LIBRARY ^ OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class Texts to illustrate a Course of Elementary Lectures on Greek Philosophy after Aristotle Texts to illustrate a Course of Elementary Lectures on Greek Philosophy after Aristotle Selected and arranged by J. Adam, M.A., Hon. LL.D. of Aberdeen University, Fellow and Senior Tutor of Emmanuel College, Cambridge London Macmillan and Co., Limited New York : The Macmillan Company 1902 All rights reserved "3505 A4- SEWERAL 6K COY r&P T6NOC GCMGN PREFACE IN preparing this volume of extracts, which is uniform with Dr. Jackson's recently published compendium, 1 my primary and immediate object has been to provide a text-book for use in connexion with my lectures on post-Aristotelian philosophy, particularly Stoicism and Epicureanism. I have, however, endeavoured to keep in view the needs of those students, if any such there be, who, having a fair knowledge of the classical languages, and some interest in philosophy, may wish to acquire for themselves an elementary knowledge at first hand of the two greatest and most repre- sentative systems of Greek thought and dogma between the death of Aristotle and the birth of Christ. The modern writers to whom I am most indebted are Zeller, Philosophic der Gh*iechen ; Hitter and Preller, Historia Philosophiae G-raecae ; Diels, Doxographi Graeci ; Usener, Upicurea ; Stein, Psychologic der Stoa ; Pearson, Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes ; and Dyroff, Ethik der alien Stoa. My obligations to Zeller are paramount ; and I am glad to have this opportunity of placing on record the admiration which, in common with all students of ancient philosophy, I have long felt for his incomparable work. 1 Texts to illustrate a Course of Elementary Lectures on the History of Greek Philosophy from Thales to Aristotle. Macmillan and Go. 1901. EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE I9th December 1901. 155700 CONTENTS I THE ACADEMY AFTER PLATO Section Page 1 Introductory . 1 2, 3 Speusippus and Xenocrates . . 1 4-6 Arcesilaus ... 1 7-14 Carneades ... , 2 15-17 Philo .... 4 18-22 Antiochus . . . . -4 II THE PERIPATETIC SCHOOL AFTER ARISTOTLE 23-28 Theophrastus . . 7 29-32 Strato and Lyco ..... 8 III THE OLDER SCEPTICS 33-38 Pyrrho and Timon ..... 9 IV EPICURUS 39-44 Introductory . 11 45, 46 Philosophy and its parts . 13 47-56 Canonic . . . . .14 57-83 Physics ... .16 84-102 Ethics 23 viii TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY V THE STOICS Section Page 103-105 Introductory . . . . .28 106-108 Philosophy and its parts . . . .29 109-126 Logic . . . . . .30 127-152 Physics . . . . . .34 153-196 Ethics ... 41 VI GREEK PHILOSOPHY IN EOME 197-202 Introductory . . . . .56 203 Early Epicureans . . . . .57 204-213 Lucretius . . . . . .58 214-222 Panaetius and Posidonius . . . .60 223-230 Cicero . . . . . .62 231 Virgil ...... 64 232-234 Seneca . . . . . .65 235, 236 Musonius . . . . - . .66 237-243 Epictetus . . . . . .67 244-248 Marcus Aurelius . 69 1-4] I THE ACADEMY AFTER PLATO PRESIDENTS , ( SPEUSIPPUS 347-339 B.C. Old Academ 339-314 Second or Middle Academy ARCESILAUS ?-241 Third or New Academy CARNEADES 160 (?)-129 Fourth Academy PHILO 100 ty-circa 79 Fifth Academy ANTIOCHUS circa 79-circa 69 1 Sextus Empiricus Pyrrhoneorum I 220 yeyovacriv, 009 (fra&iv ol Tr\eiovs, $vo ^7 rpeis* teal fjLev /ecu dp^aiordrrj rj rwv Trepl Tl\dra)va, Sevrepa Se /cat pear] rj r&v Trepl *ApKcri\aov rov aKOv&Trjv TloXe/jicovos, Tpirrj 8e Kal vea rj TWV Trepl KapvedSrjv 5 /cal KXe^ro/^a^o^ ' evioi Se Kal rerdprrji' Trpoo-rtOeao't, rwv Trepl <&l\wva KOI Xap/jiiSav. rives &e Kal TrefATTTrjv /cara- \eyova-i, rrjv T&V Trepl rbv *A.vrio%ov. 2 Diogenes Laertius IV 1 8teSefaro 8' avrov (TOV HXa- Speusippus TWO,) ^TrevcriTrTros Rvpv/jie&ovTOs ' ' A.6r)valo<$. See Jackson 10 Texts for Lectures etc., pp. 72 ff. 3 Diogenes Laertius IV 14 SteSefaro Se ^Treva-iTTTrov (o Xenocrates Eevofcpdrris) /cal d^rjytjo-aro TT)? o"%o\rjo9, Bo^do-ei, 6 <7O009' /jLtjBevbs yap OVTOS KaTd\rjTTTOv, el (rvy/caTaTtOeTai TIVL, rcS d/cara- \TJTTTW crwyKaraOrfo'eTai,, rj Be rw a/caraX^TrTft) crvyKard- Oevis So^a early. wtrre el TWV crwy/caraTiOe/jievwv eo-rlv 6 o? (rovro yap d ov /cal rj evBaifAovia, TOVTeaTi TO TOV ftiov TeXo?, rjpTrj/jievijv e%i Trjv TTICTTIV, ^alv o 'Ap/ce- cri\ao<$ OTL ov Trepl TrdvTcov eTre^wv Kavoviei ra? 30 /cal powr)(Tiv Kivelo~6ai ev rot? KaTOpO^^acnv, TO Be /caTop- Ocofjua elvai OTrep Trpa^Oev evKoyov e^ei TTJV dTrd\oa 15 elo-[v. el Be %wa elcriv, alo-QdvovTai" TCCLV yap ^wov TO^rj voeirai a)ov. el 8e alorOdvovrai, /cal /cal y\v/cd^ovraL' ov ydp St' aXX??? fjuev al(T@r)crea)s avTiXafiffdvovTai, TWV alo'd^rwv, ov^l 8e /cal Sid TJ}? yevcrews. oOev Kal TO TrepucoTrrew ravrriv tf 20 riva aid TIG iv d\\7]v avrXw? rov Beov 7ra^T6\a)9 TrepiTTorepas ydp alcrOijae^ e^wv [6 avrov yevricrerai, &eov paXkov, &>9 e\eyev 6 crvv rat? iraa-w VTrap^ovo-ai^ Trevre Tavrais /cal aXXa? aurcS TrepirroTepas Trpoa/jLaprvpelv, 25 f iv Trevre d8apTos ecov T7)V re TTiOavrjv (fravrao-iav /cal Trjv TTiOavrjv dfjua /cal aTrepio-TracrTOV KOI BLe^wBevfjLevrjv. 12 Cicero de finibus m 4 1 Carneades . . . pugnare non 10 destitit, in omni hac quaestione, quae de bonis et malis appelletur, non esse re rum Stoicis cum Peripateticis con- troversiam, sed nominum. 13 Cicero academica II 1 3 1 introducebat etiam Carneades, non quo probaret, sed ut opponeret Stoicis, summum bonum 15 esse frui rebus eis, quas primas natura conciliavisset. 14 Cicero Tusculanae disputationes in 54 legimus librum Clitomachi, quern ille eversa Karthagine misit con- solandi causa ad captivos cives suos ; in eo est disputatio scripta Carneadis, quam se ait in commentarium rettulisse. 20 cum ita positum esset, videri fore in aegritudine sapientem patria capta, quae Carneades contra dixerit, scripta sunt. 15 Eusebius praeparatio evangelica xiv 8. 15 StaSo^o? 8' avrov (rov Kapz/eaSof) XT}? &iaTpi/3rjs KaOLa-rarai KXetro- /AO.^09, fJb0 OV <&i\Ci)V. 25 16 Cicero academica I 1 3 Antiochi magister Philo, magnus vir, ut tu existimas ipse, negat in libris, quod coram etiam ex ipso audiebamus, duas Academias esse erroremque eorum, qui ita putarunt, coarguit. 17 Sextus Empiricus PyrrJwneorum I 235 ol Be 3 o <&i\(i)va (j)a(Tiv oaov JJLGV eVl ru> ^TWLKU> KpiTrjpi rrj KaTa\7]7mfcf) ^avraa-ia, aKara\7]7rra elvai ra oe- Theophrastus CTt09. . . . OUT09 TTpWTOV fJLV rjKOVCTeV ' AX/CLTTTTOV TOV TToXtTOU ev rf/ TraTpiBi, etr' aKovaa^ H\dT(ovos fjierecrrrj t rerdpTrj Kal BeKarrj s KOI e/caroo-rfj. 24 Theophrastus dJe ca^s plantarum II 3. 5 /catrot ra fca06\ov /col KOIVCL irpwra eSet ^fjTelv evpedevrcov yap TOVTCOV Kal ra Kara /juepos fyavepd. TOVTO [lev ovv KCO\VOI,T av &ia TO ^a\67rov el're TrXeiovs alrlat vovcruv eire fila" Trepl Se rcov ev rot9 Kad' eKacrra jj,d\\ov evTTopovjjuev 77 V I^OVTWV (TTrepfjLa- TrdvTa yap SvvaTai yevvav. TOVTO Be Kal Ty al(r6r)crei (fravepbv OTI <7u//,yW- 15 vet, KaTa Be TOV \6yov iV&)9 dvayKaiov rj ydp V(T^ ovBev iroiel fjbdTrjv, rj/acrra Be ev rot9 7T/3vo-i<;) del ?r/)09 TO @e\Ti,crTov opjjLa Kal Tov0 y cbaTrep 6fjLO\oyov/jLev6v ecrTi, TavTrj Be Kal TCL T^9 OepaTrelas' a/j,a yap Kal TeXe&>ert9 yiveTai T?79 9 oTav w Bid 8 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [27 27 Theophrastus (?) apud Porphyrium de abstinentia III 25 /cal /Jirjv Trdcri rot? o>ot9 at ye rwv dp%al Tretfrv/cacriv al avrai. \eyco Se ovtc eVl TO. dvafyeptov rd Trpwra" etc TOVTCOV fjiev yap KOI rd ra? eV tyv%as d&iatyopovs Tretyv/cevai, \eyco Brj rals /cal rat? opyals, en Se rot? Xo7tpdo-Tov) rrjv a^oiXrjv ^rpdrcov 'Ap/cecriXdov Aa/jutya- /crjvbs dvrjp e\\oyi,fjL(t)TaTO$ /cal r)cri Be y A7ro\\6B(0pos eV %povncols, Trporepov r)V frpypd^os, KOI tf/covcre kpvcrwvos rov ^ri\7ra)vo<;, &>9 'AXefaz>S/9O9 eV Bt,aBo%ais, elra 'Avagdp^ov, %vvafco\ov6wv Travra^ov, &>? 5 /cat rot? Tvfjivocro(f)(,o-Ta2s ev Ivbia o-vfJbjjLL^ai /cal rot? 34 Sextus Empiricus I 53 o irpo^TT]^ rwv Tlvppwvos Timon \69 av cr/ceTTTi/cbs wv, Trdvras \oiSopel /cal cri\\alvei rou9 BoyjAan/covs, ev 15 35 Aristocles apud Eusebii praeparationem evangelicam XIV 18. 24 auro9 /Aez> (Ilu^ft)^ o 'HXeto9) oz)Sev ev 09 eKaarov \eyovras on ov /xaXXoi/ eanv T) OVK eanv, TJ KOI ean Kal OVK ecrnv, T) ovre eanv OI;T' OVK eanv. rot? fjuevrot, 5 ovTO) TrepieaeaOai TLJJLCOV (frrjo-lTrpwrov jjuev a^aaiav, 8' drapa^iav. 36 Diogenes Laertius IX 103 f. Trepl Be wv ol Sia{3e{3ai,ovvTai, rw \6ya), (^dfjbevoi KareCkrifyOai, Trepl TOVTCOV eTre^ofjiev co? d$r)\c0v, fjuova 8e ra Trddr) ? ov *s Boyfjidrcov . . . ev a> ovv \eyofjiev fjbtjBev opl^eiv, ovB* avTO TOVTO opi^ofjieda. Compare 76 dvaipovai Be ol o-KeTrnKol Kal avrrjv rrjv ovBev fjid\\ov (frtovijv. 0)9 TlvOcovi, TO fjiTjBev 6pi 37 IX 105 f. o Ti/jLwv ev TW Tlvdcovl (frrjai, /JLTJ eK/3e(3rjKe- vat, (rov TIvppa)vd) TTJV avvr^Oeiav. Kal ev TO?? lvBd\/Jboi<; ovrco ~\,eyei,, 2 s aXXa TO (^aivofjuevov Trdvrr) aOevet ovirep av e\6r). Kal ev TOt9 Trepl alcr6r)(rea)V $ir]aiverai, Oyu-oXo^w. Kal Alveo-iBrj/Aos ev TW TTpcarq) rwv Tlvppcoveiajv \6jcov ovBev (f)rjcnv opi^eiv rov Hvppcova Bos Bid rrjv dvn\oylav, 30 Tofc Be (frawofjLevois dKo\ov6elv. Compare 108 alpovfjuedd n Kara rrjv crvvrfQeiav Kal (f>evyo/juev Kal vopoi,*; %pc*)fj,eOa. 38 IX 107 f. TeXo9 Be ol o-KeirnKOi $ao~i rrjv eTro^r^v, 77 o~Kias TpoTrov eTraKO\ov0el rj drapa^ia . . . nves Be Kal rrjv dirdOeiav, aXXot Be TTJV TrpaorrjTa TeXo? 35 elfrelv (f)a(n rovs 41] IV EPICUEUS 341-270 B.C. FOUNDATION OF THE EPICUREAN SCHOOL : circa 300 39 Diogenes Laertius x 1 f. 'J^TTitcovpos Neo/eXeou? ical Xaipea-rpdrrjs, 'AOrjvaios, rwv Sij/juwv Tapytjmos, yevovs rov rwv <&i\ai$wv, 009 (ftrjcrt, M.rjrp6Ba)pos ev TW Trepl evyevelas. rovrov (JXKTIV aXXot re teal 'H^a/cXetS^ ev rfj Sama)- 1/09 eTTirofJif), K\rjpov^r)a-dvra)v *A.0r)vala)v rrjv ^d^ov, e/cel 5 oKTcoKai&etceT'r) S' e\6elv et? 'A^z/a?, &evo- ev 'A.Ka$rj/jiia, 'Apia-Torehovs. 8' ev XaX/ct8fc TeXevrrjcravTos &e *A.