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 INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IN 
 STOCK PREVAILING IN EUROPE; 
 
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 DIRECTIONS FOR INOCULATION FOR PLEaRO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
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 ALEXANDER BRUCE, 
 
 i_HlKF IN'SPECTOU 01' STOiK FOK XKW SOUTH WALES 
 
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REPORT 
 
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 INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IN 
 STOCK PREVAILING IN EUROPE: 
 
 TOGETHEB WITH 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR INOCULATION FOR PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
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 ALEXANDER BRUCE, 
 
 CHIEF INSPECTOR OF STOCK FOR NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 
 
 1874. 
 
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LIVE STOCK. 
 
 (REPORT OF CIHEF INSPECTOR, ON INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOFS DISEASES.) 
 
 Ix accordance with instructions, bearing date tlie 31st Decem- 
 ber, 1872, I obtained while in Europe all the information I could 
 with respect to the infectious and contagious diseases affecting 
 or likely to affect our Live Stock, and have now the honor to sub- 
 mit the accompanying Report on the subject. 
 
 In regard to the length to which my Report extends, I have to 
 explain that all the diseases alluded to, — with the exception of 
 Pleuro-pneumonia, — are quite unknown in Australia ; and I con- 
 sidered it necessary to give such descriptions of them as would 
 not only put our stockowners in a position to judge of the expe- 
 diency of the measures proposed for protecting them against the 
 introduction of these scourges, but would also enable them, — 
 should it ever unfortunately happen that any of these diseases 
 obtained a footing in the Colonies, — to recognize and deal with 
 them at once. The diseases alluded to are " Cattle Plairue," 
 "Foot and Mouth Disease," and "Small- Pox in Sheep." 
 
 I might, perhaps, have also described the nature, symptoms, 
 and treatment of the incurable affection of " Glanders'' in horses, 
 as it is not only the most formidable of all diseases to which 
 horses are liable, but one that is communicable to the human 
 subject. There has, however, as yet never been any law in 
 the Colonies dealing Avith infectious diseases in horses, and I shall 
 at present content myself with calling attention to the urgent 
 necessity there exists for legislation in that direction, in order 
 that all imported horses may, like other stock, be subjected to 
 inspection by a duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon, and pass a 
 reasonable quarantine, previous to their being permitted to come 
 into contact with the horse stock belonging to the Colony. 
 
 ALEX. BRUCE, 
 
 Chief Inspector of Stock. 
 
 The Uxder Secketaet toe La^ds. 
 
 B 
 
 ^Z'.^'S 
 
INDEX. 
 
 I,— PLEURO-PNEUMONIA :— 
 
 1. — Natuee 
 
 2. — Cause 
 
 8. — Symptoms and Post Moetem Appearances: — 
 
 (I.) First Stage 
 
 (2.) Second Stage : 
 
 (3.) Tliird Stage • 
 
 4. — Auscultation and Peecussion: — 
 (l.J Auscultation 
 (2.) Percussion... 
 
 5. — Inquiry in Great Britain : — 
 (1.) Letter to Veterinarian 
 (2.) Inoculation in London Dairies ... 
 (3.) Law in force with respect to Pieuro-pneumonia 
 
 6. — Inquiry on Continent : — 
 
 (1.) Veterinary Schools and Colleges... 
 
 (2.) International Veterinary Congress 
 
 (3.) Personal information obtained on Continent ... 
 
 (4.) Treatment of disease there 
 
 7. — Directions foe Inoculation: — 
 (1.) Inoculating Yards and Pens 
 
 (2.) The Virus 
 
 (3.) Preservation of Virus 
 
 (4.) Time and mode of operating 
 
 (5.) Apparent effects of Inoculation .. . 
 
 (6.) Remedies for excessive swellings 
 
 8. — Other Treatment than Inoculation 
 
 II.— CATTLE PLAGUE :— 
 
 1. — Name, History, and Characteristics 
 
 2. — Nature 
 
 3. — Symptoms ... 
 
 4. — Treatment 
 
 5. — Experience of England 
 
 G. — Experience of the Continent 
 
 PAGB. 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 V 
 8 
 
 8 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 
III.— FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE :— 
 
 1. — Name, History, and Chaeacteeistics 
 
 2. — Nature 
 
 3. — Symptoms 
 
 4. — Treatment 
 
 5. — Experience of England 
 
 6. — Experience op the Continent 
 
 IV.— SMALL-POX IN SHEEP :— 
 
 1. — Name, History, and Characteristics 
 
 2. — Nature 
 
 3. — Symptoms , 
 
 4. — Treatment 
 
 5. — Experience of England 
 
 6. — Experience of the Continent 
 
 page. 
 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 35 
 
 v.— ACTION SUGGESTED:— 
 
 1. — Pletjro-Pneumonia : — 
 
 (1.) Compulsory inoculation of infected cattle 
 
 (2.) Notice of outbreaks by owners ... 
 
 (3.) Licensed inoculators 
 
 (4.) Inoculated cattle to be branded with a certain brand . . , 
 
 (5.) Inoculated cattle to be permitted to travel six weeks 
 after inoculation ... 
 
 (6.) Infected uninoculated cattle not to be allowed to travel 
 until three months after last case of disease ... 
 
 (7.) Infected fat cattle to travel to destination by approved 
 route 
 
 (8.) All drovers of stock to give notice when going through 
 open runs ... 
 
 (9.) Penalty on drovers abandoning knocked-up stock or 
 leaving carcasses ... 
 
 2. — Cattle Plague, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Sheep 
 
 Pox:— 
 
 Existing prohibition to be maintained against every Country 
 outside the Australian and New Zealand Colonics, ex- 
 cept Great Britain, and not to be withdrawn against 
 it until declared free from these diseases 
 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 VI.— JOINT ACTION BY ALL THE COLONIES :— 
 
 Intercolonial Conference of Chief Inspectors and Veterinary 
 Surgeons to be held in Sydney to consider prevalence of 
 infectious diseases and offer suggestions for their eradica- 
 tion... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 39 
 
LIVE STOCK. 
 
 BJEPOBT by the Chief Inspector of Stock on the Infectious and 
 Contagious Diseases in Europe affecting or likely to affect the 
 Live Stock in Australia. 
 
 I.— PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 1. — Nature. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, like all other constitutional dis- 
 eases, has its seat in the first instance in the blood, being febrile 
 in its earliest stages, but becoming typhoid in its second and third 
 or last stages, with a specific termination in disease of the lunga 
 and pleura?, the changes in which (in the shape of inflammatory 
 exudation) hold the same relation to the true disease that the 
 eruption in small-pox does to the blood state in that disease. 
 
 The best authorities are in favour of not regarding this as a 
 local disease originating in and confined to the lungs and pleurae. 
 It is, therefore, properly speaking a misnomer to call it pleuro- 
 pneumonia, for it may never reach the second or third stages and 
 affect the lungs, but exhaust itself in the first or febrile stage ; and 
 it is upon this fact that the efiicacy of inoculation is based. 
 
 2. — Cause. 
 
 It has now been settled beyond all question that the cause of 
 pleuro-pneumonia is infection or contagion conveyed, either directly 
 or indirectly, from the diseased animal to the sound. 
 
 3. — Symptoms and Post Mortem Appearances. 
 The course of the disease is generally divided into three 
 
 First Stage. 
 
 stages. 
 
 In bush cattle the first noticeable symptoms of pleuro-pneu- 
 monia, which may be only temporary, are either an unusual 
 amount of coughing in a mob when on camp, especially after 
 nightfall, drooping of the head or ears, an apparent loss of spirit, 
 lagging behind the mob, disinclination to feed, a staring coat, a 
 
feverish eye, pale and slimy nostrils and inside of mouth, — or 
 generally the appearance that tells a person accustomed to stock 
 that an animal is not alto^^jether right. 
 
 In dairy cows, again, without or along with any of the above 
 symptoms' in a more apparent degree, may also be observed a 
 decided and unaccountable deficiency in the yield of milk, tender- 
 ness of the teats, a refusal of food, or any change in their 
 customary habits or behaviour. 
 
 In this stage, generally speaking, beyond the symptoms of fever, 
 no decided post mortem appearances are discernible ; but in some 
 few instances there may be found congestion and inflammation 
 of portions (generally the points) of the lungs, or of either of them, 
 and inflammation of the pleurae, with eff'usion of lymph on the 
 inside of the i-ibs and diaphragm. 
 
 Second Stage. 
 
 Tlie symptoms here in bush cattle, — in addition to those of the 
 first stage in an aggravated form, — may be all or any of the fol- 
 'lowing, namely, a stiifness in the fore-parts, a decided disinclina- 
 tion to move, a drawn-up and cramped appearance when standing, 
 especially noticeable to the practised eye at a distance, a sudden 
 and almost instantaneous stopping on being allowed to do so in 
 driving, a hard, sharp, and frequent cough when moved out of 
 a slow walk, and sometimes even when standing, with now and 
 then a discharge of frothy phlegm from the mouth, a heaving of 
 the sides, and decided symptoms of atfcction of the lungs, the 
 nostrils inflamed and filled with slime, and the muzzle covered 
 with drops of clear moisture, the eye protruded, feverish, and 
 watery, a rapid falling off in condition, or a disinclination in the 
 animal to lie down, and when it does it rests on the afl'ected side. 
 
 In milch cows the more noticeable symptoms of the second 
 stage of the disease, in addition to those given, are sometimes a 
 sudden purging, a falling ofl"in the quantity of and a yellowish tinge 
 in the milk, want of appetite, especially for green food, difficulty 
 in swallowing, apparent thirst, grunting while turning in the stall, 
 or tenderness under pressure along the back and loins. 
 
 A post mortem examination of an animal in the second stage of the 
 disease will in most cases show a small quantity of fluid of a bloody 
 tinge in the cavity of the chest, effusions of lymph on the insides 
 of the ribs, pleura?, and the diaphragm ; great inflammation of the 
 pleurfe, and sometimes attachment of the lung to the ribs. But 
 the chief and unmistakeable symptom of this stage of pleuro- 
 pneumonia is to be found in the lungs. At this stage of the 
 disease a portion of each of the lungs, or what is more frequently 
 the case, from a third to three-fourths of one lung, — generally the 
 right — is hepatized, or (what is commonly called) "marbled," 
 while the rest of the lung is only partially hepatized or congested, 
 
6 
 
 and the whole of the other comparatively sound, exhibiting, it 
 may be, only some slight traces of inflammation. The hepatization 
 will be found to have changed the light healthy consistency 
 of the lung to a heavy, liver-like substance, which, when cut into, 
 exactly resembles a brown marble with white or greyish streats 
 running through it in all directions. The hepatization increases 
 the weight of a lung ten, twenty, and sometimes ey an forty fold. 
 
 Third Stage. 
 
 In the tliird or last stage the disease assumes a more typhoid 
 form, and the animal appears to suffer less pain, — so much so that 
 a person unacquainted with the deadly leaden hue which the eye 
 now assumes, imagines that a recovery has commenced. In this 
 stage the animal will generally stand up under a tree, emitting, 
 when moved, a low sound between a grunt and a moan ; and it 
 will frequently charge when approached or disturbed. The back 
 will be raised, the head protruded, and the eye, which is now 
 sunk, will assume a deadly appearance ; the droppings will be 
 black and scanty; the cough, which is now comparatively soft and 
 faint, will be frequent, with expectorations of bloody mucus ; 
 the tongue swells and protrudes, and there will sometimes be a 
 thick ropy discharge from the nose and eyes ; hoven will not 
 unfrequently occur ; respiration will become impeded and difficult ; 
 and the animal will speedily sink and die. 
 
 In milch cows, besides these symptoms the following will be 
 observed : — The grunt will be increased, the breath will stink ; 
 they will frequently grind their teeth ; there will be great restless- 
 ness as death approaches ; while the skin and horns will be cold, 
 and the pulse accelerated to twice its natural speed. 
 
