PITMAN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES c IMP O M P A N I O N BY BENN PIT MAS. a2&U Instttutt, (S-i 1872. These pages contain more than any one Phonographic reporter will ever be likely to need or use, but there is nothing here that will not be gladly adopted by some. A work of this nature should provide for the wants of the two distinct classes who will use it ; namely, those who have good memories and little executive power, and those wno have aptitude and quickness with but moder- ately retentive memories. The former will find it easier to become reporters by storing th'jir memories ; the latter by exercising their fingers. It seems to l>e a general rule that we possess and en- joy only when we have earnel possession : the reporting style of Phonography is no exception. If the student has not mastered the contents of the MANUAL, he will be like- lv to find this took a labyrinth of difficulty ; but if he has earned the right to study the advanced style of this art, by having faithfully mastered the elementary princi- ples, he will find this book a welcome guide in helping him from the corresponding to the reporting style ; a tran- sition that will be a source of delight in proportion to his ability to appreciate what is philosophic, useful, and beautiful. PRELIMINARIES. The proper, because the best instrument for reporting, is a gold pen provided the writer obtains one suited to his hand, and style of writing. Pen and ink are as superior to pencil for reporting as for correspondence : in both cases the reading is as important as the writing. A pencil may be occasionally used for practice, and for actual reporting, when a pen cannot be conveniently employed; as when the writer is obliged to make a desk of his knee, or his hat, or the shoulder of the person in front of him, at a public meeting. One of the best reports of a meeting we ever remember reading, was made in a standing crowd, the reporter having to hold his note book considerably above his head. Most reporters who have had equal opportunities of judg- ing of the relative advantages of pen and pencil, prefer the former. A small glass inkstand, two inches square and one inch high, with large mouth and screw top, will be found most convenient. Smooth paper should never he used with a pencil, nor rough paper with a pen. A pencil of medium hardness and blackness, of the qual- ity of Faber's No. 3, is adapted for Phonographic reporting. For a report of a sermon, three or four pencils should be sharpened. Those who are unaccustomed to drawing will perhaps need to be told, that a pencil is best sharpened by cutting the wood to a long bevel, and rubbing the lead to a point upon a piece of sandstone, or a file. The pencil should be held somewhat more upright for reporting, than for longhand writing, otherwise the point will be liable to be broken off. IlCl'OKTING MATERIALS, KTC. The Phonographer who uses unruled paper, will not be likely to become a very rapid reporter, but he is almost sure to become a careless, straggling writer, covering a great deal of paper with a very few words. Hilled paper is neces- sary to accuracy and speed, and double ruled paper is un- questionably the best. Paper ruled with faint red, rather *han blue lines, is generally preferred. The professional form of the reporter's note book is oblong, like a small music book, and for pencil notes or sermons, written on the knee at church, this form is the best. When a desk or table is used, paper of the usual octavo form is nearly, but not quite so convenient. Whichever kind the reporter prefers, he must of course, fill the entire of one side of his note book first. When it is of oblong shape, he should write only on the lower leaves; when a sqnare form ; s used, he should write only on the right-hand page. When the note book is thus written through, it is turned and the vacant pages filled. Reporting covers, that is, stiff, leather covered cases, with an elastic band stitched in the back, for holding the paper in place, are useful to reporters, and absolutely necessary when notes are taken without the convenience of a desk or table. Portable desks, and port folios, of varied construction, but usually contrived to fasten on the back of a seat or chair, have been sent to us in model or description. Such con trivances are needless, and as far as we know, worthless Fountain pens are equally so. When notes are to be transcribed for the press, and when expedition is as important as accuracy, the following plan presents some advantages. Use post-size paper, (usually about 8 by 1\ inches,) and write the Phonographic notes at the left hand edge of the sheet, filling a column some- what more than two inches wide. On the remaining blank portion of the page, the longhand transcription is made; thft Phonographic strips being separated by a pen knife or scis- sors, before the copy is sent ot the compositor. The prox- REPORTING MATERIALS. imity of the Phonographic notes to the paper on which the longhand transcription is made, is a point of considerable importance. The opinion of Phonographers will probably remain di- vided as to the best method of holding the pen or pencil . The usual method is to hold it at the end of the first and second fingers by a slight pressure of the thumb. The sec- ond method is to allow it to rest between the first and sec- ond fingers as far back as it will go, keeping it in place by a slight pressure of the thumb. In writing longhand, where the strokes incline in a uniform direction, the usual method is doubtless the best ; but in writing Phonography, where lines are struck in all directions, there appears to be a freer action of the muscles of the hand, and less fatigue when a lengthy report is taken, by holding the pen or pencil as here directed. In transcribing notes, where speed and distinctness are more to be considered than beauty of form, this method pre- sents many advantages. The elbow being allowed to rest somewhat apart from the side, the hand and arm are in an easy position, as for sketching, and the body is kept in a more upright position than is usual in writing; while the characters produced, being a kind of back-hand, have a decided advan- tage in point of distinctness. It was probably this consider- ation which led Lord Campbell, Chief Justice of England, to adopt this method of holding the pen in taking notes of evi- dence, by which means he was enabled to follow the business of the scribe without sacrificing the dignity of the Judge. THE KEPOBTING STYLE. In the corresponding style of Phonography, every word that is not a logogram or a contraction, should be vocalized. The insertion of many vowels is impossible when writing the words of a fluent speaker; means are therefore devised in the reporting style, by which almost the legibility of the corresponding style is preserved, without the insertion of more than one vowel in a hundred words. This brevity is attained, primarily, by making every pho- nograph do duty as a logograph, and writing it in three po- sitions. In the corresponding style, two positions are used for vowel signs, half-sized characters, and horizontal signs, namely on and above the line ; and one position only for full-sized upright and sloping characters, namely, on the line. In the reporting style, three positions for all signs are rendered equally distinct' by writing FULL-SIZED, UPRIGHT AND SLOPING CHARACTERS, In the 1st position; just above the line. In the 2nd position ; resting on the line. In the 3rd position ; midway through the line. HORIZONTAL, AND HALF-SIZED CHARACTERS, AND VOWEL SIGNS. In the 1st position; above the line. In the 2nd position ; resting on the line. In the 3rd position; immediately below the line. When double line paper is used, that is, paper ruled with lines somewhat less than one-eighth of an inch apart, and double that distance between the lines of writing and such paper possesses many advantages for the reporter the fol- lowing are the positions to be observed: FOR FULL-SIZED, UPRIGHT, AND SLOPING CHARACTERS, In the 1st position ; through the upper line. In the 2nd position ; between the lines. In the 3rd position ; through the lower line. 9 10 THE REPORTING STYLE. Double-length upright and sloping curves also occupy the same positions, the additional length being added to the end of the curve. FOK HORIZONTAL, HALF-SIZED CHARACTERS, AND VOWEL SIGNS. In the 1st position ; immediately below the upper line. In the 2nd position; resting on the lower line. In the 3rd position ; immediately below the lower line. The lower line of double ruled paper corresponds with the one line of single ruled paper. All printed Phonography is supposed to be written on a single line real or imagina- ry ; hence the dotted line, when it is shown, corresponds with the one line of single ruled paper, and to the lower line of double ruled paper. The position a word should occupy is determined by its accented or leading vowel. Words that contain first place vowels are written in the first position; words containing second place vowels are written in the second position ; and words containing third place vowels are written in the third position. When a word is not located in accordance with these rules and examples will be occasionally found in the fol- lowing tables and exercises it is, first, Because some other word, containing a similar vowel, and of more frequent occurrence, has a prior claim to the posi- tion ; or, secondly, Because a word containing two or more consonants is usually distinct enough in outline to be written in the sec- ond position the most convenient to the writer regard- less of its accented vowel; or, thirdly, Because when an outline occupies the entire depth of the line of writing, or runs above or below, and is not used for any other word, nothing is gained by writing it in any other than in the second position, irrespective of its leading vowel. As for example, Physician, nothing, being, custom, desire, month, bring. 11 PHRASEOGRAPHY Or the joining of two or more words into a phraseograph, without lifting the pen from the paper, is a method of ab- breviation at once time-saying, convenient and beautiful. This principle can be carried to any extent within the bounds of distinctness and convenience. To make combina- tions in which the distinctive feature of one or more of the joined words is sacrificed, would occasion illegibility. To combine words that join awkwardly, or to make phrases of in- convenient length, would be a loss instead of a gain in speed. The course of Exercises commenced on the next page, will, if correctly read and repeatedly copied, conduct the student to the briefest style of phonographic writing. They are so arranged as to begin with the corresponding style, using it in reporting fashion, and leading on, step by step, to the utmost brevity compatible with legibility. The general rule to be observed with respect to the posi- tion of a phraseograph, is, for the first word to occupy its proper position, and for the joined words to accommodate themselves to the position of the first ; but, When the legibility of the second word in the phraseo- graph depends upon its proper position being retained, the first word must accommodate itself to the position of the second. When / is joined to other words, it may, without danger of illegibility, be abbreviated to the first or second stroke of the sign ; the first half being always written downwards, and the second always upwards. See next page; but, When / precedes the stroke s or z, as in / say, I was, it is best to 'write it in full, also when i is joined to outlines, as in item, ideal, etc. The student is advised, first, to read a page of the en- graved exercises, next to copy it, then to write it from dic- tation, and lastly to read over his own writing. No more special direction can be given as to the amount of practice which the student should give to reading and writing, be- yond the very safe one, that he should exercise himself most in that which he finds most difficult. 12 PHRASEOGRAPH Y. JOINED You. 1. You may, you can, you must, you will, you are, you will be, you will have, you will do, you will have been. 2. You may have, you must be, you must have, you must not, you must not be, you must not have, you can be, you can have. JOINED WE. 3. We have, we have no, we have been, we have done, we have said, we have seen, we do, we think, we think so, we think you. 4. We think that, we think you may, we think you will, we think you are, we think you must, we shall, we shall be, we shall have, we shall not, we shall not have. 5. We shall not be, we shall not think you, we fear, we fear you are, we fear you will, we fear you will be, we fear you must, we fear you must be, we find. JOINED I. 6. I have, I have no, I have been, I have done, I have said, I have seen them, I have known. I have just, I have taken, I shall, I shall be. 7. I shall have, I shall not, I shall not have, I shall not be, I think, I think yr. I think so, I think that, I think you, I think you are, I think you will. 8. I think you may, I think you must, I think you must be, I think you must have, I will, I will be, I will have, I will do, I will try. 9. I am, I am sure, I am very, I am very sure, I am glad, I am very glad, I am sorry, I am very sorry, I am inclined. 10. I do, I fear, I fear yoa are, I fear you will, I fear you will have, I fear you will be, I fear you may, I fear you must, I fear you must not. 11. I must, I must be, I must have, I must not, I must not have, I must not be, I find, I understand, I understood. JOINED Is. 12. It is, that is, in his, for his, it is not, tell his, think his, there is, when is, this is, it is his, of his, to his, all his. 13. On his, should his, (struck upward) ; who is, is not, is sent, is this, is then, is done, is said, is safe, is seen, is his, is such. JOINED Us. The reporter may, without danger of illegi- bility, use the joined circle for us, as well as is-hts. 14. Tell us, tell us his, defend us, let us, save us, think us, take us, takes us, send us, love us, loves us. V^ N W 1 I ... < ^.. v, L ^ *LS9 ; ^ ^ ?r. U b b UP 18 v, "C -V. ^f ^ so >o I o I _ D 14 PURASKOGRAPHY. JOINED As-HAS. 1. Has been, it has been, has done, it has done, as for, has not, as well, as well as, as soon as, as long as, as has, as has been. 2. As good as, as far as, such as, such has been, such as would, such as can, there has not been, it has not been, this has not taken, nothing has been. JOINED A-AN-AND. 3. In a, when a, for a, that a, send a, was a, till a, then a, into a, can a, it is a. 4. Does a, just a, against a, this is a, of a, all a, to a, or a, already a, but a, before a, on a, ought a, should a, who a, is a, as a. INITIAL A-AN-AND. 5. And that, and for, and generally, and do you, and have you, and where, and this, and this is a, and then a, and when a, and accordingly, and is, and as. JOINED THE. 6. For the, when the, then the, accordingly the, whatever the, upon the, above the, where the, which the, gave the, was the, can the. 7. It is the, this is the, against the, of the, all the, to the, or the, already the, but the, before the, on the, ought the, should the, who the, is the, as the, his is the, as is the. JOINED HE. [There is no danger of he clashing with the.'] 8. When he was, for he would, does he, thinks he can, thinks he would, then he, as long as he, for he was the, since he, as soon as he, is he, as he. INITIAL HE. [Always written downward.] 9. He was, he went, he wont, he must be, he might, he will, he has been, he has done, he would, he should, he would have, he should be, he is, he has. DOUBLE CURVE, adding their-there. 10. Save their, love their, writing their, between their, sending their, saving their, loving their. Jl. When there shall be, for there is not, whenever there is the, so there is to be, was there any thing, I think there is, I am sure there is, are there as ma- ny, will there be. 12. Sign their petition, receive their sanction, serve their masters, finish their business, furnish their room. DOUBLE CURVE, adding ter-der. 13. Defender of his, sur- render his post, render account, wonder who would, you are entirely, have the matter. 14. Enter his service, squander his substance, murder his reputation, it matters little, copy his letters, wander about ? S f < *, ^rl ,0 ( C~- v za jo o v ^y x ...I. Q_/> ^-\ I , , L ^" V i /^\ ^ -* ^-^ ^ ^^ ^ ' V^ 16 PHRASKOORAl'HY. PHRASES IN THE FIKST POSITION 1. If you, if you will, if you are, if we were, if you can, if this, if your, by it, by which, by the way, each other. 2. I will, I will never, I will do, I am certain, I am glad, in all cases, when I am, when he must, if we. 3. In order that, in order to, I can, I cannot, of course, that is, if it is, if it were, if it is not, in the midst, in a moment. PHRASES IN THE SECOND POSITION. 4. When they were, when all this, in which the, in all its, in all their, all the way, in which case, of course it must be, I suppose that the, I suppose it is. 5. They must be, till you can, several in- stances, it may require, there can never, in all such cases, in all they, give them the, do you mean to. 6. After that, without it, without such, great advantage, sent them, send it, as soon as they were, can be made, one of them, let us have, let us consider. PHRASES IN THE THIRD POSITION. 7. At the, had the, du- ring the, had you made, at such, to be sure, to be there, I hope you will, I hope you can, other reasons, few persons. 