\ej;dv$pov rov Ma- KOI TWV y A6r)vaiwv eKTrea'ovrwv VTTO HepBi/cKov fjbere\9elv et? KoXo0coi/a irpos rov Trarepa. %p6vov Be I TIVCU Siarptyavra avroOt real fjLaOrjrds dOpoicravra 7rave\0eiv els 'A^^a? eirl ' Ai/af iicpdrovs KOI fjuev TWOS /car* eTrifJbi^lav rot? aXXot? fyCKoaofyelv, ISia 7T&)9 rrjv air avrov K\r)0ei(7av atpeo-w 40 Athenaeus XIII 588 A Kal Trpwrbv ye rov i,\ocroiav wpyLt^cra?." oOev avrov Kal o TLJACOV (frycrl 20 ypa/jL/jLo8iSacTKa\iBrjv dvaycoyorarov %a)6vra)v. Compare Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 6 rcai&elav Se Traaav, jJiaKdpie, (frevye raKanov apd/Aevos. 41 Diogenes Laertius x 81 Kal avrov 'J&TTLKovpov (r)crlv 6 TijjboKpdrrjs) ev rals emcrrdKals Trepl Navo-i(f)dvovs \eyew 25 "Tavra tfyayev avrov els eKcrracrw roiavrrjv, w Kara? e%6pov<; rijs 'EXXaSo?* Kal 7ro\v(f)@opovs' Hvppwva Se d/jbaOrj Kal a Se ovroi. rc5 yap dv$pl fjidprvpes iKavol dvu7T6p^\rjrov vrpo? Trdvras evyvay/juoavvr]^ rj re \Kal^ elKocri rifjirjaacra, oi re (fruXoi roaov- rot, TO 7T\rj6os &)? /JL7)8* av rrokecnv oXat? fierpeiaOai 15 BvvaaOai, 01 re yvwpi^ot rrdvres rat? ^oy^ariKal^ avrov TpocrKaracr%6evrS, rr\r]V M.r)rpo$cit)pov rov %rpa- Trpos Kapved&rjv dTroxcoprjaavros, rd%a ffapvv- rat? dvvrrepft\r)roi<$ avrov ^prjarorrjo-iv 77 re , rracrwv a^e^ov eK\i7rovcrwv r&v aX\a)v, e? del 20 Sia/JLevovaa Kal vyplOfjiovs a^a? aTroXvovcra e'f aXX?;? rwv yvtopijjiwv. 7} re 77/509 rou? ev^apLo-ria, Kal rj 77/309 rot'9 aSeX^ot'9 evrroda, rrpos re TOV9 oiKeras rj/jbeporrjs, 009 Sij\ov KCLK rwv avrov Kal on, avrol crvve$i\oi\av6 pwrria. 7-779 fiev ydp 77/909 Oeovs 00-^0x77x09 Kal 77/309 rrarpl&a i\ia<; aXe/cTO9 77 $id6eo-i<$. vrrep- /3o\fj yap emeiKeias ov&e rro\ireias tftyaro. Kal %a\e7ra)rdra)v Se Kaipwv Karao-^ovrcw rrjvtKaoe rrjv 30 r E\Xao\z avroOt Karafiicovai, 8t9 77 rpls rou9 rrepl rrjv iav TO77Of9 77/309 TOi'9 /3O9 t ov Kal oyborj- Kovra fivwv rrpiaaOaL. 35 42 X 1 1 'ETTLKOVpOV ((j)7)(rlv 6 &t,OK\rj$) fJLT) dglOVV 6t9 TO KOIVOV KararlOeaOai ras ovcrias, KaOdrrep rov TlvBayopav KOiva ra i\(ov \eyovra' dmcrrovvrtov yap elvat, TO rouovrov, el 8' drcLorrwv , ovSe 46] EPICURUS 13 43 Numenius apud Eusebii praeparationem evangelicam XIV 5. 3 ev ovSevl fj,ev axfrBrjo-av (ol 'ETT^oupetot evavria BefJievoL ovBa/j,a)$, 6/jLo\oyrjaavTes e elvau o-vvbeSoyfjievoi, /cal avrol Sia rovro d7re\avaav TT}? pijcrea)? elrcoTW VTJ^p^e re e/c rov eirl 7r\el(7Tov TO?? 5 /jL6T67TiTa ^TTLKOVpeioiS /JLT)S CLVTol? eiTTelv 7TO) eVdVTLOV ovT6 aXX^Xot? ovT6 '^TriKovpay /jLTjSev et? firj&ev, OTOV KCLI fjU>r)vaivTat aKovcrTov, aXXa Kal Tat? aX?7$euu9 TOLOVTOV >, Kal eTrl TWV aXXcov a)cravTCt)s. Compare Epicurus apud Diogeneni Laertium X 32 TCL Te TWV /jLatvo/jLevcov (fravTaa/jiaTa Kal KaT ovap d\7]6rj' Kivel yap" TO Se /j,rj ov ov Kivel. 25 51 Epicurus apud Diogeneni Laertium x 147 el TIV eK- /3a\eiavevTo$' olov TO "TOIOVTOV earn; dvOpwTros" dfjua jap TW pTjOrjvai dv6 pcoTros, ev6v<; Kara irpoXr^^nv KOI 6 TUTTO? avrov voelrai irpoijyovfjLevcov rwv alo-Qrjaewv. iravrl 10 ovv ovofMaTi TO TT^coTft)? v7TOTTafj,evov, el fjirj irpoTepov e5 ITTTTO? eaTiv 77 /SoO?"* oel jap /caTa TrpoXrjtyw eyvaicevai, Trore ITTTTOV Kal /3oo? fjiopfyrjv. OLS' av a)vo/j,d(rafjLev TL /jirj TTpoTepov 15 avTOv /caTa TrpoXrj^jnv TOV TVTTOV jJiadovTes. evapyeis ovv el(TLv at TTjOoA^'x/ret?. Kal TO So^ao-Tov CLTTO irpoTepov TWOS evapyovs ijpTijTai,, e o dva(f>epovT6<; \ejofjLev olov " 7r60eV LO-/J,V 1 TOVTO IdTlV dvOpCOTTO? ; " 54 ibid. 34 iraQj] Se \ejov(7 iv eivai 8vo, rjSovrjv Kal aX^y 7 ?" oova, io-TdfjLeva Trepl Trav %<*>ov Kal TTJV ^ev oiKelov, TTJV oe dXXoTpiov Si, div KpivecrOai, ra? aipeaeis Kal (f>wyd<>. 55 ibid. Trjv Be S6av Kal vTro^rj'ifriv \e r yovcriv. v d\r)0rj T (f)ao~i, Kal tyevofj' av fjuev elcnj^Orj' olov TO Trpocr/jLelvai Kal eyyvs yeveo-0ai rcS Trvpyq) Kal fiaOelv OTTOIOS 771/9 (fraiveTai. Compare Sextus Empiricus VII 211 ff. OVKOVV TWV Sogwv a TOV *}^7riKovpov al fjiev d\r)0els elaiv, at oe tyevbels, 30 fjbev ai re eTTifjiapTvpovfjLevai, Kal OVK d Tvpovfjuevai TT^O? r/}? evapyeias, tyevSeis Se ai re Tvpov/jievat, Kal OVK eTri/JLapTvpov/jievai, Trpo? r^ eaTi oe eiri^apTvpfjoris pev KaTdkujtyis Si evap ^aivo^evw, olov o \eywv elvai Kevov, OTrep earlv d^rj\o 5 evapyovs irpdy^aTos TOVTO, TTJS Kivtfaew yJr] 6Vro? yap Kevov ovSe Kivrjais axf)6L\ev elvai, TOTTOV ^r] e^oz^ro? rov Kivov/Jievov crcofJiaTos e/9 .01; Trepio-r^o-erat, Sia TO Trdvra 77X77^77 elvai, /cal vaard, loo-re rc5 $o%ao-0VTi avTifiapTvpeiv TO ^aivo^evov /civrjo-ecos ovo-rjs. 7] I eo~Ti Tr OVK o~ei . . c&o-avTo&s oe KCLI TI OVK ecrTl Ttj e7ri/jiapTVpr)o~e(,. 56 Lucretius v 526-533 nam quid in hoc inundo sit eorum ponere certum difficile est ; sed quid possit fiatque per omne i 5 in variis mundis varia ratione creatis, id doceo plurisque sequor disponere causas, motibus astrorum quae'possint esse per omne; e quibus una tamen sit in hoc quoque causa necessest quae vegeat motum signis ; sed quae sit earum 20 praecipere hautquaquamst pedetemtim progredientis. See Munro's note on this passage. Physics Reasons for 57 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium X 142 f. el ^rjOev r)/Jbdrj ra? />%? rwv V01( ovrcov (rw/jLara \6yw Oewprjrd, a/juero^a Kevov, dyevrjra, dBid(j)0apra, ovre 0pavcr0ijvat, Bvvd/Jieva ovre BiaTrXacnv IK rcov nep&v \af3elv ovre d\\ot,a)0rjvai, . . . ravra pevroi Kivel- s aOat, ev rco Kevw /cal Bid rov Kevov elvai, Be ical avro TO Kevov ajreipov KOI ra crco/xara aireipa,' o-v/JL@l3r)fcevai, Be rot? o-(t)fjuao-i rpia ravra, cr)7?//,a, /jieyeOos, ySapo? . . . elvai Be ra a^fjuara roiv dro/AW dTrepiX^Trra, OVK cnreipa. fjirj yap elvai /-^T' dy/cicrTpoeiBeis yu^re Tpiaivoe&els fJLrjre 10 /cpiKoeiBeis ravra ydp rd cr^/jLara ev0pavcrrd eariv, at Be dro/Aoi aTraOeis a6 pavaroi. iBia Be e%6iv decoprjrd. KCLL etp^rat aro/z-o? ^X OTi aXX* on ov Bvvarat, Tjj,r)0f)vai,, djraOrjs ovaa KOI ayLtero^o? Kevov. Compare Epicurus apud Diogenem 15 Laertium x 39-44, 54-59, and Lucretius I 329-397, 418-634, 958-1051, n 80-164, 333-568, 730-864. 60 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 61 KOI fjirjv Kal lo-OTa%eis dvayKalov ra? aTOpOVS elvai,, orav Bid TOV Kevov elcr(j) ; pcovrai priOevos avriKoirrovro^. ovre ydp rd 20 fiapea Odrrov olaO rjaerat, rcov /jutKpcov Kal Kovcfxov, orav ye Brj /jL^Bev drravra avrol<$' ovre rd fUKpd ra>v jjieyd\,a)v, rcdvra rropov avfJii^erpov e%ovra, orav firjOev fjurjBe CKeivoLS avriKorrrr)' ovO^ 97 dvco ov0 y rj et? TO r rr\dyiov Bid rcov Kpovcrecov <>opd, ov0* f) Karco Bid r(ov IBiwv 25 ftapwv. Compare Lucretius II 225242. 61 Lucretius II 2 4 3-2 5 Deviation of etiam atque etiam paulum inclinare necessest corpora ; nee plus quam minimum, ne fingere motus obliquos videamur et id res vera refutet. nanique hoc in promptu manifestumque esse videmus, 3 o pondera, quantum in sest, non posse obliqua meare, ex supero cum praecipitant, quod cernere possis. sed nil omnino recta regione viai declinare quis est qui possit cernere sese ? 62 Stobaeus eclogae I 346 p. 142 Wachsmuth Kivela-Oai is Be rd drofia rore pev Kara o-rd0/jLrjv, rore Be Kara 7rapeyK\tcriv. Cicero definibus I 18 censet eiiim (Epicurus) c 18 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [62 eadem ilia individua et solida corpora ferri deorsum suo pondere ad lineam ; hunc naturalem esse omnium corporum motum. deinde ibidem homo acutus, cum illud occurreret, si omnia deorsum e regione ferrentur et, ut dixi, ad lineam, 5 numquam fore ut atomus altera alteram posset attingere, itaque attulit rem commenticiam : declinare dixit atoiuum perpaulum, quo nihil posset fieri minus ; ita eflici com- plexiones et copulationes et adhaesiones atomorum inter se, ex quo efficeretur mundus oinnesque partes mundi quaeque 10 iii eo essent. Compare Lucretius 11 216224. 63 Cicero natura deorum I 69 Epicurus, cum videret, si atomi ferrentur in locum inferiorem suopte pondere, nihil fore in nostra potestate, quod esset earum motus certus et necessarius, invenit quo modo necessitatem effugeret, quod TS videlicet Democritum fugerat. ait atomum, cum pondere et gravitate derecto deorsus feratur, declinare paullulum. Compare de fato 22 hanc Epicurus rationem induxit ob earn rem, quod veritus est ne si semper motus gravitate ferret ur naturali ac necessaria, nihil liberum nobis esset, cum 20 ita moveretur animus, ut atomorum motu cogeretur : also Lucretius n 251-293, especially 289-293 : ne mens ipsa necessum intestinum habeat cunctis in rebus agendis et devicta quasi hoc cogatur ferre patique, 25 id facit exiguum clinamen principiorum nee regione loci certa nee tempore certo. 64 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 134 Kpelrrov rjv rc3 Trepl Oe&v fJbvOto KaraKo\ov9elv rj rfj rwv fyvaiKwv el/Aap/JLevy Bov\V6iv o /uuev yap e\7rl$a TrapcuTrjaecos VTTO- 30 jpd(f)6i 6eS)v Sia Ti/jLTJs, r) Be aTrapairrjTov e^et rrjv dvdy/crjv. Formation of 65 [Plutarch] de placitis philosophorum I 4 p. 215 f. Usener o rolvvv KOCT^O^ avvearrj TrepLKeKXaa-fJLev eo-ycrj/jiaTio-fjievos TOV rpoirov TOVTOV. TWV arofj-wv airpovoirjTov /cat TV^alav e^ovTcov rrjv Kivr\Giv (Twe^o)^ re 35 teal rd^crra Kivovpevtov, et? TO avro TroXXa avvrjOpoiaOr) Sid rovro TroiiciXiav e^ovra fcal /cal jjLeyeOow . dOpoi^o^ivwv 8' ev ravrq) rov- rwv rd fjuev o? B* ovv ee\ei7re /jLev 77 7r\rjKTL/cr) Bvva/JLis /jLeTecopi^ovcra ov/ceTi Te rjyev 77 TrXrjyr) Trpbs TO jjLeTecopov, e/cco\veTo Be TavTa /caTco (frepeo-Oai, eV^efeTO 5 irpbs Toi>9 T07TOU9 TOU9 Bvva/jLevovs Bej;acr0ai,' OVTOI, Be rjo-av ol Trepij;, /cal 737509 TOVTOIS TO 77X77^09 TWV aco/jid- TWV 7repi/c\dTO' Trepi'jrXeKo^eva Be aXX7jXot9 KOUTCL Trjv irepi/c\ao'i,v TOV ovpavbv eyevvrjae. Trjs B* avTrjs e^o/jievai, vo~iv direTe- TOV depa /cal TOVTOV e^eOXifte' 7rvev/jLaTOvp,evo$ Be OVTOS KCLTCL Tr)v KIVK](JIV KCii (TV^irepCKa^dvwv TCL dcrTpa vcrw eyei Be avTrf Bia/cei/jLevrj /caT(f)epeTO Trpbs TOU9 /col- Xou9 T07TOU9 /cal Bvva/nevovs ^coprjcrai Te /cal crTe^ai, r) /ca0^ avTo TO vBcop VTCQCTTCLV e/coiXaive Toi/9 viroicei^evov^ Ta fj,ev ovv /cvpicf>TaTa /^eprj TOV KOCT/JLOV TOV 25 TOVTOV eyevvrjOrj. Compare Lucretius v 416508. 