LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Class 
 
 
PROPAGATION OF THE VINE. 
 
 :OW TO REGULATE VINEYARDS BY THE USE OF 
 SEEDLINGS. A TREATISE ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 SUPERIORITY OF CONSTITUTIONALLY i 
 
 PERFECT ROOTS. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 .N ESSAY ON THE PHYSICAL AND MORAL INFLUENCE 
 
 OF THE VINE. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES A. W E T M O R E 
 
 Second Edition, With Appendix. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 iblished by the SAN FEANCISCO MERCHANT, A. D. Bell, Proprietor, 323 Front Street. 
 
 1880. 
 
PROPAGATION OF THE VINE. 
 
 HOW TO REGULATE VINEYARDS BY THE USE OF 
 
 SEEDLINGS. A TREATISE ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 SUPERIORITY OF CONSTITUTIONALLY 
 
 PERFECT ROOTS. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE PHYSICAL AND MORAL INFLUENCE 
 
 OF THE VINE. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARL-ES A. WETMORE. 
 
 Price (INCLUDING LITHOGRAPH) 25 Cents* 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 
 Published by the SAN FRA*. Cisco MKECHANT, A. D. Bell, Proprietor, 323 Front Street, 
 
 1880. 
 
TO THE VITICULTURISTS AND OTHER FAEMEES OF CALIFOENIA. 
 
 This pamphlet is respectfully dedicated to the viticulturists 
 and farmers of the State of California, to whom all who desire to 
 witness the rapid advancement of industry and good society, and 
 the creation of happy and -comfortable homes for our people, 
 earnestly appeal for continued intelligent exertions in ascertaining 
 and demonstrating the practical possibilities of agriculture. The 
 object of this work is not to create controversy, or to maintain a 
 pet theory, but to stimulate experiment in the field of scientific 
 agriculture and to induce the wanderer to settle down under his 
 own vine and fig tree. 
 
 CHAS. A. WETMORE. 
 OAKLAND, GAL., March 1st, 1880. 
 
 301839 
 
PROPAGATION OF THE VINE. 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF VITICULTURE RELATING TO DEVELOPMENT 
 OF PERFECT IjOOTS DISCUSSED, 
 
 THE WILD VINE OF CALIFORNIA-ITS VALUE 
 FOR GRAFTING STOCK AND WINE MAKING. 
 
 A CHAPTER ON SILVANERS OR ZIERFAHNLS EUROPEAN VINES OF SYLVAN 
 ORIGIN PHYLLOXERA IN FRANCE. 
 
 REPRINTED FROM THE COLUMNS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO MERCHANT. 
 
 During the period of my observations and 
 studies in France, in 1878, concerning the 
 phylloxera plague, my attention was especi- 
 ally attracted to those remedies which had in 
 view the restoration of exhausted soils and 
 the regeneration of the constitutions of culti- 
 vated vines. 
 
 I found that the weight of evidence was in 
 favor of the use of nitrogenous potash man- 
 ures and of American vines, as near to the 
 wild state as possible, for grafting stock. 
 All specifics, to be used as simple insecti- 
 cides, were found to be impracticable on ac- 
 count of great expense and their failures to 
 provide radical and permanent cures. 
 
 The only permanent resistance was found 
 where constitutional changes were wrought 
 in vineyards. 
 
 Many French viticulturists and scientists 
 adhered to and insisted upon the theory that 
 the resistance of the American plants was 
 solely due to the peculiar constitutional 
 structure of their roots, being impervious to 
 the attacks of the insect and that there could 
 be no regeneration of European vines which 
 would enable them to resist the plague. 
 Some, however, with apparently good rea- 
 sons, ascribed the rapid progress of the dis- 
 
 ease to the impaired constitutions of Euro- 
 pean vines, increased by over-production and 
 the impoverishment of soils; these held the 
 opinion that the American vines resisted be- 
 cause they were pure stocks, not worn out 
 by excessive and vicious cultivation. These 
 latter also thought that the European vine 
 might be restored to a better degree of con- 
 stitutional vigor through regeneration from 
 the seed, which would cause the plague to 
 disappear. It was necessary, therefore, to 
 consider the phylloxera as an ordinary para- 
 site developed into an epidemic by condi- 
 tions favoring the spread of disease. Wheth- 
 er this were true, or not, the fact remained 
 that the addition of potash -to soils from 
 which it had been exhausted retarded the 
 progress of the insect in destroying vines, 
 and that the substitution of certain American 
 vines for the European varieties completely 
 stayed the evil. The American vines experi- 
 mented with were numerous in name, but it 
 must be remembered that they have all been 
 produced from a few original wild varie- 
 ties, either improved by simple processes of 
 reproduction, or hybridization. It Was ob- 
 served that the pure varieties were able to 
 resist the insect (with some doubt concerning 
 
the labruseas), and that the hybrids gener- 
 ally failed. The varieties considered sure 
 were of the cordifolM, riparia and aestivalis 
 types. No experiments had been made 
 with the wild vines of California or Arizona 
 (vitis Calif or nica and vitis Arizonica). 
 
 I recommended then that our viticulturists 
 should at once try the virtues of the wild 
 vine of this State, which resembles somewhat 
 the riparia. I called attention to a new 
 proposition, viz: the use of seedling wild 
 vines for grafting purposes in place of cut- 
 tings. This reform in grape culture, which 
 if successful would cause each vine to have 
 roots constitutionally perfect in all their parts 
 with the undiminished vigor of an original 
 plant, I thought to be based upon sound 
 principles everywhere recognized in horticul- 
 ture. It occurred to me that if cuttings were 
 good to graft upon, seedlings, well selected, 
 would be better, because their vitality would 
 be unimpaired and their root system com- 
 plete. 
 
 This idea has been criticised by many,upon 
 first hearing it, because experience in raising 
 seedlings had shown that in many cases they 
 were inferior in strength to their parents. 
 This however was answered at once by say- 
 ing that the failures were probably almost 
 wholly due to the fact that only the seeds of 
 improved, or hybridized varieties had been 
 experimented with. Such varieties not only 
 generally fail to reproduce themselves through 
 seedlings, but also fail to produce vigorous 
 offspring. The experiment of reproducing 
 simple, pure varieties, unaffected by crossed 
 saps and high cultivation, had seldom if ever 
 been tried, because the aim had been, in the 
 past, when raising seedling grapes, to pro- 
 cure either new varieties by hybridization, or 
 the reproduction of such as had already been 
 hybridized. Seedlings had therefore gener- 
 ally shown constitutional weakness. 
 
 I feel quite safe in relying upon the gen- 
 eral law of nature that propagation from the 
 seed produces natural and healthful growth, 
 and that each produces after its own kind, 
 unless simple reproduction has suffered some 
 violence rendering seeds unreliable. 
 
 There might however be some doubt as to 
 the vigor or rapidity of the growth of a seed- 
 ling wild vine', as compared with a cutting : 
 but I found that in France seedlings pro- 
 duced wood as rapidly in most cases, and 
 sometimes more rapidly than cuttings. I was 
 hopeful also of the California vine, and de- 
 termined to conduct some experiments. I 
 shall now offer to our viticulturists all that 
 I have been able to learn on the subject. 
 
