PHOTOGRAPHS THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID LIBR. 03 ATI 01 OF I.3 .fam, DAI'S. BTO, By R. V. April. 1918. L < b _' T~C - A - t-^W/iyX/^ Tr-f; I ^ \ Ambrose, T. C., "Uee of Aapheltum In - lie" --------- ---1144-145 "Analysis of Failure of an -'arth Fill Dam by Guy ^terling ------ 124 "A Few 'ethod of ^u -^s" hy ^oht. ^rewster iton ______ 79-81 Anaonla, Oonr. ~:egervoir Failure -------------------- 04,104-107-112118 Appropriations - Levees - par. 4 ------------------------ 1 ___ ! ___ p>4 Asphalt - ron-susceptibllity to water and wave action ----------------- par 5, p. 13; par. I,p.l4 nine - Beeervoirs ------- ........ --- 54-42; 61-52; 54; 50-62; 79 for old end new Hecervoire by ~.. j.Laconte ------ 36-37 Asphaltuia in Sea *aLls by . C. An^roBe ------------------------ 144-145 for Reservoir Llninrs by Jas. E> Scbuyler ------------- Auburn, T*. y. Baa Failure -------------------------------------- Austin Bare Foilure --------------------------------------------- 104 -^IQ Avoca, ?a. Dam Fftilurc ----------------------------------------- - B - Baillairge C5. - Bam Construction and Failures Buring past 3Jo years --------- 99-105 ty, orefon - Baa Failure ------------------------------- 117 Chae. "biting - otway Hill BMB Failure ------------------- 121 , . . - rtial Failure of lieeervoir T lnlng at Johnson lity, ^enn. --- 31 Jnirtown, "yo. - Ban Failure ---------------------------------- 113 ^arth Ban Failure-- ------------- . _____________________ .opr) .................................. ------- ...... par> 6 3 Bac, Frrncc, Failure ------------------------------------ i 4 Bow Hlver I>ras, rao>ka t Alberta, Fsilure ------------------------ Breeks, ri^vee^ ......... .......... - ...... pa r. 4-5. n. 2; por. 1. p. 4. T^rooviyn, '. Y. "llhnrn Keeorvoir Foilnre ---------- - ----------- 101,115 - C - Calaverae Bar 1 , Cal ------------------------------------- 90-94* lo2- 116 Cataden, IT. J. - ^am Failure ---------------------------- 99 Canals & Bitches (Irrlfntlon^ -------------------------- 9-10; 16-30 Case, C.B. - Hebron Sartb Bam '"ashed Out -------- ^ ------ 119-120 Caving (Levee) ----------------------------- ..... . ...... par . g t p . 4 lear Lake Reenrvoir, Cal. -------------------- - -------- 19-21 Clevelrnd, Ohio, - ;: Failure ------------------------- ,117 Cobbc Kill Heeervolr, ::ocheeter, II. Y. ------------------ _5 Cold npringt Reservoirs, Oropon ------------------------ 10-21 Colorndo Springs, Col. Ban Failure 1 7 t lio Compton Fill Beservolrs ----------- ------------------- 8-62 Concrete ---------------------------- ........... -------- par. 5, p< 14 iValls, (Levee) by Aest. "n^r. Gco. . la ----- "Concrete spillway Befects, caused by Const, urction -fligonce" by ^upone I auebll --------- 06- Concrete Boro Feilures ---------------------------------- 1 Conehobocken Hlll,?a. - Reservoir Failure -------------- 115 Core P Fpllores ------------ v^> >-c T . O r : "r>>vfi8B68 (Levees' ------------------ oftrt 4.5 p ^ Crimean "filer COEaniesion ------------- *7ll72 - D - Dal 'as, ?exas, Dair. Failure ----------- 1 2 116 Dam Construction * Failures during ??rt So years, . C.BaiUalrpe ----- 99-106 Dam FrilureB -------- - --------- - ------ 99-131 Dan * T?mbankrent Failures in 1912, by tfyron T,, puller --------------------- 106-111 TJnra ^cpRirs- ....... ----------- ..... .. 136-142 !- -- ----- - ....... -- ....... ---- 12-14; 77-98; 99-131 Dine - Failure of Concrete T<^B ------ " Core - ...... 1 : 9 "nrtb UO, 124 " :'ai?onry - ------ Davis, A. . rhy nojse Trrlfatlon CanalB and ^esnrvoirs leak" ---------------- 16-18 T .r--r "let Reservoirs, Idaho ---------- 17. 19. 