66 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 45 aXXa fjurjv Plurality of /cal KOCT/JLOL aTretpOL elcnv oi ff o^oioi TOVTCO /cal ol dvojj,ot,oi. w ibid. 73 TOU9 KOCT/JLOVS Be! /cal Trdcrav avyKpicnv Trejrepa- TO o/u-otoetSe9 TOt9 Oecopov/jievois TTVKVCOS e^ovcrav 3 yeyovevai diro TOV aTreipov, TravTcov TOVTCOV e/c 9 d/j,(f)OTpa ravra av/JL^aivei irepl rrjv tyv%r)V rd o-vfjLiTTcofjLaTa. Compare Lucretius m 161176. 71 Epicurus fragment 311 Usener \eyei, ('E-TriKovpos) . . . 6^ drofjicov o-wyicelarOcu (rrjv ^v^rjv) \iordrci)v /cal yv\a)Tdra)V, 7roXXc3 TIVI Siafyepovawv rwv rov KOI TO fjuev TL a\o 6a)pa/ci, &>9 &r}\ov fc re \a nominant, quorum thou s ht incursione non solum videamus, sed etiam cogitemus. i 76 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium 46-53 /cal urjv KO! TVTTOL o/jLoioa-^fjioves TOLS (TTepefjbviois elcri, \67rr 6rr)(7t,v dTreftovTes /jba/cpdv TWV (frawopevcov. . . . TOVTOVS Se TOVS TVTTOVS eiSa)\a Trpoaayopevofjiev. teal p^v KOI 17 Sia rov K6vov (f>opa Kara fjUTj^e/jLiav d'jrdvr^a'iv TWV avTiKo yivofjievrj Trdv fjurj/cos TrepC^^Trrov ev aTrepivorjrq) (7VVT\ei. . . . /cal TroXkol vo/Ai^ovcrtv, OVK elo-iv ov jap (f)V\drrov(7tv avrovs o2bv9 VOOVCTLV. acre/Sv)? Be V X TOV9 Qeovs dvaipwv, d\\ 6 r9 rwv 7ro\\a)v oadTTTWv. ov jap 7rpo\ri'fyet<$ elaiv, 8ei9 at TWV 7ro\\a)v vTrep 6ewv a,7ro(f)do'6t,s, evOev at i^ejicn-at ySXaySat re rot? KaKols efc Oewv eTrdjovrat /cat a)(j)\tat < rot? djaOoi? > . Compare Cicero natura deorum 10 i 43 and Lucretius I 62-101, v 1161-1240. 79 Aetius I 7. 34 p. 306 Diels 'Rirlicovpos avOpayrroeiSet? /lev roi>9 Oeovs, \oj

(7T ovre opjals ovre ^dpiat avve^eraf ev daOevel jap Trdv TO TOIOVTOV. Compare Lucretius II 646-51 and vi 387-422. 87] EPICURUS 23 82 Cicero de divinatione II 40 deos . . . induxit Epicurus perlucidos et perflabiles, et habitantes, tanquarn inter duos lucos, sic inter duos mundos. Compare de finibus II 75 (intermundia) and natura deorum I 18. 83 Lucretius in 18-22 apparet divum numen sedesque quietae s quas neque concutiunt venti nee nubila nimbis aspergimt neque nix acri con ere ta pruina cana cadens violat semperque innubilus aether integit, et large diffuse lurnine rident. Ethics 84 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 128 rrjv The ethical elvai TOV er TavTrjv yap dyadbv Trp&TOv /cal crvyyevi/cbv eyvco/jbev, /cal dirb ravrrjs /caTap%6/j,e0a Trdaris alpecrecos real ? KCLVOVL ro5 irdOei irav da /cal ra Trepirra eVt ravTTjv %(, rrjv dvaaip(t)v Be ra? Si d(f)po$i(7i(i)v, d(f>atpa>v Se rds $i d/cpoa/jbdrcov, dai,pa)v Se /cal ra? Bid fjiop(f)rj^ icar otyiv rjBeias Kivr)creis. Compare Cicero de, finibus ir 7, Tusculanae disputationes ill 41. 86 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 129 eirel Trp&rov 2 5 dyadbv TOVTO /cal CTV/JL^VTOV, Bid rovro /cal ov Trdcrav rjBovrjv aipov/jbeOa, dX)C ecrnv ore TroXXa? 77801/^9 vTrep/Baivofjuev, orav 7r\eiov r^uv TO Bvcr%p$ etc rovrcov eTrrjTai' /cal TroXXa? dXyijoovas rjBovwv Kpeirrovs VOflt&pev, ejreiBdv /jiei^cov rjfjuv rjBovrj 7rapa/co\ov0'f] TTO\VV %povo ra? d\yrjB6vas. Trdaa ovv rjBovrj Bid TO fyvcnv ol/ceiav dyaOov ov Tracra fievTOi aipeTij' icaddirep /cal d\yrjSa)v Trdaa KOLK.QV ov Trdaa Be del ev/CTr} 7re9 TO fjbe\\ov ovre rjfierepov ovre irdvTws ov% rjfjberepov, f iva /JLr)T TTCLVTMS 7TpO(T[JiVa)[jiV ft)? eCTOfLGVOV jJbr]T a7re\7ri%ti>fJLV ft>9 7rdvTO)$ OVK ecrbfjuevov. 88 ibid. 136 77 pev yap drapa^ia KOI dirovia 10 Karacrrrj/jLari/cai elaiv rjSovat,' rj Se X a P^ Ka ^ ^ ev^poavvrj Kara K,ivr)cnv evepyeua ftKzTrowai. Diogenes Laertius II 8/ r]^ovr)V . . . TTJV rov crw/jiaTos, rjv /cal reXo? elvau, ov rrjv KaTao-TrjfjsaTircrjv rjSovrjv (ol l^vprjvaiKoL <$>aaiv elvat), rrjv 67T* dvaupecrei dXyiyftovcov /cal olov dvo^Xrjaiav, TJV o 15 '^TTL/covpos aTToSe^erat /cal reXo? elvai (j)r)ds elvai T^9 ^^^9. ibid. 118 fragment 601 Usener KCLV aTpep\a>6r) 8' o cro^>o9, 35 elvai avTov ev&ai^ova. Compare Cicero Tusculanae dis- putationes II 17 and Seneca epistulae 66. 18 Epicurus quoque ait sapientem, si in Phalaridis tauro peruratur, exclama- turum ' dulce est et ad me nihil pertinet/ 95] EPICURUS 25 90 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 132 ov yap Virtue and \ / > > A / / pleasure tcai KM/AOL o~vveipovTeepei 7ro\vTe\r)<; , TOV ijBvv yevva (3iov, aXXa vqifxDV Xoyia/jLos teal ra9 atria? e%epevv&v Trda-rjs alpeo-ews /cal (frvyfjs KOL ra? s Soa9 e%e\avvwv, ej; wv 7rXet<7TO9 ra? tyv%a<; KaTdKa^dveL 6opv/3os. rovToyv Se TTCLVTWV dp^r) real TO /leytcrroz' dyadbv povi/Jic0s /cal /caXco9 ical oviiw^ /cal aXco9 /cal $i,/caia)s> avev TOV yp a peTa ra> v ?ea>9 f /ca TO ^TJV ?;Seftf9 TOVTCOV eo-T\v d%(t)pi(TTov. Compare Cicero de finibus I 57. 91 Diogenes Laertius x 138 Std 8e TTJV rj&ovrjv teal The virtues T9 dpeTas alpeia-Oai, ov i avTas, axnrep Trjv laTpucr^v Bid TTJV vyueiav. Epicurus apud Athenaeum XII 546 F fragment 70 Usener ri/^reoz/ TO /ca\bv /cal ra9 dpeTas Kal TO, TOiovTOTpoTra, edv fjo'ovrjv Trapao-Kevd^rj" edit be fjurj irapao-icevd^r), ^aipeiv eaTeov. Compare ibid. 547 A frag- 20 ment 512 Usener Trpoo-TTTvco ro5 Ka\u> /cal ro?9 icev&s avTo 6av/j,dov(Tiv, oTav /jL^Be/jiiav rjSovrjv Troifj, and Cicero de finibus I 4254. 92 Cicero 'de finibus I 42 sapientia, quae ars vivendi Wisdom putanda est, non expeteretur, si nihil efficeret ; nunc 25 expetitur, quod est tamquam artifex conquirendae et com- parandae voluptatis. 93 ibid. I 48 intellegitur nee intemperantiam prop ter Temperance se esse fugiendam temperantiamque expetendam, non quia voluptates fugiat, sed quia maiores consequatur. 3 94 Epicurus apud Diogenem Laertium x 120 fragment Courage 517 Usener TTJV Be a '^pelav fyvaei pr] yivecrOai,, Xoyto-yu-o) Se TOV av/ji(f)epovTo$. Compare Cicero de finibus I 3436, 49. 95 Epicurus ibid. 151 77 dSi/cia ov /ca&* eavTrjv /ca/cov, Justice aXX* ev TO) Kara Trjv v'jro^riav ^>o/5&), el fjirj \ijaei rot/9 35 vTrep TWV TQiovT(ov efao-Tij/coTas /coXa real OVK dvay- al Be ovre fyvaucal ovre dvay/calcu, aXXo, irapa Kevyv &6%av yivo/juevai. Cicero de finibus I 45 f. quarum (cupidi- 5 tatum) ea ratio est, ut necessariae nee opera multa nee impensa expleantur ; ne naturales quidem multa desiderant, propterea quod ipsa natura divitias, quibus contenta sit, et parabiles et terminatas habet, inanium autem cupiditatum nee modus ullus nee finis inveniri potest. Compare Epicurus 10 apud Diogenem Laertium X 144 o TT}? fyva-ews TrXoOros ical wpicTTai Kal evTrbpia-Tos e<7TW o Se r&v tcevwv $ot;a)v eh aireipov eKTriTrrei. Friendship 97, Epicurus ibid. 148 <*)v 1} ao(j)ia irapao-Kevd^erai et? rrjv TOV o\ov ftiov /JLa/capiOTTjra, TTO\V fj,eyi(TTOv eorriv f) 15 TT}? tX/o-9 KTijcris. Compare Cicero de finibus I 65-70. Society and 98 Arrian Epicteti dissertationes II 20. 6 ri jap \eyei ' n/r) e^aTraracrOe, avOpwiroi,, fjbrjBe irapdyeaOe OVK a)v pr) eSvvaro (rvv9r)ica<$ TroielaOai ra? VTrep TOV pr) /3\d7TT6iv d\\a /jir)$e ^KdirrecrOai, Trpos ravra ovOev TJV Sl/caiov ovBe CL^LKOV. axrauro)? 8e real rcov eOvwv oaa fjurj ISviHiTO rj fj,rj e/3ov\ero ra? trvvByicafi Troieio-Oai ra? vTrep rov /J,Y) fSKaTrrew fJLrjSe /3\d7TTe(T0at,. OVK TJV ri Ka@' 30 eavrb Si/caioa-vvr), o-XX* ev rat? per aXX??Xo>z/ o~vcrTpo($)ais /caO^ oiri)\ucovs Srf 7TOT6 del TOTTOU? 9 ol/Ciov a)pe%6r)O'av. 102 Cicero definibusi 62 f. sic enim ab Epicure sapiens The Wist- .M.U. semper beatus inducitur : finitas habet cupiditates, neglegit s mortem, de dis inmortalibus sine ullo metu vera sentit, non dubitat, si ita melius sit, migrare de vita, his rebus in- structus semper est in voluptate. neque enim tempus est ullum, quo non plus voluptatum habeat quam dolorum. nam et praeterita grate meminit et praesentibus ita potitur, ut 10 animadvertat, quanta sint ea quamque iucunda, neque pendet ex futuris, sed exspectat ilia, fruitur praesentibus ab eisque vitiis, quae paulo ante conlegi, abest plurimum et, cum stultorum vitam cum sna conparat, magna afficitur voluptate. dolores autem, si qui incurrunt, numquam vim 15 tantam habent, ut non plus habeat sapiens quod gaudeat quam quod angatur. optime vero Epicurus, quod exiguam dixit fortunam intervenire sapienti maxim asque ab eo et gravissimas res consilio ipsius et ratione administrari, neque maiorem voluptatem ex infinite tempore aetatis percipi posse 20 quam ex hoc percipiatur, quod videamus esse finitum. Compare Diogenes Laertius x 117-121, and Usener Epicwrea pp. 330-341. [103 V THE STOICS Zeno FOUNDATION OF THE SCHOOL: circa 300 B.C. PRESIDENTS ZENO circa 300-264 B.C. CLEANTHES 264-232 CHRYSIPPUS 232-circa 206 ZENO OP TARSUS \ DIOGENES OF SELEDCIA > 206-circa 140 ANTIPATER OF TARSUS ) 103 Diogenes Laertius vii 1 Zrjvcov Mva&eov rj Kmet>9 CITTO KvTrpov, TroXtV/^aro? 'EXX^z^/coO, oivi,icas 7TOiKOVvr)s Kal b%vraros ev rravrl pepei, o#TO>9 ware /cal ev TOt9 7rXeto-TOt9 BL^ve^drj TT/JO? Znjvcova, aXXa /cal rrpbs , &> Kal TroXXtt/a? e\eye /JLOVTJS rfjs rwv Boy/jidrcov XP^ 6iV ' ra< * ^ drroBei^eis avros evptfaetv. Ijuerevbei /juevroi, oTrore 77/309 avrov aTroreivoiro wcrre 5 es 7rpo(f)epeo-0ai, ravra" eya) Se raXXa /j,aicdpio$ lTVK dvrjp, 7T\rfV et? KXedvOrjv rovro 8' ou/c evBai/jLova). 8' eVtSo^o? eV rot? StaXe/crt/cot? eyevero, wcrre row? TrXetou? cm et irapd Beols TJV f) Bt,a\6KriKtj t 10 OUAC ay aXX?7 ^i/ 17 17 X/ouo't7r7r6to9. ifXeovdaas Se rot? Trpdy/jiacn rrjv \e%iv ov KaTcopdwae. TrovitcwTaros re Trap OVTIVOVV yeyovev, 009 8^X09 e/c TWI/ o-vjypafjL/j,dra)v avrov' TOV dpiO/jibv yap vTrep TrevTG Kal eTrraKoo'id iv. 15 183 a(Tav rrjv fjbev (rovai,Kr)v f)OiKr)v \oyiKijv Bi TJV air lav Kal rpifjueprfs ecrrw 77 (friXoaotyia, 25 7^9 TO uev (frvcriKov TO Be rjOiKov TO Be \oyiKov Kal pev orav rrepl KOO-^LOV fyrwuev Kal rwv ev QiKov Be TO Kar^a-'^oK'rjfjLevov rrepl rov dvOpto- TTLVOV jSiov, \oyt,Kov Be TO rrepl rov \6yov, o Kal Bia\eKrLKov Ka\ovaiv. Compare Diogenes Laertius VII 3 39 and Cicero de finibus in 72. 107 Diogenes Laertius VII 40 elKa^ovcri, Be fao) rrjv Tra/ji(f)6pa)' TOV ftev TrepL^e/S^fj/jievov (j>pay/jubv TO \oyiKOV TOV Be Kapirov TO r)6iKov Trjv Be yfjv s TI TO, BevBpa TO (frvcriKov. 