LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class COLLEGE HISTORIES OXFORD PEMBROKE COLLEGE OF THE UNIVERSITY safc'^^r'fp^WW^^T ^PS mfc JESS .^ I **J s imSk ^ i 5 of xforft COLLEGE HISTORIES PEMBROKE COLLEGE BY DOUGLAS MACLEANE, M.A. SOMETIME SCHOLAR AND FELLOW, RECTOR OF CODFORD ST. PETER, WILTS. LONDON F. E. ROBINSON AND CO. 20 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY 1900 Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & Co At ihe Ballantyne Press PREFACE I MAY be permitted to refer here to my larger History of Pembroke College, issued in 1897 by the Oxford Histori- cal Society. Self-abridgment is perhaps the most tolerable form of plagiarism; but when undertaking the present volume in Mr. Robinson's Series I hoped I do not know with what success to avoid making it a mere compendium of the other. But for this embarrassing fear of crambe repetita the modern part might have been lighter and more anecdotal. I have been glad of the opportunity of cor- recting some errors, making some points clearer, adding a little new material, and presenting the annals of the College in an easier, more succinct, and more chronological and straightforward form. There is really not much story to tell, and the thing of most interest about a College must still be, in most cases, to recall who and what manner of men have first tasted the vernal life of manhood within its walls, and carried its influences into the outer and larger world. I have usually tried to indicate the men of eminence who were up together; for example, Hey- woode and Bonner, Beaumont, Pym, and Corbet, Shenstone and Whitefield, or Lovell Beddoes and Hawker of Morwen- stow. 120070 vi PREFACE Pembroke is no longer that " youngest Child " of Oxford " oldest of Halls and newest of Colleges " it used to be called for which Fuller prayed that it might find in its Mother's love what its comparatively portionless estate lacked from paternal provision. But it is the one distinct- ively seventeenth-century foundation, bodying the spirit of Jacobean Anglicanism and the middle-class bountiful- ness of that era ; for Wadham, as Mr. J. Wells points out, belongs in the type of its statutes and of its architecture to the Elizabethan age, and (whatever its subsequent history) seems to have had an almost Romanist origin. I have given reasons for thinking that Pembroke is really, as well as nominally, a Royal Foundation, that is to say that it would never have been founded as an independent College but for James I.'s canny and enlightened desire to connect his name, at some one else's expense, with a learned institution. I have to thank the Oxford Historical Society for per- mitting me to draw upon the information contained in my larger History. My gratitude for assistance in revising the present pages is due to the same friend and former colleague whose judgment and experience helped me with the earlier work. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. BROADGATES HALL I ii. DOCKLINTON'S AISLE 7 III. EXPANSION OF BROADGATES HALL ... 13 IV. CIVIL LAWYERS 24 V. A NURSERY OF LETTERS 36 VI. INCORPORATION OF THE HALL AS A COLLEGE . 49 VII. COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION ... 79 VIII. PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED . . . 93 IX. THOMAS CLAYTON, PRINCIPAL, 1620-1624, AND MASTER, 1624-1647 102 X. DR. HENRY LANGLEY, d& facto MASTER, 1647- 1660 130 XI. DR. HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER, 1660-1664 . 142 XII. MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL, 1664-1710 . . ISO XIII. MASTERSHIPS OF DR. COLWELL BRICKENDEN, I7IO-I7I4, AND DR. MATTHEW PANTING, 1714- 1738 164 viii CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE xiv. DR. PANTING'S MASTERSHIP (continued) ; MASTER- SHIP OF DR. JOHN RATCLIFF, 1738-1775 . . IQI XV. MASTERSHIP OF DR. WILLIAM ADAMS, 1775-1789 . 202 XVI. MASTERSHIPS OF DR. WILLIAM SERGROVE, 1789- 1796; DR. JOHN SMYTH, 1796-1809; AND DR. GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, 1809-1843 , . . 215 XVII. MASTERSHIP OF DR. FRANCIS JEUNE, 1843-1864 . 226 xviii. DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP, 1864-91 ; MASTERSHIP OF DR. PRICE, 1892-98 246 INDEX ... 26l ILLUSTRATIONS VIEW BY LOGGAN (drC. 1675) .... Frontispiece THE COLLEGE, LOOKING EAST . . . Facing pa?c 2O TESDALE'S HOME ,, 54 ABINGDON OLD SCHOOL ,, 60 INTERIOR OF THE OLD HALL (THE PRESENT LIBRARY) 106 INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL .... IQ2 INTERIOR OF THE NEW HALL ... 2,2,% THE NEW COURT 246 GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGE . . , On page 115 CHAPTER I BROADGATES HALL " THE Master, Fellows, and Scholars of the foundation of King James, at the cost and charges of Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwicke " only became a body politic, in the year 1624, after a good deal of misunder- standing and blighted expectation, resulting in a Chancery suit. Tesdale, a benevolent Abingdon mer- chant with friends in high places, died, indeed, without knowing himself to be the founder of a College. The co-founder Wightwicke, a Berkshire clergyman, had not had any such intention originally. We must ascribe it to the creditable ambitions of the citizens of Abingdon, together with the interest taken by James I. in academic matters, that a bounty which it was pro- posed should be merely " adjected to a former founda- tion " was used instead for transforming into an independent College an ancient and famous Hall, where many great Englishmen had been reared in law and literature, but which would otherwise, doubtless, before long have shared the fate of all those unendowed academic institutions that had no collegiate foundation to lean upon. Broadgates Hall, though its site belonged to Christ Church, and though it shared many of its students with Christ Church, never had the close connexion with that 2 PEMBROKE COLLEGE House which St. Mary Hall has with Oriel College, St. Edmund Hall with Queerfs, and which St. Alban Hall had with Merton. ANTIQUITY. In the early days of this century Christ Church men used, I believe, to speak of " St. Opposite^," and there were various good-humoured jests about the relation to their ample and princely foundation of Corpus Christi College at the one gate and of Pembroke College opposite to the other. The latter institution, however, as we saw, had a pre- collegiate existence as a place of learning for several centuries before the dissolution by Wolsey of St. Frideswyde's Priory. When incorporated by the first of the Stuarts there was not any breach of continuity, the Visitor, Governor, students, and build- ings of Broadgates becoming the Visitor, Governor, students, and buildings of Pembroke. Sir Thomas Browne, who belonged to both, declared in 1624 that there would be " Eadem jura omnia, idem Magister et Principalis, eaedem aedes, nisi quod nobiliores," and that Trojan and Tyrian were not more fused than Latepor- tensis and Pembrochien$is. Broadgates Hall, in the early seventeenth century, enjoyed the reputation of being "the oldest of all halls.*" It is usually described as " old and auntient," " that venerable peice of antiquity." Its low buildings were, in James I/s reign, " crumbling to their fall with age." " What father or mother of this House do we think upon ? " asked Browne. The earliest known student of the Hall is Cardinal Repyngdon, who was made Doctor of Divinity in BROADGATES HALL 3 THE NAME. Anthony Wood, indeed, affirms that the name Broad- gates " Aula cum lata porta," or " Aula Latepor- tensis " did not become its exclusive designation till the beginning of Henry VI.'s reign (1422), and that before that time it had the name, usually, of Segrym, or Segreve, Hall. " Probably," he says, " the entrance therin was broader than others."* Elsewhere he improves on this peradventure by asserting positively that "a large entrance was made into it about the beginning of Henry VI." f I find, however, in a deed of the year 1364 (38 Edw. III.),t mention of " a hall called Brodezates in the parish of St. Ebbe's," which stood in Beef Lane, towards the end of the Pembroke New Buildings, about where Beef Hall used to be. The boundary between St. Ebbe's parish and St. Aldate's runs somewhat east of this, and the site usually assigned to our Broadgates Hall lies entirely in St. Aldate's parish. But there can be little doubt about the identification. There were, however, at least six other Halls bearing the same name. OTHER BROADGATES HALLS. One, mentioned first in 1362, on Graundpont, in the Folly Bridge direction, was the original abode of the Crutched Friars. Another, " called Broadyates in the 41 Edward III." (1367), was just above the present * City of Oxford, ed. Rev. A. Clark, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 564. f Gutch's Wood, vol. iii. p. 614. J Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 224. The crosses let into the wall over Brewers Street, a few yards west of the Chapel, mark the division. 4 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Tom gate of Christ Church, and had been originally a Jewish synagogue. A third, " Little Broadgates Hall," between Brasenose new buildings and Mr. Ryman's shop, was tenanted by luminours (illuminators of manuscripts). There was one Broadgates Hall, if not two, in Schydierd Street (Oriel Lane), which existed before 1317. In 1279 St. John's Hospital is found to own a Broadgates Hall on the north side of High Street, almost opposite to that modern deformity, King Edward's Street. " It hath now," writes Wood, " a brod gate and was a place somtimes of venerable sanctuary for malefactors." It was pulled down in 1661.* But the earliest mentioned Broadgates Hall is one which stood near the old Church of St. Peter le Bailey. This existed before 1220.f Nearly a century earlier the word occurs as an Oxford surname, one Roger Brodgee, also given as Brodgate, holding land of St. Frideswyde^s Priory, in or about 1139.J In the infancy of surnaming this Roger must no doubt have obtained his addition from his residence, in which case there was a place called " Broadgate " as early as Stephen's reign. It is natural to think that an academic hostel which already had a long-established name was not likely to take a new and hackneyed designation in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, and so run the risk of being confused with the older Broadgates Halls. Pro- bably the Broadgates Hall which came eventually to be the one specially so described Twyne styles it Great * City of Oxford, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 565. t Ibid. i. 218, 564. Cartulary of St. Frideswyde's, ed. Wigram, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 19. Wood, having only the form "Brodege" before him, hazards the suggestion, " forte Brodeye ut alibi," MS. D. 2, p 368. BROADGATES HALL 5 Broadgates Hall had been known by this name long before " the beginning of Henry VI.," though it may also, as Wood maintains, have been styled "Segrym Hall." SEGRYM'S GREAT HOUSE. The Segryms, rich burgesses who had filled the chief offices of magistracy in Oxford from the earliest times they are mentioned in Domesday once owned several properties between the city wall and the south side of St. Aldate's Church, and the most prominent member of the family, Richard Segrym^ in 1254, completed a series of gifts to the Prior and Convent of St. Frides- wyde by surrendering under a charter of quit-claim a great messuage in the angle of the churchyard, which he had held of the Priory in demesne. For this the canons were to pay a half-penny rent each Nativity of our Lord, to receive him into their fraternity and a share in all their spiritual benefits, and to provide a chaplain canon to celebrate divine service for ever for his own soul, the souls of his father and mother, and the soul of Christina Pady, the twice-widowed daughter of a rich mill-owner, a lady to whom Richard had been, I think, from early years disinterestedly devoted, and near whom he was at last buried in the Priory Church. SUPPOSED DEPENDENCE OF ST. FRIDESWYDE'S PRIORY. The magna domus thus given to the Priory was very probably, from or before that time, as Wood asserts, " possessed by schollers." But his belief that it " was a place before (and perhaps after) the Norman Conquest wherein the Novices of that -Priory received their first 6 PEMBROKE COLLEGE or juvenile learning,** is built, it seems, merely on the circumstances that the house was an old appurtenance of St. Frideswyde's, and that St. Aldate's Church is styled, early in the twelfth century, a " minster ."f But monasterium is often used simply in the sense of a church having a priest or priests attached,! and other Oxford churches were so designated. Twyne thinks it was the novices of Abingdon Abbey, which owned a property on the south of the Church, incorporated later into Broad- gates Hall, who received their education there. What- ever we think to be the truth about these guesses, there is no reason to dispute that the Hall in the angle of the churchyard may have had an academic existence from at least the time of Henry III., the date of our oldest Colleges. That existence has been unbroken down to our own day. * Gutch's Wood, iii. 614; City of Oxford, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 563. f Est in civitate Oxeneford monasterium quoddam Sancti Aldadi episcopi veneration! consecratum." Abingdon Chronicle, ed. Rev. Joseph Stephenson, ii. 174. J See Mr. James Parker's Early History of Oxford, Oxf. Hist. Soc. p. 292, n. CHAPTER II DOCKLINTON'S AISLE CONNEXION WITH ST. ALDATE'S CHURCH. ST. ALDATE'S Church had for many centuries a close connexion, first with Broadgates Hall, and then with Pembroke College. To the students of the former the southern portion of it served for Chapel "peculierand propper to Broadgates, where they daily meete for the celebration of Divine Service." * By those of the latter it was used, the lower part till 1732, as College Chapel, the upper part, till 1710, as College library. The advowson was bestowed on the College in 1636 by King Charles I., but alienated to the Simeon Trustees in 1858. Before the Dissolution the parson was pre- sented alternately by St. Frideswyde's Priory and Abingdon Abbey. Who St. Aldate was, or whether there was ever a St. Aldate at all, is matter for doubt. " This church," says Wood, " hath bin anciently and commonly called by the names of St. Aid's, St. Old's, St. Olave's, and now at this day, St. Toll's." f In 1358 Walter de Leverton was Rector of " Seynt Holde." The English version * Hutten's Antiquities of Oxford in Elizabethan Oxford, ed. Plummer, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 201. t City of Oxford, Oxf. Hist. Soc. ii. 34. 8 PEMBROKE COLLEGE (c. 1490) of a charter of 1226 mentions " Reginald, Chapelyn of ye church of Seynte Oolde." " Sanctus Aldatus," or " Aldathus," is found in Latin documents, but half a century after the Conquest we read of " Ecclesia S. Aldae." There is a St. Aldate's Church in Gloucester, and from the position of the two churches Mr. James Parker suggests in his Early History of Oxford (p. 290, sq.) that both in the one case and in the other Aldate is a corruption of Aldgate, i.e. Old Gate ; and, indeed, this designation is actually found in comparatively recent maps of Oxford. The connexion with a probably mythical fifth century Bishop of Gloucester, St. Eldad, who "in frusta conscidit" the Saxon King Hengist, he dismisses as an idle tale. St. Aldate^s, however, in spite of its present uninteresting appearance, is, perhaps, the most ancient of Oxford churches and has some very early features. The south aisle, in the purest Decorated manner, was an addition to the original church, and has in this century been lengthened in both directions, the flowing tracery of the old east window being, however, retained as an orna- mental division between the aisle and its continuation. THE SOUTH AISLE USED BY STUDENTS AS A CHAPEL. This aisle, called once by the names Trinity Chapel, Docklinton's Aisle, or Docklinton's Chantry, was built (as well as the tower and steeple*), about 1335, by John de Dokelynton, a rich fishmonger living in Fish Street (now St. Aldate's Street), and several times mayor. While mayor in 1327 he was concerned in the great riot in which Abingdon Abbey was sacked. He, * The top of the spire was blown down in a storm, March 22, 1689. DOCKLINTON'S AISLE 9 " desiring the health of his soule, did to the honor of the Virgin Mary and All Saints institute a perpetual chantry, 9 Edw. III., in a chappell of his own building on the south side of this church. Wherin ordaining a chapleyn to celebrate divine service for his and the soules of his wives, Sibyll and Julian, for the soules of his father and mother, and also of Henry [Burwash] bishop of Lyncoln, while living and when dead, setled on him and his suc- cessors for ever an annuall revenew of 5 marks issuing out of severall of his messuages in Oxon." (Wood's City of Oxford, Oxf. Hist. Soc., ii. 37.) Dokelynton's arms, " white fishes in a red circular feild," were in every window three and a half centuries later. The aisle or Chapel, however, seems to have been from an early period rented at a noble for the use of the students of Broadgates, and afterwards of Pembroke. Here worshipped Heywoode "the Epigrammatist," Bishop Edmund Bonner, John Story (executed at Tyburn), Bishop John Jewell, Francis Beaumont, George Peele, William Camden, John Pym, Sir Thomas Browne, Lord Chief Justice Scroggs, Samuel Johnson, and, for a short time, the poet Shenstone. PRINCIPAL NOBLE'S TOMB. In this aisle, " under the upper South window," stood, before its removal to its present position in the chancel, the alabaster tomb and recumbent effigy of a Principal of Broadgates, John Noble, official of the Archdeacon of Berks. He wears the gown and furred hood of a Bachelor of Laws ; the head is tonsured. Noble suc- ceeded Brian Hygdon as Principal in 1508, and died June 2, 1522. This monument is figured in Dr. Ingrain's 10 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Memorials of Oxford. There is nothing to mark the place of sepulture of Dokelynton himself. His wife Sibyll lies " in the Lady chapel." Hearne * says : " The Founder of Pembroke Chapell, John de Docling- ton, he was buried I think in y e lower End of y e Chapell." INTEEMENTS FROM BROADGATES AND PEMBROKE. Other Principals of Broadgates known to have been buried in St. Aldate's were George Summaster, who enlarged the Hall during his long principalship from 1575 to 1618; John Sudden, Regius Professor of Civil Law, who died in 1620 ; and Thomas Clayton, Regius Professor of Medicine, who was last Principal of Broadgates and also the first Master of Pembroke. In memory of the Master for whom Johnson had such respect as " a fine Jacobite fellow," and under whom Whitefield and Shenstone matriculated, Dr. Matthew Panting, there was formerly a tablet on a pillar in the middle aisle. Among many other members of the Hall or College buried here were William Darbyshire, made Prebendary of St. Paul's by the favour of his uncle, Bishop Bonner ; Hamnet Hyde (died 1620), cousin to the Chancellor, Lord Clarendon ; and Arthur Strode, cousin of Sir William Strode, one of the Five Members, whose brother, John Strode, was also at Broadgates. The latter was, in his day, says Prince, accounted the best bowler, i.e. player at bowls, in all England. Arthur Strode died August 25, 1612, aged twenty-three. His brass still remains on the south wall of the aisle, next to that of another young student, Nicholas Roope, * Collections, ed. Doble, Oxf. Hist. Soc. iii. 197. DOCKLINTON'S AISLE 11 who died April 10, 1613, aged twenty-seven. The brass of Nicholas is inscribed with some punning Latin elegiacs on the Broad and the Strait Gate. Here also lies William Francklyn, of Charlton, described as " Collegii Pembrochiae alumnus dignissimus et muni- ficentissimus benefactor," though I find no benefaction recorded beyond d?10 for a silver cup and c?10 to the College Library. THE CHAMBER ABOVE THE SOUTH AISLE. It has already been said that the students of Broad- gates and Pembroke had a further link with St. Aldate's Church besides the use of Dokelyn ton's aisle for daily worship. Above that aisle until 1842, when it was taken down as "dangerous," was a battlemented chamber lit by six square-headed, double-light, Perpen- dicular windows, and reached by a newel stairway at the south-west external corner.* This picturesque feature of the church may be seen in any old print. It was once a civil law school, and was frequented, like the similar upper chamber in St. MaryX for lectures and disputations by the students belonging to the adjacent Halls, Broadgates, Beef, Wolstan, Bole, Moyses, and others. Rowse the Warwickshire antiquary, mentioning two Halls " for legists " which were in situation much closer to St. Ebbe's church, nevertheless describes them as "juxta ecclesiam S. Aldati," for the reason just given. St. Aldate's, indeed, was the centre of the principal district of the town for students of law. Civil law, the first of the " Seven Heavenly Sciences," was the * Both " the library " and " the chapel " were repaired from time to time by Pembroke College 12 PEMBROKE COLLEGE dominant study in Oxford from the end of the twelfth century, and a multitude of Inns and Halls grew up for the reception of its followers. Of these the leading one in the south-west quarter of the city was Mickle Broadgates Hall, in the angle of St. Aldate's churchyard. CHAPTER III EXPANSION OF BROADGATES HALL ABINGDON CHAMBERS. GROWING in numbers this Hall was enlarged towards the east before 1485 (perhaps during the principalship of Thomas Walton, Vice-Chancellor in 1467) by the annexation of a house belonging to the monks of Abingdon, half a rood in extent, and known as Abingdon Chambers. When a moiety of the advowson of St. Aldate's was bestowed on the Abbey in the twelfth century, there went with it a piece of land and houses, inside the city, which one may probably identify with this tenement, a few yards only from the church. The story may here be given in Wood^s free rendering from the Abingdon Chronicle.* The entire benefice of " a certain monastery dedicated to the veneration of Saint Aldad, bishop/' "did belong to two clerks of Oxon that were brothers called Robert and Gillbert and a priest named Nicholas, who did divide the profitts annually betweene them (Nicolas having half). But it hapned as God would have it " (I speak with the charter) " that the said two brethren afterwards took upon them a monk's habit in the abbey of Abingdon, when Ingulphus was abbat thereof" * Wood's City of Oxford, ed. Clark, Oxf. Hist. Soc. ii. 35. 14 PEMBROKE COLLEGE (which was about the year 1 1 30). " Who straightway gave their lands and tenements which came to them by inheri- tance to the said abbey. (f Which Nicholas seing, came to the abbat and covent and required them that they would grant him those two parts, which belonged to Robert and Gilbert, to him, and he would pay them 20*. yearly rent and with this condi- tion that, if he changed his habit or profession, it should be in their covent ; or else, if he should dye in that preistly profession that he then was in, why ! then also his part should come to them and soe they should have all the church to themselves. " This bargaine was concluded ; and he for some time enjoyed it, paying that yearly sum of money that they had bargained for. " But not long after, Nicholas, being taken with a sudden desease, thought that he should not have escaped death, and therfore (minding the health of his soule) sent a messenger to the monks of Abingdon requiring them to make hast away and put one him a religious habit before he departed this life. Well, they received the messuage ; but thinking that Nicholas had not bin soe nigh his end, made delayes and did not come at the time expected to put on his habit. " Nicholas, therfore, waxing worse and worse and falling into a great extasie, his sickness with his desires for a habit came to the eares of the cannons of St. Frideswide's ; who being neare at hand, came straightway to him, he being as 'twere past knowledge. They, for the hopes of gaine, put on him the habit of their Order and so by force and injury conveyed him to their church. " But he within a little while after, growing better and better, and Wigodus the prior of Ousney understanding how the case went, came to him and asked him whether EXPANSION OF BROADGATES HALL 15 he would continue in his habit and live there amongst them. To which he answered that he would rather be cast in a darksome cave then to be detained there, for 'twas alwaies his intent to be at Abingdon, and there to be buried ; with severall other expressions of his avers- nesse to St. Frideswide's. " But, to be short, Nicholas was there kept, either by hopes or fair promises of preferment. Where ending his life, was there also buried ; and the canons therof got his part of this church (though by severall sutes of law opposed by the Abingdonians) which soe continued to them for ever." Abingdon Chambers was rented of the Abbey by the Principal of Broadgates for a half-noble, redeemed by Pembroke College in 1866. NEW COLLEGE BUILDING. Next to this house, on the site of the north-east corner of the present Old Quadrangle, was a property of New College. This also is found in 1498 to be rented by a Principal of Broadgates. It seems also to be described in 1495 as " Brewer's tenement, belonging to New College w ch stood iuxta ecclam S* 1 ' Aldati et iuxta Brodyates,"* being at that date rented for the use of * Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 282. But in 1528 we read in the church- wardens' accounts : ' ' Brewers tenement pulled downe by y e cardi nal." Possibly it was a second New College property, on part of the site of the Almshouse. In the New College books was an entry, which Wood was inclined to date 1504, " Will plomer oweth lately y e ten by Brodgates." Plummer was Bailiff of Oxford c. 1530, when his servant shot two arrows at a scholar's servant. He had a lease of " the oxe close " at Oseney Abbey before 1546, and in that year there was " payd to William Plummer for taking downe the leade of the cloyster and casting hit into sowes, iiij li. iiij s. ij tf." Turner City Records, p. 185. 16 PEMBROKE COLLEGE students by Dr. John Agar or Akers. Dr. Brian Hygdon, afterwards Dean of York, rented it c, 1505, and his successor in the principalship of Broadgates, John Noble, from 1510. Other principals are found at a later date in occupation. Early in the fifteenth century a famous mediaeval prelate, Thomas Bekynton, afterwards Lord Keeper and Bishop of Bath and Wells, had had scholars under him there. He was a Fellow of New College and an eminent canonist. In his will he bequeathed to ten students of small fortune ten- pence weekly during five years for their maintenance at the University. New College Building must have been large, as the rent paid by the Broadgates principals (except in 1510 when, the prevailing sickness having driven scholars away, it was reduced to 6s. 8d.) was at first 30s. The Halls, however, were reduced to a low pass by Henry VIII.'s ecclesiastical changes, and in 1545 the rent fell to 20s., which was paid till 1866 and then redeemed. A shilling rent paid to Christ Church for a narrow strip of land on the eastern side of this messuage was redeemed at the same time. THE WOLSEY HOSPITAL. The extensions of Broadgates Hall to the east pro- ceeded no further. The large building which lay beyond has recently become the property of Pembroke College, completing its natural site in that direction. This was originally a Segrym possession, but it has been called for three centuries and a half the Wolsey Hospital or Almshouse. Antony Wood writes : " Adjoyning South Gate were tenements of the Segrims, burgesses of Oxon at and divers years after the Norman EXPANSION OF BROADGATES HALL 17 Conquest, and held ' in Dominico/ as it should seem, of the Cannons of S. Frideswyde. Afterwards or about those times they were converted into hostels for people of a scholastick and religious conversation. Which continuing for that use till the decay of discipline and doctrine in our University, came to be the possession of the servants and retainers to the said Priory. At length Thomas Wolsey, that heroick and publick-spirited Cardinal], when he con- verted the said Priory into a College, turned also these tenements into an Hospitall (' nr^xo^o^ov insigne ') to receive and have releife from it. But his designes failing before compassed, and falling into the King's hands, this with his College was left imperfect both in its buildings (as it now remaineth) and its revenews. But afterwards King Henry VIII., taking upon him to perfect the college in some sort in its endowment, setled here also the number of 24 almesmen and each to have 6 per annum ; which continueth soe to this day." (City of Oxford, ed. Clark, Oxford Historical Society, I 193.) Wood is incorrect, I believe, in saying that Henry VIII. settled the almsmen here. When he died no separate lodging had been provided for them, the Dean and prebendaries of Christ Church merely covenanting to find the bedesmen "in the said cathedrall chorche." And though the Almshouse had for a considerable period before 1868 accommodated sixteen of the Elee- mosinarii, it, or part of it, was at one time a timber- yard. The name " le Almshouse " belonged to it before Henry VIII. thought of providing for a few of his old soldiers and sailors. Cardinal Wolsey pulled down several buildings on the site, among them one belonging to Magdalen, and "constructed it anew." The open 18 PEMBROKE COLLEGE timber roof still to be seen there is said to have been brought by him from Oseney Abbey. BROADGATES HALL. In Agas's "type" or map of 1578 the Wolsey Hospital is shown as quite a large quadrangular pile. The tenements making up Broadgates Hall and its annexes are scattered, irregular, and unimposing. There seems to be a wide entrance at the place where the present back gates give on to the strip of ground, planted with trees, separating the College from the Almshouse (the 12df. rent of which was collected by the almsmen). At the back is to be seen the upper portion of the thirteenth-century town- wall on which the College stands, and just inside this ran the Via Regia, reserved as an open space for military purposes, but on which houses commonly encroached. In 1380 (4 Ric. II.) we find the wall to the west of South Gate, and one of the bastions (turrellum) of the Gate itself, occupied by Walter Benham, a " ffyssh mongere," who lived in an adjoining house with his wife Emma and two maid- servants, and who also rented of the town for 43800, Can or Calne Court, in the parish of Lydiard Tregooze, Wilts. A sum of eight hundred pounds remained un- expended. The Wallingford tithes are described in the old College books as the " Beckhallowin tithes," i.e., Bee Heiiouin, the Abbey of Bee in Normandy having received them from Miles Crispin not long after the * It may be here explained that not only did Richard Bennet, Sir John's father, marry Elizabeth Tesdale, the co-Founder's half sister, but this Thomas Bennet, father to Richard, was husband to Ann Molins, the co-Founder's stepmother. One of Richard Bennet's brothers by that union, Sir Thomas Bennet, Lord Mayor of London, is among the direct ancestors of the present Most Honourable Visitor of Pembroke College. 78 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Norman Conquest. A generation or two ago Pembroke College, desiring some information about this property, entered into a Latin correspondence on the subject with the Abbot and monks of Bee, who transmitted an extract relating thereto from their chancellery. CHAPTER VII COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION RICHARD WIGHTWICKE. WE must now turn to RICHARD WIGHTWICKE and his benefaction, which was the efficient cause of the founda- tion of Pembroke College. He came of an ancient Staffordshire family, which took its name from a manor or hamlet in the parish of Tettenhall, called in Domes- day Wistewic, now Whittick.* The family mansion stands on the Bridgenorth Road. This place belonged to the Wightwickes from the time of King John till 1827, when it was sold, together with Tunstall, a fine moated house near Wolverhampton, and four other Staffordshire properties. In Sir Simon Degge's MS. appendix to Erdewicke's History of Staffordshire (c. 1595) this family is described as having owned estates in the county since the Conquest. The earliest member I have traced is a Richard de Widewic, whose son, Osbert FitzRichard, paid, in 1185, %s. for a pour- prestre in the neighbouring forest. In 1177 Alured de * It has been pointed out to me by the Rev. F. W. Weaver, Vicar of Milton, near Evercreech, that the statement in my larger History of Pembroke College, that the family derived its name from the town of Whitwick, near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, is almost certainly a mistake. I was betrayed into it through lack of local knowledge. 80 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Wiggewick had been amerced two merks for forest trespass. A descendant of this house, in the time of the Wars of the Roses, Henry de Wightwike, had two sons, the elder of whom, John, was father of Hugh, Prior at the Dissolution of the Austin canons of Huntingdon, and of Humphrey, who intermarried with a Grosvenor, and from whom descended Francis Wight- wick and Stubbs husband to Dorothea Wightwick, both benefactors of the College, Jorden and Adams, John- son's tutors, and Samuel and Hancox Wightwick, whose portraits are in the possession of the College; the younger, Thomas, settling at Lilleshall, Salop, some twelve miles from Tettenhall,* and deceasing in 1565, left by his wife, Elizabeth Moseley,f four children, Richard, Thomas, William, and Jane. His will men- tions his son Richard, who was also executor of his mother's testament, made in 1580. Richard Wight- wicke was born " in the tail end of old Harry " or the beginning of Edward VI/s reign, at Donnington, a township of Lilleshall parish.J He was sent to Balliol, but the date of his taking B.A. is July 2, 1580, when he must have been about thirty-two years of age ; M. A. July 4, 1583. Ten years later he proceeded B.D., viz., May 31, 1593. It appears from the Institution books of the Oxford * The family were friends here with the Sheldons, of which stock was Archbishop Sheldon. t Probably of Moseley Old Hall, near Tettenhall. Ernald de Moseley was lord of Moseley, temp. King John. The present repre- sentative of the family is Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., of Rolleston Hall, Staffordshire. The Rev. Bruce Blaxland, Vicar of Lilleshall, informs me that his registers do not go back so far. The ancient font remains. COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 81 diocese that on July 25, 1580 (a few weeks after taking his Bachelor's degree), Richard Whitwicke became Rector of St. Martin's (Carfax) in Oxford, then a Crown living, but previously in the gift of Abingdon Abbey. This preferment, which is not mentioned by Little, by Fuller, or by Anthony Wood,* was held by Wightwicke till 1591 ; his signature is appended to the Church- wardens' accounts of 1589. We next find him chaplain to the Lord Henry Norreys of Rycote, Oxon, the " mild and meek " son of the Sir Henry Norreys who was beheaded in 1536 " in the cause of Queen Anne Bullen" whose paramour he was alleged to be. Wightwicke was presented by this nobleman to the perpetual curacy of Hampstead Norreys, Berks, and in 1595 to the rectory of Albury, Oxon, a small place not far from Rycote.f Here he remained till 1607. At that date his patron had been dead six years, and it is not clear who presented Richard Wightwicke to a much larger cure and benefice, the parsonage of East or Market Ilsley (close to his former parish of Hampstead Norreys) which he retained till his death in 1630.J * It was brought to my knowledge by the Rev. C. O. Fletcher's Chronicles of Carfax. f The manor farm of Tiddington, in the parish of Albury, belongs to Pembroke College. The Rev. H. Jones, Rector of Albury, informs me that the Registers only go back to 1651. The modern church is of no interest. J During the thirteenth and two following centuries the Knights Hospitallers of St. John had the advowson, but at the beginning of the seventeenth century it seems to have belonged to the family of Barnes, one of whom, Joseph Barnes, succeeded Wightwicke. This rector was ejected by the Parliament in 1654 and "his leg broken by a brutal kick from one of the Commissioners." 82 PEMBROKE COLLEGE EAST ILSLEY. Wightwicke had for neighbour at West Ilsley Rectory (though probably he was not resident) that curious con- formist to Anglicanism, Marco Antonio de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia,- pre- ferred by James I. to the Deanery of Windsor, who died in a Roman prison. King Charles visited at West Ilsley a later rector. Bishop Goodman, who trimmed in the opposite direction. East or Market Ilsley (hildeloeg, battlefield) is the scene of enormous sheep fairs, and here the " Butcher " Duke of Cumberland trained his racehorses. It was once an important place, and Wightwicke's church possibly stands on the site of the one built by Cnut " at Nachededorne " (Naked-thorn) to commemorate the battle of Ashdown. The old parsonage house is now pulled down, but the pulpit which Wight- wicke occupied remains, and on the inner face of the low battlemented Perpendicular tower is an inscription saying that the tower was rebuilt in 1625. On the tenor bell are the words, " Richard Wightwicke gave this Bell, 1625." In 1627 he added to the tower a clock, which had no face. This is said to have been wrought by the village blacksmith; in 1885 it was superseded by a fine modern clock which displays as well as sounds the hours. The Registers do not go back beyond Commonwealth times, but begin with the year 1653. The very first entry is that of the marriage of a Richard Wightwicke to Mary Westall, and the name occurs frequently down to the middle of the eighteenth century. The co-Founder was never married, but his kith and kin seem to have struck root at COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 83 Ilsley.