SEVEN -HOUR SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 R A M M A R 
 
 i 
 
 fi? 
 pS 
 
 NOUN 
 
 
 
 BY PROF. D. P. HOWE, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 PRICE OJ^'E DOLLAR.
 
 UGSB LIBRARY 
 
 SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE, 
 
 OR 
 
 SEVEN - floup^ SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 GRAM MAR 
 
 BY PROF. D. P. HOWE, 
 
 OF THE UNION COLLEGE, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 MANCHESTER, N. H.. 
 
 SPBING 3TBEKI. 
 1870.
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
 
 D. P. HOWE, 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This little work has been published at the urgent and repeated request 
 of persons of all shades of education in every State of the Union, from 
 Maine to Florida. It is designed to meet the requirements of a class 
 of persons, immersed in business pursuits, entirely cut off from the advan- 
 tages and influence of the School Room, and whose opportunities of an 
 educational developement in this particular are at an end. With an 
 experience of more than thirty years in the art of teaching, and a fa- 
 miliar acquaintance with the views of nearly a thousand authors, the 
 writer is enabled to form an opinion of his own. He is satisfied that one 
 of the greatest obstacles to the understanding of Grammar, is the scat- 
 tered arrangement of thought, as exhibited in the Text Books of the 
 present day. The writer has endeavored to remove this difficulty, by 
 conceutrating the scattered fragments of the Science, and bringing into 
 measurable compass all that is practically useful for every -day life. 
 His arrangement in this particular is entirely original. Every gem of 
 thought, every idea of value, and every excellence in the Science worthy 
 of attention, he has retained, while the profuse surplus nonsense, the 
 literary brushwood, and the metaphysical, perplexing subtleties of the 
 Text Books, which have ever obscured the Science, he has given to the 
 winds. These may be interesting to the Professor of Logic, but to the 
 great mass, who desire simple knowledge, they are absolutely valueless. 
 What he has retained must be carefully read and digested, and if put into 
 practice will constitute the scholar ; what he has omitted is not worth the 
 looking after. To the uneducated, yet ambitiqus person, this little work will 
 prove a particular friend ; for by it, independent of all previous know- 
 ledge or preparatory fitness, he can climb from the A. B. C. of the 
 Science to its most practical bight* ; while the profound student already
 
 4 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 famous for bis attainments in search after knowledge, will find many 
 bewildering and perplexing difficulties explained and simplified. 
 
 The author's discovery of the limited governing power of the Transitive 
 Verbs and Prepositions, startling as it may be, has met with universal 
 approval and recognition, from every intelligent, unprejudiced scholar 
 who has heard it. With this fact before the mind, the education of year* 
 is diminished into as many minutes, and that which before was wild> 
 immeasurable, and incomprehensible confusion, is now a perfect sim- 
 plicity. Those SEVEN WORDS, as contrasted with the 30,000 Nouns and the 
 60 Pronouns of the text books, are worthy of being written in letters of 
 lightning across the heavens for all Christendom to witness, as being the 
 only words in the English language, under the control of the governing 
 powers named, in which a grammatical error can be made. He might 
 point with pleasure also to the simplicity of the suspended vibrating *, 
 securing agreement between the Verb and the Noun, which has proved 
 the delight of thousands ; and to his exposition of the Subjunctive Mood 
 and Prepositions, all of the utmost value to the Platform Speaker, the 
 Clergyman, or the Senator. Fifteen minutes' attention to any one of these 
 will protect any intelligent person from erring once in a life time. 
 
 In conclusion, any one desiring to speak or write correctly, can accom- 
 plish what he wishes, by giving this little work one week's study ; and he 
 will, in this short time, attain to a greater perfection, a more thorough 
 knowledge of the English language, than he could secure by many 
 tedious years of study, from the common text books of the country. 
 Should his efforts to simplify this most important of all branches of 
 Science, meet to some extent the literary necessities of the adult popula- 
 tion of America, and prove, as intended, the right-hand friend of the 
 Self-Student, the writer's most ardent wishes will have been accomplished. 
 
 BOSTON, MASS., March, 1870.
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 GRAMMAR is the art of expressing our thoughts 
 correctly, in speaking or writing. 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 The ENGLISH LANGUAGE is divided into nine 
 Parts of Speech : Article, Noun, Adjective, Pro- 
 noun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and 
 Interjection. 
 
 _ By these nine divisions, science has spanned our 
 language, as a magnificent river is spanned by a bridge, 
 and its rippling waters flow through the several arches.
 
 PROF. HOWE S GBAMHAB. 
 
 THE NOUN 
 
 IS THE PRINCIPAL PART OF SPEECH. 
 
 Of the nine parts of speech, the Noun is the 
 principal one. Like the sun in the Solar System, 
 it takes the position of centre, round which the 
 remaining eight parts of speech revolve as mere 
 satellites, taking the secondary office of modifiers : 
 
 
 NOUN. 
 
 te 
 
 <2 4 
 
 ^ r^ 
 
 XX. 4? 
 
 '^, '* 
 
 %. ^ 
 
 <V^ 
 
 Thus, the Articles point to the Nouns, or to the 
 objects which they represent : the Adjectives give them 
 character ; the Pronouns are their substitutes ; the Verbs 
 state something about them; the Adverbs tell how their 
 actions are done ; the Prepositions show their relative 
 position ; the Conjunctions couple them together, and 
 the Interjections express their emotion.
 
 AKTICLES. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 ARTICLES limit nouns ; or, an Article is a word 
 that points out nouns and limits them ; as, A star ; 
 an oran ; the sun. 
 
 There are two Articles, A and The, and these 
 may be considered in their use, as the two Index Fingers 
 of the English language. A, derived from ane (one) of 
 the Anglo Saxon, means one, and is therefore necessa- 
 rily used in the singular number; as, A mountain; a 
 flower ; a city. 
 
 J3P 3 Anterior to the Conquest, ane was in universal 
 use ; as, ane man ; ane town ; ane apple ; ane orchard. 
 At a later day ane lost the final e, and An (an-e) like 
 to its predecessor, took the full circle of the Nouns of the 
 language, irrespective of Vowel or Consonant sounds ; 
 as, An boy ; an man ; an apple ; an ornament. Finally, 
 as time rolled on, the n was removed, and A stands 
 to-day, the modern Indefinite Article of the language. 
 
 I3P 3 For the sake of euphony the removed n is some- 
 times recalled to coalesce with A , as, An apple ; an 
 instrument. 
 
 This necessity produced the following simple rule, 
 assented to by all grammarians : Vowel sounds require 
 An before them ; Consonant sounds, A. 
 
 VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 An army. 
 An enemy. 
 An tnitrument. 
 ' An officer. 
 An umbrella. 
 
 Words* commencing with 
 a silent h give a vowel sound ; 
 as, honest, honorable; Those 
 
 CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 
 A butterfly. 
 A casket. 
 A cZelicacy. 
 A/oreigner, 
 A ^iant, &c. 
 
 The sharp sound of u as 
 it is found in unity is made 
 by y or yu ; hence as y is
 
 PROF. HOWES GRAMMAR. 
 
 having the h sounded, when I a consonant whenever it 
 
 the accent is on the second 
 syllable, give only an imper- 
 fect consonant sound, and 
 hence, by general consent, 
 both are placed among the 
 words having vowel sounds ; 
 
 An honest man. 
 An hotel incident. 
 An Havana letter. 
 An heroic action. 
 An hereditary disease. 
 
 begins a word or syllable, 
 words having this sound 
 are placed by universal 
 consent and the best au- 
 thority, among those words 
 requiring the Article A ; 
 as, 
 
 A unit. 
 
 A euphony. 
 
 A ewer. 
 
 A useful boy. 
 
 A university. 
 
 THE is called the Definite Article because it 
 defines and points out definitely ; as, The Creation, the 
 Flood and the Crucifixion, are the three great facts of 
 biblical history. 
 
 The great, the gay, shall they partake, 
 The heaven that thou alone can'st make? 
 
 ^p 3 Unlike the Indefinite Article A, the Definite Arti- 
 cle The, undergoes no grammatical change, but may be 
 used indiscriminately before Nouns in the singular num- 
 ber, and those in the plural number, and before voicel 
 sounds, as well as consonant sounds ; as, The mountain, 
 or, the mountains ; the army, or, the wavy. 
 
 S^" Attention to the preceding arrangements, and the 
 practice of them in speaking or writing, will, so far as 
 the Articles go, constitute the grammarian ; but to follow 
 this or any other part of speech into every sentence, and 
 show its use and application to it, would not be any more 
 a sensible act, than attempting to fix beforehand the 
 undulations of the eagle's wing in its flight through the 
 heavens, or to trace the movements of a ship, in all its 
 angular and meandering courses through the trackless 
 ocean. All who try it fail ; and yet it is this unnecessary 
 chasing of words through the language, that fills to satiety 
 the textbooks of the present day, and makes the science, 
 which might otherwise appear interesting and attractive, 
 a complete metaphysical guzzle, and a hateful absurdity 
 to the student.
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 NOUNS are names ; or, a Noun is the name of 
 any person, place, object, or idea ; as, William, 
 London, garden, happiness. This, or any other 
 definition, gives but a feeble idea of this part of 
 speech ; and as the Noun forms the base upon 
 which the whole superstructure of the English 
 language is beautifully and permanently erected, 
 we are compelled to view it in all its interesting 
 features, and follow it to its utmost limits. 
 
