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THE MOST ANCIENT SKELETAL 
 REMAINS OF MAN 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr. ALES HRDLlCKA 
 
 Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum, 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE SMITHSONIAN REPORT FOR 1913 
 
 PAGES 491-552) 
 
 (WITH PLATES 1-4] AND 12 FIGURES) 
 
 (Publication 2300) 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1913 
 
THE MOST ANCIENT SKELETAL 
 REMAINS OF MAN 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr. ALES HRDLICKA 
 
 Curator, Division of Physical AnUiropology, U. S. National Museum 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 (ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE SMITHSONIAN REPORT FOR 1913 
 
 PAGES 491-552) 
 
 (WITH PLATES 1-41 AND 12 FIGURES) 
 
 (Publication 2300) 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 

THE MOST ANCIENT SKELETAL REMAINS OF MAN. 
 
 HI 
 
 By Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, 
 Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. 8. National Museum. 
 
 [With 41 plates and 12 figures.] 
 Introduction. 
 
 The early history of the human race, though merged in the dark- 
 ness of ages, is step by step being traced and reconstructed; and 
 apparently the time is drawing near when science will be able to 
 present, in the main at least, the definite solution of the profound 
 and involved problem of man's origin, when, in other words, it will 
 be in a position to show, however imperfectly, at what period, where, 
 and how man ascended from the lower orders. 
 
 Although the subjects of the origin and antiquity of mankind have 
 occupied thinking minds since time immemorial, actual research in 
 these fields began considerably less than a century ago, and the more 
 intensive investigations cover hardly a generation. Such investiga- 
 tions have been fraught with many difficulties and are growing in 
 complexity. They demand patient watchfulness, diligent, long- 
 extended exploration, and considerable expense. The most careful 
 attention must be given to geological and paleontological besides 
 other evidence. And, after all, the net results of a prolonged as- 
 siduous quest may be no more than a few stone chips and implements, 
 or perhaps a tooth, or a few badly crushed bones, belonging to human 
 antiquity. But, as there are many hands at work, invaluable ma- 
 terials are accumulating. Besides this, every now and then the 
 search is more richly rewarded, or some important specimen is dis- 
 covered accidentally; and every new, well-authenticated addition to 
 the remains of early man or his predecessors, more particularly if it 
 is a part of the skeleton, means a fresh, highly valuable document 
 which throws supplementary light on the natural history of the 
 human being. 
 
 The explorations of recent years have been particularly fruitful. 
 They were of wide extent geographically and have brought to science 
 stores of primitive archeological remains, so that whole classes of 
 ancient industries in stone could be determined; they advanced 
 our knowledge materially from the standpoints of paleontology, 
 geology, and stratigraphy; and they resulted in the recovery of 
 example after example of well-authenticated ancient skeletal remains 
 
 3 
 
 33826 
 
4 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 of man himself, representing human beings coeval with long-extinct 
 animals, and with them dating far back into the Quaternary or Ice 
 Epoch, 
 
 The aggregate of the precious human skeletal material here re- 
 ferred to is still far from being satisfactory from the standpoint of 
 completeness, but it is already sufficient to afford solid groundwork 
 for many important scientific deductions as to man's development; 
 and happily exploration is going on with ever-increasing interest as 
 well as precision. Hundreds of well-trained students are now watch- 
 ing and searching for new accessions with which to fill the gaps, on 
 the basis of which to corroborate previous observations, and bring 
 about a fuller understanding of the physical progress of man in the 
 course of the ages. 
 
 Europe, particularly its more western and southern portions, has 
 thus far proved the richest source of ancient human remains. 
 Africa, Asia, and those parts of Oceanica which were formerly con- 
 nected with the Asiatic continent have been as yet but little explored. 
 Nevertheless India is yielding recently some important remains of 
 anthropoid apes, 1 and the island of Java has furnished an intensely 
 interesting specimen bearing on man's evolution and antiquity. As 
 to America, the researches have thus far yielded nothing that could 
 possibly be accepted as representing man of geological antiquity. '-' 
 For the present, therefore, an account of the very ancient remains of 
 man, with the exception of the Java specimen and possibly a more 
 recent find in Australia." must be limited to early European forms. 
 
 Such an account, in condensed form, is here presented. With the 
 view of preparing this summary the writer, during part of the spring 
 and summer of 1912 and under the auspices of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, undertook a personal examination of all the more important 
 skeletal remains relating to early man now preserved in the museums 
 of Europe. The cultural remains were given only passing attention. 
 partly on account of their great numbers and partly because they 
 pertain to a collateral branch of science, prehistoric archeology, 
 which is rapidly making them known to the world.' The sites of the 
 more noteworthy discoveries were visited, however, whenevei 
 cumstances permitted. 
 
 Tn this communication will be described only the very oldest and 
 tin. roughly well-authenticated skeletal remains of man so far re- 
 covered. Besides these, the European museums posses- numerous 
 human crania and boms belonging to more recent lime and therefore 
 
 Lea eingea fossil.- de I'lada LAnthronoiotde, vol. 26, r.>ir>, i>p. 
 
 <.f Karl.v M:m in North and South America Is dealt with In Hull 
 ■i 1 1 vol y In ia<>7 and 1912) of the Uureaii of American Btl 
 in institution ; tbeaa publication! ais,, contain ti.e bibliography of (In- s 
 • i i.an of Jan. 29, 1916, \\ 121. 
 'Sea "Beceni on tha antiquity of man in Europe," by <:. i 
 
 Curdy, s .. n for 1909, Washington, 1010; ti"' Comptea Bendna flu 
 
 ■nai d'Anthropologla <'t d'Archeologie Prehlatorlqoee, eapedallj I 
 
 [/Anthropologic, Man, ami other anthropological period 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OP MAN HRDLICKA. 5 
 
 not of such decided general interest as the older forms, and also some 
 whose reported age is not universally regarded as well established. 
 These two classes of specimens can not well be considered in this 
 paper, for it would thereby become unduly complicated and possibly 
 also involve controversy. 
 
 The questions of the antiquity and origin of man are naturally 
 subjects of the greatest interest both to the scientist and to the lay- 
 man, for they not only involve what is probably the most important 
 problem in science, but touch the very foundations of human beliefs, 
 ethics, and intellectual as well as organic progress in the future. 
 Their detailed solution, also, is still far from us. But it may 
 now be safely postulated that man did not appear on our planet as 
 an entirely new and distinct being unconnected with the rest of 
 terrestrial organic life. He is anatomically as well as physiologically 
 but a highly specialized mammal that still carries numerous though 
 now more or less useless vestiges or " reminiscences " of various lower 
 stages through which he passed. Nor is there any good reason to re- 
 gard him as the result of some freak of evolution, for his progress 
 in the organic scale appears thoroughly logical. His ascent, judg- 
 ing from what has been already learned on the subject, though prob- 
 ably not uniformly accelerated, was on the whole slow. We shall 
 seemingly come nearest the truth if we look upon him as on the ulti- 
 mate result of gradual modification in the upward continuity or 
 trend of a highly specialized group of organic forms. He may be 
 regarded as the topmost and dominating bough on an ancient mam- 
 malian tree whose roots intertwine, somewhere in the earlier Ter- 
 tiary, with those of various advanced vertebrates. From this tree 
 branches have doubtless diverged at different levels and become 
 related species, some of these still persisting, while others have been 
 long extinct. The stem began, so far as discernible, with lemurlike 
 forms, from which in the course of time sprang, though scarcely in 
 the order in which they now appear to us, the more simple and then 
 the more highly organized primates. Among the latter then arose, 
 it would appear, slowly or more likely rather suddenly, one or per- 
 haps several forms characterized by more than the average physical 
 instability; and the descendants of one or more of these strains. 
 under the influence of changing environment, more especially food 
 and climate, and perhaps other agencies, began to develop reduced 
 teeth, larger brain, more erect posture, increased facility of inter- 
 communication; and this differentiation apparently progressed until 
 some strain of these changing beings reached that hazy dh'iding line 
 below which was still the realm of the apes but above which com- 
 menced that of the true precursors of man. 
 
 These more immediate human predecessors may be conceived of as 
 forms which showed various individual advances anatomically. 
 physiologically, and mentally toward man, as well as many morpho- 
 logical and other reminders of and reversions to the ape; but they 
 
6 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN TTRDLlf'KA. 
 
 were unable to wholly revert to the latter. < >n the whole they kept, 
 though probably irregularly, progressing toward man. and when 
 eventually a part of them varied so far in the direction of (he human 
 being that a complete return even to their own former kind became 
 impossible, then, it may he conceived, the earliest representatives of 
 man were established. 
 
 These earliest men doubtless from the beginning lacked in uni- 
 formity; some strains of them, in all likelihood, tacked also in vi- 
 tality or in sufficient adaptability to changing conditions and have 
 disappeared: but others kept on modifying in the upward direction 
 until in the course of long ages they reached the various somewhat 
 unequally advanced types of man of the present day. 
 
 The above deductions concerning man's origin seem to be justified 
 from the study of the material now at the disposal of the anthropolo- 
 gist. The whole process of man's rise, viewed comprehensively, 
 appears as a most remarkable, multiple, progressive, sustained, pos- 
 sibly more or less irregular, and not yet finished differentiation, the 
 exact fundamental ami enduring causes id' which are not well under- 
 stood. 
 
 The various actual species of primates lower than man may in a 
 sense be viewed as his distant cousins, descendants from some of the 
 old primate stocks, or as by-products of his own evolution, retarded 
 and aberrant relatives, unable or not called upon by their environ- 
 ment to keep up with his progress, and slowly modifying more or 
 less sui generis. The old mono- and polygenistic theories dissolve, of 
 course, equally before these closer assumptions. 
 
 The final stages of the progression toward the definitely human 
 form, according to such light on the subject as we now possess, began 
 toward the close of the Tertiary period. By the end of the Tertiary 
 ..- probable that there already existed some of the transitional 
 forms, (he predecessors of the human being, approximating present 
 man more or less in size of skull and brain, in characteristics of teeth. 
 in stature, in the form of the pelvis, and in other particulars. It ifl 
 even possible that before the close of this period iikhi's precursors 
 began the use of articulate language, ami thus passed the somewhat 
 more definite functional boundary separating these forerunners from 
 man. Hut the bulk of the life history of the human being proper 
 belongs to the Pleistocene or Quaternary period, the period of re- 
 peated advances and retrogressions of glacial climate over the North 
 Temperate Zone. The oldest known human remains have been found 
 in deposits and v i(h the bones i<\' cxiinct animals of glacial or inter- 
 glacial times. A- we g<> backward into the period we find that the 
 
 human forms and in general also the pro. bids of human activities 
 become more primitive. < >n the other hand, after the last glacial 
 
 ion, perhaps ten thousand years ago, man was already physically 
 
 much the same as \\<- i at ju v. cut. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 7 
 
 The time that has elapsed since man's precursors, the superanthro- 
 poid beings progressing toward man, developed the physical charac- 
 teristics that are distinctively human, and acquired the faculty of 
 speech, can not be computed in years, but the length of that period 
 was many times greater than the duration of our recent or Holocene 
 epoch, the relatively brief phase since the recession of the last ice 
 invasion. 1 
 
 The Oldest Well- Authenticated Skeletal Remains of Man or 
 Man's Precursors Now Existing. 
 
 THE "PITHECANTHROPUS." 
 
 (Pithecanthropus erectus Dubois.) 
 
 In 1891-92 Dr. E. Dubois, then a surgeon in the Dutch Army, 
 while engaged in paleontological excavations along the left bank of 
 the Bengavan River, near Trinil, in the central part of the Island of 
 Java, discovered several skeletal parts of a primate evidently higher 
 in scale and nearer to man than any before known. 
 
 The remains were thoroughly petrified and comprised, in all, the 
 vault of a skull, two molar teeth, and a femur. 
 
 The bones were not found simultaneously nor in the same place. 
 They lay some distances apart, though at the same horizon and em- 
 bedded in the same stratum of volcanic matrix. This stratum was 
 rich in fossil remains of various organic forms and, in the locality 
 where the excavations were carried on, was about 1 meter below the 
 dry-season water level, or 12 to 15 meters below the plain in which 
 the river had cut its bed. 
 
 In September, 1891, the excavations in the volcanic matrix yielded 
 unexpectedly, among other fossils, a remarkable tooth, a molar, 
 which was determined as having belonged to a large unknown pri- 
 mate. A month later the unique and most interesting skull cap 
 was discovered, only 1 meter distant from the place where lay the 
 tooth. It now became certain that traces had come to light of a hith- 
 erto unknown primate of large size, standing in many respects nearer 
 to man than any of the actual anthropoid apes. It was seemingly an 
 intermediate form between the apes and man, and was characterized 
 by the name of " pithecanthropus." 
 
 Then came the rainy season and work had to be suspended. Ex- 
 ploration was recommenced, however, as early as possible in 1892, 
 and in August of that year the femur was found about 15 meters 
 (50 feet) from the locality where the other specimens had been em- 
 
 1 For the duration and subdivision df the Glacial Epoch the following works may be 
 consulted : T. E. Chamberlin and R. D. Salisbury's Geology, 1906 ; Osborn, H. F., The 
 age of mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America ; H. Obermaier, Der Mensch der 
 Vorzeit, 8°, Berlin, 1912 ; R. R. Schmidt, E. Kok'en and A. Schliz, Die Diluviale Vorzeit 
 Deutschlands, 4°, Stuttgart, 1912 ; and Osborn, II. F., Review of the Pleistocene of Europe, 
 Asia, and northern Africa ; Annals N. Y. Acad, Sc's, xxvi, 1915, pp. 215-315. These works 
 give further bibliography. 
 
8 
 
 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HBKLtCKA. 
 
 bedded. Finally, in October of the same year, the second molar was 
 secured, at a distance of not more than :'. meters (18 feet) from the 
 original position of the skull cap. and in the direction of the resting 
 
 place of the femur. 
 
 The accompanying illustrations (pi. 1' and fig. 1) show the locality 
 of the discovery and the approximate positions of the specimens. 
 
 
 YZ&fywm 
 
 ysi 
 
 Pro. i. -SacnoM o» was oaatn boos stkata at thx locautj wbxbi the 
 
 PlTHXCAlJTffBOPTJS BOMBS WKHE i>isto\i i;i:i>. A, Akia 01 t;i;o\vi.\i; 
 ;" B, BOW SANn.sTiiNi:; «', LATUM mi:\hm; l>. i > \ i i. at Willi 11 
 
 Ml i:\-n ■; 1'. \i;,;H.!.\- 
 i wit; Q, HAUHl r.i:i:..i\; II, wi KSBA80M UtVM 01 Tin: Kivn;: 
 
 I, i»l i.i. 01 Tin: an i 
 
 All four specimens were considerably mineralized, being of choco* 
 late-brotfn color, very heavy, and "harder than marble." Numer- 
 ous bones of mammals found in the same bed belonged to species 
 
 now extinct or, so far as known, not now Living in .lava, and showed 
 
 Possilization similar to that of the bones of the Pithecanthropus. 
 The contours of the teeth and (he femur were sharp, indicating that 
 
 i After Min.. i.. s.i. ni. a an. i M. Blankenhorn: Die Pltbecanthropus-Schlchten auz Java, 
 
 Ml. 
 ■ From the Smithsonian Report for L898, p. 446, article Pithecanthropus arectua, in 
 lated from the anatomlscber Anaeisar, vol. 13, pp. 1 22); original 
 in Trans. Royal Dublin *...-., vol. <;, 1898, pp. i 18. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 9 
 
 it has not been washed or rolled about to any great extent; but the 
 skull cap showed the effects of erosion, probably caused by acidulous 
 water seeping through the deposits. 
 
 All indications and a detailed study of the specimens led Dubois 
 to the conclusions that: (1) The four skeletal pieces in question were 
 contemporaneous; (2) they were of the age of the stratum in which 
 found; (3) they belonged to one skeleton; and (4) they represent a 
 transitional form of beings between the anthropoid apes and man, 
 belonging to the direct line in the genealogy of the latter. 
 
 The first published announcement of the discovery by Dubois ap- 
 peared in 1894 ; x to-day the subject possesses already a relatively 
 large literature of its own. 2 A special expedition of two years' dura- 
 tion has also since worked on the site of the discovery, 3 and the 
 remains are regarded universally as of the greatest scientific value; 
 but the final word concerning their exact age and true biological 
 position has not yet been pronounced. 
 
 It should be stated at once that there is no room for doubt as to 
 the place of discovery of the several bones and their geological or 
 paleontological relations. The several pieces were found in sittf, 
 in the progress of scientific exploration, by a careful and competent' 
 observer. But the precise age of the stratum in which they lay, and 
 their exact biological position among related forms, are not yet ab- 
 solutely delimited. While Dubois and other scientific men regard 
 the Pithecanthropus remains as all belonging to the same skeleton, 
 as dating chronologically from the latest part of the Tertiary or the 
 earliest phase of the Quaternary period, and as representing a true 
 intermediary form between the anthropoid apes and man, others 
 have expressed doubts as to whether the four bones belong to the 
 
 1 Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenahnliche fjebergangsform aus Java. Von 
 Eug. Dubois, Militiirarzt der Niederliindischen Armee. Mitt zwei Tafeln und drei in den 
 Text gedruckten Figuren., 4°, Batavia, 1894. 
 
 2 Few of the more important English contributions to the subject are : 
 
 Marsh, O. C. On the Pithecanthropus erectus Dubois, from Java. (Amer. Journ. Sci., 
 Feb. 1895.) On the Pithecanthropus erectus, from the Tertiary of Java. (Ibid., 4th ser., 
 vol. 1. 1896, pp. 475-482.) 
 
 Turner, William. On M. Dubois's description of remains recently found in Java, named 
 by him Pithecanthropus erectus, with remarks on the so-called transitional forms between 
 Apes and Man. (Journ. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 29, 1895, pp. 424-445.) 
 
 Dubois, E. On Pithecanthropus erectus : a transitional form between man and the 
 apes. (Journ. Anthrop. Instit. Great Britain and Ireland, Feb. 1896, pp. 240-255; Trans. 
 Royal Dublin Soc, ser. 2, vol. 6, Dublin, 1898, pp. 1-18 ; Smithsonian Report for 189S 
 (Washington, 1899), pp. 445-459.) 
 
 Manouvrier, L. On Pithecanthropus erectus. Transl. by G. G. MacCurdy. (Amer. 
 Journ. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 4, Sept. 1897, pp. 213-234.) 
 
 Hepburn, David. The Trinil femur (Pithecanthropus erectus) contrasted with the 
 femora of various savage and civilized races. (Rep. 66th meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
 1897, pp. 926-927.) 
 
 For literature in other languages see especially G. Schwalbe, Studien ii. Pithecanthropus 
 erectus Dubois. (Zeitschr. f. Morphologie und Anthropologic, Bd. 1, Stuttgart, 1899, pp. 
 1-240, bibliogr. 234-240.) 
 
 3 Under Mme. Solenka ; see " Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java," by Mme. Lenore 
 Selenka and M. Blankenhorn, 4°, Leipzig, 1911. 
 
10 AHCHBtfT REMAINS OF MAN — HUDLICKA. 
 
 Same form; or they consider the age of the remains, though no 
 doubt earl}- Quaternary, to be less than that estimated by Dubois; 
 and finally some incline to regard the remains as those of early man 
 rather than an intermediary being, while still others consider that 
 they represent merely a superior extinct form of ape. 1 
 
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION 01 11!! SPECIMENS. 
 
 (Plates ii. :;. text Rg. 2.) 
 
 On account of peculiar circumstances an attempt to describe first 
 hand the important pieces under consideration meets with serious 
 difficulties. It would surely seem proper and desirable that speci- 
 mens of such value to science should be freely accessible to well- 
 qualified investigators and that accurate casts be made available to 
 scientific institutions, particularly after 20 years have elapsed since 
 the discovery of the originals. Regrettably, however, all that has 
 thus far been furnished to the scientific world is a cast of the skull 
 cap. the commercial replicas of which yield measurements different 
 from those reported taken of the original, and several not thoroughly 
 satisfactory illustrations; no reproductions can l>e had of the femur 
 and the teeth, and not only the study but even a view of the origi- 
 nals, which are still in the care of their discoverer, are denied to sci- 
 entific men. Under these anomalous conditions it is only possible 
 to follow Dr. Dubois's old information. 2 
 
 The skull cap (pi. 2) measures in greatest length 18.5 (on cast 
 18.L) cm., in greatest (parietal) breadth 13 (on cast 1").:')) cm., and 
 at the minimum of the frontal constriction 8.7 cm. 3 It is dolicho- 
 cephalic, its outline as seen from above is oblongly ovoid, narrowing 
 considerably forward, and it is very low. It presents excessively 
 prominent though not massive supraorbital arch and a very sloping 
 front. The frontal bone, in addition, shows externally ami along its 
 middle a wcll-dcfmed ridge, running from a short distance above the 
 glabella toward bregma, and a marked low protuberance just forward 
 of the bregma. The sagittal region is relatively Hat and smooth, and 
 the occiput presents a dull transverse crest, connecting as in apes. 
 
 though in much Less pronounced manner, with the supramastoid crest 
 
 on each side. 
 