* In his will he mentions several relatives without any place of abode added, who were doubtless living near at hand. One of them, Thomas Wightwicke, witnessed his signature. A grandson of the co-Founder's first cousin Humphrey, the head of the elder branch of the family, George Wightwicke (born 1578), is said to have brought his family with him from Patshull, Salop, in the last year of Richard's life, and to have acted as his curate. Walter Wightwicke, brother perhaps of George, was buried at Ilsley in 1622, aged thirty-nine. There, too, by his own desire, was laid under the chancel the body of Richard Wightwicke, at the beginning of the year 16|-^. He was then about eighty-two years old, and describes himself in his will as " weake in bodie, but of good and perfect memory." There is nothing to mark his resting-place. The portrait in Pembroke College Hall is certainly of the former half of the seventeenth century, and does not look like a fancy picture. In Wood's History and Antiquities (1674) are vignettes containing the heads of Wightwicke and Tesdale. Little describes Wightwicke in 1627 as " a man very prudent, provident, and circumspect in all his actions, diligent and painful in his calling and profession and just in all his dealings in worldly affairs, and by good desert in his vocation and ministry hath attained to his ecclesiastical promotions. And moreover by God's blessing and his own industry hath also compassed and gotten a fair temporal estate. . . . He hath seen almost fourscore years and yet liveth in perfect health." * By the courtesy of the Rev. H. A. Lowsley, Vicar of Hampstead Norreys, I have examined the Registers there, which date back to 15381 but find no trace of the family. 84 PEMBROKE COLLEGE ABINGDON SCHOOL TO BE BENEFITED. The neighbourhood of Ilsley to Abingdon doubtless gave Wightwicke an interest in the Grammar School there, but we do not know that he had any ties with the School, or that he was even acquainted with his fellow- founder, Tesdale. I take it, however, that, having relatives settled round him in Berkshire, he regarded Roysse's School as a place where their sons and descen- dants would naturally find education. The earlier, or 1624, Statutes certainly made provision for Abingdonians of the Founder Wightwicke's kin. In the 1628 Statutes the Abingdon connexion is not so close, and no prefer- ence is given to lads of Wight wicke's kindred who should also have been at the School. WIGHTWICKE^S GIFT. The benefaction of Richard Wightwicke consisted first of 500, which he directed to be paid out of certain rents, between the years 1625 and 1629, for the building of chambers in the newly founded College ; but of this a sum of 10 annually was settled on the Master. Next he enfeoffed to the College, on the morrow of the feast of St. Michael, 1628, his Berkshire manors and estates at Marlstone, Thatcham, Bucklebury and Bowdones, of which he had granted to his nephew, Samuel Wightwicke, a four hundred and ninety-nine years 1 lease, with a reserved rent to the College of ^70, and also his estate called Quarrels, in the parish of Appleton, Berks, leased for a like term of years to another nephew, Walter Wightwicke, with a rent reserved to the College of 20. He further promised .200 to be applied to the purchasing of ~\ per annum COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 85 for the use and benefit of the Master and his successors, but in his will, dated January 11, 16|--, substituted a perpetual rent-charge of ^10 issuing out of the lands of Thomas Hinde.* The reserved rents before mentioned, amounting to =100 a year, were to maintain three Fellows, receiving =20 each, andfour Scholars, receiving W each, these stipends or pensions to begin from Lady Day, 1630. When that date arrived, Wightwicke was a few weeks deceased. In intention, however, his bene- faction had not been a mere death-bed bequest. Seeing that the Berkshire properties, now much increased in value, will not come to the College till the third decade of the twenty-second century, and that it has only received annually the sum reserved to it, there may be a disposition to disparage Wightwicke^s part in founding the College. A yearly gift, however, by a clergyman, beginning in his own lifetime, of ^IIO, equivalent to ten times as much in money of modern value, was a handsome benefaction. " What the yearly value of his living was," writes Fuller, " I know not, and have cause to believe it not very great ; however, one would con- jecture his Benefice a Bishoprick by his bounty to Pembroke Colledge." That bounty has been largely augmented in later times by the foundations of Francis Wightwick and of Mrs. Dorothea Wightwick. CONSTITUTION OF THE COLLEGE. The united Tesdale and Wightwicke foundations sufficed to maintain a Master, ten Fellows, and ten Scholars, whose stipends were at least as large as the average stipends of the members of other Colleges. * This cannot now be identified certainly. 86 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Pembroke College was opened on August 5, 1624, with a skeleton constitution. Both Founders had provided that the first profits accruing should be expended on building rooms for the reception of their students, save that Tesdale^s six Poor Scholars were at once, as we have seen, to receive their places. Accordingly, though the ten Fellows and ten Scholars were named jn the Letters Patents of June 29, 1624, and were formally admitted on August 5, they found themselves obliged, by an ordinance of the Commissioners for making a body of Statutes for the College, to resign all their right and title in their places within a month after being admonished in writing by the Master to do so, except the five, Lee, Dring, Read, Allen and Bowles, who together with the ill-fated Crabtree had erstwhile occupied Caesar's Lodgings. As soon as the building charges should have been defrayed, ten Fellows and five Scholars were to be elected into the vacant places. One would expect that most, if not all, of the original fifteen would be afterwards re-elected ; but the surviving co-Founder was given the usual privilege during his lifetime of appointing and removing his Fellows, with- out any restriction as to age, rank, or literary qualifica- tion, and mention is made in an injunction of Bishop Laud, the Visitor of the College, dated December 6, 1632, of an original Fellow, George Wightwicke, who does not figure in the list above mentioned. The co- Founder had desired that he should be dispensed from suffering any deduction from his stipend for non-resi- dence, from the rule depriving of his place any Fellow or Scholar who should marry, have an income of above ten pounds by the year, or hold a benefice with cure of COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 87 souls, and from the necessity of graduating. The in- junction also speaks of one Fellow and three Scholars, nominated by Wightwicke and of his kindred, who, being but twelve years old and at school, were nevertheless, by his wish, to receive their full stipends until the age of seventeen, if meanwhile they remain " in ludo literario, ut instructiores ad bonarum artium studia ad Collegium accedant"; but this was not to be a precedent for the future. It is hardly credible that some of the members of the foundation named in the Charter of 1624 (and admitted in the Common Hall ?) were scarcely four years old. One of the Charter Fellows, Henry Wight- wicke, afterwards Master, was at that date thirty-four. FIRST AND SECOND DRAFTS OF STATUTES. At the ceremony of Inauguration of the new College, Richard Wightwicke, though living no great distance from Oxford, seems not to have been present. He was one of the Commissioners for drawing up Statutes for the good government of the House, but his name is not appended to those of 1624. Anthony Wood clearly had not heard of the existence of these Statutes, of which a copy on vellum remains among the College muniments. In 1628, however, when Wightwicke's plans were probably more matured, a modified edition of the Statutes was issued, and all the five extant copies of this edition bear "Richard Wightwicke ^ 's signature. In the earlier Statutes his three Fellows were to have been educated at Abingdon, and one to be of his kindred. In those of 1628, two were to be of his kindred or name, with no restriction as to place of birth or educa- tion. In 1624 the kin-Fellow was to study theology, 88 PEMBROKE COLLEGE proceed M.A., and be ordained priest; of the other two, one was to graduate in Medicine, the other in Civil Law. In 1628 all three were to be ordained, and within twenty years proceed to B.D. In the earlier draft the Master and Fellows of the College elected to all Fellow- ships ; in the later the Master and the Tesdale Fellows elected to that foundation, and the Wightwicke Fellow- ships were to be filled up by seniority from among the Wightwicke Scholars, either foundation or Abingdonian. An income of ten pounds was now to vacate a Wight- wicke Fellow's place ; in 1624 it had been, as on the Tesdale foundation, forty pounds. A cure of souls outside and inside Oxford was in 1624 to vacate any Fellowship. In the later Statutes a Tesdale Fellow was allowed to hold a benefice in the city. A few years afterwards King Charles I. bestowed the advowson of St. Aldate's on the College. FOUNDER'S KIN. Of the four Wightwicke Scholars it had been ordained that two should be of his kindred, out of Abingdon School, or if none found there, from some other school ; the other two from the poorer boys at Abingdon School, " or some other school," being apt and meet. The 1628 Statutes say that two shall be of Wightwicke's name or kindred, wherever born or educated, and two from Roysse's Grammar School. The electors to Tesdale Scholarships were to be the Master (having a double vote), the two senior Tesdale Fellows (" Fellows of the College " in 1624), the Master and two senior Governors of the Hospital of Christ in Abingdon, and Roysse's Schoolmaster. It was so laid down in Tesdale's will. COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 89 The Wightwicke vacancies were, in the earlier draft, to be filled in a similar way ; but in 1628 a kin Scholarship falling vacant was to be given to the youth who should be first presented to the Master and two of the senior Fellows by one of the two kin Fellows. The inferior limit of age was raised from eighteen to nineteen. FELLOWS TO BE DIVINES. Wightwicke Scholars as well as Fellows were now to make divinity their profession. The tide of national interest was beginning to run strongly in the direction of divinity and away from secular studies. Every Fellow of Pembroke was henceforth for a time obliged to celibacy and holy orders. Yet, strangely enough, the first Master was a married physician. After Dr. Clayton, however, a lay Master was practically provided against by the qualifications imposed on the Fellows, unless, indeed, one of the Ossulston Fellows (founded in 1672) were elected. The question of their eligibility was decided first in the negative and then in the affirmative by the Duke of Wellington in 1844. The annexation of a canonry to the Mastership in 1714 made it thence- forward practically a clerical office. CHARTER FELLOWS AND SCHOLARS. The Fellows and Scholars of the double foundation as originally nominated were as follows : Fellows : Thomas Godwyn, B.D., Robert Payne, M.A., Chris- topher Tesdale, M.A., Nicholas Coxeter, M.A., Charles Sagar, M.A., Thomas Westley, M.A., William Lyford, M.A., Henry Wightwicke, M.A., John Price and 90 PEMBROKE COLLEGE William Griffith. Scholars : John Lee, B.A., William Reade, B.A., Francis Dringe, B.A., Richard Allen, B.A., John Bowles, John Grace. Thomas Millington, Humphrey Gwynne, Richard Kirfoote, and George Griffith, B.A. A few words may be added about some of the above. Dr. Thomas Godwyn, a learned classical scholar and Hebraist, was Chief Master of Abingdon School, for the use of which he published, about 1613, his Flori- leg'mm Phrasicon, and his Romanae Historiae Anthologia. In the " Benevolo Lectori " of the latter he describes himself writing at his pedagogue's desk amid the chattering din of his boys, or posed by their knotty questions, but for which he would have bidden adieu to such studies and betaken himself to beloved theology. Teaching school, he says, is a mill, surrounded with harsh rules and daily miseries. He was chaplain to Bishop Montagu (who presented him to Brightwell, Berks, where he is buried), and engaged in controversy on the Arminian side with Dr. William Twiss, Prolo- cutor of the Assembly of Divines, who, according to Clarke, " promptly whipped the old Schoolmaster." Dr. Godwyn took in marriage Philippa, and afterwards Elizabeth, Tesdale. Dr. Robert Payne, son of the first Tesdale Usher, was Canon of Christ Church, 1638-48, but sequestered by Parliament in 1646 from the Rectory of Todmarton, on the plea that "he hath deserted the Cure for the space of three years past, and resided in y e garrison of Oxon." Christopher Tesdale became Canon of Chichester (1626) and of Wells (1628), but sat in the Westminster Assembly, and preached before the House of Commons. Nicholas Coxeter, COMPLETION OF THE FOUNDATION 91 afterwards Vicar of Dunstew, had been a member of Broadgates Hall. Charles Sagar died as Rector of South Morton in 1637. Thomas Westley was made a Prebendary of Wells after the Restoration. William Lyford, Fellow of Magdalen, 1620-33, Vicar of Sher- borne, 1632, sat in the Westminster Assembly. Henry Wightwicke was afterwards Master. John Price, of Farnborough,* had witnessed Wightwicke's will. -William Griffith (B.C.L. 1627) had been at Broad- gates. John Lee, one of the original Tesdale Scholars, was at College "an indefatigable student and of proficiency answerable." "It may be said of all the other five together compared to him," writes Savage, "as was answered of Mercuries Picture in the fable compared to Jupiter's and Juno's , viz., That he that would buy these two should have the third into the bargain." An Interlude is ascribed to his pen. At the opening of the College Lee delivered one of the four Latin orations. M.A. 1625. He died shortly after. | Richard Allen was afterwards beneficed near Ewelme, and dedicated An Antidote against Heresie, in 1648, to his uncles, Sir Thomas Gainsford, Kt., and Humphrey Huddleston,Esq. John Bowles, B.D., had some diversions with the Parliamentary Commissioners, which shall be mentioned later. George Griffith, who had entered Christ Church as a Westminster student in 1619, became, in 1660, Bishop of St. Asaph, and translated the Prayer- * The late Master was in descent from him. t In St. Helen's Church, Abingdon, is the tomb of his father (?), five times mayor, and blest in his lifetime with " issue from his loynes 200 lacking but 3 " (Ashmole). 92 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Book, as revised after the Restoration, into the British tongue, in accordance with the Act of Uniformity, xxvii. He had had much controversy with the Itinerants during the Rebellion, and had been deprived of his canonry, archdeaconry, and rectories, though by no means a strong Episcopalian. The form of Adult Baptism is due, wholly or in part, to Bishop Griffith, who died November 28, 1666, and is buried in his Cathedral Church. CHAPTER VIII PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED ROYAL CHARTER. ON August 5, 1624, Pembroke College was ceremonially inaugurated, the Foundation Charter and Licence of Mortmain were read in the Common Hall, and the Master, Fellows, and Scholars admitted. The Charter spoke of the Tesdale benefaction as completed and that of Wightwicke as being in intent, looking to which the Major, Ballives and Burgesses of Abingdon had sup- plicated the King (William, Earl of Pembroke, the Chancellor of the University, consenting) that within Broadgates Hall in the University of Oxon he would constitute a College consisting of Master, Fellows, and Scholars. Wherefore the King ordained and constituted that within the said Hall of Broadgates there should be one perpetual College for students of Sacred Divinity, Civil and Common Law, Arts, Medicine, and other good arts and tongues, and that it should consist of one Master, ten Fellows, and ten graduate or non-graduate Scholars, or more or fewer ; and that it should be a body corporate and politick with perpetual succession, to be known by the name of The Master, Fellows, and Scholars of Pembroke College in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of King James, at the cost and 94 PEMBROKE COLLEGE charges of Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwicke. Thomas Clayton, M.D., was constituted the first and modern Master of the said College. OPENING CEREMONY. The company present included the Vice-Chancellor (Dr. Prideaux) and the Proctors, Robert Lord Dormer, afterwards Earl of Carnarvon, who fell at the battle of Newbury, and his brother Robert Dormer they were Gentlemen-Commoners of Exeter, but their cousins Sir Fleetwood and Eusebius Dormer, two gallant cavaliers, entered Pembroke in 1634 Sir Francis Godolphin (father of Sidney, Earl of Godolphin, Lord High Treasurer of England), Sir John Smith (son, I think, of Sir Thomas Smith, James I.'s Latin Secretary, who had been at Abingdon School), Dr. Daniel Featley or Fairclough, Archbishop Abbotts well-known chaplain, afterwards Provost of Chelsea College, the Mayor, Recorder and Principal Burgesses of Abingdon, and a large number of members of the University. Four speeches were delivered in Latin, the first by a young man destined to a great place in English literature, Thomas, afterwards Sir Thomas, Browne, who had been at Broadgates eight months as a Gentleman-Commoner, and thus forms an interesting link between Hall and College. Broadgates, hitherto without father or founder, was not, he said, dead, but had been taken under the protection of a munificent and noble patron of learning, who would convert a Hall of brick into a College of marble a prophecy which, if it alluded to financial expectations from the Earl of Pembroke, was doomed PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED 95 to disappointment. This oration came from the repre- sentative of the undergraduates. The second, by the Bachelor Scholar, John Lee, perhaps nephew of Dr. Clayton, spoke of Archbishop Abbot as having supplied a welcome prop and support to " our fate long trembling on either side to its fall." I presume this refers to the uncertain position in which the six original Tesdale Scholars had been placed. Matthias Turner, M.A., Prselector of Physick and Philosophy, spoke for the teaching staff. Tragic lamentation over the extinction of the ancient Hall, whose youth, like that of JEson, was to be splendidly renewed, was not required. The Late- portenses would find themselves, within the old walls, not exiles but at home. Turner (M.A. from Balliol, 1622) was " an excellent Philosopher, had great skill in the Oriental Languages, and wrote all his sermons which he preached in Greek." The last oration was delivered by Dr. Clayton, the new Master. His speech, as well as those of Browne and Lee, alludes not obscurely to the jealousy and recrimination aroused by the foun- dation of the College. It is strange that the next College to be founded in Oxford Worcester should also have arisen upon the disappointed expectations of Balliol College but not of Balliol only and that the founder should have been a Pembroke man, Sir Thomas Cookes. GRANT OF ARMS. The Arms bestowed on the College were those of the Earl of Pembroke, with an augmentation granted by James I. of a chief bearing the badges of England and Scotland. The shield is this : Per pale, azure and 96 PEMBROKE COLLEGE gules, three lions rampant, two and one, argent (for Herbert). A chief per pale, argent and or, charged on the dexter side with a rose gules, and on the sinister with a thistle vert (for King James). From an early date until recently the above shield was usually blazoned wrongly, the chief being given as or and argent. It is so, e.g.> in Burke, in Burgon's Arms of the Colleges^ and on the New Schools. The arms of the co-Founders were not introduced into the shield, though Dean Burgon boldly suggests that the thistle is really a teazle, with a canting allusion to Tesdale's name. Anthony Wood mistook the teazles which do appear in the Tesdale coat (no doubt the " d " was in former times mute) for leaves or pine-apples vert. Thomas Tesdale bore : Argent, a chevron, vert, between three teasells proper. As he was a cloth-maker, there was a further appropriateness in the teazles. Richard Wight- wicke bore : Azure, on a chevron argent, between three pheons, or, as many crosses patee, gules. STATUTES. Some further mention must be made of the College Statutes. A royal commission for making these had been issued to George, Archbishop of Canterbury, William Earl of Pembroke, the Vice-Chancellor for the time being, Sir John Bennet, Sir Eubule Thelwall, the Master for the time being, Walter Dayrell, Esquire, Recorder of Abingdon, and Richard Wightwicke, clerk, or any four of them. Thelwall was a Master in Chancery and Principal of Jesus College, which he was in 1624 edifying and embellishing, and for which he had lately helped to frame a body of Statutes, somewhat PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED 97 Puritan in tone. Walter Dayrell or Barrel, a member of the Lillingstone-Dayrell family his father, Paul Dayrell, was High Sheriff of -Bucks in 1563 and a kinsman of the famous "Wild Barrel," was a third lawyer, and represented the interests of the people of Abingdon. He has a monument in St. Nicholas Church there, dying June 29, 1628. But his signature appears neither on the 1624 nor on the 1628 Statutes. Sir John Bennet also died before the later draft was made. The signature of Accepted Frewen, afterwards Arch- bishop of York, takes the place in 1628 of that of John Prideaux, as Vice-Chancellor. The tall, stately, old- fashioned handwriting of the Earl of Pembroke, so different from the seventeenth-century hands of the other signers (though Wightwicke's is in the old script),* falls in with what Fuller says of this nobleman, that " he would comply with no customs in his converse but the old English though his contemporaries make that his defect rather than his ornament, proceeding from his want of travel rather than his observance of antiquity." RELIGION AND MORALS. After invoking the blessing of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, the Commissioners set forth to con- stitute a House "piam, literatam, studiosam, in Dei gloriam, bonum Ecclesiae et reipublicae." The Lord must build the house if the labour of the builders is not to be in vain, and therefore the Statutes begin with ordinances about divine service to be held "in the College Chapel or other convenient place to be assigned * Compare, e.g., Cromwell's signature with Milton's. o 98 PEMBROKE COLLEGE by the Master and the majority of the Fellows." The aisle in St. Aldate^s was still used for the purpose. All are to attend morning prayers between five and six o^clock, but out of term at seven o'clock, paying a fine of twopence for absence, of a penny for coming in after the Psalms ; but below the age of eighteen offenders may be either fined or whipped. This is perhaps the last occasion of the rod being prescribed at Oxford. The common prayers are to include a commemoration of Founders and Benefactors. The whole College, properly habited, is to accompany the Master or Vice- gerent to the Latin sermon at St. Mary's, at the begin- ning of term and on other occasions. Fautors of heresies and of opinions contrary to the teaching of the Church of England are to be fined 6d. for the first offence, %s. 6d. for the second, suspended from all emoluments except their chamber for the third, and if impenitent at the end of three months to be expelled. Profane swearing is to be punished by a fine of 1&7., or, if the offender be a junior, by the rod. A Latin grace is to be said before and after meat, and about the middle of dinner and supper a convenient portion of Holy Scripture in Latin is to be read aloud, all meanwhile sitting modestly, becomingly, covered, according to their condition, in reverence and silence. The meals are to conform to the laws of Church and Realm, i.e., as regards feast and fast days. THE LIFE OF A FAMILY. Then follow Statutes regarding the constitution of the College and the duties of its various members. Bishop Foxe followed out the idea of a beehive at PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED 99 Corpus Christ! . The Pembroke commissioners take the more obvious and usual idea of a well-ordered Family, working it out in detail with almost mediaeval quaint- ness. One may recall the Observancie regulares of the Austin Canons at Barnwell, where the abbot or prior was "pater monasterii," the sub-prior or provost was the tender mother of the spiritual household, and, standing between the " prelate " and the convent, " ad propinandum dulcedinem lactis habere debet ubera matris."* Equally the Benedictine rule was based on the plan of a family. The Master of the College, as pater familias, is to be a glass and pattern of piety, gravity, prudence, toil and study to all the members ; the Fellows are the Jtlii familias^ in regard to the loyal help they are to afford the Master in the governance of a household dedicated to religion and learning, and both he and they stand in a paternal relation to the Scholars. In such a well-ordered family the servants will have their due place. Those mentioned are the obsonator, the promus, the coquus, the faber, the lig- narius, the lapidarius, the hortularius, the janitor and the tonsor. The last named dressed the heads of Fellows and undergraduates for dinner until quite recent times. The Oxford Guild of Barbers was only dissolved in 1859. THE COMMONERS. After the members of the foundation, a section is devoted to the Commoners, a class of students who, * See Observances in Use at the Aue>mtinian Priory of St. Giles and St. Andrew at Barnwell, by J. Willis Clark (1897), pp. 36, 55, 147, 207. 100 PEMBROKE COLLEGE continuing from the Broadgates days, were to form comparatively a much larger element at Pembroke than at most other Colleges, so that in 1851 seventy out of seventy-three undergraduates were Commoners. These "commensales seu comminarii," living in College at their own charges, were to be courteously welcomed to all the commodities of the family life, as strangers and guests, but to be under discipline like members of the foundation, and to pay the fees paid by Commoners in Broadgates Hall. Fellow-Commoners (" Commoners of Masters and Bachelors in Arts'") are to rank above undergraduates. OTHER RULES. All, from the Master down to the famuli^ are on admission to swear on the Holy Gospels to observe the Statutes and not reveal College secrets, save that Scholars and Commoners under fifteen are to make a promise only. In case of candidature for the Proctorship or like University office, votes are to be given by all to the candidate on whom the Master and the majority of the Fellows shall have agreed. There are a number of disciplinary and sumptuary regulations as respects carrying arms, violence, insulting words, sleeping out of College, dissolute companions, and forbidden games. Subordination and outward marks of reverence to those of higher standing are enjoined, and mutual courtesy and concord among all. Appeals to outside courts of law are proscribed, unless leave be given. Unbecoming attire, long hair, cloaks and high boots are censured. A complete curriculum of intra-mural studies and exercises was laid down, for the out- College lecture had PEMBROKE COLLEGE INAUGURATED 101 not yet been revived, and each College desired to be self-sufficient and purvey the whole orb of knowledge to its members. There are to be a Vice-gerent, two Censors or Deans, and two Bursars. The Vice-gerent, though appointed by the Master annually, does not usually change from year to year. CHAPTER IX THOMAS CLAYTON, PRINCIPAL, 1620-1624, AND MASTER, 1624-1647 EARLY DAYS. WE must now turn back a few years. The first Master of Pembroke College, Dr. Thomas Clayton, was a man of ability and character. Born in 1575, he had his schooling at Newcastle-on-Tyne, whence he entered Balliol in October 1591, B.A. 1594. He then migrated to Gloucester Hall, where he taught pupils, some of whom retained their attachment to him a quarter of a century later. M.A. 1599. His studies were chiefly in languages, music, and natural philosophy ; in the last subject he disputed before James I. in 1605. M.B. and M.D. from Balliol June 20, 1611. Three months before, the King had made him Regius Professor of Physick, the endowment of which chair James had augmented, annexing to it afterwards the Mastership of Ewelme Hospital. When this preferment fell vacant in 1628, Clayton succeeded to it. In order to become Regius Professor of Medicine he had resigned the post of Musick Professor in Gresham College, holden by him from 1607 to 1611. On July 25, 1622, Dr. Clayton, together with a distinguished Broadgates physician, THOMAS CLAYTON, PRINCIPAL 108 Edward Dawson, Anthony Wood's godfather, took a leading part in the inauguration of the new Physick Garden, almost the earliest public garden in England, both delivering orations. Clayton was at this time Principal of Broadgates, the Earl of Pembroke having nominated him thereto, in his capacity of Regius Professor of Medicine, as already related, on June 14, 1620. In 1623 he was appointed by Richard Tomlyns to be the first Praelector of Anatomy, and delivered his inaugural lecture March 12, 1624. Primerose dedi- cated to Clayton his Academia Monspeliensis, and Day described him as "Oxoniensium medicorum decus." The latter writer, in his Concio ad Clerum, speaks of Clayton's care for the souls as well as the bodies of his patients ; unlike Chaucer's Doctor of Phisike, whose " study was but little on the Bible." We also learn from Savage that he was " a good linguist, to whom great Avicenne might speak and be understood without an interpreter.* DESIGNED EXPANSION OF BROADGATES HALL. Within three weeks of his appointment as Principal, Dr. Clayton had obtained a number of contributions towards a scheme of expansion. A duodecimo pre- sented to the College in 1795 by Sir Hugh Palliser gives the names and sums. At the beginning is written Suv 045 IDs., and an estate at Medmenham. At Arch- bishop Laud's suggestion, the King, on June 27, 1636, founded with this windfall a Fellowship in each of the three Colleges above mentioned, the Fellows to return to the Islands "within convenient tyme, upon fitt Promocions to them offered there." The King nominated the first Fellows on his foundation ; afterwards the Dean and Jurats of either Island were to nominate in turn. The property has recently been sold for a large sum, and King Charles's foundation is likely to be con- siderably extended. SILVER TASSELS. There still lingers a faint tradition that Pembroke men or more probably the King Charles I. Fellows, and after 1857 the Scholars on that foundation have the right, in memory of this sovereign, to wear silver tassels on their caps. The Rev. Edward Luce, Rector of St. Saviour's, Jersey (Scholar 1870-74), writes to me that this tradition was current in his time. He says : " One or two of my contemporaries e.g., Edward Arthur Hansell, one of the Scholars [1868-73], always wore the tassel." * Parliament voted 500 for a monument to him there in 1647. Sir Miles was killed by the overturning of his coach, June 29, 1632. 126 PEMBROKE COLLEGE GIFT OF THE ADVOWSON OF ST. ALDATE'S. In this same year (1636) King Charles, anxious to divest the Crown of property taken from the Church by Henry VIII., and desiring to strengthen further the newly founded College, bestowed upon it again, pro- bably, at the suggestion of the Primate, its Visitor the advowson of St. Aldate's^ formerly shared between St. Frideswyde's Priory and Abingdon Abbey. A few years later, when the Civil War had begun, we find as Rector Henry Hickman, the author of Apologia pro Ministris in Anglia (vulgo) Nonconformlstis. In 1858 the benefice was sold to the Simeon Trustees by an eminent but unsentimental Channel Islander, Bishop Jeune. The half-length portrait of King Charles I., now in the Hall, used to hang in the room over the south aisle of St. Aldate's, and is described by Pointer in his Oxoniensis Academia as " a very fine Picture of the Royal Martyr." Charles Gatacre, one of the intel- lectual band in whose converse Lord Falkland found delight at Great Tew, took M.A. from Pembroke in 1636. KING CHARLES AT OXFORD. Dr. Clayton was one of Laud's delegates for reforming the University in 1633. The war broke out in 1642, and Clayton took an active part in the supervision of the " training of the scholars in martial discipline." The King entered Oxford October 29, 1642. He made a first, and then a second, request to the Colleges for the loan of their silver. In the Tanner MSS. only twelve are named as complying, but Wood says ex- THOMAS CLAYTON, MASTER 127 pressly, " All sent, except New Inn." Besides one interesting sixteenth-century piece, lately presented, Pembroke has no plate dated earlier than 1655 ; but the College certainly had the " great piece of Plate " given to it by the Earl of Pembroke. One of the Statutes speaks of a chest in which were to be kept gold or silver cups of the rarer sort, jewels, or any other costly gifts. Pembroke, no doubt, sent to the mint at New Inn Hall any silver it had. On the other hand, I must confess there is a suspicious entry in the Bursar's accounts of 1655 " Mending the colledg plate, 8s. Qd." The King^s letter to the College has been carefully pre- served. It runs thus : THE KING'S LETTER. " CHARLES R. Trusty and wel beloved we greete you well. We are soe well satisfy ed with your readyness and Affection to Our Service that We cannot doubt but you will take all occasions to expresse the same. And as We are ready to sell or engage any of Our Land so Wee have melted down Our Plate for the payment of Our Army raysed for Our defense and the preservacon of the Kingdom. And having received severall quantities of Plate from diverse of Our loving Subjts, We have removed Our mint hither to Our Citty of Oxford for the coyning thereof. And We doe hereby desire you that you will lend unto Us all such Plate of what kinde soever w ch belongs to your Colledge promising to see the same justly repay ed unto you after the rate of 5,9. the ounce for white and 5*. 6d. for guilt Plate as soon as God shall enable us, for assure your- selves We shall never lett Persons of whom we have soe great a Care to suffer for their Affection to Us but shall take speciall Order for the repaym* of what you have 128 PEMBROKE COLLEGE already lent to Us according to Our promise, and allsoe of this you now lend in Plate, well knowing it to be the Goods of your Colledge that you ought not to alien, though noe man will doubt but in such a Case you may lawfully lend to assist your King in such visible necessity. And Wee have entrusted our trusty and wel-beloved S r William Parkhurst K nt and Thomas Busbell Esq. Officers of Our Mint or either of them to receive the said Plate from you, who upon weighing thereof shall give you a Receipt under their or one of their hands for the same. And We assure Ourselfe of your very great willingnesse to gratify Us herein since besides the more publique consideracons you cannot but knowe how much yourselves are concerned in Our sufferings, And we shall ever remember this parti- cular service to your Advantage. Given at Our Court at Oxford this 6 th day of January 1642 [1643]. To Our trusty and welloved the Principall and Fellowes of Pem- broke Colledge in Our University of Oxford." In June, 1643, the members of the College subscribed what they could in money. Early next year the city began to prepare for a siege, and Pembroke was called upon to supply sixty persons to work at the fortifica- tions. In a return of all inhabitants it was shown to contain seventy-nine men, twenty-three women, and five children. These last were not Dr. Clayton's, whose three sons and four daughters were all grown up. When the King entered Oxford his Secretary of State, Sir Edward Nicholas, took up his lodging in the College, which was, therefore, for a time, if I may so express it, the centre of the Government of England. His second son, also Sir Edward Nicholas, married Dr. Clayton's grand-daughter Bridget, daughter of Sir Thomas THOMAS CLAYTON, MASTER 129 Clayton. Did they become first acquainted at this time ? PARLIAMENTARY VISITORS. But England was fast slipping out of the King's governance. On St. John's Day 1646, the city of Oxford was surrendered to the Parliamentary troops and their chaplains. A few days later, in contravention of the articles of capitulation, the Parliamentary Com- mittee, presided over by Francis Rous, issued from the Painted Chamber an edict that no person be admitted into any University office ; for a Visitation was intended. To prepare the way for the Visitors, six (originally seven) Ministers were sent down to pray and preach the gownsmen into submission, of whose " antick behaviours, squeaking voices, puling tones, wry mouths, squint eyes, and scru'd faces" Wood gives an amusingly malicious description, as well as of their discomfiture by blasphemous fanatics from the ranks. Their names were " Cornish and Langley, two fooles ; Reynolds and Harrys, two knaves ; Cheynell and rabbi Wilkinson, two madmen." The second of these, Henry Langley^ the son of an Abingdon shoemaker, was shortly to be put into the Mastership of Pembroke College ; for, on July 10, 1647, Dr. Thomas Clayton died, and was buried in St. Aldate's, near two of his daughters. And then the edict of the Lords and Commons had to be complied with or defied. CHAPTER X DR. HENRY LANGLEY, de facto MASTER, 1647-1660 ELECTION OF MASTER. CONFLICT WITH THE VISITORS. THE Fellows of Pembroke resolved on defiance, and, in spite of "several inhibitions from the Parliament,'" proceeded in haste, on July 13, to elect as Master Henry Wightwicke, B.D., one of the original Fellows. Then ensued an interesting struggle. Under Thursday, August 26, 1647, is an entry in the Journals of the House of Lords : 1 ' Whereas Thomas Clayton, doctor of Physic, and Master of Pembrook Colledge, Qxon, is lately deceased ; and whereas the said College is not yet visited, according to an Ordinance of Parliament, whereby the Fellows are not yet so constituted as that it is fit for them to execute such a Trust as to make Choice of a new Master ; and whereas we have perfect Assurance of the Sufficiency, Abilities, and good Affection to the Parliament, that are well known to be in M r Henry Langley of that College, and One of the Seven Preaching Ministers sent by the Parliament to that University, whereby he is rendered very fit for the Govern- ment of that College : It is therefore ORDERED and Ordained, by the Lords and Commons in this present HENRY LANGLEY, MASTER 131 Parliament assembled, That the said M r Henry Langley be Master, and that the said M r Henry Langley from the Day of the Date of these Presents is Master of Pembrook Colledge in Oxford, in the room of the late D r Clayton deceased ; and that he is therefore to enjoy all Salaries, Lodgings, Benefits and Emoluments, of what Sort or Nature soever, that do or ought to accrue thereby, to all Intents and Purposes, in as full and ample Manner as the said D r Clayton did or ought to have enjoyed the same, by virtue of the said Place ; and all Fellows, Scholars Commoners, and all Manner of Students, Officers, and Servants belonging to the said College, are to give full Obedience and Conformity hereto, as they, or any of them, will answer their neglect to the Parliament." HENRY WIGHTWICKE DISLODGED. Wightwicke, however, held his own for six weeks. When at the beginning of October the Visitors arrived, one of the first matters to which they turned their attention was the contested Mastership. Appearing before them on the 7th, Wightwicke handed in the following paper : " I do here appear according to Summons ; I have seen your Commission and examined it. I find his Majesties name in it, the date of the year of his Reign, and a great Seal annexed unto it ; but whether this Commission were granted and issued by his Majesties royal assent I desire to know : and I desire leave to repair to his Majestic to that end, and rather because if it were not granted and issued with his Majesties knowledge and assent I cannot with a safe conscience submit to it, nor without breach of oath PEMBROKE COLLEGE made to my Sovereign, and breach of oaths made to the University, and breach of oaths made to my College. " Et sic habetis animi mei sententiam " HENRY WIGHTWICKE." On the morrow there was fastened up in the College Hall an order commanding all the Members to appear there the next morning between 7 and 8 o'clock. At the time named one of the Visitors, William (" Eternity "") Tipping, attended by a servant, read and afterwards affixed to the door an instrument declaring that " Mr. Whitwicke is no Maister of the Colledge, and that Mr. Langley is rightly constituted and ap- pointed Maister." Walker, in his Sufferings of the Clergy ', remarks that Wightwicke thus " won that Honour of being the first Person that dropped in this Noble Conflict:' THE COLLEGE SUMMONED TO SUBMIT. EXPULSIONS. The following May the Visitors summoned all mem- bers of the University to give in a formal submission, by their Houses. On the 5th, eighteen members of Pembroke submitted. That day a Bachelor Scholar, Francis Brickenden son of a Treasurer of one of the Inns of Court and kinsman of Dr. Colwell Brickenden, Master 1710-14 was suspended " for behaving himself contemptuously towards the Vice-gerent of the said colledge (probably Samuel Brmn, Proctor 1655, a stout parliamentarian), and on May 15 was expelled. Four more submissions, it seems, were made. One was that of the afterwards noted civilian and writer Sir Peter HENRY LANGLEY, MASTER 133 an original Fellow of the Royal Society, Advocate- General for Ireland and a member of the Irish Parlia- ment. Another submitter was George Wightwicke there seem to have been five of this name in residence who was at once made B.D. by order of the Visitors, "ex regis gratia." One Fellow, John Bowles, bene- ficed in Oxford, gave the Visitors a great deal of trouble. He was expelled from Oxford, but after a time slipped back to his parochial duties, and had to be again evicted. July saw the expulsion of four other Fellows, eight Scholars, the butler, the cook, and another servant. Fourteen other persons were placed in the vacant Fellowships and Scholarships, among them several bachelors imported from Cambridge. In October 1648, Henry Wightwicke the younger submitted, and was restored to his Fellowship, but " Mr. Henry Whit wick, sen.," continued " his high contempt." The butler mentioned above, William Collier, a noted character, yeoman bedell of Law, and called by the cavaliers " honest Will Collier," managed, in 1650, though he was supposed to have been expelled the town, to promote a plot to seize the garrison, Visitors and all. But he and his fellow conspirators were accustomed to " drink and be very merry," and Collier presently found himself a prisoner in a room under New College Hall. In order to make him reveal the names of his associates, he was tortured by a flame being placed between his tied hands; but, making a dash for freedom, he scrambled through a window and over the city wall a few yards away, " and so saved the hangman a labour," dying finally in his bed, in Beef Hall Lane, in 1692. 