108 Seneca fragment 1 7 philosophia nihil aliud est quam recta vivendi ratio vel honeste vivendi scientia vel ars rectae vitae agendae. non errabirnus, si dixerimus philosophiam esse legem bene honesteque vivendi, et qui dixerit illam 10 regulam vitae, suum illi nomen reddidit. Logic Subdivisions of 109 Diogenes Laertius VII 41 TO Be \oryucov /juepos (fraalv evioi et? Bvo Siaipelcrdai, eTricrTrj/Jias, el<; prjTopi/crjv Kal Bia\eKTt,/c^v' Tiz/e? Be Kal eZ? TO opi/cov elBos TO Trepl KCLVOVWV Kal KpiTiipLwv evioi Be TO opt/cov 15 irepiaipova-i. TO fjuev ovv Trepl Kavovwv Kal KpiTrjpiwv Trapa- \afjLJ3dvovo-t, 7T/309 TO TTJV oXijOeiav evpelv ev avTO) yap TO,? vTavi&v Biatyopas aTrevOvvovai. Kal TO opiKov Be 7T/309 e7ri9 alviTTopevos. Compare Cicero de finibus II 1 7. stoic Rhetoric 111 Cicero de finibus iv 7 scripsit artem rhetoricarn Cleanthes, Chrysippus etiam, sed sic ut si quis obnm- tescere concupierit, nihil aliud legere debeat. ^aj/rao-t'a 112 Diocles Magnes apud Diogenem Laertium vn 49 dpeo-Kei TOt9 ^Tft)t:ofc9 TOV Trepl fyavTaaias Kal alaOrio'ews TTpoTaTTeiv \6yov, KadoTi TO KpiTrjpiov, o> ^ d\r)6eui TWV TTpay/juaTcov yivaxrKeTai, KaTa 761/09 (ftavTaaia eaTi, Kal KaOoTt, 6 Trepl avyKaTa6ea'ect)$, Kal 6 Trepl KaTa\r)tyea)S 35 Kal z/o^cre&)9 Xo p yo9 Trpodywv TWV a\,\a)v OVK avev av- 115] THE STOICS 31 avvicrraraL. TrpOTjyelrai yap rj fyavr acrid elO rj Sidvoia K\a\7jTLKrj vTrdp^ovora, o Travel VTTO Trjs av- , TOVTO e/cepet, \6ya). 113 Aetius iv 12. 1 p. 401 Diels fyavraaia pev ovv (/cara XptxriTTTrov) TrdOos ev rf) ^v^fj yiyvo^evov, 5 ev ai)T(j> real TO TreTroirj/cos' olov Si oijrea)? Oewpwaev TO \ev/cov, O~TI Trado? TO e pevov Bia T^? opdcrecos ev T{J ifrv%f). Compare Cicero academica 1 40. Sextus Empiricus vn 228 ff. tyavTacrla ovv eo~Ti tca,T avTovs Tvirwa-is ev tyv%fj. irepl -^9 evOvs /cal &ieo-Tr]o~av KXedvOrjs /JLCV yap TJKOVO- TTJV Tvirwaiv tcaTa TC real e^o^v, Mairep KOI Sia TWV Sa/cTV\ia)v yivo- TOV tcrjpov TVTrcocriv, XpucrtTrTro? Se CLTOTTOV rjjeiTO TO TOLOVTO . . . auro9 ovv (o Xpuo-fcTTTTO?) Trjv TVTTtoGiv zlpr)(jQai V7TO TOV ZiTJVCOVOS V7Tv6ei, CLVT\ TT}? T/30tCe)CT6a)9, C00V elvat, TOLOVTOV TOV \6yov 114 Diogenes Laertius X 51 TWV Be (fravTaaitov KCLT at fjuev elaiv alo-0rjTifcal, at 8' ov' alo-OrjTL/cal al &i alaBrjTijpiov r) cuao-iv orav ryevwqOrj 6 dvOpcoTros, e^ei TO rjyepovifcbv fJLepos Trjs ijrv)(ffc Mo-Trep %dpT7]v evepyov els a7roypaai>Tacria or test of truth \oytrcov %(pov TO yap ei\i]oopav rrjv 0)9 eVl ra rraparceipeva rovrois vorjrd. 119 Diogenes Laertius VII 46 T^9 Be a(ri, rrjv yivo/jbevrjv diro V7rdp%ovro<; rear 1 avro TO virdp%ov, evaire- (T(f)paao-l Se TO \CKTOV elvai The \cKr6v TO /caTa (pavTaaiav \oyncrjv vcovfjs TOTTOV. real TOV fiev TWV arj/jiaivo/jLevcov eis Te 15 TOV Trepl TMV (pavTacnwv TOTTOV real TWV ere TOVTCW \ercTMV d^iWfjidTwv real avTOTe\a)v real reaT- >, real TWV O/JLOICOV opOwv real VTTTLCOV real real elBcov, o^oicos Be real \6ya)v real TpoTrwv real real TWV Trapa TTJV (f)0)vrjv real TO, a)V elvai tyevBo/jievovs \oyovs real d\7]0evovTas real dTro^dareovras GcopeiTas Te real TOVS O/AOIOVS TOVTOLS, e\\iTre2s real aTropovs reai TrepaivovTas rcai eyreerca\v/jL- /juevovs rcepaTivas Te real ovTiBas real Bepi^ovTas. elvai, Be TTJS ia\eKTircris iBtov TOTTOV real TOV TrpoeipTj/jLevov Trepl 25 avTrjs TTJS (j)(i)vr)s, ev (j> BeirevvTai, rj eyypdufjiaTos <^wvrj, real Tiva TCL TOV \6yov f^eprj, real Trepl (To\oirao-/jiov real /3ap/3api,crfjLOV real Troirj/jidTcov real ayn real Trepl e/x/^eXo09 (f)c0vrjs real Trepl /j,ov(nrci)s real Trepl opcov rcaTa Tivas real Biaipecrewv real Xefea>i>. Physics Materialism 127 Cicero academica I 39 (Zeno) nullo modo arbitra- batur quidquam effici posse ab ea (natura), quae expers esset corporis . . . nee vero aut quod efficeret aut quod efficeretur, posse esse non corpus. Plutarch de communibus notitiis 1073 E ovTa yap [jLova Ta a^^ara rcdXovo'iv, eTreiBr) OVTOS 35 TO TTOieiV TL Kttl 131] THE STOICS 35 128 Sextus Empiricus X 218 TWV Se aawfjbdrwv Teo-frapa ecorj KaTapiOfAovvTai, 009 \eKTov KOI /cevbv /cal TO7TOV KCLl %pOVOV. 129 Hippolytus pliilosopJiumena 21. 1 p. 571 Diels o The first cause re XyovcrtTTTTo? teal Zrjvcov, o'l vTreOevTO /cal avTol dp^rjv 5 /JLV OeOV TO)V TTaVTCOV, CTWyU-O- OVTO, TO KaOap(t)TaTOV, Sid TrdvTwu Se Sirf/ceiv rrjv irpovoiav avrou. Aetius I 7. 33 p. 305 Diels ol ^Tau/col voepov Oeov aTrofyaivovrai, irvp ov 0^(0 ffaSi^ov eVl 'yevecnv KOO-JJLOV, efjb7repiet\r)- Trdvra^ rovs aTrep^ariicov^ \6yovs, rcaO* 01)9 etcao-ra 10 eifjLap/jLevrjv Trepl Xpvo"t7T7ro9 8e ev Trj TrpwTrj TWV vcriKwv. 131 Diogenes Laertius VII 1 3 5 f. ev T elvai Oeov /cal Cosmogony vovv /cal el/jLap/Jievrjv /cal A/a 7roXXat9 T6 eTepais ovo/jLacria^ irpocrovofjbd^eo-Oai. icar dp^ja^ fjiev ovv /ca& avTov ovTa Tpeireiv TTJV iraarav ovalav 81 depos els vBayp- /cal cocrTrep ev Trj yovfi TO dTrep^a Trepie^eTat,, OVTCO teal TOVTOV (TTrep/AaTi/cbv \6 TroiovvTa TTJV v\r)v Trpbs TTJV TWV ef?J9 yevecrw elTa dtroyevvdv TrpwTov TCL Tecrcrapa , 7rvp, vocop, depa, yijv. 36 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [131 Plutarch de communibus notitiis 1085 c rd ye ^v Teo-aapa (TTOL^eta, yrfv /cal vSa)p, depa re Kal Trvp, TTp&Ta aTOL^ela Trpoo-ayopevovres, OVK olSa OTTW? ra /j,ev a7r\a /cal KaOapd, TCL Se avvOeTa KOI fjie/jbty^eva TTQIQVGI. 5 yrjv /JLev yap /cal vScop ovre e/9 del avrd crvve^eiv ovre erepa, TrvevfjuaTiKfjs Se yu-ero^ /cal irvptoSovs Swd/jbews rrjv evorrjra Sia Kpaaiv ryiveaOai Trj et9 aXX^Xa TWZ/ o-TOi^eiwv yLtera/3oX^ crcD/jbaTOS o\ov Si? o\ov rtvo9 eTepov ^iep^o^evov. See Pearson Fragments of Zeno pp. 100-103. 7>aV//,ara yap Trdvra \eyew /cal r9 TroiOTrjTas /cal TTJV yfrv^v /cal Bid opcovTes TOV crc6yu,aro9 /cal TTJV ^v^rjp ^wpovcrav Kal TTOioT'rjTas ev rat9 /cpdaeo-t, o-vve^wpovv aw/jia Sid %aypeiv. Plutarch de Stoicorum repugnantiis 3 o 1054 A TravTa^ov TYJV v\ijv dpyov e eavTfjs /cal d/ciwrjTov Tais TTOLOTTJCTLV d'rrofyaivova'i, ra9 $e TroiOTrjTas ovcras /cal TOVOVS depaiSei,? 0^9 av eyyevwvTai uX^9 elSoTTOieiv e/cacrTa /cal cr^rjfiaTi^eiv. Compare Zeno fragments 53, 96, and Cleanthes fragment 35 13 Pearson. The world 134 Aetius I 6. 2 p. 293 Diels /ca\os Se o /coV/w $7j\ov Se e/c TOV tr%qftaTO? /cal TOV xpto/jbaTo? ical TOV ULeye6ov<$ Kal r^9 irepl TOV Koo-fiov TWV do-Tepcov 137] THE STOICS 37 135 Arius Didymus apud Eusebii praeparationem evan- fjelicam XV 15. 14 o\ov Be TOV KOO-/JLOV avv rot? eavrov /jLp6(7L TTpoaayopevovo-L Oeov TOVTOv e eva fjiovov elvai (fraon, teal Treirepacr/jLevov /cal %>ov KOI dt'Biov real deov ev yap TOVTM TrdvTa Tcepie-^ea-Oai ra a^fjbara, /cevbv Be prjBev VTrdp^eiv 5 ev avTO) . . . Sib Kara /JLev TTJV Trporepav aTroBocriv d'l'Biov TOV KOCTJJLOV elvdl (f)a<7i, tcara Be TYJV SiaKoo~fjir) ryevvrjTov /cal fjLera^\7]Tov Kara TrepioSov? aTreipovs yeyovvias re teal ecro/jbevas. /cal TO fj^ev /c TT}? Tracrrj^ ovGias TTOLOV KOdfjuov dtbiov elvai /cal 6eov ^ejeorOai, Be /coo-fjiov o-vo-Trjjjua ef I0 ovpavov /cal depos /cal 77)9 /cal OdKaTrr]^ Kal rwv ev avrols (frvcrecov \e9 \eyeTai 6 Koa^o^, eTretBrj TOV &V atrt09 rjfuv ICTTL. Compare Cicero natura deorum II 3039 and Seneca 25 quaestiones naturales prologus 1 3 quid est deus ? quod vides totum et quod non vides totum. sic demum magnitudo sua illi redditur, qua nihil maius excogltari potest, si solus est omnia, opus suum et extra et intra tenet. 136 Stobaeus edogae I 58 p. 34 Wachsmuth Aioyevrjs The world-soul /cal KXedvOrjs /cal OlvoTruBrjs (TOV Oeov) TTJV TOV KOCT/JLOV ^Xn v - Seneca quaestiones naturales n 45 eundem, quern nos, lovem intellegunt, rectorem custodemque universi, animum ac spiritum mundi, operis huius dominum et artificem, cui nomen omne convenit. 3 s 137 Chrysippus apud Plutarchum de Stoicorum repug- Evil nantiis 1051 B /ca/ciav Be /ca06\ov dpai, ovTe BvvaTov OVT e%ei, ^aXo>9 dpOfjvai. 38 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [138 138 Chrysippus ibid. 1050 F 97 8e /ca/cia Trpos rd avi^Trray/jLara tSlOV Tiva e^et \6yov. yiverai fjiev yap teal avrrj TTWS Kara TOV TT}? (frv&ecos \oyov, Kdi, LV oi/rco? i7ra), OVK d^prjcrTa)? yiverai Trpo? ra o\a~ ov&e yap av rdyadov rjv. Chrysippus apud Plutarchum de communibus notitiis 1065 D cbcrTrep yap al KWfJLw^icn, eTnypd/jL/jiaTa (fcepovcriv, a tcaO* avra [lev ecm (>av\a, TO) Se dpiv TIVCL TrpoaTid^cnv, ovrw tyel;6ia<> av avrrjv e<^>' eavrrjs TTJV /caKiav rot? S' oXot? ov/c Fate 139 Diogenes Laertius vn 149 Kaff ei/Aap/jLevrjv Be (fraa-i, ra nrdvra yiveaQai, XyoucrtTTTro? ev rot? ire pi elfjLap/Jiev'rjs /cal Ttrjvwv . . . can 8' el/juap/jbevrj alrua TWV ovrwv ipofjLvrj rj \6yos Ka6* ov o KoafJios SiJ;dy6Tai. Aulus is Gellius vn 2. 3 f . in libro enim Trepl irpovoLas quarto elfjiapiJLevrjv esse dicit (Chrysippus) (frvcriKrjv TLVCL avwrafyv rwv 6\c0v e diBlov TWV erepwv rot? ere^ot? liraKoKovOovv- T(0v Kal fjberaTroKkviJuevwv [yu-era TTO\V fjuev ovv vulgo] . . . aTrapaffdrov ovaij^ TT)$ ToiavTys eVtTrXo^?. Necessity and 140 Cicero de fato 41 Chrysippus autem cum et necessi- freewiii tatem improbaret, et nihil vellet sine praepositis causis e venire, causarum genera distinguit, ut et necessitatem effugiat, et retineat fatum. causarum enim, inquit, aliae sunt perfectae et principales : aliae adiuvantes et proximae. quam 25 ob rem cum dicimus omnia fato fieri aritecedentibus causis, non hoc intellegi volunius, causis perfectis et principalibus, sed causis adiuvantibus et proximis. ibid. 43 ut igitur, inquit, qui protrusit cylindrum, dedit ei principium motionis, volubilitatem autem non dedit : sic visum obiectum imprimet 3 o illud quidem et quasi signabit in animo suam speciem, sed assensio nostra erit in potestate : eaque, quemadmodum in cylindro dictum est, extrinsecus pulsa, quod reliquum est, suapte vi et natura movebitur. Chrysippus apud Eusebii praeparationem evangelicam iv 3. 1 fjbrj ydp av ra? rwv 35 /jidvTecov TTpopprfo-eis oXrjOels elval (frrjcriv (6 XpvariTTTros), el fir) Trdvra VTTO rrjs el/Jiap/jbevrjs TrepiefyovTO. 