 1 For numerous of the earlier phase* of these control Dubois's paper la the 
 
 I the Boyal Dublin Bocietj : :iiso that In the Smithsonian Beporl for 1898, 
 
 i>. 1 19 et mo.. 
 
 ■The ; meritorious work on the skull i>y Schwalbe (op. « - > t . * was mads on 
 
 bleb evidently was In all respects Identical with « 1 1«- oaa la the r. s. National 
 
 Museum, but the measurements on which <l<> not exactly agree with those given i>y Dubois 
 
 o" iii i- differences, however unfortunate, do not. or eoursa, in any way 
 
 detract from tin- Importance of the original. 
 
 tted thai similar measurements on an ordinary white 
 dolichocephalic cranium give approximately 19.1, i !.••. Mini 10 centimeters; 
 on female, 18.8, i::t, and '•>.''. centimeters, 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlick 
 
 Plate 2. 
 
 (1.) PithecanthropXjs erectus, Skullcap, from Above (One-half Natural Size). 
 
 (2.) Anthropopithecus troglodytes, Adult Female Skull, from Above (Two-thirds 
 
 Natural Size). 
 
 (After Dubois, Smithsonian Report for 1898.) 
 
an Report, 1913— Hrdlicka. 
 
 Platc 3. 
 
 la, Pithecanthropus erectus, Skullcap, from Left Side (One-half Natural Size). 
 2». Anthropopithecus troglodytes, Adult Female Skull, from Left Side (Two- 
 thirds Natural Size>. 
 
 (After Dubois, Si 
 
 >ii for 1898.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 11 
 
 Without going into a detailed discussion of these characteristics, 
 it will suffice to say that in most respects the specimen differs more 
 or less from the ordinary human skull of to-day as well as from those 
 of early man, so far as known, and approaches correspondingly the 
 crania of the anthropoid apes. 
 
 The temporal ridges, marking on the parieties of the vault the 
 upper limit of the temporal muscles and fascia, are well defined but 
 run rather distant (about 4 cm. on each side) from the median line, 
 as in female anthropoids and in man. 
 
 O 
 
 Fig. 2.— Attempt at a restoration of the skull of the Pithecanthropus erectus half 
 the natural size. (After Dubois, Smithsonian Report for 1898.) 
 
 may be feminine. The whole remnant, in fact, presents rather sub- 
 dued forms, such as would more readily be expected in a female 
 than in a male being at that stage of evolution. 
 
 The walls of the skull are of only moderate thickness. Its internal 
 Rapacity was originally believed by Dubois to have been quite large, 
 namely about 1,000 c. c, but eventually he reduced this estimate to 
 900 c. c. or a little over. The capacity of an average cranium of a 
 white American would amount in the male to about 1,500, in the 
 female to about 1,350 c. c, while in the largest living anthropoid 
 apes it only rarely attains or exceeds 600 c. c. 
 
12 
 
 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HlilM.K'KA. 
 
 The impression which a comprehensive study of the whole skull 
 cap carries to the observer is, that it represents a hitherto unknown 
 primate form, which, whatever it may eventually be identified with 
 and whether or not man's direct ancestor, stands morphologically 
 between man and the known anthropoid apes, fills an important space 
 in the hitherto existing large void between the two, and constitutes 
 a precious document for the natural history of man. 
 
 Dubois's theoretical restoration of the whole cranium of the Pithe- 
 canthropus, which in all probability comes fairly near to the reality, 
 i< shown in the foregoing illustration (fig. 2). 
 
 The two teeth attributed to the Pithecanthropus are the second left 
 and the third right upper molars. The latter is shown, in reduction, 
 on plate 1. According to Dubois, they both present the same type. 
 which, particularly in the development of the cusps, is markedly ape- 
 like; but Tomes 1 pronounces them "not exactly like any known 
 teeth, either human or simian."' Judging from the models of these 
 teeth which the writer saw at Haarlem, they are decidedly unlike 
 any human molars, but approach those of the higher anthropoids. 
 Both have bulky but rather low crowns, and stout, not too long, 
 strongly diverging roots. In size they exceed considerably the same 
 teeth in man, as will be seen from the comparisons given herewith; 
 their relative dimensions (that is, the ratio of breadth to length) 
 are, however, rather nearer the human form than that in most of 
 the large apes. 
 
 Comparison of the corresponding molars of modern white man mid the Pithe- 
 canthropus. 
 
 Second loft upper 
 molar. 
 
 length 
 
 (safdttal 
 
 diam- 
 eter). 
 
 Greatest 
 
 breadth 
 (Irans- 
 
 verae di- 
 ameter). 
 
 Third right upper 
 molar. 
 
 length. 
 
 Greatest 
 breadth. 
 
 AveraRo white man, approximate. 
 Pithecanthropus 
 
 IX 
 
 mm. 
 n.i) 
 14.0 
 
 mm. 
 
 u.a 
 
 mm. 
 10.5 
 
 < )n the whole, it seems evident that the two teeth represent B higher 
 
 primate form; in all probability they come from one individual, 
 
 and their morphological characteristics are such that they may Well 
 
 have belonged to the same species or even the same individual as the 
 before de cribed skullcap. Their size, as seen from a comparison 
 with the teeth of larger existing anthropoid ape-, is no1 incompatible 
 
 with the size of the skullc;ip. and that even if the latter belonged 
 
 to ,i female individual. 
 
 1 O.ntul anal. .my, 8°, I...iiiI<-ii. 1904, |>. 500. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — Hrdlicka 
 
 Pithecanthropus erectus. 
 
 Left femur: 1, from before; 2, from side; 3, from behind; 4, from below; 5, lower end from median 
 side; 6, right third upper molar, from below; (3a, from behind. (Reduced; after Dubois, from Smith- 
 sonian Report for 1898.) 
 
ANCIENT EEMAINS OF MAN HBDLICKA. 13 
 
 The Trinil femur (pi. 4), according to Dubois, Manouvrier, and 
 others, bears a close resemblance to the human thigh bone, both in 
 size and shape; nevertheless judging from the illustration it presents 
 also some important differences. Its length, 45.5 cm., equals that of a 
 human femur from a man 1.70 meters (5 feet, 7 inches) in stature, 
 and of proportionate strength. 1 Notwithstanding these dimensions, 
 however, the relatively large inclination of the bone from the vertical 
 when stood up on its condyles, and the relatively moderate-sized 
 head and lower articular extremity, suggest that, as was the case 
 with the skullcap, the bone may proceed from a female. 
 
 The femur plainly belonged to a strong being maintaining erect or 
 near-erect posture and marching mostly or entirely biped, as man. 
 
 The principal differences of the bone from a modern human femur 
 consist in its less-marked antero-posterior curve, in a more evenly 
 cylindrical shaft, in the more mesial position of the smaller tro- 
 chanter, in the intertrochanteric line being less raised and hence 
 more simian in character, and in the popliteal space which, as a rule 
 concave from side to side in present man, is convex in the Trinil 
 specimen. 
 
 THE " EOANTHBOPXJS DAWSONI." 
 
 A problematical but deeply interesting find of ancient human 
 skeletal and possibly also anthropoid remains has lately come to 
 light in England. The specimens representing this discovery are an 
 imperfect cranium, part of a lower jaw, and a canine tooth. The 
 several parts were up to recently classed together as the Sussex or 
 Piltdown skull, which was supposed to represent a genus of ancient 
 and peculiar human beings, and was given the name of Eoanthropus 
 Dawsoni. 
 
 The preservation of the remains in question is due to Mr. Charles 
 Dawson. The originals are^deposited in the British Museum of 
 Natural History at Kensington and were first reported upon, with 
 the circumstances of the find, on December 18, 1912, before the Lon- 
 don Geological Society. 2 
 
 The history of these specimens, as given by Mr. Dawson, illustrates 
 the usefulness and need, especially in the Old World, of scientific 
 supervision of excavations. Mr. Dawson's statement is as follows : 3 
 
 Several years ago I was walking along a farm road close to Piltdown Com- 
 mon, Fletching (Sussex), when I noticed that the road had been mended with 
 some peculiar brown flints not usual in the district. On inquiry I was aston- 
 ished to learn that they were dug from a gravel bed on the farm, and shortly 
 
 1 The circumference of the shaft at middle is 9 cm,, or one-fifth of the length of the bone, 
 which proportion is often equaled in present man ; the breadth at middle is 2.75 cm. 
 Numerous other measurements of the bone are given in Dubois's " Pithecanthropus erectus," 
 etc., 4°, Batavia, 1894, p. 21 et seq. 
 
 2 Dawson, Charles, A. Smith Woodward, and G. Elliot Smith. On the discovery of a 
 Palaeolithic skull and mandible in a flint-bearing gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings 
 beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex). (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. for March, 1913, vol. 
 G9, pp. 117-144.) See also Haddon, A. C, Eoanthropus Dawsoni (Science, Jan. 17, 1913, 
 pp. 91-92) ; and MacCurdy, G. G., Ancestor hunting: The significance of the Piltdown 
 skull (Amer. Anthropologist, vol. 15, 1913, pp. 24S-256). 
 
 3 L. c, p. 117 et seq. 
 
14 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLJCKA. 
 
 afterwards I visited the place, where two laborers were M work digging the 
 
 gravel for small repairs to the roads. As this excavation was situated about 
 four luiles north of the limit where the occurrence of Mints overlying the 
 Wealden strata is recorded I was much interested and made a close examina- 
 tion of the bed. I asked the workmen if they had found hones or oilier fossils 
 there. As they did not appear to have noticed anything of the sort I urged 
 them to preserve anything that they might find. Tpon one of my subsequent 
 \isits to the pit. one of the men handed to me a small portion of an unusually 
 thick human parietal hone. I immediately made a search, hut could find noth- 
 ing more nor had the men noticed anything else. The bed is full of tabular 
 pieces of ironstone closely resembling this piece of skull in color and thickness; 
 and, although 1 made many subsequent searches, I could not hear of any fur- 
 ther find nor discover anything — in lad. the bed seemed to be quite 
 unl'ossiliferous. 
 
 It was not until some years later, in the autumn of 1911, on a risil i<» the 
 spot, that I picked up, among the rain-washed spoil heaps Of the gravel pit, 
 another and Larger piece belonging to the frontal region of the same skull. In- 
 cluding a i>ortion of the left superciliary ridge * * *. 
 
 I took the hones to Dr. A. Smith Woodward at the British Museum (Natural 
 History) for comparison and determination. n<- was immediately impressed 
 with the importance of the discovery, and we decided to employ labor, and to 
 make a systematic search among the spoil heaps and gravel as soon as the 
 floods had abated, for the gravel pit is more or less under water during five 
 or six months of the year. We accordingly gave up as much time as we could 
 spare since last spring (1!>12) and completely turned over and sifted what 
 spoil material remained; we also dug up and sifted such portions of the gravel 
 as had been left undisturbed by the workmen * * *. 
 
 At Piltdown the gravel bed occurs beneath a few inches of the surface soil 
 and varies in thickness from 3 to 5 feet * * *. 
 
 Portions of the bed are rather finely stratified, and the materials are usually 
 cemented together by iron oxide, so that a pick is often needed to dislodge 
 portions— more especially at one particular horizon near the base. It is in 
 this last mentioned stratum that all the fossil hones and teeth discovered in 
 situ by us have occurred. The stratum is easily distinguished in the appended 
 photograph (pi. 5) by being of the darkest shade and just ahove the bedrock. 
 
 The gravel is situated on a well-defined plateau of large area * * * and 
 
 lies about 86 f«'<'t ahove the level of the main stream of the ( >use. 
 
 Since the deposition of the gravel the river has cul through the 
 plateau, l><>tli willi its main stream and its principal branch, to this 
 
 extent. 
 
 Considering the amount of material excavated and sifted hy us. the speci- 
 mens discovered were numerically small and localized. 
 
 Apparently 1 1 i < - whole or greater portion of the human skill 1 had been Bhal 
 
 i. red by the workmen, who had thrown away the pieces unnoticed. Of these 
 we recovered from the spoil heaps as many fragments as possible. In a 
 somewhat deeper depression of the undisturbed grave] I found the right half 
 
 oT a human mandihle. So far as I could )uflge, guiding myself hy the position 
 of a tree :; or 1 yards away, the spot was identical with that upon which the 
 men were at work when the first portion of the cranium was found several 
 years ago, Dr. Woodward also dug up a small portion Of the occipital hone 
 of the skull from within a yard of the point where the jaw was discovered and 
 at precisely the same level. The jaw appeared to have heeii hroken at Ihe 
 
 bymphysis and abraded, perhaps when it lay tixed in the grave] and 
 
ANCIENT KEMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 15 
 
 its complete deposition. The fragments of cranium show little or no sign of 
 rolling or other abrasion, save an incision at the back of the parietal, probably 
 caused by a workman's pick. 
 
 A small fragment of the skull has been weighed and tested by Mr. S. A. 
 Woodhead, M. Sc, F. I. C, public analyst for East Sussex and Hove, and 
 agricultural analyst for East Sussex. He reports that the specific gravity of 
 the bone (powdered) is 2.115 (water at 5° C. as standard). No gelatine or 
 organic matter is present. There is a large proportion of phosphates (origi- 
 nally present in the bone) and a considerable proportion of iron. Silica is 
 absent. 
 
 Besides the human remains, we found two small broken pieces of a molar 
 tooth of a rather early Pliocene type of elephant, also a much-rolled cusp 
 of a molar of Mastodon, portions of two teeth of Hippopotamus, and two molar 
 teeth of a Pleistocene beaver. In the adjacent field to the west, on the surface 
 close to the hedge dividing it from the gravel bed. we found portions of a red 
 deer's antler and the tooth of a Pleistocene horse. These may have been 
 thrown away by the workmen, or may have been turned up by a plough which 
 traversed the upper strata of the continuation of this gravel bed. Among 
 the fragments of bone found in the spoil heaps- occurred part of a deer's meta- 
 tarsal, split longitudinally. This bone bears upon its surface certain small cuts 
 and scratches which appear to have been made by man. All the specimens are 
 highly mineralized with iron oxide. * * * 
 
 Among the flints we found several undoubted flint implements, besides numer- 
 ous Eoliths. * * * 
 
 From the above Mr. Dawson believed himself justified in drawing 
 the following conclusions: 
 
 It is clear that this stratified gravel at Piltdown is of Pleistocene age, but 
 that it contains In its lowest stratum animal remains derived from some de- 
 stroyed Pliocene deposit probably situated not far away and consisting of 
 worn and broken fragments. These were mixed with fragments of early 
 Pleistocene mammalia in a better state of preservation, and both forms were 
 associated with the human skull and mandible, which show no more wear and 
 tear than they might have received in situ. Associated with these animal 
 remains are Eoliths, both in a rolled and an unrolled condition ; the former are 
 doubtless derived from an older drift, and the latter in their present form are 
 of the age of the existing deposit. In the same bed. in only a very slightly 
 higher stratum, occurred a flint implement, the workmanship of which resem- 
 bles that of implements found at Chelles, and among the spoils heaps were 
 found others of a similar, though perhaps earlier, stage. 
 
 From these facts it appears probable that the skull and mandible can not 
 safely be described as being of earlier date than the first half of the Pleisto- 
 cene (or Glacial) epoch. The individual probably lived during a warm cycle 
 of that age. 
 
 The anthropological report on the specimen by Dr. Woodward 
 brought forth the following main details : 
 
 The human remains comprise the greater part of a brain case and one ramus 
 of the mandible, with lower molars 1 and 2. All the bones are normal, with 
 no traces of disease, and they have not been distorted during mineralization. 
 
 Of the brain case there are four pieces (reconstructed from nine 
 fragments) sufficiently well preserved to exhibit the shape and nat- 
 ural relations of a larger part of the vault and to justify the recon- 
 
16 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLTCKA. 
 
 struction of some other features. These bones are particularly note- 
 worthy for their thickness, which reaches 20 nun. at the internal 
 occipital protuberance and 10 pun. along the greater part of the 
 fractured edges of the frontal and parietals. The average thickness 
 of modern European skulls at the protuberance is less than 10 mm., 
 and elsewhere, except along tin- ridges and sutures, varies between 
 4 and 6 mm. 
 
 Under the direction of Messrs. Woodward and Dawson the skull 
 was reconstructed. It is evidently that of an adult, but not old, 
 female. Seen from above, it shows a short ovoid outline. It is 
 rather broad posteriorly, measuring 15.0 cm. in greatest width, and 
 ta pel's moderately forward to a slight constriction behind the supra- 
 orbital ridges, where its width (the diameter frontal minimum) is 
 11. -J cm. The total length from glabella to external occipital pro- 
 tuberance is uncertain, owing to the hypothetical restoration of the 
 frontals, but it measured probably not far from 19.0 cm.; the 
 cephalic index may have been, therefore, somewhere about 78 or 79. 
 
 A detailed examination of the several bones of the skull is interesting, as 
 proving the typically human character of nearly all the features that they 
 exhibit. The only noteworthy reminiscences of the ape are met with in the 
 upward extension of the temporal fossae and in the low and broad shape of the 
 occipital region. The frontal region, which is complete on the left side and in 
 its upper middle portions, shows a fairly developed forehead, with well-rounded 
 frontal eminence. Judging from the remainder of the supraorbital border, it 
 is clear that there can not have been any prominent or thickened supraorbital 
 ridge, and in consequence of this the missing parts of the frontal region were 
 restored on the plan of an ordinary human skull — 
 which was, perhaps, not fully justifiable. 
 
 The temporal crest is sharply developed over the frontal and parietals. 
 
 The occipital bone is remarkable both for its relatively great width, 
 and for the large area and flattenings of its smooth upper portion. 
 Tin' external occipital protuberance and the muscular ridges are 
 well marked. 
 
 The left temporal hone, which is excellently preserved, is "typi- 
 cally human in every detail," and corresponds closely with the same 
 bone iii a comparatively modern human skull. The mastoid is rather 
 small. 
 
 The capacity of the brain-case must have been at least 1.0,0 rr. 
 
 The Lntercranial cast, shows, according to Elliot Smith, a con- 
 siderable resemblance t<> (hose obtained from the Gibraltar and La 
 
 Quina skulls. Like these it is relatively long, narrow, and especially 
 flat: "but it is Bmaller ami presents more primitive features than 
 any known human brain or cranial cast.*' Marked peculiarities of 
 Conformation are shown particularly in the parietal and temporal 
 region. The length of the left cerebral hemisphere was only L'6.8 
 cm., due to the thickness of the bones, while the maximum breadth 
 of the brail) (located lower down than usual). WB& L8.0 cm., the 
 
\: 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 1 913. — HrdiicU 
 
 Restoration of the Piltdown Mandible (B), Compared with that 
 
 of Man (C) and Young Chimpanzee (A), in Left Side View. 
 
 (After A. Smith Woodward.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 17 
 
 maximum height 10.6 cm. 1 The author concludes that " taking all 
 its features into consideration, we must regard this as being the most 
 primitive and most simian human brain so far recorded; one, more- 
 over, such as might reasonably have been expected to be associated in 
 one and the same individual with the mandible, which so definitely 
 indicates the zoological rank of its original possessor." 
 