134 PEMBROKE COLLEGE RELIGIOUS CHANGES. In 1648 the Directory was ordered to be substituted for the Common Prayer Book in all College chapels. From April 18, 1651, the Saturday exercises and themes directed by the Pembroke Statutes were abrogated in order that all might prepare themselves for the Lord's Day. In that year Docklinton's aisle in St. Aldate's, with its painted windows and the like, shared, doubtless, the fate of so many other sacred buildings. In 1653 a final clearance was made of all College officers who could not bring a certificate of godliness, and the Head of each House was required to render an accompt what preaching or divinity exercises take place therein. A little later the Master and Fellows of Pembroke certified the Visitors that they in their times upheld preaching every Lord's Day, and it was ordered that all Masters of Arts do join with them. A Gentleman-Commoner, George Trosse, who entered August 6, 1658, F aged twenty-seven, and whose scarce Autobiography is one of the most curious books of that time, tells us : "D r Langley was a person greatly favouring and encouraging such as hVd in the Fear of GOD. He frequently administer' d the Lord's-Supper to a select Number of his Collegiates, among whom I was One. I also receiv'd it from M r Hickman [our stated Preacher, on Lord's Days, at St. Olives, just by our College, on whose Ministry I constantly waited]. In our College-Hall, every Lord's Day in the Evening before Supper, we had a Repetition of Sermons, and solemn Prayer, by the Vice-President, or some one or other of the Fellows. By which means the College was kept in very good order on that Day. Beside which, HENRY L ANGLE Y, MASTER 135 after Supper, all Collegiate Duties having been dispatch'd, Three or Four hopeful religious Lads came to my Chamber, and with them I was wont to repeat and pray." Trosse, a kinsman of the Earl of Bath, had been rescued from a dissolute career, plucked as out of the fire, by a providential madness. When his conflicts with the powers of wickedness passed, after months of raging delirium, he craved, in horror of the past, for new surroundings, and having a religious comrade at Pembroke was sent thither, where he remained in close application to his books for seven years, taking only one month's vacation in all that time. As a gentleman he had a chamber and study entirely to himself. The blind College tutor Cheseman came to him daily there. In his closet Trosse still, like Whitefield, was haunted by "voices and visible spectrums," and trembled lest Satan should appear and drag him back to the path of Hell. But his going to Pembroke he calls " a blessed and successful Enterprise, and my stay there the most beneficial and happy." A few months junior to Trosse at the College was William Sclater, the learned and pious nonjuring divine, whose elaborate reply to Lord Chancellor King's Inquiry into the Constitution, fyc., of the Primitive Church is said to have convinced the candid author of the unscripturalness of Congrega- tionalism. RESTORATION. On June 4, 1660, within a week of the King's return, it was ordered that the Chancellors of both Universities should take care that the Colleges be governed according to their respective Statutes, and that all persons who 136 PEMBROKE COLLEGE had been illegally put out of their Headships, Fellow- ships, or other offices be restored. Langley seems to have been displaced on August 3. On August 15, however, his name appears in the Bursar's accounts as paying the lecturers their stipends. In a pamphlet by Henry Jessey, giving instances of judgments that had visited members of the University and others who had re-introduced the Prayer Book, he instances the sudden death of " a Scholar of Pembroke College, who said he came purposely to Town to see Dr. Langley outed, and then he would give a plate to the College. 1 '' Wood affirms that the scholar was William Grosvenour, grand- son of Sir Richard Grosvenour of Cheshire, that he died after ten days' illness, and that there was no evidence that he had said anything of the kind. The date of his death was July 28, 1660. LANGLEY REMOVED. There was clearly some delay in outing Langley. He, retiring to his house at Tubney " in Bagley Wood," there took "sojourners (fanaticks' sons), taught them logic and philosophy, and admitted them to degrees." He also "oftentimes preached in Conventicles at Abendon." " A judicious solid Divine," says Calamy, " not valu'd in the University according to his Worth." Metford, on the other hand, describes his discourses as u tedious even when shortest," and says that his affected sighings made the hearers smile. After the Declaration of Toleration in 1671 he returned to Oxford, and was " appointed by the principal Heads of the Brethren to carry on the work of preaching within the City." Dying in September 1679, Henry I^angley HENRY LANGLEY, MASTER 137 was buried in St. Helen's Church in his native town. Whatever his subsequent opinions about surplices and Church music, he had sung in the choir of Magdalen Chapel from his sixteenth to his eighteenth year, when he entered Pembroke (November 6, 1629) as an Abing- don Scholar. B.A. 1632, M.A. 1635, Fellow 1635, Carfax lecturer, 1640, B.D. 1648, D.D. 1649. In 1643 the Parliament made him Rector of St. Mary's, Newing- ton, but he must have been non-resident. TUTORS UNDER LANGLEY. One of the Pembroke tutors under Langley was, as has been mentioned, Thomas Cheseman, blind from in- fancy, but " a good Scholar and useful Preacher." M.A. 1656. After the Restoration he preached with impunity in London churches, but, starting a conventicle in his native East Ilsley, was imprisoned for fifteen weeks. Among his pupils at Pembroke was Timothy Hall (B.A. 1658), an ex-Puritan, made Bishop of Oxford in 1688 for reading the Declaration of Indul- gence in his church at Hackney. He lived in pitiable isolation for some months in his palace, then took the oaths to William and Mary, and died the next year in a garret at Homerton. Another tutor was Edmund Hall (Fellow, 1647), one of whose pupils was his nephew, Bishop John Hall, afterwards Master. Edmund Hall had taken the Covenant and worn a sword in the parliamentary army, but after the King's death he wrote three treatises prov- ing Cromwell to be Antichrist,* and suffered a twelve- * The Nonconformist Trosse, mentioned above, also held that Oliver had " horribly sinn'd against the Fifth Command." 138 PEMBROKE COLLEGE months' imprisonment. When Dr. Lazarus Seamon affirmed that a usurper ought to be obeyed, he wrote a work called Lazarus's soares licUd. Wood says : " His Sermons preached before the University of Oxon had in them many odd, light, and whimsical passages, alto- gether unbecoming the gravity of the Pulpit : And his gestures being very antick and whimmical did usually excite somewhat of laughter."" Sir Edmund Bray made Hall his chaplain, and presented him in 1680 to Great Risington, where he is buried. CAVALIERS AND PURITANS. The Wood MSS. contain a paper giving a catalogue of fifty members of the College, including the cook and the manciple, who held commissions in the royalist army. He does not mention Sir Thomas Littleton, knight of the shire and colonel of the Worcestershire horse and foot, who was captured and suffered imprison- ment in the Tower of London. Trials for high treason after the Restoration were undergone by Thomas Rose- well (matr. 1650), in whose favour Charles II. inter- vened, and who lies buried at Bunhill Fields, and by William Reeves, an Abingdon Nonconformist, who also was acquitted. COMMONWEALTH ACCOUNTS. The Bursar's accounts during the Commonwealth period mention a number of small payments made for orders from the Visitors and requisitions by them e.g., " for an order of the Visitors against horses and long haire," 2s. 6d. ; " y e proportion of Pern Coll Layd by HENRY LANGLEY, MASTER 139 y e delegatie of the universitie for Anastasius Comenius," 8s. ; " proportion for a horse till they sent in a horse," !?. lid. ; " paid to Paul Isaiah a converted Jew sent down by his Highnesse to y e University five sh. w ch was pemb coll proportion of 20 1. given by y e university " ; " for a fore-pectorall, a payre of holsters and a Bridle for John Brooks when hee did service in y e Univer- sity troope for pemb," 4ts. 6d. ; paid to " deputy Fleet- wood Trumpeter for sounding to y e colledg. 5,9. Od. " ; "five sh. y e Pemb Coll proportion of twenty pounds w ch y e university at a Delegacy did agree to give to Pet Samuell a converted Jew, Balsamides a distressed Grsecian and Jacq Fourre a converted Catholiq " ; and the like. Rons BENEFACTION. I must here mention a bequest left in 1658 by that typical Roundhead, of whom mention has already been more than once made, Francis Rons, namely, =60 per annum to support for seven years three poor divinity students, to be chosen from his own kindred,* or, failing these, from Eton School. Rous was thrust into the rich provosty of Eton College by parliamentary ordi- nance in 1643. He went over, however, from the Pres- byterians to the Independents, and in 1653 the Protector, after encouraging the members " with divers scriptures,"" placed him in the Speaker's chair of the Little (Bare- bones) Parliament, though Clarendon says he was " of a very mean understanding " and though he was " usually * Descendants of his sister Dorothy Upton are mentioned. Her husband traced to Edward I. through the Courtenays and Bourchiers. 140 PEMBROKE COLLEGE stiled by the Loyal Party " (says Wood) " the old illi- terate Jew of Eaton" Rous in return proposed that Cromwell should be King of England, and in 1657 he accepted from Cromwell a seat in the House of Lords and other offices. In that year he took part in framing an abortive scheme for a State Church based on the Congregational plan. " Thoroughly engaged in the guilt of the times " is Clarendon's verdict on his career. Doubtless his worst offence was a translation of " the Psalmes of David into English Meeter," which the House of Commons in 1647 imposed on the English nation as their only legal psalmody, the use of Cranmer's exquisite Psalter becoming a punishable offence together with the rest of the Common Prayer.* Chalmers says that Rous' speeches in Parliament were " rude, vulgar, and enthusiastic." Wood, however, acknowledges that he was "a man of parts," and Clarendon that he enjoyed an opinion of some know- ledge in the Latin and Greek tongues.f The picture in the College Hall of Rous in Puritan hat and cloak the portrait at Eton exhibits him in his Speaker's robes was given by a descendant, Peter Creed (Rous exhibi- tioner, 1723), a Devonian. Of several near relatives at Broadgates and Pembroke, William Rous (matr. 1612) was Member for Truro, and Anthony Nicoll (matr. 1694) sat for Tregony, both of which Rous himself represented, as well as the counties of Devon and * But I have dipped into Rous 1 prose writings, especially his Academia Coelestis, with some edification. Perhaps the pithy and melodious prose of that age conquered even the dullest writer. t His name was anagrammatised into " Rise, car of Sun." " Rise," sang Billingsley, in Infancy of the World, 1658, " Convey thy purer light Into our souls ; So shall they know no night." HENRY LANGLEY, MASTER 141 Cornwall. Francis Rous graduated at Leyden in 1599. His rare poem, written while a young man in imitation of Spenser, Thule or Virtue's History (1598), was reprinted in foe simile for the Spenser Society in 1878. His piety was " intensely subjective and mystical." CHAPTER XI DR. HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER, 1660-1664 WIGHTWICKE'S CAREER. HENRY WIGHTWICKE was restored without further election to the Mastership in 1660. He held office between two extreme Puritans, but hardly exhibited the spirit of learning and orthodoxy in that golden age of their alliance in a bright light. He was born in 1590, probably at Tamworth, and was a rather distant kins- man of the co-Founder. When aged fifteen he entered Balliol, sent there perhaps, by Richard Wight wicke, February 14, 160f M.A. 1613. In 1613, having then migrated to Gloucester Hall, he headed a revolt of the Regent Masters against the Vice-Chancellor and Doctors. "The chief and only matter that excited them to it was their sitting like boys bareheaded in the Convocation House, at the usual assemblies there, which was not, as 'twas thought, so fit that the Professors of the Faculty of Arts (on which the University was founded) should do it. " Wightwicke quoted some Statute enabling them to be covered, and pointed to a represen- tation of this in the west window of St. Mary's. Having clapt on his own cap and induced others to do the HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER 143 same, he set on foot a petition to the Chancellor, Lord Ellesmere. For this action he was convented before the Vice-Chancellor on the charge of endeavouring to subvert the honour and government of the University, and for breach of his oath to maintain the rights, customs and privileges of the University, and banished, his supporters all deserting him. At length his friends, "after his peevish and rash humour had been much courted to it,"" persuaded him to allow a petition signed by, among others, Tesdale's friends, Abbot, Bishop of London, and Sir John Bennet to be sent to the Chan- cellor praying for his restoration. The Chancellor wrote to Dr. Singleton that " the affront and offence committed by Whittwicke in the Congregation House by his late insolent carriage there was verie great and notorious, and that offence afterwards seconded and redoubled by another, as ill or worse than the former, in his seditious practizing and procuring a multitude of handes, thereby thinking to justifie and main- tain his former errors and his proud and insolent disobe- dience and contempt. I hold yt therefore very requisite that his submission and recognition, both of the one fault and of the other, should be as publique and as humble as possible with conveniencye may bee." Accordingly, on June 25, 1614, Wightwicke knelt before the University in the midst of the chancel of St. Mary's, and acknowledged himself the grievous and sole offender. One of the crimes mentioned in his con- fession is the having appealed from the sentence of Mr. Vice-Chancellor to the venerable House of Congre- gation, " quod nee licitum nee honestum in causa per- 144 PEMBROKE COLLEGE turbationis pacis facile concede." He was thereupon restored ; Wood says he could never be convinced, when he became Master of Pembroke six-and-forty years later, that he made any submission at all, but would boast to the boyish intimates with whom he delighted to surround himself that he had carried the business against the whole University. After all there was some colour for the boast, for in 1620 the Regent Masters renewed their claim to sit covered, and the Earl of Pembroke advised Convocation to allow it on the ground that the Masters sat in a judicial capacity, and should not therefore be bareheaded. RESTORED TO THE MASTERSHIP. Henry Wightwicke, we have seen, was one of the Charter Fellows; B.D. 1626. What became of him after his deprivation by the parliamentary Visitors, I am unable to say. But adversity was an ill instruc- tress to him as to many other exiles, " truants from their books."" Recovered power called for tact and patience, of which he had none. George Trosse, the converted debauchee referred to on a previous page, afterwards " pastor of a considerable Congregation in Exon" where he suffered a six months 1 imprisonment, gives the following account of Wightwicke : " He seem'd then to have nothing of Learning or Civility, whatever he had when he was in the College. If he had any Learning before, it look'd as if he had left all behind him, or had dropped it in his Careers, for he was fam'd for a great Racer. " One Morning, if I mistake not, it was on the Lord's HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER 145 Day, our Chaplain (a pious and gracious Person, who had an excellent Gift of Prayer) having pray'd in a very affecting Way, and that largely, with the most proper Language and Heavenly Matter, and with more than ordinary Elevation of Soul; this new Master, then in the Chappell, as soon as the other had concluded his Prayer, ranted, and unworthily revil'd him, taxing him with Pride and Impudence, & that he thought his own tautological Prayers and crude Notions better than the Common-Prayer. Thus he treated him with a great deal of Passion and Virulency of Language before all the Scholars present. At which I was astonish'd, and trembl'd; because I apprehended all those Reproaches to have been cast upon the Spirit of Prayer. , . . "This Chaplain thus unhandsomely treated, and his pious Prayers thus basely derided, and he discharg'd from his Office, the Old Gentleman, but new Master, undertook the Chaplains Place, brought up the Common-Prayer-Book into the Desk, and there read it : The Novelty whereof was enough to startle us, and I am sure it did me : And griev'd I was to see a Prayer read, as a School-Boy reads his Lesson, instead of the Pouring out of such warm Prayers as we had been accustom'd to. But that which did more especially offend us, was his irreverent manner of Reading it ; which was with incredible Swiftness and confus'd Rapidity. So that I never heard it read so ill in all my Time, as far as I can remember. A Man would have been tempted to think, that he had been running a Race, rather than presenting of a Prayer to GOD in the Chappel." DEPOSITION. The Master can hardly be blamed for insisting on the use of the Prayer-Book, nor can any violence of language used by him surpass the phrases directed by Trosse's 146 PEMBROKE COLLEGE friends against those " old popish dreggs." Trosse him- self ascribed the worship of the Quakers to " impulses from the Impure Spirit." Very few were, in that age of political and religious upheaval, restrained from gross licence of invective against opponents. But Wightwicke seems to have made an unedifying Master. During the long years of his absence from Oxford he " forgot,*" Wood remarks, " an Universitie life and the decorum belonging to a governour." Both his person and preaching excited mirth. A few months after his restoration to the Mastership he fainted in the pulpit of St. Mary's while delivering a Twelfth-night sermon, which circumstance Wood was afraid " the phanaticks " would publish among special judgments from God on royalists, and explains that the old man had had neither food nor sleep for many hours. On St. Thomas's Day, 1664, Wightwicke was deposed from the Mastership by an order from the Chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon, on the ground, Wood informs us, of " severall misdemean- ours." No doubt the careful procedure directed by the College Statutes had been followed. These provide that " if the Father of the Family himself turn out scandalous in his life, falling into notorious and grievous offences, perjury, adultery, fornication, or the like grievous crime, if he be extraordinarily neglectful in the government of the College, a prodigal and profuse waster of the College goods, a receiver of bribes for the purpose of corrupting elections of Fellows and Scholars, or by some other notorious crime, which we do not name because we hardly suspect it, prove himself utterly unworthy of this honourable office of Governor,"" in that case the Vice-gerent shall have power to call together HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER 147 the Fellows and lay the charges before them, and if the major part, which must include the Vice-gerent, one Bursar and one Dean, deem them proved, those three officers are to approach the Master in the name of the whole society, and admonish him to offer his resignation within three days. If he refuse, the Vice-gerent, Bursar, and Dean are in writing to signify what has been done to the Vice-Chancellor, the Provost of Queen's and the President of Corpus Christi, and if they or two of them (including the Vice-Chancellor) decide that there is just cause of expulsion, they are to notify their decision to the Visitor, who is himself to weigh the matter and take final proceedings. Unless Wightwicke was treated with the grossest injustice, there must have been grave cause for the extreme course taken with him. On the other hand, Anthony Wood, Vho in a plain-spoken generation always calls a spade a spade unless he can find some still more direct method of describing it, and who spares Wightwicke no words of savage scorn, tells us nothing worse of him than that he was " testy, peevish and silly," and that he would sit of a morning with pipe and mug in the company of young Bachelors and Masters of Arts. His misdemeanours can hardly have been of the gravest complexion, seeing that he was instituted soon afterwards to the parsonage of Kingerby, Lincolnshire. CASE OF DR. HENRY WYATT. Wightwicke had given at least one of the Fellows occasion for a bitter grudge. The Statutes, as we have seen, imposed a strictly clerical character on the College, while, on the other hand, Dr. Clayton's influence had been in the direction of medical studies. Henry Wyatt, 148 PEMBROKE COLLEGE a Foundation Fellow, created Doctor in Physick at the Restoration as one who had suffered both at home and abroad for the royal cause, managed in Dr. Langley's time to hang on somehow to his place, though "continu- ally persecuted and threatened expulsion for adhering to the King." At the Restoration he endeavoured still to evade the obligation to seek Holy Orders, on the ground that until 1660 there was no episcopal and lawful ordination to be had, and that now that it could be had he was of more than four years' standing from magistration, and so could not fulfil the Statute. The new Master could not be expected to accept this ingenious reasoning, and pronounced Dr. Wyatt Non- Socius, but without previous consultation with the Fellows or application to the Visitor. On April 9, 1661, the Commissioners appointed by the Crown to regulate University matters, after a full debate, re- instated Wyatt, giving him till Michaelmas to consider whether he would be ordained or not. Wightwicke, who had defied the parliamentary Visitors, snapped his fingers at the jurisdiction of those who came with the authority of the King. Indeed, if James II. acted arbitrarily in his proceedings at Magdalen, it is not easy to defend the suspension of College Statutes by the Commissioners of Charles II. On the other hand, the Pembroke Constitution gave the Master no power to deprive a Fellow without the concurrence of his Society, and without permission of appeal to the Visitor. Wightwicke, however, proceeded to expel Dr. Wyatt and to fill up his Fellowship. The aggrieved physician, shortly before Michaelmas, appealed to the Earl of Clarendon, alleging also against the Master "many HENRY WIGHTWICKE, MASTER 149 other rash and imprudent acts against the consent of all the Fellows, to the great prejudice and almost ruine of the whole Society." The Chancellor was then leaving London, and referred the matter to the Vice- Chancellor. The Hebdomadal Board after consideration revoked the expulsion, and gave Wyatt further time for taking Orders. He afterwards applied for a still longer extension of time, pleading that, if a Fellow be " em- ployed in any publique service either in y e Church or State," the Statute allows a dispensation, and that he could obtain the King's hand that this was so in his case. A man could not take Orders while travelling in foreign lands. The Statute, however, merely says that such travel beyond the realm shall not carry with it the loss of salary if undertaken by a Fellow with the consent of the Master and the more part of the Fellows of his own foundation. Whether Wyatt finally lost his place does not appear. While travelling in the north of Africa, as physician to the Earl of Teviot, he fell into the hands of the Moors, on May 3, 1664, and was by them killed. He cannot, therefore, have prosecuted his resentment against the Master to the end. But, doubt- less, Wightwicke's high-handed conduct had left him friendless in the College and incensed the Visitor. His smoking and bibbing and other indecorums were then a handle for his ruin. He died at Kingerby Rectory in June 1671, aged eighty. The Buttery day-books begin from his Mastership, viz., Michaelmas 1663. CHAPTER XII MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL, 1664-1710 EARLIER CAREER. AFTER Wightwicke's deposition the Fellows reverted to the Langleian regime by electing, on December 31, 1664, John Hall, afterwards Bishop of Bristol, a divine for whom the royalist writers can find no words too con- temptuous. Hall was born at Bromsgrove Vicarage in 1633, in his eleventh year went to Merchant Taylors', and in 1648, a few months before the tragic deed at Whitehall, entered Wadham College. His calvinistic bent was already manifest, for on April 22, 1650, the Visitors put him into a Scholar's place at Pembroke. B.A. 1651, Fellow and M.A. 1653. He appears to have received presbyterian ordination in 1655. In the College he held the office of lecturer in Greek, receiving 40,9. a year, and in philosophy, for which his stipend was 55s. At the Restoration (he must have accepted re-ordination) the King, to conciliate Puritan feeling, made him one of his chaplains, and in 1676 he was chosen by the clergy a proof of widespread popularity Margaret Professor of Divinity. B.D. 1666, D.D. 1669. Hall quarrelled with Anthony Wood, who tells us that, though a malapert presbyterian, he took every MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 151 occasion to air his loyalty. Indeed, he was appointed to preach James II.'s Coronation sermon on St. George's Day at St. Mary's, but gave offence by bidding his hearers to pray that God would open the King's eyes. He had just been chosen by the Oxfordshire clergy to represent them in the new Convocation. PUT FORWARD FOR THE PRIMACY. In 1688, however, Hall naturally hoisted the Whig colours, and in 1691 was put into the Bishoprick of Bristol, Burnet preaching the'consecration sermon. At Tillotson's death in 1694, Hall was the low-churchmen's candidate for the Primacy, and William favoured the choice, but Tenison was finally nominated. Though entirely a man of the old stamp of Puritanism, and hardly a latter-day Whig, Hall must have struck the world as a man of some power. Hearne himself, while describing the Bishop as " a thorough-pac'd Calvinist, a defender of the Republican Doctrines, an admirer of whining, cringing Parasites, and a strenuous Persecutor of truly honest Men," with much more to the same effect, adds that he " was a learn'd divine, a good preacher, and his lectures while Professor were look'd upon by the best Judges as excellent in their kind." Evelyn praises one of his sermons. Noble says that Hall was " a scholar and a pious divine, but known more in than out of Oxford." As Margaret Professor the Bishop had a stall in Worcester Cathedral. If "the last of the Puritan Bishops," he was a pioneer of the eighteenth- century school of political pluralist prelates in absentia. He was for three-and-forty years rector of St. Aldate's, and bequeathed money at his death to buy a parsonage- 152 PEMBROKE COLLEGE house for that parish, besides providing for the poor. A handsome edifice was built by him, after his elevation to the episcopate, for an Oxford residence for himself and future Masters. FINISHES THE QUADRANGLE. This house, a Palladian many gabled edifice, took the place of the old Elizabethan Lodgings, and completed the projected buildings of the College. Four or five years after Dr. HalPs accession to the Mastership he took in hand the unfinished Quadrangle, and in 1670 the east side was finished. In 1673 the old mediaeval tenements of Broadgates Hall along the south side of the churchyard they may be seen in the large map, made a century earlier by Ralph Agas, hanging in the Bodleian were partly demolished, and a portion of the north front built on their site. GATEWAY TOWER (LOGGAN'S PRINT). And now arises a curious point, for in 1675 David Loggan published his engraving of Pembroke College (see Frontispiece) showing a completed Quadrangle, exactly down to the position of the chimneys as it was afterwards carried out, but exhibiting a gateway tower, by no means like the subsequent design, in the middle of the frontage. Beyond question this tower never existed, though it is said that during the altera- tions of 1830 its foundations were laid bare. One can conjecture that the work stopped for lack of funds at this point in 1673, that the architect wished to build a tower in the middle, with an entrance gateway there, and to widen the roadway then a narrow lane before MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 153 the College ; but that when, seventeen or eighteen years afterwards, about the time of the Master's elevation to the episcopate, further contributions were collected, it was thought best to carry on the front finished by Michaelmas 1691 instead of spending the money on a tower. This was added in 1694 at the extreme west corner, the ancient entrance, fronting the passage from Penny-farthing Street, being retained. At that corner a number of skeletons were found at a great depth, many with their feet to the south disturbed, probably, a second time. Who knows how old our graveyards are ? graveyards possibly before they were churchyards, and extending beyond their present limits. MASTER'S LODGINGS BUILT. The following year the Master's House was erected, in emulation, perhaps, of the President of Corpus Christi's new Lodgings. The total expense from 1670 onwards was between two and three thousand pounds, Bishop Hall contributing most of the cost of the Hospitium Magistri, and probably a part of the earlier expenditure. The names of a number of Gentlemen - Commoners and other donors are preserved, and the detailed accounts of the building. When all was finished, Michael Burghers was paid 12 3s. for making (A.D. 1700) his beautiful copper-plate of the College, including Docklinton's aisle and the Library over it. It is dedicated to Bishop Hall, whose arms it exhibits, as " Collegii Pembrochiani Magistro et Instauratori." 154 PEMBROKE COLLEGE NEW LIBRARY ERECTED FOR BISHOP HALL'S BOOKS. That Library was disused by the College from 1710, and an ugly erection now the Dean's lecture-room built over the Hall to receive a number of volumes bequeathed by the late Master, as well as the books which the College already possessed. This addition is ignored in the prints of Williams (1733) and of Vertue (1744). The chief interest of this room is in the thought of Johnson, whether as undergraduate or as Dr. Adams'* guest, moving round its walls with bleared vision to find Lobo or some other volume, or reading here for hours at a time. As the louver of the Dining-hall beneath was destroyed in 1710, I am at a loss to know how that refectory was warmed before the days of modern hot- water pipes. The Whigs, Johnson explained to Warton in this room, removed the fireplaces from the middle to the side of the College dining-halls ; but they did not do so here, though Johnson must have known whether he and his fellows shivered through their meals. The ceremony of " going round the fire " by the Pembroke freshmen on the Fifth of November was kept up in his time. LORD OSSULSTON. Loggan's print of Pembroke is dedicated to a Gentleman-Commoner of the College, whom he de- scribes as " Collegii Patrono et Benefactori," Sir John Bennet, Knight of the Bath, afterwards Lord Ossulston. He and his brother, the more famous Earl of Arlington, were great-grandsons of Thomas Tesdale's half-sister Elizabeth, and grandsons of Sir John Bennet, Tesdale's MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 155 trustee.* Lord Ossulston, born at Arlington in 1618, entered Pembroke in 1635, distinguished himself during the wars as a cavalier, and after the Restoration was made Captain of the Band of Gentlemen-Pensioners, representing Wallingford, the native place of the Bennets, in Parliament. BENEFACTIONS. A handsome donation in 1670, added to a gift in the previous year of d^lOO from Mr. James Hoare, junior, " Monetae cudendae Praepositus sive Contrarotulator," a Fellow-Commoner, M.P. for Bridgewater, gave a fresh start to the building of the College Quadrangle, and in 1672 Sir John Bennet founded at Pembroke two Scholarships of ^10 open to all members of the College who were not of the Wightwicke and Tesdale founda- tions nor eligible into them, and two Fellowships of 20 for Bennet Scholars. He ordained that the Fellowships should be septennial, but the holders might be elected for a second term of seven years if they should have * The granddaughter of this Elizabeth, Rebecca Bennet, was the "comely and ingenuous" but most unhappy second wife of "Lord" Bulstrode Whitelocke, President of the Council of State under the Commonwealth (who succeeded one of the Tesdale family in 1632 as Recorder of Abingdon), and mother of Sir James Whitelocke. When Queen Christina questioned Whitelocke rallyingly about his three wives and many children, he could have replied like ^Eneas, "Infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem." A raging epilepsy, first showing itself on her wedding- day, dragged this poor lady through melancholia and madness to an early death under the hands of a quack, her husband being then overseas, and first hearing of it through Edward Hyde, after- wards Lord Clarendon. As a lad at Oxford Whitelocke used to hunt with her brothers, Sir Thomas and Sir Humphry Bennet, of St. John's, who kept a small pack of beagles. 