of governments to deal with it. The 
 treaty was ratified by the nations named above, 
 except Austria, Persia, and Zanzibar. The latter 
 had been absorbed in the British Empire. If Russia, 
 which also ratified this second treaty, be substituted 
 for Austria, the order in which the nations are 
 named above will be that of the ratifications of the 
 second treaty. 
 
 In 1900 an active crusade against the sale of the 
 white men's rum and opium in missionary lands 
 was begun in the United States, promoted by the 
 fact that the Governments of the world were seek- 
 
 Is it the duty of 
 Christian churches 
 to make the pro- 
 motion of absti- 
 nence and prohibi- 
 tion a prominent 
 part of their regu- 
 lar work ? 
 
 Is a revenue fea- 
 ture unfavorable to 
 restriction in li- 
 cense laws? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Are the white 
 men's riim and 
 opium serious hin- 
 drances to mis- 
 sionary work, and 
 should the removal 
 of these evils there- 
 fore be made a sub- 
 ject for discussion 
 and effort in ail 
 missionary socie- 
 ties? 
 
 Is the prohibi- 
 tion or restriction 
 of distilled liquors 
 only, in Africa or 
 elsewhere, consist- 
 ent with the facts 
 of science and 
 experience as to 
 vinous and malt 
 liquors? 
 
 ing, as above stated, to repress liquor - selling in 
 savage districts that were also mission fields, and 
 by the announcement of an Ecumenical Conference 
 of Missions which was to be held in New York- 
 early in that year. 
 
 At that time the United States alone of first- 
 class nations had not ratified the Treaty of 1899, 
 which, though insufficient, was a step in advance 
 and was entitled to ratification in every country 
 invited to adhere to the Convention. 
 
 The first steps in the American Crusade, inaugu- 
 rated by the International Reform Bureau with the 
 active aid of the Misses Mary and Margaret W. 
 Leitch, who had served efficiently as missionaries 
 in Ceylon, was to get the subject of liquors and 
 opium as hindrances, to Missions into the program 
 of the Ecumenical Conference, in whose first draft 
 this subject, strangely enough, did not appear. The 
 National Temperance Society also urged the intro 
 duction of this theme. The matter having been 
 thus pressed upon the Program Committee, Dr. 
 Theodore L. Cuyler and afterwards Dr. John G. 
 Paton, of the New Hebrides, were appointed to 
 present the subject in the Conference, and a "Sup- 
 plementary Meeting" was also held in Calvary Bap- 
 tist Church, New York, in which the platform 
 participants were Dr. Paton and Miss Margaret W. 
 Leitch, already named ; Hon. Samuel B. Capen, 
 President of the American Board of Commissioners 
 for Foreign Missions ; Dr. Arthur T. Pierson, 
 editor of The Missionary Review; Principal C. Har- 
 ford Battersby, Honorary Secretary of the Native 
 Races Committee of Great Britain ; Revs. O. H. 
 and T. L. Gulick, American Board Missionaries, 
 and Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts. This meeting gave 
 strong impetus to the new movement, especially by 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 the circulation of the above - named speeches in 
 print, which passed the hundred-thousand mark. 
 
 If there be anyone who has never thought of 
 foreign missions as a branch of one of the great 
 sciences about which everyone claiming to be edu- 
 cated should have full and accurate information 
 not mere rumors of prejudiced critics surely such 
 a one has need to be reminded that in the fields 
 of discovery, of language, of commerce, of philan- 
 thropy, and especially of international relations, the 
 missionary has often done great service in addition 
 in his evangelistic work.* In this chapter the close 
 relation of missions to commerce is illustrated. 
 
 The effect of this circulation of literature and 
 of numerous meetings was seen at once on the 
 assembling of the American Congress in that year. 
 On December 3d President McKinley recom- 
 mended action by the United States, separately and 
 also in unison with other Governments, to complete 
 the suppression of liquor-selling among uncivilized 
 races. On December 5th, the Senate's Foreign 
 Affairs Committee granted the International Reform 
 r.urcau a hearing on the subject, in which Bishop 
 J. C. Hartzell, of Africa, was heard, and the ratifi- 
 cation by the United States of the Treaty of 1899 
 was recommended. This ratification took place on 
 December I4th, a fitting conclusion of the nineteenth 
 century in a Christian nation. 
 
 On January 4, 1901, the Senate with equal 
 fitness began the twentieth Christian century by 
 adopting, on motion of Senator Lodge, the follow- 
 ing resolution, drawn by the International Reform 
 
 Should the Amer- 
 ican and Canadian 
 policy of prohibit- 
 ing the sale of all 
 intoxicants to Indi- 
 ans be applied in 
 all countries to 
 similar aboriginal 
 races? 
 
 * See two great volumes of Dr. James S. Dennis on 
 "Christian Missions and Social Progress" (Revell). Send 
 also to Y. M. C. A., 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New 
 York, U. S. A., for report of its work in Asia. 
 
54 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Bureau, which has been the banner and platform 
 of the Crusade since then : 
 
 "RESOLVED, THAT IN THE OPINION OF THIS 
 BODY THE TIME HAS COME WHEN THE PRINCIPLE 
 TWICE AFFIRMED IN INTERNATIONAL TREATIES FOR 
 CENTRAL AFRICA, THAT NATIVE RACES SHOULD BE 
 PROTECTED AGAINST THE DESTRUCTIVE TRAFFIC IN 
 INTOXICANTS, SHOULD BE EXTENDED TO ALL CIVI- 
 LIZED PEOPLES BY THE ENACTMENT OF SUCH LAWS 
 AND MAKING OF SUCH TREATIES AS WILL EFFECTU- 
 ALLY PROHIBIT THE SALE BY THE SIGNATORY 
 POWERS TO ABORIGINAL TRIBES AND UNCIVILIZED 
 RACES OF OPIUM AND INTOXICATING BEVERAGES." 
 
 It should be mentioned in this connection that 
 on January 1st the century had been fitly initiated 
 in the Philippine Islands, where the sun of the new 
 century first greeted the American flag, by the put- 
 ting into force of a license law that prohibited 
 the newly opened saloons of white men from selling 
 intoxicants to the native Filipinos, leaving them only 
 their native shops, which they had seldom abused. 
 On the same day ex-President Harrison wrote a 
 strong letter to the International Reform Bureau 
 in support of the Crusade. 
 
 In March of the same year, by action of the 
 Navy Department, liquor-selling was suppressed in 
 our new island of Tutuila, one of the Samoan group, 
 where it had been temporarily introduced by the 
 American vice-consul among a native people who 
 were unaccustomed to its use and fully content to 
 live without it. On December 3d of that year Pres- 
 ident Roosevelt, in his first message, gave strong 
 indorsement to this movement for the protection 
 of native races. 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morah 
 
 55 
 
 HEARING BEFORE SECRETARY HAY IN BEHALF OF 
 UNCIVILIZED RACES. 
 
 On December 6th there was an impressive hear- 
 ing before Secretary Hay in behalf of the proposal 
 to submit a treaty to other Powers in accordance 
 with the Senate resolution. 
 
 Secretary Hay immediately gave his approval 
 to the proposition, and six days afterwards wrote 
 to the Chairman of the Native Races Deputation, 
 Dr. S. L. Baldwin, that inasmuch as the British 
 Government had previously been the leader in this 
 movement, the President had decided to ask that 
 Government to join with ours in submitting a treaty 
 to other Powers to prohibit the sale of intoxicants 
 and opium to all civilized races. Unfortunately the 
 British Government failed to make a favorable reply 
 at that time to this great proposal, partly because 
 the Boer War had absorbed its energies. 
 
 CHINA S RELEASE FROM OPIUM PROPOSED. 
 
 China of course is not to be counted among 
 uncivilized countries, having had an orderly govern- 
 ment and literature when Europeans were yet sav- 
 ages; but the battle for the release of China from 
 opium has been prosecuted side by side with the 
 effort to save the uncivilized races from both rum 
 and opium. The matter has become the subject 
 of international action by seven great Powers, as 
 we shall show later, and so the steps leading to 
 that action are a part of the science of internation- 
 alism. It should be said that the British anti-opium 
 societies had been seeking for half a century to 
 right Britain's wrong in forcing opium upon China 
 
 Was the Boxer 
 uprising justified 
 by the wrongs done 
 to China by Euro- 
 pean Governments ? 
 
Is the sending of 
 missionaries to 
 Japan and China 
 justified by the con- 
 dition of the peo- 
 ple and the results 
 achieved? 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 by the three anti-opium wars of 1840, 1858 and 1861, 
 and what is here described is the bringing in of 
 international reinforcements. 
 
 From this point the two crusades will be seen 
 in frequent juxtaposition. 
 
 In 1902 the Boxer uprising in China, which it 
 was foreseen would reopen international questions 
 relating to that country when the war should end, 
 led the Misses Leitch to secure the signatures of 
 the secretaries of thirty-three American missionary 
 societies", representing nearly all the Protestant 
 evangelical churches, to a petition that our Govern- 
 ment would use its "good offices" with the British 
 Government to secure release of China from treaty 
 compulsion to tolerate the opium traffic. 
 