141 Cleanthes apud Epicteti enchiridion 5 2 fragment 9 1 Pearson 145] THE STOICS 39 dyov (77701) Crouch) Be JJL, 9 etyofjial 7' aoicvos- TJV Be fir) 6e\co Kaicos yevo/jievos, ovBev rjrrov e^opai. 142 Cicero natura deorum 164 nee vero universo generi Providence hominum solum, sed etiam singulis a dis immortalibus consul! et provider! solet. ibid. 167 magna di curant, parva neglegunt. Marcus Aurelius VI 44 el pev ovv eftovKevcravro 7Tpl e/jiov teal rwv e/jiol o-v/jL/3r)vcu bfyeikovrwv oi deoi, ej3ov\6V(ravTO' a(3ov\ov jap 6eov ov$e KaK,oiroir\(Tai Se //,e Bia rlva alrlav e/JL6\\ov opfjuav ; rl yap avrols, rj ro> KOIVU>, ov fjbd\iara irpovoovvrai, IK TOVTOV Trepieyevero ; el Se fjur] e/BovXeixravro Kar ISiav Trepl ejjbov, Trepi ye TWV KQIVWV nrdvTWS e/3ov\evo-avTo, 0*9 KCLT eTra/coXovOqaiv /cal ravra ei\a). 143 Seneca epistulae 65. 24 quera in hoc niundo locum The macro- deus obtinet, hunc in homine animus, quod est illic materia, m^ocos^i th id in nobis corpus est. Cicero natura deorum II 37 ipse autem homo ortus est ad mundum contemplandurn et 20 imitandum, nullo modo perfectus, sed est quaedam particula perfect!. See Stein Psychologie der Stoa I pp. 205214. 144 Plutarch de virtute morali 4 5 1 B /ca06\ov Be rwv Soul OVTOOV avrol re fyacn /cal BrjKov eo-riv on ra fiev e^ei BuoiKelrai, ra Be vcrei, ra Be d\o9 \lOoi /cal %v\a, (frvcrews Be KaOdirep ra (f)vrd, -^^7)9 Be ra q>a. Compare Zeno fragment 43 Pearson. 145 Chrysippus apud JSTemesium de natura hominis 3 4 The soul of Xpuo-t7T7T09 Be (frijcrw on 6 Odvaros eari drro <7&)yitaT09* ov&ev Be dacD/jLarov drro era) par os ovBe yap etydirrerai crwfjiaros do-wparov -f] Be ^v^rj /cal 40 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [145 efydrrrerai /cat %c0pl%erai rov Gutparos' awfjua dpa TJ Compare Clean thes fragment 36 Pearson. 146 Chrysippus apud Galenum v p. 287 Kilhn 1} Trvevfid ear i, av^vrov rjfjuiv awe^es rravrl rq> aw pan 5 Birj/cov ear av 97 rfjs &)% av^/Jberpia Trapfj ev rc5 crca/juan,. Compare Diogenes Laertius vn 157 Zijvcov 8' o Kirievs /cal AvTiTTarpos . . KOI HoaeiBtovios rrvevfjia evOep/jiov elvai rrjv ^V^TJV- rovrw yap rj/jids elvai efjurvoovs /cal VTTO TOVTOV 10 147 Aetius IV 4. 4 p. 390 Diels ol ^rcoL/col eg 6/crco ao-i, o-vveaTavai (rrjv tyv%rjv), irevre /JLCV rwv , opariKov, dfcovarncov, oafypavriKov, CLITTLKOl), KTOV 8k (frcOVrjTLKOV, JBOfJiOV $6 ojSoov Se avrov rov r^ye^oviKov, d(j) ov ravra Trdvra 5 eTTirerarai Sia rwv ol/ceicov opydvwv TT poo-fa pw? rat? rov 148 Diogenes Laertius VII 159 TI^^OVIKOV 8' elvai TO KVpiwrarov T% ^u^9, ev w at ^avracriai /cal al op/jial yivovrai, /cal o6ev o \6yos dvaTrefiTrerai,' OTrep elvai ev /capoia. 20 Compare Zeno fragments 9 3 and 135 Pearson. Relation of the 149 Marcus Aurelius II 4 Bel &e rjSr) Trore aicr9ecr6ai, human to the / / / ? \ / ^ \ / world-soul ^^^09 Kocrfiov pepos ei, Kai nvos oioitcovvros rov KOO-JJLOV aTTOppoia vTrecrrr)?. V 27 (rvffiv 6eol<$ % crv^rj oe 6eoivrd pev /cal rd rj/juerepa o-ca/JLara ovrws ev&eBerai rols 0X0^9 /cal 30 a-vjjLTrerrovOev at ^v^al 8' al ^fjierepau ov TroXu 7r\eov ; al tyv%al [lev ovro)? elalv evSeBejaevai, /cal avv- rc3 Oeqy, are avrov /jiopia ovra /cal drrocnrdo-fjiara. The soul after 15Q Diogenes Laertius vn 157 K\edv6i]s fiev ovv death , , ^ , /\i\\/ > / Trao-as eTrubia^eveiv (ra9 xfru^a9) l^e^pi, r^ e/CTrvpcoorecos, 35 Xpvcnrrrros Be ra9 rcov aocfrcov JJLOVOV. The iKv&pwffis 151 Stobaeus eclogae I 17 p. 153 Wachsmuth R and Tra\ty- c^vr/ /i >i^ />/ v 6 vrco 7Tft)9 (prjcTiv eK(p\oyi(Tvevro^ rov rcavros TO fAeaov avrov Trpwrov, eira rd e^o/xeva d 154] THE STOICS 41 oY o\ov. TOV 8e TravTos e%wypav6evTOS TO ea^arov TOV Trvpos, avTiTVirrjcravTos avTw rov yu/ecrou, TpeTrecrOai TcaKiv els TOvvavTiov, eW OVTCO Tpemroimevov ava) (frrjo-lv av^eaOat, /cat ap^eaOat SnaKoa-pelv TO o\ov /cal TOiavTrjv ireploSov alel real oia/coo-jjirjo-iv Troiovfjievov TOV ev TTJ TWV 6\cov 5 ovaia TOVOV pr) TraveaOai. wdirep jap evos TWOS Ta iravTO, (frveTai, etc aTrep/JidTcov ev Tol<$ KaO^KOvac , OVTCO /cal TOV o\ov Ta fieprj, wv /cal Ta fcSa /cal Ta (f)VTa ovTa Tvy^dvei, ev rot? /caOrj/covai %povots <>veTai. teal wcTTrep Tives \6yoi, TCOV fjiepwv et9 o-Trep/JLa (rvviovTes J0 ical avOis Sia/cplvovTat, jevo/jievcov TWV /jbepwv, ef evos re Tcavra jiveaOaL /cal e/c TravTcov [et?] ev L, oSw /cal /i / \ A / > v > \ of all things (pao-iv aTro/cauicrTafJLevovs rof9 TrXa^ra? et? TO avTo crrjfielov Kara re /JLTJICOS /cal TrXaro?, evOa TTJV rjv, ore TO TrpwTOv 6 KO(T/JLO<; avvecrTr), ev Trepiooois e/CTrvpwcrtv /cal (frQopav TWV OVTCOV crdai /cal iraXiv ef VTrapxf)? els TO avTo TOV /coa/jiov 20 io'TacrOai . . . e&ecrOai, yap irakiv ^co/cpaTTjv /cal /cal e/ca&TOV TWV dvOpcoTrcov (rvv TOLS avTols /cal ^>/Xot9 /cal 7roA//rat9 Kal TO, avTa Treio-eo-Qat, /cal Tot9 avTOcs avvTev^eadai, teal Ta avTa fjueTa^eipieicrOat, Kal Trdcrav TTO\IV /cal /coo/Jirjv /cal d? rwv d)VTcov KaKo^aifjuovovvrwv. ol Be pera TOVTOV TO (j)i>(7i %f)v, VTroKaftovres e\a,TTOv elvai 10 VTTO rov TA^VWVO^ pydev. K.\edv0r}<; 9 aTreBco/ce, TeXo? ecrTt TO ofio\oyovfjbevw^ Trj (fry a e i ^rjv. Contrast Diogenes Laertius vii 87 TT^COTO? o TirjVWV V Tto 7T6pl dvOpCOTTOV 0^CT6&)9 T\O9 6776 TO OfJLO- 15 \oyovjj,ev(0s TTJ (f>v(7i, tfiv, and Cicero de finibus iv 14 hunc ipsum Zenonis aiunt esse finem, declarantem illud, quod a te dictum est, convenienter naturae vivere. Interpretation 156 Diogenes LaertlUS VII 89 criv Be X^uo-tTTTTO? /JLCV ej;aKOvei, fj dKo\ov0a)s Bel ^ijv, TTJV Te KOivr]v Kal ISlo)? 20 Trjv dv6po)7rivrjv 6 Be KXeaz/^9 TTJV /coivrjv /Jbovrjv e/cBe- fyvaiv, y d/co\ov0eiv Bel, oviceTi Be /cal TTJV eTrl . Stobaeus eclogae II 134 p. 76 Wachsmuth oirep (TO 6{jLO\o f yov/jLevci)$ TTJ fyvGei ^v) o ^pvo'i'mros aa(f)e- crTepov flov\6/j,evo<; Troirjcrai e^rjvey/ce TOV Tpoirov TOVTOV, 25 %r)v icaT ejJLTreiplav T&V fyvcrei crvfifBaivovTcov. The Tr/owra 157 Cicero de finibus HI 1 6 f. placet his, inquit, quorum a foiv ratio mihi probatur, simul atque natum sit animal hinc enim est ordiendum , ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum et ad suum statum eaque, quae con- 3 o servantia sunt eius status, diligenda, alienari autem ab interitu eisque rebus, quae interitum videantur adferre. id ita esse sic probant, quod ante, quam voluptas aut dolor attigerit, salutaria appetant parvi aspernenturque contraria, quod non fieret, nisi statum suum diligerent, interitum tirne- 35 rent, fieri autem non posset, ut appeterent aliquid, nisi sensum haberent sui eoque se diligerent : ex quo intellegi debet principium ductum esse a se diligendo. in principiis autem naturalibus plerique Stoici non putant voluptatem 159] THE STOICS 43 esse ponendam : quibus ego veheiuenter assentior, ne, si voluptatem natura posuisse in eis rebus videatur, quae primae appetuntur, multa turpia sequantur. satis esse autem argumenti videtur, quam ob rem ilia, quae prima sunt ascita natura, diligamus, quod est nemo quin, cum 5 utrumvis liceat, aptas malit et integras omnes partes corporis quam, eodem usu, imminutas aut detortas habere. See Madvig's edition of the de finibus pp. 815825. 158 ibid. 2 f. initiis igitur ita constitutes, ut ea, quae Virtue the secundum naturam sunt, ipsa propter se sumenda sint, con- u trariaqueitemreicienda,primum est officium id enim appello KaOrjKov , ut se conservet in naturae statu, deinceps ut ea teneat, quae secundum naturam sint, pellatque contraria ; qua inventa selectione et item reiectione sequitur deinceps cum officio selectio, deinde ea perpetua, turn ad extremum 15 constans consentaneaque naturae, in qua primum inesse incipit et intellegi, quid sit quod vere bonum possit dici. prima est enim oonciliatio hominis ad ea, quae sunt secundum naturam ; simul autem cepit intellegentiam vel notionem potius, quam appellant evvoiav illi, viditque rerum agen- 20 darum ordinem et, ut ita dicam, concordiam, multo earn pluris aestimavit quam omnia ilia, quae prirna dilexerat, atque ita cognitione et ratione collegit, ut statueret in eo collocatum summum illud hominis per se laudandum et expetendum bonum ; quod cum positum sit in eo, quod O/AO- 2 s \oyiav Stoici, nos appellemus convenientiam, si placet, cum igitur in eo sit id bonum, quo omnia referenda sunt, honeste facta ipsumque honestum, quod solum in bonis ducitur, quamquam post oritur, tamen id solum vi sua et dignitate expetendum est, eorum autem, quae sunt prima 30 naturae, propter se nihil est expetendum. 159 Diogenes Laertius VJI 89 TTJV T dperrjv Siddecriv Virtue elvai 6^o\oyov/JLevr}v /cal avrrjv Si avrrjv elvai aiperrfv, ov Sid nva yi(TTLav, d^^Lvoiav, vovve r )(eiav, < eucrro- rfj e crwfypoo-vvr) evra^iav, Kocr^Ltorrfra, , ey/cpdreiav TTJ $e dvbpela /caprepiav, 0ap- pa\e6rr)Ta, fjue^aKo-^rv^Lav, ev-fyv^iav, (f)i\OTroviav rfj Be evo-e/Beiav, ^prjo-rorijra, evKoivwvTjcriav, evorvv- 161 Diogenes Laertius VII 93 ava \6yov Be /cal 15 tca/ciwv ra? jjiev elvai Trpcora^, ra? S' VTTO Tavra$' olov d(f)poo-vvr)v fjuev /cal Sei\iav /cal dSitciav /cal d/co\ao-[ap ev rat? Trpcorat?, aKpacriav Be fcal ffpaBvvoiav /cal /ca/co- fBov\iav ev rat? VTTO Tavras. The primary 162 Stobaeus edogae II 102 f. p. 59 Wachsmuth (frpovrj- (j iv 8' elvai eTTicrTijfJbrjV wv Troirjreov /cal ov TTOLTjreov /cal ovBerepcov, TJ eTrLcrrrjfjiTjv dyaOwv /cal /ca/cwv /cal ovBerepcov elvau eTTio-TijfjL'rjv aiperwv /cal (frev/CT&v /cal ovBerepayv' Bifcaioa-vvrjv Be eTrLO-rrj/JLTjv dTrove/jLijTLK^v TT}? a%ias 25 efcdaTW' dvBpeiav Be eTTLo-rrj/jurjv Beivwv /cal ov Beivwv /cal ovBerepcov . . . ical rrjv fjuev (frpovrjaiv Trepl ra /cad- ij/covra ^LveaOai' rr)v Be o-co^pocrvvrjv Trepl ra? op pas TOV dvOpa)7rov rr)v Be dvBpeiav Trepl ra? VTro/jbovd<>' rrjv Be BL/caiocrvv'rjv Trepl ra? anrove^crei^. 30 163 Cleanthes apud Plutarchum de Stoicorum repug- nantiis 1034 D TrXrjyrj Trvpos 6 rovos earl, tcav i/cavbs ev rfj tyv')(ri yevrjrai irpos TO eTTireXelv TO, 7Tt/5aX- \ovra, la^vs Ka\elrau /cal Kpdros ... 97 8' la^ys avrij /cal TO KpaTos OTav fjiev errl rot? fyavelaiv 35 eyyevrjTai,, ey/cpaTeid ecrTtv OTav B ev Tol? reot?, dvBpela' Trepl ra? d%ia<$ Be, Bitcaiocrvvr]' Trepl Be ra9 aleo-eis /cal Unity of 164 Plutarch ibid. 1034 c f. opi^o/jievos (6 Znjvcov) Virtue 168] THE STOICS 45 e/cdcrrTjv rrjv pev dvSpeiav (frrjo-l (f)povr]<7i,v elvai, ev evep- 77/reot?, rrjv Se SiKaioavvTjv (frpovrjo-iv ev &>9 piav ovaav dpertfv, rals oe rrpos ra IT pay par a Kara rds evepyeias Siacfrepeiv So/covaav. ibid. 1046 E f. Ta5 yap Selv $a ev /3vO