8. Though you may, though you will, though you are, those who are, in much the, not to be made, however you may, how- ever you will, our reasons. 9. Human heart, human kind, whom you may, whom you are, viewed it, used it, had it settled, about it, about the, put it, put them, young man-men. PHRASES in which the joined words accommodate them- selves to the position of the FIRST. 10. It is important, it is impossible, you will understand, I am glad, of many of them, to many of them, of such, to such, of which you are, "to which you are. 1*1. If this, if this is the, there is no- thing, if it is necessary, if they were, if you are, to some extent, of some extent, of something, to something. 12. At such, though you may, of your, to your, was not so, it is said, it is not so, must do, must not be, let us proceed. PHRASES in which the joined words accommodate them- telves to the position of the SECOND. 13. In each, in which, in much, of these, of this, of those, of either, of their, of other, I did not, I do not, I had not. 14. Give these give this, give those, and if, and for, and few, as these, etc. r ^ 1-' s. C C REPORTING ABBREVIATIONS. TRIPLE-SIZED CCRVES may be occasionally used without dan- ger of illegibility. 1. Surrender their posts, squander their substance, render their accounts, further their interests, whether there are, whether their means. 2. Smother their friends, slaughter their foes, enter their protest, center their energies, feather their nests, murder their reputation. OWN represented by the final N hook. 3. Their own, your own, have their own, save their own, further their own, when their own, murder their own, know their own, was their own. WE- WITH, represented by the initial W hook. 4. We will, we will not, we are, we are in, we are not, we may, we may as well, we must leave, we mean-to, we mean to have, we mean to be. 5. We must be, we must have, we must try, we might, we might as well, we might not, we met, we meant-to, we meant to have, we meant to be, we may not, we may not have. 6. With me-my, with my permis- sion, with my reasons, with him, with him you may, with with him you will, with whom, with whom you must, with whom you meant, with whom you are. IH-UN, represented by an initial backward N hook. 7. Inspi- ration, inconsiderate, in consideration, insulting, insolvency, insecurity, unseasoned, unseasonable, unseemly, unscrupulous. 8. In some cases, in as many as possible, in some pursuits, in seeming, in something, in slandering, in slaughtering, in smothering. IT expressed by halving the final (straight) consonant of a word. 9. Take it, took it, fetch it, write it, make it, knock it, preach it, approach it, at it, had it OF THE, indicated by writing the words between which the phrase occurs closer than usual. 1 0. Remarks of the speak- er, head of the department, subject of the speech, rep-esent- ation of the language, inventor of the alphabet, meaning of the Constitution, letters of the Tribune, civilization of the people. 11. Wealth of the nation, industry of the people, speech of the President, translation of the Scriptures, height of the tower, music of the spheres, beauty of the scene, etc. 19 (* cvctse. -v- REPORTING) ABBREVIATIONS. ' COM, CON, COG, indicated by writing the remainder of the word or phrase nearly close to, and, when convenient, somewhat below the preceding syllable or word. 1. In comparison, incom- plete, I will not complain, I will contrive, does not contain, receive his consent, does not contend, all such contentions, I will not discomfort them. 2. Their misconduct, do you accompany them, in all his complaints, is uncontrolled, we are recommended, I will not condescend, you must contra- dict, need not discompose yourself. LB, RL, ML, NL, represented by large initial hook signs. 3. Learn, learned, learner, learned, color, cooler, gallery, roller, intolerable. 4. Real-ly, rely, rail, rule, relative, relation, re- lented, relinquish, girl, pearl. 5. Family, enamel, melan- choly, million, camel, promulgate, promulgation. 6. Only, this only, journal, Phrenology, chronology, Colonel, funnel, tunnel, cannel. HP sign, also represents in reporting style, MB, in Phraseoyra- phy MAY BE. 7. Amoition, ambitious, imbecile, embellish, perambulate, it may be ready, it may be as well, you may be right, you may be wrong. 8. May be considered, may be made, there may be some difficulty, there may be little, which may be likely, with which it may be received, they may be certain, they may be required. WE MAY BE, used only in Phraseoaraphy. 9. We may be able, we may be able to, we may be required, we may be addressed, we may be governed, we may be gratified, we may be greatly, we may be found, we may be chosen. 10. We may be charged, we may be certain, we may be quite sure, we may be tried, we may be present, we may be per- sonal-ly, we may be considered, we may be thrown. M-PER, M-BER, represented by a double-length MP-MB. 11. Timber, lumber, chamber, cumber, September, Humber, etc. N-KER, N-GER, represented by a double-length NG. 12. An- chor, rancor, anger, finger, stronger, longer, longer than. MKXTAL, represented by a disjoined MENT. 13. Instrument*!. or instrumentality, ornamental, monumental, etc. FROM TO. 14. From time 'o time, from day to day, from hour to hour, from place to place, from year to year, etc. KL C c C 21 L-> c O \ \^~^A 22 REPORTING ABBREVIATIONS. TERMINATION BLE-BLY-BILITY, represented by a joined B u-hen BL would be inconvenient. 1. Admissible, attainable, tenable, irrascible, impassable, sensible-ility, expansible-ility, incom- prehensible-ility, accessible-ility. To, occasionally omitted in Phraseography. 2. Mean to be, we mean to have, we meant to be, according to all the, said to have, js said to have, in relation-to-the, with respect-to-the, in referring-to-the, in reference-to-the. [The vowel sign for to is written when it can be conveniently joined.] 3. To him, to make, to come, to have, to represent, to write, to render, to leave, to some extent, to mention. OF, OF THE, occasionally omitted in Phraseographs. 4. Church of God, Church of Christ, kingdom of heaven, word of God, words of my text, Son of God, prttnt of view, point of fact, House of Representatives, member of Congress. 5. Houses of Parliament, world of fashion, members of Parliament, Secretary of the Treasury, circumstances of the case, one of the most, liberty of the people, liberty of the press, Consti- tution of the United Stat?s, President of the United States. OMISSION of unimportant words in Phraseographs. 6. On the contrary, in the world, for the sake of, more or less, on the one hand, on the other hand, on either hand, in the first place, in the second place, in the next place, in the last place. PREFIXES AND AFFIXES occasionally joined. 1. Introduce, in- troduced, interfere, interest, entertain, entertained, interpret, intercourse, therefore, undertake, interchange, selfish. VOCALIZED WORDS. The following words will be illegible if left unvocalized. 8. Idea, item, identified, wide, wife, ice, eyes, highest, now, new. 9. Endowed, occupy, occupied, suit, else; seat, site, (when used for city.) Obey, era, area, (Write one or both vowels ; if one only, the latter.) FIGURES. Write the Arabic figures for numbers, except one, two, three, ten, twelve. Write the value of noughts in Phonography. See line 10. 1, 2, 3, 10, 12. 24,000, 2,- 000,000, 13,000,000, 17,000, 146,000,000, $18,000,000. SCRIPTURE REFERENCES. Write the book in the first posi- tion, the chapter in the second, and the verve in the third. x f r r s c . > e e v /" 3 2. la/ V ^ 2.. J 9 ^ X ^.- ^N- //../... /J 'S / > 24 REPORTING ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. IT, expressed by halving a logograph. 1. Is it, as it, of it have it, give it, gave it, over it, from it, if it, wish it, when it, think it, upon it. 2. Above it, till it, until it, which it, which will it, had it or had had, there it, has had it, etc. EXCEPTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS. For contractions not numerous enough for classification, see VOCABULARY. 3. Nevertheless, not- withstanding, temperance society, Weslejan Society, in rela- tion to-the, in regard to-the, in respect to-the, in referring to-the, in reference to-the. 4. With respect to-the, with refer- ence to-the, with regard to-the, posterity, Indian Territory, identical, infinite, kingdom of God, kingdom of Christ. 5. Before hand, whensoever, wheresoever, onward, the first thing, the first subject, the first po sition, the first and second, etc. DIRECTION OP THE STROKE VOWELS on. should ; he. It has heretofore been optional with the reporter to strike on and should upward or downward. It is better to make it a rule to write both of these vowel signs in an upward direction, whether standing alone or joined. By observing this rule, on will never clash with he ; and he, which is uniformly written downward, may, without danger of illegibility, be allowed to stand alone, by making it somewhat more ap- right, like ch; and on, a little more slanting, like the up- ward r. There is little danger of on clashing with /. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS, containing the same conso- nants, are distinguished either by a difference of position, or of outline. 6. Moral, immoral; mortal, immortal; material, im- material; resistible, irresistible; legal, illegal; religion, ir- religion. WORDS containing the same consonants and the same position vowels, but of unlike meaning, are distinguished by a difference of outline. 7. God, guide ; greatly, gradually ; desolate, dis- solute ; agen'., gentlemen ; cost, caused ; ruined, renewed, etc. UNLIKE WORDS, written with the same outline, are rendered sufficiently distinct by a difference of position. 10. Migrate, em- igrate; amiable, humble: amazement, amusement; women, woman ; ne-' Hess, endless ; stable, suitable ; anybody, no- body ; epistle, apostle ; opposition, position, possession ; prove, approve; indicted, indebted, undoubted; utterly, truly, etc. 25 \ V -z/ --f v -, r 11 Xj u i^ , u , w_v-f^^v 26 PHRASEOGRAPH Y. When the student begins to join words into phrases, he will not at first realize their importance in the attainment of speed; because the thought and time which he yet has to expend in recalling the forms of words, will be increased by the effort to unite them into phrases. This additional thought, however, is only incidental to the student's initia- tory practice. To the advanced Phonographer, who writes from habit, without any perceptible effort oT thought, and therefore without any perceptible loss of time in recalling the forms of words, the saving of time effected by not lift- ing the pen from the paper, is nearly one-half of that which would be needed to write the words separately. OJrtitnc; HSitrttSt. 1 That which you may desire to do is not necessarily that which is best to be done. 2 We have known several instances in which their intentions and desires have been misunderstood. 3 You must be willing to admit your errors, whether you are inclined or not. 4 We have seen all the paintings on exhibition, and we think many of them are excellent. 5 When it is your determina- tion to leave, you must be sure to let me know. 6 We fear you will be so much interested that you may forget your more important duties. 7 We have seen nothing in the way of painting that could for a moment be compared with it. 8 You must always endeavor to behave in this manner to- wards one another. 9 There are several instances in which you may perceive that you are evidently in the wrong. 10 We think you will find that there are as many persons present as can be comfortably seated. 11 It is manifest that his intention has been frustrated, and who would not be glad that it has been? 12 When all that can be said in its favor is considered, you will determine its worth. 13 You may prevent him making mischief when it is your interest and disposition to do so. 14 You may tell them that we shall be sure to be there sometime before they return. 15 You will be sure to be told when it is necessary that yon should know what it is. J 27 J 12 T > u r s r C "7 b r i U 28 REPORTING PRACTICE. The size of the writing in these exercises is larger than the advanced Phonographer is recommended to adopt; but it is not larger than should be used during the first two months of the student's practice. Xo exact size can be recommended as a standard for all writers. That size which woifld be best for a neat and pre- cise writer, would be found to be a check upon the speed of a naturally quick and somewhat careless penman. The student who writes a precise longhand, will find these ex- ercises may be advantageously reduced one-third in size af- ter two months' practice; while free, easy, and careless writers, will find it to their advantage, both for the attain- ment of speed, and ease in deciphering their notes, to write nearly as large as the exercises here given. (Ltlritincj 3imise. 1. All that you ordered you will be likely to receive this day, or to-morrow most certainly. 2. There are many persons in this city who would be glad to undertake it in a moment. 3. You will find that all that is necessary to be done has been already attended to. 4. There is nothing more you can do for them, so you may as well go. 5. You must always do that which in your best judgment is best to be done. 6. You must surely know that your behavior for the most part has been inexcusable. 7. There is much that you will be sure to be told as soon as your friends return. 8. Did you mention to me that it was your intention to prevent the nuisance 1 9. It is not that which seems most likely that is to be received without some examination. 10. We have told him that from this time it must not be depended upon for anything. 11. We fear you will be likely to promise more than you can possibly do. 12. You will most likely be very much inter- ested in all that takes place. 13. Many of those who were the first to promise cannot be relied upon in time of need. 14. That which is worth doing you will certainly admit is worth doing well. 15. We have seen them several times, and we have known their family to some extent. 29 ') r n ,sr c o cj r a u 1) jj . _j> O^ -, 7 -V r ^ u X 30 DNVOCALIZEU PHONOGRAPHY. The Phonographer should, from the commencement of his practice, familiarize himself with the outlines of words, that is, consonant outlines left unvocalized. There is not time in reporting to insert any but necessary vowels, and these very seldom occur. To the practiced Phonographer, a large por- tion of the words of the language are as familiar without as with vowels. The words succeed, acquaintance, excellent, occur- ring in the second and third lines on the opposite page, are examples. The contraction Hon. for Honorable, when we are once familiar with it, is as easily read as would be the word in full; and when Dr., which means either Doctor or Debtor, is employed, we know by the connection in which it is used, what it is intended to indicate. So when a Phonographic sign is employed to represent two words, its connection, with equal certainty, determines its meaning. OUritt'ng -BuntSt. ! I am sure you will find it to your advantage to listen attentively to his advice. 2. When I am inclined I shall be likely to succeed in all that I undertake. 3. I am glad you have made his acquaintance just now, for he is an excellent man. 4. I am certain I shall never suc- ceed in this work without your help. 5. I dare say I shall have abundant reason to regret many things I have said. 6. I need scarcely tell you that I cannot sanction such a foolish attempt. 7. I suppose I am entitled to as many as I have already received. 8. I know that you will take care of their property, and I will ask nothing more. 9. I fear you will be greatly fatigued, and I beg you will return as soon as possible. 10. I will let them know that I must not be trifled with in this manner. 11. I have done all I can to further the interests of that association. 12. I am certain that you are needed, and I think you may as well go there immediately. 13. I have always observed it. but I have never mentioned it before. 14. I understood it was his dis- covery, but I cannot credit it. 15. I must prevent a repeti- tion of such scenes, for I think them disgraceful. A ^^^-1 7 No J 4T- -) 3) L > c K 32 THE LIMIT OF INACCURACY. The legibility of Phonography is admitted by all who are acquainted with it, but the legibility of the student's phonogra- phy depends upon himself. Words, Phonograph ically expressed are readily deciphered when the written signs are more like what they are intended for, than they are like anything else : this must be the limit of the student's carelessness. The writer will soon become familiar with his own particular style of inaccuracy, but the nearer he approaches the stand- ard forms of words, the greater will be the ease with which his writing will be deciphered by others. A neat and pre- cise style should be the ever present aim of the student. dUrittrtjj jGimtJ&l. 1. When a man does not know that he is in the wrong he is not to be blamed. 2. You will be certain to receive them, for he was engaged all day in fin- ishing them. 3. He has intimated that he is not inclined to listen to any such proposals from that quarter. 4. He could not answer more than he understood, and that, certainly, was little enough. 