 As regards the lower jaw and the teeth it will be best to quote 
 from Dr. Woodward. According to this observer: "While the 
 skull, indeed, is evidently human, only approaching a lower grade 
 in certain characters of the brain, in the attachment for the neck, the 
 extent of the temporal muscles and in the probably large size of the 
 face, the mandible appears to be almost precisely that of an ape, 
 AYith nothing human except the molar teeth * * *." What there 
 is of the lower jaw shows the same mineralized condition as the skull, 
 and the specimen " corresponds sufficiently well in size to be referred 
 to the same individual without any hesitation." It is fairly well 
 preserved. " It lacks the condyle and a larger part of the symphysis 
 with most of the dental arch, but retains the first two molars, as well 
 as the socket for the third. The ascending ramus is relatively broad. 
 The bone is massive and its outer surface is deeply marked with 
 irregular hollows for the insertion of a powerful masseter muscle. 
 The horizontal ramus measures only about 27 mm. in height behind, 
 but must have been a little higher forward. There is a great width 
 of the temporal insertion, the mylohyoid groove is situated behind 
 rather than in line with the dental foramen, and there is a complete 
 absence of the mylohyoid ridge — all characters of the mandible in 
 apes, not in man. As the horizontal ramus curves round to the sym- 
 physis its lower margin exhibits an increasingly wider flattening, 
 which begins beneath the second molar, slopes upward and out- 
 ward, and ends in front in the strongly retreating chin. The inner 
 edge of this flattening is sharply rounded, and at the symphysis 
 itself the inner face of the jaw is so much depressed in its lower part 
 that the bone here has the form of a nearly horizontal plate or flange 
 closely similar to that found in all the apes. The genio-hyo-glossal 
 and genio-hyoid muscles, in fact, must have had their origin in a 
 deep pit, as in the apes; while the digastric can only have been 
 inserted on the edge of the bony flange instead of extending far over 
 the lower border as in man. Unfortunately, the absence of the upper 
 part of the symphysis does not allow of a precise restoration of the 
 specimen. As, however, the whole of the bone preserved closely 
 resembles that of a young chimpanzee, it seemed reasonable to restore 
 the fossil on this model and make the slope of the bony chin inter- 
 mediate between that of the adult ape and that of Homo heidel- 
 bergensis (pi. 7). If this restoration proved to be correct then the 
 alveolar border was so long that it would be necessary to assume the 
 
 1 The brain of a white male from Ireland, whose skull possessed very nearly the same 
 external measurements (length 19 cm., breadth 14.0 cm.), gave the writer 17 cm. in 
 length, 13.8 cm. in breadth, and 11.8 cm. in height. 
 30249°— 1916 2 
 
18 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 presence of a relatively large, though probably not very prominent 
 canine. 1 The two molar teeth are noteworthy for their considerable 
 length in proportion to their width and in each being provided with 
 a large fifth cusp. They are, although distinctly human, of the most 
 primitive type, and must be regarded as reminiscent of the apes in 
 their narrowness." * * * 
 
 The above were the essentials of the information we possessed about 
 the Piltdown specimens up to the end of 1914. Meanwhile the find 
 has been discussed at the late meeting (August, 1913) of the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as in a number 
 of publications, one of the most important of which was an additional 
 report by Messrs. Dawson and Woodward, 2 in which appeared details 
 of considerable additional interest. From this publication we learn 
 that the researches by the authors in the Piltdown gravel have con- 
 tinued; and that the whole bed at the locality of the find was found 
 divided into four well-defined strata. The topmost of these consists 
 of surface soil, with pieces of iron-stained subangular flint derived 
 from some ancient gravel and similar to the Hints beneath. This 
 surface soil also contains a mixture of pottery and implements of 
 various ages. Beneath is the second bed of ''undisturbed'* gravel 
 varying from a few inches to three feet in thickness. A paleolithic 
 implement figured in the former paper by the writers has been found 
 in this layer, which contains rolled and subangular flints similar to 
 those found above and below. The third stratum, though not always 
 present, is well marked where it does occur by reasons of its dark 
 ferruginous appearance, and chiefly consists of pieces of ironstone 
 and rolled and subangular flints deeply patinated and iron stained. 
 All the fossil bones, animal and human, with the exception of the 
 remains of a deer, were discovered in or have been traced to this 
 third dark bed. which rests unevenly upon a fourth layer, consisting 
 of \ery pale yellow, finely divided sand and clay. 
 
 The whole of the work was perforce carried on very slowly, and 
 it was found impossible to employ more than one laborer. " for the 
 actual excavation had to be closely watched, and each Spadeful care- 
 fully examined. The grave] was then either washed with a sieve, or 
 strewn on specially prepared ground for the rain to wash it: after 
 which the layer thus spread was mapped out in square.-, and minutely 
 examined section by section. H 
 
 While the Laborer was digging the disturbed gravel within two or 
 
 three feel from the spot where the mandible was found, Mr. Dawson 
 "saw two human nasal bones lying together with the remains of a 
 turbinated bone beneath them in situ. n In the gravel excavated 
 
 within a radius of five yards of the spot where the mandible was 
 
 found. Father Teilhard de Ghardin, who worked for a few days 
 with the authors, found on August :'.(>. L918, a remarkable canine 
 
 i This was written before tin- canine was discovered. 
 
 * Supplementary Note on the Discovery <<f a Paleolithic Human Skull and Mandible at 
 Piltdov ii i Bui -<■>. i ; Quart, Journ. Geological Society, London, April, 1914, pp. 81 '.''.'. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlicka 
 
 EOANTHROPUS. 
 
 The newly found nasal bones and canines (in various aspects and sections) and the 
 lower jaw. (After Dawson and Woodward, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 70, pi. 15.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HEDLICKA. 19 
 
 tooth, which, according to Messrs. Dawson and Woodward, belongs 
 to the Eoanthropus. 
 
 There were also found in the same vicinity two evidently worked 
 flints with a flint flake; and there were also recovered fragments of 
 teeth of the stegodon, rhinoceros, and mastodon. 
 
 The conclusions of Messrs. Dawson and "Woodward are that the 
 third or dark bed is, in the main, composed of Pliocene drift, prob- 
 ably reconstructed in the Pleistocene epoch. 
 
 "As regards the human remains discovered, including the canine 
 tooth, there is nothing in their mode of occurrence to favor the idea 
 that they may have belonged to different individuals. Putting aside 
 the human remains and those of the beaver, the remains of the fauna 
 all point to a characteristic land fauna of Pliocene age; and, though 
 all are portions of hard teeth, they are rolled and broken. The 
 human remains, on the other hand, although of much softer material, 
 are not rolled, and the remains of beaver are in a similar condition. 
 It would, therefore, seem that the occurrence of these two individuals 
 belongs to one of the periods of reconstruction of this gravel, though 
 for other reasons before stated by us, this is not perfectly certain." 
 
 The newly-found nasal bones (pi. 8) are " comparatively stout, 
 and they are thickened at the upper border, suggesting a massive 
 and somewhat overhanging brow ridge. * * * Comparison proves 
 that these nasal bones resemble those of the Melanesian and African 
 races, rather than those of the Eurasian type." 
 
 The remarkable new canine tooth (pi. 8) "is certainly that of a 
 primate mammal, and may therefore be referred without hesitation 
 to Eoanthropus." * * * 
 
 As to the original restoration of the skull, it appears that the 
 changes called for by detailed and many sided further study, will 
 be relatively small ; and " there are reasons for believing that the 
 individual was a young adult, and possibly a female, for the features 
 that present secondary sexual characters in modern skulls are quite 
 indefinite in these fragments." 
 
 Notes on an interesting discussion follow the report. There 
 seemed to have been some doubt as to the teeth belonging all to the 
 same skull. As to the age of the remains, the opinion was expressed 
 that it could not be earlier than Pleistocene ; according to Prof. W. 
 Boyd Dawkins, this was clearly proved by the presence in the Pilt- 
 down deposits "of an antler of red deer (Cervus elaphus), a species 
 unknown in the Pliocene of Europe and abundant in the Pleistocene 
 and later strata." 
 
 Since the above referred to announcement of discovery of the re- 
 markable canine, the whole subject of the Piltdown remains received 
 a redoubled attention. A controversy developed, also, as to the ac- 
 curacy of the restoration of the skull, Prof. A. Keith, of London, 
 claiming that it was considerably larger than estimated by Messrs. 
 Dawson and Woodward. New reconstructions were attempted by 
 Keith and more recently by McGregor (X. Y.), as well as by Wood- 
 
20 ANCIENT EEMAINS OF MAN HItDLICKA. 
 
 ward himself and the capacity of the skull is now estimated at ap- 
 proximately 1,300 cc. 1 
 
 Detailed studies and comparisons of the canine by Gregory, 2 Os- 
 born,' McGregor, and especially Miller, have resulted in an impor- 
 tant modification of the diagnosis as to its identity, and it is now 
 definitely recognized as the left upper tooth instead of the right 
 lower one as supposed originally. 
 
 The most important development in the study of the Piltdown re- 
 mains, however, is the recent well-documented objection by Miller' 
 to the classing together of the lower jaw and the canine with the 
 cranium. According to Miller, who had ample anthropoid as well 
 as human material Tor comparison, the jaw and tooth belonj 
 fossil chimpanzee. 
 
 The writer's feeling is that none of the conclusions regarding the 
 Piltdown find should as yet be accepted as final; they all need cor- 
 roboration and further elucidation, which can only be furnished 
 in the course of time by additional finds, both in the Piltdown 
 gravels and elsewhere on the European Continent. Until then all 
 hypotheses relating to the " Eoanthropus " and the term itself must 
 be regarded as more or less premature. 
 
 HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS. 
 One of the oldest and thoroughly authenticated skeletal relics so 
 far discovered, attributable to a primitive human being, is the price- 
 less specimen known as the Mauer jaw. This precious document of 
 man's evolution is deposited in the Paleontological Institute of 
 } » < ; . It-!! >.'iir. For its preservation and thorough description we are 
 indebted to Dr. Otto Sehoetensackv' professor of anthropology at 
 fteidelberg University, who for years had been watching the finds in 
 the. sand pits near Mauer which eventually yielded the specimen. 
 Hut much credit in this connection is dw also to llerr J 
 Rosch, of Mauer, the owner of the sand pits in question, who saved 
 
 the specimen from destruction, immediately called Prof. Scl 
 
 sack's attention to ii i discovery, and eventually donated it unselfishly 
 to science. 
 
 The specimen, the lower jaw of an adult male, was discovered on 
 
 the 21st of October, l"<)7. by two laborers. Both of these were still 
 
 employed m the quarry at the time of the writer's visit, in dune. L912, 
 
 and they readily related, in company with Mr. Rosch, all the circum- 
 
 ces of the find. 
 
 The deposits in which tin 1 specimen was discovered are located near 
 the village of Mauer, which lies in the picturesque Elsenz Valley, 6 
 
 i Keith, A., The Antlqultj London, 1915 (with references to liis former 
 
 publications relating i<> Piltdown man). 
 
 Woodward, a. Smith, a Guide in the K<>ssii Remains of Man in tin- Dept <>r Geology and 
 Paleontology in the British Museum; 8°, London, L015. 
 
 .. K., The Dawn Manor Piltdown, England; km. Mus. Journ., vol. i i, 1014, 
 pi>. 180 
 
 ... ii. i\. Mot, ,,r ii,,. Old Btone Age; *-. n. v.. 1916, 2d Ed. 1916. 
 'Miller, G. s.. i e Jaw of the Piltdown .Man. Smithsonian Misc. OolL, vol. 65, No. vj. 
 lag ton, Nov. 1916. 
 
/ 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HEDLICKA. 21 
 
 miles (10 km.) southeast from Heidelberg. They form the moder- 
 ately elevated undulating northern boundaries of the shallow valley, 
 at a distance of about 2 miles from the present bed of the river, and 
 represent in the main the quaternary accumulations of the stream. 
 They consist of loess, sand and gravels, with here and there, in the 
 deeper layers, isolated flat blocks of red sandstone (pi. 9). 
 
 The portion of these deposits owned by H. Eosch, located about 500 
 paces north of the Mauer village, have now been worked, in open 
 manner, for upward of 30 years, in which time great quantities of 
 building sand have been removed. During this work, particularly 
 in the lower strata, the workingmen often unearthed fossil shells and 
 fossil bones of various Quaternary animals. Many of these speci- 
 mens found their way, mostly as gifts of Herr Eosch, to the Heidel- 
 berg University, and the diggings were repeatedly visited by 
 scientific men, among whom Prof. Schoetensack. Both the owner 
 and the workmen were enjoined to watch for better preserved speci- 
 mens, and particularly for anything relating to the presence of man. 
 
 On the date of the find, two of the laborers were working in un- 
 disturbed material at the base of the exposure, over 80 feet in depth 
 from the surface, when one of them suddenly brought out on his 
 shovel part of a massive lower jaw which the implement had struck 
 and cut in two. As the men knew it was worth while to carefully 
 preserve all fossils, the specimen was handled with some care. The 
 missing half was dug out, but the crowns of four of the teeth broken 
 by the shovel were not recovered. The men were struck at once with 
 the remarkable resemblance of the bone to a human lower jaw; but 
 it looked to them too thick and large to be that of man. They called 
 Herr Eosch and he also was bewildered ; but he recognized immedi- 
 ately that the specimen might be of considerable interest to Prof. 
 Schoetensack and so he took charge of it. Eeturning to the village he 
 telegraphed to the professor, who came the next day, and " once he 
 got hold of the specimen, he would no more let it cut of his posses- 
 sion." He took it to Heidelberg, cleaned it, repaired it, and in 1908 
 published its description in an exemplary way. 1 Since then the 
 valuable specimen has been preserved in the Paleontological Institute 
 of the Heidelberg University, where, thanks to the liberality of those 
 in charge, it is available for examination to men of science. 2 
 
 Shortly following the discovery of the jaw a most careful examina- 
 tion and study were made of the Mauer deposits. They were found 
 to range from recent accumulations on the surface to Tertiary de- 
 posits in the lowest layers. The jaw lay a little less than three feet 
 
 1 Shoetensaek, Otto. Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis, aus den Sanden von 
 Mauer bei Heidelberg, 4°, Leipzig, 1908, pp. 1-67, 13 plates. 
 
 2 The writer wishes to thank herewith especially Prof. Wilhelm Salomon, chief of the 
 Institute, for the courtesies extended. 
 
22 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 (0.87 meter) above the floor of the excavation and 70 feet (24.1 
 meters) from the surface. 1 The same level, as well as some of the 
 higher layers, yielded fossil bones of the Eh phas antiquum, Rhi- 
 nocero8 etruscus, Fells leo fos»il/'s, and various other extinct species. 
 The a^e of the human jaw has been determined by these and subse- 
 quent explorations to be earlier Quaternary, though there seems to 
 be some uncertainty as yet as to the exact subdivision of the period 
 to which it should be attributed. 
 
 The original specimen, when seen, impresses one at once and po- 
 tently as one of the greatest anthropological treasures. It is a huge 
 lower jaw, which looks simultaneously both human and ape (pi. 10). 
 
 It presents no abnormality or any diseased condition that could 
 have altered it in shape, so that it may well be regarded as a perfect 
 representative of its type. The bone is dull yellowish-white to red- 
 dish in color, with numerous small and large blackish spots. The 
 crowns of the teeth are dirty creamy white, with blackish discolora- 
 tions on the somewhat worn-oil' chewing surfaces of the canines and 
 incisors, and a few similar spots over the molars; while all the parts 
 of the teeth beneath the enamel are dull red, as if especially colored. 
 It is much mineralized and feels more like so much limestone than 
 bone. It weighs nearly 7 ounces (187 grams). 
 
 The jaw is considerably larger and stouter than any other known 
 human mandible. Its ascending rami are exceedingly broad. Its 
 coronoicl processes, thin and sharp in modern man, are thick, dull, 
 broad, and markedly diverging. The chin slopes backward as 
 in no human being now known or thus far discovered, with the 
 possible exception of the recently reported Eoanthropus; and there 
 are other primitive features. The total of the characteristics of the 
 bone are such thai, had the teeth been Lost, it would surely have been 
 regarded as the mandible of some large ape rather than that of a in- 
 human being. 
 
 The teeth of the Mailer jaw. however, are perfectly preserved; 
 and though large and provided with great roots and in various other 
 ways primitive, they are unquestionably human teeth. They force 
 
 the conclusion that their possessor, while of heavy, protruding face, 
 hugh muscles of mastication, wide and thick zygomatic aivhe-. thick 
 skull, probably heavy brows, and possibly not yet quite erect posture, 
 had nevertheless already stepped over that line above which the being 
 could be termed human. His food and probably his mode of life 
 were related to those of primitive man. and he was already far re- 
 moved from his primate ancestors with large canines. 
 
 The writer will not enter into the anatomical details of the speci- 
 men, which have been admirably brought out by Prof. Schoctensack. 
 
 1 'ill.- exact ipol has been marked i>.\ Prof. Schoetenaack with si si. me monument >»'nr- 
 lny the Inscription: " FunoateUe ilea menechllchen Unterklefera, -i Ottober, n»o7." 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlicka. 
 
 ^> . 
 
 The Mauer Lower Jaw. 
 
 (After Schoetensaok. About three-fourths natural size.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OP MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 23 
 
 The main dimensions of the bone as taken by the writer and con- 
 trasted with a modern male German jaw of average strength, are as 
 follows : 
 
 Measurements of the Mauer jaw and those of an ordinary lower jaw of a ichite 
 man of German descent. 
 
 
 Mauer jaw. 
 
 German jaw. 
 
 
 Right 
 side. 
 
 Left 
 side. 
 
 Right 
 side. 
 
 Left 
 side. 
 
 Horizontal length (from the most forward point of the alveolar border 
 in the middle, to the middle of the posterior border of the ascending 
 
 cm. 
 12. 5 12. 1 
 
 10.8 
 11.3 
 13.1 
 
 5.2 
 3.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.25 
 
 5.2 5.0 
 
 5.S5 
 7.05 
 
 9.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 cm. 
 
 Breadth: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vertical height in the median line at front (the jaw reposing naturally 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 Thickness (at right angle to the vertical diameter of the horizontal 
 ramus) at median incisors and midway from above downward 
 
 .9 
 1.5 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 5.4 
 
 
 6.4 
 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is readily seen that the jaw exceeds considerably that of the 
 modern man in every dimension. 
 
 The carefulness of the workingmen in the Mauer sand deposits 
 has been redoubled since the find of the jaw, and the locality has also 
 been subjected to considerable scientific exploration, but thus far 
 without further result so far as human remains are concerned. No 
 signs were discovered which would indicate that the specimen found 
 in 1907 proceeded from a burial. Evidently it became mingled 
 accidentally and while still fairly fresh with the ancient alluvium, 
 wherein by rare good fortune it was perfectly preserved. There can 
 be but little hope that other parts of the same skull or skeleton will 
 ever be recovered ; but it is not impossible that the large early accu- 
 mulations of the Elsenz Valley may inclose and some day yield 
 parts of some equally early individual which will throw further light 
 on the physical organization of this most interesting ancient repre- 
 sentative of humanity. 
 
 THE SKULL OF GIBRALTAR. 
 
 This highly valuable but comparatively little known specimen is 
 preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, 
 where, thanks to the courtesy of the curator, Prof. Arthur Keith, 
 the writer was able to examine it and have it photographed. 
 
 The history of the specimen is, regrettably, somewhat defective. 
 The first mention of it occurs in Falconer's Paleontological Memoirs, 1 
 
 1 Falconer, Hugh. Paleontological memoirs and notes, 2 vols., 8°, London, 1868 ; also 
 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 21, 1865, p. 369. 
 
24 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN — HBDL16KA. 
 
 in 1868, where, on page 5G1 of volume 2, speaking of various anthro- 
 pological and other finds at Gibraltar, the author says: 
 
 One of the human skulls yielded by die rocka many years since ap] 
 us to point to a time of very high antiquity, in fad. ii is the mosl remark- 
 able and perfect example of its kind now extant, in the absence <>f a properly 
 organized museum no record exists of the precise circumstances under which 
 this interesting relic was found, and that it has been preserved at all may be 
 considered a happy accident; it has cost us much labor, and with but partial 
 success, to endeavor to trace its history on the spot where it turned up. 
 
 Besides this Falconer remarks in a letter to a relative, 1 referring 
 to the skull: " It is a case of a very low type of humanity — very low 
 and savage, and of extreme antiquity — but still man * * *. 
 
 Taking all the available data into consideration, 2 it appears that 
 the skull was discovered, accidentally, as early as 1848. therefore 
 eight years before the Neanderthal cranium made it- appearance in 
 the " Forbes Quarry, situated on the north front of the Rock of Gi- 
 braltar." According to Keith, 3 it was " quarried out of the terrace 
 under the north face of the rock," a terrace formed of solidified 
 breccia, consisting of the debris of weathering of the limestone cliff 
 and fine wind-blown sand. The part of the terrace when' the cra- 
 nium lay was possibly in former times the floor of a cave. Pari of a 
 cave still exists behind the site of the discovery and was explored in 
 l!)li by Duckworth, but without results. It is certain that the skull 
 showed, and to some extent presents to this day. a hard stony matrix 
 adhering to its surface and filling its cavities. Broca, to whom we 
 owe the first descriptive account of the specimen 4 says that it was 
 taken out from a "very compact and adherent gangue" out of which 
 it was disengaged with much difficulty. The photographs published 
 with Broca's account show still very noticeable remnants of the stony 
 matrix (see also pi. 12). 
 