20 Denver Seeervolre (Asphalt Mnefl^ ---- 4? Pen roines, Iowa. Dam Failure ----- 117 Mtehe (Irrlfp-tion^ fr ?nrwl8 -------- 8-10; 16-30 Jas. B. (Levees) -------------- per 7 p g "arth Pill Dart Pailur by Guy Sterling t Part Reservoir, Cal ------------- 19 "est Liverpool, Ohio ,Heervolr Failure f l!3 "ddy, Heir Mexico, - Dan Pailnre ------ Mr;- ton. Conn - ------ 104-118 ^oeion floveo8> ......... ------------ par. 5-6. p. 4; per. 2,3.4,5,6. p. 6 Svaporntion -------------------------- 19-23; 24-26 - F - PlBhklll, H.y. Heaervolr Failure ----- 112 Flekville, R. I. Dan Failure --------- 114 Flntfcesd CroialB ---------------------- 16 Plood Control (General Q.A.Ollwore^ par. 1, p. 2 yolwrell, A. Preccott - !?e8crvoir lining ----- Puller, Frank Soverod Reservoirs 53 Puller, ::yron T. . "Dam ft ^mbanknent FalluroB In 1912" ------------------- 106-111 - G - 'more, . '. icneral - Flood Control Pr. ^ P Grand Raoide, K'icMgan, - Hoeorvolr n re 112 Grand val.lay Tsrde. Colorado . 16 ndalupe Rooervolr- 74 Ocnnleton, Col. - Dam Failure 114 Kaesyan, ?e. - Dan Failure 100 FafceB A3 Ion & leo.nard Uetealf Oalaveras Data. Cal . 91-94 I-e>roE lartb T>ar ~aabod Oat - by C. 3, Cass 119-120 Pel", "oo. if.. Ar rr, (Corcr all) par. 2, p. 3 Highland Park, KiehipEn, - Concrete Reservoir 95-98 Hill, ~ra. R. Classified Review of Dam and Reservoir Failures in -112-117 Elnderlider, la. C. - Failure of Horse Crook 7arth Dam 123 Eopfrins, C. 32 HopsoTi, ^I.G. - "some Records of Seepage and ^aporation T OPBOB from Irrigation Reservoirs and Canals" 19-23; 28-29 Hondo Reservoir, rew Mexico 17 Hornoll, TT.Y. Da- Failure 107 Eoree Creek - Dsa Failure 123 Koneatonlc, Conn, Dan Failure 116 - I - Improvement of Rivers - par. 2, p.5;par.5-6, o.Cjpnr. 1-4, p 7;par. Thomee & "^atte 1-2. p. 8. Investigations for !)a & Reservoir Fotindatione, by Caleb Mills Savilla 82-85 Irrigation kitchen ft Canals 8-10; 16-30 - J - Janeevllle, "is. - Bara Falltire 106, 108 Jefferson County, Col 118 Jerome xoeervoir, Idaho 16-17 Johnson City, Tenn. 81-32 Jo! n ^ac, ?a. Failure 12 Juleaburp Hoservolr 142,143 - 7. - ehelue Besnrvolr, "aBhlnftton, by n. '., Crownover -68 rimath Project, ore?on - Calif. 22 xvllle. ^enn. - Dam Failure 101,114 /otcberin, E. - "Huesian ^rineers "ake intensive Hydro- metric Survey in Crimean Uplnnd 71 - 1 - Lako KcMlllan, r. r. I 7 " Toxawav. IT. C. - Haa Foilure 12; -i - I - Lancaster, ?a. - Heeervoir "nilure ---------------------------------- 114 Leakage through j^cpanalon Joints of Ttrln cak Bcaervoirs ----------- 51 tabanou, Ohio, Reeerrolr Failure --------------------------------- 1 t n Penna. ------------------------------ ..... --------- ..... : 1 le Cont*, T .J. A phalt iaia for ,13 end Sew Reservoir? ----- --- .";.-37 T,e Conte, I., 7 . - re. roB-'-uBcoptlMllty of Aapfcelt to ~ter per. 5, o.lS and ~a7 .0 --------- -.14 teve --------------------------------- - --------- . ------- 2-3 TCTOCS, ^rro^ristloisc ------------------------------------- par. 4, p. 4 "^leb^r, "Or :merete Heserroirs bnllt with 3rtet)le "*lTcr" -------------------- 96-98 .lac, :'ontaa, - r.erervoir Falltire ------------------------- 112 Tinlnff? for ^all loeer-roire "by 0. ?.. Sceelcre ------------- -/ f.lttle Hoc^, Ark. - Dans Fellcre ---------------------------- 102, 116 log ?ooma f r evcc8! ---------------------------------------- ; ;er. 6. p,S Jinoy City, 'a. . Dan Failure ---------------------------- 102^ 117 Masonry T>o ^allorea ---- ----------------------------------- 103 calf T eonard ft Allen raxen :lavoras Dais" -------- - ---- 91.94 ilofleld, r.'aac. - T>a?i Failure --------------------------- 1 112 IrevillP. . r. ...... ------------- -------- 16 Illwneapolle, rlnn. - ----------------------- . i -;-. f 117 loslee TJlTcr, O^aaisslon --------- ------- par. 4-5-6-7, p.2;par.2, p. 6 iriaalaaippl T?lTer, Lcwer -------------------- - -------------- par. 2, p. 4 rortaroy, '"oxlco, - Dam Fell tire ---------------------------- 7?-76 ^renl, Cscsda ----------------------- ____. -^ 117 --------------------------------------- 116 Bamaka, Alabaoa. - Daa Failure ----------------------------- Baabvillo, ^ecr. - ----------------------------- 1 7 raeka City.Ucb. ----------------------------- 117 Sowell f ; urphy - Trinciplos of Trrigp.tion ~T3glneerln" --- 77,78 ^orthlield, vt, - Pan Fa 11 are ------------------------------ 10?, 117 - - Oakland, ^nl. - ?