5. He wisely considered that the best thing to be done was to trouble them with It no more. 6. He must know that the only consideration he is entitled to, is that which his birth bestows. 7. He went away as soon as it was discovered that he was nothing more than a design- ing trickster. 8. He surely is not in earnest, for he must know that he is not advancing the interests of his friends. 9. He told them that in less than a year he would most likely be on the way to Mexico. 10. He has not finished his lessons, therefore he must not think of returning with them. 11. He has never said that he has given them or any one else permission to obtain them. 12. He is in a most critical position, and he may find it difficult to get relief. 13. You will be pleased to learn that he has reminded them that he is not to be imposed upon. 14. He has not entertained a very good opinion of them since he was admitted a member. 1 5. He must not be blamed, for he meant to behave towards them better than they dessrved. ra*to$rtfp$$* y ' n c, 3 \ ^ , Lo V- y^ $ ^-3 h 34 LINES, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL. Theoretically, every line employed in Phonography is a right line, or an arc of some circle. Practically, all light lines become, to the fluent writer, portions of ellipses. The most rapid continuous line that can be described, is a flat- tened ellipse. The swiftest motions of a skilled penman, or the beautiful lines described by a dog's paw, as he scratches his ear, seem to be governed by the same law that deter- mines the orbits of the heavenly bodies. The greater the velocity, the flatter the arc. This law is referred to, only that the student may be cautioned not to permit his right lines to become perceptible curves, and to induce him to strive for accuracy of outline in other respects. SStrttt'njj "Kimijeft. 1. When he was examining into their claims he' went into the minutest details with them. 2. Ho is the best gymnast we have seen, and there are many ex- cellent ones in this city. 3. As soon as you are ready vou will have to tell him, for he knows nothing of it 4. In all such cases he determined that he would not be imposed upon more than once. 5. He may as well leave, for he is not likely to have a better opportunity this season. 6. In this he was most conscientious, for he remained there several days without any remuneration. 7. When he was in the army he was noted for his judgment and discipline. 8. You will perceive that he gave many of them some most judicious advice. 9. When he was recently in conversation with them he forbade all mention of it. 10. There are many better rea- sons for this course which he is not inclined to explain. 11. When he was arranging their expedition he counselled them against it. 12. He must not have his energies dis- tracted, or he will be sure to be beaten. 13. You must recollect that what he thinks he can do, he is most likely to succeed in. 14. He is sure to prevent it when he knows something of their abominable antecedents. 15. It is a cus- tom which he intends to abolish as soon as it has been properly discussed. Stustogrttjt^j, j? x y/r. 3 ^ 4 ^O 1 -o ^-/ ~\ ^\ 11 ) V < ^J 1 C / > , 5 36 METHOD OF PRACTICE. After the corresponding style is mastered, t'_:f student is recommended to take one page of reporting pit-ctice at a time, which should first be carefully rea \, to ascertain if every principle of abbreviation introduced is thoroughly un- derstood. The page should then be read several times, so that the eye may become familiarized with the words, for only when the forms of words are familiar, like the faces of our friends, should the student commence to write them. When the words can be traced with some degree of ease and speed, the student should write from dictation, and the same page may be advantageously written ten to twenty times. dUrittnjg JSltrttSt. 1. It is true we might have given it our consideration, but we are inclined to think it is bet- ter to leave it ag it is. 2. It is possible we may not under- stand each other on this point, we must therefore try to be somewhat more explicit. 3. We will not undeceive you just now, but we may mention that your interests will not be forgotten. 4. We did not think you would be willing to acknowledge that your counsels led us to this dreadful ca- tastrophe. 5. We must be willing to render them assistance, for we may be liable to such accidents ourselves. 6. Al- though we may not be able to realize all that we desire, we mean to do all that we possibly can. 7. We will listen to anything you may suggest, but we will not promise to comply. 8. We have told you several times that we must not remain when there is nothing more for us to do. 9. We may wonder at his success, but we will not discourage him in his attempts. 10. We will not inconvenience you just now, and there is no necessity for you to further insist. 11. If we are assured that he will be willing to comply, we will not press our claims. 12. It is no wonder that he should be defeated when so few are devoted to his interests. 13. We are not certain of its fulfilment, for we dare not re- ly upon his promise. 14. We will consider, for we must be sure of our undertaking before we think of hazarding, ete. rffv ^ V. f \ > ( 37 C i U i, v_ U 38 WRITING PRACTICE. It is a waste of time for the student to attempt to write rapidly before he can write well. The difficulty of reading badly-written Phonography, more than counterbalances the speed acquired at the expense of distinctness. The word to he written should be perfectly familiar to the student, that is, its outline should be a picture in the mind's eye, which m:iy be recalled without any apparent reflection. When this is the case, the student may write as fast as he can, to write well, and every hour's practice will increase his speed. (Ulntinij Bicrnst. It will not be your fault if you do not succeed, but till you fail I will not believe that you can. 2. You must not think that 1 will not agree to it when it is fairly brought before the house. 3. We are not disposed to act upon your suggestion till it is better understood and appreciated. 4. I fear you will not obtain his permission, if he cannot get the record in time. 5. If I am not able to succeed, I do not wish it to be considered a matter of re- gret. 6. Were it not for this decision on their part, I have not the slightest doubt we might succeed. 7. If it be not already secured I cannot obtain it till the council is re- organized. 8. We are not liable to prosecution if it is not brought before the House this session. 9. I did not observe till it was too late, that they were not sufficiently protected for such a journey. 10. It would have been better if such as are not accustomed to the drill had been dismissed at once. 11. I do not know the road sufficiently well to be sure, but 1 think such will not be our fate. 12. It would not have occurred had it not been for this most foolish and troublesome discovery of theirs. 13. I have not received the result of their most recent statistics, but I think it will not be likely to present an increase. 14. If it were not for this, the craftiest trick of all, their discomfiture would be certain and immediate. 15. I will not intentionally mis- represent them, but I do not think we are right in admit- ting- them. 89 a s f o 5 r a 11 'i ri . - J^ ..,, ^ & -V- v X^j .-. v -f d 4 -Vr f> -^ 7 (^ ^ l"" ^ |(i ... ^ \ L "V x d r\ %--> ^ , ^2. V ) - t ^ y ^-1 V t* . Va D T ! -ix;- ^ x; K f" : 'i /i P / -< ix^ 1, 7 X] ^ v , L \ ..^.... , x i ,u--" ^ i V ,6" ^ X- P "L A5" ^ L x N !) JX3 ^ ~^> ^l ' $ I C 40 UNVOCALIZED PHONOGRAPHY. The student's 6rst attempts to read unvocalized Phonog- raphy will not be unattended with difficulty ; but when a page, like the opposite and a more difficult one could not well he selected has been read several Units, and the stu- dent discovers as he will be sure to do sooner or later that each outline has its own distinctive peculiarity, which, when once known, makes it almost as legible without vow- els as with them, he will be encouraged in his attempts to fix in his mind's eye all the common words of the language, so that the outline will as readily recall the word as the fully vocalized form. 1. You must certainly call some other day, when there is more to be seen and done. 2. 1 know there is no necessity for this alarm, but whether you will receive their dispatch I cannot say. 3. Whenever there is a sign of dissension, the people, knowing their rights, will value their privileges. 4. I think there is one Senator who will not be likely to regret the passage of this bill, even at this unseasonable hour. 5. So there is to be an exhibition to-morrow: I am sure there will be many who will be glad to know it. 6. Whenever there is the least excitement, men leave their business and wonder with the rest. 7. I think that rather than submit to such dictation, the people would rather revolt. 8. I shall value their instructions, for I have the highest opinion of their intelligence and worth. 9. Whenever there is a disturbance you may be sure there will be sufficient force to preserve us from harm. 10. We mean to follow their directions to the letter, for there may be some difficulty in the matter. 11. I think there is no par- ticular hurry, as there is nothing that can be done till the chairman arrives. 12. I have their confession it) their own words, and I think there is no necessity for further super- vision. 13. If there were better reporters employed, we might have their speeches fully reported. 14. I think there will be little difficulty for you will be sure to have., ztc. o c$ra i jjii. I J , 42 READING PRACTICE. While practice, both in reading and writing, is necessary to make a reporter, it is found that the relative amount of each needed to gain proficiency, greatly varies in different persons. To read Phonography easily, like the ability to read common print without faltering, or to spell well, de- pends, in a great measure, upon a person's organization. Those who are gifted with the memory of sight, that is, seeing a thing once and remembering it, make good readers of Pho- nography, unfaltering readers of common print, and good spellers. Those in whom this faculty is imperfectly devel- oped, will need to devote almost as much time to reading, as to writing Phonography. SSritincj jBitrtist. 1. It is difficult to understand our own ignorance, for it requires knowledge to perceive it. 2. It has been wisely said that our differences of opinion lessen as we approach the grave. 3. If the wise and the good do not love you, it is not your misfortune, but your fault. 4. It is difficult for the rich to be humble, and it is impossible for the proud to be wise. 5. There are several substitutes for temperance and exercise, but there is nothing so good as the things themselves. 6. It is better to be a tortoise on the right track than a racer on the wrong. 7. Be at all times trustful and patient, for truth and virtue can never die. 8. He who never changed any of his opin- ions, never corrected any of his mistakes. 9. One thing at a time, and that done well, is an excellent rule, as many can tell. 10. He is a wise man who labors for that wealth that comes with a contented mind. 11. To mistake difficul- ties for impossibilities, may determine whether you will suc- ceed or not. 12. If a man cultivates a spirit of kindness, he is sure to win affection and esteem. 13. To admit that we. have been in the wrong is a proof that we are wiser than we were. 14. If you would have your business prop- erly done, you must attend to it yourself. 15. Do all the good you can ; you will find your own good in so doing. v, - x. n y c 43 * / V L, "rf ) I 44 GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS. The principles of Phonography and the methods of abbre- viation explained in the Manual, and in tin: preceding pages of this work, will enable the student to express all the words of the language with exceeding brevity, and yet wt>i a distinctness that will leave no room for hesitancy in read- ing. Many of the abbreviations which will be found in th? Vocabulary, depend for their legibility upon the connection in which a word is used, and upon our assumed acquain- tance with the language, and the customary forms of speech. When we learned that we must not say a oblong book art hobbling gait, we also learned that nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, performed certain specific duties in the verbal expression of thought, and that a distinct terminology was for the most part assigned to each class of words. Our habitual speech is assumed to be the recognition and prac- tice of these laws. If, in the phrases, "it is our interest to do so," "I was greatly interested," "I shall interest you," "it was an interesting performance," the italicised words were indicated by the same mark, any one who used our language as " to the manner born," would not hesitate in reading the sentence correctly. The form of the present and past tenses of many verbs, in like manner, cannot be interchanged: when there is a pos- sibility of doing so, and where it would lead to confusion, different signs are provided, and in no case are primitives and derivatives represented by the same sign, unless there is a certainty that the intended word would be understood. Happily, there is no abiding necessity for all the abbrevi- ations here provided, but it is a great convenience to the reporter to have them at his fingers' ends, ready for use, when an unusual burst of feeling fires the speaker's heart, and loosens his tongue, and his words flow with unwonted fluency. It is then that the amazing resources of the Pho- nographic art, and its adaptability to the most rapid utter- ance, are aa surprising to the reporter, as the philosophy, and rigid accuracy of the corresponding style, were once a satisfaction and delight to the learner. \o \ So 45 EEPOETIXG LOGOGEAMS. P 1 AVeep 2 up 3 hope, happy, ( in law ) party 1 Comply 2 people-d 3 apply [ "N^, 3 practiced 1 Appear 2 principle-al-ly 3 practice, practical-ly 2 Upon, open 3 happen, punish-ed-ment 2 Poverty 3 hope to have 1 Option 2 compassion 3 passion 2 Complain 3 plan ;^ 1 completion 1 Perfect-ed 2 proof, prove 3 approve-al 1 Perfection 2 operation 3 oppression 1 Speak, speech, spoke 2 special \ 1 spoken 2 Suspension V^ 2 suspense 2 Suspicion 1 Pence 2 pays, oppose 3 pass, hopes I 2 Possess S NO possessed x xj / possessor Xp possessive 1 Weepest 2 post 3 passed, past, happiest 1 Compliance 2 complains 3 appliance, plans 2 Spiritual-ity X Y-^ spiritualism 1 Express 3 suppress 2 surprise 1 Expressed 2 s irprised 3 suppressed 1 Expression 2 separation 3 suppression 2 Experience ^^ 2 experienced 2 Inexperience, in (the) experience, c \ ) inexperienced 46 1 Opposition, 2 position 3 possession 3 Put 1 Complete, complied 3 applied 1 Particular-ly, appeared, pride 2 opportunity 3 proud 1 Point 2 opened, upon it 3 happened 1 Plaintiff 2 complaint, complained 3 plant, planned 1 Profit-ed-able 2 proved 3 approved 2 Suspend 1 Spirit 2 spread v | 1 By 2 be, object 3 to be objective 2 Belief, believe 1 Child, which will it 7 1 Cheered 2 charity <^ charitable-bly 50 REPORTIKG LOGOGRAMS. (/ 1 Which ought not 2 which not 3 which wd not, which had not 1 Which ought to have had 2 which have had 3 which 1 Which will not [would have had J 2 Which are not 3 which were not 1 Such ought 3 such had, such would 1 Such ought not 3 such would not, such had not f 1 Such ought to have had 2 such have had, 3 such 2 Such will have had [would have had 2 Such will not 1 Joy "2 advantage, Jesus 3 large, Jew /> 2 Angel _ angelic ^archangel 3 evangelic 2 Danger % dangers-ous 3 larger, jury (sometimes t, ) 1 Religion, -join 2 general-ly 3 imagine-ary-ation 2 Jehovah 2 Generation f degeneration / regeneration / 1 Religous, joys 2 advantages 3 Jewg , 2 Just 3 largest c/ 2 Generals, generalize 1 Religionist 2 generalized / 3 generalization 2 Justification 3 Evangelize 2 Jurisdiction 1 Gentlemen 2 gentleman 3 imagined RETORTING LOGOGRAMS. 51 K 1 Kingdom, common /^"commonly 2 come, country 1 Call, equal-ly - ^ equalization 2 difficult-y 1 Christian-ity 2 care, occur t u occurrence 3 cure 1 Coin 2 can 1 Caution-ed 2 occasion-ed 3 action 1 Call forth 3 Conclusion >, 3 seclusion 1 Creation c^ 1 creative, 2 careful 1 Skill 2 scale 3 school 1 Scripture-al. descrihe-d 3 secure CT 3 security 1 Because, kingdoms 2 comes, countries 3 accuse 1 Commonest, cost 2 coast 3 cast 1 Descriptive cr ' 1 description 1 Consequential a -o 1 consequence ^ consequent I Inscribe-d ( e 5 inscription ) 3 insecure 1 Acquisition 2 accession 3 accusation I Quite 2 could 3 act ^ 1 cannot 2 account 1 Called, equalled 2 cold 3 conclude-d 1 Creature 2 court, cared, occurred, 3 cured, accurate 1 Client '""^ my client e-, his client ^ their client 1 Secret 2 sacred 3 secured "."" unsecured 1 Skilled 3 seclude, schooled e | secluded 1 Collect-ed c ^> 1 collective c ^ 1 collection 1 Correct-ed c => 1 corrective c ^ 1 correction 2 Character c o 2 characters-ize . o . chnrnctcristic 52 REPORTING LOGOGRAMS. G 1 Give-n 2 together, go 3 ago 2 Glory, glorify-ied 1 Degree, agree 2 grow 3 grew 1 Begin-mng, gone 2 again, gum, begun 3 began 2 Organ => 1 organic 2 Gave, govern-ed-ment 2 Glorification 1 Signify-ied, significant [~^ 1 significancy 1 Signification 0-3 1 significance o_^> significative 1 Organs, organize ^3 1 organized 1 Organization a-v, organism _' Glories, glorious I God, got 2 good, get I Guilt-y 2 glad, gold 1 Agreed 2 great 1 Gift, give it 2 gave it F 1 If, off 2 for 3 few, half 1 Follow-ing, awful 2 full-y 3 flew 1 Offer, free 2 from 1 Often, fine 2 Phonography 1 Confession 2 fashion 3 confusion 2 Philnnthropy-ic-ist 1 Feature, if it 2 after 3 future fact 1 Followed 2 float, flood 1 From it 2 afraid 3 fruit 1 Find, fond 2 faint 3 found 1 If there or their 2 for their, father 1 Follow their 1 Free their, offer their 2 further, farther ( Farther is usually employed in reference to distance in time or place ; further in reference to addition of quantities. 