156 PEMBROKE COLLEGE proved themselves useful to the Society. They were not bound to Holy Orders. JEALOUSIES. By this foundation a new element was introduced into the Society. Questions, determined on appeal by the Duke of Portland and the Duke of Wellington, have been raised in this century as to the rights of Bennet, sometimes called Ossulston, Fellows. But jealousies sprang up from the very first over this addi- tion to the College. The Tesdale and Wightwicke Fellows complained in 1690 to the Duke of Ormonde of a private Statute, a new and hidden law, which they had never seen, and which was directly repugnant to the fundamental Statutes of the College. Those Statutes ordered that vacancies should be " forthwith " filled up, whereas the Master (Dr. Hall) denied that there could be any election to the Bennet foundation in his absence, and claimed the right to veto any name. "My Lord Ossulstone," moreover, had intervened, so as to establish a " forrain visitatoriall power, w ch will be strangly derogatory to y e rights of yo r Grace. We have all imaginable respect" (say they) "for y e L d Ossulston, but can pay him no more than w* is consis- tent our duty to our Visitour and to y e Founders. We purchased not his Fellowships w th the loss of yo r juris- diction." The Duke ordained that vacancies should be filled within three months, but that no person should be reputed duly elected without the Master's consent. Should the Master and the Fellows disagree, the founder was to nominate during his lifetime, and after his death the Vice-Chancellor, the Dean of Christ Church and the MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 157 President of Magdalen for the time being, or (should either of the two latter be Vice-Chancellor) the King's Professor of Divinity. Lord Ossulston (he had been so created in 1682) died February 11, 1695. He seems to have been a roue and something worse, but he took a somewhat bold part in the House of Lords. His portrait in the College Hall, painted by R. Phillips, was given in 1721 by the first Ossulston Fellow, Robert Cooper, Rector of Arlington and Archdeacon of Dorset, a writer on mathematical subjects, who also gave d^lOO towards building the Chapel. Lord Ossulston, who died very rich, presented the College with a large goblet. BISHOP MORLEY'S CHANNEL ISLAND FOUNDATION. There hangs in the Hall a painting of Bishop George Morley in the robes of the prelate of the Garter. It was as Bishop of Winton, to which diocese the Channel Islands were transferred in 1499, that Morley came to be a benefactor of Pembroke. The President and Fellows of Corpus having declined to accede to the de- sire of Charles II., who, through the Dean of Guernsey, John de Sausmarez (a member of our College), had been endeavouring to bring "the misled subjects of that Island " to conform to the Prayer Book, that they would open one of their Hampshire Scholarships to natives of Guernsey and Jersey, Bishop Morley, "a pious and charitable man, of a very exemplary life, but ex- treme passionate and very obstinate " (Burnet), himself founded at Pembroke in 1678 Jive Scholarships, of ^lO with chambers (valued at 40s.), for Channel Islanders, to be nominated by the Dean, Baillif and Jurats of 158 PEMBROKE COLLEGE either isle. The foundation was intended to supple- ment that of King Charles I., and the Scholars were to promise to return to the Islands " to serve the publick as preachers, schoolmasters, or otherwise." One of the first batch of Morley Scholars was Edward If Awvergne^ the military historian, Chaplain to the Scots Guards and Rector of St. Brelade's. TOWNSEND FOUNDATION. In 1683 a Gloucestershire gentleman, George Town- send, of Lincoln's Inn, bequeathed an endowment for eight grammar Scholars, to be chosen in rotation from the chief school in Gloucester, by the Major, six senior Aldermen, and chief schoolmaster, and from the schools of Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, and Northleach,* by the respective chief Schoolmasters, Ministers, and Bailiffs. The Scholars were to hold their place for eight years, and during the last four were to addict their studies to divinity. For their encouragement therein Mr. Townsend settled on trustees the parsonage of Stifford, the vicarage of Grayes Thorock, and the donatives of Uxbridge and Colebrooke. The portrait in the Hall, given in 1743 by Townsend's kinsman, John Edows of New College, represents him as aged forty-five in 1647.f Townsend directed that the first * Founded by Hugh West wood, Esquire, " who came afterwards to be low in the World, and desiring to be Master of his own school was deny'd that Favour by the Trustees." t There was a Robert, son of George, Townsend who entered Pembroke from Wiltshire in 1665, and became Rector of Walling- ford and Canon of Sarum. If this is the same George Townsend the connection with Wallingford may point to a relationship to Lord Ossulston. MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 159 two years'* profits of his benefaction should be bestowed towards College building and the furnishing of his Scholars' chambers. A sum of ^?278 %s. appears under his name among the donors to the erection of the Quadrangle. The College Register of Fellows and Scholars begins in 1678. In 1681 Pembroke (with Balliol, University, Jesus College and Wadham) was rated at ^100. DISPUTES BETWEEN THE FELLOWS AND THE MASTER. The dispute between the Fellows and the Master about the Ossulston benefaction was not the only matter on which there were bickerings. The date (1690) was one at which the disaffection of the " swearing " clergy towards existing powers was at its greatest. Sore with themselves, disgusted with the turn of affairs, they were disinclined to allow the seat of Whig authority to remain an easy one. Fragments of correspond- ence between the Fellows and "the High and Noble Prince, his Grace the Duke of Ormond, their honoured Visitour," which are preserved among the Wood and Carte MSS., reveal a state of war as existing in the College which excited interest not only in the University but in London circles. The Master had commanded the pupils attached to the Vice-gerent and other Tutors presumably High Churchmen to leave their tutors, assigning them to his late Servitor, whom the Fellows had almost unanimously rejected. One undergraduate, John Foxall, he had expelled for " noe other contumacy to the Master than a due Obedience to his Mothers and Guardians appointment, and a just respect to his Tutour," and other expulsions were expected. They 160 PEMBROKE COLLEGE accuse the Master of neglect in administering the Holy Sacrament it seems he was frequently absent from Oxford and of winking at Nonconformity in the Manciple, who had further confessed to preaching in conventicles. The Master rendered no accounts of moneys deposited with him, neglected the statutory visitation of the College estates, and during his absences took with him the keys of the College chest. When out of Oxford he concealed himself, and a messenger despatched after him a hundred miles could learn no tidings of him. In Oxford he shut himself up in his Lodgings, and had to be waylaid like a debtor by bum- bailiffs. The Fellows represented that, as soon as he knew the Duke had left the kingdom, the Master's in- tention was " then to tyrannize. 1 ' The Visitor, however, while ordaining the correction of certain irregularities, declared himself fully satisfied with Dr. Hall's integrity and care of the College concerns, and required the Fellows to repair their injustice by a dutiful behaviour for the future, the Master being desired " that forget- ting what is past he will treat the Fellowes with the same Kindnesse and tendernesse as he would have done if this difference had never happened." NONCONFORMITY INTRODUCED. That the Fellows, however, had not complained with- out justice of the Master's disaffection to the Church is borne out by what Wood * records under January 169J, that " Dr. Hall, bishop of Bristow, suffers 8 yong scholars to his college, not to weare gownes, and * Wood's Life and Times (ed. Clark, Oxf. Hist. Soc,), iii. 379, 442. MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 161 Thomas Gilbert, a Nonconformist Independent, to read to them." This "ancient divine" was the noted "epitaph-maker to the Nonconformists, 1 '* and a great admirer of Dr. Hall's preaching. He supplied Tony Wood, however, with many a good jest. Calamy used to hear Bishop Hall catechise at " St. Toll's " on Lord's Day evenings, and observes with approval that "he could bring all the Catechism of the Westminster Assembly out of the Catechism of the Church of England." BISHOP HALL'S BOUNTIES. A portrait of this prelate hangs in the Master's House. Dunton,* writing in Bishop Hall's lifetime, says of him that " his Charity to those that are in Want, and his Bounty to all Learned men that are put to wrestle with Difficulties, are so very extraordinary, and so many do partake of them that I need not enlarge in his Character; for 'tis acknowledg'd by all that the whole Business of his Life is to feed that Flock over which the Holy Ghost has made him overseer." In the Album Benefactorum, on richly illuminated vellum, given by him to the College, he is said to have raised it " ab humili conditione ad florentissimam qua nunc viget." During his reign the earlier foundations had been increased by two Fellowships and fifteen Scholarships, the Quadrangle completed and the Master's Lodgings built. DISPUTES WITH ABINGDON. There was some friction in 1673-74 between Dr. Hall and the citizens of Abingdon, who complained to the * Life and Errors, 1705, p. 445. L 162 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Visitor of the Master's refusal to admit to a vacant Fellowship a certain Mr. Richard Mayott, and the Duke of Ormonde at their solicitation appointed com- missioners to carry out a visitation of the College with what result I do not know. SOME NONJURORS VISCOUNT HARCOURT. An Abingdon Scholarship was vacated in 1675 by Walter Harte* the nonjuror, father of the biographer of Gustavus Adolphus, and himself a laborious student. Being Vicar of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton, during the Bloody Assize, he remonstrated with Jeffreys on his severities and won his respect. Harte was made Pre- bendary of Wells, but declined a bishoprick offered him by " the princess Anne " at the suggestion of a fellow Pembrochian, Lord Chancellor Harcourt. A Wight- wicke-kin Fellow who matriculated with Harte was the High-church Dean of Lichfield and Canon of West- minster, Dr. Jonathan Kimberley. A more famous divine was Arthur Collier , nonjuror and philosopher (matr. 1697), who anticipated the idealistic metaphysics of Bishop Berkeley in his Clams Universalis. Simon Viscount Harcourt , just mentioned, of Stanton Harcourt and Nuneham, Lord Keeper and Lord Chancellor, the friend and host of Alexander Pope, Swift's " trimming Hai-court," but the greatest of the High-church lawyers of the Queen Anne period, entered the College in 1677, aged fifteen, and resided three or four years, studying the classics and acquiring a taste for literature, imbibing * An earlier Walter Harte, Scholar of Lincoln 1571, was hanged and quartered at York in 1583 as a Jesuit (see Clark's History oj Lincoln College, p. 47). MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP HALL 163 also at Pembroke, says Campbell, lofty divine-right ideas. He did not learn them from the Master. As Chancellor he refused to issue to the Hanoverian Elector a writ of summons to the House of Lords, but in 1714 did what most men did. He had been Recorder of Abingdon and sat for that borough. The picture of him there is not as good as the one in the Pembroke Hall. Lord Harcourt must be placed among the College benefactors, since but for his influence at Court the Mastership would be a more poorly endowed office. CHAPTER XIII MASTERSHIPS OF DR. COLWELL BRICK- ENDEN, 1710-1714, AND DR. MATTHEW PANTING, 1714-1738 ELECTION OF MASTER. BISHOP HALL died at the Master's Lodgings, February 4, 17y-- . His body, having lain in state several days, was conveyed to Bromsgrove to be buried. The succession lay between two erstwhile Tesdale Fellows, Colwell Brickenden, Rector of Inkepen, his native place, and William Hunt, afterwards Dean of Wells and Archdeacon of Bath. "Both of them," writes Hearne, "have the Reputation of being honest Men, and endued with true Church of England Principles ; but then there is this Difference between them : Mr. Brickenden has seven Children, Mr. Hunt not above two or three ; Mr. Brickenden is an illiterate Person, Mr. Hunt is a man of learning ; Mr. Brickenden is a boon Companion, or, as some style it, a Sot, Mr. Hunt is a Man of Sobriety and discretion, and came recommended by the Letters of the Bp. of Bathe and Wells." Owing, however, to the treachery of one of the electors, John Moulden, Hunt lost the day by six votes to seven. Moulden seems to have been rewarded for his defection by the BRICKENDEN AND PANTING, MASTERS 165 Rectory of St. Aldate's. He was killed by a fall from his horse in 1724. CANONRY ANNEXED TO THE MASTERSHIP. About Dr. Brickenden's short reign of four and a half years there is not much to tell, except that on Novem- ber 11, 1713, Queen Anne, through the good offices of Lord Chancellor Harcourt, who retained an affection for his old College, issued Letters Patents annexing a pre- bendal stall in Gloucester Cathedral to the Mastership, a valuable augmentation of that post, which was confirmed by Act of Parliament June 8, 1714, at the same time that a Rochester canonry was granted to the Provosts of Oriel and one at Norwich to the Master of St. Catherine Hall in Cambridge. The Masters of Pembroke have ever since been Canons of Gloucester. Dr. Brickenden died in an apoplexy at the age of fifty, August 23, 1714, the day before the interment of Queen Anne in Henry the Seventh's Chapel. " He was good for little," says Hearne.* Though " an honest man " not, i.e., a Whig he had joined in drawing up an address to the Elector of Hanover. DR. PANTING, MASTER. The adherents of the exiled King were unready, and George I. arrived in England September 20, 1714. The appointed preacher at St. Mary's on that day was the new Master of Pembroke, Matthew Panting, Carfax Lecturer in that year, but his sermon, says Hearne, " took no notice, at most very little, of the Duke of Brunswick. " Thus was struck the note of Oxford * Collections, ed. Rannie, iv. 399. 166 PEMBROKE COLLEGE disaffection to the House of Hanover. I do not find, however, that any of the Fellows refused the oaths. Dr. Panting's Mastership was rendered notable by the erection of the College Chapel, and by the residence in the College walls of Johnson, Whitefield, and Shen- stone. Somewhat earlier than these, there were in resi- dence together Nathaniel Bliss (matr. 1716), afterwards Savilian Professor and Astronomer Royal, Tipping Silvester ', who went on to a Fellowship, translator of the Psalms, controversial divine and poet, and the learned Channel Islander, Philip Morant (matr. from Abingdon 1717), author of the Antiquities of the County of Essex and editor of the Rotuli Parliamentorum. HOLFORD FOUNDATION. In the year 1719 Dame Elizabeth Holford, relict of Sir William Holford, of Witham, Bart.,* bequeathed money for the support at the College of two Exhibi- tioners, to be chosen from Sutton's Hospital, or Charter- house. They were to receive 20 apiece. She founded a free school at Stanton St. John's. OADES FOUNDATION. In 1731 the Rev. William Oades left property to the College for the purpose of assisting the poorer sort of Servitors and Batellers. When students of this kind ceased, four small Exhibitions were founded out of the bequest. * His former wife was Frances, daughter of James, third Earl of Salisbury. MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 167 JOHNSON MATRICULATES. None of the existing assistances was available for the support of Pembroke's greatest son, Samuel Johnson, when he came to the College at the end of a frosty October in 1728, aged nineteen. Whether a raw pro- vincial youth who quoted Macrobius in conversation would succeed better under the present open Scholarship examination system I leave to others to determine. There is some reason, indeed, to think that Johnson received informal aid to some extent out of the lean College " bag." He spoke, many years afterwards, not only of "love and regard,"" but of "zeal and grati- tude," towards Pembroke, and, until reminded of the claim of some indigent relatives, intended to bequeath to the College the house where he had been born. " Sir," he told an old Pembroke crony, apropos of a bequest to the College, " the English Universities are not rich enough. . . . Our Universities are impoverished of learning by the penury of their provisions." Had Johnson stayed up in 1730 he would probably have obtained one of the two Ossulston Scholarships. How Michael Johnson, the struggling Lichfield bookseller, was able to send his son to Oxford in the rank of a Commoner is most uncertain. Dr. Taylor, Johnson's Whig associate, who, he told Mrs. Thrale, knew more about his Oxford career than any one else except Dr. Adams, assured Boswell that the plan originated in the offer of a schoolfellow, who was about to enter the College as a Gentleman-Commoner, to support him there in the capacity of tutor and companion. This, doubtless, was Andrew Corbett, of Longnor, Salop, 168 PEMBROKE COLLEGE who, however, matriculated twenty months before Johnson. It is very likely that the funds for Johnson's career, or perhaps for his first year, were provided, in part at any rate, by his godfather, Dr. Samuel Swynfen, University Lecturer of Grammar in 1705, a well-to-do Lichfield physician, and brother of Richard Swynfen, Member for Tamworth.* Both of these were Pembroke men. POVERTY AND PRIDE. Johnson certainly chafed under the sting of poverty, though the amount of his batells about eight shillings a week does not imply anything like actual deprivation. Doubtless he was fiercely on the look-out to resent slights, and morbidly alive to the disadvantages of indigence. He fancied the Christ Church men noticed his feet peeping through his ragged shoes when he went across to borrow Taylor's lecture notes, and flung passionately out of window a new pair which some kind friend placed at his chamber door. He was, he said, " miserably poor."" Very well ; he would fight his way by his literature and his wit. He describes himself in those days as " mad and violent." His loud and bitter laughter as he stood idling in the Tower gateway with a circle of companions round him, to whom he laid down the law on points of language, or whom he spirited up to rebel against the College rules, was taken by Adams, a young don on the Wightwicke-kin foundation, afterwards Master, to whom Johnson became so deeply * Another brother, John Sivynfen, also at Pembroke, was great- grandfather of the famous Earl St. Vincent. Their father was Pepys's "the great Mr. Swynfen, the Parliament-man" (1612- 1694). r ^^V THE TY ) MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 169 attached, for the happy gaiety and careless frolic- someness of a young man "caressed and loved by all about him." "We all feared him," a fellow-under- graduate reported, however, half a century later. No down-trodden garreteer is to be recognised in the ring- leader of every offence against discipline, who passes his tutor in the street without removing his cap, heads the nightly chase, with pan and candlestick, of the unfortunate servitor whose duty it is to knock at each door to see if the owner is within, or lampoons the College ale in Latin verses. Adams told Boswell that Johnson's irregularity at lecture had been much exaggerated, yet he felt bound to remonstrate with the future champion of subordination upon his insubordinate habits. Johnson respected his senior's character and attainments and felt ashamed, but, he confessed afterwards, was too proud to own it. In maturer years he looked back with astonishment and remorse to his self-assertiveness, and especially to his insolence towards his kind tutor, William Jorden, Adams's cousin, whose Logic lecture may have been, as Johnson rudely told him, worth not half the twopenny sconce with which truancy was punished, but who treated his pupils like sons, and towards Johnson acted with a delicacy and forbearance that found its way at last through all wayward pride to the tender deeps of that most human and affectionate heart. The ill- mannered bravadoes of his youth he described to Boswell as having arisen from " stark insensibility." 170 PEMBROKE COLLEGE STUDIES. A fault which Johnson never outgrew was laziness. When he made his first declamation in Hall, he had written but one copy, and that a rough one, which he handed to his tutor on entering ; and thus " was obliged to begin by chance and continue on how he could, for he had got but little of it by heart ; so fairly trusting to his present powers for immediate supply he finished by adding astonishment to the applause of all who knew how little was owing to study." The Fifth of November was, in honour of King James, the most solemn of seven Gaudy days. On that day the Master dined in public, and the juniors, according to ancient custom, " went round the fire in the hall."" Verse exercises on the subject of the day were required of the undergraduates, and Johnson, at the end of his freshman's year, ought to have had his theme ready. He had entirely neglected the task, however, and to apologise for his neglect gave in a short copy of verses which he entitled Somnium^ relating that the Muse had warned him in his sleep that it did not become him to aspire to political topics. His reading was always desultory, but he read Homer and Euripides, while at Pembroke, pretty solidly, a little Epigram also, and dived into metaphysics. In the College library he found a book which so fascinated him that on leaving Oxford he borrowed it in order to render it out of French into English the Jesuit Lobo's Voyage to Abyssinia. He did not return the volume, but out of it grew the idea of Rasselas. Up till now Johnson had not thought earnestly about religion, and had been a lax talker, rather than thinker, against the MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 171 things that are invisible ; but, taking up Law's Serious Call with the expectation of laying it down again with a laugh, he was deeply impressed and awed by the spiritual power and literary strength of the nonjuring divine. " I found Law," he said, " quite an overmatch for me." AN OLD MAN'S MEMORIES. There stood until 1869, at the south end of the present dining-hall, the old two-storeyed summer Common Room. Here Johnson used to play at draughts with PMlJones, whose love of beer hindered his advance- ment in the Church, and John Fludyer, son of the Mayor of Abingdon, who " turned out a scoundrel, a Whig, and said he was ashamed of having been bred at Oxford." In his old age he pointed out to Hannah More, with whom he " gallanted it " about the College, the place where they used to play cricket,* probably the " commoners' garden," a grassy space east of the middle, or Master's garden. He showed her Shenstone's room and his own. The former is forgotten, but Johnson's chamber is the one on the second floor over the entrance gateway, and was at that time at the top of the tower, to which another storey has been added in this century. One window looks into the Quadrangle, and one is close to the Master's House, where Dr. Panting overheard Johnson's soliloquy about visiting foreign universities. * Undergraduates have lost that liberty together with others. Those, for instance, who were going to be famous in after life seem commonly in old times to have planted a tree. The small tables in the Pembroke senior Common-room are made, it is said, from " Shen- stone's mulberry-tree," already mentioned. Milton planted a mul- berry at Christ's. 172 PEMBROKE COLLEGE As Johnson was turning the key of the door one day, he heard his name distinctly called by his mother, who was at Lichfield. Johnson's room has twice narrowly escaped being destroyed by fire in the last sixty years. LENGTH OF JOHNSON'S RESIDENCE. Boswell positively asserts that Johnson remained at the College till the autumn of 1731, and then, as the scanty remittances from his now insolvent father could be supplied no longer, left without a degree, after a residence of more than three years. This seems at first sight to be borne out by Adams's remark to Boswell forty-five years later : " I was his nominal tutor ; but he was above my mark," for Adams succeeded Jorden as tutor in 1731. But it is certain from the Buttery books, and Dr. Birkbeck Hill has conclusively argued, that Johnson ceased to batell in College just before the Christmas of 1729,* having resided continuously for fourteen months without being absent a single week. (Even Gentlemen-Commoners stayed up in vacation, if they lived at a distance.) Fourteen months is not much less than the total actual residence of an undergraduate * Johnson records in the Prayers and Meditations that he had not seen Oliver Edwards, his old College friend, since 1729. Edwards, however, was then in his first year at Pembroke. Johnson meeting him fifty years after remembered their discussing Latin epigrams " at an alehouse near Pembroke-gate " (perhaps "Ledenporch Hall," just demolished). Boswell to Edwards (in 1781): "I think, sir, Dr. Johnson and you meet only at Church." " Sir," said he, " it is the best place we can meet in except heaven ; and I hope we shall meet there too." Johnson however had begged that they should not discourage one another. He was not desirous, we know, of meeting fools anywhere. But he clung to Edwards as to all old friends. MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 173 of the present day. Johnson's name, however, was retained on the Buttery books till October 1, 1731, being placed after the preceding March at the end of the Commoners. His account with the Bursars was not finally settled till Lady Day, 1740, when his outstand- ing batells (^?7) were stated to balance his caution- money. It is clear that when -he left, in December 1729, it was with the hope of returning, and " nominal tutor 1 ' must mean, not that Johnson had nothing to learn from Adams, but that his name was on the list of Adams's pupils, though he was out of residence. THE COLLEGE REVISITED. Adams himself left the College at Easter, 1732, to become perpetual curate of St. Chad's, in his native Shrewsbury. Johnson had formed scarcely any other Oxford friendships of a lasting kind, and he did not see Oxford again till the long vacation of 1754, when his days of poverty and struggle were over. He stayed at Kettel Hall, but on the morning after his arrival went round with Warton to his old College, and was pleased to find himself remembered by the College servants. RECEIVED COLDLY BY THE MASTER. He waited on the Master, Dr. Ratcliff, who, however, received him coldly, did not order a copy of the forth- coming Dictionary, and seemed uninterested in the subject. He did not ask Johnson to dine or even to repeat his visit. "There lives a man," said Johnson as they left, " who lives by the revenues of literature, and will not move a finger to support it. If I come to live at Oxford, I shall take up my abode at Trinity." 174 PEMBROKE COLLEGE The remark was not quite just, as Dr. Rate! iff was a considerable benefactor to the College ; he was, moreover, always ailing. Johnson, however, had a cordial meeting with John Meeke, now a Fellow, his contemporary as an undergraduate, whose superiority in construing at the classical lecture in Hall used so to mortify him, he told Warton, that he always tried to sit out of earshot. Johnson also recalled translating Pope^s Messiah into Latin verse as a Christmas Exercise, and rolled out a sonorous but un-Virgilian hexameter from it. This exercise, composed when he was a freshman of two months 1 standing, won him considerable reputation in the University and a generous commendation from the veteran poet himself not usually lavish of generous words. STAYS AT THE COLLEGE WITH DR. ADAMS. The visit to Oxford of 1754 was followed by at least a score of others, and when Adams became Master Johnson was glad to be lodged in Pembroke. In 1755 the University created him Master of Arts, and in 1775 Doctor of Civil Law. He ever loved to consider himself an academic writer, and felt nowhere so much at home as in the libraries of Oxford. A REMINISCENCE OF JOHNSON. Every remaining link, even at one remove, with Johnson is to be carefully treasured, especially if it connect him with the College of which he became a member one hundred and seventy years ago. Dr. Hill some while since rescued from the pages of the Red Dragon, a now discontinued Welsh publication, an anecdote by Mr. John Coke Fowkr, librarian of the MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 175 Union Society in 1837, Deputy Chairman of the Glamorganshire sessions, which I have recently had also from this venerable gentleman himself. When he entered Pembroke as Exhibitioner in 1833, an old superannuated porter of the College was alive, who told Mr. Fowler that on Dr. Johnson's last visit to Pembroke in 1784 he had expressed a wish to see his old rooms again, but that, being then unwieldy, asthmatic and infirm, he was obliged to invoke the aid of this janitor, who lived at the bottom of the narrow stair, to push him up it from behind. While an undergraduate Mr. Fowler met at a country house in Leicestershire a very aged lady, a Miss Dyott, who told him that, the great man once dining at her father's or uncle's house at Lichfield, she saw him, in the eager- ness of conversation, unconsciously help himself to vegetables by diving his fingers into the dish ! The following incident has been supposed to have happened in the Pembroke gardens. Johnson being very fond of figs, and the last one of the season being yet unripe, he wrote above the fig on the tree, "Johnson's fig." A humorist seeing this removed the notice, and put another instead of it with the words, " A fig for Johnson ! " But the story is usually told of Dr. Kennicott. SHENSTONE. In his Lives of the Poets, written towards the close of his life, Johnson describes his old College as " a society which for half a century has been eminent for English poetry and elegant literature." He himself was the first fledged of the " nest of singing birds." On May 25, 1732, matriculated the poet William Shenstone " a 176 PEMBROKE COLLEGE water-gruel bard" Walpole unkindly calls him as a Gentleman-Commoner, at the age of seventeen. The Dictionary of National Biography mistakenly says that he was contemporary with Johnson. He was a bashful, large, and clumsy- looking young man. Other freshmen cut off their hair on coming to the University, but Shenstone preferred to appear singular rather than wear a periwig. Yet he dressed in gay suits, wore valuable trinkets, and was deemed in his own way a beau. COLLEGE SETS. Though in all his five years' residence in Oxford he formed few intimacies, Shenstone was to be found in most of the College coteries, now with the young Howes (afterwards the second and third Lords Chedworth *), and other "bucks of the first head," toasting their favourite beauties on their knees in arrack punch and claret, now exchanging puns, mottoes, and Bacchanalian catches over pipes and tankards of ale with a set of merry West-country lads, many of them scholars and wits, the whole evening long ; or we see him anxiously discussing the news-letter and the affairs of the kingdom among " a sort of flying squadron of plain, sensible, matter-of-fact men, confined to no club, but associating with each party," who " had come to the University on their way to the Temple, or to get a slight smattering of the sciences before they settled in the country." Richard Graves mentions a " mortified symposium " in which he never met Shenstone, that of the water- drinking Grecians, who read over Theophrastus, * Both of these young noblemen hailed from Abingdon, a curious illustration of the diversion of pious Founders' intentions. MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 177 Epictetus, Phalaris' Epistles, and the less known ancients. But he fancied him not really in his element in the sets already described. At any rate, Shenstone and Graves, together with Anthony Whistler, a young Etonian of "great delicacy of sentiment" and an equally great dislike of languages, or indeed of taking trouble about anything, formed an esoteric friendship, and met in one another's rooms at breakfast, or in the summer evenings, to read plays and poetry, Cotton's Virgil Travestie, or the latest production of Addison or Steele. We see the young men sipping their Florence wine, and doubtless Shenstone recited pieces from a small volume of verses which he printed at Oxford in 1737 "for the Amusement of a few Friends, prejudiced in his Favour," but afterwards tried to suppress ; or Mr. Whistler read part of his unfinished tragedy of Dido. When both were getting towards middle-age, Shenstone's roughness and Whistler's " trivial elegance and punctilio " caused a rupture between them * ; but when the latter died in 1754, Shenstone wrote to Graves : " The triumvirate which was the greatest happiness and the greatest pride of my life is broken. Tales animas oportuit esse Concordes." We are told that Shenstone also studied philosophy and mathematics attentively. But though he continued his name on the College books for ten years, he never mustered energy to take a degree. Leaving Oxford with a sigh, he sought happiness in tender Arcadianism, but died of a putrid fever amid the bijouteries of the Leasowes, im- * The well-known lines written in a summer-house at Edgehill, about finding " the warmest welcome at an Inn," were penned after a tiff with Whistler, with whom Shenstone had been staying in Oxfordshire. M 178 PEMBROKE COLLEGE poverished and broken-hearted, at the age of forty- eight. His portrait hangs in the College Bursary. There is another in the National Portrait Gallery, and Ross painted him in his undergraduate days. GRAVES. Shenstone^s intimate, Richard Graves, was the son of Kearneys friend, the gentle Gloucestershire antiquary and numismatist, Richard Graves the elder, who came to Pembroke in 1693. The younger Richard entered as an Abingdon Scholar the same day as Whitefield, November 7, 1732, and they took B.A. together. Graves became a Fellow of All Souls. Long overliving his friends, Shenstone and Whistler, he died in this century, November 23, 1804. There are portraits of him by Gainsborough and Northcote. The best known of his novels, The Spiritual Quixote, is a free but not malicious satire on the Methodist movement, and introduces Whitefield as a principal character. WHITEFIELD. Johnson told Boswell, with a smile, that he knew Whitefield at Pembroke " before he began to be better than other people"; but this is inexplicable. One might like to fancy Johnson growling over the " coll " served out to him from the ale-jack by the pale-faced, squint-eyed servitor, or picture, as Dr. Birkbeck Hill suggests, the future moralist and champion of High- church orthodoxy hunting round the Quad., to the accompaniment of " Chevy-Chase " and banging of pot and kettle, the future prophet of Calvinistic Methodism. But though Whitefield was doubtless chevied in this MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 179 manner, it cannot have been by Johnson. Whitefield has preserved for us a touching and impressive ac- count of his College days.* No greater contrast could be imagined than between the boisterous independence and proud poverty of Johnson, the dilettante dabbling in the Muses of Shenstone and his friends, the aristocratic wine-cups of the Gentlemen-Commoners, or the noisy joviality of the beer-drinkers, and the spiritual combat of this meek, menial saint, in "woollen gloves, patched gown, and dirty shoes," ingratiating himself by " diligent and ready attendance " into " the gentlemen's favour," yet sitting alone in his study, benumbed in every limb, rather than "join in excess of riot " with his companions round the fire in the common sleeping-room, or prone in prayer for two hours beneath the Christ Church elms under the stormy night, which filled him with awful thoughts of the Day of Doom. ADMITTED AS A SERVITOR. George Whitefield was given a servitor's place by Dr. Panting. One day a Pembroke servitor who had been at St. Marie de Crypt School with George came into the parlour of the " Bell " at Gloucester and told Mrs. Whitefield that he had discharged all his College expenses for the term and received a penny to boot. "That will do for my son. Will you go to Oxford, George?" the hostess cried to him as he stood in his blue apron, the snuffers at his waist, drawing for customers in the bar. "With all my heart," the lad * A Short Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George White- field. 