 The skull was presented to the Gibraltar Scientific Society by its 
 thai time secretary, Lieut. Flint, but for many years received no sci- 
 entific attention. In 18G2 it came to England, with the collections 
 from the Gibraltar caves, and was studied t<» some extent by Busk 
 and Falconer. The latter, perceiving how much it differed from 
 receni human skull-, proposed to refer it to a distinct variety of man. 
 the //c/no colpicus, after Calfe*, the old name of Gibraltar. In 1868 
 finally Bush presented the cranium t<> the Museum of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons of England, where it is still preserved. 
 
 The first descriptive account of the specimen was published, as 
 
 mentioned above, by Broca, but the adhering stony matrix pre- 
 
 1 Op. < it.. |i. 561, footnote. 
 
 ■ Compare Keith, a. The «'nrly history «.f tin- Gibraltar cranium. (Nature, 1011, pp. 
 818 814.) 
 
 ' Ancirnl Typea "I' Man, 1911, p. 1-1. 
 
 'Broca, P. Cranea >i oaaementa hnmalna dee cavernee de Gibraltar (Bull. Boc. 
 d'Anthropol, Parle, 2d aerlea, vol. i, 1868, p. 154.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlicka 
 
 The Gibraltar Skull. Front View. 
 Photographed for the Smithsonian Report from the original.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1913. — Hrdlick; 
 
 Gibraltar Skull. Top View. 
 Photographed for the Smithsonian Report from the original.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OP MAN HEDLICKA. 25 
 
 vented at that time any attempts at accurate measurements. Subse- 
 quently it received attention from Huxley, Quatrefages, and Hamy, 
 and later from Macnamara, Klaatsch, Schwalbe^ Sollas, Sera, and 
 Keith, as well as the writer. It is a very remarkable specimen which, 
 even though the geological and paleontological evidence relating to 
 its antiquity is imperfect, does not allow for one moment any doubt 
 as to its representing an early form of the human being; and its 
 characteristics are such that it is now universally regarded as a rep- 
 resentative, possibly a very early one, of the Homo neanderthalensis. 
 
 The cranium (pis. 11, 12, 13) is dirty yellowish to whitish in color. 
 It is considerably mineralized. The stony matrix has been so far re- 
 moved that all important determinations and measurements which the 
 defective state of the bone itself permits, can now be made. A for- 
 tunate circumstance is that the frontal and facial parts are relatively 
 well preserved ; the vault on the other hand is largely defective, but 
 even here sufficient portions remain to permit of a number of valuable 
 determinations, and a fairly correct reconstruction. 
 
 The aspect of the face is semihuman, apish. There is a marked 
 and quite heavy supraorbital arch, notwithstanding the fact that 
 the skull is probably that of a female. The orbits are very spacious, 
 especially in height, and the frontal process between, especially at 
 the level of the superior borders of the orbits, is very stout. The 
 nasal bridge is low, though not excessively so, and the nasal aperture 
 is very broad. There are no suborbital (canine) fossa? — the surface 
 of the maxillaries in this region is in fact slightly convex, as in the 
 apes. The zygomatic arches are deficient and in consequence it is 
 impossible to say anything definite about their breadth, except that 
 in all probability this was considerable. The upper alveolar process 
 is largely absorbed, so that we can not judge of the original prognath- 
 ism, which however was* doubtless well marked. The teeth show 
 unusual strength and especially length, though their crowns are 
 largely worn off. 
 
 The vault, viewed from above, is ovoid in shape and decidedly 
 low. The forehead is low and sloping. The cranial bones are thick, 
 exceeding any in this line that can be found in normal modern 
 European. 
 
 The external dimensions of the skull are fairly large, but the brain 
 was small. The cranial capacity is estimated by Keith as having 
 been under 1,100 c. c. — that in an adult white woman of the present 
 time averaging about 1,325 c. c. The palate was large and approached 
 the horseshoe in shape. The fossa? for the articulation of the lower 
 jaw are ratlrer small and, as in the Krapina skulls to be described 
 later, they are inclined distally more upward than in man of the 
 actual time. 
 
26 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN ITRDLIOKA. 
 
 The principal measurements which the writer secured on the 
 
 specimen, and which differ slightly from those previously reported. 
 especially as to the breadth of the skull, are as follows: 
 
 Cm. 
 
 Length maximum (glabello-occipital) 19.3 
 
 Breadth maximum, near i 14.8 
 
 Cephalic Indea Ti; to 77 
 
 Height between a point corresponding about to the bregma and a point 
 
 on the basilar process just back of the vomer 10.8 
 
 Diameter frontal minimum 0.9 
 
 Upper alveolar point to nasion, approximately 7.9 
 
 Nose height (mean of the two sides) 8.8 
 
 Breadth maximum 
 
 Palate length (Turner's method), about 7.0 
 
 Breadth, about 0. S 
 
 Mm. 
 Thickness of right parietal. 1 cm. above and along the squamous 8Uture__ 0.0 
 
 Bight Left. 
 
 Cm. Cm. 
 
 OrMtS, height 4 3. S 
 
 Breadth 4 •!. 
 
 Maximum length of the brain 16.4 
 
 The majority of these measurements -how well the low type of the 
 skull. 
 
 There are numerous other details and dimensions about the speci- 
 men which are of interest to the anthropologist, but which can not 
 well be dealt with in this paper. It will suffice to say that both the 
 visual and the instrumental examination of the specimen lead to the 
 conclusion that the Gibraltar skull represents a highly valuable re- 
 mains of an early human being and that its principal characteris- 
 tics justify the classification of this ancient form with the Homo 
 neanderthalensls. 1 
 
 THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL AND BONES. 
 
 The most famous of the skeletal remains representing early man 
 an- unquestionably the imperfect, but highly characteristic speci- 
 mens known as the Neanderthal skull and bones. This important 
 find more than any other has aroused scientific men to intense reali- 
 zation of the earlier phases of human evolution. The skull and to 
 Some extent also the other parts of the skeleton stand morphologically 
 far below those of any existing type id' man. being correspondingly 
 nearer to the ancient primates; and their name lias been deservedly 
 
 taken to designate with the entire early phase of mankind of which 
 
 the skeleton is. as now well known, a prototype. 
 
 1 ADDITION m. RBriBl 
 
 sik\. <:. i.. Nuove oaservazioni ed LnduzionJ sui cranio de Gibraltar. Arch. p. 
 I'AntropoL ami Btnol., rol. 89, Firenae, 1910, pp. 1-66, pis. 8 5. 
 
 Son .v-. \V. <!. On the cranial ami facial features of the .NYa mlerthal race. 
 
 (Philosophical Transactions, Boy. See London, 1907, vol. L99B, p. -si -,•;:;;>.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 27 
 
 The skull, with other parts of the skeleton, were found in August, 
 1856. 1 They were dug out accidentally by two laborers from a small 
 cave, located at the entrance of the Neanderthal gorge, in W^est- 
 phajjia, western Germany. The bones were given but little attention 
 by the workmen, but fortunately news of the find reached an Elber- 
 feld physician, Dr. Fuhlrott, and he was still able to save the skull- 
 cap, the femora, humeri, ulnse, right radius, portion of the left pelvic 
 bone, portion of the right scapula, piece of the right clavicle, and 
 five pieces of ribs (see pis. 14r-18). 
 
 Soon after their discovery the skeletal remains of the Neanderthal 
 man received the attention of Prof. D. Schaaffhausen, of Bonn, who 
 on the 4th of February, 1857, made a preliminary report upon them 
 at the meeting of the Lower Rhine Medical and Natural History 
 Society, of Bonn. 2 At the general meeting of the Natural History 
 Society of Prussian Ehineland and Westphalia, at Bonn, on the 2d 
 of June, 1857, Dr. Fuhlrott himself gave a full account of the 
 locality of the find and of the circumstances under which the dis- 
 covery was made. 
 
 The principal details of Dr. Fuhlrott's 3 report were as follows : 
 
 A small cave or grotto, high enough to admit a man and about 15 feet deep 
 from the entrance, which is 7 or S feet wide, exists in the southern wall of the 
 gorge of the Neanderthal, as it is termed, at a distance of about 100 feet from 
 the Diissel 4 and about 60 feet above the bottom of the valley (fig. 3). In its 
 earlier and uninjured condition this cavern opened upon a narrow plateau lying 
 in front of it and from which the rocky wall descended almost perpendicularly 
 to the river. It could be reached, though with difficulty, from above. The 
 uneven floor was covered to a thickness of 4 or 5 feet with a deposit of mud, 
 sparingly intermixed with rounded fragments of chert. In the removing of 
 this deposit the bones were discovered. The skull was first noticed, placed 
 nearest to the entrance of the cavern ; and further in were the other bones lying 
 in the same horizontal plane. Of this I was assured in the most positive terms 
 by two laborers who were employed to clear, out the grotto, and who were ques- 
 tioned by me on the spot. At first no idea was entertained of the bones being 
 human ; and it was not till several weeks after their discovery that they were 
 recognized as such by me and placed in security. But, as the importance of 
 the discovery was not at the time perceived, the laborers were very careless in 
 the collecting and secured chiefly only the larger bones; and to this circum- 
 stance it may be attributed that fragments merely of the probably perfect 
 
 skeleton came into my possession. 
 
 » 
 
 Fuhlrott held that the Neanderthal bones might be regarded as 
 " fossil," by which he possibly meant not merely mineralized, but 
 
 1 In many publications the date is erroneously given as 1857. 
 
 - Verhandl. d. naturhist, Vereins* der preuss. Rheinlande und Westphalens, vol. 14. 
 Bonn, 1857.. AlsoV'Zuf KenntnisB der altesten Rassenschadel," Miiller's Archiv, 1858, 
 p. 453 et seq. . 
 
 3 lb. Correspondenzblatt No. 2. The above follows G. Busks's Translation of Schaaff- 
 bausen's " On the crania of the most ancient races of man," Nat. Hist. Review, April 
 1861. 
 
 * Near Hochdal, between Elberfeld and Dusseldorf. 
 
28 
 
 ANCIENT HF.MAINS OF MAN IIRDLICKA. 
 
 also belonging to a form of humanity do more existing. A little later 
 Prof. Schaaffhausen arrived at the following conclusions: 1 
 
 First. The extraordinary form of the skull was duo t<> a natural conforma- 
 tion, hitherto not known to exist even In the nmsl barbarous races. Second. 
 These remarkable human remains belonged to a period antecedent 1" the time 
 of the Celts and (Jorinnns, and were in all probability derived from one of the 
 wild races of northwestern Europe, spoken of by Latin writers, and which 
 were encountered as autochthones by the German Immigrants. And third. 
 It was beyond doubt that these human relics were traceable to a period at 
 which the latest animals of the Diluvium still existed; thongh no proof of 
 this assumption, 7ior consequently of their so-termed fossil condition, was 
 afforded by the circumstances under which the bones were discovered. 
 
 In 1800 the Neanderthal cave was visited, in company with Dr. 
 Fuhlrott, by Lyell, ayIio made a sketch of the locality (fig. 3). and 
 
 ,» a , » 
 
 Fig. 3— Section of the Neanderthal Cave, near DOsseldorf. (After Lyell.) 
 
 a. Cavern 00 feet above tho Dussel, and 100 feet below the surface of the country at r. 
 
 6. Loam covering the floor of the cave, near the bottom of -which the human skeleton was 
 found. 
 
 b, c. Rent connecting the cava with tho upper surface of the country. 
 
 d. Superficial Bandy loam. 
 
 e. Devonian limestone. . 
 
 /. Terrace, or ledge of rock. 
 
 W€ are given the following 
 covery of the bones — 
 
 additional information: 1 Since the dis- 
 
 the ledge of rock, /. on which the cave opened, and which was originally 20 
 
 feel wide, bad been almost entirely quarried away, and, al the rate at whieh 
 
 the work of dilapidation was proceeding, its complete destruction seemed Dear 
 
 at hand. 
 
 In the limestone are many lissnres. one of whlchj Btill partially filled with 
 mini and slones, IS represented in the section al <i as eonlinuoiis from the 
 Cave to the upper surface of the country.. * * * 
 
 There was no crusl of Btalagmlte overlying the mud In which the human 
 
 skeleton was found, and no hones of olher animals in tjie mud with the skele- 
 ton; I. ul just before our visit in L80O the tusk of a bear had been mot with in 
 some mud in a lateral embranchment of the Cave, in a situation precisely sinii- 
 
 • i.. a 
 
 - Lyell, sir Charles. 
 
 is?::, p, B0 I 
 
 The geological evidence! of * i »* - antiquity of 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 29 
 
 lar to 6, figure 3, and on a level corresponding with that of the human skeleton. 
 This tusk, shown us by the proprietor of the cave, was 2| inches long and 
 quite perfect; but whether it was referable to a recent or extinct species of 
 bear, I could not determine. 
 
 Following the early notices concerning the Neanderthal cranium, 
 and before other specimens of similar nature, such as the Spy, 
 Gibraltar and others became known, an extensive controversy 
 arose as to the real significance of the find. Virchow, 1 and after him 
 others, were at first inclined to look upon the skull as pathological; 
 to Barnard Davis 2 its sutures appeared to show premature synosto- 
 sis ; while Blake 3 and his followers regarded the specimen as prob- 
 ably proceeding from an idiot. But there were also those, such as 
 Schaaffhausen, Broca, and others, who from the beginning saw in the 
 cranium (the other bones received at first but little attention) not 
 any pathological or accidental monstrosity, but a peculiar, thereto 
 unknown type of ancient humanity. Then gradually new examples 
 of this same early type appeared in different parts of Europe, under 
 circumstances which steadily strengthened the claim of the whole 
 class to geological antiquity; and when eventually a thorough com- 
 parative study of the Neanderthal remains was carried out by mod- 
 ern methods and in view of new knowledge, the cranium and bones 
 were definitely recognized as representing, in a normal and most char- 
 acteristic way, a most interesting earlier phase or variety of mankind, 
 our mid-quarternary predecessor or close relative Homo neander- 
 thalensis. The credit for deserving work in this field is due especially 
 to Prof. G. Schwalbe, of Strassburg, whose numerous publications 
 on the early forms of human remains in Europe are well known to 
 every anthropologist. 4 
 
 Notes on the specimens. — The remains of the Neanderthal skeleton 
 are preserved in the Provincial Museum at Bonn, where, due to the 
 courtesy of the director, Prof. Hans Lehner, the writer was enabled 
 to examine the originals and later have them photographed. 
 
 The skull (pis. 14-16) is gray in color, with large mud-brownish 
 patches on the outside, and whitish gray to whitish brown on the 
 inside. It is decidedly heavy and mineralized. It is plainly non- 
 pathological. The sagittal suture has evidently closed earlier than 
 it ordinarily does in the modern man, but this must have taken place 
 after the brain ceased to influence the cranial vault, for it resulted 
 in no deformation. The coronal suture is obliterated up to the 
 
 iVircb^w, R. Untersuchung des Neanderthal-Schadels. Zeit. f. Etbnol., vol. 4, 1872, 
 Verhandl. Berl. Ges. f. Anthr., etc., pp. 157-165. 
 
 2 Davis, J. Barnard. The Neanderthal skull, etc., London, 1864. 
 
 3 Blake, C. Carter. On the alleged peculiar characters and assumed antiquity of the 
 human cranium from the Neanderthal. (Journ. Anthrop. Soc, London, vol. 2, 1864, pp. 
 139-157; also Mem. Anthrop. Soc, London, vol. 2, 1S66, p. 74.) 
 
 4 Those especially worthy of mention in this connection are : Uber die Schiidelformen 
 der jiltesten Menschenrassen, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Schadels von Egisheim. 
 Mitteilungen der philomathischen Gesellschaft in Elsas-Lothringen. 5, Jahrg., vol. 3, 1897. 
 Derselbe : Der Neandertalschadel. Bonner Jahrbucher, Heft 106 ; 72 Stn. 1 Tafel, 1901. 
 
30 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 temporal ridges, while the lambdoid is still patent. Similar condi- 
 tions to these are not seldom met with in the skulls of persons beyond 
 the fiftieth year of life, and if not attended by scaphocephaly or 
 other consequent deformation, can not be regarded as abnormal. The 
 serration of the lambdoid suture is decidedly simpler than in the 
 modern human skull. 
 
 The facial and basal parts are lacking. The vault shows very good 
 dimensions in length and breadth, but is strikingly low^ and the 
 bones are considerably thicker than in the white man of to-day, so 
 that the brain cavity was only moderate. 
 
 Besides its lowness the vault is characterized by a very decided 
 protrusion of the whole supra-orbital region. The supra-orbital fore- 
 structure or arch formed through this protrusion is heavier than In 
 any other known example of the Homo manderthdleTWs. The line 
 from glabella to the naso-frontal articulation is relatively extensive 
 and passes considerably backward besides downward, indicating 
 a very marked depression at the root of the nose, not unlike that 
 which is present in the adult gorilla. Due also to the forward ex- 
 tension of the supra-orbital arch, the upper parts of the planes of 
 the orbits face very perceptibly downward, while in present man 
 they face somewhat upward or approach the vertical. The remark- 
 able extent of the protrusion of the supra-orbital region may be 
 judged by the fact that the horizontal distance from the most promi- 
 nent point of the glabella to the nearest point on the ventral surface 
 of the lower frontal region measures 3 cm. The frontal process 
 descends deep between the orbits and is exceedingly stout. 
 
 The forehead is very low and also slopes markedly backward. 
 nevertheless it presents a moderately well-defined convexity. Tho 
 sagittal region is oval from side to side, much like thai in man of 
 to-day; the occiput, however, is marked by a relatively high- situa- 
 tion of the crest and other peculiarities. The outline of the vault, 
 as looked at from above, is a long ovoid. The thickness of the 
 frontal hone at the eminences is B«5 mm.; of the left parietal, along 
 
 and 1 cm. above the squamous suture. (I to s mm.; these measurements 
 are about one-third greater than those of the skull of an average 
 modern European. 
 
 The principal externa] dimensions of the cranium, taken carefully 
 with two separate instruments, were found to differ slightly from 
 some of those recorded, but agree closely with those of Schwalbe. 
 
 They are: 
 
 i 
 
 The greatest length 20. i 
 
 The greatest breadth. 14.7 
 
 Cephalic Index ?::. l 
 
 Diameter Frontal minimum 10. 7 
 
 Diameter frontal maximum i*-' ; '' 
 
 Naslon-bregma diameter 11.7 
 
 Bregma-lambde diameter 10.8 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1913.— Hrdl 
 
 The Neanderthal Skull. Top View. 
 ( Photographed for the Smithsonian Report from the original.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 191 3. — Hrdlicka. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 31 
 
 The internal capacity of the skull has been estimated by Schaaff- 
 hausen at 1,033 c. c, by Huxley at 1,230 c. c, and by Schwalbe at 
 1,234 c. c. 
 
 The brain which filled the skull was lower and narrower and 
 slightly more pointed than the human brain of to-day, approaching 
 in these features more the anthropoid form. The right frontal 
 lobe was slightly larger and longer than the left, and the whole right 
 hemisphere was slightly longer than that of the opposite side. In 
 the present man it is generally the left hemisphere which is the 
 longer, but this exception in the Neanderthal man is not necessarily 
 of any special significance. 
 
 The long and other bones of the skeleton (pis. 17-18), so far as pre- 
 served, show many features of anthropological inferiority, demon- 
 strating plainly that not merely the skull, but the whole body of 
 the Neanderthal man occupied a lower evolutionary stage than that 
 of any normal human being of the historic times. However, many 
 of the details on these points are technical and must be reserved for 
 another publication. The bones in general indicate a powerful 
 musculature. They belong doubtless to a male individual. The 
 stature of the man was about like the average of the present man 
 in central Europe, or but slightly lower (the femora indicate, accord- 
 ing to Manouvrier's scale, approximately 165 cm.) 1 The thigh bones, 
 besides presenting a powerful neck with a relatively large head, show 
 also a very mesially located minor condyle, certain peculiarities of 
 the shaft, a small but distinct suprapatellar fossa which does not 
 exist any more in man of this day, and a slight convexity, espe- 
 cially on the right, of the popliteal surface, a region which in the 
 present man is as a rule more or less concave. The left humerus 
 shows signs of an injury in consequence of which it doubtless re- 
 mained much weaker than the right bone. The proximal end of the 
 left ulna has also been damaged in life. The radius presents a 
 marked functional (nonpathological) curvature. 
 
 A careful examination and comparison of the Neanderthal skull 
 and bones can leave only one impression on the anatomist or anthro- 
 pologist of to-day, which is that while individually and jointly the 
 various parts represent a human being already far advanced above 
 any anthropoid, they are still in many respects decidedly more 
 primitive in form — that is^ on a lower scale of evolution — than the 
 skull and bones of any man of to-day. 
 