 As it is entirely impossible to make use of objects 
 themselves in speaking and writing, we use the names. 
 The necessity of this is obvious ; for no person can place 
 a continent or village upon his tongue, neither can he 
 with a pen dip up the ocean or even a city reservoir for 
 the accommodation of his correspondents. He can, how- 
 ever, speak the name, continent or village, and with simi- 
 lar ease write the name, ocean or reservoir, with his pen. 
 Hence the name is all the speaker or writer has to do 
 with, which accounts for the universal application of the 
 Noun. 
 B
 
 10 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 5^ To grasp the Noun in its immense variety, we 
 must give our imagination the greatest freeness of action, 
 and trace, so far as we are able, the works of creation 
 through limitless space. Remembering, that there is 
 nothing in nature so large or so diminutive, so distant or 
 so near, so holy or so impure, that will not come under 
 the immediate control of the tongue or pen, and form a 
 subject of conversation or correspondence. 
 
 J3r" If we glance at the heavens, we find the whole 
 firmament full of sparkling orbs, scattered like glittering 
 gold-dust from horizon to horizon. We find the sun, the 
 moon, the planets, and the stars attracting our attention, 
 and instinctively calling our aspirations to the great 
 Author of creation. In this spirit Addison penned the 
 following inimitable lines, which may be grammatically, 
 as well as morally, considered: 
 
 The spacious firmament on high, 
 -^ With all the blue ethereal sky ; 
 
 Aud spangled heavens, a shining frame, 
 Their great ORIGINAL proclaim. 
 The unwearied sun from day to day, 
 Doth his CREATOR'S power display ; 
 And publishes to every land, 
 The work of an Almighty Itantl. 
 
 Soon as the evening shades prevail, 
 The moon takes up the wondrous tale; 
 And nightly to the listening earth, 
 Repeats the story of her birth 
 While all the stars that round her burn, 
 And all the planets in their turn, 
 Confirm the tidings as they roll, 
 And spread the truth from pole to pole. 
 
 What though in solemn silence all, 
 Move round this dark terrestrial ball; 
 What though no real voice nor sound, 
 Amid those radiant orbs be found ; 
 In Reason's car they all rejoice, 
 And utter forth a glorious voice, 
 Forever singing as they shine, 
 " The HAND that made us is divine."
 
 NOUNS. 11 
 
 If we come closer to this world, and deal with matters 
 of more local interest, we can find innumerable subjects of 
 conversation and correspondence: The lightning fla&h, the 
 thunder peal, the storm of snoiv, the shoiver of ? - am, the 
 gentle breeze, the ^a?c of wind, the hail-rf/'o/j or the snow- 
 flake. Besides these, we can speak of continents and 
 islands, oceans and seas, mountains and valleys, rivers and 
 streams, forests and groves, fields and gardens, flowers and 
 vegetables, cities and villages, empires and kingdoms, men 
 and women, animals and birds, fishes and reptiles, Y//.S/T/.S 
 and worms. In fact, we can speak and write of every 
 thought and artf of every member of the human ?-ace, and 
 of all higher intelligences. We can speak and write of 
 every /m?f/ inhabiting the ZancZ, or living in the waters; 
 of every i/tingr found floating on the ocean, or buried in 
 its depths ; of every tftin^ growing from the soil, or resting 
 on its bosom ; of every thing ornamenting our persons, or 
 decorating our houses ; of every thing poised in the air, 
 or flashing through the heavens, created by DEITY, or in- 
 vented by man ; existing anywhere from the centre of the 
 universe to its remotest verge. The name of any thing 
 and every thing is a NOUN. 
 
 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS. 
 
 NOUNS are necessarily divided into Common and 
 Proper. 
 
 A COMMON NOUN is a word that is common to all its 
 race or class, and may be used to any one, without re- 
 striction or change ; as, man, city, ocean, sea, river, moun- 
 tain, ship. Such words have no claim to capital letters, 
 and they never should have them within the body of a 
 sentence, no matter how great the temptation may be to 
 act otherwise. 
 
 A good illustration of the grammatical term 
 " Common," as used in such phrases as Common Nouns, 
 Common Gender, may be secured. by calling to mind the
 
 12 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 Central Park of New York, or the Boston Common. 
 Within these beautiful inclosures the rich and poor can 
 meet together, the millionaire and the beggar, the happy 
 and the sad, the healthy and the invalid, the preacher 
 and the politician, the stranger and the citizen. Ingress 
 and egress without the slightest restriction are allowed ; 
 the inclosures are common to all. Hence the name given 
 to the latter, the Boston " COMMON." This idea does 
 not apply to individual properties ; for it is well known 
 that walls, palings, gates and locks, prevent their com- 
 mon use. 
 
 A PROPEK NOUN is the individual name of one of any 
 race or class ; as, John, Boston, Atlantic, Mediterranean, 
 Hudson, Andes, Great Western. These, and all other 
 names individualizing any one from its fellows, are enti- 
 tled to the capital letters, and must have them under 
 every circumstance. 
 
 PERSON, GENDER, NUMBER, CASE. 
 
 NOUNS are said to be varied by Person, Gender, 
 Number, and Case. 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 PERSON is that relation existing between the 
 speaker, the audience, and the subject of discourse, 
 or correspondence. 
 
 Thus, the speaker or writer, while speaking or wri- 
 ting, is first Person, and then and then only can make 
 use of such words as /, me, we, iis. The individual or 
 audience, at the time of being addressed, is Second Person, 
 and in such circumstances and in those only, the word
 
 NOUNS. 13 
 
 Thou, thee, ye or you is used. The person or persons, 
 subject or subjects, spoken of, are in the Third Person, 
 and in such cases the words, he, him, she, her, they, them, 
 and it, are appropriate. Thus it may be perceived at 
 once, that the only words which distinguish the different 
 Persons, are Pronouns. But as Nouns are merely names, 
 which can neither speak nor be spoken to, but only used 
 in speaking of, it follows that THEY ARE ALWAYS IN THE 
 THIRD PERSON, and can never, under any circumstance, be 
 in the First or Second Person. 
 
 This to some will be new doctrine, but it cannot 
 be disproved. The "apposition" of the Noun with the 
 Pronoun was nothing more than a convenient and decep- 
 tive invention, accepted by students in their ignorance, 
 causing them much confusion and anxiety, without result- 
 ing in any benefit. I may confidently appeal to the 
 best grammatical scholar in Christendom to point out to 
 me one solitary instance in the English language, where 
 an error can be created in speaking or writing, by recog- 
 nizing and calling any Noun, a Noun in the Third Person, 
 and he cannot do it. Where Nouns are supposed to be 
 in the First or Second Person, it is the Pronoun, either 
 expressed or understood, that is the subject of the Verb, 
 and the Noun might as well be in parenthesis; as, I 
 (Paul) have written it. If in this case the Noun Paul 
 governed the Verb, or was the subject of it, the sentence 
 would read thus ; I, Paul, has written it, making gram- 
 matical nonsense. 
 
 GENDER. 
 
 GENDER has the same relation to Nouns that 
 sex has to individuals. Nouns have four Genders : 
 Masculine, feminine, Common, and Neuter. 
 There are only two Sexes : Male and Female.
 
 14 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 The MASCULINE GENDER denotes the Male Sex; as, 
 Man, lion. 
 
 The FEMININE GENDER denotes the Female Sex ; as, 
 Woman, lioness. 
 
 The COMMON GENDEK. denotes either Sex, and is ex- 
 pressed by a word common to both : as, Child, parent, 
 ancestor. 
 
 The NEUTER GENDER denotes what is of neither Sex ; 
 as, Souse, garden, piano. 
 
 It is seldom that an error is made in the use of the 
 Gender. Few persons would say, John Henderson was 
 bridesmaid, or Victoria is king of -England. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 NUMBER is the distinction of one from more. 
 There are two Numbers, the Singular and the 
 Plural. The Singular denotes one ; as, Star, 
 tree, flower. The Plural denotes more than one ; 
 as, Stars, trees, flowers. 
 
 The Plural is generally formed, as seen in the 
 preceding examples, by adding s to the Singular. Nouns 
 ending in ss, sh, ch., x, o, necessarily require cs ; as, 
 Glasses, brushes, churches, foxes, heroes. 
 
 ^, Nouns ending in y, when a consonant precedes it, 
 have y changed into ies ; as, Lady, ladies; family, fami- 
 lies. Nouns ending in y when a vowel precedes it retain 
 the y ; as, Attorney, attorneys; chimney, chimneys. 
 
 Remember particularly, thai, whether the plural 
 ends in s, an es, or an ies, the last sound upon the ear is 
 that of "s"; hence euphony demands that the plural 
 Verb should at all times reject the additional s ; as, Floiv- 
 ers grow, not. grows; stars twinkle, not twinkles.
 
