D — — '- - :i: i 7 6 5 z , AL LIBI 8 == 33 1 ^^^ ^ 8 P =^= ^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES j (. ^Tl MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS IN CAPTIVITY. ?-vf iBars Qurrii of Scots. y. H■^rfiA,^ _ MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS IN CAPTIVITY: A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS January, 1569, TO December, 15S4, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury WAS THE GUARDIAN OF THE SCOTTISH QuEEN. JOHN DANIEL LEADER, FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES. Sheffield: LEADER & SONS. London : GEORGE BELL & SONS, York Street, W.C. 1880. [All rights rcscrvci.] 757 A3LA PREFACE. THE author who ventures to approach that well- worn subject, the life of Mary, Queen of Scots, needs some hardihood and assurance. Yet I am emboldened in this adventure by the reflection, that the portion of the life of this remarkable woman dealt with in the following pages, is that which has least occupied the attention of historians and bio- graphers. The stirring events of Mary's brief and troubled reign have been narrated in minutest de- tail ; and we have many volumes dealing with the crisis of her fate from the discovery of the Babington conspiracy to the memorable scene in the castle hall at Fotheringhay. Controversy has raged, through three centuries, around her connection with the murder of Darnley, and nearly as long about her complicity with Babington in compassing the death of Queen Elizabeth. Both these events occur out- side the range I have prescribed for myself. But Mary Stuart's was not a life marked by an occa- sional conspiracy. It was from first to last one long conspiracy of vast intricacy and varying interest. G44'?61 vi PREFACE. The captivity of the Queen of Scots appears to divide itself into two periods ; the first, from her landing in Cumberland to the discovery of the Ridolfi conspiracy ; and the second, from the death of the Duke of Norfolk to her own execution. Between 1568 and 1571, Elizabeth had not fully abandoned the idea of restoring her sister and cousin to her crown. The plots of Mary and of the Duke of Norfolk to bring about a Spanish inva- sion, raise a rebellion, assassinate Elizabeth, and place themselves on the throne, opened the Queen of England's eyes to the danger she would run if the Queen of Scots regained her liberty. Norfolk suffered the just recompense of his treason, but Elizabeth could not, at that time, bring herself to sanction the trial and sentence of an anointed Queen, whose right divine it was her policy and interest to uphold. But she did recognise the necessity of keeping Mary a close prisoner ; and during the dreary years between 1572 and 1586, restoration was never seriously contemplated. As a prisoner, Mary might have lived on, could she have been content to await the course of nature. But her spirit was high, and her friends were impatient. Into the toils of the Jesuit plot, in which Babington was a leading instrument, she eagerly fell ; and when we remember that the chief feature and first aim of that conspiracy was the murder of Elizabeth, and PREFACE. vii that Mary had lent herself to an approval of all its details, we cannot wonder that the conviction was forced upon the minds of English ministers, that Mary or Elizabeth must fall. The life of Mary meant the death of Elizabeth ; and for the sake of herself and of her country, Elizabeth overcame her natural repugnance to arraign a sovereign at the bar of justice. Conviction having been obtained, the vacillation of the Queen seemed likely to avert exe- cution of the sentence ; but her ministers, thoroughly alarmed, never ceased to urge energetic action. On the one hand was the danger of retaining in the king- dom so formidable a head of the Catholic party, and on the other the warm resentment of the Catholic powers, certain to follow her execution. It was a choice of evils, but the English ministers preferred to encounter all the rage of Spain and of France, rather than see the broken web of conspiracy re- paired, and another attempt made to overturn the throne and the religion of England. The warrant once signed, the Privy Council ventured to act without consulting the Queen, and we can well believe that Elizabeth's surprise and indignation at hearing of the execution were not entirely feigned. In the following pages, I have endeavoured to bring together the scattered threads of information to be found among contemporary letters and pub- lished documents, and weave them into a narrative; viii PREFACE. but most of all, I am indebted to the archives of the Public Record Office, under the guidance of Thorpe's Calendar, and the able assistance of Mr. Charles Trice Martin, F.S.A., for much hitherto unpublished matter. My design through- out has been to fill up what seemed to be an unsupplied link in the chain of Queen Mary's life. The work has been done in brief, irregular, and often widely separated intervals of leisure, snatched from the ever growing and insatiable demands of the profession of journalism ; and some of the many defects with which I am conscious the book abounds will, I hope, be attributed, in charity, to this circumstance. The period treated of embraces the year 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII. introduced the Reformed or New Calendar. The change was first made in Rome, Spain, and Portugal, in October, 1582, when the 5th became the 15th of that month. In France the change took place under letters patent from Henry III., and the loth became the 20th December, 1582. In England, the Calendar remained unre- formed till 1752; and the Queen of Scots continued to the end of her life to date according to the old style. The dates, therefore, throughout this volume, save in the case of the French and Spanish despatches after 1582, are those of the old style. It is necessary, also, in order to avoid confusion, PREFACE. to bear in mind the English mode of computing the legal year from the 25th March. Thus all dates of letters and documents issuing between January ist and March 24th, are apparently one year behind the historical year. Where this happens, I have either used the historical year, or have indicated both years, thus 1569-70 ; the latter date being that of the historical year. Since the volume has been in the press, I have been enabled to add three portraits, besides that of the Queen of Scots, with which it was originally intended to illustrate the book. The frontispiece is reproduced, by the kind permission of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire and of the Marquis of Hartington, from the famous "Sheffield Portrait," preserved in Hardwick Hall. The original is painted on oak panel, and represents the Queen, in her thirty-sixth year, as anything but the beau- tiful woman traditionally described. She has, also, a very decided cast in the right eye, which the artist, with some skill, has rendered less obvious by representing her as looking towards the left. The upper portion of the picture, down to the hands, is reproduced in this volume with striking fidelity ; but the lower part of the dress, the table on the right, and the carpet on which the Queen stands, though approximately correct, are not entirely so, owing to the difficulty of expressing in photography X PREFACE. SO dark an image as this old painting shows. The work has been skilfully executed by Messrs. Ad. Braun & Co., of Paris, from photographs prepared by Mr. J. Stringfellow, of Sheffield. The portraits of the Earl and Countess of Shrews- bury, and of the Duke of Norfolk, copied in exact facsimile by the Woodburytype process, are from old engravings in the extensive and valuable collection of Stephen I. Tucker, Esq., Somerset Herald, and will, I trust, add interest to the volume. To many friends I have been indebted for assist- ance and advice ; but cannot refrain from acknow- ledging great obligations to the Rev. Dr. Gatty, Vicar of Ecclesfield and Sub-dean of York, without whose kindly and encouraging counsel it is probable this volume would never have seen the light. Such as it is, I now lay it before an indulgent public, and if the result is to throw any light on an interesting and critical period in our country's history, my aspirations will be satisfied. Sheffield, August, iSSo. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE Queen of Scots lands at Workington — Communicates with Elizabeth — Removed to Carlisle — Her apartments at the castle — Her scanty apparel — Earl of Murray sends coffers from Loch Leven — Lord Scroope and Sir Francis Knollys sent to attend on the Queen of Scots — Knollys's opinion of her^Mary's train of attendants — Elizabeth and Mary — Want of a plain resolution — Queen of Scots threatens to seek aid from France and Spain — Removed to Bolton Castle — The conference at York — Mary's position — Elizabeth's advantage .... 1-12 CHAPTER n. Resolution to entrust Queen of Scots to the care of the Earl of Shrewsbury — Shrewsbury's two wives — His lineage — John Talbot, the Great Earl — Shrewsbury's portrait — His various mansions — Elizabeth Countess of Shrewsbury — Her marriages— Family unions of Talbots and Caven- dishes — Tutbury to be Mary's place of residence — Ivnollys weary of his charge — Death of his wife — Tutbury Castle — Mary's description of it — The route from Bolton to Tutbury — Dealings of Norfolk and Murray- Horses lent by the Bishop of Durham — From Bolton to Ripon — Ripon to Weatherby — Weatherby to Pontefract — Pontefract to Rotherham — Rotherham town and college— Proposal to stay at Sheffield abandoned — Illness of Lady Livingstone — Rotherham to Chesterfield — Mr. Fol- jambe's house — Illness of the Queen of Scots — Arrival at Tutbury — Queen of Scots transferred to the care of Shrewsbury — Shrewsbury's allowance or diet money — Reduction of the number of Mary's attend- ants — Letter from Elizabeth — Mary writes to Cecil — Her attitude — The Bishop of Ross — Thomas Bishop — Communings with the Spanish Am- bassador—The little Court at Tutbury— Visit of Nicholas White— His graphic letter — Mary and Lady Shrewsbury — Illness and trouble of the Queen of Scots — Shrewsbury's anxiety — He begins to weary of his charge — Mary's stormy letter to Elizabeth — Threatens to seek foreign aid— Queen of Scots strictly guarded— La Mothe Fenelon - 13-50 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PAGE Wingfield Manor — Its situation and structure — Queen of Scots removed from Tutbury to Wingfield — Enjoys greater liberty — Her indiscretion — Disasters to her cause in Scotland — Sends envoys to London — Hopes of release — Mary's illness — Symplons similar to those at Jedburgh — Sudden recovery — Project of marriage with the Duke of Norfolli — ■ Physicians sent to Wingfield — Removal to Chatsworth and return to Wingfield — Shrewsbury's illness — Alarm at Court — Lady Shrewsbury assumes the command — Shrewsburj''s danger and recovery — Sir John Zouche assists Shrewsbury — Shrewsbury visits Buxton without per- mission, and is reprimanded — Excuses himself - - - - 51-72 CHAPTER IV. Mary's desire to leave Wingfield, for the benefit of her health — Shrewsbury obtains permission to take her to Sheffield — Troubled with gout — The Norfolk marriage — Action of certain of the nobility — Ross's negotiations result in agreement on "heads and articles" — The Queen of Scots' letter to "my Lords of the Nobility" — Favourable prospects — Mary hopeful, but suspicious — Her letter to Norfolk — The marriage scheme exploded — Stringent orders sent to Wingfield — Huntingdon and Hereford to assist Shrewsbury— Proposed journey to Sheffield abandoned — Mary returns to Tutbury — An epoch in her captivity — More stringent restraint — Huntingdon's instructions to supersede Shrewsbury — He is associated with Shrewsbury and Hereford — Mary's objection to Huntingdon — Shrewsbury's remonstrances — Norfolk committed to the Tower — Mary questioned by her keepers — Her miserable condition — Her room entered by men with pistolels — Complaints of Shrewsbury's treatment of Hun- tingdon — He defends himself — Suspicions against Lady Shrewsbury — Shrewsbury's letter to Cecil — Elizabeth's cautions — Mary's letter to La Mothe written without light — Mng of France intercedes on behalf of Queen of Scots — Departure of Huntingdon— Queen of Scots better treated — Supervision of her correspondence — Her sickness returns — Outbreak of the Northern rebellion— Alarm at Tutbury— Rebels at Tadcaster— Queen of Scots removed to Coventry— Lodged at an inn- Huntingdon rejoins Shrewsbury — Queen of Scots removed to a private house— Differences and contraries between Shrewsbury and Huntingdon — Huntingdon's reports — Collapse of the rebellion — Queen of Scots returns to Tutbury— Condition of the common people - - 73-109 CHAPTER V. 1570 opens with gloom for Queen of Scots— Present of hawks for Shrews-, bury— Mary professes affection for Norfolk— Her love letters— Assas- TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii PAGE sination of Murray — Lent sermons by the Bishop of Coventry — Imprisonment of the Bishop of Ross — Plans of escape made and un- made — An alarm at Tutbury — Secret communications — Mary's sickness — Proposed removal to Chatsworth — Mary stimulating Norfolk to action — Elizabeth's troops harry the Scotch border — Negotiations for a treaty between Mary and Elizabeth — Mary hesitates about terms — Her letter to Norfolk — Excommunication of Elizabeth— Chatsworth — Mary's re- moval thither — Bishop of Ross arrives— Mary's position and prospects — Ross returns to London — Renewed restraints — A French envoy visits Chatsworth — Mary eager for the treaty — Its stipulations — Maitland's advice — Plots for Mary's escape — Elizabeth's plain spoken letter — Cecil and Mildmay negotiate with Mary at Chatsworth — Ross's letter to Nor- folk — Cecil reports Elizabeth's directions to Shrewsbury— Death of John Beaton — Interred at Edensor — Removal to Sheffield resolved on - i lo- 1 3q CHAPTER VI. Departure from Chatsworth — Ride over the Moors — First sight of Sheffield — Sheffield Castle — Harrison's sur\-ey of the Manor — Sheffield Park : its timber — Sheffield Lodge or Manor House — Inventory of the furniture — A small Lodge, perhaps the only building yet standing in which the Queen of Scots was detained — Shrewsbury's coat of arms — The view from the Lodge — Queen of Scots very sick — Physicians sent from London — The symptoms — Mary's anxiety for the treaty — She is partly convalescent, 140-162 CHAPTER VII. Severe weather — Departure of the Physicians — Appeals for the treaty — Queen of Scots' servants reduced in number — Shrewsbury cautioned to be circumspect — Mary's urgent request for the treaty — Sends Lord Seaton to negotiate with the Duke of Alva — Urges an invasion or preparation for invasion of Scotland — Parliament and the succession — Robert Ridolfi — Hopes of Spanish help — Mary and Norfolk instruct Ridolfi to deal with the Pope and the King of Spain for aid — Cecil created Baron Burghley — Mary prays Burghley to forward the treaty — Complains of the reduc- tion of her servants — Submission to Elizabeth — Capture of Dumbarton Castle — Important papers found there — The plot with the Duke of Alva and Spain disclosed — Charles Bailly, a secret messenger, arrested — Ciphered letters — William Herlle, the spy — Bailly tortured — Important discoveries — Projects forgetting Mary out of Sheffield — A plot at Easter — Hickford, Norfolk's secretarj', examined — Shrewsbury cautioned — His new regulations for the household — Names of Mary's ser\'ants — Hawkins's sham treachery — George Fitzwilliam employed to deceive , TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Mary — Shrewsbury solicits the wardship of Babington — Anthony Babington and his family^Mary's kindness to George Douglas — His matrimonial projects - - - 163-191 CHAPTER Vni. Queen of Scots informed of the imprisonment of Ross and the discovery of her plots — Burghley's letter on the subject — Shrewsbury instructed to question his charge — Mary's answer — Her pen busy writing for foreign aid — She declares Elizabeth holds the crown against all right, divine and human — Her sickness and weakness — Ridolfi at Madrid — Elizabeth's marriage negotiations with Anjou — Arrest of Francis Rolleston, of Lea — Strict watch and ward — The precautions described — The Duke of Norfolk's practices discovered — His arrest — Proceedings of the old Countess of Northumberland — Her resort to Wortley's house, atWortley — The Queen of Scots' servants reduced in number — A combination among them — A practiser imprisoned in Sheffield — Mary's letter to her banished servants — Matters fall out ill against the Queen of Scots — The Duke of Norfolk's submission — Ciphered letters seized at Sheffield — The growing difficulties of Norfolk— Imputations on Lady Shrewsbury— Her exculpation — The proceedings of Ridolfi abroad — The scope of the plot — Elizabeth and her rival — Further reduction of Mary's servants — She vnrites to Elizabeth from her "close prison at Sheffield" — Her letter to La Mothe — Permitted to take an airing on the leads of the house — Begs for a priest — Remonstrances of the French ambassador — Shrews- bury says, "They shall buy her dearly that shall get her forth of my hands" — Channels of secret correspondence — Removal from Sheffield in contemplation — Buchannan's " Detection" — Mary's indignation about it — Her letter to the Bishop of Ross — Stimulates her friends beyond the sea — Her health — The Bishop of Ross's cook - . . . 192-229 CHAPTER IX. Trial of the Duke of Norfolk— Shrewsbury leaves for London to preside as High Steward — Arrangements in Westminster Hall — Verdict and sen- tence—Sir Ralph Sadler in charge at Sheffield— His graphic letters — Shrewsbury's precautions — The order of watching and warding— Sadler's further precautions — His interview with the Queen of Scots — Lady Shrewsbury and the Queen walk in the courtyard — Mary's correspon- dence — Her reception of the news of Norfolk's condemnation — Her grief— Her fasting and praying — Sadler anxious to be relieved — Shrews- bury's return — He busies himself in tracing and intercepting the Queen of Scots' correspondence — Discovery of a nest of conspirators — Lord Hunsdon's warning — Mary's unquietness — A cunning device — Mary TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv PAGE grieved with her old disease — Her alarm at the prospect of a Parliament — Her protests — Desires to go to Buxton — Sends a present to Elizabeth — Treaty concluded with France — Resolutions of Parliament and Con- vocation — Execution of Norfolk — Mary's grief for the Duke's death — Commissioners sent to Sheffield — Mary's answers to the articles of accu- sation — How Shrewsbury entertained a visitor - . - - 230-264 CHAPTER X. August 15th, 1572— Money sent to the Queen of Scots — The visit to Buxton deferred — Burghley appointed Lord Treasurer — Removal to Sheffield Lodge contemplated, but abandoned — Strange news out of France — The Massacre of St Bartholomew — Straight keeping at Sheffield — General apprehension in England — Shrewsbury made Earl Marshal— His prisoner "in sure keeping" — Illness of Elizabeth — Her letter to Shrewsbury— Disgraceful negotiations with the Scots — The Scots not to be caught — Mary's grief and melancholy — Slanders against Shrews- bury — Elizabeth satisfied — Mary's position .... 265-283 CHAPTER XL Shrewsbury hunts out conjurers and mass-mongers — Letters for the Queen of Scots — Money employed for her secret practices — Complaints of the plunder of her dowry — Devices for her escape — Shrewsbury's assurance to Elizabeth — Mary receives money from France, and asks for more — Removal to Sheffield Manor, otherwise called Sheffield Lodge — Gilbert Talbot reports if she were a flea or a mouse, she could not escape — Dutiful submission of Shrewsbury's sons — Shrewsbury's aflection for his wife — Its contrast with their later relationships— The fall of Edin- burgh Castle — Mary's French dowry — Shrewsbury's diet money — Proposal that Mary should defray her own charges — French dealings with the dowry — Proposed visit to Buxton — Mary removed to Chats- worth — New alarms and renewed precautions — Mary at length removed to Buxton — Dr. Jones' description of the Baths — Amusements of the place — Mary at the Baths — The benefit she derived from the waters — Her complaint of lack of servants and want of exercise — The return to Sheffield — Release of the Bishop of Ross 2S4-307 CHAPTER XII. Opening of 1574 — The prisoner safe — Letters still reach her — William Wharton and his doings — Forgery of letters suggested — Another con- trivance — Mary's pleas for money — Her needle work — Her explanations and requests — Thomas Corker, Vicar of Rotherham and Rector of Handsworth, spreads slanders against Shrewsbury — Shrewsbury's ri TABLE OF CONTENTS. ■ PAGE anxiety to be relieved of his charge — Corker imprisoned — A revival of the slanders — Shrewsbury's indignation — Mary's fear of poison — Prayers in the vulgar tongue — A religious difficulty — Dealings in silk - 308-327 CHAPTER XIII. Measles at Sheffield Castle — Mary's dowry plundered — Present of embroi- dery to Elizabeth — La Mothe anounces its acceptance — Mary sends presents to Leicester — She is making a head-dress for Elizabeth — Sends confections — Rollett's illness — Mary's mode of letter writing — Desires Unicorn's horn — Desires to visit Buxton — Spends a month there — Alexander Hamilton's practices — His fortunate escape — Henrj- Cockj-n a practiser— Mary grants him a pension — Examinations and confessions of Cockyn and his accomplices — Mary's prison amusements — Rollett's dangerous illness — Mary desires patterns of dresses — Leicester a suitor for the hand of the Queen of Scots — How Mary received his advances — Rollett's illness and death — Shrewsbury searches his coffers— RoUett buried at Sheffield— Mary removed to Sheffield Lodge — Her love of little animals — The Lennox-Cavendish marriage — How it was brought about — Its consequences — Elizabeth's anger — Shrewsbury's excuses — Suspicions against the Queen of Scots — Lady Lennox in confinement — Mary falls back upon presents and fair speeches — Shrewsbury suspects a greater matter — Death of Charles IX. and accession