>a Failure -------------------------------- 102, ] Obiepado uooprvoir ... . -------- - --- -------- ... 76 Ohio Dan Failure ------------------------------------------- 17 Oil City, ?a. Dais Failure ---------------------------------- Project, Cal. ----------------------- --- ------- 22 -. . ^r" FaHwrt ----------------------------------- l->6 Otway Fill Dae Failure ---------------------- ...... --------- 121 - P - ?eooo ^iver {Tow rroxico 1 Daa Failure - -------------------- 1M T'erraylTenia T>ao Tallure ------------------ - ------- - -------- 132 Philadelphia, ?a. - fteecrvoir Fcilurea --------------------- 1^1,V-, 115 Pbillippines - Adobe "Dame - - --------- -- ---- . ----- - ---------- ... 140 Plattabtirp, **. Y. - ?cm Failure ------------------------------ .. 134, isg "ortsble ;: &ine, - r-aia Failure -------------------- .... . ------ 114 Portland, regor,,- ------------------------- . ------- 116 Prineinlee of Irrigation "!n*rinerrlnp by ? T swell & ??urpby. ------- 77, 78 rdoe, A. R.- --------- -------- - ------------------------------- 32 - 3 - Heeding. Pa, - Reservoir -------------------- - ----- . ...... .. 69.70 Reservoirs ----------- ----------- . --- . ----- . --- ... --------- . .7$ Covered by Frnnk L. Fuller -------- - ----------------- . 57 (lining) ----- ..... ----- ........ ----- 10-11; 12-16; 19-23; 51.49 etwoEte (Levees)- -------- .... ----- . ---------- .... ----- ...... 6-8 Riverside, Col. - Reservoir - Dam Repair.. -------- - ------ - ----- 136-129 Rop.noko, 7a. Pern Failure ---------------------------- . --------- 114 Hockp^rt, IT. T. .... ---------- . ....... ...... ------ IQ$ r. - -uddle ^ulle for ^artben Dane, ^te. ----------- par. 2, p.14 '" Salt Siver Project 170-131 nan Prercl; co - Calavaras Dan 91-94 Saville Cnleb rille " Inveetlfratlonc for !>as & Reservoir Foundations-. 82-86 "chuylT, Jae. B. Uee of Acpbaltum for Reservoir Tirlnge" 38-42 Scritnton, Pa. - DBBJ Failure. -.-.--. ... 103,116 Seattle Sesflrvoirs---- ._--.-.........-................... 66-67 pn*e 19-23; 24-26; 28-20 Session, C.H. - "Mnlnpre for Small Storage Hseervoirs" 44-46 ^biri^enrburp. Pa. - !?an Failure ........ In6.1o9 Skinner, Jobn F* 47-60 "Some ft'athoda ^nployed in Construct ing Two Helnforced Concrete Beservoirs" - 73-76 Spanish Fork Cnna! .-. .... . ... . . 15 Staffordvllle, Conn. . Dam Failure 114 itanton, Kobt. Brewster - "i Hew Method of Building Dams" 79-81 Staunton, Va. Dam Failure 117 Sterling, ?*uy "toalysie of Failure of en Jtertb Fill Daa" 124 Stoney Kiver Dam, . 7a.- 122 Subterranean Cavities Cause Settlements- ...... . .. ie nunnyelde Project, 'Taehington 22 - T - ?acora, Taebinrton, Dan Failure-- . .- ....... ...... Io2.1l5 Tbonas & "'atts ( Inprovenent of Bivers) J r.2, p.6; par. 6-6, p. 6; par. 1-6, p. 7; per. 1-2, p. 8 Tieton Pro jeot. ""asc. . . - T - Toronto, riansde, Paw failure- 106 Tuclree Carson ?rojct, : r ovefia . -- 2E Turmlo rvoir, Oregon -- 18 TwrlooV Trripetion Dlrtrlct- - .?--> voir , - 61 ttemtilla Project, Oregon ------------------------- - ----------------- 82 rnlon Bay, ^.C. - Da fallora ---- ------- ----- .-_..- .--. ---- . 106 of A3phdtum In Horn ?ell8 by , ". Anbroa --------------------- 144 Victor, Col, - Dam Fallnro --- - - ---- - -------- --- - --- - ---- loo, - W - ?.eef :rvoir, Arlsona - ---- - ---- ------- - 18 ""rovo, Ariz. - Dro fail/are -------------- ------- 11SJ l?tr-r r osi>8 fro ^hee ts CaiialB ---- - par. 4 p.8par,l,p.lO;19-5S;24-.26 cr tport, ?t. y. - Dam Failure ------------------------------------ 106, 109 "illie^B'burFfc, Kaae - Dam Failure ------------- - -------------- 102-136 "11110, t. B. - "Unaensiuad by Seapaga Flow, T.nka Toxawny "Hain Folia" ------------ 126-1E7 ilnln^ton, Dal. - Beervoir Kallnre -------- . ------------- 