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 ON 
 
 CEllTAIN TESTS 
 
 THRIVING POPULATION. 
 
 FOUR LECTURES 
 
 DELIVERED DEFORE 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 
 In Lent Term, 1845. 
 
 BY 
 
 TRAYERS TWISS, D.C.L. F.R.S. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMr, AND FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY 
 COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 LONDON: 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER -ROW. 
 1845.
 
 London : 
 
 Printed by A. Spottiswoode, 
 
 New- Street- Square.
 
 O / I 
 
 "y CO 
 
 CJJ 
 
 S i ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The following Lectures have been selected for 
 ^^ publication from the course delivered in Lent 
 ^ Term, 1845, in accordance with the conditions 
 ^ of the foundation of the Professorship of Political 
 Economy. Their form has been slightly re- 
 modelled, from the necessity of omitting some 
 portions which were connected with the subse- 
 quent Lectures, and the tabular results of M. 
 cjD Mallet's researches at Geneva have been inserted 
 g for the first time in the fourth Lecture, as they 
 ==^ could not well be delivered orally. The title 
 which has been prefixed has been selected as 
 explanatory of the questions which have been 
 chiefly discussed ; but the general scope of the 
 course of Lectures was more comprehensive. If, 
 therefore, the accompanying discussions should 
 seem to be incomplete, the requisitions of the 
 foundation must furnish my excuse for their 
 fragmentary character. 
 
 T. T. 
 
 University College, Oxford, 
 April 10. 1845. 
 
 8/|! .15 ,/?"^ Q .T>
 
 TESTS 
 
 or 
 
 A THRIVING POPULATION. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 Adam Smith, in the 8tli chapter of the " Wealth 
 of Nations," has laid it down that " the most 
 decisive mark of the prosperity of a country is 
 the increase of the number of its inhabitants." 
 " It is plain, however," adds Mr. M'Culloch in 
 commenting on this passage, " that this remark 
 must be received with great modification," and 
 M. Blanqui, in his improved edition of M. Gar- 
 ni er's French version of Dr. Smith's work, ap- 
 pends at the foot of the page the words " et 
 rireland ! " 
 
 It can hardly be doubted that a decrease of 
 the population is amongst the most conclusive 
 symptoms of the decay of a country ; and if 
 Dr. Smith's statement had been slightly qualified, 
 if he had laid it down that the increase of the
 
 2 TESTS OF 
 
 relative number of inhabitants, who are of full 
 age and strength to labour, is in one respect the 
 surest indication of the thriving and prosperous 
 state of a community, his position might have 
 been unassailable. Experience, however, has 
 abundantly shown that there are circumstances 
 under which the absolute numbers of a com- 
 munity may increase without any amelioration 
 in their physical condition, and sometimes even 
 with considerable deterioration. 
 
 " The Wealth of Nations " was pubhshed in 
 1776. At that time its author, in illustration 
 of his statement above quoted, and in confirma- 
 tion of what he had previously asserted in re- 
 spect to North America being much more 
 thriving than England, observes, that in Great 
 Britain and most other European countries, the 
 inhabitants " are not supposed to double in less 
 than 500 years. In the British Colonies and 
 in North America it has been found that they 
 double in twenty or twenty-five years." How 
 little did this eminent writer then anticipate that 
 within the comparatively short interval which 
 has elapsed since he wrote his great work, the 
 population of Great Britain would have actually 
 doubled itself, that is, within a period of less 
 than seventy years. For, if we take the average 
 estimate of the population of Great Britain in 
 1776, at 9,100,000, we shall find, from the census
 
 A THEIVING POPULATION. 3 
 
 of 1841, the numbers increased to 18,844,434. 
 Again, if we cast our eyes a little further back, 
 we shall perceive this acceleration steadily in 
 progress, since the population of England and 
 Wales more than doubled itself in the period 
 between 1740 and 1821. 
 
 It would be an interesting investigation to 
 ascertain accurately the corresponding progress 
 of Great Britain, in its various branches of ma- 
 terial prosperity. Such an enquiry, however, 
 would exceed the limits to which I propose to 
 confine myself on the present occasion. I shall 
 therefore briefly direct your attention to a few 
 facts. That the prosperity of Great Britain 
 should have increased, would require not merely 
 that its population and the means of subsistence 
 should have doubled in a given period ; for so 
 long as population and subsistence march abreast, 
 no change can take place in the material condi- 
 tion of a people, but that its capital should have 
 increased faster than its population. A money 
 estimate of the capital of Great Britain would 
 not enable us to determine this problem, for 
 such an estimate would be so much afi'ected by 
 the variations in the exchangeable value of 
 money, as to furnish no safe criterion. For in- 
 stance, the increased money value of the rental 
 of land in England would not necessarily indicate 
 the proportion in which the productiveness of 
 
 B 2
 
 4 CONSUMPTION 
 
 agriculture had been augmented: if in the course 
 of the last 150 years the money rents in Eng- 
 land should have been trebled, or in some cases 
 quadrupled, Ave should not therefore be war- 
 ranted in concluding that the landlord's propor- 
 tion of the produce had been increased in that 
 ratio. Again, the declared value or money value 
 of our manufactured exports would be a totally 
 false measure of the increase of the quantity 
 exported, if their quantity be looked to as an 
 index of the growth of our manufacturing capi- 
 tal. For our present purpose, therefore, I shall 
 prefer to test the increase in the prosperity of 
 the population by their increased consumption 
 of certain given articles of food, which implies 
 an increased power of procuring the necessaries 
 of life, resulting undoubtedly from the increased 
 efficiency of their labour. 
 
 Let us take, for instance, the article of grain in 
 the first place. Mr. Charles Smith, in his Tracts 
 on the Corn Trade, estimated the population of 
 England and Wales in 1760 at 6,000,000, which 
 is sufficiently near the truth for our present en- 
 quiry. The entire consumption of grain at that 
 time he estimated to be 7,550,350 quarters, of 
 which 3,750,000 quarters were wheat, and of 
 the remainder 1,026,125 consisted of barley, 
 999,000 of rye, and 1,791,225 of oats. 
 
 The change which has taken place in the spe-
 
 OF GRAIN IN ENGLAND. 5 
 
 cies of grain used for bread in England since the 
 period referred to by Mr. Smith, is notorious. 
 Rye has almost entirely ceased to be employed. 
 The same remark might almost be applied to 
 barley ; and oatmeal and oatcake are not con- 
 sumed to anything like the same extent as in the 
 previous century. Almost every individual now 
 uses wheaten bread, and in some of our manu- 
 facturing towns the inferior sorts even of 
 wheaten flour have been rejected by all, except 
 the most indigent, classes. 
 
 The total average produce of grain in England 
 and Wales has been estimated, within the last 
 ten years, at 29,450,000 quarters, of which 
 12,450,000 quarters consist of wheat. (M'Cul- 
 loch's Statistics of the British Empire, i. 529.) 
 It would thus appear that whilst the population 
 of England and Wales has doubled, the con- 
 sumption of wheat, as well as of other grain, has 
 nearly cj[uadrupled ; for the home producer is 
 unable to supply the demand of the consumers, 
 and an annual average of at least 500,000 quar- 
 ters of wheat may be added to the total quantity 
 produced at home, on account of foreign im- 
 portations. 
 
 In a similar manner, in regard to butcher's 
 meat, if we take the market of the metropolis, 
 we shall find that the number of cattle and sheep 
 annually sold at Smithfield has doubled within 
 
 B a
 
 6 CONSUMPTION 
 
 the last century, whilst the weight of the car- 
 case has also more than doubled in that interval. 
 In the early part of last century (1710), accord- 
 ing to an estimate made by Dr. Davenant, the 
 nett weight of the cattle sold at Smithiield 
 averaged not more than 370 lbs., whilst calves 
 averaged about 50 lbs., and sheep 28 lbs. In 
 1800 the nett weight of the cattle was estimated 
 at 800 lbs., of the calves at 140 lbs., of the sheep 
 at 80 lbs. Owing to a clerical error in the se- 
 cond edition of Mr. M'Culloch's " Commercial 
 Dictionary," where this was stated as the gross 
 weight, a French author has been enabled to 
 make out a more favourable case for the inhabit- 
 ants of Paris than for those of our metropolis ; 
 but the error has since been corrected in the 
 third edition of that valuable work. Again, in 
 1742 we find 79,601 head of cattle, 503,260 
 sheep, to be the numbers sold at Smithfield ; in 
 1842 the numbers had increased to 175,347 
 cattle, 1,438,960 sheep. According to the cal- 
 culation which Mr. M'CuUoch adopted for the 
 amount in 1830, when he sets down 154,434,850 
 lbs. for the supply of butcher's meat required in 
 London, if we assume the population to have 
 then amounted to 1,450,000, exclusively of some 
 suburban districts, we should find the average 
 annual consumption of each individual to be 
 very nearly 107 lbs. In the last edition of his
 
 OF MEAT IN ENGLAND. 7 
 
 Dictionary published in 1842, he sets clown the 
 consumption in 1842 at 228,542,340 lbs. for the 
 metropolis, and consequently assigns 120^ lbs. to 
 each individual. Tliis may, however, be possibly 
 a little above the mark, as the convenience of 
 transport by railroad has made Smithfield the 
 central market of a far larger circle than here- 
 tofore. 
 
 The returns obtained by the Statistical Society 
 of Manchester, as to the cattle sold in the mar- 
 kets of that town, furnish an annual consump- 
 tion of not less than 105 lbs. of butcher's meat 
 for each inhabitant. In Paris, on the other 
 hand, the quantity has been estimated by M. 
 Chabrol at from 85 to 86 lbs. per head ; and in 
 Brussels it is supposed to average 89 lbs. AVe 
 thus find that the consumption of animal food 
 in the towns of England far exceeds that of 
 foreign cities ; and as this consumption has gone 
 on steadily increasing, we are warranted in con- 
 cluding that the labour of the English people is 
 not only more efficient as compared with that 
 of other nations, but is daily acquiring greater 
 efficiency, if the present be contrasted with pre- 
 vious results. 
 
 It will be unnecessary to pursue this examin- 
 ation further, as few persons mil deny that the 
 absolute increase of the population of England 
 and Wales has been accompanied not merely with 
 
 B 4
 
 8 CONSUMPTION 
 
 a proportionate, but a relative augmentation of 
 material prosperity; nor do I think that it can 
 be disputed, that an absolute increase of national 
 prosperity will be invariably attended with an 
 increase of population. AVhere the means of 
 subsistence are more easily procured, the natural 
 impulse of man will lead him to marry. Celi- 
 bacy cannot be a matter of indifference in a 
 healthy state of society, as it is essentially an 
 incomplete state of existence. 
 
 The circumstances of Ireland are not identical 
 with those of England ; nor can we apply the 
 same simple tests of the improved condition 
 of its population. Of the 8,000,000 of its 
 people, 5,000,000 are, according to Mr. M'Cul- 
 loch, principally dependent upon the potato for 
 support, and 2,500,000 upon oats. We may 
 form an approximate estimate of the present 
 comparative consumption of the Irish and British 
 people, as indicative of their respective pro- 
 ductive power, in the following rough manner. 
 The money value of the entire annual produce 
 of the land in Ireland has been calculated at 
 45,000,000/. Of this amount about 10,000,000/. 
 may be deducted for various outgoings, under 
 which the nett rent paid to absentees is reckoned, 
 so that about 35,000,000/. of agricultural pro- 
 duce would remain to be divided amongst a popu- 
 lation of about eight millions. This would allow
 
 OF FOOD IN IRELAND. 9 
 
 a consumption of rather more than 4/. in value 
 to each individual. In Great Britain, a popula- 
 tion of rather more than eighteen millions con- 
 sumes agricultural produce of the value of about 
 143,000,000/., which allows nearly the value of 
 8/. to each individual. We might perhaps be 
 justified in making some allowance in the Irish 
 estimate, from the greater exchangeable value 
 which money possesses in Ireland : on the other 
 hand, if the commercial exports of agricultural 
 produce should be found to exceed the amount 
 of nett rental f)^itl to absentees, the balance 
 would have to be deducted from the home con- 
 sumption. 
 
 But in estimating the comparative progress 
 made by the two countries, there are greater 
 difiiculties from this circumstance, that whilst 
 the quality of the food used by the English people 
 has improved, the reverse has taken place in the 
 case of the Irish people ; so that the increased value 
 of the gross amount of agricultural produce would 
 not correspond to the increased quantity of pro- 
 duce available for consumption. If it be a correct 
 statement, that, whilst the population of Great Bri- 
 tain has doubled, the quantity of agricultural pro- 
 duce of a given kind has quadrupled, the efficiency 
 of the labour employed in raising that produce 
 will at least have doubled ; but if the produce, 
 as in Ireland, whilst it has increased in quantity.
 
 10 DETERIORATION 
 
 has deteriorated in quality, tlie efficiency of the 
 labour of the agricultural population will not 
 have increased pari jyassu with the quantity. 
 
 In 1778, Arthur Young estimated the gross 
 rental of Ireland at 6,000,000?. : in the present 
 day it is calculated to amount to 12,715,478/. 
 In 1771, A. Young estimated the rental of Eng- 
 land and Wales at 16,000,000/. : it was calculated 
 in 1836 to have been a little below 30,000,000/., 
 though in 1815 it was as high as 34,330,462/. 
 If now it be correct to refer the increase of the 
 gross rentals of the two countries to analogous 
 facts, whatever they may be, connected with the 
 increased gross amount of agricultural produce, 
 the value of that gross amount must be supposed to 
 have quadrupled in Ireland, as in the case of Eng- 
 land. But during this interval of less than 70 years, 
 the population of Ireland has trebled itself, for 
 the number of souls which' in 1777 amounted to 
 2,690,556 had increased in 1841 to 8,175,124, 
 whilst the English population has only doubled 
 itself. The progress, therefore, of the Irish 
 people, in respect of the increased efficiency of 
 their labour, will only have been half as great as 
 that which the English returns exhibit. This 
 circumstance is at once accounted for by the 
 substitution of an inferior article of food, such as 
 the potato, in place of grain ; and though the 
 quantity of agricultural produce must have in-
 
 IN QUALITY OF FOOD. 11 
 
 creased to support the increased numbers of the 
 population, its value has not increased in pro- 
 portion, from its quality being inferior. 
 
 It has been remarked that in Ireland the 
 population has increased in a more rapid ratio 
 in those provinces in which agriculture has 
 made the slowest improvement. Thus from the 
 tables of the census of 1831, it appears that in 
 the province of Leinster, where there are several 
 very large towns, and where the agricultural sys- 
 tem has very considerably improved by the side 
 of an increased growth of trade and manufactures, 
 the increase of the population in the preceding ten 
 years was only 9 per cent. ; whilst in Connaught, 
 the agriculture of which has scarcely improved 
 at all, and the manufactures are hardly worthy 
 of notice, the increase has not been less than 22 
 per cent. To a similar purport we find, from 
 the census of 1841, that in Leinster the an- 
 nual proportion of births to the mean population 
 was 1 in 32*3, whilst in Connaught it was 1 in 
 28 ; and whilst the increment of population 
 in the former province has been rather less 
 than one thirtieth, that of the latter has been 
 rather more than one twentieth of the respective 
 numbers in 1831. The prosperity however of 
 Connaught has not been commensurate. Mr. 
 M'CuUoch, in his Statistical Account of the 
 British Empire, seems to consider it beyond
 
 12 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 doubt, tliat this rapid increase of the population 
 in Connaught is wholly to be ascribed to the 
 splitting of land, which is there carried into 
 effect with the most deteriorating influence both 
 on the system of cultivation, and the condition 
 of the occupiers of soil. The smallness of the 
 holdings prevents the cultivators from adopting 
 a generous system of cultivation, and forces a 
 great quantity of pasture land into tillage, inde- 
 pendently of other causes. This system, accord- 
 ing to Mr. Button's evidence, pubhshed in the 
 Report of the Agricultural Committee of 1833, 
 has been carried on to the most injurious extent, 
 and the increase in the growth of oats and barley, 
 as it has not resulted from an improved system 
 of tillage, but rather from turning up improvi- 
 dently old pasture land, has only served to 
 stimulate population unduly. 
 
 Ireland presents many features of similarity in 
 its agricultural system to those which may be 
 observed in British India. The first volume of 
 Professor H. H. AVilson's " History of British 
 India from 1805 to 1835 " contains much valu- 
 able information on the subject of landed tenure 
 in our Indian possessions ; and I should be de- 
 sirous, on a future occasion, to trace out the 
 more important features of resemblance in this 
 respect between the two countries. Connaught 
 is not the only province of Ireland Avhere minute
 
 SYSTEM IN IRELAND, 13 
 
 subdivision of land is a prominent evil. In 
 Munster, and even in Ulster, farms are frequently 
 held in partnership, and divided amongst the 
 family of the previous occupant. Dr. Kelly, late 
 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, in his 
 e\adence before the Select Committee of the 
 House of Commons in 1830, on the state of 
 Ireland, said that he knew a farm in his neish- 
 bourhood which was originally leased on the 
 partnership system to about twenty families, and 
 he afterwards recollected to have seen sixty 
 families living on the same farm. Under such a 
 system of management, where white crops suc- 
 ceed each other as long as the land will produce 
 them, agriculture must necessarily deteriorate, 
 and, with the exhaustion of the soil, the con- 
 dition of the cultivators must become depressed. 
 The con-acre system of allotment, which is per- 
 haps carried to the greatest extent in Connaught, 
 is very prevalent in some parts of Munster, in 
 the county of Tipperary for instance. " Under 
 this system the occupiers of the larger farms 
 sublet to the peasants or cottiers small slips of 
 land, varying from a perch to half an acre for a 
 single season, to be planted with potatoes, or 
 white crops. Old grass land is frequently let 
 out in this manner, and the surface is allowed to 
 be pared and burnt for manure. The rent ex- 
 acted is enormous, sometimes, according to the
 
 14 TARTNERSHIP 
 
 evidence before the Agricultural Committee of 
 1833, amounting to 12/. or 13/. per acre. Po- 
 tatoes are usually first planted on con-acre land, 
 and a succession of ten or a dozen corn crops 
 follow ; so that there can be no improvement of 
 the soil : on the contrary, nothing but its extra- 
 ordinary natural fertility could support such 
 destructive treatment. When at last the soil is 
 incapable of producing any thing, it is left to 
 recover itself by the action of the rain and at- 
 mosphere on its elements." 
 
 The custom of equally dividing the paternal 
 inheritance amongst the several members of each 
 family, either founded upon or giving rise to the 
 generally received notion of the equal and in- 
 alienable right of all the children to the inherit- 
 ance of their father's property, whether lands or 
 goods, has tended to increase the subdivision of 
 land as already alluded to. This custom ex- 
 tends not merely to freehold, but likewise to 
 leasehold property; and it furnishes a remark- 
 able illustration of the fact, how utterly ineffec- 
 tive legislation becomes where the laws are not 
 in harmony with the manners of a people. For 
 though the statute law allows the landlord to 
 prohibit this subdivision by express clauses in 
 the lease, yet courts of law have shown them- 
 selves hostile to such limitation, and juries have 
 uniformly awarded nominal damages, if ever
 
 OF FARMS IN IRELAND. 15 
 
 their verdict has suj)ported the principle of the 
 law. This subdivision is not limited to the sons, 
 but even the daughters are generally portioned 
 with a patch of land ; and in some districts, 
 strange to say, in the county of Waterford for 
 instance, according to Mr. Wakefield, " when the 
 eldest daughter of a farmer marries, the father, 
 instead of giving her a marriage portion, divides 
 his farm between himself and his son-in-law. The 
 next daughter receives half the remainder, and 
 this subdivision is continued as long as there are 
 daughters to be disposed of. The sons are left 
 to shift for themselves in the best way they can." 
 Whether this peculiar custom is at all to be at- 
 tributed to the distinct origin of the people in 
 this district, it would be foreign to inquire. The 
 custom of portioning the inheritance amongst 
 the daughters instead of the sons, is said by Mr. 
 Walpole to prevail very generally amongst the 
 islanders of the Greek Archipelago. The ten- 
 dency of such a custom is evidently to encourage, 
 if not to force, the youths to marry as soon as 
 possible the daughters of their neighbours: and we 
 should not be surprised to find the forcible abduc- 
 tion of young women so long regarded with sym- 
 pathy in a country Avhere all women are heiresses. 
 Without pausing to examine more closely the 
 opinion of Mr. M'Culloch, that the rapid increase 
 of population in Ireland is wholly ascribable to
 
 16 AGRICULTURAL 
 
 the splitting of land (" Statistical Account of 
 the British Empire," vol. i. p. 441.), we may be 
 quite satisfied that the custom has taught every 
 individual brought up in the country to look to 
 the land for his support. It has thus secured to 
 the peasantr}' a wretched sort of half-savage in- 
 dependence, and has, in consequence, given a 
 powerful stimulus to population. 
 
 Scotland presents a remarkable contrast to 
 Ireland both in the principle and the results of 
 its agricultural system. The tenant has rarely 
 the power to sublet or subdivide his farm, and 
 at his death it must descend to his heir-at-law. 
 The younger children are thus made aware that 
 they must not trust to the land for support, but 
 must direct their labour to some other occupa- 
 tion ; and this circumstance has contributed to 
 foster that enterprising spirit, and adventurous 
 temper of mind, for which natives of Scotland 
 are remarkable. The land is thus allowed to 
 follow the ordinary laws which regulate the re- 
 lations of capital and labour. As capital accu- 
 mulates, it is applied on a larger scale to land, 
 and agriculture enlists more and more in its 
 service the aid of science, and the cultivator is 
 thereby enabled to produce the primary neces- 
 saries of life under analogous advantages to those 
 which the manufacturer enjoys. 
 
 There is one consideration which we must not
 
 SYSTEM IN SCOTLAND. 17 
 
 overlook in instituting comparisons between the 
 national divisions of the British Empire in re- 
 spect to the increase of their respective popula- 
 tions : we must remember that England is the 
 centre to which two very considerable tides of 
 local migration converge from Ireland and Scot- 
 land, and that a steady current of emigration 
 from Ireland sets in toward the manufacturing 
 districts on the west coast of Scotland. With 
 this caution in view, we may admit the fact as 
 certain, that the increase of population in Scotland, 
 as compared with the increase of Avealth, has been 
 less rapid than in England, and much less rapid 
 than in Ireland. In consequence of this the Scotch 
 are said to have made a greater advance than the 
 English or Irish people in their means of com- 
 manding: the necessaries and conveniences of life. 
 AVe should be prepared to expect such a result, 
 as far as the effect of emigration is concerned. 
 Emigrants to an old established country like 
 England can hardly be expected to thrive so well 
 as those whom they have left behind in Scotland; 
 for those who are left behind have not merely 
 the advantage, most probably, of pursuing an 
 occupation to which they have been trained from 
 infancy, but they have also the assistance of the 
 fixed capital in the establishments which they 
 have inherited, and which ought to enable them 
 to employ their circulating capital or their labour 
 
 c
 
 1 8 EFFECTS 
 
 Avith greater effect than the emigrant to England 
 can hope to do. In regard, however, to the 
 Irish emigrant to England, he may be in a very 
 different situation relatively to his companions 
 whem he has left at home. He, indeed, may 
 hope to thrive more rapidly ; for he has sought a 
 country where the industrial system is far better 
 organised than in that which he has quitted, and 
 where the subdivision of labour is carried out so 
 completely as to afford to every kind of industry 
 a place ; whilst he has left behind him a popula- 
 tion battling with the soil for support, single- 
 handed, as it were, without the aid of capital, 
 whose condition must of necessity become daily 
 more depressed from no accumulation of capital 
 being possible under such circumstances. It 
 is clear, however, under any circumstances, that 
 the Scotch system, as a fact, has been attended 
 with results which have not been surpassed 
 in any European country, whether we regard 
 the progress of Scotland in material prosperity, 
 or in the civilization which has accompanied it. 
 If, however, we admit that extensive emigration 
 will account in some degree for the comparatively 
 slow increase of the agricultural population, still 
 emigration acts only in the manner of a positive 
 check to population, the influence of which will 
 be absolutely inappreciable, unless there are pre- 
 ventive checks in simultaneous operation. But
 
 OF EMTGRATIOX. 19 
 
 the circumstance that the progress of population 
 has been less rapid than the progress of wealth 
 may assure us that there are adequate preventive 
 checks in operation, growing out of either the 
 social institutions or the moral habits of the 
 Scotch people. 
 
 I have employed the terms positive and pre- 
 ventive to distinguish the two great classes of 
 checks upon population in accordance with the 
 nomenclature of Mr. Malthus. Perhaps, were I 
 called upon to coin new terms, I might be in- 
 clined to adopt the expression diminutive in pre- 
 ference to positive, distinguishing the checks to 
 population according as they effect an actual 
 decrease in numbers, by shortening the duration 
 of human life, or preclude an increase by re- 
 straining the natural inclination of man to con- 
 tinue his race. 
 
 In proposing, however, a change in the classi- 
 fication of actual checks, as laid do^vn by Mr. 
 Malthus, and adopted by the most eminent 
 economical writers without objection, amongst 
 whom Mr. Senior and Mr. M'Culloch may be 
 enumerated, I feel considerable diffidence. It is 
 almost invariably found to be the case, that no 
 system of classification will be quite exhaustive, 
 if I may use such a term to imply a classifica- 
 tion of which the heads are entirely distinct. On 
 the contrary, even in the moral classification of 
 
 c 2
 
 20 DIFFICULTY 
 
 actions under the heads of vokmtary and in- 
 voluntary, it was found that there was a class 
 of actions which, when regarded from one point 
 of view, presented the appearance of voluntary 
 actions, whilst from another they seemed rather 
 to be the result of some force or necessity, so 
 that a third head of mixed actions was intro- 
 duced. The comprehensive mind of the great 
 founder of the most influential school of prac- 
 tical philosophy — the author, I might almost 
 call him, of the system of logical classification — 
 found himself thus constrained to admit this 
 unscientific exception to his proposed twofold 
 division of human actions. He found a class of 
 actions which, if he looked at the immediate 
 circumstances attending them, seemed voluntary, 
 because at the moment of action the agents 
 preferred to do them ; but if he looked at the 
 principle involved in them, they appeared to 
 have been performed against the will of the 
 agents. Such, I apprehend, will invariably be 
 the difiiculty in reducing practical matters to 
 scientific laws. It is impossible to subject them 
 strictly to the same laws of accurate reasoning 
 to which questions of a purely intellectual cha- 
 racter admit of being reduced. In all attempts 
 to classify, the intellect dictates the principles 
 of classification ; but those principles, when they 
 come to be applied to the various phenomena
 
 OF CLASSIFICATION. 21 
 
 of man's life, are found inadequate in their 
 strictness to comprise all the facts. They are, as 
 it were, intellectual formuloe applied to the deter- 
 mination of practical questions, and the result is 
 much the same as when the formulae of pure 
 mathematics are applied to the solution of pro- 
 blems in physics, where the result is only an 
 approximation to the truth. Subsequent ob- 
 servations, it is true, by the discovery of new 
 phenomena, may subject many of these problems 
 more strictly to the existing laws of classification, 
 or mathematical analysis may discover more com- 
 prehensive laws. Thus, the orbits of comets 
 were supposed to satisfy the theory of bodies 
 moving in a parabola : subsequent observation, 
 however, has determined their orbits to be el- 
 lipses whose major axes are infinitely greater 
 than their minor axes. On this hypothesis they 
 will fulfil different laws from those which would 
 govern bodies moving in parabolas : they will 
 return at regular intervals, as integral though 
 eccentric members of the great system in which 
 our sun and its attendant planets revolve. If, 
 then, in physics, further and more correct ob- 
 servations are found to warrant modifications of 
 former methods of classification, a fortiori we 
 should be prepared to expect further observa- 
 tions in questions so contingent as those which 
 are connected with the growth of human com- 
 
 c 3
 
 22 PREVENTIVE 
 
 munities, to warrant changes in some of the 
 branches of classification. 
 
 Mr. Senior, in his " Lectures on Population," 
 p. 10., observes, " Mr. Malthus has divided the 
 checks to population into the preventive and the 
 positive. The first are those which limit fe- 
 cundity ; the second, those which decrease lon- 
 gevity. The first diminish the number of 
 births, the second increase that of deaths. And 
 as fecundity and longevity are the only elements 
 of the classification, it is clear that Mr. Mal- 
 thus's division is exhaustive." 
 
 Similar language, however, might, as it appears 
 to me, have been used in commenting upon Aris- 
 totle's division of human actions into voluntary 
 and involuntary. Yet precisely as in attempting 
 to apply this principle of classification, which 
 was logically exhaustive, it was found that there 
 were certain actions of an anomalous character, 
 which, though they might be conditionally re- 
 garded as voluntary, yet were absolutely per- 
 formed by the agent against his will ; so in the 
 attempt to group prudence or self-restraint, 
 moral evil or vice, and physical evil or distress, 
 under the twofold division of preventive and 
 positive checks, moral evil or vice seems to elude 
 our grasp, and, when regarded in one light, bears 
 the appearance of a positive, in another of a pre- 
 ventive, check. Mr. Malthus and Mr. Senior
 
 AND POSITIVE CHECKS. 23 
 
 both class moral evil under the head of preventive 
 checks. I am disposed to consider that it should 
 rather come under the division of positive or 
 diminutive checks. 
 
 I am not unaware that the greatest caution is 
 requisite in ascertaining accurately the meaning 
 in which these distinguished writers use the term 
 " moral evil." Mr. Malthus certainly seems to 
 admit that there are certain positive checks of a 
 mixed nature, which are brought upon us by 
 vice, and their consequences are misery, such as 
 wars, sensual excesses, &c. These, indeed, when 
 their result is physical evil, he would class with 
 positive checks ; but inasmuch as there are many 
 such checks, the general tendency of which is to 
 produce misery, though they may accidentally, 
 in their immediate or individual effects, not pro- 
 duce it, as their result does not bring them under 
 the head of physical evil or distress, and their 
 effect, in his opinion, is rather to prevent an in- 
 crease than cause a decrease in numbers, he 
 considers they must be classed amongst the pre- 
 ventive checks, and yet be distinguished by a 
 peculiar name from prudence or self-restraint. 
 
 But it appears to me, that if we look to the 
 vicious habits of any society as exerting a check 
 upon population sufficiently important in its ef- 
 fects as to require to be classed under a distinct 
 head, their operation will be found to be rather of 
 
 c 4
 
 24 MORAL EVIL, 
 
 a positive than a preventive character. Doubt- 
 less there have been societies in heathen times, or 
 in heathen countries, as in Rome, for instance, 
 under the emperors, or in China and some of the 
 islands of the Pacific Ocean in the present day, 
 where the habits of life of a great mass of the 
 people are calculated to retard the rate of in- 
 crease by limiting fecundity. The condition of 
 our own West Indian possessions would, a short 
 time ago, have furnished us with a peculiar in- 
 stance of a more anomalous kind ; but as it was 
 so remarkably artificial, though on a rather large 
 scale, it may be neglected in the consideration of 
 general causes. But in resrard to the civilised 
 communities of modern Europe, it would seem 
 that we are well warranted in inferring the case 
 to be otherwise, and that the effects of vice are 
 exhibited rather in an increased mortality, than 
 a diminished rate of increase. The data, which 
 the more accurate statistics of the French police 
 have of late furnished, and which the careful 
 researches of such writers as Parent Duchatelet, 
 Fregier, Ducpetiaux, and others have confirmed, 
 seem to be quite decisive as to the fact, that 
 the positive check which vice exercises on the 
 growth of population in diminishing longevity 
 is infinitely greater than the preventive check ; 
 and that as vice partakes of a mixed character, 
 we are justly entitled to class it with those
 
 A rOSITIVE CHECK. 25 
 
 checks with whicli it seems most akin in its re- 
 sults. Mr. Malthus S3ems to admit that the 
 general tendency of vice is to produce physical 
 misery, and that the contrary result is an ex- 
 ception to the general rule. But surely, in at- 
 tempting to clothe such investigations in a 
 philosophical dress, we must direct our atten- 
 tion to the general, and not to the particular ope- 
 ration of each cause ; and there appear to be two 
 valid reasons why it is more desirable to class 
 vice under the head of positive checks, in Avhich 
 respect its influence is very considerable, than 
 under the head of preventive checks, in which I 
 agree with ]\Ir. Senior, that its social effects may 
 be disregarded. 
 
 The first and obvious reason is, that as the 
 object of such investigations is to discover the 
 true laws which regulate the growth of popula- 
 lation, it is of the utmost importance that the 
 mode in which each check operates should be 
 correctly determined ; otherwise the statesman 
 mio;ht have his attention misdirected to other 
 than the true causes of certain social evils, and 
 misapply his remedies. In the second place, I 
 cannot but consider that the classification of vice 
 under the head of preventive checks has been a 
 pretext, if not really a cause, for much of the 
 popular outcry against the doctrine of Mr. Mal- 
 ;hus, though no doubt the fundamental objection
 
 26 OBJECTIONS TO THE 
 
 to his views was to be found in the averseness 
 of society to recognise the obnoxious necessity 
 of discouraging rather than stimulating popula- 
 tion by positive legislation. But at the time 
 when he first published his Essay on the Prin- 
 ciple of Population, the mass of mankind could 
 little foresee the great changes, the dawn of 
 which was slowly approaching. Hobbes had 
 pronounced the state of nature to be a state of 
 war, and even Locke had asserted that captives 
 taken in a just war became by the right of na- 
 ture the slaves of their captors. But a period 
 was approaching when statesmen were destined 
 to correct the errors of philosophers. The 
 French Revolution, like the tempest which puri- 
 fies the atmosphere, swept away on the con- 
 tinent of Europe many worn-out traditions of 
 the Roman Empire ; and whilst the genius of 
 Napoleon made war loathsome to the nations of 
 Europe, and his overthrow taught the French 
 nation itself how little permanency even that 
 genius could secure for conquests by the sword, 
 the successful career of Great Britain was teach- 
 in »• the world the surer mode of national ad- 
 vancement through the arts of peaceful industry. 
 War has thus lost its ancient sway in Europe 
 over the imagination of nations, and the demand 
 for new lives, which was entailed by its former 
 frequent recurrence, with famine in its train,
 
 DOCTRINE OF MR. MALTHUS. 27 
 
 and pestilence not unfrequently following in its 
 rear, has ceased to operate amongst the more en- 
 lightened states, whilst the great problem which 
 statesmen are employed in solving, is, how to 
 combine the full employment of their own people 
 with their free enjoyment of the fruits of their 
 neighbours' industry. 
 
 If, then, it be correct to take the view above 
 suggested of moral evil, and to regard it as 
 exerting a positive rather than a preventive 
 check to population, there will be no objection 
 to laying down broadly this proposition, that the 
 advance of a nation in true civilisation will be 
 commensurate with the mitigation of the posi- 
 tive, and the increased action of the preventive, 
 checks : in other words, that the prosperity of a 
 country will vary inversely with the intensity of 
 the positive checks, directly with the efficacy of 
 the preventive checks. It is full time that the 
 term Malthusian doctrine should cease to be a 
 by- word of reproach. It was of the utmost im- 
 portance that the world should rightly appre- 
 ciate the startling statement of Mr. Malthus, 
 that whilst food had a tendency to increase in 
 an arithmetical, population has a tendency to 
 increase in a geometrical ratio. Since, however, 
 the correspondence of Mr. Senior with that dis- 
 tinguished and much misrepresented writer has 
 supplied the necessary correction for the errors
 
 28 DOCTRINE OF MR. IMALTHUS 
 
 which the unconditional statement of the ab- 
 stract proposition might occasion, no one need 
 fear to speak of Mr. Malthus's work with com- 
 mendation. He may indeed, with the pardonable 
 egotism of a discoverer, have exaggerated some- 
 what the importance of his own conclusions, and 
 by his abstract mode of propounding a great 
 practical truth, have risked its immediate re- 
 ception ; yet it cannot be denied that the con- 
 troversy to which his essay has given rise, has 
 led to the examination and solution of many prac- 
 tical problems of the greatest interest, and that 
 Mr. Senior has justly pronounced him to be en- 
 titled to the gratitude of mankind, as a bene- 
 factor, by the side of Adam Smith. " Whether, 
 in the absence of disturbing causes," says Mr. 
 Senior, " it be the tendency of subsistence or of 
 population to advance with greater rapidity, is 
 a question of slight importance, if it be acknow- 
 ledged that human happiness or misery depends 
 principally on their relative advance, and that 
 there are causes, and causes within human con- 
 trol, by which that advance can be regulated." 
 And to use the words of Mr. Chancellor Raikes, 
 " whilst many excellent men have deemed them- 
 selves bound to impugn a system which, accord- 
 ing to their views, impeached the benevolence 
 of the Deity, those circumstances which a hasty 
 view of the theory led men to think were in-
 
 MISUNDEESTOOD. 29 
 
 compatible with what they knew of the goodness 
 of the Creator, have been shown by Bishop 
 Sumner, in the second volume of the Records 
 of the Creation, to be evidences of that very 
 truth which they were supposed at one time to 
 impeach."
 
 30 INCREASED DURATION 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 It may be objected to the test of the prosperity 
 of a people which has been adopted in the pre- 
 vious lecture, — namely, its increased consumption 
 of certain articles of food, as implying a pro- 
 portionate increase of its productive power, — 
 that it is of too general and vague a character to 
 furnish any satisfactory criterion of the improved 
 condition of individual life. A case might be 
 supposed, where the growth of population should 
 have been considerable from the number of births 
 far exceeding the number of deaths, and the 
 general productive power of the country, as 
 evinced by the increased amount of produce, 
 have been more than commensurately augmented, 
 yet the result be consistent with the substitution 
 of rude in the place of skilled industry, of infant 
 in the place of adult labour, resulting from the in- 
 vention of improved machinery. The productive 
 power of the adult population might, consistently 
 with such a state of things, be declining, the 
 moral and material condition of the individuals 
 might be deteriorating, and their tenure of life 
 be, as a consequence, shortened. The condition 
 of a country thus circumstanced could hardly be
 
 or HUMAN LIFE. ,^> I 
 
 considered one of true prosperity, however much 
 it might exhibit the external semblance. If, on 
 the other hand, it should be found that, Avith the 
 growth of its population, its productive power 
 has increased, and with the increase of its pro- 
 ductive power the average duration of human 
 life is augmented, it can hardly be doubted that 
 the necessary elements of prosperity are here 
 combined, and that a state of things which fulfils 
 these conditions must be one of satisfactory and 
 substantial progress. 
 