of Henry III., in France — Death of the Cardinal of Lorraine — Effect of these changes on the position of the Queen of Scots— The portraiture of Mary Stuart 32S-353 CHAPTER XIV. French court urging Queen of Scots to grant title of King to her son— Her complaints to the Duchess of Nemours — Practisers arrested and ex- amined—Elizabeth's mislike of strangers resorting to Sheffield— An Earthquake shakes the Castle — Mary's kindness to her servants — Pre- sents night dresses to Elizabeth— Secretary Nau enters Mary's service — Renewed vigilance in searching out the channels of Mary's correspond- ence—La Mothe's conversation with Elizabeth— Proposal that Mary should bear her own charges— La Mothe glad to see the two Queens on better terms— As France cools, Mary looks more to Spain— The Spanish Ambassador's opinion of the Archbishop of Glasgow and of the Bishop of Ross — Philip speaks fair, but does nothing — Mary's indisposition — Burghley visits Buxton— Mary's expressed intention to restore the Catholic religion — Reduction of Shrewsbury's diet money — French deal- ings with Mary's dowry — Consequences of the Lennox-Cavendish mar- riage—New interests for Lady Shrewsbury— Beginning of family differ- ences—La Mothe F^n^lon 354-36S TABLE OF CONTENTS. xvii CHAPTER XV. PAGE French King and his brother referring their differences to Elizabeth — Queen of Scots' health — Burghley's caution — Walsingham appropriates certain hoods — A curious watch sent to Mary — She procures dogs for the King of France — The English Parliament — Elizabeth's heir — Queen of Scots removed to Sheffield Lodge — Death of Bothwell — His alleged dying declaration — Projected interview between Mary and Elizabeth — Mary visits Buxton — Returns to ShefiBeld — Death of Charles Earl of Lennox — Marriage negotiations between Andrew Beaton and Mary Seaton — Death of Beaton — Mary removes to Sheffield Lodge — The wild schemes of Don John — Mary's liberty abridged — She makes a Will — Visit of Du Verger — curious letter from Lady Shrewsbury to her husband^Mary visits Chatsworth — Leicester at Buxton — Sounds the nobility with refer- ence to his marriage with Elizabeth — Negotiations between Mary and Leicester — Extraordinary letter from Elizabeth to Shrewsbury — Nau visits Buxton — Shrewsbury's reply to Elizabeth — Burghley again at Buxton — Shrewsbur}' sends him a plan of a Lodge — Mary writes to Dr. William Allen — Her double dealing — Quarrels in the Shrewsbury family — Gilbert Talbot's letter to Lady Shrewsbury — Death of Gilbert's only son — Portraits of the Queen of Scots — Type of the genuine por- traits — Chalmers' composition portrait — Nau's self seeking — Intrigues of the Archbishop of Glasgow — Rumours of Mary's escape — Shrews- bury cautioned — Burghley returns to London — He calms the alarm of the Council — Queen of Scots again in Sheffield — She stimulates the Pope to activity — Her ciphered letters fall into the hands of Walsing- ham — A comet appears over Windsor — Fears of coming change — Con- flicting influences ......... 369-403 CHAPTER XVI. Elizabeth encourages the rebels in the Low Countries— Mary pleads with her French relatives for friendly interposition — Instructions prepared for Mary's removal to Ashby — Shrewsbury protests the faithfulness of his service — The removal not carried out — Death of Margaret, Countess of Lennox— James VI. and Arabella Stuart claimants for the honours of the house of Lennox — Mary's friends abroad fancy an accommodation may be effected — Vain dreams — M. de Gondy badly received by Eliza- beth—Mary complains of hard treatment and want of exercise — Her letters to the King of Spain and others fall into the hands of Elizabeth — French and Spanish diplomacy — Du Verger visits the Queen of Scots — She spends August and September at Chatsworth — The English succession the dream of Mary's life — Mary's cook troubles her — The impudence of these low people — Queen of Scots removed to Sheffield Manor — Her religious meditations— Her fair professions to Elizabeth — iii ■ TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Her intrigues with France, Spain, and Germany— The Bishop of Ross at Rome— Negotiations at Paris— Philip urged to send a special envoy into Scotland— Elizabeth's marriage negotiations— Philip's caution and per- plexity—Gilbert Talbot reports court gossip— Presents from Shrewsbury to the Lord Treasurer and others— Gilbert thinks some gift to the Lord Chancellor would be well bestowed— Prosperous state of the French marriage negotiations— Odds laid against the marriage— Mary permitted to send Nau into Scotland— Failure of his mission— Queen of Scots reported to be more content and at ease— Complaints against Shrews- bury for absenting himself from Sheffield— Queen of Scots removed to Chatsworth — Mary and her son — Mauvissiere instructed to assist the Queen of Scots with prudent consideration— Her great hope in Spain- She urges Philip with enticing reports — Mary returns to Sheffield Manor — Esme Stuart, Earl of Lennox — Arrival of the Duke of Alen9on in England— Mary's opinion of the French marriage - - 404-425 CHAPTER XVII. Mary's high resolve— Her dealings with England, France and Spain— Her representations to the Duke of Guise— To Philip— Philip still cautious — France and Spain striving for ascendancy— Mary seeks to stand well with the expectant bridegroom— She seeks to be ready for any con- tingency — Shrewsbury's indisposition — Intrigues to get the Queen of Queen of Scots out of his hands— Mary offers suggestions to the King of France — Her dealings with Spain become kno\vn to the English Council — She appeals to Elizabeth — Her hope of gaining Burghley — State of her health — Burgoing, the physician's, report — Secret messengers arrested — Mary's dowry mismanaged — Her anxiety for liberty — Papal intrigues in England and Scotland — The Jesuit mission — The D'Aubigny and Morton parties in Scotland — A delicate negotiation with France and Spain — Balancing advantages — Shrewsbury's grievance — The diet money — His cark and care — Mary and the Shrewsbury family — Eliza- beth objects to the resort of Shrewsbury's children where the Queen of Scots might be — Mary taken to Buxton — Accident in mounting her horse — Strictness of her seclusion at Buxton — Favourable effect of the baths on her health — The new sickness — Mary returns to Sheffield well and hearty — Present to the Duke of Guise — Penal laws enforced against the Catholics — Mary remonstrates against the mismanagement of her dowry — Her religious reflections on adversity — The diet money — Love making in Shrewsbury's household — The lovers discharged — The fall of Morton — Mary's satisfaction thereat — Morton's execution — The associa- tion of Mary and James in the crown of Scotland — Mary appoints the Duke of Guise her agent in Scotland — Shrewsbury and the diet money — His shabby treatment by Elizabeth — His remonstrances — He is said TABLE OF CONTENTS. xk PAGE to be buying estates — Complaints about Mary's diet — The health of the Queen of Scots — Sad description of her enfeebled body — Dealings with Spain — De Tassis, the new Spanish Envoy — The far reaching plot — De Tassis regards the scheme as absurd — Elizabeth's marriage negotiations — Queen of Scots inconvenienced about her secret correspondence — Gives formal instructions about her dowry — Desires a fixed income, guaranteed by solvent merchants — Her letter to the Pope — France urges