 The post mortem appearances here are the same as those de- 
 scribed in the second stage, but in a much more aggravated form. 
 Thus, in the dry form, where pneumonia prevails, the whole of one 
 lung and a portion of the other will be hepatized. In the more 
 badly diseased lung, the hepatization, where it has first commenced, 
 will be darker and more gangrenous in appearance. Around the 
 outside of this lung, and attaching it to the ribs, there will be a 
 coating of coagulable lymph (a straw-coloured, fatty looking sub- 
 stance), which sometimes extends to the pleurae; while in the 
 cavity of the chest there will be a considerable quantity of 
 serum, — a fluid of a bloody tinge. In the ivet form, where 
 pleurisy prevails, a very much greater quantity of serum will be 
 found in the chest, — sometimes nearly a bucketful ; and floating 
 in this serum will be shreds of coagulable lymph, frequently 
 covering the pleurje, which when exposed are found to be highly 
 inflamed. One of the lungs will be found to be moi-e or less 
 diseased and covered with lymph. In the combined form the 
 disease (both dry and wet) again — where pneumonia and 
 
pleurisy equally prevail — aloug with considerable hepatization of 
 one of the lungs, and sometimes, though rarely of both, a large 
 quantity of serum will be found in the cavity of the chest ; while 
 a sort of adhesive inflammation will be set up, and portions of 
 lungs, pleuro, and diaphragm are found attached in one diseased 
 mass to the ribs. 
 
 4. — Auscultation and Percussion. 
 
 With quiet cattle, these tests (auscultation and percussion) 
 can be employed for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not 
 they are affected. 
 
 (1.) — Auscultation. 
 
 Although the changes caused in the chest and its organs by 
 pleuro-pneumonia exist before any marked symptoms show them- 
 selves in the living animal, they are generally indicated by certain 
 sounds which, to the practised ear, disclose the true state of the 
 lungs and the other organs affected. 
 
 One or other and sometimes all of the following indications will 
 present themselves on applying the ear to the side of the animal's 
 chest: — (1st) The healthy breath murmur. (2nd) The crepitus. 
 (3rd) The absence of sound. (4th) The sawing, rubbing, or 
 friction sound. (5th) The deep gurgling and irregular sound. 
 (1.) The natural sound which meets the ear applied to the 
 side of the chest of a healthy animal well conveys the 
 idea of that which is actually taking place, — of air en- 
 tering a vast number of minute cells ; and is what may be 
 termed a smooth, soft, bellows-like murmur. 
 (2.) When, again, one of the lungs is affected, and the disease 
 is confined to that organ, the breath sound in it is louder 
 and coarser than usual, and conveys the idea of the lung 
 becoming impermeable to the air. This is the case ; for, 
 as inflammation of the substance of the lung progresses, 
 the air enters the cells with difficulty, owing to the lymph 
 being poured into them and also into the spaces be- 
 tween them. Then the air, forcing its way into the cells 
 under these circumstances, gives rise to the peculiar 
 rushing and crackling sound termed crepitus, which is 
 very distinct, but only heard during inspiration. 
 (3.) As the disease progresses, some portions of the lung 
 emit no sound whatever — neither the healthy murmur 
 nor the crepitus — and this arises through the effusion of 
 lymph involving the air-cells and substance of the lung, 
 in the silent portions of it, in general destruction. By 
 this time a peculiar blowing or rushing sound will be 
 detected in other parts of the chest. 
 
8 
 
 (i.) If the course of the disease be towards pleurisy, after 
 the crepitus is noticed, other sounds couveying the idea 
 of sawing are emitted. This arises tlirough the pleurae 
 becoming iuilamed and covered with lymph, which dries 
 on their surface ; and their coats being thus rough, 
 uneven, and dry, emit these sounds on coming into con- 
 tact, instead of gliding smoothly and noiselessly over 
 each other as they do when they are free from disease. 
 These sounds diifer from the crepitus in another 
 respect— they are heard during both inspiration and 
 expiration. 
 
 (5.) As the disease advances towards termination the sounds 
 become very equivocal, resolving themselves into a deep 
 gurgling and irregular noise, caused by the cavity of 
 the chest becoming filled with serum, 
 
 (2.) — Percussion. 
 
 This is another mode of ascertaining whether or not an animal, 
 which exhibits no outward symptoms of being so, is diseased — 
 i.e., by striking the side of the chest with the knuckles, or any 
 other hard substance of similar weight. 
 
 On striking the chest in this way, when the lung has become 
 solidified, and only when it is so, the sound emitted is dull and 
 flat, and not sonorous and booming as it is when the chest and 
 its organs are free from disease. 
 
 The same dull, dead sound is elicited when the animal is 
 affected with pleurisy, and the extent of the gathering of water 
 in the chest can be traced by the extent to which the chest fails 
 to emit the healthy sounds when tested in this way. 
 
 5. — Inqttiet in Great Beitain. 
 
 "With the view of eliciting information from the Veterinary 
 Profession in Great Britain and Ireland, with regard to pleuro"- 
 pneumonia, and the best mode of dealing with it in Australia, 
 I addressed a letter, of which the following is a copy, to the 
 London " Veterinarian" : — 
 
 (1.) — Letter to " Veteeinaeiax." 
 
 " The Editors of ' Veterinarian,' London. 
 "Gentlemen, 
 
 " Having been instructed by the Government of New South Wales 
 to collect all the information I can obtain in England and on the Continent 
 with respect to the infectious or contagious diseases presently affecting or 
 likely to affect the live stock of the Australian Colonies, and as pleuro- 
 pneumonia is now prevalent not only in New South Wales but also in all the 
 other Australian Colonies, I am anxious to obtain the opinion of the Veter- 
 inary Profession in Great Britain as to the beat mode of dealing with that 
 
9 
 
 disease, and especially as to wliether or not inoculation is a preventive against 
 it. I consequently forward tliis communication for insertion in your journal. 
 To show tlie iuiport'inee of this question to the Australian Colonies, and 
 how the matter stands there at present, I will, with your permission, state 
 here, as concisely as I can, the number and value of the cattle stock in the four 
 principal Colonies ; how pleui-o-pneumonia was introduced there ; how it 
 spread ; the losses it has occasioned ; the steps taken to stay its spread ; and 
 the result of inoculation as practised in the Colonies. 
 
 The number of Cattle, and annual return froia them. 
 
 The cattle in the four principal Colonies stood, in 1871, as follows : — 
 
 South Australia 143,463 
 
 Victoria ... ... ... ... ... 776,737 
 
 New South Wales 2,01-1.,888 
 
 Queensland 1,076,630 
 
 4,011,718 
 
 Taking the 'cast' of fat cattle annually sent to the market in these Colo- 
 nies at one-eighth of the total number — a fair average return from breeding 
 and fattening runs in Australia — this would give 501,463 head as the annual 
 'cast'; and these at (say) £7 each, wouhl make £3,510,251 as the value of the 
 annual return from the cattle stock of the four principal Colonies. 
 
 The cattle of the four Colonies are included in the above estimate, as 
 they are all equally interested, it being quite impossible to prevent the 
 cattle of one Colony from mixing or coming in contact with those of the 
 adjoining Colonies. This arises both from the way in which the cattle ai-e 
 kept and moved about, and from the circumstance that a great deal of the 
 inland carriage is still done by bullock teams. Thus the cattle in the Colonies 
 are still in many cases depastured on open runs, and are kept from straying 
 principally through their attachment to the run on which they have been 
 bred. Though this attachment is generally strong enough to keep cattle 
 from leaving the runs, and even portions of the runs, on which they were 
 bred, still, they sometimes do stray, and, if infected, would spread the 
 disease. With store cattle (cattle which have been purchased and put on a 
 new run) the case is very much worse. Their attachment to the run on which 
 they were bred induces them for months, perhaps for years, after they are 
 placed on the new run, to return to their old one, although the two runs 
 may be hundreds of miles apart, and, perhaps, in different Colonies. If 
 they are infected when they leave, they of course spread the infection as they 
 go. Even when the runs are enclosed, infectious and contagious diseases 
 are certain to spread through the mobs of infected cattle and infected 
 bullock teams passing through them. All bond fide travelling cattle, whether 
 as mobs of store cattle or teams of working bullocks, can be depastured on 
 any Crown Lands within half a mile in New South Wales, or a quarter of a 
 mile in Victoria, of the road by which they are travelling ; and as the land 
 on which they have this right of depasturing is seldom or never fenced off 
 from the rest of the run, the travelling cattle not only go on the same ground 
 as those belonging to the run, but frequently mix with them. If, thei-efore, 
 the travelling slock are infected (and they are very apt to become so, even if 
 they were sound when they started, passing, as they often do, through 200 
 or 300 miles of country), they are certain to infect the cattle on the run 
 through which they travel. 
 
 Froni what has been said, it will be gathered that it is quite impossible to 
 maintain a perfect quarantine of the cattle stock in any of the Australian 
 Colonies, or between one Colony and another. This is the great difficulty 
 
10 
 
 which is encountered in the Colonies in dealing with infectious and conta- 
 gious diseases in cattle, and one which must be kept constantly in view in 
 proposing anj measure for staying the spread of these diseases. 
 
 Introduction and spread of Pleuro-pneumotiia in Australia, and the losses 
 
 caused hy it. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia was introduced by a cow brought from England by Mr. 
 Boadle, of the Plenty District, in Victoria, and landed in Melbourne in 1858. 
 
 When the disease was first discovered among Boadle's cattle, steps were 
 promptly taken to eradicate it. All the cattle on the farm were paid for by 
 private subscription and destroyed, and the farm placed in quarantine. 
 Unfortunately, however, the quarantine was not strictly maintained, and a 
 greedy, ignorant neighbour, who owned several teams of working bullocks, 
 which he usually employed in carrying on the roads, seeing the good grass in 
 the infected paddocks, put his cattle into them during the night, and removed 
 them at daybreak. They soon became infected ; and as he shortly after sent 
 his teams on the roads, on a trip right to the border of the Colony, they 
 spread the disease in all directions as they went. His other cattle again mixed 
 with his neighbours', and thus set it afloat around his own farm. 
 
 In this way the disease soon spread to the other Colonies, and it is now 
 more or less prevalent in them all, and likely to be so, without fresh legislation ; 
 for travelling stock are so frequently affected, that no sooner has a fresh race 
 of animals grown up, which have neither had the disease nor been inoculated, 
 than they are infected by cattle travelling through their runs. 
 
 Tlie losses caused by the disease during the thirteen years it has prevailed 
 (it did not spread to any great extent till 1860) cannot be estimated at less 
 than 30 to 40 per cent, of the whole number of cattle — that is, about 
 1,404,097 head, which, at (say) only £6 a head, makes the total loss to the 
 Colonies, through this disease, amount to about £8,500,000. 
 
 Steps taken to eradicate the disease, and their result. 
 
 On its being discovered that the infection had spread beyond Boadle's 
 farm, an Act was passed by the Victorian Parliament, empowering the 
 Government to destroy diseased stock, and quarantine those which were 
 infected. They did so for a time ; but, as it was soon discovered that the 
 disease had obtained too firm a footing to be eradicated, the Grovernment 
 shortly ceased to take any further action with respect to it, and the Act was 
 allowed to lapse. 
 
 In the meantime the neighbouring Colonies had passed Cattle Disease 
 Prevention Acts, and issued proclamations prohibiting the introduction of 
 cattle from Victoiia; but the attempt was futile, for, as has been already 
 said, it was found to be quite impossible to establish a thorough quarantine, 
 and the infection very shortly spread to all the adjoining Colonies. There, 
 too, attempts were made to stop the disease by destruction and quarantine 
 of the infected stock, but with the same result, for they failed and soon were 
 discontinued, after a great number of cattle had been destroyed and large 
 sums of money wasted in the payment of expenses and compensation. 
 
 Inoculation for Pleuro-pneumonia, and the result. 
 
 Upon the failure of these attempts to stamp out pleuro-pneumonia, which 
 was caused, as has been explained, through the impossibility of maintaining a 
 perfect quarantine, stock-owners began to look round for some other means 
 of combating the disease. They saw at once that their cattle were too wild, 
 and of comparatively too little value to be doctored ; they therefore turned to 
 inoculation, which was recommended by Mr. Cleote, of Zandoliet, Cape 
 
11 
 
 Colony, in a letter published in the Sydney and Melbourne papers of 
 December, 1861; and the first to make the attempt was Mr. Thomas Mitchell, 
 Little River, Victoria. Shortly afterwards (about the middle of January, 1862) 
 the Messrs. M'Laurin, of Yarra Yarra, New South Wales, and other owners 
 in their neighbourhood, also tried inoculation, with decided success. The 
 reports of these experiments, which were published from time to time by the 
 Government of New South Wales, speedily induced other stock-owners in all 
 the Colonies to try the operation ; and inoculation, as a preventive for pleuro- 
 pneumonia, is now generally practised throughout Australia, and, as the 
 stock-owners report, with decided success. 
 