 EESISTANCE TO THE PHYLLOXERA. 
 
 I can find no reason to suppose that our 
 indigenous vine will not resist phylloxera 
 
 equally as well as the vines of Missouri, 
 Ohio, the Carolinas and Texas. I do find by 
 examination of the Sonoma Valley that wild 
 vines are flourishing in the midst of vine- 
 yards which have been destroyed by the 
 pest. This proof is one that would be gen- 
 erally accepted as sufficient, but it is not by 
 me for a reason which I will explain. I have 
 ascertained that European varieties of vines 
 in infected places ara saved from the insect, 
 if the soil near their roots is not disturbed by 
 cultivation. Instances of this are the follow- 
 ing: a roadway proves an obstacle to the ad- 
 vance of the plague and generally the vinos 
 next to the hard ground last longest; a vine 
 in the rear of Mr. Attila Harazthy's residence 
 in the Sonoma Valley, has survived, while the 
 surrounding vineyard has been destroyed 
 the soil about it is tramped hard and com- 
 pact and is not disturbed; old vineyards, 
 abandoned, after being attacked severely by 
 phylloxera, have become overgrown with 
 weeds, the soil hardened, and resuscitation 
 has been noted. It is probable that the in- 
 sect cannot work in soils that are not thrown 
 open to the air by cultivation, leaving crev- 
 ices to follow and to enter and room for 
 respiration. If this be true, the wild vine 
 can only be fairly tested where the soil is 
 cultivated and loosened. Sandy soils are 
 preferable for vineyards ; the phylloxera 
 does not spread in them, probably be- 
 cause they do not, when loosened, leave 
 passage-ways, such as clay soils do. How- 
 ever there is good reason to believe that our 
 wild vine will resist the phylloxera ; if so, 
 I should prefer to use seedlings to graft 
 upon. They may be produced in nurseries 
 by the million, and at one year old an oppor- 
 tunity will be had for selecting only those of 
 the most vigorous growth. 
 
 SELECTING SEEDS. 
 
 Last August I examined the wild vines 
 which grow in the Sonoma Valley with the 
 intention of having seeds collected there. 
 I was not satisfied with what I found, for 
 two reasons ; because the berries appeared 
 imperfect, and I was afraid they might have 
 been impregnated from the surrounding 
 vineyards. I intended to follow carefully 
 the theory that hybridizatim renders seed- 
 lings constitutionally weak, and also that 
 seeds from the most prolific vines, bearing 
 perfect bunches of grapes, would germinate, 
 with the best results. 
 
 By inquiry I learned that the wild vines 
 in the vicinity of Harbin's Springs, in Lake 
 County, were the most luxuriant, prolific and 
 bore the best developed bunches of fruit. 
 At that time, I assumed, as others do, that 
 there was onls one variety of wild vine in the 
 State the vitis Californica, first described 
 
by Bcntham, and that all I needed was .to 
 procure seeds from the best specimens to be 
 found. I am now convinced of an error, for 
 I am quite sure that the varieties of our 
 wild vines are quite numerous, though to 
 the casual observer they all appear alike. 
 
 I succeeded in engaging Mr. C. Mattier, 
 an intelligent Frenchman, who lives a her- 
 mit's life in the valley adjacent to Harbins 
 Springs, to collect seeds for me. I found 
 that he had already commenced to experi- 
 ment with the wild vine as I had recom- 
 mended. 
 
 On the 7th of April, 1879, he had scat- 
 tered broadcast in his vegetable garden an 
 oyster-can full of the seeds of the wild vine 
 which he had saved. He had expected only 
 a few to germinate ; but thousands soon ap- 
 peared above ground, most of which he de- 
 stroyed in cultivating his garden. On the 
 2d of June he transplanted a few, as he 
 would have done with tomato plants. These 
 he took care of and watered. In the month 
 of October, at my request, he dug up two of 
 these seedlings, less than seven months old 
 from the seed, and sent them to me, to- 
 gether with branches of an old wild vine of 
 the same kind, which were loaded with fruit. 
 One of the seedlings, together with aver- 
 age samples of the wild fruit, I photographed 
 to preserve for the use which I make of them 
 now. They are figures 2 and 3 on the ac- 
 companying plate. The seedling had devel- 
 oped a perfect system of roots, the longest 
 being three feet and a half to the point where 
 broken off in the deep soil. The wood of the 
 stem just above the sc il was three-eighths of 
 an inch in diameter and the growth three feet 
 high. Subsequently I had a collection of the 
 seedlings, which had not been cultivated and 
 had had no advantage of water, sent to me. 
 Most of them were too small to graft, though 
 some were quite well developed. It is prob- 
 able that if the seeds had been sown earlier 
 and well cultivated in favorable ground, a 
 large percentage would have produced vigor- 
 ous plants. Nothing [could have been more 
 satisfactory than Mr. Mattier's experiment, 
 as far as it shows the vigor of these seedlings. 
 Figure 2 in the accompanying plate repre- 
 sents the seedling photographed a little less 
 than one half the natural size. 
 
 Mr. Mattier says that he had used the wild 
 grapes to mix with the Mission and other 
 cultivated varieties to produce claret wines, 
 and that he had discovered remarkable vinous 
 qualities in them similar to those of the best 
 Bordeaux grapes. He found certain bunches 
 among the vines growing near Harbin's 
 Springs, which had accidentally developed in 
 size and character to such a degree of perfec- 
 tion that he had conceived the idea of im- 
 proving them by cultivation, not for grafting 
 
 stock, but for producing fruit for wine mak- 
 ing. One bunch he had found measured 
 eight inches in length, the berries being large 
 and well matured. But of this feature I 
 shall write further on when noticing the value 
 of this vine on its own merits, independently 
 of its value for grafting stock. 
 
 He collected for me three hundred and 
 twenty-five pounds of seeds including the 
 dried skins. The method, according to my 
 directions, was to select matured bunches, to 
 crush the berries, without injuring the seeds, 
 to press out the juice carefully by hand so as 
 to prevent fermentation and to dry the re- 
 mainder in a shady place. ' 
 
 He also conducted experiments in making 
 wine from portions of the grapes, which first 
 demonstrated that there were several varie- 
 ties of these wild grapes. 
 
 There were noticeable different colors in 
 these grapes when picked, but this had gen- 
 erally been attributed to different degrees of 
 maturity. I have, however, sampled three 
 different wines made from these grapes, 
 which vary so much in general characteristics 
 that I am convinced that they are the pro- 
 ducts of distinct varieties. One was of a 
 light reddish brown color, another port like, 
 another violet purple. The last had such an 
 abundance of coloring matter that a small 
 addition of it to a glass of white wine was 
 sufficient to impart a brilliant claret color. 
 When I submitted it to Mr. Arpad Haraszthy 
 for his opinion he pronounced it, without 
 hesitation, a fine claret wine, and remarked, 
 " They will plant that vine yet in Bordeaux 
 by the million!" 
 
 Mr. Mattier thinks he can distinguish five 
 distinct varieties among the vines in his 
 vicinity. 
 