Queen of Scots to grant title of King to her son — Her double dealings — New restrictions on her liberty— Jesuit intrigues in Scotland — Robert Beale, clerk of the Council, sent to Sheffield — His interview with the Queen of Scots' secretary — Nau's professions — Beale negotiates with Mary — Shrewsbury's grievances — Mary's sickness — Her professions of devotion to Elizabeth — Beale thinks the opportunity favourable for securing substantial concessions — A curious piece of acting— Shrews- bury's bluntness — Beale thinks physicians might properly be sent — Beale urged to draw specific proposals from the Queen of Scots — His small success — His report to Walsingham — Beale returns to London — Mary's memorial of requests — The rebatement of Shrewsbury's allowance 426-487 CHAPTER XVin. Negotiations in abeyance — Mary's coach sent to Sheffield — Permitted to take the air abroad — Sheffield park — Queen of Scots very weak, but void of pain — Shrewsbury applies for a grant of land in fee farm — Death of Elizabeth Countess of Lennox — Gilbert Talbot's wife confined — Shrewsbury's melancholy and bitterness— He is most quiet with fewest women — Complains of spies—Negotiations between Mary and Elizabeth renewed — An attempt to draw Mary into engagements — Her wise caution — She plays off England, France, and Spain — On Spain her hopes centred — The Jesuit plotters — The proposed association — Esme Stuart's professions — His demands — De Tassis regards them as absurd — State of religion in Scotland— Esm6 Stuart's letter to Queen of Scots — Her comments upon his plan — Philip's desire for precise information — Cross purposes amongst the conspirators — Esme Stuart's demands modified — Mary's opinion of the Jesuits — Philip advises the holy men to try a little preaching — Shrewsbury seeks permission to visit court — Two physicians sent to Sheffield — The Queen of Scots taken to Buxton — The raid of Ruthven — Shrewsbury obtains permission to go to Court — Death of Francis Lord Talbot — The visit to London postponed — Elizabeth's suspicions against Shrewsbury— Du Ruisseau visits the Queen of Scots — He helps forward the foreign plot — Curious and suggestive expression about Shrewsbury — Arrest of Du Ruisseau — Restraint of the Queen of Scots — Her astonishment — Heart-burnings between Elizabeth and Mary — Mary's appeal to Elizabeth— The care with which it was written— TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Philip's view of the raid of Ruthven— A French remonstrance— Mary- desires the exercise of her religion — La Mothe Fenelon and De Maigne- ville sent into Scotland — Davidson accompanies them — Uncertainty and perplexity ....-.---- 488-516 CHAPTER XIX. The Queen of Scots again proposes the association — Draws up letters patent — Fruitless negotiations — Mass book found in Shrewsbury's ship — Proposals to send the ship out with Captain Carlile — Shrewsbury orders upholstery and dress — Joined with Beale in a commission to receive certain matters from Mary — Lengthy instructions — Beale returns to Sheffield — Finds the Queen of Scots waxen far grosser — Mary objects that there is no letter of credence — Discussion however continued — Mary sets forth her requirements — The proposals appeared to Beale to be fair — Queen of Scots fully persuaded of James' affection towards her — Shrewsbury at a cock fight — Elizabeth approves what Beale has done — Shrewsbury and Beale accompany the Queen of Scots in the garden and park — Beale and Nau converse in the garden — Beale returns to Court, but comes back to Sheffield with Sir Walter Mildmay — Queen of Scots anxious for some conclusion — Mildmay recalled — Mary's grief and tears — Arabella Stuart's message to Elizabeth— Mary's dowry^ Her opinion of Walsingham — Beale sent to London with letters — Shrewsbury and Mildmay take the Queen of Scots to Worksop — Mendoza's opinion of the situation — Summary of the treaty — Mary's conspiracies 517-531 CHAPTER XX. The Catholic cause — Philip and the Pope — Spanish disgust at the Pope's niggardliness — The question of assassination— France endeavouring to bring the Scotch factions into accord — Walsingham corrupts the French ambassador's secretary — Betrayal of Mary Stuart's correspondence — Archbishop Douglas a double traitor— Queen of Scots visits Worksop — Her letter to Bess Pierrepoint — Her rheumatism— Gilbert Talbot and his father — Meeting of Shrewsbury and Rutland a ground of suspicion — Charles Paget's secret mission — ^John Somerville's indiscretion dis- closes the plot — Arrest of Throgmorton and other conspirators — Flight of Lord Paget and Charles Arundel — Torture and execution of prisoners — Mendoza compromised — Ordered to quit England — Mendoza's family and career — Loyalty of the English people — Elizabeth's popularity 532-546 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxi CHAPTER XXI. PAGE Slanders of Lady Shrewsbury against her husband and the Queen of Scots — Indignation of Mary — Her threats of retaliation — Receipt for secret writing— Lady Shrewsbury's ambitious designs for Arabella Stuart — Her dealings with the Queen of Scots' ciphered correspondence — The scandal letter — Labanoffs opinion of it — The text — Hunter's opinion — Date of the letter — Striking illustration of the manners of the time — Mary's professions of ignorance of the conspirators — Elizabeth not to be thus easily deceived — Mary's letter to Mauvissiere — Renewed pro- testations of innocence — Elizabeth's reply — Mary's dissatisfaction thereat — Shrewsbury's professions of loyalty — Mary's letters to Mau- vissiere and Elizabeth — Shrewsbury's desire to visit Court — His release arranged for— Mary to be removed to Melbourne Castle— Elizabeth's formal order for Shrewsbury's discharge — Plans once more changed — Waad and Maron sent to Sheffield — Their conferences with the Queen of Scots— Maron's requests about her dowry agreed to — Conversa- tions with Waad — Mary's mean opinion of Scotch honesty — Her mes- sage to Elizabeth — Beale sent back to Sheffield — He treats with the Queen of Scots — His report not deemed satisfactory — Mary's professions to Elizabeth, and dealings with foreigners — Opinion of De Tassis — Death of Anjou — Mary removed to Buxton — Her letter to Mauvissiere — Her farewell to Buxton — Sadler sent to relieve Shrewsbury — Arrives at Sheffield — Conflicting orders and delays — Shrewsbury's family quar- rels — Death of Leicester's son — Shrewsbury's letters to Leicester and Burghley — Sadler's interview with the Queen of Scots — Her professions of devotion to Elizabeth's wishes — Slackness of the Posts — Departure from Sheffield 547-591 CHAPTER XXII. The journey to Wingfield — Talk between the Queen of Scots and Mr. Somer — Sadler reports arrival at Wingfield— Shrewsbury sets out for London — His reception at Court — Approval of his service by the Privy Council — Sadler's precautions— Mary's health — Her anxiety for the treaty — Suspicions against Shrewsbury's servants — Prosecution of scandal-mongers — Communications between the two Queens — Questions and answers about Mary's quarters, diet, and service — Shrewsbury's final release — Preparations for removal to Tutbury — Somer's report on the state of the House— Sir Amias Poulet appointed keeper — Departure from Wingfield— State of the roads— Halt for the night at Derby- Mary sleeps there at the house of an ancient widow — Arrival at Tutbury — Mary's letter to Burghley— Conclusion 592-621 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Mary Queen of Scots, aged 36 - . . . . Frontispiece. George Talbot, 0th Earl of Shrewsbury - - -to face p. 14 Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury to face p. i5 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk to face p. 232 SUBSCRIBER'S COPY. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. LARGE PAPER COPIES. His Royal Highkess Prince Leopold, (one large and two small.) His Gr.\ce the Duke of Norfolk. His Gr-^ce the Duke of Devonshire. The Right Hon. the Earl of Derby. The Right Hon. the Earl of Wharncliffe. The Right Hon. Lord Denman. The Right Hon. Lord Houghton. The Lord Bishop of Sodor and M.\n. S. 0. Addy, I^I.A,, Sheffield. Jonathan Backhouse, Darlington. Allan Badger, Whiston Grove, Rotherham. T. W. Badger, ALA., The Red House, Rotherham. Benjamin Bagshavre, Sheffield. Fairless Barber, F.S.A., Castle Hill, Rastrick. Fredk. Bardwell, Broomfield, Sheffield. J. S. Beckett, Woodside, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. H. H. Bemrose, Moorgate, Derbj*. Thomas Biggin, Spring ^illa, Upperthorpe, Sheffield. Joseph Brailsford, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Mrs. Brooshooft, Kirk Ella, Hull. B. E. C. Chambers, High Green House, near Sheffield. John Claj-ton, F.S.A., The Chesters, Humshaugh-on-Tj-ne. Skelton Cole, 3S7, Glossop road, Sheffield, (one large and one small.) xxviii LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. E. Cooling, Junr., 42, St. Mary's gate, Derby. Philip B. Davies Cooke, Owston Hall, Doncaster. J. W. Dixon, Westbourne, Sheffield. V. Cary Ehves, F.S.A., Billing Hall, Northampton. Edward Firth, Tapton Edge, Sheffield. F. J. S. Foljambe, M.P., Osberton, Worksop. William Foster, Hornby Castle, near Lancaster. Mrs. Gainsford, Skendleby Hall, Spilsb5^ Rev. A. Gatty, D.D., Ecclesfield. Wyllie Guild, 17, Park terrace, Glasgow. M. E. Hadfield, Knowle House, Sheffield. Ebenezer Hall, Abbeydale Park, Sheffield, (one large and one small.) Joseph Haywood, Cherrytree, Sheffield. Wm. HoUins, 5, Queen's Gate place, London, (one large and one small.) J. Hoole, Edgefield, Bradfield. William Horridge, The Hollies, Newbould lane, Sheffield. Wm, Howson, Tapton Park, Sheffield. Wm. Hunt, 2, College Gardens, Hull. Thos. Jessop, Endcliffe Grange, Sheffield, (two copies.) Aid. Edwin Kelsey, Rotherham. Robert Leader, Moor end, Sheffield. R. E. Leader, B.A., Moorgate, Sheffield. J. Towlerton Leather, F.S.A., Scunthorpe Hall, Leeds. Wm. Lockwood, Endcliffe crescent, Sheffield. G. H. Logan, Church Langton, Market Harborough. R. B. Mackie, M.P., Wakefield. F. T. McNay, 21, Abingdon street, Westminster. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xxix Wilson Mappin, Abbeydale Grange, Sheffield. The Right Hon. A.J. Mundella,M.P., i6,Elvaston place, London. Arthur Giles Puller, F.S.A., Youngebury, Ware. Samuel Roberts, M.A., The Towers, Sheffield. Wm. Roberts, Elmfield Bank, Rotherham. Thos. W. U. Robinson, F.S.A., Houghton-le-Spring. F. Parker Rhodes, Moorgate, Rotherham. George Sharman, Glossop road, Sheffield. Sheffield Free Library, (one large and four small.) T. W. Smith, The Edge, Sheffield. Rev. J. Stacye, M.A., Shrewsbury Hospital, Sheffield. Alex. Bannatyne Stewart, Rawcliffe Langside, near Glasgow. Thos. Wm. Tew, The Grange, Carleton, Pontefract. William Townsend, Surrey street, Sheffield. Stephen I. Tucker, Somerset Herald, Herald's College. Mrs. Waterhouse, Throstle Grove, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. T. H. Waterhouse, Westbourne road, Sheffield. Henry Ed. Watson, Shireclifife Hall, Sheffield. Robert White, Park place, Worksop. Thomas Wilson, Oakholm, Sheffield. SMALL PAPER COPIES. Wm. Aldham, Frickley Hall, Doncaster. James Alexander, Tanfield street, Leeds. Walter Ashton, Hunter's House, Sheffield. W. H. G. Bagshawe, Ford Hall, Chapel-en-le-Frith. J. E. Bailey, Stretford, Manchester, Edward Baines, St. Ann's hill, Burley, Leeds. Edwin Ball, Clifton crescent, Rotherham. H. French Banham, M.D., Mount View, Glossop road. XXX LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. James Henry Barber, 4, Broomhall park, Sheffield, (two copies.) John Barras, Broom Lodge, Rotherham. Alderman Geo. Bassett, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Lewis Biden, F.R.H.S., 21, Lion terrace, Portsea, (two copies.) Joseph Binney, Sheffield. Isaac Binns, F.R.H.S., Batley, Yorkshire. R. W. Binns, F.S.A., Diglis House, Worcester. Wm. Bissett, Rock mount. Ran Moor, Sheffield. W. G. Blake, Sharrow House, Sheffield. The Rev. Canon Blakeney, Belmont, Sheffield. The Rev. W. Blazeby, B.A., Rotherham. Chas. Blockley, Cobden road, Chesterfield. E. S. Bramwell, Broomhall Park, Sheffield. W. F. Brindley, 7, Carver street, Sheffield. W. H. Brittain, Ranmoor, Sheffield, (two copies.) Benj. Burdekin, Claremont place, Sheffield. Jos. Burdekin, Uplands, Manchester road, Sheffield. Jas. Rd. Calrow, 16, Bolt street, Southport. Rev. Jas. Cardwell, M.A., Jersey. Chas. Castle, 87, Norfolk road, Sheffield. Alfred Chadburn, Sheffield. John Chambers, 28, Bank street, Sheffield. Samuel Chapman, 30, Northumberland road, Sheffield. Samuel Charlesworth, Havelock square, Sheffield. Thomas Chesman, Science and Art Department, London. Richard Chrimes, Moorgate grove, Rotherham. Wm. Johnson Clegg, Figtree lane, Sheffield. Wm. E. Clegg, Temple Villa, Crescent road, Sheffield. John Charles Clegg, Figtree lane, Sheffield. Thomas Cole, Archer House, Sheffield. Captain G. F. R. Colt, Gartsherrie, Coatbridge, N.B. The Rev. Chas. Collier, M.A., F.S.A., Andover Vicarage, Hants. John Collier, Broomhall park, Sheffield. Thos. Collinson, The Elm, Southey. The Rev. W. Canon Cooke, F.S.A., The Hill House, Wimble- don, Surrey. Thos. Cooper, Rose hill, Rotherham. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xxxi Peter Cowell, Chief Librarian, Liverpool Free Public Library. John Charles Cox, Chevin House, Belper. Joseph Craven, 424, Broombank mount, Glossop road, Sheffield. Thomas Crookes, Logan bank, Upperthorpe, Sheffield. John Edward Cutler, Five Oaks, Sheffield. Rev. E. L. Cutts, M.A., Holy Trinity Vicarage, Haverstock hill, London, N.W. Edward Davy, Clifton road, Sharrow, Sheffield. Thomas P. Davy, 171, Victoria road, Heeley, Sheffield. Geo. Dawson, Thorncliffe, near Sheffield. Mrs. Dent, Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe, (two copies.) Joseph Dixon, Spring Grove, Oughtibridge. J. Tinker Dobb, Cliffe house, Brincliffe, Sheffield. W. Doig, M.A., 12, Travis place, Broomhall, Sheffield. W. Downing, The Woodlands, Acock's green, Birmingham. Sir George Duckett, Bart., Newington House, Wallingford, John C. Duncan, Atlas works, Sheffield. The Rev. Augustus Duncombe, D.D., Dean of York (the late). Miss Dunn, Elmfield, Bideford, (two copies.) The Right. Hon. the Earl of Effingham. Rev. S. Earnshaw, M.A., Earnscliffe, Sheffield. John Eaton, Midhill, Sheffield. John Edey, Change Alley, Sheffield. Robert Thomas Eadon, Tapton Ville, Sheffield. John Devonshire Ellis, Thurnscoe Hall, Rotherham. Samuel Emsley, 153, Burngreave road, Sheffield. George Eskholme, Beech-in-Hurst, Rotherham. F. Royston Fairbank, M.D., Doncaster. The Rev. Dr. Falding, Rotherham. John Figorski, 87, Havelock square, Sheffield. Mark Firth, Oakbrook, Sheffield. Rev. J. Flather, g, Travis place, Broomhall, Sheffield. J. H. Flather, M.A., Tutor, Cavendish College, Cambridge, A. B. Fleming & Co., Caroline