 Thei'e have certainly been frequent instances of the failure of inoculation ; 
 but these, the stock-owners state, could always be traced to one or other of 
 the following causes : — 
 
 1. To the cattle leing badly diseased when operated upon. — In most cases 
 the owner did not inoculate until he was thoroughly alarmed, and he did not 
 become so until he lost perhaps 15 or 20 per cent, of his cattle by the disease. 
 The consequence was, that when he did inoculate, three-fonrths at least of his 
 herd were diseased, although they, perhaps, did not appear to be so ; and the 
 operation would require to be a cure, as well as a preventive, to be thoroughly, 
 or even moderately efScacious under such circumstances. 
 
 2. To the vse of improper i^h'us. — The directions fn-st received for selecting 
 the right sort of lung and virus were very vague and meagre, and a great deal 
 of virus which was worse than useless, in fact actually deleterious, was used 
 by those who were most anxious to perform the operation correctly. It was 
 at first no imcomraon thing to see virus taken from the lung of an animal 
 which had died of the disease, and which was, of course, quite unfit. Through 
 a sadly mistaken economy, virus was frequently also taken from animals in 
 the last stage of the disease, and likewise from portions of the lung in a far 
 too advanced stage. Virus, again, which has become stale and putrid through 
 keeping was frequently used, out of ignorance or carelessness. Not only was 
 a great deal of virus which was thoroughly unfit used in those ways by 
 owners and others who were most anxious to perform the operation correctly, 
 but many pretended professional inoculators, who knew little or nothing as to 
 how the operation ought to be performed, and who did not care what sort of' 
 stuff they iised, so long as they made, as they often did, from £5 to £10 a 
 day, went about from station to station inoculating, and it was quite impos- 
 sible that in their case the operation could be attended with success. 
 
 3. To a wronff mode of operating. — The first instructions on this head also 
 were very defective, or rather erroneous. They directed that a piece of the 
 diseased lung should be inserted under the skin of the tail. To perform the 
 operation in this way without injuring the animal requires the greatest care 
 and nicety of operation, and these were seldom or never bestowed upon it. 
 The consequence was that the tail was lacerated, frequently to the bone, and 
 dangerous swellings and sloughing ensued. In other cases, again, a rag and 
 tie were used to keep the piece of lung attached to the tail, and in this way 
 inflammation and sloughing in the tail or rump were almost certain to be 
 induced. Even after better information had been obtained, and considerable 
 experience acquired in taking the virus and inoculating, the operation was 
 frequently badly performed through carelessness and haste. 
 
 4. To the gre€Ll heat of the weather when the cattle were inoculated . — At 
 certain seasons of the year the weather in Australia is by far too hot for an 
 operation of this description when performed on quiet cattle ; and it can 
 easily be seen how very much worse it would be, and how many more cases 
 there would be of mal-inoculation in such weather, with comparatively wild 
 " bush" cattle, which are always heated and excited when driven into the yard, 
 and almost maddened by the operation in the inoculating pen. 
 
12 
 
 Notwithstanding tliat the first attempts at inoculation were made under 
 these most iinfavourable circumstances, a very large nuijority of the stock- 
 owners in all the Colonics from the first expressed themselves strongly in 
 favour of the operation, and that majority has since gone on steadily increasing. 
 Thus, when the opinion of the stock-owners in New South Wales was asked iu 
 1837, it was found that only in six districts out of thirty-four were they 
 reported by the inspectors as " not in favour of inoculation," and in only one 
 of tl es3 six districts did the owners express themselves decidedly against 
 it. Again, in 18G9, when the opinions of the owners in the same Colony 
 who were possessed of 200 head of cattle and upwards were taken, it was 
 found that, of the owners who had inoculated their cattle (and a very large 
 majority of them did so), there were fourteen to one in favour of that 
 treatment; and since then the number of its supporters has still further 
 increased, for a good many who were then opposed to inoculation have tried 
 it with such decided success as now to believe most implicitly in its efficacy. 
 
 From the answers received from the stock-owners, it would be gathered 
 that those who were in favour of inoculation founded, their belief in its 
 efBcacv on the following grounds : — 
 
 1. That in almost every instance where inoculation was properly tried the 
 disease shortly disappeai'cd from the herd, in a shorter or longer period ac- 
 cording ti the size of the herd, but always before three months from the date 
 of inoculation. 
 
 2. That wjiile the disease thus disappeared in a short time from the herds 
 which were properly inoculated, it continued in those which were not inocu- 
 lated for periods of from two to six years, according to the size of herd. 
 
 3. That cattle which had been properly inoculated wiien sound, with a few 
 solitary exceptions, never afterwards became diseased, although they were 
 frequently mixed, and sometimes even put in the same paddock with unin- 
 Gculated cattle which were dying of the disease. 
 
 4. That where the right sort of virus was used, and the operation properly 
 performed, and the weather not too hot, the deaths from inoculation never 
 exceeded more than 2, and seldom more than 1 per cent. 
 
 Compulsory Inoculation. 
 
 One of the principal objects had in view in making the inquiry as to the 
 efScacy of inoculation, to which reference has been made, was to ascertain 
 whether any measure founded on the information contained in the owners' 
 replies to this inquiry could be p:issed which would deal successfully with the 
 disease. With this object in view, the opinions of the stock-owners were, at 
 the same time, obtained as to the expediency of passing a measure into law 
 which would, either directly or indirectly, make inoculation compulsory in 
 every case where the cattle became infected, and a considerable majority of 
 them expressed themselves in favour of legislating in that direction. As, 
 however, the i-eplies in favour of legislation were not so numerous as was ex- 
 pected, and as the opinions of the highest veterinary authorities of Great 
 Britain were then opposed to the practice of inoculation, the Government of 
 New South Wales have not yet introduced any measure making inoculation 
 compulsory. There is no doubt but that the owners of cattle throughout that 
 Colony are now more inclined than they were for legislation, but no reliable 
 information has lately been received in the Colonies as to whether or not 
 there has been any change in the opinions of the veterinary authorities -iu 
 England on the subject of inoculation ; and until an assurance is received of 
 the change having occurred, there is little prospect of any action being taken 
 of the nature indicated by the Government of any of the Colonies. 
 
 I have to apologize for the length to which my explanations have extended, 
 but I consider it necessary — and 1 trust my readers will take the same view — 
 
13 
 
 to go very fully into tlie subject, because, in asking an opinion on any question 
 it is necessary that all the facts of the case should be fully stated ; but 
 especially because there seems to be so very great a diversity in the opinions 
 held by the veterinary authorities in England and the stock-owners in Australia 
 on the subject of inoculation. There is no doubt but that as a class our 
 stock-owners are as thoroughly practical and as intelligent (and as a rule it 
 ■was the most intelligent and best informed who inoculated) as the same class 
 in any other port of the world, and it would be very strange if they are all 
 making a mistake. If they are, the veterinary authorities in England would 
 be doing good service by showing — as T trust they will, should they stiU dis- 
 approve of inoculation — how our stock-owners are deceiving themselves. 
 
 I trust that, under the circumstances, Messrs. Editors, you will not only 
 afford the necessary space in your columns for this letter, but that you will 
 assist me in other ways in obtaining the information I require. 
 
 I have, &c., 
 
 ALEX. BEUCE, 
 Chief Inspector of Stock, Xew South Wales." 
 
 Although I was led to believe by a member of the veterinary 
 profession that my request would be at once responded to, I am 
 sorry to say that my anticipations were iiot realized. My letter 
 did not elicit a single reply. 
 
 (2.) — INOCULATION IN London Dairies. 
 
 In the meantime, however, I learned that inoculation as a pre- 
 ventive for pleuro-pneunionia was practised by some of the 
 owners of stock without professional assistance, and this especially 
 by dairymen in London and its suburbs. I therefore sent copies 
 of the letter which appeared in the Veierinarian to the diiferent 
 agricultural papers, with the hope that some of those owners who 
 had been practising inoculation would give me the results of their 
 experience. Here again I was disappointed, as no response was 
 made to my request for information ; but although this was the 
 case, the Editors of these papers, in bringing the subject of inocu- 
 lation under the notice of their readers, expressed themselves 
 generally in favour of its efficacy ; and if their remarks on the 
 subject, and the republication of the letter referred to, did not 
 suggest the inquiry with regard to the practice of inoculation for 
 pleuro-pneumonia in the London dairies which was afterwards 
 carried out by Mr. Morgan Evans, at the suggestion of Professor 
 Gramgee, late Principal of the JN^ew Veterinary College, London, 
 when he found that of thirty -two dairymen who had inoculated 
 their cattle there were thirty decidedly in iavour of the practice, — 
 they at any rate gave Mr. Evans considerable encouragement to 
 persevere in his undertaking, and have also led stock-owners in 
 other parts of the United Kingdom to give inoculation a trial. 
 
 Professor Gamgee, who has for years devoted his attention to 
 the prevention of diseases in stock, although at first opposed to 
 inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia, is now and has been for a con- 
 siderable period a strong advocate for its practice, and I have to 
 thank him for a great deal of valuable information, more especially 
 
14 
 
 as regards the Contiueutal treatment of this and other diseases 
 in stock. It was through him also that I met with Mr. Priest- 
 man, veterinary surgeon, Caledonian Eoad, London, who has a 
 large and increasing practice in inoculation among the dairy cattle 
 in the city and .suburbs. He, too, was at onetime opposed to 
 the operation, and only commenced it when he found that his 
 ordinary practice, which had been principally among dairy cowa 
 affected with pleuro-pneumonia, was leaving him through the 
 dairymen inoculating their cows and thus saving them from in- 
 fection. Mr. Priestman has within a comparatively short period 
 inoculated about 1,000 cows with uniform success. 
 
 I was introduced by Sir Charles Cowper to Dr. Williams, 
 Secretary for Her Majesty's Veterinary Department, London, 
 and to Professor Brown, Chief Inspector of Stock for that De- 
 partment ; and both gentlemen atibrded me every assistance in 
 their power in obtaining the information I required. "With 
 respect to inoculation. Professor Brown, although his predecessor 
 in office had always been strongly opposed to that operation, ad- 
 mitted to me in JDecember last that the belief in its efficacy was 
 gaining ground in England, and that the best course which could 
 be adopted with infected cattle in Australia was to inoculate 
 them. This change of opinion has no doubt been brought about 
 to some extent by the weight of professional opinion on the Con- 
 tinent, and by the reports of the success of inoculation in these 
 Colonies ; but it is more especially due to the proof obtained by 
 Mr. Evans and others of its efficacy in the London dairies, to 
 which allusion has already been made. 
 
 (3.) — Law in Great Britain with eegaed to PLEUEO-PNEmoNiA. 
 
 In G-reat Britain, the law as it now stands requires that all 
 cattle infected with pleuro-pneumonia should be slaughtered, and 
 the owner is allowed compensation at the rate of one half of their 
 value, up to but not exceeding £20 a head. As, however, the 
 carrying out of the Act, instead of being intrusted, as it is in 
 these Colonies, to a central authority, is left to the ditferent Local 
 Boards throughout the country — who, in the majority of cases, 
 are Magistrates of towns and boroughs, and who, of course, have 
 no iutei-est in nor care for the health of stock — the provisions of 
 the Act are seldom enforced, and the law is all but a dead letter, 
 while pleuro-pneumonia is nearly as rife as ever throughout the 
 length and breadth of the land. 
 
 It is to this cause, coupled with the fact that it was optional 
 for these local authorities to put in force the regulations relating 
 to foot and mouth disease, that that ailment was allowed to spread 
 as it did all over Grreat Britain, and that it has not been com- 
 pletely eradicated. It will thus be seen that the mode of dealing 
 with infectious diseases in stock in these Colonies is far more 
 thorough and effective than that followed in Great Britain. 
 
15 
 
 6. — Inquibt on the Coxtti^ent. 
 
 (1.)— vltehinaey colleges on continent. 
 
 Having obtained all the information available in England with 
 respect to pleuro-pneumonia, I next turned my attention to the 
 Continent, and I soon saw that it was upon the veterinary 
 authorities there that I would have to depend for the most reliable 
 information respecting pleuro-pneumonia and the other infectious 
 diseases to which, stock are liable, as well as the best mode of 
 dealing with these diseases. The reason for this is, that while 
 the advancement of veterinary knowledge and the prevention of 
 diseases in stock have in Great Britain been left almost entirely 
 to private enterprise and individual effort, in I believe every State 
 on the Continent of Europe veterinary schools and colleges have 
 been established for many years and liberally endowed by the 
 different Governments ; and that many of the professors at these 
 colleges are men of the very highest standing, who know the 
 anatomy of the animal and their work generally as well as the 
 best medical men know the human subject and the proper treat- 
 ment of disease. In this way all the different diseases affecting 
 animals on the Continent are fully studied and mastered, while 
 the different sorts of treatment are carefully tested, and their 
 value ascertained. ' 
 
 (2.) — International Veterinary Congress. 
 