180 PEMBROKE COLLEGE replied. By the interest of friends he obtained the desired post about a twelvemonth later. We may wonder, perhaps, that, coming from Gloucester Grammar School, he did not obtain a Townsend Scholarship. However, he writes, "God was so gracious that with the profits of my place and some little presents made me by my kind tutor, for almost the first three years I did not put all my relations together to above 24Z. expence." During his last year at the " Bell " White- field had followed a mortified rule of life, and, though one of his brothers told him his frequent communions and fastings and prayers would be forgotten when he reached Oxford, his meeting, soon after coming up, with two treatises of Law, the Serious Call and the Christian Perfection, greatly deepened the impressions he had already received, and caused him to adopt a still more rigorous method of devotion. However, he was not fully satisfied of the sin of playing at cards and reading stage-plays till God on a fast-day was pleased to convince him. BECOMES ACQUAINTED WITH WESLEY. He was not yet acquainted with any of the Oxford Methodists, though he often watched them pass through a jeering crowd into St. Mary's to receive the Eucharist, and longed to know them and follow their example. One day, an unhappy woman in one of the workhouses having tried to cut her throat, Whitefield, "knowing that both the Mr. Wesleys were ready to every good work, 11 sent the College apple- woman to tell Charles Wesley. Contrary to his orders, she mentioned WhitefiehTs name. He was not wholly unknown to MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 181 the young Lincoln Fellow, who had heard of his frequenting the Sacrament at the Castle Church and at St. Aldate's or St. Ebbe's, and had frequently met him walking solitarily. An invitation to breakfast was the beginning of a closer intimacy. The raw servitor gratefully accepted the instructions of his senior, and by degrees being introduced to the rest of the little band began, like them, to live by rule even in the minutest matters. METHODISM. He kept the stations by fasting on Wednesdays and Fridays, and, there being no weekly Eucharist in the Pembroke Chapel, though, as he complains, the rubrick prescribed it, received every Sunday in the Cathedral. Attending the statutory Latin Communion of the whole University at St. Mary's, at the beginning of term, he found himself almost alone, and a mark for the ridicule of the "polite students'" who knew him. Charles Wesley, in order to encourage him, walked with him from St. Mary's to the College ; but, he says : " I confess, to my shame, I would gladly have excused him ; and the next day, going to his room, one of our Fellows passing by, was ashamed to be seen to knock at his door." TREATMENT BY THE COLLEGE AUTHORITIES. The Master, Dr. Panting, frequently chode the young servitor, and once threatened to expel him, for his visits to the poor. Whitefield acknowledges, however, that he had abandoned the study of the " dry sciences," for which study, the Master may have considered, he had 182 PEMBROKE COLLEGE after all been brought to Oxford rather than for unauthorised evangelisation of the alleys and courts of the town. From his tutor, at any rate, Whitefield received only kindness and advice. He could not quite approve of his pupil's doings, but lent him books, gave him money, visited him in his garret, and furnished him with medical attendance when sick. At this time Whitefield believed the ghostly Enemy had taken possession of his body, and as he went his rounds, at ten every evening, to "knock at the gentlemen's rooms,"" he trembled at every stair lest Satan should appear to him. " The devil also sadly imposed on me in the matter of my college exercises. Whenever I endeavoured to com- pose my theme, I had no power to write a word. Saturday being come (which is the day the students give up their compositions), it was suggested to me that I must go down into the hall, and confess I could not make a theme, and so publickly suffer, as if it were for my Master's sake. When the bell rung to call us, I went to open the door to go downstairs, but feeling something give me a violent inward check, I entered my study, and continued instant in prayer waiting the event. For this my tutor fined me half a crown. The next week Satan served me in like manner again ; but, having now got more strength, and perceiving no inward check, I went into the hall. My name being called, I stood up, and told my tutor I could not make a theme. I think he fined me a second time ; but, imagining that I would not willingly neglect my exercise, he afterwards called me into the common room, and kindly enquired whether any misfortune had befallen me, or what was the reason I could not make a theme ? MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 183 I burst into tears, and assured him that it was not out of contempt of authority, but that I could not act otherwise. Then, at length, he said he believed I could not ; and, when he left me, told a friend (as he very well might) that he took me to be really mad." ASCETIC LIFE. In Lent he ate nothing, except on Sundays, but coarse bread with sago tea, unsweetened. Other excessive mortifications, joined with continual inward conflict, so emaciated his frame that "at Passiontide, finding I could scarce creep upstairs, I was obliged to inform my kind tutor of my condition, who immediately sent for a physician to me." " What is his fasting come to now ? " asked the triumphant Philistines. Some of them had " thrown dirt " at him ; others had taken away their pay from him ; two even of his friends had gradu- ally forsaken him. But he enjoyed many sweet and happy hours with his new friends at his side. When he got stronger, his tutor and others urged him to go into the country. It was nearly three years since he had seen his home and mother. HELPED TO GRADUATE. From May 31, 1735, to March 11, 173, he was absent from Oxford. Then he came up again for his last term. The father of two Pembroke Gentlemen- Commoners, the aged Sir John Philipps he died January 5, 173J was watching the progress of the Oxford Methodists with interest, and offered Whitefield an allowance of ^30 a year if he would continue at the 184 PEMBROKE COLLEGE University, and %Q a year if he did not.* He was close, however, now to his degree, and was preparing for ordination. "For my quality I was a poor mean drawer; but by the distinguishing grace of God am now intended for the ministry. As for my estate I am a servitor." On June 20, 1736, Whitefield was ordained deacon at Gloucester. During the week he " set out for Oxford, whither he inclined to go, rather than to the parish which the Bishop would have given him, because it was the place where he might best prosecute his studies, and where he hoped his labours might be most useful" (Tyermari). He took his degree, by the help of Bishop Benson and Sir John Philipps, on July 1, a few days after Graves. The Buttery books show that he batelled in College till August 8. LATER RESIDENCE IN PEMBROKE. He was then invited to officiate in the Chapel of the Tower of London, but returned to Pembroke on Sep- tember 16, where he " found himself very happy in his former employments" and in the company of the Methodists, who "met together in his chamber every day." He purposed at this time to spend some years in Oxford, but the return of Wesley from Georgia deter- mined him to a missionary career. On November 18, 1736, Whitefield went down to Dummer, Hants, to serve a curacy, but was back at the College again on February 18, 173f till the beginning of April. During * Wesley writes, December 6, 1736, on his return from Georgia, " I waited upon good old Sir John Philips, who received me as one alive from the dead. Here I heard a most blessed account of our friends at Oxford." MATTHEW PANTING, MASTER 185 three months, under General Oglethorpe^s auspices, he set London on fire with his extraordinary oratorical powers, but the whole of July of that year was spent in his " sweet retirement " at Pembroke. His life there, says Tyerman, had been " useful and happy." Towards the close of the year he set sail for Savannah, returning, however, to Oxford for admission to the priesthood in January 173f. In 1748 he met his old College tutor at Bristol, and told him that "his judgment (as he trusted) was a little more ripened than it was some years ago." AFFECTION FOR HIS OLD COLLEGE. He looked back with love, his biographer affirms, on the place of his bringing up. Mr. Overton considers that Whitefield gained nothing by his Oxford career. His preaching, without it, would hardly, I think, have attracted Chesterfield and Hume. APPENDIX. COLLEGE TUTORS. In a recent novel, The Castle Inn, by a well-known writer, part of the action takes place in Pembroke College, in the rooms over the gateway, and a tutor of the College is a principal character throughout the book. Even as a cari- cature of the conventional clerical Fellow of George II.'s day, the presentment of this coward, sot, and whining ruffian is an impossible one. But when it is compared with the lovable and conscientious men who were actually tutors of the College then, or a little earlier, one wonders 186 PEMBROKE COLLEGE why the talented author did not connect his story with some other college. I venture, however, to append a portrait of an Oxford tutor, of the end, it is true, of the seventeenth century, from a charming little book recently reprinted.* The Guardians Instruction, by Stephen Penton, Principal of St. Edmund Hall and Rector of Glympton, gives a favourable picture of Oxford before the Revolution of 1688. The " Guardian," a member of Parliament, has for forty years railed against what he has been told is the "Idle, Ill-bred, Debauch'd, Popish University of Oxford." He had himself in King Charles I.'s days been entered there under a " tutour " who was a great philo- sopher, and who had begun by inflaming his desires towards high thoughts and learning, declaring it a disgrace to England that "when other Countries, France, Poland, Scotland, etc., are studious to discipline their Nobility and Gentry into good Manners, Politicks, and Religion, here eldest Sons are generally condemned to Hawks and Hounds, and Wisedom left the Patrimony of younger Brothers onely, and Poor men's Sons" ; so that, the narrator says, " I out-waked the Bell, and scorned to be called to my Duty. I attended every motion of his Eye for a summons to Philosophy." However, the fame of the tutor's parts and learning had gained him greater acquaint- ances, so that a lecture given now and then came to be looked on as a condescension, and the disillusioned lad was left pretty much to himself. Then came the chaos of the Civil War and the frolick of the Restoration. As soon as the King was voted home again, " to study was Fanaticism . . . and thus it continued for a twelvemonth, and thus it would have continued till this time [1687], if it had not pleased God to raise up some Vice-Chancellours * Messrs. F. E. Robinson & Co., 20 Great Russell Street. COLLEGE TUTORS 187 who ... in defiance of the loyal zeal of the Learned, the drunken zeal of Dunces and the great amazement of young Gentlemen) who really knew not what they would have, but yet made the greatest noise, reduced the University to that temperament that a man might study and not be thought a Dullard, might be sober and yet a Conformist, a Scholar and yet a Church of England-man ; and from that time the University became sober, modest, and studious as perhaps any University in Europe." The Guardian learns of this improvement from " an old grave Learned Divine," a rigid Churchman of great simplicity of character, and after much searching of heart brings his " child " to Oxford, lies at a noisy inn, but is relieved to be told by "the Proctour" that it is roystering townsmen (two of whom are marched off to gaol) who have made the disturb- ance. Next day he waits, with the youth, upon the College Tutour, and finds a shrewd, self-respecting divine, by no means disposed to be patronised, or flattered to see' a member of Parliament standing in his room cap in hand. His manner of speech suggested that " the Gentry were obliged to Tu tours more than Tutours to them," and he remarked (with somewhat of sharpness) : " Many Mothers (I would say Fathers too were it not for shame) are so wise as to think that man much more accomplished for a Tutour who can cringe solemnly, tattle in their way, lead them handsomely over a Gutter, and kiss their hands with a good grace, than a man of less Fashion and Ceremony, who instead of flattering Parents and humouring the Son, sets carefully to work, and lets the Youth know what he comes up for. Though in the mean time I do not think Clownishness a Vertue. ... I have often refused Presents when I thought my pains over- valued, though I believe (generally) an honest Tutour sells his hours cheaper than the Fencer or Dancing-master will." 188 PEMBROKE COLLEGE He desires the Guardian to lay his commands upon the Youth, that he observe the duties of the House for Prayers, Exercises, etc., as if he were the son of a beggar, " for when a young Boy is plumed up with a new Suit, he is apt to fansie himself a fine thing. Because he hath a peny Commons more than the rest, therefore he ought to be abated a peny-worth of Duty, Learning, and Wisedom. Whereas the Gentlemen in the University ought to do more Exercise than the others, for they stay but little time there. . . . The Gentry are too seveVe in condemning the Universities for not sending home their Sons furnish'd with Eihicks, Politicks, Rhetorick, History, the necessary Learning of a Gentleman, Logick and Philosophy, etc., and other useful! Parts ; when they send up their Sons for two, perhaps three years only, and suffer them to trifle away half that time too. It is an ungratefull task to the Tutour always to be chiding, the Father must command greater strictness ; otherwise, when the young man who hath been long in Durance, and here finds his shackles knocked off, and the Gate wide open, he will ramble everlastingly, and make it work more than enough for us to keep him sober : whereas if they will take care that he be furnish'd early at School with Latin, come up hither young and pliable, stay here and study hard for Jive years, then if he prove not able to doe the King and his Countrey service, I am con- tent it should be our Fault." " Five years " did not two centuries ago mean five periods of four-and-twenty weeks. The second command which the Guardian is to lay on his charge is : "That he write no Letter to come home for the first whole year. It is a common and a very great inconvenience, that soon after a young Gentleman is settled, and but beginning to begin to study, we have a tedious ill spell'd Letter from a dear Sister, who languishes and longs to see COLLEGE TUTORS 189 him as much almost as she doth for a Husband ; and this, together with rising to Prayers at six a Clock in the morning, softens the lazy Youth into a fond desire of seeing them too : Then all on the sudden up Posts the Livery-man and the led Horse, enquires for the College where the young Squire lives, finds my young Master with his Boots and Spurs on before-hand, quarrelling the poor man for not coming sooner. The next news of him is at home, within a day or two he is invited to a hunting match, and the sickly Youth, who was scarce able to rise to Prayers, can now rise at four of the Clock to a Fox-chase. . . . And after such a sort of Education for six or eight weeks, full of tears and melancholy, the sad Soul returns to Oxford, his Brains have been so shogged, he cannot think in a fortnight : and after all this, if the young man prove debauch'd, the University must be blam'd. . . . The first question the Tutour should ask is, In what kind of Family the Child hath been bred up before he comes to us. . . . If he shall come out of a Sty or a Den, see his own Father carried up three times a week to Bed, hear nothing but Oaths and ill language from Servants, etc., it must needs vitiate the Virgin Soul, he comes up diseas'd." The youth is further to be commanded not to frequent " publick Places, such as are Bowling Green, Racket Court, etc., for beside the danger of firing his bloud by a Fever, heightning Passion with cursing and swearing, he must unavoidably grow acquainted with promiscuous Company." " I know a very honest lusty Countrey Gentleman of four or five thousand a year, who sent his Heir to the University merely for Credit's sake; and wisely bid him spend what he would (which the Youth dutifully obeyed), required no more of his Tutour than to keep him from knocking his head against a Sign-post, and dirting his silken Stockens at nine of the Clock do you think such a 190 PEMBROKE COLLEGE man fit company for your Son whom you design to be Lord Keeper?" Other pointed remarks follow about avoidance of dice and of debt, about whining letters sent home concerning College discipline by " ill-natured untoward Boys " whose one design is to go home again to spanning farthings, about keeping a " padd," about attendance at the Univer- sity Church, about silly talk against ceremonies and Church government, about not letting a young man get out of touch with home, about study and about prayer. And then this honest and kind " Tutour," refusing an invitation to dinner at the Inn, saying that such Houses were not built for Gown-men, kept the youth, who was already homesick and clinging to his mother, to dine quietly with himself, and next day desired the company of the member of Parliament, his lady, daughters and son to a Commons, at which instead of being starved as the girls foretold, fortifying themselves all the morning with " chocolette," they were nobly entertained by the Tutour at a table bright with a profusion of silver tankards, fresh napery, and glasses fit for a Dutchman, and with such a plenitude of good cheer as made the Father ashamed, " considering with my self that I should put this man to such a charge of forty shillings at least to entertain me, when for all his honest care and pains he is to have but forty or fifty shillings a Quarter." It is satisfactory to read his final opinion of Oxford : " I walk'd the Streets as late as most people and never in ten days time ever saw any Scholar rude or disordered ; so that ... I do repent of the ill opinion I have had of that place." CHAPTER XIV DR. PANTING'S MASTERSHIP (continued)', MASTERSHIP OF DR. JOHN RATCLIFF, 1738-1775 THE CHAPEL. WHEN Whitefield complained that there was not a weekly Eucharist as in the Pembroke Chapel, the build- ing of which he spoke was a new erection, having been consecrated July 10, 1732, a few months before his own matriculation. The College had always wished to have a Chapel of its own, even though dateless memories were associated with Docklinton's Aisle in St. Aldate^s. When the Duke and Duchess of York and Princess Anne were in Oxford in 1683 they did not visit Pem- broke because it " had no chappell." Encouraged by a benefaction of two hundred guineas from Mr. Bar- tholomew Tipping, of Chaddleworth, Berks, and Stoken- church, Oxon, and a legacy of c?100 from a neighbour of Mr. Tipping's, Dr. Charles Sloper, of Woodhay, Berks, Chancellor of Bristol, a sometime Fellow (Proctor in 1697), the Society took in hand the building of the present Ionic edifice. Other substantial donors were the Earl of Arran, then Visitor ; the Earl of Pembroke ; Sir Jemmet Raymond; Dr. Samuel Baker, Canon and 192 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Chancellor of York ; Dr. Robert Cooper, Archdeacon of Dorset, who presented the picture of Lord Ossulston now hanging in the Hall (both of these Doctors con- ferred other benefits on the College) ; and the Rev. James Phipps, a great benefactor, whose own portrait, with that of his lady,* hangs there. Salmon wrote in 1749 : " The Chapel is a fine Piece of Architecture (but not large), built of hewn Stone and extremely well furnished without and within. The marble Pillars, particularly, at the Altar are exceedingly beautiful." On the screen are the arms of Sloper and of Tipping. I do not know what the centre of the altar-piece was till 1786, when a Fellow-Commoner, Mr. Joseph Ptymley, or Corbett, afterwards Archdeacon of Salop,t (several of whose family were at the College), gave the picture by Cranke which is there now a copy of Our Lord^s figure in a picture at Antwerp, executed by Rubens for the Petits Carmes. This picture is usually described as repre- senting St. Theresa interceding for the souls in Purga- tory. But the following description of it appears on an old engraving: "Exstimulat Christus Dominus S. M. Teresiam ut opem ferat animae D. Bernadini Mendozae ignibus Purgatorii detentae, quae postea ope S. Teresiae liberata fuit. Lib : Fund : S. Ter : cap. 10. Sancta ergo et salubris est cogitatio pro Defunctis exorare ut a peccatis solvantur. 2 Mach. cap. 12." Oxoma Depict a in 1733 shows the exterior of the Chapel as then recently finished. * The latter portrait is very like the one of Dame Elizabeth Holford at Worcester College, and it has been thought that Mrs. Phipps is really Lady Holford. f Panton Plymley, his eldest son, also a Gentleman-Commoner, gave, in 1804, the portrait of Johnson in the Master's House. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CHAPEL 193 RECENT EMBELLISHMENT. In 1884 the interior was enriched and beautified at a cost of more than ^3000, under the superintendence of the eminent artist, himself a devoted member of Pem- broke, Mr. Charles Earner Kempe, elected this year an Honorary Fellow. The scheme of decoration illus- trates the Messianic Hope and its realisation in the Incarnation. Prophets, Evangelists, and Apostles stand under curious Renaissance canopies on either wall. The titles of the Redeemer on the ceiling are taken from the sequence De Nomine Jesu. The windows repre- sent (1) the Annunciation; (2) the Nativity; (3) the Adoration of the Shepherds an Eton window, with a medallion representing Provost Rous ; (4) the coming of the Kings of the East, introducing the royal arms of England and Scotland ; (5) St. Bernard and St. Anselm writing, attended by two allegorical figures, " Contem- platio " and " Theologia " ; (6) St. Jerome and St. Cyril of Alexandria, attended by " Veritas " and "Sapientia"; (7) a Founder's window representing King James, the Earl of Pembroke, Wightwicke and Tesdale, the two last kneeling at faldstools, in the background the Old Quadrangle ; and (8) King Charles the First praying before the College altar in his white Coronation robes ; beside him axe, crown, and sceptre. In the background is St. Aldate's. Two attendant figures, " Benefactio ^ and " Abnegatio," carry the words, " Kings shall be thy nursing-fathers " and " Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." This and the Founders' window were added in 1892 as a memorial to Dr. Evans, Master 1864-91. The glass 194 PEMBROKE COLLEGE throughout the Chapel, after the Flemish manner, is of the very finest kind. ALTAR FURNITURE AND VESSELS. The following gifts to the Chapel were made at this time: The tall silver candlesticks, after Annibale Fontana (presented by Mr. Alfred Thomas Barton and Mr. Atheist an Riley\ and altar-cross to match (presented by one of the Fellows), the beautiful silver-gilt chalice and paten, designed by Mr. Kempe, and the silver-gilt tray with crewets, of old Spanish workmanship (presented by Messrs. Athelstan Riley and Hugh Colin Robert Cunninghame). These crewets took the place of the fine but enormous Commonwealth flagon, and the chalice and paten were substituted reluctantly for those of 1696, which are, of course, reverently preserved. The beautiful old Charles II. lights (silver-gilt) now stand on the credentia, as well as the great alms-dish, dated 1706. The latter was given by Benajmin and Nicholas Hyett, and the former by the Hon. William Howard, all three Fellow-Commoners. ORGAN. In 1893 an organ was placed in the Ante-chapel, of which the case was partly made from the woodwork of the old organ in the Sheldonian. Until then there had never been any music in Pembroke Chapel, if we except a harmonium and voluntary choir introduced for a short period in the sixties by undergraduate zeal and subsidised by the College, until the spectre of Ritualism arose. The rest was silence. A College service said absolutely plainly is not without a charm, but it THE CHAPEL 195 usually becomes a monologue. There have been no sermons at Pembroke until this year for many years. On the other hand, the Divine Office had not been in- decently shorn and abbreviated, nor the common prayers of the College degraded to an easily distanced compe- tition with the alternative of roll-call. METHOD OF ADMINISTERING HOLY COMMUNION. Until the Mastership of Dr. Evans it was the custom here, as still at St. Mary's and the Cathedral and formerly in several College Chapels, to bring the Elements to the communicants kneeling in their places. It has been disputed whether this usage was a relic of Puritanism or a custom of Community life. In Ephraim UdalPs Communion Comlinesse (1641) " is Discovered the convenience of the people's drawing neere to the Table in the sight thereof when they receive the Lord's Supper, with the great unfitnesse of receiving it in Pewes in London, for the Novelty of high and close Pewes." He describes this method of administration as " a late usage." Bostock, about the same date, com- plains : " They sit still in their seats or pews to have the blessed Body and Blood of our Saviour go up and down to seek them all the church over." Shortly before Jeune resigned the Mastership, an undergraduate was accidentally passed over by the minister of one Species, and on November 20, 1864, the custom was abandoned. In 1898, while hot- water pipes were being laid under the Chapel floor, a skeleton was found. 196 PEMBROKE COLLEGE CUTLER-BOULTER SCHOLARSHIP. To return to the closing years of Dr. Panting's Mastership. In 1736 Edmund Boulter, of Hare wood, Yorks, and Hasely Court, Oxon, left to the College o20 yearly for a Scholarship, to be called the Cutler-Boulter Scholarship, in honour of his uncle, Sir John Cutler. This is the millionaire the opening of whose will on April 20, 1693, excited so much interest (see LuttrelFs Brief Relation, iii. 81, and Wood's Life and Times, iii. 409, 420). In it were bequeathed lands worth ^6000 a year to the testator's daughter, the Countess of Radnor, and her issue, and failing such issue to Sir John's nephew, Mr. Boulter, who also inherited half the personal estate, about ^300,000, and was executor of the will. Mr. Boulter was a member of the Grocers'* Company, and elected Sheriff of London (but paid the fine) in 1694. His death was "reported" on Feb- ruary 19, 170f (Luttrett), so that I am not sure whether he or his son was the Pembroke benefactor. The latter left money also to found the Almshouse in Oxford which bears his name. The bequest to the College was saddled with Founder's-kin preferences, and fell into Chancery, no election taking place till 1792, when the value of the Foundation was much increased. DR. JOHN RATCLIFF ELECTED MASTER 1738. The long Mastership of Dr. John Ratdiff began February 23, 1738. Two future Archbishops were bred under him during that somnolent mid-century period, and one man of first-rate eminence, Sir William Blackstone, the famous jurist. JOHN RATCLIFF, MASTER 197 BLACKSTONE. Blackstone received his schooling at Sutton's Hos- pital; and, Dame Elizabeth Holford's legacy for the benefit of Carthusians having become available in 1737, he entered Pembroke as a Commoner November 30, 1738, with a view to an Exhibition. He was elected to one the following February, holding also a School Bursary. Blackstone was a diligent reader while at Oxford in various branches of knowledge, and it is to be feared that he must also be reckoned among the Singing Birds who made their nest, according to Johnson, at Pembroke. In November 1743 he was elected Fellow of All Souls. Blackstone was the first Vinerian Professor, 1758-62. The Chair was held, 1773-93, by Richard Woodesdon, D.C.L., who entered Pembroke in 1759. Proctor 1776 ; Moral Philosophy Lecturer, 1777 ; Counsel to the University. On a silver beaker pre- sented by Blackstone to Pembroke in 1754 he describes himself as " hujusce Collegii per quinquennium Com- mensalis et dnae Elizabethae Holford e Schola Carthu- siana alumnus." With him at the College was Johnson's friend, the clerical dramatist, William Hawkins (matr. November 1737 ; Tesdale Fellow from 1742), Poetry Professor 1751-56 ; Bampton Lecturer 1787. He was nephew to Soame Jenyns. A minor poet, who entered, aged thirteen, in the same year as Blackstone, was one more notable in his day than ours, Thomas Tyers (" Tom Restless " in the Idler), the prince of dilettanti, " loved " by Johnson, of whom he wrote biographical sketches " warm from the heart." " Sir," said Johnson, " I never meet Tom but he tells me something I did not know before." 198 PEMBROKE COLLEGE ARCHBISHOPS NEWCOME AND MOORE. The two Archbishops just mentioned were Newcome and Moore, who were at the College together, the former as an Abingdon, the latter as a Townsend, Scholar. WilTiam Newcome, Archbishop of Armagh, came up to Pembroke just as England was ringing with the news from Preston Pans, and the hopes of Oxford Jacobites were eagerly excited. He owed his after advancement to able mediocrity and undistinguished virtue, and to the friendship of Charles James Fox, who was his pupil when he became a tutor of Hertford, and in rollicking with whom he broke his arm, subsequently amputated. Archbishop Newcome is chiefly remembered as a pioneer in the revision of the Authorised Version of the Bible, his efforts, however, being after his death utilised, to the indignation of his friends, by the Socinians. The face of John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, is familiar to many people from Dighton's caricature. Entering the College from Gloucester in 1744, aged fifteen, he remained there for nine years. Becoming governor to the Duke of Marl borough's sons, Moore at first experienced mortifying insults at the hands of the Duchess, but afterwards, when she became a widow, inspired an embarrassing passion in her breast, followed by the offer of her hand. In this difficult situation the handsome young man behaved with honour and pru- dence, which, coming to the knowledge of the third Duke, laid the foundation of Moore's fortunes, culminat- ing in the primatial throne itself. In this great post he " avoided all other activity but that of Christian piety and spiritual duty." He gave, however, assistance JOHN RATCLIFF, MASTER 199^ to Wilberforce's missionary and philanthropic enter- prises, encouraged the new Sunday School movement (of which Thomas Stock, Fellow of Pembroke, a native of Gloucester, and commemorated in the Cathedral there, was co-Founder), and, though with " provoking caution " he refused to put himself at the head of the Church Missionary Society, his Primacy is rendered notable by the consecration at his hands, in 1787, of an Episcopate for America. DURELL, VALPY, AND OTHERS. With these two Primates David Durell, a Jersey- man, Orientalist and Biblical critic, was at the College. A Hebrew Lecture had been founded there by Dr. Benjamin SlococJc, Proctor 1720. Durell became Principal of Hertford in 1757, and, while Vice-Chan- cellor, expelled the six Methodist students of Edmund Hall. His countryman, Richard Valpy, the famous Headmaster of Reading School, entered Pembroke on the Morley Foundation in 1754, together with Jonathan Williams, the learned Welsh divine and antiquary. In the previous year matriculated John Lightfoot, Fellow of the Royal and Linnaean Societies, one of those country clergymen who have given their leisure to the patient enrichment of our knowledge of nature, and Thomas Wintle, afterwards Tutor, a learned Biblical Scholar and Bampton Lecturer. Dr. Valpy's son, Abraham John Valpy, classical publisher and author, entered the College in 1805. In 1760 there was a fire in College, but the damage was not serious. 200 PEMBROKE COLLEGE PHILIPPS FOUNDATION. In 1749 one Fellowship and one Scholarship for natives of Pembrokeshire, or, in default of such, of any county in South Wales, were founded by a former Gentleman-Commoner, "the Honourable Sir John Philipps, Bart.," of Picton Castle, M.P., D.C.L., son of that " great and good " Sir John Philipps who has been mentioned as helping Whitefield in his University career, and who took a leading part, as a layman, in the establishment of the Christian Knowledge Society, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the religious movement of the closing Stuart era.* For the benefit of the Philipps Fellows, who were ineligible for the Mastership and for the parsonage of St. Aldate's, Sir John gave the College the perpetual curacy of West HaroUston with Lambton in Pembrokeshire. He was described by his cousin, Horace Walpole, just after the defeat of the Young Chevalier, as " a noted Jacobite." With him had entered his brother (portions of whose Diary, kept at Oxford, are given in my larger history), Sir Erasmus Philipps, " an amateur and great patron of the fine arts, whose premature death " he was drowned in the Avon, 1743 "was a loss to his * In 169! Sir John brought before Parliament a bill " against pro- phanenesse and blasphemy," and punishing adultery with death. At one of the early meetings of the S.P.C.K., December 21, 1699, it was resolved " that thanks be given to Sir John Philips for the Noble and Christian Example he has shewn in refusing a Challenge after the Highest Provocation Imaginable." This refers to his having been struck, as he left the House of Commons, by Mr. Har- court, clerk of the peace for Middlesex. Harcourt was taken into custody by the Serjeant-at-arms, and reprimanded on his knees at the bar of the House, January 26, JOHN RATCLIFF, MASTER 201 country." Sir John also sent to the College his son Richard, the first Lord Milford. PHIPPS BENEFACTION. College livings can seldom now serve the purpose of providing for officials who wish to retire, and the pension question is already a difficult one. At any rate, it is not likely that Colleges will in the future desire eccle- siastical patronage. Formerly it was otherwise. The Rev. James Phipps, Rector of Elvetham, near Winchfield, an old Tesdale Scholar, bequeathed at his death, in 1773, his entire fortune, viz., lands at Cowley and Littlemore, together with^?3000 in the Funds, towards the purchase of four advowsons for the benefit of Tesdale Fellows, the increase of their stipends and those of the Tesdale Scholars and the augmentation of the chaplain's salary, the surplus, if any, to be placed in the College chest to buy books or for whatever might be of ornament or benefit to the College. The advowsons of Coin St. Dennis, Ringshall, Lydiard Millicent and Sibstone, all of substantial value, were bought out of this bequest, and in 1847 ^3000 was available towards building the new Hall. CHAPTER XV MASTERSHIP OF DR. WILLIAM ADAMS 1775-1789 DR. RATCLIFF^S BENEFACTION. DR. RATCLIFF died July 13, 1775, after a reign of thirty-seven years. In his will he left ^1000 to found one Exhibition to be held for seven years by sons of Gloucestershire clergymen intended for Holy Orders, c^lOOO for the improvement of the College buildings, c600 to repair the prebendal house at Gloucester, ^?100 worth of books, and ^?100 for any public use approved by the Master. DR. ADAMS ELECTED MASTER. On July 26 the Fellows elected to the Mastership, " as a mark of respect due to his public character," though he had been absent from the College three-and- forty years, Dr. William Adams, Johnson's old friend, then Canon and Precentor of Llandaff and Rector of Counde, Salop. He himself was a native of Shrews- bury, of which town his father was mayor. BRINGS JOHNSON BACK TO PEMBROKE. His return to Oxford brought about a second close connexion of the College with her greatest son, for WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER 203 Johnson, as has been already recorded, visited him there repeatedly in the last ten years of his life, and some of the most salient conversations and some of the tenderest passages recorded in the immortal Biography are con- nected with the Masters Lodgings. Again he wore the gown, now a Doctor's of Civil Law, in the familiar walls, pointing out to his dear Miss More this spot and that, and recalling a hundred reminiscences of his under- graduate days. u He would let no one show me the College but himself." During his visits the Chapel was usually crowded with sightseers, anxious to see the most famous writer of the age. Kneeling there, he doubtless humbly commended the souls of many of those former companions to whose names Death had prefixed his " black Theta." Under Dr. Adams's roof he was almost happy : " There was something exceedingly pleasing," writes Boswell, " in our leading a College life, without restraint and with superiour elegance, in consequence of our living in the Master's house and having the company of ladies." Miss Adams describes "delightful blue- stocking" parties. Johnson strove to be cheerful. We see him, with an old man's gallantry, jestingly offering the Master's daughter his heart, as she poured out his coffee, or talking for hours together in Latin, or in English polysyllables, with an astonishingly erudite Commoner of the College,* John Henderson, then (1784) aged twenty-seven, or gloomily agitated as he conversed of death and judgment to come. Cobbett rejoices, more * A freshman who was admitted to this circle, Richard Durnford, father of the late venerable Bishop of Chichester, gives an account, which the Bishop was good enough to confirm in a letter to me, of one of these parties. Bishop Richard Durnford himself matriculated at Pembroke, but was elected demy of Magdalen. 