 The seeds which I have, upon examina- 
 tion, disclose marked, distinctive peculiari- 
 ties, notwithstanding a common type prevails 
 among them. Some are grayish colored, 
 same bright reddish, others dull coffee brown, 
 with varying shades between these. The 
 dark seeds, coming from the dark grapes, 
 predominate. Some are also, no doubt, 
 immature and worthless. 
 
 HOW TO USE THE SEEDS. 
 
 For the purpose of producing seedlings for 
 grafting stock, I presume that there can be 
 no material difference in the value of these 
 seeds. All of them are from a district un- 
 contarninated by a possible hybridization, 
 excepting such as may have happened natur- 
 ally among the wild vines in the state of 
 nature. The vines from which they were 
 gathered exhibit remarkable fecundity as 
 well as luxuriance of growth. Some cover 
 trees from fifty to seventy-five feet high, 
 and produce at least one hundred and fifty 
 
pounds of fruit each. It is to be expected 
 that when these vines are cultivated and 
 properly pruned, the fruit will improve. 
 
 The seeds may easily be germinated in 
 light sandy loam, or any soil which would be 
 suitable for nursery purposes. In order to 
 obtain the complete value of perfect roots, 
 the best method, no doubt, would be to start 
 the seeds in boxes, or under glass, in Febru- 
 ary or March, in the same manner that 
 tomato plants are raised; then as soon as the 
 vigorous young plants can be determined, 
 which would be within two months, to trans- 
 plant them carefully into the vineyards where 
 they are to remain. In this way the roots 
 may be suffered to grow undisturbed and the 
 plants may be grafted in place the next spring. 
 In case some have failed to grow their places 
 may be filled with seedlings one year old 
 from the nursery and grafted at the same 
 time. The seedling ^fig. 2) shown in the 
 accompanying plate, was carefully taken 
 from the ground, six months and a half old. 
 In ordinary work, most of its roots would 
 have been shortened, and its perfection when 
 transplant 3d would be impaired, although in 
 any event it would be superior to a cutting. 
 
 In the most cases, however, it will be con- 
 sidered impracticable and as a process too 
 slow to use the seedlings transplanted from 
 boxes or hotbeds. Most farmers will prefer 
 to obtain their plants of the one year's 
 growth in nursery. They will have the ad- 
 vantage of selecting only the most vigorous 
 growers, and can graft them before planting. 
 
 Common farmers' sense will indicate how 
 to manage a nursery. I should say, sow the 
 seeds in rows in loose, deep soil moist, but 
 well drained, after the manner of sowing car- 
 rot or beet seeds. If the plants come up 
 irregularly a little labor can be profitably 
 used in redistributing them by removing 
 some from the crowded places to the spare 
 spaces. If the rows are eighteen inches 
 apart, and the plants from four to six inches 
 apart in the rows, about sixty thousand may 
 be raised on one acre. At the end of one 
 year, if all are not required for transplant- 
 ing, the alternate rows may be taken up, 
 leaving ample room for cultivation. 
 
 HOW MANY SEEDLINGS MAY BE BEQUIKED. 
 
 It is the practice in this State to plant 
 vines about one thousand to the acre. Forty 
 acres would require forty thousand plants. 
 In the Sonoma valley six hundred acres have 
 been destroyed by phylloxera; it would re- 
 quire six hundred thousand plants to replace 
 them. Thousands of new acres are to be 
 planted in Sonoma, Napa and other counties. 
 To ensure them against the future attacks of 
 the dreaded plague, prudence would advise 
 viticulturists to put a foundation of sound 
 
 and perfect roots under their vines. It is 
 plain to see that if this principle of using 
 wild vine seedlings prevails, millions of 
 plants will be required and that there is no 
 danger lest nurseries should become over- 
 stocked. As soon as the experiments have 
 progressed two or three years, and we have 
 found out what the French have discovered 
 already, it will probably be impossible for 
 the few who have had the foresight to plant 
 seeds to supply the demand for seedlings. 
 
 No doubt, a market may be found in 
 France for millions of plants from this State. 
 They have now three billion destroyed and 
 sick vines to replace. 
 
 A nursery cultivated for three or four years 
 would also furnish an abundance of cuttings, 
 if required, in preference to seedlings, which 
 could be more profitably obtained in that 
 way than by seeking them at the tops of 
 great trees in the wild state. It would be a 
 great task to obtain 100,000 cuttings from 
 the wild vines, while they might be easily 
 taken from a quarter of an acre of three year 
 old vines in nursery. 
 
 I have counted small lots of the seeds 
 which I have, and find that they average 
 about 8,000 to the pound, the crushed and 
 dried skins remaining among them. The 
 whole lot collected for me contains about 
 2,500,000 seeds. I should expect to waste at 
 least one-half the seeds in sowing them, be- 
 cause many of them stick together, glued to 
 the skins, and, under any ordinary circum- 
 stances, they would fall unequally in sowing. 
 A great many plants would require to be 
 thinned out and destroyed. The immature 
 seeds would not germinate. I should esti- 
 mate, therefore, that twenty pounds would 
 be needed for an acre nursery. If started first 
 in boxes, or hot beds, they might nearly all 
 be saved in transplanting, and one half the 
 seeds would suffice. I should think that 
 even when starting a nursery, it might be 
 best to sow first under glass and transplant 
 only the most vigorous, as soon as they are 
 developed sufficiently. 
 
 WHAT WILL BE DONE THIS YEAB. 
 
 I have already distributed portions of the 
 seeds collected to Mr. Chas. Kohler, of 
 Sonoma; Mr. G. Groeziuger, of the Napa 
 Valley; Prof. Hilgard, of the State Univer- 
 sity, and Mr. John L. Beard, of Centerville, 
 one of the Regents of the University, and a 
 skillful farmer. 
 
 About an acre will be cultivated in seed- 
 lings at Berkeley. Mr. Beard will do as much 
 and more to provide for his and my personal 
 use next year. 
 
 The question of expense has not troubled 
 me in this matter, because I deem this reform 
 of such vast importance to the future of our 
 
vineyards that I am only anxious to have the 
 experiments started as extensively as pos- 
 sible, so that there may be a large number of 
 plants for sale or distribution, as soon as our 
 farmers have become satisfied with the 
 soundness of the theory advanced. 
 
 I have therefore put up one hundred half 
 pound and fifty pound packages for dis- 
 tribution to whomsoever will demand them 
 in this State, and Mr. A. D. Bell, the pro- 
 prietor of the MERCHANT has kindly agreed to 
 distribute them for me. I feel no hesitation 
 in appealing to our intelligent viticulturists 
 and farmers to assist me in making these ex- 
 periments as general as possible, and in ask- 
 ing those who are willing to do so to write to 
 Mr. Bell for seeds. I only ask that the seeds 
 may not be wasted and that next fall all 
 parties having germinated them will notify 
 the President of the State Yiticultural 
 Society Mr. Arpad Hararzthy, or his suc- 
 cessor in office stating what results they 
 have obtained, kind of soil in which plants 
 are growing, and what disposition they de- 
 sire or intend to make of the seedlings they 
 have, so that, if offered for sale or distribu- 
 tion, those desiring them ma} 7 know where 
 they may be obtained. 
 
 I shall send some to France k) the Viticul- 
 tural Union of the Entre-Deux-Mers, where 
 they have been desired, and some to the 
 Agricultural College at Montpellier, in the 
 Department of the Herault, where more than 
 two hundred varieties of American vines are 
 now growing. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING PLATE. 
 