 This was the course which had long ago been adopted on the 
 Continent with regard to pleuro-pneumonia and its treatment by 
 inoculation, although the fact was not known in Australia. 
 
 • -I 
 
 Thus, I found that so far back as 1863, a resolution was passed 
 by the Eirst International Veterinary Congress — held at Hamburg 
 in July of that year, at the suggestion of Professor Gamgee of 
 London — " That all cattle suspected of heing infected loith pleuro- 
 pneumonia sJiould be inoculated'' ; and that while not a single 
 voice was raised against the efficacy of inoculation, some of the 
 members of the Congress — which included such men as Professors 
 Gerlach and Hertwig of Berlin, Eoll of Vienna, Nicklas of 
 Munich, Haubner of Dresden, Hering of Stuttgart, and Gamgee 
 of London — went so far as to propose that a law should be passed 
 making the operation compulsory in all such cases. There have 
 since that time been several meetings of this Congress, at one of 
 which upwards of 170 veterinary surgeons, from all parts of 
 Europe, were present ; and the opinions expressed with regard to 
 inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia all went to show that the faith 
 in the efficacy of that operation is every year becoming more and 
 more firmly established on the Continent. 
 
16 
 
 (3.) — EeSFLT of PeESONAL IXQriET ON THE COKTINENT BESPECTING 
 
 IXOCTLATION. 
 
 I also found tKis to be the case from personal inquiry in 
 Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, France, and Italy, in 
 November and December last. Tlirougli the kindness of Sir 
 Charles Cowper, Agent General for the Colony, I was accredited 
 by the Foreign Office, London, to Her Majesty's Ambassadors 
 in the Countries I have mentioned ; and on presenting my creden- 
 tials at the different Embassies, I was at once favoured with 
 introductions to the heads of the veterinary departments in these 
 Countries. These gentlemen, in every instance, took great pains 
 to supply me with the information 1 required, and gave me an 
 opportunity of studying the diseases with which I was unac- 
 quainted — while, with regard to pleuro-pneumonia and its treat- 
 ment, they, one and all, expressed themselves decidedly in favour 
 of inoculation ; and on learning from my letter to the " Veterina- 
 rian" the manner in which our cattle are kept and managed, 
 Btrongly recommended its practice in Australia. In fact, they 
 went so far as to say that no veterinary authority on the 
 Continent of any note now disputed the efficacy of inoculation. 
 
 (4.) — Teeatment of Pleubo-pxeumonia i>- Geemant. 
 
 I further learned from Professor Milller, of Berlin (to whom, 
 as well as to Director EoU, of Vienna, I am under particular 
 obligations for the information and assistance they afforded me), 
 that the general practice in Germany is, — when an outbreak 
 occurs in such places as the Beetroot Sugar Factories, where large 
 numbers of cattle are fattened off on the refuse of the beet, and 
 where there are, of course, frequent changes of stock, — to kill 
 the diseased animal and inoculate the others. This practice is 
 also generally followed in the case of outbreaks of pleuro- 
 pneumonia in the large dairies where fresh cows are being con- 
 stantly introduced. AVhen, again, an outbreak occurs on a farm 
 in a breeding district, where changes of stock are comparatively 
 few, it is usual to kill off the whole herd on the farm and place 
 the land and premises in quarantine, the owner receiving com- 
 pensation to the extent of the full value of the stock destroyed — 
 not as in England a niggardly allowance of onc-lialf the value of 
 the animal slaughtered, which tends to defeat the object for which 
 the law is passed. This course is adopted, as it is considered 
 better in such cases, especially as the amount required for com- 
 pensation is small, to stamp out the disease at once and remove 
 all risk of allowing the infection to spread to the neighbouring 
 herds. 
 
17 
 
 7. — DiRECTTOKS FOR InOCULATIXO. 
 
 (1.) Yards and T?enfor inocidatinfj. 
 
 On a station where the number of cattle does not exceed 2,000 
 or 3,000, and where a spaying bail and forcing yards are already 
 erected, the herd mightbc inoculated in the bail, although only half 
 the number would be got through in a day that could be operated 
 on in a proper innoculating pen. The cost of a proper pen 
 would be soon repaid by the saving of time in inoculating, and 
 by the convenience it would afterwards be, when branding store 
 stock brought upon the run, as well as in many other ways in 
 working in the herd. 
 
 Where, therefore, the herd is large, it would save time and 
 expense to erect a small forcing yard, with a five railed six-feet high 
 pen, eight or ten panels in length, and two feet six inches wide in the 
 clear. The posts should be round, mortised through and through, 
 with the mortises worked close to the inner side of the post, so 
 as that when pu* up, the sides of the post do not project 
 further into the pen than the rails ; and they should be three feet 
 in and eight feet out of the ground, with caps on each pair across 
 the pen. A pen made of round rails will be found more con- 
 venient and safe to work at, than if they were split, less liable 
 to injure the cattle, and less costly in erection. The pen should 
 of course be logged, and have the proper gates and fastenings at 
 each end. In such a yard and pen, five or six hands could inocu- 
 late from 500 to 600 head a day. 
 
 In whatever way the operation is performed, or whatever sort 
 of pen is used in inoculating, the tail ought to be kept steady ; 
 and where cattle do not pack so closely in the pen that they 
 cannot move, short round rails should be piit through the pen 
 behind them at every other post ; and if they are very small, 
 their heads should be secured to a rail of the pen by a leg-rope. 
 
 {2.)— The Virus. 
 
 The virus is to be taken from the lung of a young beast in the 
 second stage of the disease. 
 
 To select an animal in this stage, perhaps the surest plan in 
 bush cattle is to gather up a mob in which there is reason to 
 believe the infection exists, although none of them show any signs 
 of being diseased, and drive them at a comparatively sharp pace 
 for one, two, or even three miles. If any of tliem are aflected, 
 they will, after going a mile or two, begin to pant and blow, and 
 perhaps to cough, and drop behind the mob, thereby showing 
 that they are touched in the lungs. An animal behaving in this 
 way when the disease is prevalent is almost certain to be a proper 
 subject, and will give the right sort of virus. This is seldom to be 
 obtained from one that shows signs of being diseased when not 
 disturbed. 
 
18 
 
 In quiet cattle, again, a veterinary surgeon or person accus- 
 tomed to examine this class of cattle will be able by auscultation 
 and percussion to pick out the right subject, if any of them are 
 affected. 
 
 If the selection is a correct one, very little of the lung will be 
 firmly hepatized, and none of it should be dark or mortified-looking ; 
 but while a portion of it has only reached the inflamed or con- 
 gested stage, there will be found a soft jelly-like part which has 
 quite recently become hepatized, and is plainly charged with 
 quantities of lymph — i.e., clear virus. The part indicated will be 
 known also by the comparatively bright light colour and fleshy 
 appearance of the brown portion of the hepatization or marbling. 
 This is the part to be iised, and the virus when extracted should 
 have but a very slight tinge of blood. The part of the lung thus 
 selected is to be placed in an earthenware dish, and to be 
 cut up in small pieces, when the greater portion of the virus will 
 flow from the lung and can be poured off". The pieces may then 
 be put into a cloth of open texture, and the virus still remaining 
 in the lung gently expressed from it. The operation of collecting 
 the virus should be carried out in as cool a place and the virus 
 exposed to the air as little as possible. The whole virus thus 
 obtained should be filtered through a piece of fine muslin into a 
 clean bottle in the first instance, and then through a thin layer of 
 powdered charcoal. This is the plan adopted by the best 
 authorities in Germany, and it has only to be mentioned to 
 recommend itself to those who iutend to perform the operation, 
 as they ought to do, with nicety and care. 
 
 Lymph or matter taken from the part inoculated after it has 
 assumed a sort of pustulous head has been found to be fully as 
 active and apparently as effective as virus taken from the diseased 
 lung ; but the quantity of lymph procurable in this way is com- 
 paratively small, and only eno\igh to operate on a few head, even 
 when a great many cattle have been inoculated. Sufficient virus 
 or lymph could therefore, never be procured in this way to inocu- 
 late a herd of bush cattle. 
 
 Virus taken from the neioly liepatized -portion of a lung in a too 
 advanced — the iMrd stage of the disease — has been used with 
 good eftect so far as the protection of stock inoculated is con- 
 cerned ; but a very much larger percentage of excessive and 
 dangerous swellings are certain to result from the use of such 
 virus than when it is taken from a lung in the right stage of the 
 disease, and it should never be used unless where it is impossible 
 to obtain the right sort of lung. 
 
 Some owners, again, have inoculated with the serous fluid found 
 in the cavity of the chest, in cases of hydrothorax — the wet form 
 of the disease. As, however, hydrothorax is more properly a 
 sequence than a stage of pleuro -pneumonia, and as hydrothorax 
 
19 
 
 may arise from other causes, this fluid can contain little or none 
 of "the proper virus, and must bo comparatively useless for the 
 purpose of inoculation. There is certainly, in the dry form of the 
 disease, a small quantity, and only a small quantity, of virus 
 almost always obtainable in the cavity of the chest near the lung ; 
 but unless the inoculator has had considerable experience in 
 selecting virus, it would be safer to use only what can be procured 
 from the lung in the stage already described. 
 
 While in Europe I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. "Willems, 
 of Hasselt, Belgium, who was the first to propose inoculation for 
 pleuro-pneumonia, and I am indebted to him for a great deal 
 of valuable information as to the proper mode of inoculating. 
 He directs, in obtaining the right virus, "to take the serous 
 " matter which floats upon the liquid expressed from the 
 "infected lung in the^rs^ or second stage of the disease, as the virus 
 "most easily obtainable for inoculation." To obtain the virus in 
 this way, however, the temperature would require to be lower than 
 it generally is in Australia,»and the process would besides entail 
 great care and considerable delay. It will be found better, therefore, 
 to adopt the plan of filtering the virus recommended above, which 
 ensures its perfect purity and the total absence of anything that 
 would be deleterious in the shape of the fleshy part of the lung 
 or even of the blood — without incurring the delay and requiring 
 the care which the other process necessitates. 
 
 (3.) — Preservation of the Virus. 
 
 Too great care cannot, in a climate such as ours, be bestov/ed 
 in keeping the virus perfectly sound and inodorous, in order that 
 it may be thoroughly eflicacious. If exposed in the least to the 
 air in the summer season it will become putrid in less than twenty- 
 four hours, and it will do so in two or three days when carefully 
 corked and kept in a comparatively cool place. If it becomes 
 putrid it is useless ; for we know that medical students, in dis- 
 secting bodies — such as those in which death has resulted from 
 erysipelas — may do so with impunity, although their hands are 
 very unsound, after putridity has set in, while a short time after 
 death inoculation from such bodies of the slightest scratch would 
 be most dangerous, if not fatal. 
 
 Many attempts have been made to preserve virus, but with 
 indifferent success ; and it appears very questionable whether the 
 articles sold as " Preserved virus or lymph," or under some more 
 high-flown appellation, be not worse than useless. It mifjht per- 
 haps be possible, by using comparatively large glass tubes, to pre- 
 serve virus in the same manner as vaccine lymph is saved — by 
 filling the glass tubes and hermetically sealing them. But this 
 mode has not yet been adopted, and practically speaking it is not 
 necessary ; for any owner requiring to inoculate his cattle before 
 the disease has shown itself among them, can always obtain a 
 supply of virus on its coming within a day's ride of his station, 
 
20 
 
 A good practicable mode of keeping virus sound for a time 
 is to fill the bottle— whieli should be thoroughly clean and pro- 
 vided with a good cork — in which the virus is to be put with the 
 fumes of sulphur, and then to pour the virus into the bottlo, 
 carefully corking and sealing it before the fumes are all expelled. 
 By adopting this plan and keeping the bottle in a cool place, i.e., 
 a cellar, old well, or hole dug for the purpose, with a wet cloth 
 constantly around it, so as to keep the temperature as low as 
 possible, virus can be preserved, at any rate, several days longer 
 than it would otherwise be, which is a great advantage in inocu- 
 lating a herd. Another, and perhaps a better mode is to pour 
 some oil on the top of the virus, which excludes the air and keeps 
 the virus fresh till required, when the oil can be poured oft" — the 
 bottle being kept iu a cool place and wrapped in a wet cloth as 
 already directed. 
 