204 PEMBROKE COLLEGE mo, that " light, reason, and the French Revolution " came just in time to destroy the influence in England of the writings of " this time-serving, mean, dastardly old pensioner, old dread-death and dread-devil Johnson, that teacher of moping and melancholy/ 1 * Not un- worthy, it has been better said, of an earnest soul and a robust understanding were the searchings of that pas- sionate and afflicted heart, whose melancholia was too large, as he said, for self-torment about petty scrupu- losities " while we all live together in a world that is bursting with sin and sorrow.'" He talked with his old friend on the subject of prayer, and out of one of these conversations arose the collection of his scattered Prayers and Meditations. MS. OF THE "PRAYERS AND MEDITATIONS.'" These pathetic papers, in Johnson's own hand, are perhaps the most precious possession of the College Library. He had designed to append to them an auto- biographical sketch, but death, no longer dreaded, came all too soon. We could have no better revelation of the inner man than the book itself. It is a coincidence that Gray's dearest friend was the Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, holding whose hand he died. RELICS OF JOHNSON. Besides the MS. of the Prayers and Meditations, there are in the Library two College themes by Johnson, written in Latin, either followed by a few elegiacs, a copy of his Tracts, in which he has written, " To Sir Joshua Reynolds from the Authour," and in which Sir * Rural Rides (1886 edition), i. 48, 49. WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER 205 Joshua has written his own name, a small collection of Johnson's letters and some other papers in his hand- writing. Here also is the little deal desk on which the Dictionary was written, as well as another desk of Johnson's from Edial Hall, which has been in strange hands. The Library contains a bust of Johnson by Bacon, presented by Samuel Whitbread, a pencil sketch made by Johnson's permission in his old age, and an impression of his head from a seal belonging to the Rev. G. Strahan. In the Common Room hangs Reynolds's magnificent portrait of Johnson, for the possession of which the College owes ever- increasing gratitude to Mr. Andrew Spottiswoode, who gave it in 1850 in recognition of kindness showed to his son William. It was painted for Mr. Andrew Strahan, Mr. Spottiswoode's uncle, and never left the house in Shoe Lane till it was presented to Pembroke. Johnson told Dr. Adams that his picture had no right to appear among those of the Founders and Benefactors in the Hall ; at the most he might aspire, perhaps, to a place in the Master's Lodgings. There is an inferior portrait of him there. The copy in the Hall of the National Gallery picture was presented a few years ago by Mr. E. J. Leveson. In the Common Room parlour is the teapot of the insatiable tea-drinker, given by the present Vice-gerent and Senior Tutor. It belonged to Charlotte Parker (nee Bagnall), who knew Johnson well at Lichfield. Also a cider-mug used for his gruel by Johnson at Kettel Hall. Both are of Worcester china. Dr. Adams was pleased to see his native shire elect as its Knight a Pembroke man, Sir John Kynaston 206 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Powell, Bart. (B.C.L. from All Souls 1777). Sir James Watson (matr. 1777) represented Bridport from 1790, and was raised to the Bench in 1795. ADAMS AND HUME. Dr. Adams's amiable character had not prevented his engaging in controversy with Romaine on the one hand and with Hume on the other. " Candid Adams, by whom David fell, Who ancient miracles sustained so well." " You have treated me much better than I deserve/ 1 said Hume when he visited him. Leland, in his View qfDeistical Writers, makes considerable use of Adams's treatise. CHEMISTRY DR. BEDDOES. His especial subject, however, was the " new science "" of chemistry, in which he was " considerably deep. 1 ' He took a leading part in the foundation of the Shropshire Infirmary. The year after his election to the Master- ship was marked by the migration from St. John's to Pembroke of a young Salopian of great powers,' Thomas Beddoes, father of the poet, and brother-in-law of Maria Edgeworth, himself notable as the teacher of the great Davy,* and as a chemist of daring imagination to which poetry, politics, and natural philosophy were as one. He was President of the Royal and Natural Societies of Edinburgh, and afterwards Reader in Chemistry at * Miss Edgeworth writes from Clifton in 1799 : " A young man, a Mr. Davy at Dr. Beddoes', who has applied himself much to chemistry, has made some discoveries of importance, and enthusi- astically expects wonders will be performed by the use of certain gases, which inebriate in the most delightful manner." WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER 207 Oxford. His eager sympathies with the French Revo- lutionists caused him to resign the Readership in 1792, but a short residence in France cured him of Jacobinism. His house at Clifton was the centre of a brilliant circle. " From Beddoes," wrote Southey on receiving tidings of his death, " I hoped for more good of the human race than any other individual."" Coleridge declared that it had taken more out of his life than any former event. An elder brother of this poet, Edward Coleridge, entered the College in the same year as Beddoes ; another, George Coleridge, in 1780. He was "father, brother, and everything " to the wayward genius, who dedicated to him the Poems of 1797. SMITHSON AND GILBERT. Two other considerable names in chemistry belong to this period. James Lewis Smithson, natural son of Sir Hugh Smithson, first Duke of Northumberland, entered in 1782 under his mother's name of Made. She was " niece of Charles, the Proud Duke of Somerset," and Smithson, a republican, bragged all his life about his birth. In order that his name should "live in the memory of man when the titles of the Northumberlands and Percys are extinct and forgotten," he bequeathed a large fortune to the United States Government for the foundation of an institution, to bear his putative name, "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Much hesitation was felt as to the acceptance of this gift. The Smithsonian Institute, however, may be proud of its founder as a man of vast scientific accomplishments, who was "for some fifty years an object of European interest to men of science." Even 208 PEMBROKE COLLEGE as a Pembroke undergraduate (there is a portrait of him in cap, gown, and bands) he made a geological survey of the coast of Scotland. He died at Genoa in 1829. Smithson's eulogy in the Royal Society was pronounced by the President, Dr. Davies Gilbert, M.P. for Bodmin, who entered Pembroke as a Gentleman-Commoner in 1785. To his great scientific attainments he added those of politician, antiquary, economist and man of letters. His permanent title to fame is as the discoverer of Davy.* He found the apothecary's boy swinging on a gate in Penzance, and brought him under the notice of his fellow worker, Dr. Beddoes. The name of Gilbert came to him through a rich marriage, for his own patronymic was Giddy. A coeval of his at Pembroke was Richard Powell, F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Bar- tholomew's 1801-24. Dr. Richard Edwards, F.R.C.P., Lecturer in Chemistry at the same Hospital, was also at Pembroke at the same time. A COLLEGE MYSTIC. The decade which preceded the Revolution in France wa# one of great imaginative activity. From 1781 to 1786 there resided in the College a young Irishman already mentioned, alchymist, linguist, mathematician, metaphysician, divine, John Henderson, who, coming up from Bristol at the age of twenty-four, by his ency- clopaedic accomplishments and extraordinary character made before long a great impression on the Oxford and the scientific world of his day, but who, dying early and leaving nothing written behind him, has * Davy wrote to him in 1799 as " Dear friend for I love you too well to call you by a more ceremonious name." WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER 209 been almost forgotten. Medicine, both mystical and practical, was but one of his omnisciences. Yet he seemed to probe every branch of knowledge to the bottom. " More men," he said, " become writers from ignorance than from knowledge. Let us think slowly and write late." Priestley corresponded with the learned undergraduate. Johnson conversed with him as an equal. Burke expected that he would attain some lofty summit of fame. Kennicott said of him, "The greatest men I ever knew were children compared with Henderson." Seniors were proud to be admitted to a disputation with him, and even Heads of Houses were to be found in his room. Very boyish looking, strangely dressed, his hair worn like a child's, with a grave polite- ness and serenity of bearing which no violence or insult could ruffle, but full of humorous fancy, this singular student " in all companies led the conversation ; yet though he was perpetually encircled by admirers .... never was his superiority oppressive. Calm, attentive and chearful, he confuted more gracefully than others compliment." None loved and admired him more than those who knew him most closely. But he had his detractors, and even his pupil Cottle, the poet publisher, in his fine " Monody to John Henderson "" admits that his genius was stimulated and the pain of disease deadened by wine, while Hannah More, to whose sister Patty Henderson was probably engaged, tried in vain to wean him from the opium drug. His habits were eccentric. About daybreak, before retiring to rest, he would sluice his body and shirt at the College pump, and then turn dripping into bed, to rise some time in the afternoon. He was for ever smoking and reading. 210 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Once he ate nothing for five days. Taking B.A. after five years' residence he left Oxford and devoted himself to mysticism. Two years later he returned to die,* November 2 (All Souls Day), 1786, his death being seen in a dream, at the moment it took place, by Mary Macie, a Bristol relative. Henderson's portrait, painted by Palmer for Hannah More, and bequeathed by Cottle in 1853 to the College, was only recently identified, and now hangs in the Common Room opposite that of Johnson, whose fame with posterity he might, had he lived, have equalled or surpassed. An intimate of Henderson's at Pembroke was Charles Coote, the eminent civilian,! together with whom entered Maurice Swabey, Chancellor of Rochester. Sir John Sewell, Vice- Admiralty Judge, matriculated in 1784; Sir Thomas Le Breton, whose full-length picture by Lawrence hangs in the Common Room Attorney- General of Jersey, Bailli, and President of the States was elected Fellow the same year. Latin Verse 1786. Thomas Dudley Fosbrooke, the Gloucestershire anti- quary, was chosen Scholar in 1785. The famous Dr. John Lempriere, a Jersey man, matriculated in 1786. The Classical Dictionary, remarkable as it may seem, was an undergraduate work, the preface being dated from Pembroke College, November 1788. From Lempriere Keats learned all he knew about ancient Hellas, and with the Dictionary on his knee "saw in * Wesley writes from Bristol, September 25, 1789 : "I spent an hour at Clarehill with Mr. Henderson, I believe the best physician for lunatics in England, but he could not save the life of his only son, who was probably taken to bring his father to God." t Grandfather (?) of Charles Thomas Coote, Fellow, Radcliffe's Travelling Fellow 1849. WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER vision in suburban Hampstead the Argive heights and the bounteous meadows of Enna." The name of Dr. Thomas SiJces of Guilsborough has recently become interesting in connexion with the Oxford Movement, between which and the older High-churchmanship the Hackney school was a link. A striking prediction written to W. J. Copeland, editor of Newman's Sermons, by this saintly and learned man is recorded by Dr. Pusey in a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The suppression of one article of the Creed, the " Holy Catholick Church," would, he said, revenge itself at a later time, when men will hear of nothing else. "Our confusion nowadays is chiefly owing to the want of it; and there will be yet more confusion attending its revival. The effects of it I even dread to contemplate. And woe betide those who shall, in the course of Providence, have to bring it forward. . . . They will be endlessly misunderstood and misinterpreted. There will be one great outcry of Popery from one end of the country to the other. It will be thrust on minds unprepared, and on an uncatechised Church. 1 ' FRANCIS WIGHTWICK FOUNDATION. A tutor under Dr. Adams, John Vinicombe, whose sombre but handsome presentment, by Opie, hangs in the Common Room, and who bequeathed ^50 for books for the Library, had an awful end. He was found burned almost to ashes on the Common Room floor. In the Common Room parlour are two Wightwick pictures. These were bequeathed in reversion, together with books, a valuable collection of silver, and landed estate, for the support of four Fellows and two Scholars, PEMBROKE COLLEGE by Francis Wightwick, Esq., of Wombridge House, Lawrence- Wai tham, Berks,* descended from Humphry Wightwick, the co-Founder's cousin. He died in 1783, but the College did not enjoy the bequest till 1843. PORTRAIT OF DR. ADAMS. The portrait of Dr. Adams in the Hall was presented by Mr. Frederick Barlow de Sausmarez (Scholar 1868- 1873 ; H.M. Inspector of Schools 1877), and is a copy of an Opie in the possession of Mr. F. A. Hyett, of Painswick House, Gloucestershire, who also has a pencil sketch of Johnson made by Miss Adams at the Master's House. Miss Adams married, in 1788, Mr. Benjamin Hyett (vide supra, p. 194). APPENDIX. MANUSCRIPT OF JOHNSON'S " MEDITATIONS.'* The following observations from a review (Guardian, November 18, 1897) of Johnsonian Miscellanies, edited by Dr. Birkbeck Hill (in which volumes Dr. Hill " crowns the great structure which he has raised in honour of Johnson "), are worth reprinting : "The character of his inner life, as revealed in his Prayers and Meditations, has, a thousand times over, been condemned as morbid, and perhaps biography offers no sadder example of the power of a particular set of opinions rigidly held as the absolute and final truth to stunt the sympathies of a naturally tender heart than the * See Hearne's Collections (ed. Rannie), Oxf. Hist. Soc. iv. 218. WILLIAM ADAMS, MASTER language which Cowper employed on the first appearance of this collection : " ' His prayers for the dead, and his minute account of the rigour with which he observed Church fasts, whether he drank tea or coffee, whether with sugar or without, and whether one or two dishes of either, are the most important items to be found in this childish register of the great Johnson, supreme dictator in the chair of literature, and almost a driveller in his closet/ " It is so that one Christian sufferer, whose own despon- dency and despair are a theme in all the Churches, can write of another who in the sight and with the help of high Heaven was struggling manfully against the same dreadful enemy, not in retired ease and leisure, nor always amid cheering friends, but for the most part in the storm and stress of a battle for bare existence, waged often in solitude, apart even from the wife whom he always saw, in her life- time, in that illusion of affection which has been a fertile theme of mockery to those who have chosen to forget that such illusions are the first condition of all wedded happi- ness ; and, after her death, in visions (amid tears arid prayers), less impressive, perhaps, but quite as pathetic as that wherein Milton beheld ' his late-espoused saint/ As for the ' childish register/ it will be ages before the whole world is agreed on the value of asceticism ; but it will still remain that many a great soul has believed in asceticism and practised it ; and the details of such practice will easily seem ridiculous. "His trembling desire to pray for the beloved dead, checked only by a humble reverence for the system in which he had been trained, what feeling heart is now inclined to mock ? It was only a part of that great PEMBROKE COLLEGE desiderium which is sooner or later the common lot. While Wordsworth writes : " ' Surprised by joy impatient as the wind, I wished to share the transport oh, with whom But thee, long buried in the silent tomb/ Johnson has recorded : " ' When I recollect the time in which we lived together, my grief for her departure is not abated, and I have less pleasure in any good that befalls me, because she does not partake it. On many occasions I think what she would have said or done. When I saw the sea at Brighthelmston, I wished for her to have seen it with me.' " These ideals, these memories, are beautiful, whatever the crude realities may have been. And picture the sage, with his rugged and venerable face bowed at the altar, ( struck ' as he received f with tender images,' and so ' mollified ' by the concluding address to our Saviour that he could not utter it. Such things are worthy of reverent comment, if not of sacred silence." CHAPTER XVI MASTERSHIPS OF DR. WILLIAM SERGROVE, 1789-1796; DR. JOHN SMYTH, 1796-1809; AND DR. GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, 1809-1843 DR. SERGROVE ELECTED. DR. ADAMS died January 13, 1789. The inscription to his memory in Gloucester Cathedral is given in Bos well. His successor, Dr. William Ser grove, elected January 28, 1789, was a Tesdale-kin Fellow, and had been Rector of St. AldateV He died April 16, 1796, at the age of forty-nine, and his short Mastership, though those were troublous years for Europe, left little mark on the history of the College. In 1789 ^100 was lent gratuitously to the Bodleian to buy books, no doubt from the libraries of dmigrts. In 1792 20 was voted for the relief of the French refugee clergy. In 1794 forty guineas was contributed from the College Bag for the internal defence of the kingdom. Towards the Johnson monument, now in St. Paul's, but intended for the Abbey, twenty guineas were subscribed. In 1792 J?148 was voted for Chapel repairs. 216 PEMBROKE COLLEGE DR. SMYTH ELECTED MASTER 1796. To the Mastership was elected, April 28, 1796, Dr. John Smyth, an Abingdonian, Rector of St. Aldate's from 1789. Dr. Smyth had been a naval chaplain, and, being addicted to travellers 1 tales, was styled in the University "Sinbad the Sailor." The tradition that his real name, laid aside because of its unpopularity, was Cromwell rests only on the circum- stances that his father's sister, Mary Revett, was married to a Colonel Russell, great-grandson of the Protector, and that there were reasons for concealing, even from himself, his parentage. He died October 19, 1809, be- queathing to the College a reversionary interest, amount- ing, in 1831, to about <>! 0,000, for the purchase of one or more advowsons for the benefit of Fellows to whose foundation none should be appropriated. The valu- able living of Brmkworth) Wilts, was acquired in 1831 with part of this sum. The portrait of Dr. Smyth in the Hall was painted after his death by Howard from Dighton's caricature, and looks itself like one. He was a man of very strong character, and a considerable authority on music. He is buried in Exeter Cathedral, but has a monument at Gloucester, on which learning, courtesy, and piety are ascribed to him, and he is said to have been " Collegio ob munificentiam carissimus." James Sedgwick, politician, entered in 1797. As Chairman of the Board of Stamps he conducted an inquiry into the Scottish revenue collection, and laid bare great abuses. Falling foul of Lord Liverpool's Government, Sedgwick was refused in 1826 his pension, and for the remainder of his life waged a newspaper JOHN SMYTH, MASTER 217 war with the Administration. For two years (1807-8) he was editor of the Oxford Review. In 1800 entered the elder Charles Kingsley, Rector of Clovelly and of St. Luke's, Chelsea, a muscular Christian of the un- affected arid pre-priggish type, from whom his famous son " inherited his love of art, his sporting tastes, his fighting blood.*" " Endowed with many noble gifts of mind and body " so runs his epitaph composed by his son "he preserved, through all vicissitudes of for- tune, a loving heart and stainless honour." Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, F.R.C.P., Physician to H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex, and to the Forces in the Peninsular War, took M.A. and M.D. from Pembroke in 1806. Towards the close of this Mastership entered Walter Mayers, the simple and reverent-minded Evangelical clergyman who gave John Henry Newman, his pupil at Ealing, his first deep religious impressions. It was by his advice that Newman sought Holy Orders, and pro- bably through him he had gone to Oxford instead of Cambridge. Newman preached his friend's funeral sermon in 1828. Of Mayers's time was James Gateward Davis, Bishop of Antigua 1842-57. In 1797 the narrow way in front of Pembroke was paved by the College, and also Beef Lane. In 1808 d?460 was spent on building repairs. =100 was con- tributed in 1798 for the prosecution of the war. DR. HALL ELECTED MASTER 1809. Dr. George William Hall, uncle of the Kennedys, was elected Master November 2, 1809. At the Chelsea house of his father, the eminent engraver, he had known Garrick, Sheridan, Linley, West, Richardson and 218 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Burney, and retained through life literary tastes and social talents. In Gloucester he was a considerable civic force. Francis Galton speaks of Dr. Hall's classical attainments. Croker regarded him as joint editor of his Boswell. To the College Library his own was unusually large he contributed, with other books, the Logbook of the Victory. He had a strong Vice-gerent in Charles Wightwick (Proctor 1812), whose portrait by Sir Martin Shee is in the Bursary. Mr. Wightwick was engaged to be married for forty years, till in 1840 the benefice of Codford St. Peter, Wilts, purchased in 1820 for ,3000 for the benefit of Wightwick Fellows, became vacant for the first time. He was presented, but the next year accepted Brink worth. Some other Dons of this time were John Sheffield Cox, descended from John, Duke of Bucking- ham, the typical old-style Senior Fellow ; William Beach Thomas, an excellent scholar ; Archdeacon George Hough, a pioneer in the Mission field; and Ricliard French Lawrence, Bodley's Sub-librarian 1822. BICENTENARY OF THE COLLEGE 1824. Dr. Hall was Vice-Chancellor 1820-24 the first time that this honour had fallen to Pembroke and attended George IV.'s Coronation. In 1824 the College was about to celebrate its Bicentenary, and for a year or two before alterations were taking place in the old dining-hall, on which and on other alterations nearly 2000 was spent, raised (except 450) by subscription. June 29, 1824, the two-hundredth anniversary of the constitution of Broadgates Hall into a College, was observed as " a grand Gaudy or day of rejoicing," and, this day coinciding with Dr. Hall's last Encaenia, in GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, MASTER 219 the morning the noblemen, Doctors, Proctors and other members of the University met in the newly embellished Refectory, and attended him thence in state to the Theatre, while in the evening the Society gave "a sumptuous entertainment" in the same apartment, a Latin oration being delivered by Edmund Goodenough Bayly, the senior Tesdale-kin Scholar. It was he who in 1836, as Proctor, vetoed, "amidst shouts, groans, and shrieks such as no deliberative assembly probably ever heard," the proceedings against Dr. Hampden. Two ECCENTRIC POETS. Among the juniors present, I suppose, at this festival, were two young poets who may be regarded as typically representing the opposed revolutionary and mediaeval- ising movements of the closing Georgian era. One was Thomas Lovell Beddoes (matr. 1820), who had been committed by Dr. Beddoes to Davies Gilbert's guardian- ship. He is described by Barry Cornwall in this year 1824 as " innocently gay, with a gibe always on his tongue, a mischievous eye, and locks curling like the hyacinth," and his only happy days were those spent at Pembroke ; but he had already produced the Brides Tragedy, Lovers Arrow Poisoned, and other morbidly imaginative poetry of the Shelley-Byron kind, and had planned "a very Gothic-styled tragedy," by which his name is best known, Death's Jest Book. The mocking gloom, republican rants, and rebellious dean-defiance of the undergraduate of the First-Gentleman-in-Europe period usually subsided after B. A. and M. A. But with Beddoes, though he took both these degrees, the melancholy posing of youth was the prelude to a brief 220 PEMBROKE COLLEGE career of fierce warfare with European society, termin- ating, it is now known, in self-destruction. Mr. Gosse has lately edited his Letters " a duty laid upon me by the late Mr. Robert Browning."" Not less eccentric than Beddoes, though his lifelong eccentricity was rather whimsical than lurid, was Robert Stephen Hawker -, afterwards Vicar of Morwenstowe, and remem- bered almost more by his extraordinary personality than by his religious and romantic poetry. But Hawker's mad humour was, to tell the truth, rather put on, for the man was vain of his reputation. His poetical work, on the other hand, was quite genuine, " steeped in the atmosphere of old dreams and early mysteries, pro- foundly and passionately musical.'" Hawker migrated from Pembroke to Magdalen Hall early in 1825 under the following circumstances. Learning from his father, then Curate of Stratton, that he could no longer afford to keep him at College, he ran off hatless to Bude and asked his godmother, Miss Charlotte Fans, to be his wife. She was aged forty-one and had X200 a year. The lady returned with him to Oxford as his bride, riding behind her young husband on a pillion. Hawker's principal friend at Pembroke was Jeune, who used to stay with him in Cornwall, joining in his extravagant pranks. Hawker won the Pompeii Newdigate in 1827. Some of his extraordinary letters are in the library. Of nearly the same date at the College were two lawyers, John Gervas Hutchinson Bourne^ Chief Justice of Newfoundland (Fellow of Magdalen 1828, d. 1845), and George Morley Dowdeswell, Recorder of Newbury and Treasurer of the Inner Temple. James White, an historical and miscellaneous writer, entered in 1823. GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, MASTER Prebendary Charles Mackenzie, Founder of the City of London College, was Scholar 1825-33. William Robert Browell, who entered in 1824, became Tutor of the College. He was brother-in-law of an able man, Henry Baskerville Walton, co-editor of Edward VI.'s First Prayer Book. Walton went to Merton to be Fellow, Tutor, and Dean. In 1829 John Jackson, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and of London, was sent by Dr. Valpy to the College. He was in the famous First Class which contained the names of Liddell, Scott, Lowe, and Canning. As a private tutor in Oxford, Jackson had countless pupils. A year his junior at Pembroke was Henry Mackenzie, in whose person the office of Bishop Suffragan (of Notting- ham) was first revived. Octavms Hadfield, Bishop of Wellington 1870-93, Primate of New Zealand 1889-93, entered in 1832. His brother, George Horatio Hadfield, was Fellow from 1837 to 1844. The present venerable Principal the last one of St. Mary Hall, Dr. Drum- mond Percy Chase, was President of the Union Society in 1842. REBUILDING OF THE OLD QUADRANGLE, 1829. An important event in Dr. HalPs Mastership was the architectural transformation of the Old Quadrangle. The Perpendicular oriel of the present Library was thrown out as early as 1821, one year after the re- building of Carfax Church.* In 1829 the example of revived domestic Gothic was set on a large scale to other colleges by the rebuilding of the Pembroke Quad- rangle in that taste ; or rather the seventeenth-century * The " Gothic " of St. Ebbe's dates, however, from 1814. 222 PEMBROKE COLLEGE walls, exterior and interior, were re-faced and masked by mediaeval masonry of Bath stone. The Tower and Master's Lodgings were treated in the same way. Of course it is a great pity it was done. Our grandfathers, with lavish zeal and expenditure, built sepulchres, and we stone their memories for having made such a mistake. Yet we all, even in this enlightened age, belong to our generation and act up to our lights. Pembroke might now seem to have, except the Grecian Chapel, no buildings older than the present century. But the frontage is not unpleasing. The Gateway oriel, imitated from John of Gaunf s palace at Lincoln, is ascribed to the taste of the Rev. C. Cleoburey, one of the Fellows. The detail is, however, already in a state of decay. The inside of the Quadrangle has been, it must be confessed, robbed of all its character and charm, especially since the introduction, I think when Page was Bursar, of sash windows, but creepers have lately been allowed to cover the walls. Perhaps grass, with wooden posts and chains, might be placed here, as at Jesus College. PROJECTED FRONTAGE TO THE EAST. Although the prints by Skelton (1831) and Mackenzie (1836) show the frontage and exterior eastern side of the Quadrangle as completed, it may be noticed that at the north-east corner is carved a bust of the youthful Queen with the date 1838. In fact the east side was left unfinished till that year, in the prospect of the demolition of the half-roofless Wolsey Spital " a few ruinous almshouses" in order to give Pembroke a handsome front to the road, and enable the facade of Christ Church to be seen to advantage. The site was GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, MASTER 223 to be planted with grass and shrubs. The Master and Fellows of Pembroke entered into negotiations with Christ Church for this purpose, and offered, should the consent of the Crown be obtained for the removal of the Almshouse, to furnish a plot of ground at Cowley on which it might be rebuilt. This demolition was a favourite project with the cognoscenti of the day, and had been suggested as far back as 1773 in Dr. Tatham^s Oxonia Explicata et Ornata. Fortunately the negotia- tion fell through, and the old building was preserved, and, " with a view to great improvements projected in this part of the city,"" restored and somewhat altered in 1834 from the designs of Mr. Underwood, who set it back, and remodelled it, on the north side so as to be nearly in a line with the new front of Pembroke, In that year, at a cost of ^2500, raised by subscription, the four ancient tenements standing at the east and south-east of St. Aldate^s Churchyard were bought up and removed,* the high churchyard wall superseded by iron railings, and the walk in front of the College relaid. The College could now be seen from the street, and for the first time carnages could drive up to the entrance without difficulty. To these improvements picturesque- ness was, of course, sacrificed. Turner would hardly now sketch this corner. | BOAT CLUB FORMED 1841. In 1841 the Boat Club was formed, chiefly through the efforts of Martin Joseph Routh, first Sheppard * The house which stood at the north-east, next Penyfarthing Street, was cleared away in 1831. It was called " Church House." t See the Turner water-colour No. 805 in the National Gallery. 224 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Fellow (1846-74). The boat started twelfth, and made six bumps in its first year, Payne-Smith, afterwards Regius Professor of Divinity, rowing in it. ECCLESIASTICAL UNEEST. There is not much more to record about Dr. Hall's Mastership, though, closing in 1843, its latter years were a time of much ecclesiastical movement and unrest. A young tutor of Pembroke was in 1833 announced by Newman in a letter to Froude as "joining heartily"" the High-church cause. This was Francis Jeune ! In 1840 an able Bible-clerk from Guemsey seceded to the Roman Communion. Sir Peter Le Page Renouf afterwards attained eminence as one of our greatest Egyptologists and Assyriologists. Edward Garbett, Boyle Lecturer 1860-63, Bampton Lecturer 1867, an eloquent Low-church preacher and leader, migrated to Brasenose as Scholar in 1837. In that year Robert Payne-Smith, the eminent Evangelical Dean, one of our profoundest students of the ancient languages of the East, entered on the Townsend foundation. Boden Scholarship 1840; Pusey and Ellerton 1843; Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church 1865 ; Dean of Canterbury, where the new nave pulpit has been erected to his memory, 1871. In his under- graduate days Payne-Smith was not uninfluenced by the Tractarian movement. A year or two his senior at the College was Charles Adolphus Row (Scholar 1834-38), whose Bamptons of 1877 went through six editions. He was a Low-churchman, but Christian evidences engaged his controversial powers. Oriental and Biblical studies at Oxford have been fostered by the Prizes GEORGE WILLIAM HALL, MASTER 225 founded by the Rev. Henry (Hall) Houghton, Scholar 1841-45. He gave 4<5QO to the Church Missionary Society for the promotion of the linguistic study of Holy Scripture. I should have mentioned that the first Boden Sanskrit Scholar (1833) was the well-known Abingdon Headmaster (1839-68), William AlUer Strange (Abingdon Scholar, 1829-37). A vigorous anti-Tractarian was Dr. John Stedman (matr. 1806), the author of a Latin brochure, published in 1841, Erasmi Roterodami ad Gregorium XVI. Pont. Epistola Singularis. CHAPTER XVII MASTERSHIP OF DR. FRANCIS JEUNE, 1843-1864 A DISPUTED ELECTION TO THE MASTERSHIP. ON December 22, 1843, the Fellows, by the casting vote of the Vice-gerent, elected as Master the most famous of modern Jerseymen, the Very Rev. Dr. Francis Jeune, Morley Scholar 1822 ; D.C.L. 1834 ; Ossulston Fellow 1832-7; Tutor 1828-32; Public Examiner 1834; Head- master of King Edward's School, Birmingham, 1834 ; Dean of Jersey and Rector of St. Helier's 1838. Jeune was at one time tutor to the sons of the Governor-General of Canada, Sir John Colborne (Lord Seaton), who com- manded the 52nd Foot at Waterloo, Lieut.-Govemor of Guernsey. Jeune's advent to power was dreaded by both classes of Conservatives, the anti-reformers and the Puseyites, and the validity of the election of an Ossulston Fellow was contested by the defeated party in the College. The Duke of Wellington somewhat summarily deciding on January 29, 1844, in favour of an ex parte statement, the Rev. Charles Frederick Parker, Rector of Ringshall, for whom the minority had voted, thereby became Master, but could not be presented by the Vice-gerent to the Visitor for ad- FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER mission, part of the successful contention of his supporters having been that Mr. Henney, not being " one of the Senior Fellows,' 1 was not legally Vice-gerent. A third contention was that the vote of Mr. Evan Evans, afterwards Master, was invalid, he being a Philipps Fellow. Dr. Jeune's side, however, were not disposed to acquiesce in this result, and sent a statement of their case to the Duke, who finally, on April 13, after taking counsel's opinion, reversed his previous decision, directing that both decisions should be recorded in the College archives as a warning to himself and his successors in the office of Visitor against precipitancy in judging. The question whether the right of electing and being elected to the Mastership was confined to Fellows of the original double foundation, which at one time supplied the source of the Master's stipend, had never previously been formally debated. REFORM. Dr. Jeune's period of office was a very eventful one both for the University and the College. No one played a larger part than he in the transformation of the University from a mediaeval to a modern institution, and no College was more in the clasp of the manus mortua of pious benefactors and founders than Pembroke. The struggle was bound to be a bitter one. The break with old ideals, granting its necessity, could not but involve loss in the substitution of secular for religious institutions, and in the jettison of much that was valu- able, picturesque and human. Whether the inevitable changes could not have been carried out more durably and constructively had the leading spirits of reform PEMBROKE COLLEGE been men more sympathetic with the past and less hostile to the new awakening of ecclesiastical thought and emotion, may be suggested for consideration. Certainly the remorseless Liberalism of that time was embodied in the new Master of Pembroke. NEW BUILDINGS. But the hour of University Reform had not yet struck. Jeune's earliest work was to double the College buildings. In 1843 the Francis Wightwick foundation of four Fellows and three Scholars had taken effect, and within a year or two of Dr. Jeune taking office the matricula- tions were equal in number to those of any but the very largest Colleges. In the first twelvemonth of his Mastership he took in hand a plan, previously mooted, for the erection opposite the Chapel of a range of rooms for Fellows and undergraduates, together with a Senior Common Room and Bursary. To do this he demolished the ancient halls called the Back Lodgings. The work was begun in the spring of 1845 and finished in the following year, the contract price being ^5287, of which the greater part was supplied from the Ratcliff and Smyth bequests. ^400 was given by the Master on condition that the Ossulston Fellows should be entitled, like the rest, to rooms free of rent. The rest was raised by subscription. The handsome carved furniture of the Common Room was given by the tutorial staff. NEW DINING HALL. Hardly was this work finished when, in October 1846, the poorly endowed College resolved to build a new A R OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 229 Dining Hall and attendant offices, and to renovate the east end of the u New Court " and the west side of the Master's Lodgings. The Hall was contracted for in March 1847 for about d5000, of which <3000 came from the Phipps fund. This and the New Buildings were designed by Sir Charles Barry's nephew and pupil, Charles Hayward, the Exeter architect. The latter are certainly rather unimaginative and featureless. But the Hall, especially the fine-timbered roof, is a very creditable specimen of Early Victorian Gothic. It has been suggested that Mr. Hayward had the hall of Burleigh House (c. 1580) in memory. THE OLD GARDENS OBLITERATED. The Old Gardens were at this time destroyed, and a large plot of grass laid down. The battlemented wall on the Chapel side of the Court was built. The present passage from the Old Quadrangle, made in 1821, was widened, communication with the Back Lodgings having in old times taken place by a passage close to the janitor's lodge. COMMENSALES. Shortly before the migration from the Old Hall (in which room the Manciple's slate still hangs as a reminder of its former employment) the commissariat system of the College was put on a new footing. Under 1845 is recorded the discontinuance of "payment for trenchers" and " fork-money." In 1848 Robert Paul Bent intro- duced the pleasant mess system of dining, which has been recently modified. Men coming from the same 230 PEMBROKE COLLEGE schools were natural commensales, and there was much local sodality and kindness between those so associated. THE TIE TO LOCALITIES. The being tied to certain schools and localities, how- ever, hampered the efficiency of this more than of other Colleges. A system adapted to the seventeenth was not suited to the nineteenth century. For some time before Jeune's Mastership the College had been chafing at the restrictions imposed on it, and resolved to admit to place and emolument none who were insufficient in learning. Between 1836 and 1849 a number of candi- dates from favoured schools were rejected; sometimes there was conflict and appeal to the Visitor. More than once a Fellow was refused re-election. The Town- send foundation had been especially abused. REFORMING COMMISSION. In September, 1850, the reforming Royal Commission was appointed, with Jeune as one of its seven members, and the most unremitting in attendance. A number of Colleges refused to acknowledge the authority of the Commission, but Pembroke naturally was not one of these. The proposals made for the College in the Com- missioners 1 Report were as follows : The Master to receive a fixed stipend. The federal constitution of the College to be abolished, all the foundations being placed on a footing of equality. The Fellows to be ten only, with a larger stipend, obliged to celibacy but not to Holy Orders or to proceed B.D. Oaths on admission to become unlawful, and the rules about Chapel at- tendance to be relaxed ; obsolete disciplinary and FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 231 sumptuary regulations and those regarding the course of study to be repealed. Scholarships, fixed all alike at the third of a Fellow's stipend, to be thrown open, except five reserved for Abingdon School a proposal which, as the Scholarships would be of higher value, would really be advantageous to the school, the number of boys elected thence between 1820 and 1850 not having exceeded twenty-two. THE COLLEGE DESIRES A PRIVATE ACT. Such were the Commissioners'* proposals. Had the College power to enact them ? In reply to the Earl of Derby, its Visitor, the Society resolved, on June 3, 1853, that it had not the power. At the same time it indi- cated still more sweeping changes as desirable, chiefly the freeing of Fellowships and Scholarships from all restrictions whatsoever, no reservation being made in favour of Abingdon. It considered that the College ought to receive powers from the Legislature to alter its Statutes. Lord Derby, in response, deprecated such entire setting aside of the intentions of Founders, but would co-operate with the College in throwing open Fellowships and in other reforms, " as far as can be done consistently with the maintenance of good faith. 