2 Further their V 1 Ever 2 have 3 however, view 2 Evil, 3 value \ Short 3 assured [she had 1 Wish their 2 shall their 3 assure their ZH 2 Usual-ly ^_2 2 Pleasure 3 measure -<^~}.. immeasurable 3 Measured v ~^ unmeasured 3 3 Measure their 56 REPORTING LOGOCK.VMS. 1 Law, ill 2 will, 3 whole, allow 1 Line, lean 2 alone 2 Revelation 3 revolution 1 While, we will 2 well 3 wool b 1 Seal 2 as or is well, soul, sale 3 salvation 1 Style, steal 2 still, stole, stale 3 stool r 1 Laws, loss 2 less 3 allows, lose r 1 Light 2 let, late 1 Will not (e we will not) 2 lend-t 3 land 1 Lead 2 led, li-old, held 3 loud, lad 1 Wild, wield 2 will it 1 Loiter, lighter 2 letter 3 latter _\ (downward) i 1 Her, here 2 are, air 3 our, hour v> 1 Herein 2 earn 3 our own 2 Oration 1 Herself, arise 2 heirs, airs 3 h-ours, ourself, a- 2 Concern- ing [rouse 2 Art, heart 2 Are not. earned 3 around 2 Concerned 1 Lord, read 2 word, heard 3 hard 1 Order 2 are there EXPORTING LOUOCHAMS. XX ( upward ) 1 We are 2 where, v ear, wore 3 aware 1 We are in 2 wherein, worn 3 with our own 1 We are of, we are to have 2 whereof 3 aware of 2 Are not, rent, rend 3 round 1 Ward 2 world, were it, where it 1 We are not 2 were not, 2 Surround I Me, ray 2 him, may, am 3 whom, home 1 Men, mine, mean 2 man 3 human 1 Mission 2 motion 1 With me, with my 2 we may, with him 1 Women, we mean-to 2 woman 1 Myself 2 himself, amaze 3 homes, amuse 1 Seem, similar-ity 2 same, some 3 consume 2 Some one 1 Might, meet-ing 2 met 1 Mind 2 may not, am not, amount 3 movement, 1 We might, we meet 2 we met [mount 1 We meant-to 2 we may not 1 Somewhat, is met 2 as might, has met 1 Immediate-ly 2 made 3 mad, mood 1 Seemed, is made 2 as or has made 3 consumed 58 REPORTING LOGOC.KAJ1S. 1 Important-ce 2 improve-ed-ment 1 Impossible-ity 2 improves ( J/6 ) may be ( wset/ principally in Phraseography) ( W-mb ) we may be (used only in Pkraseography) 1 Remark-able-bly, Mr., mere 2 more, mercy 3 humor 3 Humored 1 Metre, mitre 2 matter, mother, may their 2 Some other , smother 3 smoother 2 Some other one 2 Murder-ed 1 Simple-y-fy-fied 2 as may be N 1 In, any 2 no, know 3 own 1 Near, nor, honor 2 manner 3 owner, in our 1 Opinion 2 none, known 3 union 1 Information 2 nation, notion 1 When, win, wine 2 one 1 Influence, in his 2 knows, know his, commence 1 United States 2 commences, knows his [3 news, owns 1 Influenced 2 next, commenced [own 1 Seen, sin, sign, is in 2 is no. h-as no 3 soon, his 2 Only 1 Is known 2 has known, has none 3 soon one 2 Stenography | 1 Xot, night, in it 2 note, nature -->*- natural-ly BEPOKTING LOIiUGKAHS. 59 1 Went, when it 2 wont 3 wound 2 On ( the ) one hand 1 Is not 2 as not, has not, sent 1 Need 2 under, end 3 hand, owned, hand in hand 1 Signed, sinned 2 send 3 sound "^3 1 Honored 2 mannered 1 Entire, neither, in their 2 another, enter 3 no other 1 In their own 2 another one 3 no other one 1 Winter, 2 wonder-ful 1 Is in their 2 center 8 soon their 1 Northern NG 1 Thing, England, English 2 language 3 young 1 Single, singular-ly-ity, sing, song 2 sang 1 Anchor 2 hunger, hungry 3 anger, angry, younger W 2 Why, way, weigh 3 away 1 Wither, whither, 2 weather, whether 2 Whether there r r 2 Your ~ yours, yourself 5" yourselves 1 Yield-cd 60 H t r i [- j d " J C ( k- i 68 BAN BEY BYE Attraction of gravitation Attractive-ness Auction, caution Baptism-t-ed Barbarian Barbarism Bid ; bad, bade 3 Bigot-ed-ry Bend, combined 1 Audacious Auditor, editor 2 Auditory Barbarity Barbara us-ly Baseness, business 1 Biography-ic-al Birth Birthright Augment-ed-ation August Auspicious-ly-ness Batter-y, better 2 Be, by 1, to be 3 Be not, bend 2, bound 3 Bishop Blind, blend 2, bland 3 Board of trade Authentic Authenticity Author Beatify Baauties-eous Beautiful-ly Body, abide, abode 2 Bold, able to, blight 1 Boldness Authoritative Authority Auxiliary Beautify Because, cause Become Bound, band Bonn ty- full-ness Boy, by, object 2 Available Avaricious Average Been, combine 1, boonS Before; oh. owe 3 Beforehand Bread, remembered Breadth Breath Averse, verse 2 Aversion, version 2 Avert-ed Begin-ning, began 3 Beginner Begun, began 3 Brethren, brain 2 Brief, brave 2 Briefer, braver-y 2 Avocation, vocation 2 Avoid, evade 2 Avoidance Behave Behavior Behind, combined Briefly Britanic Majesty British A\vait-ed Awake, weak 1 Awaked Behold, beheld Being Belief, believe British America British Majesty Broad, brought, bright Awaken, weaken 1 Aware, we are 1 Away, way 2 Believed Believer Belong-ed Broken-hearted Brother Brotherhood Awful-ness Awkward, acquired Aye Benefactor Beneficent-ce-ly Beneficial-ly Brotherly Brutality Build-ed-ing, built B Benefit-ed Benevolect-ce-ly Benignity-ant Builder Burdensome Burial Bad, hade, about Balance Balanced Bespeak Betray Better, biUer 1 Burnt, burned Burst Business, absence 3 Bankable Bank-rupt-cy Banter-ing Between Beware, be aware 3 Beyond Busy body But, or 1 By, buy ; be, object 2 LAX BEY BYE 61' v B \ S -\ % ^ ^ N 2 <\ 70 CHA COT, COM Chamber Collect-ed c Chamber of Commerce Collection ^^ Change-d Collective Cabinet Change-able-y Collision, conclusion 3 Calculable Chairman Colonist Calculate-d Chapter Colouizatiun Calculation Character, correct 1 Colony California Characteristic Color-ed Call, equal Characterized Combine Called, equalled Characterizes Com, con, or COR imy he ex Call forth Characters- use pressed, when nenessir., liy wri'ing thf %vorJ m .vin !> il Can ; coin, keen 1 Charge-d oci-urs close to tliH preoejjnj one Candidate Chargeable Combined, bind Cannot, account 2 Charitable-y Come, country Capability Charity Comfort-ed Capable Cheered Comfortable-y Care, occur ; cure 3 Cheert'iil-lv-ness Commandment Cared, occurred 2 Chemical-ly -i^try Cominetice Careful-ly Child Commenced Carpenter Childhood Commencement Catalogue Children Commences Category-ical Children of God Commercial Catholic-ism Christ Commission Catholi Bishop Christian-ity Common, country 2 Caught, quite Christian religion Commonest Cause, because Christians-ize Commonly Caused, accuseds Church of Christ Communicate-d Caution-ed, auction Church of England Communication Cautiously Church of God Community, unity 3 Ceased, assist Church of Rome Company, accompany Celebrate Circular Comparatively Celebrity, salubrity 3 Circnlate-d Compelled Celestial Circulation Complain Cemetery, symmetry Circumstance Complaint, complained Central Circumstances Complement, compliment Centre-d Circumstantial Complete, complied Century City, voc. seat, site Completely Certain-ly Cloud, conclude Completion Certificate Coalition, collusion 3 Compliance Cessation, secession 1 Cold, called 1 Comply Challenge-d Collateral Comprehend, apprehend3 Challenger Collation, coalition 1 Comprehensible-ility OH A c COL COM 7] T "7- "I / / d d \ X > 72 CO!S COO CUL Comprehension Conceal, seal, soil Concealed, sold 2 Consisted Consistence Consistency Co-operation Copy, keep 1 Cordiality Conceive Conceived, saved 2 Concentrate Consistent-ly Consolation, solution 3 Consonant Corn Corporeal Correct-ed-ness Concern Concerned Concert-ed, sort 1 Conspicuous-ly-ness Coustant-ly Constituent Correct manner Correction Correctly Concession, session 2 Conciliate Concilia: on, consolation 2 Constitute-d Constitution Constitution of the D. S. Correspond-ent Correspondence (Corresponding Sec'y Concliule-d, cloud Conclu-ion, collision 1 Conclusive-ly Constitutional-ly Constitutionality Construction Corresponding Societj Con Id, act 3 Count, account 2 Condemnation, damnation 3 Condensation Consume, psalm Consumed, seemed 1 Countenance Counteract Condition, edition 1 Consumption Counterbalance Conditional-ly Conduct, educate 2 Contained, contend Contains Counterbalanced Counterfeit Conformable-y Con tarn inate-d Countermand Congenial, geuial 2 Congeniality Congratulate Contamination Contemplate-d-ion Contended Countersign Country, common I Countryman Congratulation Conjecture-d-al Conjunction Contingent-cy Continue Continues Countrymen Coarse, cares Court, accurate 3 Connecticut Contract-ed, attract-ed3 Cover Conscience Conscientious-ly-ness Con trad ict-ory Contradiction Covered Creation Conscious Consciously Consciousness Contradistinction Contradistinguish-ed Contrivance Creature, according Credence Credit-able, accredit 2 Consequence Conseqnent-ly, second2 Consequential Contrived Convenience Convenient-ly Credulity Criminal-ity-ate-d Critical Conservative Conversant Cross examination Conservative members Conversation Cross examine Consi'ler-able-y Conversational Cross examined Consideration Considered Consist Con vert-ed Conviction, avocation 3 Co-operate Culpable-i'itjr Cultivate-d Cblti ration CON coo CUL 73 \ 1 -1 p f f I } r l L, L V 74 1>EL DES DIS Cupidity Cure, accrue Cured, accurate )eliver-ed-y deliverance Delusion, adulation 2 Despot-ic, dispute 3 Despotism Destruction Curiosity Curious, cures Cursory Demand-ed, diamond 1 Democracy-tic Demonstrate-d Destructive Determination Determine-able D Demonstration Demoralization Denotninate-d-ion Determined-ly Detestable Det'-station Damnation, condemnation 2 Denominations Detriment-al Danger, larger 3 Dangerous Denunciiite-d Denunciation Develop-ed-ment Devised, advised 3 Dark Darken-ed D.irkuess Depart-ed-iug Department Depend-ant-ent-ce Devolve-d Dexterity Diameter-rical-ly Daughter, debtor 2 Debilitate-d Debility Depended Dependency Deprave-ity, deprive 1 Diction, education 2 Did ; had had, had it 3 Did not, do not 2 Debt, deity 1, duty 3 Decapitate-d-ion Deceased Depraved, deprived 1 Deprecate-d-ion Depreciate-d-ion Diet, deity, duty 3 Differ-ed-ent-ence Difficult-y, call 1 December Decent, descent 2 Declaim-atory-ion Derange-ment Deride-d, dread-ed 2 Derision, duration 3 Dignity, dignify-ied Delinquency Delinquent Declare-d Dedicate-d, deduct-ed 1 Defend Derivation Derivative Derive Dilapidate-d-ion Dilution, delusion 3 Diminish-ed, admonished 3 Defendant (in law) Defense Deficient-cy Derived Derogation Derogate-ory Diminution, admonition 3 Diplomacy Diplomat-ic Deform-ed-ity Degenerate Degeneration Describe-d Description Descriptive-ness Direct-ed Director Directory Degrade-ation Degree, agree Deity, debt 2, duty 3 Deserve-d Desideratum Designation Disadvantage Disadvantages-OQl Disappoint-ed-ment Deject-ed-ion Delaware Delicacy Desire-able Desolate Desolation Disbeliet-ve Disbelieved Discharge Delicate-ness Pclight-ed Oeligh* f ai Desperate Desperation Despicable-ness Discontinue Discontii-ued Discountenance-d DEL D / k i. L U i- J L < J l N L, U^ i , L k -/ k L L DfS 75 t 1 I L O U-! . j L L L 1, \ 4 DOC EFP ENT Discordant Discover-ed-y Discreet, discord 2 Dollar, advertisement 3 Domestic Domination, condemnations Effort, afraid Kb ? Either, other 3 Discrepancy Diserirrinate-d-ion Doubt-ed, had had Doubter, editor 2 Elaborate Elect Diseased, disused 3 Doubtless Electric-ity Dishonor-able Disinterested-ly-ness Dislike-d Down, providential Downcast Downfall Electrical Elder, leader 1 Elegy, eulogy 3 Disorganization Di-pa rage-merit Dispelled, despoiled 1 Downhearted Downright Downtrod-den Element, aliment 3 Elevate alleviate 1 Elevation, alleviation 1 Dispensation Dispersion, desperat'n 2 Displayed Downward Dullness Duration Emigrate, migrate 1 Emigration, migration! Emminent, imminent 1 Displeasure Dispute-d, despot 2 Disqualify-ed-cation During Dutiful Duty Emperor Empire City Empire State Dissatisfaction Dissatisfy-ied Dissent, decent Dwelling house Dwelling place Dyspepsia-tic Emphatic-al Emptiness Enable, unable 3 Dissimilar Dissimilarity Dissolute E End, under; hand 3 Endanger Endeavor Dissolution Each, watch ; much 3 Endeavored Distinct Each will, which will '2 Endless, needless 1 Distinction Ear, hear, her Enemy, name 2 Distinctive Distinguish-ed Distinguishable Earned, are not Earnestly Ease, easy ; use 3 England, English Enjoy, knowledge 2 Enlarge-ment Distribute-d Distribution Distri-t of Columbia E.i st. astonish-ed Eastern East Indies Enlarged Enormity Enormous Diversity, adversity 3 Divert-ed, advert-ed 3 Eccentric-ity Ecclesiastical Enquire Enroll Divest, advised 3 Economy-ical Enrolled Divine-ity, differ-ed-ent Edition, addition 3 Entangle-d-ment Divine Being Divulge-d Editor, auditor 1 Education, diction 1 Entertain Entertained Do not, had not 3 DocTor, dear 2 Doctrine-al Effect ; fact, affect 3 Efficaciously Efficient-ly-cy Entertainment Enthusiasm Enthusiast-ic-al EXT ~1 1 t. J y > cK o~ i p V 1> ki Ir^- L ............... H i K E S U n, y k > 78 EV! EYtf F.J Entire, enter 2 Entirely Enveloped Evil, value 3 Evolution, violation 1 Exaggerate-d F Envoy, never 2 EpisL-opal-ian-cy Episcopal church Exaggeration Example, t-xemplify-ied Excellency Faceticus-ly-ness Fact, el Factious-ly, cfticatious-lf 3 Epistle, apostle 3 Equal, call Equalization Excellent Exception Exceptionable Factitious-lv-ness Fail, fall 1 fool 3 Failure Equalled, called Error Erroneous Excess, access 3 Exchequer Exclaim-ed-mation Faintest Faint hearted-ness Fair, fear 1, far 3 Escape-d Especial-ly Essence, science 1 Exclude-d Exclusion Executor Faithful-ly-ness Fallen False, fools 3 Essential-ly Establish-ed-ment Estate Executrix Exemplification Exhibit-ed Falsehood Falsitication Falsifier, philosopher 2 Esteem Esteemed Estimate Exhibition Exist Existed Falsity Familiar-itj Famish Et cetera .hiernal, eternity Eternal life Existence Expect-ed-ation Expend-itnre, expand-ed 2 Family Fanciful Fantastif-al-ly Eulogy. elegy 2 Evade, avoid 1 Evangelic-al Expensive Experience Experienced Farm, form 2 Farther, further Fashion, confusion 3 Evangelization Evangelize Evangelized Explain-nation-natory Explained Extemporaneous Fashionable Fastidiousness Fatality Evasion, vision 1 Even, evening Event, have not 2 Extempore Extend-ed Extenninate-ed-ion Father, for their Favor-able Favored Eveiitual-ly Ever, however 3 Everlasting External-ity, strength 1 Extinction Extingnish-ed Favorite Fault-y, felt 2 Feature, future 3 Evermore Evi-ry. very Every one Extract-ed. extricate-d2 Extraordinary-!!}' Extrav;igant-ce February Female Fertile Everywhere Eridence Evident Extreme-ity Eye, high Eyes Few. half: for 2 Fiction, affection 2 Fidelity EVI ] Y K -e X ^ - s Vr PID 75* 80 FRE GxS II A P Filled, failed 2 Freedom Give-n, Together 2 Finance Fr-quent-lv Give his. gives Financial reform Frequence-y Give it, gift; gave it 2 Fine, often From ; free, offer 1 Gives his Finish From it, afraid 2 Glad, gold, guilt-y 1 Firm, frame Froward Glories, glorious Fis -al Frugality Glorification Flat, flight 1 Fruit, effort 2 Glory, glorify-ied Flew, full-y 2 Fruition Go, together ; ago 3 F!exil>le-ility Fully, follow-ing 1 God ; good, get 2 Florida Fundamental-ly Goes, gaze ; give his ] Fluent, affluent 3 Furies, furious Gone, begin-ning 1 Follow-ing, full-y 2 Furiously Govern-ed-ment Foolish Furnish Governmental Foot, future Furniture Governor Footstep Further, from their Gradual-ly For, if few 3 Further their Grandchild For his, for as Furtherance Grand daughter Foretell Furthermore Grandeur Foretold Future, after 2 Grand jury Forgave Futurity Grandson Forge (in law) Gratitude Forged Great, agreed 1 Forgery Great Britain Forget, forgot 1 Gallery Gr. Britain and Ireland Forgive-n Gave, irovern-ed-ment Greater Forgot-ten Gave his Greatest Form, farm 3 Gave it, give it 1 Grow, degree 1 grew 3 Formal i.on General-ly, religion 1 Guide Formality Generality Guided Former-Iy Generalization Forthwith Generals-ize H Fortnne-ate-ly Generalized JL_1_ For\vard-ed Generation Hahit-ed Fon nd -ed, find 1 Genteel Had, add, due Foundation Gentility Had had, had it Fountain Gentleman, gentlemen 1 Had not, had it not Fragment-ary Gentle-ness, gentile 1 Half, few ; if 1 Frank Geography-ical Halved, have had 2 Frankly Georgia Hand, owned ; under 2 Frantic-ally Get. good ; God 1 Happen, pnnish-ed-ment Free, offer from 2 Gist, just 2 largest 3 Happened, pound FRE GIS HAP 81 Vo V, / G y / _D 7 H I r v c 82 HER Happiest, passed Happiness, companies 2 Happy, hope ; up 2 Hard, Lord 1, heard 2, Harmonies-ous-ze Harmony Has, is 1 Has been Has had, sad, side 1 Has had it Has he, has the Has his, as is, as his Has it, as it ; is it 1 Has known, has none Has made, is made 1 Has not, is not Has there, is there 1 Has to be Hate; heat, hot 1 Hated, heated 1 Hath , thank, youth Have, ever 1, view 3 Have had, have it Have not, event 1 Have their or there Hazard-ed-ous He, holy 3 He, initial, is expressed by a joined tick slanting down to the left ; he, fi- nal, by a slanting tick upwards or downwards. He has, he is 1 Hear, her, ear Heard, word ; hard 3 i I cart, art Heathen, within, thine Heaven, vain ; even 1 Height Held, hold, old Henceforth Her, here; our 3 Her own, our own 3 Hereafter HOX Hereditament Hereditary Herein, iron, her own Heretofore Herewith Hero Heroine Herself, arise Hesitate-ed Hesitation Hieroglyph-ic-al High, eye Higher Highest Highlander Highlands Highly, I will Him, may ; me 1 Himself, myself 1 His, is ; has, as 2 His is, is his His own, soon His wish, selfish 2 Historical History Hitherto Hold-ing, lead-ing 1 Holier Hol.est Holiness Holy, he 2 Holy Ghost Holy Scriptures Holy Spirit Home, whom ; am 2 Homely Honestly Honor, near, nor Honorable Hon. gentleman Hon. Member Hon. Senator HYS Honored llu|.e, iiappy ; up 2 Hope to hare Horizon tal-ly Horse, hers, arise Horticiiltnre-al Hospitable Hospitality Hostility Hours, ours, ourself House, hiss 1 House of Commons House of God House of Lords House of Parliament House of prayer House of Rep. Housed, holiest Houses of Parliament However, have 2, everl Howsoever Huge, hedge 2 Human Human life Human nature Humanity Humble, amiable 2 Humbug, ambiguous 3 Humming Humor; more, mercy 2 Hundred-tli Hunger, hungry Husband-ed Hypocrisv Hypocrite-ieal Hysteric-al I, hi2h. r miy 'e joined to a MH-ceedini! word l>v \vritin* either its fir^t or !