 But the determination of the question, whether 
 the cypher of vitality has been raised or dimi- 
 nished in the case of a given population during 
 a considerable period of time, — such, for instance, 
 as that of England and Wales, — is a more com- 
 plicated task than might be reasonably supposed 
 from the profusion of tables, upon which calcu- 
 lations of the expectation of life are daily made 
 in the numerous Life Insurance Offices. It 
 might be expected that a comparison of the 
 results exhibited by the later tables with those 
 of the earlier tables would suffice to solve this 
 problem : but, upon a careful examination of 
 the various tables, it will be found that the re- 
 sults presented by them are conclusions deduced 
 irom very different data, and arrived at by very 
 different methods ; and therefore they do not 
 furnish any safe grounds for comparison. For
 
 32 MEAN AGE AT DEATH. 
 
 instance, " the mean age at death " alone supplies 
 the data for calculation in the case of certain Life 
 Tables, whilst the ages of the living, out of whose 
 number the deaths have occurred at the several 
 periods of life, form the important element in the 
 construction of others. But " the mean age of the 
 living" in a country where the births far exceed 
 in number the deaths, diiFers very widely from 
 " the mean age at death," and the former may be 
 increasing whilst the latter has been reduced. 
 These have been so often erroneously confounded, 
 that it is most desirable to distinguish carefully 
 from each other the facts which they represent. 
 Thus the mean age at death is obtained by merely 
 summing up the ages at which people die, and 
 dividing the amount by the number of deaths ; 
 but the mean age of the living is the quotient 
 obtained by dividing the sum of the number of 
 years which a given number of persons born in 
 the same year have altogether lived, by the num- 
 ber of persons. For instance, if 4,115,890 years 
 be the sum total of the number of years which 
 100,000 persons born in the same year have lived, 
 this sum being divided by 100,000 would give 
 us 41 years and a fraction of a year as the mean 
 duration of their lives. The mean age at death 
 on the other hand does not require illustration. 
 
 It is a conceivable supposition that the registers 
 of two nations should exhibit the same number
 
 MEAN AGE OF THE LIVING. 33 
 
 of births and deaths, yet that the efficiency of the 
 respective popukitions should be very different. 
 In the one case the mortaUty might mainly prevail 
 amongst the adult population, in the other in- 
 stance amongst the infant and youthful members : 
 in the one case the best quality of lives will have 
 been carried off, in the other they will have sur- 
 vived. The mean age at death will have aug- 
 mented on the former of these suppositions, it 
 will have decreased on the latter; whilst the 
 mean age of the hving will have varied inversely 
 as the mean age at death. It would be quite 
 possible even for the mean age at death to have 
 increased, and yet the actual numbers of the 
 population to have diminished : as, for instance, 
 in the case of the city of Amsterdam, where the 
 average number of deaths during the twelve 
 years preceding 1832 exceeded the number of 
 births. A population so circumstanced will 
 every day contain a greater proportion of old 
 lives, and therefore the mean age at death will 
 tend to increase, yet the population itself will be 
 diminishing in numbers if the rate of mortality 
 is constant. During the twelve years just 
 enumerated, the tables of mortality gave the 
 same proportion of deaths as in 1777, namely, 1 
 in 27. (Quetelet, de Physique Sociale, I. p. 157.) 
 We have, however, assumed that one of the cri- 
 teria of the prosperity of a population was the 
 
 D
 
 34 MR. milne's view. 
 
 increase of its numbers: Amsterdam, therefore^ 
 will for this reason not come under the class of 
 prosperous communities. 
 
 In England, the mean duration of life, accord- 
 ing to the hfe table annexed to the Fifth Report 
 of the Registrar General, is 41 years, (I purposely 
 omit fractions,) and if the population remained 
 stationary, the mean age of those who died 
 would be 41 years, and 1 in 41 would die an- 
 nually. The population, however, has increased 
 nearly 1^ per cent, annually during the last 40 
 years, and we find that the mean age of the per- 
 sons who died in 1841 was 29 years, whilst 1 in 
 46 of the population died. This is in perfect har- 
 mony with what Mr. Milne has laid down in his 
 article on Mortahty in the Encyclopsedia Bri- 
 tannica, " that when the population has been 
 increasing, the mean duration of life from birth, 
 according to a table of mortality properly con- 
 structed from the necessary data, mil be less 
 than the number out of which one dies annually, 
 but the difference will be small, except under 
 very particular circumstances ; and again, that 
 the mean duration of life, according to a 
 table of mortality constructed from the number 
 of deaths only in the different intervals of age, 
 without comparing them with the number of 
 living persons in the same intervals, — in other 
 words, the mean age at death, — will fall short
 
 MEAN DURATION OF LIFE. 35 
 
 of the number out of which one dies annually 
 by a much greater number than in the case just 
 considered." This he illustrates by tables of ob- 
 servations ; but in the case of England and Wales 
 the differences are increased beyond the limit 
 which he has assigned, owing to the very rapid 
 increase of the population. 
 
 This is a very important fact, and Mr. Milne 
 proceeds to state that where the proportion of 
 people dying annually is known, it will not be 
 difficult to judge whether a table of mortahty 
 for that people has been constructed properly 
 from the necessary data : or, what is more com- 
 mon and more easily effected, merely by the 
 summation of deaths at all ages. 
 
 In further illustration of the difference between 
 the mean age at death, and the mean duration of 
 life, as gathered from the ages of the living, it 
 appears, in regard to Sweden, that from 1801 to 
 1805, during which the ages of the living out of 
 which the deaths occurred were carefully enume- 
 rated, the mean age at death was nearly 31 years, 
 whilst the mean age of the living {the true basis, 
 according to Mr. ]\Iilne, for calculatifig the mean 
 duration of life,) was rather more than 39, and 
 the proportion of deaths 1 in 41. In France, the 
 ages of the living out of which the deaths regis- 
 tered in the French census occurred, are not given, 
 but it may be assumed that the calculation made 
 
 D 2
 
 3G FRENCH CENSUS. 
 
 by M. Demonferrancl, whose tables were published 
 in the year 1838, in vol. x\t.. of the Journal de 
 I'Ecole Royale Polytechnique, approximates to 
 the truth sufficiently for our present purpose. 
 According to them the mean duration of life in 
 France would be rather more than 39 years, 
 whilst the census of 1831 gives us 34 years for 
 the mean age at death, and the proportion of 
 deaths as 1 in 42. So that the average age of the 
 persons who died, or the mean age at death, would 
 be 34 years in France, 31 in Sweden, 29 years 
 in England, and a calculation of the expectation 
 of life based upon data of this nature would evi-^ 
 dently give a result unfavourable to England. 
 Without attempting to decide what I am aware 
 is a very difficult practical question, whether 
 insurance offices are justified in regulating their 
 transactions by life tables constructed according 
 to this latter method, it is very clear that such 
 life tables will not furnish the expectation of 
 life which will answer the purpose of our pre- 
 sent inquiry, which is to ascertain the efficiency 
 of a given population. This must evidently be 
 determined by the mean age of the living. 
 
 The reason why the mean age at death is 
 so much lower in England than in France or 
 Sweden, is that the population is increasing much 
 more rapidly. The mass of the people, therefore, 
 are younger, and the mean age at death, which,
 
 PREPONDERANCE OF YOUTHFUL LIVES. 37 
 
 as already observed, is obtained by dividing the 
 sum of the ages of those who die by the number 
 of deaths, will be lower, as there ^vill be a greater 
 proportion of low numbers among the ages at 
 death. Mr. Milne has stated, what at first seems 
 paradoxical, that in an increasing population 
 the average age at death is less, and the annual 
 mortality less, than in a stationary population 
 having the same expectation of life. The cause 
 of tliis is explained in the Fifth Annual Re- 
 port of the Registrar General, which contains 
 much valuable information on such questions. 
 " The births exceeded the deaths in Eno-land in 
 1841, the former being registered at 512,158, 
 the latter at 343,847. If the population were 
 stationary, the births would be 343,847; they 
 would maintain the existing poj)ulation. But 
 the annual excess of 168,311 children, more or 
 less, which have been thrown for many years 
 into the English population, has pix)duced a 
 preponderance of the youthful over the aged 
 part of the population. If the law of mortality 
 had remained constant, and the births and deaths 
 had been equal for the last century, it would 
 have been found that on an average about 35 in 
 100 of the people were under 20, and 14 in 100 
 above 60 years of age ; but it appears from the 
 census that 46 in 100 were under 20 years, and 
 only 7 in 100 above 60 years of age." 
 
 T) 3 
 
 344G83
 
 38 DE moivre's formula. 
 
 The great difference here exhibited between 
 the results of observation, and the results which 
 theory would furnish on the hypothesis of the 
 population being stationary, and the decrements 
 of life, that is, the annual deaths being a constant 
 quantity, is very great. Yet the distinguished 
 analyst De Moivre, in the mathematical formulas 
 which he published in 1724, in his treatise 
 on Annuities on Lives, assumed the annual 
 decrements of hfe to be equal, and its utmost 
 limit eighty-six years, and on this hypothesis 
 gave a general theorem, by which the values of 
 annuities on single lives might be determined. 
 Dr. Price, in the first edition of his work on 
 Reversionary Payments, published in 1770, 
 adopted this method in the construction of his 
 Life Tables. On the other hand, the illustrious 
 Enghsh astronomer, Halley, who had calculated 
 what may be termed the first experimental life 
 table so far back as 1693, which was published in 
 the Transactions of the Royal Society of London 
 for that year, had constructed it upon a series 
 of observations on the movement of the popula- 
 tion of the city of Brcslau in Silesia, when " the 
 births did a little exceed the funerals." 
 
 The question may reasonably suggest itself, 
 if the mean duration of life, which term I shall 
 use to designate the expectation of life calculated 
 from the mean age of the living, is 41 years in
 
 halley's table. 39 
 
 England, why is the mortality so low as 1 in 
 46? To use the words of the Report already 
 cited, " the reason is, that as the increase of 
 the population has been long and progressive, an 
 excess has been accumulated of persons between 
 the ages of 5 and 55, among whom the mortality 
 is lower than it is among persons of all ages. 
 With the reduction in the relative numbers above 
 the age of 60, this has more than compensated for 
 the high rate of mortality among the excessive 
 number of children under 3 years of age ; and 
 has reduced the mortality below 1 in 41 an- 
 nually, which would be the case if the popu- 
 lation were stationary. As the populations of 
 France and Sweden have not increased more 
 than half as fast as the English population, the 
 diminution of the age at death has been less 
 considerable, though sufficient to derange all 
 calculations and all comparisons, such as that of 
 the ' mean age at death,' deduced upon the sup- 
 position that in the populations compared the 
 births and deaths have been equal, and the mor- 
 tality uniform, for a long series of years." 
 
 The statistical facts, therefore, with which our 
 present inquiry is concerned, are evidently the 
 variation in the rate of mortality^ and the varia- 
 tion in the mean age of the living. If, for in- 
 stance, the proportion of deaths to the population 
 be diminished, or if the average life of the great 
 
 D 4
 
 40 EXPECTATION OF LIFE. 
 
 mass be prolonged, we may be satisfied that the 
 condition of the nation is improved in respect to 
 vitality. The comparative mean age of the 
 living at different periods would no doubt be 
 the more important fact to ascertain, but it is 
 only of late that the ages of the living out of 
 which the deaths have taken place, have been 
 enumerated in our own country, and that life 
 tables on the more complete data have been cal- 
 culated ; whilst in France, as already stated, this 
 most essential element for calculating the par- 
 ticular expectation of life with which the political 
 economist or the statesman is concerned, has 
 never yet been published. 
 
 But even in comparing the rate of mortality 
 at different periods there are greater difficulties 
 than might be supposed. We must either have 
 recourse to the actual returns of mortality, and 
 we have no criterion for judging of the degree 
 of accuracy with which the returns of the actual 
 population were made, out of which the mor- 
 tality is supposed to have taken place ; or we 
 must go back to the calculations of scientific 
 men, such as the Northampton Tables of Dr. 
 Price, or the French Tables of Duvillard, which 
 were considered by their respective authors to 
 present all the results of the general mortality, 
 and were made public as representing with suffi- 
 cient accuracy the law of mortality.
 
 SWEDISH TABLES. 41 
 
 In speaking of the calculations of Dr. Price, 
 founded on the observations of the bills of mor- 
 tality at Northampton, we must carefully dis- 
 tinguish them from the calculations of that justly 
 celebrated author founded on the obseiTations of 
 the population and deaths in Sweden and Fin- 
 land, which had been published by M. Wargen- 
 tin in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences 
 at Stockholm in 1776. Dr. Price himself, in 
 his Introduction to the Observations on Rever- 
 sionary Payments, 4th edit. 1783, states, " that 
 there are two kinds of data for forming tables of 
 the probabilities of the duration of human life 
 at every age. One is furnished by registers of 
 m.ortality sho"wing the numbers dying at all 
 ages ; the other, by the proportions of deaths 
 at all ages to the numbers living at those ages, 
 discovered by surveys or enumerations. Tables 
 formed from the former of these data are cor- 
 rect only when there is no considerable fluctua- 
 tion among the inhabitants of a place, and the 
 births and burials are equal. When there are 
 more removals from than to a place, and the 
 births exceed the burials, as is almost always 
 the case in country parishes and villages, tables 
 so formed give the probabilities of Hving too low. 
 When the contrary happens, as is generally the 
 case in towns, they give the probabilities of living 
 too high. But tables formed from the latter of
 
 42 MEMOIR OF M. WARGENTIN. 
 
 these data are subject to no errors. They must be 
 correct, whatever the fluctuations are in a place, 
 and how great soever the inequalities may be 
 between the births and deaths." He then con- 
 tinues to state that the Swedish observations 
 communicated to him by M. Wargentin " are 
 more curious than any that have been yet pub- 
 lished, and leave us little to wish for on this 
 subject, except that similar observations were 
 made in other kingdoms under the direction of 
 men equally able and ingenious with M. War- 
 gentin." 
 
 The Northampton table, on the other hand, to 
 use the words of Mr. Milne, in the article " Mor- 
 tality " above alluded to, " was constructed by 
 Dr. Price from the bills of mortahty (from the 
 year 1735 to 1780) of the single parish of All 
 Saints, containing a little more than half the in- 
 habitants of the town ; and as the deaths exceeded 
 the births in number, the author applied a cor- 
 rection to the table under twenty years of age, 
 which, if it had answered the intended purpose 
 under that age, as we are satisfied it did not, could 
 have no effect on any of the numbers above the 
 same age ; and almost all the useful applications 
 of such tables are to ages above twenty." 
 
 " The table so formed could only be correct pro- 
 vided both the numbers of the li\dng and the 
 annual deaths at every age above twenty years,
 
 NORTHAMPTON TABLES. 43 
 
 had continued invariable during the 146 years 
 that intervened between 1634, and 1780 ; pro- 
 vided also, that no migration from or to the 
 town took place, except at twenty years of age, 
 and that the annual increase which the popula- 
 tion received by migration at that age was just 
 equal to the excess of the annual deaths above 
 the annual births." 
 
 It appears, however, from the abstracts of 
 population, that the annual births and annual 
 settlers in Northampton had been increasing ever 
 since about the year 1715 or 1720: also, that 
 although the burials exceeded the baptisms till 
 the year 1802, the supply by immigration was 
 much greater than that excess, and consequently 
 that the numbers of the living had been accu- 
 mulating more at the early ages, and less at the 
 advanced ones, than would have been the case 
 had the population remained stationary. 
 
 Mr. Milne seems disposed to think that the 
 unsettled state of the kingdom for some years 
 before and after the death of Charles I. had pre- 
 vented or greatly retarded the increase of the an- 
 nual births during the time in which those persons 
 were born, who died past 60 years of age between 
 the years 1734 and 1781, and may account for 
 the table after that age being near the truth, 
 whilst the comparatively rapid increase of the 
 people during the 60 years ending w^ith 1780
 
 44 duvillard's table. 
 
 appears to explain the great excess of mortality 
 in that table at the early period. 
 
 In regard to the Table of Duvillard, which is 
 employed in French life offices, and is one of 
 the two French tables given every year in the 
 " Annuaire," we know very little of the data^ 
 excepting that it was calculated upon 100,542 
 deaths at all ages amongst a population of 
 2,920,670 in different parts of France. The 
 author first published it in 1806, in his " Analyse 
 de r Influence de la petite Verole sur la Mortahte," 
 and stated that it presented all the results of the 
 general mortahty, according to a considerable 
 number of facts collected before the Revolution 
 in different districts of France, and that it ought 
 to represent mth sufficient exactness the law of 
 mortality. I have not been able to procure the 
 work itself, but it seems that in his calculations 
 the population was supposed to be stationary. 
 M. Jules Bienayme, Inspecteur General de Fi- 
 nances, in a memoir, " Sur la Duree de la Yie en 
 France depuis le Commencement du XIX Siecle," 
 read before the French Institute in 1835, and pub- 
 lished in the Annales d'Hygiene, vol.xviii., states 
 that the circumstance which brought Duvillard's 
 table into repute was, that the census of the year 
 XI (1803), which was taken at the request of La 
 Place, made the proportion of annual births to the 
 actual population very nearly identical with that
 
 MEMOIR BY M. BIENAYME. 45 
 
 given by Duvillard, namely, as 1 to 28|;. This 
 caused the table of Deparcieux, which will be 
 alluded to in the next Lecture, and which had 
 hitherto been approved by men of science, to be 
 laid aside for a time. M. Bienayme presumes the 
 101,542 deaths of Duvillard to have been those 
 given by Messance, in his " NouveUes Recherches 
 sur la Population de la France ; " and 2,920,672 
 persons, the whole number of the population upon 
 which the observations had been made, divided 
 by this number, evidently furnished the quotient 
 285, which was Duvillard's expectation of life at 
 birth. The births, it will thus appear, were sup- 
 posed not to exceed in number the deaths ; in 
 which case, as above stated, the mean age of the 
 living would be identical with the mean age at 
 death. M. Matthieu had observed, in his notice, 
 " Sur le Mouvement de la Population en France," 
 in the " Annuaire" for the year 1826, that the 
 alterations in the different elements of calcula- 
 tion make this table altogether inapplicable to 
 the present circumstances of the population. In 
 a note to the Fifth Report of the Registrar 
 General it is suggested that this Table probably 
 involves the same errors as the Northampton 
 Table. 
 
 We must therefore not be surprised to find 
 that the expectation of life calculated upon the 
 more complete data which have been made use
 
 46 M. demonferrand's table. 
 
 of in constructing the English Life Tables of 
 1841 in the Registrar General's Report should 
 be in appearance enormously augmented, when 
 compared mth that given in the Northampton 
 Table, or that the approximate expectation of 
 life in France, calculated from official documents 
 by M. Demonferrand, in which, however, there 
 have not been furnished, as already stated, all the 
 necessary elements, should bear a corresponding 
 inordinate disproportion in excess over the table 
 of Duvillard. Thus, whilst the Northampton 
 Table gives the expectation of life at birth at 
 nearly 25j years, the English Life Table of 1841 
 gives nearly 41^ years ; whilst Duvillard' s table 
 gives us 28f years, the table of M. Demonferrand 
 gives us rather more than 39^ years at birth. It 
 may be observed, that M. Demonferrand gives 
 the expectation of life for each month during the 
 first year of life separately, whilst Duvillard's 
 table gives the expectation of life for the entire 
 first year in one sum ; so that we are at liberty 
 to take the expectation of life at the end of six 
 months, in M. Demonferrand's table, instead of 
 the expectation in the first month, to make the 
 comparison just. On this supposition, the latter 
 table would give us about 42^ years for the 
 average expectation of life in the first year. 
 This very great discrepancy in the results makes 
 it evident that the term expectation oflife^ or vie
 
 RATE OF MORTALITY. 47 
 
 moyenne, in the earlier tables, represents some 
 very different fact from that which the later 
 tables indicate, as it would be inadmissible to 
 suppose that there had been a gain of 16 years 
 average vitality to the English population, or 
 of 15 years to the French, within a period of 
 less than a century. These tables, therefore, 
 will not furnish us with any basis of comparison 
 in respect to the average duration of life. 
 
 We must consequently have recourse to the 
 comparative rate of mortality, if this can be 
 ascertained with any degree of accuracy. If it 
 should appear that the rate of mortality has 
 gradually decreased during the last century, the 
 average duration of life will have reciprocally in- 
 creased during that period, though not in so 
 great a ratio ; for, as already observed, in a com- 
 munity where the annual births exceed the 
 annual deaths considerably, which is the case 
 both in England and in France, not only the 
 actual population, but the proportion of young 
 persons in it, must necessarily be augmented. 
 Thus it is found from observation, that the 
 people are younger in England than in France 
 or Sweden, in accordance with the corresponding 
 preponderance of births over deaths in the 
 former country. It will therefore be impossible 
 to attribute the diminished rate of mortality, 
 where it is very remarkable, to any thing but a
 
 48 MORTALITY AMONGST CHILDREN. 
 
 decided improvement in the vitality of the youth- 
 ful population, which of course implies an aug- 
 mentation of the average duration of human hfe. 
 A nation thus circumstanced will continue to 
 accumulate a greater number of efficient lives. 
 I may observe, by the way, how very important 
 the question of the employment of children in 
 factories becomes in connection with the period 
 of life over which the efficiency of the labour of 
 a population may be supposed to extend. 
 
 There can be little doubt that the mortality 
 amongst children is not quite so great as was 
 formerly the case, when the means of preserving 
 them by good nursing and medical skill were not 
 so well understood. But in comparing the mor- 
 tality of this part of the population, two errors 
 are to be guarded against. All the births are 
 not registered in the annual tables, even under 
 the present more stringent system of police in 
 this respect : this was even more the case formerly, 
 as there is not the same domestic necessity for 
 registering a birth as a death : the deaths, there- 
 fore, in the first year, will have occurred out 
 of more than the number of births returned, and 
 the real proportionate mortality will have been 
 less than the apparent one. This remark applies 
 more strongly to the early registers of births and 
 deaths ; as the system of registration is now so 
 much more complete, we must make considerable
 
 DEATHS AT AN EARLY AGE. 49 
 
 allowance for the greater accuracy of nioclern 
 returns in any comparative reasoning. Again, in 
 reference to calculations from the ages at death 
 alone, we must not overlook a possible error, 
 if the births should have exceeded the deaths 
 annually. The deaths, for instance, of children 
 under one year of uge in England, were 74,210 
 out of a total number of 347,847 deaths in 1841. 
 But it must not be inferred that 74,210 out of 
 347,847 children died in the first year, because 
 out of 347,847 deaths, 74,210 were those of 
 children under one year. Nothing would be 
 more erroneous, since, as observed in the Re- 
 gistrar General's Fifth Report, the deaths occurred 
 out of a immber certainly not less, and probably 
 more, than 512,000 ; for, although all the births 
 are not registered, the births of 512,158 children 
 were registered in 1841, and 502,303 in 1840. 
 
 A reason has already been suggested for the 
 great excess of mortality in the earlier ages of 
 the Northampton Table, which represented that 
 more than half the number born died during the 
 first five years of life, while Duvillard's table does 
 not give much more than tw^o fifths as the pro- 
 portion. But even Duvillard, in considering the 
 population as stationary, would liave assumed 
 the number of deaths to be identical with tlie 
 number of births, and would consequently have 
 
 E
 
 50 DECREASE OF MORTALITY. 
 
 exaggerated the proportion of deaths at an 
 early age. 
 
 We have, however, trustworthy data to show 
 that the rate of mortality has decreased in this 
 country during the last 100 years. Thus, the 
 population abstracts of England and Wales, ex- 
 tending over a period from 1720 to 1820, furnish 
 us with the average annual numbers of the bap- 
 tisms and burials. Similar documents, collected 
 at the respective censuses of 1801, 1811, and 
 1821, furnish the estimated population at the 
 end of each decennial period, and the returned 
 baptisms ; from which it appears that the re- 
 turned baptisms, at those periods, bore very 
 nearly a constant proportion to the estimated 
 population. Hence, supposing the annual aver- 
 age baptisms in each of the above periods to 
 bear a given ratio to the respective population, 
 and the returned burials to represent a similar 
 constant proportion of the annual deaths, we 
 should be enabled to measure mth sufficient ac- 
 curacy the variation in the mortality. It thus 
 appears, that out of the same amount of po- 
 pulation, whatever may have been that which 
 corresponded to 1000 baptisms, there died an- 
 nually, 
 
 1068 between 1720 and 1730 
 1043 — 1730 - 1740 
 
 924 — 1740 — 1750 
 
 858 — 1750 — 1760
 
 INCREASED DURATION OF LIFE. 51 
 
 840 between 1760 and 1770 
 
 857 
 
 — 
 
 1770 — 
 
 1780 
 
 787 
 
 — 
 
 1780 — 
 
 1790 
 
 747 
 
 — 
 
 1790 — 
 
 1800 
 
 697 
 
 — 
 
 1800 — 
 
 1805 
 
 659 
 
 — 
 
 1805 — 
 
 1810 
 
 612 
 
 — 
 
 1810 — 
 
 1815 
 
 623 
 
 — 
 
 1815 — 
 
 1820. 
 
 Observations on Life Assurances. By G. D. 
 
 (Unpublished.) 
 
 There can be no doubt, therefore, that there 
 has been a very great dhninution in the rate of 
 mortality in England and Wales during the last 
 100 years ; and, as the observations which de- 
 termined, that the ratio which the baptisms bore 
 to the estimated population was 1 to 35 with a 
 very slight fractional variation, were made at three 
 different periods during the present century, we 
 may rest satisfied that there can be no great 
 error in the calculation from overlooking a 
 possible increase in the proportion of baptisms 
 by others than ministers of the Established 
 Church. 
 
 Although, therefore, we must make a con- 
 siderable allowance for the increased proportion 
 of young lives, which would somewhat diminish 
 the average age of the whole community, yet the 
 very great difference of mortality will warrant 
 us in concluding from the above table, that the 
 average duration of liuitian life in England and 
 AVales has received a very decided augmenta- 
 
 E 2
 
 52 POPULATION OF FRANCE. 
 
 tion, thouo-'h not to the full extent of the ratio 
 of the diminished mortality. 
 
 An analogous result has, without doubt, taken 
 place in respect to the population of France. 
 According to a calculation adopted by M. Necker 
 in his work " De I'Administration des Finances," 
 the mortality in France before the Revolution 
 was 1 in 30 or 31i, which Mr. Malthus considered 
 to be an extraordinarily large proportion, and 
 that in so tine a climate as that of France, 
 nothing but the very great misery of the lower 
 classes could account for it. It is possible that 
 this estimate may be rather too high, and may 
 have been based chiefly upon the statistics of 
 towns, from which more accurate returns could 
 most probably be procured at that time than 
 from tlie country, and the mortality in to^\ais, 
 as is well known, far exceeds that amongst a rural 
 population. The French census of 1831 gives 
 the annual mortality of France from 1817 to 
 1831 as 1 in 42. The general fact, therefore, 
 of a considerable decrease of mortality seems to 
 be established, though we should not perhaps be 
 justified in concluding that the difference in the 
 two proportions just cited measures accurately 
 the extent of it. 
 
 In confirmation of the statement, that a di- 
 minished rate of mortality, where a population 
 is increasing in numbers, will necessarily be
 
 INCREASED PROPORTION OF ADULTS. 
 
 53 
 
 attended ^vith an augmentation in the proportion 
 of efficient lives, the following results may be 
 aptly cited. 
 
 From a table in the appendix to the Supple- 
 mentary Sanatory Report of 1843, by Mr. Chad- 
 wick, it appears that the increase in the propor- 
 tion of the adult population of the United King- 
 dom is very considerable in regard to England 
 and Scotland, though comparatively slight in 
 regard to Ireland. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 41-01 
 
 53.^1 per cent. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Under 15 years 
 Above 15 years 
 
 1841. 
 
 Under 15 years 
 Above 15 years 
 
 England. 
 
 39-09 
 60-91 
 
 36-07 
 63-93 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 41-06 
 58-94 
 
 40-44 
 59-56 
 
 36-41 
 63-6 J 
 
 per cent. 
 
 There is thus an increase of 3 per cent, in the 
 proportion of adults in England, and 4 per cent, 
 in Scotland, and only 1 per cent, in Ireland, 
 within an interval of 20 years. I should be dis- 
 posed to think that the emigration of adults 
 from Ireland may account for the great difference 
 which the Irish returns exhibit. 
 
 E 3
 
 54 VIE MOYENNE. 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 
 I HAVE already alluded to the ambiguous mean- 
 ing of the term " expectation of life," or Vie 
 moyenne, that it is employed to designate two 
 very different results : the one arrived at from 
 a calculation of " the mean age at death;" the 
 other based upon the enumeration of the ages of 
 the living. In illustration of the distinct cha- 
 racter of these two results, I will quote a few 
 facts from the Registrar General's Report, which 
 refer to three different portions of the population 
 of this country; namely, that of Surrey (extra- 
 metropolitan), the metropohs itself, and the town 
 of Liverpool. " Surrey presents a specimen of 
 the rate at which life wastes in a country dis- 
 trict ; Liverpool is an example, at the other ex- 
 treme, of the effects of concentration in towns, 
 without any adequate provision for removing the 
 effluvia, and for securing by art the degree of 
 purity in the dwellings and atmosphere, which 
 is partially maintained by nature in an open 
 cultivated country. Surrey, however, has not 
 been selected as the healthiest county, and there 
 are parts of most tOAvns in England as favourable 
 to life as Liverpool.
 
 VARIATION IN RATE OF MORTALITY. 55 
 
 "The population of the extra-metropolitan parts 
 of Surrey happens to be but little more than the 
 population of Liverpool: yet in 1841 the deaths 
 in Surrey were 4256 ; the deaths in Liverpool, 
 7556 ; out of 14,450 boys under five years of age, 
 2087 died in Liverpool ; of 14,045 boys in Sur- 
 rey, only 699 died within the same time. By 
 this immense mortality in Liverpool, the number 
 of males at the age of 10 — 15 is reduced much 
 below the number in Surrey at a corresponding 
 age. The living in Surrey aged 20 — 30 are 
 18,746, but the influx of immigrants into Liver- 
 pool raised the number of males living there at 
 that age to 23,494, who are, however, rapidly 
 cut down by sickness or death, (unless other acci- 
 dental circumstances cause them to remove else- 
 where) ; so that at the age of 45 — 55, only 7504 
 males were enumerated in Liverpool, whilst 
 9281 were living in Surrey." 
 
 As far indeed as such local facts are concerned, 
 I should conceive that the inferences which might 
 be drawn from the mortality of the young, would 
 be far safer than those which might be gathered 
 from the longevity of the old. For one disturb- 
 ing cause will operate inversely on the respective 
 populations of two districts, so differently circum- 
 stanced as Surrey and Liverpool, as individuals 
 advance in life. The desire to exchange the 
 close atmosphere and confined limits of a town 
 
 E 4
 
 56 PROBABLE DURATION OF LIFE. 
 
 for the fresher air and freer range of the country, 
 since such a desire may be more readily gratified 
 as life advances, througli the increased means 
 which a career of successful industry frequently 
 affords, as it will tend to empty Liverpool of a 
 portion of its population above a certain age, so 
 it will be likely to add to the numbers of those 
 who will be found living in Surrey at a corre- 
 sponding age. This fact must not be overlooked 
 in any inquiry connected with the comparative 
 healthiness of two districts, as gathered from 
 such data. 
 
 According, then, to the Surrey observations, 75 
 out of 100 children born attain the age of 10, 
 52 reach the age of 50, and 28 that of 70 : in 
 the metropolis 64 live to 10, 41 to 50, and 16 
 to 70: in Liverpool 48 attain the age of 10, 25 
 that of 50, and 8 that of 70. 
 
 The probable duration of life, the vie probable 
 of the French, differs from the expectation of life 
 arrived at by either of the methods already 
 alluded to. This expression designates the time 
 in which the number born is reduced one half. 
 In the English life table of 1841 it is 45 J years. 
 " It is probable, or, to use Halley's words, it is 
 an even wager, that a child born in England will 
 live 45^ years, for a given number of children 
 born are reduced to nearly half their number at 
 the age of 45. So that there is an equal num-
 
 MEAN DURATION OF LIFE. 57 
 
 ber of chances in favour of an individual living 
 to, or dying before, the age of 45ig." We have in 
 the previous lecture seen that the mean duration 
 of life is about 41 years according to the English 
 life table. This is less than the probable life, 
 from this circumstance, that the number of those 
 who die in the first year of life exceeds so much 
 the number of those who live after the 90tli. 
 As, therefore, an increased diminution of the 
 mean duration as compared with the probable 
 duration of life indicates a relative increase in 
 the proportion of infants dying in the first year 
 to adults living after 90, this fact may be due 
 either to an absolute increase in the mortality 
 amongst infants, or to an absolute decrease in 
 the number of very old people. "• 
 
 " The probable duration of life in Surrey is 
 53 years, in the metropolis 40, in Liverpool 
 7 or 8 years. The mean duration of life does 
 not differ so enormously ; it is, however, 45 years 
 in Surrey, 37 years in the metropolis, and only 
 26 years in Liverpool." According to the same 
 authority, the Registrar General's Fifth Report, 
 the mean age at death in Surrey is 34 years, in 
 the metropolis 29 years, the same as the average 
 mean age at death in England, whilst from a 
 table in the First Report of the Health of Towns 
 Commission, it appears that 1 7 is the mean age 
 at death in Liverpool. Tliere A\ill therefore be
 
 58 REGISTRAR GENERAL' S REPORT, 
 
 a variation in the expectation of life, according 
 as the life tables are calculated upon the mean 
 age at death, or upon the mean age of the living, 
 of not less than 1 1 years in the case of Surrey, 
 8 years in that of the metropolis, and 9 years in 
 that of Liverpool. 
 
 " The rate of increase, the duration of the 
 increase of population, the emigration, the rela- 
 tive numbers of children and adults, the mean 
 age of the living, upon all which the mean age 
 at death depends, differ in town and country, in 
 manufacturing and agricultural districts, to an 
 extent which renders any application of this 
 method to the construction of local life tables, 
 or to the calculation of the relative durations of 
 life, difficult and doubtful, if the proper cor- 
 rections be made ; absurd and misleading, if the 
 mean age at death be taken to represent the ex- 
 pectation of life." 
 
 I have borrowed largely from the Registrar 
 General's Fifth Report, as we are entitled to 
 place more confidence in it than in the works of 
 individual writers on the duration of life, which 
 may have been written not unfrequently with a 
 strong bias, and in many cases with a special 
 object. The Sixth Report, which has been 
 published in the present year, contains some very 
 valuable official returns respecting the popula- 
 tion ot foreign countries.
 
 VITALITY OF DIFFERENT CLASSES. 59 
 
 Calculations based upon the mean age at death 
 may likewise, in comparative estimates of tlie 
 vitality of different classes of persons^ lead to very 
 erroneous results. For instance, it has been 
 urged as a proof of the severe hardships to which 
 dress-makers are exposed, that the mean age at 
 death of this class is very low, and therefore the 
 nature of their employment must tend to shorten 
 life. But Mr. Grainger in his Report states 
 that " the majority of dress-makers are between 
 the ages of sixteen and twenty-six, and it is un- 
 derstood, if they die after they marry, they are 
 not often designated by that title in the Register 
 of Burials." This source of error in the registra- 
 tion, coupled with the increase of population, 
 will be found to affect the estimate of the in- 
 jEluence of other occupations: and though there 
 can be no doubt that, in this as in many other 
 cases, the lives of individuals are much shortened 
 by the mistreatment to which they are exposed, 
 yet false arguments may injure instead of aiding 
 their cause. 
 
 On the other hand, very considerable exagger- 
 ation may take place in respect to other classes. 
 In a thriving commercial country, for instance, 
 like England, where there is a continual move- 
 ment amidst the social ranks, where it probably 
 happens that fewer individuals in proportion to 
 the mass retain their original position in society
 
 60 INDEPENDENT GENTRY. 
 
 during life, than in any other European country, 
 we shall find the class of " independent gentry," 
 or "persons in easy circumstances," on the one 
 hand, and that of " paupers " on the other, ap- 
 parently extremely long-lived, if we look to the 
 mean age at death of persons so described in 
 the Registers of Burial. It is true that every 
 Whittington does not become Lord Mayor of 
 London, but shop-boys in time grow up into 
 aldermen, and tradesmen retire into the ranks 
 of independent gentry. These promotions, how- 
 ever, as a general rule, require time, and those 
 persons only, who live long, attain the higher 
 positions. It would be an error to invert the 
 reasoning, and to suppose that they live long be- 
 cause they attain the higher positions. A relax- 
 ation of labour may doubtless contribute in 
 certain cases to the prolongation of life ; but in 
 many instances the abandonment of their or- 
 dinary occupations, upon which the habits of a 
 long life have been formed, would be found 
 rather to diminish than increase the chances of 
 longevity. The reverse of the picture shows us 
 many individuals, who have not succeeded in 
 their plans of life, compelled to seek an asylum 
 at an advanced age in the workhouse of the 
 parish, and these are rarely designated in the 
 mortuary registers by the occupations which 
 they have followed in manhood, but are classed
 
 MORTALITY AMONGST TAUPERS. () 1 
 
 under the general head of " paupers." '• The 
 ages of those who die in the ranks of their resj^ec- 
 tive trades and occupations are thus reduced to 
 the same extent as the age of paupers who die 
 in the workhouses is raised above the averajje. 
 Thus, in 1841, the mean age of 45,508 persons 
 who died in London was 29 years, and the mor- 
 tality was 1 in 40. In the same year 4284 
 persons died in the London workhouses at the 
 advanced (average) age of 49 years, which they 
 must nearly have attained before they entered 
 them, inasmuch as the mortality there appears 
 to have been about 22 per cent, annually ; since 
 at the time when the census was taken, in June 
 1841, the pauper population in the London '\\'ork- 
 houses was 19,412, and it is supposed to be 
 greater in winter." If we were thus to contrast 
 49, " the mean age at death " of the paupers in 
 the workhouses, with other statements which 
 make the mean age at deatJi of the same or a 
 superior class of persons to be 16 or 20 years, 
 we should be liable to arrive at very erroneous 
 conclusions. 
 
 Again, it has been declared by a distinguished 
 French academician, that the mortality amongst 
 the French military in time of peace is greater 
 than amongst civilians. This difference may 
 partly be traced to the circumstance that the 
 conscription collects a number of vouths from
 
 62 MORTALITY AMONGST SOLDIERS. 
 
 the country and the villages, and exposes them 
 to the greater temptations which large towns 
 aiford, at a very critical period of their lives. 
 