115 ~ir,*t:oTi, . . - taw Falluro ----------------------------------- 106, 109 roeetor, ^wea ** ----------------------------- - --- 114 Chgo. 4-13-18 Subject: BKPOHf OH ISVKSTIOATIOS OF LKVBRS MM BSVETM21TS, LAKS. ETC. I. I. - kr. Ba*er: (PI) Am forwarding today under separate cover the report which I hare endeavored to prepare in accordance with jour desires. (P 2) I thick perhaps it would be well to oall to your attention the fact that the copies of articles attached to this report should be carefully preserved; this applies especially to the printed articles, These have been secured in several oases only by considerable effort, and in most oases it*ould be impossible or verj, difficult to secure duplicates. (P 3) Consequently, the copies of the report which were prepared for other points and held temporarily at your request will not be accompanied by the articles in question. (P 4) I would like to add here, as stated in my report, that I have been very much impressed by the magnitude of the field offered, and the crying need for some sort of protection for each of the various subjects taken up. (P 5) 1 am firmly convinced that when ASPEA-WAT demonstrates its suitability for these purposes, a field so much larger than the pavin fc field will be opened up that any attempt at comparison at the present time would be useless. (P 6) I sincerely hope that the report mailed yon today will prove sufficiently clear and convincing to Impress you, as it has me in my efforts to prepare it, with the possibilities opened up or that are possible of development in these fields. (P 7} If this result is accomplished I will have the satisfaction of feeling that the cost of this report hms been money well expended. JBJr-(BY-CHGO-JAX) (Signed) B. . Elder CHQO. Subject: IBYKSTICiAIlOa Of L&YKK8, BAJK B&fKtXSIT. SAKS, ETC. 1. 1. Mr. Baker: (PI) In compliance with your desires I recently undertook to gather aoae data on Levees, Pares, Reservoirs. Bank revetment, etc., specially as to methods which ted been tried for waterproofing and preserving then. {i 2) Attached you will find a number of articles appearing in technical journals and periodicals, which I think pretty thoroughly cover that field, When it has been possible the printed article has been secured and attached; in some oases, however, that was imposuible, and a typewritten copy or synopsis is attached in such oases. {? 3) In treating of the various subjects Involved I have seen fit to take each up separately in as far as possible, and inasmuch as the question of Levees was the first one you considered I SB tak- ing that up first, following with the others in what I consider their approximate order of importance in the possibilities for development which they offer. LEYBS8 (P 4) I personally canvassed the reports of the Mississippi River Cowc lesion from 1881 to 1896, at which date Its report was merged with that of the Chief of Engineers of the U. S. Army; these l also covered in so far as they referred to river improvements from 1890 to date. (P 6} The history of levees, as you are aware, is a long one, dat- ing back in its Inception In this country, as applied particularly to the Mississippi hlver, to the el*iteenth century. Very little was accomplished, however, on. a slseable seals until toe Federal Govern- ment took hold of the navigable stream improvement and formed the Mississippi .River Commission in I860. (P 6) My researches show that there has been practically no change or improvement in the type of levee construction since the earliest days, It is true there has been an increase in sice and change in form as construction has progressed, wltft consequent increase in cost, but the local available earthy material is still used as in the earliest ex- amples. (P 7) The Mississippi River Commission has been hand 1 capped In aiding levee construction by being forbidden in most part to expend any