>, I ii;il( in its proper direetiou. II ON r 84 IMP IND INF (dea Impassioned Indefatigable Ideal Impatient Indt-'finite-ly Identical-ly Imperceptible Indemnification Identification Imperfection Indemnify-ty Identified Impetus Indenture Idle, deliver-y 2 Impious-ly Independent-OS Idleness Implacable-ility Indescribable-y Idolater-y Impolicy Indian territory If, for 2, half, few 3 Impolitic Indiana If his, for his 2 Important-ce Indicate, induct 2 If it, feature, future 3 Importunate-ly Indication, induction 2 It' it is, features Imposed, impost 1 Indicted, indebted 2 Ignominious Impossible-ility Indifferent-ce Ignominy Impoverish-ed Indignity-ant-ly-ion Ignorance Impracticable-ility Indiscriminate Ignorant-ly Impractical Indispensible-y Illegal-ity Impregnable-te Indisposition Illegible Improbable Individual-ly Illegitimate-cy Improper-ly-riety Individuality Illiberal-ity Improve-d-ment Indivisible-ility Illinois In, any; no 2, own 3 Indoctrinate-d Illiterate In his, know his 2 Indulge Illogical In order, in order to Inertia, nourish Illusion, allusion 3 In (the) consideration Inevitable -y, nnavoidable.y 1 Illustrate-d Inaccuracy Inexperience Illustration Inaccurate Inexperienced Imaginable Inauspicious-ly Infection Imagine-ary-ation Incessant Inference Imagined Incessantly Inferential Immaterial, material 2 Incite, in (the) sight Inferior-ity Immature, mature 3 Incivility Inferred Immeasurable Incline-ation Infidel Immediate-ly Inclined Infidelity Immigrate-d Incombustible-ility Infinite-y Immigration Inconsiderable Infinitesinial-ly Imminent, eminent 2 Inconsiderate Infinitude Immoderate, moderate2 Inconsistent-ly Infirm-ity Immorality, morality 2 Inconstant Influence Immortality, mortality2 Incredible-ility Influenced, next 2 Immortalize, mortalize'2 Incredulity Influential, initial Immutable, mutable 3 Indebted, undoubted Inform-ed-ant, uniform-ity 3 Impassionate Indeed, no doubt 2 Informality IMP 1ND 1 V- Jz ? I f s f ^ X S \ t, ^i ^1 "\ > r 86 INS IXV ITW Information, nation 2 [ufringe-d-ment Ingenious Insulation Insult-ed Insulting Invert-ed Investigate Investigation Ingenuous Inhalrit-ed Inheritance Insuperable inseparable 2 Insupportable-y Integrity Invisible-ilitj Invite-ed-ation Involve-d, never 2 Injured I n j ury Innocence, nuisance 2 Intellectual-ly Intelligence Intelligent Inward Iowa Iron, her own Innocent Innovation (see invasion) Inquire-y, enquire-y Intelligible-ility Intemperance-ate Intend-ed Irrational-ly, rational ly 2 Irrecoverable-y Irregular, argue 3 Inquired, enquired Inquisition Inquisitor Intention Intercession Interchange-d Irreligion Irreligious Irresistable-y Inscribe-d, insecure 3 Inscription Insecurity Intercourse Interdiction, introdnction 2 Interest Irrespective-ly Irresponsible-ility Is, his ; as, has 2 Insignificance-y Insignificant-ly Insolence Interested Interior-ly, anterior-ly3 Intermingle Is a-n. as a-n 2 Is as, his is, is his Is done Insolent Insolvency Insolvent Internal, try ; truth 2 International, intentional 2 Interpret-ed-ation Is for, as for; as if 1 Is he, is the; as he 2 Is in, is no 2, his own 3 Inspect-ed-ion Inspiration Inspire Interrogate-d Interrogation Interrupt Is it, as it 2 Is made, has made 2 Is met, has met 2 Instant-ly Instead Intestate Intimate-d Is not. has not 2 Is said, has ssijd 3 Instinctive-ly Intimidate-d-ion Is there, as there, or their 2 Institute-d Institution Instruct-ed Into, unto Tntolerable-y Intrinsical-ly Island, I vr:!! not Islander, lender 2 Issue, wish 1, shall 2 Instruction, in-the constnict'n Introduce Issued Instrnctive-ly Instructor Introduced Introdnction, interdiction 1 It. time 1. at, out 3 It had, it would Instrument Instrumentality Insufferable-y Introspection Intuition Invade, envied; invite 1 It had not It is; at his, itself 3 It ought TnsufFicient-cy Insular Invasion (see innovation) Invent-ed-or It ought if, have It otiirht to have had Insulate Invention It will INT IT\\ r 87 ,c \ 7 X> Q_x ^ X ^ 96 PiiO PRE PRO Penitential Pennsylvania People-d, comply 1 PhoQOgraphei Phonographic Phonography Precision, procession 2 Predestinate-d Predestination Per annum Per cent Perfect-ed Photograph -ic Physical Piety, pity 2 Predominance Predominant Predominate-i Perfection Perfonn-ed Pertbrms-ance Plaintiff, complaint 2 Platform Please, place 2 Pre-eminent Prejudice Prejudiced Perh:) ps, propose Perish-able, parish 3 Permanence, prominence 1 Pleasure, measure 3 Plenipotentiary Plenty-ful Preliminary Premise, promise 2 Preparation Permanent-' y, prominent-ly 1 Permission, promot'n 3 Permit, promote 3 Plural-ity Point of fact Point of view Prepare Prepared Prerogative Pernicioiis-ly Perpendicular-ly-ity Perpetual-te-d Police Court Political Political economy Presbytery-ian Prescribe-d Prescription Persecute-d Persecution Perseverance Polygamy-ist Poor, power- ful Popular-ly-ity Present-ed Present circumstances Present cir. of the case Persevered Persia-n Personal-ly Popular sovereignty Portion, apportion 3 Possess, pieces 1 Presentation Preserve-d-ation Preside, proceed 2 Personality Personification Perspective Possessed Possesses Possession, position 2 President of the U. S. Presidential Prevent-ed Perspicuity Persuade, pursued 3 Pertain, appertain 3 Possessive Possessor Possibilities Priestcraft Prime Minister Primogeniture Pertinacious-ly Pervade, provide 1 Pestilence-tial Possible-y-ility, peaceable 1 Posterity Pound, happened Principle-al-ly Private, provide Privilege-d Petrify, putrify Z Phenomena Phenomenon Poverty, hope to haveS Power-ful, poor Practicable-ility Probable-y-ility Probation, approbate 3 Problematical Phihmthropy-ic-ist Philology Philosopher, falsifier 1 Practice-al-ly Practiced Preach, approach 2 Proceed, persuade Procession, persuasions Proclaimed-ed-rnation Philosophy-ic-al Phonetic Phonetic Society Precede, preside Precipitate-d-ion Precisely Prodigal-ity Prodigious Product, predict 1 PHO PRE PRE 97 \ No ..-^ v X I N^ ..., I CN Niy x?j a %H ^v l_l ^ ^ <>x __ X \ v- ^^ \ 98 PSA RAT REG Production, perdition 1 Productive Proiicient-ce-y Public-ish-ed Public opinion Public spirit-ed-ness Ratify Rational-ly-ity, irrational ly 1 Read (v.) Lord ; word 1 Profit-ed-ahle Prognosti''te-d-ion Prohihit-ed Publication Punctual-ity Punish-ed-ment Read {part.} iOde 'i Reader, harder 3 Readiness, redness Prohibition, approbation 3 Prominent, pernmn't 2 Promise, premise 1 Pure Purpose-ly Pursue Real-ly, relv ; rule 3 Reality, relate 2 Realization Promote, prompt 1, permit 2 Promotion, permiss'n 2 Promulgate-d-ion Pursued, persuade 2 Pusillanim-ous-ity Put, apt Realize Realized Rebutting evidence Proper-Iy, property Prophet, profit-ed-able Prophetic Q Recapitulate 4-ion Recipient Recognize Propitious Proportion Proportionate Qualification Qualify Quality Recollect-ed Recollection Rt'-ommend-ed Proportioned Propose, perhaps Propriety Quantity Question Questionable Recommendation Recover-y-ed-able Redeem Pr.)?cribe-d Proscription, prosecotion 3 Prescriptive Qaicken Quiet, acauit 2, acute 3 Quite, caught ; could 2 Redeemed Redeemer Redemption Prosecute-d Prosecution Prospect-ed R Redundance-y Redundant-ly Refer Prospective-ly Prosperity Prostitute-d Radiant, ardent 3 Railroad Railroad Gar Reference Referred (see Severt) Reflect-ed Protect-ed Railroad Station Reflection Protection Protestant-ism Railway Rain, run ; rao 3 Reform -ed-atory Reformation Prove, proof; zpprove-al 3 Proved, approved 3 Providence Raise, rise 1, rouse 3 Rapid, repeat 1, repute? Rapidity Refractory Regard-ed, regret-ted 2 Regenerate-d Provident Providential Provincial Rare, roar; rear 1 Rascality Rate, wrote ; right 1 Regeneration Regenerative Regular-ity Prussia-n Psalm, consume Psalmist Rather Rather than Ratification Regular nomination Regular nominee Regulate-d DAI ., real-ly 1 Render-ed Renew Renewed (see Ruined) Resurrection of Christ Retort-ed. reiterate-d 2 Retract-ed-ion Ruler, railer 2 Rustic Rural Rent, rend ; round 3 Repealed, repelled 2 Repeat-ed, rapid 2 Retreat-ed Retrospect-ion Retrospective S Repent-ed Repentance Repetition, reputations Return Returned Revea!-ed, revile-d 1 Sacred, secret 1 Safer, sphere 1 Said to have Replenish-ed-ment Report-ed importing style Revelation, revolut'n 3 Revelled Revenge-d, ravage-d 3 Sailed, sold ; sealed 1 Salubrity, celebrity 2 Salvation ; sale, soul ? Ro-rehensible-ility Keprehensive Represent-ed Revengeful Reverence Reverend, refrained Sample, symbol 1 Sanctificatiou Sanctify ".^presentation Representative Republic, republish-ed Reverential Reverse, rivers Revert-ed (see Refer) Sanction-ed Sanctity Sanctuary Republican D -?puYiicution Repugnant-ce Revolt-ed Revolution revelat'n 2 Revolve-d Sanguinary Sanguine Satisfaction Rj I' s T!1V C) CV^ J ^N 1 J SOO a-, v^ 104 8TA SUC SUP Sooner, sinner 1 Sorrow, sorry Soul, sale; salvations Starry, story 2 State, stout 3 Stated, constitute-d 1 Succession Successive Succiuct-ly Sound; signed, sinned! Sour, seer 1, sir, soar 2 South America Statement Statesman-en Stationary-ery Succor, secure 3 Succored, secured 3 Such a one Soutli Carolina Statistics Such are South east South eastern Stead, stayed ; stood 3 Steady, study Such had Such had not South west South westerly South western Stenography-ic Stepping stone Stereotype-ic Such have Such have had Such ought Southern Southern Confederacy Southern rights Stereotyped Stick, stock ; stake 2 Still, style ; stole 2 Such ought not Such onglit net to hav Such ought to have Southerner Speak, speech, spoke Speakable Stilled Sting, stung 2 Stirred, stored Such ought to have had Such were Such will Speaker Special-ly Speciality Strange It is strange (in Phr.) Stranger Such will have Such will have had Such will not Specify-ic Speculate-d-or Speculation Strength, external-ity 2 Streuglheu-ed Student Such wov.ld Si:ch would have Such would have had Speechify Spelling Reform Spendthrift Studied, steadied Stupendous Subject, is-has to be 3 Such wd. not, such had not Sudden, sadden 3 Suffer Spirit, spread *> Spirit of Christ Spirit o* God Subjection Subjective Subjugate-d Suffered Sufferer Sufficient-ly-ca Spiritual-ity Spiritual world Spiritualism Subjugation Sublime-ity Subordinate-d Suggest-ed Suggestion Suggestive-ly-ness Splendid Splendor Spoken Subordination Subscribe-d Subscription Suitable, stable 2 Summer-ary Summon, some one Spontaneous-ly Stable, suitable 3 Staid, stud ; steed 1 Subserve Subservient-ce-y Substantial-ly-te-d Summoned Sunday School Superabundance StauiD-ed, stump-ed F'^uaard Star, steer 1, store 2 Substitute-d Success Successful Superabundant Supererogation Superficial-ity !STA X V, \ ty 1 Q _ O o Q e c/ 5 -- SUP 10- v. /> 106 SUS TES THE Superfine Superincumbent Superinduced Sustained, consistent 1 Swindle Swindled Testimonial Testimony Texas Superintend-ed-ent Superintendence Superior-ity Swindler Symbol Symbolized Than, thine 1. then 2 Than it, then it 2 Thank, hath, youth Superior Court Superlative-ly Supernatural Symbol s-ize Sympathetic-ally Sympathy Thank tlieir, think t.iere 3 Thankful-ly-ness Thanksgiving Superscription Superstition Superstitious-ness Synonyme System Systematic-al That, without 2 The first The first is Suppliant, supplant 3 Supplication Supply T The first occasion The first plane The first subject Support-ed Supportable Suppose Tabernacle Take it, talked 1 Tangible-ility The first thing The other The other one Supposed Supposition Supposititious Tantamount Technical-ity Telegraph-ic Thee, thy; they, them2 Themselves, this is Then ; thine, within 1 Supreme-acy Supreme Being Supreme Court Telescope-ic Tell, till ; until, at all 3 Tells, tell as, till his Then it, than it 3 Thenceforward Theology-ical Suppress, express 1 Suppression, separat'n2 Sure-ly, assure 3 Temperament Temperance-ate Temperance Society Theoretical-ly Their, there, they are There had, there would Surprise, express 1 Surprised, expressed 1 Surretsder-ed Temperature Temporal-ity Tempted, attempt-ed 3 There had not There it, there ought 1 There ought not Surreptitious-ly Surround-ed Survey, survive-d 1 Temptation Tenable (see Attainable] Tend, tent; at hand 3 There would not Therefore Thereto Surveyed Susceptible-ility Suspect-ed Tendency Tenement Tennessee Thermometer These, this 2, those 3 These circumstances Suspend Suspended 8'ispens* Terminate Termination Testament These instances They, thy 1. thou 3 They are, either 1, other 3 Suspension Suspicion Sustain Testamentary Testified Testify They had, they would They had not, than it They ought, though ii 3 o \ \ v p y u K/ L L THE 107 < -t_ -O\ ^L ( ( \ I I 108 TOB TUX UX1 They oaght not, then it 2 They will They will not To be able to To become Together, go ; give-n 1 Tuned, atoned, at hand Turn ; outrun, outran 3 Turned, tyrant 1 They would, they had They would not Thine, within ; then 2 Told ; tell it, till it 1 Tolerance Tolerant Twelve-th. it will bn.vt T\vc or three Twould have Thing. England, English Think, oath ; thank 3 Think it, thought 1 Tolerate-d Toleration To-morrow 'Twould have had Typography-ic-al Tyrannic-al Think there, think they are Third, authority 1 This, thyself 1, thus 3 Too, two; all 1 Torment-ed Torpid-ity, tripped 1 U This is, themselves This is only This is really Touched, attached 3 Toward, trade ; tried 1 Town, tune, atone Ultimate-ly Ultimatum Unable, enabl? 2 This only Thither, the other 2 Those, thus; these 1 Trader Trajric-al, tragedy Train, eternal-ity Unanimons, anonyuions 1 Unavoidable-y, inevitable 2 Una wares Thou, though ; they 2 Thou wilt, they will 2 Thou wilt not Traitor (see Trader) Tranquil-ity Transatlantic Unceremonious-ly Uncertain Uncommon Though, thou ; them 2 Though it, they had Though their, tho' they are Transcend-ed Transcendent-ai ism Transcribe-d Uncontradicted Undecided-ly Undefined Thought, thfnk it 2 Thousand-th, thank Three; author I, thro' 3 Transcript Transcription Transfer-red Under, end ; hand 3 Under tne circumstances Under the cir. or t..e case Through it Through one Through their Transfers-ence Transform-ed-ation Transgress Underhand-ed Understand-ing Understood Throughout, third 2 Thunder Thy, thee; the;/, them2 Transgression Transient Transparent Undertake, undertook Undertaken Undignified Thyself, these; this 2 Till, tell; until at all 3 Till his, tell us tell his Transubstantiation Treat, tried ; trade 2 Trinity Undoubted, indebted 2 Undutiful Uneasy, noisy 1 Till it, tell it; until it 3 Timber Time, eat; it 2. at 3 True, try 1 Truly, utterly 2 Truth, internal 1, trueS Unequalled, uncalled Unequivocal-ly Unexpected-ly Timid-ity To. of 2 To be; by, bcj 1 Try to have Tuition Tune, attain 2, atone 3 Unfortunate-ly Unheard of Uniform-ity, informed* TC3 c c L ( ( C L U Vo 3- "J UNI 109 U 110 UNB VAL TUL Unimaginable Unrequited Vanish Unimagined Unreserved Vegetable Unimpissioned Unruly, unreal 1 Vegetarian Dnimportant-ce Unsatisfactory-ily Vegetarianism Unimproved Unseasonable Vegetate-d Unintelligible Unseasoned Venality Union, noon; none 'I Unsectarian Vermont Unitarian Unscriptural Version, aversion 3 Unitarianism Unscrupulousness Very, every ; whoeverS United, untied 1 Unsecured Veterinary United Kingdom Unseemly Vexatious-ly-ness United States Unselfish-ly Vice President United States Senate Unsophisticate-d Vice versa United States Senator Unspeakable-y View, vow ; over 1 U. S. of America Unsubstantial View their, have there 2 Unity, unite Unsnrmonntable Viewed, vowed ; have it 2 Universal-ity Unsnstained, inconsistent I Vindicate-d Universal Church Unsymmetrical Vindication Universal discontent Untenable Violation, volition 2 Universal happiness Until, at all ; till, tell 2 Violent, valiant 2 Universalism Until it ; till it, tell it 1 Virginia Universalist Up, weep 1, hope 3 Virtual Universe Upon, open; punish 3 Virtue University Upon it, opened Virtuous Unkind-ness Upward Virtuously Unless Us, use; saw 1, so 2 Vision, evasion 2 Unmeasurable-y Use (v.) whose ; was 2 Visionary Unmeasured Used, is it 1, as it 2 Vitality Unnecessarily Usual-ly Viva voce Unnecessary Utterly, truly 3 Vocation, avocation 3 Unparallelled Voice, vice; have his I Unpopnlar-ity y Void, of it: have had 2 Unquestionable-y Volition, violation 1 Unquestioned Vacancy Voluntarily Unreal, unruly 3 Vain, heaven ; even 1 Voluntary Unreasonable-ness Valiant, violent 1 Voluntary principle Unrecompensed Valid-ity Volunteer Unreconciled Valuable Volunteered Unrecoverable Valuation Voracious, avaricicasS Unrepenerate- Value, evil 2 Votary Unrelenting Value their Voter Unreliable Valued Vulgar-ity UNR VAL ^ v I V Y v VUL in * V > ^ '^.