 Some of the advocates for the preservation of virus also modify 
 or weaken it ; indeed they cannot accomplish their so-called pre- 
 servation w^ithout doing so. But it must be apparent that this 
 intentional modification or weakening of the virus is very absurd, 
 when it is considered that the chief object to be aimed at,in carrying 
 out the operation of inoculation, is the certainty of its taking 
 eff'ect ; for if it fails in only a few cattle, the disease is kept alive 
 in the herd, and the benefit of the inoculation is to a great extent 
 lost. Since it is all but impossible to say from the appearance 
 of bush cattle after inoculation whether or not it has taken a 
 proper eff'ect, it is much better rather to over-do than under-do 
 the operation, and make the matter a certainty, even at the 
 expense of a few losses through excessive swellings. The losses 
 from inoculation when properly performed, with unmodified virus 
 never need exceed 2 per cent. — they are generally less; 
 and it is believed that Avith the modified article the percentage is 
 as great, while the operation must undoubtedly fail in innumerable 
 instances. Glycerine and white sugar are the ingredients used in 
 modifving and preserving virus ; and there is no doubt but that 
 the preservation is complete, whatever the effect on the efficacy 
 of the virus may be. Some owners, I believe, regularly preserve 
 virus in this way, and inoculate their calves at weaning time ; and 
 this plan recommends itself in as far as it involves very little 
 trouble and maij in many cases be effective ; but calves should 
 never be inoculated at the time they are cut. 
 
 If after being allowed to stand in a cool place the virus 
 coagulates, it will again become liquid by shaking. 
 
 The supply in use should be kept in comparatively small 
 quantities in small wide-mouthed bottles, which should also be 
 provided with air-tight corks or stoppers, and be left as seldom open 
 as possible — only while the thread is being saturated. 
 
21 
 
 (■1.) — Time (Old Mode of Inoculating. 
 
 Where the disease has broken out in a herd, the cattle should 
 be disturbed as little as possible. In inoculating, they should 
 thei'ctbre be quietly mustered and yarded in small mobs, and they 
 should on no account be unnecessarily ru:ihed or knocked about in 
 the yards or inoculating pen. Unless when the disease is making 
 rapid progress in a herd, cattle should never be inoculated in 
 very warm weather, as there would then be considerable risk of 
 serious loss through gangrenous swellings. "Generally speaking, 
 " the weather in the height of summer is too hot for an operation 
 " of this description, even when performed on quiet cattle ; and it 
 " can easily be seen how very much more likely it would be for 
 " these swellings to occur at that season of the year in the case of 
 " comparatively wild ' bush ' cattle, which are always heated and 
 " excited when yarded, and almost maddened by the operation in 
 " the inoculating pen." 
 
 Dr. Willems says, on this point — " The most favourable time for 
 inoculating is spring or autumn. The strong heats of summer 
 especially are very injurious. This precaution is strongly 
 recommended by the Honorable President of the Netherlands 
 Commission." 
 
 The safest and most efficacious mode of inoculating is to use 
 what may be termed an elongated spaying needle, from 
 five to six 'inches in length, with the point but slightly curved 
 or turned up, and ground as thin as possible,* and to draw 
 a thread of soft twine, cotton-wick, or worsted, of two thick- 
 nesses, well saturated with virus, twice through the upper _ or 
 outer side of the tail, about li inch from the tip ; and having 
 done so, without drawing the stitch tight, to cut off the thread, 
 leaving about 1 inch out of the incision at each end, like a 
 seton, twice inserted and left untied. The double insertion 
 renders the effect of inoculation much more certain — a most 
 material matter, since it is so difficult to discover whether or not 
 the virus has taken effect— while experience has proved that this 
 mode of operating does not increase the risk of bad swellings. 
 The tail should be closely clipped with a sheep-shears around the 
 proper spot ; and in operating the needle should be carefully 
 inserted just deep enough to reach the blood and no farther; in 
 fact, the least possible grip or hold is sufiicient ; and every care 
 should be taken not to lacerate the bones or any of the larger 
 muscles of the tail. If the needle is put in at too great a depth, 
 bad swellings and perhaps deaths are certain to follow. 
 
 Some operators use a needle or instrument with the eye near 
 the point and a handle like that of a bradawl. They thread this 
 with short pieces of soft twine, worsted or candlewick, which 
 have been saturated in virus, and inoculate by pushing the needle 
 
 * Keedles of the right description can be obtained of Messrs. Lassetter ^ Co , Sydney. 
 
22 
 
 through the tail, placing their fiuger on one end of the thread, 
 and withdrawing the needle leaving the thread in the wound. This 
 is no doubt the handiest as well as the quickest mode of operating 
 with the thread ; but is by no means so exact or safe as that with 
 the elongated spaying needle ; for with it, and using the forefinger 
 as a guard, while he leaves only about a fourth of an inch of the 
 point of the needle extending beyond his fiuger, the operator can 
 make an incision at the exact depth he requires, and the tail is 
 seldom or never wounded deeper than it ought to be, even when 
 the animal — which not unfrequently happens — is very unsteady. 
 With the handled needle or instrument, again, no guard what- 
 ever can be applied, as its point must protrude for 3 or 4 inches 
 beyond the operator's hand ; and, if the beast is at all restless or 
 sometimes even when it is quite steady, he must make a much 
 deeper incision than he ought to do, and thus induce dangerous 
 swellings. Besides this instrument is comparatively thick and 
 broad, and must wound the tail to a much greater extent than 
 can be safely done in inoculating. 
 
 It will be obvious that the tail of the animal is the proper place 
 to inoculate, not only from being the portion of the body with 
 which it can most easily dispense in case of any bad eff'ect follow- 
 ing the operation, but chiefly because it is the most remote from 
 the more vital organs of the animal. 
 
 The operation should, like spaying, be steadily and carefully 
 performed, and not bustled or hurried over as cutting and brand- 
 ing generally are. 
 
 To economize virus, only about three or four inches of the thread 
 should be saturated at a time, and it should be so for every head 
 of cattle. 
 
 A spaying needle may be used when the proper inoculating 
 one cannot be obtained, but the longer is the better, both on 
 account of the operator being able to hold it more firmly and 
 steadily in his hand, and from its making a better opening, 
 whereby a healthy discharge of virus is encouraged. 
 
 Making a slight incision in the tail and placing a drop of virus 
 in the wound, or using a grooved inoculating knife, is a more ex- 
 peditious mode than the needle and saturated thread, but it is not 
 nearly so certain, as the blood from the wound is apt to carry off 
 the virus before it has done its work ; nor is it so safe, for as 
 clean wounds in cattle are apt to close, the comparatively clean 
 wound thus made in inoculating with the knife not unfrequently 
 does so, and the discharge stopping, dangerous consequences ensue. 
 This the thread, by acting as a seton, to a great extent prevents. 
 
 Dr. Willems' mode of inoculating is as follows : — " The opera- 
 tion is performed upon one of the front sides of the extremity of 
 the tail, by means of two punctures with a lancet, distant from 
 one another two or three fiuger widths. The operation is per- 
 
23 
 
 formed by just scratchiug the skin, somewhat after the same 
 manner as vaccinatiou is practised ou a child. This being done, 
 the animal is lot go to his usual run, without further care. As 
 soon as the part becomes visibly inflamed, it is necessary to cause 
 it to discharge, by administering three or four grammes (?. e. 40 to 
 60 grains) of sulphate of magnesia, according to the animal's 
 strength." 
 
 It will be observed that Dr. Willems inoculates with the knife 
 or lancet, and not with the thread orseton, as here recommended. 
 A little consideration, however, Avill show that the circumstances 
 under which cattle are inoculated in Belgium are very different 
 from those in which they are operated upon in these Colonies, 
 and that a difterent mode of innoculating should be adopted. 
 In Belgium, the cattle after being inoculated can always be seen 
 and examined twice a day, and the necessary medicine can be 
 administered to them to promote the discharge from the inocula- 
 tion wound, which is so essential to the safety of the operation 
 and the freedom from excessive swellings. This, with all but an 
 exceedingly small proportion of our cattle, and especially wdth 
 ordinary "bush" herds, is of course entirely out of the question. 
 It is necessary, therefore, that the mode of inoculating should be 
 such as will be the most likely to promote this discharge ; and it 
 has been found, as might have been expected, that the thread or 
 seton does this much more effectually than the knife or lancet. 
 The former mode should therefore be adopted in preference 
 to the latter. 
 
 (5.) — Apparent Effects of Inoculation. 
 
 On some of the cattle in a herd the eflfect of the operation 
 begins to be observable about the 5th day, and in the majority of 
 them between that and the ISth or 20th day. On some, again, 
 the effect is not noticeable till the 25th or SOth, or even the 40th 
 day, while in some no effect whatever is perceptible. 
 
 The perceptible effect following inoculation, in those casea 
 where no dangerous or fatal consequences follow, will range from 
 an apparent stiffness in the tail, with a barely perceptible increase 
 in its thickness, to an enlargement of half its natural girth. _ This 
 swelling, however, most frequently amounts to an increase in the 
 thickness o:^ the tail of barely a fourth of its ordinary girth, and 
 the seat is usually immediately above the inoculation wound, 
 extending for two or three and sometimes four inches upwards, 
 growing gradually thicker as it ascends. 
 
 Shortly after these swellings are observable, scabs begin to be 
 formed around the inoculation wounds ; and where the swelling 
 is at all considerable, the scabs sometimes quite encircle the tail, 
 while in other cases they are only of small extent. Under these 
 scabs are collections of matter, greater or less, according to the 
 size of the scab and the extent of the swelling. 
 
24 
 
 Dr. Willems says, in regard to the eftects of inoculation : — 
 " "When inoculation is practised, as we have just described, the 
 lips of the little wound which have just been caused to discharge 
 first become dry and then covered with a slight crust adhering 
 to the surface. Then usually after a period of incubation of 
 sixteen days — rarely before, frequently after — an inflammatory 
 swelling or tumour manifests itself around the spot where the 
 inoculation had been effected, hard, hot, painful to the pressure, 
 generally well rounded or circumscribed in shape, involving, in 
 exceptional cases, a large extent of tissues, which often become 
 gangrene. In ordinary cases this sv/elling develops into a kiud 
 of pustulous head (which shortly bursts and becomes covered 
 with thick crusts, which slick together), but sometimes fall off, 
 leaving a sore of an ulcerous nature, which eventually exhausts 
 itself and heals up completely." 
 
 " It is important, for an inoculation to be effected successfullv, 
 for the operator to carefully observe this head, or rather inflam- 
 matory boil. Although animals upon which the local symptoms 
 have not been observed (after an operation as above) may be 
 safe, — it is very pi'udent, nay even necessary, to submit them to a 
 re-inoculation three or four weeks after the first attempt of 
 which the results had not been apparent." 
 
 Although in operating on the great majority of our cattle it 
 will not be possible to carry out the portion of Dr. Willems' 
 instructions which direct re-inoculation where the effects of the 
 operation are not observable, it is so in regard to cattle running 
 in moderately sized paddocks, and especially with respect to stud- 
 herds ; and in their case they should be strictly followed. 
 
 (6.) — Remedies for Excessive Swellings. 
 
 As excessive swellings and gangrenous gatherings not unfre- 
 quently follow inoculation, even when properly and carefully 
 performed, it is necessary to consider how these may be best 
 counteracted. If the cattle are quiet, and can be inspected and 
 handled, they should be so twice a day for a month at least after 
 they are operated on ; and if the tail near the part where the needle 
 entered, or anywhere else, appears to be dead or mortified, it 
 should be cut off at the first sound part immediately above where 
 it appears to be dead. 
 
 When, however, serious swellings take place at the butt of the 
 tail, experience shows that it is better not to cut the tail off close 
 or near to the rump ; but blood-letting, by making longitudinal 
 incisions in the under side of the tail near to the butt, as well as 
 cutting it off at the sound part above and nearest to the spot 
 inoculated, have a beneficial effect. It will be seen on considering 
 the subject that cutting the tail off close to the rump, where both 
 the bone and muscles are comparatively large, and where of course 
 
25 
 
 the operation would be attended witl: very miich more pain — 
 greatly increases the inflammation, while it has little or no effect 
 in relieving the obstruction caused by the swellings, as they are 
 generally seated in the rump ; and that the effect of cutting the 
 tail off close to the rump would rather be prejudicial than other- 
 wise. 
 