funds for anything not an aid to navigation. In a letter to the Sec- retary of Sar published on page 259 of the Miss. Hlv. coma, report for 1881, Jas. B. hades holds that levees are a big rid to navigation and sets forth his reasons therefore. - 2 - (F 1) General Q. 1. Qllmore, in a letter printed on page 2b of the Kiss. BIT. Comm. rejort for 1883, ahowa conclusively the benefit of levees in flood control. (F 2) In the same volume on page 468, Aset. Engineer Oeo. M. Helm describes a concrete nail tried for the first tinte to prevent seepage end the boring of crawfish. This wall was In the nature of a core wall and seems to be the only thing of a protective nature other than temporary expedients ever tried with the exception of the reinforced concrete facing with which you are familiar, and which has only been used in recent years. (P 3) The Con&iBBlon's report for 1886-87 states concisely the three-fold object in river improvement: 1) Contraction works for concentration of low water discharge. 2) Revetments, or bank protection. 3) Levees to limit width of stream and to protect the land adjacent thereto from overflow, as well as to aid the channel slxe by scour. (P 4) The absolute need of son* adequate method of waterproofing levees is shown, as far back as 1890, in Appendix W.V. page 3266, of the Commission's report for that year, subject "Crevasses and Break* of Levees Occurring at Fifteen different points'*. Seven of the breaks reported were caused by water forcing Its way through the levee near the base. Four were due to sloughing and settling of saturated levees. Two were due to the levee not being sufficiently high, the water over- topping the levee and washing material away. One break was due to wave action during atom on a levee of insufficient height and section. One was a case where the levee was cut by people living above it. ( P b) Of these fifteen breaks in one year eleven could have ab- solutely been prevented had the levee been properly waterproofed and protected, Qt the remaining four, in three oases the damage could havs been materially decreased. Bothlng that I know of In the way of con- struction will prevent malicious levee cutting. (F 6) In the Chief of Engineers' report for 1903, page 62, an article entitled "Wave ?'ash n shows complete failure of a log boom on Friars point levee to t re vent wave action from completely ruining the levee, and states that it is necessary to devise some more effective appliance. 8tGO M Irj cvtitj*,- 5, pa.es 722-726) and 'Soai Records -.-t Seepage an- . jorati^n Losses fron irrigation hesorvoire and (P19-E3) CsinalB." (Voluiae 58, pa es 6EJE-626) - 8 - (PI) These articlou. listing as they do the various expedient* which have been tried and the degree of success obtained with each, are particularly interesting, and I think give a very clear inu'ght into what could be expected in the way of results with ASPHA-WAY. {P 2) It would certainly have all of the good points of the con- crete and cement mortar canal and ditch linings mentioned, and in addition those advantages peculiar to itself of low firet coot, malleability, non-perrasability. ease of repair, accessibility of aaterials for construction, etc. In every case due to the large saving of water, m>re land could be brought into each system, th size of canals and ditch OB could be reduced, the grade of canals could be increased beyond that permissible in unlined ditches, thus doing away with the construction of special works for overcoming natural gradients, and permitting greater flexibility of location of di tehee and canals than is now possible with the unlined type* (? 2) ;cords show that the following aethods have all been tried in an effort to overcoats the seepage losses: 1) Carrying the water in wood< n or steel flu-ass. Carrying the water in wooden, iron, or concrete pipes. 