^ 2 S .M. 112 WEM WHE WHO Wait-ed. await-ed 3 We rather, where are 2 Whereby Wake, week 1, a wake 3 We regard, we regret 1 Wherefore Waked, awaked 3 We were, were we 2 Wherefore there ia Waken, awaken 3 We wore no- Wherein Walk We will, while ; will 2 Whereof, we are of 1 Walked We will not Wheresoever Wander \Ve would Wheresoever there ia Wanderer Weak, wake 2 awake 3 Wherever Want \Veakened, awakened 3 Wherever there is the Wanted Wednesday Wherewith War, what are 1 Weep, up 2. hope 3 Whether, weather Ward, what art 1 Well ; while, we will 1 Whether there Wa:ehouse Went, when it ; wont 2 Which ; each, watch 1 Warehoused Were, with 1 Which are, which were 3 Wann-ed Were it, where it Wh. lire net, wli. were nj ( 3 Warn Were it not Which are of Warned Were not, we are not 1 Which are to have Warrant-ed-able Were we, we were 1 AVhich had, wh. would Warrior Wesley an Society Which had not Was; ease, easy 1 West, waste, waist W r hich have W T as there, h-as there West Indies Whk-h have had Watch, each ; which 2 What, would 2 Which it, which ought Watched, which it What are Which ought not Water, what; would 2 What is Which ought to have Way. weigh; away 3 What we. what were Wh. ought to have had Wayward What would Which were \Ve are, where 2, aware 3 Whatever Which were not We are in Whatsoever Which were of We are not, were not 2 When, win, wine Which were to have We are of, where of 2 When it, went Wh. were to have had We are to have When it is, when its Which will, much will 3 We may, with him When there, winter Which will it We may be (in Pkr.) Whence; once, ones 2 Which will not We may not Whenever Which would, wh. had We mean, we mean to Whenever there Which would have We meant, we meant to Whensoever Whicn would have had We meet, we might Whensoever there Which would not We mention Where While, we will 1, wel!2 We met Where are, we rather 1 Whimsical-ity We might, we meet Where it, were it Whither, whether 2 77 e might not Where it is, were its Who. ought 1 We must Whereas Whoever' ver^ ever.v2 WEM "WEE WHO 113 f c "X. I X tr / 114 WIT WRI ZES Whoever there-they ara Whole, allow; will 2 Wholly, lowly 2 Within, heathen, thine Without, that 1 Withstand Y W T horn, home; me, myl Whomsoever Whose, use (v) ; was 2 Withstood Woman, women 1 Wonder-tnl, when there 1 Ye. year, years, yearly Yes; yours, yourself 2 Yesterday Why, way 2, away 3 Wicked-ly-ness Wield, wild, wilt Wont, went; when it 1 Word ; Lord, read 1 Word of God Yet; ye. year-s 1 Yield-ed You, beyond 1 Will, law 1, allow 3 Will not; lend, lent 2 Willing-ly Words of my text Words of our text Work-ed You have You have not You think Winter, when tnere Wisconsin Wisdom Working classes Workman, workme World, were it Young, language 2 Younger, anger-y Your Wisdom of God Wise; ways, woes 2 Wisest World above World of fashion World of spirits Your own Yourself, yours Yourselves, yours it Wish, she; shall, shalt2 Wish it, wished Wisher, sure 2 assure 3 World to come Worship-ed Worshiper Youth, thank, hath Youth's, thanks Youths, thosw, thus With With him, with whom 3 With me, with my Worthy member Woald, what 1 Would we Z With our own With Waat Withdiuw Wound-ed. went 1 Wretched-ly-ness Write, writ, wrought Zeal Zealous WIT WBI k ( "X "TO cS*^ ZES 115 r r c $ <- z 117 ^. j/ r , T I in gUi cr g xr % r a p Ij^ \ > ^ - - I ^ / "^-^ ^^^ f ^^ | ^ ^< Y "^ v 118 EXERCISE ON THE REPORTING LOGOGRAPHS. AN IMAGINARY SPEECH, BY T. A. REED. MR. CHAIRMAN, I am neither able nor willing to address to this assembly many observations on the present occasion. I conceive it, however, my duty to comply with your request, and to state the reasons which influence me in helping to organize the movement which you have this day met to pro- mote. The education of the young people of our town is a subject which, as you are aware, has greatly interested me. During the period of youth the mind is capable of wo::der- ful development for good or for evil. Probably there is not one of us who does not regret some bad habit acquired in youth ; and there are very few in the world who do not largely owe the good qualities which they possess to early cultivation. If therefore we can, in any degree, store the youthful mind with useful information, or impress it with wise and holy principles, we do one of the purest acts of benevolence which it is possible to perform. It will at once be admitted that a system of education, to be truly valuable, ought to combine moral with intellectual instruction. Where a moral and religious principle is cot cultivated, there is a danger lest knowledge should but point out increased facilities for crime, and lead its possessor farther away from the path of rectitude. When I consider the amount of juve- nile ignorance and crime existing among us at the pres- ent time, I am perfectly astonished that so little has been done to remove it. The only remedy for this evil is educa- tion. Some kind of education will be received wherever the child happens to be, in the street or in the house, in the playground or in the school. Are not the familiar occur- rences of the day important lesssons, which the child must receive and will apply in one way or another? Each of his childish amusements, even, we may be assured, contributes somewhat to his education, and might be so regulated as either to foster the natural pride of the human heart, or be made serviceable to the government of the temper and the 120 EXERCISE ON THE REROUTING LOQOGRAPHS. development of good and happy feelings. I hope, then, that home influence will not be neglected or forgotten. I have again and again myself urged you to begin aright, in order that the character of the child may be well formed. I am not able to describe or point out any specific method, or lay down any definite rules to be adopted. Different methods will be pursued by different individuals, all probably good, no single one perfect or complete. Certain it is that educa- tion ought ever to begin at the first dawn of a child's in- telligence; nay, as our dear friend Dr. Williams told us, at its very birth. But whatever you do, cultivate in your children's minds an implicit trust in Providence, and a deep love of pure religion as made known in the written revela- tion of the divine will ; the knowledge of which, as Scrip- ture tells us, is "life unto him that hath it." Though a number of objections, some new and some old, are even now made to early moral and intellectual cultivation, they are urged by but few who take what I call a rational view of the matter, and there would be no difficulty in meeting them all. There are some, however, with whom it would be idle to discuss the subject. They admit that ignorance is often the fruitful source of crime, and the barrier to true liberty ; but they are terrified, as it were, at acy prospect of enlightenment. If it were a practical task to convince those gentlemen of their error, I woul 1 use every means I possess of doing so; but as I know that I should be consuming our own time and perhaps wounding their feelings without the least beneficial issue, I have no wish to engage in the under- taking. Allow me now for a moment to refer to the speech we have just heard delivered by our friend Mr. Jones. It would not be possible to go through half his arguments at present ; nor does it signify that they are not all now re- futed, because they will doubtless be successfully met on another and similar occasion ; I would merely speak of the fears he so often expressed throughout his speech. He thought, he said, with the writer of a letter that he had r r v. .- u, f ." \ s 5j> 121 -T- v-c- Q ip - . t- ' o G _ Cf o 5 b Ni _ s L f GOOD AND BAD SPEAKING. pile of volumes of Congressional Globes or Reports, with which he erects a fortification on his desk. On the top of this pile he places his manuscript, while from behind the rampart he discharges his elocution and gesticulation. Be- side the rampart, one of those dancing little Pucks of pages places a glass of water, with which the honorable member for Buncombe ever and anon moistens his whistle. And so it goes on the long screed lasts an hour hard reading and then if the honorable member for Buncombe is not through, some kind fellow-member, conscious of his own impending wants in the same direction, moves that he have ten minutes to finish his speech ! At the end of the ten minutes he has probably not got to " Amen," but the in- exorable hammer falls, and cuts short a peroration which wastes its sweetness on to-morrow's Globe. Now and then, there are members who break through this stereotyped essay reading, and talk extemporaneously. But there are seldom so many as half a dozen really capable and entertaining speakers in any one House of Representatives. These are listened to attentively often very eagerly; but the others if heaven had not deprived them, among other things, of a sensitive mind, how would they groan inward- ly at the woful and wilful inattention and irreverence of of their audience! Half the members regularly out of their seats, if not out of the House, half the remainder bending over their desks intensely occupied in writing letters of business or friendship, and of the small remainder scarce half a dozen pay sufficient attention to the orator to so much as look at him. Were it not for the Speaker, and report- ers, many speeches might just as well be spoken in the quiet domestic solitude of the honorable member for Bun- combe, as in the Capitol at Washington.' 1 Another correspondent furnishes us with an illustration of the rarer class of speakers the effective ones. " I heard the speech of throughout, and never listened with such deep interest, and to few, if any, with so much 130 GOOD AND BAD SPEAKING. emotion. It was difficult to restrain one's self from tears, when at the allusion of to the great men of the coun- try now dead and gone, and at his vivid portrayal of the horrors and evils of dissolution and civil war, we saw the venerable Senator , who sat directly in front of , shedding tears, and finally, overcome by his feelings, cover his face with his handkerchief and bow his head in order to conceal his emotions. Nearly every Senator on both sides was in his seat, no man was as usual engaged in writing letters, no one called for pages, no one answered messages, but every Senator sat with his eyes intently fixed upon the orator's face and gesture, and every ear in the vast assem- bly was strained to catch his every word. There have been but few such scenes witnessed in the United States Senate. The occasion, the subject, the hour and the man, all con- spired to make this the event of this session thus far." 131 /" N N^, , Jan. 1861 132 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS OF WRITING: ANCIENT AND MODERN. BY HEPWORTH Dixox. 1. The history of those discoveries in science, by the ap- plication of which human power is increased, and the progress of the race accelerated at least in one direction is always interesting to those whose look is forward. The improvements in the means of intellectual advancement are peculiarly so; and of these, language, and the modes of its communication, are in every respect the most significant and important. With- out these arts, it is fearful to think what would have been the condition of the world. As the instrument of all thought the medium of all science, language is not only an essen- tial to civilization, but its basis. Without a system of inter- communication, indefinitely expansive and improvable, the progress of the race would be impossible. To be lasting, im- provement must be equable and uniform. 2. The history of language, and the modes of its represent- ation is the history of civilization. The different stages through which these arts have passed, have made the grand epochs of history. The invention of writing, or the Egyptian method of symbolising thought, the discovery of the alphabetic system, or sound writing, which the Hellenes perfected, (so far as it has been perfected,) and the adaptation of movable types to the purposes of printing, mark the three grandest eras of merely human endeavor for advancement eras infi- nitely more important, and. to healthy minds, more historic and imposing, than those indicated in the track of the past by conquests and their attendant sufferings. 3. A period must have existed when the art of writing was entirely unknown. This is the case at some of the South Sea islands in our own day. The missionary Williams de- scribes the perplexity and astonishment of the natives, at his writing some black lines on a bit of chip, and sending them to his wife, who thereon returned him some tools which he 133 , , I V) . < 134 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. had requested. The power of endowing a chip with intell- igence, struck them with awe. They at once ascribed it to supernatural agency. And however simple and common-place this process seems to one nurtured in the high civilization of Europe, it was probably the most wonderful evidence of the missionary's superiority to the uncultivated aborigines which he could have displayed. But if this faculty of talking to his family at the distance of a mile, excited their curiosity and reverence for his superior power, what would they think of a man conversing with his friends in England as would certainly be possible through the electric telegraph, were one laid down thousands of miles away, through a bit of wire? Like the Pre-Assyrian nations of antiquity, the islanders pos- sess no means of transmitting a message, except verbally. The difference between their condition and ours, is the a- mount of progress made in the art of writing, and the mode of its communication from a period little antecedent to the age of Homer down to ours. We may notice that contrivances were adopted for a more speedy transmission of intelligence than by the fleetest couriers, long before the dawn of the historical period. Fire signals were used by the Hellenes in the earliest times. One of the grandest of the Greek trag- edies opens with a scene on a watch tower, occupied by a watcher whose eyes are directed towards the beleagured Ilion from which a chain of signals on the mountain heights had been prepared. He had strained his sight in vain for ten long years. At length the long expected signal appears. It is night ; and the ruddy flame shoots up against the dark sky and the black summits of the mountains beyond and the important announcement is made, that Troy has fallen. With some modification, the fire signal continued in use until a comparatively recent period. England is covered with emi- nences which are crowned with the remains of ancient beacons, or with traditions of their existence there in the middle age. But this method was exceedingly inartificial in character, and vague and general in expression. Only one idea could be so transmitted and that only according to u previous arrange- ment. The sign and its signification had to be determined r c\ - 1^W -U- b } ^ o -/I 135 (T' VVt '>S-; L ^ v/-v^-, c ^ ^Y x X-V ^ ^- y -7 xs t v_^- ^^ P I ^ ; C ..W.. v. j C v XI J| 136 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. beforehand; a thing possible only with an event long expected, and to which the general attention was pointed. Subsequent- ly, rockets came into use. Their number introduced a new .element into the system for the moment the signal became complex, expressing more 'than one idea, it became a system. The problem was, to make the signal explain itself on the instant, so that sudden and unexpected events might be com- municated by it. The Semaphore, and other modern contriv- ances, in part realized this: but they were still comparatively slow in operation ; and were, moreover, subject to stoppage at night and in dark weather, and to other disadvantages. The electric telegraph is wonderfully free from all the ordin- ary impediments. It can be worked in shine or shade at night or day with equal certainty. Of all the modes of communicating the symbols of thought, it is at once the cheapest, the most rapid, and the most unerring. In the fu- ture, it may perhaps supersede postal correspondence to a very considerable extent. Instead of writing letters, men of bus- iness, distant friends, or others, may resort at stated times to the termini of the electric wires, and signalling to each other, write their thoughts, and get answers in a space of time incredibly short. It is inconceivable, and certainly un- necessary, that mankind should ever discover a swifter channel of communication than this: would that all their powers, mor- al, intellectual, and material, were co-ordinated with it! 4. Such is the progress made in the art of transmitting the symbols of ideas in about three thousand years from the fire signal to the electric telegraph ! Let us now see what we have done in the other division of the art that of perfecting the symbols. 5. First of all, written language was undoubtedly hiero- glyphic that is, it consisted of a series of pictures of thought: specimens of which occur on all the architectural and sculp- tural remains of ancient Egypt. This was the earliest dispen- sation under the written law. The system required a sign, or picture, for every idea, and, therefore, only adapted to a period when ideas were comparatively few in number, or to a people stationary in civilization. As ideas increased in num- 138 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. her and variety, the symbols became too numerous for the memory to retain, and consequently any considerable ac- cession of knowledge became impossible with so faulty an instrument for its expression and conservation. 