 NOUNS. !."> 
 
 Sjp 3 SINGULAR NOUNS coupled with and form a plural, 
 and become an equivalent to the plural ending in s, requir- 
 ing the same Verb ; as, John and Robert an equivalent 
 to boys play ; Mary and Lucy an equivalent to girls- 
 laugh. 
 
 The following outlaws never submit to rule : 
 
 Manxmen; woman, women; child, children ; foot, feet ; 
 ox, oxen; tooth, teeth; goose, geese ; mouse, mice; penny, 
 pence. 
 
 SOMK NOUNS are the same in both numbers ; as, 
 Sheep, deer, swine, hose, means, news, species, corps, 
 apparatus. 
 
 SOME NOUNS have no Singular ; as, Embers, oats, 
 tongs, scissors, vespers, ashes, clothes. Some have no 
 Plural ; as, Gold, mud, business, molasses, hay, flax, 
 dust, pride, ambition. 
 
 In pluralizing proper names, general usage us- 
 tains, the two Miss Edmonsons, the three Miss Crosbys ; 
 pedantic accuracy calls for, the two Misses Edmondson, 
 the three Misses Crosby the former is certainly the more 
 preferable arrangement. 
 
 CASE. 
 
 CASE is the relation one Noun bears to another, 
 or to a Verb, or Preposition. There are three 
 Cases : the Nominative^ Possessive, and Objective. 
 
 The Nominative simply names the principal actor, or 
 agent, in the sentence ; as, Milton wrote Paradise Lost ; 
 Wars impoverish a nation. 
 
 The Possessive implies possession ; as, Smith's Astrono- 
 my ; Napoleon s army. 
 
 The Objective denotes the object of a Verb or Preposi- 
 tion ; as, Cicero expelled Catiline; The merchant live* 
 within his
 
 16 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 The Nominative Case and the Objective are always 
 alike in spelling and pronunciation ; as, God created the 
 universe ; Saints worship God. 
 
 In forming the Possessive Case, when the plural 
 ends in s, the apostrophe only is added ; as, The Ladies' 
 Fair ; the Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 Singular Nouns ending in s must not be confused 
 with those in the plural ; hence instead of saying 
 Burns Poems, we should say Burns's Poems. 
 
 When property is owned in common the last term 
 only receives the Possessive sign ; as, Hogg, Brown and 
 Taylor's store. 
 
 When individual ownership is expressed, each re- 
 ceives the sign ; as, Parker's and Wilson s farm were sold 
 yesterday. Note, we don't say farms, because one farm 
 of each is meant ; for if the Noun be made plural where 
 it is expressed, it will also be plural where it is implied. 
 Parker's and Wilson's farms would imply two or more 
 of each ; but Parker's and Wilson's farm only imply one 
 belonging to each person. Perhaps, Parker's farm and 
 Wilson s were sold yesterday, is a better arrangement for 
 the singular; it is certainly more explicit. 
 
 In forming the Possessive Case of Nouns that are 
 the same in both numbers, the apostrophe is placed before 
 the s in the singular number, and after it in the plural ; 
 as, Singular, Deer's; Plural, Deers'. 
 
 Of is sometimes used to express the Possessive, 
 and in harsh sentences is certainly preferable to the 's ; 
 as, The length of the day ; The wisdom of Socrates. 
 These phrases are certainly more elegant than, The flays 
 length, or, Socrates's wisdom. 
 
 The Preposition of, used to express the Posses- 
 sive, leads occasionally to what is termed by some gram- 
 marians " Double Possessives ; " as, This is a horse of 
 Kelleys, namely, one of Kelley's horses ; A speech of 
 President Grant's, namely, one of President Grant's
 
 ADJECTIVES. 17 
 
 speeches. These Double Posscssives are only allowable 
 when the Noun is distributive, or one of many, as in the 
 preceding examples. 
 
 NOMINATIVE, POSSESSIVE, OBJECTIVE. 
 
 The lightnings flash along the sky, 
 The thunder bursts and rolls on high ; 
 Jehovah's voice methinks I hear 
 
 Amid the lorm, 
 As riding on the clouds of even, 
 He spreads his glory o'er the heaven. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 ADJECTIVES imply character ; or, an Adjective 
 is a word added to a Noun, to give character to 
 those objects which the Nouns represent ; as, An 
 interesting child ; a large city ; a happy home ; 
 a pure thought. 
 
 Every person and object in nature, from Deity on his 
 throne, to the little pearly dew-drop trembling on the 
 flower petal, possesses character, and the word that de- 
 fines the character is an Adjective : 
 
 The lofty hill, the humble lawn, 
 With countless beauties shine ; 
 The silent grove, the solemn shade, 
 Proclaim thy power divine.
 
 18 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 COMPARISON is called into use when rivalry in 
 character exists. There are three Degrees of Com- 
 parison : the Positive, the Comparative, and the 
 Superlative. The Positive expresses the ordinary 
 character without comparison with any other ; as, 
 Miss Ellis is a tall lady ; Boston is a large city. 
 The Comparative is used when two characters are 
 in rivalry wdth each other ; as, Miss Harding is 
 taller than Miss Ellis ; New York is a larger city 
 than Boston. The Superlative is used iii the 
 comparison of three objects, or more, and expresses 
 the highest or lowest extreme of character ; as, 
 Miss F. is the tallest lady in Boston ; Rhode Island 
 is the smallest State in the Union. 
 
 It will be seen from the preceding examples, that 
 the Comparative of Adjectives is formed by adding er to 
 the Positive ; and the Superlative by adding est ; as Tall, 
 taller, tallest, small, smaller, smallest. Adjectives of one 
 syllable should ever be compared in this way. 
 
 ADJECTIVES of three syllables, and more than three, 
 would offend the ear if compared by er and est ; as Cour- 
 te-ous, courteouser, courteousesi; Ri-dic-u-lous, ridicu- 
 louser, ridiculousesL Hence such Adjectives must be 
 compared by more and most; as Courteous, more cour- 
 teous, most courteous ; 'Ridiculous, more ridiculous, most 
 ridiculous. 
 
 Adjectives of two syllables, are like the Channel 
 Islands in the English Sea, with France on one side, 
 and England on the other ; the natives are found speak- 
 ing both French and English. So it is with the two- 
 syllable Adjectives, having on one side, those of one syl- 
 lable compared by er and est, and on the other side, those
 
 ADJECTIVES. 19 
 
 of three syllables compared by more and most, making 
 the two-syllable Adjectives susceptible of either form ; 
 as, Po-lite, politer, politest; or. Polite, more polite, most 
 polite. In these, the speaker or writer can exercise his 
 own judgment and taste; for what he prefers is law. 
 
 While the hoo-syllable Adjectives are susceptible 
 of either form of comparison, they do not admit of both 
 at one time; as, The most politest lady; The most un- 
 kindcsi cut of all. These phrases would be correct if 
 written, The politest lady, the unkindest cut of all ; or, The 
 most polite lady, the most unkind cut of all. No Ad- 
 jective can stand the double dose of comparison at once. 
 
 There is no grammatical error committed in using 
 several Adjectives before one Noun; as, Matilda is a tall, 
 handsome, intelligent young lady ; R. Thompson, Esq., is 
 an able, practical, and experienced lawyer. 
 
 When two or more Adjectives requiring different 
 forms of comparison are placed before a Noun, the two 
 forms may be retained; as, It is the neatest and most eligi- 
 ble situation in the city ; A sweeter or more amiable lady 
 I have never seen. Good usage suggests an other form, 
 shorter it is true, but not quite so expressive ; namely, by 
 putting the grammatical sign of comparison before both ; 
 as, He is the most rich and enterprising man in the city ; 
 I received the most shrewd and practical suggestions from 
 my Attorney. In these cases the smaller Adjective is 
 always placed before the larger ones. 
 
 When two persons or objects are compared, and 
 two only, it is better to use the Comparative Degree, 
 than the Superlative ; as, James is taller than John, or 
 the taller of the two not the tallest ; Mr. M. is more 
 industrious than Mr. B., or the more industrious of the 
 two not the most industrious. 
 
 There is no word in our language superlative in 
 itself, till it is made so by undergoing the ordinary pro- 
 cess of comparison. A list of such words as some gram- 
 marians consider unsusceptible of comparison is made 
 out in most grammars, but this is waste labor ; for the
 
 20 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 best authors have swept those lists clean, and compared 
 every word in them. Addison says, The eyes are the 
 most perfect of our senses. Goldsmith says, And love is 
 but an emptier name. The phrases, Most accurate, most 
 sublime, most supreme, most conclusive, most permanent, 
 &c., are all correct. 
 
 The Numeral Adjectives, One, two, three, &c., 
 First, second, third, &c., Single, double, &c., as well as 
 the Adjectives, This, that, these, those, same, former, lat- 
 ter ; each, every, either, neither ; any, one, both, some, 
 all, other, another, such, have no comparison. The latter 
 are called "Pronominal Adjectives, " because they are 
 sometimes used as Pronouns ; as, I paid a dollar for this. 
 I would call them Adjectives when they are Adjectives, 
 and Pronouns when they are Pronouns, and discourage 
 the use of those compound names altogether. 
 