2) Carrying the water in chanrele lined with concrete, stone -aasonry, plaster, clay, or oil. f lining, and the relative effectiveness of each. However, two examples of actual construction with 4" concrete lining. l:.i:6 raixture, aortar finish show a cost of practically 90f per superficial square yard of canal lining, and with a cement laortar lining 1-1/2" thick. 1:4 mixture, the coet was approxim- ately 60^ per square yard. 6) The above costs are exclusive of the preparation of the foundation, and give an idea of what might be considered justifiable and economical in an effort to prevent seepage loss. . 9 - 10 (PI) The other factor entering into calculation of water losses ie evaporation, and as it cannot be economically prevented by anything except the handling of water in pipes of eoiae kind, and then only partially so, it will not be taken up further. V)IR LIHISG- (P 2) The use of asphalt in various forms aeons to have been given a better trial in connection with reservoir lining and repairs than in any other field with the exception of street paving. In the attached articles you will note cases of its use dating back as far as the late eighties. (? 3) Attenpts hove been made to -eo asphalt from several sources. California oil, rock asphalt, and California and Trinidad solid asphalts were the first ones tried out; more recently, however, practically every oom lurcial brand of asphalt hao been used for this purpose, as binders for mastic, in asphaltic concrete, and a* wash in the native state ap lied hot. I can find no oases of failure of reservoirs so line^ where the failure hns been traced to the binding material. On the contrary I have found oaaee where when all other methods failed asphalt has boon used i-uccccc fully. (P 4) In concoction with this subject your attention is called to (? 16-18) the article by :tr. A. . Davis, appearing in the Engineering HewB-i. coord of April 4, 1918, entitled "Why some Irrigation Canals and orvoirs Leak." This article clearly sets forth some of the troubles that have been experienced and the efforts which have been made to v r- eome then. In all probability these faults would never have developed had the canals and reservoirs been lined in the first place with an im- pervious material such as ASPHA-ffAY. This is certainly true of the canals, although there ie a logical question whether or not it would have proven a success in the reservoirs mentioned due to the weight of the impounded water. This may have been sufficient to break through the material arching the caverns even when not saturated. Under any conditions, however, it cannot be questioned that the saturation of the underlying material hastened the disaster, which might otherwise at a reasonable expenditure bee* prevented entirely. - 10 - 11 (? 1) Ihile this subject of reservoir linings is lay ite vtry nature ore or leas interrelated with both the one Just preceding, on canal ad ditch lining, &nd the one following, on Dame, I feel that from its very ;iagnitudo and the poruibilitiee which it offers en effort should be nade to treat it separately, especially insofar as the storage reservoirs forming eo vital a pgtrt of the mammoth irrigation syetems are concerned* where the conservation of every possible bit of water ic vital. 8) Some of the attached articles clearly chow the tremendous quantities in acre feet of water lost through seepage and evaporation in the storage reservoire; references show the seepage loss to be as high as ten tiraes that due to evaporation. Due to the extent of these artificial 1'ifces many of which cover from five to ten thousand acres, the expense involved in attesting to line then satisfactorily by any method, other than puddling, in vogue at the present time has proven prohibitory; and puddling, which of neceecity oust be done with local materials, is not alwayc satisfactory, and with the exception of very few cases it has not completely prevented seepage. (P 3) .iiilc thr records