 In order to illustrate the different prin- 
 ciples of propagating vines, I have prepared 
 the accompanying plate, lithographed by 
 Edward Bosqui & Co., the explanation of 
 which is as follows: 
 
 Figure 1. Seed of the California wild 
 vine from Harbin's Springs, magnified six 
 times. 
 
 Figure 2. California wild vine seedling, 
 nearly one-half natural size; seed sown April 
 7th, 1879, near Harbin's Springs by Mr. C. 
 Mattier, transplanted June 2, and taken up 
 finally as shown in figure, in October, being 
 then less than seven months from the seed. 
 It shows the system of roots peculiar to a 
 seedling, and the leaf peculiar to the vitis 
 Calif ornica. The vigor of the plant cannot 
 fail to attract attention. If Lake County 
 can produce this much what may not more 
 favorable places do? 
 
 Figure 3. Bunches of wild grapes from 
 old vines at the same place, nearly one-half 
 natural size. Perfectly matured; very dark 
 or shining black; taste agreeable acid; no 
 trace of any flavor similar to wild grapes 
 of States east of the Kocky Mountains. 
 
 Similar in vinous qualities to the grapes of 
 the Medoc, which produce the most famous 
 clarets. 
 
 Figure 4. Illustration of roots developed 
 from a foreign cutting two years old copied 
 from a French work. It shows that cuttings 
 produce only lateral systems of roots and 
 exhibits an inherent weakness by reason of 
 the lack of a constitutionally perfect root 
 system. The main trunk of the root is a 
 portion of wood grown above ground, which 
 never partakes of a true root's character. It 
 may be liable to disease, and, if affected by 
 worms, or rot, between the upper and lower 
 lateral roots the lower system must necessari- 
 ly be cut off from the plant above. The 
 destruction of any one of the seedling roots, 
 however, need not affect the others, which 
 all tend to strike deep into the soil. 
 
 Figure 5. Illustration of a short section 
 of a cutting, full size, with only one bud, 
 intended to be planted in the manner of a 
 seed. This method of propagation has been 
 experimented with, but has not obtained any 
 general use. 
 
 Figure 6. Illustrates the development of 
 a bud cutting, one year old planted after the 
 manner of figure 5, at the College at Mont- 
 pellier. It is copied one-sixth natural size 
 and shows that the roots thrown down are 
 similar to those of a seedling. The French 
 call it bouture semis (cutting-seedling). In 
 this particular case, the root was thrown 
 down fifty-four inches and the wood made 
 above ground was thirty-seven inches. 
 
 The superiority of the roots of the seedling 
 must be manifest to even a casual observer. 
 I believe that most, if not all the diseases 
 pertaining to the roots of vines are owing to 
 the vicious practice of propagating the same 
 vine for centuries by cuttings only. Their 
 roots are constitutionally defective and weak. 
 
 THE WILD GRAPE AS A WINE GRAPE. 
 
 I think there can be no doubt of the value 
 of our native wild vine for grafting stock and 
 for this purpose I' do not hesitate to recom- 
 mend its general use, either by cuttings, or 
 seedlings. But the experiments made for nie 
 by Mr. Mattier during the past grape season, 
 have convinced me, as well as others who are 
 experts, that the crowning virtue of this vine 
 is its value for making claret wines. I 
 should not hesitate, if I had a vineyard to 
 plant in any of our northern, or central coun- 
 ties, to cultivate this vine for the sake of its 
 fruit. I believe it will supply the greatest 
 desideratum in our wine making and is des- 
 tined in the future to make the clarets of 
 this State famous. It produces tannin and 
 tartrate of potash, has no striking aroma, is 
 sufficiently neutral and has no disagreeable 
 taste whatever. The viticulturist who plants 
 
a vineyard with these vines, need not fear 
 any serious loss by experimenting, because, 
 if he is not finally satisfied with the fruit of 
 the vines when cultivated, he can graft them 
 whenever he pleases and be sure that he has 
 a superior foundation for his vineyard. 
 
 I have ascertained by examination of my 
 seeds that the dark coffee brown colored ones 
 come from the darkest grapes and that the 
 light colored, yellowish and grayish ones 
 come from light colored and imma- 
 ture grapes. Those who desire to 
 separate any samples- they may re- 
 ceive may do so, following this rule. It may 
 be the colors are due only to different degrees 
 of maturity, but my opinion is that the va- 
 rieties are different and that the darkest ones 
 are the most valuable, if the object is to 
 propagate for the fruit and not for the graft- 
 ing stock. 
 
 SEEDLINGS OF EUROPEAN VINES. 
 
 I am convinced by the testimony of those 
 I have consulted in France and also in this 
 State, that the general failures to reproduce 
 varieties of grapes by seedlings are owing to 
 the selection of seeds of choice improved, or 
 hybridized grapes. If we could tell which 
 among our European grapes are pure stocks, 
 I believe they could be propagated and re- 
 produced without failure from the seed. As 
 this is to me a study of grapes for wine 
 making, and not for table use, or raisin dry- 
 ing, I think the problem is an easy one. The 
 best wine grapes are those which appear to 
 be the least perverted from the natural state 
 by cultivation or hybridizing, and these will 
 probably respond favorably in seedlings. 
 
 I have a theory which has considerable 
 evidence to base itself upon, that the best 
 known wine grapes are the nearest to the 
 original wild condition and consequently 
 pure stock. The history of the Bordeaux 
 grapes goes back to where the memory of 
 man and tradition cease to quote facts. They 
 were cultivated in the Medoc at the time of 
 the Roman conquests. Tradition says that 
 the French vines came from Greece. Per- 
 haps so; perhaps, however, only a part of 
 them came from the Orient. The belief that 
 many of the varieties were indigenous to 
 the country is gaining ground. 
 
 I found at Bordeaux that the claret grapes 
 reproduced themselves from the seed. They 
 are poor things to eat and not more palatable 
 than our wild grapes. Yet they m^.ke fine 
 wine. 
 
 In trying to trace up the origin of our 
 Zinfaudel grape, which we have been told 
 came from Hungary, I fell upon some curious 
 information, I consulted Count (Mart's cel- 
 ebrated work, Ampelographie Universelle, ou 
 Traite des Cepages les plus Estimes dans tous 
 
 les Vignobtes de quelque renom, published in 
 Paris in 1873. I expected to find the Zin- 
 faiidel described as a distinct variety of vine. 
 I found, however, that the word signified 
 simply loild vine, and that while we might 
 have only one variety, there were many Zin- 
 fandels. The word has been corrupted in 
 California from Szirifaudl, or Zierfahnl. 
 
 I found in Count Odart's work, under the 
 head of " Austria," a chapter entitled, 
 
 SILVANER OK SZIRIFANDL. 
 
 The writer says: "This tribe, if it may 
 be called such, is composed, in distinction 
 from others, of subjects which have, for the 
 most part, no affinity among themselves, 
 and have nothing in common except their 
 sylvan origin. For instance, I have received 
 from the Luxembourg collection one variety 
 of great value, under the name of the Gleb 
 Szirifandl, and at the same time from Mr. 
 Demermety's collection the same variety 
 under the name of Grim Muskateller and 
 Griin Manhard Traube. As I have already 
 written enough of that variety, I pass to 
 other Silvaners, or Szirifandls. 
 