 The following Adjectives are outlaws to rule, and 
 will not be compared by the ordinary process of compari- 
 son; they have an arbitrary form of their own, and Princes 
 and Presidents are powerless to alter it. Good, bad, 
 many, much, and little will likely never submit to be 
 compared regularly; as, Good, gooder, goodest; Bad, 
 badder, baddest; much, mucher, muchest. Their own 
 form they will take perhaps forever; as, Good, better, 
 best; Bad, worse, worst; Much, more, most. The word 
 "lesser," too, which according to Dr. Johnson is a barbar- 
 ous corruption of less, is yet in frequent use by our most 
 tasteful authors: "It is the glowing style of a man who 
 is negligent of lesser graces." Blair. "These hills 
 seem things of lesser dignity." Byron. This word 
 brought Webster to his knees much against his will: 
 he says, "It is a corruption; but it is too well estab- 
 lished to be discarded. Authors always write the Lesser 
 Asia." 
 
 A Noun frequently becomes an Adjective, when 
 it is used to give character; as, A gold coin, a silver cup, 
 the morning star. Adjectives of this kind are seldom 
 compared :
 
 PRONOUNS. 21 
 
 Stone walls do not a prison make, 
 
 Nor iron bars a cage ; 
 Minds innocent and quiet take, 
 
 That for a bermitage. 
 
 A pebble in the streamlet scant, 
 
 Has changed the coarse of many a river ; 
 A dew drop on the baby plant, 
 
 Has warped the giant oak for ever. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 PRONOUNS are substitutes ; or, a Pronoun is a 
 word that is used as a substitute for a Noun; as, 
 Victoria is a happy queen : she reigns in the hearts 
 of her people. 
 
 Were there no Pronouns, our language would be 
 burdened by the repetition of Nouns, as in the following 
 sentence : When Washington had secured the independ- 
 ence of the United States, Washington retired to Wash- 
 ington's home, and gave Washington s attention to 
 Washington's private business. Supply the Pronouns 
 after the first Washington, and the sentence will read cor- 
 rectly : When Washington had secured the independence 
 of the United States, he retired to his home, and gave his 
 attention to his private business.
 
 22 PEOF. HOWE'S GEAMMAR. 
 
 Place a basket of fruit before a number of young 
 friends, and the Pronouns will not be long in oblivion. 
 Instead of the Noun apple, or apples, one says, I'll take 
 this; an other that; a third, I prefer these; a fourth, 
 those; a fifth, I want none; a sixth, I'll take an other; 
 seventh, I don't care about any; eighth, here are two 
 nice ones, 1 would like to have both ; ninth, I cannot eat 
 such; tenth, with a larger desire than any of his prede- 
 cessors, I want all ; eleventh, Wliat has become of the 
 apples? twelfth, They are all gone ! Who has eaten them ? 
 These are legitimate Pronouns as used here; but if the 
 Noun apple or apples were used, as, this apple, those apples, 
 this and those would become Adjectives. 
 
 PRONOUNS are divided into Personal, Relative, 
 Demonstrative, and Distributive. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS are used instead of the names of 
 persons, hence their name personal. They are ; /, thou, 
 he, she, it, in the singular; and We, you, they, in the 
 plural. In the order of cases they are: I, mine, me; We, 
 ours, us. Thou, thine, thee; You, yours, you. He, his, 
 him; They, theirs, them. She, hers, her; They, theirs, 
 them. It, its, it; They, theirs, them. 
 
 $3^' The Pronoun thou is never used at the present 
 day, unless in addressing Deity, or amongst the Society 
 of Friends. The Pronoun you, though once plural, is 
 now used instead of thou, and has a singular signification 
 when applied to an individual. It must always, how- 
 ever, retain its natural associations, and be accompanied 
 with a plural Verb ; as, You are, you were, you have. 
 Webster's doctrine of a singular Verb accompanying it 
 when used instead of thou, is very ridiculous ; for no ear 
 could be tortured with such phrases as, You is, you am, 
 you art, you hast, or you was. 
 
 ^p We in the plural is often used instead of / in the 
 singular, especially by editors, authors, clergymen, re- 
 viewers, and monarchs. It lessens the individuality in the 
 same manner as the Pronoun you does ; and like you, 
 it must be followed with its plural Verb under every 
 circumstance.
 
 PRONOUNS. 23 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS arc words which relate to Nouns 
 or phrases going before them. They are Who, which, and 
 that. Who is applied to persons, or the higher intelli- 
 gences generally ; as, God who created the universe is of 
 infinite power ; The man who possesses wealth should be 
 generous; The lady who wrote that poem possesses much 
 sweetness of disposition ; The boy who honors his 
 parents will be respected ; The girl who was crowned 
 "queen" by her classmates, was delighted with the 
 honor. 
 
 Which is applied to animals and inanimate objects ; 
 as, The elephant ivhich escaped from his keeper has been 
 captured ; The rose which she plucked has faded. Which 
 is sometimes elegantly omitted: 
 
 I hear a voice thou canst not hear, 
 
 Which says thou must not stay ; 
 I see a hand thou canst not see, 
 
 Which beckons me away. 
 
 y THAT is used when it would be improper to use 
 either who or which, or when the repetition of either 
 becomes offensive; as, The Sailor and boat that passed the 
 Light House were never heard from ; (Here which would 
 be wrong because sailor requires WHO ; and who would 
 be wrong because boat requins WHICH: the difficulty is 
 got over by using that.} It was Columbus that dis- 
 covered America ; The watch that I found I returned to 
 its owner. 
 
 The Noun or phrase to which the relative belongs, 
 is called the Antecedent, and the Relative is dependent 
 upon it for its Person, Gender, and Number. In the last 
 example above, "that" is in the third Person, neuter Gen- 
 der, and singular Number, because " Watch," its antece- 
 dent, is in the third Person, neuter Gender, singular Num- 
 ber. 
 
 The COMPOUND RELATIVES include both the 
 Antecedent and the Relative ; as, Whoever said so spoke 
 truly ; that is, The man who said so spoke truly. The
 
 24 PROF. HOWE'S GEAMMAR. 
 
 Compound Relatives are, Whoever, whosoever, whomso- 
 ever ; whichever, whichsoever ; what, whatever, and 
 whatsoever. 
 
 When the relative has lost its antecedent, it finds it 
 immediately, by changing itself into an Interrogative ; as 
 Who wrote the Illiad, and was called the Prince of Poets ? 
 Answer : Homer. In this way some of the Relatives 
 become what grammarians call " Interrogative Pronouns." 
 
 Who and Which, as Relatives and as Interroga- 
 tives, are thus declined in the order of their cases : Sin- 
 gular and Plural, Who, whose, wfyom ; Which, wltose, 
 which. What has no variation. That has whose in the 
 Possessive, but has no objective. Whoever and ivlwsoevcr 
 are declined like who. 
 
 Whose, as the true Possessive of ivhich, is sanc- 
 tioned by the best classical authority : "A triangle, one of 
 whose sides is perpendicular to another." Brougham; 
 " Cedar groves whose gigantic branches threw a refreshing 
 coolness over the verdure." Prescott. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS specify particularly what 
 objects or words are meant. The Demonstratives are, 
 This, that, these, those, former, and latter. 
 
 When two objects that may be seen are con- 
 trasted, this refers to the one near the speaker, and that to 
 the one further away; as, This referring to the object 
 near cost four dollars ; that cost two. 
 
 When words passing from the lips are contrasted, 
 this refers to the one last spoken, and that to the first, 
 because it is further away ; as, The rose and lily are 
 emblematical ; this of purity, that of honesty. 
 
 Self-love, the spring of motion guides the soul ; 
 Reason's comparing balance rules the whole : 
 Man but for thiti, no motion could attend, 
 And but for that, were active to no end. 
 
 85P When objects in the plural, that may be seen, are 
 contrasted, these refers to the ones near the speaker, and
 
 PRONOUNS. 25 
 
 those to the ones further away; as, These flowers near 
 at hnnd emit delicious perfume, those are faded and 
 worthless. 
 
 When words in the plural are contrasted, these 
 refers to the one last spoken, and those to the first ; as, 
 It is better to fall among vultures than flatterers; those 
 devour the dead only, these the living. 
 
 Farewell my friends! Farewell my foes ! 
 
 My peace with these, my love to those. Burns. 
 
 g^ 3 Former and latter have a similar use ; as, Body 
 and soxl must part ; the latter wings its way to its 
 Almighty source, the former drops into the dark and silent 
 grave. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS are those which refer to a 
 number of objects taken separately. They are Each, 
 every, either, neither. Distributive Pronouns are always 
 used in the Singular Number and in the Third Person, 
 even when they relate to the persons speaking, the per- 
 sons addressed, as well as to the persons spoken of; as, 
 Each of us had more than he wanted ; Each of you had 
 more than he wanted ; Each of them had more than he 
 wanted. 
 
 Every was once in good standing as a Pronoun, 
 but as it cannot be now used without its Noun it is a mere 
 Adjective. We can say, each received a prize ; but we 
 cannot say, every received a prize : every requires its 
 Noun after it to make sense ; as, Every student received 
 a prize for his good behavior ; Every tempest and every 
 dew-drop has its mission ; 
 
 Every tongue and every eye 
 Does homage to the passer-by. 
 
 |3P Each denotes two or more objects ; Every denotes 
 more than two ; Either and Neither refer to two only and 
 never more. If a greater number than two be named, 
 where it might appear that Either or Neither could be 
 used, adopt the terms any one, or not one as the case may
 
 26 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 be ; as, Three or more houses were searched for stolen 
 property, and none was found in any one of them; Three 
 or more prisoners were tried yesterday, and not one of 
 them was found guilty. 
 