 AMERICAN TRADERS IN PACIFIC ISLANDS RESTRAINED. 
 
 Meantime, on February i^th of that year (1902), 
 the United States, in the exercise of its own powers 
 in a new line of legislation, prohibited American 
 traders to sell liquors in islands of the Pacific having 
 no civilized government a law drawn by the 
 Reform Bureau, that had long been desired by Dr. 
 John G. Paton for the protection of his own and 
 other mission fields. 
 
 OPIUM IN THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 In 1903, on May 3ist, a bill establishing an 
 opium monopoly for the Philippines having been 
 approved, in substance, by the American Commis- 
 sioners in control, which insured its enactment by 
 them, unless overruled, when the bill should reach 
 a final vote that was expected two weeks later on 
 June I4th, the Evangelical Union, composed chiefly 
 of American missionaries, with full knowledge of 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 57 
 
 the situation, appealed through their energetic Pres- 
 ident, Dr. Homer C. Stuntz, by a cablegram costing 
 $150 in gold, paid by the Chinese Board of Trade,* 
 to the International Reform Bureau, to make known 
 swiftly to the American people this peril to the 
 nation's honor and to the moral and physical wel- 
 fare of the people of the Philippines, and so prompt 
 a popular appeal to President Roosevelt to inter- 
 pose. The absence of the President from Wash- 
 ington delayed proceedings in the United States 
 until three days before the Monday on which the 
 final vote was anticipated. On that Thursday there 
 was printed on two thousand telegraphic blanks, 
 with a few words of explanation crosswise at the 
 side, the following message : 
 
 "To the President, Washington, D. C Under- 
 signed urge you to veto Philippine opium monopoly 
 and substitute Japan's effective prohibition." 
 
 These were mailed that day to a picked list of 
 citizens of great influence, for it must be a sharp- 
 shooter's fight on such short notice. The receiver 
 in each case, if he approved, had only to sign the 
 telegram and send it to the President at his own 
 cost. Two and three days later these telegraphic 
 votes reached the President, and on Monday morn- 
 ing, when it had been expected the monopoly of 
 
 * One of the officials thus overruled, in a public address, 
 impugned the motives of nearly all who opposed his wishes 
 in this matter, especially those who paid for the telegram, 
 assuming that not even a reputahle Chinese Board of Trade 
 could sincerely oppose opium, and that, too, after the Chi- 
 nese had taken a strong part in driving opium from 
 Australia, and after the Chinese Government that had 
 always prohihited opium till overruled by armed force 
 had renewed that prohibition at the first opportunity, as 
 is shown later in this chapter. 
 
 Do the Chinese 
 as merchants com- 
 pare favorably with 
 the merchant class 
 of white nations? 
 
 Is it the citizen's 
 right and duty to 
 urge political action 
 upon officials? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 opium in the Philippines would be sold for five 
 millions of dollars to a Chinese syndicate, that 
 threatening peril was electrocuted by the following 
 cablegram, .sent 'from the War Department "by 
 order of the President" : 
 
 "Hold Opium Monopoly Bill. Further investi- 
 gation. Many protests." 
 
 AUSTRALIA ENLISTED. 
 
 In 1904 Dr. Francis E. Clark, President of the 
 World's Christian Endeavor Union, but acting in 
 the capacity of Chairman of the Native Races Depu- 
 tation, enlisted King Oscar of Sweden and, through 
 the Australian missionary societies, Premier Deakin 
 of that country in the great crusade against both 
 opium and intoxicants. The last - named official 
 urged the British Government to accept the proposi- 
 tion made by President Roosevelt in 1901.* 
 
 Canada through resolutions and public meetings 
 also asked the British Government to stand with 
 the United States in the front span of the movement 
 to protect uncivilized races. 
 
 Have the Philip- 
 pines gained mate- 
 rially and morally 
 by the transfer 
 from Spain to the 
 United States? 
 
 Are the Chinese 
 and Japanese fully 
 civilized peoples 
 and entitled to all 
 ^privileges accorded 
 by civilized races 
 to each other? 
 
 PHILIPPINE OPIUM COMMITTEE REPORT. 
 
 It was in this year 1904 that the Philippine 
 Opium Commission, appointed when the opium 
 monopoly was defeated, reported its investigation 
 of the opium laws of Asia, declaring that revenue 
 and real restriction were never found together, and 
 that the only effective law was that of Japan, in 
 
 * Dr. Clark also secured the indorsement of the Cru- 
 sade for the protection of native races from the officials 
 of several South American countries. 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 59 
 
 which there was no revenue, but a total prohibi- 
 tion of the sale of opium except for medical 
 prescriptions.* 
 
 JAPANESE GOVERNMENT JOINS THE CRUSADE. 
 
 In that same year 1904 the Japanese Govern- 
 ment asked for full information from the Interna- 
 tional Reform Bureau in regard to the Crusade for 
 native races. In addition to supplying written and 
 printed information, the matter was taken up with 
 Baron Komura, of the Japanese Foreign Office, by 
 the statesman-missionary, Dr. J. H. De Forest, with 
 the result that official expressions of favor for the 
 movement were given by the Japanese Foreign Sec- 
 retary. Further action was interrupted by the 
 breaking out of the war between Japan and Russia, 
 but during the war a syndicate article was sent out 
 to leading papers all over the world suggesting that 
 as the end of the war would bring a reopening of 
 Chinese questions people of all nations should agi- 
 tate for the emancipation of China from British 
 opium. Numerous copies of "Intoxicants and 
 Opium in All Lands and Times," the text-book of 
 the Crusade, were sent out to leading statesmen and 
 other moral leaders in many lands. 
 
 HEARING IN BEHALF OF CHINA BEFORE SECRE- 
 TARY HAY. 
 
 On November loth there was a second hearing 
 before Secretary Hay, acting for President Roose- 
 velt, this time on petitions that President Roosevelt 
 
 * Thousands of copies of this report have been pub- 
 lished, and will be sent to those who post a request to 
 the Anti-Opium Society of China, Rev. H. C. Du Bose, 
 D. D., President, Soochow, or to International Reform 
 Bureau, Washington, D. C. 
 
6o 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 would use his "good offices' 1 with the British Gov- 
 ernment to have China released from the opium 
 treaty, for which it was anticipated a favorable 
 opportunity would come when the war should close. 
 At this hearing, as at the former one before Secre- 
 tary Hay, the leading reform and missionary socie- 
 ties acted together as a federation under the name 
 of the Native Races Deputation.* 
 
 Is the injury done 
 to business by the 
 vices such as to 
 make it the right 
 and duty of Boards 
 of Trade to use 
 their direct influ- 
 ence against them ? 
 
 Is the United 
 States justified in 
 treating Philippine 
 goods as foreign 
 products in its 
 tariff laws? 
 
 BOARDS OF TRADE ENLISTED. 
 
 The hearing above described was seconded by 
 commercial bodies/ including the Boards of Trade 
 of Baltimore and Jacksonville, the Chamber of 
 Commerce of Pittsburg, the National Board of 
 Trade, and the Merchants' Association of New 
 York. It was recognized that the impoverishment 
 of more than one hundred millions in the families 
 of Chinese opium sots by the interference of Great 
 Britain with the police regulations of China was 
 a matter that injured "the honest trade of every 
 nation." 
 
 OPIUM PROHIBITION IN THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 In 1905 the Philippine tariff was taken up in 
 Congress, The bill, as drawn by the War Depart- 
 
 * The concise speeches made at this hearing by Drs. 
 F. D. Gamewell, William Ashmore, Wilbur F. Crafts, Mrs. 
 S. L. Baldwin, and Rev. W. L. Baird, are published in 
 an "Anti-Opium Issue" of the Twentieth Century Quarterly, 
 206 Pennsylvania Avenue, S. E., Washington, D. C. 
 U. S. A., which will be sent on receipt of a two-cent or 
 one-penny stamp or its equivalent in the postage of any 
 country. Holcomb's "China Past and Present," giving the 
 full story of opium in China, can be had for one shilling, 
 postpaid, with full list of other standard books on the 
 subject, from the Society for the Suppression of the 
 Opium Trade, Bridge House, 181 Queen Victoria Street, 
 London, E. C. 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 61 
 
 merit and reported by the Committee on Ways and 
 Means, left the regulation of opium entirely to the 
 Philippine Government, which had done nothing 
 right in regard to it in the seven preceding years 
 of administration. But through the interposition 
 of reformers Congress was induced to enact a law 
 prohibiting the sale of opium except as a medicine, 
 to take effect in the case of Filipinos at once, and 
 in case of others after three years. The law is 
 as follows : 
 
 "After March i, 1908, it will be unlawful to 
 import into the Philippine Islands opium in what- 
 ever form except by the Government and for med- 
 ical purposes only. At no time .shall it be lawful 
 to sell opium to any native of the Philippine Islands 
 except for medical purposes." 
 
