UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA RAISIN BY-PRODUCTS AND BEAN SCREENINGS AS FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS ROBERT F. MILLER BULLETIN 431 September, 1927 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTING OFFICE BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1927 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/raisinbyproducts431mill RAISIN BY-PRODUCTS AND BEAN SCREENINGS AS FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS EGBERT F. MILLERi INTRODUCTION In California, one of the leading sheep states in the Union, a great many lambs are fattened for market every fall and winter. Alfalfa hay and barley are the basal feeds, although these are usually supple- mented with various by-products in order to reduce the feed cost. The Animal Husbandry Division has conducted two trials in studying the feeding value of cull raisins, raisin pulp, and raisin stemmer waste in the fattening of lambs. In the second trial two lots of lambs were included in the experiment to ascertain the feeding value of bean screenings. These trials were conducted during the fall of 1924 and of 1925. The cull raisins and raisin by-products were furnished by the California Sun-Maid Raisin Growers Association. When the trials began there were two standard by-products produced in raisin syrup manufacture, namely, raisin pulp and raisin stemmer waste. The syrup is made from low-grade raisins, and the residue and stem waste are dried and ground and sold as stock feed. Since this experiment was conducted, the raisin association has changed its policy and at present is offering only one product under the trade name of S. T. W. Feed, which is a mixture of the raisin pulp and stemmer waste. CONDITIONS OF THE FIRST TRIAL WITH RAISIN BY-PRODUCTS The object of this experiment was to determine the feeding value of cull raisins, raisin pulp, and raisin stemmer waste for fattening lambs and their relative efficiency as compared with barley when the by-products make up two-thirds of the grain ration. Animals Used. — One hundred and eighty feeder lambs were bought at Chico, California, and shipped to the University Farm, arriving on September 17, 1924. The lambs were a fairly uniform lot, being out of Merino ewes and sired by Shropshire rams. Most of the lambs were smooth-bodied and showed the black-face markings ; however, about 10 per cent were of Merino type. They were born dur- ing March and April and were grazed on the Shasta National Forest during the summer and were in a good, thrifty condition when pur- 1 Associate Professor of Animal Husbandry and Associate Animal Husbandman in the Experiment Station. 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION chased. The lambs were carrying a full fleece of wool and were shorn by machine a few days after arriving at the Farm. Weights and Equipment. — The lambs were divided, as uniformly as possible as to weight and conformation, into 4 lots of 45 lambs each on September 25. They were weighed by lots on three consecutive days at the beginning and at the close of the experiment, the average of the three weights being taken as the initial and the final weights, respectively. The lambs were kept in the regular feeding pens, each pen being 33 feet wide and 80 feet long, with an open shed for shelter. Rations Fed.^ Lot 1, whole barley and alfalfa hay. (Check lot.) Lot 2, whole barley 1 part, cull raisins 2 parts, alfalfa hay. Lot 3, whole barley 1 part, raisin pulp 2 parts, alfalfa hay. Lot 4, whole barley 1 part, stemmer waste 2 parts, alfalfa hay. Description of Feeds. — The whole barley was of a good grade, fairly plump, field run, and not recleaned. It was Tennessee winter barley, grown on the University Farm by the Agronomy Division, and weighed approximately 45 pounds to the bushel. Cull raisins are those rejected for human consumption, consisting of small shrunken berries with considerable stems present. They were shipped in sacks and, during storage, had formed a rather hard, com- pact mass somewhat difficult to break up before feeding. Kaisin pulp is a by-product from the manufacture of raisin syrup and consists of a mixture of dry battery pulp, dry seeder waste, and