 As there is no Pronoun of the COMMON GENDER 
 in the English language, speakers and writers are contin- 
 ually under the necessity of using such terms as, he or 
 she, his or hers, him or her, in speaking or writing of a 
 mixed company, to avoid using the plural pronoun they, 
 their, theirs, or them, which would be quite ungrammati- 
 cal in this connection. Nothing is more offensive to an 
 educated ear than to hear a person say, Every one 
 should dress according to their own taste and fancy ; it 
 should be, " according to his or her own taste and fancy." 
 
 Either and Neither, as Pronouns, must be care- 
 fully distinguished from Either and Neither as Adjectives, 
 or Conjunctions. When Pronouns, they are used instead 
 of, not along with, their Nouns; as, Either of the roads 
 is good ; Neither of the offices is filled. When Adjectives, 
 they are used with their Nouns ; as, You can take either 
 road you please ; Neither office will suit the candidate. 
 When Conjunctions, they may connect not only two Nouns, 
 but several ; as, I am satisfied that either John, or Wil- 
 liam, or Edward, or Thomas, broke the looking-glass ; 
 For I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor 
 angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things 
 to come, nor hight, nor depth, nor any other creature 
 shall be able to separate us from the love of God.
 
 VKUKS. 27 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 VERBS imply action ; or, a Verb is a word that 
 expresses something of its Noun or nominative ; 
 as, Time flies, stars twinkle; monarchs rule, the 
 sun shines. Verbs are of three kinds : Transitive, 
 Passive, and Neuter. 
 
 TRANSITIVE Verbs express action passing over from an 
 actor to an object; as, Antony beheaded Cicero; Milton 
 wrote Paradise Lost. 
 
 The action represented by the Transitive Verb 
 passes like the arrow from the bow of the archer to its 
 victim beyond, and strikes with unerring certainty. 
 Should the arrow droop in its flight and fail to strike, 
 no Transitive Verb in that particular instance existed. 
 
 While every school and college in America and 
 Great Britain teaches that the Transitive Verbs of our 
 language govern Thirty thousand Nouns and sixty Pro- 
 nouns ; and every teacher and student believes that in 
 every word lies a possible error, it should form an inter- 
 esting fact in the history of Grammar, to learn that the 
 Transitive Verbs govern or control only SEVEN WORDS 
 altogether : Me, thee, him, her, us, them, and whom. 
 When these words are correctly used in speaking and
 
 28 PROF. HOWE'S GRAN MA II. 
 
 writing, there is not an other word in the English language 
 in which an error can take place, under the influence 
 of the Transitive Verbs for ever ! 
 
 To insure correctness in this particular, the neces- 
 sary effort will not occupy more than five or ten minutes 
 labor, while as many years fail to establish or secure equal 
 certainty, as the Science is now taught throughout the 
 world. All that has to be done is to make use of any 
 Transitive Verb required in connection with those seven 
 words named, and familiarize the tongue with them : as, 
 
 The President invited me. 
 The President invited thee. 
 The President invited him,. 
 The President invited her. 
 The President invited us. 
 The President invited them. 
 The President invited whom. 
 
 PASSIVE VERBS ars those which represent the receiving 
 or suffering of the action of an other; as, Cicero was 
 beheaded by Antony; Moscow was taken by Napoleon. 
 
 In the formation of Passive Verbs, they are found 
 to be the mere reverse of the Transitive; thus, Brutus 
 stabbed Caesar is Transitive ; and Caesar was stabbed by 
 Brutus, is Passive. 
 
 NEUTER VERBS, very appropriately called by some 
 grammarians Intransitive, represent a state of existence, 
 or action, confined to the actor ; as. Flowers grow : The 
 sentinel sleeps ; The river Jordan flows into the Dead Sea. 
 The Neuter Verb Be, or some part of it, is at all times 
 used as an auxilliary in the formation of the Passive ; 
 as, The criminal will be pardoned ; The oak was shattered 
 by lightning ; The cities were destroyed by an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 MOOD or Mode means manner ; and, grammatically, 
 shows the manner in which the Verb states something of 
 its Nominative. Verbs have four Moods : The Indica- 
 tive, Potential, Subjunctive, hd Imperative.
 
 VERBS. 29 
 
 The Indicative asserts an actual occurrence, or living 
 truth ; as. Prince Arthur visited the United States ; Gali- 
 leo invented the telescope ; 
 
 That very law that moulds a tear, 
 
 And bids it trickle from its source ; 
 That law preserves the earth a sphere, 
 
 And guides the planets in their course. 
 
 |y The facts asserted by the Indicative may have 
 reference to any time, past, present, or future ; as, Nero 
 burned Rome ; Victoria reigns in England ; Henry W. 
 Beecher will preach in Washington next Sunday. 
 
 J5P The Indicative asks questions also ; as, Did Nero 
 burn Rome ? Does Victoria reign in England ? Will 
 Henry W. Beecher preach in Washington next Sunday ? 
 
 The Potential implies the power to do, or asserts the 
 mere possibility of an action ; as, The President can par- 
 don political prisoners ; Charles Dickens may repeat his 
 visit to America. 
 
 Potential means the having power or will ; 
 
 As, If yon would improve, you should be still. Tobitt. 
 
 ^p 3 The Potential, like the Indicative, asks questions ; 
 and these are the only Moods which can be changed into 
 Interrogatives : 
 
 Can storied urn or animated bust, 
 Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ">. 
 
 Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, 
 Or flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? 
 
 The Subjunctive represents an action depending on a 
 future uncertainty; as, If thy brother trespass against 
 thee, rebuke him ; and, if he repent, forgive him. 
 
 %3p" It is the future uncertainty in the mind of the 
 speaker, and not the Conjunction "If," that calls particu- 
 larly for the Subjunctive Mood: as, If it rain to-morrow 
 I cannot go to Chnrlestown. // is frequently used in the 
 Indicative, expressing an admitted fact ; as, If he has 
 money he keeps it. 
 
 I3JP" Grammarians have ever found the Subjunctive 
 Mood a puzzle and a source of much annoyance ; hence
 
 30 
 
 PROF. HOWES GRAMMAR. 
 
 the desire so visibly manifested to bring it into disuse. 
 To me it is one of the special beauties of the English 
 language, giving the speaker the power of expressing all 
 future uncertainties, in distinct and direct contrast with 
 the certainties of the Indicative. The following rule will, 
 I hope, be sufficiently explicit, to make it practically use- 
 ful under every circumstance : Drop the final s from 
 the Present Indicative : 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 He pays. 
 He pardons. 
 He repents. 
 He refuses. 
 He persecutes. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 If he pay. 
 If he pardon. 
 If he repent. 
 If he refuse. 
 If he persecute. 
 
 To this simple rule there are only two exceptions 
 in the language, namely the two radical verbs Have and 
 Be. When these are added, all will be complete: Indie. 
 He is; Sub. If he be. Indie. He has; Sub. If he have. 
 Indie. He was; Sub. If he were, or, were he. 
 
 The distinctive characteristic of the Subjunctive 
 Mood is, that it never changes its form like the Indicative. 
 As soon as it is found for one person, it is had for every 
 person, whether in the Singular Number or in the Plural, 
 for ever: 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 I work. 
 Thou workest. 
 He works. 
 
 We work. 
 You work. 
 They work. 
 
 If I work. 
 If thou work. 
 If he work. 
 
 If we work. 
 If you work. 
 If they work. 
 
 1 pardon. 
 Thou pardonest. 
 He pardons. 
 
 I am. 
 Thou art. 
 He is. 
 
 We pardon. 
 You pardon. 
 They pardon. 
 
 We are. 
 You are. 
 They are. 
 
 If I pardon. 
 If thou pardon. 
 If he pardon. 
 
 If I be. 
 
 If thou be. 
 If he be. 
 
 If we pardon. 
 If you pardon. 
 If they pardon. 
 
 If we be. 
 If you be. 
 If they be. 
 
 I have. 
 Thou hast. 
 He has. 
 
 We have. If I have. 
 You have. If thoti have. 
 They have. If he have. 
 
 If we have. 
 If you have. 
 If they have.
 
 VERBS. 31 
 
 The IMPERATIVE is that Mood or form of the Verb by 
 which we urge our claims and wishes upon others. First, 
 upon our inferiors, by command: as, Go! Second, upon 
 our equals, by counsel; as, Honor thy father and thy 
 mother. Third, upon our superiors, by supplication; as, 
 Give us this day our daily bread. 
 
 COUNSEL. 
 Deal with another as you'd have 
 
 Another deal with you ; 
 What you're unwilling to receive, 
 
 Be sure you never do. 
 
 SUPPLICATION. 
 
 Thou Being, 
 
 All seeing, 
 0, hear my fervent prayer; 
 
 Still take her, 
 
 And make her, 
 Thy most peculiar care ! 
 