 The Philippine Government, having no legal lim- 
 itation on their control of opium for three years, 
 except that it could not be legally sold to Filipinos, 
 enacted a high license, additional to a high tariff, 
 by which to get the utmost possible revenue out of 
 it during those years of "grace" which had been 
 allowed by Congress for gradually extinguishing 
 the traffic and the habit, in accordance with the 
 recommendation of Bishop Brent and his associates 
 on the impartial Opium Committee, whose \vork has 
 been applauded in all continents. But when the 
 writer visited the Philippines, June 1, 1907, when but 
 nine months of the three years remained, the rev- 
 enue officers frankly admitted there had been no 
 reduction. As the traffic had been loaded first, 
 with a heavy import duty ; second, with a high 
 license on the dealer; third, with a license on every 
 smoker this case is an interesting addition to many 
 other illustrations of the inefficiency of taxation to 
 decrease any popular vice. Although no effort had 
 
 Has "high li- 
 cense" either of 
 opium or liquors 
 decreased either 
 the consumption or 
 the consequences ? 
 
62 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Is "tapering off" 
 a practical method 
 of breaking with 
 any vice? 
 
 been made to use the abundant time allowed for 
 "tapering off," and although the Philippine prison, 
 in which, as usual, opium-using prisoners break 
 right off with no bad results, shows that no time 
 for "tapering" is really needed except such as must 
 be done in very bad cases in hospitals, it was frankly 
 admitted that more "tapering" time beyond March 
 i, 1908, would be asked. But officials were 
 reminded that one sufficient reason there were 
 others why Congress would be unlikely to grant 
 to those who have buried their three talents, yet 
 other talents, was that the threefold action of the 
 United States Government on opium in the Philip- 
 pines first, in rejecting the proposed monopoly ; 
 second, in the publication of a faithful report ; third, 
 in enacting prohibition had not only brought 
 worldwide praise, in which the Administration 
 rejoiced, but had prompted two other great nations 
 to similar action, which must now be recorded 
 going back a little in the discussion. 
 
 THE WATERLOO OF OPIUM. 
 
 Is the British 
 Parliament as effi- 
 cient an agent 
 of popular govern- 
 ment as the United 
 States Congress? 
 
 In 1906 the opium question was brought up in 
 the British Parliament by previous agreement. 
 Documents setting forth the action of the United 
 States in the Philippines were in the hands of the 
 men who were to take part in the debate "as a 
 potent weapon," to borrow the phrase used by the 
 anti-opium leader of Great Britain to describe the 
 helpful influence of these American reinforcements, 
 which included also a few effective lectures by Dr. 
 Sidney L. Gulick, of Japan, in leading British cities, 
 and the circulation among members of the British 
 Parliament and among the British people of the 
 resolutions of American missionary and commercial 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 bodies as expressions of international public senti- 
 ment. It was learned afterwards that President 
 Roosevelt also, in response to the petitions previ- 
 ously mentioned, used his "good offices" in behalf 
 of Chinese emancipation, and secured the "good 
 offices" of the Japanese Government also to the 
 same end. 
 
 These proved to be the Bliicher forces in the 
 Waterloo of opium, bringing the necessary foreign 
 reinforcements to British anti-opium societies that 
 had fought so long and persistently to bring their 
 Government to right the wrong done to China. It 
 was on May 30, 1906, that the British Parliament, 
 on motion of Hon. T. C. Taylor, seconded by Dr. 
 V. H. Rutherford, voted unanimously that "the 
 Indo-Chinese opium trade is morally indefensible, 
 and the Government is instructed to bring it to a 
 speedy close." In the debate the Right Hon. John 
 Morley, Secretary of State for India, declared that 
 if China sincerely desired to be released the Gov- 
 ernment would interpose no obstacle. 
 
 In August a petition, signed by twelve hundred 
 missionaries in China of many denominations and 
 several nationalities, was forwarded by the Anti- 
 Opium Society of China, through the Nanking Vice- 
 roy, to the Imperial Government. 
 
 Is the British 
 plan of allowing 
 Cabinet officers to 
 take a direct and 
 leading part in leg- 
 islation preferable 
 to the American 
 plan? 
 
 ANTI-OPIUM DECREES OF CHINESE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The Dowager Empress of China issued on Sep- 
 tember 2oth of that year (1906), following other 
 progressive decrees, one for the abolition of the 
 opium traffic within ten years. Subsequent regula- 
 tions published by November 2ist were far more 
 drastic than the decree had seemed to promise, for 
 teachers and minor officers were called upon to give 
 
 Have Queens 
 averaged as well 
 as Kings as 
 
 rulers? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 up the opium habit or give up their positions in 
 three months ; higher officials in six months, which 
 was the limit named for the closing of opium dens ; 
 and it was also required that the cultivation of the 
 poppy and the use of opium, except by those over 
 sixty, should be cut down twenty per cent, a year. 
 These, with the total prohibition of the use of opium 
 for persons who had not reached the condition of 
 opium sots, promised that the major part of the 
 opium traffic and the opium vice would be done 
 away with in half the ten-year period.* 
 
 AN INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION TO SUPPRESS OPIUM 
 
 Is beer a com- 
 paratively harmless 
 drink and a good 
 substitute for dis- 
 tilled liquors? 
 
 Before the time set for closing opium dens in 
 China had been reached, when Viceroy Yuan Shih 
 kai and some other Governors were outrunning the 
 imperial edict in suppressing opium - smoking in 
 their jurisdictions, the international action to which 
 all we have said as to opium is an introduction was 
 taken at the suggestion of Bishop Brent, whose 
 investigations of the opium curse in many lands had 
 led him to see the need of co-operation among the 
 governments whose subjects were most injured by 
 this chief evil of the Orient, and who accordingly 
 asked President Roosevelt to invite Great Britain, 
 France, Italy, Holland, China, and Japan all the 
 nations having permanent territorial possessions in 
 eastern Asia to join the United States in appoint- 
 ing a Comftiission to suppress the vicious uses of 
 opium throughout that region. All have agreed to 
 
 * Now that China is escaping from the lion of British 
 opium, she is threatened by the eagles of American and 
 German beer ; but as these are not forced upon China, the 
 deliverance in this case must come by educational forces, 
 such as the circulation of "Scientific Testimony Against 
 Beer." 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 65 
 
 do so. The press report says that Great Britain 
 gave "a qualified acceptance." But the end must 
 be the end of British opium, not only in China but 
 also in Hong Kong and India. Probably Japan 
 whose suppression of the vicious uses of opium in 
 Japan proper, where no revenue from this evil has 
 been attempted, is the supreme masterpiece of pro- 
 hibition did not contemplate reforming its too 
 "gradual" suppression in Formosa, where revenue 
 has seemed to vitiate a promising experiment; but 
 this must come. Probably the President was not 
 thinking of the hell-brew of Macao's Portuguese 
 opium factory, that is all shipped to San Francisco 
 to impoverish and destroy the Chinese in America; 
 but prohibition of the importation of opium for 
 vicious uses can and must be accomplished wherever 
 the American flag floats. That will take away the 
 present market of the opium factory of Portuguese 
 Macao, "the Monte Carlo of the East." Persian 
 opium will not be tolerated when other opium has 
 been abolished. 
 
 As civilized nations have unitedly suppressed 
 piracy and the slave trade, opium dens every- 
 where will be forced to close, and this piratical, 
 enslaving trade will be sentenced by mankind to 
 join piracy and slavery* in the limbo of crimes 
 against civilization. 
 
 * Just as the cruelties in the Congo seemed to be near- 
 ing settlement, in 1907, General F. Jotibert Piennaar, of 
 the Transvaal, appealed to international public opinion 
 against alleged fostering of slavery in parts of Portuguese 
 Africa. It would not be strange if the country which has 
 held all Europe back in the efforts to save Africa from 
 enslavement to the white man's rum should be found guilty 
 of seeking gain through other forms of slavery. But there 
 are others whose oppression of native workmen is slavery 
 in fact if not in form, and the whole subject of African 
 slavery calls for international action. 
 
66 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT FOR THE NATIVE RACES CRUSADE. 
 
 The victory over the opium evil in China being 
 assured, there is every reason to expect a like vic- 
 tory in the closely related crusade against the sale 
 of intoxicants to uncivilized races, on which the 
 nations held a third Brussels Conference in October, 
 1906, at which the tax was raised to 100 francs 
 per hectolitre on liquors imported into Africa, and 
 at which, through a great petition representing 
 nineteen millions of Americans mostly by the sig- 
 natures of the officers of great societies and of 
 public meetings and by personal "interviews of the 
 Superintendent of the International Reform Bureau 
 with the Foreign Ministers of European nations, 
 and most of all, by a cablegram of President Roose- 
 velt suggesting prohibition of the sale of intoxicants 
 and opium among uncivilized races, the way was 
 opened for such international prohibition at some 
 later Conference. 
 