stemmer waste. Dry battery pulp is the residue from the syrup process and consists of the raisins after most of the sugar has been extracted. The seeder waste is mostly dried seeds with a few raisins, while the stemmer waste consists mainly of finely ground stems and a small percentage of ground raisins. The pulp is thoroughly dried and ground, and contains about 8 per cent moisture upon leaving the dryer. The raisin stemmer waste consists largely of stem waste, with some recleaner and blow-over waste and coarse chaff. The whole mixture is finely ground and dried. The alfalfa hay was of fairly uniform quality, although somewhat coarse and stemmy. It was second and third cutting hay, which was stacked and then baled. The composition of the feeds used is given in Table 1. These analyses, made in the laboratories of the College of Agri- culture, show that cull raisins are very high in nitrogen-free extract and low in crude fiber. The moisture content is high and the crude 2 Proportions by weight. BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS protein low as compared with barley. Comparing raisin pulp with stemmer waste, the latter is lower in nitrogen-free extract and notice- ably higher in ash, while both feeds are rather high in crude fiber. The alfalfa hay was higher in crude fiber than average second and third cutting hay. It was rather stemmy and some of the leaves were lost in baling and handling. TABLE 1 Chemical Composition of the Feeds Feed Moisture Ash Crude protein Crude fiber Nitrogen- free extract Fat Barley Per cent 9.79 18.50 12.14 13.20 8.85 Per cent 2.25 3.34 4.66 10.14 9.26 Per cent 11.30 2.73 9.46 7.50 15.03 Per cent 7.07 3.09 13.06 15.44 32.45 Per cent 67.25 71.74 53.28 49.32 32.30 Per cent 2.14 Cull raisins.. . 60 Raisin pulp 7.40 Stemmer waste 4 40 Alfalfa hav 2.11 Method of Feeding. — The lambs were fed between 6 and 7 o 'clock in the morning and between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon. The grain and hay were fed in separate racks and the lambs had free access to fresh water and brick salt at all times. The whole barley and the raisin by-products were weighed separately and then mixed. The amount of grain mixture fed was limited according to a definite feed- ing schedule. It was planned to allow them all the alfalfa hay they would eat without waste. The hay racks were cleaned out every other day and the coarse stems weighed back. The lambs fed cull raisins and raisin pulp were very eager for their feed. The lot fed stemmer waste consumed their feed the first week and then began to leave some in the trough. It was found, by wetting the feed to allay the dust, that it was consumed more readily, and the stemmer waste mixture was then fed moist throughout the trial. Table 2 illustrates the method of bringing the lambs of lot 1 on feed. The other lots were fed in a similar manner. The feed was increased very gradually, the lambs consuming one pound of grain a day after being on feed 60 days. A summary of the data obtained in the first trial is given in Table 3. Results. — An examination of Table 3 indicates that the average daily gains for lots 1 and 2 were practically the same, while lots 3 and 4 made somewhat lower gains although the differences are prob- ably not significant. Lot 1, fed barley and alfalfa hay, made slightly faster gains than lots 3 and 4, fed barley, alfalfa hay, and one of the by-products. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 2 Daily Eation per Lamb by Ten-day Periods, Lot 1 Period Barley Alfalfa hay Pounds Pounds .26 2.44 .40 2.50 .50 2.50 .67 2.50 .81 2.15 .93 2.04 LOO 2.04 LOO 1.93 L26 1.59 L43 1.70 .SO-fi 2.17 1st day 10th day 20th day 30th day 40th day 50th day 60th day 70th day 80th day 84th day Avprnr/e for the j^eriod TABLE 3 Summary of First Feeding Trial* (All figures are in pounds unless otherwise designated.) Average initial weight Average final weight Average gain per lamb Average daily gain per lamb Average daily feed per lamb: Whole barley Cull raisins Raisin pulp Stemmer waste Alfalfa hay Feed consumed for 100 pounds gain: Whole barley Cull raisins Raisin pulp Stemmer waste Alfalfa hay Cost of 100 pounds of gainf Cost of daily ration per lambf Lot 1 Whole barley, alfalfa hay 53.94 78.08 24.14 .287 .805 2.17 280. 