 TENSE is the distinction of time. The great ocean of 
 time, with its restless surface ever in motion, is spread 
 out before us, and lies at our feet. There are waves ever 
 present, lashing the shore where we stand ; waves ever 
 receding, and waves ever approaching, making the three 
 grand divisions of time, the PRESENT, PAST and FUTURE. 
 These are again very appropriately sub-divided into, the 
 Present, and Present Perfect; the Past, and Past Perfect; 
 and the Future, and Future Perfect. 
 
 The PRESENT TENSE expresses what now exists, or is 
 taking place; as, The sun shines; The flowers are growing. 
 
 fy The PRESENT TENSE expresses all periods of 
 time embracing the present moment; as, This hour, this 
 day, this year, this century. 
 
 |^" The PRESENT TENSE is used to express all great 
 truths ; as, Vice producer misery ; Virtue elevates the hu- 
 man race. 
 
 f3^ The PRESENT TENSE is used to express all habits 
 and customs ; as, Edward smokes ; Emily dresses neatly; 
 The sun rises every morning and sets every evening.
 
 32 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 pp 3 The PRESENT TENSE is used in animated narration 
 to express past events, creating an interest in the 
 speaker's mind, so that the events seem to be passing be- 
 fore him ; as, Csesar leaves Gaul, crosses the Rubicon, 
 and enters Rome in triumph. 
 
 What sounds upon the midnight wind 
 Approach so rapidly behind ? 
 It is, it is, the tramp of steeds ; 
 Matilda hears the sound, she speeds, 
 Seizes upon the leader's rein. 
 
 The PRESENT PERFECT Tense is used to represent 
 past events as perfectly finished in present time ; as, We 
 have completed the task ; My father has purchased the es- 
 tate. 
 
 This Tense is used to express past events whose 
 effects remain to the present ; as, Milton has written some 
 noble works ; Cicero has written orations. We cannot 
 say, Cicero has written poems, because they have ceased 
 to exist ; in this instance we would say, Cicero wrote 
 poems. 
 
 This Tense is very comprehensive, and grasps all past 
 time, from the Creation to the present. It matters not 
 how long ago the action may have been performed, the 
 phraseology of the Present Perfect may be used, so long 
 as the time of the action is not named; as, God has 
 created the heavens. 
 
 When the time of the event is mentioned, how- 
 ever near it may be to the present, the phraseology must 
 be changed into that of the Past Tense ; as, I have seen 
 the Prince a moment ago ; should be, I saw the Prince a 
 moment ago. 
 
 The use of this Tense is so delicately beautiful in its 
 application to language, that it cannot be used, if the 
 slightest hint is made to any point of past time ; as, He 
 has been formerly subject to fits of insanity ; should be, 
 He was formerly subject to fits of insanity. 
 
 The PAST TENSE is used to express past events ; as, 
 David loved Jonathan ; The Empress Eugenia was present 
 at the opening of the Suez Canal.
 
 VERBS. 33 
 
 This Tense like the Present sometimes denotes 
 custom ; as, 
 
 Thirty steeds, both fleet and wight, 
 Stood saddled in stable day and night, 
 A hundred more fed free in Btall ; 
 Such was the custom in Bransome hall. 
 
 The PAST PERFECT Tense is used to express actions or 
 events completely finished in past time, before other 
 actions or events took place ; as, The ship had sailed be- 
 fore he reached Glasgow ; The cars had started when he 
 arrived at the station. 
 
 In order to use this Tense correctly, allow the two ac- 
 tions or events to pass before the imagination, and use 
 had to the first one, as in the preceding examples. 
 
 The FUTURE Tense represents future actions ; as, I 
 will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice. 
 
 This Tense may foretell a future custom ; as, The wolf 
 shall dwell with the lamb ; The lion shall eat straw like 
 the ox. 
 
 The FUTURE PERFECT is used to represent finished ac- 
 tions in future time ; as, The fortress when finished will 
 have cost a million. 
 
 This Tense represents actions or events limited to 
 a certain point of time in the future, forming as it were a 
 barrier thrown up in the way, past which the perform- 
 ance of the action cannot pass. The action thus arrested 
 is forced to be fully completed, before the limiting point 
 of time is reached ; as, The debt will have been paid 
 before the first of June next ; The mansion will have been 
 completed before New Year's day. 
 
 WILL AND SHALL. 
 
 These two words have very different meaning, 
 as may be seen from the following examples : ] 
 >//// be drowned and nobody shall save me ; I 
 shall be drowned and nobody will save me.
 
 34 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 WILL. When a person resolves for himself, he 
 uses will; as, I will write to Washington to-day. 
 
 %gr SHALL. When a person resolves for another, he 
 uses shall, and the use of this word implies an authority 
 in the speaker to enforce the act if necessary : as, You 
 shall pay that bill to-morrow ; he shall leave the estab- 
 lishment for his impertinence. 
 
 1^ WILL. When a person foretells or simply PRE- 
 DICTS for another, he uses will; as, He will remove to 
 Philadelphia in the Spring. 
 
 J^p 3 SHALL. When a person foretells or simply PRE- 
 DICTS for himself, he uses shall; as, I shall see my father 
 this afternoon. Brightlaiad writes : 
 
 In the FIRST PERSON* simply shall foretells , 
 In will a THREAT or else a PROMISE dwells. 
 Shall, in the SECOND and the THIRD, does threat ; 
 Will, simply, Hien, foretells the future feat. 
 
 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 The English language is supposed to contain 
 about 8000 Verbs, of which upwards of 7800 are 
 Regular. These form their fast tense and Pre- 
 sent Perfect, by a uniform process of adding d or 
 ed to the Present; as, I love, I loved, I have 
 loved; I preach, I preached, I have preached. 
 Those Verbs which do not form their Past tense 
 and Present Perfect by undergoing a similar pro- 
 cess are called Irregular ; as, I see, I saw, I have 
 seen,' He knows, he knew, he has known. 
 
 The IRREGULAR VERBS are gradually and steadily 
 growing fewer and fewer every day ; and the time will 
 probably come when they can be numbered by the dozen 
 or the score, instead of by the hundred as they are to-
 
 VKKHS. 35 
 
 day. Watch the infant boy as he first lisps our language, 
 catching up its spirit and its tendency, shouting, I seed 
 him do it ; I knowed he'd break my pencil ; the bee 
 stinged me. Of course the educated ear very properly 
 rejects these offensive intrusions, and more particularly 
 as they are reechoed from the lips of older persons ; but, 
 judging from the past, and noting the steadily increasing 
 pressure of the Regular Verbs upon the lessening minori- 
 ty, the fate of the Irregular Verbs is certain. 
 
 Once it was quite correct to say, She holp her friend ; 
 he clomb the fence ; it snew yesterday ; he wrought a 
 week. Now we say, She helped her friend ; he climbed 
 the fence ; it snowed yesterday ; he worked a week. So 
 words change, and the knew of the present century, may, 
 in the distant future become as ridiculous to the ear, as 
 the clomb or snew of our ancestors is to us to-day. Mil- 
 ton wrote : 
 
 So clomb the first grand thief into God's fold ; 
 So ~ince into his church lewd hirelings cliuib. 
 
 ^p 3 While the Irregular Verbs exist, the true scholar 
 is familiar with every one of them and uses it properly. 
 In all our Text-books of Grammar they stand in three 
 columns, headed and arranged as follows : 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 Present. Past. Past Participle. 
 
 Am, Was, Been, 
 
 Arise, Arose, Arisen, &c. 
 
 The student, instead of reciting these as school-boys 
 generally do, Present Am, Past was, Past Participle been, 
 should place a Pronoun before each, and slowly repeat it 
 thus : I am, I was, I have been ; I arise, I arose, I have 
 arisen ; remembering particularly that the Past Participle 
 must ever have an auxiliary before it, as above. 
 
 |5P I see no use in grammarians retaining in their list 
 of Irregular Verbs as they do, those which are regular. 
 If regular, let them be used as such ; and in this way 
 the long list of Irregular Verbs will be much reduced, and
 
 36 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 the science of the English tongue much simplified. 
 Lord Kames, in his Elements of Criticism, highly eulo- 
 gises Dean Swift, for rejecting, in his time, many of those 
 "ugly" contractions. So, in this day, the person who 
 by counsel or example, will assist in the good work of 
 establishing a uniformity in our language by lessening 
 the number of irregular contractions, and speaking and 
 writing those of them as regular which are regular, will 
 equally deserve well of the present and future generations. 
 
 ^p 3 I have carefully selected the following Verbs 
 marked R, from the Irregular Verbs of the Text-books. 
 They are recognized by all grammarians as Regular ; and 
 as such, the sooner they are brought into universal usage 
 the better : Acquit, awake ; Bereave, bless, blow, burn 
 burst ; Catch, clothe, creep, crow, curse ; Dare, dive, 
 dream, dress, dwell : Gild, gird ; Heat, heave, hew ; 
 Kneel, knit ; Lean, leap, learn, light ; Mean, mow ; 
 Pass, pen, plead, prove; Quit; Roast; Saw, seethe, 
 shape, shave, shear, shine, show, smell, sow, spell, spoil, 
 stave, stay, swell ; Thrive, throw ; Wake, wax, wed, weep, 
 whet, work. By this arrangement, the Irregular Verbs 
 of the language will be reduced to about a hundred. 
 