 " Griin Silvaner, or Salviner (along the 
 Rhine), Oestricher, Schwabler, Griin Frank- 
 isch; Griin Szirifandl or Zierfahnl (Hungary); 
 there are even several other names for this 
 variety, but it seems to me that these are 
 sufficient. ' ' 
 
 Count Odart then refuses to admit the 
 identity of this vine with the Muskateller, 
 the Meslier, the Picarneau or the Gueuche 
 Blanche, as some had done. The Silvaner, 
 he says, is fertile, ripens early enough, and 
 is agreeable to eat. Its vinous properties he 
 considers poor. It will be seen that he finds 
 the Silvaner of the Rhine to be the same as 
 the Green Zierfahnl of Hungary. Next he 
 classes 
 
 "Roth Szirifandl or Zierfahnl Silvaner 
 Rouge" (Red Zinfandl or Red Silvaner), 
 concerning which he says: " It is under the 
 first name that I have received it, and I 
 would not dare to decide that it is a variety 
 of the preceding, notwithstanding what 
 Baron Babo and Metzger, German Ampelo- 
 graphists, say of it. It is always represented 
 to be a very good grape to eat and as good 
 for the wine cellar, according to those 
 authors. I have not enough plants to make 
 wine of it separately, but the excellent Mr. 
 Burger, another German Ampeiographist, 
 whom I saw in Vienna in 1839, has boasted 
 of its aptitude to make good wine; he told me 
 then that it was the plant most used in the 
 well renowned vineyard of Gumboldt 
 Kirchen. The bunches are not large, the 
 berries are round, of a color light red, juice 
 very sweet and very agreeable. I have told 
 its advantages, I must not keep silent upon 
 
its great defect, which diminishes them; it 
 is very sensitive to the winter and spring 
 frosts. 
 
 " I shall only cause to be remembered the 
 Burgunder vineyard of Jungholz, near 
 Guebviller (Upper Khine), or Blauer Silva- 
 ner much cultivated in Wurtumberg under 
 the name of Blau Bodensee Traube, accord- 
 ing to Baron Babo, although even he, who 
 knew it well, refused to admit in the tribe 
 of Silvaners. I will remark here that these 
 names Silvaner, Szirifandl, signify found in 
 the woods; therefore there might be others of 
 this name and which may not be of the same 
 family. 
 
 " The Kiesling, or Riesler, is also found in 
 these vineyards, but in less degree than on 
 the Khine. 
 
 " The wine of Margrave, or the Duchy of 
 Baden, is made from three kinds of grapes, 
 called Woelsch. or in other parts of Germany 
 
 GUTEDEL, 
 
 The German author, says that these are our 
 Chasselas, but I have good reason to believe 
 that they are principally the Fendants of 
 Switzerland, the wine of which, at the vine- 
 yard of La Vaux, sells even up to 500 francs 
 per barrel. We are told that they mix these 
 grapes with the Mpsler, which is the Furmint 
 of the Hungarian, and the Verbouschegg, 
 without giving any description of these two 
 plants. 
 
 "The Maerisch is served upon the table in 
 the duchy of Baden, and its maturity is 
 early, like the Portugieser, which is also 
 much cultivated for the table, as well as for 
 wine making. They tell us nothing about 
 the Maerisch, and I am not acquainted with 
 it; but I cultivate the Portugieser, which will 
 have its chapter under the head of grapes for 
 the table. 
 
 "Burger, Elbling, Allemand, Facun I 
 had omitted this variety in my first editions, 
 in consideration of the little value of its 
 vinous qualities; but. as it is very much cul- 
 tivated by the small \ineyardists on the 
 Rhine, I have decided to give it a place here. 
 Its product is abundant, no doubt, but it is 
 its only advantage, and its bunches of round 
 berries, being of a flat sweetness and without 
 vinosity, give only a mediocre wine; in fine, 
 these are varieties which should be left to 
 our neighbors, for I could have made a tribe 
 of them, since there are several varieties, es- 
 pecially a red one which I possess." 
 
 This very imperfect chapter proves only 
 that tradition has attached to certain well 
 known varieties of vines a sylvan origin. It 
 means that the Zinfandels, Rieslings, Gut- 
 edels and Burgers are wild vines cultivated. 
 How many more there might be found is im- 
 possible to say, but probabty the Bordeaux 
 
 and the Burgundy grapes would come under 
 the same head. 
 
 With this distinction in view, our Califor- 
 nia wild vine might be classed as a Zinfan- 
 del. 
 
 The important fact I gather from this study 
 is that the vines which indicate a pure and 
 simple sylvan origin prove to be in this State 
 our best wine grapes. 
 
 If the Zinfandel, Eiesling, Gutedel and 
 Burger are pure stock, we may expect to im- 
 prove rather than deteriorate them by plant- 
 ing seedlings, and that the average result 
 of a vineyard planted with Zinfandel seed- 
 lings would be an improvement. In corrob- 
 oration of this, Mr. G. Groesinger tells me 
 that he knows of Zinfandel seedlings in the 
 Napa Valley from which he has made wine 
 identical with the ZinfandeJ. so commonly 
 known. 
 
 I recommend therefore that experiments 
 should be made to test the practicability of 
 reproducing our best wine grapes from seeds. 
 We may be sure that when we find the vari- 
 eties which regularly reproduce themselves, 
 we have found pure, sound stocks, and that 
 the best way to plant a vineyard will be to 
 use their seedlings. This I am convinced 
 ought to be done with our Zinfandel. In 
 that way viticulture would progress instead 
 of retrograding as it is doing now throughout 
 the world by reason of the exhaustion caused 
 by using cuttings only. If any farmer should 
 be dissatisfied with a vineyard of Zinfandel 
 seedlings, he can easily graft them and be 
 sure of good roots to maintain his vineyard. 
 
 FEENCH AUTHORITIES ON SEEDLINGS. 
 
 I have searched everywhere among the 
 books on the vine for something about seed- 
 lings, and what I find is very little. There 
 is very little known on the subject, and the 
 future is full of discovery. 
 
 In the traite de la culture de la vigne, by B. 
 A. Lenoir, I find an interesting chapter. The 
 work antedates the phylloxera epidemic. 
 What the writer says should be exceedingly 
 interesting in California, where the object 
 should be to obtain vines, native to the soil, 
 modified from the seed to suit a new climate 
 and new conditions of growth. 
 
 Mons. Lenoir says: "The seed is the sur- 
 est and promptest means of obtaining vari- 
 ties of a vegetable. We have a thousand 
 proofs of it, and yet we have scarcely tried 
 this method with the vine. Although I have 
 made great researches on this subject, I know 
 only four facts relative to seedlings of the 
 vine. 
 
 "The first is cited by M. Bosc, art. vigne of 
 the cours complete d' Ayrwulttire : 
 
 " 'M. Van Mons, ot Brussels, has obtained 
 by a grape seedling, a variety as large as a 
 
8 
 
 strong Heine-Claude, which ripens, at the 
 latest, in the first half of August, and which 
 never fails to produce. Its juice is very con- 
 sistent and sweet. ' 
 
 "This fact is very remarkable. Brussels is 
 situated in a part of Belgium where they can 
 not cultivate the vine in the open field. * 
 The seedling has produced a variety, of which 
 the maturity is precocious and complete. 
 What might not one expect, after that, from 
 the same means in a happier climate? 
 