 The cablegram of the President was thus 
 reported in L'Etoile Beige October 18, 1906: 
 
 "En experimant les veux les plus sinceres du 
 peuple American, manifestes en dlverses circon- 
 stances, pour 1'adoption de mesures destinees a pro- 
 teger les races sauvages et non civilisees de toutes 
 les parties du-monde centre les boissons spiritueuses 
 et nocives, j'addresse a la conference qui va se 
 reunir mes souhaits et j'exprime Tespoir et la con- 
 viction que ses travaux ouvriront encore davantage 
 les voies a la protection de toutes les tnbus et races 
 
International Legislation for Markets and Morals 
 
 non civilisees centre le trafic des spiriteux et de 
 1'opium." * 
 
 In 1907 the great petition was presented and 
 officially received in the Foreign Offices of Japan 
 and China, both of which nations should be invited 
 to the next conference on this subject, especially 
 as it should include not Africa alone in its scope, 
 but the Pacific islands also. 
 
 In 1884 Great Britain, whose laws forbid the 
 sale of "wines, spirits, and all intoxicating liquors" 
 in many savage islands where British power con- 
 trols, submitted a treaty in vain, because of Ger- 
 many's opposition to other commercial Powers, by 
 which it was proposed to jointly prohibit the sale 
 of intoxicants in all Pacific islands then unattached 
 to any civilized Government, it being expected that 
 such prohibition would also be provided by separate 
 laws wherever a civilized Power had full juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Have the Pacific 
 Islands been more 
 benefited than in- 
 jured by commerce 
 with white men? 
 
 BRITAIN ASKED TO JOIN AMERICA IN FRAMING 
 TREATY. 
 
 It would amount, in part, to a revival of that 
 Treaty proposal of 1884, if Great Britain should 
 
 * English translation of cablegram from the President 
 of the United States: 
 
 "To the President of the Brussels Conference for the 
 Revision of the Rules to Control Spirits in Africa: 
 
 "Uttering the earnest wishes of the American People, 
 expressed on many occasions, for the adoption of measures 
 to protect the savage and uncivilized races in Africa and 
 all parts of the world against intoxicants and injurious 
 drugs, I extend to the Congress about to convene my good 
 wishes, and express the hope and conviction that its labors 
 will still further open the door for the universal preven- 
 tion of liquor and opium traffic with all uncivilized tribes 
 and races. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 "October 15, 1906." 
 
68 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Should the State 
 prohibit the sale 
 of intoxicants to 
 
 minors r 
 
 accept the invitation that President Roosevelt sub- 
 mitted through Secretary Hay in 1901, and in 1907 
 told the writer through Secretary Root he should 
 renew, to join the United States in framing a 
 world treaty providing for universal prohibition for 
 the uncivilized child-races as wards of civilization. 
 This repeated proposal did not receive swift re- 
 sponse, and this writing (January, 1908) waits on a 
 stronger expression of approving British sentiment. 
 In scores of meetings in the great cities of the 
 British Empire resolutions approving President 
 Roosevelt's proposals have been voted always 
 unanimously in the Capital of Canada, on motion 
 of the Chief Justice, seconded by the Secretary of 
 Militia; but more numerous and more urgent reso- 
 lutions letters also are at this writing urgently 
 needed. 
 
 We may fitly conclude this topic with the words 
 with which Secretary Root gave the writer God- 
 speed as he started out, in October, 1906, to spend 
 a year in a round-the-world tour in behalf of the 
 two Crusades described : 
 
 '"I am with you and this Government is with 
 you on both propositions as to opium in China 
 and liquors among uncivilized races. They are dis- 
 graces of civilization. My part is diplomacy, your 
 part is agitation." 
 
VII.-INTERNATIONAL MORAL LEGISLATION 
 
 The previous chapter was devoted to interna- 
 tional action that is or would be partly in the inter- 
 est of morals, but chiefly in the interests of markets. 
 This chapter deals with international action that 
 is chiefly if not wholly in the interest of morals. 
 
 The most unprecedented of the many official 
 conferences of nations was the "Conference of 
 Paris on the White Slave Traffic" in 1904. The 
 title should be The Traffic in Women, for it is not 
 white women alone that are bought and sold. The 
 brown women of Japan, alas, are numerous among 
 these "slaves." This is the supreme fault of an 
 otherwise rapidly progressing nation. To right this 
 fault would help more than gunboats to remove 
 immigration discriminations against this race that 
 in other respects has proved itself worthy of such 
 treatment everywhere as is accorded to "the most 
 favored nation." 
 
 It was wonderful indeed that France, a nation 
 that legalizes the domestic vice market, should call 
 other civilized nations to a conference at Paris to 
 devise means to suppress the international branch 
 of the same traffic. It has been discovered that 
 there were regular depots in many lands for gather 
 
 69 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Has the State 
 any right to med- 
 dle with morals 
 further than to 
 protect life and 
 property? 
 
 Can the licensing 
 of vice be justi- 
 fied? 
 
70 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 ing, transporting, and selling women into a slavery 
 which is worse than the horrible "middle passage" 
 that slaughtered negroes wholesale long ago, and 
 was suppressed by the protest of mankind. That 
 slavery destroyed the body ; this destroys both body 
 and soul, for time and eternity. 
 
 The result of the Conference was an INTERNA- 
 TIONAL PROHIBITION OF INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC 
 IN WOMEN FOR IMMORAL PURPOSES. 
 
 The United States was invited to that Confer- 
 ence, but did not participate, though American 
 ports are deeply involved in this hellish commerce. 
 This failure to participate was probably due to the 
 fact that it has been unusual for the United States 
 to mix in European affairs an aloofness that is 
 already becoming a thing of the past. However, 
 when a second Conference was called in 1906 to 
 provide for such international co-operation as would 
 insure a better enforcement of the prohibition, the 
 United States was represented in both the official 
 and unofficial lists of delegates, the writer being 
 among the latter. 
 
 For the first time, probably, unofficial experts 
 elected by reform societies were permitted to sit as 
 corresponding members in an official International 
 Conference. They paid a fee of twenty francs. 
 They had no vote, but full privileges of debate. 
 The preceding Congress of Paris, made up chiefly 
 of diplomats of various nations in the legations at 
 Paris, who constituted the regular delegates, having 
 no expert knowledge of "rescue work," had found 
 it necessary to take frequent counsel in the "lobby" 
 with the purity experts who were naturally on hand 
 at such a time. For the second conference it was 
 
 Is the lobby an sensibly decided to take the lobby in on the 
 evil in itself? in fl 
 
International Moral Legislation 
 
 WOMEN IN A WORLD PARLIAMENT. 
 
 This brought in a large and strong company 
 of women, who have ever been the best champions 
 and deliverers of their betrayed and fallen sisters. 
 At the very time when, in London, blind leaders of 
 the blind were trying to open a way for women into 
 the British Parliament, not by reason but by force, 
 and were thus furnishing stronger reasons against 
 woman suffrage than any enemy ever devised, Lady 
 Aberdeen and true women of the Continent quietly 
 entered a World Parliament and discussed the most 
 fundamental of all questions of government, with 
 tenderness but no tears, with delicacy but no pru- 
 dery, with the passion of purity but no hysterics, so 
 furnishing, without any special appeal for suffrage, 
 the best of proof that women can participate effec- 
 tively in the very highest acts of government those 
 that are diplomatic and international. 
 
 At the first meeting women were called on only 
 at the end, as if by an afterthought, and two only 
 were introduced by the French President, with 
 pretty compliments. But as the debates got down 
 to the real problem the compliments were dropped, 
 and the women rose as often as the men with as 
 firm an appeal to the President for the floor "J e 
 demande la parole" (I demand the word). In the 
 weight of argument they furnished more than 
 their share. 
 
 It was because of the courage of these women 
 delegates that the question, held back in the previ- 
 ous Conference, was pressed to consideration - 
 though not to conclusion whether France and 
 Germany and Japan, by legalizing the domestic 
 traffic in vice, did not give the international traffic 
 
 Would it be wise 
 to give women as 
 full participation 
 in government as 
 men have? 
 
 Has the course of 
 London "suffra- 
 gettes " in seeking 
 to compel action in 
 their favor by vio- 
 lent demonstrations 
 been wise or justi- 
 fiable? 
 
 Should women be 
 now equal sharers 
 with men in direct- 
 orships of churches 
 and of philan - 
 thropic and reform 
 societies? 
 
 Is not the legal- 
 izing of vice locally 
 the strongest incen- 
 tive to international 
 traffic? 
 
~2 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 its strongest incentive by furnishing a secure mar- 
 ket for these imports of tarnished souls. 
 
 The main effort of this second Conference was 
 to establish bureaus of information by which every 
 signatory nation would agree to give such informa- 
 tion to other countries as would result in the detec- 
 tion of the infamous procurers and aid in the rescue 
 of their victims, whether they were wise enough to 
 wish deliverance or not. 
 
 The chapter is not ended. Internationally, 
 nationally, and locally, our duty is not done when 
 the traffic in girls is outlawed. No other class of 
 
 Is "the double | aws j s so inadequately enforced, which is the case 
 standard justifi- . 
 
 able? partly because so many are more afraid to have 
 
 mud than blood on their hands. It is shallow to 
 say the evil cannot be wholly suppressed, as an 
 excuse for letting it go unchecked. There is no 
 other subject to which Gladstone's most practical 
 word is more appropriate : "It is the purpose of law 
 to make it as hard as possible to do wrong, and 
 as easy as possible to do right." That means an 
 unceasing war against all participants in this slave 
 traffic, including the landlords and the male prosti- 
 tutes, as well as their victims. 
 