 AUXILIARY VERBS are those which assist others ; as, 
 He was invited ; and they can be only used before Past 
 Participles under any circumstance ; as, He had seen ; 
 He has won ; We have written. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS are those which want some of their 
 principal parts ; as, 
 
 Present. Past. Past Participle. 
 
 Can Could Wanting 
 
 May Might 
 
 Must Must 
 
 Ought Ought 
 
 Shall Should 
 
 Will Would 
 
 Quoth Quoth 
 
 l^p 1 " From the preceding list it will be visible that the 
 Defective Verbs have no Participle ; and hence there is
 
 VERBS. 37 
 
 not one word of them before which an Auxiliary can be 
 placed. The impropriety then of saying, I had ought, I 
 hadn't ought, is understood; and it is just as ridiculous 
 as if the Auxiliary had been placed before any other 
 Defective Verb in the list ; as, He had can : He had 
 must ; He had quoth ; He had ought. Take away the 
 Auxiliary had, and the expressions will be correct; as, 
 He can do so ; He must do so ; He ought to do so. 
 
 To secure a simple form of agreement between the 
 Noun and Verb, is an object of much anxiety to many, 
 and it should be one of ardent aspiration to all, and to 
 extemporaneous speakers particularly. As social conver- 
 sation and public addresses are so generally conducted in 
 the Third Person and Present Tense, the speaker should 
 remember that the Plural of Nouns is formed by adding 
 an s to the singular, and the Plural of Verbs by dropping 
 the s from the singular ; consequently in all Syntactical 
 agreement, there is only one s between the two. 
 
 Suppose then this s suspended between the Noun and 
 the Verb, to be at liberty to vibrate between them, and 
 pass from one to the other, a most interesting and singu- 
 lar simplicity of agreement is secured in every vibration : 
 
 NOUN. n VERB. 
 
 s 
 
 <> 
 
 \ 
 
 When the s vibrates to the side of the Noun and at- 
 taches itself to it, we have the Verb and Noun Plural ; 
 and when the s vibrates to the side of the Verb and at- 
 taches itself to it, we have the Verb and Noun Singular :
 
 38 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 The apples ripen. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 The apple ripens. 
 
 The flowers blossom. The flower blossoms. 
 
 The jewels glitter. Th" 1 jewel glitters. 
 
 An equivalent to the Noun in the Plural requires 
 the same form of Verb ; as, The boys read correctly. = 
 John and Thomas read correctly. The girls sing sweetly. 
 = Ellen and Lucy sing sweetly. Empires sustain large 
 standing armies. = France and Russia sustain large 
 standing armies. 
 
 The only exceptions to the preceding k 's'' arrange- 
 ment are found in the three words, Is, was, and has. It 
 does not require much effort to remember, that whenever 
 these words are used, either as Auxiliaries or Principal 
 Verbs, they are changed into are, were, and have in the 
 plural. Hence we say, The bird is singing, the birds are 
 singing ; The doctor was called, the doctors ivere called ; 
 The hour has passed pleasantly, the hours have passed 
 pleasantly. 
 
 PARTICIPLES are words that participate in the nature 
 of a Noun, the nature of an Adjective, and the nature 
 of a Verb. They are manufactured from the Radical Verb, 
 always found in the Present Infinitive; as, To wonder. 
 Add ing to wonder, and the Present Participle is secured ; 
 as, Wondering. Remove the ing, and add ed, and the 
 Past Participle is secured ; as, Wondered. Place having 
 before the Past Participle, and the Perfect Participle is 
 secured; as, Having wondered. In this way the Parti- 
 ciples may be secured from every Regular Verb in the 
 language. 
 
 The difference between the Verb and the Partici- 
 ple is this: the Verb asserts; as, He betrayed his friend. 
 The Participle never asserts; as, Betrayed, he is unhappy. 
 
 Participles influence and govern words, in the 
 same manner as the Verbs from which they emanated.
 
 ADVKKBS. 39 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 ADVERBS give character to action ; or, an Ad- 
 verb is a word that qualifies a Verb, an Adjective, 
 or another Adverb ; as, Peter wept bitterly ; Har- 
 riet is exceedingly clever ; John speaks very dis- 
 tinctly. The Adverbs promote brevity, and add 
 much to the beauty of the language, making it 
 concise and elegant : 
 
 So still he sat as those who wait, 
 
 Till judgment speak the doom of fate ! 
 
 pp 3 The multifarious and metaphysical divisions of the 
 Adverb beyond those of manner, time, and place may 
 form an exceedingly pleasant pastime to the writer of a 
 Text- book, for school exercises; and they certainly af- 
 ford a rich opportunity of bewildering the student in his 
 perplexing pilgrimage of parsing and analyzing ; but they 
 are of no practical value to the speaker, for his ignorance 
 of them will never cause an error. 
 
 In the use of the Adverb it is only necessary to 
 know three things : First, that an Adverb is really 
 1-ci/n.ired ; Second, to know how to secure it; and Third, 
 to know u-hcre to put it. An Adverb is required when 
 the speaker wishes to give character to action ; as, The
 
 40 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 canary sings (in what manner?) sweetly. The lady 
 dances (in what manner?) gracefully. These Adverbs 
 were secured by adding ly to the two Adjectives SWEET 
 and GRACEFUL, making them sioeetly, gracefully. In 
 this manner four-fifths of the Adverbs of the language 
 may be manufactured by simply adding ly to the Adjec- 
 tive. Hence we have polite/?/, imprudent/?/, quietly, 'At- 
 tentively, handsome/?/, religious/?/, temperate/?/, sufficient- 
 ly, ridiculous/i/, particular/?/, intelligent/?/, and more than 
 a thousand others. 
 
 To place the Adverb, the best general rule is, In 
 TRANSITIVE Verbs place the Adverb after the object 
 reached; as, John struck Thomas rashly; the lightning 
 killed the man instantly. In PASSIVE Verbs place the 
 Adverb between the Auxiliary and the Verb ; as, Thomas 
 was rashly struck ; The man was instantly killed. In 
 NEUTER Verbs place the Adverb immediately after the 
 Verb ; as, The wind blows furiously The flowers grow 
 rapidly. 
 
 ^JT Whenever the complying with this rule would 
 alter the sense or weaken it, it should he promptly sus- 
 pended, and the Adverb located where the speaker's 
 meaning would be more correctly expressed. 
 
 J^p 3 When ADVERBS qualify Adjectives or other Ad- 
 verbs, the qualifying word is always placed before them ; 
 as, It is a particularly interesting story ; They conducted 
 themselves very improperly. 
 
 fy An Adjective, not an Adverb, should always fol- 
 low a Neuter Verb when it qualifies the Noun preceding 
 it and not the Verb itself; as, The fields look green; 
 Lizzie appears contented and happy : The wind blows 
 fresh ; Prince Arthur looked splendid. 
 
 C^ Two NEGATIVES contradicting each other ought 
 to be carefully avoided ; as, Death never spared no one ; 
 should be, Death never spared any one,
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 41 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS imply position; or a Preposition 
 is a word that shows the relative position of two 
 or more objects to one another ; as, The rose 
 blooms in the garden ; The river flows between the 
 hills; The eagle soars above the mountain sum- 
 mits ; My sister stands behind me. 
 
 Take any two articles, such as a tumbler and a 
 goblet, and change their position in reference to each 
 other ; in this way the most of the Prepositions may be 
 manufactured to the eye ; as, Above, over, on, in, within, 
 without, out of, before, behind, across, around, down, 
 near, up, from, toward, to, against, under, underneath, 
 &c. The few remaining ones have reference more to 
 words or ideas than to objects. 
 
 l^' The Preposition's governing power is limited to 
 the SEVEX WORDS governed by the Transitive Verbs, 
 namely : Me, thee, him, her, its, them, and whom. 
 
 ^p 3 When a Preposition stands before a single Pro- 
 noun, there is seldom an error made; as, Before me 
 no one would say, before /; but when the Preposition is 
 followed by two Pronouns, nothing but the grammatical 
 knowledge of the proper word to be used will save the 
 speaker from erring. How often do we hear from pro- 
 fessedly educated persons, Between you and /; between
 
 42 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 you and she I Now these phrases are as grammatically 
 wrong as, Over /, over site; but the ear is deceived by 
 the close association of you with these words, and the 
 error is in a measure concealed by it. The Pronoun 
 YOU is a dangerous companion for any other Pronoun to 
 be connected with, and will assuredly lead to error if not 
 carefully watched and guarded against. 
 
 $3T Prepositions have a beautiful use in the language 
 not recognized by grammarians. To understand this, it 
 must be remembered that all Transitive Verbs reach 
 objects ; the Passive and Neuter of themselves never do. 
 These, like the drooping arrow of the archer, caught in 
 its falling by a friendly hand and sped on to its mark, 
 receive an impetus from the Prepositions, forming a com- 
 bination equal to a Transitive Verb; as, Saturn's ring 
 was seen through the telescope ; The river flows into the 
 ocean. 
 