 "The second fact is reported by Kozier, 
 Art. espece, of his Cours d' Agriculture: 
 
 " 'A person near Lyons has planted seeds 
 of grapes (I do not know of what kind) ; he 
 has made of them a vineyard, and the wine 
 which it produces is not subject to the malady 
 which afflicted the preceding vines.' 
 
 "Rozier says nothing more about it. How 
 was it that a fact so extraordinary, so fertile 
 in consequences, did not attract all the atten- 
 tion of the man who sought with the greatest 
 care all that could relate to the culture of the 
 vine? * * * 
 
 "The author of the article vigne, in the 
 edition of the Dictionary of Rozier, printed 
 at Montardier in 1802, says: 
 
 "One may also make use of the seeds; but 
 this latter method appears too slow. Bu- 
 hamel asserts that a vine raised from the 
 seed had not yet produced at his place any 
 fruit after twelve years of culture.' 
 
 "However a fact mentioned in the same 
 article, proves that we cannot obtain any 
 conclusion from the sole experience of 
 Duhamel ; the non-fructification of the plant, 
 coming from the seed with him, might be ac- 
 counted for by the nature of the variety 
 which furnished the seed, by local circum- 
 stances, and especially by the mode of culture 
 to which the plant had been subjected. Here 
 is the passage: 
 
 " 'A seed of this grape (the verjus) planted 
 several years ago in the garden of the Chev- 
 allier du Jansens, at Chaillot, near Paris, has 
 produced a variety the fruit of which comes 
 to a perfect maturity. Its shoots push out 
 with an extreme vigor, and cover already a 
 great part of the walls. The fruit of this 
 variety is excellent; it bears, no one knows 
 why, the name of the vigne aspirante.' 
 
 "A variety which, in the climate of Paris, 
 yields grapes which never ripen, or which ac- 
 quire in the warmest years only a sweetish 
 flavor, has produced in the same climate, by 
 the seed, a variety the fruit of which attains 
 complete maturity and is excellent. And in 
 a long article on the vine, where such a fact 
 is cited, no induction is drawn ! This fact, 
 however, bears in itself the germ of an en- 
 tire revolution, which will break out sooner 
 or later in our vineyards." 
 
 Further on I find a passage which com- 
 
 pletely supersede the Montpellier gentleman 
 whom I referred to in a letter to the Alia, 
 as claiming the glory of inventing the idea 
 of grafting upon American vines. It is as 
 follows : 
 
 "I do not exclude from these essays the 
 species which are still in a wild state. There 
 are several, especially in America, which 
 yield fruit sufficiently good, which, by culti- 
 vation, would yield better. These kinds, 
 multiplied by seeds, would produce, perhaps, 
 very interesting varieties, were it not only on 
 account of the property of resisting intem- 
 perate seasons, which the kinds to which 
 they would owe their origin support very 
 well under the most variable climate of our 
 hemisphere. These species would commu- 
 nicate, perhaps, by means of the graft, their 
 robust temperament to our vines. The 
 American vines are all dioiques; it is a ques- 
 tion whether they would support the graft of 
 our vines. It is an experiment very easy to 
 make, and merits being made." 
 
 Here let me remark that the viticulturists 
 of the Eastern, Western and Southern States, 
 who, failing in cultivating the European 
 varieties after repeated efforts, have made 
 such wonderful progress with the wild vines, 
 ought to excite by their examples some spirit 
 of emulation among the people of California, 
 who have everything favorable to vine culture, 
 and yet are quite content to borrow varieties 
 from Europe, which never produce the same 
 wines in different places. In California we 
 have the advantage of the growth of the 
 superior European vines; we should now try 
 to acclimate them through seedlings, and 
 possibly to regenerate and improve them. 
 
 The principal thing to remember in grow- 
 ing seedlings is that the nature of the plant 
 must be consulted with reference to pruning. 
 If it needs to have support, its growth will 
 indicate it. Some vines, in the wild state, 
 climb over tall trees ; others grow low to the 
 ground. 
 
 In. 1867, before the phylloxera had at- 
 tracted public attention, in a work entitled 
 La Vigne, by Romualdo Dejernon, published 
 at Pau, near the Pyrenees (Auguste Lafon, 
 No. 3 Rue Henri IV.), there is an interesting 
 chapter on seedlings. In one paragraph he 
 suggests the increased vigor of the naturally 
 reproduced plant : 
 
 ' ' The plant, issue of the seed, is always 
 the best, has the most life, that which should 
 preserve for the longest time superior quali- 
 ties. The multiplication by seeds yields 
 subjects more robust, varieties less rebellious 
 to new climates to which one wishes to 
 habituate them." Again he says, as if in 
 prediction of the present question of phyllox- 
 era, " the seedlings are also excellent to re- 
 generate a race of vines exhausted by a long 
 
succession of multiplications by cuttings. 
 They furnish, also, for the graft, subjects 
 much more, vigorous and of longer life than 
 those which it is possible to obtain in any 
 other way." 
 
 But we are in danger of losing many vari- 
 eties by natural decay, without counting the 
 effects of phylloxera. Mr. Dejernon says : 
 " We have no longer the varieties which 
 yielded the great wines of antiquity; the/wr- 
 ttiint of Tokai, the sirrah of the Hermitage, 
 have lost their force and vitality ; therefore, 
 varieties disappear. Pliny could find no 
 longer the plants cultivated in the time of 
 Cato ; neither could Olivier de Serres those in 
 honor in the time of Pliny ; and we ourselves 
 have lost more than the half of the varieties 
 described by La Quintinie." 
 
 THE BUD SEEDLING. 
 
 The same author describes the invention 
 of a peasant, Hudelot, which has proved a 
 success. It combines the idea of a seedling 
 and a cutting. In the Fall or Winter, 
 healthy, vigorous canes of the vine are se- 
 lected ; each bud, or eye, that appears well 
 developed, is separated by cutting the stem 
 across, leaving a section about an eighth of 
 an inch on each side of the eye. In the 
 Spring these buds are planted just as seeds 
 are, in light soil, about an inch and a half or 
 two inches deep . The result is claimed to 
 be a vigorous plant, partaking of the unity 
 between roots and upper growth that the 
 seedling exhibits, and at the same time pre- 
 serving the exact type or variety of vine. 
 
 Dr. Duyot, in his work on the vine, com- 
 mends this plan of reproduction. He calls it 
 a graft and a seedling accomplished at the 
 same time. It is worthy of experiment in 
 California. 
 
 Mr. Payen has experimented with a modi- 
 fication of this plan by taking the bud, or 
 eye, with a portion of the adjacent bark and 
 wood, scarcely more than used in bud graft- 
 ing. The results of comparison are that the 
 Hudelot system insures stronger and larger 
 pivotal roots, while the other produces more 
 numerous rootlets, and has produced fruit in 
 the second year. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOB PLANTING SEEDS 
 
 Are to be found in the work of Lenoir, and 
 in a recent pamphlet by Mr. A. H. Trimou- 
 let, of Bordeaux (Eleventh letter on "The 
 Phylloxera)." *Mr. Trimoulet quotes the 
 method of M. Vibert, pepinierist, of Angers, 
 which appeared in the thirteenth year, No. 1, 
 of the " Bulletin of the Industrial Society of 
 Angers." 
 