16 758.25 $9.51 $0.0273 Lot 2 Whole barley 1 part, cull raisins 2 parts, alfalfa hay 53. 77. 24. 71 74 03 286 33 56 2.19 116. 198. 766. $9. $0. 61 35 0266 Lots Whole barley 1 part, raisin pulp 2 parts, alfalfa hay 54.13 77.33 23.20 .276 .33 .57 2.23 120.97 207.82 808.59 $9.03 $0,025 Lot 4 Whole barley 1 part, stemmer waste 2 parts, alfalfa hay 53.59 75.69 22.10 .263 .30 .59 2.19 117.37 227.05 834. 17 $9.07 $0.0236 * Four lots of 45 lambs each. Feeding period, 84 days. On September 31 it was necessary to remove one lamb from lot 1, on account of infection from shear cuts. t Cost of feed per ton: whole barley, $30.00; cull raisins, $22.50; raisin pulp, $15.00; stemmer waste, $13.00; alfalfa hay, $14.00. BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS 7 In this trial the check lot (lot 1) required less feed for 100 pounds of g-ain than did the other lots. The lambs in this lot made very economical gains, requiring only 280.16 pounds of whole barley and 758.25 pounds of alfalfa hay for 100 pounds of gain. The lambs fed cull raisins, barley and alfalfa hay compare very favorably with the check lot, however, in that they consumed only 35.2 pounds more concentrates and practically the same amount of alfalfa hay to make 100 pounds of gain as did the check lot. A comparison of the lots fed raisin pulp and stemmer waste with the check lot shows that both of these lots consumed more concentrates and roughage than did the latter, which would indicate that these by-products are lower in feed value than whole barley. The cost for 100 pounds of gain, at feed values given, was fairly low, for all the lots. Lots 3 and 4 made the cheapest gains, lot 2 was third, and lot 1 was fourth. In every case the by-product rations pro- duced cheaper gains than did the check lot when whole barley was valued at $30 per ton. All the lambs were well finished at the close of the experiment. The buyers made no discrimination in price when bidding on the various lots. The lambs were sold to a San Francisco packer at 121/2 cents a pound, f.o.b., Davis. Data on shipping weights and dressing percentages are given in Table 4. TABLE 4 Shipping Weights and Dressing Percentages Number of lambs Shipping weight at Davis Weight off-cars in San Francisco. Shrink per lamb Per cent shrinkage Dressed weight per lot (warm).,.. Dressed weight per lamb Per cent yield, Davis weight Per cent yield, off-car weights Lot 1 84 44 3479. 3310 3. 4.86 1730 39.32 49.72 52.27 Lot 2 45 3536.1 3340 4.36 5.55 1763 39.18 49.86 52.78 Lots 45 3519.3 3300 4.87 6.23 1713 38.07 48.67 51.91 Lot 4 45 3444.1 3270 3.87 5.05 1697 37.71 49.27 51.90 The shipping weight at Davis was taken at 7 o 'clock in the morning after an all-night stand without feed and water, and represents a shrunk weight on the farm. After the lambs were weighed they were returned to the feed yards and fed hay and grain, although the grain ration was decreased one-half, preparing for shipment. 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION At 5 'clock in the afternoon the lambs were loaded into two stock cars, approximately 112 lambs to the car, and were unloaded at San Francisco, the next morning at 10 o'clock. They were then sorted into lots and weighed about 12 noon, being, in all, about 19 hours without feed and water. The shrinkage for each lamb as shown in the table varied from 3.84 pounds to 4.87 pounds. The lambs were sold to a San Francisco packer, and all the lots killed out well, although lot 1 seemed somewhat firmer in texture than the others. The dressed yield was fairly uniform, varying from 49.86 per cent in lot 2 to 48.67 per cent in lot 3 on the basis of Davis feed yard weights. SUMMARY OF FIRST TRIAL 1. The raisin by-product rations were satisfactory in palatability in that the lambs ate their feed readily. It was necessary, however, to wet the stemmer waste ration to allay the dust. 2. In daily gains, there was little difference among the respective lots although lot 1 consumed about 10 per cent less concentrates than the other lots thus making the daily gain on a smaller daily ration. 