 But the positive side of this reform should have 
 chief attention : 
 
 "My strength is as the strength of ten, 
 Because my heart is pure." 
 
Vm. INTERNATIONAL ACTION ON 
 GAMBLING NEEDED 
 
 Another evil which, because of "material and 
 moral injury" wrought through it by one nation 
 upon another, should become the subject of an 
 international Conference is gambling, especially the 
 use of the mails by nations morally backward on 
 this reform such as Mexico and Germany to sell 
 tickets of national or other lotteries in nations where 
 all lotteries have long been suppressed as devices of 
 knaves to swindle fools. This should be done by 
 amending the privileges of the Universal Postal 
 Union so that foreign mail addressed to a lottery 
 agent could be returned to the sender on fraud 
 orders being issued by the authorities, and any per- 
 son mailing a solicitation to the purchase of a lottery 
 ticket or such a ticket should also be effectually 
 punished by his own country, on evidence being 
 furnished that he had done so. In answer to an 
 inquiry from the International Reform Bureau, 
 Hon. R. P. Goodwin, Assistant Attorney General 
 for the Post Office Department of the United States 
 wrote on October 24, 1905 : 
 
 "The Post Office Department has no intimation 
 of any action which has been taken by this Govern- 
 ment in the past in the direction of securing the 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Is not all gam- 
 bling a misappro- 
 priation of trust 
 funds? 
 
 Is a bet a fool's 
 argument, and a lot- 
 tery a knave's bar- 
 gain? 
 
 Does the devot- 
 ing of gambling 
 profits to charity 
 mitigate the crime? 
 
 Does the legaliz- 
 ing of gambling 
 lessen its evils? 
 
74 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Is gambling a 
 legitimate source of 
 revenue in a civi- 
 lized State? 
 
 Is not it unbe- 
 coming for honest 
 men even to visit 
 such a robber den 
 as Monte Carlo? 
 
 co-operation of (the German Government in the 
 suppression of lottery enterprises carried on by its 
 citizens and promoted through the United States 
 mails." 
 
 Surely the honest citizens of both Governments 
 will urge that both Governments shall give attention 
 to this international wrong, in the name of con- 
 science and of commerce. And as other nations 
 are also wronged by German and other lotteries, 
 an International Conference should deal with it. 
 If the place for such a Conference is in the nation 
 that has most completely forbidden all forms of 
 gambling among its own people, it would be Japan, 
 albeit in Formosa Japan carried on a national lot- 
 tery at the cost of its foreign subjects until it was 
 laughed out of court on an effort being made to 
 enforce a provision that these official lottery tickets 
 should not be sold in Japan itself. It was a case 
 of Japan imitating one too many of the European 
 customs, of which a prominent one has been permis- 
 sion to "do" foreigners with frauds that are not 
 allowed among citizens.* When an International 
 Conference takes up international gambling, of 
 course Monte Carlo and its Asiatic mimic, Macao, 
 whose main industry in both cases is international 
 robbery by licensed gambling, will be suppressed, 
 as other forms of piracy have been previously sup- 
 pressed, by international action. An International 
 Conference might well declare that gambling is 
 
 * It is illegal, according to British regulations, to sell 
 to natives of the United Kingdom anything purporting to 
 be whiskey which is not the genuine article. But when it 
 comes to selling for export, where it is to be drunk in the 
 United States, there is nothing to prevent the distiller from 
 practising any sort of imposition he chooses. This is the 
 gist of the report that has been made by Dr. Wiley, of 
 the American Department of Agriculture to Secre- 
 tary Wilson. 
 
International Action on Gambling Needed 
 
 neither a civilized business nor a civilized sport, and 
 cannot therefore be recognized as having any inter- 
 national rights. As a business it violates the funda- 
 mental law that only "A fair exchange is no rob- 
 bery," and as a sport it violates the rule that one 
 must not drag "shop" that is, the idea of material 
 gain into the social hour. It is under that rule 
 as ill-mannered to "play" cards or to play "the 
 sport of Icings" for money as to solicit insurance on 
 the golf field. 
 
 Honest business the world over suffers from 
 peculations and embezzlements that are directly 
 prompted by organized inducements to gambling, 
 and chambers of commerce everywhere, equally 
 with churches, should therefore urge governmental 
 action international, national, and local to sup- 
 press it. 
 
 All educated men the world around should know 
 the great decision of the United States Supreme 
 Court in confirming the outlawing of the Louisiana 
 Lottery, which applies to other licensed evils also, 
 that THE PEOPLE THEMSELVES CANNOT LEGALIZE 
 
 WHAT IS AGAINST PUBLIC HEALTH OR PUBLIC 
 MORALS OR PUBLIC SAFETY, MUCH LESS THEIR 
 RULERS. 
 
 Should students 
 themselves in their 
 own code of honor 
 put gambling under 
 the ban as a greedy 
 vice unworthy of 
 educated men? 
 
 Should the courts 
 in all lands declare 
 all laws legalizing 
 gambling invalid as 
 contrary to funda- 
 mental rights? 
 
IX. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF 
 IMMIGRATION 
 
 The Paris conferences of nations on the inter- 
 national traffic in girls have initiated international 
 restriction of immigration, which cannot logically 
 stop with the prohibition of the emigration and 
 immigration of prostitutes. Why should not the 
 nations agree that they will co-operate to protect 
 each other against the migration of murderers and 
 thieves and paupers and drunkards? Extradition 
 laws, which are doing something towards this in a 
 retail way, afford another precedent for whole- 
 sale action. 
 
 It would be a fitting subject for a college "con- 
 gress" or a literary or political club to discuss, 
 apropos of the critical problems raised by the legis- 
 lative exclusion of the Chinese and the diplomatic 
 exclusion of Japanese from the United States, and 
 the immigration restrictions put on both these 
 races and the Hindus in British colonies, whether 
 an International Conference on the whole subject of 
 emigration and immigration should be called, and, 
 if so, what should be its action. It is said that the 
 best prophecy of the future is the unforced opinions 
 of young men. In almost any nation political 
 
 77 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE, 
 
 Is a conference 
 of nations on emi- 
 gration and immi- 
 gration practicable? 
 
 Should the extra- 
 dition of criminals 
 be provided for by 
 a general Concert 
 of nations? 
 
The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Is it desirable 
 that university 
 men discuss cur- 
 rent questions of 
 practical politics? 
 
 In immigration 
 laws should defec- 
 tives, delinquents, 
 dependents and 
 illiterates be all 
 put in the excluded 
 classes? 
 
 Should bigamy be 
 made an extradita- 
 ble offense? 
 
 Should "political 
 offenders" be speci- 
 fied as among ad- 
 missible immi- 
 grants? 
 
 Should extradi- 
 tion include anar- 
 chists who advo- 
 cate the violent 
 overthrow of all 
 governments? 
 
 action might be influenced by one university dis- 
 cussing such a problem thoroughly and inducing 
 one hundred other collegiate institutions to do the 
 same and report the results to the Government. 
 
 First, should not all physical and mental defec- 
 tives be debarred from emigration and immigration 
 by international action? "Blood is thicker than 
 water," but it gets too thick when mixed with mud. 
 "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself," is a 
 double command and includes a wise self-love, both 
 in the individual and in the nation. We shall do 
 the most for the world in the end if we guard our 
 national health and strength against contamination 
 through imported weaklings. Second, should not 
 all dependents be debarred except members of fam- 
 ilies already admitted and capable of supporting 
 them? Third, should not delinquents also be 
 excluded so far as they can be shown to have been 
 convicted or guilty of murder, theft, or habitual 
 drunkenness? We can hardly expect that polyga- 
 mous countries will agree to extradite bigamists. 
 And even the more fully civilized nations that forbid 
 polygamy might find difficulty in formulating an 
 international definition of a bigamist, on account 
 of the scandalous divorce laws that prevail in some 
 parts of the United States and elsewhere. 
 
 Fourth, shall the exception for political convicts, 
 many of them arrested only because they were loyal 
 to liberty, whom Great Britain and France and the 
 United States would insist should not be barred 
 by any immigration legislation, include any who 
 advocate the overthrow of all government? Some 
 would permit "the philosophical anarchist" to move 
 about the world, while willing that an international 
 agreement should be made to brand as a universal 
 outlaw, subject to universal extradition, any anar- 
 
International Regulation of Immigration 
 
 79 
 
 chist who advocated or practised the theory that 
 all governments should be overthrown by force? 
 
 Fifth and this is the most critical international 
 problem should there not be some international 
 agreement as to Asiatic migration to white countries, 
 lest the justly offended pride of awakened Japan 
 and awakening China shall create a "y ellow peril" 
 indeed in reprisals of commerce or of war? In 
 any such conflict the United States and the British 
 Empire will have the disadvantage of Russia in the 
 recent war, in knowing that Justice, the champion 
 warrior, is on the Asiatic side. No doubt Japan 
 and China would readily agree to exclusion by any 
 educational or physical or moral test that applied 
 impartially to all races, or to any impartial numeri- 
 cal limitation that admitted of any nationality not 
 more than twenty-five thousand, for example, in 
 any one year. That would bring more British and 
 Scandinavian immigrants to the United States by 
 lessening their competition with the cheap labor and 
 low standard of living in Italy, Hungary, Poland, 
 and Russia. 
 