 It is a fact worthy of remark that the fa- 
 vorite American vine now cultivated in 
 France- -the Jacquez is being obtained from 
 cuttings of the Lenoir variety of Texas, now 
 
 considered to be the same. Whether it was 
 named after Mr. Leuoir, whose work I have 
 mentioned, or whether it obtained its name 
 (le noir) from its dark-colored fruit, I do not 
 know ; but it is singular that the great 
 writer's predictions should be first verified 
 with a plant bearing his own name. 
 
 THE PHYLLOXEKA IN FRANCE. 
 
 While I was in Bordeaux in 1878 I wrote as 
 follows : 
 
 The vines of the Gironde have several 
 critical periods to pass through each year, 
 notably among which are: First the season 
 of frost; Second the season of dew; Third 
 oidium, and all the time the season of phyl- 
 loxera. The frost affects buds and the ten- 
 der leaves; the dew, falling upon the flowers 
 and succeeded by the warm sun-rays, kills 
 many of the germs of the berries and reduces 
 the crop; the oidium, a kind of fungus, at- 
 tacks the fruit, shrivels and rots it before ma- 
 turity. In the Medoc, this year, the oidrum 
 has greatly reduced the crop, and in the re- 
 gion of Saut ernes the dew has done much 
 damage. I have to-day learned that the pro- 
 duct of Chateau Yquem this year is only 
 fiftv-five tonneaus 13,200 gallons instead 
 of the average yield of 28,800 gallons; this 
 decrease is caused by dew principally. The 
 oidium, which, for a number of years al- 
 most destroyed the French wine interest, 
 completely destroyed the Madeira, and was 
 the occasion of introducing the American 
 vines into France to experiment with, is corn- 
 batted by means of sulphur, but the results 
 show that the vines are still subject to the 
 disease. The phylloxera is only another 
 proof of their weakness. / 
 
 I have already described the ravages of the 
 phylloxera in the Cognac country, which is 
 the extension of this region to the north and 
 northeast. These ravages extend down to 
 the banks of the Garonne and the Gironde, 
 covering four-fifths of this Department, 
 where not more than a third of a crop is ob- 
 tained at this vintage. The west side of the 
 Garonne, on the edges of the great Medoc, 
 Graves and Sauternes vineyards, is also af- 
 fected in numerous places, but here the pro- 
 gress is not rapid. 
 
 Neither richness nor poverty of soil seem 
 to have any close connection with this ques- 
 tion. In the Charente and in the valley of 
 the Rhone the soil is what we should call 
 poor; there the phylloxera revels. In the 
 palus, the bottom lands of this legion, where 
 the soil is very 'rich and the vines grow ap- 
 parently thriftily, the phylloxera also revels. 
 But where the vines produce the finest wines, 
 there the phylloxera advances slowly and 
 seems checked. The regions of poor wines 
 have been devastated. No great vineyards 
 
10 
 
 have yet been ruined, unless we count as 
 such the vineyards of Frontignan, in the 
 Midi, where sweet muscat wines were pro- 
 duced, famous as virts de liqueurs. 
 
 I know a great deal more about this ques- 
 tion than when I first began to study it. I 
 . have in fact "gone the rounds" of all the 
 various theories and experiments. Much that 
 I wrote at first I should now modify; but, in 
 the main, the essential principle, which I at 
 first pointed out, remains intact the ques- 
 tion of vitality of the vine. 
 
 The finest vineyards have escaped so far, 
 not by reason of especial precautions, but by 
 reason of some natural immunity, or special 
 condition, which has not yet been explained. 
 The plague surrounds the Medoc, Graves and 
 Vins Blancs, except on the west and south, 
 where no vines grow. It has been for several 
 years in spots in these districts, but does not 
 seem to spread seriously. It is not a ques- 
 tion of the variety of vines, because the same 
 varieties have succumbed in other parts. The 
 fact remains that where the vine first demon- 
 strated success, it continues to hold the 
 ground. The pest has jumped over the fine 
 Burgundy district into Switzerland and Ger- 
 many. It is working only slowly into Bur- 
 gundy vineyards. 
 
 , It is impossible to draw satisfactory con- 
 clusions from even the official reports of the 
 various committees in different parts of 
 France, each of which is especially the friend 
 of some single remedy. All remedies fail in 
 general, and all succeed in particular. Such 
 is the general conclusion I reach after read- 
 ing scores of pamphlets. 
 
 There are two prominent classes of opin- 
 ions. Those eng'aged in solving the problem, 
 such as scientists and men specially engaged 
 or connected by official relations with agri- 
 cultural societies and committees, believe in 
 and advocate this, that, or the other remedy. 
 The practical vine-growers, wine merchants 
 and people generally, unite in one common 
 refrain, "Iln 'y a rien afaire," ("There is 
 nothing to do.") Scores of successful 
 remedies, well attested, are announced; but 
 few, except the experimenters, practice any 
 of them. 
 
 This confusion is chiefly due to the want 
 of harmony between those who conduct the 
 experiments. The offer of a great prize by 
 the Government and the cupidity of many 
 who have nostrums to sell, have begotten a 
 spirit of rivalry and contention ; some con- 
 tend for the prize more for the honor of dis- 
 covery, still more to maintain hastily-formed 
 opinions uttered early in the strife, and 
 many more to advertise methods in which 
 they have a speculative interest. This may 
 account in part for the apathy of the people, 
 
 for when all the doctors disagree how can 
 they believe in medicine? 
 
 The first cause of apathy on the part of 
 vine-growers is, probably, because all pro- 
 posed remedies contemplate either great ex- 
 penses or radical changes in their vineyards. 
 
 The remedies may all be grouped under 
 two heads : First, those which are directed 
 simply against the phylloxera ; second, those 
 which come to the support of, or regenera- 
 tion of the vine. 
 
 Practically, it may be said that all insecti- 
 cides fail in checking the plague. Only 
 those succeed in part and in exceptional 
 places which are accompanied by either rich 
 manures or improved cultivation. 
 
 The best attested successes are where the 
 soil is treated with compounds of potash and 
 nitrogenious manures; but these fail where 
 the plague is worst, and appears irresistible. 
 They succeed, however, often enough to 
 demonstrate that the presence of potash and 
 nitrogen assist the vine to resist the disease. 
 Good results have been obtained by the use 
 of simple carbonate of potash, wood ashes, 
 and sulfo-carbonate of potash. The most 
 remarkable result was obtained near Keole 
 in this Department by the use of simple 
 chiffon, the fine debris from a hat factory, 
 cuttings and trimmings of wool an animal 
 and nitrogenous manure. 
 