 When taken at an early stage, while small and soft— only just 
 noticeable as beginning 'to swell or puff", and not larger perhaps 
 than half the size of a hen's egg — these gatherings at the butt or 
 cheek of the tail may generally be counteracted by inserting a 
 pledget of tow well saturated with a mixture in equal proportions 
 of butter of antimony and V^enice turpentine, in an incision made 
 with a good-sized pocket-knife in the swelling, right through the 
 centre, till the sound flesh be reached at the back. The mouth of 
 the incision should be downwards so that the discharge may readily 
 run off". This dressing should be renewed three ov four times, at 
 intervals of two days. To be thoroughly certain in its effect, this 
 remedy must be applied while the gathering is comparatively 
 email and soft, and while it has not reached the hard and 
 indurated stage ; and the utmost vigilance v/ill be necessary to 
 catch it at the right stage, as it frequently passes in less than 
 twenty -four hours from the one to the other. Thus, if to-day a 
 slight' swelling, or, more properly speaking, a mere puffing, is 
 noticed at either side of the butt of the tail, whereit joins the rump, 
 the chances are, if it is not treated as recommended, that by the 
 same hour next day, or perhaps even next morning, a _ hard, 
 indurated, gangrenous swelling, some three or four inches in cir- 
 cumference, will have gathered at perhaps both sides of the tail, 
 causing the animal great pain, and seriously interfering with the 
 foecal and, it may be also, with the urinal passages. 
 
 Although "bush" cattle cannot be inspected and handled like 
 quiet, broken-in stock, they should, where practicable, be kept in 
 a paddock for a month after they are operated upon, and be 
 examined once at least every day ; and if they appear to be at all 
 swollen at the butt of the tail they should be brought in and 
 treated as suggested. Even when turned out on an open run 
 after being inoculated, cattle should be as closely watched for a 
 month afterwards as possible. By putting on a few additional 
 hands, who would go carefully through the cattle for this purpose, 
 many deaths would be prevented. 
 
 Where the cattle are worth the trouble, they might be cured, 
 even after the swellings have reached a dangerous length,^ by 
 ripping open the skin and cutting away the gangrenous gathering, 
 when the proper dressing could be applied and the skin sewed up; 
 or, wliat is nearly as effectual and much less troublesome, these 
 gatherings might be well opened and scarified to a good depth, 
 60 as to allow the blow-flies to get into the incisions and work 
 
26 
 
 there for a few days, when it will be found tliat the greater 
 portion of the gangrenous matter will have been separated by the 
 maggots from the sound flesh, and can be removed v.ith a pincers." 
 When this is done, the maggots can be expelled with turpentine 
 and a dressing kept on till the wound be healed up. 
 
 Dr. Willems says, with respect to this part of the subject, that 
 " the animals inoculated ought to be looked after carefully for from 
 the 5th or Gth day after the operation ; and immediately a swelling 
 is observed surrounding the spot operated on, make in it a long 
 and deep incision, causing the blood to flow freely, and exciting 
 the sore to suppurate, by introducing a tow plaster of some 
 irritating substance, such as black soap or blistering ointment. 
 Mons. Mazure, Veterinary Surgeon at Valenciennes, introduces - 
 deeply into the sore an iron heated to a white heat. 
 
 " Immediately the end of the tail is observed to mortify, cut it 
 off" at the sound part, and this is the surest way of stopping tlie 
 spread of the gangrene. 
 
 " Such are the observations and practical suggestions — the 
 results of long experience — which we confidently oifer to those 
 who study inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia. In following them, 
 they will avoid the serious accidents often resulting from the mode 
 of inoculation itself, and which in reality should only be attri- 
 buted to the ignorance and inexperience of the operator." 
 
 In inoculating, care should be taken that none of the virus gets 
 into wounds or scratches in the operator's hands or arms, as 
 threatening and rather dangei'ous results have sometimes followed 
 where the virus was allowed to remain on wounds for any length 
 of time. 
 
 8. — Othee Teeatmext than Inoculation. 
 
 "With respect to the many sorts of treatment tried for the cure 
 of pleuro-pneumonia without success, and the thousand and one 
 specifics said to have been discovered for the purpose, but which 
 all have failed. Dr. Willems says .- — " An innumerable host of 
 means, both interior and exterior, to combat pleuro-pneumonia, 
 have been puffed up and used, such as tartar-emetic, nitre, 
 camphor, sulphate of iron, purgatives, bleeding, blistering, setons, 
 &c., &c. ; but they have all terminated, so to speak, with negative 
 results." 
 
27 
 
 II.— CATTLE PLAGUE. 
 
 1. — Name, Histoet, axd 1Cua.k-vctebistic.«. 
 
 The proper name for this affection is "Steppe Disease," its true 
 home beinsj in the Steppes of Eussia. It is known in Grermany 
 as " Eiuderpest," and in England as "The Cattle Plague." It 
 can be identified as existing so long as 1,-iOO years ago ; and there 
 is little doubt but that the gi'eater part of the deadly outbreaks 
 of disease in domestic animals, and of the tremendous losses of 
 stock which hare frequently occurred in Europe, from time 
 immemoi'ial up to the present date, have been caused by this 
 horrible scourge. The cattle plague almost always followed the 
 course of the great Coutinental wars, and generally carried off 
 more stock than the invading armies. This is only what was to 
 be expected in outbreaks of such a highly infectious and deadly 
 disease, the average percentage of dea-ths in animals attacked with 
 the cattle plague being even now, under the most skilful treat- 
 ment, rather over than under SO per cent. 
 
 2. — Natuee. 
 
 The cattle plague is a highly contagious fever, with inflamma- 
 tion and specific lesions in the alimentary canal, which correspond 
 with those of typhoid or enteric fever in man. It is most 
 infectious, and its germs may be conveyed to sound stock in 
 hundreds of ways. 
 
 Incubation. — The period of this extends from twenty-four hours 
 to ten days, and the attack from five to fourteen days. 
 
 3. — Symptoms. 
 
 In the first stage, some of the symptoms are to the unpractised 
 observer very much like those of foot and mouth disease ; but in 
 cattle plague the internal heat increases by from 2 to 1\ 
 degrees Fahr. The visible membranes, especially around the eyes 
 and on the nose and lips, are dry, red, and hot, but the redness is 
 partial and patchv ; the animal shivers, it has often a short husky 
 cough, its coat stares, it loses its appetite, its secretions are 
 arrested, &c., &c. 
 
 In the second stage, there will be drooping head, distressed 
 look, hanging ears, failing pulse, strong catarrhal symptoms, 
 incessant grinding of the teeth, and eruptions on the nose, lip?, 
 mouth, and tongue, with a copious flow of saliva from the mouth, 
 fetid breath, laboured breathing, painful cough, arched back, 
 intense thirst, tender loins, &c., &c. 
 
28 
 
 III the tbird stage, there will be eruptions spreading over the 
 nose and face, round the coronet and between the clefts of the 
 hoof; ulcers and tumors farming on different parts of the body; 
 finally paralysis and death, putrefaction setting in, as it were, 
 previous to death. 
 
 4. — Teeatmext. 
 
 Ko treatment is of any avail, and all the best authorities 
 recommend the immediate and thorough destruction of the 
 diseased stock aud every particle of fodder likely to contain the 
 infection, in order to ensure the eradication of the disease. 
 
 5. — Cattle Plague tx England. 
 
 The first outbi'cak of cattle plague in England on record was in 
 810, the next in 122-5, the next in 171-1, the next in 1745, which 
 raged for several years, and carried off great numbers of stock ; 
 the next in 1769, which also caused heavy losses ; the next in 
 1835, a very serious one ; and the last in 1872, which was speedily 
 an 1 vigorously dealt with, and stamped out with comparatively 
 little loss. 
 
 For the future, so far as England is concerned, the regularity 
 ani certainty with which the officers of the Veterinary l)epart- 
 nient, London, are now supplied with telegraphic information by 
 Her Majesty's Ambassadors and Consuls, as to the prevalence 
 of cattle plague and other diseases among domestic animals on 
 the Continent, and the system of inspection adopted at the 
 ports where the foreign stock are landed, almost preclude the 
 possibility of the introduction of that disease ; and it is at any 
 rate certain that, if it should by any chance evade the notice of 
 the Inspectors, it will be speedily stamped out. 
 
 6. — Cattle Plague on the Continent. 
 
 Erom what has been said it will be gathered that there are 
 Bome parts of the Continent which from time immemorial have 
 never been free from cattle plague, and that it has frequently 
 decimated the stock in almost every Country in Europe. It is 
 always more or less prevalent in the tSteppes of Eussia, and 
 the same may almost be said of the adjoining provinces of that 
 Country and of the Danubian Principalities, and to some extent 
 of the north-eastern portions of Austria. Notwithstanding the 
 vigilance of the Customs and Veterinary authorities in Prussia, 
 cattle plague has been frequently introduced into that Country, 
 but every invasion of the disease has been promptly and rigorously 
 attacked, and the infection speedily eradicated. 
 
29 
 
 In Austria, again, aUliougli similar regulations are iu force, 
 they have not been so successfully carried out. This has no 
 doubt been in a great measure attributable to the more extended 
 border which Austria has to protect ; to its territory lying more 
 adjacent to the Steppe Country ; and to the cattle in Austria and 
 Hungary being in much larger herds and less under control. 
 
 There were several outbreaks of cattle plague in both Prussia 
 and Austria while I was in England, but I was unable, on account 
 of the prevalence of cholera in these Countries, to visit them until 
 the cold weather set in and the cholera had abated. I reached 
 Berlin in the end of November last, when I found that the latest 
 case of cattle plague in Prussia (which had occurred at Oppeln, in 
 East Prussia), had shortly before been cflectually dealt wdth. I 
 then heard of an outbreak at Kirchdorf, in Upper Austria ; but 
 there again I was too late, as the infected cattle were killed and 
 buried two days before my arrival, and all I saw was the newly 
 made graves where the stock were buried and the guard of soldiers 
 around the infected ground. I waited in the neighbourhood for 
 some days, but no further outbreak occurred, and I had to leave 
 without seeing an animal affected v\Tth the disease. 
 
 I see by the latest accounts from Home, that a serious outbreak 
 of cattle plague has occurred in Switzerland, most likely from 
 infection from Upper Austria. 
 
 III.— EOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 1. — Name, Histoet, a^^d Chaeacteeistics. 
 
 This disease is of unknown origin. It is known in England as 
 the " Epidemic," " Demic," "Tic," "Blisters," and " Eoot and 
 Mouth Disease" ; in Scotland, as the " Murrain" ; and profes- 
 sionally as " Vesicular Aphtha." It is a blood disease arising 
 from animal poison. It is not indigenous to Great Britain, and 
 is always more or less prevalent on the Continent. It is also 
 common in Asia. Eoot and mouth disease is highly contagious, 
 and communicable from one animal to another like pleuro-pneu- 
 monia or cattle plague ; but unlike these aiiections, one attack of 
 foot and mouth disease does not ensure the animal from second 
 or subsequent attacks, should it again como within reach of the 
 infection. 
 
 2. — Nature. 
 
 Foot and mouth disease assumes the form of an aphthous 
 eruption on the gums, mouth, and tongue, and also on the feet 
 of the animal attacked. It attacks cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, 
 
30 
 
 and even wild animals. This and cattle plague are tLe most 
 infectious diseases in stock. In both diseases the infection has 
 Tbeen often wafted across a road, and carried considerable distances 
 in men's clothes ; while numerous iu stances are on record where 
 stock which merely crossed the track of diseased animals have 
 become infected. 
 
 The incubation varies from twenty-four to ninety-six hours, and 
 the attack from ten to fifteen days. In aggravated cases the 
 disease mav last a month or more, and in that case there will be 
 sores and ulcers on the animal's body. 
 
 The average deaths directly attributable to the disease range 
 about 2 per cent. 
 
 3. — Symptoms. 
 
 These are shivering, dulness, staring coat, cough, loss of appe- 
 tite, fetid breath, frequent movement of the jaws, vesicles on 
 the gums, lips, tongue, red membrane of the mouth, great dis- 
 charge of mucus from the mouth, smacking of the lips, champing 
 of the jaws. Accompanying these, but sometimes without them, 
 are lameness and great heat, and tenderness around the hoofs 
 and between the clefts ; and in the females, eruptions on the 
 teats and udders. In sheep and pigs, the disease falls very 
 heavily on the feet, and they frequently lose their hoofs altogether. 
 