V ra fjiev e^eiv 7roXXr/y dlav, ra Be fB Se KOI TCOV dnra^lav tyovTcov a /Jiev e%eiv dtra^iav, a Se /3pa%eiav. ra fJiev TroXX^ afiav 7rpor) K\y6/jL0a Kara Trporiyov/jLevov \6yov. rov S' ofjiowv \6yov eVl ro3 aTroTrpOTjjiJLeva) elvai KOI ra TrapaBeijfjLara /card rr)v dva\oylav ravrd. ov&ev Se TWV d^aOwv elvai Trporjy/jievov Sid TO rrjv fJue^LdT'rjv d^Lav 15 avrd e^eiv. TO Be TrporjyiJLevov, Trjv SevTepav %d)pai> /cal of lav ex ov> wveyyi&W TTW? TT) TWV dyaOwv cfrvcrei,' ovSe ydp eV av\fj TCOV Trporjy/jLevcov elvau TOV ftav Trporjy/juevayv 6 Trepl rov KaOrjKovros TOTTO?. opL^erau Se TO /caOrj/cov ro d/co- \ov9ov ev %a>fi, o 7rpa%0ev ev\oa)v evepjel r&v ~\,oyL/cwv %(pG)v ovrcos drrooLSorai' rb d/co\ov0ov ev /3/o). Com- pare Diogenes Laertius vn 107 and Cicero de finibus m 58. Perfect and 176 Stobaeus I.e. rwv 8e KaOrjKovrwv ra pev elvai $>ao-L acts of duty re\eia, a $r) /cal /caropOwfAara \e r yeo~@ai,. /carop0a)/j,ara 25 8' elvai ra /car* dperrjv evepyijfjiara, olov rb (frpovelv, rb Si/caioTrpayeLV. ovrc elvai Be Karop9(t>^ara ra fjbr] ovrcos e'xpvra, a Srj ovBe re\eia Ka6r)tcovra Trpocrayopevovo'w, d\\d /juea-a, olov rb (t) > yi,vo/j,evov d/idprrjua elvai, rb Be /ca0rj/cov re\eia)0ev /carbp0a)ua yiveo-0ai,. Compare Cicero de finibus ill 59 and de officiis Hi 14 haec enim omnia officia, de quibus his libris disputamus, media Stoici appellant : ea communia sunt et late patent: quae et ingenii bonitate multi assequun- 35 tur et progressione discendi. illtid autem officium, quod rectum idem appellant, perfectum atque absolutum est, et ut idem dicunt, omnes numeros habet, nee praeter sapientem cadere in quemquam potest. 180] THE STOICS 49 177 Stobaeus eclogae II 36 p. 38 Wachsmuth ol Be True morality Kara Zrjvwva rov ^rwtKov rpoiTLKWs' fjOos ean Tnjyrj ffiov, d(f>' 179 al Kara pepo*; 7rpdt~eis peovai. Seneca de beneficiis I 6. 2 non quid fiat aut quid detur refert, sed qua niente, quia beneficium non in eo quod fit aut datur consistit, sed 5 in ipso dantis aut facientis animo. Cicero paradoxa 3. 1 parva, inquis, res est. at magna culpa. nee enim peccata rerum eventu, sed vitiis hominum metienda sunt. Com- pare Cleanthes apud Stobaeum florilegium 6. 3 p. 281 Hense ovros rcoiricrei rovr edv /ccupbv \dftrj. 178 Diogenes Laertius VII 110 ff. ecrn Be avrb TO TrdOo? ir& Kara Ziijvcova r) d\ov(ri,v Tfrv%rj<; tclvrjcri,*; rj opfjurj 7T\ovdovo-a. rwv Se iraOcov rd dvcordrw, /caOd r)crt X^ucrtTTTro? ev TO> irepl TraO&v r) re yap ecrrl irpocrBoicia /ca/cov. ct9 Be rov 6/3ov dvdyerai teal ravra, Belaa, OATZ/O?, ala^vvrj, eWX?^?, Oopvftos, dywvla ... 77 8' eTTiOv^La earlv a\oyo<$ opefys, v(j> T)V 25 rdrrerai /cal ravra, ^Travis, /u' alper

9 Ta9 ev fjuao")(d\rj 35 rpL^a^, ov^l Be Kal d^Lav e^eiv. 180 Diogenes Laertius vn 85 f. o Be \eyovai nveo/3ft), ovcrav ev^oyov 15 etc/cXicriv' o^7j0r)O'O'0ai fiev ydp TOV cro(f)bv ovBa/jiws, ev\a/37)6ijo'O'@ai Be. TTJ Be e7ri0v/jiia evavTiav (fraarlv elvai TTJV j3ov\t}&iv t ovcrav evXoyov ope^iv. rcaOaTrep ovv VTTO Ta TrpwTa TcdOr) iriwrei Tivd, TOV avTov TpoTrov teal VTTO ra? TrpwTas ev7ra0eia$' teal VTTO fjiev Tijv f3ov\r)criv, evvoiav, ev- 20 jjieveiav, daTraafjiov, dydirrjo-iv VTTO Be rrjv ev\d{Seiav alBw, dyveiav VTTO Be TTJV ^apdv Teptyiv, ev(f)poo-vvr)v, evBv/jiiav. Wise men and 183 Stobaeus eclogae ii 198 p. 99 Wachsmuth dpea/cei fools \ ~ rr / v r. > > , ^ <* yap TO) re Arjvcovi /cai rot? air avTov ZTWIKO Bvo yevrj TWV dv0p(*)7rcov elvai, TO fjiev TWV 25 TO Se TWV (f)av\a)v /cal TO fjiev TWV aTrovBaicov Bid TOV ftiov ^prjadai Tat9 dpeTai<;, TO Be TWV (j)av\a)v /ca/ciai<>' 60ev TO fjiev del /caTop0ovv ev aTracriv ol? ai y TO Be daapTaveiv. ibid. 116 tf. pp. 65, 67 Wachsmuth (fraal Be teal TrdvTa Troieiv TOV crocfrov < tcaTa > 3 Trao-a? Ta? dpeTas . . . /caTa TO dvd\oyov Be teal TOV a9 larpov? avTto Trdvra ra (rvvtjQr) o-vvra)v TJV, ovre eTrl \i@a)V r) v\cov. eTrl Be TWV K&V a>a)v r jro\LTeiai, Kal (j)i\iai, Kal olKOi, Kal Kal ev 7roXe/zot9 crvvOiJKai, Kal avowal. 25 189 Stobaeus eclogae, n 184 f. p. 94 Wachsmuth TO re aGi fyvcrei, eivai Kal //-T) Secret. eTro/jievov Be rovrots Kal TO Tro~\iTevecrdai rov crotyov Kal fJidKiara ev 7roXtTetat9 Tat9 efjufyaivovcrais Tiva TTpoKO- TTTJV Trpos Ta9 TeXe/a.9 7roXtT/a9' Kal TO vopoOerelv Be Kal TO TraiBeveiv dvOpawrovs, en Be crvyypdtyeiv rd Bvvd- fieva to/Xot9 &)? eavTols. Compare Cicero de finibus ill 70. 191 Plutarch de Alexandri virtute I 329 A KOI fjirjv rj Cosmo- TTO\V Bav/jLa^o/jLevr} TroXiTela TOV rrjv 2,T(i)iKO)V alpeaiv P" tanlsm KaTaj3a\o/jievov Zijvwvos et? ev TOVTO avvTelvei Ke(f)d\aiov, 5 iva /JUT) /cara TroXet? fJirjBe Kara BTJ/JLOV^ ol Kal TroXiras, el? Be /3to? 77 /cal /cocryu-o? vopa) KOLVM avvTpetyo/jLevrjs. TOVTO e? Be dv0pa)7rw, 6 Kocr/jios. 192 Diogenes Laertius VII 147 Oeov Be elvai ov d 6d- stoicism and vaTov, \oyiKov, Te\eiov rj voepov, ev evBai/jiovia, KaKOv TravTOS dveTTiBeKTOv, TrpovorjTLKov Koa/jiov re KOL TWV ev Koa/jifD' fA,r) elvai fjuevTOi dv6pa)7r6/jLOp Be /cat, Ta? aXXa? Trpoo-rjyopias e^ofjLevol TWOS oiKeioTijTos aTreBocrav. Compare Cicero de natura deorum I 36 and II 60-72. 3 o 193 ibid. 151 fyacrl Be elvai, Kai Tivas Bai/Aovas dvOpcoTrcov (TV/jbTrddeiav e^ovTa^, eVoTTTa? TWV dvOpwjreiwv irpay/JLaTcov Kal ijpcoas Ta? uTroXeXetyLt/ie^a? TWV 194 Marcus Aurelius V 27 o Balfjuwv, ov e/cao-T&) Trpo&Td- 35 TIJV Kal rpye/jiova 6 Zei>9 eBa)Kev, a'jrodTcacr^a eavTOv. 195 Diogenes Laertius VII 149 Kal ^v Kal ^avri- KTJV vfyeo-Tavai Tracrdv */!/ % * \ > / Kvoiar auavarwv, Trowcovv/jLe, TrayKpares acet, I0 ZeO, v(7Ci)$ dpfflye, VOJJLOV /nera irdvra Kvffepvwv, ^aipe' (7e yap Travrecrcri de/Jbis 6vrjTolo~i TrpocravSdv. CK aov yap yevos eafjiev, "^ijxpv 1 [Ufjujfi oaa %wet re Kal epirei OVTJT eirl yalav TO) rj/C7J, 7TVpOVT\ aUl' &> eTricnaaraL dpna Oelvat,, teal Kocr/jbelv TcucoG^a Kal ov (f>l\a aol \a ecrriv. a)8e yap et? ev Trdvra avv^pfJiOKa^ ecr6\d KaKolaiv, /3lov e(70\ov e%oiev. avrol & avff 6pjuua)(7iv avoi KaKov aXXo? eir d\\o, 35 ol fjiev virep S6^rj<^ cr7rov$r)V Svo-epicrrov e 1 6Xou Bergk. 196] THE STOICS 55 ol ' eVt Kep&oavvas rerpafi/jLevoi ov&evl fco S' et9 aveaiv ical crwyu-aro? rjSea epya eV aXXore 8' aXXa vTes //.aXa irdfjiirav evavria T&v$e pvov direipoavvr]^ diro \vypfjs, rjv (TV, Trdrep, a/ce&ao-ov ^^%^9 airo, 809 8e KVprj&ai , y Trio-wos (TV 8^779 //-era Trdvra ' av Ti^Oevre^ dfJLeifttofJbeo-Od ae rd era epya Sirjveices, ft>9 eVe QVJ]TOV OVT\ eVel oi^re ftporols i\av@pa>7ra)v &>9 irvev^a rrjv Tro\iv rifflS eveTrKr^ae. Kal 5 a>9 dvrjp f 'E*\\r)v els eK7r\7]%i Trdvra /cv]\ot)v Kal ^eipovfjievo^ epcora Beivov TOt9 veois, v^) ov ra)i> d\\wv rjbovwv Kal evdovcriwat, Trepl (friXoaocfoiav. ravra rot9 fj,i> rjpeo-Ke 'PwaaLois yiyvo/jueva 6 8e Kdrwv 10 V et9 rrjv 9 irporepov Compare Cicero academica n 137, Tusculanae disputationes IV 5 and de oratore n 155. 202 Cicero Tusculanae disputationes IV 5 sapient iae Beginnings of studium vetus id quidem in nostris, sed tamen ante Laelii P> llos P h y m u ' Rome aetatem et Scipionis non reperio quos appellare possim nominatim. Compare de oratore n 154. 203 Cicero Tusculanae disputationes iv 6 f. itaque illius Early Epi- verae elegantisque philosophiae, quae ducta a Socrate in cu Peripateticis adhuc permansit et idem alio modo dicentibus Stoicis, cum Academici eorum controversias disceptarent, nulla fere sunt aut pauca admodum Latina monumenta sive propter magnitudinem rerum occupationemque hominum, sive etiam quod imperitis ea probari posse non arbitrabantur : 3 o cum interim illis silentibus C. Amafinius exstitit dicens, cuius libris editis commota multitude contulit se ad. earn potissi- mum disciplinam, sive quod erat cognitu perfacilis, sive quod invitabantur illecebris blandis voluptatis, sive etiam, quia nihil erat prolatum melius, illud, quod erat, tenebant. post 35 Amafinium autem multi eiusdem aemuli rationis multa cum scripsissent, Italiam totam occupaverunt, quodque maximum argumentum est non dici ilia subtiliter, quod et tarn facile 58 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [203 ediscantur et ab iiidoctis probentur, id illi firmamentum esse disciplinae putant. Lucretius 204 Virgil Georgics II 490-492 felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas : atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum 5 subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari. 205 Lucretius n 14-21 o miseras hominum mentes, o pectora caeca ! qualibus in tenebris vitae quantisque periclis degitur hoc aevi quodcurnquest ! nonne videre nil aliud sibi naturam latrare, nisi utqui 10 corpore seiunctus dolor absit, mente fruatur iucundo sensu cura semota metuque ? ergo corpoream ad naturam pauca videmus esse opus omnino, quae demant cumque dolorem. 206 ibid. 55-61 nam veluti pueri trepidant atque omnia caecis 15 in tenebris inetuunt, sic nos in luce timemus interdum, nilo quae sunt metuenda magis quam quae pueri in tenebris pavitant nnguntque futura. hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest non radii solis neque lucida tela diei 20 discutiant, sed naturae species ratioque. 207 ii 1090-1104 quae bene cognita si teneas, natura videtur libera continue dominis private superbis ipsa sua per se sponte omnia dis agere expers. nam pro sancta deurn tranquilla pectora pace 25 quae placidum degunt aevoni vitamque serenam, quis regere immensi summam, quis habere profundi indu manu validas potis est moderanter habenas, quis pariter caelos omnis convertere et omnis ignibus aetheriis terras suffire feracis, 3 o omnibus inve locis esse omni tempore praesto, nubibus ut tenebras faciat caelique serena concutiat sonitu, turn fulmina mittat et aedis saepe suas disturbet et in deserta recedens 210] LUCRETIUS 59 saeviat exercens telum quod saepe nocentes praeterit exanimatque indignos inque inerentes ? 