show that in the water supply reservoirs for eastern cities some trouble has been had with seepage, it is usually in connection with the dam and is not vital insofar as the water supply itself is concerned, consequently they are ignored as a whole, although mentioned in tho cub. Joe t of dams, following* (P 4) Sorae rather interesting data on clay (or puddle), concrete, and asphalt linings for reeervoire as to c sts and comparative effic- iency is presented in the attached article "Linings for Small Storage i oeervoirs" (P* 44-46) by C. h. Sessions, appearing in Kngineering and Contracting for lying a layer about b/4" thick of oitumen or aephaltic mixture (that is acphaltum, rook nnd sand or gravel and limestone duet). This lining will be watertight for any pressure that may be put upon it in this clase of work and will not be affected by any eeit in the bottora or levee eurfv.ce of the reservoir .xxxxxx 111 asphaltura linings should be well rolled and the- joints between successive pieces of work should be carefully ir Jied hot to secure a good bond." - 11 - 18 (PI) - are equally tr - \Y, with the exception that layer of rook or gravel would nittcd entirely with ASPHA-WAY, and the results 8hou.;.d be even better. (P 2) Yoa will note in the description headed "Asphftltwa and Oil Linin.-s" in this naae article that in a crude sort of way an attempt ie made to secure " .-WAY" results by combining heavy asphaltio oil with sand and earth. The statement is made that the asphalt la the useful ingredient. '- ,o admission is made that this has not been a complete succor.; , but crude an it is It stops about 60$ of the seepage PAJP (P The history of darns for developijent of water power on a email ecule and for increased depth of water to permit navigation in a primitive way is one that dates back to the middle ages. However, it ie only within comparatively recent years that conservation of water recuired for supplying our large cities, for irrigation projects, and for hydroelectric development has resulted in a construe ti on intended to impound immense quantities of water tinder a head of many feet. This has produced a condition under which a daa failure is in moet cases bound to prove disastrous, involving in many oases loss of life and always a huge loss of property* (P 4) A study of several of the attached articles shows clearly that asphalt has ectered into the construction of many of the projects constructed during nnd since the late eighties, usually in the form of an asphaltic concrete either as a facing or core wall. (P fa) Att in is called to the attached articles on failures and their cause, especially to the article appearing in the Engineering Hews, Voltaae 47, Page 507, by W. K. Hill, and the article entitled "Dan Conetr 'ction and Failures during the Past Thirty Years" by C. Bailiair^e (?. t^-lOo) .-^peaxing in the proceedings of the Canadian So- ciety of Civil Engineers, Volume I 1 /, page 76, which enlarges soaewhat on ::r. Hill f 8 article; (P. 112-118) also to article appearing In the Kntcin< ering i.c;cord Volume 67, pat:c 46, by -'yron ",. Fuller, entitled "Dara and E-abarifcraent Failures in 1912". (P. 106-111) - 12 - (PI) Theiie articles indicate very clearly that most failures can be ascribed to ,ne of the following sources : 1) Insufficient, spillway. 2) Overtopping of di 3) Failures due to water leaking 'don< pipes laid through the embankaent 4) Undo raining. 5) Unetsible eection faulty design. 6 ) 1 i pp 1 ng on found a tl on . V ) Poor workraonohl (P 2) The attached article regarding the recent partial failure of the CaLaveras Dam, Engineering II ewe-he cord, April 4, 1918, seems to be (P. 91-93) a notable exception to the above, as in thie oaee the upstream face secTe to have el id at least partially on itself due to the hydroeta- tio head produced by sluicing the core of the da-a. The face of this dam was protected by a slab of reinforced concrete which was broken by the elide. I? 3) Unquestionably in the use of the earoe type of construction any other for-a of waterproofing would have suffered the saae fat*. HowTr, it would not hare been necessary to e luice material into the center of the dam in an attempt to make doubly eafe had sorae t.