 ACTOK. Transitive Verb, or action. OBJECT. 
 
 *... ...* 
 
 Passive. 
 
 *... * 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 ACTOK. Transitive Verb, x>r action. OBJECT. 
 
 *... ...* 
 
 Passive, with Preposition. 
 *... ...* 
 
 Neuter, with Preposition. 
 
 This feature in the use of the Prepositions, sug- 
 gests an interesting thought, either morally or philosophi- 
 cally considered, that ALL VERBS ARE TRANSITIVE, or 
 may be so; having one COMMON DESTINY, namely, to 
 reach and influence objects beyond.
 
 PREPOSITIONS . 43 
 
 The Preposition should be placed immediately 
 before the Relative it governs; as, With whom do you 
 associate? Not, Who do you associate with? 
 
 I3P 3 SINCE is very frequently and improperly confused 
 with AGO ; as, He called four days since. It ought to be 
 remembered that since should be only used in measuring 
 time from the past towards the present, and ar/o, in meas- 
 uring from the present towards the past; as, I have not 
 seen him since Christmas; He called a week ago. 
 
 %3T IN is very improperly used for INTO to express 
 entrance; as, Robert went in the Common; should be, 
 went into the Common. It should be remembered that 
 being outside the enclosure he would first have to go TO 
 the boundary line, and then IN, before an entrance could 
 be accomplished ; hence the proper use of the beautiful 
 compound word into. 
 
 85P 3 BETWEEN is frequently and improperly used for 
 among; as, I divided the money between the four boys; 
 should be, among the four boys. Between has reference 
 to TWO only, and among has reference to any greater 
 number than two; as, He sat between his two sisters; He 
 spent the winter among his country relatives.
 
 44 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS unite ; or, a Conjunction is a 
 word that connects words or sentences together ; 
 as, Milton and Shakspeare were poets ; Washing- 
 ton was a true patriot, therefore his country 
 reveres his memory. The words generally used 
 as Conjunctions are: Also, and, as well as, but, 
 yet, nevertheless, nor, notwithstanding, or, neither, 
 if, though, unless, for, since, lest, than, because, 
 inasmuch. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS are used to connect together the 
 scattered shreds of language and fit them to convey a 
 connected train of thought. Were there no Conjunctions 
 the act of speaking or writing would be tedious and 
 laborious, as every object or action would then have to be 
 spoken of separately. Mott says : 
 
 The current is often evinced by the straws, 
 And the course of the wind by the flight of a feather ; 
 
 So a speaker is known by his and-* nnd his ors, 
 Those stitches that fasten his patchwork together. 
 
 The following sentence will illustrate the poet's idea of 
 stitching: Italy teems with recollections of every kind; 
 for courage, and wisdom, and power, and arts, and 
 science, and beauty, and music, and desolation, have all 
 made it their dwelling place. 

 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 45 
 
 Conjunctions couple the same Cases of Nouns or 
 Pronouns, for a similar reason, that two chained balls 
 must fly in one direction from the mouth of the cannon. 
 Being hinged together by the Conjunction, the Nouns or 
 Pronouns must represent ACTION in concert; POSSESSION 
 in concert, or SUFFERING in concert; as, James and 
 Edward went to New York ; Susan's, as well as Matil- 
 da s, boots, were purchased on Broadway; George 
 Peabody's donations benefited England and America. 
 
 J5P 3 Conjunctions couple the same Moods and Tenses 
 of Verbs; as,' Napoleon FOUND Moscow in flames and 
 instantly ORDERED his troops to extinguish them. 
 
 jQp 3 Sometimes Conjunctions connect different Moods 
 and Tenses, but in such cases euphony and perspicuity 
 require the Nominative to be repeated; as, He came and 
 he would not stay; The flowers are now covered beneath 
 the Winter's snow, but when Spring shall arrive, they will 
 bud forth and blossom, delighting the senses with their 
 beaut and frarance. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS are composed of 
 two corresponding words ; when the first of these is used, 
 the other should be used also. Examples: 
 
 NEITHER - NOR. 
 
 The Hectar, wrapped in everlasting sleep, 
 Shall neither hear thce cry, nor see thee weep. 
 
 EITHER - OR. 
 
 I will either mail the letter, or forward it by Express. 
 
 THOUGH - YET. 
 
 Though deep yet clear; though gentle yet not dull. 
 
 so THAT. 
 He was so fatigued that he could hardly move. 
 
 OTHER, and the Comparative Degree, THAN. 
 No other than she ; He is richer than his brother.
 
 46 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 SAME AS. 
 
 Your hat is of the same style as mine. 
 
 NOT ONLY BUT ALSO. 
 
 He was not only prudent but also industrious. 
 AS so. 
 
 As down in the sunless retreats of the ocean, 
 Sweet flowerets are springing, no mortal can see ; 
 
 So deep in my bosom, the prayer of devotion, 
 Unheard by the world, rises silent to thee. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS express emotion ; or, an Inter- 
 jection is a word caused by some sudden and 
 exciting sensation of the mind; as, Hark! the 
 bell tolls. Oh! make her a grave where the sun- 
 beams rest. See I the eclipse is now complete. 
 
 Interjections are those words which escape the 
 lips when the mind becomes full to overflowing of uncon- 
 trollable emotion; and such words, although having no 
 grammatical connection, are particularly expressive and
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 47 
 
 give soul to language. Besides the ordinary Interjections, 
 which in many cases are mere sounds, any other part of 
 speech may become an Interjection ; as, Nonsense ! 
 Shocking! Wonderful! Silence! Welcome! 
 
 O, AXD' OH. 
 
 O, is used in direct adlress; as, O virtue! O sister! 
 and it should always be srggestive of something pleasant, 
 joyful and interesting; as, O, the sunny days of child- 
 hood ! Oh! is used to express emotions of pain, sorrow, 
 trouble, or sufferiiig of some kind, requiring the exclama- 
 tion point ne::t ir; and it may or may not, as the writer 
 wishes, have another at the end of the sentence; as, Oh! 
 what untold sorrows were created by the late war! 
 
 Oh ! had your fate been joined to mine, 
 
 As once this pledge appeared the token; 
 These follies had not tl.en been mine, 
 
 My early vows had not been broken. Byron.
 
 48 PROF. HOWE'S GRAMMAR. 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 The first word of every distinct sentence should 
 begin with a capital letter; as, Simple pleasures 
 give the highest enjoyment. The first word of 
 every line in Poetry should begin with a capital ; as, 
 
 Of heaven if tliou would'st reach a gleam, 
 On humblest object fix thy eyes ; 
 So travelers, in a picturing strea-n, 
 Look down, indeed, but see the skies. 
 
 ^ The following words always require capital letters: 
 Proper Nouns and titles of -honor; as, Ottawa; Sir 
 Walter Scott; Judge Wilkinson. Adjectives derived 
 from names of places ; as, American, Spanish, Prussian. 
 The first word of a direct quotation when it forms a 
 complete sentence ; as, Virgil says, " Labor conquers 
 all." The Pronoun I, and the Interjection O. The 
 names of the days of the week ; as, Sunday, Monday. 
 The names of the months of the year ; as, January, 
 February, March. Every appellation of Deity ; as, God, 
 Almighty, Jehovah. Every Noun and principal word in 
 the title of books ; as, Giblon's Eise and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire. Common Nouns when personified ; as, 
 
 Oh ! sacred Star of evening, tell 
 
 In what unseen celestial sphere, 
 Those spirits of the perfect dwell 
 
 Too pure to rest in sadness here. 
 
 13P" Any other word that is of particular importance 
 to the writer may begin with a capital; but the fewer 
 of these the better.
 
 PUNCTUATION. 40 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The COMMA ( , ) is used when the sense requires a 
 slight natural pause ; as, To do good, if we have the op- 
 portunity, is our duty, and should be our happiness. 
 
 The SEMICOLON ( ; ) marks a longer pause than the 
 Comma, and separates clauses less closely connected ; as, 
 He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man ; he that 
 loveth wine and oil shall not be rich. 
 
 The COLON ( : ) is used when the preceding part 
 of a sentence is complete in sense and construction, and 
 the following part is some remark naturally arising from 
 it, given as explanation ; as, Accuracy, promptness and 
 integrity are necessary in all business transactions : there 
 is no true success without them. The colon is also used 
 before examples or quotations ; as, There are four sea- 
 sons : Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. The last 
 words of an eminent divine were: "The best of all is, 
 God is with us." 
 
 The PERIOD ( . ) is used at the close of a sentence ; 
 as, The fairest flowers are the first to fade. The Period 
 is also used after abbreviations ; as, The oration was de- 
 livered by Rev. H. W. Beecher. 
 
 The POINT of INTERROGATION (?) is placed after 
 every direct and complete question ; as, How old is the 
 President ? When a question is only said to be asked, 
 the note of Interrogation is not used ; as, The Governor 
 General of Canada asked Prince Arthur, how he liked 
 the Americans. 
 
 The POINT of EXCLAMATION (!) is used after ex- 
 pressions of sudden emotion of any kind; as, Eternity! 
 thou pleasing, dreadful thought.
 
 UCSB LIBRARY
 
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