Park, Edinburgh. Motii LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. H. D. Foote, M.D., Rotherham. John Fowler, Tapton, Sheffield. Frederick Fowler, Oakland House, Endcliffe vale, Sheffield. G. W. Furniss, Dell view, Eyam, (two copies.) Wm. Furniss, Whirlow Hall, Sheffield. Mrs. Garnett, Woodbine Villa, Rotherham. Alfred Scott Gatty, Rouge Dragon, Herald's College. E. M. Gibbs, 15, St. James' row, Sheffield. Duncan Gilmour, Sandygate, Sheffield. J. Goodall, 13, Broomgrove crescent, Sheffield. William Gray, Oak Tower, Upperthorpe, Sheffield. Mrs. Greaves, Alma Villa, Headingley, Leeds. Aid. John Guest, F.S.A. (the late), Moorgate Grange, Rotherham. J. Eglinton A. Gwynne, F.S.A., Folkington Manor, Polegate, Sussex. The Right Hon. Viscount Halifax, Hickleton Hall. The Right Hon. Lord Howard of Glossop, (two copies.) Aid. J. M. Habershon, The Holmes, Rotherham, J. J. Habershon, The Holmes, Rotherham. Thomas Hague, Bridge street, Sheffield. Fredk. Hall, 31, Collegiate crescent, Sheffield. S. C. Hall, F.S.A., 50, Holland street, Kensington. John Hall, Norbury, Sheffield. Rev. A. W.Hamilton-Gell, M.A., 44, Eaton square, London, S.W. Wm. Hardy, 163, Upper Hanover street, Sheffield. Geo. Harper, Daily Chronicle, Huddersfield. F. L. Harrop, Highfield, Swinton. J. W. Hawksley, Spring Vale House, Park crescent, Sheffield. W. H. Haywood, Effingham Works, Rotherham. Mrs. Hebblethwaite, Broomgrove, Sheffield. W. H. Hick, F.R.H.S., Longfield Cottage, Batley. Edward Hickmott, Moorgate, Rotherham. Geo. Higginbotham, Arlesford, near Colchester. John Hobson, 95, Arundel street, Sheffield. Albert Holdsworth, Claremont place, Sheffield. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xxxii Calvert B. Holland, Ashcroft, Broomhill, Sheffield. George H. Hovey, Norfolk road, Sheffield. The Hon. and Rev. Wm. Howard, M.A., Whiston Rectory. John Hunt, 24, North Parade, Halifax. Michael Hunter, junr., Greystones, Sheffield. H. Walter Ibbotson, 45, Westbourne road, Sheffield. H. J. Ibbotson, 26, Collegiate crescent, Sheffield. C. J. Innocent, 17, George street, Sheffield. Arthur Jackson, Wilkinson street, Sheffield. Chas. Jackson, Balby, Doncaster. John Jackson, 7, Collegiate crescent, Sheffield. George Jackson, 32, Carlisle street East, Sheffield. J. Jackson, 76, Andover street, Sheffield. Rev. Henry Gladwyn Jebb, F.S.A., Firbeck Hall, Rotherham. Rev. J. T. Jeffcock, M.A., The Rectory, Wolverhampton. Rev. W. Jessop, Wesley College, Sheffield. Thos. Jones, Junr., 256, Glossop road, Sheffield. Rev. Francis Jourdain, M.A., Ashbourne Vicarage. Edwin Hobson Kelsey, 21, Effingham street, Rotherham. John Kidner, Brincliffe park, Sheffield. Sir William Knollys, Palace of Westminster. George Walter Knox, B.Sc, 15, St. James' row, Sheffield. James Lamb, Bowdon, Manchester. George Lambert, F.S.A., Coventry street, London. John W. Leader, Buntingford, Herts. J. Crompton Lees, Clarksfield Lees, Manchester. Library of the Corporation of London, Guildhall, E.C. Richard Lister, Attercliffis, Sheffield. Mrs. Lowood, The Brooms, Glossop road, Sheffield. Edward N. Macdougall, 12, Westgate, Rotherham. Robert Mamock, Tunbridge Wells. Fredk. Thorpe Mappin, M.P., Thornbury, Sheffield. xxxiv LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. W. K. Marples, Sharrow, Sheffield. Thomas Marrian, junr., Thurcroft Hall, Rotherham. John Marshall, Mornington Villa, Broomhall park, Sheffield. John Mason, Moorgate, Rotherham. Mill Hill School Library, Middlesex, N.W. Fras. Milthorpe, Wentworth terrace, Wakefield. Mitchell Library, Glasgow. Robt. Wm. Moore, Westbourne terrace, Broomhill, Sheffield. John F. Moss, Ranmoor, Sheffield. Lewis Murray, Wilton place, Collegiate crescent, Sheffield. Myers and Kay, W^ellgate, Rotherham, (two copies.) John Newbould (the late), Sharrow bank, Sheffield. John Nixon, East parade, Sheffield. Tom Nixon, 224, Gibraltar street, Sheffield. Samuel Osborn, Heatherleigh, Sheffield. J. Spear Parker, 13, New Porter street, Sheffield. James Parker, F.S.A., Oxford. Henry Payne, M.D., Newhill Hall, Rotherham. J. N. Pickering, Howard road, Sheffield. John William Pye-Smith, East hill House, Sheffield. Rutherford J. Pye-Smith, Surrey street, Sheffield. R. Heber Radford, Woodbank, Pitsmoor, Sheffield, Quintin Read, Pleasley Vale, Mansfield. B. M. Renton, Northumberland road, Sheffield. Charles Richards, Park lane, Broomhall, Sheffield. Edward Ridgeway, Broomspring lane, Sheffield. Thos. Roberts, The Knowle, Broomhall park, Sheffield. Miss Robinson, Broomfield, Sheffield. J. Spencer Robinson, Alfreton. Henry Rodgers, Broomfield, Sheffield. Jos. Rodgers, Crabtree, Sheffield. Arthur Rodgers, King street, Sheffield. T. W. Rodgers, Endcliffe vale, Sheffield. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xxxv William J. Rodgers, Rivelin, Sheffield. W. H. H. Rogers, F.S.A., Colyton, Devon. S. Rollinson, 49, Sheffield road, Chesterfield. Jno. Russell, Collegiate crescent, Sheffield, Sampson Low and Co., iSS, Fleet street, London, (two copies.) Alfred Scargill, Summerfield, Broomhill, Sheffield. Sheffield Library, Surrey street, Sheffield. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. Wm. Short, Beauchieff House, Bristol road, Birmingham. Wm. Smith, Westwood House, Brocco bank, Sheffield. William Lionel Smilter, Mona villa, Upperthorpe, Sheffield. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., Temple place, Strood. Wasteneys Smith, C.E., 60, Sandhill, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Francis P. Smith, Cliffis house, Sheffield. Edward Solly, F.R.S., Sutton, Surrey. Rev. James Stacey, D.D., Ranmoor, Sheffield. Henry Stephenson, Sheffield. Charles Stanley, Moorgate, Rotherham. Charles Story, Park street, Worksop. W. Fisher Tasker, Bank street, Sheffield. W. E. Tattershall, 13, Westbourne road, Sheffield. John Taylor, 43, Broomhall place, Sheffield, (two copies.) Jonathan Taylor, Thirlwell Mount, Heeley, Sheffield. Jas. Lewis Thomas, F.S.A., 26, Gloucester street, London, S.W. Samuel Timmins, F.S.A., Elvetham Lodge, Birmingham. John Tomlinson, Doncaster, Joseph Town and Sons, 32, Albion street, Leeds, (three copies.) Frederick J. Turner, Mansfield Woodhouse. Thomas Turner, East Bank, Sheffield. Wm. Turner, Lawson road, Sheffield. Rev. C. C. Tyte, Park lane, Sheffield. R. G. Underdown, Northleigh House, Hilton park, Prestwich. Henry Vickers, Holmwood, Ecclesall, Sheffield. xxxvi LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Bernard Wake, Abbeyfield, Sheffield, (two copies.) William Wake, Osgathorpe, Sheffield. Alexander Walker, 25, Dee street, Aberdeen. James Wall, Mortlake road, Kew. George Wallis, F.S.A., 4, The Residences, South Kensington Museum. Arnold J. Ward, 20, Eyre street, Sheffield. J. W. Waterhouse, Throstle Grove, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. Wm, Henry Watson, Broomhall park, Sheffield. C. B. Webster, U.S. Consul, Sheffield. J. D. Webster, 21, Church street, Sheffield. George E. Webster, 3, Hartshead, Sheffield. Robert Gates Wever, Priory villas, Sheffield. John Wheeldon, Ovendon House, Brincliffe, Sheffield. Ernest C. White, ig, Church street, Sheffield. C. J. White, Newbold Lodge, Chesterfield. George Whitehead, Boston Castle Grove, Rotherham. W. J. Wigfield, Rotherham. Arthur Wightman, Hallam Gate, Sheffield. Joseph Wilkinson, Town Clerk, York. The Rev. Thomas Wilkins, St. Michael's Vicarage, Sheffield. J. A. Willox, Liverpool. Charles Macro Wilson, More Hall, Bolsterstone. Hy. Wilson, Westbrook, Sheffield. Henry J. Wilson, 255, Pitsmoor road, Sheffield. J. Wycliffe Wilson, East Bank road, Sheffield. J. B. Mitchell- Withers, 5, Surrey street, Sheffield. T. P. Wood, Brambling, Chesterfield. Charles Woollen, 14, Haymarket, Sheffield, Joseph Robert Wright, Ranmoor, Sheffield. James Yates, Public Librarian, Leeds. John Yeomans, Town Clerk of Sheffield. Dr. John Young, Surrey House, Sheffield. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 156S-1584. CHAPTER I. MARY QUEEN of SCOTS, flying before the face of her victorious rebels, landed at Work- ington, in Cumberland, on Sunday, the i6thMay, 1568, bringing to the Government of England long years of anxiety and trouble. Obtaining shelter at Working- ton Hall, she wrote at once to Queen Elizabeth, ex- plaining her pitiable condition, and appealing to her royal sister for protection and support.' At the same time, Richard Lowther, deputy governor of Carhsle, despatched to Sir WiUiam Cecil such an account as he thought it needful to give of the arrival of the Scottish Queen, and expressed his intention of de- taining her until Elizabeth's pleasure should be known.^ The arrival had been sudden, and proved very embarrassing to the local authorities. Mr. Lowther deemed the prize his own ; but the Queen was also claimed by the Earl of Northumberland, on the ground that she had landed within his " liberties." Between these contending magnates high words passed ; but Lowther was supported at 1 Lahanoff " Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart," vol. 2, p. 73. 2 Record Office.— ilfS5. Mary Queen of Scots, vol. i., No. 2. I 2 WATCHING AT CARLISLE. [1568. Court, and Northumberland's wrath passed harm- lessly away. He was firmly but courteously told to leave his pretensions to the decision of Queen Elizabeth ;' and in the meantime the safe custody of the Queen of Scots was seen to. In a letter written afterwards at Bolton, Knollys described minutely the precautions taken at this time, and the situation of the Queen's apartments. He says : — " The band was divided into five parts, so that the watcli and wards came about every fifth night and every fifth day, of the which watch and wards we had five governors : the first was Mr. Reade, and William Knollys for his learning accompanied him ; the second was Mr. Morton, the third was Mr. Wilford, the fourth was Barrett, Mr. Reade's lieutenant, and the fifth was West, his ensign bearer, a very sufficient and careful man also. This Queen's chamber at Carlisle had a window looking out towards Scotland, the bars whereof being filed asunder, out of the same she might have been let down, and then she had plain grounds before her to pass into Scotland. But near unto the same window we found an old postern door, that was dammed up with a rampire of earth of the inner side, of 20 foot broad and 30 foot deep, between two walls : for the commodity of which postern for our sally to that window with ready watch and ward, we did cut into that rampire in form of stair with a turning about down to the said postern, and so opened the same, without the which device we could not have watched and warded this Queen there so safely as we did. Although there was another window of her chamber for passing into an orchard within the town wall, and so to have slipped over the town wall, that was very dangerous ; but these matters I can better tell you at my return, upon a rude platte [plan] that I have made thereof." 2 1 Knollys to Northumberland, May 25. — MSS. Mary Q. of S., v. i., No. 11. 2 Knollys to Cecil, i6th July. — Wright's " Queen Elizabeth and her Times," V. I, p. 290. 1568.] THE ROYAL APPAREL. 3 In her flight from Loch Leven, Mary carried with her none of the trappings of royalty, nor even changes of raiment, and the few days she spent in Scotland were too full of stirring events to allow much thought for dress. It is not surprising, therefore, that when the fugitive Queen stepped on English soil she was quite without change of garments. On the 17th May, Lowther conducted his prisoner-guest to Cocker- mouth, and next day to Carlisle, with all the outward honours due to her rank. He noticed that her attire was "very mean," nor did she appear to have much money, for he had himself to defray the cost of her journey and provide horses for the whole party.' At this time the English Government made great show of kindly treatment, and supplied as well as it could, the wants of the fugitives. Lady Scrope, sister of the Duke of Norfolk, was appointed to attend on the Queen, and Lord Scrope and Sir Francis Knollys left the Court on the 20th May, with letters of comfort from Queen Elizabeth to her good sister. At their coming to Carlisle, these envoys "declared the Queen's grief of mind for the many mishaps" of the Queen of Scots, "and therewith gave her an assurance of her friendship and favour." "The Scottish Queen took great comfort," and sent up Lords Herries and Fleming to London to treat with the Queen of England. Orders were given that the train of the Queen of Scotland " should be enter- tained with all honour and courtesy, and a free liberty given to her servants or subjects to come to Carlisle to speak with her, and to return into Scotland at their 1 MSS. Mary Queen of Scots, v. i., Nos. 5 and 9. 4 SCROPE AND KNOLLYS ARRIVE. [1568. pleasure ;" but these orders were never carried out, and we soon find Mary complaining of the obstruc- tion and detention of her servants.' The deficiencies of Mary's wardrobe were supplied, after some delay, from Scotland ; ^ and meantime we gather from various letters the impression pro- duced by the Queen on the courtiers and servants of Elizabeth. Sir Francis Knollys wrote to Cecil soon after his arrival : " Surely she is a rare woman ; for as no flattery can abuse her, so no plain speech seems to offend her, if she thinks the speaker an honest man."^ In a letter from Scrope and Knollys, addressed to Queen Elizabeth the day after their arrival at Carlisle, describing the first interview with Queen Mary, they say : — " We found her in her answers to have an eloquent tongue, and a discreet head, and it seemeth by her doings she hath stout courage and liberal heart adjoined thereunto." ■* Writing to Cecil on the nth June, Knollys says : — " And yet this lady and princess is a notable woman. She seemeth to regard no ceremonious honour beside the acknow- ledging of her estate regal. She showeth a disposition to speak much, to be bold, to be pleasant, and to be very familiar. She 1 Chalmers' " Life of Mary Queen of Scots," v. i., p. 2S2. Marj- to Elizabeth, June 26. — MSS. Mary Queen of Scots, v. I., No. 22. 2 Knollys \vriting to Cecil from Carlisle, " the 7th of Julye, at five of the clocke after noone," says: " My Lord of Murray hath sent, by our messenger, to this Queen three coffers of apparel, but because her Grace saith that never a gown is sent her hereby, but one of taffita, and that the rest is but cloaks and coverings for saddles, and sleaves, and partlettes, and q\ve}-ffes, and such like trinkets, therefore we have sent to my Lord of Murray again for her desired apparel remaining in Loch Leven ; but she doth offer our messengers nothing for all their paines and charges. Wherefore, her Highness is like to bear the charge thereof also."— Wriglit, vol. i., p. 28S. The arrival of the second messenger at Bolton, with five small cart loads and four horse loads, is mentioned in a letter from I