 4. — TeeatmeisT. 
 
 The best treatment is rest, gruel, mashes, and a cooling lotion 
 for the mouth. 
 
 5. — EooT AND Mouth Disease in Gbeat Beitain. 
 
 The first well-authenticated case of foot and mouth disease iu 
 G-reat Britain occurred in 1839. It then spread with gi-eat 
 rapidity, and the outbreak which was a very severe one, lasted 
 for several years. Since then there have been frequent out- 
 breaks. Those of 1852-4-5, 1862 and 4, being the most serious 
 until that of 1869 occurred. In that year the disease soon became 
 widely disseminated and only began to abate in the beginning of 
 1873. It is estimated by good authorities that this visitation cost 
 the Country more than £40,000,000, although the direct death 
 rate of the disease seldom exceeds 2 per cent. The loss mentioned 
 was caused principally by the great waste in the condition of the 
 fat stock which were so generally affected, and through cows cast- 
 ing their calves when attacked, and never breeding again. _ This 
 latter feature of the disease was particularly noticeable in the 
 case of highly bred cows ; and some of the owners of pure herds 
 have had to dispose of 50 per cent, of their cows to the butcher, 
 which were regular breeders before they were attacked, and many 
 of which they could have sold at prices ranging from £100 to £1000. 
 
31 
 
 On my arrival in England in the beginning of July last I made 
 particular inquiry as to the prevalence of this disease, and found 
 that it had nearly died out. Professor Brown then informed me 
 that he only knew of a few cases in the whole kingdom. This 
 diminution of the disease arose partly from the operation of the 
 regulations promulgated under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) 
 Act, althougli they had been put in force in an exceedingly partial 
 and ineffective manner — partly through the usual cessation in 
 the traffic of store stock during the ■ndnter months, — and partly 
 through the outbreak having in many instances exhausted itself. 
 While I remained at Home I made constant inquiry with regard 
 to the existence of the disease in the different parts of the country 
 which I visited, but did not meet with a single case ; and during 
 the whole time I only heard of one outbreak other than those 
 mentioned by Professor Brown. 
 
 Again, in August last I was informed by that gentleman that 
 he was not aware of the existence of a single case of foot and 
 mouth disease in the Country ; and on leaving London for this 
 Colony in the end of December last, he stated that there were 
 only two or three cases of the disease, so far as he was aware, in 
 the whole of Grreat Britain and Ireland, — that, in fact, the 
 Country was then freer of foot and mouth disease than it had 
 been for five years previously. 
 
 6. — Foot ais'd Motjth Disease ott the Co:s^TiyEifT. 
 
 This ailment is generally very prevalent on the Continent. It 
 was, however, less so than usual last year, and I could hear very 
 little of it either in Belgium, Germany, or Austria. There the 
 time of the Inspectors is so much taken up in protecting the 
 stock in their charge from cattle plague and pleuro-pneumonia 
 that comparatively little attention has as yet been devoted to the 
 eradication of this disease. 
 
 IV.— SMALL-POX IN SHEEP. 
 
 1. — Name, Histoet, axd Chaeacteeistics. 
 
 This disease is described by Professor Armatage, in his edition 
 of " Clayter's Cattle Doctor," published in 1870, as follows :— 
 
 " Si/noyiipns. — Sheep-pox is known by various appellations. In 
 technical language it is termed "Variola ovina," and in the 
 vernacular " Small-pox." It is the " Schafpocken," " Schafpoc- 
 kenseuche," and " Schablatern " of the Germans. In Prance 
 it is known as " Claveau " or " Clavelee "; but "Eugeole" 
 and_ " Picotte " are terms employed to denote small-pox. In the 
 Italian language it is called " Vajuolo pecorino." 
 
 " History . — This affection was not seen in Great Britain before 
 the year 1847, when it was imported from the coast of Denmark, 
 and from Holland, and probably also at the same time from Spain. 
 
32 
 
 Extensive outbreaks occur annually on the Continent, wTiicli are 
 more or less aggravated by the trade carried on, and the calls 
 for extensive movement of stock towards the ports of embar- 
 kation. Eussia, Prussia, and Austria probably suffer most ; 
 Greece is seldom free; and Grermany, Hanover, and Saxony have 
 occasionally suffered ; while Holland, Friesland, Belgium, and 
 particularly France, in consequence of large importations annu- 
 ally made," have become powerful centres of the malady. In 
 Eussia it is said to be stationary, and travelling westwards to 
 Holland we have received it from thence. 
 
 " Small-pox has proved fatal in sheep to the extent of 20 to 
 40 per cent, in France, while in England the mortality amounted 
 to 50 per cent. ; and this may be looked for under conditions 
 whicli characterize epizootic affections when introduced to the 
 stock of a clean Country far removed from the home of their 
 
 birth. 
 
 " We have but imperfect records in reference to this malady, 
 but from what has transpired we may not be unreasonable in 
 believing that small-pox had visited this Country before the 
 memory of the present generation. Since 1567, w^hen first 
 accounts were written, outbreaks of more or less intensity have 
 occurred over the Continent, from which scarcely a nation has 
 not at some time or other suffered very acutely. Spain and 
 Portugal have had cause to regret that Africa offered sucb 
 facilities by its close proximity, as diseased sheep have readily 
 passed thence by the Straits of Gribraltar and spread dismay 
 around." 
 
 2. — Natiiee. 
 
 "A malignant and specific variolous fever peculiar to sheep, 
 and occurring but once as a rule in the life-time of the individual. 
 It is rarely communicated to other animals, but when it does 
 occur in them, its characteristics are those of mildness and 
 evanescence. 
 
 " Sheep-pox spreads rapidly by contagion and infection, and 
 from frequent observation it has been decided that a healthy flock 
 is not secure from attack at a distance of 500 yards from affected 
 animals. Like the poison of cattle plague, that of small-pox may 
 be carried in the clothes of persons, in fodder, in the skins of 
 other sheep and animals, in hair and wool, &c. Dogs, vermin, 
 and game also become carriers of the contagion. In pastures, 
 stables, railway trucks, in fact wherever diseased^ sheep are 
 allowed to go, the virus is left behind and communicated to all 
 
 that follow. 
 
 " Where it is the practice to house tbe sheep, a heavy mortality 
 occurs, which increases in proportion to the amount of overcrowd- 
 
33 
 
 ing that is allowed. It spreads rapidly in a flock, and few escape; 
 while the major portion die under these conditions, which are con- 
 siderably modified when the animals are allowed their liberty as 
 means of reducing actual contact. 
 
 8. — Symptoms. 
 
 " Sheep-pox is chai'acterized by a period of incubation which 
 may vary from a week to a fortnight. During this there are no 
 signs of disturbance, and the animal comes under the head of 
 * infected.' Certain conditions tend to modify the incubation 
 stage, and delay the appearance of symptoms. When the disease 
 is induced by inoculation, the earliest manifestations may occur 
 about the third or fourth day, but may be delayed some weeks. 
 Hot weather and confinement to close warm situations eminently 
 favour their development ; but cold, exposure, and other con- 
 ditions conducing towards a healthy tone of the system will retard 
 them, and delay their appearance until the fifteenth or even the 
 twenty-fourth day. 
 
 " The first signs are those of dulness succeeded by febrile 
 shakes : this is the period of invasion. The skin, particularly 
 of those animals but slightly covered with wool, exhibits a 'flea- 
 bitten appearance,' each spot becoming more inflamed and 
 enlarged, and forming what is known as a papula : this is the 
 eruptive stage. The papula then ai'e elevated and transparent 
 from the eighth to the tenth day, and are filled witli a clear licfuid 
 which speedily appears turbid, denoting a change from the papular 
 to the pustular stage. The swelling is white at first, but with the 
 changes just noticed assumes a yellow colour and opaque appear- 
 ance, while the surrounding parts are very pale. Shortly, the 
 elevation becomes dilfuse and the pustule dries up ; over which 
 a scab is formed, which, when it falls off", exposes a depression in 
 the skin. 
 
 " The constitutional symptoms run very high at times, in accord- 
 ance with the amount of eruption that takes place. In these 
 cases the papula are very abundant and unite — a condition which 
 is termed confluent. The eyes discharge a purulent secretion ; 
 they are blood-shot, and intense thirst tortures the poor creature. 
 The breathing becomes quick, discharge also flows from the nostrils, 
 the mucous membranes assume a blue appearance, breath becomes 
 fetid, and with the cutaneous exhalation is almost unbearable. 
 These symptoms suffer modification or aggravation, and the animal 
 dies about the eighth day after the eruptions appear, but before 
 the formation of lymph has taken place. It may, however, 
 occur earlier or even later ; and mild cases that are limited to 
 slight fever and a rapid transition of changes, may exhibit 
 approaching convalescence in fifteen days— others are delayed for 
 a month. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 " Irregular forms are observed, such as the non-appearance 
 of eruption. The fever is intense, strength gone, internal swell- 
 ings take place, and profuse diarrhoea carries off" the animal. 
 The mucous membranes become the seat of the eruption, especially 
 those of the respiratory and digestive organs, when imminent 
 danger is manifest. The animal breathes throi:gh the mouth, 
 and the tongue is protruded. Sometimes the disease aff'ects the 
 joints, and the hoofs slough off; and the healing of wounds becomes 
 very difficult if the scabs are too precipitately removed. At 
 other times the vesicles fill with blood, or become receptacles for 
 gaseous accumulations, which result from the process of decom- 
 position, analogous to that observed in cattle plague and other 
 malignant affections. 
 
 " The post mortem appearances of small-pox are somewhat as 
 follows : — The body is considerably swollen from early decom- 
 position, and gives off a .very fetid odour ; the eyes and nose are 
 usually closed by dry discharges ; scabs of dried pustules stud 
 the lining membranes which, with the skin and other affected 
 parts, exhibit the characteristic eruptions. If the wool has not 
 been detached during the intolerable itching which occurs before 
 death, it now easily comes off — sometimes it absolutely falls 
 off. Vari or nodules occur in the skin and all parts of the body, 
 and are readily seen during the removal of the integuments. 
 These are characteristic, and serve to form a sure guide to the 
 affection when other signs on parts of the body are absent. Those 
 nodules also occur iipon the mucous membranes of the digestive 
 track. Sometimes they assume the character of yellowish or red 
 spots, and at others ulceration has progressed to some extent. 
 Besides these, the tissue beneath is infiltrated with serum, par- 
 ticularly in the extremities ; lymphatic glands are enlarged, 
 inflamed, and covered with red spots. 
 
 4. — Tkeatment. 
 
 " The treatment of small-pox, in all parts and of whatever 
 kind, has hitherto been attended with results no less mortifying 
 than that which was adopted in cattle plague. Medicines, so 
 far as we at present know, throughout the world, have no power 
 of destroying the poison or cutting short its progress ; but while 
 animals are allowed to live they breed the poison, and other 
 animals serve to propagate and spread it farther and wider." 
 
 5. — Sheep-pox in England. 
 
 As already stated, the first I'ecorded outbreak of sheep-pox 
 occurred in 1847. It was extremely fatal, the deaths in several 
 instances ranging up as high as 75 per cent. It spread over a con- 
 
35 
 
 siderable part of the country, and only ceased in 1850, principally 
 through slaughtering the infected sheep. 
 
 The next attack occurred in 1862, and continued for several 
 months. 
 
 The tliird visitation was in June, 18G5. Active measures were 
 at once adopted, and the disease was stamped out with the 
 destruction of the flock first affected. 
 
 The fourth outbreak occurred in January, 1860, and was 
 eradicated in the same way. 
 
 The Jifth and sixfh outbreaks occurred later in 1866, and the 
 attacks were so very mild that the slaughter of the afli'ected sheep 
 was not resorted to. They were placed in strict quarantine, and 
 the disease shortly disappeared. 
 
 Since then there have been no outbreaks of sheep-pox in 
 England, although no less than thirteen different lots of sheep, 
 shipped from the Continent, have been seized and slaughtered by 
 the Inspectors at the ports of debarkation as being infected with 
 small-pox — the last in 1871. 
 
 6. — Sheep-pox on the Co^"TI:!fE^'T. 
 