208 v 419- 4:; 1 nain certe neque consilio priinordia rerum ordine se suo quaeque sagaci niente locarunt nee quos quaeque darent motus pepigere profecto, sed quia multa niodis niultis primordia rerum ex infinite iam tempo-re percita plagis ponderibusque suis consuerunt concita ferri oinnimodisque coire atque omnia pertemptare, quaecumque inter se possent congressa creare, propterea fit uti magnum volgata per aevom omne genus coetus et motus experiundo tandem conveniant ea quae convecta repente magnarum rerum fiunt exordia saepe, terrai maris et caeli generisqiie animantum. 209 II 167-181 at quidam contra haec, ignari material, naturam non posse deum sine immine credunt tanto opere humanis rationibus admoderate tempora mutare annorum frugesque creare, et iam cetera, mortalis quae suadet adire ipsaque deducit dux vitae dia voluptas et res per Veneris blanditur saecla propagent, ne genus occidat humanum. quorum omnia causa constituisse deos cum fingunt, omnibu' rebus magno opere a vera lapsi ratione videntur. nam quamvis rerum ignorem primordia quae sint, hoc tamen ex ipsis caeli rationibus ausim confirmare aliisque ex rebus reddere multis, nequaquam nobis divinitus esse creatam naturam mundi : tanta stat praedita culpa. 210 m 830-842 nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum, quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur, et velut anteacto nil tempore sensimus aegri, ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis, 60 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [210 omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris oris, in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum omnibus humanis esset terraque marique, s sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai discidium fuerit quibus e sumus uniter apti, scilicet hand nobis quicquam, qui non erimus turn, accidere omnino poterit sensumque movere, non si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo. 211 ibid. 1042-1052 10 ipse Epicurus obit decurso lumine vitae, qui genus humanum ingenio superavit et omnis restincxit, Stellas exortus ut aetherius sol. tu vero dubitabis et indignabere obire ? mortua cui vita est prope iam vivo atque videnti, 15 qui somno partem maiorem conteris aevi et vigilans stertis nee somriia cernere cessas sollicitamque geris cassa formidine mentem nee reperire potes tibi quid sit saepe mali, cum ebrius urgeris multis miser undique curis 20 atque animi incerto fluitans errore vagaris. 212 ii 646-651 omnis enim per se divom natura necessest inmortali aevo summa cum pace fruatur semota ab nostris rebus seiunctaque longe. nam privata dolore omni, privata periclis, 25 ipsa suis pollens opibus, nil indiga nostri, nee bene promeritis capitur neque tangitur ira. 213 v 1198-1203 nee pietas ullast velatum saepe videri vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras nee procumbere humi prostratum et pandere palmas 30 ante deum delubra nee aras sanguine multo spargere quadrupedum nee votis nectere vota, sed mage pacata posse omnia mente tueri. Panaetius ob. 214 Suidas s.v. TlavaiTios . . . 'PoSios (f)i\6o-oos SroM- circa 110 B.C. K ^ ... 09 Ka6r}^r)(7aro Kal ^Kiiriwvos rov 67riK\r)0evTO<; 222] PANAET1US AND POSIDONIUS 61 ^A(f)pitcavov /juera Tlo\v(3iov 215 Cicero da, Jinibus IV 79 quam illorum (Stoicorum priorum) tristitiam atque asperitatem fugiens Panaetius nee acerbitatem sententiarura nee disserendi spinas probavit, 5 fuitque in altero genere mitior, in altero illustrior, semperque habuit in ore Platonem, Aristotelem, Xenocratem, Theo- phrastuni, Dicaearchum, ut ipsius scripta declarant. 216 Philo de incorruptibilitate mundi 497 6077^09 yovv Kal . . . TlavaiTios . . . ra? eKTrvpaxreis Kal irakiy- to KaraXiirovre^, irpo^ Oeiorepov Soyfia TO r-^? rov KOCT/JLOV Travros r)VTOfjLo\r), StdSo^o^ yeyovois Kal fJiaO^rrj^ Tlavairiov. 25 rfKOe &e Kal et9 'Pewyu.?;^ 7rl M.dpKOv MapKe\\ov (51 B.C.). 221 Strabo XVI 2. 10 Tlove&ajvw 6 ^TMLKOS, dvrjp rwv tcaff ^/u,a9 fytXoaofywv 7ro\v/j,a6eo-TaTo<$. II 3. 8 TTO\V ydp ecrTL TO aiTio\o r y(,Kov irap avTto Kal TO 3 222 Cicero Tusculanae disputationes 11 61 noster Posi- donius, quern et ipse saepe vidi et id dicam, quod solebat narrare Pompeius : se, cum Ehodum venisset decedens ex Syria, audire voluisse Posidonium ; sed cum audisset eum 35 graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer eius artus laborarent, voluisse tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere ; quern ut vidisset et salutavisset honorificisque verbis prosecutus esset 62 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [222 molesteque se dixisset ferre, quod eum non posset audire ; at ille: 'Tu vero/ inquit, 'potes, nee committam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.' itaque narra- bat eum graviter et copiose de hoc ipso, nihil esse bonum, s nisi quod esset honestum, cubantem disputavisse, cumque quasi faces ei doloris admoverentur, saepe dixisse : ' Nihil agis, dolor ! quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse con- fitebor malum.' Cicero 223 acodemica ill ego an tern dicam enim, ut res est 10 dum me ambitio, dum honores, dum causae, dum rei publicae non solum cura, sed quaedam etiam procuratio mtiltis officiis implicatum et constrictum tenebat, haec inclusa habebam et, ne obsolescerent, renovabam, cum licebat, legendo. nunc vero et fortunae gravissimo percuss us vulnere et admini- i 5 stratione rei publicae liberatus, doloris medicinam a philosophia peto et otii oblectationem hanc honestissimam iudico. aut enim huic aetati hoc maxime aptum est aut eis rebus, si quas dignas laude gessimus, hoc in primis con- sentaneum aut etiam ad nostros cives erudieridos nihil 20 utilius aut, si haec ita non sunt, nihil aliud video quod agere possimus. Compare de finibus I 1 and Tusculanae disputa- tiones I 1. 224 ad Atticum XII 52. 3 ajrojpa^a sunt : minore labore fiunt : verba tantum affero, quibus abundo. de finibus i 6 25 quid, si nos non interpretum f ungimur munere, sed tuemur ea, quae dicta sunt ab eis, quos probamus, eisque nostrum iudi- cium et nostrum scribendi ordinem adiungimus? quid habeut cur Graeca anteponant eis, quae et splendide dicta sint neque sint con versa de Graecis ? 30 225 academica i 13 sed de te ipso quid est, inquit, quod audio ? quanam, inquam, de re ? relictam a te veterem illam, inquit, tractari autem novam. quid ergo ? inquam. Antiocho id magis licuerit, nostro familiari, remigrare in domum veterem e nova quam nobis in novam e vetere ? de 35 officiis in 20 nobis autem nostra Academia magnam licen- tiam dat, ut quodcunque maxime probabile oecurrat, id nostro iure liceat defendere. Compare Tusculanae disputationes v 33 nos in diem vivimus: quodcumque nostros animos pro- 230] CICERO 63 babilitate percussit, id dicimus : itaque soli sumus liberi, and de natura deorum 1 12 non enini sumus ei, quibus nihil verum esse videatur, sed ei, qui omnibus veris falsa quaedam adiimcta esse dicamus, tanta similitudine, ut in eis nulla insit certa iudicandi et assentiendi nota. ex quo exsistit 5 illud, nmlta esse probabilia, quae quamquam non perci- piTeritur, tamen, quia visum quendam haberent insignem et illustrem, eis sapientis vita regeretur. 226 de na,tnra deorum I 10 qui autem requirunt quid quaque de re ipsi sentiamus, curiosius id faciunt quarn I0 necesse est. non enim tarn auctores in disputando quani rationis momenta quaerenda sunt. quin etiam obest plerumque eis, qui discere volunt, auctoritas eorum, qui se docere profitentur : desinunt enim suum iudicium adhi- bere, id habent ratum, quod ab eo, quern probant, iudicatum i 5 vident. nee vero probare soleo id, quod de Pythagoreis ac- cepimus, quos ferunt, si quid affirmarent in disputando, cum ex eis quaereretur, quare ita esset, respondere solitos : ' Ipse dixit/ ' Ipse ' autem erat Pythagoras, tantum opinio praeiudicata poterat, ut etiam sine ratione valeret auctoritas. 20 227 Tusculanae disputationes v 82 te nulla vincula impediunt ullius certae disciplinae libasque ex omnibus quodcumque te maxime specie veritatis movet. 228 de natura deorum I 60 omnibus i'ere in rebus, et maxime in physicis, quid non sit citius quam quid sit dixerim. 25 229 TuscuLanae disputationes in 2 quod si talis nos natura genuisset, ut earn ipsam intueri et perspicere eademque optima duce cursum vitae conficere possemus, baud erat sane, quod quisquam rationem ac doctrinam requireret. nunc parvulos nobis dedit igniculos, quos celeriter malis moribus opinion!