 The remains are unquestionably the most precious representatives 
 of the important phase of early humanity which we now include 
 under the name of Homo neanderthalensis. 
 
 1 Taking all the long bones of the skeleton, so far as preserved, into consideration, the 
 calculated stature is 163.2 cm. See Boule, M., Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 7, No. 2, 
 1912, p. 117 ; also Rahon, These, Paris, 1892 ; and Mem. Soc. d'Anthropol, Paris, vol. 4, 
 1S93, p. 403. 
 
32 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 THE SPY SKELETONS. 
 
 In June of 188G Messrs. Marcel de Puydt, member of the Archaeo- 
 logical Institute of Liege, and Maximin Lohest, at that time assistant 
 of geology of the University of Liege, discovered in the terrace front- 
 ing a certain cave at Spy, in the Province of Xamur, Belgium, the 
 remains of two human skeletons associated with the debris of extinct 
 Quaternary animals. The discovery was immediately brought to 
 the attention of Prof. J. Fraipont, of the Liege University, and on 
 the HUh of August, 1880, he announced the important find to the 
 Congres archeologique of Namur. A little later in the same year 
 . Fraipont ami Lohest published an account of the discovery. 
 with a description of the human remains, in the Bulletins of the 
 Royal Academy of Belgium. 1 
 
 According to the last-mentioned account there existed in the 
 eighties in the community of Spy, above the stream Ornean and in 
 
 %. Cm**"- 
 
 Fig. i.— The Si>y Cave and Terrace. (After Fraipont and Lohest.) 
 X = position of the skeletal remains of the Spy man. 
 
 the side of a wooded mountain, a cave, in which de Puydt and Lohest 
 conducted archaeological explorations since August. 18&5 (fig. 4). A 
 large teii ace situated in front of the cave had not been methodically 
 
 examined until L886, and it was during excavations in this terrace 
 that the (wo investigators encountered, in June of lssc. the human 
 remains known since as the Spy skeletons. 
 
 The human bones lav in the lowest parts of the deposits, one f>. 
 the other 6 meters in front of the entrance to the cave. They repre- 
 sented two individuals. One of these lay on its side, the hand touch- 
 ing the lower jaw : in the case of the other the original position could 
 
 not be determined. 
 
 The terrace containing the Spy skeletons was situated 1 !..'> meters 
 (47.S feel) al»o\c (he shallow bed of (he stream running at (he foot 
 of (he mountain, and the bones lav at (he depth of 1- feet from 
 
 1 ETralpont, J., and m. Lohest La hum bumaina da Neanderthal m da Canatadl an 
 Belgique. Bulletin! da I'Acadamle BoyaJe as Belffiqus, :;d series, vol. L8, 1884, pp. 
 Til 784. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 33 
 
 the surface. The accumulations which formed the terrace included 
 calcareous debris, various archeological traces of man's presence, and 
 numerous remains of fossil animals. They could be separated into 
 several strata, none of which showed any perceptible disturbance. 
 
 The layer in which the human skeletons were inclosed yielded also 
 bones of the following fossil Quaternary mammals: 
 
 Rhinoceros tichorhmits (abundant). 
 Equus cadallus (very abundant). 
 Cervus elaphus (rare). 
 Cervus tarandus (very rare). 
 Bos primigenius (fairly abundant). 
 Elephas primigenius (common). 
 Ursus spelcEus (rare). 
 Meles Taxus (rare). 
 Hycena spekea (abundant). 
 
 This layer further contained a sliver of an animal bone which 
 showed a crude adaptation for use, and worked stones of inferior 
 workmanship, referable to the Mousterian period. The layer imme- 
 diately above, undoubtedly of lesser age, gave besides the bones of 
 similar fossil animals also those of a few living species, several thou- 
 sand worked flints, some of which still of the Mousterian type, 
 many worked bones including arrow points, and also fragments of 
 pottery. 
 
 Considering the animal and archaeological remains associated with 
 the human skeletons, together with the absence of disturbance in the 
 superimposed more recent layers, Lohest believed himself justified to 
 refer the Spy remains to the Mousterian period ; and the deductions 
 of Fraipont, based on the study of the skeletal remains themselves, 
 were that they belonged to the Neanderthal man. Since then the Spy 
 remains have received careful consideration by every student of early 
 man and the above classification was found to need no radical 
 revision. 
 
 What remains of the Spy skeletons is preserved * in the collections 
 of the University of Liege, where, thanks to the courtesies of Messrs. 
 M. Lohest, Charles Fraipont and J. Servais, the writer was enabled 
 to examine the originals. 
 
 The skeletons are currently known as No. 1 and No. 2. The remains 
 of No. 1 comprise the vault of the skull ; two portions of the upper 
 jaw, with five molars and four other teeth ; a nearly complete lower 
 jaw, with all (16) teeth; the left clavicle; the right humerus, which 
 has lost its upper epiphysis, and the shaft of the left humerus; the 
 left radius, without lower epiphysis; the heads of the two ulna?; a 
 nearly complete right femur; the complete left tibia; and the right 
 os calcis. The parts that have been identified as belonging to the 
 second subject are the vault of the skull, two portions of the upper 
 
 1 Was, up to the invasion in 1914. 
 30249°— 16 3 
 
34 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HHDUCKA. 
 
 maxilla with teeth, two fragments of the lower jaw with teeth, some 
 loose teeth belonging to the lower jaw, fragments of the scapulas and 
 left clavicle, imperfect humeri, the shaft of the right radius, portions 
 of the ulna?, the left femur without its lower extremity, the left os 
 calcis, and the left astragalus. The separation as here given needs, 
 however, a careful revision. Besides the above, there are a number of 
 vertebra? and small bones of hands and feet about which it is im- 
 possible to say to which skeleton they belong. 
 
 All the skeletal pieces show an advanced state of mineralization. 
 In color they range from brownish to dark grayish, skull No. 1 repre- 
 senting the former and No. 2 the latter shading; the teeth, however, 
 are quite white, with yellowish roots, much as in crania from rela- 
 tively modern burials. 
 
 The bones of skeleton No. 1 are in general weaker than those of 
 Nil 2, but whether this is due to sexual difference of the two indi- 
 viduals, or is merely accidental, is difficult to determine. No. 2 
 was of a decidedly powerful musculature. The stature of the Spy 
 man. so far as it can be determined from these remaining bone.-, was 
 slightly less than that of the Neanderthal man and somewhat below 
 the medium of white man of central Europe of the present day. 
 
 The bones of the vault in the two skulls are thicker than in the 
 average man of the present day, though slightly less so than in the. 
 Neanderthal cranium. The sutures in both are patent with the ex- 
 ception of the coronal in No. 1, which shows commencement of oblit- 
 eration ; their serration is very simple. 
 
 The two skulls are plainly normal specimens, free from disease or 
 deformation, and belonged to adults, approaching in No. 1 middle 
 age, while No. 2 was younger. Somatologically they are remarkable 
 for their important resemblances as well as differences. They belong 
 to one type, but represent individual variations of this type that 
 stand far apart 
 
 No. 1 (pis. 19-20) is almost a replica of the Neanderthal cranium. 
 There is a similarly prominent, though not quite as heavy, supra: 
 orbital arch; the forehead is even a trace lower and a trace more 
 sloping than in the Neanderthal skull, and the general shape ^( the 
 vault is much the same. The vault is also very low. but the sagittal 
 region shows a slightly more perceptible elevation than that in the 
 Neanderthal specimen (fig. 5). 
 
 Skull No. 2 on the other hand, while possessing similar prominent 
 supra-orbital arch as Xo. 1, has a considerably higher and more con- 
 vex forehead, the whole vault is higher as well as more spacious, 
 and the form approaches in many respects that in modern man 
 
 (pi. 21). The brain cavity in Xo. 1 is anteriorly low and relatively 
 
 narrower, as well as somewhat more pointed, than in recent human 
 
 crania: in Xo. 2 these features are also more like those in the present 
 
 man. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — Hrdlicka. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDE1CKA. 
 
 35 
 
36 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HKDLICKA. 
 
 On the whole it may be said that No. 2, while in some respects still 
 very primitive, represents morphologically a decided step from the 
 Neanderthaloid to the present-day type of the human cranium. 
 
 Fig. 0.— Superposition of Norma vkrticai.is Of tiie SrY No. 1 and No. 2, and the Neanderthal 
 
 CRANIA. 
 
 Neanderthal. Spy No. 1. Spy No. 2. 
 
 The lower jaw of No. 1 (pis. 19, 22), while yet of a primitive form, 
 possesses nevertheless already a trace of the chin prominence, and in 
 size ;in<l anatomical characteristics is closer to the present-day form 
 
5 z 
 
 > 3 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OP MAN HRDLICKA. 37 
 
 than any of the other known lower jaws dating from the Mousterian 
 period ; and the same is true of the teeth which, though considerably 
 worn, were evidently much like human teeth of to-day. 
 
 The outline of the two skulls when viewed from above is a long 
 ovoid in No. 1, a shorter ovoid in No. 2 (fig. 6). The principal di- 
 mensions of the two specimens as secured by the writer are as 
 follows : 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 Cm. Cm. 
 
 Length, maximum, from glabella 20.3 20 (?) 
 
 Length from ophryon 18.8 18.6 
 
 Breadth maximum 14.7 15.4 
 
 Cephalic index 72.4 L Tt 
 
 Diameter frontal minimum 10.3 10.9 
 
 Nasion bregma diameter 10.6 (?) 
 
 Diameter bregma-lambda 11.3 10.8 
 
 Mm. Mm. 
 Thickness of the left parietal along and 1 cm. above the squa- 
 mous suture 6to8 5to8 
 
 Thickness of the frontal at the eminences 9 8 
 
 Cm. Cm. 
 
 Height of lower jaw at symphisis 3.55 
 
 Thickness at symphisis (excluding genial tubercle) *" 1.3 
 
 Thickness at second molar 1.5 a l. 4 
 
 Maximum thickness (opposite third molar) 1.7 1.6 
 
 A careful consideration of the evidence presented by the two 
 crania leads the writer to a slightly modified conclusion from the one 
 generally accepted. The specimens are justly classified with the 
 Homo neanderthalensis ; but the characteristics of the lower jaw, the 
 rising sagittal region in No. 1, and the whole shape of No. 2, barring 
 the supraorbital arch, indicate a morp hological advancement in the 
 direction of the present type of man suclTas TsTnot met with in other 
 examples of Homo neanderthalensis. The crania, and particularly 
 No. 2, may be justly regarded, it seems, as approaching transitional 
 forms from the more typical older Neanderthal type toAvard that 
 which we now know from the Aurignacean and perhaps lower Solu- 
 trean epochs, such as the Homo aurignacensis and the man of 
 Pfedmost. 
 
 Remarks on other skeletal parts from the Spy terrace will be 
 limited to those of skeleton No. 2, the parts representing skeleton 
 No. 1 being fewer in number and for the most part very defective. 
 The bones of No. 2 are massive and show many primitive features, in 
 which they approach closely to the skeleton from the Neanderthal 
 cave. The femur is equally characterized by very stout neck and 
 large head, the popliteal space is still slightly convex from side to 
 
 1 Approximately. - Fragment. 
 
38 ANCIENT BEMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 side. There is no isolated suprapatellar fossa as in the Neanderthal 
 femur, but the ordinary lower suprapatellar depression is very pro- 
 nounced. The curvatures of the femur, the characteristics of its 
 condyles, and the marked backward inclination of the internal 
 condyle of the tibia, differ all more or less from similar features in 
 modern man and indicate habits of posture that have since been 
 abandoned. The right femur (left broken) measures in bicondylar 
 length 42.4 cm., in maximum length, 42.6 ; while the relatively short 
 left tibia measures, less the spine, 33.3 cm. These dimensions cor- 
 respond according to Manouvrier's tables to the stature of 161.1 cm. 
 for the femur and 157 cm. for the tibia, or about 159 cm. (a little 
 over 5 feet 3 inches) for the two bones together. The right femur 
 of the Neanderthal skeleton, measured in the same manner^ gave the 
 writer 43.7, the left 43.9 cm., which shows that the Spy man was in all 
 probability somewhat shorter. Prof. Boule, in his Annales de Pale- 
 ontologie, (vol. 7, 1912, p. 117), estimates the stature of the Spy 
 man as identical (or 1 millimeter higher) with that of the Neander- 
 thal man, but this is evidently based on erroneous data concerning 
 the length of the bones. However, even the most precise estimates 
 in this line can only be gross though useful approximations, for we 
 know but little of the length of the trunk in these skeletons, and the 
 posture of the body in the early representatives of humanity was 
 probably less erect than it is in man to-day. 
 
 The remaining bones of the Spy skeletons show various anatomical 
 peculiarities and secondary primitive features, but these call for a 
 technical description and comparisons. A rather unexpected condi- 
 tion, found since in other skeletons of Homo neanderthalensis, is the 
 relative shortness of the forearms, as well as the legs. The radius 
 shows a marked nonpathological curvature; and there are a number 
 of interesting characteristics on the astragalus, which has recently 
 been studied with much detail by the son of Julien Fraipont. 1 
 
 The region that has given us the Spy skeletons has yielded no addi- 
 tional remains of similar nature, but the terrain can scarcely be re- 
 garded as exhausted by exploration. 
 
 1 The following works may be consulted In this connection : 
 
 Julien Fraipont et M. Lohest, Becherchea wax les osseuients humnlns deeouverts dans 
 lea depots quaternalrea d'nne grotte ft Spy et determination de lour Age geologlqaa. 
 Archives de Mologie, tome »;, Qand. 1887; rralpetrt, .1.- La tibia dana u moa da 
 Neanderthal. Itevue d'authropologie, Paris, Sd series, vol. ■', 1888, p, lifl et seq. 
 KlaatBcta, n. Erg. <i. Anat. a. BntwlckelungBgeacb, Bd! '■>. L899 Darselbe, i>ie wlcbtigateo 
 Variationea am Bkeleti der Cralen anteran Bbttremttftt dee ftfetnehea and Hue Bedeotang 
 fUr das Abstnmmuogsproblem. ihhi., Bd. m. 1800; Fraipont, Cbarlea— L'aatragale de 
 I'Homme Mouaterlen de Spy: sea afflnitaa. Bailetto <ie la Boctete" d'Antbropologle de 
 Bruxelles, vol. Bl, mvj, pp, 1-80, :'. pis.; do, Sm- I'lmportanea dea oat£ctec«a a* 
 I'aatragale Cbea l'llomme fosslle. These, Unlvers. de Liege, 8°, UruxelUs. I'.n.i, pp. 
 I 66, 6 pis. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlicka 
 
 The Lower Jaw of Spy Skull No. 1. 
 
 (After Fraipont and Lohest.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OP MAN HRDLICKA. 
 
 THE DILUVIAL MAN OF KRAPINA. 
 
 39 
 
 One of the most important finds relating to the Homo neandertha- 
 lensis is unquestionably that of the Krapina cave, in northern Croa- 
 tia. It comprises a whole series of human bones of well-determined 
 age, and the remains were not recovered accidentally or by ignorant 
 laborers, but through prolonged, painstaking exploration. The bones 
 themselves are for the most part fragmentary, which is much to be 
 regretted, but they represent numerous individuals, and they show 
 on one hand such similarities and on the other such variation of 
 
 Fig 7.— A schematic view, in transverse section, of the Krapina hollow. (After Gorjanovic" 
 
 Kramberger.) 
 
 M. S. = Mediterranean sandstone: I, the lower deposits, mostly pebbles (a) and 
 aluvium (b), with fireplaces (x) and some large pieces of sandstone (y); II, the 
 upper strata, composed of disintegrated rock and (c 1 , c«) cultural remains. 
 
 structure, that they are of the greatest value to the student of ancient 
 humanity. 
 
 The Krapina cave or more properly rock shelter, is an ancient, not 
 very deep hollow, worn out in sandstone rock by the small stream 
 Krapinica, and subsequently filled with water-worn stones and al- 
 luvia brought in during overflows of the stream, together with detri- 
 tus resulting from the decomposing rock (fig. 7). Since the forma- 
 tion of the hollow, the Krapinica has cut its channel so that it now 
 
40 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HBDUCKA. 
 
 flows 82 feet (25 meters) below the cave. Before and while the 
 shelter was being filled up it was utilized by the early man of the 
 region, at first but occasionally, later for some time perhaps con- 
 tinuously, and the accumulations in the cave were augmented by the 
 remains of fireplaces, by refuse including many primitive stone im- 
 plements and rejects as well as animal bones, and also by numerous 
 human bones in more or less fragmentary condition. 
 
 The locality became known in 1895, after two Croatian teacher* 
 discovered in the superficial deposits of the cave some teeth of rhi- 
 noceros and fragments of other fossil bones. These finds were 
 brought to the attention of some of the scientific men at Zagreb 
 (Agram), but no thorough examination of the site was undertaken 
 until 1899. In that year the place was visited by Dr. K. Gorjanovic- 
 Kramberger, professor of geology and paleontology in the Univer- 
 sity of Zagreb and the director of the geological division of the 
 Narodni Muzej of Zagreb, Croatia; and on excavation it was soon 
 found that the Krapina hollow was in all probability one of the 
 stations of early man and as such deserved a thorough exploration. 
 Such exploration was begun without delay and was carried on, with 
 some interruptions, until 1905, when the contents of the shelter 
 became exhausted. 
 
 The careful explorations just referred to yielded quantities of 
 precious paleontological and paleoanthropological material, which 
 now fill several cases of the National Croatian Museum; and much 
 of this material has since been thoroughly described by Prof. Gor- 
 janovic-Kramberger and reported in numerous publications. 1 
 
 The collections consist of several thousands of various, fossil animal 
 bones, mostly fragmentary, but some well preserved ; of hundreds 
 of stone flakes the rejects of stone manufacture, and of stone imple- 
 ments; and of parts of human bones proceeding from at least 14 
 skeletons. 
 
 The animal bones represent either totally extinct forms or spe- 
 cies now extinct in Croatia. The most common are those of Rhinoc- 
 eros .Verckii, Ursus spelaeu*. and Bos primigeniw. By these re- 
 mains the age of the deposits has been determined as earlier Diluvial 
 (i. e. interglaoial) , corresponding in all probability t<> the latter pari 
 of the Mousterian culture epoch in western Europe. The stone im- 
 plements belong to the Mousterian and earlier types. 
 
 Due to the courtesy of Prof. Gorjanovie-Kiainbeiiit r ami Dr. F. 
 Sulje, of the GfeologioaJ Division at the Narodui Muzej in Zagreb. 
 the write)- wa- privileged, in June, 1!»1-J, to examine the Krapina 
 originals. This was not done with any need or hope of adding any- 
 
 1 Particularly in tbe large Cnonograpb, i>y K. Oorjanoyld-STramberger : " Der Dlluviale 
 
 Menwh von Krapina In Knmt i. n." I, Wi.sl.iulrn. 1906* pp 1 -77. ."._' DffB., II pis. This 
 
 memoir Lnclodei ail literature on the subject op to 1906. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — Hrdlicka 
 
 Plate 23. 
 
 Krapina Skull "C." Front View. 
 (After Gorjanovi<3-Krarnberger.) 
 
Smithsonian Report. 191 3.— Hrdlicka. 
 
 Plate 25. 
 
 Photograph of the Remains of Krapina Skull "C," from Above. 
 (After Gorjanovic-Kramberger.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 41 
 
 thing to Prof. Gorjanovic-Kramberger's thorough description of the 
 specimens, but rather because the view and handling of the original 
 objects in a case of this importance is a rare treat which helps to fix 
 in the mind, more than any description could, their extraordinary 
 characteristics. 
 
 The human bones are, for the most part, in fragments. Notwith- 
 standing their defective condition, however, the collection impresses 
 the student most forcibly by its scientific importance. As in the case 
 of the Mauer jaw and a number of other specimens derived from 
 early man in Europe, the material bears the unmistakable stamp 
 of genuineness and preciousness to anthropology, impressions which 
 are wanting in the case of so many of the finds that are merely urged 
 as ancient. 
 
 The bones represent, as already mentioned, the remains of at least 
 14 individuals of both sexes, ranging from childhood to ripe adult 
 age. The fragmentation of the skulls (pis. 23-25) lower jaws and 
 some of the long bones is excessive, and of such a nature as to sug- 
 gest that it was caused otherwise than by accidental breaking or 
 crushing. A number of the fragments show also the effects of burn- 
 ing, and one specimen, a portion of the supraorbital part of a frontal, 
 presents some cuts. These different conditions, together with the 
 absence of many parts of the skulls and bones, with total lack of 
 association of the fragments and the commingling of the human with 
 the animal bones, led Gorjanovic-Kramberger to the opinion that the 
 remains represent the leavings of occasional cannibalistic feasts and 
 are not burials. 
 