3. The lambs in lot 2 required 12.6 per cent more concentrates and practically the same amount of roughage as those in lot 1 to make 100 pounds of gain, which indicates that cull raisins are somewhat lower in feeding value than whole barley. 4. A comparison of lots 1 and 3 in feed for 100 pounds of gain shows that the latter required 17.36 per cent more concentrates and 6.49 per cent more roughage than did lot 1, indicating that raisin pulp was lower in feeding value than whole barley. 5. Lot 4 required 22.94 per cent more concentrates and 9.8 per cent more roughage to produce 100 pounds of gain than did lot 1, indicat- ing that stemmer waste was considerably lower in feeding value than whole barley. 6. In cost of feed for 100 pounds of gain the three lots fed raisin by-products proved more economical than lot 1 fed barley and alfalfa hay due to the by-products being considerably cheaper in price than barley. Lots 3 and 4 made the most economical gains. 7. There was practically no difference in degree of finish of the lambs at the close of the experiment. 8. The average shrinkage in shipping from Davis to San Francisco was 4.23 pounds per lamb. Lot 1, fed barley and alfalfa hay, shrank slightly less than did the other lots. 9. The slaughter report showed that the lambs in lots 1 and 2 slightly surpassed those in lots 3 and 4 in dressed weight. BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS SECOND TRIAL, INCLUDING RESULTS WITH BEAN SCREENINGS This trial was conducted to confirm the results obtained with cull raisins and raisin pulp in the first trial. The raisin stemmer waste was omitted, due to the fact that it is similar in composition to the raisin pulp. In addition, two lots were included in this trial to determine the feeding value of bean screenings, which are an important by-product in this state. The bean crop in California in 1926 amounted to 5,460,000 bushels. In cleaning beans for human consumption, they are passed over a series of screens w^hich remove all the dirt, split beans, and the small, shrunken beans. These screenings are readily eaten by sheep unless there is an excessive amount of dirt present. Furthermore, they are usually available at a relatively low price and many sheepmen have been utilizing them principally as a concentrate for wintering ewes. Animals Used in the Test. — Two hundred and fifty lambs were selected for this trial from a band of about 400 feeder lambs in Sonoma County, California. They were of good mutton type, being high grade Shropshires and had recently been sheared. The lambs had been on dry feed for about four months during the summer and were somewhat thin and unthrifty. They arrived at Davis on Sep- tember 30, 1925, and were put into the feed lots immediately. A ration of alfalfa hay and barley was fed for one week previous to the beginning of the trial. Plan and Description of the Experiment. — On October 6 the lambs were divided into 5 lots, 49 lambs to the lot. Special attention was paid to uniformity in weight and condition. The average condition and initial weight for each lot were practically the same. They were weighed by lots on three consecutive days at the beginning and at the close of the experiment, the average of the three weights being taken as the initial and the final weights, respectively. The lambs were housed in the sheep feeding shed and corrals as described in trial 1. (See page 4.) Rations Fed.^ Lot 1, whole barley and alfalfa hay. (Check lot.) Lot 2, whole barley 1 part, cull raisins, 2 parts, and alfalfa hay. Lot 3, whole barley 1 part, raisin pulp 2 parts, and alfalfa hay. 3 Proportions are by weight. 