 From what has been said, it will be gathered that visitations 
 of sheep-pox are not infrequent in almost every Country on the 
 Continent. Last year, there were comparatively few outbreaks. 
 The only ones of any importance were those in the North and 
 North-eastern Districts of Grermany. 
 
 As already stated, medical treatment has been found of little 
 or no benefit for this disease ; and inoculation has been resorted 
 to as the only means (other than stamping out) for combating 
 the disease.; it alleviates the effects of the disease, and forces it 
 to run its course within a specified time. The practice of inocu- 
 lation is followed by all the highest veterinary authorities on the 
 Continent. 
 
 Professor Brown speaks thus of the benefits of Inoculation 
 for sheep-pox : — 
 
 " The argument against inoculation is the obvious one that it 
 keeps up the disease in the infected district for a certain period, 
 but the same statement might correctly be made of the negative 
 course, which consists in allowing the infection to pass naturally 
 to the susceptible animals. 
 
 " Experience justifies the conclusion that sheep-pox, when it 
 appears in a flock, will extend gradually to nearly all the 
 animals that have been exposed to its influence, and under these 
 circumstances, if it is determined not to adopt the stamping-out 
 system, it will be desirable to hasten the progress of the disease 
 and moderate its virulence by having recourse to inoculation. 
 The disease thus induced appears usually in a mild form, and is 
 
36 
 
 attended with very little loss of life, while the animal is secured 
 from a second attack as completely as it would have been if it had 
 taken the malady in a natural way. Inoculation, to be successful, 
 must be performed by a skilled person who is well acquainted 
 with the character of the lymph which should be employed, and 
 the means of introducing it into the animal's system. It has 
 happened on some occasions when inoculation lias been improperly 
 performed, and especially when a bad quality of lymph has been 
 used, that very serious effects have resulted. This, however, by no 
 means detracts from the value of the operation when skilfully done. 
 
 " The inoculated flock will require all the veterinary care 
 which would be given in the case of the animals having taken 
 the disease in the natural way ; and in the event of any of the 
 inoculated animals having the disease in a severeform — which, how- 
 ever, is seldom to be apprehended — it will be desirable to isolate 
 them, in order that they may be submitted to medical treatment. 
 
 " The advantageous results of inoculation are thus summed up 
 in a report which was issued by Mr. Marson and Professor 
 Simonds, in June, 18G4 : — ' It gives security against a second 
 attack of sheep-pox, it limits the period of the existence of the 
 disease in the flock, it mitigates the severity of the malady, it saves 
 the lives of many animals which otherwise would be sacrificed, 
 and it conti'ols the extension of the disease, as one confluent 
 natural case does more to diffuse the poison than probably fifty 
 ordinary inoculated cases would do.' The mortality from the 
 inoculated disease when compared with the natural is on the 
 average as three per cent, in the one case is to Jive per cent, in 
 the other." 
 
 It will easily be seen from the foregoing description and state- 
 ments that small-pox in sheep is like the analogous affection in the 
 human subject — a foul, loathsome, and deadly disease ; and that 
 its introduction am.ong our flocks would be most disastrous. No 
 pains should therefore be spared to prevent such a calamity. 
 
 v.— ACTION SUGGESTED. 
 
 1. — Pleueo-pneumonia. 
 
 Erom what has been said, it will be gathered that the efficacy of 
 inoculaticm for this disease is now thoroughly established in 
 Europe. It has long been so in Australia, and also in South 
 Africa ; and it has latterly been practised with decided success 
 in the United States of America. I would, therefore, suggest, 
 as I have already done on more occasions than one, that a law — 
 
3; 
 
 making inoculation com])ulsorj in all cases where the cattle are 
 %«% infected, and prohibiting diseased animals from travelling— 
 should be passed. 
 
 The legislation I would propose should contain some such pro- 
 visions as the following : — 
 
 (1.) The inoculation of all cattle legally infected should be 
 
 made compulsory. 
 (2.) Owners should g'ive notice of the outbreak of the disease 
 
 to their neighbours, to Inspectors, and to the public. 
 (3.) JS'one but properly qualified and licensed Inoculatora 
 
 should be allowed to inoculate for others. 
 (4.) All inoculated cattle should be branded as such with a 
 
 brand to be fixed upon. 
 (5.) Properly inoculated cattle, on the expiry of sLv iveeJcs 
 from the last case of disease, should be allowed to 
 travel ; and such cattle should pass over infected ground 
 without being deemed infected. 
 (6.) Cattle which become infected, and are not inoculated, 
 should not be allowed to leave their runs for three months 
 after the last case of disease, nor travel over infected 
 ground. 
 
 ^^■'^ ^l';f elliug cattle, if fat, becoming diseased, should be 
 killed, and the balance of the mob taken to their 
 destination by the roads least likely to spread the dis- 
 ease ; while notice should be given to all owners of 
 horned stock on the road that the mob was infected, in 
 order that they may take their cattle out of the way of 
 the infection. 
 (8.) The owner of travelling stock should give notice of hia 
 intention to cross or pass along a run where stock of the 
 same desciption are kept, if the road be not separated 
 from the run by a sufBcient fence. • 
 
 (9.) The drover should not abandon any infected travellin"- 
 stock, nor leave the carcasses of any stock which may 
 die undestroyed, under a penalty not exceeding £50. 
 It may be questioned whether such a measure as that here 
 suggested would wholly eradicate this disease from our herds • 
 but that it would reduce its ravages to one-tiihe of what they 
 now are is beyond all doubt, and it ought therefore to be enacted. 
 
 2.— Cattle Plague, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Sheep-pox. 
 
 As these diseases can only be combated by isolating and des- 
 troying the infected stock, and as that course L quite impracticable 
 in Australia owing to the impossibility of maintaining a perfect 
 qnaTantme,it IS evident th^t their introduction tcouhl brino utter 
 rum an the majority of our stock-oivners, and inflict incalculable 
 
38 
 
 loss on all clctsses in these Colonies. No precautions should 
 therefore be omitted to prevent such a calamity, and it was 
 with this object in view that a prohibition against the im- 
 portation of stock from all places outside the Australian Colonies 
 was promvilgated. While this is both a simple and effective 
 safeguard, it is not one that can in all cases be always maintained, 
 as it is necessary for the improvement of our stock that fresh 
 blood should be periodically introduced. So far, however, as we 
 are concerned, the necessary importations of fresh blood need not 
 expose us to any danger, for all the importations we require for 
 improving our stock can be obtained either from or through Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Thus, all descriptions of horses, except the Arab, — which 
 might be allowed to come from Arabia or India under special 
 regulations, — can be got in Great Britain. Of cattle, again, there 
 are no breeds which can benefit our own stock except those of 
 Great Britain. And as regards sheep, all the breeds which it 
 would be advantageous to import may also be obtained in England, 
 except, perhaps, the few German merinos which some owners 
 still continue to introduce, and these could come through England, 
 subject to inspection by the English Inspectors and a probationary 
 stay there of (say) fourteen days. 
 
 By the law of England Foreign Countries are divided, by Orders 
 
 in Council promulgated as the occasion requires, into two 
 
 classes— " scheduled" and "unscheduled." The "scheduled" 
 
 Countries are those from which the officers of Her Majesty's 
 
 A^eterinary Department consider it dangerous, on account of 
 
 the prevalence of disease, to admit live stock, and all animals 
 
 coming from these Countries are slaughtered at the ports of 
 
 debarkation. The " unscheduled " Countries, again, are those in 
 
 *vhich neither cattle plague nor any other infectious or contagious 
 
 disease is known to exist, and from which it is considered safe 
 
 to admit stock, subject to inspection and to a quarantine of 
 
 twelve hours. To enable these officers to make this classification, 
 
 they are regularly supplied by the British Ambassadors and 
 
 Consuls in all parts of the world with telegraphic information 
 
 as to the prevalence of diseases in stock. Under such a system 
 
 as this, therefore, there is now very little risk of cattle plague 
 
 foot and mouth disease, or sheep-pox, being introduced into 
 
 England. Besides, arrangements might be made by which all 
 
 stock from the Continent, intended for shipment to these Colonies, 
 
 could be examined on the termination of their probationary stay, 
 
 and immediately previous to shipment, by some properly qualified 
 
 veterinary surgeon employed by the Colonies, and only allowed 
 
 to be put on board on being 'certified by him to be free from 
 
 disease. In fact, this course should be followed with respect to 
 
 all stock intended to be shipped from Great Britain to the 
 
39 
 
 Colouies, whether they have originally come from abroad or not. 
 If it were the risk of introducing these diseases into Australia 
 would be almost wholly removed ; and if Great Britain and Ireland 
 were free from foot and mouth disease, the prohibition now in 
 force— so far as regards Great Britain and Ireland — might be 
 removed, and stock from them admitted on their undergoing a 
 safe quarantine in Australia. 
 
 As it is very essential, for the reasons which I have already 
 stated, that the prohibition against the importation into these 
 Colonies of live stock from Great Britain (which was principally 
 aimed at foot and mouth disease) should not be continued any- 
 longer than is necessary, I suggested to Sir Charles Cowper the 
 expediency of obtaining monthly reports from the Secretary of 
 Her Majesty's Veterinary Department, London, as to the pre- 
 valence in Great Britain and Ireland of this and other infectious 
 diseases in stock, for transmission to the Government here, with 
 the view to action being taken for the withdrawal of the prohi- 
 bition so soon as Great Britain and Ireland were free from foot 
 and mouth disease, as they now are from cattle plague and 
 sheep-pox. The suggestion met with his approval, and definite 
 information on the subject may be expected by each monthly 
 mail. •' 
 
 From no other part of the world (with the exceptions men- 
 tioned), should any stock whatever be allowed to be introduced 
 into these Colonies ; for while the animals that could be imported 
 from other places would rather deteriorate than improve our stock, 
 there is also very great risk that they would be the means of 
 introducing malignant diseases among oiir cattle and sheep. This 
 would be especially the case with stock from India and China, 
 where cattle plague is now raging, and carrying off from 80 to 90 
 per cent, of the animals affected ; and there cannot possibly be 
 too great vigilance exercised by all the Colonies, but especially by 
 Western Australia, South Australia, and Queensland, whose 
 northern territory lies so near to Asia, in seeing that the pro- 
 hibition IS sti'ictly carried out. If this is not efficiently done, 
 we may find that foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, or some 
 deadly disease peculiar to tropical Countries has been introduced 
 by some comparatively worthless Timor pony, buffalo cow, pig, 
 or goat, and ia decimating our flocks and herds. 
 
 VI.— JOINT ACTION BY THE AUSTEALIAN 
 
 COLONIES. 
 
 As has been already explained in mr letter to the "London 
 A eteriuanan," it would be of comparatively little use for this 
 Colony to enact any law for the eradication of pleuro-pueumouia, 
 
40 
 
 or any other infectious or contagious disease in stock, unless all 
 the Australian Colonies adopted similar measures and took simul- 
 taneous action ; for, as has been already pointed out, cattle may 
 be said to mix more or less from Carpentaria to Portland Bay, 
 and would cross the boundaries of the different Colonies in spite 
 of any number of boundary riders — travelling as they do by 
 night as well as by day. It is therefore suggested, with the view 
 of securing joint and simultaneous action by all the Australian 
 Colonies, that the Chief Inspectors for those Colonies should be 
 invited to meet in Sydney at as early a date as possible, on some- 
 thing like the same footing, and with the same objects in view as 
 the veterinary surgeons from the different Countries of Europe 
 met at the First International Congress at Hamburgh in 1863, 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. To ascertain the extent of the prevalence of the different 
 
 infectious and contagious diseases among our stock. 
 
 2. To trace the manner in which these diseases are intro- 
 
 duced and disseminated ; and 
 
 3. To decide as to the most effectual means of preventing 
 
 their introduction and spread, and to convey to the 
 several Governments interested the conclusions arrived 
 at, with a view to the initiation of uniform legislation for 
 the protection of our stock from disease. 
 
 And in order to render the conclusions of the proposed meeting 
 as sound and practicable as possible, a veterinary surgeon from 
 each Colony should also attend to assist the Inspectors in their 
 deliberations. 
 
 I cannot conclude my Eeport without acknowledging how very 
 much I am indebted to Sir Charles Cowper for so promptly 
 placing me in the best possible position, both in England and on 
 the Continent, to obtain information, and being always ready to 
 afford me the benefit of his advice and assistance in the prose- 
 cution of my inquiries. 
 
 Sydney : Thomas Richards, Goyernment Printer. — 1S74 
 
51^7^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LIBRARY