 The Krapina bones are whitish, yellowish, or light brownish in 
 color. They are not of great weighty but a chemical examination has 
 shown that they are much altered in constitution, particularly in the 
 fluorine-phosphates proportions. They may be roughly divided 
 into the parts representing the vault of the skull; the jaws and the 
 teeth ; and other bones of the skeleton than the cranium. 
 
 The long and other bones of the skeleton, relatively less interesting 
 than the skulls and jaws, show the Krapina man to have been, as 
 compared with central European white man of to-day, of moderate 
 stature, and outside of the powerful jaws, of strong though not ex- 
 cessive muscular development. Some individuals were very percep- 
 tibly weaker than others. As to form, particularly in the upper ex- 
 tremities, the bones in general are perceptibly more modern in type 
 than those of the Neanderthal or Spy man, nevertheless they present, 
 as well shown by Prof. Gorjanovic-Kramberger, numerous and im- 
 portant primitive features. 
 
 The fragments of the skulls show that the bones of the vault were 
 considerably thicker than they are in the white man of to-day. The 
 crania were of good size externally, but the brain cavities were prob- 
 
42 
 
 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN 11 HP! 
 
 ably below the present average. The vault of the .skull was of good 
 length and at the same time fairly broad, so that the cephalic index, 
 
 3 * 
 
 g| 
 
 us t3 
 
 > Ss 
 
 8 | 
 ,3 
 
 o o 
 
 i s 
 
 at Least in some of the individuals, was more elevated than usual in 
 the crania of early man (fig. 8). They were also characterised, as the 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1913.— Hrdli 
 
 Plate 26. 
 
 Krapina Lower Jaw "H." b. Krapina Lower Jaw "I. 
 
 (After (iorjanovic-Kramberger.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1913. — Hrdlicka 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 - * 
 
 ft* 1 
 
 
 XL^ * 
 
 . .>■-*. ?.-;. y 
 
 a. Krapina Lowcr Jaw "H," from Approximately a 1 3-Year-Old Child. 
 6, Krapina Lower Jaw "C," fhom Above. 
 •m.\ h' Crambei 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — HrdiicUs 
 
 Plate 28. 
 
 © § 9 $ & 
 
 % W £) 
 
 A Number of the Krapina Teeth, More or Less Enlarged. 
 
 1, permanent median upper incisor from a small child: la, the same, greater enlargement; 2, per- 
 manent upper canine, root not as yet fully developed; 3, permanent anterior lower premolar, nghl 
 side: 3a, the same in greater enlargement: 4, permanent second (?) upper molar: 6, permanent 
 lower left second molar; 6, permanent left lower first molar; 6a, the same, much enlarged; 7, per- 
 manent upper median incisor, edge worn off; 8, the same; 9, lateral upper permanent incisor: 10. the 
 same: 11, a third permanent molar; lla.thesameingreaterenlargement: l-.», the left lower permanent 
 second molar; 12a, the same much more enlarged; 13, the right permanent second molar: 13a, the 
 same in greater enlargement; 14, a third permanent molar; 11a. the same in greater enlargement: 
 15. a permanent third molar; 15a, the same. (From Gorjanovic-Kramberger Mitth. Anthrop. Ges. 
 WienXXXf.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 43 
 
 Neanderthal and other crania of the man from the Mousterian epoch, 
 by lowness of the vault, and in every instance among the adults by a 
 pronounced, complete supraorbital arc. The last-named feature, 
 though less marked, is plainly distinguishable even in the children. 
 Its invariable presence is a definite proof of the fact, not quite well 
 established before, that this arc was up to a certain phase of the 
 Quaternary period a regular characteristic of the early man of a 
 large part of Europe. 
 
 A number of interesting features are presented by the fragments 
 of the temporals. The mastoids are less developed than in man of 
 to-day, approaching correspondingly the anthropoid form. They 
 are rather slender and small, even in the adult male. The tympanic 
 ring, on the other hand, is massive; and the glenoid fossae are not 
 horizontal or nearly so, as in man of to-day, but are very perceptibly 
 slanting in such a manner that their distal end is decidedly higher 
 than the mesial. Many of these features connect the Krapina man 
 directly or indirectly with earlier primate forms, and have since be- 
 come largely reduced or eliminated in the human skull. 
 
 The jaws (pis. 26, 27) and teeth, like other cranial parts, present 
 many marks of less advanced stage of evolution. The lower jaws in 
 particular are very interesting. The symphisis or fore part of these 
 bones, while possessing already a faint trace of the future chin emi- 
 nence, slopes invariably more or less downward and backward, thus 
 approaching the form of the mandible in apes (pis. 26, 27). The 
 bones are massive and in males very high. They are akin to the lower 
 jaws of the La Quina and La Chapelle skulls, and represent de- 
 cidedly more primitive forms than the mandibular of any man of 
 historic times, though they are considerably nearer to the modern 
 type than the jaw of Mauer. 
 
 Of the upper maxilla there are eight or nine imperfect speci- 
 mens, the majority from young subjects. They differ in develop- 
 ment and conformation, but primitive characteristics are numerous. 
 One of the best-preserved fragments, marked " E " or " 19 " pro- 
 ceeding probably from a male adolescent and representing the part 
 of the jaw from the right median incisor to the left second pre- 
 molar, shows considerable height of the bone, a straight and consid- 
 erably prognathic alveolar process, a very spacious high palate, pro- 
 nounced subnasal fossae, and broad nasal aperture. 
 
 The teeth of the Krapina man offer numerous peculiarities most 
 of which point to lower stages of differentiation (pi. 28). They are 
 in general very perceptibly larger than those of the modern white 
 man; their roots, especially, are longer; and there are various de- 
 tails of form, particularly in the crowns of the incisors and molars, 
 some of which are related to anthropoid features. Notwithstanding 
 these facts, the Krapina teeth, and particularly the canines, are on 
 the whole relatively near those of present man. 
 
44 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HltDLICKA. 
 
 Taking everything into consideration, it is evident that the diluvial 
 man of Krapina represents a group belonging to the family of the 
 Homo neanderthalensis. He is very ancient and in many respects 
 anatomically primitive, though he also shows in various details an 
 advancement toward the actual human form; and we can readily 
 adopt Prof. Gorjanovic-Kramberger's opinion that morphologically 
 the Krapina man is not any special, collateral, and extinct branch of 
 the genus Homo, but more probably a direct and not excessively far 
 distant ancestor of the Homo sapiens. 
 
 THE PLEISTOCENE MAN OF JERSEY (ENGLAND). 
 
 In 1910 Messrs. Nicolle and Sinel, of the Island of Jersey, gate 
 notice in Man and in a bulletin of the Jersey Society, 1 of the dis- 
 covery in an old cave on the Island of Jersey of twelve highly in- 
 teresting human teeth, belonging to a man of the Mousterian epoch. 
 The principal details of the find, according to the clear account pre- 
 sented by the two authors and confirmed by the writer's observations 
 on the spot, are as follows : 
 
 The cave where the ancient human remains were found is known 
 as La Cotte, or La Cotte de St. Brelade, and is situated in a rough 
 irregular cliff near the eastern horn of St. Brelade's Bay, Jersey. 
 At this part of the island granite rocks, considerably weathered and 
 broken, rise steeply to about 200 feet above mean tide level, the shore 
 at their base being covered with accumulations of large, rounded, 
 waterworn bowlders (pis. 29-31). 
 
 In one part of these cliffs there is an irregular rough ravine or 
 gorge, about 40 feet in width, which penetrates inland about 1">0 
 feet. The side walls of this ravine are, in a large part, quite ver- 
 tical, and in the base of these walls on the left, near the upper ter- 
 minus of the gorge, is a large cave which bears the above name. 
 
 Before its exploration, the La Cotte cave was nearly filled by flay, 
 bowlders, and blocks fallen from the much-weathered root', and 
 rubble drift in the form of a steeply sloping talus lay in front, ob- 
 scuring a large portion of the mouth. Kemoval of this drift re- 
 vealed the outline of the opening in the form of an irregular arch 
 (pi. 31). 
 
 The first indication that the cave had once been utilized by man 
 dates from 1881, when two local naturalists, while " geologizing M on 
 that part of the coast, found a flint implement at the tooi of the 
 talus, and, tracing its source, came upon a slightly exposed section 
 of the cave floor. There they found Hint chippingS, and one or two 
 bones, apparently of a large bird, but no Importance was attached 
 to the discovery. About L894, two memberi of the Soe'n'te Jersiaise, 
 
 'Nicolle, i:. i'.. apd J. Blnel Beport <ni the exploration >>f the palaeolithic care 
 dwelling known :i* i.a Cbtta; si. Brelade, Jersey. (Ma*, voi. lb, 1910, Wo. 102, pp. 186- 
 
 188. Beprlnted In 86« l'.ull.-tin di> '.a SoctftS Jorsialse, Jersey, p. 89. i 
 

 
 
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ANCIENT EEMAINS OF MAN HKDLICKA. 45 
 
 Mr. R. Colson and Dr. Chappuis, excavated a portion of the ex- 
 posed floor section of the cave and found a considerable number of 
 flint implements and besides that a quantity of bone breccia, which 
 contained one tooth and one metatarsal of a variety of horse. 
 
 Subsequently various partial examinations of the accumulations 
 in the cave resulted in the discovery of implements, and of a large 
 number of flint chippings. All these are preserved in the Museum of 
 the Societe Jersiaise, at St. Heliere. 
 
 In September, 1905, finally, the Jersey Society decided to explore 
 the cave systematically, and Dr. Chappuis, Mr. Nicolle the secretary, 
 and Mr. Colson, commenced work in that part of the exposed floor 
 already mentioned. More flint implements were discovered^ but 
 at the commencement of October the work had to be abandoned owing 
 to the rainy season and to the fact that the explorers were excavat- 
 ing under dangerous conditions. It then became clear that a consider- 
 able portion of the talus as well as some of the threatening rocks 
 overhead had to be removed before the work could proceed. 
 
 Thus matters remained until July, 1910, when the society resolved 
 to make another attempt at the exploration of the cave. With the 
 help of experienced quarrymen excavation was commenced on Au- 
 gust 1, and after a little over three weeks' work, sufficient of the 
 rubble had been removed to reveal the form of the interior of the 
 cave and to lay bare a portion of the floor about 11 feet square to the 
 left of the entrance. 
 
 The dimensions of the cave as revealed at this stage were as fol- 
 lows: The entrance was 25 feet in height and about 20 feet in width. 
 Just within, the roof sloped upward into a rough dome 30 to 32 feet 
 from the floor. How far the cave entered the rock could not be as- 
 certained, but judging from the slope of the roof downward towards 
 the back, it was probably some 40 to 50 feet. 
 
 As soon as a portion of the floor had been reached a careful search 
 and examination were commenced, with the following results: 
 
 The floor proper was not clearly marked, for layers of black soil, 
 which proved to be a combination of ashes, carbonized wood and 
 clay, were mixed up with whitish masses of bone detritus and clay 
 compacted into breccia. Flint implements and chippings were inter- 
 spersed plentifully throughout these deposits. 
 
 On the left of the entrance and at a distance from it of about 8 
 feet, was a hearth containing a quantity — probably a quarter of a ton 
 or so — f wood ashes and carbonized wood. Close together, among 
 the ashes of the hearth, were a few pebbles of granite and felsite 
 bearing indications of having been heated. 
 
 The presence of bones was manifest all through the layers con- 
 stituting the floor, but due to advanced decomposition of the material, 
 the cave not being a dry one, only here and there could fragments 
 
46 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HHDLICKA. 
 
 retaining any form be obtained. Nevertheless, in one corner, at a 
 slightly higher elevation than the earth, there was found a mass of 
 bone from which some determinable portions could be secured; and 
 a careful examination of this mass led to the most important result 
 of the excavations to this time, namely, the discovery of nine human 
 teeth. Three of these were from the upper, five from the lower jaw. 
 They represent, as was later determined, teeth of both sides and of 
 one individual, but unfortunately no trace of the once supporting 
 bone was any more apparent. 
 
 All the bones and teeth recovered from the cave were taken to the 
 British Museum for determination, and Drs. Woodward and An- 
 drews identified the specimens as follows: 
 
 Animal teeth: Part of left lower premolar of the wooly rhinoceros. Rhinoce- 
 ros ticliorJtiniis; last premolar and first molar of reindeer, Rdngifer tnnui- 
 diis (a large species apparently as large as the caribou) ; upper cheek 
 teeth of a small species of Horse; parts of lower molars and upper cheek 
 tooth of a large species of Horse; lower teeth in portion of jaw of one of 
 small Bovidre; and left incisor of Bos, Spec.? 
 
 Nine human teeth, with subsequent recovery of four others. 
 
 Bones and horns: Part of horn core of one of small Boviihe; portion of antler 
 of reindeer; bone, probably from articulation of foreleg of a deer; i>elvic 
 bones, probably from a small bovid; and a piece of bone, which fell to 
 pieces on removal, from a rhinoceros. 
 
 Among the fragments that could not be definitely determined was 
 apparently a portion of a human tibia. 
 
 Of Hint instruments about 100 have been obtained. They are. 
 without exception, of the well-known tongue-shaped Mousterian type. 
 the " pointe a main " of Mortillet. 
 
 The cave gave no evidence of other than one occupation, and is 
 thus probably free from the confusion which results when implements 
 and remains of the fauna of different periods occur together and 
 have become mixed by the work of burrowing animals, water during 
 floods, and other agencies, as is often the case in similar deposits. 
 
 By their fauna and the uniform type of stone implements, the La 
 Cotte cave deposits are shown clearly to be of the Mousterian epoch. 
 
 Further explorations of the site were carried on under the auspices 
 of the Jersey Society in 1 1 > 1 1 and again in L912. They are reported 
 by Nic'olle and Sine] and by Marett. 1 They threw considerable light 
 on the nature of the cave and its filling, and wore extended to what 
 
 1 Nicolle, K. X., nini sim-i. Reporl on the resumed exploration «f - is Cotte/' Bt. 
 Brelade, by the BocliSU Jersialse, 1911. (Man, \«\ 12, 1912, No. 88, pp. 158 L62. an,. 
 in ::7' Bulletin de la leisa, 1912, pp. 218 222.} 
 
 Mai .it. a. it. Pleistocene Man in Jersey. (Archaologia, vol. 62, Oxford, 1911, pp. 
 H'.i 180. 1 
 
 M.ircii, it. R, Further observation! on prehistoric man in Jensy. (▲rehsMlogla, vol. 
 c,::, 1912, pp. i 28.) 
 
 Marett, it. ft., ami <:. i'. B. !»<• Qruchy. Dxcavatlon <>f a Further portion «>f i.n * "« »t t • • 
 de st. Brelsde. (88* Bulletin ds Is Bo&dM Jersialse, 1918, pp. ::l'0 B8Q | 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — Hrdli£ka 
 
 
 
 The Cotte de St. Brelade from Near. 
 
 (From a photograph furnished the Smithsonian Institution by Dr. R. It. Marett, of Oxford. ) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDL1CKA. 47 
 
 may prove to have been a part of the same hollow on the base of the 
 wall of the opposite side of the gorge (" la Gotte de St. Brelade 
 II" — Marett). They resulted in the discovery in both caves of 
 numerous additional flint implements, all of the Mousterian type, 
 and in the older excavation of more fragments of animal bones, 
 referable principally to the wooly rhinoceros, the reindeer, a large 
 variety of horse, and probably the Bos primigenius. But no further 
 human bones or teeth came to notice. 
 
 Meanwhile the human teeth (pi. 32) were subjected to careful ex- 
 amination by Prof. Keith, of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 
 Mr. Knowles, of the Oxford University. The results of these studies 
 were published in 1911 in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1 
 and later, with some additions, in the thirty-seventh bulletin of the 
 Jersey Society. The following embraces the gist of these reports, as 
 well as of the writer's own observations. 2 
 
 The teeth are in an unexpectedly good state of preservation^ only 
 the terminal parts of the roots being broken away. Their color is 
 dark brown, with grayish white somewhat chalky looking crowns. 
 All show an advanced degree of fossilization. The apices of the 
 cusps were worn away in life and the finer architecture of the crown 
 is as if faded, probably through corrosive action of the moisture 
 in the deposits that enclosed the specimens. 
 
 Five of the teeth, namely a second left premolar, a first right and 
 a second left molar, and the right and left third molar, with a part of 
 the root of left incisor, belong to the upper jaw, while seven are from 
 the lower jaw, being respectively a canine, first and second pre- 
 molar with second molar of the left side, and a second incisor with 
 second and third molars of the right side. All are probably from the 
 same set and their characteristics are such that the ancient man they 
 represent must be ranked anthropologically as one of the most primi- 
 tive yet discovered. 
 
 The following illustration (pi. 33), shows a reconstruction of 
 the upper and lower dental arches of the St. Brelade man, by Keith 
 and Knowles, and the upper arch in the modern human skull, after 
 Cunningham. It is seen at a glance that the Jersey teeth are larger 
 than the modem in every direction and that in consequence the dental 
 arches themselves must have been considerably larger. 
 
 1 Keith, A., and F. H. S. Knowles. A description of teeth of paleolithic man from 
 Jersey. (Journ. Anat. Physiol., London, vol. 46, 1911, pp. 12-27. Reprinted, with an 
 additional note, in 37 e Bulletin de la Society Jersiaise, 1912, pp. 223-240. Abstract in 
 Nature, vol. 86, 1911, pp. 415-416.) 
 
 2 In June, 1912, the writer visited Jersey to examine the originals of these teeth and 
 to visit the cave where they were discovered, and he wishes to warmly thank Mr. 
 Sinel and Dr. Dunlap for the courteous treatment and facilities which they extended to 
 him on this occasion, as well as Captain Rybot, of the 76 Punjabis, for his service in 
 furnishing excellent sketches of the locality. 
 
48 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HKDL1CKA. 
 
 Another feature in which the Jersey teeth differ even more radi- 
 cally from the recent, is their extraordinarily stout roots. The dia- 
 meters of the neck and roots of the Jersey teeth are almost equal to 
 and in some cases exceed those of the crown, indicating that rela- 
 tively great requirements were made on the teeth by the quality and 
 possibly also quantity of the food. Such roots indicate unmistakably 
 strong muscles of mastication and a stout massive lower jaw, prob- 
 ably somewhat smaller but scarcely less powerful than the still 
 earlier Mauer mandible. 
 
 The roots of the Jersey premolars and molars are not only stout 
 but they are also to a large extent fused. This is not an anthropoid 
 feature, for in the higher apes these roots are well apart. The fusion 
 is due to great development of the dentine and cement of the roots, 
 brought about in this early man, in the opinion of Keith and Knowles, 
 by a changed manner of mastication, characterized by more lateral 
 besides vertical movements of the lower jaw. Other primitive fea- 
 tures of the teeth are the early filling of the pulp cavities by deposits 
 of dentine, thus providing an early adaptation for wear; the size 
 and characters of the first premolars, which contrary to what occurs 
 in present man are larger than the second bicuspids; and certain 
 features of the canine as well as the molars. 
 
 Without going into more details, for which the reader will need 
 to consult the originals — it may safely be concluded that the Jer- 
 sey teeth constitute another valuable document of man's ancestry: 
 and that they show an early man, probably an earlier representative 
 of the Homo neanderthalensis, already quite advanced in denture 
 from the prehuman forms, but still with teeth much more powerful 
 as well as less specifically differentiated than those of present man. 
 
 The cave accumulations from which these teeth came are, fortu- 
 nately, still far from exhausted which gives hopes of further im- 
 portant discoveries. The first cavern itself still presents a large 
 accumulation of deposits that have not been explored, and. as men- 
 tioned above, there has been tapped a second cave in the rock oppo- 
 site, while a communication between the two, as yet untouched, seem- 
 to lie behind the sagged-down rocks at the head of the ravine. The 
 distant parts of these hollows in particular demands examination. 
 The SociSte* Jersiaise, under whose auspices the explorations of the 
 site have hitherto progressed, will place the scientific world under 
 especial obligation by carrying the work on with equal care to its 
 conclusion. 1 
 
 1 Since this was written, B grant has been secured from the BxiUsb Aasoclattoa for 
 the Advancement <>f Science, by Dr. B. ft. Man it. Cor further exploration <>f the cave, 
 and In a recent letter to the writer l>r. M:irelt intimates that the work under this gram 
 was not fruitless. 
 
 
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ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 49 
 
 THE FOSSIL MAN OF LA CHAPELLE-AUX-SAINTS. 
 