 It cannot be expected that two such mighty 
 nations, as Japan and China * are to be when 
 the high-spirited students now in their universities 
 come into leadership there, will tamely stand by 
 and see the wilful violation of the solemn promise 
 in their treaties that they are to have treatment in 
 
 Can the cry "A 
 white Australia ! " 
 be justified in its 
 implication that 
 all colored races 
 should be excluded ? 
 
 Are the Japanese 
 laborers less desir- 
 able immigrants 
 than those of south- 
 ern and eastern 
 Europe? 
 
 Are the Chinese 
 farmers and labor- 
 ers desirable immi- 
 grants? 
 
 Is China a "dy- 
 ing nation?" 
 
 * An interesting paragraph of Internationalism might 
 be developed in regard to the agreements of various nations 
 with China and Japan, in 1905 and 1906 and thereafter, 
 which together amount to such a guaranteed neutrality for 
 China as Belgium has long enjoyed to its great commer- 
 cial advantage. China has therefore an unprecedented 
 opportunity to develop the new life that is stirring her 
 provinces, which promises to make that country ere long 
 too strong to be trifled with. 
 
8o 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Does politics owe 
 allegiance to the 
 Decalogue and the 
 Golden Rule? 
 
 the British Empire and the United States equal to 
 that of "the most favored nation." They are, in 
 fact, treated as the most despised nations because 
 of the subserviency of politicians to a small minority 
 of selfish workmen who thus bar out honest rivals 
 in toil ; but the consenting majority have the ability, 
 and so the responsibility, to see that justice is done, 
 and will suffer the consequences if they do not. 
 
X. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITIONS 
 OF SUNDAY 
 
 That some future conference of nations may and 
 should provide for diplomatic uniformity in the 
 official observance of Sunday is suggested by the 
 fact that both Japan and China, though non-Chris- 
 tian nations, have ordered the closing of all public 
 offices and public schools on Sunday, doubtless in 
 courteous deference to the customs of other civilized 
 nations with which they wish to associate intimately 
 in the capitals of the world and in modern educa- 
 tion. This act of delicate Oriental politeness is a 
 rebuke to those boorish diplomats who so often 
 forget that, whatever their own feeling about 
 Sunday, they should on that day, if only in the 
 name of good breeding, act in accord with the 
 Christian standards of the nation they represent, and 
 pay courteous deference also to the nation to which 
 they are sent. Especially when sent to such a gov- 
 ernment as that of the United States or Great 
 Britain, where the national convictions call for 
 abstention on Sunday from both work and social 
 functions, they should see that international cour- 
 tesy forbids them to wound such cherished ideals 
 by giving dinner parties or other public functions 
 on Sunday and, most of all, by inviting other diplo- 
 mats to share in such offensive acts. 
 
 81 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR 
 DEBATE. 
 
 Does interna- 
 tional courtesy re- 
 quire a quiet Sun- 
 day in diplomatic 
 legations ? 
 
82 
 
 The Science of Internationalism 
 
 Is the use of Sun- 
 day for the study of 
 school and college 
 lessons wrong? 
 
 Are laws forbid- 
 ding Sunday work, 
 business, and pub- 
 lic amusements, 
 justifiable on hy- 
 gienic and eco- 
 nomic grounds? 
 
 Does courtesy 
 forbid public games 
 on Sunday? 
 
 Is the suspension 
 of labor and busi- 
 ness on Sunday a 
 financial loss? 
 
 Is it justifiable 
 for advocates of 
 the Saturday Sab- 
 bath to attack Sun- 
 day under the dis- 
 guise of a "Relig- 
 ious Liberty Asso- 
 ciation? " 
 
 There is a suggestion of yet further co-operative 
 action of nations as to Sunday toil and traffic in 
 the fact that, in all the great ports of the world and 
 in less measure in nearly all large cities, all nations 
 now mingle. Such alert merchants and manufac- 
 turers as the Japanese will presently catch the sig- 
 nificance of the fact that in Yokohama, for example, 
 it is the most prosperous concerns of the richest 
 nations that close on Sunday, while their petty shops 
 spread out their week's work, without advantage, 
 over seven days in an endless grind. There will 
 be no international action in support of the religious 
 Sabbath, a purely voluntary matter between each 
 individual and God ; but the civil Sabbath * will 
 become the weekly Rest Day of the world because 
 tlje law of it. is written in the constitution of man. 
 It is recognized in the Constitution of the United 
 States, which guards the President's right to Sunday 
 rest, and every nation's law, if not the law of 
 nations, should also protect this God-given right 
 for every man. 
 
 * See full discussion in my book, "Civil Sabbath," 
 International Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 
 15 cents (7^2 pence). 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 ESPERANTO DESCRIBED. 
 
 Twenty years ago an unknown Polish physician living in Bialystok, 
 in West Russia, published a pamphlet entitled "Lingvo Internacia," 
 by Dr. Esperanto. It was an attempt to solve the problem of an 
 artificial international means of communication. To-day Dr. Louis 
 Zamcnhof is known all over the civilized world as the inventor of a 
 really practical international auxiliary language called Esperanto. 
 
 The inhabitants of Zamenhof's birthplace (Bialystok) were made 
 up of Russians, Poles, Germans, and Jews, each speaking different 
 languages, and always on bad terms with each other. As a boy young 
 Zamenhof got the idea that if they could understand one another they 
 would live peacefully together, and in the boy's mind there sprang 
 up the idea of an international language. He learnt French and 
 German in his boyhood, and later, at college, the classics and English. 
 During all his schooldays he was working out his new tongue, with 
 the result that towards the end of his school career he and his friends 
 celebrated by a banquet the birth of a new language. The school 
 authorities ridiculed it, and Zamenhof's friends fell away. He did 
 not despair, but hid his future wofk from every one. His university 
 days, he tells us, were his saddest. For six years he lived an almost 
 solitary life, but by the time he was graduated his language was com- 
 plete. He commenced to practise his profession, and for two years 
 sought in vain for a publisher. At last, in 1887, he succeeded in 
 publishing his first book, and Esperanto was given to the world. 
 
 Esperanto is so simple that after a few hours' study it can be read 
 by the aid of a dictionary alone. Tolstoy a few years ago wrote: "It 
 is so easy to understand that when I received, some six years since, 
 
 83 
 
84 Appendix 
 
 a grammar, a dictionary, and some articles in this language, I was 
 able in two short hours, if not to write, at any rate to read it fluently." 
 A glance at the formation of the language will enable one to under- 
 stand the means by which the inventor rendered his language so 
 easy of acquisition. 
 
 The Esperanto grammar is a marvel of simplicity and completeness, 
 and may be summarized in a few lines. All nouns end in "o," all 
 adjectives in "a," all derived adverbs in "e." Nouns have no case 
 endings, except that "n" is used as the sign of the direct object. The 
 most noticeable feature is the verb that crux of all foreign lan- 
 guages but the whole of the moods, tenses, and participles of the 
 Esperanto verb are contained in twelve terminations, and with these 
 twelve terminations the finest shades of meaning can be expressed 
 with absolute precision. The infinitive ends in "i," present tense in 
 "as," past in "is," future in "os." The conditional mood ends in "us," 
 and the imperative in "u." No change takes place for the different 
 persons. Of the three active participles the present ends in "anta," 
 the past in "inta," the future in "onta," while the three passive par- 
 ticiple endings are present u ata," past "ita," future "ota." There 
 are absolutely no irregularities, not even in "esti" (to be), which is 
 the only auxiliary. 
 
 Dr. Zamenhof s greatest triumph, however, lies in the Esperanto 
 vocabulary. His aim being to make a language for the use of all 
 nations, he strove to attain the maximum degree of internationality 
 in. his vocabulary, and therefore to select words already known to the 
 majority of persons of ordinary education. So well has this principle 
 been carried out that in an Esperanto test an Englishman would 
 recognize 70 per cent, of the words, an Italian 60 per cent., a Spaniard 
 42 per cent., a German 40 per cent., and a Frenchman 80 per cent. 
 But the vocabulary is still further simplified by the fact that the learner 
 is enabled to form his own words by adding certain well - defined 
 prefixes and suffixes to the fundamental root words, which number 
 about three hundred. For example, no separate words denoting 
 females need be learned. The suffix "in" denotes the female sex ; 
 thus, "onklo" (uncle) becomes "onklino" (aunt), "pafrro" (father) 
 becomes "patrino" (mother), "bovo" (a bull) becomes "bovino" (a 
 
Appendix 85 
 
 cow), and so on. Esperanto provides no words for small, slow, and 
 poor. They may be formed from the root words for large, quick, and 
 rich, by prefixing "mal," which denotes contraries ; thus, "malgranda" 
 (small), "malrapida" (slow), "malricha" (poor). There are about 
 thirty such affixes, and since many may be combined in the same word 
 it is clear that though the Esperanto vocabulary is so simple for the 
 memory it nevertheless provides for an almost illimitable number 
 of words. 
 