10 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Lot 4, whole barley 1 part, bean screenings 1 part, and alfalfa hay. Lot 5, bean screenings and alfalfa hay. Description of the Feeds. — The whole barley was good feeding barley, field run, not recleaned, of the 1925 crop. It weighed 44 pounds to the bushel and contained a small amount of chaff. The description of the cull raisins and raisin pulp is the same as in trial 1. (See page 4.) The bean screenings consisted of split, shrunken and small beans, with considerable dirt. The amount of dirt varied in different sacks from 10 to 30 per cent and it was found necessary to clean these screenings before feeding. An attempt was made to clean the screen- ings by passing them through an ordinary grain cleaner, but it was impossible to remove all the dirt and there still remained about 10 per cent after cleaning. In this condition the screenings were fed. The alfalfa hay was second and third cutting baled hay of fair quality. It was a trifle coarse and contained some foxtail. The foxtail seeds gave considerable trouble by getting into the lambs' eyes, and the feeder had to watch closely for sore eyes. The lambs had free access to water and brick salt at all times. Chemical Composition of the Feeds. — The chemical composition of the feeds used in this test as reported ^by H. W. Allinger, of the Chemistry Division of the Branch College of Agriculture, is shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Chemical Composition of Feeds Feed Moisture Ash Crude protein Crude fiber Nitrogen- free extract Fat Whole barley Per cent 9.10 15.14 9.35 12.06 8.85 Per cent 2.89 3.47 6.39 3.82 9.26 Per cent 8.49 3.74 9.59 20.47 15.03 Per cent 5.84 3.41 15.94 3.08 32.45 Per cent 71.20 73.57 52.43 48.42 32.30 Per cent 2.48 Cull raisins 0.67 Raisin pulp 6.30 Bean screenings 1.29 Alfalfa hay* 2.11 Alfalfa hay analysis is that of a previous test. Method of Feeding. — The lambs were fed between 7 and 8 o'clock in the morning and 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon. The grain and hay were fed in separate racks. The hay racks were cleaned out every other day and the refuse hay weighed back. At the beginning the lambs consumed an average of 0.38 pounds of grain and 1.9 pounds of hay per head daily. The concentrates were BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS 11 gradually increased until at the close of the first month they were getting approximately 1.2 pounds of grain and 1.75 pounds of hay per day. The lambs all consumed about the same daily ration and ate their feed readily from the beginning, even those fed bean screen- ings alone with alfalfa hay. The two lots getting bean screenings scoured some. This was particularly true at the beginning of the trial. On October 26, after being on feed 20 days, the lambs getting bean Fig. 1. — Lambs of lot 3, second tri been on feed for thirty days. Fig. 2. — Lambs of lot 3, second trial, at the close of the experiment, lambs were fed whole barley, raisin, pulp, and alfalfa hay. These screenings and alfalfa hay refused part of their feed and were scour- ing severely; hence the ration of bean screenings was reduced. In a few days they were back on feed and the screenings were slowly increased. On November 23, after they had been on feed 48 days, all the lots Avere getting 1.5 pounds of concentrates per day. The lambs in lot 5 went off feed again and^the amount of bean screenings was reduced to 1.25 pounds a lamb for each day until they regained their appetite. Although the bean screenings seemed to produce scours readily, when the amount was reduced the lambs quickly recovered without noticeable ill effects. 12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Because of a week's preliminary feeding period, it was possible to put the lambs on feed rapidly. Table 6 indicates the daily ration per lamb by 10-day periods in lots 1 and 5. TABLE 6 Period Lot Barley Alfalfa hay Lots Bean screenings Alfalfa hay 1st day 10th day 20th day 30th day 40th day 50th day 60th day 70th day 80th day 90th day 100th day 105th day Average for period .383 .765 .980 1.194 1.316 1.469 1.469 1.561 1.653 1.633 1.633 1.633 1.316 1.915 2.041 1.837 1.633 1.633 1.714 1.714 1.633 1.469 1.306 1.306 1.306 1.635 .383 .735 .980 1.187 1.343 1.250 1.333 1.416 1.500 1.416 1.416 1.416 1.915 1.837 2.041 2.041 1.666 1.750 750 750 666 666 666 666 1.813 This table shows that a heavy ration of concentrates was fed dur- ing this trial. The lambs fed bean screenings consumed less concen- trates and somewhat more hay ; however, they made very satisfactory gains. The lots fed cull raisins and raisin pulp were fed practically the same amount of concentrates and hay as was the barley lot. Data on quantities of feed consumed and gains made are sum- marized in Table 7. Results. — The lambs receiving