 The greater mortality, however, amongst sol- 
 diers is for the most part but an apparent result, 
 and is but a particular form in which the general 
 fact displays itself of the rate of mortality re- 
 ceiving a sudden increment about the age of 
 military service. M. Demonferrand has observed 
 that the general rate of mortality decreases from 
 the first year to the fourteenth, after which it 
 increases again gradually to the eighteenth, from 
 which year up to the twenty-fifth it receives a much 
 more rapid augmentation, when it again begins 
 to diminish up to the forty-first. Thus, out of 
 10,000 youths who reached the age of eighteen, 
 he found that not more than 8885 attained their 
 thirtieth year : but if the rate of mortality ^had 
 not augmented in a greater ratio than during 
 the preceding four years, there would have been 
 91 74 survivors. The general increased mortality 
 of this period, therefore, alone entailed a loss of 
 289 out of every 10,000 lives. The mortality, 
 therefore, amongst 10,000 soldiers, when com- 
 pared with that amongst 10,000 of the inhabit- 
 ants at large irrespectively of their age, would 
 inevitably be greater from this circumstance 
 alone. 
 
 In instituting a comparison, in the previous
 
 TABLE OF DEPARCIEUX. 63 
 
 Lecture, between the expectation of life, which is 
 given in the most carefully constructed modern 
 life tables both in England and in France, and that 
 which is exhibited in Dr. Price's Northampton 
 Tables on the one hand, and in Duvillard's Tables 
 on the other, I selected Dr. Price's Tables as the 
 oldest English life tables, and Duvillard's as the 
 only French life tables, in which the general 
 law of mortality at about the same period was 
 professed to be represented. There are, how- 
 ever, other tables in both countries, constructed 
 upon very different data, and in which the re- 
 sults are very much more favourable to vi- 
 tality : I allude to the Carlisle Tables, and the 
 Tables of M. Deparcieux. The latter writer 
 published in 1746 an Essay " Sur les Proba- 
 bilites de la Duree de la Vie humaine," accom- 
 panied by six tables of mortality. The observa- 
 tions upon which the first table was constructed, 
 had been made on the nominees of two Tontines 
 in France, created in 1689 and 1696 respec- 
 tively. The use of the term Tontine, so well 
 knoAvn to the generation of the past century, is 
 now almost confined to history, and as its mean- 
 ing may not be familiar, its origin may deserve 
 a'brief explanation. Early in the reign of Louis 
 XIV. of France, soon after he had attained 
 his majority, and recalled Cardinal Mazarin as 
 Prime Minister to his councils, and appointed
 
 64 TONTINES. 
 
 Fouquet " Suriiitendaiit des Finances," an Ita- 
 lian of the name of Tonti suggested a method 
 of raising a state-loan by an association of life- 
 annuitants on these terms : — that the surplus 
 dividends accruing on the deaths of individual 
 annuitants should be distributed amongst the 
 
 o 
 
 surviving subscribers, until the whole body 
 should become extinct. Mazarin's administra- 
 tion was but a series of financial expedients, so 
 that such a proposal found a ready welcome, 
 and for some time this method of raising money 
 for public works, or the necessities of the go- 
 vernment, was successful. But as this system 
 involved a speculation on the part of each indi- 
 vidual against his neighbour's life, and the self- 
 love of man, even in this respect, could not but 
 lead him to undervalue his neighbour's chance of 
 living as compared with his own, and the supposed 
 laws of mortality, upon which the calculations 
 were based, were occasionally far from correct, the 
 nominees in some cases became discontented with 
 the unreasonable longevity of their fellow sub- 
 scribers. Thus, in regard to the three Irish 
 Tontines in our own country, which were created 
 in the years 1773, 1775, and 1778, assertions 
 that nominees were sometimes fraudulently peV- 
 sonated after their death, and their dividends un 
 warrantably drawn for a series of years, so far 
 prevailed at the beginning of tlie present cen-
 
 GREATER LONGEVITY OF FEMALES. 65 
 
 tury, that a select Parliamentary Committee was 
 appointed to inquire into the fuct, and the result 
 was a report that the mortaUty had not been so 
 rapid as the calculations of Dr. Price had led 
 the subscribers to expect. Mr. Finlaison, the 
 actuary of the National Debt, in his Report on 
 the law of mortality of the Government Life 
 Annuitants, states that there is abundant evi- 
 dence in the subsequent observations, that the 
 subscribers did not die off so fast as Dr. Price 
 had predicted. 
 
 Four of the remaining tables of Deparcieux 
 were founded on the observations of the mor- 
 tality amongst monks of different orders in 
 France, and the fifth represented the mortality 
 amongst the nuns of several convents in Paris 
 from 1685 to 1745. These were amongst the 
 earhest tables of mortality constructed for the 
 two sexes separately, and by them the greater 
 longevity of the female sex was made evident, — 
 a fact already noticed by M. Kerseboom, in his 
 Essay, in the Dutch language, " On the probable 
 Number of Persons in Holland and AYest Fries- 
 land," published in 1738, of which a notice by 
 Mr. Fames may be found in the Philosophical 
 Transactions for that year. They could, how- 
 ever, be of comparatively little value in deter- 
 mining the general law of mortality, from the 
 peculiar habits of life of the indi\iduals, as it 
 
 F
 
 66 DEFECTIVE DATA OF TONTINES. 
 
 appeared that the mortality amongst these classes 
 was below the average under 50 years of age ; 
 but after that time, above the average, and 
 considerably so in the case of the nuns. De- 
 parcieux, therefore, calculated his life table from 
 the mortality amongst the Tontinists. But in 
 both series of observations, he had no data be- 
 yond the age of those who died. " He had not 
 even the advantage of personal access to the 
 original record of the two Tontines, but compiled 
 his facts from the file of flying sheets, which, in 
 the case of all Tontines, used to be published 
 periodically, to announce the deaths of nominees. 
 But in no case whatever did he receive informa- 
 tion either of the sex, or even of the age of the 
 nominee, either at entry or at death, or at sur- 
 viving, because the Tontinists were in classes, 
 persons from 5 to 10 being in one class, from 10 
 to 15 in another, and so on, without any men- 
 tion of the particular number enrolled or dying 
 at each or every age." M. Finlaison considers 
 that such imperfect data could hardly furnish a 
 sufficient approximation to the truth, although 
 the facts were very numerous ; and in computing 
 an observation on the two Tontines separately, 
 he found that the rate of mortality after forty 
 years in one was very different from that in the 
 other. 
 
 One strong theoretical objection against the life
 
 PICKED LIVES. 67 
 
 table of Deparcieux will readily suggest itself, 
 
 that as the observations on which it was founded 
 were made from picked lives, they can hardly be 
 supposed to represent the general law of mor- 
 tality. Mr. Finlaison, on the other hand, at the 
 conclusion of his Report, after a very extensive ex- 
 amination of not fewer than twenty- two sets of ob- 
 servations, gives his opinion, though he carefully 
 limits himself to a mere opinion, " that there is 
 very little, if any, advantage at all, in favour of 
 selection," and that picked and chosen lives 
 (such as are presented to insurance offices) are 
 not superior in longevity to the rest of the same 
 rank in society, from among whom they are so 
 chosen. If, however, we admit that the table of 
 Deparcieux represents a select mortality which 
 was most probably rather below the general 
 mortality in France in the middle of the last 
 century, the result of a comparison of the re- 
 spective expectations of life given by it, and by 
 M. Demonf errand's life table of 1837, is in favour 
 of an increased vitality amongst the French popu- 
 lation, for its conclusions accord with those Avliich 
 are supplied in the present day by a table for 
 those departments of France where the mortality 
 is most rapid, in which the rate is raised above 
 the average by the returns from Paris and the 
 other great towns. 
 
 The l^^nglish life tables, Avhicli exliibit results 
 F 2
 
 68 CARLISLE TABLES. 
 
 most closely corresponding to those at which 
 Deparcieux had arrived, are the Carlisle Tables, 
 published in 1815 by Mr. Milne in his " Treatise 
 on Annuities." They were at that time the only 
 life tables, applicable to the mass of the people, 
 which had been formed from the necessary data, 
 namely, the enumerations of the living from 
 amongst whom the deaths occurred at every 
 age, excepting those of Sweden and Finland, 
 already alluded to, as compiled by M. Wargentin 
 in 1755, from which countries a subsequent 
 series of returns was published by M. Nicander 
 in 1801. Dr. Hey sham of Carlisle had kept an 
 accurate reg^ister of the births and of the deaths 
 at all ages during a period of nine years, from 
 1779 to 1787, in the two parishes which com- 
 prehend Carlisle and its environs, and had dis- 
 tinguished the sexes. During the same interval, 
 two enumerations of the population of these two 
 parishes had been made in 1780 and 1787 re- 
 spectively, in both of which the ages were dis- 
 tinguished, and the sums total of both sexes. 
 The tables constructed from these data, as may 
 readily be supposed, afford a far higher expecta- 
 tion of life than the Northampton Tables ; and 
 though the observations were only carried on 
 during so short a space of time as nine years, yet 
 this circumstance is of less importance, as during 
 the twenty -two years commencing with 1779, as
 
 AUGMENTED DURATION OF LIFE. 69 
 
 Mr. Milne lias shown, the proportion of the 
 annual average number of deaths to the mean 
 number of the people, was the same as in the 
 first nine years, namely, 1 in 40. The expecta- 
 tion of life at birth, which the Carhsle tables ex- 
 hibit, is rather more than 88 years. Whether, 
 therefore, we contrast the mean duration of life, 
 or the rate of mortality, as furnished by these 
 tables, with those which the last observations in 
 England and Wales afford, in either case we find 
 an evident improvement ; the expectation of life 
 at birth being at present rather more than 41 
 years, and the rate of mortality 1 in 46. 
 
 When the mean duration of life is said to be 
 augmented, it must not be supposed to imply 
 that the term of human existence is in any way 
 extended, but merely that a greater number of 
 individuals attain a mature age — for instance, 
 the age of 45 — 55.
 
 70 NATIONAL LIFE TABLE. 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 The most important object to which a National 
 Life Table can be applied, is without doubt the 
 determination of problems connected with the 
 efficient state of the population, such as the pro- 
 portion of males capable of bearing arms, the 
 numbers whose labour is available for different 
 branches of industry, and the proportion of in- 
 fants and old people for whose support the labour 
 of the efficient portion of the population must be 
 taxed. The secondary use to which they have 
 been applied, and which in reahty led to the 
 study of such contingencies, was the determina- 
 tion of the value of life annuities, pensions, 
 and other financial transactions. It was for 
 this latter purpose that Halley may be said to 
 have invented the form of the life table in 1693, 
 when he presented to the Royal Society of Lon- 
 don an " Estimate of the mortality of mankind 
 drawn from various tables of the births and 
 funerals in the city of Breslau, with an attempt 
 to ascertain the prices of annuities upon lives." — 
 (Philosophical Transactions Abridged, vol. iii. 
 p. 510.)
 
 CALCULATION OF LIFE TABLES. 71 
 
 Halley selected the bills of mortality of the 
 city of Breslau as furnishing the least objection- 
 able data, for the calculation of a life table, be- 
 cause " the births exceeded a little the funerals, 
 and the confluence of strangers was but small ;" 
 and although he was well aware that he wanted 
 the number of the whole people to ensure the 
 necessary accuracy in his calculation, yet he con- 
 sidered it to give a more just idea of the state 
 and condition of mankind than any thing then 
 extant. Amongst the manifold uses of it which 
 he pointed out, was that it " showed the chances 
 of mortality at all ages, and likewise how to make 
 a certain estimate of the value of annuities for 
 lives, which had previously been effected by an 
 imaginary valuation." The form in which a life 
 table on Halley's principle is constructed may be 
 very briefly stated. If 100,000 persons be the 
 assumed number born alive, which is termed 
 the base or radix of the table, the relative num- 
 bers living in each consecutive year till the 
 whole number is exhausted must be ascertained. 
 Thus the age at which the table terminates will 
 vary with different observations. In the English 
 life table of 1841, the last survivor of a given 
 100,000 lives did not expire till the 105th year. 
 Upon adding up the column of the relative nuin 
 bers living, in the English life table for example, 
 the sum of their lives amounts to 4,1G5,890 
 
 F 4
 
 72 LIFE ANNUITIES. 
 
 years. From this sum half the number of lives 
 during the first year must be subtracted, as half 
 on the average are born during the last six 
 months of it. The remainder 4,115,890 will 
 give us the whole number of years over which 
 the 100,000 lives have extended. If then this 
 sum be divided by 100,000, the quotient will 
 give us the mean duration of life, which in this 
 case will be 41 "16 years for both sexes. For 
 males, however, it is 40'19, for females 42*18. 
 By repeating this process the mean duration of 
 life at each year of age is obtained, and this may 
 be properly termed the expectation of life. 
 
 Two years before the publication of Halley's 
 table an act of parliament " was passed for bor- 
 rowing a million upon annuities for lives upon 
 decidedly advantageous terms for the annuitants, 
 but the subscription was not filled up. In the 
 following year the deficiency Avas made good by 
 borromng upon annuities for lives at 14 per 
 cent., or at little more than seven years' purchase. 
 In 1695, the persons who had purchased those 
 annuities were allowed to exchanofe them for 
 others of 96 years, upon paymg into the Ex- 
 chequer 63/. in the hundred ; that is, the differ- 
 ence between 14 per cent, for life, and 14 per 
 cent, for 96 years was sold for 63/., or for 4 J 
 years' purchase. Such was the supposed insta- 
 bility of government, that even these terms pro-
 
 LONG ANNUITIES. 73 
 
 cured few purchasers." (Smith's Wealth of Na- 
 tions, B. V. ch. 3.). 
 
 Halley referring to this measure in his paper, 
 read before the Royal Society, remarks that his 
 calculation shows " the great advantage of put- 
 ting money into the present fund lately granted 
 to their Majesties, giving 14 per cent, per annum, 
 or at the rate of seven years' purchase for a life, 
 when young lives at the usual rate of interest 
 are worth above 13 years' purchase." In the 
 ignorance then prevailing as to the duration of 
 life, annuities were granted at the same rate to 
 persons of every age: and Halley pointed out 
 the advantage of young lives over those more 
 advanced in years, " a life of 10 years being 
 almost worth 13^ years' purchase, whereas one 
 of 36 is worth but 11." 
 
 In a note appended to the Registrar General's 
 Fifth Report, it is observed, that " in declining 
 to convert their life annuities into long annuities 
 of 96 years, the purchasers appear to have well 
 understood their own interests. The instability 
 of government would affect life annuities as much 
 as long annuities. But the life annuity of seven 
 years' purchase was much the best bargain for 
 the purchaser : for the interest of money being 
 6 per cent., the life annuity was worth, at Halley's 
 estimate, rather more than 13 years' purchase at 
 the age of 10, and an ammity for 96 years was
 
 74 INSURANCE OFFICES. 
 
 worth only I63- years of purchase. The value 
 therefore of a life annuity of 100^. was 1300?, 
 which was obtained for 714/., and the new offer 
 to the purchaser was that, if he would advance 
 450/. more, he should obtain an annuity worth 
 1660/. By accepting the offer he would have 
 gained 496/. on 1164/., by rejecting it his profit 
 was 586/. on 714/. The Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer of that day (Sydney, Lord Godolphin) 
 thus attempted to gain more money, whilst he 
 recovered part of the sums which Halley's table 
 showed had been thrown away in the previous 
 transactions." 
 
 The least important application of life tables 
 in a national point of view, though the most im- 
 portant perhaps to individuals from the daily in- 
 creasing extent of the transactions, is the mer- 
 cantile use of them in computing premiums for 
 life assurances. 
 
 The immediate object, however, of the cal- 
 culation here is precisely the reverse of what is 
 to be looked to in regard to annuitants. In this 
 case the problem to be determined is, what are 
 " the chances of death ? " in the case of an- 
 nuitants it is, what are " the probabilities of liv- 
 ing ? " If the population, indeed, were stationary, 
 these questions would refer to the same fact ; 
 for the " mean age at death," and the " mean 
 duration of life," would on this supposition be
 
 DECEEMENTS OF LIFE. 75 
 
 identical ; but if the births exceed the deaths, 
 and that very considerably, there will be a great 
 discrepancy between the numbers which repre- 
 sent these two results. I have already perhaps 
 diverged too far from the proper province of 
 economical inquiry, by entering into details which 
 rather come under the department of the mathe- 
 matician. I shall therefore content myself ^yit\\ 
 stating, that it appears that the " expectation of 
 life," with which the life insurer is concerned, 
 may be very different from that, in which the 
 political economist and statesman are interested. 
 Thus, in France, according to the Annuaire du 
 Bureau des Longitudes, there are assurance com- 
 panies which employ the tables of Deparcieux 
 where the rate of mortality is low, in calculating 
 the value of annuities to be paid during the lives 
 of the assured, and the tables of Duvillard where 
 the rate of mortality is high, in the case of sums 
 to be paid on the deaths of the assured. On the 
 other hand, in England, the returns of certain 
 life offices represent the decrements of life to 
 be less than those given in the tables of De- 
 parcieux, and during the earlier years to be even 
 less than those given in the Carlisle Tables, 
 whilst the experience of other offices has not 
 warranted them in abandoning altogether the 
 use of the Northampton Tables. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that the experience
 
 76 SPECIAL MORTALITY. 
 
 of a life assurance office is based upon the num- 
 ber of policies^ not on the number of lives^ on 
 which those insurances were eiFected; whereas 
 there are a great number of instances in every 
 insurance office where several policies are taken 
 out on one and the same life ; and also that the 
 mortality with which each office is concerned 
 must be a special mortality^ requiring a special 
 experience to decide in what degree it differs 
 from the general mortahty. 
 
 For instance, it may be perfectly true that 
 the mean duration of life in England has very 
 sensibly increased, but it does not follow that 
 the increase is distributed equally over all periods 
 of hfe : it may, for example, be chiefly confined 
 to the younger portion of the population. The 
 experience, therefore, of an insurance office, where 
 there is a greater proportion of pohcies on lives 
 under 40, will furnish a different result from 
 that where the majority are above 40 ; again, the 
 University Life Office, owing to its connection 
 with the clergy, may be expected, in all pro- 
 babilit}^, to exhibit a larger list of septuagenarian 
 insurers than the Law Life, if M. Caspar of 
 Berlin, in his Contribution to Medical Statistics 
 (Beitrage zur Medicinischen Statistik), be cor- 
 rect in his observations, that out of 100 clergy 
 42 attain the age of 70 and more, whilst out of 
 100 advocates only 29 reach that age. It should
 
 IMrKOVED HABITS. 77 
 
 not be forgotten, however, that a clergyman 
 almost always dies under the class of clergy ; 
 whereas an advocate frequently abandons his 
 profession, and is registered under the more in- 
 discriminate head of gentry. 
 
 ^^^lilst the rate of mortality amongst infants 
 has almost everywhere decreased from various 
 causes, amongst which a better method of nursing 
 exercises a veiy decided effect, the mortality in 
 maturer life has diminished chieflv from im- 
 proved habits of cleanliness and temperance. 
 The influence of manj of the positive checks to 
 population most certainly diminishes, as men 
 become less entirely the slaves of their passions 
 and irregular impulses ; but there is a class of 
 positive checks, which come into operation in 
 the successive sta2;es of advancins: civilisation, 
 such as result from the corruption of the at- 
 mosphere of large towns from defective drainage, 
 or the corruption of the air in dwelling-houses 
 and work-rooms from bad ventilation, Avhich have 
 hitherto been almost overlooked. The extent to 
 which the longevity of a population is reduced 
 by the ravages of such scourges has only of late 
 been made known in England, through the 
 labours of the Sanitary and Health of To^\iis 
 Commissions, and the results appear to be of 
 sufficient importance to warrant a distinct dis-
 
 78 DEFECTIVE DRAINAGE. 
 
 cnssion of them in the subsequent course of these 
 lectures. 
 
 Inquiries to the same effect have been carried 
 on in France by M. Villerme, M. Benoiston de 
 Chateauneuf, and others, in Belgium by M. 
 Ducpetiaux and M. Quetelet, and the subject is 
 very justly acquiring a national unportance, and 
 in our o^wn country it is to be trusted that it 
 will, before long, attract the attention of the 
 legislature. 
 
 It is a melancholy fact, in connection mth the 
 growth of communities, that the health of the 
 infant population of large towns should be liable 
 to be insidiously undermined by the contaminated 
 air which they breathe, not merely within the 
 dwellings of their parents, but even in the streets ; 
 but it is a still more melancholy fact, that the 
 industrious father of a family, the strong and in- 
 telligent operative, should be exposed to be smitten 
 down by fever in a successful career of industry, 
 from his ionorance of the disadvantao:eous cir- 
 cumstances under which he applies himself to 
 his labour. For it is not always the want of 
 employment which is fatal to the operative 
 classes ; it is sometimes the very employment 
 itself, because that employment confines them 
 during the whole day to close and ill- ventilated 
 work-rooms. Thus at Paisley, in May, 1832, 
 during a period when there was almost an entire
 
 DEFECTIVE VENTILATION. 79 
 
 cessation of work, and such universal distress, 
 that the aid of Government was required to co- 
 operate with private benevolence, the physicians 
 of the Fever Hospital were surprised by a di- 
 minution of at least one eighth in the average of 
 fever cases as compared Avith the previous five 
 years. When, however, a time of brisk employ- 
 ment succeeded, and the whole population were 
 again at work, a new epidemic broke out. In 
 Manchester, a similar reduction of mortality was 
 experienced in the years 1841 and 1842, which 
 were years of great distress as contrasted Avith 
 1 840. It seems from a host of similar instances, 
 which are collected in various Sanitary Reports, 
 to be a well-ascertained fact, that the unfavour- 
 able effect of a reduction in the supply of food 
 and clothing to our manufacturing population 
 during a period of non-employment, in inducing 
 disease, is more than counterbalanced by the 
 favourable eiFect of their absence from ill-venti- 
 lated workshops, and the accompanying Avant 
 of means to gratify costly and hurtful propen- 
 sities, whereby the causes of disease are dimin- 
 ished. The remedies for such evils as these, which 
 are internal to dwelling-houses and workshops, 
 come rather within the sphere perhaps of do- 
 mestic than political economy, as they originate 
 in defective private arrangements. But the evils 
 which result from defective public arrangements,
 
 80 SUPPLY OF WATER. 
 
 external to tlie dwelling-houses of indhdduals, 
 affect the community at large. Sanitary regu- 
 lations in respect to them may reasonably come 
 under the notice of the State. For it has been 
 found that the neglect of suitable public arrange- 
 ments in certain districts of our large towns in 
 respect to drainage and the supply of water, has 
 been attended with a moral and physical de- 
 terioration of the inhabitants : that those dis- 
 tricts are not only the seats of the most terrible 
 diseases, but likewise the abode of the great 
 criminals. " The worst place in the parish of 
 Whitechapel is the place where the most dis- 
 honest and profligate portion of the population 
 lives." The Alsatia of modern Rome, for the 
 Sovereign Pontiff still allows of asylums for 
 criminals, (I speak from memory of what was 
 the case in 1834,) is in one of the most unhealthy 
 districts of that city ; and this circumstance was 
 alleged to me as an excuse or apology for the 
 system, that Fever within a very few years makes 
 satisfaction to offended Justice. It may be the 
 case ihat the great criminals of a town popu- 
 lation are found in the most unhealthy districts, 
 because' the better part of the inhabitants decline 
 to occupy them ; still it has been observed that 
 the neglect of decency and comfort which is un- 
 avoidable, when the supply of water is inadequate 
 for the pu^po^;es of cleansing and draining a
 
 MORAL EFFECTS OF BAD DRAINAGE. 81 
 
 district, has a debasing effect on the human 
 mind. " There is a point of wretchedness which 
 is incompatible with the existence of any respect 
 for the peace or property of others, and to look 
 in such a case for obedience to the laAVS where 
 there is the slightest prospect of violating them 
 with impunity, is to expect to reap where none 
 has sown." It may not be out of place to ob- 
 serve, that it has been found in town districts 
 where the sewerage is bad, the supply of water 
 deficient, and the means of preserving cleanhness 
 altogether unattainable, that the inhabitants not 
 merely " have not the bodily vigour and in- 
 dustrious habits of a healthy and independent 
 peasantry, but they have not the intelligence 
 and spirit proper to such a race." One of the 
 most melancholy proofs of this is, the quiet and 
 unresisting manner in which they succumb to 
 their lot, and it is the feeling of depression 
 attendant on inhaling the atmospheric poison 
 generated in the neglected districts of our large 
 towns, which leads many to seek temporary 
 relief either in stimulants, whose base is alcohol, 
 or sedatives, into the composition of which opium 
 enters in large proportions. To those who are 
 familiar with the aspect of the population in a 
 country district, where malaria prevails during 
 the greater part of the year, such as Italy so 
 frequently presents to the notice of the travel] er,
 
 82 SAVAGE LIFE. 
 
 this coincidence of mental apathy and physical 
 listlessness will not be surprising. 
 
 There is a popular mode of regarding the 
 positive checks to population, whether they be 
 those natural to savage life, such as war, pes- 
 tilence, and famine, or those incidental to the 
 various stages in the transition state of civilised 
 communities, such as unhealthy occupations, the 
 corruption of the air in towns, and various com- 
 plicated forms of physical evil, that they form a 
 terrible corrective under God's providence to an 
 excess of numbers, or, in other words, to the 
 pressure of population against the means of sub- 
 sistence. The fearful efficacy of positive checks 
 upon man, in a semi-barbarous condition, cannot 
 indeed be denied. Whole tribes of American 
 Indians have been extinguished by war, when 
 the irruption of an enemy has desolated their 
 cultivated lands, or driven them from their 
 hunting grounds. Forced to seek refuge either 
 in the forest or the mountain, without any 
 portable stores, they have escaped the sword 
 only to perish by famine. In Paraguay, on the 
 other hand, notwithstanding the care and atten- 
 tion of the Jesuits, smallpox and malignant 
 fevers frequently desolated their otherwise flou- 
 rishing missions, from the fact that few of the 
 natives that were attacked ever recovered, 
 owing to the unfavourable circumstances under
 
 CIVILISED COMMUNITIES. 83 
 
 which they were exposed to these scourges. On 
 the west coast of America, Vancouver traversed 
 150 miles of coast and saw nothing but deserted 
 villages, and the bones of the dead scattered 
 about promiscuously in great numbers, as if pes- 
 tilence and famine had exercised their united 
 ravages. A people who depend for their food 
 on the occupations of hunting and fishing, and 
 who have probably little, if any, stores, are cut 
 off from their supphes, when attacked by disease ; 
 and famine in this case attends on the steps 
 of pestilence, just as inversely in the case of an 
 agricultural people pestilence frequently follows 
 in the wake of famine. 
 
 It would seem, however, from the observations 
 of competent enquirers, that the excessive mor- 
 tahty arising from the steady and continuous 
 operation of the peculiar positive checks to Avhich 
 civiUsed communities are exposed, does not so 
 much diminish the numbers of a population as 
 cause it to deteriorate in physical and moral 
 character. Experience has almost invariably 
 shoAvn, that when the increased action of a posi- 
 tive check does not simultaneously reduce the 
 general productive power of a community, and 
 so affect its means of providing subsistence, tlie 
 increased mortality will indirectly stimulate the 
 rate of increase by removing the pressure upon 
 the spring of population. In the Fifth Report of 
 
 G 2
 
 84 PROPORTION OF BIRTHS 
 
 the Registrar-General, p. 234., we have a table 
 of the average rate of deaths and burials in the 
 metropolis during the year 1841 ; from which it 
 appears, that whilst in the healthiest sub-districts 
 there was 1 death in 56, and 1 birth in 42, in 
 the unhealthiest sub-districts there was 1 death 
 in 33, and 1 birth in 28 ; whilst the mortality 
 was 66 per cent, higher in the unhealthy than 
 in the healthy districts, the proportion of births 
 was 51 per cent, higher. Again, from a table 
 of the average number of marriages, births, and 
 deaths in different large divisions of England 
 and Wales, it appears that in Lancashire and 
 Cheshire, where the mortality is raised 44 per 
 cent., the marriages and births are raised 21 per 
 cent. ; whilst a comparison of the five most un- 
 healthy and the five most healthy divisions 
 exhibits the same fluctuation, though to a less 
 remarkable extent. Thus the marriages and births 
 are 12 per cent, higher in the five divisions, 
 where the mortality is raised 15 per cent. ; and 
 the excess of 12 per cent, in the births furnishes 
 a number of births more than equal to the num- 
 ber of deaths. To the same effect in France, 
 M. Bossi, in his Statistique du Department de 
 TAin, from documents during the years 1802-4, 
 furnishes this result as to different localities. 
 In healthy mountainous districts, where there 
 was 1 death in 38, omitting fractions, there was
 
 INCREASES WITH MORTALITY. 85 
 
 1 marriage in 179, and 1 birth in 34 ; whilst in 
 unhealthy, marshy districts, where there was 1 
 death in 20, there was 1 marriage in 107, and 
 1 birth in 26. M. Quetelet, in his essay Sur 
 I'Homme et le Developpement de ses Facultes, 
 supplies a comparison between the great capitals 
 of Europe to the same purport. Thus, whilst in 
 London there was 1 death in 46, there was 1 
 birth in 40 ; in Paris, 1 death in 31, 1 birth in 
 27 ; in Vienna, 1 death in 22, 1 birth in 20. 
 
 The preventive check, therefore, seems to be 
 invariably relaxed with an increased intensity of 
 the positive check. One obvious reason for this 
 is suggested by Dr. Griffin in his Report on the 
 Sanitary Condition of the City of Limerick, 
 where the births average about five to a mar- 
 riage, and furnish even a greater proportion in 
 the worst conditioned districts. " I find that as 
 the poor nurse their own children, there is in 
 general an interval of about two years between 
 the birth of one child and that of the next ; but 
 if the child dies early on the breast, this interval 
 will be much shorter ; and if this occurs often, 
 there will be a certain number born as it icere 
 for the purpose of dying ; and these being soon 
 replaced, the same numbers may still be pre- 
 served, as if there had been few or no deaths, 
 or only the ordinary number." The increased 
 fecundity of the parent will inevitably in this 
 
 G 3
 
 86 CITY OF GENEVA. 
 
 case be attended with diminished strength in the 
 offspring, from the interval between each birth 
 being reduced. 
 
 On the other hand, it has been observed, that 
 where the influence of positive checks has di- 
 minished, the operation of preventive checks is 
 proportionately increased. There does not seem 
 to be any invariable rule as to the relation of 
 these two results to each other, in the way of 
 cause and efi'ect. Thus much, however, is cer- 
 tain, that they act and react upon each other ; 
 and in whichever direction the impulse may first 
 be given, their mutual connection is soon per- 
 ceptible. One of the best illustrations of this very 
 important fact is furnished from the Records 
 of the City of Geneva, where registers of the 
 deaths, with some occasional gaps before 1616, 
 have been kept with the greatest care ever since 
 the year 1549, and of the marriages and births 
 in addition, since the year 1693. M. Edouard 
 Mallet, in his " Recherches Historiques sur la 
 Population de Geneve, pendant 1549 — 1833," 
 published in 1837 in the " Annales d' Hygiene, 
 vol. xvii., has given a series of tabular results, 
 which, from the long period of time over which 
 the observations extend, and the more than 
 ordinary accuracy with which they have been 
 made, merit a careful examination.
 
 FECUNDITY OF MAKKIAGES. 87 
 
 IJcaths. Births. Marriages. pytjo „f 
 
 Years. ropulation. mean. 1 in mean. 1 in mean. 1 in marriage. 
 
 1695 — 1710 17,700 623 28 646 27 132 134 4-88 
 
 1711—1730 20,000 635 31 667 .30 171 117 3-90 
 
 1731—1750 21,500 649 33 677 31 186 115 3-63 
 
 1751—1770 23,500 691 34 781 30 213\ 
 
 1771—1790 25,000 741 34 756 33 211 J ^ 
 
 It results from this table, that during each 
 successive period, there has been an augmenta- 
 tion in the total number of the population, a 
 diminution in the proportion of deaths as com- 
 pared with the population, a corresponding 
 diminution in the proportion of births, and an 
 augmentation in the proportion of marriages, 
 coupled with a decrease in the ratio of births to 
 a marriage. The fecundity of marriages has 
 diminished one fourtli during the eighteenth 
 century. An analogous result, though not to the 
 same extent, has been observed in Paris from 
 1700 to 1790. M. Mallet's own researches 
 during a more recent period, confirm the ten- 
 dencies above exemplified. 
 
 Ratio of 
 
 Deaths, Births, Marriages, births to 
 
 Years. Population. 1 in I in 1 in marriages. 
 
 1805—1812 23,250 37 40 161 3-34 
 
 1814—1833 27,177 46-92 46-86 141 2-86 
 
 It is not unimportant to observe, that, during 
 the last ten years of this period, the number of di- 
 vorces had diminished one fourth, as this circum- 
 stance might considerably afiect the proportion of 
 marriages. It should always be kept in mind thiit 
 the fecundity of marriages may represent a very 
 
 G 4
 
 88 FECUNDITY OF THE i'OrULATION. 
 
 different result from the fecundity of the popula- 
 tion. The fecundity of marriages, for instance, 
 may decrease in a country where the mortality 
 is great, owing to the increased proportion of 
 marriages for the second or third time ; yet the 
 fecundity of the population itseK may increase. 
 Mr. Malthus, in his chapter on the Fruitfulness 
 of Marriages, observes, that, with a given rate of 
 increase, "it is clearly desirable to find in the 
 registers a small rather than a large proportion 
 of births to marriages, because the smaller this 
 proportion is, the greater must be the proportion 
 of the born which live to marry, and of course 
 the more healthy must be the country." 
 
 The same records of the city of Geneva ex- 
 hibit most satisfactory evidence of the increase 
 both in the probable and the mean duration of 
 life of the population during the last four cen- 
 turies, as the following tables will show, which 
 have been carefully examined and corrected, 
 where necessary, by M. Mallet : — 
 
 From M. Cramer's observations : — 
 
 
 Probable life. 
 
 Mean life. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1560—1600 
 1601—1700 
 1701—1760 
 
 yrs. in. d. 
 
 8 7 26 
 13 3 16 
 27 8 17 
 
 yrs. m. d. 
 21 2 20 
 25 8 2 
 32 9 24 
 
 From M. Odier's 
 
 3 observations in 
 
 continuation 
 
 of M. Cramer's : — 
 
 - 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 1761—1800 
 1801—1813 
 
 yrs. m. d. 
 32 4 
 
 40 8 
 
 yrs. m. d. 
 
 33 7 
 38 6
 
 INCREASED DURATION OF LIFE. 89 
 
 From M. Mallet's own observations : — 
 
 Years. yrs. m. d. yrs. m. d. 
 
 1814—1823 45 10 171 mean. 40 11 21 mean. 
 
 1823—1833 44 6 6J 45 29 40 5 22 J 40 8 7 
 
 The excess of the probable life at present 
 above the mean life, is a proof of the very great 
 diminution of mortality amongst the young. 
 With improved medical skill and greater care, 
 the probable may be expected to exceed the 
 mean duration of life ; for though the feeble may 
 be preserved to reach an adult state, they will, 
 no doubt, die sooner than the strong. 
 
 M. Mallet, in discussing the probable causes of 
 the diminished mortality amongst infants, states 
 some facts in support of the beneficial eiFect of 
 vaccination, which are worthy of attention. Mr. 
 Finlaison, in his " Report on the Law of Mor- 
 tality " amongst the government annuitants, 
 seems to consider that the value of Dr. Jenner's 
 discovery consists, not so much in the number of 
 lives absolutely saved, as in the number pre- 
 served from comparative discomfort; and that 
 the ravages of the smallpox before the intro- 
 duction of vaccination have been over-estimated. 
 
 " Variolous inoculation," he says, " was little 
 known in general practice before the year 1750 ; 
 and most people are aware that it never was uni- 
 versal, even among the more enlightened classes, 
 from the natural aversion of parents to superin-
 
 90 SMALLPOX. 
 
 duce voluntarily a loathsome disease, which the 
 child very probably might escaj)e altogether. 
 Now it is an unquestionable fact that there is no 
 perceptible difference at all in the mortality of 
 children from the age of 3 to the age of 20 
 in the sixty years preceding 1805 ; that from the 
 age of 3 to 12 the mortality regularly diminishes 
 from about 12 in 1000 to 6, 5, and 4 in 1000; 
 and from adolescence to maturity it rises again. 
 Considering, therefore, the innumerable ailments 
 to which children are liable, besides that of the 
 smallpox, it is not in my power to believe that 
 the smallpox in that period was so fatal a 
 scourge as it is supposed to have been, unless 
 indeed its whole severity feU upon infants under 
 three years of age, and on the children of the 
 poorer classes exclusively : because, Avith very 
 great deference to better judges, I am unable to 
 conceive a lower rate of mortality than 4 or 5 
 per annum in 1000, which was the case when the 
 smallpox had full sway." 
 
 On the other hand, M. Mallet's researches 
 during the four last centuries tend to show that 
 whilst the mortality between the ages of 10 and 
 60 gradually decreases in each century, owing as 
 he conceives to a gradual improvement in the 
 domestic and social habits of life, accompanied 
 with better food and clothing, more airy dwell- 
 ings, and better medical and hygienic regula-
 
 EFFECTS OF VACCINATION. 91 
 
 tions, the mortality under ten years has decreased 
 in a rapidly accelerated ratio during the present 
 century since Dr. Jenncr's discovery : — 
 
 ge- 
 
 XVI cent. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVUI. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 1 
 
 25-92 
 
 23-72 
 
 20-12 
 
 15-12 
 
 2 
 
 8-40 
 
 6-99 
 
 4-85 
 
 4-34 
 
 3 
 
 4-67 
 
 5-05 
 
 3-55 
 
 2-32 
 
 4—5 
 
 5-36 
 
 5-24 
 
 4-64 
 
 2-62 
 
 6—10 
 
 7-59 
 
 6-60 
 
 5-75 
 
 3-63 
 
 If we admit the conclusion at which Duvillard, 
 in his investigations " Sur I'lnfluence de la Petite 
 Verole," arrived, that 25 out of 26 cases of small- 
 pox occurred amongst children between the ages 
 of three and ten, to represent the general law, it 
 will be seen from the above table, which forms a 
 portion of a more complete one inserted in M. 
 Mallet's memoir, that whilst the mortality be- 
 tween those ages decreased only one third from 
 the 16th to the 18th centuries, it has diminished 
 at a remarkably accelerated rate during the pre- 
 sent century. The experience, indeed, of several 
 physicians in particular localities has given some 
 countenance to the idea, that the reduction of 
 the mortality by smallpox is more than coun- 
 terbalanced by the contemporaneous increase of 
 deaths amongst children from other diseases, 
 (Dr. Robert Watt's Observations on the Mor- 
 tahty amongst Children at Glasgow during 1703 
 — 1812, in his Treatise on Chincough, 1813,) 
 and that the smallpox itself may have bceji tlie
 
 92 PRESERVATION OF INFANT LIFE. 
 
 development of some evil principle in a parti- 
 cular form, which, when opposed and put down 
 in that form, exhibits itself in a state of in- 
 creased activity in some other. What may be 
 the proper scientific solution of this question, 
 and whether or not medical science can do more 
 than merely modify the form in which the fatal 
 result shows itself, must be answered by those 
 to whose province such discussions more pecu- 
 liarly belong. This fact, at least, the registers 
 of Geneva satisfactorily prove, that the causes 
 prejudicial to human life, particularly in the 
 early years, are not necessarily of a permanent 
 character, and that their operation is capable of 
 being very materially checked. 
 