 The alphabet used is the Roman, omitting "q," "w," "x," and "z," 
 with the addition of six accented letters. The pronunciation offers 
 no difficulties, as Esperanto is purely phonetic, and experience has 
 shown that people of different nationalities, meeting for the first time, 
 understand each other without difficulty. 
 
 The progress of this new language has been marvelous. It first 
 spread in Russia, then to the north into Norway and Sweden. In 
 1892 the first French edition of an Esperanto text-book was published 
 by M. de Beaufront, who at that time had ready for publication an 
 international language to which he had devoted some twelve years of 
 his life. Concluding that Dr. Zamenhof's system was superior to his 
 own, M. de Beaufront abandoned his own creation and advocated 
 Esperanto. France is now one of the foremost Esperanto countries ; 
 there are about ninety French Esperanto societies; the language is 
 taught in many universities and colleges ; the War Minister is encour- 
 aging its teaching in the military schools, and this year an attempt 
 will be made in the French Chamber to enact that Esperanto shall 
 be taught in the State schools of that country. 
 
 In Great Britain also since its introduction, in 1902, Esperanto 
 is making great headway so great, indeed, that the London Chamber 
 of Commerce has placed it on the same footing as foreign tongues 
 and has made it one of the subjects for its examinations. In the 
 London county schools and in many board schools Esperanto courses 
 are given to the pupils, while some eighty societies are actively engaged 
 in spreading a knowledge of it. 
 
 Last year witnessed the growth of a strong interest in the language 
 in the United States. At Harvard, Princeton, the Ohio State, and the 
 Western Reserve universities several of the professors are advocating 
 
86 Appendix 
 
 Esperanto, and societies for its diffusion are being organized through- 
 out the States. 
 
 In 1905 the first Universal Esperanto Congress was held at Bou- 
 logne, and in 1906 the second was held at Geneva. Both these 
 Congresses were attended by delegates from all parts of the world, 
 and at each of them the whole of the discussions were carried on, and 
 all the business transacted, in Esperanto. Delegates and visitors, 
 knowing nothing of each other's language, were able to speak and 
 understand one another in the new tongue. These conferences pro- 
 vided crucial tests of the practicability of the new language, and 
 Esperanto came through them triumphantly. 
 
 There are nearly four hundred Esperantist societies in Europe, 
 America, and Asia the latest-formed one being in Japan and thirty 
 Esperanto journals are published every month, one of them being 
 devoted solely to general science and another to medicine. 
 
 Thousands of circles were developed in 1908 by the introduction 
 of Esperanto lessons, taught by Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts, in the New 
 York Christian Herald, which has about a million readers in many 
 lands. It is expected that courses in Esperanto will also be intro- 
 duced in American Chautauquas as a combination of recreation and 
 education. 
 
THE INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU 
 
 Headquarters: 206 Pennsylvania Ave., s. e., Washington, D. C. 
 REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH.D., SUPERINTENDENT AND TREASURER. 
 
 IS BASED ON FOUR GREAT PRINCIPLES, ATTACKS FOUR GREAT 
 EVILS, BY FOUR METHODS, IN FOUR FIELDS AND BY FOUR FORCES 
 
 The Four Great Principles are : 
 
 1 The command to love man as well as God, requires the Church and all Chris- 
 tians to make specific and regular efforts to right not only the personal relations of 
 men to God but also social relations among men. 
 
 2. As the individual is saved hy the cross of Christ the community must be 
 saved by his crown, that is, by making the laws of Christ, little by little, the laws o 
 business and politics and pleasure. 
 
 2 Environment affects conversion before and after, and the church should therefore 
 unite to create a favorable moral environment, especially for children and child races. 
 
 4. As all vices co-operate, and all virtues are related, Christian churches and 
 citizens should promote all true reforms not one alone. 
 
 The Big Four Evils the Bureau fights most of all are : 
 
 (1) Intemperance, (2) Impurity, (3) Sabbath-breaking, and (4) Gambling, which 
 are four sides of one frowning fortress, that all good citizens should attack on all sides. 
 
 We attack these by four methods, namely : 
 
 (1) By legislation, (2) by letters, (3) by lectures, and (4) by literature. 
 
 The Four Fields are : 
 
 (1) Local, (2) State, (3) National, and (4) International. 
 
 Congress has enacted twelve important laws, relating to impurity, divorce, the 
 Sabbath, and intoxicants, that were drawn by the Bureau, which also defeated a bad 
 law to legalize race gambling in the District of Columbia, and another of like purpose 
 in the Pennsylvania legislature. The Bureau's Pacific Coast District Secretary drew 
 and carried to victory the new Sunday law of Idaho, which is working well. In all 
 state legislatures good laws will be promoted by our secretaries, and bad laws defeated. 
 Locally law enforcement will be aided wherever they go as lecturers. Much can be 
 done by interviews of such experts with public officials. The Bureau's very extensive 
 files of information are made widely* useful by correspondence. Best of all, we can 
 reach moral leaders in all lands with two ounces of stirring literature at a cost of 
 three cents each, $30 per 1,000. 
 
 Our International specialty is to inform and arouse and express public sentiment 
 In favor of a treaty of all civilized governments to prohibit the sale of intoxicants and 
 opium to uncivilized and newly civilized races. 
 
 The emancipation of China from opium having been assured by the action of the 
 British and Chinese governments, and victory over opium in the Philippines, having 
 been doubly decreed for March 1, 1908, to all of which the International Reform Bureau 
 materially contributed, the way is open to drive the white man's rum also from the 
 mission fields, in the name of conscience and of commerce. 
 
 The Four Forces united in our international crusade, as in no other project are : 
 
 (1) The reform organizations, (2) the missionary societies, (3) the chambers of 
 commerce, (4) the governments. 
 
 The Bureau has twelve lecturers constantly at work, one in Australia, one In 
 Canada, soon to go to Eastern Asia, ten in the United States. Other lecturing secre- 
 taries should be added at London, Berlin and Calcutta, and at least nine more in the 
 United States and Canada. 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS ARE NEEDED AND REQUESTED AS THE BUREAU is WHOLLY DEPENDENT 
 ON VOLUNTARY OFFERINGS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC, "20th Century Quarterly" and other 
 timely literature will be sent to contributors. 
 
 Our one comprehensive purpose is to create a better moral environment for children and child races. 
 PATTERN OF PETITION TO BE VOTED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 
 
 To All Civilized Governments : 
 
 INASMUCH as the Senate of the United States has invited all civilized governments 
 to unite in making laws and treaties to prohibit the sale of intoxicants and opium to 
 uncivilized races, which proposal President Roosevelt set squarely before the world by 
 cabling it to the Brussels Conference of 190G ; therefore 
 
 Resolved, That we earnestly petition our own Government to make a favorable 
 response to this great proposal, and to act to that end, so far as possible, among our 
 own subjects, without waiting for other Governments ; and 
 
 Resolved, That one copy of this action, certified by signature of President of this 
 meeting, be sent to our Government, and another to the International Reform Bureau, 
 Washington, D. C., U. S. A., that it may be added to the great (petition "To all Civilized 
 Governments" for such laws and treaties. 
 
 Adopted l)]i of on and undersigned authorized to so attest 
 
 89 
 
THE INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU 
 
 (Incorporated) 
 2O6 Pennsylvania Ave., S. E., Washington, D. C. 
 
 GENERAL OFFICERS 
 
 President Hon. Henry W. Blair Secretary Rev. F D. Power, D.D. 
 
 Superintendent :and Treasurer Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D 
 Auditor B. B. Bassette Clerk of Directors A. II. Eames 
 
 TRUSTEES 
 
 President, Secretary, Superintendent and the following 
 Rev. J. G. Butler, D.D. J. J. Porter Joshua Levering 
 
 Brig.-Gen. A. S. Daggett 
 L. T. Yoder 
 
 J. W. Houston 
 
 DISTRICT SECRETARIES 
 
 Clinton N. Howard 
 
 Rev. O. R. Miller, 1811 Brooklyn Ave., Rev. D. Everett Smith. Indianola, Iowa. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Rev. Bertrand P. Judd, 93 Concord St., 
 Nashua, N. II. 
 
 Rev. Rennetts, C. Miller, Drawer 16, Hart- 
 ford, Conn. 
 
 Rev. George W. Peck, 30 Baynes St., 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Rev. G. L. Tufts, Ph.D., 865 First St., 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 Rev. Chas. S. Eby, D.D., 454 Church St., 
 
 Toronto, Ont. 
 Mr. W. IT. Judkins, Review of Reviews 
 
 Office, Melbourne, Australia. 
 