whole barley and alfalfa hay (check lot) rank first with a daily gain of .274 pounds per lamb ; those fed bean screenings were second with .266 pounds ; those fed cull raisins third with .261 pounds; those fed a mixture of barley and bean screenings were fourth with .247 pounds; and the lambs fed raisin pulp were fifth with .227 pounds. All the lots fed by-products except lot 5 required more concentrates to produce 100 pounds of gain than did lot 1, fed barley and alfalfa hay. Lot 5 made a very economical gain, requiring only 451.53 pounds of bean screenings as compared with 480.80 pounds of barley in the check lot, to produce 100 pounds of gain. BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS 13 In roughage consumed for 100 pounds of gain, the check lot required only 597.34 pounds of alfalfa hay, while the lots fed by- products consumed considerably more hay, particularly the lambs fed raisin pulp and those fed a mixture of barley and bean screenings. These facts would indicate that when these by-products make up all or the major part of the concentrate ration, an increased con- sumption of roughage is required to produce a given gain. In cost of feed required for 100 pounds of gain, the lots rank as follows : lot 5 first, being most economical, lot 4 second, lot 2 third, lot 3 fourth, and lot 1 fifth. With bean screenings valued at $15 per ton, the cost of 100 pounds of gain was considerably lower than in the check lot with barley valued at $30 per ton. In every case the by-products produced the cheaper gains due to the lower price of these feeds and their reasonably high efficiency. The most striking difference, however, exists between lots 1 and 5. TABLE 7 Summary of Second Trial (Feeding period, 105 days. All figures in pounds unless otherwise designated.) Lot I (Barley alfalfa hay) Lot II (Barley 1 part, cull raisins 2 parts, alfalfa hay) Lot III (Barley 1 part, raisin pulp 2 parts, alfalfa hay) Lot IV (Barley 1 part, bean screen- ings 1 part, alfalfa hay) LotV (Bean screenings, alfalfa hay) Number of lambs 49 54.10 82.84 28.74 .274 1.316 1.635 480.80 597.34 $11.39 .0312 49 54.60 82.05 27.45 .261 .446 .889 1.707 171.06 340.78 654.38 $10.96 .0286 48 54.00 77.84 23.84 .227 .449 .896 1.725 198.48 395.41 760.95 $11.27 .0255 49 53.90 79.86 25.96 .247 .604 .599 1.791 244.72 243.97 728.77 $10.60 0261 48 Average initial weight 53.70 Average final weight 81.70 Average gain per lamb 28.00 Average daily gain per lamb Average daily feed per lamb: Whole barley .266 Cull raisins Raisin pulp Bean screenings 1.202 Alfalfa hay 1.813 Feed consumed for 100 pounds gain: Whole barley Cull raisins Raisin pulp . Bean screenings 451.53 Alfalfa hay 684.02 Cost of 100 pounds gain* Cost of daily ration per lamb* $8.17 .0217 * Cost of feed per ton: whole barley, $30.00; cull raisins, $22.50; raisin pulp, $15.00; bean screenings, $15.00; baled alfalfa hay, $14.00. 14 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION In view of the fact that all the lambs were well finished at the close of the experiment and the packer buyers who inspected the lambs made no discrimination in price, the by-products proved to be more economical than whole barley. Fig. 3. — Lambs at the feed trough, showing grain trough, hay rack, and type of shed. Fig. 4. — Sheepmen inspecting the hanbs on Feeders' Day. Chain troughs and hay racks in foreground. Although the lambs were uniformly a trifle thin at the beginning, they were of good mutton type, and at the close of the trial they were especially well finished and practically all the lambs graded as prime or choice. A ' ' Feeders ' Day ' ' was held at the close of the trial and about 50 sheepmen participated in the meeting and inspected the lambs. BUL. 431] RAISIN AND BEAN FEEDS FOR FATTENING LAMBS 15 There was much favorable comment among those attending as to the excellent finish and attractive appearance of the various lots. The data on shipping weights and dressing percentages are given in full in Table 8. TABLE 8 Shipping Weights and Dressing Percentages (All figures in pounds except where otherwise designated) Shipping weight at Davis Weight off cars, San Francisco. Shrink per lamb* Dressed weight per lot (warm).. Dressed