- 30 busque depravati sic restinguimus, ut nusquam naturae lumen appareat. sunt enim ingeniis nostris semina innata virtutum, quae si adolescere liceret, ipsa nos ad beatam vitam natura perduceret. Compare de finibus v 59 f. 230 de legibus I 24 f. nam cum de natura hominis quaeritur, 35 disputari solet (et nimirum ita sunt ut disputantur) perpetuis cursibus conversionibusque caelestibus exstitisse quandam maturitatem serendi generis human! : quod sparsum in terras 5 64 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [230 atque satum divino auctum sit animorum munere. cumque alia, quibus cohaererent homines, e mortali genere sumpserint, quae fragilia essent et caduca, animum esse ingeneratum a deo. ex quo vere vel agnatio nobis cum caelestibus, vel genus vel stirps appellari potest. itaque ex tot generibus nullum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat notitiam aliquam dei ; ipsisque in hominibus nulla gens est neque tarn immansueta neque tarn fera, quae non, etiam si ignoret, qualern habere deum deceat, tarnen habendum sciat. ex quo 10 efficitur illud, ut is agnoscat deum qui, unde ortus sit, quasi recordetur ac noscat. Virgil 231 Aeneid vi 724-75 Principio caelum ac terram camposque liquentis lucentemque globum lunae Titaniaque astra spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus 15 mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. inde hominum pecudumque genus vitaeque volantum et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus. igneus est ollis vigor et caelestis origo seminibus, quantum non corpora noxia tardant 20 terrenique hebetant artus moribund aque membra. hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auras dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco. quin et supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nee funditus omnes 25 corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris. ergo exercentur poenis veterumque malorum supplicia expendunt. aliae panduntur inanes suspensae ad ventos, aliis sub gurgite vasto 30 infectum eluitur scelus aut exuritur igni. quisque suos patimur manis ; exinde per amplum mittirnur Elysium et pauci laeta arva tenemus ; donee longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe, concretam exemit labem purumque relinquit 35 aetherium sensum atque aural siinplicis ignem. has omnis, ubi rnille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno, 232] VIRGIL, SENECA 65 scilicet inmemores super ut convexa revisant rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti. 232 Seneca naturales quaestiones in praefatio 10-17 quid Seneca praecipuuin in rebus humanis est ? non classibus maria conplesse nee in rubri maris litore signa fixisse nee deficiente s ad iniurias terra errasse in oceano ignota quaerentem, sed animo omnia vidisse et, qua maior nulla victoria est, vitia domuisse. innumerabiles sunt, qui populos, qui urbes habuerunt in potestate, paucissimi, qui se. quid est praecipuurn ? erigere animurn supra minas et promissa JQ fortunae, nihil dignum illam habere putare, quod speres : quid enim habet dignum, quod concupiscas ? qui a divinorum conversatione quotiens ad humana recideris, non aliter caligabis quam quorum oculi in densam umbram ex claro sole redierunt. quid est praecipuum ? posse laeto animo j s adversa tolerare. quidquid acciderit, sic ferre, quasi volueris tibi accidere. debuisses enim velle, si scisses omnia ex decreto dei fieri : flere, queri, gemere desciscere est. quid est praecipuum ? animus contra calamitates fortis et contumax, luxuriae non adversus tan turn, sed infestus, nee 2 avidus periculi nee fugax, qui sciat fortunam non exspectare sed facere, et adversus utramque intrepidus inconfususque prodire, nee illius tumultu nee huius fulgore percussus. quid est praecipuum ? non admittere in animo mala consilia, puras ad caelum manus extollere, nullum bonum 25 petere, quod ut ad te transeat, aliquis dare debet, aliquis amittere, optare, quod sine adversario optatur, bonam mentem : cetera magno aestimata mortalibus, etiamsi quis domum casus adtulerit, sic intueri, quasi exitura, qua venerunt. quid est praecipuum ? altos supra fortuita 3 o spiritus tollere, hominis meminisse, ut, sive felix eris, scias hoc non futurum diu, sive infelix, scias te hoc non esse, si non putes. quid est praecipuum ? in primis labris animam habere. haec res efficit non e hire Quiritium liberum, sed e iure naturae. liber autem est, qui servitutem suam 3S effugit. haec est adsidua et ineluctabilis et per diem et per noctem aequaliter premens, sine intervallo, sine commeatu. sibi servire gravissima est servitus : quam discutere facile F 66 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [232 est, si desieris multa te poscere, si desieris tibi referre mercedem, si ante oculos et naturam tuam et aetatem posueris, licet prima sit, ac tibi ipse dixeris : quid insanio ? quid anhelo ? quid sudo ? quid terrain, quid forum verso ? 5 nee multo opus est nee diu. 233 epistulae 92.30' sed si cui virtus animusque in corpore praesens,' hie deos aequat. illo tendit originis suae inemor. nemo inprobe eo eonatur adscendere, unde descenderat. quid est auteni cur non existimes in eo divini aliquid 10 exsistere, qui dei pars est ? totuin hoc, quo continemur, et unum est et deus : et socii sumus eius et membra, ibid. 73. 15 miraris hominem ad deos ire? deus ad homines venit, immo, quod est propius, in homines venit : nulla sine deo mens bona est. semina in corporibus 15 humanis divina dispersa sunt, quae si bonus cultor excipit, similia origini prodeunt et paria his, ex quibus orta sunt, surgunt : si malus, non aliter quarn humus sterilis ac palustris necat ac deinde creat purgamenta pro frugibus. 234 ibid. 102. 26 dies iste, quern tamquam extremum 20 reforrnidas, aeterni natalis est. depone onus: quid cunc- taris ? Musonius 235 Musonius apud Stobaeum eclogae n 426 p. 18o Wachsmuth irdvres, ecfuj, vcret, rre^vKafjLev ovrws, coo-re fjv dvafjiaprrjrws KOI /caAw?, ov% o fjuev TJ/JLCOV, 6 8' ov. 25 236 apud Stobaeum florilegiutn 117. 8 IV p. 88 Meineke ayei, yap f) e/cdcrrov (/>ucrt, Tore Kara \HJIV ftiovv, aX\' orav ev apery. KaOo\ov Se avOpcoiros fjLi/jL7]/j,a fjuev Oeov (JLOVOV rwv 30 eTTiyeicov eariv, e/ceivq) Se rrapaTrK^o-ia^ e^et ra? aperd?' eirel /JLTJ& ev Oeols /jUjSev VTrovorjorat, Kpelrrov e^o/jiev Kol 8i/caiocrvvr)<>, en Se dvSpetas KOL craxppo- wcTTrep ovv 6 ^eo? Sia rrjv Trapovaiav rovrcov rwv dperwv dijrrrjros /j,ev rjSovfj? dijrrTjros Se 35 tcpeirrcov 8' em6v[j,ias /cpeirrcov Se (j)0ovov teal fjue t ya\o^>p(i)v 8e KCLI evepyerircos /cal (f)t\dv0pa)7ros (roiovrov yap eTTivoovjAev rov Oeov}, ovrw KOI ro e/ceivov rov avOpWTrov rjyrjreov, orav e^rj Kara (pvcriv, 240] MUSONIUS, EPICTETUS 67 evat, vOvs cuv eli] /cal evSai/jicov' ov yap d\\ovs ye rivas rj 237 Suidas s.v. 'EiTrtKrijros f Ie/3a7roXeto9 r^9 <&pvyia$, Epictetus rwv Se TO i * i fjie^pL M.dpKov 'Avrcovivov eypatye TroXXa. 238 dissertationes II 8. 914 ou OeXeis ovv eKel fyrelv rrjv ovaiav rov dyaOov, ov fjirj rrapovros eV ovSevos rwv 10 6e\ei$ \eyeiv TO dyaOov ; " ri ovv ; OVK eart Oewv KaKelva ; " eo-rw, aXX' ov rrporfyov^eva ov$e /ji>epr) 6ewv. o~v Se Trporjyovfjievov el, o~v drroo-rrao-^a el rov 6eov" e^et9 ri ev aeavrq) fjiepos eKeivov. ri ovv dyvoels (Tov rrjv evyeveiav ; ri OVK oZSa9, rroOev e\r]\vdas ; ov 15 /juefjLvfjo-Oai,, orav ecrOirjs, Tt9 wv eaOieu^ Kal riva j orav crvvovo~ia r ypf], Tt9 cov r yp r i > orav orav yv/jLvdfy, orav $ia\eyr}, OVK olSas on, Oeov Oeov yvfj,vde(,s ; Oeov TrepLcfrepeis, rd\as, Kal dyvoels. \eyeiv dpyvpovv nva 77 ^pvaovv e^coOev ; ev avrov Kal /jLO\vva)v OVK alaOdvr) jjL,ev &iavorjfjia(Ti,, pvrcapals 8e rrpd^eo-i,. Kal /juev rov Oeov rrapovros OVK av rdK/jurjo-ai,^ n rovrcov Troieiv MV rroieis' avrov be rov Oeov rrapovros ecrcoOev Kal rrdvra Kal erraKovovTOS OVK ala^yvrj ravra 25 Kal TCOLWV, dvaiaOrjre rfjs aavrov (frva-ecos 239 I 14. 12 aXX' ovv ovoev rjrrov Kal errLrporrov eKa Trapecrrrja-ev (6 Zeu9) rov eKaarov Baifjiova Kal rrapeSutKev (f)V\d(70-ei,v avrov avrco Kal rovrov aKoifjujrov Kal dirapa- 3 \6yi(rrov. rivi yap aXXw Kpelrrovi Kal errtfMe'Keo'repu) (f)v\aKi TrapeBwKev TJ/AWV eKaarov ; 240 IV 1. 1 e\ev0ep6s eo~ri,v 6 %a)v 009 /3ov\erai, ov ovr dvayKacrai, eanv ovre KW\vo-ai ovre ftidcracrOai,, ov al opfjial dve/jL7r6$i,o~TOi,, al ope^eis emrevKriKal, al KK\i(ri<; 35 drrepLrcrwroi. rLs ovv 6e\ei ffiv d/j,aprdvcov ; Oi)Set9. T/9 6e\ei ^rjv e^arraraifJLevo^, report Irrrwv, aSiKos wv, a/coXacrT09, /jLe/jityi/jLoipos, rarreivos ; OvBefc. QvBel? apa 68 TEXTS FOR LECTURES ON GREEK PHILOSOPHY [240 ov TOLVVV ov& oe 6e\L \VTTOV /juevo^ W e\ea)v, opeyo/jievos KOI djroTvy^dvcov, ItcicKlvwv KOI irepi- TTLTTTtov ; Ovoe efc. "E^oyLtei> ovv TLva Tcov yiCUVOV, OTttV 6/CeLVOS fleXy, fcdi ved^ov Kal yrjpwv Kal r9 d\\a<> Siepy^ofjievov /jLTa/3o\d<>. OVKOVV evXoyov Kal o e(f) rjfMV ecrrt, TovTeorTL /JUT) dvTLT6LV6Lv fJLovrjv 7Ty309 avTov Kdi Kdl dfJLLVOV VTTCp TjfJiWV 5 f3e/3ov\evTaL yu-era TWV o\cov Kal f)iia<$ CTVV&LOLKWV. 243 dissertationes I 16. 15 ff. el yap vovv efyofjiev, aXXo TL TTOielv Kal KOLVT) Kal loia rj vjjbvelv TO Oelov Kal Kal eTre^ep^ecrOaL ra9 %dpLTas ; OVK e$L Kal Kal dpovvTas Kal eo-0iovTas abeLV TOV V/AVOV 30 TOZ^ 6^9 TOV Oeov ; " /jbeyas 6 6e6<$, OTL opyava TavTa St' wv Trjv y?jv epyaao/jieOa- fjieyas 6 OTL 'xeipas $e$a)Kv, OTL KaTaTroo-Lv, OTL KoCkiav, OTL av XeX7/^ora)9, OTL KaOev&ovTas dvaTrvelv." TavTa (j)v/jLveLv eSet, Kal TOV jjueyLQ-Tov Kal OeLOTaTOV V/JLVOV 35 tyv/JLVelv, OTL TrjV $VVa/JiLV eSa)KV T7]V irapaKO\Ov9'T]TLK7]V TOVTOLS Kal o8a> xpqcrTLKrjv. TL ovv / eVel ol TroXXot d7TOTTV^)\a)o-Oe, OVK e$L TLVCL elvaL TOV TavTrjv e/cTrX?/- povvTa Trjv %a)pav Kal VTrep TTUVTCOV aSovTa TOV v^vov 247] EPICTETUS, MARCUS AURELIUS 69 TOV et9 TOV 6eov ; ri yap a\\o ovva/Aai, yepcov ^o>Xo9 el prj vfjbvelv TOV Oeov ; el yovv drjSobv rif^rjv, CTTOLOVV TCL r?}9 dySovos, el KVKVOS, rot, TOV /cv/cvov. vvv oe \oyi/co<; v/jLvelv /jie Sel TOV Oeov. TOVTO /JLOV TO epyov ecrTiv, avTo ovo ey/caTaXel^fra) TTJV TCL^LV TavTrjv, e^>' oaov 5 av SiotoTai, /cal v/jids eVl Trjv avTrjv TavTvjv worjv 7rapa/ca\(t). 244 II 1 7 crvve\ovTt, 3e eiTrelv, TrdvTa, TCL fj,ev TOV O-CO/JLCITOS, Marcus TO, Se Tt)9 ^f^9, oveipos /cal Tvfyos' o Se /3o9, Aurelms Kal %evov eTr^fj/Jbia' 77 vcnepoipijfjbLa 8e, \r)0vj. I0 TL ovv TO TrapaTceiJi'fyat, ^vvdfjL,evov ; ev /cal JJLOVOV Trjpelv TOV ev$ov Salfjuova /cal daivr), rjoovwv /cal TCQVWV Kpeicraova, el/cfj TToiovvTa, yit^Se Sietyevo-fjLevcos /cal fAeO* VTTO- , dvev&efj TOV a\\ov iroi,rj(rai TL r) pr) TfoirfcraL' 15 Ti oe TO, a-VfjuftalvovTa /cal aTcove^o^eva Se^ofjievov, &>9 eiceldev troOev ep^o/Jieva, o6ev avTos rj\6ev eirl Traai oe TOV OdvaTov f i\e(a Trj ryvcofAy Trepi^evovTa, &>9 ovBev d\\o rj \V(TLV TWV (TTOL^eiajv, ej~ &V /cao~TOv %eO~6ai fJ,eV TTaVTCOV dv0pM7T(i)V 25 /caTa Trjv TOV dv0pa)7rov (f)V(Ti,v eaTi' 80^9 Be ov'yl r^9 Trapd TrdvTcov dvde/cTeov, d\\d TWV 6{jLO\oyovjj,eva)s Trj fyvcrei /BiovvTwv JJLOVOV. 246 II 1 1 TO Se e dvOpa)7ra)v aTreXOelv, el fjiev 6eoi elaiv, ovoev oeivov' /ca/cq) ydp ae ov/c av 7repi/3d\oiev el oe 3 rJTOi ov/c elcriv, rj ov fjue\ei auTols TWV dvOpcoTrelcov, TL /JLOI, %fjv ev /coo-fjbo) tceva) Oecov, i} irpovoias Kevut; d\\a /cal elcri, /cal yaeXet avTols TWV dvOpwTreicov' /cal rot9 pev /caT d\rf0e(,av /ca/cois Iva pr) TrepiTriTrTrj 6 avdpairos, eir avTu> TO Trav eOevTO' TWV o~e \onrwv ell TL /ca/cbv rjv, /cal TOVTO 35 av TTpoelSovTO, iva CTT^V (eV^ codd.) 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