6. Then some happy mortal or immortal, as tradition avouches, conceived the idea of transferring the symbol, or picture, from the thought to the sound, which represented it in speech. This is a fine, but yet complicated process, and so obviously out of the way of self-suggestion, that there can be no doubt that it arose subsequently to the other. Yet it is impossible to give its date ; it certainly, however, belongs to a period of the remotest antiquity. We learn from a pas- sage in Diodorus Siculus, that both the hieroglyphic and the alphabetic systems of writing were known to the Egyp- tian priests : he informs us further, that they kept the secrets of their caste and creed in the former, on account of the great difficulty of acquiring and retaining it in the memory. This substitution of phono-graphy, or sound-writing, for idea-graphy, or thought-writing, was the grandest revolution ever intro- duced into the arena of human effort. The latter system was unquestionably prevalent throughout the east, before the former came into use: in the mighty regions of Eastern Asia, China, and its dependencies, it flourishes or should we not rather say, it stagnates at the present hour. The intellect- ual contrast between Europe and China the progressive civilization and conquering science of the one, and the sta- tionary intellect and political insignificance of the other, is not an unfair measure of the relative power of the two instruments for furthering the lofty ends and equitable aims of society. 7. Thought has infinite aspects. Each thought, too, is el- ementary; and no analysis can ever reduce it to a more primitive system of roots. Bishop Wilkins in modern times endeavoured to make such an analysis; but his attempt was a signal failure. His roots were too numerous for common use, and yet not accurate enough for science. Other ana- lyzers have met with similar ill success. But the same remark does not apply to sound, for although it admits of C vv ./ 1 i x n , , \ ^ 1 , r ^ ,^ ./ X/1 , - Jl N ' 1 -^ ' V .!^r.. ,X^ . / /- i (j \o C5~> ^-. V_ _A_ 0^ ^ i C ^X V i->^ 15 C = p ^ / 142 SIGNALS AXU SYSTEMS. forms of their letters : from this difficulty arose the practice of using abbreviations common on coins and in old manu- scripts. Yet even this method was cumbrous. The hand, especially in composition, feels an instinctive impulse to keep pace with the thoughts. Various system? have been proposed, by which the ordinary disparity betwixt the powers of cxjres- sion and its symbolization, might be lessened. The.se have been expressively termed '-short hand," or rapid hand. Tl.e oldest system is that invented by Tyro, a freedman of Cic- ero's, who taught it to his amanuenses: and such was the skill which they acquired by constant practice, that it is as.-trted they could make verbatim reports of speeches. They were often employed by Cicero to report speeches of eminent plead- ers, or of politicians, for his private use. The fine oration which Cato delivered on the subject of the Catiline conspiracy is said, by Plutarch, to have been reported in this way, and so handed down to po-terity. Valerius Martial refers to these notaries in a well known verse. Ausonius speaks of a boy who could write down a speech by a few simple marks, while in process of delivery. But this art was lost for a great length of time. In the beginning of the sixteenth cen- tury, an ancient manuscript by Hygenus, was discovered in Dacia, written in the abbreviated style. It was beautifully written; but, of course, unintelligible to the learning of that period. At length the celebrated Pietro Bembo succeeded in deciphering it. His letter to Pope Julius II. announcing the discovery, is still extant, and it contains some curious par- ticulars respecting the art. Since that time, a great number of systems have been offered to the world; but the same fault has characterized them all : they have been, like the method of Tyro that suggested them, purely arbitrary. Tl ey have been eminently inflexible and unscientific: too difficult for daily use, and too little systematic to satisfy the Pho- netic reformer. In fact the invention of a satisfactory method of symbolization was one of incalculable difficulty, and it was only natural that many failures should precede it. 9. The great problem to be resolved in the construction of a philosophic system of writing, was this: to discover the ^ 'v-P X ' // L^ r - - - Z >_, / 143 ^..1 VX, ;c.;, r ^ ^ ) ) i ^ - I M x - -5- - -/ ~>*~\-' ^ , 1 , ^<.0 ' \. y \.^,.. c ....^ -7 y^ '" " 1 N v _ t ^-^-^ I " J > X -L N "x V ^ LX :. -o, / -n- r . ) ^, ..J , ^ 144 SYSTEMS. eiementary sounds of which our current language is composed, to arrange those elementary sounds in their natural order, and, from the elementary geometric forms, to extract such simple lines, points and curves, as, while they bore a sug- gestive resemblance to the sounds they were intended to represent, should, when combined, constitute a system of no- tation, rigidly scientific in principle, unerring in expression, brief and facile in manipulation, and yet indefinitely expan- sible and improvable in character. This problem has been apparently resolved by Mr. Isaac Pitman. A happy inspi- ration led him to reject the Roman alphabet as inadequate to represent the sounds occurring in the pronunciation of the English language, and to revert to the idea of the first in- ventor of the alphabet the discovery of the elementary sounds, and the selection of an appropriate sign for each. 10. The economical element which distinguishes Mr. Pit- man's art, however important it may be, is not the one that has the greatest attraction for the disciples of progress. Its more valuable attribute is, that it at once checks the before noted tendency of the language towards the hieroglyphic type establishes on acoustics, geometry, and anatomy, the firm basis of a philosophical alphabet of nature, adapted to all the world : and therefore, the centre of a universal language that grand desideratum, to which the attention of mankind should ever be directed. This is the great contribution which it makes to the cause of human progression. 146 I 4 I I / l. C - r ' \ L^C^ x ^ f _ , \- V N x X< ' b --- - x I X i L. v, s / /- 147 ^ /- /" U o V 1 ) ^> V \ 148 Q /\- N > U , _, __ " _ X _D \ I V~ x , . r , ) J ' x i -/- % ' n 1 ' f - ^ b C \ . bo V / X 1 4 I 19 V- ^ 4 5 JL_ x-C> I x I -D ^o , - C 1 _p._ V c U-' C X-- _|_ -t I 150 ""^ k^j l^_x xx x ^ cr / 7 ^~^ )- j ( , xy c ^/ ^ _.^_ ^ '- , - x ^ ^-^i ^ 9 .__ x^ c ^ ^ ^ , > >vt ^ ^ S C , 4- ^ v ^ L. \ )1- L *1 ' 151 L_ , _. c i ^ ^ ^\o ~ , . -^ L. A - ^ ! 12 *- " x ,_ No C , . , ^>s 152 s I _. _|_ Y N> , V v ^ * N v P > a l, , p \ ^ 7- i v^ -Xlo | AJ ^ Ig. ^U ^ "1 ^ "" x 9 v -^ , . P s ~ / ^/ ^ ^ -J %. ( CJ~ Vy s 153 \ c <5~v i 7 /" V No ' O ^-J , ^X"-^ u 6 7 6 ' 7 L ^ c s commandment , 6 40 . 50 11 S- f I f Y 18 ~t X 154 G- L L_ J ( A, s r 4. L, i- , 4 155 d so - , - y "f L X) ...... f n /v -S^_ /' V_x x \ , , x, V 156 NO. . s k^- < ^ r - v \ *\o x " r " f \^ ^s^> i x. / i V s t -f- s '^i s> L 157 I ^ > v 1 23 V. / | -0 J C .... ) - - V, d . -f- ' c 158 ^ rY \ " xl L_ " \l O 25 NX) ' /I x ) .......... J20 T N N . z6 "r C , -t- 159 r 6o ^ r JL , " -^ U ^> ..... "I 1 L 7 s _cT ' . -*. T ) -L 1 ^ S , ' \r 160 ^\ \ _J^ ... y _^ cv 1 XI ; V V I ^-A. S ' / %> \ 23 s * 4- f , . X t- o \ CX n * ^_^r > X^ ^ ^\ \^ l r > Y 'T V y ^> v^ . x _^... J ^ C/ f ^ - v,. , - ^. , : -v>- ^-^ V J -^ f JL h d O I/ N \Q I \o ^-~-" J ^ ' = I - ' -J - ^ u /I , . s . U -7^ s /' i V 6 ^ THE GrALLEBY. BY CHARLES J. GRATTON. "In shorthand skilled, where little marks comprise Whole words a sentence in a letter lies." Creech. [This interesting chapter from Mr. Gratton's work entitled The Gallery, on the legislative use of shorthand in England, and the admirable sketch of the delights of " mastering stenography," will be read with interest by Phonographer?.] 1. The qualifications required in a good reporter are various, and they are not so easy of attainment as is generally sup- posed. In the first place, a man who pretends to be an ornament to his profession, must be a good shorthand-writer. There are certainly many excellent persons in the Gallery, who use abbreviated longhand, but still a quicker mode of note taking is in general desirable, and, in many cases, absolutely nececssary, unless the reporter rs favored with an extraordinary memory. Some persons have been known lo supply a column of a newspaper, and that even on financial questions, in which figures form the bulk, entirely from the exercise of memory, no notes having been taken ; but these are rare instances. 2. At the present day, unless a man be a genius, he must have a knowledge of shorthand to be a parliament- ary reporter; for often enough we read the ipsissima verba of a "crack" speaker reported in the first person, and that just as though we could hear the very words drop from the speaker's lips words which the swiftest lonrrhanrl in the 163 164 THE GALLERY. world aided by a good memory would be unable to report correctly. There are many systems of shorthand in use, of more or less ability. Some use Gurney's, some Taylor's, and many Pitman's Phonography. 3. As many of the persons who will peruse this book will probably like to know how the stenographic art is to be attained, it will not perhaps be amiss if we give an extract from David Copperfield, in which Charles Dickens, who was one of the most able Reporters that ever sat in the gallery, enters fully into the subject. In all probability he had his own experience in his eye when he wrote it. 4. "The first subject on which I had to consult Traddles was this; I had heard that many men distinguished in various pursuits had begun life by reporting the debates in Par- liament. Traddles having mentioned newspapers to me as one of his hopes, I had put the two together, and told Traddles in my letter, that I wished to know how I could qualify myself in this pursuit. Traddles now informed me, as the result of his inquiries, that the mechanical acquisition necessary (except in rare cases) for thorough excellence in it, that is to say, a perfect and entire command of the mystery of shorthand writing and reading, was about equal in difficulty to the mastery of six languages, and that per- haps it might be attained by dint of perseverance in the course of a few years. Traddles reasonably supposed that this would settle the business; but I, only feeling that here indeed were a few tall trees to be hewn down, immediately resolved to work my way on to Dora through this thicket. axe in hand. 'I am much obliged to you my dear Traddles,' said I, 'I'll begin to-morrow.' 5. "Traddles looked astonished as he well might, but he had no notion as yet of my rapturous condition. 6. " ' I'll buy a book,' said I, ' with a good scheme of this art in it. I'll work at it at the [Doctors'] Commons where T haven't half enough to do. Ill take down the speeches of our conrt for practice. T raddles my dear fellow T'll master it. THE GALLERY. 165 7. "I did not allow my resolution with respect to parliamen- tary debates to cool : it was one of the irons I began to boat immediately, and one of the irons I kept hot, and hammered at with a perseverance I may honestly admire. I bought an improved scheme of the noble art and mystery of stenography, ( which cost me ten and sixpence,) and plunged into a sea of perplexity that brought me in a few weeks to the confines of distraction. The changes that were rung upon dots, which in such a position meant such a thing, and in such another position something else entirely different; the wonderful vagaries that were played by circles, the unaccountable consequences that resulted from marks like flies' legs, the tremendous effects of a curve in the wrong place, not only troubled my waking hours, but re- appeared before me in my sleep. 8. "When I had groped my way blindly through these difficulties, and had mastered the alphabet, which was an Egyptian Temple itself, there then appeared a procession of new horrors called arbitrary characters, the most despotic of characters I have ever known, who insisted, for in- stance, a thing like the beginning of a cobweb meant expecta- tion, and a pen and ink sky-rocket stood for advantageous. When I had fixed these wretches in my mind, I found that they had driven everything else out of it: then beginning again, I forgot them ; while I was picking them up I drop- ped the other fragments of the system: in fact it was almost heartbreaking. 9. "It might have been quite heartbreaking but for Dora, who was the stay and anchor of my tempest-driven bark. Each scratch in the scheme was a gnarled oak in the forest of difficulty, and I went on cutting them down, one after another, with such vigor, that in three or four months I was in a condition to make an experiment on one of our crack speakers in the [Doctors'] Commons. Shall I ever forget how the crack speaker walked off from me before I 166 THE GALLERY. began, and left my imbecile pencil staggering about the paper as if it were in a fit ? 10. " This would not do, it was quite dear. I was flying too high, and should never get on so. I resorted to Traddles for advice, who suggested he should dictate speeches to me at a pace and with occasional stoppages, adapted to my weak- ness. Very grateful for this friendly aid, I accepted the pro- posal, and, night after night, almost every night for a long time, we had a sort of private parliament in Buckingham street, after I came home from the Doctors'. 11. "I should like to see such a Parliament anywhere else! My Aunt and Mr. Dick represented the Government or the opposition, (as the case might be,) and Traddles, with the assistance of Enfield's speaker, or a volume of Parliamentary orations, thundered astonishing invectives against them. Standing by the table, with his finger on the page to keep the place, and his right arm flourishing above his head, Traddles, as Mr. Pitt, Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Burke, Lord Castlereagh, Viscount Sidmouth, or Mr. Channing, would work himself into the most violent heats, and deliver the most withering denunciations of profligacy and corruption of my aunt and Mr. Dick, while I used to sit at a little dis- tance with my note-book on my knee, fagging after him with all my might and main. The inconsistency and reck- lessness of Traddles were not to be exceeded by any real politician. He was for any description of policy in the compass of a week, and nailed all sorts of colors to every denomination of mast. My aunt, looking like an immove- able Chancellor of the Exchequer, would occasionally throw in an interruption or two, as ' hear,' or ' no,' or ' oh,' when the text seemed to require it, which was always a signal to Mr. Dick ( a perfect country-gentleman,) to follow lustily with the same cry. But Mr. Dick pot taxed with such things in the course of his parliamentary career, and was made responsible for such awful consequences, that he be- came uncomfortable in his mind ; sometimes, I believe, he THE GALLERY. 167 actual!)' began to be afraid he had really been doing some- thing tending to the annihilation of the British constitution and the ruin of the country. 12. "Often and often we pursued these debates, until the clock pointed to midnight, and the candles were burning down. Thp. result of so much good practice was, that by and by I begau u, xeep pace with Traddles pretty well, and should have been triumphant quite had I had the least idea of what my notes were about. But as to reading them after I got them, I might as well have copied the Chinese inscriptions on an immense collection of tea-chests,, or the golden charac- ters on all the great green and red bottles in the chemists' shops ! 