weight per lamb Per cent yield, Davis weight Per cent yield, off-car weight... Lot 1 4155 3878.15 5.65 2077 42.40 49.99 53.55 Lot 2 4110 3833.15 5.65 2102 42.90 51.14 54.84 Lots 3830 3558.80 5.65 1909 39.77 49.84 53.64 Lot 4 4030 3753.15 5.65 2020 41.22 50.12 53.82 Lot 5 4045 3773.8 5.65 1994 41.54 49.30 52.84 * The shrink per lamb is shown as 5.65 pounds in each lot. This is based on the total off-car weight of all the lambs, as the shipper failed to segregate the lambs into respective lots when they were unloaded at the San Francisco yards. The shrink per lamb in shipping is based on the total off-car weights. The shipping weight at Davis was taken at 7 o'clock in the morning after an all-night stand without feed and water. After weighing the lambs, they were given a half feed of grain and full feed of hay. At 3 p.m. they were loaded into two single-deck cars and were unloaded at San Francisco the next morning about 9 o'clock, being on the cars 18 hours. The shrinkage amounted to 5.65 pounds per lamb, or 6.84 per cent, which is rather heavy on a basis of shrunk weight at home. The dressing percentages of the lambs in all the lots were high, yielding from 53 to 54 per cent on the basis of off-car weights. The carcasses were well covered over the loin and rib, the legs were full, and the kidney fat was not excessive. The quality was excellent, most carcasses grading as prime. SUMMARY OF SECOND TRIAL 1. From the standpoint of palatability, the by-product rations were satisfactory. The lambs readily consumed the cull raisins and raisin pulp, as was found also in the first trial. The bean screenings were also relished by the lambs from the beginning. 2. In daily gains produced, lots 1, 2, and 5 were about equal, while lots 3 and 4 made slightly lower gains, although the differences were not sufficient to be significant. 16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 3. A comparison of lots 1 and 2 in feed required for 100 pounds of gain shows that the latter required 6.46 per cent more concentrates and 9.55 per cent more alfalfa hay than did the lambs in lot 1. 4. In feed required for 100 pounds of gain, lot 3 required 23.51 per cent more concentrates and 27.40 per cent more roughage than lot 1. 5. A comparison of lots 1 and 5 in feed required for 100 pounds of gain shows that the latter required 6.09 per cent less concentrates and 14.11 per cent more roughage, indicating that bean screenings were practically equal to whole barley in feed value. 6. There was relatively little difference in degree of finish shown by the condition of the various lots of lambs at the close. 7. The ration of bean screenings and alfalfa hay proved rather laxative and it was necessary to limit the amount fed on this account. FINANCIAL STATEMENT The financial statement is omitted in this report, due to the fact that the profit or loss of a feeding trial depends upon a number of variable factors; namely, margin between buying and selling price, cost of feeds, labor, transportation charges, etc. The important information to be obtained from a feeding trial is the amount of feed required to produce a given gain, the daily gain and the approximate total gain necessary to produce a desirable finish. For instance, in lot 1 of the second trial, it required 480.8 pounds of barley and 597.34 pounds of alfalfa hay at a cost of $11.39 to make 100 pounds of gain. The lambs weighed 55.2 pounds each when received f.o.b. cars, Lake- ville, and were purchased at 11% cents a pound, making the initial cost per lamb $6.34. They weighed at the close 81.6 pounds each (shrunk weight at feed yard) and brought 14 1/^ cents a pound, or $11.83. The total feed cost, labor, freight, and miscellaneous charges amounted to $4.26 each, leaving a profit of $1.21 per lamb. While the lambs cost 11% cents a pound at the shipping point, the freight from Lakeville to Davis amounted to practically one-half a cent a pound, and the above profit of $1.21 was actually realized on a 2%-cent margin ; namely, 12 cents and 14% cents, respectively. The average feeder considers a spread of 2 cents a pound between buying and selling price a desirable margin, allowing a fair profit for his investment. 12to-9,'27