 One of the most interesting, best authenticated, and thanks to 
 Prof. Marcellin Bonle now best-known skeletons of Early Man, is 
 that of " the fossil man of La Chapelle-Aux-Saints. 
 
 La Chapelle-Aux-Saints is a small village in the Department of 
 Correze, near the small railroad station of Vayrac and south of the 
 town of Brive, in southern France. A little over 200 yards from the 
 village and beyond the left bank of the small stream Sourdoire, in the 
 side of a moderate elevation, is located a cave, now known as that of 
 La Chapelle-Aux-Saints (pi. 34). In 1905 archeological exploration 
 of this cave was undertaken by three Correze priests, the abbes A. and 
 J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon. These explorations which from the 
 beginning were successful, resulting in the recovery o^ numerous in- 
 dustrial and other vestiges of paleolithic man, progressed gradually 
 until the uniform archeological stratum was nearly exhausted, when, 
 on the 3d of August, 1908, the excavators came across a shallow arti- 
 ficial fossa in the floor of the cave in which lay the bones of a remark- 
 able human skeleton. 
 
 The human bones were carefully gathered and sent to Prof. Boule, 
 of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, where they were 
 cleaned and, as far as possible, restored ; and the following December 
 Prof. Boule demonstrated the skull, giving at the same time the first 
 account of the find, before the Paris Academy of Sciences. 1 One 
 week later Messrs. Bouyssonie and Bardon presented before the Acad- 
 emy their own observations, and these reports were followed at short 
 intervals by several others before the same scientific body. 2 
 
 Subsequently the skull and other parts of the skeleton were sub- 
 jected by Prof. Boule to a thorough study and comparison, and the 
 results of his work are published in a series of communications ex- 
 tending through the sixth, seventh and eighth volumes of the An- 
 nales de Paleontologie. 3 
 
 The various reports show that the cave of La Chapelle-Aux-Saints 
 is a moderate-sized and rather low cavity, about 6 meters (6.5 yards) 
 long, 2 to 4 meters (2.2 to 4.4 yards) broad, and 1 to 1.50 meters (1.1 
 to 1.6 yards) high (fig. 9). When first approached it was seen to be 
 nearly filled with accumulations, which later disclosed numerous 
 traces of man, and by debris of the rock from the roof and sides. 
 The deposits bearing traces of the presence of man were found to 
 
 1 Boule, M. L'Homme fossile de La Chapelle-Aux-Saints. (C. R. Acad. sc. 14 Dec, 
 1908; also L' Anthropologic vol. 19, 1908, pp. 513 and 519; vol. 20, 1909, p. 257; and 
 vol. 22, 1911, p. 129.) 
 
 2 Bouyssonie, A. J., and L. Bardon. D£couverte d'un squelette humain mousterien a la 
 houffla de La Chapelle-Aux-Saints. (C. R. 21 Dec, 1908.) Boule, M. Sur la capacity 
 eranienne des Hommes fossiles du type dit de Neanderthal. (C. R. 17 May, 1909.) 
 La squelette du tronc et des membres de l'Homme fossile de La Chapelle-Aux-Saints. 
 (C. R. 7 June, 1909.) 
 
 8 Paris, 1911 to 1913. Also published as a separate volume. 
 
 30249°— 16 
 
50 
 
 ANCIENT REMAINS <>K MAX HKDLICKA. 
 
 proceed from but one age and one culture, namely the Mousterian. 
 The objects of archeological interest recovered during the excavation 
 comprise in the main worked stones of the well-known Mousterian 
 types, and remains of bones of fossil animals, such as the reindeer, 
 bison, Rhinoceros tichorhinvs, etc. The animal remains indicate that 
 the deposits date from somewhere near the middle of the glacial 
 epoch. 
 
 Under the accumulations the floor of the cavern was found to be 
 whitish, hard, marly calcareous; and in this hard base, at the dis- 
 tance of a little over four meters from the entrance of the cave, was 
 located the nearly rectangular, moderate-sized cavity l which lodged 
 the fossil human skeleton. The depression was clearly made by the 
 
 
 
 Entrance 
 
 Fid. 9— Cave of La Chapelle-atjx-Saints. (After Bonyssonie & Bardon, and Boule.) 
 a, Floor; b, longitudinal section; r, transverse sections. 
 
 primitive inhabitants or visitors of the cave for the body and the 
 whole represents very plainly a regular burial, the moel ancient in- 
 tentional burial thus far discovered. 
 
 The body lay on its back, with the head to the westward, the 
 latter being surrounded by stones. The left arm was extended, the 
 right probably bent bo thai the hand was applied to or lay near the 
 
 head. The lower limbs were partly Hexed. Above the he:id were 
 found three or four large flat fragments of long bones of animals, and 
 somewhat higher (here lay, still in their natural relation, some foot 
 bones of B large Bovid, suggesting that the whole fool of the animal 
 may have been placed iii that position. About the body were many 
 
 1 l.-l.". imtcrs lOBg, 1 in. I>rnad, Mini 80 Mfc d.<|>. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HKDLKJKA. 51 
 
 flakes of quartz and flint, some fragments of ochre, broken animal 
 bones, etc., much as in the rest of the archeological stratum above 
 the skeleton. 
 
 There was no indication that the deposits in the cave have been 
 moved in any way since the burial of the human body. To the right 
 of the fossa containing the skeleton there was an abundance of large 
 fragments of various animal bones, of jaws and vertebra? of the rein- 
 deer, and vertebrae of a large Bovid, with some well-made implements 
 of flint. • The last-named vertebras and the flint implements were 
 covered by two large blocks of stone; and above these stones, at the 
 side wall of the cave, the earth showed the effects of fire, but it was 
 not possible to determine whether this was of the same date as the 
 deposits or the human burial beneath. 
 
 Notwithstanding the care taken in the excavation some parts of 
 the human skeleton were lost. What remains comprises the skull, 
 almost complete, with the lower jaw; 21 vertebrae or pieces of same; 
 20 ribs or their fragments; an incomplete left clavicle; the two 
 humeri, almost complete ; the two radii and the two ulnae, all more or 
 less defective; a few bones of the hands and feet; portions of the 
 pelvic bones, fragments of the right femur (from which it is possible 
 to reconstruct the bone) and the lower half of the left femur; the 
 two patella^ and parts of the tibiae. 
 
 The state of preservation of the specimens is exactly like that of 
 the animal bones recovered from the deposits above the burial fossa. 
 They are ferruginous in color, heavier than any corresponding recent 
 human bones and very perceptibly mineralized. 
 
 Due to the kindness of Prof. Boule the writer was enabled in 1912 
 to see the originals of the Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton. At that 
 time, however, Prof. Boule's investigations on the specimens were 
 not yet completed, in consequence of which it was not possible to 
 undertake any detailed study on the bones, but even a brief examina- 
 tion was sufficient to impress one deeply, particularly in the case of 
 the skull, with the great scientific value of the remains. They repre- 
 sent unquestionably another precious addition to the rapidly aug- 
 menting material evidence of the highly interesting type of ancient 
 man, the Homo neanderthalensis. 
 
 Since the writer's visit to the Paris Museum, Prof. Boule's reports 
 on the La Chapelle skeleton have been published in full. With these 
 well-illustrated reports as well as a plaster model of the skull, and 
 with what it was feasible to observe on the originals, it is possible to 
 give the following brief notes on these specimens. 
 
 The La Chapelle skull, notwithstanding its many peculiarities, is 
 plainly a normal specimen, not affected (except in the dental arches) 
 by any disease or by any premature closure of sutures (pis. 35, 36). 
 
52 ANCIENT KEMAINS OF MAN HKDLICKA. 
 
 The skull is distinctly masculine, and proceeds from an adult of 
 somewhat advanced age. 
 
 Its vault is remarkably like that of the Neanderthal cranium, 
 though somewhat larger. There is the same huge, prominent, com- 
 plete supraorbital arch. The nasal process is equally broad and 
 sloping considerably downward and backward. Due to the pro- 
 nounced supraorbital arch the upper half of the orbits, as in the 
 Neanderthal skull, has a somewhat forward and downward inclina- 
 tion, wholly unlike that of any man of to-day. The forehead, while 
 low, is somewhat better formed than in the Neanderthal and Spy 
 No. I crania and less sloping. The sagittal region is smooth and oval 
 from side to side. The occiput is broad and shows a fair protrusion 
 but as general in the Neanderthal type of skulls and in harmony with 
 the rest of the vault, it is decidedly low. The outline of the vault 
 when viewed from above is a prolonged ovoid, mildly asymetric in 
 its posterior portion, due to a slightly greater size and protrusion 
 backward of the right side (pi. 37). The mastoids are remarkably 
 moderate for a male skull and one of this size, approaching in this 
 respect the earlier primate form. The zygomae are stout and widely 
 expanded, due to powerful temporal muscles. 
 
 The bones of the vault, again, as in the Neanderthal and other 
 crania of this type, are thicker than in the skulls of modern man ; 
 nevertheless the capacity of the skull was quite large. Prof. Boule 
 estimates it at from 1,600 to 1,620 c. c. This indicates not necessarily 
 a superior brain, but rather one subserving to largely developed 
 organs and powerful musculature. 
 
 Turning to the base of the skull, we find that while the glenoid 
 fossse, excepting their large size and one or two other peculiarities, 
 are more like those of recent man than those for instance in the 
 Krapina crania, the foramen magnum is of a very large size 1 and is 
 situated, or rather extends farther backward than in man of the 
 present day. There were probably other primitive features of the 
 base, which the damaged parts do not allow to determine with cer- 
 tainty (figs. 10, 11). 
 
 The v facial parts show malar bones with powerful frontal and 
 zygomatic processes, but rather small and not prominent body. The 
 nasal structures indicate that the nose was quite long and very broad : 
 but the lower borders of the nasal aperture are already fairly sharp, 
 as in more modern cras^a, and the nasal spine, though bifid, was well 
 developed. 
 
 The orbits are not excessively high, but are spacious and deep. 
 The suborbital (canine) fossa 1 are totally absent, the maxilla show ing 
 
 'Corresponding to a itoul spina) cord, which is generally MaocUted with ,-i pronounced 
 
 development of the motO! system and other parts of the l>"dy. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3. — Hrdlicka 
 
 Plate 35. 
 
 The La Chapelle-aux-Saints Skull. Side View. 
 (After Boule.) 
 
5f 
 
 si 
 
 5 u. S 
 
 123 
 
 >^ 
 
 u * 
 
 I CO 
 
 O I 
 
 i.i H- 
 
 z ° 
 
 Ij Q 
 
 Si 
 o 
 
 -c 
 
 5 3 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 53 
 
 in their place even a slight convexity. The lower part of the face 
 was prognathic, though evidently not excessively so. The dental 
 arches regrettably show extensive effects of a suppurative process, as 
 the result of which all but one or two of the teeth in the two jaws 
 have been lost, and the height of the alveolar processes was much 
 reduced by absorption. All that can be determined is that the sub- 
 nasal portion of the upper jaw was quite high, and that the palate 
 was enormous. 
 
 Fig. 10.— Skull of the fossil man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, after restoration of the nasal 
 bones and jaws. (After Boule; reproduced by MacCurdy, Smithsonian Report for 1909.) 
 
 The lower jaw is large, stout, chinless — though not sloping back- 
 ward at the symphisis, and otherwise primitive. It was doubtless 
 high, but the reduction of the alveolar process through pyorrhoea 
 and absorption does not permit a definite appreciation of this 
 character. 
 
 Although only two badly worn premolars remain in the two jaws, 
 it can nevertheless be clearly seen from the size of their roots, from 
 the alveoli and from the size of the dental arches, that the teeth in 
 this skull must have been very large. 
 
54 AXCIENT REMAINS OF MAX HKL>LI<*KA. 
 
 X^The long and other bones of the skeleton are. on the whole, Less 
 remarkable than those of the Neanderthal or Spy remains, but the 
 peculiarities and primitive features which they possess are of much 
 the same order. The stature of the Chapelle-aux-Saints man is inti- 
 mated by Prof. Boule to have been about 1.011 meters (5 ft. 3 in.). 
 which is close to that of the Neanderthal man and the man of Spy. 
 The bones are robust; the extremities of the long bones are large. 
 The radii and ulna? and especially the tibia? and fibula 3 , are again, as 
 in other skeletons of the Neanderthal type, relatively short. There 
 
 Fio. 11 .— Profiles of the cranium of a Chimpanzee, the cranium of La Cha- 
 
 i'ki.i.i:-.u'\-S.\ints, and that of a modern Frenchman superimsi i>, wp 
 
 WITH A COMMON l'.VSI-NASAI. UNE EQUAL IN LENGTH FoU EACH. (After Bonli'; 
 
 reproduce. 1 by MacCordy, Smithsonian Report for 1909.) 
 Be., Raslon; Na., Naslon. 
 
 is also the pronounced curvature to the radius: and there are other 
 peculiarities about the specimens an enumeration of which in this 
 place is not feasible. Certain of these peculiarities indicate, accord- 
 ing to Prof. Boule, that the individual from whom the Chapelle-au\ 
 Saints skeletal remains proceed had, in common with others of the 
 Neanderthal type, not as yet reached a fully erect posture. 
 
 The study of the brain of thi^ individual. so far as possible from a 
 feast of the cranial cavity, also shows various features of importance.' 
 
 'Boule, M. .unl K. Anthony. I.Vix-.-.phul.- ile l'lioniui.- fossil. • <!«■ I.a CliHp.lL- nu\ 
 
 saints. (L'Anthropologte, v..i. l"_\ uni, pp. r_"j-i96.> 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 55 
 
 Among the more strictly human characteristics are its large size, 
 normally always a very favorable feature, though not necessarily an 
 index of high intelligence; a predominance in size of the left over 
 the right hemisphere; and certain other anatomical features. The 
 more simian characteristics included especially the general form of 
 the organ, the evident simplicity and coarseness of the convolutions, 
 and the relatively poor development of the frontal parts, which is 
 more pointed forward than obtains in man of to-day. " The brain, 
 on the whole," to quote Prof. Boule, "is already human by the 
 abundance of the cerebral substance; but this substance is still lack- 
 ing the advanced organization which characterizes the brain of the 
 actual man." 
 
 Regrettably, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints cave has now been com- 
 pletely exhausted, so that no hope can be entertained of securing 
 further specimens from this particular spot; but the site lies in a 
 region which is under careful scientific observation and other im- 
 portant discoveries in the neighborhood may yet be possible. 
 
 THE "LA QUINA" SKELETON. 
 
 On the 16th of October, 1911, Dr. Henri Martin, a physician and 
 archeologist of Paris, reported before the Academie des Sciences of 
 Paris the find of a very remarkable ancient human skeleton, at La 
 Quina, Department of Charente, in France. 1 " We have discovered," 
 he says, " on the 18th of September, at La Quina, a human skeleton 
 of the Neanderthal type." It lay in a horizontal position, in clayey, 
 sand, at the distance of 4.5 meters from the base of a cliff, i The de- 
 posits in which it rested represent the ancient muddy bed of the 
 near-by stream Voultron, and belong, archgeologically, to the lower 
 Mousterian epoch. The clayey sand was covered by debris from the 
 cliff portion, which in former times extended shelf like over the 
 stream. 
 
 The skeleton lay 80 cm. (2.6 ft.) deep in the sand, and was not 
 surrounded by any objects which would indicate an intentional burial. 
 Its location and position seemed to show that the body was deposited 
 where it lay accidentally. The clayey sand contained a few dis- 
 seminated worked stones and a few bones that have been utilized by 
 man, but showed none of the handsome pieces which characterized 
 the superior Mousterian epoch. The age of the skeleton is, in all 
 probability, referable to the earliest part of the middle Quaternary. 
 
 The remains have suffered from prolonged submersion and pres- 
 sure, as a result of which the cranial bones were disjointed and in 
 part broken ; but from the first instant it could readily be seen that 
 
 1 Martin, Henri. Sur un squelette humain de l'epoque moustenenne trouve - en 
 Charente. (Comptes Rendus, tome 153, 1911, p. 728.) 
 
56 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN IIKDI.K'KA. 
 
 the cranium presented in a high degree certain primitive character- 
 istics in which it approaches those of the Neanderthal type. 
 
 A little later in the year Dr. Martin made a somewhat more exten- 
 sive report on the find before the Prehistoric Society of France, 1 
 and in 1912 he published four other accounts relating to the dis- 
 covery. 2 From these publications it appears that archeological ex- 
 plorations at La Quina by Dr. Martin and others had been carried 
 on intermittently for seven years before the human skeleton came to 
 light, yielding many examples of paleolithic stone industries refer- 
 able in the main to the upper or younger division of the Mousterian 
 epoch. In addition a number of human teeth and various fragments 
 of human bones, belonging to the upper Mousterian, were encountered 
 during this time, but none, barring perhaps a larger portion of one 
 lower jaw, are of special importance. 3 
 
 The sandy layer which contained the La Quina skeleton yielded 
 some worked stones representing lance points, knives, and scrapers, 
 but all of inferior workmanship. Evidence was also found in traces 
 of fire and calcined bones, that man of the period represented by the 
 skeleton lived or took refuge in the caverns or holes of the cliff above. 
 The animals on which the La Quina man lived were the reindeer, 
 bison, horse, and rarely also the mammoth. The total Mousterian 
 ^deposits at La Quina indicate a long duration of the epoch, and one 
 during which man advanced considerably in the way of manufacture 
 of his stone utensils. 
 
 The bones of the skeleton were taken to Paris, partly still in the 
 sediments with which they were surrounded, and were then most 
 carefully worked out from the matrix (pi. 38). The different parts 
 of the skull, it was found, besides being disjointed, were forced to- 
 gether so as to overlap, while the facial parts were broken and to a 
 large extent deficient. With what was left of the jaws were 14 of' 
 the teeth. 
 
 The remains were seen at first sight to present a number of impor- 
 tant primitive characteristics. The frontal bone showed a wry pro- 
 nounced supraorbital arch, with low and sloping forehead; the vault. 
 it could readily be determined, had been low; the temporal 
 were spacious, for the accommodation of powerful temporal muscles; 
 
 1 Martin, Henri. Presentation d'un crane humain trouve avec le eattelette a la baa* 
 du MoustcYIen de La Quina (Charente). (Bulletin de la Society Prehlstorlqne l'ran..alse, 
 Stance du 26 Oct., 1911, pp. 1-12, 3 pis.) 
 
 -a propot de la decoarerte de rhomme fossiie de La Quina. (annake a.' la Racnltl 
 des Lettn-s de Bordeaux, etc., 4th series, vol. 14, 1912, pp. 61-64.) I..- Crane de 
 rhomme foaatte ftioaatdrtea de La Qolaa. (C. B. a. k. a. s., L912, pp. 
 L'bomme foeaJle M.mstSrien de La Quina (BulL s.h-. PrghlstorlQiie Francalae, L812, 
 pp. 1-30, i nisi, and position etratlgraphlQue dee Osaementa homalna recoetlUa Sane 
 io Mouaterlen de La Qnlna de 1908 a 1912. (Hull. Soc. Prdhiat. Pranoalae, 1012, pp. i \ 
 l pi. i 
 
 8 pictured in the publication last named in footnote '-'. 
 
Smithsonian Repo 
 
 -t, 191 3. — Hrdlicka. 
 
 
 
 Plate 38. 
 
 
 s 
 >• • 
 
 An 
 
 
 /ppl 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■' ' 
 
 
 tffc*' 
 
 ■ : j 
 
 A 
 
 
 ■•V-"*- 
 
 
 Hr.i 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 
 
 f 2yr : 
 
 3»r 
 
 
 -1 
 
 
 1 wE M 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 The La Quina Skull and Parts of the Skeleton still in the Matrix. 
 
 (After H. Martin.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 91 3.— Hrdlicka. 
 
 Plate 39. 
 
 The La Quina Skull, Partly Reconstructed. 
 (Aitc-r II Martin.) 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLIOKA. 57 
 
 the jaws, particularly the mandible, were heavy; and the teeth were 
 large in size, besides showing other remarkable features. 
 
 In June, 1912, Dr. Martin kindly showed the precious originals to 
 the writer. At that time the skull was already fairly well restored, 
 and impressed one as a typical, though not very massive, representa- 
 tive of the Neanderthal type of crania (pi. 39). It presents the same 
 extraordinary supraorbital arch, a similar low forehead, similarly 
 low vault, and similar ovoid outline when looked at from above, as 
 the Neanderthal, Spy, Gibraltar, and other skulls of the group ; but 
 the occiput is rather more protruding. The lower jaw is stout and 
 evidently possessed little, if any, chin prominence ; the teeth, though 
 considerably worn off, are very large. There is nothing pathological 
 about the specimen or other parts of the skeleton. The individual 
 from whom it proceeds was an adult of perhaps 45 years of age, and, 
 in the opinion of Dr. Martin, supported by the relative gracility of 
 the bones, it was a female. The skull, as well as the other bones, 
 show advanced state of mineralization. The color of the skull is 
 oche'r to brownish yellow, with areas or ramifications of darker 
 brown. As to the teeth, the dentine parts are darkened, but the 
 enamel is well preserved and white. The other bones of the skeleton 
 are yellowish gray. 
 