1 ' Lord John Russell wrote on June 15 that the Govern- ment could not so late in the Session introduce the privilegium which the College desired, but encouraged the Master and Fellows to formulate their plan. He enclosed a letter from Mr. Gladstone, who considered that, if Parliament was to be asked to grant an Act to a single College, the scheme of reform must be thorough and complete, and urged that open elections would PEMBROKE COLLEGE necessitate an appeal, or at least the Visitor's consent. "In the long run a self-elected body wants in some form or other a check of this kind." Fellowships to which no conditions of residence attached should be terminable, he thought, after a certain number of years. Mr. Gladstone wrote to the Master in the same sense, regretting that a private Bill could not be passed that Session. " I cannot but hope that your College would have set such an excellent example, and in such a case much depends on the ' prserogativa tribus.' One College doing the thing well will be of far more use to Oxford than lame and half-hearted attempts from half a dozen." " PR^EOGATIVA TRIBUS." There the matter stood for a time. The Colleges looked askance at the designs of the Government, and neither would nor could do anything to advance them. The leading Whig quarterly in January, 1854, said : " The Government has announced that it will only wait a short time to see whether the Universities are themselves disposed to introduce the required changes. . . . The attempts made to open any Fellowships have as yet been very faint. Pembroke College in Oxford, indeed, of which one of the Commissioners is Master, and which is most miserably depressed by close Fellowships, has tried to move. But if Pembroke has Dr. Jeune for its Master it has Lord Derby for its Visitor." On June 21, 1854, the Master and Fellows addressed a petition to Parliament praying for a general removal of restrictions, and especially for release from "the controul of a small municipal corporation" and from FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 233 " foreign intervention " in the election of Fellows and Scholars. NEW LATIN STATUTES DRAFTED. On August 7 of this year Royal Commissioners were appointed to frame Ordinances for the Colleges. Pembroke, however, like Exeter, Lincoln, and Cor- pus Christi, was indisposed to accept reform in this shape. On November 22 the Society put its seal to a new body of Latin Statutes framed by itself, to be submitted to the Commissioners for their sanction. The Master was to be in Holy Orders, so long as the Gloucester stall should be annexed to his office, but no Fellow was to be required to be ordained, though all were to be celibate. They were, however, to be " Ecclesiae Anglicanae fidem amplectentes," and errors repugnant to good morals or the Christian faith were in all members of the College punishable. Besides a large number of lesser changes, Founders 1 kin was abolished, but six Tesdale and two Wightwicke Scholar- ships were to be reserved for Abingdon School, three Rous Exhibitions for Eton, and two Holford Exhibitions for Charterhouse. Fellows were to be chosen for excel- lence not only in Latin and Greek or Moral Philosophy, but in Mathematics, Physical Science, and other good arts, as intended by King James's Charter. MRS. SHEPPARD^S FOUNDATION. A sign of the times was the benefaction, a few years before this, on May 7, 1846, of ^12,000 Bank Annuities given by Mrs. Sophia Sheppard, sister of Dr. Martin Routh and widow of the Rev. Thomas 234 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Sheppard, D.D., of Amport, Hants, sometime Fellow of Magdalen, to support two unmarried Fellows who should study Law or Medicine, without being bound to residence. "The first idea," Mrs. Sheppard wrote, "of endowing Lay Fellowships and offering them to Pembroke College, arose from hearing that a young man must take Holy Orders or lose his Fellowship." CLEOBUREY FOUNDATION. Money was also bequeathed under the will, made in 1855, of the Rev. Christopher Cleoburey, Fellow 1820-56, for the support, on a hitherto unprecedented scale, of an open Scholar, to receive in money and books not more than 160 a year, and for prizes for First- Classmen, not only in " Literis Humanioribus " but also " in Disciplinis Mathematicis et Physicis." But this and other bequests of Mr. Cleoburey did not fall to the College till 1882. ORDINANCES OF THE COMMISSIONERS. The Commissioners did not disapprove the new Statutes, but drafted an Ordinance of their own (in English), which was not before the College convention for consideration till November 5, 1856. The Master and Fellows entertained "strong objections'" to several of its provisions, especially to the maintenance of >the Gloucestershire and the Channel Island connexions it is fair, however, to recall that it was a close Morley Exhibition which brought Dr. Jeune to Pembroke and to compulsory residence being required of the Fellows. They disliked the intrusion into a complete and harmonious code, drawn up by the College itself, of FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 235 an ordinance in a different language and impossible to fuse with the rest. Finally, " this Convention regrets that the College should have been deprived of the honour of effecting its own reforms." The final Ordi- nances of the Commissioners, dated February 19, 1857, retained the Channel Island connexion, but converted the King Charles I. Fellowship into Scholarships, pre- served the rights of the Gloucestershire Schools, and of Eton and Charterhouse, and assigned five Scholarships at least to Abingdon, with no preference for Founders' kin, the other Fellowship and Scholarship foundations being consolidated. The Fellows, ten in number, and elected without restriction, were to have equal rights, the Scholars to receive not less than ^50 a year and rooms. Should there be not more than eight Fellows, four were to be in Holy Orders ; if from nine to eleven, five ; if from twelve to sixteen, six. Professor-Fellows to be allowed to marry, if permitted by a two-thirds vote. The others to be celibate. The other changes were like those effected in the University generally. An amusing account is given in Mr. Augustus Hare's Story of My Life, vol. ii. pp. 5, 6, of the election of the last Tesdaie-kin Scholar, George Sheffield, son of Sir Robert Sheffield, of Normanby. The last Gentleman- Commoner was Thomas Collings Brehaut, a Guernsey man. ATTENDANCE AT CHAPEL RELAXED. Soon after the enactment of the above changes, a bye-law of the College relaxed the regulations respecting attendance at Chapel. An order made in 1772 had fixed the contribution for the relief of the poor to be made by those who, without leave, were absent from the 236 PEMBROKE COLLEGE celebration of the Sacrament at the following sums. Gentlemen-Commoners, 5s. ; Commoners, Scholars, and Bachelors, ?. 6d. ; Servitors, 1 s. Jeune is said to have announced in Chapel that in future no member of the College would be compelled judicium sibi manducare et bibere. ALUMNI. Contemporaries, or almost coetanean, at the College in the earlier years of Jeune's Mastership were (besides others mentioned elsewhere), George Rolkston, after- wards Fellow and Honorary Fellow, Linacre Professor of Physiology 1860-81, whose portrait in the Bursary was presented by Professor Goldwin Smith ; James Octavius Ryder, a Bible-clerk who became Fellow of All Souls (Ellerton Theological Essay 1850); he laid down his life among his fever-stricken people at Welwyn, Herts, April 24, 1870; John William Caldicott, afterwards Tutor at Jesus College, Head Master of Bristol School, 1860-83; Philip Hedgeland, Prebendary of Exeter; Arthur Locker , editor of the Graphic, 1870-91, brother of Frederick Locker-Lampson ; Albert Barff, the well-known Vicar of St. Giles', Cripplegate, who stroked the Eight in, I think, 1850, Henry de Wint Burrup, who laid down a young life as a missionary pioneer in Africa, rowing bow ; Samuel Flood-Jones, Precentor of Westminster Abbey from 1869, President of Sion College ; George Gainsford, Vicar, from 1865, of St. Saviour's, Hitchin ; John Cordy-Jeaffreson, author and journalist ; Henry Chandler (of whom more here- after) ; Edward Redman Orger, Sub- Warden of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, 1866-80; diaries FitzWil- FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 237 Ham Cadiz, Puisne Judge at Natal, 1876 ; James William Williams, Bishop of Quebec, 1863-92. Pre- bendary Barff, Canon Hedgeland, Mr. Gainsford, Mr. Cordy-Jeaffreson, and Mr. Orger are, happily, still able to supply reminiscences of that half-century ago, some of which I have put down in my larger History. Archdeacon Henry Rudge Hay ward, Fellow 1858-64, entered in 1849. PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD. A few years later there was a striking group of young men at Pembroke, who had come thither from Birming- ham, in Dr. Jeune's wake, and through whom a move- ment so alien to Jeune's own cast of mind as Pre- Raphaelitism was in part associated with this College.* These were William Fulford, the poet,f editor of the short-lived Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, which was first projected at a meeting in Dr. Hill's rooms in the New Court ; Charles Joseph Faulkner (" Citizen Faulk- ner"), Fellow and Tutor of University, associated afterwards in business with William Morris ; Richard Watson Dixon, sacred poet and ecclesiastical historian, now Honorary Fellow of the College, who has given an account of those College days in Mr. MackaiPs Life of Morris ; Edwin Hatch, the eminent Broad-church theologian, also himself a writer of religious verse, de- * Not "acre perennius" is the monument of themselves which the Pre-Raphaelites have left on the ceiling of the Union " artless challenger of decay." f Author [of Songs of Life (1859), Saul (1862), &c. In 1864, an advertising firm offering prizes of 100 guineas for the best three poems in honour of Shakespeare's tercentenary, Fulford took the first prize with twelve sonnets of great beauty. 238 PEMBROKE COLLEGE scribed by the Public Orator at the 1890 Encaenia as a student of such originality " ut non modo nostratium verum etiam fastidiosae Teutonum gentis admirationem moveret " ; and George Eirkbeck Hill, Honorary Fellow of Pembroke, whose laborious devotion, diverted from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, has left nothing for future editors of Johnson to accomplish. Dr. Edward Moore, now Principal of St. Edmund Hall, and also an Honorary Fellow of the College, was of this time (matr. 1853), and so great a Dante scholar should surely have belonged to this Brotherhood; but I believe it was not so. Prebendary Richard Macgregor Grier, the well-known Midland parish-priest, was of the same date ; also three men of letters, Tom Hood the younger, Thomas Hog Girtin, and the Rev. Compton Reade } nephew of the novelist. I do not know if John Oxenham Bent, who since 1851 has been Pembrochianissimus, was ever a Pre-Raphaelite. Stranger transformations have taken place ! The present Master was admitted Scholar in 1851 ; President of the Union Society in 1857. In the remaining years of Dr. Jeune's Mastership matriculated William Thomas Thornhill Webber (1856), since 1885 Bishop of Brisbane; Samuel John Stone (1858), writer of " The Church's One Foundation,' 1 and other poems and hymns known on every continent, recently described as " a singer on whose shoulders the mantle of John Keble has fallen " ; * James Douglas (1861), .Superior of the missionary brotherhood of St. Augustine in South Africa, in whose memory a * Article in the Church Times, November 5, 1897, " A Representa- tive Church Poet." FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 239 church has been built at Ladybrand ; Reginald Fitz- hugh Bigg-Wither (1860), Warden of St. Thomas's Home, Basingstoke, an authority on the Eastern Church; John William Horsley (1863), the popular Clerkenwell Gaol Chaplain (" I think he is one of us turned, you know," said a prisoner to a friend) ; Sir John Scott (1860), K.C.M.G., D.C.L., Judge Advocate-General, whose name will for ever remain connected with the reform, effected with immense labour and patience, of the judicial and criminal system of Egypt; Sir John was this year elected an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke ; Sydney Prior Hall (1862), Knight of the Order of the Saviour, the talented black-and- white artist, once the caricaturist of the University ; William Charles Edmund Newbolt (1863), Canon and Chancellor of St. Paul's, formerly Principal of Ely Theological College; James Hamilton Wylie(l86&), the eminent historian; and others who have served their generation. JEUNE AS MASTER. Jeune was not an Arnold. While reforming Statutes, tearing down the ivy of prescription, and pushing aside vested interests, he had scant time or inclination for the pastoral and paternal side of his office. His influence and teaching were stimulating; he would single out individuals for undonnish talk and unconventional advice. He would behind cynicism hide kindness, and conceal frank good nature under a rough manner. But the influence which he exerted was confined to a few I clever men ; in dull or average ones he was not interested. i He did not do much, I gather, to deepen the religious 240 PEMBROKE COLLEGE life of the undergraduates, or to promote human rela- tions between them and the Dons. Sermons were dropped in the Chapel, and the Master's Sunday morning Greek Testament lecture (the only one taken by him) startled the men by a purposely flippant manner at least as often as it awakened thoughtfulness by origin- ality of observation.* Jeune's unconcealed " nolo non episcopari " was born of no vulgar ambition but of the consciousness of his great governing powers. But he was ever the ruler rather than the shepherd. Capable, according to Mr. Gladstone, of discharging the functions of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, he was yet careless about everything that he considered unimportant. Scarcely any College lists or memoranda were kept by him, and " sine ulla sollennitate" was the rule which pre- vailed under his regime. He is recorded to have held a College Meeting once upon the stairs. VICE-CHANCELLOR. MASTER'S HOUSE ENLARGED. Dr. Jeune was Vice-Chancellor from 1858 to 1862. With a view to this event ^1500 was spent on the enlargement of the Master's Lodgings, chiefly by the addition of another storey, dwarfing the adjacent Tower. The Heir to the Throne was matriculated in this House October 17, 1859. * I must, however, take this opportunity of correcting the story, which I have been responsible for printing, of Jeune preaching at St. Mary's from the text St. Matthew x. 25. The words which caused a smile to pass from face to face were not the text, but occurred incidentally, and without humorous intent, in the course of the sermon, which now lies before me. FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 241 PROPOSED NEW CHAPEL. In 1858 the advowson of St. Aldate's, bestowed on the College by a King of England, being sold for J?1040 Consols, it was proposed to set aside this sum as the nucleus of a fund for building a Gothic Chapel ; but this was not done. Certainly the money was not spent on the new Hall, so that the saying that Jeune sold a church to build a dining-room is not true. The Almanack top of 1858 gives a view of the New Court of Pembroke. JEUNE MADE A BISHOP. In January, 1864, Lord Palmerston laid Jeune's name before the Queen for the Deanery of Lincoln, but he had hardly left Oxford when he was chosen for the See of Peterborough. He died after a brief episcopate, August 21, 1868, of heart disease, and was succeeded by Magee. His really important work had been at Oxford and at Pembroke, which he raised for a time to the rank almost of a leading College. Jeune's handsome features are depicted in the portrait by Tweedie which hangs over the high table in Hall. In the Bishop's son-in-law, Dr. Edward Hamilton Giffbrd, formerly Headmaster of Birmingham School and Archdeacon of London, Pembroke numbers among its members a Cambridge Senior Classic. Dr. Gifford incorporated in 1889. THE RIVER. The vigorous life of the College during Jeune's Mastership extended to the Rowing Club. The 242 PEMBROKE COLLEGE University was represented at Putney by Henry Lewis, Henri/ Stedman Polehampton (the "hero-chaplain of Lucknow," where he was killed; Fellow 1845-56), William Oliver Meade-Kmg^ Thomas Aylesbury Hooper ', George Lilly Hellish, Richard Newman Townsend (who also died heroically at the post of duty, 1877) and John Arkell (now Rector of St. Ebbe's), not to mention a number of oarsmen who were selected for the Trial Eights. In 1847, five years after the foundation of the Boat Club, the Torpid was second, and the Eight, the fastest boat on the river, third. In 1852 the Ladies'* Plate at Henley fell to the College. Thenceforward for eight years it was represented in the University Eight. 1854 was a memorable year, when three thwarts in the easily victorious Oxford Eight were filled by Pembroke men, and a College Four won the Stewards' Cup at Henley. But it was far eclipsed by 1857, when the Torpid went to second place (and next year to Head of the River), the Eight rose seven places, the Four at Henley carried off the Wyfold Challenge Cup from the London and Henley crews, and, after a magnificent con- test, beat the Lady Margaret, representing Cambridge, for the Visitors' Cup, while the Eight rowed a splendid race for the Ladies' Plate. Mr. Arkell and Pownoll William Phipps won the Silver Oars in the O.U.B.C. Pairs. Mr. Arkell, Mr. Phipps, and Charles Paine Pauli helped on the Eton water to vanquish the best Eight ever turned out by Eton, the University Fours were won by Pembroke with ridiculous ease, Mr. Arkell stroked the defeated Oxford Eight at Henley, rowed three in the Eight which beat Cambridge on the Thames by ten lengths, and finally was elected President FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER of the O.U.B.C. He rowed at Putney in 1858, and in 1859 (stroke), and that year was stroke of the winning Oxford Pair at Henley. Ronald Henry Cheatle and Philip Edward Poppe rowed, and William Richard Portal steered, in the Trials. In 1860 a handsome Cup was given for Fours by the Rev. Henry Mowld Robin- son, D.D., Warden of Chardstock, &c. The " Christ Church Cup," a token of inter-collegiate gratitude, dates from 1850. In 1862 the present Barge was purchased. THE SCHOOLS. Dr. Jeune's Vice-Chancellorship then coincided with a period of great aquatic glory for so small a College. In 1858 also the Arnold Historical Essay was won by the future historian, Richard Watson Dixon (English Poem on a Sacred Subject, 1863), the Craven Scholar- ship by Herbert Craven, and the Ellerton Theological Essay by Edwin Hatch, while Edward Moore (Principal of St. Edmund Hall) was proxime accessit for the Mathematical Scholarship (won in 1853 and 1856 by Charles Joseph Faulkner). In 1859 Frederick Phipps Onslow was Vinerian Scholar. In 1860 George Rolleston became Linacre Professor of Anatomy, and Robert Main (Fellow of Queen's, Cambridge) RadclifFe's Observer. A brilliant First-class man of the College, Charles Edward Oakley, Johnson Theological Scholar in 1855, in after life a leader of the Low-church party, was Examiner in Law and History that year ; so that the College may be said never to have stood higher than at this date. I am not sure, however, that Dr. Jeune's Mastership of twenty years was a period of great distinction for the College in the Schools. 244 PEMBROKE COLLEGE As already remarked, he neither himself gave, nor made his lieutenants give, much personal interest and attention to individual men, unless they were of striking brilliancy. For the old-fashioned scholarship he cared little. The establishment of the Natural Science, Law and Modern History Schools is to be chiefly ascribed to him, as well as the working out of the Local Examina- tion scheme. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS. Jeune's Protestantism was of the pre-critical and orthodox school. Henney, in whose memory the Henney Scholarship was founded in 1863, and Thomas Douglas Page, the Master's son-in-law, were unecclesiastically minded.* But the Pembroke tutors in 1850, Messrs. Bartholomew Price and Evan Evans, signed the Tutors' Protest against the Gorham Judgment. Among the undergraduates the High-church revival has strongly flowed, ebbed, and flowed again.f But Pembroke also supplied an editor to the Record, preachers to the Martyrs' Memorial, and a co-founder to the Church Army. About twenty years ago both the Evangelicals and the high Catholics were unusually strongly repre- sented among the juniors, not altogether antagonistic- ally. The Scotsmen and philosophers were also a force. * Canon R. B. Webb, R.D. of Clare, S. Australia, writes that he remembers Page, while only a deacon, performing alone the whole Morning Service on Whitsunday. He omitted the special Psalms and Quicunque vult, gave the blessing, &c. There was no Celebration. t The "Catholic mind but Protestant stomach" reply to the reproof addressed to a Pembroke Puseyite for attending Hall on Friday, which I have quoted in my larger history, p. 488, was really as I ought to have remembered, a quotation from Erasmus. FRANCIS JEUNE, MASTER 245 But this comes under Dr. Evanses Mastership. It is said that no one cares now for anything but bodily exercise (which profiteth a little), and records and averages (which profit not at all). Oxford is no longer Matthew Arnold's serene city and adorable dreamer, but extremely wideawake, out of sympathy with " lost " or any other " causes," with " loyalties " possible or impossible, and bustlingly anxious to be abreast of the times. What England thinks to-day, Oxford will think to-morrow. The ideals, medievalist or Liberal, which made the beginning of the Queen's reign so interesting, are flat and forgotten in part realised and stale, in part exploded and dead. No illusions remain nor any expectations. Everything is reformed. Everybody is perfect. And the great orb of the Nineteenth Century sinks comfortably below the horizon in a shapeless bank of grey cloud, shot here and there with angry streaks of red. CHAPTER XVIII DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP, 1864-91; MASTERSHIP OF DR. PRICE, 1892-99 Dr. Evan Evans., of Welsh ancestry, was originally at Jesus College, but migrated to Pembroke. He was elected Fellow in 1843, and was afterwards Tutor, Dean, and Vice-gerent. He was elected Master March 3, 1864. The choice being supposed to hover between him and the other Tutor, a licensed jester wrote the bantering lines whose ending may be quoted, perhaps, without disrespect : ' f We won't have Evans at any price, And as for Price, O 'Eavens ! " No Master, however, was ever more popular than he whom the undergraduates affectionately called " the Old Man." The " good grey head " was a familiar sight in the cricket-field and on the College barge. ROWING. That period saw the Red Rose Head of the River both in Eights (1872, and for two nights in 1874) and Torpids (1877, 1878 and 1879), and produced such splendid oarsmen as Robert Lesley (President of the DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP 247 O.U.B.C. 1871-74), Richard Stovin Mitchison and his brother Arthur Moore Mitchison, both Etonians, Henry McDougall Courtenay, and Herbert Burrows Southwell, now Principal of Lichfield Theological College, who rowed for the University in 1878, 1879, and 1880. I am only mentioning actual " Blues," but the name should not be forgotten of Sir Louis Addin Kershaw, Chief Justice of Bombay, who so lately died in the midst of a distinguished career. He stroked one of the Trial Eights in 1866. I may add two prelates who came up in 1870 and rowed, Henry Evington, Bishop of Kiushu, and William Marlborough Carter, Bishop of Zululand, head of the Eton Mission 1880-90. He rowed in the Eight and at Henley. At Henley Pembroke won the Thames Challenge Cup in 1868, the Ladies' Plate in 1871, and the Visitors 1 Challenge Cup in 1872. In 1891, the last year of Dr. Evans's Mastership, the Eight made five bumps in four nights. The College Silver Sculls were presented in 1868 by Herbert Augustus Salwey, a Silver Ewer by Richard Laurence Pemberton (High Sheriff of Durham 1861) to commemorate the Eight going Head in 1872, and Silver Goblets for coxswainless pairs by Arthur Kershaw Elworthy and George Mervyn Lawson in 1889. CRICKET AND ATHLETICS. Pembroke has been a rowing rather than a cricketing College, but it has had a certain number of " Blues." The names of George Langton Hodgkinson, of Sir John Scott, of the Pattersons, William Harry and John Irvin, and of Edward Thornhill Beckett Simpson, as well as of other cricketers, are remembered with honour. 248 PEMBROKE COLLEGE Bishop Thornhill Webber was a useful member of the College Eleven. In the Inter-University Sports Henry William Russell Domvile, Edgar Rogers Holland, and Percy Robert Lloyd have achieved victories for Oxford. Arthur Glyndwr Foulkes won several triumphs with the rifle. And other names might be mentioned. This very year a freshman, Charles Vincent Fox, has won the Sculls on the Isis, the Liffey and the Seine. The in-College Sports were instituted in 1856. Prebendary Hodgkin- son, mentioned above, writes : " I wonder whether you would care for a reminiscence of dear old Dr. Evans. In 1857 I was asked to play for Oxford, and was in for my viva voce in Smalls on the very day of the match. What was I to do ? I consulted the Dean. " Evans. Well, ah have you, ah, a marriage in the family ? H. No, sir, I am afraid not. " E. Surely you can arrange a christening ? H. I am afraid not, sir. " E. What, not even a funeral ? H. No, sir. " E. Well, then, I suppose we must tell the truth. " Whereupon he put on his gown, walked off to the Vice-Chancellor (Sewell of New College), told him the difficulty, got me permission to go in first day for viva voce, and so I was able to play. Ever after that Evans was my fast friend." THE COLLEGE PLATE. In 1869 the present Kitchen was built. Until 1847 it had been located in the south-west corner of the Old Quadrangle, and after the building of the new Hall it was where the servants 1 hall now is. Visitors to the DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP 249 College are usually taken to see the plate-room, where is a noble store of silver, containing many beautiful specimens of the great periods of silversmiths 1 art none, however, earlier than the Commonwealth, except a silver-mounted canette of the Elizabethan time, recently presented; for the good custom of giving "a plate 11 to the College did not die out with the Gentlemen-Commoners. So abundant is the supply of tankards and "tuns" two of the oldest of these are really " tumblers " that strangers dining in Hall have sometimes been given glass to drink out of, as a mark of distinction. GRACES. Until about 1870 the signal for Grace was given by the senior Fellow striking two of the old wooden trenchers together, which were used for bread and cheese. The former of the Graces was only introduced in 1887. The latter is the one composed by Camden while an undergraduate. Johnson said he could repeat it to the close of his life. GRACE BEFORE MEAT. Pro hoc cibo, quern ad alimonium corporis nostri sanctifi- catum es largitus, nos Tibi, Pater omnipotens, reverenter gratias agimus ; simul obsecrantes ut cibum angelorum, panem verum coelestem, Dei Verbum aeternum Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum nobis impertiare, ut Eo mens nostra pascatur, et per carnem et sanguinem Ejus alamur, foveamur, corroboremur. GRACE AFTER MEAT. Gratias Tibi agimus, Deus misericors, pro acceptis a Tu bonitate alimentis ; enixe comprecantes ut serenissimam 250 PEMBROKE COLLEGE nostram Reginam Victoriam, totam Regiam Familiam, populumque Tuum universum tuta in pace semper custodias. A Form of Prayer is used on the day of the Com- memoration of Founders and Benefactors, which is usually a Thursday close to the Fifth of November. A NEW COMMISSION. If Dr. Evans's kindly regime was one of repose after the stress of the preceding era, it was marked never- theless by a new reforming Commission, appointed in 1877. This Commission divided Fellowships into tutorial and ordinary (or septennial), the former to be vacated by marriage. There must be one Fellow in Holy Orders, residing and giving religious instruction, and the College may at any time elect another, or even two, such for a like purpose. Four Scholarships, of at least d75, are reserved for candidates from Abingdon School, if sufficient in learning, and the other local connexions are for the most part retained, with a similar proviso, which has been often acted upon. All Founders 1 kin preferences were abolished. The Stafford and Oades Foundations were united, and opened to candidates outside the College, but the condition of poverty was retained. The Boulter and Ratcliff Foundations were amalgamated, and freed from any other restriction, in 1857. The Commissioners might have made more sweep- ing changes had not the College reversing in this its relation to the earlier Commission held their hand. DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP 251 DR. EVANS, VICE-CHANCELLOR 1878-82. Dr. Evans's Vice-Cancellariate (1878-82) coincided with this period of University transformation. The splendid Examination Schools (and ball-rooms) built during his time of office in the High Street symbolise the final change of the old order to the new. The scene sculptured on the outside, of a conferring of degrees, preserves in stone the features of the Vice- Chancellor. Dr. Evans's portrait in the College, by Mr. Ouless, R.A., was subscribed for in 1888. DOROTHEA WIGHTWICK FOUNDATION. Though the Richard Wightwicke and Francis Wight- wicke foundations are now merged in the corporate fund, the family name is still connected with valuable Scholarships by a benefaction of 5000 given in 1889 by Dorothea, relict of Stiibbs Wightwick, Esq., of Great Bloxwich, Staffs, and Capel Court, Glos, her- self of Wightwick and Staffordshire descent. Pastels (by Dighton and Burt) of her husband, the last repre- sentative of his family in the main line, are in the Common Room parlour. These Scholarships cany remote foundress's-kin preferences, but are chiefly in favour of Cheltenham College. LOCAL CONNEXIONS RETAINED. The College is thus connected with five schools in Gloucestershire, with Eton, Charterhouse, Abingdon, and the schools in Guernsey and Jersey ten schools in all. The Master is a Canon of Gloucester; one of the seven College benefices, Coin St. Dennis, is in that 252 PEMBROKE COLLEGE county; another, Lydiard Millicent, in that diocese. But the Gloucestershire limitation of the Ratcliff Exhibition is abolished; so also is the connexion through Sir John Philipps's foundation with Pembroke- shire, though the meagre benefice of West Haroldston remains in the gift of the College. PURCHASE OF THE WOLSEY ALMSHOUSE. It has been mentioned that the Rev. Christopher Cleoburey's bequest, amounting to =1 2,800, did not fall in till 1882. The larger portion of this was to be applied for the renovation or rebuilding of any parts of the College, or for adding to it by the acquisition of the Wolsey Almshouse or otherwise, or for purchasing and removing the houses standing on the north side of St. Aldate's, part (that is) of Pembroke Street. An effigy of King James was also to be placed over the entrance gateway. The Almshouse project was now pushed forward again, but it was not till 1888 that the College, for the substantial sum of <11,000, of which ^6000 was Cleoburey money, acquired a building which always had looked part of Pembroke, and which six or seven centuries ago belonged to the original Richard Segrym. It is not at present used for Collegiate purposes, but as a private house. Professor G. J. Romanes * died there after several years' residence. If the Ecclesiastical Commissioners would permit the sale of Cuddesdon, the Wolsey Hospital, so close to the Cathedral, would serve admirably,, it has been thought, for the palace of the Bishops of Oxford. * There is a pretty photograph of the little Quadrangle in his Life. DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP 253 STATUE or KING JAMES I. A statue of the royal Founder was placed not over the entrance to the College but in a niche in the Hall tower. This tower contains the muniments. THE CHANDLER LIBRARY. In 1890 galleries were added to the Library, to make room below for the valuable philosophical collection of a not soon to be forgotten Yellow, [Henri/ Chandler, Wayn- flete Professor 1867-89, that weird, lovable, fiercely tender, pagan old Conservative, Peripatetic, Cynic, Stoic, whom I remember beginning a racy lecture public but thinly attended with the words : " There's some scamp of a German : I don't know whether he's alive or dead, but if he's dead he's no loss to the world : who says as follows." " Six dozen well laid on " was his unfailing prescription for the " German fellows " and their English admirers. I think he kept J. S. Mill under his bed, grudging him shelf-room. Poor Chandler lived in constant pain ; those who knew him best can say how bravely borne. After his melancholy death in his rooms he was found to have in gratitude made one his heir under whose roof he had ever found a welcome and delicate kindness, Mrs. Sophia Evans, wife of the Master, and his library was by her presented to the College. It was Professor Chandler that prevented the Bodleian from being converted into a kind of glorified Mudie's. He hardly ever left Oxford, and when he did do so he would not, it is said, look out a train, but sat in the station, his small baggage on his knees, till one arrived. 254 PEMBROKE COLLEGE DISTINCTIONS WON IN THE SCHOOLS. Chandler was not the only stimulating lecturer in the College, and both in literature and philosophy many distinctions were won by Pembroke men. Duncan Herbert Hastings Wilson was Taylor Scholar in 1866. Robert Lawrence Ottley (Senior student of Christ Church, Tutor of Keble, Fellow and Dean of Magdalen, Principal of Pusey House, Bampton Lecturer 1897) won the Latin Verse in 1876, the Hertford in 1878, the Craven in 1879, the Derby Scholarship in 1879, and was proxime for the Ireland in 1877 and again in 1878. Andrew Goldie Wood obtained the Latin Verse in 1872, the English Essay in 1873, the Junior Septuagint Prize in 1873, and the Ellerton Theological Essay in 1874, and had published some promising verse before his early death in 1874. Christopher Henry Edmund Heath obtained the University Mathematical Scholarship in 1868, George Edward Jeans (Fellow of Hertford) won the Gaisford in 1871 and the Latin Essay in 1872. Reginald Merrwk Fowler (H.M. In- spector of Schools) the Latin Essay in 1874. Henry Arnold Tubbs was Craven Fellow in 1888 and won the Arnold Historical Essay in 1889. James Alexander Paterson was Pusey and Ellerton Scholar in 1874, and Hall-Houghton Prizeman in 1876. Herbert Burrows Southwell was Denyer and Johnson Scholar in 1881, James Henry Sedgwick Chinese Scholar in 1885, James Stuart Seaton Vinerian Scholar in 1886. The Burdett- Coutts Scholarship was won in 1886 by William Henry Corfield, Fellow, who was Radcliffe Travelling Fellow in 1867; in 1875 by William Bruce Clarke ; in DR. EVANS'S MASTERSHIP 255 1883 by Frederick William Andrewes^ Fellow. Albert Bonus was a Hall-Houghton Prizeman in 1879, and Augustus Robert BucJcland in 1881. Charles William Mansell Moullin, Fellow (Hunterian Professor, R.C.S.), was elected Radcliffe Travelling Fellow in 1875, and Herbert Pennell Hawkins in 1886. Charles Leudesdorf, Fellow (Senior Proctor 1887), won the Herschell Astro- nomical Prize in 1873 and was Mathematical Scholar in 1874 (proximo 1873). ARNOLD TOYNBEE. I must here mention the name of Arnold Toynbee, shown only by the fates to Pembroke. After much pondering upon his career, this young enthusiast fixed upon Oxford and on Pembroke, and was admitted as a Commoner February 5, 1873. The following from the Spectator (December 1, 1894) is a summary of the facts : "Toynbee's career was only too short. Born in 1852 he died in 1883, and yet, in the short interval between his coming of age and his death, he managed to include two lives a life of meditation and a life of study. Dr. Jowett, the Master of Balliol, managed to draw him away from Pembroke to Balliol, in spite of his not being one of those who read for honours; and even though he took an ordinary degree though the papers he gave in were very remarkable papers he was selected to be a Balliol tutor and lecturer, and at once plunged into all the eager life of a social reformer." It must be added that, Pembroke refusing to acquiesce in this irregular migration, Toynbee left Oxford and matriculated afresh in the autumn of 1874. A similar 256 PEMBROKE COLLEGE thing happened in 1875 in the case of a promising Exhibitioner of Pembroke, afterwards editor of a leading London newspaper, who was elected at Balliol without the knowledge of the Pembroke authorities. VICISSITUDES. Dr. Evans's reign, as we have seen, was not barren in University distinctions. The pass-men also were well cared for and taught. When I came up in 1875 the College was so full that we freshmen had to dine at a table in the middle of the Hall. In that year Arthur Sloman, afterwards Headmaster of Birkenhead, was President of the Union. Nevertheless the adverse con- ditions which depress a small, slenderly endowed and unadvertised College began to make themselves felt. The brilliant periods of such institutions are precarious. In the last few years of Dr. Evans's life he died November 23, 1891, aged seventy-seven failing powers curtailed his activity as Head of the College, which had fallen greatly in numbers. When the appointment of his successor became necessary, the idea of giving Pembroke a new start by importing some energetic influence from outside the College commended itself to a portion of the Society, while others considered this undesirable. DR. PRICE ELECTED MASTER 1892. In the event, the new Master was appointed by the Marquess of Salisbury, as Visitor, his choice falling on the Vice-gerent, the Rev. Bartholomew Price, F.R.S., a septuagenarian, but one whose keenness and mental vigour were unabated by years. Dr. Price's Mastership MASTERSHIP OF DR. PRICE 257 lasted exactly seven years. He had, when he died, kept from his matriculation two hundred and forty- eight terms of residence without the break of a week (Pembroke has always, till quite recently, counted four terms to the year), his academic life of sixty-two uninterrupted years thus covering almost a twelfth part of the life of the University. To long experience he united extraordinary shrewdness and business capacity, which made him a supreme authority, as Curator of the Chest, on University finance. As Perpetual Delegate of the Clarendon Press he exercised a paramount influence in its publishing and financial departments, and the great position which the Oxford Press now holds is due largely to Dr. Price. He was a Royal Commissioner for inquiring into the property and income of the Universities and Colleges in 1872, was a Curator of the Bodleian Library, Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy (1853-99), a member of the Hebdomadal Council from 1856, and filled many other offices in and out of Oxford. He published a number of mathematical treatises, and was at one time the leading mathematical tutor in the University. The portrait of the late Master in the possession of the College was painted in 1896 by Mr. Marmaduke Flower. Some may think that he was singularly like the pictures of Sir Thomas White, Founder of St. John's. A dry exterior hid a very affectionate nature. ELECTION TO THE MASTERSHIP OF BISHOP MITCHINSON, 1899. And here it may be discreet to stop, merely recording the unanimous election to the Mastership, in February 258 PEMBROKE COLLEGE last, of one of the most eminent sons of Pembroke in modern times, the Right Rev. John Mitchinson, D.C.L., Fellow and Honorary Fellow, at one time Headmaster of King's School, Canterbury, from 1873 to 1881 Bishop of Barbados and the Windward Isles, and from 1881 Coadjutor to the Bishop of Peterborough. But quae regio, what diocese, he might ask, is nostri non plena laboris ? CONCLUSION. Looking back four or five years it is satisfactory to notice that, besides other University prizes, not only has the Newdigate fallen to Pembroke (in 1897) for in the lesser Colleges the poetical undergraduate is still not extinct but also (in 1895) the Latin Verse. High thinking is kept alive by the " Johnson " Society, which celebrated its 500th meeting on June 23, 1896, and impromptu thinking by the long-established Debating Society. Commemoration Week has for gene- rations been led off by the Pembroke Musical Society's Concert, and the Junior Common Room is now in its hundred and sixth year of existence the oldest of Oxford wine-clubs. The annual Pembroke Dinner, begun in 1887, is held in London in the Cricket Match Week. In the Diplomatic field and in that of Journalism the College has lately been prominently represented.