 The general result, which the miniature picture 
 of a state at Geneva presents in such a clear and 
 definite outline, is that with an augmentation 
 of material prosperity, and a diminution of mor- 
 tality, marriages have come to be contracted 
 with more prudence, and at a later period of 
 life ; so that, though the proportion of marriages 
 has increased, the proportions of births to the 
 population as well as to the actual marriages 
 has been reduced ; but at the same time a greater 
 number of infants born have been preserved ; 
 both of which circumstances may be attributed 
 in a certain degree to the revival of the custom 
 of mothers nursing their o^vn children. In ad-
 
 PRESSURE OF PuriJLATlON ON SUBSISTENCE. 93 
 
 clition, the proportion of the population that has 
 attained an ethcient state of vigorous manhood 
 has been augmented. To a similar effect the 
 statistical returns both of this country and of 
 France show, that with a diminished mortality 
 and an absolute increase of numbers in conse- 
 quence, the rate of increase in proportion to the 
 numbers is diminished. It may happen either 
 that the positive checks have slackened in inten- 
 sity, because there is less opportunity for them 
 in consequence of the more prudent habits of 
 the community ; or, on the other hand, the pre- 
 ventive checks have come into greater operation, 
 by occasion of the positive checks being miti- 
 gated. That the preventive checks should alto- 
 gether supersede the positive checks ; in other 
 words, that men should refrain from marriage 
 until they are able to provide reasonable support 
 for their offspring, is perhaps not to be expected 
 in any community ; nor am I disposed to think 
 it would be altogether a desirable result. A 
 great nation must always be capable of making 
 extraordinary exertions, when suddenly called 
 upon to do so, and therefore must possess some 
 reserved store of unemployed labour capable of 
 being called into activity on such emergencies. 
 Again; it is the steady pressure of population 
 against subsistence which stimulates the wit of 
 man to new discoveries, which suggests the en-
 
 94 UTOPIAN COMMUNITY. 
 
 terprize and enforces the necessity of perseverance 
 in its execution. The imaginary community of 
 the Utopians has been represented by Sir T. 
 More to have found " their time set off for 
 labour more than sufficient for supplying them 
 with plenty of all things ; " but we are at liberty 
 to suppose them to have had very few wants, 
 and most assuredly an existing community, if 
 there were any, so circumstanced, would as 
 a state be but little removed above actual 
 barbarism. The discovery of an artificial want 
 is the first step to exertion, and without exer- 
 tion in the individual there can be no progress 
 for the nation. If the law of our existence 
 here were to be reduced in this respect to the 
 standard of the Utopians, society would sink 
 into a state of selfish apathy and languor. As 
 long, however, as the instincts of human nature 
 remain unchanged, our race will be continually 
 subject from the law of its increase to the ravages 
 of positive checks ; but the intensity of them will 
 diminish with every onward step in civilisation. It 
 is true, that new and highly artificial checks come 
 into play in the successive stages of the growth 
 of communities. Their influence, however, need 
 be only temporary. In the vegetable kingdom 
 the antidote is almost invariably found not far 
 remote from the poisonous plant. In a similar 
 manner, if ever the new and improved combina-
 
 EEMEDIES WITHIN REACH. 95 
 
 tions of power and industry, which the reason of 
 man devises, are found to exercise in their imme- 
 diate and accidental results a prejudicial effect 
 upon human life, we may be assured that the same 
 reason is gifted with the capacity of analysing 
 these destructive influences, and of discovering 
 by the side of the causes of increased mortality 
 the means of controlling their operation within 
 due limits.
 
 A P P E N D J X. 
 
 Page 5. On the Total Average Produce of Grain 
 in England and Wales. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that there are no means of 
 accurately ascertaining the extent of land in England 
 and Wales under grain crops. Mr. Couling, in an esti- 
 mate laid before the Emigration Committee, supposed 
 the arable land and gardens to amount to 11,143,370 
 acres. Arthur Young, in his " Eastern Tour," estimated 
 the extent of land under crop in England, exclusive of 
 Wales, at 12,707,000 acres, which Mr. M'Culloch justly 
 conceives to have been too high an estimate, as 1,200,000 
 acres must be added for fallows. Dr. Bcekc, in 1800, 
 arrived at a conclusion very similar to Mr. Couling's. 
 Mr. Stevenson, in 1812, estimated the arable land at 
 11,500,000 acres; and Mr. Middleton, in his « Survey 
 of Middlesex," supposed the tillage land to amount to 
 1 2,000,000 acres. Mr. Comber, in his Appendix to hia 
 work " On National Subsistence," calculated the total 
 acres under cultivation in England and Wales to amount, 
 in 1812, to 1 1,591,000. Mr. M'CuUoch, therefore, can- 
 not be very far from the mark in estimating the total 
 quantity of land under cultivation to be at present 
 12,000,000 acres. The dlstriliution of crops he con- 
 ceives to be as follows : — 
 
 H
 
 98 APPENDIX. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Wheat - . _ 3,800,000 
 
 Barley and rye - - 900,000 
 
 Oats and beans - - 3,000,000 
 
 Clover - - - 1,300,000 
 
 Roots, turnips, and potatoes - 1,200,000 
 
 Hops, gardens, &c. - - 150,000 
 
 Fallow - - - 1,650,000 
 
 Total - 12,000,000 
 
 It is upon this estimate of the quantity of land under 
 tillage, that he proceeds to calculate the total average 
 produce of grain, as follows. It appeared from a Report 
 published by the Board of Agriculture, that the produce 
 of wheat throughout England and Wales was taken, be- 
 fore 1837, at an average of from 2| to 3 quarters (Win- 
 chester measure) per acre, barley at 4 quarters, oats at 
 4^. Mr. M'Culloch, however, writing in 1837, felt 
 himself warranted in reckoning the average produce of 
 wheat at 3^ quarters per acre, in consequence of the 
 great improvement in its cultivation by the introduction 
 of bone and other artificial manures. On this sup- 
 position he gives the following result : — 
 
 
 
 Produce. 
 
 Total Produce. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Qrs. per Acre. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Wlaeat - 
 
 - 3,800,000 
 
 H 
 
 12,350,000 
 
 Barley and rye 
 
 - 900,000 
 
 4 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 Oats and beans 
 
 - 3,000,000 
 
 u 
 
 13,500,000 
 
 29,450,000 
 
 The improvements which have since been carried on 
 in the culture of wheat will probably have raised the 
 amount of the wheat crops very considerably : on the
 
 APPENDIX. 99 
 
 other hand, I am led to sui)pose, from very good autho- 
 rity, that the extension of raih'oads has exercised a very 
 marked influence in reducing the quantity of spring- 
 crops. It would be very much to be desired that an 
 annual return should be obtained of the quantity of acres 
 under each description of crop, as well as of the average 
 yield at the conclusion of the harvest, and, in the case of 
 the wheat crop, of the average weight of the bushel of 
 wheat. I am indebted to Mr. Henry Dixon, the emi- 
 nent land-surveyor at Oxford, for the following account 
 of the rough method adopted by the dealers in corn for 
 estimating the produce of each approaching harvest 
 with reference to speculations in the corn trade. 
 
 The present mode of calculating the probable yield 
 of wheat of a given district for the comino; harvest is 
 as follows : — About the time that the wheat is bloom- 
 ing, generally about the beginning' of June, a person 
 will go round with a gauge secreted in a hollow cane, 
 which forms a triangle when opened, and represents a 
 certain portion of an acre of ground. This is placed 
 over various portions of the standing crop in the best 
 and worst parts of a field : the number of ears of wheat 
 comprised within the triangle is counted, and the pro- 
 bable quality of the grain is taken into calculation accord- 
 ing as the spring has been wet or dry. On the former 
 supposition the grain is likely to shrink ; on the latter, 
 to hai'den and come out plump. It may be observed, 
 that if 'there has been a good general rain during the 
 last ten days of April and the first ten days of INlay, on 
 the average, no more wet is required for wheat. An 
 expert ganger will form a very accurate estimate of the 
 probable produce of a given district by this method. 
 
 The weight of a bushel of wheat is a very important 
 element in the calculation of the pr()l)able (piantily of 
 
 II 2
 
 1 UU APPENDIX. 
 
 flour. For instance, " in the best wheat counties, and in 
 good years, the weight of a Winchester bushel of wheat 
 ■\ aries from 60 to 62 lbs. In the Isle of Sheppey, in 
 Kent (where perhaps the best samples are produced), 
 it sometimes weighs, in favourable seasons, 64 lbs. a 
 bushel. Where the climate is naturally colder, wetter, 
 and more backward, or in bad seasons, the weight of 
 the bushel does not exceed 56 or 57 lbs." (M'Culloch's 
 Statistical Account, i. p. 472.) Mr. Dixon has fur- 
 nished me Avitli the following table, which has been 
 submitted by him, I believe, to very competent criti- 
 cism. 
 
 " JProdvce of Flour from a Bushel of Wheat of 
 
 different Qualities. 
 " A load of wheat (40 bushels) averaging 63 lbs. to 
 the bushel, will produce about 7^ sacks of flour, weigh- 
 ing 280 lbs. per sack. The average produce will con- 
 sequently be about 65 lbs. of flour from 63 lbs. of 
 wheat. 
 
 " The following scale of produce of flour may be 
 taken as about the average, according to the weight and 
 quality of the wheat. 
 
 " 63 lbs. per bushel, about 55 lbs. of flour. 
 60 — do. — 50i do. 
 55 — do. — 44 do. 
 
 50 — do. — 37 do. 
 
 45 — do. — 30 do." 
 
 The above table wiU at one glance show the import- 
 ance of ascertaining the weight of the bushel of wheat, 
 in regard to any calculation of the quantity of food 
 which the year's crop is likely to furnish. 
 
 The breadth of acreage under each sjiecies of crop 
 seems to be a subject, for various reasons, well worthy
 
 APPENDIX. 101 
 
 of inquiry on the part of the state. I am fully aware 
 that it is a very difficult question to determine by what 
 machinery the necessary returns could be procured. 
 Perhaps the means which are employed by the Tithe 
 Commission, or by the Commissioners of the Property 
 Tax, might be most readily made available for sucli a 
 purpose. 
 
 Page 67. Increased Vitality avioiir/st the French 
 Population. 
 
 I have omitted, by accident, to insert the conclusion 
 at which M. Matthieu arrives in the Annuaire. From 
 the present returns of the population in France, he 
 considers that on the supposition of its being stationary, 
 according to Duvillard's method, the mean duration of 
 life would now be 33 years, whilst Duvillard only gave 
 an expectation of 28| years. This augmentation of 
 more than foiu' years M. Matthieu attributes to the 
 introduction of vaccination, and to the increase of mate- 
 rial prosperity amongst all classes. 
 
 Page 78. Defective Drainage. 
 
 As the lecture in which the effects of defective 
 drainage in increasing the rate of mortality were dis- 
 cussed, does not form part of those which 1 have 
 selected for publication, I subjoin a few striking facts 
 illustrativ-e of the intensity of the evil. In a memoir 
 annexed by Mr. Chadwick in the Appendix to the Sup- 
 plementary Report on the Sanitary Condition of the 
 Labouring Population of Great Britain, p. 241., it is 
 stated, " that in the parish of St. Margaret's, Leicester, 
 during the year 1840, the average age at death in 
 the streets that were drained (and that by no means 
 
 II 3
 
 1 02 AITENDIX. 
 
 perfectly) was 23^^ years; in the streets that were par- 
 tially drained, 17^ years; in the streets that were en- 
 tirely uudrained, 13^ years. Though the defective 
 drainage and cleansing was the main cause, it was 
 doubtless not the only cause of this variation. That, 
 however, was a year of heavy mortality, and the ave- 
 rage age at death in that and another district during 
 the years 1840, 1841, and 1842, was, in the streets 
 drained, 25 1 years, in those partly drained, 21, in those 
 not drained, 17 years." 
 
 In the First Keport of the Health of Towns Com- 
 mission, the Rev. J. Gray has furnished an estimate of 
 the rate of mortality in the town of Preston, vol. i. 8vo., 
 p. 179., from which it appears that the rate of mortality 
 varies very greatly according to the cleansing and drain- 
 age of the several districts. 
 
 Well-cleansed Moderately Badly Worst 
 
 Ages. Districts. cleansed. cleansed. Streets. 
 
 Under 1 year - 15-5 20-8 38-3 44-4 ] 
 
 Under 5 years - 19-3 31-8 322 29-4VP*^\ 
 
 Above 5 years - 65-2 47-9 29-5 26-2 J ^*^"'^- 
 
 In the same volume, p. 206., Mr. H. P. Holland, in 
 his Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Town of 
 Chorlton-upon-Medlock, in Lancashire, gives the fol- 
 lowing return : — 
 
 Streets of 1st class - 1 in 46 "j 
 
 2d class - 1 in 39 |- Rate of mortality. 
 3d class - 1 in 27 J 
 
 That a more effective system of drainage will be at- 
 tended with a diminution of mortality, can hardly be 
 doubted after the comparative returns from drained and 
 undrained districts. I subjoin two instances, taken at 
 hazard from the General vSanitary Report, 1842. Mr. 
 Crowfoot, an eminent medical practitioner at Beccles, in 
 Suffolk, reported, p. 29., to Mr. Twisleton, the Assistant
 
 APPENDIX. 103 
 
 Poor Law Commissioner, that the two towns of Beccles 
 and Bungay, of nearly equal population, and of nearly 
 equal natural advantages of situation, &c., excepting that 
 the inhabitants of Bungay were less closely confined, 
 presented very different results in regard to the mortality 
 of the inhabitants. At Beccles a system of drainage had 
 been adopted about thirty years ago, and no open drain 
 now exists in the place. At Bungay, on the contrary, 
 though the opportunities for drainage are equally favour- 
 able, two or three large reservoirs for refuse filth existed in 
 the town itself, and some of its principal drains are open. 
 The result, as gathered from a careful examination of the 
 registers of burials, has been in accordance with theo- 
 retical calculation. Whilst Beccles has improved con- 
 siderably in salubrity, Bungay has retrograded as its 
 population has increased in number. 
 
 Years. Beccles. Bungay. 
 
 1811—21 - 1 in 67 1 in 69 i 
 
 1821—31 - 1 in 72 1 in 67 I Kate of mortality. 
 
 1831—41 ~ 1 in 71 1 in 59 J 
 
 It may be as well to guard against the conclusion that 
 neglect of house -drainage is only to be dreaded in towns. 
 Single houses and small groupes of cottages in the 
 country present, not unfrequently, instances of as perilous 
 and disofusting a character. 
 
 In the same Report, p. 35,, Mr. J. Thomson, of 
 Clitheroe, gives an account of a small cluster of houses, 
 called Littlemoor, the situation of which Avas remarkably 
 healthy and agreeable, and the soil by no means marshy, 
 as its name would seem to uuply. There were six houses, 
 containing twenty-one inhabitants, with a single inade- 
 quate, half-choked up drain, the only under-ground 
 outlet for the filth and refuse of these habitations, which 
 had been constructed forty years ago, when a single
 
 104 APPENDIX. 
 
 cottage alone occupied the spot. The surplus water was 
 carried off by a deep open ditch into a shallow stagnant 
 pool. A pig-sty had been erected in the centre of the 
 ojDen area, where all the filth of the houses was poured 
 out in open channels to be conveyed away by the above- 
 mentioned under-ground drain, and the litter of the pig- 
 sties not only obstructed the drain, but occasioned an 
 additional pool of filth to accumulate. Fever appeared 
 here in the middle of May, and before the middle of 
 August fifteen cases had occurred, of which nine were 
 residents acclimatised, as it were, and six nurses from the 
 neighbourhood. Mr. Thomson, believing the source of 
 pestilence to be connected with the want of drainage, 
 had the sty pulled down, the filth cleared away, and a 
 large under-ground drain constructed, with which covered 
 troughs from each house could communicate ; and from 
 the hour of the removal of the filth no fresh case of fever 
 occiu-red. 
 
 It is extraordinary how the existence of so great a 
 nuisance as that of large open drains in the midst of 
 towns, or in their immediate vicinity, is frequently over- 
 looked. There are many reasons why this should happen 
 in our manufacturing towns ; but it is rather remarkable 
 that almost immediately adjoining the celebrated Long 
 Walk in Christ Church Meadow, at Oxford, there is a 
 foul and pestilential open drain, at least 200 yards in 
 length, and from five to seven feet in width in the part 
 termed Merton Meadow. In illustration of the pro- 
 bable effects of such a drain, if the wind were to set 
 in steadily for some time from the drain towards Merton 
 College, I must refer my readers to the evidence of 
 Dr. Baker on the effects of a large open drain in pro- 
 ducing typhus fever in a row of houses in Litchurch 
 Street, Derby. It may be found in the most convenient 
 form in the General Sanitary Report for 1842, p. 26.
 
 APPENDIX. 1 06 
 
 Page 79. Defective Ventilation. 
 
 The prejudicial effects of the habitual respiration of 
 impure air upon the health of individuals has been re- 
 peatedly pointed out by medical practitioners. Sir 
 J. Clarke, in the " Cyclopaedia of Practical INIedicine," 
 vol. iv. p. 320., observes, " If an infant born in perfect 
 health, and of the healthiest parents, be kept in close 
 rooms, in which free ventilation and cleanliness are ne- 
 glected, a few months will often suffice to induce tuber- 
 culous cachexia," that is, " the constitutional affection 
 which precedes the appearance of consumption." " There 
 can be no doubt," he adds, " that the habitual respiration 
 of the air of ill- ventilated and gloomy alleys in large 
 towns is a powerful means of augmenting the hereditary 
 disposition to scrofula, and even of inducing such a dis- 
 position de novo^ 
 
 In illustration of the increased mortality attendant on 
 ill-conditioned dwellings, Mr. P. H. Holland sujiplies 
 this table from Chorlton-upon-Medlock, upon an average 
 of the five years preceding 1843. (Health of Towns 
 Commission, vol. i. p. 207.) 
 
 Houses of 1st class - 1 in 52 "j 
 
 2d class - 1 in 40 |- Rate of mortality. 
 3d class - 1 in 29 J 
 
 Dr. Laycock, in his Report upon the City of York, in 
 the same volume, p. 235., gives the following return : — 
 
 Best drained and ventilated 
 
 Mortality 
 per cent. 
 
 Mean Age 
 at Death. 
 
 parishes 
 Intermediate, ditto 
 
 40-2 
 52-5 
 
 35-32 
 27-70 
 
 Worst drained and venti- 
 
 
 
 lated, ditto 
 
 62-8 
 
 22-57
 
 106 APPENDIX. 
 
 Of" tlie favourable results of an improved system of 
 ventilation as a corrective of the evil, there are on all 
 sides the most undeniable proofs. I select two instances. 
 "In 1832 there were 600 pupils at the Norwood School, 
 amongst whom scrofula had broken out extensively, and 
 great mortality had occurred, which was ascribed to bad 
 and insufficient food. The case was investigated by 
 Dr. Arnott : the food was proved to be most abundant 
 and good ; and defective ventilation, and consequent 
 atmospheric impurity, was assigned as the cause. Ven- 
 tilation was applied by his direction ; the scrofula soon 
 after disappeared : and llOOchildx'cn are now maintained 
 in good health, where the 600 before ventilation were 
 scrofulous and sickly." — Health of Towns Commission, 
 i. p. 78. 
 
 In the same volume, p. 70., a more remarkable instance 
 is given from a treatise by M. Baudelocque, " Sur les 
 Maladies Scrofuleuses." At the village of Oresmeaux, 
 about three leagues from Amiens, situated in an open and 
 elevated plain, the greater part of the inhabitants were 
 engaged in weaving linen in their houses, Avhich were 
 for the most part low, and exceedingly close and dark. 
 Humidity was thought necessary to keep the threads 
 fresh, so that air and light were scarcely allowed to 
 penetrate into the workshops. Nearly all the inhabit- 
 ants were seized with scrofula, and many families, con- 
 tinually ravaged by that malady, became extinct. 
 
 " A fire destroyed nearly a third of the village : the 
 houses were rebuilt in a more salubrious manner ; and 
 by degrees scrofula became less common, and disappeared 
 from that part. Twenty years later, another third of 
 the village was also consumed : the same amelioration 
 in buihling, with a like effect as to scrofula. The disease
 
 APPENDIX. 107 
 
 is now confined to the inhabitants of the older houses, 
 which retain the same causes of'insakibrity." 
 
 On the defective economy of places of work in respect 
 to ventilation, the General Sanitary Report, 1842, p. 98., 
 may be consulted, from which it will be seen that 
 measures of prevention are both more easy and less 
 costly than measures of relief. 
 
 THE END.
 
 LoNlJON ; 
 
 Printed liy A. Spo'itiswoude, 
 
 New- Street- S(]uaie.
 
 March 31, 1845. 
 
 A Catalogue of New Works and New Editions, 
 
 PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 
 
 AGRICULTURE AND RURAL 
 
 AFFAIRS. Pages 
 Bayldon On valuin? Rents, &c. - 3 
 Crocker's Land-Survcyms . . 7 
 Davy's Ajricultural Chemistry . 7 
 Greenwood's (Col.) Tree-Lifter - 10 
 Hannam on Waste Manures - - 10 
 Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopcedia 14 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agri- 
 culture - - - 17 
 " Self- Instruction for Far- 
 mers, Sec - - - 17 
 " (Mrs.) Lady's Country 
 
 Companion - - 17 
 
 Low's Elements of ■\ericulture - W 
 " Breeds of the Domesticated 
 
 Animalsof Great Uritain- 18 
 
 " On Landed Prnpr-rtv - - IS 
 
 Whitley's A15r1cultur.1l Ge.;ior>- - 32 
 
 ARTS, MAMUFACTURES, 
 AND ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Brande's Di.t.nnary of Science, 
 
 Literature, an.l Art . - - 5 
 Budge's Miner's Guide - - . 5 
 Gwilt's Encyclopa'dia of .Architec- 
 
 ture 
 
 10 
 
 Haydon's Lectures on Painting and 
 
 Design - - - _ _ ij 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Cottage, 
 Farm, and Villa Architecture and 
 Furniture - - - . . 17 
 Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland - 23 
 Porter's Manufacture of Silk - - '23 
 " " Porcelain& Glass 23 
 
 Reid (Dr.) On Warming and Ven- 
 tilating - . - - - 21 
 Savage's Dictionary of Printing - 26 
 Steam Ensinc.hy the Artisan Club 28 
 L're's Dictionary of .Arts, Manufac- 
 tures, and Mines - - 31 
 " On Recent Improvements in 
 
 Arts, &c. - - - - 31 
 Wathen's Egypt. Arts& Antiquities 31 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Aikin's Life of Addison - - - .1 
 Bells Lives of the most eminent 
 
 British Poets . - - 4 
 Biographical Dictionary of the So- 
 ciety for the Diffusion of Useful 
 Knowledge - - - - . 4 
 Dover's Life of the King of Prussia 8 
 Dunham's Lives of the Early M'ri- 
 
 ters of Great Britain - 8 
 " Lives of British Dramatists 8 
 
 Forster's Statesmen of the Com- 
 monwealth of England - - 9 
 Glei^'s Lives of the most Eminent 
 
 British Military Commanders - 9 
 Grant's (Mrs.) Memoir and Corre- 
 spondence ----- 9 
 Hunter's Life of Oliver Heywood - 14 
 James's Life of the Black Prince - 14 
 " Lives of the most Eminent 
 Foreign Statesmen - - - 14 
 Leslie's Life of Constable - IG 
 
 Mackintosh's Life of Sir Thomas 
 
 More 18 
 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury- 21 
 Roberts's Duke of Monmouth - 25 
 PiOfCoe's Li\csof British Lawyers- 25 
 Russell's Correspondence ol the 
 
 Fourth Duke of Bedford - - 4 
 Shelley's Lives of the most eminent 
 Literary Men of Italy, 
 Spain, and Portugal - 2S 
 '* Lives of tlie most eminent 
 
 French Writers - - 27 
 Smith's Memoirs of the Marquis De 
 
 Pomlial - - . .27 
 
 Southey'8 Lives of the Admirals - 27 
 Tate's iloratius liestitutus - 2!) 
 
 BOOKS OF GENERAL 
 UTILITY, 
 
 Acton's C'ookery - - - - 3 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - 4 
 
 Collegian's Guide (The) - - G 
 
 Donovan's Domestic Economy - H 
 
 Hints on Etiquette - - - 1 1 
 
 Life U 
 
 Hudson's Parent's Hand-book - 13 
 
 " Executor's Guide - - 13 
 
 " on Making Wills - - 13 
 Lorimer's Letters to a "Voung ' 
 
 Master Mariner - - - 17 
 
 Loudon's Sclf-ln-truction - . 17 
 
 Maunder's Treasury o) Knowledge 20 
 Maunder's Sc-icntitic and Literary 
 
 Treasury - - - 21 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - "20 
 " Biograpliical Treasury - 21 
 Universal Class-Book - 21 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - 24 
 Pycroft's (Rev. J.) Course of En- 
 glish Reading - - - - 24 
 Riddle's Latin-Eng. Dictionaries 24 
 Short Whist - - . - . '^7 
 Thomson's Domestic Management 
 
 of the Sick Room - 30 
 
 Interest Tables - - 30 
 
 Tomlins's Law Dictionary - - 30 
 Weh.ter's Encvclnpxdia of Domes- 
 tic Economy '- - . .32 
 
 BOTANY AND GARDENING 
 IN GENERAL. 
 
 , Callcott's Scripture llcrhal - - 6 
 
 Conversations on Botany - . g 
 
 Druinmond's First Steps to Botany 8 
 Glendinning On the Culture of the 
 
 Pine Apple - - _ 9 
 
 Greenwood's (Col.) Tree-Lifter - 10 
 
 Henslow's Botany - - - - 11 
 Iloare On Cultivation of the Grape 
 
 Vine on Open Walls - 11 
 " On the Management of the 
 
 Roots of Vines - - - 11 
 
 Hooker's British Flora - - - 12 
 
 " Icones Plant,arum - - 12 
 " and Taylor's Muscologia 
 
 Britannica - - - 12 
 
 Jackson's Pictorial Flora - - 14 
 
 Knapp's Gramina Britannica - 15 
 
 Lindley's Theory of Horticulture . 16 
 
 " Outline of the First Prin- 
 
 r^^t 
 
 Kitchen Garden 
 " Introduction to Botany - 16 
 " Flora Medica - - - 16 
 " Synopsis of British Flora IS 
 Loudon's Ilortus Britannicus - 17 
 '* " Lignosis Londinensia 18 
 Self-Instruction for Gar- 
 deners, &c. - - - 17 
 " Encycloprcdia of Trees 
 
 and Shrubs - - 17 
 
 ** " Gardening 17 
 
 " " Plants - 17 
 " Suburban Garden and 
 
 \'iila Companion - 18 
 
 " Cemeteries & Church-yds 18 
 Repton's Landscape Gardening and 
 
 Landscape Architecture - - 24 
 
 Rivers's Rose .Amateur's Guide - 24 
 
 Roberts On the Vine - - - 24 
 
 Rogers's Vegetable tiultivator - 25 
 
 Schleiden's .Scientific Bot,inv - 2fi 
 
 Smith's Introduction to Botai y - 
 " English Flora - 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Blair's Chronological Tables - 4 
 
 Calendar (Illuminated) & Diary, 1845 14 
 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - 22 
 
 Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology 24 
 
 Tate's Iloratius Rcstilutns - - 29 
 
 Watben'sChiunulog; of Ane. Egyjit 31 
 
 COMMERCE AND MERCAN- 
 TILE AFFAIRS. 
 
 Kane's (Di.) Induslrhil Resources 
 of Ireland - - - - 14 
 
 Lorimer's Letters to a Young 
 Master .Mar.ner - - . . 17 
 
 .M'fulbKhs Dictionary of Com- 
 inei.-.andC.iinnier. Naiigatlon- 19 
 
 Spacknian's St;. tisti(!al Tables - 27 
 
 Stt cI's Shipmaster's Assistant - 28 
 
 GEOGRAPHY X ATLASES. 
 
 Butler's Sketch of Ancient and 
 
 Modern Geo-rapby - 6 
 " Atlasof .Modern Geography 6 
 " " Ancient do. - - 6 
 
 Coolcy's World Surveyed . . 7 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 8 
 Finch's Nat. Boundaries of Empires 9 
 Hall's New General Atlas - - 10 
 Howitt's Australia Felix - . 13 
 -M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary 18 
 Maltc-Brun's Geogralihy - - 19 
 Murray's Encvclop. of l/cographv - 22 
 Parrot's Ascent of .Mount Ararat 7 
 
 HISTORY X CRITICISM. 
 
 Adair's (SnU.) Memoir of his Mis- 
 sion to Vienna - - - - 3 
 
 Pa^es 
 Addison's History of the Kni-hts ' 
 
 Templars - - " - 3 
 Bell's History of Russia - - 4 
 Blair's f'hron. and Ilistor. Tables - 4 
 Bloomfield's Edition of Thucvdic'ea 4 
 " Tran.lation of dii. - j 
 
 Cooley'9 History of Maritime and 
 
 Inland Discovery - - - 7 
 Crowe's History of France - . 7 
 Dahlmann's English Revolution - 7 
 Dunham's History of Spain and 
 
 Portugal - . fl 
 
 " History of Europe dur- 
 
 ing the Middle Ages - 8 
 " Hist, of the German Emp. 8 
 
 History of Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Norway- 8 
 History of Poland - 8 
 
 Dunlop's History bf Fiction - - 8 
 Fergus's History of United States 9 
 Grant's (Mrs.) AXemoir and Corre- 
 spondence - - - . _ 9 
 Grattan'sHistory of Netherlands - 9 
 Halsted's Life of Richard III. - 10 
 Horslej 's (Bp.) Biblical Criticism - 12 
 Jclfrey's (Francis) Contributions to 
 
 Tlie Edinburgh Review - - 14 
 Keightley's Outlines of History - 15 
 Laing's Kings of Norway - - 15 
 Macaulay's Essays contributed to 
 
 The Edinburgh Review - - 18 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works 18 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary, Historical, 
 
 Geographical, and Statistical - 18 
 Mackmtosh's History of England - 18 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - 20 
 Moore's History of Ireland - - 21 
 Miiller's Mythology - - . 2i 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - 22 
 Ranke's History of flie Reformation 24 
 Roberts's Duke of Monmouth - 2.5 
 Rome, History of - - - - 25 
 Russell's Correspondence of the 
 
 Fourth Duke of Bedford - - 4 
 Scott's History of Scotland - - 26 
 Sismondi's History of the Fall of 
 
 Roman Empire - 27 
 " Italian Republics - 27 
 
 Stebbing's History of the Church- 28 
 " History of Reformation 28 
 
 Switzerland, History of - - -29 
 Sydney Smith's Works - . - 27 
 Thirlwall's History of Greece - 30 
 Tooke's History of Prices - . 30 
 Turner's History of England - 31 
 
 Wright's Hist, of Society in England 32 
 
 JUVENILE BOOKS, 
 
 INCLUDING MRS. MARCET'S WORKS. 
 
 Boy's own Book (The) - - . 5 
 Ilawcss Tales of the North Ameri- 
 can Indians ----- 11 
 Howitt'5(Wra.) Jack of the Mill - 13 
 " " Boy's Country Book 13 
 Hewitt's (Mary) Child's Picture 
 
 and Verse Book - 12 
 
 Ladies' (the Young) Book - 32 
 Marcet's Conversations — 
 
 On the History of England - 20 
 
 On Chemistry - - . ]•) 
 
 On .Natural Philosophy - - 19 
 
 On I'tjlitical Economy - - 19 
 
 On Vegetable I'bvsioIogT - 19 
 
 On Land and W.aer - - 20 
 
 " The (J inie .■( (;rammar - 20 
 
 " Will, s(,,,,,„„Kir - - 20 
 
 " L. ,."!-, ni, \,,nn:,ls,&c. . '20 
 
 " 'nil-,. iKih. .11.. nn Language 20 
 
 Marryata M.i^;, iuj.iu Keady- - 20 
 
 •' ScUlLisuil a.iada - 20 
 
 Maunder's Universal Class-Ilook - 21 
 
 Pycroft's (Rev. J.) English Reading '23 
 Summerly's (Mrs. Felix) -Mother's 
 
 Primer 28 
 
 Uncle Peter's Fairy Tall 9 - - 31 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers - . . f, 
 
 " .Management of Children - i 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 7 
 
 Elliolson's Human I'iivsii.logy - R 
 
 Holland's Medical Notes - - 11 
 Lefevre's (Sir George) Apology for 
 
 the Ner^rs ir. 
 
 Micleod ( In Rheumatism 
 
 and Wilhs ( Drs.) on Disease 
 ira On Food and Diet - 
 .■■sMeilical Guide 
 
 Sandby On Mcs iierisin - - 1 
 
 Wigan (Dr.) On Du.tlity of tlie Mind ;
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. ^ 
 
 Pages 
 
 Beale's (Nliss) Vale of the Towey - 4 
 
 Illack's Treatise on Brewins - - 4 
 
 Bray's rhiloso])hy of Necessity - 5 
 
 Burtin on Amateurs of Pictures 6 
 
 Clavers's Forest Life - - - 6 
 
 Collegian's Guide (The) - . 6 
 
 Colton's Lacon _ - - - 6 
 
 De Morgan On Probabilities - 8 
 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 8 
 Finch's Natural Boundaries of 
 
 Empires ... - - 9 
 
 Good's Book of Nature - - - 9 
 
 Graham's English - - - - 9 
 
 Grant's Letters from the Mountains 9 
 
 Guest's Mabinoeion . - - 10 
 
 Hand-book of "Taste - - - 11 
 
 Hobbcs (Thos.), English 'Works of 12 
 
 Horace, by Tate - - - - 29 
 
 Holland's Proffressive Education - 11 
 
 Hewitt's Rural Life of England - 12 
 
 " Visitsto Remarkable Places 13 
 
 Student- Life of G erraany - 13 
 Sural and Domestic Life 
 
 of Germany - - - 13 
 
 •* Colonisation and Chris- 
 tianity - - - 13 
 " German Experiences - 12 
 Humphreys' lUuminatedBooks - 14 
 Illuminated Calendar - - - 14 
 Jetfrey's (Francis) Contributions to 
 
 The Edinburgh Review - - 14 
 Laing's (S., jun. ) on National 
 
 Distress (Prize Essay) - - 15 
 
 Lefevre's (Sir George) Apology for 
 
 the Nerves ----- 16 
 
 Letters on American Debts - - 27 
 
 Life of a Travelling Physician - 16 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country 
 
 Companion - • - - 17 
 
 Macaulay's Critical and Historical 
 
 Essays ------ 18 
 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works 18 
 Marx and Willis (Drs.) on Decrease 
 
 of Disease ----- 20 
 
 Miiller's Mythology - - - 23 
 
 Sandby On Mesmerism - - - 25 
 Sandford's Church, School, & Parish 25 
 
 Seaward's Narrative of Shipwreck- 2G 
 
 Smith's (Rev. Sydney) Works - 27 
 Rummerly's (Mrs. Felix) Mother's 
 
 Primer - - - - - 28 
 
 Taylor's Statesman - - - 29 
 
 Walker's Chess Studies - - - 31 
 
 Welsford on the English Languige 32 
 
 Wigan (Dr.) On Duality of the Mmd ,32 
 
 Willoughby's(Ladv) Diary - - 32 
 
 Wright's History of Society in Ecg. 33 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Callow's Popular Conchology - 6 
 
 Gray'sI-'iguresofMoUuscousAnimals 9 
 
 " and Mitchell's Ornithology - 10 
 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology - 15 
 
 Lee's Taxidermy - - - - 16 
 
 " Elements of Natural History 16 
 
 Proceedings of Zoological Society - 23 
 
 Stephens's British Coleoptera - 28 
 
 Swainson On Study of N atural Hist. 29 
 
 '* .\nimals - - - - 29 
 
 ** Taxidermy - - - 29 
 
 Quadrupeds - - - 29 
 
 Loudon's Encydoptedias — Pages 
 
 Trees and Shrubs - - - 17 
 Gardening - - - - 17 
 Agriculture - - - - 17 
 
 Plants n 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary 19 
 " Dictionary of Commerce I'J 
 
 Murray's Encvclop. of Geography - 22 
 Savage's Dictionary of Printing - 26 
 L're's Dictionary of .\rts, Manufac- 
 tures, and Mines- - - - 31 
 Webster & Parkes's Dom. Economy 3.; 
 
 Pages 
 Brewster's Optics - - - - 5 
 Conversations on Mineralogy - 7 
 De la Beche On the Geology of 
 
 .vall,&c. - 7 
 
 Do 
 
 iChe 
 
 strv 
 
 Birds 
 
 Animals in Menageries - 
 
 Fish, Amphibians, am] 
 
 Reptiles 
 Insects - - - - 
 Malacology - 
 Habits and Instincts of 
 
 Anil 
 
 - 29 
 
 Transactions of Zoological Society 
 
 Turton's Shells of theBritishlslands .u 
 
 Waterton's ?;ssays on Natural Hist. 33 
 
 "Westwood's Classification of Insects 31 
 
 NOVELS AND WORKS OF 
 FICTION. 
 