13. "There was nothing for it but to turn back and begin all over again. It was very hard, but I turned back, though with a heavy heart, and began laboriously and method- ically to plod over the same tedious ground at a snail's pace, stopping to examine minutely every speck on the way on all sides, and making the most desperate efforts to know those illusive characters by sight whenever I met them." 14. Since the time to which this quotation refers, great improvements have been made in the stenographic art. "\Ve may as well just remark what a surprising thing it is that shorthand has so little been adopted in general use in this country. " Shorthand," says Dr. Johnson, " on account of its great and general utility, merits a much higher rank among the arts and sciences than is commonly allotted to it. Its usefulness is not confined to any particular science or profession, but is universal; it is therefore by no means un- worthy of the attention and study of men of genius and erudition. ' 15. From the time of the first introduction of shorthand into England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to the present day, scores of systems have been invented, and between two and three him-Ired treatises on the subject have ncrn 168 THE GALLERY. published in England alone. We live in an age of improve- ment and wonder. We plough land, mow grass, thrash corn, and make bread by steam, and manufacture je ne sais guoi, and sew shirt-buttons on by machinery. Still we use, and to a tremendous extent, a system of writing which when compared with a good method of shorthand writing is as inferior in speed as a coach is to a railway train. When- ever we put our pen to paper we have four or five times more labor than is necessary, and if the public would ex- ercise a little common sense and look into the matter, they would soon perceive the enormous loss of time we would save by adopting some shorter method of writing than that in common use. 16. Even suppose we simplified the formation of each let- ter of our alphabet, we should save a vast amount of trouble and time. An alphabet might easily be formed of simple characters consisting of the different parts of a square, a circle, and an ellipse. Take the letter " m," which requires six or seven different movements of the pen to form. Now if we can substitute a simple stroke such as or * ~- in the place of these six or seven, it is self-evident we should be gainers by it. And if such an improvement were adopt- ed throughout the alphabet, a very large proportion of the time employed in writing would be saved. Take for instance one word, "commandment," which is formed of between forty and fifty different strokes ; and if we had a single stroke of the pen to denote each letter we should have eleven of them. Jn Pitman's Phonography, three strokes and a dot express the word. 17. Most systems of shorthand are founded on a simplifica- tion in the formation of each letter, leaving out the vowels where they are not radical, and using certain marks or symbols to indicate short sentences which are of frequent occurrence. Many indeed are so full of perplexing arbitraries and useless complicated contractions, that it is no wonder, and we do not regret, that they have fallen into the regions THE GALLERY. 169 of oblivion. Many of them are certainly easy to write, but unless a man were thoroughly expert at it, and unless the characters were written with an almost mathematical precision he might as well try to read the characters written on the tomb of Rameses the Great. 18. A shorthand, to be a good one, should be easy to write and easy to read. And when a man has accustomed himself to read the shorthand characters, which is only about as difficult as learning to read the Greek or German letters, he can read a book written in shorthand a deal quicker than he could read one written in the Romanic Style, and for this reason. We read " 1859 " much quicker than we can " One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine," and " 2 7 6 " sooner than " Two pounds, seven shillings and sixpence." The figures, being within a smaller compass than the writing, catch the eye sooner, and words written in shorthand do not occupy so much space as if written in longhand. 19. In the case of a parson preaching a sermon, this would come to be of great service. If he had it written in shorthand, when he looked at his manuscript he could take in at a glance a whole sentence, and by this means he would have all the advantages of extempore preaching com- bined with the accuracy and finish of a written discourse. When his attention is not continually engaged in looking down on his manuscript, he has more freedom. It has been said of Archbishop Sharp that "his knowledge of shorthand contributed not a little to the acceptableness of his delivery, for he so disposed his characters as to take- in a whole sentence, or as much as could be distinctly pronounced in the same breath, with one transient glance of the eye, and so disposed those sentences distinctly under each other as to be able, when he had taken his eye off, without any difficulty to recover the place where it had left the page ; and so expert was he at this, that he has been sometimes thought to have preached by heart, or to make little or no 170 THE GALLEUY. use of his notes ; which gave him all the outward ad- vantages of extempore preaching, without subjecting himself or his audience to any of its disadvantages. For hereby he was at liberty to execute whatever is usually thought grace- ful and ornamental with respect to posture or movements. This advantage is in a great measure lost by any one who is perpetually bound to attend to his notes, and is not often found well improved by any person who has matter to con- sider rather than manner, and is bound to watch more over his words than his behavior, and who, through the entire disuse of notes, wants even those seasonable restraints which they will give to redundancy of action, and perhaps in some cases to extravagancies of gesture." Dr. Chalmers nearly always preached his sermons from shorthand notes, and he did this so skillfully that it has been said, unless one were near him to observe the fact, it was difficult to know he was reading. 20. To return, however, to our subject; a good Gallery- man must have a knowledge of law and legal proceedings. An attentive perusal of the four volumes of Blackstone's Commentaries will give him a good insight into the law of England. It is not absolutely necessary that he should have a quotation from a legal writer at his fingers' ends, it is sufficient if he knows where to find it when required, and the same with the Latin and Greek authors : he should have a sufficient acquaintance with them to be able to lay his hands on any particular passage that may be quoted in the ourse of a debate. " Knowledge,'' says Dr. Johnson, ' is of .wo kinds; we know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it." He should be tolerably conversant with Shakspere. and have a general knowledge of English literature. He should also possess the pen of a ready writer and be a good hand at cornpo= ; - : ~i. 21. To a reporter, no knowledge is useless: knowledge is to him power : he cannot be toowell educated. He must al- PO possess the valuable qualification of being abk to epitomize THE GALLERY. 171 and condense his reports when required, and to turn the speeches to shape; and this is no easy task. An Indian Mail may arrive, an express from Paris, a report of an exci- ting trial may come in unexpectedly. The parliamentary reports are ordered by the editor to be reduced in length, which must be done forthwith. When Barnes filled the editorial chair in Printing-House-Square, he one evening gave orders for the report to be cut down one-half. One of the reporters had just been undergoing the process of " trying." He had taken his " turn " in the gallery, and verbatim notes of everything he had heard, sense or nonsense. When he arrived at the " Times " office and was informed of the an- nouncement of the editor, he went to that gentleman for a little explanation, and told him his " turn " would occupy three columns. " Three columns," exclaimed the editor, "why you must be mad: I can only do with half of that: a column and a half is quite sufficient." With the simplicity of a raw countryman, and a coolness which was quite refresh- ing, he enquired which half of the report he should cut out. Barnes stared at him in indignant surprise, ordered him out of the room, and immediately gave him his conge " Never more be officer of mine." 22. We may perhaps, without any fear of wasting time and space, mention how the invaluable art of shorthand may be acquired. Every one must have felt the tediousness of writing in the ordinary mode. " Who, that is much in the habit of writing, has not often wished for some means of expressing by two or three dashes of the pen, that which, as things are, it requires such an expenditure of time and labor to commit to paper ? Our present mode of com- munication must be felt to be cumbersome in the last degree, unworthy of these days of invention : we require some means of bringing the operations of the mind and of the hand into closer correspondence." 23. We have looked carefully into the multitude of sys- 172 THE GALLERY. terns of shorthand which have been given to the world since the art was invented and they are " Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks Of Vallombrosa," and we have come to the conclusion that for clearness, eas- iness, beauty, and dispatch, none have excelled or even come up to Pitman's Phonography. This is not a biassed opinion. We do not say it from any personal motives. We ourselves write a system of shorthand published long, long ago, so lengthy and complicated in comparison, that were it not for the inconvenience that would inevitably result from a change, we should -discard it forever, and begin afresh with a shorter method. Phonography has now be- come thoroughly developed, a process that has occupied upwards of twenty years, and has attained a degree of per- fection which we can scarcely suppose will be superseded until one's words can be photographed on paper. Books exceedingly cheap and intelligible have been published, showing the way to learn this useful art, so that the most rapid speaker may literally be reported verbatim. 24. The average rate of public speaking in general is about one hundred and twenty words per minute, and a tolerably quick longhand writer can only write about twenty- six words per minute. Now let us see what any one must do if he wish to take these one hundred and twenty words per minute. If he take our advice he will buy the "Manual of Phonography." In this book the fundamental principles, etc., are concisely set forth, and can be thoroughly under- stood in an hour or so. One often sees among the adver- tisements in the newspapers an announcement of a new system of " Stenography," " shorter and easier than any Other hitherto published, and which can be thoroughly understood in the course of a few hours." The quacks who publish these books must mean prophetic hours; it is the principles, not the practice, that can be so easily attained. THE GALLERY. 173 Believe us, there is no royal road to so valuable an accom- plishment as shorthand. If any one wish to excel in it he must " Doff his sparkling cloak, and fall to work With peasant heart ana arm." 25. He must read over the "Manual" in such a manner (hat he may get a general idea of its contents, and then pursue the plan laid down therein. When any one learns to write at school, the first thing he has to do is to acquaint himself with, the form of each letter. It is the same with Phonography, but it will not take so long a time, for the letters are very simple in their formation. Phonography, being writing by sound, it will be found, of course, that all words are spelled as they are pronounced. By the study of the " Manual," and an hour's daily practice, any one of moderate abilities will in three months be enabled to write at least sixty words a minute. He must then obtain the "Reporter's Companion,'' which will cost a half-a-crown, and study it thoroughly and diligently, and in the course of a further period of three months, provided he has an hour's daily practice, he will find himself able to take down a speech verbatim, and his pen, to use a Yankeeism, moving on his paper as fast as an express train down an incline. 26. The Gallery view of the oratory of our legislators is of course somewhat different from that taken by the public in general. A reporter does not care so much about your crack speakers, unless they are slow of speech. Lord Palmer- ston is liked very much, although generally speaking his ipsissima verba have to be taken down. He is not a quick speaker and by no means a fluent one, especially in the beginning of a speech. He is like an old coach-horse, whose limbs are rather stiff at first, but work better when the blood gets warm and the circulation quicker. It is so, deci- dedly, with "the bottle-holder;" he hums and hahs, and ur as--ur though as though he ur was unaccustomed 174 THK GALLERY. to it. Now he proceeds very hesitatingly and with caution : and presently, all on a sudden, he proceeds briskly with a few sentences somewhat in the style of walking along the street and treading on a piece of orange-peel by accident. He is an easy man to report : he delivers his words as though they were precious, and should not be lost to those for whom they were intended. He is undoubtedly a very de- liberate speaker, and being a popular and a leading man, whenever he is on his legs the House is remarkably quiet ; button-holdings are abandoned, and private conversations cease. He is no " orator as Brutus is." Fox once said that speeches were made to be heard, not read : it is, however, the reverse with those of the Premier. 27. Lord Stanley is not so bad ; he speaks with a tolera- ble fluency, but is very distinct in articulation. His father, Lord Derby, is by no means a friend of the reporters ; for a great deal of "copy ;! has to be written out whenever he opens his lips. Bright is fluent, distinct and often wrist- aching. So are Gladstone and Sir George Grey. Vice-Chan- cellor Page Wood, when in the House of Commons, was a very unpopular man, ( we mean of course in the Gallery,) but on many occasions his speeches were not injured by passing through the gallery-sieve, as they often bore marks of hasty preparation. In fact, as we have often said before, speeches in general are improved by that process, unless indeed they go through " flatting mills," as Coleridge has pithily expressed it. Page Wood has, if possible, increased his speed since he has been on the bench in Lincoln's Inn. Lord John Russell is not much liked; his words are by no means few, and often very indistinctly delivered. 28. ilacaulay, when in the Lower House, was the terror of reporters, as he had a most rapid delivery, and rarely stam- mered or hesitated for an apt mode of expression, as he generally prepared his orations before hand. In the year 1836 he delivered a most brilliant oration at an anti-slavery meeting. At the close of the meeting Mr. ( afterwards Mr. THE GALLERY. 1 7o Justice ) Therry told Mr. Macaulay that from his rapid mode of speaking, and from so much of the merit of the speech being dependent on the accurate collocation of the words in which his many metaphors and figures were expressed, it would be only an act of justice to himself to furnish a re- port of the speech. At first he hesitated, and expressed some doubts whether he could furnish sufficiently ample notes for the purpose. However, on Mr. Therry telling him due attention should be made to any notes he thought proper to furnish, if he forwarded them to the " Morning- Chronicle'' office by eight o'clock that evening, he agreed to do so. On going to the office of that Journal at the above hour, Mr. Therry found a large packet, containing a verbatim report of the speech as spoken, the brilliant pas- sages marked in pencil, and the whole manuscript well thumbed over, furnishing manifest denotement that no speech in " Enfield's Speaker" was more laboriously and faithfully committed to memory, than that delivered by the great his- torian of the age. 29. Disraeli is not much disliked, notwithstanding that his words flow freely from his mouth. Sir George Cornwall Lewis is a bad one to report, and his speeches, were they given exactly as they are uttered, would by no means tend to elevate him in the eyes of his many admirers. He makes a statement stops corrects it, hums and stammers, and seems as though he were desirous of favoring his hear- ers with a first and second edition of his words at one and the same time. " It is impossible," says the Saturday Re- view, " for those who have not heard him to gather from the reports the faintest idea of the soporific power of this organ of the constitution. His words are squeezed out of him at intervals, like milk from a cow. He has read the dictum of Demosthenes that action is the first, second and third requisite of an orator. Accordingly, gluing his elbow to his side, he slaps the table at fixed intervals with the palm of his hand. But this clock-work proceeding, being 176 THE GALLERY. in no way governed by the sense of the speech, the slapa generally go to emphasize the prepositions. A sentence printed as really spoken, using dashes to express the min- ute-gun succession of his phrases, would run thus : ' I ought to state I may state I ought ( slap ) to state that my noble friend at the ( slap ) head of the Government at the jhead of the Government my noble friend the member '(slap) for the city of London, who was then at the head of the Government, (slap,) while he assented,' etc." 30. Lord Campbell, the present Lord Chancellor, when a young man, was a parliamentary reporter for the " Morning Chronicle." Hazlitt had laid down the brush of an artist, and picked up the pen of a parliamentary reporter. Charles Dickens was a reporter on the " Chronicle." In fact, that Journal has had the honor of " educating " many eminent men. John Payne Collier, the Shaksperian commentator, was for a number of years connecetd with it : so was Mr. Sergeant Spankie. Barnes was a parliamentary reporter for the "Times," until he was called out of the Gallery, by Mr. Walter, to take take the editorial chair of the " Thunderer." The late Mr. Justice Talfourd, the author of the immortal tragedy of "Ion," Samuel Carter Hall, the able editor of the "Art Journa!." So was "Special Correspondent" Russell. Mr. Russell, as a reporter in the Gallery of the House of Com- mons, was selected for every occasion requiring peculiar vividness of description. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 'onn L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY ot AT LOS ANGELES A 000 573 666 5 Z56 P682r 1872