* It has an able resident staff, which is not so small as it * A brilliant career has but now (Jan. 17, 1900) been closed by the death from fever in besieged Ladysmith of Mr. George War- rington Steevens, Fellow of the College. As I add this note (Jan. 24) the death of an Honorary Fellow, Canon R. W. Dixon, D.D., the historian and poet, is announced. Mr. Swinburne extols CONCLUSION 259 might be were the rule of celibacy not in force at Pembroke, but which is unfortunately depleted by vacant Fellowships, until better days. It is a pleasure to lay down one's pen at a time when the College is full of undergraduates, and a tho- roughly harmonious and patriotic feeling unites all its members, senior and junior. The plethora aimed at by institutions some of whose members have never slept within the walls may have its own glory ; but it is only when men are kept together, and every one knows every one, that it is possible for a type to be created. When, recently, the Queen Regent of the Netherlands resigned her functions into her daughter's hands, the wish was breathed by her Majesty that in whatsoever a small country could be great Holland might be great. It is not given to a small College to be all that larger and wealthier ones are, but it can resolve in the future, as in the past, not to fall short of its appointed measure of usefulness and honour. the " triumphant success " and " wonderful power and grace " of his verse, and thought that he should be Laureate. Mr. Gosse writes, 11 Hereafter the delicate memory of one of the truest of our poets must be more fully revived." FTNIS INDEX ABBOT, Archbishop George, 55, 56, 57, 64, 68, 71, 96, 143 Abingdon, 1, 49-53, 57, 58, 59-61, 62, 65, 68, 84, 93, 94, 97, 136, 161, 162, 251 Abingdon Abbey, 6, 7, 8, 13-15, 80, 126 Abingdon Building, 6, 13-15, 19, 31, 115 Abingdon Scholar at Balliol, 64 Abingdon School, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59- 61, 63, 64, 84, 88, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 250 Abingdon School, Brief Memorial of, 64 Abingdonian, or Poor Scholars, 57, 58, 86, 87, 88 Adams, Miss, 203, 212 Adams, William, master, 80, 154, 167, 168, 169, 172, 174, 202-206, 215 Advowsons, College, 7, 13, 88,^112, 126, 151, 158, 165, 200, 201,~215, 216, 218, 241, 251, 252 Agar, John, 16 Agas's Map, 18, 121, 152 Album Benefactorum, 160 Albury benefice, 80 Aldate (Eldad), Saint, 7, 8 Aldate's, Saint, 6, 7-12, 13-15, 88, 110, 112, 115, 126, 151, 160, 181, 193 Aldate's, Saint, Street, 8, 115, 252 Alexander, William Henry, 66 n Allen, Richard, 90, 91 Almanack tops, 120, 154 (see Vertue), 241 Almshouse, the Wolsey, 15 n., 16-19, 115, 196, 222, 223, 252 Anderson, Sir Richard, 104, 105 Anderson, the Lady Mary, 104 Andrewes, Frederick William, 255 Anne, Queen, 165 Apple-woman of the College, 180 Arch (Archer), Richard, principal, 24, 25 Aretius (Martin), Jacobus, 23 Arkell, John, 242 Arms of the College, 95, 96 Ascot, 56, 62 Astley, Richard, warden of All Souls, 105 Athelstan Hall, 118. See Dunstan Hall Athletics, 10, 241-243, 245, 247, 248 " Aula," meaning of, 20 Ayray, Dr. Henry, 56, 75 BACK Lodgings, the, 120, 228, 229 Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 108 Baker, David, 46 Baker, Samuel, 191 Balliofergus. See Savage Balliol College, 57, 64-72, 103, 255, 256 Barff, Albert, 236 Barker, Thomas, 35 Barton, Alfred Thomas, 194, 205 Batellers, 166 Bayly, Edmund Goodenough, 219 B.D., obligation to proceed to, 88, 230 Beaumont, Francis, v. 9, 38, 39 Beaumont, Sir John, 39 Bee, Abbey of, 77, 78 Beddoes, Thomas, 206, 207 Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, v. 206, 219, 220 Beef Hall, 3, 11, 23, 115, 116-118, 119, 120, 121 Beef Hall Lane, 3, 22, 109, 114, 115, 117, 118, 134, 217 Bekynton, Bishop, 16 262 INDEX Benefactions, 11, 122, 123-126, 139, 155-159, 161, 166, 192, 199, 202, 216, 233, 234, 244, 251, 253 Benefactors, commemoration of, 98, 350 Benham, Walter, 18, 270 Benn, Sir Anthony, 34 Bennet family, the, 50, 154, 155 Bennet foundation. See Ossulston Bennet, Sir John, 56, 75-77, 96, 97, 143, 154 Bennet, William, his Poor Scholars, 58, 60, 75 Benserius, 46 Bent, John Oxenham, 238 Bent, Robert Paul, 229 Bicentenary of College, 218, 219 Bigg-Wither, Reginald Fitzhugh, 239 Blackstone, Sir William, 196, 197 Blethyn, Bishop William, 48 Bliss, Nathaniel, 166 Blount, Sir James, 45 Blundell's School, 64 Boat Club, 223, 224, 236, 241-243, 246, 247 Bole Hall, 11 Bonner, Bishop Edmund, v. 9, 10, 25, 27, 32, 33 Bonner's Pot, 32, 33 Bonus, Albert, 255 Boulter, Edmund, 196 Bourne, John Gervas H., 220 Bowles, John, 90, 91, 133 Brasses in St. Aldate's, 10, 11 Brawls, 29 Bre"haut, Thomas Collings, 235 Breviarum Bartholomei, 117 Brewer's Tenement, 15 Brewers Street, 109, 115 Brickenden, Col well, master, 132, 164, 165 Brickenden, Francis, 132 Brinkworth benedce, 216 Broadgate, Roger, 4 Broadgates Hall, vi. 1, 2, 3-6, 7, 11, 18, 23, 29, 31, 36, 37, 42, 47, 69, 72, 74, 103, 104, 107, 108, 115, 152, 218 Browell, William Robert, 221 Browne, Sir Thomas, 2, 9, 94, 95, 107, 108 Bruen, Samuel, 132 Buckland, Augustus Robert, 255 Budden, John, principal, 10, 28, 29 Buildings, 2, 217, 218, 222 Burghers' print, 120, 153 Burials in St. Aldate's, 9-11, 29, 105, 129 Burrup, Henry de Wint, 236 Bursars, the, 10, 147 CADIZ, Charles Fitz-William, 236, 237 Caesar's Lodgings, 65-67, 68, 71, 86 Caldicott, John William, 236 Cambey's Lodgings, 19-21, 109, 115 Camden, William, 9, 40-42, 249 Canonry of Gloucester, 89, 163, 165, 202, 215, 216, 233, 251 Carew, Dean George, 39, 44 Carew, Richard, 39, 40 Carew, Sir George, Earl of Totnes, 39 Carfax (St. Martin's), 80 Carnsewe, William, 35 Carter, Bishop W. Marlborough, 247 Cavaliers from Pembroke, 138, 155 Celibacy, 233, 234, 235, 258 Censors, 101 Chamberlayne, Peter, 105, 106 Chancery suit against Balliol, 1, 70 Chandler, Heary, 236, 253 Channel Island foundations, 123-125, 157, 158 Chapel Court, the, 121 Chapel in St. Aldate's, 7-11, 97, 98, 191 Chapel regulations, 98, 134, 145, 160, 181, 195, 236 Chapel, the present, 97, 116, 166, 191-195, 222, 229, 241 Chaplains, the, 145, 201 Charlbury, 56, 62 Charles I., 7, 88, 123, 125, 126, 193, 241 Charles I.'s foundation, 123-125, 158, 226, 235 Charles I.'s letter, 127, 128 Charter fellows, 89-92, 144 Charter of foundation, 86, 87, 93, 233 Charterhouse, 166, 197, 233, 235, 251 Chase, Drummond Percy, 221 Cheatle, Ronald Henry, 243 Cheltenham College, 158, 251 Cheseman, Thomas, 135, 137 Childe, Sir William, 113 Chipping Campden School, 158 Christ Church, 1, 2, 17, 19, 31, 223 Christ Church Cup, 243 Christ's Poor, Hospital of, 50, 52, 63, 88 Churchyard of St. Aldate's, 5, 6, 12, 115, 153, 223, 252 INDEX 263 Cider-mug, Johnson's, 205 Civil Law School in St. Aldate's, 11 Civilians, 11, 24, 32, 36, 47, 93 Clarke, William Bruce, 254 Clayton, Sir Thomas, 111, 128 Clayton, Thomas, principal and master, 10, 29, 55, 69, 89, 94, 95, 102-104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 117, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130 Cleoburey, Christopher, 222, 234, 252 Close foundations, 28 n., 227, 230- 235 Clothing trade, 54 Clyfforde of Chudleigh, 45 Code, John, 45 Codford St. Peter benefice, 218 Colebrooke donative, 158 Coleridge, Edward, 207 Coleridge, George, 207 Colfe, Isaac, 46 "Coll," 169 Collier, Arthur, 162 Collier, William, 133 Coln-St.-Dennis benefice, 201, 251 Commoners, 99, 100 Commoners' garden, 171 Common-room furniture, 228 Common-room, junior, 258 Commonwealth accounts, 138, 139 Cookes, Sir Thomas, 95 Cooper, Robert, 157 Coote, Charles T., 210 Coote, Charles, 210 Corbet, Bishop Richard, v. 45, 107 Corbett, Andrew, 167 Corbett, Joseph. See Plymley Cordy-Jeaffreson, John, 236, 237 Corfield, William Henry, 254 Corpus Christi College, 2, 75, 147, 153 Cottle, Joseph, 209, 210 Court, the new. See Quadrangle Courtenay, Henry McDougall, 247 Cox, John Sheffield, 218 Coxeter, Nicholas, 89, 90, 91 Coysh, Elisha, 113 Crabtree, John, 66, 67, 86 Craven, Herbert, 243 Creed, Peter, 140 Cricket Club, 246, 247, 248 Cricket in College, 171 Crow Street, 115 Cunninghame, Hugh C. K., 194 Cutler, Sir John, 196 Cutler-Boulter foundation, 196, 250 DAGNALL, Stephen, 105 Darby, John, 120 Darbyshire, William, principal, 10, 27 Darry, Robert, 119 D'Auvergne, Edward, 168 Davis, Bishop James Gate ward, 217 Day, Lionel, 106 Dayrell, Walter, 96, 97 Dean's office, the, 101, 147, 154 Debating society, 258 Dennys, Nicholas, 114 Deposition of master, 145-147 Derby, Earl of, 231, 232 Desks of Johnson, 205 Dinner, annual, 258 Directory, the, 134 Disciplinary rules, 59, 98-101, 168, 169 Disputes in College, 145-149, 159, 160, 226 Dixon, Richard Watson, 237, 243, 258 n. Docklinton's Aisle, 7-11, 110, 134, 153, 270 Dokelynton, John, 8, 9, 10 Doles at funerals, 61 Dominis, Marco A. de, 82 Domvile, H. W. Russell, 248 Dormer, Eusebius, 94 Dormer, Sir Fleetwood, 94 Douglas, James, 238 Dowdeswell, George Morley, 220 Drake, Sir John, 44 Dringe, Francis, 90 Dryden, Sir John, 39 Dryden, William, 39 Dunstan (Wolstan) Hall, 23, 115, 118, 119 " Dunster's," 120 Durell, David, 199 Durham Hall, 114 Durnford, Richard, jun., 203 n. Durnford, Bishop Richard, 203 n. Dyer, Sir Edward, 38 Dyer, Sir James, 33 EBBE'S, Saint, parish boundary, 3 11, 115 Edwards, Oliver, 167, 169, 172 n Edwards, Richard, 208 Elworthy, Arthur Kershaw, 247 Eton, connexion with, 139, 235, 251 Evans, Evan, master, 122, 193, 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 256 Evans, Mrs. Sophia, 253 Evington, Bishop Henry, 247 264 INDEX FAMILY, ithe College constituted as a, 98-100 Farringtoun, William, 45 Farthingales, 37 Faulkner, Charles Joseph, 237, 243 Faulkner, Sir Arthur B., 217 Feast and fast days, 98 Federal constitution of College, 230 Fellow-commoners, 100, 153, 167, 172, 235, 236, 249 Fireplace in hall, 154 Fires in College, 172, 199 Fish Street, 8, 18, 115 Fitz-Geoffrey, Charles, 42, 43 Fitzharris Farm, 50 Fleetwood, William, 34 Flood- Jones, Samuel, 236 Fludyer, John, 171 Fork- money, 229 Formal gardening, 121, 122 Fosbrooke, Thomas Dudley, 210 Foulkes, Arthur Glyndwr, 248 Founder's kin, 58, 59, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 196, 233, 250, 251 Foxall, John, 159 Fowler, John Coke, 175 Fowler, Reginald Merrick, 254 Francklyn, William, 11 French clergy, relief of, 215 Frewen, Archbishop, 97 Frideswyde's Priory, Saint, 2, 6, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 29, 31, 126 Fulford, William, 237 GAINSFORD, George, 236, 237 Galleries in St. Mary's, Oxford, 62, 63 Garbett, Edward, 224 Garbrand, Tobit, 111, 112 Gardens of the College, 114, 115, 121, 122, 171, 175, 229 Gardiner, William, 110 Gatacre, Charles, 126 Gaudy-days, 154, 170, 250 Giddy. See Gilbert Gifford, Edw. Hamilton, 241 Gilbert (Giddy), Davies, 208 Gilbert, Thomas, 161 Girtin, Thomas Hog, 238 Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E., 231, 232 Gloucestershire connexion, 251, 252 Glympton, 52, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64, 186 Godwyn, Thomas, 89, 90 Goldsmith, Francis, 114 Gothic revival, 221, 222 Grace at meals, 41, 98, 249 Grace, John, 90 Graves, Richard, the elder, 178 Graves, Richard, the younger, 176, 177,178, 184 Grayes Thorock benefice, 158 Grier, Richard Macgregor, 238 Grenvill, Edward, 44 Greene, John, 114 Greville, Sir Fulke, 38 Griffith, Bishop George, 90, 91, 92 Griffith, William, 90, 91 Grosvenour, William, 136 Gwynne, Humphrey, 90 HADFIELD, Bishop Octavius, 221 Hale, Robert, 35 Hall, Bishop John, master, 112, 150- 163 Hall, Edmund, 137, 138 Hall, George William, master, 217- 219, 221,224 Hall-Houghton, Henry, 225 Hall, Sydney Prior, 239 Hall, the new, 115, 122, 228, 229, 241, 253, 256 Hall, the old, 19, 93, 103-106, 115, 134, 154, 210, 219, 221 Hall, Thomas, 112 Halls, 20, 28 n., 31, 36 Hamel, the, 18, 115, 217, 223 Hampstead-Norreys, 81 Hansell, Edward A., 125 Hanson, Sir Robert, 110 Harcourt, Lord Chancellor, 162, 163, 165 Haroldston benefice, 200, 252 Harte, Walter, 162 Hatch, Edwin, 237, 238, 243 Hawker, Robert Stephen, v. 220 Hawkins, Herbert Pennell, 255 Hawkins, William, 197 Heath, Christopher H. E., 254 Hebrew lecture, 199 Hedgeland, Philip, 236, 237 Hele, Sampson, 44 Henderson, John, 203, 208-210 Henley-on-Thames, 56, 62 Henney scholarship, 244 Herbert, John, 45 Heywoode, John, 9, 36-38 Hickman, Henry, 126, 134 High-Church Movement, 194, 211, 224, 225, 244 INDEX 265 Hill, George Birkbeck, 172, 174, 212, 238 Hoare, James, 155 Hobart, Sir Miles, 125 Hodgkinson, George Langton, 247, 248 Holiord foundation, 166, 233 Holland, Edgar Rogers, 248 Holy Cross Fraternity, 50, 63 Hood, Tom, 238 Hooper, Thomas Aylesbury, 242 Horsley, John William, 239 Hough, George, 218 Howard, Hon. William, 105 Hudson, Eleazer, 105 Hughes, George, 111, 112 Hume, David, 206 Humphreys, John, 113 Hungerforde, Sir Anthony, 107 Hunt, Thomas, 114 Hunt, William, 164 Hyde, Hamnet, 10 Hyett, Benjamin, 194, 212 Hyett, Nicholas, 194 Hygdon, Brian, principal, 9, 16, 24 ILSLEY, 1, 68, 81, 82, 83, 84, 137 Inauguration sof the, College, 2, 91, 93-96, 108 Ingram's Memorials, 63 Irish students, 117 JACKSON, Bishop John, 221 Jackson, Dean Thomas, 110 Jacobitism, 159, 162, 165, 166, 198 James, Dr. Thomas, 106 James I., effigy of, 252, 253 James I., founder, v. 1, 29, 69, 70, 72, 76, 93, 103, 124,170, 193, 253 James's Hall, Saint, 23, 114, 116 Jeans, George Edward, 254 Jeffrey, William, principal, 26 Jessey, Henry, his pamphlet, 136 Jeune, Bishop Francis, master, 122, 126, 224, 226-228, 230-233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239-241, 243, 244 Jewell, Bishop John, 9, 27, 28, 47, 48 John's Entry, Saint, 22 Johnson monument, 215 Johnson, Samuel, 9, 154, 166, 167- 175, 197, 202-205, 209, 212, 214 Johnson Society, 258 Jolife, George, 111 Jones, Philip, 171 Jorden, William, 80, 169, 185 Junius, Francis, 120 KEMPE, Charles Earner, 193, 194 Kershaw, Sir Louis Addin, 247 Kidlington, 52, 54 Kilmorey, Viscount, 104, 105 Kimberley, Jonathan, 162 King Street, 115 Kingsley, Charles, 217 Kirfoote, Richard, 90 Kitchen, the, 248 Knight, William, his sermon, 45 Kyghley, Sir Philip, 35 LAMBTON benefice, 200 Langley, Henry, master, 129,130-141 Latin sermon, attendance at the, 98, 181 Laud, Archbishop, 63, 74 Lawrence, Richard French, 218 Lawson, George Mervyn, 247 Le Breton, Sir Thomas, 210 Le Gros, Sir Charles, 108 Lee, Elizabeth, 106 Lee, John, 90, 91, 95 Lempriere, John, 60, 210 Lesley, Robert, 247 Letters Patents of 1624. See Charter Leudesdorf, Charles, 255 Leveson, Mr. E. J., 205 Lewis, Henry, 242 Lewyn, Sir Justinian, 105, 108 Library, Bishop Hall's, 154 Library over Docklinton's Aisle, 7, 110, 126, 153 Library, the present, 218, 253 Lightfoot, John, 199 Little, Edward, 51, 54, 64, 82 Little Gate, 115, 118 Littleton, James, 35 Littleton, John, 35 Littleton, Sir Thomas, 138 Littleton, William, 35 Lizards in the College Gardens, 122 Lloyd, Percy Robert, 248 Loan to the Bodleian, 215 Locker, Arthur, 236 Loggan's print, 119, 120, 152, 153, 154 Lombard Lane, 115 London, the Bishop of, 75 Luce, Edward, 125 Lucy, Sir Edward, 40 Ludwell Manor, 49, 54 Lushington, Thomas, 107, 112 266 INDEX Lusie (Lucy), Timothy, 40 n. Lydiard Millicent benefice, 201, 252 Lyford, William, 89, 91 MACIE. See Smithson Mackenzie, Bishop Henry, 221 Mackenzie, Charles, 221 Mackenzie's print, 222 Magdalen College, 157 Main, Robert, 243 Master's Lodgings, 119, 152, 153,164, 203, 205, 222, 240 Mastership, the, 57, 86, 88, 89, 96, 99, 101, 129-132, 135, 144, 146, 147, 156, 163, 165, 226, 227, 230, 233 Martin, James, 23 Martyn, Nicholas, 34 Martyn, Richard, 34, 35 Martyn, William, 34 Mayers, Walter, 217 Mayott, Richard, 162 Meade-King, William Oliver, 242 Medical studies, 29, 92, 102, 103, 111, 148, 206-209, 233, 234 Meeke, John, 174 Mellish, George Lilly, 242 Messes, 229, 230 Michael Hall, 23, 29 n., 114, 115, 119, 120 Mignot, Robert le, 21 Milford, Lord, 201 Milk Street, 115, 118 Millington, Thomas, 90 Mil ward, Henry, 118 Mine Hall, 21, 22, 114, 115, 119 Minote Hall, 21 " Minster," meaning of the word, 6,13 Mitchinson, Bishop John, master, 238, 257, 258 Mitchison, Arthur Moore, 247 Mitchison, Richard Stovin, 247 Moore, Archbishop John, 198, 199 Moore, Edward, 238, 243 Moore, Ferryman, 67 Morant, Philip, 166 More, Hannah, 171, 203, 209, 210 Morley, Bishop, 123, 157, 158 Mortmain, charter of, 93 Moulden, John, 164, 165 Moullin, C. W. Mansell, 255 1 Mulberry-tree, Shenstone's, 171 n. Muniment-room, 253 Musculus, Wolphgang, 46 Music in Chapel, 194 Musical society, 258 Mutton HaU, 114 Natalitia ColUgii Pembrochiani, 72 New buildings, the, 115, 122 New College building, 15, 16, 115 Newbolt, William Charles E., 239 Newcome, Archbishop William, 198 Newman, John Henry, 217, 224 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 128 Nicholas the clerk, story of, 13-15 Nicoll, Anthony, 140 Noble, John, principal, 9, 16, 19 Nonconformity in College, 98, 160, 161,233 Northleach School, 158 Novices supposed to have been trained at Broadgates Hall, 5, 6, 17 Number of students, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 107, 228, 256, 259 Nun Hall, 22, 115 OADES foundation, 166, 250 Oakley, Charles Edward, 243 Olave's (Olive's), Saint, 7 Onslow, Frederick Phipps, 243 " Opposite's, Saint," 2 Orders, obligation to enter Holy, 59, 65, 88, 89, 148, 149, 156, 158, 202, 230, 233, 234, 235, 250 Ordinances, 86, 235 Orger, Edward Redman, 236, 237 Ormond, Duke of, 159, 160 Ossulston foundation, 89, 167, 226, 228 Ossulston, the Lord, 75, 154-157 Ottley, Robert Lawrence, 254 Owen, Thomas, 20 Owen, Thomas, judge, 34 Ojtford and Cambridge Magazine, 237 PADY, Christina, 5 Page, Thomas Douglas, 222, 244 Pairs, Coxswinless 2d7 Pakington, Sir John, 40 Palliser, Sir Hugh, book given by, 103 Panting, Matthew, master, 10, 165, 166, 171, 181 Parker, Charles Frederick, 226 Parkhurst, John, 68, 71 Passage "between Quads," 229 Paterson, James Alexander, 254 Patterson, John Irvin, 247 Patterson, William Hurry, 247 Pauli, Charles Paine, 242 Pauline Hall, 29 Payne, Robert, 89, 90 INDEX 267 Payne- Smith, Kobert, 224 Peele, George, 9, 38 Pemberton Cup, 247 Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, 29, 69, 72-75, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 Pembroke College, 1, 72, 79, 93, 185, 232 Pembroke College, foundation of, Vi., 1, 67-75, 93-95, 218 Penyiarthing (Pembroke) Street, 22, 115, 153 Pepys's Diary, 63, 168 n. Perrott, John, 35 Petition to Parliament, 232 Pett, Sir Peter, 132, 133 Philippe, Sir Erasmus, 183, 200 Philipps'foundation, 200, 227, 252 Philipps, Sir John, 183, 200 Phillips, Bishop John, 48 Phipps benefaction, 192, 201 Phipps, James, 192 Phipps, Pownoll William, 242 Plate, the College, 11, 126-128, 157, 194, 197, 248, 249 Plummer, William, 15 n. Plymley (Corbett), Joseph, 192 Plymley, Panton, 192 n. Polehampton, Henry Stedman, 242 Polton Hall, 21 n. Polton, Philip, 21 n. " Pompey," 66, 67 Poor, relief of, 235 Poor scholars, 58 Poppe, Philip Edward, 243 Portal, William Richard, 243 Portraits, 63, 80, 83, 126, 140, 157, 158, 163, 178, 192, 205, 210, 211, 212, 216, 218, 236, 241, 251, 257 Powel (Pole), Sir Stephen, 40 Powell, Kichard, 208 Powell, Sir John K., 205 " Praerogativa tribus," 232 Prayers, cfc., Johnson's MS. of, 172 n., 204, 212-214 Prayers for the Dead, 60, 61, 203, 213,214 Preaching in chapel, 134, 240 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 237, 238 Price, Bartholomew, master, 244,247, 256,257 Price, John, 89, 91 Prideaux, John, 67, 97 Prince of Wales, H.R.H. the, 240 " Privilegium " desired, 231, 232 Procter, James, 19 Proctorial veto, 219 Professor-fellows, 235 Proverb about Broadgates Hall, 37 Pudding Lane, 115 Pyknam, William, 116 Pym, John, v. 43, 44, 76, 106 QUADRANGLE, the New, 23, 109, 115, 119, 228, 229, 241 Quadrangle, the Old, 15, 18, 108, 109, 115, 152, 153, 159, 171, 193, 221, 222, 229 Quaterman, William, 113 Queen's College, 75, 147 RALEGH, George, 105 Randolph, Sir Thomas, principal, 20, 27, 28 Ratcliff foundation, 202, 228, 250, 252 Ratcliff, John, master, 173, 174, 202 Rating of College, 159 Raymond, Sir Jemmet, 190 Reade, Compton, 238 Reeves, William, 138 Refectory. See Hall Reform, 227, 228, 230-236, 250 Reform, University, 31 Reformation, effect of the, 16, 31 Regents, rights of, 142-144 Register of fellows, &c., 159 Religio Medici, MS. of, 108 Renouf, Sir Peter le Page, 224 Repyngdon, Cardinal, 2, 30 Residence, obligation of, 234 Reynolde, Thomas, 29 n. Rhese, Sir John, 40 n. Riley, Athelstan, 194 Ringshall benefice, 201 Risdon, Tristram, 40 Robinson Cup, 243 Rogers, Richard R. Coxwell, 39 n. Rolleston, George, 236, 243 Romanes, Professor, 252 Rosewell, Thomas, 138 Rous, Francis, 42, 43, 44 n., 110, 129, 139-141, 193, 233 Rous, John, 106, 109 Rous, William, 140 Routh, Martin Joseph, 223 Row, Charles Adolphus, 224 Rowing. See Boat Club Roysse, John, 51, 60, 61 Roysse's School. See Abingdon School Ryder, James Octavius, 236 268 INDEX SAGAR, Charles, 89, 91 Salesbury, William, 40 n. Salwey, Herbert Augustus, 247 Sanctuary for malefactors, 4 Saunderson, Thomas, 35 Sausmarez, Frederick B. de, 212 Sausmarez, John de, 157 Savage's Balliofergus, 65, 66, 70, 72, 91, 103 Schools, connexion with, 251 Sclater, William, 135 Scott, Sir John, 239, 247 Scroggs, Chief Justice Sir William, 113 Sculls, the Silver, 247 Seaton, James Stuart, 254 Secrets of the College, 100 Sedgwick, James, 216 Sedgwick, James Henry, 254 Sedgwicke, "Doomsday," 112 Segrym Hall, 3, 5, 16 Segrym, Richard, 5, 19, 223, 252 Septennial fellowships, 155, 232, 250 Sergrove, William, master, 215 Servants, 22, 99, 100, 138 Servitors, 22, 159, 166, 179, 182, 183, 184, 236 Sets in College, 176, 177, 229 Shakspeare, John, 52 Sheffield, George, 235 Shenstone, William, v. 9, 166, 171, 175-178, 179 Sheppard foundation, 233, 234 Sibstone benefice, 201 Sickness in Oxford, 16 Siege of Oxford, 128,139 Sikes, Thomas, 211 Silvester, Tipping, 166 Simeon trustees, 126 Simpson, E. Thornhill Beckett, 247 "Sinbad the Sailor," 216 "Singing Birds," the, 179, 197 Skeletons found, 153, 195 Skelton's print, 222 Slaughter (Slaying) Lane. See Brewers Street Slocock, Benjamin, 199 Sloman, Arthur, 256 Sloper, Charles, 191, 192 Smart, Peter, 45 Smithson, James Lewis, 207, 208 Smyth benefaction, 216, 228 Smyth, John, master, 216 " Sommerset Building," 121 South Gate, 18, 115 Southwell, Herbert Burrows, 247,254 Spencer, Lady Penelope, 104 Spencer, Sir Kichard, 104 Sports, 248 Spottiswoode, Andrew, 205 Spottiswoode, William, 205 Stafford scholarships, 122, 123, 250 Stampe, William, 112 Stanford Deanly, 50 Stanton St. John's, 110, 166 Statutes, 57, 59, 74, 84, 85-89, 146, 147, 233 Stedman, John, 225 Steevens, George Warrington, 258 n. Stempe, Thomas, principal, 28 Stephenson, John, 63 Stewkley, Sir Lewis, 44 Stiff ord benefice, 158 Stipends of fellows, 58, 230, 235 Stock, Thomas, 199 Stone, Samuel John, 238 Story, John, principal, 9, 25, 26 Strahan, Rev. G., 205 Strange, William Allder, 225 Strip of land next the Almshouse, 16, 18, 115 Strode, Arthur, 10, 44 Strode, John, 10 Students, new class of, 36 Studies, 100, 101, 150, 170, 181, 182, 186-190, 244 Submission to Visitors, 131-133, 148 Summaster, George, principal, 21, 22, 44, 109 Summaster, Sir Samuel, 109 Summaster's Lodgings, 22, 109, 114, 119, 121 Sumptuary rules, 100, 138 Swabey, Maurice, 210 Swinburne, Henry, 35 Swynfen, John, 168 n. Swynfen, Richard, 168 Swynfen, Samuel, 168 TASSELS, silver, 125 Teapot, Johnson's, 205 Tesdale arms, 96 Tesdale benefaction, 55-58, 71 Tesdale, Christopher, 89, 90 Tesdale family, the, 49-53, 60, 61, 68, 77, 90, 154, 155 n. Tesdale foundation, 75, 85-90, 93, 155, 156, 201, 219, 233, 235 Tesdale, Maud, 51, 54, 56, 61-63 Tesdale, Thomas, co-founder, 1, 49- 68, 72, 75, 83, 84, 143, 193 INDEX 269 Thelwall, Sir Eubule, 96 Thomas, William Beach, 218 Thornton, Thomas, 41 Thynne, John, 35 Thynne, Sir Henry, 35 Tingewick, Nicholas de, 116, 117 Tipping-, Bartholomew, 191, 192 Tonsor, the College, 99 Tooker, William, 20 Tower, the, 109, 152, 153, 168, 171, 222, 240 Townsend foundation, 158, 180 Townsend, Richard Newman, 242 Toynbee, Arnold, 255 Travel, permission to, 149 Trefusis, John, 35 Tregonwell, Sir John, 32 Tregonwell, Thomas, 32 n. Trenchers, 229, 249 Trinity Chapel in St. Aldate's, 8 Trosse, George, 134, 135, 144, 145 Tubbs, Henry Arnold, 254 " Tumblers," 249 " Tuns," 249 Turner, Matthias, 95 Turner's water-colour, 223 Tutorial fellowships, 250 Tutors, the, 135, 159, 169, 182, 185- 190, 244 Tyers, Thomas, 197 ULMER, John, 46, 47 Ulmer, John Conrad, 47 Ulmer, John Rodolph, 46 University College, 57 Upton, Nicholas de, 31 Usher, Tesdale, 56, 63 Uxbridge donative, 158 VACATION, residence in, 172 Vachnan, Johann Huldrik a, 46 Valpy, Abraham J., 199 Valpy, Richard, 199, 221 Veale Hall, 20, 114 Vertue's print, 120, 154 Via Megia, 18 Vici-Chancellorship, 218, 240, 251 Vice-gerent, the, 101, 147, 159, 162, 218, 226, 227 Victory, Log of the, 218 Vinicombe, John, 211 Visitor, the, 74, 77 n., 86, 89, 148, 156, 159, 160, 226, 227, 230 ; 231, 232, 256 Visitors, parliamentary, 129, 131- 134, 144, 148 Visitors, royal, 148 Vulgate to be read at meals, 98 WADHAM College, vi. 55 Walker, Clement, 45 Wall, John, 110 Wall, the city, 109, 114, 115, 120 Wallingford, 50, 51, 77 Wallop, Richard, 114 Walton, Henry Baskerville, 221 Walton, Thomas, principal, 13, 24 War, contribution to the, 215, 217 Washington, Margaret, 104 Washington, Mordaunt, 105 Watson, Sir James, 206 Webber, Bishop William T. T., 238, 248 Wellington, the Duke of, 89, 156, 226, 227 Westley, Thomas, 89, 91 Weston, Robert, principal, 20, 25, 27 Wheare, Degory, 41, 42, 43 Whistler, Anthony, 177 Whit bread, Samuel, 205 White, Gilbert, 122 White, James, 220 Whitefleld, George, v. 135, 166, 178- 185, 191, 200 Wight wick arms, 95, 96 Wightwick, Charles, 218 Wightwick, Dorothea, foundation, 80, 251 Wightwick family, the, 79, 82-84, 116, 133,212,251 Wightwick, Francis, foundation, 80, 211, 212, 228, 251 Wightwick, Hancox, portrait of, 80 Wightwicke foundation, 68, 69, 72, 79, 85-90, 93, 155, 156, 218, 233 Wightwicke, George, 86, 133 Wightwicke, Henry, master, 89, 91, 130-133, 142-149 Wightwicke, Henry, of Broad Somer- ford, 110 Wightwicke, Richard, co-founder, 1, 67, 68, 69, 72, 79-85, 96, 97, 142, 193, 251 Wightwicke, Samuel, portrait of, 80 Williams, Bishop James W., 237 Williams, John, principal, 26 Williams, Jonathan, 199 Williams' print, 120, 154 Wilson, Duncan Herbert Hastings, 254 270 INDEX Wintle, Thomas, 199 Wolsey Spital. See Almshouse WolstanHall,118. See Dunstan Hall Wood, Andrew G oldie, 254 Wood, George, vi. Wood, Thomas, 43 Woodesdon, Richard, 197 Wootton parish, 49, 54 Worcester College, 95 Wrigley, Rev. T., 108 Wrothe, Sir Thomas, 105 Wyatt, Henry, 147-149 Wyberd, John, 113 Wyclimtes, 30 Wylde's Entry, 23, 115, 118, 119, 120 Wylie, James Hamilton, 239 Wymmesley, George, principal, 25 Wyntle, Robert, 111 Wytham, William, principal, 24 YONGE, Archbishop Thomas, prin- cipal, 26 PAGE 8. Docklinton's Aisle was properly styled " the chantry of the chapel (or altar) of Blessed Mary in St. Aldate's Church." Bishop Bekynton's arms (see p. 16) were in the west window. PAGE 1 8. Walter Benham represented Oxford in Parliament, 1402. PAGE no. Among Clayton's books is a Nuremburg Chronicle (1493), stamped with Whitgift's arms. Minutius of Volaterra has written in it that Master Pynson the Printer gave it to himself in 1498. Thomas Any an gave it to Clayton. PAGE 116. Richard Wythigge sate in Parliament for Oxford City in 1429, 1431 ; Thomas Wythyg in 1449. But for this name see Hurst's " Oxford Topography" (1899), p. 108, n. 2. PAGE 117. Richard Emlay deceased (it appears by Woods' City, vol. iii. ed. Clark, 1899) in 1435, not 1335. PAGE 175. Mr. J. C. Fowler died, full of years, December 2oth, 1899. Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON 5r Co. London <5r Edinburgh TIMES. "We are glad to welcome the first two volumes of what promises to be an excellent series of College Histories. . . . Well printed, handy and convenient in form, and bound in the dark or light blue of either University, these small volumes have every- thing external in their favour. As to their matter, all are to be entrusted to competent men, who, if they follow in the steps of the first two writers, will produce records full of interest to everybody who cares for our old Universities. Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Two Series of Popular Histories of the Colleges To be completed in Twentyone and Eighteen Volumes respectively EACH volume will be written by some one officially connected with the College of which it treats, or at least by some member of that College who is specially qualified for the task. It will contain: (i) A History of the College from its Foundation; (2) An Account and History of its Buildings; (3) Notices of the Connection of the College with any important Social or Religious Events; (4) A List of the Chief Benefactions made to the College ; (5) Some Particulars of the Contents of the College Library ; (6) An Account of the College Plate, Windows, and other Accessories ; (7) A Chapter upon the best known, and other notable but less well-known Members of the College. Each volume will be produced in crown octavo, in a good clear type, and will contain from 200 to 250 pages (except two or three volumes, which will be thicker). The illustrations will consist of full-page plates, containing reproductions of old views of the Colleges and modern views of the buildings, grounds, &c. The two Series will extend over a period of about two years, and no particular order will be observed in the publication of the volumes. The writers' names are given on the next page. Price 5s. net per Volume These volumes can be ordered through any bookseller, or they will be sent by the Publishers on receipt of published price together with postage. COLLEGES University . . . A. C. HAMILTON, M.A. Balliol . . . . H. W. CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. Merton . . . . B. W. HENDERSON, M.A. Exeter . . . . W. K. STRIDE, M.A. Oriel ..... D. W. RANNIE, M.A. Queen's .... Rev. J. R. MAGRATH, D.D. New ..... Rev. HASTINGS RASHDALL, M.A. Lincoln .... Rev. ANDREW CLARK, M.A. All Souls . . . C. GRANT ROBERTSON, M.A. Magdalen . . . Rev. H. A. WILSON, M.A. Brasenose . . . J. BDCHAN, B.A. Corpus Christi . Rev. T. FOWLER, D.D. Christ Church . Rev. H. L. THOMPSON, M.A. Trinity .... Rev. H. E. D. BLAKISTON, M.A. St. John's . . . Rev. W. H. HDTTON, B.D. Jesus ..... E. G. HARDY, M.A. Wadham . . . J. WELLS, M.A. Pembroke . . . Rev. DOUGLAS MACLEANE, M.A. Worcester . . . Rev. C, H. O. DANIEL, M.A. Hertford. . . . S. G. HAMILTON, M.A. Keble ...... D. J. MEDLEY, M.A. Peterhouse . . . Rev. T. A. WALKER, LL.D. Clare ..... J. R. WARDALE, M.A. Pembroke . . . W. S. HADLEY, M.A. Caius ..... J. VENN, Sc.D., F.R.S. Trinity Hall . . H. T. TREVOR JONES, M.A. Corpus Christi . Rev. H. P. STOKES, LL.D. King's .... Rev. A. AUSTEN LEIGH, M A. Queens' .... Rev. J. H. GRAY, M.A. St. Catharine's . THE LORD BISHOP OF BRISTOL. Jesus ..... A. GRAY, M.A. Christ's . . . . J. PEILE, Litt.D. St. John's . . . J. BASS MULLINGER, M.A. Magdalene . . . Trinity .... Rev. A. H. F. BOUGHEY, M.A.,and J. WILLIS CLARK, M.A. Emmanuel . . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. Sidney . . . . G. M. EDWARDS, M.A. Downing . . . Rev. H. W. PETTIT STEVENS, M.A., LL.M. Selwyn .... Rev. A. L. BROWN, M.A. The Oxford and Cambridge volumes will be succeeded by the following : University of Durham. J. T. FOWLER, D.C.L., F.S.A., Librarian, etc., in the University. University of St. Andrews. J. MAITLAND ANDERSON, Librarian, Registrar, and Secretary of the University. University of Glasgow. Professor W. STEWART, D.D., Clerk of Senatus. University of Aberdeen. ROBERT S. RAIT, M.A. Aberdon., Fellow of New College, Oxford. University of Edinburgh. Sir LUDOVIC J. GRANT, Bart., Clerk of Senatus, and Professor of Public Law. University of Dublin. W. MACNEILE DIXON, Litt.D., Professor of English Language and Literature, Mason University College, Birmingham. University of Wales and its Constituent Colleges. W. CADWALADR DAVIES, Standing Counsel of the University of Wales. SELECTIONS FROM THE BRITISH SATIRISTS With an Introductory Essay by Cecil Headlam, late Demy of Magdalen College, Oxford Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s. ' ' His book was a decidedly good idea, which has been well carried out, The Introductory Essay is a scholarly performance." A thencsum. " The introduction is long and elaborate ; it proves that the writer is a sound student of our literature." Times. "... is a book to be welcomed and commended one specially to place in the hands of the young people who show a taste for literature. ... In his introductory essay Mr. Headlam supplies a readable and useful sketch of the history of English satire." Globe. A HANDSOME GIFT-BOOK Fcap. 8vo, in gilt morocco cover specially designed by E. B. Hoare. 5s. net PRAYERS OF THE SAINTS BEING A MANUAL OF DEVOTIONS COMPILED FROM THE SUPPLICATIONS OF THE HOLY SAINTS AND BLESSED MARTYRS AND FAMOUS MEN BY CECIL HEADLAM, B.A. "His book is a welcome addition to our devotional literature." Glasgow Herald. "The volume contains many of the finest extant examples of the petitions of the great and the good of all ages." Dundee Advertiser. SCORES OF THE OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE CRICKET MATCHES FROM 1827 Compiled, with Index and occasional Notes, by HENRY PERKINS, LATE SECRETARY OF THE M.C.C, Fcap. Svo, cloth boards, Is. net. MEMORIES OF OXFORD BY JACQUES BARDOUX TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, AT THE AUTHOR'S REQUEST, BY W. R. BARKER WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MRS. MARGARET L. WOODS Demy 16mo, buckram, gilt top, 2s. 6d. net Mr. W. L. COURTNEY writes in the Daily Telegraph: "A little book which, from many points of view, deserves the careful attention of those who know something not only of secondary education in this country, but of those ancestral homes in which the training of our youth is carried out. . . . Many delightful and incisive remarks of M. Bardoux make this little volume an extremely interesting study in contrasted national characteristics." " Excellently fresh and pleasant reading." Literature. " Well worth reading." Spectator. " It is always interesting to have the opinions of an ' intelligent foreigner ' as to British customs, and the little volume called ' Memories of Oxford ' will find many readers." Dundee Advertiser. OUTCOMES OF OLD OXFORD BY THE REV. W. K. R. BEDFORD, M.A. AUTHOR OF "BLAZON OF EPISCOPACY," "ANNALS OF FREE FORESTERS," "ROWING AT WESTMINSTER," ETC. Cloth gilt, 33. 6d. net " He has produced a book of exceptional interest." Glasgow Herald. ' ' The Rev. W. K. R. Bedford's ' Outcomes of Old Oxford ' will find many interested readers, and not only among the number of his contem- poraries at the 'Varsity ... but there is much in his book which will attract and divert the general public." Globe. " It will be read with pleasure by most readers, and Oxford men, young and old, will delight in its testimony as to bygone days." Sheffield Telegraph. Ready in Novembei SOMALILAND BY C. V. A. PEEL, F.Z.S., &c. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top, 18s. net. This standard work on Somaliland, which has taken more than four years to compile, contains a thrilling story of the sport and adventures met with in the course of two expeditions into the interior, and concludes with descriptive lists of every animal and bird known to inhabit the country. The book contains an original map drawn by the author, showing the heart of the Marehan and Haweea countries previously untrodden by white man's foot. The illustrations consist of a photogravure frontispiece and several original drawings by that great portrayer of animal life, Edmund Caldwell, and also of reproductions of numerous photo- graphs taken by the author. Pall Mall Gazette. " Scientists and sportsmen need only to be told the subject and author of this book to know at once that it is a book not to be missed. But the general reader also . . . will find this handsomely illustrated book first-rate reading." LONDON : F. E. ROBINSON & CO. ao GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. RSC.CIR.SEP 9 5 7 LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 YB 17794 120