 Bray's (Mrs.) Novels - - - 5 
 
 Carl^n's Rose of Tistelbn - - 6 
 
 Doctor (thel - - 8 
 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction - 8 
 
 Howitt's (Anna Mary) Betrothed 
 
 Lovers ----- 12 
 
 " (Mary) Neighbours - - 12 
 
 '* Home ----- 12 
 
 " President's Daughters - 12 
 
 " Diary, &c 12 
 
 " TheH Family, &c. - 12 
 
 Marryafs Mastcmian Ready - 
 
 '' Settle IS in Canada 
 Opie's (Mrs.) Novels 
 
 K.imblesofthe Emperor Chirg Tih b 
 
 TroUope's (Mrs.) The Lauiriiigtons 30 
 
 ONE-VOL. CYCLOP/EDiAS 
 AND DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Blaine's Encyclop. of Rural Sports 4 
 Brande's l)iction.ary of Science, 
 
 Literature, and .\rt - - - 5 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 7 
 
 G^^ilt's Encyclop. of -Architecture - 10 
 
 Johnson's F.trmer's Encyclopa-dia- 11 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Aikms (Dr.) British Poets - - 26 
 
 Baillie's New Dramas . - - 3 
 
 " Flavs ot the Passions - 3 
 
 Bowdler's Family Shakespeare - 26 
 
 Chalenor's Walter Gr.ay - . 6 
 
 " Poetical Remains - 6 
 
 Costello's Persian Rose Garden - 7 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems . - - 9 
 
 Horace, by Tate - - - - 29 
 
 L. E. L.'s 'Poetical Works - - 16 
 
 Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome 18 
 
 Montgornerv's Poetical Works - 21 
 
 Moore's Poe'tical Works - - 21 
 
 " Lalla Rookh, medium 8vo. 21 
 
 •• " " Icp. 8vo. - 21 
 
 " Irish Melodies - - - 21 
 
 " Do. illustrated by Maclise 21 
 
 Moral of Flowers - - - - 21 
 
 Nisbet's Poems - - - - 23 
 
 Southey's Poetical Works - - 27 
 
 " British Poets - - - 26 
 
 Spirit of the Woods ... 28 
 
 Tliomson's Seasons - - - 30 
 
 Turner's Richard III. - - - 30 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY 
 AND STATISTICS. 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical, Statisti- 
 cal, and Historical Dictionary - 19 
 " Dictionary of Commerce 19 
 " Literatxire of Political 
 Economy ----- 19 
 " On Funding & Taxation 18 
 Kane's (Dr.) Industrial Resources 
 
 of Ireland - - - - - 14 
 
 Spackman's Statistical Tables - 27 
 
 Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - 28 
 
 Tooke's History of Prices - - 30 
 
 RELIGIOUS X MORALWORKS. 
 
 Amv Herbert 3 
 
 Bailey's Essays on Pursuit of Truth 3 
 Bloomfield's Greek Testament - 5 
 *' College and School do. 4 
 " Greek & English Lexi- 
 con to New Testament 5 
 Burder's Oriental Customs - - 5 
 Burns's Christian Philosophy - 5 
 *' ** Fragments - 6 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal - - 6 
 Dibdin's Sunday Library . - 28 
 Doddridge's Family Expositor - 8 
 Englishman's Greek Concordance 
 
 of the New Testament - - 8 
 
 Englishman'sHeb.&Chald. Concord. 8 
 Fitzroy's (Lady) Scrip. Conversations 9 
 
 Ford's New Devout Communicant 9 
 
 *' Century of Prayers - - 9 
 
 Hints on Life ----- 11 
 
 Hoisley's i Bp.) Biblical Criticism - 13 
 
 Kip[iis's Collection of H}-mns, &c. - 15 
 
 Marriage Gift 20 
 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - 23 
 
 Pearson's Prayers for Families - 22 
 
 Riildle's Letters from a Godfather - 24 
 Robinson's Greek&EnglishLexicon 
 
 to the New Testament 25 
 
 Sandford's Parochialia - - - 25 
 
 ** Female Improvement - 25 
 
 1 " On Woman - - 25 
 
 Sermonon the Mount (Thel - - 26 
 
 Spalding's Philosophy of Christian 
 
 Morals ----- . 27 
 
 Farey On the Steam Engine - 
 Fosbroke On the Arts, Manncis, 
 Manufactures, and Institutions 
 ofthe Greeks and Romans - 
 Greener's Science of Gunnery - 1 
 
 " On the Gun - - - 10 
 Herschcl's Natural Philosophy - 11 
 '* Astronomy - - - 11 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 12 
 Hunt's Researches on Light - - 13 
 K.ane's Elements of Chemistry - 14 
 Kater .and Lardner's Mechanics - 15 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopxdia - 15 
 " Hydrostatics and Pneu. 
 
 matics- - - -16 
 
 " and W,alker's Electricity 15 
 
 " Aritlimetic - - - 16 
 
 ** Geometry - - .16 
 
 " Treatise on Heat - - 16 
 
 Lectures on Polarised Light - - 16 
 
 Lerebours' rhotography,byEgerton 8 
 
 Lloyd On Light and Vision - - 16 
 
 Low's Simple Bodies of Chemistry 18 
 
 Mackenzie's Physiology of Vision - 18 
 
 Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversations on 
 
 the Sciences, &c. - - - 19 
 
 Moseley's Practical Mechanics - 22 
 *' Engineering&.\rchitecture 21 
 Narrien's ( eometry - - - 26 
 " Astronomv and Geodesy 26 
 Owen's Lectures on Comp. Anatomy 22 
 Parnell On Roads - - - 22 
 
 Pearson's Practical Astronomy - 23 
 Peschel'sEleKents of Physics - 23 
 Phillips's Palreozoic Fossils of 
 
 Cornw.all, &c. - - 23 
 
 " Guide to Geology - - 22 
 
 " Treatise on Geology - 2;! 
 
 " Introduct. to Mineralogy 23 
 
 Portlock's Report on the Geology 
 
 of Londonderry - - - - 23 
 Powell's Natural Philosophy - - 23 
 Quarterly Journal of the Geological 
 
 Society of London - - - 24 
 Roberts's Dictionary of Geology - 25 
 Sandhurst's Mathematical Course 26 
 Scoresby's Magnetical Investigations 26 
 Pcott's Arithmetic and Algebra - 26 
 Thomson's Algebra ... 30 
 '^Vilkinson's Engines of War - - 32 
 IVood On Railroads - - - 32 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY AND 
 GUIDE BOOKS. 
 
 Addison's History of the Temple 
 
 Church ... 3 
 
 " Guide to ditto - - 3 
 
 Britton's Picture of London - • 5 
 Howitt's German Experiences - 12 
 
 " Astraha Felix - - - 13 
 
 - 20 
 
 - 20 
 22 
 
 Tate's History of St. Paul - - 29 
 
 Tayler'sDora'Melder - - - 29 
 
 " Margaret; or, the Pearl - 29 
 
 " Sermons - - - - 29 
 
 " Lady Mary; or. Not of the 
 
 World - - - 29 
 
 Turner's Sacred History - - - 31 
 
 Wardlaw's Sociuian Controversy - 32 
 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - - 32 
 
 RURAL SPORTS. 
 
 Blaine's Dictionary of Sports - 4 
 
 Hansard's Fishing'in \\ales - 11 
 
 Hawker's Instnicfionsto Sportsmen 11 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country 
 
 Companion - - - - - 17 
 
 Ronalris's Fly-fisher's Entomology 25 
 
 Thackers Courser'sRemembrancer 29 
 
 Coursing Rules - - 22 
 
 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL 
 AND MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Bakewell's Introduction to Geology 3 
 
 Balmain's Lessons on Chemistry - 3 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, 
 
 Literature, and .\rt - - - 5 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 Transactions of Societies: — 
 
 British Architects - - - 30 
 
 Civil Engineers ... 30 
 
 Entomological . - - 30 
 
 Linnaean - - - - 30 
 
 Zoological - - - - 30 
 
 Proceedings ofthe Zoological Society 23 
 
 Quarterly Journal ofthe Geological 
 
 Society of London - - - 24 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Allan's Mediterranean - . . 3 
 Beale's (Miss) Vale of the Towey - 4 
 China, Last "i'ear in - - - 6 
 Cooley's World Surveyed . - 7 
 De Custines Russia - - - 7 
 De Strzekcki's New South Wales - 8 
 Harris's Highlands of ^Ethiopia - 11 
 Howitt's Wanderings of a Journey- 
 man Taylor ----- 13 
 ** German Experiences - 13 
 " (^R.) Australia I- elix - 13 
 Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 15 
 " Residence in Norway - 22 
 " Tour in Sweden - - 22 
 Life of a Travelling Ihysician - 16 
 Modern Syrians - - - 21 
 Parrot's .\scent of Mount .\rarat 7 
 Postans's Observations on Smdh - 23 
 Seaward's Narrative - - - 26 
 Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - 28 
 Von Orlich's i ravels in India - 31 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 AND AFFAIRS. 
 
 Field's Veterinary Records - - 9 
 
 Morton's Veterinary Medicine - 21 
 
 " *' 'Toxicological Chart 21 
 
 PercivalTs Hippopathology - .23 
 
 " Anatomy of the Horse - 23 
 
 Spooner On p'oot and Leg of Horse 28 
 
 Tui-ner On the Foot ofthe Horse 31 
 
 White's Veterinary .Art - - - 33 
 
 " Cattle .Medicine - - 32
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 xVCTON (ELIZA.) -MODERN COOKERY, 
 
 In all its Branches, reduced to a System of Easy I'ractice. For the use of Pnvato Families 
 In a Series of Keciipts, all of which have been strictly tested, and are fjiven with the most 
 miimte exactness. By Ei.iza Acton. Dedicated to the Youni' Housekeepers of Knffland 
 Fcp. 8vo. illustrated by woodcuts, 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " Aware of our own incompetency to pronounce upon the clainn of this volume to the confidonce of thoie 
 most interested in its contents, we submitted it to more than one pn.fessor of the art of cookerv. The rctwit m.ade 
 to us IS more than favourable. We are assured tliat Misr. Action's instructions m:,v he safelv followed -Tr redoes 
 are dlstln^'Ulshcd f.)r eicellencc. The dishes prepared .iccordin^ to Miss Acton's direct ons—n 11 of iChich she telU 
 us, have been tested and approved— will give satisfaction by their dclic;i. y, and will be found economical in price as 
 well as delicious in flavour. Witli such attestations to its supeiior wortli, there is no dou'it that tlie vcdume will be 
 purchased and consulted hy the domestic authorities of every family in which irood cookerv, combined with reeid 
 economy, is an object of interest." — Globe. " ° 
 
 ADAIR (SIR ROBERT).-AN HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF A 
 
 MI.SSIOX to the COURT of VIEXN.X in 180B. Hy the Ki-ht Honourable Sir Hohkrt Adair, 
 G.t.'.B. With a reelection from his Despatches, published by permission cf the proper 
 Authorities. 8vo. ISs. cloth. 
 
 ** Sir Kobert Adair's valuable Memoir needs no commendation. Its obvious utility, the nature of its contents and 
 the name of the author, will command the notice and appreciation of statesmen and historians." ATjfEN.»:uM.' 
 
 ADDISON.-THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 
 
 By C. G. Addison, Esq., of the Inner Temple. 2d Edition, enlarged. Square crown 8vo. with 
 Illustrations, 18s. cloth. 
 
 ADDISON.-THE TEMPLE CHURCH IN LONDON: 
 
 Its History and Antiquities. By C. G. Addison, Esq., of the Inner Temple ; Author of 
 " The History of the Knights Templars." Square crown 8vo. with Si.x Plates, 5s. cloth. 
 
 Also, 
 A FULL AND CCMPLETE GUIDE, HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE, TO THE TEMPLE 
 CHURCH. (From Mr. Addison's " History of theTempleCluircli.") Sijuare cr. 8vo. Is. sewed. 
 
 AIKIN.-THE LIFE OF JOSEPH ADDISON. 
 
 Illustrated by many of his Letters and Private Pajiors never before published. By Lucy 
 AlKlN. 2 vols, post 8vo. with Portrait from Sir Godfrey Kiieller's i'icture, K^s. cloth. 
 
 ALLAN. -A PICTORIAL TOUR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ; 
 
 Comprising Malta, Dalmatia, Tvirkcy, Asia Minor, Grecian Archipelago, Kgyi)t, Nubia, Greece, 
 Ionian Islands, Sicily, Itr.ly, and Spain. By J. H. Allan, .Vloniber of the .\theninn .Xrchao- 
 logical Society, and of the Egyi ti an Society of Cairo. Imperial 4to. with upwiirds of Forty 
 Lit hosrraphed' Drawings, and 70 \S ood Engravings, .^3. .3s. cloth. 
 
 AMY HERBERT. 
 
 By a Lady. Edited bv the Tev. William Se'well, B.D. of Exeter College, Oxford. 
 2d Edition, 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. 9s. cloth. 
 
 "' Amy Herbert' paints nature to the life. It is by ' a Lady,' for whose soundness Mr. Sewell Is sponsor. It is 
 a^lmirably adapteil for the youn;; of the higher classes, and we sincerely hope it may not be the fair ^luthor's last pro- 
 duction." — C'HRISTl VN ReMEMURAN'CEK. 
 
 BAILEY.-ESSAYS ON THE PURSUIT OF TRUTH, 
 
 And on the Progress of Knowledge. By Samuel Bailky, Author of " Essays on the For- 
 mation and Publication of Opinions." "Berkeley's Iheory of Vision," &c. 2d Edition, 
 revised and enlarged. 8vo. 9s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 BAKEWELL.-AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 Intenf'i'd to convey Practical Knowledge of the Srieii'-e, and comprising the most important 
 recent discoveries; with explanations of the f;icts ami phenomena which serve to contirm or 
 invalidate various Geological Theories. By Kodkkt Bakkwki.i,. Filth Edition, considerably 
 enlarged. 8vo. with numerous Plates and Woodcuts, 21s. cloth. 
 
 BALMAIN.-LESSONS ON CHEMISTRY, 
 
 BAYLDON.-ART OF VALUING RENTS AND TILLAGES, 
 
 And the Tenant's Right of Entering and Quitting Farms, explained by several Specimen; 
 Valuatinns; and Remarks on the ("nltivation pursued on Soils in (lillerent Situations 
 Adapted to the Use of Landlords. Land-Agents, Appraisers, Farmers, and Tenants. Bv 
 J.S. Bavldon. 6th Edition, corrected and revised. By.IoiiN Donaldson, Land-Stewarif, 
 Author of " A Treatise on .Manures and Grasses." 8vo. 10s. fid. cloth.
 
 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS 
 
 BEALE (ANNE) -THE VALE OF THE TOWEY; 
 
 Or, Sketches in South AVales. By Anne Beale. Post 8vo. 10s. fid. cloth. 
 
 "Miss Beale has been sojournin;; in the Vale of the Towev ; and has thrown her enioyment of its scenery, and 
 her observations on the manners of its rustic population, into tLe form of a series of sketches. These, either by 
 original design, or by the mode in which she happened to cast them, become connected together, as tlie book 
 proceeds, by means of the charaeters, incidents, and fortunes involved in a rural Inve-matcb,— which, like all other 
 love, does not run quite smooth to its ending. The great merit of her book is its truth ; which leaves a strong im- 
 pression on the reader's mind." — Spi:ctator. 
 
 BEDFORD CORRESPONDENCE. - CORRESPONDENCE OE 
 
 JOHN, FOURTH DUKE OF HEDFORD, selected from the Originals at VVoburn Abbey: 
 with Introductions hv Lord John Russell. 
 
 8vo. Vol. 1 (1742-18), 18s. cloth ; Vol. 2 (1749-60), 15s. cloth. 
 
 " The second volume of this pubUcation includes a correspondence having relation to the period from the Pence of 
 Aix-la-ChapcUe to the death of George II. Its most remarkable portion bears upon an important question on which 
 there exist some differences of opinion at the present time, viz. the intrit^ues which led to the junction of the Duke of 
 Newcastle and Pitt, in 17.'j7. The letters respecting the state of Iieland under tlie Viceroyalty of the Duke of Bedford, 
 also here, are not a little interesting." — Morning Herald. 
 
 BELL.-LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT ENGLISH POETS. 
 
 By Robert Bell, Esq. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 BELL.-THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA, 
 
 From the Earliest Period to the Treaty of Tilsit. By Rouert Bell, Esq. 3 vols. fcp. 8vo. 
 with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 Of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Half-volumes 1 to 7 (Aa to 
 Az-ZUBEVDI, comprising the letter A), 8vo. 12s. each, cloth. 
 
 %* Published Quarterly.— The work will probably not exceed Thirty Volumes. 
 
 **We have carefully examined the articles under letter A, now completed, and have no reason to complain of any 
 want of uniformity. There seems to have been, on the whole, a judicious apporti'ining of space, according to the 
 importance of the individual. In order to secure this necessary uniformity, a society, which had no pecuniary 
 profit as its end, was more likely to succeed than a private publisher, or body of publishers. In style, execution, and 
 completeness, the lives are far superior to those of any bioi^raphical dictionary with which we are acquainted. The 
 only one, indeed, with which, for completeness, it can be compared, is the French * Biographic Universelle,' but in 
 this respect it has very greatly the advantage." [The reviewer institutes a comparison hi favour of the English 
 work, too loni; to be quoted, and ends his parai^raph as follows :] — So that tlie Society's Dictionary must be regarded 
 as a labour not only for Great Britain, but for Europe. — In all the articles there are two points in which they are 
 fuller and more accurate than any previous work of the kind ; and these are, the titles, dates, and places of publi- 
 cation of books, and their editions, and the sources from whence the materials have been derived for the biography.'* 
 
 Athen^um. 
 
 BLACK.-A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BREWING, 
 
 Based on Chemical and Economical Principles: with Formula; for Public Brewers, and 
 Instructions for Private Families. By William Black. Third Edition, revised and cor- 
 rected, with considerable Additions. ' The Additions revised by Professor Graham, of the 
 London University. 8vo. 10s. fid. cloth. 
 
 ** I take occasion, in concluding this article, to refer my readers to the * Practical Treatise on Brewing,* hy Mr. 
 William Black, a gentleman of much experience in the husiness. His little work contains a great deal of useful in- 
 formation." — Dr. Uhe's Supplement to his " Dictionauy." 
 
 BLAINE.-AN ENCYCLOPiEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS ; 
 
 Or, a complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, 
 Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the present day. By Delabere 
 P. Blaine, Esq. Author of " Outlines of the Veterinary Art," '■ Canine Pathology," &c. &c. 
 Illustrated by nearly 600 Engravings on Wood, by R. Branston, from Drawings by Aiken, 
 T. Landseer, Uickes, &c. 1 thick vol. 8vo. di2. 10s. cloth. 
 
 BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES, 
 
 From the Creation to the present time: with Additions and Corrections from the most authen- 
 tic Writers ; including? the Computation of St. Paul, as connecting tlie Period from the Exode 
 to the Temple. Under the revision of Sir IIknky Ellis, K.H., Principal Librarian of the 
 British Museum. Imperial 8vo. 3ls. 6d. half-bound morocco. 
 
 " The student of history, long accustomed to the Doctor's ponderous and unmanageable folio, will rejoice over this 
 hand-i.tne and handy volume. It is the revival and enlargement, in a far more compact and available form than the 
 <.n„Mii:iI, of the celebrated ' Chronolos^ical Tables' of Dr. Blair. It comprises additions to our own time, and correc- 
 tion, ir'.m the most recent authorities. The outline of the plan is faithfully preserved and carried out, with every 
 iiiiid iivt'ineut of which it was susceptible." — Examiner. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.-HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN AVAR. 
 
 By Thucydides. A New Recension of the Text, with a carefully amended Punctuation; and 
 copious Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory, almiist entirely original, but partly 
 selected and arranged from the best Expositors: accompanied with full indexes, both of 
 Greek Words and IMirases explained, and matters discussed in the Notes The whole illus- 
 trated by iMaps and Plans, mostly taken from actual surveys. By the Rev. S.T. Bloo.mfield, 
 D.U. F.S.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 38s. cloth. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.-COLLEGE & SCHOOL GREEK TESTAMENT; 
 
 With English Notes. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.D. 3d Edition, greatly enlarged, 
 and very considerably improved, 12mo. 10s. 6d. cloth.
 
 BLOOMFIELD -THE GREEK TESTAMENT : 
 
 ^^ith copious Eng-lish Notes, Critic;il, Philoloijical, and Explanatory. By the Rev. S. T. 
 Ui.ooM FIELD, D.D. F.S.A. 5tli Edition, improved. 2 vols. 8vo. with a Map of Palestine, 
 ^62, cloth. 
 
 BLOOMEIELD-HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 By Thucvdides. Newly translated into English, and acconii<anied with very copious Note-., 
 Philological and Explanatory, Historical and Geo2:raplii(al. By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, 
 D.D. F..S.A. 3 vols. 8vo. wi'tli .Maps and Plates, .t2. 5s. boards. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD-GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO THE 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT: es))ecially adapted to the use of Collef^es, and the Hig;her Classes in 
 Public Schools; but also intended as a convenient Manual for Biblical Students in fj^eneral. 
 By Dr. Bloom field. 2d Edition, greatly enlarged, and very considerably iuiproved. 12mo. 
 on wider paper, lOs. Gd. cloth. 
 
 BOY'S OWN BOOK (THE) : 
 
 A Complete Encyclopanlia of all the Diversions, Atldetic, Scientific, and Recreative, of Boy- 
 hood and Youth. 20th Edition, square 12mo. with many Engravings on ^Vood, 6s. boards. 
 
 BRANDE.~A DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE LITERATURE, 
 
 AND ART; comprising the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of every Branch 
 of Huniaii Knowledge; with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in General Ufe. 
 Edited by W. T. Brandk, F.R.S.L. & E. ; assisted by Josr.i'H Cauvin, Esq. The various 
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 BRAY^S (MRS.) NOVELS AND ROMANCES, 
 
 Revised and corrected, with a general Preface written by Herself. In 10 Monthly vols, 
 fcp. 8vo. 6s. each. Vol. 1— 'Ihe White Hoods ; with Portrait of the Author, after W. Patten. 
 
 [On Mat; 1. 
 *»* Each volume will contain an entire work, as originally published in three volumes, 
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 BRAY.-TIIE PHILOSOPHY OF NECESSITY; 
 
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 BREWSTER.-TREATISE ON OPTICS. 
 
 By Sir David Brewster, LL.D. F.R.S., &c. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 
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 BUDGE (J.)-THE PRACTICAL MINER'S GUIDE; 
 
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 Vertical, Horizontal, and Traverse Dialling; with their application to the Dial, Exercise of 
 Drifts, Lodes, Slides, Levelling, Inaccessible Distances, Heights, &c. By J. Budge. New 
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 BULL.-THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN, 
 
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 BULL.-HINTS TO MOTHERS, 
 
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 BURDER.-ORIENTAL CUSTOMS, 
 
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 with additions. Fcp. 8vo. 8s 6d. cloth. 
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 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS 
 
 BURNS -CHRISTIAN FRAGMENTS; 
 
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 BURTIN -A TREATISE ON THE KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY 
 
 TO AMATEURS OF PICTURES. By M. Burtin. Translated by Robert White, Esq. 
 
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 BUTLER-SKETCH OP ANCIENT & MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 By Samuel Butler, D.D. late Lord Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry; and formerly Head 
 jMaster of Shrewsbury School. New Edition, revised by his Son. 8vo. 9s. boards. 
 
 The present edition has been carefully revised by the author's son, and such alterations introduced as continually 
 prcii-ressive discoveries and tlie latest infoi'mation rendered necessary. Recent Travels have been constantly con- 
 suUid whrre any doubt or difficulty seemed to require it ; and some additional matter has been added, both in the 
 ancient and modern part. 
 
 BUTLER.-ATLAS OE MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 By the late Dr. Butler. New Edition ; consisting- of Twenty-three coloured ^Slaps, from a 
 New Set of Plates; with an Index of all the Names of Places, referring to the Latitudes and 
 Long-itudes. 8vo. 12s. half-bound. 
 
 BUTLER.-ATLAS OP ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 By the late Dr. Butleii. Consistinc: of Twenty-three coloured Maps: with an Index of all 
 the Names of Places, referrins- to the Latitudes and Longitudes. New Edition. 8vo. 12s. hbd. 
 *»* The above two Atlases may be had, half-bound, in One Volume, 4to. price 24s. 
 
 CALLCOTT.-A SCRIPTURE HERBAL. 
 
 With upwards of 120 Wood Engravings. By Lady Callcott. Square crown 8vo. 259. cloth. 
 
 *' The Herbal is executed in a very meritorious and interesting manner. All the vegetable productions mentioned 
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 with the authoress's judijmtnt on the conflicting testimony. Beautiful woodcuts illustrate all the sjwcimens, wliilst 
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 with the instnictive, in an elegant style, than which nothing could be better adapted to the nature of the volume: 
 and when we have added that the book is altogether ak excellent Bibi-e Companion, we can bestow no higher 
 praise.'— Liter AKY G.vzette. 
 
 CATLOW.-POPULAR CONCHOLOGY ; 
 
 Or, the Shell Cabinet arranged: being an Introduction to the Modern System of Conchology : 
 with a sketch of the Natural HistoryoftheAnimals, an account of the Formation of the Shell's, 
 and a complete Descriptive List of the Families and Genera, By Agnes Catlow. Fcp. 8vo. 
 with 312 Woodcuts, 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
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 and the familiarity of its style, calculated eileciuaUy to assist him in the early steps of his progress in this fascinating 
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 nple and spontaneous effusions of a mind apparentlv filled with feelings which render the fireside happy, 
 ' ■" "■ ' " " ■' ■ ■ ■ •- ~ l^j,/, 
 
 ay with benefit be received into the * happy liomes of Engla 
 >'s Edinburgh Jouknal. 
 
 CLAYERS.-POREST LIFE. 
 
 By .Marv Clav.'jrs, an Actual Settler; Author of "A New Home, Who '11 Follow?" 2 vols, 
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 COLLEGIAN^S GUIDE (THE); 
 
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 COLTON.-LACON ; OR, MANY THINGS IN FEW WORDS. 
 
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 CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY. 
 
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 COOLEY.-THE V/ORLD SURVEYED IN THE NINETEENTH 
 
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 abridged, by W. D. Cooli: v, Esq. Author of tue " History of .Maritime and Inland Discovery" 
 in the Cabinet Cyclopiedia, &c. 8vo. [/« t/tc prens. 
 
 Tlie First Volume of the Series will be 
 
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 with a Map by Arrowsmith.-To be published early in May. 
 
 COOLEY.-THE HISTORY OF MARITIME AND INLAND 
 
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 COSTELLO (MISS). -THE ROSE GARDEN OF PERSIA. 
 
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 CROCKER'S ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING. 
 
 Fifth Edition, corrected throughout, and considerably imi)roved and modernized, by T. G. 
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 *,' The work thrniiijhout is entirely revised, .and mueh new matter has been added ; there are new (.hapters, eon- 
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 DAHLMxVNN.-HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION, i 
 
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 DAVY (SIR HUMPHRY).-ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL 
 
 CHE.MISTRY, in a Course of Lectures. By Sir Humhhry Davy. With Notes by Dr. John 
 Davy. 6th Edition. 8vo. with 10 Plates, 15s. cluth. 
 
 Contents: — Introduction — The General Powers of Matter which influence Vegetation — The OrRanization of 
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 By the Marquis De Custine. Translated from the French. 2d Edition. 3 vols, post 8vo. 
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 this In the case of Russia requires many and favourable opportunities of observation, consider.ible sb]c»('lness,nnd a 
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 possessed In an eminent degree ; and the result is, a work wliicb th.i^c who are desirous to know Kussia us it really Is, 
 and not as It would fain Impose Itself on the world to be, wiiukl do well to consult. W- promise our readers equal 
 surprise and pleasure from the perusal of his very clever bo<.k. '— (Ji.nti.i:.ma.s's M.ioazink. 
 
 DE LA BECHE.-REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORN- 
 
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 *,* This work is the result of five years' personal obsen-ations, collected during a journey of 7,iJ<iO miles on foot. 
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 ELLIOTSON.-HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: 
 
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 MANUFACTURES, and INSTITUTIONS of the GREEKS and ROxMANS. By the Rev. 
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 GLEIG.-LIVES OF MOST EMINENT BRITISH MILITARY 
 
 COMMANDERS. By the Rev. G. R. Gleiq. 3 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, iSs. cloth. 
 
 GLENDINNING.-PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE CULTURE 
 
 OF THE PINE APPLE. By R. Glendinning, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Rolle, 
 Bicton. 12mo. with Plan of a Pinery, 5s. cloth. 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S (OLIVER) POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 Illustrated with F^ngravings on Wood, from Designs by the Members of the Etching Club. 
 Square crown Svo. uniform with "Thomson's Seasons," 21s. cloth; bound in morocco, by 
 Hayday, ^1. 16s. [/« the press. 
 
 GOOD.-THE BOOK OF NATURE. 
 
 A Popular Illustration of the General Laws and Phenomena of Creation. By John Mason 
 Good, M.D. F.R.S.,&c. Third Edition, corrected. 3 vols. fcp. Svo. 24s. cloth. 
 
 GRAHAM.-ENGLISH ; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION 
 
 explained in a Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. F. Graham. Second Edition, 
 revised and improved. Fcp. Svo. 7s. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS. OF LAGGAN).-]\IEMOIR AND CORRE- 
 
 SPONDENCE of the late Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, Author of " Letters fiom the Mountains," 
 "Memoirs of an American Lady," &c. &c. Edited by her Son, J. P. Gkant, Escj. 3 vol's, 
 post Svo. with Portrait, 31s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS.)-LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 By Mrs Grant, of Laggan. A New lidition, post Svo. [In f/ic ;*;■.•«. 
 
 GRATTAN.-THE HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, 
 
 From the Invasion by the Romans to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. By T. C. Grattan, 
 Esq. I'"cp. Svo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth. 
 
 GRAY.-FIGURES OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS, 
 
 Selected from various Authors. Etclied for tlie Use of Students. l{y Makia Emma Gray. 
 Vol. 1. 6vo. with 78 plates of Figures, 12s. cloth.
 
 10 CATALdOUE (IF NEW WORKS 
 
 GRAY AND MITCHELL'S ORNITHOLOGY.-THE GENERA 
 
 Of BIRDS ; comprising their tieneric Cliaracters, a Notice of the Habits of each Genus, and 
 an extensive List of Species, referred to tlieir several Genera, liy Guorge IIobekt Grav, 
 Acad. Imp. Georg'. Florent. Soc. Corresp. Senior Assistant of the Zoolo^^ical Department, 
 British Museum ; and Author of the " List of the Genea of Birds," &c. &c. Illustrated with 
 Three Hundred and Fifty imperial quarto I'lates, by David William Mitchfll. 
 
 In course of publication, in Monthly Parts, 10s. Gd. each ; each Part consisting generally of 
 Four imperial quarto coloured Plates and Three plain, and accompanying Letterpress ; giving 
 the Generic Characters, short Remarks on the Habits, and a List of Species of each Genus as 
 complete as possible. The uncoloured Plates contain the Characters of all the Genera of 
 the various Sub-families, consisting of numerous details of Heads, Wings, and Feet, as the 
 case may require, for pointing out their distinguishing Characters. 
 
 *»* The work will not exceed Fifty Montlily Parts. [A'o. 12 was published March 3ist. 
 
 GREENER -THE GUN ; 
 
 Or, a Treatise on the various Descriptions of Small Fire-Arms. By W. Gueener, Inventor ot 
 an improved method of Firing Cannon by Percussion, &c. 8vo. with Illustrations, 15s. boards. 
 
 GREENER.-THE SCIENCE OF GUNNERY, 
 
 As applied to the Use and Construction of Fire Arms. By William Greener, Author of 
 "The Gun," &c. With numerous Plates, 15s. cloth. 
 
 GREENWOOD (COL.)-THE TREE-LIFTER; 
 
 Or, a New Method of Transplanting Trees. By Col. Geo. Greenwood. 8vo. with an Illus- 
 trative Plate, 7s. cloth. 
 
 GUEST. -THE MABINOGION, 
 
 From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, or Red Book of Hergest, and other ancient Welsh MSS. : 
 with an English Translation and. Notes. By Lady Charlotte Guest. Parts 1 to 5. 
 Royal 8vo. 8s. each. 
 
 Part 1. The Lady of the Fountain. 
 
 Part 2. Peredur Ab F^vrawc ; a Tale of Chivalry. 
 
 Part 3. The Arthurian Romance of Geraint, the Son of Erbin. 
 
 Part 4. The Romance of Kilhwch and Olwen. 
 
 Part 5. The Dream of Rhonabwy, and the Tale of Pwyll Prince of Dyved. 
 
 GWILT.-AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE ; 
 
 Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. By Joseph Gwilt, Esq. F.S.A. Illustrated with 
 upwards of 1000 Engravings on Wood, from Designs by J. S. Gwilt. 1 thick vol. 8vo. 
 containing nearly 1300 closely-printed pages, jfc2. 12s. 6d. clolh. 
 
 " Gwilt's Encyclopaedia rankshigli as a woi'k for professional students, containing the mathematics of architecture, 
 ■with copious details upon all the technicalities of tlie science. It is a work whicti no professed architect or builder 
 should be without."— Westminster Riview. 
 
 HALL. -NEW GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF 
 
 FIFTY-THREE MAPS, on Colombier Paper; with the Divisions and Boundaries carefully 
 coloured. Constructed entirely from New Drawings, and engraved by Sidney Hall. New 
 Edition, thoroughly revised and corrected ; including all the Alterations rendered necessary 
 bv the recent Official Surveys, the New Roads on the Continent, and a careful Comparison 
 with the authenticated Discoveries published in the latest Voyages and Travels. Folded in 
 half. Nine Guineas, half-bound in russia ; full size of the Maps, Ten Pounds, half-bd. russia- 
 
 The following Maps have been re-engraved, from entirely new designs— Ireland, South Africa, Turkey in Asia; 
 the following have been materially improved— Switzerland, Xorth Italy, South Italy, Egypt, Central Germany, 
 Southern Germany, Greece, Austria, Spain and Portugal; a new map of Chma, corrected from the recent government 
 survey of the coast from Canton to Nankin (to which is appended , the Province of Canton, on an enlarged scale, in 
 a separate compartment), has since been added. 
 
 HALSTED.-LIFE AND TIMES OF RICHARD THE THIRD, 
 
 as Duke of Gloucester and King of Fhigland : in which all the Charges against him are care- 
 fully investigated and compared with the Statements of the Cotemporary Authorities. By 
 Caroline A. Halsted, Author of " The Life of Margaret Beaufort, Mother of King Henry 
 "VII." and "Obligations of Literature to the Mothers of England." 2 vols. 8vo. with a 
 Portrait from an Original Picture in the possession of the Right Hon. Lord Statlbrd, never 
 before engraved, and other illustrations, A\. 10s. cloth. 
 
 " We consider Miss Halsted's work as one of the most interesting and able pieces of history which has ever been 
 nriMiitrd to the world. The reteareh which it manifests is most extensive ; the arrangement clear and lucid ; the 
 stvh- ilwavs animated and picturesque. Many new lights arc thrown on the career of Richard, many new facts 
 elliittd, and the injustice of four centuries vindicated by this intrepid and indefatigable champion of historical 
 truth."— Metiiopolitan Magazine. 
 
 HANNAM.-THE ECONOMY OF WASTE MANURES : 
 
 a Treatise on the Nature and Use of Neglected Fertilizers. By John Hannam. Written for 
 the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, and published by permission of the Council. Fcp. 8vo. 
 3s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " We consider this an invaluable treatise. It must prove of incalculable benefit to that class to whom it is chieflj 
 addressed By the general reader it will likewise be perused with no common interest. It is a lucid, practical de- 
 monstration from beginning to end. The writer is not only entirely master of his subject, but he has unfolded it in 
 themo-^t scientific, and, we would add, logical manner. He has displayed so marked a precision in his eiposition. 
 that the dullest capacity may at once comprehend his meaning and the drift of his argument."— Atlas.
 
 HxVND-BOOK OF TiSTE; 
 
 Or, How to Observe Works of Art, especially Cartoons, Pictures, and Statues. By Fabius 
 PicioR. Second Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. boards. 
 
 HANSARD-TROUT AIsD SALMON FISHING IN WALES. 
 
 By G. A. Hansard. 12uio. 6s. Cd. cloth. 
 
 HARRIS -THE HIGHLANDS OF .^.THIOPIA; 
 
 Bein^ the Accout of Ei<;htee:i iMonths' R.esidence of a British Embassy to the Christian Court 
 of Shoa. By Major Sir \V. C. Harris, Author of **\Vild Sports iu Southern Africa," &c, 
 2d Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. with Map and Illustrations, ^£r2. 2s. cloth. 
 
 *' Sir William Harris has produced a work of extniordiuary interest and value ; a narrative which will take a per- 
 manent place in the library, as the best authority ever yet given to the world on all the subjpcts to which it relates. 
 It has, moreover, tor present readers, the charm of perfect freshness and novelty. The wnttT's inquiries extend to 
 the minutest particulars of the habits, manners, customs, political and social economy of the people, amon" whom 
 he was a welcomed visitor. He makes research into their history, sketches tlie geo'graphv, natural historv, .ind 
 botany of the country, and, in brief, leaves no subject unexplored that could add to the completeness of tlie picture 
 he has undertaken to paint; and most vividly does his graphic touch summon before the mind's eye of his readers 
 the scenes he has witnessed.' — Foreign and Coll»xi-U. Keview. 
 
 HAWES.-TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, 
 
 And Adventures of the Early Settlers in America ; from the landing? of the Pil«:rim Fathers, 
 in 1G20, to the Time of the Declaration of Independence. By Barbara Hawes. Fcp. 8vo. 
 with Frontispiece, 6s. cloth. 
 
 " We cannot say anything of this entertaining collection more descriptive or appropriate than that it forms an 
 admirable introduction to Catlin's book. It is impossible to overestimate the importance to this country of carefully 
 iustnicting its youth in the history and character of the natives of its colonies and settlements."— Atlas. 
 
 HAWKER.-INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 
 
 In all that relates to Guns and Sliootino:. By Lieut. -Col. P. Hawker. 9th Edit, corrected, 
 enlarged, and improved, with Eighty-five Plates and Woodcuts by Adlard and liranston, from 
 Drawing's by C. \'arley, Dickes, &c. 8vo. ^1. Is. cloth. 
 
 "We hiive so ofiin Siioktn fuvcurably of pieceding editions of this popular work, that we need only notice the 
 opportune puljliiation of the Ninth, which has just made its appearance, and which brings every branch of spurting, 
 in relation to the field and yun , down to the present time ; giving interesting notes of whatever has been done in tlie 
 way of change and improvemeut." — Litekary Gazette. 
 