 The long and other bones, so far as saved, indicate an individual 
 of moderate stature and good, but not excessive, musculature. As 
 to the detailed characteristics of the bones as well tliose of the 
 skull, it will be necessary to await the complete report by Dr. Martin. 
 
 An ingenious effort at a reconstruction of the head and neck of 
 the La Quina woman by Dr. Martin will be found in the Bulletin 
 de la Societe Prehistorique Francaise, of 1913. 1 
 
 THE MOUSTIER MAN. 
 
 Still another highly interesting and scientifically valuable skeleton 
 of early man, recently discovered, is that of the so-called "Ho?no 
 mousteriensis Hauseri." The skeleton is preserved in the Museum 
 fiir Volkerkunde at Berlin, where it was seen by the writer. It was 
 discovered in March 1908, by O. Hauser, during archeological exca- 
 vation in what is known as "the lower Moustier cave," or "paleo- 
 lithic station number 44," at Le Moustier, in the valley of the Vezere, 
 Department of Dordogne, France, and was eventually purchased 
 from Herr Hauser for the Berlin Museum. 
 
 The cave in question (fig. 12), or more properly rock shelter, when 
 excavated gave numerous evidences of man's occupation, but no hu- 
 man bones. The skeleton under consideration was discovered in the 
 terrace in front of the cave, almost vertically below its entrance. It 
 
 1 Stance du 27 F6vrier, 1913. 
 
58 
 
 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HBDLICKA. 
 
 lay about -°> feet deep and no disturbance in the superimposed deposits 
 was noticeable. 
 
 The human bones were uncovered with great care in the presence 
 
 of responsible witnesses, then covered again with earth and left in 
 situ for several months, though shown during this time to a number 
 of visitors. In August they were exposed for Virchow, v. d. Steinen, 
 Klaatsch, and other scientific men, and finally, two days afterwards, 
 in the presence of Prof. Klaatsch, they were gathered from the 
 deposits. 
 
 A somewhat picturesque account of the discovery by Hauser will 
 be found in the 1909 volume of the Archiv fiir Anthropologic 1 The 
 skeleton, it appears, lay on its side in a natural position, with the 
 
 TouUom 
 
 Via. 12.— The upper (A) and lower (B) Le Moustier caves and the position of the 
 SKELETON OF HOMO MOUSTERIENSIS. (After Khiatsch it Ihuiser.) 
 
 right hand under the occiput, the left extended along the body. 
 About the body and among the bones were found seventy-four worked 
 flints, ten of which were of a well-defined form. On the skull rested 
 a charred bone of a Bos primigenius, and in the neighborhood oi the 
 thorax lay a tooth of the same animal. Besides this, 15 other frag 
 ments of animal bones were gathered in a close vicinity to the human 
 remains. 
 
 1 Klaatsch. A., and O. Iluuscr. Homo mouaterlenala Ilnuscrl. Kin alttliluvlalcr Skclctt 
 
 fiiiui in Departemenl Dordoga'e and seine ZagebSrigkeit ram Neandertaltypaa, (Archil f. 
 Anthropologic, x. i<\, vol. 1, 1900.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1913. — Hrdlicka 
 
 Plate 40. 
 
 Homo mousteriensis, from the Cavern of Le Moustier (Dordogne). 
 
 (After MacCurdy, from the Smithsonian Report for 1909.) 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1$1 3.— Hrdlicka. 
 
 Plate 41. 
 
 The Skull of Homo mousteriensis Houseri. Side View. 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDUCKA. 59 
 
 The examination of the human bones was begun on the spot by 
 Prof. Klaatsch, who eventually reached the following conclusions: 
 
 The skeleton belongs to an adolescent of perhaps 10 years of age 
 and probably of the male sex. The height of the boy, as estimated 
 from the long bones, was probably 1.45 to 1.50 meters (4 feet 9 inches 
 to 4 feet 11 inches). 
 
 The skull (pis. 40, 41) notwithstanding the youth of the subject, 
 shows a number of characteristics which are peculiar to the Neander- 
 thal group. While of a good size, with only moderately thick bones 
 of the vault and the latter of a fair height, it shows nevertheless a 
 rather low and sloping forehead; a well-marked complete supra- 
 orbital arch or torus, which later in life would doubtless have become 
 much more prominent ; relatively large dental arches, with large and 
 in a number of particulars primitive teeth; a massive lower jaw with 
 complete absence of the chin eminence ; and other interesting features. 
 The glenoid fossae, especially that on the right, show an inclination 
 upward and outward, as in the? skulls of Krapina and as in the 
 skulls of children in modern man. And there are a number of other 
 characteristics on the Moustier skull and skeleton which connect the 
 latter morphologically quite closely with the man of Krapina. 
 
 The long and other bones, so far as preserved, possess also nu- 
 merous primitive characteristics. Especially noticeable among these 
 are the relatively large extremities, particularly the head of the 
 femur; a strong development of the external condyle of the thigh 
 bones ; the peculiar curvature of the same ; the very marked curvature 
 of the radius, etc. Klaatsch reached the deduction that the skeleton 
 belongs undoubtedly to the Homo neanderthalensis variety of the 
 early European. 
 
 OTHEB SKELETAL REMAINS OF ANCIENT MAN IN EUROPE. 
 
 In addition to the more important skeletal remains of early man 
 dealt with in the preceding pages, there exist a considerable number 
 of specimens which, because of their isolated or defective nature, are 
 of less value to science, or which have not as yet been properly 
 studied and determined, or which, finally, retain some elements of 
 uncertainty as to their true position in human chronology. And be- 
 sides these there is a large additional series of skeletal remains, in- 
 cluding the latest paleolithic and the neolithic remains, which, while 
 still ancient, are nevertheless relatively near to man of the present 
 date. 
 
 Among the earlier isolated or defective specimens may be men- 
 tioned first of all the two teeth of Taubach. One of these, a molar 
 of the first dentition, was found in the old Quaternary deposits at 
 
60 AXCIEXT REMAINS OF MAX HRDLICKA. 
 
 Taubach near Weimar, Germany, in 1892, by A. Weiss. The crown 
 of this tooth shows considerable wear and this, with other character- 
 istics of the specimen, created at first an impression that the tooth 
 was perhaps not human. Later, however, the tooth was accepted 
 as proceeding from a human child. Meanwhile one of the laborers 
 at Taubach discovered in equally old deposits a first permanent left 
 lower molar about the human nature of which there can be no ques- 
 tion, and this tooth also shows various primitive features. Both 
 these finds have been reported upon and the. specimens described by 
 Nehring. 1 The permanent molar is preserved in the museum in Jena. 
 
 In May, 1914, a very interesting lower jaw belonging to man of 
 antiquity was found near Weimar, not far from Taubach. It was 
 described in a preliminary way and pictured in October of the same 
 year by Schwalbe, 2 and later referred to by MacCurdy. 3 It is an 
 imperfect specimen, recovered from loose travertin 11.9 meters (39 
 feet) below the surface. The bone is stout and shows complete lack 
 of chin, with alveolar prognathism and other peculiarities. Basing 
 his opinion on its form and association, Schwalbe considers the speci- 
 men as a very valuable one, and refers it to the earlier period of the 
 Neanderthal man (II. prindgemus). 
 
 Other specimens belonging to this category are the more or less 
 defective lower jaws of La Naulette, Malarnaud, and Sipka. The La 
 Naulette jaw was found in 1806 by Dupont in a cave at La Naulette, 
 Belgium, together with an ulna and a few other fragments of human 
 bones. The find was reported and the bones described by Dupont in 
 the Bulletin de FAcademie Royale Beige, second series, volume 12, 
 18GG, and by Topinard in the Revue d'Anthropologie of the same 
 year. The original specimen is preserved in the Musee Royal d'His- 
 toire Naturelle, Brussels. It is evidently a portion of the lower jaw 
 of a subadult female. It lacks all chin prominence and shows primi- 
 tive features of the alveoli and hence teeth, such as a broad root of 
 the canine with the central groove on each side, and the very per- 
 ceptibly increasing size of the sockets of the molars from before 
 backwards. 
 
 The lower jaw of Malarnaud was discovered in 1889 in a small side 
 chamber of the cave of Malarnaud, near the village of Montseron. 
 
 i Nehring, a. ui>cr <'im>n fossiicn Meuachenaahn am den Diluvium ron Tan bach i» i 
 Weimar. (Verb. Berl. <:. Anthr., etc, Zelt. Bthn., 1888, pp. 8S8 840, 125-433.) Same 
 author, Uber elnea Menachlichen Molar aui flem Diluvium \«n Taubach be! Weimar. 
 (Ibid., pp. 678—677.) Bee alao Adloff, Daa Qeblaa dea RCenachen and der Anthropomor- 
 pben., Berlin, 1808; Schmidt, it. B. Die dlluvlale Voreeil Deutaehlanda, Btuttgart, 1812; 
 and Pestachrlfl AuthropologlBche Vertammlung Weimar, 1812. 
 
 ■ Bchwalba, Q, Dber amen in der Nahe \"i> Weimar gefundeaen i aterUefer dea Homo 
 prlmlgenlua. Anal Aiwelpwr, Bd. it, 1814, pp. 337 840 
 
 nrdy, <:. Q. [nterglaclal Man from Bhrlngadorf aear Weimar; Amer. Antbropol- 
 ogfet, xvlii, No. l, 1818, i>i>. 188 i 12 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 61 
 
 Arize, France. It lay 2 meters (about 7 feet) deep beneath a layer 
 of stalagmite, in a mass consisting of a great quantity of bones of 
 Quaternary animals and reddish clay. The bone is that of an 
 adolescent, the third molars being still in their sockets. The teeth 
 are missing, with the exception of the first right molar. The jaw is 
 not of great size and is rather low but stout. As the La Naulette 
 specimen, it lacks the chin prominence such as characterizes the lower 
 jaw of modern man. 1 
 
 The Sipka specimen is a fragment of the lower jaw of a child, 
 probably between the eighth and tenth year of age. It was found in 
 1880 in the Sipka cave, near Stramberk, Moravia, by Dr. Karel J. 
 Maska, the deserving Moravian explorer. It shows six teeth — 
 three incisors, the right canine, and the two right premolars, the 
 three last named not yet erupted. The bone is very stout and shows 
 other primitive features, but the chin was already slightly developed. 
 The original of the Sipka jaw is still in the care of Prof. Maska at 
 Tele, Moravia, where it was seen by the writer. 2 
 
 Among the specimens which while indubitably ancient have not 
 as yet been completely or finally described, should be mentioned, in 
 the first place the parts of the several skeletons discovered between 
 1909 and 1912 by Capitan and Peyrony, in the late Mousterian 
 archeological deposits of La Ferrassie, and the child's skull found by 
 the same explorers in 1909 in the cave of Pech de l'Aze, near Sarlat 
 (Dordogne), France. The writer has seen these specimens, which 
 are preserved and are being restored in the Museum d'Histoire Na- 
 turelle, Paris ; they are in the care of Prof. Boule, who will eventu- 
 ally describe them. Certain observations on some parts of these 
 skeletons have already been included in Prof. Boule's reports on the 
 Chapelle-aux-Saints' skeleton. He holds that the remains belong to 
 the Homo Neanderthalensis? 
 
 Among the ancient, but less definitely determined skeletal remains, 
 and among those belonging to the younger paleolithic (Late Qua- 
 ternary) period, there may be mentioned especially the Ochoz, 4 Brux 
 
 1 For original descriptions of the find, see Filhol, H.— Bull, de la Soc. Philomath, de 
 Paris, 18S9, and Congres Anthrop. PreTiist., 1889, p. 417. 
 
 2 For detailed description of the Sipka and the jaw, with the earlier literature of the 
 find, see Maska, Karel, J. — Der diluviale Mensch in Mahren, 8°. Neutitschein, 188G. 
 
 3 For first reports concerning these finds, see Boule, M. — Nouvelles entries dans les 
 collections de Paleontologie du Museum. (L' Anthropologic, vol. 22, 1911, pp. 112-113.) 
 Capitan, L., and Peyrony — Station prehistorique de la Serrassie. (Revue anthropologlque, 
 vol. 22, 1912, pp. 29-99.) Capitan, L. & Peyrony. Trois nouveaux squelettes humains 
 fossiles. (Revue anthropologique, Nov., 1912, pp. 439-440) ; and Obermaier, II. — Der 
 Mensch der Vorzeit, vol. 1, 1912, pp. 144-145, 339, 430. 
 
 * Rzehak, A. Verhandlungcn des naturforschenden Vereins, Briinn, vol. 44, 190." ; and 
 Zeitschrift des Mahrischen Landesmuseums, vol. 9, Briinn, 1909, pp. 277-313. 
 
62 ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HKDLILKA. 
 
 (Most). 1 Brno (Briinn) No. 1,- Canstadt. 1 Combe-Capelle,' Eguis- 
 heini. 4 Galley Hill, 5 and possibly the Ipswich. 6 skulls and skeletons, 
 as well as the most recently announced lower jaw of Banolas. Spain. 7 
 For the often not fully satisfactory details concerning these speci- 
 mens the reader must be referred to the original publications. 
 
 Of especial importance, however, is the magnificent collection of 
 ancient skeletal remains discovered at Predmost, Moravia, by Prof. 
 K. J. Maska. This splendid material, which consists of 14 human 
 skeletons, some of them almost complete, with additional skeletal 
 parte from six other bodies, is now being studied by Prof. J. 
 Matiegka, the director of the Anthropologicky Ustav, of Prague. 
 The writer has seen this collection on two occasions and he regards 
 it as by far the most important assemblage of material from the 
 transitional period between earlier and the latest paleolithic forms. 
 It represents in a measure the much searched-for bridge between the 
 Neanderthal and recent man. Archeologically, these valuable skele- 
 tons belong to the earlier Solutrean or the Aurignacean. 
 
 Besides the above described or enumerated specimens, there are 
 many others scattered in the museums of Europe, for which greater 
 or less antiquity has been at some time, or is still being claimed. In 
 many of these instances the student finds that the evidence adduced 
 and the testimony of the skeletal parts themselves speak rather 
 against any great age, or leave the subject in serious doubt. It would 
 seem best for the progress of science to eliminate all such specimens, 
 with perhaps some of those mentioned above, from consideration, 
 unless or until new and ample evidence be found to convince us that 
 they really deserve place in the range of the precious authentic docu- 
 ments that represent the earlier phases of man's natural history. 
 
 The»gradually accumulating finds which throw light on the physi- 
 cal past of man, have naturally stimulated further exploration in 
 the same lines; and the various failures and uncertainties connected 
 with some of the finds in the past have impressed all investigators 
 in the field with the necessity of the most careful and properly con- 
 trolled procedure. Besides men of science, the educated public, en- 
 gineers controlling public works, and even many among the work- 
 
 1 Bchwalbe, (•. Btudlen era 7orgeechlehte dea Menachen. Zeltachrifl fiir Morphologic 
 and Anthropologic, Sonderheft, ISM, with further biography. 
 
 • Makowsky, \- Der Mensch der Diluvlalseil Mlhrens, BrOnn, 1899; Obermaier, li. 
 Der Mensch der Vorselt, 1912, pp. 298-362. 
 
 '"Homo Anrlgnacensls Hanserl"; Klaatach, II., nml o. Rauser. Prlhlst. Eeltachr., 
 1910; :itifl Klaatach, H.— Die Aurlunnernsso und Rtre Btellnng Im Slainmlmiim der 
 Menachheit (Eeitachr. EthneL, 1910.) 
 
 1 Broca, r. Fragments de crane butmune d'Kguishcim. (Boll, Boc D'Anthrop, rnris. 
 Paris, 1867, pp. L29-181) : Bchwalbt, 0. Der BchldtJ von Bglshatin Beitrage 
 zur Anthropologic Elsass Lothrlngea Heft 8, Btrassburg, 1902. 
 
 'Newton, E. T. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, August, ism."': :iis,. 
 Monro, B. Paleolithic man, etc., Addenburg, wn-J. pp. 109-115; Keith, A. — Ancient 
 types df man, 1911 : ;ii*<> Duckworth, w. .1. n. -Prehistoric man, Cambridge, 1912. 
 
 ■Being determined and described by Prof. Arthur Keith. 
 
 iPacheco, i:. Hernandes, y Hugo Obermaier, La mandibuls naandertalolde de B 
 s •, Mem. do. <; de la Comisloo de [nTestlgaciones paleontologJcas y prehlstoricas, Mnseo 
 Nacional, Madrid, 1915, iu>. i 12; reference i>v Q. <;. MacCordy la Science, rol it. July 
 16, 1915, pp. si 85, mii.i in Amer. AnthropoL, vol. 17, \'.>\:>, pp. 759 762, 
 
ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLIOKA. 03 
 
 men in Europe have been impressed by these remarkable discoveries, 
 and in hundreds of instances are doubtless watching for new treas- 
 ures. Under these conditions we are justified in hoping that from 
 time to time we shall receive additions to the precious material 
 already in our hands; that these additions will fill the existing vacua, 
 and gradually extend further back to the more strictly intermediary 
 forms between man and his ancestral stock, and perhaps eventually 
 even to the source of these link-forms themselves, to the peculiar 
 morphologically unstable family of the anthropogenous primates. 
 
 While the anthropologist is thus painfully and slowly reconstruct- 
 ing the past physical history of man, he is also with every new fact 
 adding another imperishable block to the foundation upon which will 
 stand not only the knowledge of the future in regard to man himself, 
 but also the laws of his further physical development, and radically 
 even those of his beliefs and his moral behavior. This is a part of 
 the service of anthropology to humanity. 
 
 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Among the more recent anthropological literature there are a num- 
 ber of monographs that deal more or less comprehensively with the 
 subject of ancient man. These publications, which contain numer- 
 ous further references, are as follows: 
 Anucin, D. — Proizchozdeni celoveka i ievo iskopaiemi predki. Itogi Nauki, 
 
 Moskva, 1912, pp. 691-784. 
 Babor, J. — Paleontologie clovgka. Vestnik Klubu Prirodovgd., XIV., Pros- 
 
 tejov, 1911, pp. 1-40. 
 Backman, G. — Orn Manniskans utveckling efter inanniskoblifvander. Ymer, 
 
 Tidskrift Utgifven af Svenska Sallskapet fiir Antropologi och Geografi, Arg. 
 
 1909, H. 2 Och 3. Also Manniskans Forhistoria, 8°, Stockholm, 1911. 
 Boule, M. — La Paleontologie humaine en Angleterre. L'Anthropologie, XXVI, 
 
 1915 ; repr. pp. 1-67. * 
 
 Branca, W. — Der Stand nnderer Kenntnisse vom fossilen Menschen. 8°, Leip- 
 zig, 1910. 
 Duckworth, W. L. H. — Prehistoric Man. 12°, Cambridge, 1912. 
 Fischer, E. — Fossile Hominiden. Handworterbuch der Naturwissenschaften, 
 
 IV, 1913. 
 Geikie, J. — The Antiquity of Man in Europe. 8°, London, 1913. 
 Keith, A. — Ancient types of Man. 12°, London, 1911; The Antiquity of Man, 
 
 8°, London, 1915. 
 MacCurdy, G. G. — Recent discoveries bearing on the antiquity of Man in 
 
 Europe. Smitbsonian Report for 1909, pp. 531-583. 
 MacCurdy, G. G— The Man of Piltdown. Science. 1914, pp. 15S-160. 
 Munro, R. — Paleolithic Man and terramara settlements in Europe. 8°, Edin- 
 burgh, 1912. ^ 
 Obermaier, H:— Der Mensch der Vorzeit; gr. 8°, Berlin, 1912, do., Quaternary 
 
 Human Remains in Central Europe ; Smithsonian Report for 1906, pp. 373- 
 
 397. 
 Osborn, H. F— Review of the Pleistocene of Europe, Asia, and Northern 
 
 Africa ; Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., xxvi, 1915, pp. 215-315. 
 Osborn, H. F— Men of the Old Stone Age. 8°, N. Y., 1st ed. 1915 ; 2d ed. 1916. 
 Sinel, I.— Prehistoric Times and Men of the Channel Islands ; 8°, Jersey, 1914. 
 Smith, G. Elliot.— The Evolution of Man. Smithsonian Report for 1912, pp. 
 
 553-572. 
 
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