^pe of facing been used that aou-d have been >> tcly depended upon to sake tht dam safe from seepage. Evidently in thie ense the ^.csignor distrusted the water- proofing qualities of the concrete elab laid on the upstream side of the dam. His atte.rj. t to raake the dam absolutely waterproof has resulted in a lose and delay amounting to more than $100,000 and approximately one y*.ar 'c (P 4) h !.. a glance over the liet just aentione will show that practically evory type of dan construction known has been involved in one or nore failures, I can find but one record of an aephaltic concrete . failing (Oakland, Gal., 10-20-96 mentioned by Hill in his article, ( P 112) Engineering ii'cwe. Volume 47, page 506. In this case the asphal- tic Concrete wall was B feet hih and only 2 feet thick at the base and 1 foot at the top. Obviously it had to fail by overturning undor any con- eiderable head of water, but to rnake matters worse it was built partly on made ground* (P b) The following poragruj/h taken from an article by L. F. LeConte, appearing in Vol. 16, page 230. American Water Korks Association, is of particular internet, snowing as it does the absolute non-susceptibility of asphalt to water and ware action: (P 36-37} <*?>! - 13 - 14 (PI) * Although she :ffioieney and econon$' of asphalt is now wall established, tiie-e n*e oae englneero who fttill Bastion its durability. :. n is a point* on which opinion has little weight. 21ms alone eon settle the mat to*. But it so happens that there nor? exists on the 3aata Barbara eoast * deoonat-'&tive proof which t* ray adnd will outt?eigh all the points which esn be brought against it. I *efer to the asphalt dike or natural break r/ater which projects out into the Pacific Oeeaa some half mile, fhis dike fo^rvorly filled a fissure in the country roo'r. rhe stone on either side has been worn awa.y in past ages by the aetion of the wares and the dike stands out is bold relief like a quanta (F 8) Mr. W, i :. ^ohn, ia an article on "Puddle falls tor Earthen Baas with a short aisonsnion of other Cores*, appearing la Engineering sad Contracting for Jan. 16, ivll, Vol. 25, page 89 * mentions a ease at : v -nn, Maoa. , in -.-hie a an earth daa with a concrete eere wall of substantial thickness was fetusd to be leaking practically half a million gallons per day. She eonelusisn therefrom is stated as follows: (PS) fact that a dam with a sore wall of the thickness described, and plastered as it **s, should leak is significant of the tint rtuBtworthl ness of concrete or masonry core walls in general. 1 ' Mention is made of two ether typoe of dlaffer&gas, namely wood and stool, neither of which is satisfactory. Paddling sot* core and face is treated at seas length and objections are found to both net hods. (P 4) From the attached articles it is roomily ieouoed that the earthen or rook fill dan is the cheapest type of construction as well s the aoet eetnon, oaterial for its construction being srailablo erery where. HowTr, in order to make this structure absolutely safe pre- cautions mast bo taken to protect it froa wave wash, overtopping, seepage, burrowing anlmale, ate. In addition to the above special care must bo taken to have ample spillway. (P 5J Concrete, in addition to being expensive, has not proven extreooly satisf aoto*,v , due to a number of swnsow tonne waloii arc its e pension and contraction with tonporsture changes, its rigidity sad tendency to spoil* (P 6} fuddling if properly done will undoubtedly prevent or reduce seepage to a rniniana, but offers no resistance to the other dangers and consequently <