 HENSLOW.-THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE AND 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. By J. S. Hen.slow, M.A. F.L.S. &c. Fcp. 8vo. with Vignette 
 Title, and nearly 70 Woodcuts, Os. cloth. 
 
 HAYDON.-LECTURES ON PAINTING AND DESIGN : 
 
 Delivered at the London Institution, the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, to the University 
 of Oxford, &c. by B. R. Haydox, Historical Painter. With Designs drawn on Wood by 
 the Author, and engraved by Edward Evans. 8vo. 12s. cloth. 
 
 " Tliere are few soctions of Mr. Haydon's work from which we might not extract some sound and effective passage • 
 but Mf prefer to commend his volume to all «ho take an interest in its subject, with the assurance that it will reuar 
 their study of it."— Uuauteklv Review , No. U9. ^ ' 
 
 HERSCHEL.-A TREATISE ON ASTRONOMY. 
 
 By Sir John Hisrschel. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. Vignette Title, 6s. cloth. 
 
 HERSCHEL.-A PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE ON THE 
 
 STUDY (M- NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. By Sir John Herschel. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 
 with vignette title, Gs. cloth. 
 
 HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: 
 
 With a Glance at Bad Habits. By A7W70S. " Manners make the man." 2ith Edition 
 revised (with addition.s) by a Lady of Rank. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. cloth, gilt edges. ' 
 
 General Observations; Introductions— Lettersof Introduction— Marriaw— Dinners— Smokin"- 
 Snuft—Fa.shion— Dress— Music— Dancing-Conversation— Advice to Tradespeople— Visiting- 
 Visiting Cards— Cards— Tattling— Of General Society. "' 
 
 HINTS ON LIFE ; 
 
 Or, How to Rise iu Society. By C. B. C. A.micus. Fcp. 8vo. with Frontispiece bv Johu 
 Leech, 5s. clotli. ' 
 
 " This is a book wliich will do good to persons of any clasB who read it attentively with a desire to take non,1 
 advice." — Liteuvrv Gazette. '^ "" 
 
 HOARE.-A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD 
 
 of PLANTING and MANAGING the ROOTS of GRAI'E VINES. By Ci,i. mknt How.p 
 Author of "A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vineon Open Walls." l2mo. 5s. cloth 
 
 HOARE.-A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION 
 
 OF THE GRAI'E VINE ON OPEN WALLS. By Cle.ment Hoake. 3d Edition Hvn 
 7s. 6d. cloth. ■ "•
 
 12 
 
 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS 
 
 HOBBES.-ENGLISH WORKS OF THOMAS IIOBBES, 
 
 Ot'Malniesbury ; now first collected by Sir William JIolesworth, Bart. Vol. 10, contain- 
 ing? the Translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Svo. 10s. cloth ; to non-subscribers, r2s. 
 Nine precedino;'Voliimes have been published of the English and Latin Works. Vols.8and9, 
 recently ])iib!ished, comprise the Translation of Thucydides. 
 
 HOLLAND-PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION ; 
 
 Or, Considerations on the Course of Life. Translated from the French of .Madame Necker de 
 
 Saussure. Jiy Miss Holland. 3 vols. fcp. Svo. 19s. Gd. cloth. 
 
 *»* The Third Volume, forming an appropriate conclusion to the iirst two, separately, 7s. 6d. 
 
 HOLLAND.-A TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURES IN 
 
 METAL. By J. Holland, Esq. 3 vols. fcp. Vignette Titles, about 300 Woodcuts, I8s. cloth. 
 
 HOLLAND-MEDICAL NOTES AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
 By Hknry Holland, M.D. F.R.S. &c. Fellow of the Royal Colle?^o of Physicians, Physician 
 Extraordinary to the Queen, and Physician in Ordinai'y to His Royal Highness Prince Albert. 
 2d Edition. Svo. 18s. cloth. 
 
 HOOKER.-THE BRITISH FLORA, 
 
 In Two Vols. Vol. 1 ; comprising Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. By Sir 
 William Jackson Hookisr, K.H. LL.l). F'.R.A. and L.S. &c. &c &c. Fifth Edition, with 
 Additions and Corrections ; and 173 Fig\ires illustrative of the Umbelliferous Plants, the 
 Composite Plants, the Grasses, and the Ferns. 8vo. with 12 Plates, 14s. plain; with the 
 plates coloured, 24s. cloth. 
 Vol. 2, in Two Parts, comprising the Cryptoganiia and Fungi, completing the British Flora, and 
 forming Vol. 5, Parts 1 and 2, of Smith's English Flora, 24s. boards. 
 
 HOOKER AND TAYLOR.-MUSCOLOGIA BRITANNICA. 
 
 Containing the Mosses of Great Britain and Ireland, systematically arranged and described ; 
 with Plates, illustrative of the character of the Genera and Species. By Sir W. J. Hookkr 
 and T. Taylor, M.D. F.L.S., &c. 2d Edition, Svo. enlarged, 31s. 6d. plain ; A3. 38. coloured. 
 
 HORSLEY (BISHOP).-BIBLICAL CRITICISM 
 
 On the first Fourteen Historical Books of the Old Testament ; and on the first Nine Prophetical 
 Books. By Samuel Horsley, LL.D. F.R.S. F.S.A. Lord Bishop of St. Asaph. 2d Edition, 
 containing Translations by the Author never before published, together with copious Indices. 
 2 vols. 8vo. ^61. 10s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT (MARY). -THE CHILD'S PICTURE AND YERSE 
 
 BOOK, commonly caHed *'Otto Speckter's Fable Book." Translated by Mary Howitt: 
 With French and German on correspondini? pages, and illustrated with 100 Engravings on 
 Wood by G. F. Sargent. 2d Edition. Square ISmo. 7s. 6d. boards. 
 
 " otto Speckter's illustrations are ivell calculated to please children : some by their truth, others by their humour. 
 The verses, too, are in a kindly spirit — some sly, some chimini; in those coral-and-bells measures which ought never 
 to be out of the ear of such as write for the very young. Mrs. Howitt has, in naturalizing this book, done a good deed 
 ■with a good grace." — Athen^um. 
 
 HOWITT (MARY).- THE H- 
 
 AXEL and ANNA; and other Tales. By Fredrika Bremer. 
 Howitt. 2 vols, post Svo. with Portrait of the Author, 21s. boards. 
 
 FAMILY: TRALINNAN ; 
 
 Translated by Mary 
 
 The Neighbours. 
 
 A Story of Every-day Life in Sweden. By 
 Fredrika Brkmer. Translated b> Mary 
 Howitt. 3d Edition, revised and corrected. 
 2 vols, post Svo. 18s. boards. 
 
 The Home. 
 
 Or, Family Cares and Family Joys. By 
 Fredrika Bremer. Translated by Mary 
 Howitt. 2d Edition, revised and corrected. 
 2 vols, post Svo. 21s. boards. 
 
 HOWITT.-THE RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The President's Daughters. 
 
 Including^ Nina. By Fredrika Bremer. 
 Translated by !\L\ry Howitt. 3 vols, 
 post Svo. 31s. 6d. boards. 
 
 A New Sketch of Every-day Life:— 
 
 A Diary. Together with Strife and 
 Peace. By Fredrika Bremer. Tran- 
 slated by Mary Howitt. 2 vols, post Svo. 
 21s. boards. 
 
 By William Howitt. 3d Edition, corrected and revised. Medium Svo. with Engravinsfs 
 on wood, by Bewick and Williams, uniform with " Visits to Remarkable Places," 2is. cloth. 
 
 The Forests of England. 
 
 Habits, Amusements, and Condition of the 
 People; in which are introduced Two New 
 Chapters, descriptive of the Rural Watering 
 Places, and Education of the Rural Population. 
 
 Life of the Aristocracy. 
 Life of the Agricultural Population. 
 Picturesque and Moral Features of the Country. 
 Strong Attachment of the English to Country 
 Life.
 
 HOAVITT.-GERMxVT^ EXPERIE:^^CES : 
 
 Addressed to the English, both Goers Abroad and Stayers at Home. By William IIowitt. 
 Fcp. 8vo. 7s. fid. cloth. 
 
 HOAVITT -VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES; 
 
 Okl Halls, Hattle-Fields, and Scenes illustrative of Strikinir Passaafes in F-nsclish History and 
 Poetrv. IJy William Howitt. New Edition. Medium 8vo. with 40 Illustrations by 
 S. VViiliams, 21s. cloth. 
 SECOND SERIES, chietly in the Counties of DURHAM and NORTHUMBERLANn, with a 
 Stroll alnns: the BORDER. Medium Svo. with upwards of 40 highly-finished Woodcuts, 
 troiii Drawings made on the spot for this work, by Messrs. Carmichael, Richardsons, and 
 Weld Taylor, 21s. cloth. 
 
 nOWITT.-TIIE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF JACK OF 
 
 THE MILL, commonly called "Lord Othmill ;" created, for his eminent services. Baron 
 Waldeck, and Knitcht of Kitticottie ; a Fireside Story. By William Howitt. 2d Edition, 
 2 vols. fcp. Svo. with 40 Illu.strations on Wood by G. F. Sargent, 12s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-THE RURAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF GERMANY : 
 
 With Characteristic Sketches of its Chief Cities and Scenery. Collected in a General Tour, 
 and diirinj a Residence in that Country in the Years 1S40-42. By William Howitt, 
 Author of "The Rural Lifeof En;^land," 8;c. Med. Svo. with above 50 illustrations, 21s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT -WANDERINGS OF A JOURNEYMAN TAILOR, 
 
 through EUROPE and the EAST, durin": the years 1824 to 1840. By P. D. Holthaus, 
 from Werdohl, in Westphalia. Translated from the Ihird German Edition, by William 
 Howitt, Autlior of " 'Ihe Rural and Social Life of Germany," &c. Fcp. 8vo. with Portrait 
 of the Tailor, Gs. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-THE STUDENT-LIFE OF GERMANY. 
 
 From the Unpublished ISISS. of Dr. Cornelius. By William Howitt. Svo. with 24 Wood- 
 Eu^raving's, and Seven Steel Plates, 21s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-COLONISATION AND CHRISTIANITY : 
 
 \ Popular History of the Treatment of the Natives, in all their Colonies, by the Europeans. 
 By VViLLiAM Howitt. Post 8vo. 10s. Cd. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-THE BOY'S COUNTRY BOOK: 
 
 Beina: the real Life of a Country Boy, written by himself; exhibitins: all the Amusements, 
 Pleasures, and Pursuits of Children in the Country. Edited liy William Howitt, Author 
 of " The Rural Life of England," &c. 2d Edition.' Fcp. Svo. with 40 Woodcuts, 8s. cloth. 
 
 "A capital work; and, wc are inclined to tliink, Howitt's best in any line." — Quarterly Review. 
 
 HOWITT (RICHARDS. -IMPRESSIONS OF AUSTRALIA 
 
 FELIX, duriuij a Four Years' Hesidencs in that Colony: with particular refeicnce to the 
 Prospects of Emigrants. With Notes of a Voyaf^e round the World, Australian Poems, &c. 
 By RicHAKD Hovviri'. Fcj). Svo. 7s. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON.-PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING WILLS 
 
 In Conformity with the Law, and jiarticularly with reference to the Act 7 Will. 4 and 1 Vict, 
 c. 26. To which is added, a clear E.xposition of the Law relating: to the distribution of Per- 
 sonal Estate in the case of Intestacy ; witli two Forms of Wills, and much useful information, 
 &c. By J. C. Hudson, Esq. 13tli Edition, corrected, with notes of cases judicially decided 
 since the above Act came into operation. Fcp. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 HUDSON.-THE EXECUTOR'S GUIDE. 
 
 By J. C. Hudson, Esq. of the Lesracy Duty OUice, London ; Author of " Plain Directions for 
 Making Wills," and "The Parent's Hand-book." Fourth Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. 
 *»* These two works may be liad in one volume, 7s. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON.-THE PARENT'S HAND-BOOK ; 
 
 Or, Guide to the Choice of Professions, Employments, and Situations ; containing: useful and 
 practical Information on the subject of ])lacing out Youiip Men, and of obtaininu; their Edu- 
 cation with a view to particular occupations. By J. C. lluosoN, Esq. Author of " I'lain 
 Directions for Making Wills." Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 HUNT.-RESEARCHES ON LIGHT : 
 
 An Examination of all the Phenomena connected with the Chemical and Molecular Clianges 
 produced by the Influence of the Solar Rays, embracing all the known Photographic Pro- 
 cesses, and new Discoveries in the Art. By Koukkt Hunt, Secretary of the Royal Cornwall 
 Polytechnic Society. Svo. with Plate and Woodcuts, lOs. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "Mr. Hunt's reputition is so well establislied, tliat we nec<l only nirntion his plfasinjf %*oUime to secure it a 
 favourable reception from the philo:)Opliical public.*' — JiMtso.N'K New KtiiNBUiiou ritiLusoi'uiCAL JounNAL.
 
 HUMPIIREYS.-THE ILLUMINATED BOOKS OF THE 
 
 MIDDLK AGICS.— A History of lllumiiiated 15ooks, from the IVth to the XVIIth Century. 
 By Henry Noel HuMriiRKYs. lUustrated by a .Series of Si)i'ciirii'iis, ronsistiiio:of an entire 
 Pap;e, of the exact Size of the Oriirinal, from tlie most celebrated and splendid MSS. in the 
 Imperial and Koyal Libraries of Vienna, Moscow, Paris, Naples, ('.]pe)dianen, and Madrid; — 
 from the Vatican, Escurial, Ambrosian, and other great Libraries of the Continent ;— and 
 from the rich Public, Collegiate, and Private Libraries of Great Britain ; superbly printed in 
 Gold, Silver, and ('olours. 
 
 In course of publication, in Parts, each containing Three Plates, with Descr'ptions, Imperial 
 Quarto (15 in. by 11), splendidly printed, in gold, silver, and colours, in imitation of the 
 originals, as accurate as can be produced by mechanical means, 12s. ; Laiioe Paper, on Half 
 Imperial (21i in. by 15), to prevent folding the large Plates, 21s. Si.\ Parts to form a Volume, 
 Four Volumes completing the work. [Part 2 w nearly ready. 
 
 PLATES CONTAINED IN THE SECOND PART. 
 
 1. A page from a beautiful .MS. presented by John Duke of Burgundy to his uncle the Duke 
 
 of Berri ; one of the finest monument'; of the Decorative Art of the Fourteenth Cen- 
 tury. This fine volume, a collection of the Travels of Marco Polo and others, entitled 
 " Les Marveilles du Monde." is now prcser\ed in the Royal Library of Pans. 
 
 The picture on the page selected for this plate represents the departure of Sir William 
 Mandeville on his travels; it is surrounded with a rich border of somewhat unusual 
 character, and enriched with a beautiful capital, in which are carefully emblazoned the 
 arms of Berri and Burgundy. 
 
 2. Two entire pages from the beautiful Prayer-book of Henry VII., preserved in the British 
 
 Museum. 
 
 3. Two entire pages from a magnificent Psalter of the Thirteenth Century, most elaborately 
 
 enriched with designs of quaint and singular character. — This highly elaborate volume 
 formed the chief ornament of the collection of the late Mr. Bright, and is now in the 
 possession of a distinguished English collector. 
 
 *»* In addition to the above-mentioned plates, the second Number will contain several 
 other borders and illuminated capitals from the same MSS. for the embellishment and 
 illustration of the letter-press descriptions. 
 
 ILLUMINATED CALENDAR (THE) -THE ILLUMINATED 
 
 CALENDAR and HOME DIARY for 18+5 ; copied from the Manuscriptof the Hours of Anne 
 of Brittany, arranged as an Almanack and Diary. Enriched with Twelve large Designs, one 
 appropriate to each Month, illustrative of Manners and Customs of the Fifteenth Century, 
 with a Titlepage, ornamented with Fruits on a Gold Ground : the whole copied from the 
 Kalendar in " The Hours of Anne of Brittany," carefully coloured by hand, and enriched 
 with Gold ; also. Twenty-four Ornamental Borders, composed of Natural Flowers, from the 
 same MSS. The Borders printed in Gold and Colours, by Owen Jones. Imperial 8vo. 42s. 
 bound in an appropriate ornamental cover. 
 
 JACKSON-PICTORIAL FLORA ; 
 
 Or, British Botany delineated, in 1500 Lithographic Drawings of all the Species of Flowering 
 Plants indigenous to Great Britain ; illustrating the descriptive works on English Botany of 
 Hooker, Lindley, Smith, &c. By AIiss Jackson. 8vo. 15s. cloth. 
 
 JAMES.-LIVES OF MOST EMINENT FOREIGN STATESMEN. 
 
 By G. P. R. James, Esq., and E. E. Crowe, Esq. 5 vols. fcp. 8vo. Vignette Titles, 30s. cloth. 
 
 JAMES.-A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF EDWARD THE 
 
 BLACK PRINCE, and of various Events connected therewith, which occurred during the 
 Reign of Edward HI. King of England. By G. P. R. James, Esq. 2d Edition. 2 vols. fcp. 
 8vo^ Map, 15s. cloth. 
 
 JEFFREY. - CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EDINBURGH 
 
 REVIEW. Bv Francis Jeffrey, now one of the Judges of theCourt ofSessionin Scotland. 
 4 vols. 8vo. 48s. cloth. 
 
 JOHNSON.-THE FARMER'S ENCYCLOPJIDIA, 
 
 And Dictionary of Rural Affairs : embracing all the recent Discoveries in Agricultural Che- 
 mistry; adapted to the comprehension of unscientific readers. ByCuTHBERT W.Johnson, 
 Esq. F.R.S. Barrister-at-Law, Corresponding Member of the Agricultural Society of KOnigs- 
 berg, and of the Maryland Horticultur.al Society; Author of several of the Prize Essays of 
 the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and other Agricultural Works; Editor of the 
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 " Cuthbert Johnson's ' Farmer's Encyclopaedia' is one of the best books of its class." 
 
 Dr. Lindley, in The Gardexeb's Chronicle. 
 
 KANE. -ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY ; 
 
 Including the most Recent Discoveries and Applications of the Science to Medicine and 
 Pharmacy, and to the Arts. Bv Robert Kane, M.D. M.R.I. A., Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society. Svo. with 236 Woodcuts, 24s. cloth. 
 
 KANE.-THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF IRELAND. 
 
 By Robert Kane, M.D. Secretary to the Council of the Royal Irish Academy, Professor of 
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 of Ireland. Post Svo. 7s. cloth.
 
 PRINTED rOR LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 15 
 
 KATER AND LARDNER.-A TREATISE ON MECHANICS. 
 
 By Captain Kater and Dr. Lardnrr. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. Vignette Title, and 19 
 Plates, comprising 224 distinct figures, 6s. cloth. 
 
 KEIGHTLEY-OUTLINES OF HISTORY, 
 
 From the Earliest Period. Hy Thomas Kkightlky, Esq. New Edition, corrected and con- 
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 KIRBY & SPENCE -AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY ; 
 
 Or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects : comprising an account of noxious and useful 
 Insects, of their Metamorphoses, Food, .Stratagems, Habitations, Societies, .Motions, Noises, 
 Hybernation, Instinct, &c. Hy W. Kirby, M.A. F.R.S. & L.S. Rector of Barham ; and W. 
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 KNAPP.-GRAMINA BRITANNICA ; 
 
 Or, Representations of the British Grasses : with Remarks and occasional Descriptions. By 
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 ^3. 16s. boards. 
 
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 LAING -THE CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY, 
 
 From the Earliest Period of the History of the Nortliern Sea Kings to the Middle of the Twelfth 
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 mation respecting a race to whom wc arc so largely indebted, as this venerable Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson." 
 
 Eclectic Ueview. 
 
 LAING.-JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN NORWAY, 
 
 During the years 1834,1835, and 1836; made with a view to inquire into the Rural and Political 
 Economy of that Country, and the Condition of its Inhabitants. By Samuel Laing, Esq. 
 2d Edition. 8vo. Us. cloth. 
 
 LAING. -NOTES OF A TRAVELLER, 
 
 On the Social and Political State of France, Prussia, Switzerland, Italy, and other parts of 
 Europe, during the present century. By Samuel Laing, Esq. 2d Edition. 8vo. IGs. cloth. 
 
 LAING.-A TOUR IN SWEDEN, 
 
 In 1838; comprising observations on the Moral, Political, and Economical State of the Swedish 
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 LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA; 
 
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 and Manufactures. Conducted and edited by Dr. Laud.ner. 
 The Series, complete, in One Hundred and Thirty-three Volumes, .-£'39. 18s. (One volume 
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 LARDNER AND WALKER.-A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY, 
 
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 LARDNER.-A TREATISE ON HEAT. 
 
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 LARDNER.-A TREATISE ON HYDROSTATICS AND PNEU- 
 
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 16 CATALOGUE OF NEW 'WORKS 
 
 LARDNER.-A TREATISE ON ARITHMETIC. 
 
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 LARDNER -A TREATISE ON GEOMETRY, 
 
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 LECTURES ON POLARISED LIGHT, 
 
 Delivered before the Pharmaceutical Society, and in the Medical School of the London 
 Hospital. 8vo. illustrated by above 50 Woodcuts, as. 6d. cloth. 
 
 L. E L -THE POETICAL WORKS OE LETITIA ELIZABETH 
 
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 LEE-TAXIDERMY; 
 
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 ".Memoirs of Cuvier," &c. 6th Edition, improved, with an account of a Visit to Walton 
 Hall, and Mr. Waterton's method of Preserving Animals. Fcp. Svo. with Wood Engravings, 
 7s. cloth. 
 
 LEE -ELEMENTS OE NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 For the use of Schools and Young Persons : comprising the Principles of Classification, 
 intersi)ersed with amusing and instructive original Accounts of the most remarkable Animals. 
 By Mrs. R. Lee (formerly Mrs. T. E. Bowdich), Author of "Taxidermy," "Memoirs of 
 Cuvier," &c. 12mo. with Fifty-five Woodcuts, 7s. 6d. bound. 
 
 LEEEVRE (SIR G.)-AN APOLOGY EOR THE NERVES; 
 
 Or, their Importance and Influence in Health and Disease. By Sir George Lefevre, M.D. 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; late Physician to the British Embassy at the Court 
 of St. Petersburiih, &c. ; Author of "The Life of a Travelling Physician," "Thermal Com- 
 fort," &c. Post Svo. 9s. cloth. 
 
 LESLIE (C. R.)-MEMOIRS OE THE LIEE OF JOHN CON- 
 
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 Edition., with further Extracts from his Correspondence. 4to. with a new Portrait from a 
 picture by Mr. Leslie. [In t he press. 
 
 LIFE OF A TRAVELLING PHYSICIAN, 
 
 From his first Introduction to Practice ; including 29 Years' Wanderings throughout the 
 greater part of Europe. 3 vols, post Svo. 3 coloured Plates, 31s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.-INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
 
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 Additions. Svo. with Six Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 18s. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.-FLORA MEDICA ; 
 
 A Botanical Account of all the most important Plants used in Medicine, in different Parts of 
 the World. By John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. , &c. Svo. 18s. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.-A SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FLORA, 
 
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 3d Edition, with numerous additions, corrections, and improvements, 12mo. 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.-THE THEORY OF HORTICULTURE; 
 
 Or, an Attempt to explain the Principal Operations of Gardening upon Physiological Prin- 
 ciples. By John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. Svo. with illustrations on Wood, 12s. cloth. 
 
 This bonk is written in the liope of providing tlie intelliaent gardener, and the scientific amateur, correctly, with 
 the rationalia of the more important operations of Horticultui-e ; and the author has endeavoured to present to his 
 readers an intelligihle explanation, founded upon well-ascertained facts, which they can judge of by theirown means 
 of observation, of the general nature of vegetable actions, and of the cau-es which, while they control the powers 
 of life in plants, are capable of being regulated by themselves. The possession of such knowledge will necessarily 
 teach them how to improve their methods of cultivation, and lead them to the discovery of new and better modes. 
 
 LINDLEY.-GUIDE TO ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN; 
 
 Or, au .\ccount of the most valuable Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in Great Hritain : with 
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 year. By G. Lindley, CM. U.S. Edited by Prof Lindley. Svo. 10s. bds. 
 
 LLOYD.-A TREATISE ON LIGHT AND VISION. 
 
 By the Rev. H. Lloyd, M.A., Fellow of Trin. Coll. Dublin. Svo. 15s. boards.
 
 LORDIER.-LETTERS TO A YOUNG MASTER MARINER, 
 
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 witli an Appendix, as. Cd. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON (MRS.)-TIIE LADY'S COUNTRY COMPANION; 
 
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 Ladies," &c. Fcp. 8vo. with an Kn;?raving: oil Steel, and Illustrations on Wood. [In Uie press. 
 
 LOUDON -SELF-INSTRUCTION 
 
 For Youiiir Ganloners. Foresters, Hailifls, Land Stewards, and Farmers ; in Arithmetic, Hook- 
 keepinir. Geometry, Mensuration, Practical Trii;onoiiietry, Mechanics, i.,and-SnrveyinK', 
 Levelling:, Planning- and Mapping, Architectural Diawinjr, and Isonietrical I'rojection and 
 Perspective; with Examples shewina: their applications to Horticulture and AKricidtural Pur- 
 poses. By the late J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. H.S. &c. With a Portrait of Jlr. Lomlon, and a 
 Memoir by Mrs. Loudon. 8vo. [In the jirexx 
 
 LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOP/EDTA OF TREES AND SIIRURS; 
 
 being- the "Arboretum et Fruticetuni Britannicum" abridijed : containiiiir the Hardy Trees 
 and Shrubs of Great Britain, Native and Foreign, Scientitically and Pojiularly Described ; 
 with their Propau'ation, Cidtnre, and Uses in the Arts; and with Kngravings of nearly all 
 the Species. Ada)ited for the use of Nurserymen, Gardeners, and Foresters. By J. C. 
 LouDo.v, F.L.S. &c. 1 large vol. 8vo. with 2000 Engravings on Wood, ±2. lo.s. cloth. 
 
 The Orisinal Work may be had in 8 vols. 8vo. with above 400 Octavo tiates of Trees, and 
 upwards of 2300 W'oodcuts, ^10, cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING ; 
 
 Presenting, in one systematic view, the History and Present State of Gardening in all Coun- 
 tries, and its Theory and Practice in Great Britain : with the Management of the Kitchen 
 Garden, the Flower Garden, Laying-out Grounds, Ike. By J. C. Loudo.v, F.L.S. &c. A New 
 Edition, enlarged and much improved. 1 large vol. Svo. with nearly 1,000 En ■^raviii'-'s on Wood, 
 50s. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOPtEDIA OF AGRICULTURE; 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of the Valuation, Transfer, Laying-out, Improvement, 
 and Management of Landed Property, and of the Cultivation and Economy of the Animal and 
 Vegetable productioiij. of .\j:ri(ulture: includiiigall the latest Improvements, a general History 
 of Agriculture in all Cnuntrits, a Stati.stical \iew of its present State, with Suggestions for 
 its future progress in the British Isles; and Supplement, bringing down the work to the year 
 1844. ByJ.C. LouDo.v. F.L.(;.Z.and U.S. &c. 5th Edtiion. 1 large vol. Svo. with upwards 
 of 1100 Engravings on Wood, by Branston, jt2. 10s. cloth. 
 
 The Sui'i'LEMENT, bringing down Improvements in the art of F'ield-Culture from 1831 to 
 1844 inclusive, comprising all the previous Supplements, and illustrated with Cj Engravings 
 on Wood, may be had ncparalely, 5s. sewed. 
 
 LOUDON.-xiN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANTS; 
 
 Including all the Plants which are now found in, or have been introduced into, Great Britain ; 
 giving their Natural History, accompanied by such descriptions, engraved figures, and 
 elementary dt^tails, as may enable a beginner, who is a mere English reader, to discover the 
 name of every Plant which he may find in flower, and accjuire all the iuforiuation respecting 
 it which is useful and interesting. The Specilic Characters bv an I'Jniiu'iit IJotanist; the 
 Drawings by .1. 1). C. Sowerby, F.L.S. A New Edition, with New Suppleioeiit, (din- 
 prisiiitr every desirable particular respecting all the Plants originated in, or introduced into, 
 Britain between the lirst publication of the work, in 1829, and January 1840: with a new 
 (ieneral Index to the whole work. Edited by J. C. Lohdo.n, prepared livW. 11. Baxter, .Inn. 
 and revised by George Don, F.L.S. ; and 800 new Figures of Plants mi Wood, from Drawings 
 by J. 1). C. Sowerby, F.L.S. 1 very large vol. 8vo. with nearly 10,000 Wood Engravings, 
 jb3. 13s. Cd. cloth — The last Supplement, separately, Svo. 15s. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.-AN ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND 
 
 ndaptrd for Kcn.-riil ri-mli rs, ll,,-,n wus I'ver alteniptetl liefon-, or th:in liiis Ipiiii «,-i-.iiii|,l.~lic.l • 
 of Cntn.iro .-inii Villii«c Airluli-, lure is in.liaptnB.itilL' to tlio lilirnrv of nil noii |irolVssic,o;il 
 tinii' of their lili' propii^f to Imilil a coUage or country liousi;." — VVhNTMI.NSTtk Ulview. 
 
 LOUDON.-HORTUS BRITANNICUS : 
 
 A Catalogue of all the Plants indigenous to or introduced into Britain. The 3d Edition, 
 with a N'KwSuiM'EK.MENT.pi-epared, under the direct on of .1 ('. Luloo.n, by W H. Baxter, 
 and revised by Geokoe Do.v, F.L.S. Svo. 31s. Cd. cloth. 
 
 The Sri'PI,KMK.\T separntelii, Svo. 2s Cxi. scweti. 
 
 The LATER SurPLE.MENTic/iara/c/j/, Ss. (.
 
 18 CATALOGUE Ol' NETV \VOUKS 
 
 LOUDON. -ITORTIIS LIGNOSTS LONDTNENSIS; 
 
 Or, a Catalojruc ot'all the Li'^npous I'lnnts cultivated in tlie neiy:hl)Ouilioo(l of London. To 
 wliicli iire added tlicir usual prices in Nurseries. ISy J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. is;c. 8vo. 7s. 6d. cL 
 
 LOUDON. -THE SUBURBAN GArxDENER AND YILLA 
 
 CO.MPAXION : coniprisinq; the Choice of a Villa or Suburban Residence, or of a situation on 
 which to form one ; the Arranuenicnt and Furnishins of the House; and the Laying-out, 
 I'lantinij, and sjeneral .^Llnagement of the Garden and Grounds; the whole adapted forgrounrts 
 fiom one perch to lifty acres and upwards in e.xtent; intended for tlie instruction of those 
 who know little of Gardening or IJural Affairs, and more particularly for the use of Ladies. 
 IJy J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. &c. 8vo. with above 300 Wood Lngravings, 20s. cloth. 
 
 LOW (PROFESSOR).-ON LANDED PROPERTY, 
 
 And tlie KCOXO.MY of ESTATES; comprehoiKiiiiir the Uelution of Landlord and Tenant, 
 and the Principles and Forms of Leases; Fana-lSiiildin^s, Enclosures, Drains, Embank- 
 ments, and other Uund Works; Minerals; and Woods. By David Low, Estj. F.R.S.E. 
 Professor of Ag^riculture in the University of Edinbura^h, &r. ; Author of "Elements of 
 Practical Ag:nculture," &c. 8vo. with numerous Wood En^ravin^s, 21s. cloth. 
 
 *' A most useful and important part of Mr. Low's book is that which tjoes into the detail of farm and outhouse 
 building, the mude of consti ucting drains, making walls, fences, &c. Thi se subjects are illustrated with numerous 
 cuts, and treated with the utmost clearness, fulness, and ability. The treatise on the cultivation of ti-ees will also 
 be found very extensivLdy useful. A long and valuable ap;iendix is added to the work, being a copious table of 
 expenses in all departments of farming, and forming a complete guide for the inexperienced gentleman- farmer or 
 proprietor, in his deahngs and doings, who, with this book iu his hand, may, however extensive his estate, dispense 
 with that often costly appendage, a Scotch stev.-ard, and, even if himself a cultivator of the soil, may gain a degree 
 and kind of knowledge certain to be serviceable to liim in more ways than one." — Gardeners' Chronicle 
 
 LOW.-TITE BREEDS OE THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 
 
 Of Great Britain Described. By David Low, Ksc). PMl.S.E. Professor of Agriculture in the 
 University of Edinburgh ; INleniber of the Royal Academy of Agriculture of Sweden ; Corre- 
 spondino; Member of the Couseil Koyal d'A<J:riculture de I'rance, of the Soci^t(5 Royale et 
 Centrale, &c. &c. The Plates from Drawings by W. Nicholson, R.S.A. reduced from a Series 
 of CJil Paintinjis, executed for the Affricultural Museum of the University of Edinburjfh, by 
 W. Shiels, R.b.A. 2 vols, atlas quarto, witl; 5G plates of animals, beautifully coloured after 
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 The SH EEP. 1 vol. atlas quarto, with 31 plates, ^'6. 16s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. 
 
 The HORSE. 1 vol. atlas quarto, with S plates, .-t'S, half-bound in morocco. 
 
 The HOG. 1 vol. atla.s quarto, with 5 plates, ^2. 2s. half-bound iu morocco. 
 
 LOW.-AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF THE SIMPLE 
 
 BODIES of CHli;MISTRY. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E, Prof, of Agriculture in the 
 University of Edinburgh. 8vo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 LOW.-ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE; 
 
 Comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the 
 Economy of the Farm. By D. Low, Esq. F R.S.E., Prof of Airriculture in University of Edin- 
 burgh. 4th Edit, with Alteration ^ and Additions, and above 2U0 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. cloth. 
 
 MACAULAY.-CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS CON- 
 
 TRHJUTEl) to The EDINBURGH REVIEW. By the Right Hon. Thomas Babingto.v 
 Macaulay. 3d Etlition. 3 vols. 8vo. 36s. cloth. 
 
 MACAULAY.-LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. 
 
 By the Right Hon. Thomas Babixgton Macaulay. 5th Edition. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MACKENZIE. -THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION. 
 
 By W. Mackisnzie, M.D., Lecturer on the Eye in the University of Glasgow. 8vo. with 
 Woodcuts, 10s. Gd. boards. 
 
 MACKINTOSH (SIR JAMES).-THE LIFE OF SIR THOMAS 
 
 MORE. By the Right Hon. Sir Ja.mus Mackintosh. Reprinted from the Cabinet Cyclo- 
 paedia ; and intended as a Present Book or School Prize. Fcp. 8vo. with Portrait, 5s. cloth ; 
 or bound in vellum gilt (old style), 8s. 
 
 " This is one of the happiest productions of its distinguished author. It has seldom happened that the career of a 
 preat man has been described with a sympathy at once so wanil and discriminatms. The narrative is brief, easy, 
 and iiraceful, and omits notliing calculated to convey a vivid imase of Sir Thomas iloie as he was both in pubhc 
 and j>ri\ ate. Tlie impression of the story is quite unique ; its moral lesson worth a thousand homilies. The biography, 
 in its present bcautilul form, is in every sense a gem of the purest water." — Mormng Chuonicle. 
 
 MACKINTOSH (SIR JAMES).-SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH'S 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS; including his Contributions to " The Edinburgh Review." 
 Collected and edited bv his Son. 3 vols. 8vo. * [In i/ie press. 
 
 MACKINTOSH, &C.-THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 By Sir James Mackintosh ; W. W'ALLACii, Esq. ; and Robert Bell, Esq. 10 vols. fcp. 
 8vo. with Vignette Titles, A3. cU)th. 
 
 M'CULLOCH.-A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND 
 
 PRACTICAL INFLUENCE of TAXATION and the FUNDING SYSTEM. By J. R. 
 
 ISi'CuLLOCH, Esq, 8vo. 15s. cloth.
 
 M'CULLOCH.-THE LITERATURE OF POLITICAL ECO- 
 
 NOMY ; beinir a Classified Catalogrue of the piiiiripal Works in tlic diflViciit (lipartniciits of 
 Political Ecoiioiiiy, interspersed with Historical, Critical, and biographical Notices Hv J R. 
 M'CuLLOCH, Esq. 8vo. [In the i>'ress 
 
 MCCULLOCH. -A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, TTIEORETI- 
 
 CAL, AND HISTORICAL, OF COMMERCE AX!) COMMERCIAL NAVKi \TI()\. Illus- 
 trated with Maps and Flans. Hy J. R. iM'Culloch, Esq. Member of the Institute of France. 
 An entirely New Edition, corrected throuarhout, enlarged, and improved. 1 very thick vol. 
 8vo. 50s. cloth ; or 55s. strong-iy half- bound in rnssia, with fle.vible back. 
 
 "Without exaggeration one of tlie most wonderful compil.itions of the age. The power ofcontinuoux labour the 
 wi.Ie ranse of inquiry, and the power of artistical finisli, wliicli have hcen hrought into play hy this work' are 
 
 prot).ibIy unrivalli-d in the history of literature Compared with all previous attempts to compile a commercial 
 
 dictionary, Mr. M'CuUoch's appears as the realisation of an idea which former projectors had conceii-cd too va-niely 
 to he able to c.irry into execution. It is superior to them all, quite as much for the spirit of judicious selretion 
 brought by the author to his task, as for any other quality. The great merit of the work is, that, while omitting 
 
 nothing of essential importanre, it contains nothing that is useless or mcrel v cumbrous The sui'c-c^s of the earlier 
 
 editions of Mr. MTuUoch's Dictionary is, after all,"^ the best proof of its merit : the facts attending it, j/rove that the 
 mercantile, political, and literary public were in want of such a work, and that thev were satisfied m ith the manner 
 in which Mr. MTalloeh had performed his task. No reader can rise from the perusal of any one of the larger 
 articles without feeling that no previous writer has concentrated so much valuable information within so small a 
 compass, or conveved his information in so agreeable a style. And the remark is equally aiiiilicable to all the nume- 
 rous articles of which this crammed volume is composed It is, indeed, inv:ilual)le'as a book of reference to the 
 
 merchant, the insurance-agent, the statesman, and thr journalist; and its articles, from the care and talent with 
 which they are executed are a.s well calcuhit.M to mii'I'Iv the wants of the patient inquirer as of the hurried man of 
 business. Mr. M'Culloch occupies a hi^'h ph,.,/ :imnii:;-t tlie authors of the day as a hard-headed original thinker in 
 political economy; a still higher, as one of the IlU)^t iralous-and successful' labourers in rendering that science 
 popular ; but, of all his publications, his Commercial Dictionary is the one least likely to encounter tlie rivalry of a 
 work of superior or even equal value." — .\bridged from The Spect-^tor. 
 