 BUREAU'S BRITISH COUNCIL 
 UNITED KINGDOM COUNCIL 
 Dr. V. H. Rutherford, M.P., 
 
 Chairman 
 
 Henry J. Wilson, M.P. 
 Sir Wm. Brampton Gurdon, 
 
 M. P. 
 
 J. Allen Baker, M.P. 
 Leif. F. Jones, M.P. 
 Sir John Randies, M.P. 
 G. A. Hardy, M.P. 
 G. P. Gooch, M.P. 
 A. Henderson, M.P. 
 T. B. Silcock, M.P. 
 R. Laidlaw, M.P. 
 J. W. Gulland, M.P. 
 A. Lupton, M.P. 
 Corrie Grant, M.P. 
 Cathcart Wason, M.P. 
 Sir Arthur Bignall, M.P. 
 A. W. Black. M.P. 
 John Clifford, D.D. 
 Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A. 
 Rev. F. B. Campbell, B.A. 
 Rev. Robert Harrison 
 Samuel T. Mercier, Esq. 
 Geo. Blaiklock, Esq. 
 W. Williams, Esq. 
 Joshua Rowntree 
 Rev. G. A. Wilson 
 
 TOKONTO COUNCIL 
 Hon. Justice McLaren 
 John Charlton, M.P. 
 G. L. Marter, M.L.A. 
 John Potts, D.D. 
 REV. C. S. EBY, D.D., Dist. 
 
 Sect., Pro Tem. 
 QUEBEC COUNCIL, MONTREAL 
 John R. Dougall, Esq. 
 Seth P. Leet, K.C. 
 Rev. J. A. Gordon 
 S. J. Carter 
 J. H. Carson, Hon. Sec. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN COUNCILS 
 
 MR. W. H. JUDKINS, Dist. 
 Sect. Australasia and 
 South Seas. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA HEADQUAR- 
 TERS COUNCIL. 
 
 Chairman, Hon. S. Mauger. 
 M. P., Federal Postmaster- 
 General 
 
 Hon. J. Balfour, M.L.C. 
 
 Archdeacon Hindley 
 
 Mr. A. Hoadley 
 
 Rev. T. S. Woodfull 
 
 Mr. J. Griffiths, Pres. 
 Y.M.C.A. 
 
 Mr. John Vale, Sec. Recha- 
 bites 
 
 Mr. E. J. F. King, Sec. Total 
 Abstinence Society 
 
 Mr. R. A. Beckett, Sec. 
 Temp. Alliance 
 
 Rev. S. Pearce Carey, M.A. 
 
 Mr. J. F. Barter 
 
 Mr. Wm. Halsey 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES COUNCIL 
 
 Chairman, His Grace the 
 Archbishop of Sydney 
 
 Mr. Albert Bruntnell. M.P., 
 Sec. N. S. W. Alliance. 
 
 Rev. D. E. Clouston, D.D., 
 Moderator General Pres- 
 byterian Church of Aus- 
 tralia 
 
 Rev. John Penman, Presi- 
 dent N. S. W. Methodist 
 Conference 
 
 Third and fourth gentlemen 
 ex officio ; successors to 
 be in council. 
 
 Principal A. Harper, St. 
 Andrews College 
 
 Canon Boyce 
 
 Rev. J. A. Cocks 
 
 QO 
 
 Rev. Geo. T. Walden 
 Rev. W. G. Taylor 
 Rev. Robt. B. S. Hammond 
 Mr. G. E. Ardill, Hon. Sec. 
 
 (Address 403 Sussex St.. 
 
 Sydney) 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA COUNCIL 
 Chairman, Sir Frederick 
 
 Holder, M.P., Speaker 
 
 Federal Parliament 
 Hon. Thomas Price, Premier 
 
 S. A. 
 
 Mr. T. W. Fleming 
 Rev. C. H. Nield, Sec. Anti- 
 Gambling League 
 Mr. Joseph Vardon, Pres. 
 
 Y.M.C.A. 
 Mr. R. J. Lavis, Pres. S. S. 
 
 Union 
 
 Mi-. Herbert Philips 
 Mr. J. Delahanty, Sec. 
 
 Temp. Alliance 
 Rev. A. N. Marshall, Hon. 
 
 Sec., address N. Adelaide 
 
 Bureau's Headquarters' Council 
 
 for Eastern Asia, Tokio 
 Bishop M. C. Harris, 
 Hon. Sho Nemoto, M.P. 
 Prof. Shohkichi Hata 
 Rev. T. M. MacNair, D.D. 
 President E. Kamada 
 Hon. Taro Ando, President 
 
 Japan Temperance League 
 Rev. Gilbert Bowles, Sec. of 
 
 Japan Peace Society 
 Mr. J. M. Clinton, Sec. 
 
 Chinese Y. M. C. A. 
 Prof. E. W. Clement 
 Rev. K. Obata 
 Mr. T. Sawaya, C. E. Sec. 
 
 for Japan 
 REV. C. S. EBY, D.D., Dist. 
 
 Sec. 
 
By Rev. WILBUR R CRAFTS, PL D, 
 
 (These books nearly all written or revised in Twentieth Century.) 
 Jl Primer of Internationalism. I2mo., 96 pp. cloth, 35 cts. ; paper, 15 cts. 
 
 Cetters to a Japanese Statesman on Universal morality, (in press.) 
 12mo., 1M> pj>. Cloth, 35 cts. ; paper, 15 cts. 
 
 Patriotic Studies. (New enlarged edition.) 
 
 Octavo, 288 pp. Cloth, 75c. (Abridged edition, 32 pp.. 4 cts.) Gives cream of 
 Reform Arguments in Congress for last 20 years on the Sabbath, temperance, 
 gambling, impurity, Mormonism, divorce, prize fighting, immigration, referendum, 
 election of Senators by the people, etc. This is the book the brewers have attacked 
 harder than any other because of its telling document on beer. Every patriot 
 should put this civic seed into the ploughed ground of recent civic revivals. 
 
 Practical Christian Sociology 
 
 A Series of Lectures at Princeton Seminary. 12mo. Cloth, 512 pp., .$1.50. 
 Fourth thousand. Revised Edition, 1007. 
 
 "It is a bright, incisive, most timely discussion, original in method and fresh 
 in collection of facts. It ought to have universal circulation." Joseph Cook. 
 
 Che march of Christ Down the Centuries 
 
 Historic survey of all Reforms, with Twentieth Century Statistics. 128 pp. 
 Cloth, 25 cts.; paper, 10 cts. Eighth thousand. 
 
 Che Sabbath for man 
 
 12mo., 672 pp. Cloth, $1.50 net. Ninth thousand. "The book outranks all others 
 on this vital theme." Miss Frances E. Willard. 
 
 Che Civil Sabbath 
 
 The Sabbath surveyed from Patriotic and Humanitarian standpoints. Octavo, 
 06 pp. Paper, 15 cts. Fifth thousand. 
 
 Intoxicants and Opium in all Cands and Cimes 
 
 The Temperance Argument, on a World Background. "A perfect mine of informa- 
 tion" (Mrs. Crafts and Misses Mary and Margaret W. Leitch, joint authors). 
 1 2mo, 288 pp. Cloth, 75 cts.; paper, 35 cts. Eighth thousand. (For free distri- 
 bution in orders of dozen or more. Paper, 25 cts. ; cloth, 35 cts.) 
 
 Successful men of Co-day and What Chey Say of Success 
 
 I'.ascd on Replies of 500 Living Men of Eminence as to How They Attained Suc- 
 cess. With Study of Integrity in Business. Illustrated. 12mo., 288 pp. Cloth, $1. 
 New enlarged forty-fifth edition. 
 
 "Terse, vigorous, pleasant . . . calculated to impress young readers. . . . " 
 Inter-Ocean Chicago. 
 Chat Boy and Girl of Vours. (In preparation.) 
 
 Heroes and Holidays 
 
 Five-minute Talks to Boys and Girls on Heroes of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and 
 Acts; also, on all Annual Holidays. Illustrated. 12mo, 474 pp. Cloth, $1.25. 
 "Interesting for mothers to read to their children or for the children them- 
 selves." The. Con</re<i<itionaliftt, Boston. 
 
 Calks to Boys and eirls Jlbout Jesus 
 
 (By Dr. Crafts and others.) Five-minute Sermons to Children on Life of Christ, 
 
 chronologically arranged. 12mo., 377 pp. Cloth, $1 ; paper, 50 ots. Sixth thousand. 
 Plain Uses of the Blackboard 
 
 12mo. Cloth, $1. Eleventh thousand. Many blackboard temperance lessons; also 
 
 on all parts of the Bible. 
 Before the Cost Hrts 
 
 An illustrated lecture on Evidences of God in Nature. 06 pp. Cloth, 25 cts. 
 
 Third thousand. 
 
 Ccce Rex Uester, or the Kingship of Christ in nature, Scripture, History and 
 Reforms. (In preparation.) 
 
 Heal zoth Century Folks, the Reminiscences of a Cheerful Reformer 
 
 ( In preparation.) 
 
 Ceachers' Edition of the Revised Cestament. Cloth, $1.50. First thousand. 
 
 new Cestament Helps 
 
 Svo, (50 pp. Paper, 20 cts. Second thousand. Send for full literature list. 
 
 All books sent, postpaid, to any place in Universal Postal Union on receipt 
 of price. May be paid by international money order or with money of any 
 country, four shillings or five francs or equivalent being received for one 
 dollar/ A shilling for 25 cts., a yen for 50 cts. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU. 3O6 Pennsylvania Ave.. Washington D. C. 
 
 91 
 
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