 M'CULLOCH -A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATIS- 
 
 TICAL, AND HISTORICAL, of the various Countries, Places, and Principal Natural Objects 
 in the WORLD. By J. R. ai'CuLLOCH, Esq. 2 thick vols. Svo. illustrated with Six Large 
 important Maps, sCi. cloth. 
 
 " The eitentof information this Dictionary affords on the subjects referred to in its title is truly surprising. It 
 cannot fail to pro\e a vade-mecum to the student, whose inquiries will be guided by its light, and satisfied by its clear 
 and frequently elaborated communications. Every public room in which commerce, politics, or literature, forms the 
 subject of discussion, ought to be furnished with these volumes." — GtobE. 
 
 MALTE-BRUN.-A SYSTEM OE UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 Founded on the Works of M.\ltk-Brun and I?aliu, eiijbraciii;^- an Historii al Skitcli of the 
 Procrress of Geographical Discovery, the Principles of Mathematical and Physical (jieot;rapliy, 
 and a complete Description, from the most recent sources, of t!ie Political anil Social Condition 
 of all the Countries in the \Vi rid : with numerous Statistical Tables. 8vo. 30s. cloth. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY; 
 
 In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly ICxplained and Illustrated by Experiments. 
 14th Eilition, enlaif^ed and corrected. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. 14s. cloth. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; 
 
 In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly e.xplained, and adapted to the compre- 
 hension of Young- Persuiis. 10th Edition, enlarged and corrected by the Author. Fcp. svo. 
 with 23 Plates, 10s. Gd cioth. 
 Of the General Proj-,ertie.s of Bodies; the Attraction of Gravity ; the Laws of .Motion ; Compound 
 Motion; the -Mechanical Powers; Astronomy; Causes ot the Earth's Motion; the "lanets ; 
 the Earth; the Moon; Hydrostatics; the Mechanical Properties of Fluids; of SpriiiL;s, 
 Fonntains, &c. ; Piieuiuatics ; the Mechanical Properties of Air ; on Wind and Sound ; t)|)tics; 
 the Visual Angle and the Rellection of Mirrors ; ou Refraction and Colours ; on the Structure 
 of the Eye, and Optical Instruments. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
 
 In which the Eleineiits of that Science are familiarly explained. 7th Edition revised and 
 enlarged. Fcp. Svo. 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 Introdnction; on Property; the Division of Labour; on Capital; on Wage.s and Population ; on 
 the Condition of the Poor; on Value and Price; on Income; Income from Landed Property ; 
 Income from the Cultivation of Land ; Income troiii Capital lent ; on Money ; on Commerce ; 
 on Foreign Trade ; on E.vpeiiditure and Consumption. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON VEGETABLE PHYSIO- 
 
 LOGY; comprehending the Elements of liotany, with their api)lication to Agriculture. 
 3d Edition. F'cp. Svo. with 4 Plates, Ds. cloth. 
 Introduction; on Roots; on Stems; on Leaves; on Sap; on Cambium and the peculiar .luices 
 of Plants; on the .Action of Light and Heat on Plants; on the .Valiirali/.ation of Plants; on 
 the Action of the Atniosplirre on Plants; on the Action of Water on Plants; on the Artilicial 
 Mode of Watering Plants ; on the Action of the Soil mi Plants ; on the Propagation of Plants 
 by Subdivision ; on Grafting ; on the Multiiilication of Plants by Seed ; the Flower ; on Com- 
 pound Flowers ; on Fruit; on the Seed ; on the Classiiication of Plants ; on Artilicial Systems ; 
 on the Natural System; Botanical Geography; the Inlhience of (.'ii.tiire on Vegetation; on 
 the Degeneration' and Diseases of Plants; on the Cultivation of Trees; on the Cultivation of 
 Phiiits which iirodiice Fernienled Liijuors ; on the (-'ulti\ation of Grasses, Tuberous Roots, and 
 Griiin ; on Oletiginous I'lants and Culinary Vegetables.
 
 MAIICET.-CONYERSATIONS FOR CHILDREN ; 
 
 On Lanii and Water. 2(1 Kdition, revised and corrected. l'"cp. 8vo. with coloured Maps, 
 sliovvinsr the comparative altitude of Mountains, 5s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 "This is so f.ir superior to tlii> u>.ual class of mo.k-in Ijooks, in which it is thought necfssary to giro instruction u 
 
 MA^CE^-COnVeRSATI^ bN^LvKGUAGEr 
 
 For Cliildren. By Mrs. Marcet, Author of *' Mary's Grammar," " Conversations on Che- 
 iiiistrxs" &c. 18mo. 4s. 6(1. cloth. 
 
 "In tli.'M' rniivii>;itinns Mrs. Wairet travels over a ffreat deal of ground, with her wonteil skill in adaptint; know- 
 Ifdiir tn till ■ 1 ; 1 I .' tin- yo\m^. The nature of artirulatc sounds, ami the origans of spi-ech, the history ol'm;inknid 
 to ini!ir;it. t ^ i, ni'dijl'erfnt languages, the manner in which English has b^en indi-hted to Latin, the pro- 
 
 balilt or pn~ I |. ,11,^1 linguage, and tlie use of cognomeus aud uunaus, are all familiarly displayed in this iiistiuc- 
 
 MARCET -AVILLY'S GRAMMAR ; 
 
 Interspersed witli Stories, and intended for the Use of Boys. By Mrs. Marcet, Author of 
 " Alary's Grammar," &c. 18mo. 2s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 •' A FouuJ and simple work for the earliest a^es." — Quartekly Review (of '* Mary's Grammar"^. 
 
 MARCET.-TIIE GAME OF GRAMMAR, 
 
 With a Hook of Conversations shewing- the Rules of the Game, and affonline: Examples of the 
 manner of playinj? at it. In a varnished box, or done up as a post 8vo. volume in cloth, 8s. 
 
 MARCET.-LESSONS ON ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, AND 
 
 MINERALS. By Mrs. Marcet, Author of " Conversations on Chemistry," &c. 12mo. 2s. cl. 
 
 " ( )ne of Mrs. Marcct's carefully-written books of instruction, in which natnral history is made (ilcasaut and intel 
 iigihle for the young." — Atuen^um. 
 
 MARCET -CONVERSATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF ENG- 
 
 LA\n, for the Use of Children. By I\Irs. Marckt, Anrhor of "Conversations on Che- 
 mistry," &c. 2d Edition, with Additions, continuiug the History to the Reign of George the 
 Third. ISmo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 " Juvenile literature will freely own how much it is indebted to Mrs. Marcet, not only for the present, but all her 
 preeeilins works. She imparts interest to drv and dull details ; and, while she teaches, bepets a desire in her |mpils 
 for further knowledge, so pleasantly imparted'. These ' Conversations,' admirably suited to the capacitiei of children, 
 may be skimmed advantageously by ' cliildreu of a larger growth.' " — Litekaey Gazette. 
 
 MARRIAGE GIFT. 
 
 By a Moth EK. A Legacy to her Children. Tost 8vo. 5s. cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 MARRYAT.-THE SETTLERS IN CANADA. 
 
 Written for Young People. By Capt. Maruyat, C.B. Author of "Peter Simple," 
 " Masterman Rtady," &c. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. 12s. cloth. 
 
 "This exceedingly clever, amusinp, and instructive book forms a delightlfal companion to 'Masterman Ready.* 
 It is a story full of exciting mcidents and interesttng situations, aud, although written for young people, will be read 
 with pleasure by everybody." — Naval and Militakt Gazette. 
 
 MARRYAT.-MASTERMAN READY ; 
 
 , Or, the Wreck of the Pacific. Written for Young People. By Captain Marryat. 3 vols, 
 fcp. 8vo. with numerous Engravings on Wood, 22s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 *»* The volumes separnteh/, 7s. 6d. each, cloth. 
 
 "The best of Robinson Crusoe's numerous descendants', and one of the most captivating of modern children's 
 books. The only danger is, lest parents should dispute with their children tlie possession of it." — Qcautlhly Rev. 
 
 MARX AND WILLIS.-ON THE DECREASE OF DISEASE 
 
 effected by the Progress of Civilization. ByC. F. H. JIarx, M.U. Professor of Medicine in 
 the University of GOttingen, &c. ; and R. Willis, M.D. Member of the Royal College of 
 Physicians, &:c. Fcp. 8vo. 4s. cloth. 
 
 MAUNDER.-THE TREASURY OF HISTORY; 
 
 Comprising a General Introductory Outline of Univeisal History, Ancient and Modern, and a 
 Series of separate Histories of every principal Nation that exists; their Rise, Prog^ress, and 
 1 resent Condition, the Moral and Social Cliaracter of their respective inhabitants, their 
 l<elii;ion. Manners, and Customs, &c. 15y Samukl Maunder. 1 thick vol. fcp. 8vo, lOs, 
 cloth; bound in roan, 12s. 
 
 *' An encyclopgpdia of history in miniature — eome hundreds of volumes compressed into one. Tlie author first 
 pives a ei-neral sketch of ancient and modern history — a sort of explanatory chart by whicli we perceive the relations 
 of one state and empire to another, and maik how their boundaries advance or recede, fluctuate or become defined ; 
 and tlicn furnislies a neat and concise dij^ebt of the history of each kingdom or division of the world. The book is 
 iin uni\er^al storehouse of historical facts, classified, chronologically arranged, linked by succinct narrative, and 
 hrouiiht down to the present times. To the historical student, and to all general readers, the work is invaluable for 
 constant rt-ference, if^only for its copious and minutely-accurate dates; and it must form an indispensable comple- 
 ment to all libraries." — Bihtajsnia. 
 
 MAUNDER.-THE TREASURY OF KNOAVLEDGE, 
 
 And LIBRARY of REFERENCE: in Two Parts. 16th Edition, thoroughly revised and 
 enlarged. Fcp. 8vo. with engraved Titles and Frontispieces, 10s. ; or, handsomely bound, 12s. 
 *»* The principal contents of the present new and thoroughly revised edition of " The 
 Treasury of Knowledge are— a new and enlarged English Dictionary, with a Grammar, Verbal 
 Distinctions, and Exercises ; a new Universal Gazetteer ; a compendious Classical Dictionary, 
 an Analysis of History and Chronology ; a Dictionary of Law Terms ; a new Synopsis of the 
 British Peerage ; and various useful Tabular Addenda.
 
 PRINTED lUU LONGMAN, BUOWN, AND CO. 21 
 
 MAUNDER.-THE SCIENTIFIC & LTTERxVRY TREASURY; 
 
 A new and popular Encycloii.iMlia of Science anil tlie ISelles-Lettres ; includinij all Branches of 
 Science, anil every Sulijcct coiiiiccted with Literature and Art. The whole written in afan)iliar 
 style, adapted to tlu' conipreiiension of all iiersoiis desirous of ac(iuirin>r information on the 
 suhjects comprised in the work, and also adapted for a .Manual of convenient Reference to the 
 more instructed. By S.\.muel Maundek. 3d Edition. 1 thick vol. fcp. 8vo. with engraved 
 Fiontispiece, 10s. cloth; bound in roan, I2s. 
 
 MAUNDER.-TIIE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY; 
 
 Consistina: of Memoirs, Sketches, and liricf Notices of above 12,000 Kminent Persons of all Aje. 
 and Nations, from the Earliest Period of History; formina: a new and complete Dictionary 
 of Universal 15io<;raphy. By Samuel Mailnoku. 5th Edition, revised tlirou','hont, and 
 containing- a copious Supplement, brought down to December, 1844. 1 thick volume. Fcp. 8vo. 
 with ena^raved Frontispiece, 10s. cloth ; bound in roan, 12s. 
 
 MAUNDER.-TIIE UNIVERSAL CLASS-ROOK: 
 
 A new Series of Readiui^ Lessons (orio;inal and selected) for Every Day in the Year ; each 
 Lesson recording- some important Event in General History, Biography, Sec. which happened 
 on the day of the month under which it is placed, or detailing, in familiar laiiE;uage, inte- 
 resting facts in Science ; also a variety of Descriptive and Narrative Pieces, interspei-sed with 
 Poetical Gleanings : Questions for Examination being appended to each day's Lesson, and the 
 whole carefully adapted to Practical Tuition. By Samuel ALxu.vder, Author of " The 
 Treasury of Knowledge." 2d Edition, reviseil. 12mo. 5s. bound. 
 
 MONTGOMERY'S (JAMES) POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 New and only Complete Edition. AVith some additional Poems, and Autobiographical 
 Prefaces. ('oUected and Edited by Air. :\!ontgome;iy. 4 vols. fcp. Svo. with Portrait, and 
 Seven other beautifully-engraved Plates, 20s. cloth ; or bound in morocco, 36s. 
 
 MOORE'S POETICAL AVORKS; 
 
 Containing the Author's recent Introduction and Notes. Complete in one volume, uniform 
 with Lord Byron's Poems. With a New Portrait, by George Richmond, engraved in the line 
 manner, and a View of Sloperton Cottage, the Residence of the Poet, by Thomas Creswick, 
 A.R.A. Medium Svo. 21s. cloth ; or 42s. bound in morocco, in the best manner, bv Hayday. 
 *»* .Mso, an Edition in 10 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Portrait, and 19 Plates d,2. ICs. cloth 
 morocco, sti. lOs. 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. 
 
 Twentieth Edition. Medium Svo. illustrated with 13 Engravings finished in the highest style 
 of Art, 2 Is. cloth ; morocco, 35s; or, with India Proof Plates, 42s. cloth. 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. 
 
 Twenty-firstEdition. Fcp. 8vo. with Four Engravings, from Paintings by VVestall, lOs. Cd. 
 cloth ; or, handsomely bound in morocco, in the best manner, 14s. 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 New Edition. Imp, Svo. iHu^trated with 15*iDcsig:iisby MacHso, etched on steel, [hi the Press, 
 
 The Poetry and Designs will both be engraved, and each page surrounded with an Ornamental Border. 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 Fifteenth Edition. Fcp. Svo. with Engraved Title and Vignette, 10s. cloth ; or bound in 
 morocco, in the best manner, 13s. 6d. 
 
 MOORE.-THE HISTORY OE IRELAND. 
 
 liy Thomas Moore, Esti. Vols, i to 3, witli Vi(»-nette Titles, 18s. cloth. 
 
 [7*0 be completed in One more rohnnf. 
 
 " Mr. Moore fortunately brings to his labours not only extensive learning? in tlie r:irt*l\ -tind.Iin patli^ of liUh 
 liiftory, but strict impartiality, rendered still more clear find uncompromising by an enniihliMu i..\.- of hlnitv. I'.very 
 p:i£;e of his work contains evidence of research; and innumerable passages migllt be cited in pruol of the indepoudeut 
 and truth-seeking si)irit of the aullior." — Athen-eum. 
 
 MORAL OF FLOWERS. 
 
 3d Edition. Royal Svo. with 24 beautifully-coloured Engravings, £'\. 10s. half-bound. 
 
 MORTON.-A VETERINARY TOXICOLOGICAL CHART, 
 
 Containing those Agents known to cause Death in the Horse; with the Symptoms, Antidotes, 
 Action on the Tissues, and Tests. BvW. J. T. Morton. 12uio. 6s. in cas • on rollers. Sis. Gd. 
 
 MORTON.-A MANUAL OF PHARMACY, 
 
 For the student in Veterinary Medicine ; containing the Substances employed at the Royal 
 Veterinary (College, with an attempt at their classification, ar.d the Pharmacopo-ia of that in- 
 stitution. By VV. J. T. MouT().\. 3d Edition. 12mo. 10s. dolh. 
 
 MOSELEY.-THE ]\IECHANICAL I'RINCIPLES OF ENG[- 
 
 NEERIXG AM) ARCHITECTURE. J?y the Rev. H. Mosi.i.kv, .\1.A. F.R.S., Professor of 
 Natural I'liilosophy and Astronomy in King's College, London ; and Author of " Illustrations 
 of Mechanics," &c. Svo. witli Woodcuts and Diagrams, 2is. cloth. 
 
 " Tilt" weiik of Mr. Moselpy is ;in cl.ilHJKiti', iirofnuncl, accurate, ami i'lit;;ml abstrnct, nml purely maOu-tniitii:iiI 
 disi]Tiisitinn nn tliu theoretical principled ui' mcchanicb; and will scrvu tu incruiuc Uic aulliur's hi{;h reputatiuii U9 a 
 mutlaniatician." — Aiuen/Eum.
 
 22 CATALOGUK OF NEW WORKS 
 
 MOSELEY -ILLUSTRATIONS Of PRACTICAL MECHANICS. 
 
 J5y tlie Rev. H. Moski.ky, iM.A., Professor of Natural Pliilosophy and Astronomy in King's 
 Collejfe, London ; lieiiiij the First Volume of tlie Illustrations of Science by the Professors of 
 King's College. I'cp. 8vo. with nnmerons Woodcuts, 8s. cloth. 
 
 MiJLLER-INTRODUCTION TO A SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM 
 
 of MYTHOLOGY. Hy C. O. Mullkk, Author of "The History and Antk|uities of tiie 
 Doric Riicp," &c. Translated from the Gerinuu by Jolin Leitch. ttvo. uniform with '* Mi'dler's 
 Dorians," 1 ^s. Hoth. 
 
 "ClearinG; away the nhscurity ?»nd confusion in which mytholog^y were rnvelopcd by the glosisps of the later and 
 more artificisl aiji's, Miilier has redncpfl it to its primary elements ; and disentangling the beautiful leEfends of ;inti- 
 quity from the crowd of pueriUti('>; by which tliey v.cre cfeFoimrtl, presented them to the world in the graceful form in 
 which they orlpjnally sprans from the mint of poimlar super.-tilion. In this he has rendered an important service, not 
 only to those who wish to obtain a tluaouirb undi-rstandini; of tlic r'.aracter and literature of ihe ancient Greeks, but 
 to enquirers into mental philo^^phv ami the hi--tnfrv o1natur.il reliiiion. At the same time, the aculenessaud sobriety 
 of hi-^ judirmont make him a safi- tiuid.- to tht; prartieal student. His work has now been admirably translated by Mr. 
 Lei*ch, whojie version, combining freedom, fidelitv, and ele^unce, is all that can be wislied." — Muhmno Curomcle. 
 
 MURRAY.-ENCYCLOPyEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 Coinprising a complete Description of the Eiirtli : exliibiting its Relation to the Heavenly 
 Bodies, its Physical .Structure, the Nfitural History of each Country, and the Industry, Com- 
 merce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social State of all Nations. By Hugh Murray, 
 F.R.S.E. : assisted in Astronomy, &c. by Professor Wallace; Geology, &c. by Professor 
 Jameson; Botany, &c. by Sir W. J. Hooker; Zoology, &c. by W. Swainson, Ksq. New 
 Edition, with Supplement, bringing down the Statistical information contained in the work 
 to Dec. 1843 ; with 82 Maps, drawn by Sidney Hall, and upwards of 1000 other Engravings on 
 Wood, from l>rawings by Swainson, T. Landseer, Sowerby, Strutt, &c. representing the most 
 remarkable Objects of Nature and Art in every Region of the Globe. 1 very thick vol. 8vo. 
 ^'3. cloth. 
 
 *»* The Supplement, containing the most important Recent Information, maybe had 
 separate!)/, price Is. 
 
 NICOLAS.-TIIE CHRONOLOGY OF HISTORY. 
 
 Containing Tables, Calculations, and Statements indispensable tor ascertaining the Dates of 
 Historical Events, and of Public and Private Docnme>its, fiom the Earliest Period to the 
 Present Time. By Sir Harris Nicolas, K. CM. G. Second edition, corrected throughout. 
 Fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, fis. cloth. 
 
 " We stronijly recommend to historical students the clea and accurate * Chronology of History,' by Sip Harria 
 Nicolas, Avhich contains all the information that can be practically required." — Qc\nTERLT Review, 
 
 NISRET (JAMES) -THE FRENCH IN RHEINSTADT: 
 
 A Romance of the Day. A Friendly Voice from the .Avon's B;inks t-j the Nations of Germany, 
 and other Poems. By James Nisbet. Post 8vo. "s. tjd. cloth. 
 
 '* Full of fire and imigin.ition, flowing and vigorous. It breathes that spirit of liostility to revolutionary move- 
 ments which we feel it our duty to uphold in prose or verse. The descriptive parts are admiralile. Mr. Nisbet's 
 minor Poems, too, possess more than ordinary beauty f)f thou-jht as well as expression." — Coiult Journal. 
 
 OPIE (MRS.) -FATHER AND DAUGHTER. AND TEMPER. 
 
 Tales. Bv ;Mrs. Opie. Fcp. 8vo. with two Illustrations, (is. cloth. 
 
 OPIE (MRS.) -ADELINE MOWRRAY, OR THE MOTHER 
 
 and DAUGHTER. And the WELCOME HOME. Tales by Mrs. Opie. Fcp. 8vo. with two 
 Illustrations, 6s. doth. 
 
 OWEN. - LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 
 
 AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS, debvered at the Royal College 
 of Surgeons in 184'!. By Hich.^rd Owen, F.R.S. Hunterian Professor to the College. From 
 Notes taken by William White Cooper, M.R.C.S. and revised by Pnifessor Owen. With 
 Glossary and Index. 8vo. with nearly 140 illustrations on Wood, 14s. cloth. 
 
 *»*'A Second and cojicluding Volume, being the Lectures (Oh Vertebrata) delivered by 
 Prof. Owen during the present session, is in the Press. 
 
 PARKES.-DOMESTIC DUTIES ; 
 
 Or, Instructions to Voung Married Ladies on the Management of their Househnlds, and the 
 Regulation of their Conduct in the various Relations and Duties of Mari-icd Life. By Mrs. 
 W. Parkks. 5th Edition. Fcp. 8vo 9s. cloth. 
 Social Relations— Household Concerns— the Regulation of Time— Moral and Religious Duties. 
 
 PARNELL.-A TREATISE ON ROADS; 
 
 Wherein the Principles on which Ri>ads shoul I be made are explained and illustrated by the 
 Plans, Specifications, and Contracts made use of by Thomas Telford, Esq. on the Holyhead 
 Road. I$y the Right Hon. !?ir Henry PAiiNKLi., Bart., Hon. Memb. Inst. Civ. Eng. London. 
 Second Edition, greatly enlarged. 8vo.with large plates, .*'l. Is. cloth. 
 
 PEARSON.-AN INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL ASTRO- 
 
 NO.MY. By the Rev. W. Pearson, LL.D. F.R.S., &c., Rector of South Killworth, 
 
 Leicestershire, and Treasurer to the Astronomical Society of London. 2 vols. 4to with 
 
 Plates, j£7. 7s. bonrds. 
 Vol. I contains Tables, recently computed, for facilitating the Reduction of Celestial ob.serva- 
 
 tions ; and a (iopnlar explanation of th'ir Construction and Use. 
 Vol. 2 contains Descriptions of the various Instruments that have been usefully employed in 
 
 determining the Places of the Heavenly Bodies, with an Account of the Methods of Adjusting 
 
 and Using them.
 
 PUINTED lOU LONGMAN, EllOWN, AND Co. 
 
 PERCIVALL.-HIPPOrATIIOLOGY ; 
 
 A Systematic Treatise (in tlie Disorders and Lameness of the Horse; with their modern and 
 most approved Methods of Cure; embracing the doctrines of the Knirlish and Frendi 
 Veterinary schools. Hy W. Pkkcivall, M.ll.CS. Veterinary Surgeon in the 1st Life Guards. 
 Vols. 1 and 2, Svo. Vol. 1, 10s. Od. hoards; Vol. 2, Us. boards. 
 
 PERCIVALL -THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE; 
 
 Embracing the Structure of the Foot. By W. I'ercivall, M.R.C.S. Svo. di'l, cloth. 
 
 PEREIRA.-A TREATISE ON FOOD AND DIET : 
 
 With Observations on the Dieti-ticnl Keginicn suited for Disonlerrd States of the Digestive 
 Organs; and an Account of tlie Dietaries of some of tlie princii)al Metropolitan and other 
 Establishments for Paupers, Lunaticj^ Criminals, Children, the Sick, &c. Hv Jon. Pi^keira, 
 M.O. F.R.S. & L.S. Author of "Eleillents of Materia Medica." Svo. IGs. cloth. 
 
 " Inv:tlu.il)le to tlic iirofissional, :iikI interesting; even to the general rcailer. It is written in tlial elear and racy style 
 Tvliieli cliararterises Dr. IVr"ira's wrilinjjfs, and \vhich |)0-*M*sses such charms for those who like i^cientitie books when 
 they are not ' too drv.' We nriy, in fine, pronour.ee it well worthy of the author of the best work on Materia Mudica 
 and Therapeutics ul the age in which he lives." — Chemist. 
 
 PESCIIEL (C. F.)-ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS. 
 
 Part 1 — Ponderable Bodies. By C. F. Peschki., Principal of the Royal Military ('"liege, 
 Dresden. Translated from the German, with Notes, by E. Wiisr. Fcp. Svo. with Diag^rams 
 and Woodcuts. 7s. Cd. cloth. 
 
 PETRIE.-THE ROUND TOWERS OF IRELAND. 
 
 Mr. Petrie"s Great Work on tlie Round Towers and Early Ecclesiastical Architecture of 
 Ireland; explaining the Origin and Uses or the Towers, and the otlier Characteristic Buildings 
 with which they are associated. Beautifully printed in royal 4to. with upwards of 250 Illus- 
 trations, from Drawings by Mr. I'etrie. 
 
 PHILLIPS.-AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO MINE- 
 
 RALOGY; comprising a Notice of the ("haractersand Elements of .Minerals; with .Vccounts 
 of the Places and Circumstances in which they are found. By William Phillips, F.L.S. 
 RI.G.S. &c. 4th Edition, considerably augmented by R. Allan, F.R.S. E. Svo. with numerous 
 Cuts, 12s. cloth. 
 
 PHILLIPS.-FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 
 
 PAL.EO/COIC FOSSILS of COK.\">\ALL, DKVOX, and WKST SO.\i KRSET; observed in I 
 the course of the Ordnance Geological Survey of tliat District. By John Phillu's, F.R.S. 
 F.G.S. &c. Published by Order of the Lords Commissioners ot U.M. Treasury. Svo. with 
 60 Plates, comprising very numerous figures, 9s. cloth. 
 
 PHILLIPS.-A GUIDE TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 By John Phillips, F.R.S.G.S., &c. Fcp. Svo. with Plates, Gs. cloth. 
 
 PHILLIPS.-A TREATISE ON GEOLOGY. 
 
 By John Phillips, F.R.S.G.S., &c. 2 vois. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles and Woodcuts, 
 12s. cloth. 
 
 PORTER.- A TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTUIIE OF SILK. 
 
 By G. R. PoRTKK, i:s(|. F.K.S. Author of " The Progress of the Nation," &c. 1 vol. Svo. «illi 
 Vignette Title, and ;iy Engiavings on Wood, Cs. cloth. 
 
 PORTER.-A TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURES OF 
 
 PORCKLAIN AND GLA.SS. By G. R. PuRTiiii, Esq. F.R.S. Fcp. Svo. with Vignette I'itle 
 and .50 Woodcuts, 6s. cloth. 
 
 PORTLOCK.- REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY 
 
 of LONDO.NDKRRY, a. id of Parts of Tyrone aii<l Ferinanagh, exaiunieil and descniicd under 
 the Authority of the .Master-General and Board of Ordnance. By J. E. Poktlock, F.R.sJ. 
 &c. Svo. with 48 Plates, 24s. cloth. 
 
 POSTANS. -PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ON SINDH, 
 
 The .MannersandCustDnu^of its ln!ial)itaiits, and its Productive Capabilities : with a. Narrative 
 of the Recent Events. By Cant. PosrA.vs, Bombay Army, late Assistant to the Political 
 Agent, Sindh. Svo. with new Map, coloured Frontisiiiece, and other Illustrations, ISs. clotji. 
 
 " For the inlerestinc details of the manners and eustoins of the .Sindliians of all classes, and the various particulars 
 which make up the description of the country, we icl'cr tlic rcidcr to Capt. I'ostuus' valuable work, which caiinol tail 
 to alford him equal information and amuseiiicnt."— .Asiatic Jouunal 
 
 POWELL.-THE HISTORY OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, 
 
 From tlie ICarliest Periods to the Present Time, liy Badk.n- I'ow kll, .M. A.,. Saviliau Professor 
 of Mathematics in the University of O.xfoid. Fcp. Svo. Vignette Title, Os. cloth. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
 
 svo. The last part published il Part 10 for 1S43, Cs. cloth.
 
 <24 CATALOGUE OF NEW 'WORKS 
 
 PYCROFT (REV. JJ-A COURSE OE ENGLISH READING, 
 
 adapted to every Taste and Capacity : with Anecdotes of Men of Letters. By the Rev. 
 Jamks Pvcroft, H.A. Trinity College, Oxford ; Author of " Latin Grammar Practice," and 
 *' Greek Grammar Practice." Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 *' A honk of unqu<^stionahlf utility ami sound lulvit-e, designed chiefly to recommend nnd indicate the study of con- 
 venient epitomes before attempting the deliberate perusal oi'the larger' works in history, philosophy, religion, biogra 
 phy, and other branches of knowledge, and then only so much as inclination may suggest." — Athenjeum. 
 
 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
 
 of LON'DON. Edited by Davii> Thomas Ansthd, M.A. F.R.S. Fellow of .Tesus College, 
 Cambridge; Professor of Geology in King's College, London ; Vice-Secretary of theG eolo- 
 gical Society. No. 1, 8vo. 4s. sewed. - Published quarterly. [No. 2 on May lit. 
 
 RANKE'S HISTORY OF THE REI^ORMATION. 
 
 Translated by Sarah Austin, Translator of Ranke's " History of the Popes." Vols. 1 and 2. 
 6vo. 30s. cloth. 
 
 REECE.-THE MEDICAL GUIDE, 
 
 For the use of the Clergy, Heads of Families, Seminaries, and Junior Practitioners in Medi- 
 cine ; comprising a complete Modern Dispensatory, and a Practical Treatise on the Distin- 
 guishing Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Cure and Palliation, of the Diseases incident to the 
 Human Frame. By K. Reece, M.D. late Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London, 
 &c. IGth Edition. 8vo. 12s. boards. 
 
 REID (DR.)-ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLES AND 
 
 PRACTICE of WARMING and VENTILATING, with Preliminary Remarks on Health and 
 Length of Life. By D. 15. Reid, M.D. F.R.S.E. 8vo. with Diagrams, and 320 Engravings 
 on wood, 16s. cloth 
 
 •* A very clever, incenions;, and learned treatipp, of practical utility and concern to all classes of people Almost 
 every point of view in %vhich the subjects of warmins and ventilation can be taken is presented to the reader in this 
 masterly work : they are pursued in public and private buildings, in churches and chapels, in ships, manufactories, 
 and mines. The details are very curious, and greatly assisted in effect by the profuse employment of diagrams anci 
 woodcuts. Every thing is done, in short, to make the information acceptable to non -professional readers, as well as 
 available for the uses of the architect and physician." — Examiner. 
 
 REPTON.-THE LANDSCAPE GARDENINCt & LANDSCAPE 
 
 ARCHITKCTURE of the late Humphry Repton, Esq.; beino: his entire works on these 
 subjects. New Edition, with an historical and scientific Introduction, a systematic Analysis, 
 a Bioyraphical Notice, Notes, and a copious alphabetical Index. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. 
 &c. Oria:inally publislied in 1 folio and 3 quarto volumes, and now comprised in 1 vol. Svo. 
 illustrated by upwards of 250 Engravings, and Portrait, 30s. cloth; with coloured plates, 
 ^'3. 6s. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE. -A COMPLETE ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN- 
 
 ENGLISH HICTIONARY, compiled from the best sources, chiefly German. Bv the Rev. 
 J. E. Riddle, M. A. 4th Edition. Svo. 31s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 *»* Separately— The English-Latin part, 10s. 6d. cloth; the Latin-English part, 21s. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE. -A DIAMOND LATIN ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 
 
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 Classical Words. Jiy the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A. Royal 32mo. 4s. bound. 
 
 " A mobt useful little lexicon to the general reader who may -wish for an accommodating interpreter of such Latin 
 T\'ords or srnteuces as may be encountered in every day's casual literary exercises. It is at once copious and 
 succinct." — Morning Herald. 
 
 RIDDLE.-LETTERS FROM AN ABSENT GODFATHER ; 
 
 Or, a Compendium of Religious Instruction for Young Persons, By the Rev. J. E. Riddlu, 
 M.A. Fcp. Svo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE. -ECCLESIASTICAL CHRONOLOGY; 
 
 Or, Annals of the Christian Church, from its Foundation to the present Time. Containing a 
 View of General Church History, and the Course of Secular Events ; the Limits of the 
 Church and its Relations to the t?tate; Controversies; Sects and Parties; Rites, 
 Institutions, and Discii)line ; Ecclesiastical Writers. The whole arranged according to the 
 ♦ order of Hates, and divided into Seven ["eriods. To which are added. Lists of Councils and 
 Popes, Patriarchs, and Archbishops of ('aiiterbury. By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A., 
 Autlior of " The Complete Latin Dictionary." Svo. 15s. cloth. 
 
 RIYERS.-THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE ; 
 
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 their respective Families ; their History and mode of Culture. By T. Rivers, Jun. 3d Edi- 
 tion, corrected and improved. Fcp. Svo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 ** Mr. Rivers is the best authority on the subject of the cultivation of the rose ; his book is uncxceptionalile and 
 comprehensive, and sxipplies, indeed, all the infoiinatioD regarding the various varieties, that can be desirerl." 
 
 Geni
 
 PKINTF.D FOR LONGMAN, BHUWX, AND CO. 
 
 20 
 
 ROBERTS -A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OE THE CULTURE 
 
 of the VINE under GLASS. Jiy James Roberts, Gardener to M. 'Wilson, Esq..Kshton Hall, 
 Yorkshire. l'2mo. 5s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ROBERTS (GEORGE).-TnE LIFE, PROGRESSES, AND RE- 
 
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 Account of the Bloody Assizes, and copious Biographical Notices. 15y Gkorge Robkkts, 
 Author of '* The History ot Lyme Keg^is," &c. &c. 2 vols, post 8vo. with Portrait, Maps, and 
 other Illustrations, 24s. cloth. 
 
 •* Mr. Roberts's volume will he read with eagerness and profit,for the light which his iudxistrious researches amnn:r«t 
 ancient records, hitherto untouched by the historian, have enabled him to throw upon the features of these remarkable 
 times, the condition of the people, the state of public feeling, and upon the manners and modes of life prevah-nt 
 among the classes whom it is the fashion with the historians of nations entirely to neglecU I^or this Mr, Roberta 
 will receive the unanimous thanks of the reading world." — Cmxig, 
 
 ROBERTS.-AN ETYMOLOGICAL AND EXPLANATORY 
 
 DICTIONARY of the Terms and Language of GEOLOGY'; designed for the early Student, 
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 ROBINSON -GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO THE 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT. By E. Robinson, D.D. Author of "Biblical Researches." Edited, 
 with careful revision, corrections, &c. by the Rev. i)r. Bloom field. 8vo. 18s. cloth. 
 
 ROGERS -THE VEGETABLE CULTIVATOR; 
 
 Containing a plain and accurate Description of all theditferent Species of Culinary Vegetables, 
 with the most approved Method of Cultivating them by Natural and Artificial Means, and 
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 ROME.-THE HISTORY OE ROME. 
 
 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 RONALDS.-THE ELY-EISHER'S ENTOMOLOGY, 
 
 Illustrated by Coloured Representations of tlie Natural and Artificial Insect ; and accompanied 
 by a few Observations and Instructions relative to Trout and Grayling Fishing. By Alfred 
 Ronalds. 3d Edition, 8vo. with 20 coloured Plates, 14s. cloth. 
 
 ROSCOE.-LIVES OE EMINENT BRITISH LAWYERS. 
 
 By Henry Roscoe, Esq. Fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Title, 6s. cloth. 
 
 SANDBY (REV. G.)-MESMERISM AND ITS OPPONENTS : 
 
 With a Narrative of Cases. By the Rev (George Sandbv, Jun. Vicar of Fl xton, and Rector 
 of All Saints with St. Nicholas, South Klniham, Sullblk; Domestic Chaplain to the Right lion, 
 the Earl of Abergavenny. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 SANDEORD (REV. JOHN).-PAROCHIALIA, 
 
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 to the Lord liisliop of Worcester, Hon. Canon of Worcester, and Rural Dean. 8vo. with nu- 
 merous Woodcuts, 16s. cloth. 
 
 *' The leading idea of Mr. Sandford*s * Parochialia * appears to ns so happily conceived, the arrangement so iutii- 
 cious, the temper with which it is written so well calculated to allay animosities, and the opinions and arguments 
 80 sr)und and philosophic, that, embodying, as the work does, the experience of twenty years, ami being not only 
 good in theory, but reducible to daily practice, the various suggestions which it offers wiil be of great value to the 
 less experienced in these difficult times. We have learned much from it. We cordially c(»ncur in the viewb taken in 
 it; and we strongly recommend the volume itself to our readers of every class." — Edinburgh Ouseuver. 
 
 SANDFORD.-WOMAN IN HER SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC 
 
 CHARACTER. By .Mrs. John Sandforii. Gth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 Causes of Female I nllueiice; Value of Letters to Woman ; Importance of Religion to Woman ; 
 Christianity the Source of Female Excellence; Scripture illustrative of Fcmiile Charadi'r; 
 Female Influence on Religion ; Female Defects; Female Romance; Female Education ; Female 
 Duties. 
 
 SANDFORD.-EEMALE IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 By Mrs. John Sandford. 2d lidition. Fcp. 8vo. 7s. Od. cloth. 
 
 The Formation of Female Character; Religion a paramount Object ; the Importance of Religious 
 Knowledge ; Cliii^tiaiiity, Doctrinal and Practical ; the Employment of Time; Study, its Mode 
 and its Recomuiciidation ; Acconiptishmeiit j Temper; Taste; Benevolence; Marriage; the 
 Young Wife; the Young Mother,
 
 26 CATALOGUE OK NP;W AVDHKS 
 
 SANDHURST COLLEGE MATHEMATICAL COURSE. 
 
 PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY and GKODESY, iiicludinji: the Projections of the Sphere, and 
 Sp]ierical Tri;^ononietry. For the use of the Koyal Alilitary (JoIlej;e, Sandhurst. By John 
 Narrikn, F.lt.S and R.A.8. Professor of Mathematics in tiie insstitution. Being- the 5th 
 Volume of the Sandhurst Mathematical Course. 8vo. 14s. bound. 
 
 *' The style of the rmthdr is nervous ami iiersinriuuis, hi-< illustrations felicitous, an-i his algebrfiical and seomr- 
 triiiiil demonstrations elegant. The work uiU lorni the liitteofthe setudar by example, as well as store his mind with 
 kno\vled«i;e. In the preface, Mr. Nuriien points out the importance of the braneh of study to which the volume is 
 devoted, tu all, but especially, in the present cireumstiuces of the Uritisli empire, to tlie'youii^ soldier. The tone 
 of the preface conveys a pleasing impression of the spirit wliich animates the institution for winch tIu' ^^ork is com- 
 piled. It would lead one, opart alto;,'ether from tin merits of the hook, to concrratulate the country on tee pos- 
 session of a military semnary where the young soldier's mind was so emphatically directed to objects of truly 
 lionourable ambition." '^Sri:tTATon. 
 
 ELEMRXTS of AfllTHMETlC and ALGKHHA. For the use of the Royal Military College, 
 Saiulhiu'st. Uy W. Scott, Esq. A.M. and F.K.A.S. Second Mathematical Professor in the 
 Institution. Being the Second Volume of the Sandhurst Course of Mathematics. 8vo. ICs. 
 bound. 
 
 ELRMKNTS of GKO.METRY; consi-sting of the first Four and Sixth Hooks of Euclid, chiefly 
 from the Text oi' Dr. Robert Simson : with the principal Theorems in Proportion, ami a 
 Course of Practical Geometry on the Ground ; also, Four Tracts relatintc to Circles, Planes, 
 and Solids, with one on Spherical Geometry. For the use of the Rnyal Military t'ollef^e, 
 Sandhurst, liy John Nakrikn, Professor of Mathematics: in the Institution. IJeinK; the 
 First Volume of the Sandhurst Course of Mathematics. 8vo. with many diagrams, 10s. 6d. 
 bound. 
 
 SCIILEIDEN (PROFESSOR). -PRINCIPLES OE SCIENTIFIC 
 
 BOTANY. By M. J. Schleidlk, Professor of Botany at Jena. Translated by E. Lankes- 
 TER, .M.D. F.L.S. 8vo. with numerous vVood Engravinj^s. \^In the press. 
 
 SCORESBY.-MAGNETICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 By the Rev. William Scorksby, D.i). F.R.S.L. and E. &c. &c. Comprising Investiirations 
 concerning the Laws or Principles affecting the Power of Magnetic Steel Plates or Bars, in 
 combination as well as singly, under various conditions as to Mass, Hardness, Quality, Form, 
 &c. as also concerning the comparative Powers of Cast Iron. Part 1, 8vo- with Plates, 5s. 
 cloth ; Part 2, 10s. 6d. 
 
 SCOTT.-THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. New edition. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 SEAWARD.- SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF 
 
 HIS SHIPWRECK, and consequent discovery of ceitain Islands in the Caribbean Sea: with 
 a detail of many extraordinary and highly interesting Events in his Life, from 17.33 to 1749, as 
 written in his own I)iai-y. Edite 1 by Miss Jane Poutkr. 3d Edition, with a New Nautical 
 and (ieograpliical Introduction, containing Extr.acts from a J'aper by Mr. C. F. CoUett, of the 
 Royal Navy, identifying the islands described by Sir E. Seaward. 2 vols, post 8vo. 2ls. cloth. 
 
 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS, 
 
 From Ben Jonson to Beattie. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces, by Dr. Aikin. 
 A New Edition, with Snppienient, by Lucy Aikin ; consisting of additional Selections from 
 the Works of Crabbe, Scott, Coleridge, Priiigle, Charlotte Smith, and Mrs. liarbauld. Medium 
 Svo. ISs. cloth. 
 
 ' ,' The peculiar feature of these two works is, that tlie Foems are printeil entire, without mutilation or abridg- 
 ment—a feature not possessed by any similar woiU, and adding obvic;u3lT to their interest and utility. 
 
 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS, 
 
 From Chaucer to Withers. With I'.iographical Sketches, by R. Southey, LL.D. 1 large vol. 
 Svo. 30s. cloth ; with gilt edges, 31s- 6d. 
 
 SERMON ON THE MOUNT (THE). 
 
 [St. Matthew v. vi. vii.] Intended for a Birth-day Present, or Gift Bonk for all Seasons. 
 Printed in Gold and Colours, in the Missal st\le, with Ornamental Honlcrs byOwnN Jonis, 
 /.rcliitect, and a Design from a Drawing by W. Bo.xall, Esq. Small 8vo. 21s. bound in an 
 appropriate manner, in morocco, by Hayday ; or 14s. boords. 
 
 " This bonk is a gem, issued in a shape so complete that it might adorn the choicest shelves in the collection of a 
 Roxburglieor aCjren^ille ; or, which is still better, be can led next the heart by the most earnest and devout." — Times. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE, BY BOWDLER. 
 
 THE FAMILY SHAKSPEARK; in which nothing is added to the Original Te.xt ; but those 
 words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud, liy T BowoLiiR, 
 Es(i. F.K.S. Seventh Edition. One large vol. 8vo. with 36 illustrations after Smirke, &c. 
 30s. cloth ; or 31s. 6d. gilt edges. 
 
 *»* A Library Edition, without Illustrations, 8 vols. Svo. £i. I4s. 6d. boards. 
 
 SHELLEY, &c. -LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY 
 
 MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, and PORTUGAL. By Mrs. Shkllky, Sir D. Buewsikr, 
 J. Montgomery, &c. 3 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 18s. cloth.
 
 PllINTKD Foil LONGMAN, BROWN, AND CO. 27 
 
 SHELLEY.-LIVES OF MOST EMINENT FRENCH WRITERS. 
 
 Jiy Airs. Shelllv, and otlu-is. 2 vols. fcp. 6vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 SHORT WIIIST : 
 
 Its llise, ProLrress,aii(l Laws; with Obsen'ations to make any one a Whist Plaver; containing 
 also the Laws of l'ii|uet, Cassino, Ecait(^, Crihl)a«-e, IJackianiinon. Uy Major A*****. 
 8tli Kdition. To which are aiUled, Precepts for Tyros. IJy .Mrs. li **'***. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 
 cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 SISMONDI.-HISTORY OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS; 
 
 Or, of the Origin, Progress, and l-'all of Freedom in Italy, tVoni a.d. 476 to 1805. Uy .1. C. L. 
 De Sis.MONDi. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 SISMONDI -THE HISTORY OF THE FALL OF THE ROMAN 
 
 EMITRE. Comprising a View of the Invasion and Settlement of the Barbarians. By J.C L. 
 Dti SisMONDi. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth, 
 
 SMITH.- THE ENGLISH FLORA. 
 
 By Sir James Edward Smith, M.U. F.R.S., late President of the Linnasan Society, &c. 
 6 vols. Svo. .£3. i2s. boards. 
 
 Contents :— Vols. I. to IV. The Flowering Plants and the Ferns, ^2. 8s. 
 
 Vol. V. Part 1, 1 2s. — CRVrTOGAMiA; comprising the Mosses, Hepatica;, Lichens, Characea;, 
 and Alga;. By tir VV. J. Hooker. 
 
 Vol. V. Part 2, 12s.— The Fungi— completing the work, by Sir J. W. Hooker, and the Rev. 
 M. J. Beukelky, F.L.S. &c. 
 
 SMITH.-COMPENDIUM OF THE ENGLISH FLORA. 
 
 By .Sir J E. Smith. 2d Edition, with Additions and Corrections. By Sir W. J. Hooker. 
 r2mo. 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 THE SA.ME IN LATIN. 5th Edition, 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 SMITH.-AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 
 
 By Sir J. E. Smith, late President of the Linnean Society. 7tli Edition corrected ; in which 
 tlieobjectof Smith's " (-iraniniar of Botany" is coniliined with that of the "Introduction." 
 By Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H., LL.l)., &c. Svo. with3f> Steel Plates, 10s. cloth ; 
 with the Plates coloured, .^2. 12s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 SMITH.-THE AYORKS OF THE REV. SYDNEY SMITH. 
 
 2d Kdition, 3 vols. Svo. with Portrait, 3Gs. cloth. 
 
 •," I Ills coUi'ctirm consists of tlie author's contributions to the Edinburgh Review, Peter Plymley'a Letters on 
 th<' Ci.tlK.lit-,, aL.I ..tli.T HUM c-llaneous works. 
 
 " SNtlmv SiiiMi/s \\ iiti! --, independently of their historical value, as the expression of an n^e full of intellectual 
 (iiui sill i^ila. ti\ ;t s , li.i\r . niiclied our prose literature with additions more precious than any which it had previ- 
 ously n cciMd biULC the aa\> ot Addison and Swift, His criticism is rfmiiikable beyond ail compurison for rompres- 
 bion of matter, clearness of thought, and a light nnd clear style of exposition and arijumeutation ; his luttt-rs have 
 the easy and transparent clearness of Swift in the Drapier, the keen sarcastic edge oj Jur.ius, « ithout a particle of 
 Junius'R malignity, and with these a light joyous humour, which revels in the exposure and destruction of absur- 
 dity."— rroin an Article on the late Kcv. Sydney Smith, in the Morm.no Ciirunicli: of Maich 1, 1M.>. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S (ROBERT) COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS; 
 
 Containing: all the Author's last Introductions and Notes. {Complete in one volume, inediiiin 
 Svo. with Portrait and Vignette, uniform with Byron's Poems and Thomas Moore's Poetical 
 Works, 21s. ; or 42s. bound in morocco, in the best manner, by Hayduy. 
 
 Also, an I'dition in 10 vols. fcp. Svo. with Portrait and 19 Plates, .-t'l. 10s. ; morocco, ^'-i. 10s. 
 The following Works, separately ; — 
 
 JOAN of ARC Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. I TFL\LA1{A Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 .MADOC Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. BALLADS, S;c 2 vols. Fcp. Svo. 10s. cloth. 
 
 CUKSKof KEHAMA....Fcp. Svo. 5s. cloth. | KODiiKICK Fcp. Svo. os. cloth. 
 
 SOUTHEY, &C.-LIVES OF THE BRITISH ADMIRALS; 
 
 With an Introductory View of the Xaval History of Knj;liind. By II. Southey, Esij. and 
 K. Bell, Ks(|. 5 vols. fcp. Svo. with Vignette Titles, i 1. lUs. cloth. 
 
 SPALDING.-THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHRISTIAN MORALS. 
 
 By Samuel Spalding, .M.A. of the London University. Svo. 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ** Tlie author of tliis work was a young man of grt'at promise, who graduali-d at tlte London University in 1^0, and 
 died carlv in tlic present year, at IlieCJajje of Giiod Hope, to whieli |ilai:c lie had repaired to leeruit his stren^jth, 
 shattered by intense ai>nlieation to study. Tlie work wliieli he has left heliind bears traees of a tliinkinn mind, which 
 niislit liave done much in the field of science. Mr, Spalding's treatise is moilelled to a creat extent on the writings 
 of that great ethical writer, Bishop UutUr ; aud the whole work is thruu^'huut thouyiitfully and eloqinntly wiitteu." 
 
 AriiB.N^ait'H.
 
 28 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS 
 
 SPIRIT or THE WOODS. 
 
 Uy the Author of "The Moral of Flowers." 2(1 Edition. Royal 8vo. with 23 beautifully- 
 coloured Engravings of the Forest Trees of Great Britain, sE'l. Us. 6il. cloth. 
 
 SPOO^'ER.-A TREATISE ON THE STRUCTURE, FUNG- 
 
 TIONS, and DISEASES of the FOOT and LEG of the MORSE; comprehending; the Com- 
 jiarative Anatomy of these ])arts in other Animals, embracing the subject of ."-hoeing and 
 the proper Treatment of tlie Foot; with the Rationale and Eft'ects of various Important 
 Operations, and the best methods of performing them. By W. C. Spoonek, JM.R.V.C. 
 ]2mo. 7s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 STEBBING.-TIIE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 
 
 from its Foundation to a.d. 1192. By the Rev. H. Stebbing, M.A. &c. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. 
 with Vignette Title-, 12s. cloth. 
 
 STEBBING.-THE HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION. 
 
 By the Rev. H. Stebbing. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, 12s. cloth. 
 
 STEAM ENGINE, BY THE ARTIZAN CLUB. 
 
 A Treatise on the Steam Engine. By the Artizan Club. Nos. 1 to 12, 4to. Is. each, sewed 
 'lobe completed in 24 Monthly Parts, each illustrated by a Steel Plate and several Woodcuts" 
 
 This work will give a complete account of the Steam Engine as applied to Mines, Mills> 
 Railways, and Steam Navigation; will contain Practical Rules and Examples of the best 
 Machinery ; and will be representative of the present state of Steam Science in England. 
 
 ** Tho treatise is marked by the same cleverness and vivnc ty which belongs to 'the Club ;* it is well illustrated with 
 woodcuts, and seems likely, as far as we can judge, to answer the important purpose of diffusing sound information 
 among the artisans of this country, in an agrceaule and interesting manner." — Railway CuHONiCLa, 
 
 STEEL'S SHIPMASTER'S ASSISTANT, 
 
 And OWNER'S MANUAL; containing Information necessary for persons connected with 
 Mercantile Affairs; consisting of the Regulation Acts of the Customs for the United King- 
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 Acts ; Pilotage throughout England and Scotland ; Insurances ; Commercial Treaties ; Dock 
 Charges on Shipping, &c. New Edition, corrected by J. Stikeman, Secretary to the East 
 India and China Association. With Tal)les of Monies, Weights, Measures, and Exchanges. 
 By Dr. Kelly. With a Supplement. 1 large vol. 8vo. jfl. Is. cloth. 
 
 STEPHENS.-A MANUAL OF BRITISH COLEOPTERA; 
 
 or, BEETLES: containing a Description of all the Species of Beetles hitherto ascertained to 
 inhabit Great Britain and Ireland, &c. With a Complete Index of the Genera. By J. F. 
 Stephens, F.L.S. Author of "Illustrations of Entomology." Post Svo. 14s. cloth. 
 
 STRONG.-GREECE AS A KINGDOM : 
 
 A Statistical Description of that Country : its Laws, Commerce, Resources, Public Institutions, 
 Army, Navy, &c.— from the arrival of King Otho, in 1833, down to the present time. From 
 Official Documents and AutlK-ntic Sources. By Fiujdeuick Strong, Esq. Consul at Athens 
 for the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Hanover. 8vo 15s. cloth. 
 
 SUMMERLY (MRS. FELIX).-THE MOTHER'S PRIMER: 
 
 a Little Child's First steps in many ways. By iMrs. Felix Summerly. Fcp. 8vo. printed 
 in colours, with a Frontispiece drawn on zinc by William Mulready, R.A. Is. sewed. 
 
 " It were a happy thought of Mrs. Felix Summerly to interest the child tauf^ht by her charming ' Mother's Primer," 
 wliich we warmly recommend as the mo<^t attractive and best adapted to suit every parent who wishes to lessen the 
 trouble and pain which the innocent prattlers are often unnecessarily condemned to undergo in mastering the 
 mysteries of reading, after the first excitement of great A and little a. has 6ubsided." — Chitio. 
 
 SUNDAY LIBRARY I 
 
 Containing nearly (Ine Hundred Sermons by the following eminent Divines. With Notes, &c. 
 by the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, D.D. 6 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Six Portraits, 30s. cloth. 
 
 Archbp. Lawrence 
 
 Seeker 
 Bp. Bloomfield 
 
 Ilorsley 
 
 Bp. Iluntingford 
 
 Ma'.tby 
 
 Mant 
 
 Kewton 
 
 I'orteus 
 
 J. B. .Sumner 
 Van Mildert f IVirr 
 Dean Chandler I Slmttlcworth 
 
 Archdeacon Nares 
 Pott 
 Dr. niair 
 
 Clialmers 
 
 D'Oyly 
 
 Palcy 
 
 Professor White 
 
 Kev 
 
 W. .Tones (of Navia 
 
 Uev. Arch. Alison 
 
 
 f:. W. Le I'as 
 
 C. Benson 
 
 
 H. H. Milm.an 
 
 Joshua Gilpin 
 
 
 R. MorelK-ad 
 
 G. Ilaggitt 
 
 
 Thomas Renncll 
 
 Robert Hall 
 
 
 J. H. Spry 
 
 .1. Hewlett 
 
 
 Sydney Smith 
 
 A. Irvme 
 
 
 Thomas Towueon.
 
 SWAINSON.-A PRELIMTNARY DISCOURSE ON THE 
 
 STUDY OF NATURAL HISTORY. By W 
 
 A TlUCATISEON THE NATURAL HiSTOUY AND 
 
 Classification of Animals. Uy \V. 
 
 Swainson, Esq. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 
 Natural History and Classification 
 
 OF Quadrupeds. By W. Swainson, Esq. 
 
 Fcp. 8vo. with vignette title and 171) Wood- 
 cuts, Cs. clotli. 
 Natural History and Classificatio.v of 
 
 Birds. By W. Swainson, Esq. 2 vols. 
 
 fcp. 8vo. Vignette Titles and above 300 
 
 Woodcuts 12s. cloth. 
 History and Natural Arrangement of 
 
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 SWITZERLAND -THE HISTORY OF SWITZERLAND. 
 
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 TATE -HORATIUS RESTITUTUS ; 
 
 Or, the Books of Horace arranged in Chronological Order, according to the Scheme of Dr. 
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 very much enlarged, on the Chronology of the W'orks, on the Localities, and on the Life and 
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 and oftheuLCOmplWiednin of the world."— Quaiiteklv Keview. 
 
 TATE -THE CONTINUOUS HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND 
 
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 Narrative, supplied from the Epistles, and elucidated in occasional Dissertations: with the 
 Hone Paulina; of Dr. Paiey, in a more correct edition, subjoined. By James Tate, M.A. 
 Canon Residentiary of St. Paul's. 8vo. with Map, 13s. cloth. 
 
 TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)-MARGARET ; 
 
 ( )r, the Pearl. 15y the Rev. Charles B. Ta yleii, M.A. Rector of St. Peter's, Chester, Author 
 of '* May \ou Like It," '* Records of a Good Man's Life," &c. Fcp. Svo. 6s. cloth. 
 
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 find is altogether free from that narrow-minded spirit which lias but too frequently appeared of late in works of Uie 
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 TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)-LADY MARY; 
 
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 TAYLER (REV. C. B.)-TRACTARIANISM NOT OF GOD: 
 
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 TAYLER (REV. C. B.)-DORA MELDER; 
 
 A Story of Alsace. By Meta Sanoeu. A Translation. Edited by the Rev. C. B. Tayler, 
 Author of " Records of a Good Man's Life," &c. Fcp. Svo. with two Illustrations, 7s. cloth. 
 
 " lu a literary point of view, this talc is admirably tuld ; whilst its ; 
 
 TAYLOR.-THE STATESMAN. 
 
 By He.nky Taylor, Esq., Author ot " Philip Van Artevelde." 12mo. 6s. 6d. boards. 
 
 THACKER.-THE COURSER'S ANNUAL REMEMBRANCER, 
 
 and STUD-BOOK ; heing an Alphahetical Return of the Running at all the Puhlic Coursing 
 Cluhs in England, Ireland, and Scotland, for the Season 1,K41--l'->; willi tlie Pedigrees (as far 
 as received) of the Dogs tliat won, and tlie Dog,s that ran u)) second for each Prize ; also, a 
 Return of all single Matches run at those Meetings; with a Preliminary Essay on the Decision 
 of Short Courses. By T. Tiiackkr. Svo. 10s. cloth. 
 
 THACKER.-A POCKET COMPENDIUM OF COURSING 
 
 Rl LE 5 and BYE-LAWS, for Use in the Field. By Thomas Tii ackkr. 12mo. Is. 6d. sewed.
 
 30 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS 
 
 TIIIKLAVALL.-TnE HISTORY OP GREECE. 
 
 Bv the Riirlit Rev. the Lord Bishop of St. David's. 8 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vigjiiette Titles, 
 ^=^- S'*- '^lo"'- In the pre>,s, 
 
 A Library Edition of BISHOP THIRLWALL'S HISTOKY of GREECE; revised throughout 
 with Maps, Marginal Notes, and a copious Index. Handsomely printed in 8 vols, demy 8vo. 
 
 [Vol. 1 in April. 
 
 THOMSON aOIIN).-TARLES OF INTEREST, 
 
 At Three, Four, Four-and-a-IIalf, and Five per Cent., from One Found to Ten Tliousand, and 
 from One to Three Hundred and >ixty-five Days, in a re«:ular protiression of single Davs; 
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 Also, Tables sliowinsrthe Exchange on Bills, or Commission on Cioods, &c. from Oue-eisjhth to 
 Five per Cent. ; and Tables shewing the .\mount of any Salary, Income, Expense, &c. bv the 
 Day, Month, or Year. To which are pretixed, a Table of Discount on Bills at a certain num- 
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 throughout the Year, to the 31st of December, the usual period to which Interest is calculated. 
 By John Thomson, Accountant in Edinburgh. r2mo. 8s. bound. 
 
 THOMSON'S SEASONS. 
 
 Edited by Bolton Cohnky, Esq. Illustrated with Seventy-seven Designs drawn oa Wood, 
 by the following Members of the Etching Club : — 
 
 J. I'.cU, Sculptor, J. O. Hc.rslpv, Frank Stime, H. .1. Townscnd, 
 
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 Engraved by Thompson and other eminent Engravers. 
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 THOMSON.-THE DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK 
 
 ROOM, necessary, in Aid of Medical Treatment, for the Cure of Diseases. By Anthony 
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 THOMSON.-AN ELEMENTARY TREATCSE ON ALGEBRA, 
 
 Theoretical and Practical. By James Thomson, LL.D. Professor of Mathematics in the 
 University of Glasgow. 12mo. .5s. cloth. 
 
 "For clearness, siniiilirilv, and nirnpli-lenrs^, it would be difficult to imagine a superior peiformance to Dr. 
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 TOMLINS.-A POPULAR LAW DICTIONARY 
 
 ",,* Th(.' wliole work h,is been revised by a Barrister. 
 
 TOOKE.-A HISTORY OF PRICES; 
 
 With reference to the Causes of their princii)al Variations, from 1792 to the Present Time. 
 Preceiled by a Sketch of the History of the Corn Trade in the last Two Centuries. By Thomas 
 TooKE, Esq. F.R.S. 2 vols. Svo. Jb'\. 16s. cloth. 
 
 (A Continuation of the Above.) 
 AN ACCOUNT of PRICES and of the State of the CIRCUL.VTION in 1838 and 1839; with 
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 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
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 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 
 
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 and 12s. plain. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIYIL 
 
 Engineers, 4to. Vol. II. with Twenty-three finely engraved Plates, 28s. cloth. 
 Vol. III. with Nineteen finely engraved Plates, .£2. Tis. 6d. cloth. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH 
 
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 over; Dr. Faraday ; Mr. Bracebridge; Herr Beuth, of Berlin ; Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. F.A.S. ; 
 Mr. C. H. Smith ; Mr. C. Fowler, Hon. Sec. ; Mr. W. A. Nicholson, of Lincoln ; and Mr. J. P. 
 Papworth. Vol. I. Part 2, 4to. with numerous lithographic and woodcut illustrations, 24s. cloth. 
 *»* Part 1, Vol. I. uniform with the above, 16s. cloth. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
 
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 TURNER (SHARON).-RICHARD III.: A POEM. 
 
 By Sharon Turner, Ksq. F.S.A. and R.A.S.L. Author of " The History of the Anglo- 
 Saxons," " Tlie Sacred History of the World," &c. Svo. [In the press.
 
 TURNER.-THE HISTORY OP ENGLAND, 
 
 From the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth. Uy Sharon Turner, Esq. F.A.S. 
 R.A.S.L. 12 vols. 8vo. .^8. 3s. doth. 
 
 Or tour separate portions, as follow : — 
 
 THE HISTORY of the ANGLO-S.VXONS ; toini)risinfc the History of Ensrland from the 
 Earliest Period to the Noniiaii Conquest, (ith Edition. 3 vols. Svo. .i2. 5s. boards. 
 
 THE HISTORY of ENGLAND during- the MIDDLE AGES; coniprisinsf the Reii^ns from 
 William the Conqueror to the Accession of Henry VIII., and also tlie History of the Litera- 
 ture, Religion, Poetry, and Progress of the Reformation and of the Lanyuaj^e durinf? that 
 period. 3d Edition. 5 vols. Svo. AS, boards. 
 
 THE HISTORY of the KEIGN of HENRY VIII. ; comprisins: the Political History of the 
 commencement of the Enu'li.sli Reformation: bein^ the First Part of the Modern History of 
 Enufland. 3d Edition. 2 vols. Svo. '2C>s. boards. 
 
 THE HLSTORY of the REIGNS of EDWAKD VL, MARY, and ELIZABETH; being the 
 Second Part of the Modern History of England. 3d Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 32s. boards. 
 
 TURNER.-THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 Pliilosophicaliy considered. By Sharon Turner, F.S. A. R.A.S.L. New Edit. Svls. Svo. 42s. cl. 
 Vol. ] considers the Creation and System of the Earth, and of its Vegetable and Animal Races 
 
 and Material Laws, and Formation of iMankind. 
 Vol. 2, the Divine Economy in its special Relation to Mankind, and in the Deluge, and the 
 
 History of Human All'airs ; 
 Vol. 3, the Provisions fur the Perpetuation and Support of the Human Race, the Divine System 
 
 of our Social Cumbinations, and the Supernatural History of the World. 
 
 TURNER.-A TREATISE ON THE FOOT OF THE HORSE, 
 
 And a New System of Shoeing, by one-sided nailing ; and on the Nature, Origin, and Symptoms 
 of the Navicular Joint Lameness, with Preventive and Curative Ti'eatment. By Jaml:s 
 Turnhr, M.R.V.C. Royal Svo. 7s. ed. boards. 
 
 TURTON'S (DR.) MANUAL OF THE LAND AND FRESH- 
 
 WATEll SHELLS of the BRITISH ISLANDS. A New Edition, thorou-hly revised and with 
 considerable Additions. By John EdwaudGuay, Keeper of the Zoological Collection in 
 the British Museum. Post Svo. with Woodcuts, and 12 Coloured Plates 15s. cloth. 
 
 UNCLE PETER-UNCLE PETER'S FAIRY TALES. 
 
 The First Story, containing the History and Adventures of Little Mary, Queen of the great 
 Island of iirakurakakaka. By U.ncle Peter, F.R.L. M.M. T.T. F.A.S. Q.Q. X.Y.Z. &c. &c. 
 Fcp. Svo. 5s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 URE.-DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, & MINES ; 
 
 Containing a clear Ex])osition of their i rinciples and Practice. By Andkkw Ure, M.D. 
 F.R.S. M.G.S. M.A.S. Lond.; M. Acad. N.L. Philad. ; S. Ph. Soc. N. Germ. Hanov. ; Mulii. 
 &c. &c. 3d Edition, corrected. Svo. illustrated with 1240 Engravings on Wood, 50s. cloth. 
 
 URE.-RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTS, MANUFAC- 
 
 TURKS, and MINKS; beinic a Sui)pleii;eiit to his Dictionary. By Andkeav Uiiii, M.D. 
 r.ll.S. &c, Svo. with iiunierons wood Engravings, 14s. cloth, 
 
 " The great progress which our arts and manufacture's have made within the few years since the publication of 
 Dr. Ure's ccluhrate-i! Dictionary-at once tlic ablest and mt.sl jx-puli-r ^^in^k uf iW Vim] ^^lli^h ever w;is xvrittni— lias 
 furnished anijil'' iiniii .,il. Inr the present most acceptablead.llMMii I, . ii , .unl wc.n. li'i';',' '^'-i^ tl,,ir ;l,r ,m'l,,,i i^is 
 made the bt-^f i - -i' - i > nt them. The practice of every l-i . i i > i , : , . t. ■ :■.--{ 
 
 cxifitin^ stiitt , I l.r Hi,; M . I i!,(nl-> introduced are clearly st;ii - . r i , , ■ i v ; , , i u 
 
 and sagacity. M u> i. <if i he information is entirely new — ti- -.iri,;ii;. hh; :,! i, , , .ii !,■ ■ . \ < w .: -,il,i ilir ■. nit i»t' 
 investid;alio'ns in which Dr. Ure has himself been professionally eu^a^ul (as an aiialjtn .il Lheuii>t,, tir denvid fium 
 private sources, to which he has had exclusive access." — MKCHANlCb' Mauahink. 
 
 YON ORLICH (CAPT.) -TRAVELS IN INDIA; 
 
 Inchidiiif^-Scincloand tlic l^injub,in 1842 and lS4o. Hy ('apt. Lko polo Vtjx Orlich. Translated 
 from theGornina, by Jl. Evans Lloyd, lisq. 2 vols. Svo. with coloured Frontispieces, and 
 numerous Illustrations on Wood, 25s. cloth. 
 
 '* The subjects or topics of ("apt. Von Orlich's volumes embrace the outward and homeward voyage by Eg^ypt and 
 the Red Sea; ttombay ; an ascent of the Indus, with remarks upon the country adjoining; its banks'; the grand 
 doin^^t of the Go\ernor-Genei'al (Lorl EllenborouijhJ in his procuresses and recei)tion»; an embaysy of ceremony to 
 the court of Lahore; and a return joxu-ney to Calcuttu, through Uelhi, Agra, and Cawnpoor^ with an episodical 
 Visit to Lucknow, the capital of the Kini^ of Oude. 'J'hc route is not new in itself; but Vou Urhch has some qualifi- 
 cations adapted to f^ive iharacter to obseivation. The ei)iriled woodcuts intersj*erM-d throujjh the pa;>e^. ol the 
 volumes shew an arlistical .-ye as well as a facile pencil. The correspondence with Ilumhuldt ttci ulmm, and In Carl 
 Rilli-r, the lelteis U.rmin- the work are addressed) indicate scieuLific tastes and acquii. mcnts ; ;.nd, what i» mm.' tn 
 the puriio-c, the httirs (hemselvcrf are rapid, lively, and well stored with matter. \\v think that the de^i ripliuns ul* 
 \on<)rlich ((mvcy a better idt a of Indian life in camp, or on the journey, than other accaunts we have met wilh. 
 Captain Von Orlich is also an observer of native life, of the natural and artificial features of the country, and of the 
 character and effects of the Indian government. Upon these loj>ic8 his remarks arc curious and mtcresting." 
 
 Sr£CTATOR. 
 
 WALKER (GEO.)-CIIESS STUDIES; 
 
 ('oiiij)risiiii^ One 'I'housand Ciiiiiii's nf Chess, as really played by the first Chess Players ; 
 fonninti: a coiiii)lete Kncyclopiedia of Ucleruiice, and iircsenting the si cutest Collection extant 
 of tine specimens oi' strategy in every staj^e of the Game. Selected and urraiiH:ed hy Ghouoic 
 Walkeu, Authorof" Chess made liasy," " A NewTreatise on Chess," &c. Svo. 10s. '6d. sewed.
 
 32 CATALOGUE OF NEW WORKS PRINTED FOU LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 WARDLAW -DISCOURSES ON THE PRINCIPAL POINTS 
 
 OV THK SOCINIAX CONTKOVE KSY— the Unity of God, and the Trinity of Persons in tlie 
 Godhead ; the Supreme Divinity of Jesus C'hrist ; the Doctrine of the Atonement ; the Christian 
 Cliaracter, &c. By Ralph Wardlaw, D.D. 5th Edition, Svo. 15s. cloth. 
 
 WATERTON.-ESSAYS ON NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 Chiefly Ornithology. DyCHAULEs Wateuton, Esq., Author of " M'anderin<rs in South 
 America." With an Autobiography of the Author, and a View of Walton Hall. Fifth 
 Edition, fcp. Svo. 8s. cloth. 
 SECO.XD SERIES. With Continuation of Mr. Waterton's Autobiography. 2d Edition, 
 fcp. Svo. with Vignette by T. Creswick, A.R.A. Cs. 6d. cloth. 
 
 " It pivcs us hearty pleasure to meet witli Mr. Wuterton iigaiu. He is :i charmin;; writer. Candid, cordial, good- 
 hearted, and full of the most masculine sympathies. His Aitobiograpii y will rank with the most piquant and 
 comprehensive pieces of that kind of writing in the language. His Kssvts, with little of the learned pretences, have 
 astore of cheerful wisdom in them which yields unfailing instructiveness and j)leasure." — Kx^miner. 
 
 WEBSTER -AN ENCYCLOPyEDIA OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY; 
 
 Com prisina: such subjects as are most immediately connected with Housekeepinf;;-: as, The 
 Construction of Domestic Edifices, with the modes of Warming, Ventilating-, and Lighting 
 them— A description of the various articles of Furniture, with the nature of their Materials- 
 Duties of Servants— A general account of the Animal and Vegetable Substances used as Food, 
 and the methods of preserving and preparing them by Cooking— Making Dread— The Chemical 
 Nature and the Preparation of all kinds of Fermented Liquors used as Keveraje- Materials 
 employed in Dress and the Toilette — lUisiness of the Laundry- Description of the various 
 Wheel Carriages — Preservation of Health— Domesiic Medicine, &c. &c. &c. Dy Thomas 
 Webster, F.G.S. &c. ; assisted by the late Mrs. Parkes, Author of "Domestic Duties." 
 1 large vol. Svo. illustrated with nearly 1000 Woodcuts, 50s. cloth. 
 
 " Tlie title-page sufficiently indicates the wide ranjje of topics included in this most useful encyclopaedia, and all 
 i treated with a fulnass which leaves nothing to be desired. It has been the object of the editor to combine science 
 
 with practice, a knowledge of princijjles with the ordinary details and daily recurring duties of domestic life. 
 , departments of the work,"Mr. Webster has been assisted by a lady whose qualifications ace hevond dispute, and the 
 result of their unite<l labours is the production of a volume which exhausts the suflject, and defies all competition. 
 The work is richly illustrated with woodcuts, adding greatly to its value. We strongly recommend every lady, and 
 all others who are" concerned in the manfigement of domestic affairs, to make themselves familiar with Mr. Webster's 
 volume, wliich must s]ieedily be regarded as an indispensable book of reference to everv housekeeper." — EcL. Rkv. 
 
 WELSEORD (HENRY).-ON THE ORIGIN AND RAMIFICA- 
 
 TIOX.-^ OF THE EXGLISH LANGUAGE; preceded by an Divestigation into the Primitive 
 Seats, Early Migrations, and Final Settlements, of the Nations of Ancient and Modern 
 Europe. Dy Henry W^elsford. Svo. [In the press. 
 
 WHITE'S COMPENDIUM OF THE VETERINARY ART; 
 
 Containing Plain and Concise Observations on the Construction and ^L■lnagen^ent of the 
 Stable. &c. 17th Edition, entirely reconstructed, with considerable Additions and Altera- 
 tions, bringing the work up to the present state of Veterinary Science. By W. C. Spooneb, 
 Veterinary Surgeon, &c. &c. Svo. with coloured Plate, I6s. cloth. 
 
 WHITE'S COMPENDIUM OF CATTLE MEDICINE; 
 
 Or, Practical Observations on the Disorders of Cattle and other Domestic Animals, except 
 tlie Horse. 6th Edition, re-arranged, with copious Additi(nis and Notes, by W. C. Spooner, 
 Vet. Surgeon, Author of a "Treatise on the Difluenza," &c. Svo. ys. cloth. 
 
 WIGAN (DR. A. L.)-TIIE DUALITY OF THE MIND, 
 
 Proved by the Structure, Functions, and Diseases of the Drain, and by the Phenomena of 
 Mental Derangement; and shewn to be essential to Moial Responsibility. With an Appendi.x : 
 —1. On the Influence of Religion on Insanity ; 2. Conjectures on the Nature of the Mental 
 Operations; 3. On the Management of Lunatic Asylums. By A. L. Wioan, M.D. Svo. r2s. cl. 
 
 WILKINSON. -THE ENGINES OF WAR, &c. 
 
 Being a History of Ancient and Modern Projectile Instruments and Engines of Warfare and 
 Sporting; including the Manufacture of Fire-Arms, the History and Manufacture of Gun- 
 powder, of Swords, and of the cause of the Damascus figure in Sword Blades, with some 
 Observations of Bronze, &c. By H. W'ilkinsox, M.R.A.S. Svo. 9s. cloth. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY (LADY). -A DIARY, 
 
 Purporting to be by the LADY WILLOUGHBY, of the Reign of Charles I. ; embracing some 
 Passages of her Domestic History from 1635 to 1048. A New Edition, in a smaller sr/.e. 
 
 To give additional interest to the work, it has been printed and bound in the style of the 
 period to which it refers. Square fcp. Svo. 8s. boards ; or ISs. bound in morocco (old style). 
 
 " So rarely have we met in our literary wiilks with so sweet a character as the Lady Willoughby, that we know not 
 whether the' feeling of regret or pleasure has prevailed as we have closed the volume of her beautiful fragment. She 
 looks out upon us froni her opened casement with such freshness and beauty, that we are compelled to regard her 
 with ailmiration and delight. There is no aim at effect in what she has written, no indication of a woman's vanity : 
 her whole mien is that of'subdued grace and feminine loveliness. That the exquisite passages purporting to be 
 extrat ts from her diary have flowed from a woman's pen, alcme we cannot for a moment doubt. A woman only could 
 h.ive so justly and tendcrlv portrayed the character of an affectionate daughter, a gentle and loving wife, and a faithful 
 aii.l d.-vnleil innther. AU'this her l;i.ivshi|i, whether a renl or an imaginary personage, has done, with a gracefulness 
 .mil truth wi.ilhv of fem.ile nature m il-- bi'^t .md l.dtii st mood. If her work is indeed only an imitation ol days gone 
 hv. I lien the ■'. 'lius of Chatterton i> In -ur]i.i>M-,l l,v that of the successful author. In taking leave of her unique and 
 iiitii. sting lirmk, we express our roi dial bu[pe that it will tiud its way to tlie toilette of every tilled and untitled lady in 
 
 WRIGHT (THOMTsr'- THE HISTORY OF SOCIETY IN 
 
 ENGLAND during the MIDDLE AGES, By Thomas Wright, Esq. M.A. F.S.A. Corres- 
 ponding Member of the Institute of France. 2 vols. Svo. [/« //"• press.
 
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