 Let it be remembered that vines extract 
 potash from the soil, which is not returned, 
 and that vinyards are seldom well manured, 
 and are generally in poor soils. For a long 
 time there existed a law in France, prohibit- 
 ing the manuring of vineyards. Lands suit- 
 able for vines have been cultivated, without 
 resting, for centuries; so also have lands un- 
 suited to such culture. The natural con- 
 sequence is exhaustion of soils. What that 
 exhaustion is, cannot be easily determined, 
 because underneath all speculations of 
 chemistry, there is the vital principle, which 
 cannot be renewed at will, and which no 
 themical study of manures can account for. 
 
 Every ordinary rule of nature has been 
 violated in the culture of the vine. It is 
 known to all agriculturists that, not only a 
 rotation of crops is necessary to preserve 
 vegetable fertility and health, but also it is 
 desirable to change the seed from one dis- 
 trict to another. This has not been done 
 with the vine. 
 
 Again, there is the evil f over-crowding. 
 What is true of human kind, is true of 
 vegetation. Over-crowded communities of 
 vines, as well as of men, may breed con- 
 tagious diseases, by the violation of some 
 hidden law of nature, which seems to have 
 for its end the preservation of equilibrium on 
 the face of the earth. 
 
11 
 
 Independent of any theory upon the sub- 
 ject, this feature of vine culture must be 
 considered as one of the conditions present 
 at the time of the development and spread of 
 this plague. Moreover, the phylloxera is not 
 the only indication of conditions favoring 
 disease. The oidium was, until the sulphur 
 treatment was discovered, a worse plague 
 than the phylloxera is now. But sulphur 
 does not cure oidium; it only alleviates the 
 trouble. The original causes remain and the 
 sulphur treatment has become an annual 
 necessity. So, also, with all the proposed 
 remedies directed against the phylloxera. 
 All of them, even submersion, have to be 
 continually repeated. Everything, so far, 
 indicates a radical source of evil, either in 
 the vines or the soils. 
 
 As compared with all other multipli- 
 cations of animal or vegetable growth, 
 the culture of the vine in France 
 has become overcrowded, and presents 
 the primary condition, which, with mankind 
 especially, favors the generation of germs of 
 contagious diseases; diseases that commence 
 in favoring places and afterward travel over 
 the whole earth, even devastating places 
 where conditions are most favorable to health. 
 Such diseases yield to no specifics. People 
 light them with general sanitary measures, 
 and use so-called specifics only as second- 
 ary aids. 
 
 The vine, however, cannot tell its own 
 wants; cannot change its soil and climate, 
 depends solely upon the cultivation ; and the 
 cultivator, practically, can do nothing suc- 
 cessfully, because, generally, he aims to pre- 
 serve the very conditions that have produced 
 the disease, if disease it is. He tries to main- 
 tain the same number of vines upon impov- 
 erished soils, and opposes the regeneration 
 of the vines themselves. 
 
 If this is a contagious disease, similar in 
 general features to other contagions, it is 
 enough to know there was good cause for it 
 in France. The fact that it attacks places 
 where such causes do not apparently exist, 
 is not a good basis for argument against the 
 theory, because the same is true of diseases 
 that develop, 'spread, gain force and attack 
 the human race; only, if the theory be sound, 
 the attacks may be expected to do least 
 damage, and to be least frequent, when the 
 original favoring conditions are wanting, or 
 are in less degree existing. 
 
 Strengthening the soil with the elements, 
 which the vine needs, succeeds often ; this is 
 one step toward solving the problem. Every- 
 where in France I find certain of su^ch remedies 
 advocated, and supported by proofs of suc- 
 cess, and everywhere, more or less, denounced 
 as useless. Hence, it is apparent that, 
 though if they had been applied in the 
 
 beginning they might have prevented the 
 plague, they are not now specific cures. 
 
 I cannot derive much comfort from a study 
 of soils. The general notion that sand is an 
 obstacle to the phylloxera comes only from 
 the fact that in certain places, where the 
 vines are still safe, the soil is sandy. But 
 this feature must be better understood. 
 Such soils are simply sandy loam, where, 
 centuries ago, it was found that the vine 
 succeeded and produced the best wine. The 
 absence of phylloxera in such places only 
 furnishes another proof that the soil is good 
 for the vine. But there are many other con- 
 ditions present besides a sandy loam. The 
 Medoc vineyards, which are still unaffected, 
 have good drainage and furnish favorable 
 conditions for the growth of healthy and 
 deep roots; but the adjacent bottom lands 
 are moist, with water near the surface, into 
 which the vine does not like to dip its roots, 
 and the roots, being near the surface, are 
 easily attacked. The Medoc is also subject 
 to the action of sea breezes and the influence 
 of a sea shore. A sandy soil on hillsides 
 favors deep rooting. 
 
 One of the rules for combatting phylloxera 
 has been deduced from these facts and con- 
 ditions, viz : deep cultivation and underground 
 pruning to promote deep rooting. It has 
 succeeded, like all other remedies, when tried 
 by the man who advocates it. 
 
 The insecticides, such as the sulphide of 
 carbon, succeed just as fumigation, etc., 
 succeed in protecting otherwise healthy peo- 
 ple from contagious diseases. It kills the 
 attacking germs, which come again and must 
 be killed again and again until the plague 
 subsides. Where, however, the conditions 
 appear favorable to the disease, the sulphide 
 of carbon and all insecticides fail, because it 
 is practically impossible to apply them effect- 
 ually without killing also the vines. 
 
 It is only when we begin to consider the 
 constitution of the vine itself that any confi- 
 dence in results seems to be shown. I have 
 already described the American vine theory, 
 as advocated at Montpellier. It is gaining 
 ground all through France, notwithstanding 
 the greatest reluctance in substituting wild 
 plants for the civilized vine. It is already 
 the favorite theory in the parts of this section 
 where the vineyards are ruined, and is 
 scouted where the vineyards are still safe. 
 
 The principle reason for its growing popu- 
 larity is because it offers an immediate means 
 for reconstituting destroyed vineyards with- 
 out the necessity of expensive and continuous 
 annual treatments with insecticides, which 
 are not often sure except under scientific 
 supervision. It also offers a means for pre- 
 serving the favorite French vines by means 
 of grafting, This method finds also numer- 
 
12 
 
 ous advocates who have not only a theory to 
 advance, but profit in its advancement. 
 Nearly all the advocates of American vines 
 are making large profits by the sale of plants 
 and cuttings. I could astonish my readers 
 if I should reproduce some of the passages 
 in the numerous pamphlets and books on 
 American vines, extolling even the merits 
 of the wines produced from them. Many of 
 them assert positively that the wines, for 
 instance, from the Mustang grape of Texas 
 are superior to the finest French wines, and 
 at the same time describe the method of 
 making such wines as requiring the addition 
 of sugar and alcohol to give them body. A 
 witty opponent of American vines suggests 
 that equal results can be obtained by taking 
 barrel of river water, adding sugar and alcohol. 
 But nevertheless the American vine men 
 are in the lead, and very soon there will be 
 more American vines cultivated in France 
 than in America. In this effort, however, 
 each merchant is advocating the variety that 
 he has to sell, while the experiments prove 
 that the best, for the purpose, are the wildest 
 original varieties. It will, therefore, become 
 soon a question of supplying grafting stock. 
 
 But here we reach a new question which I 
 have already touched upon. When in Paris, 
 before studying the question in the vineyards, 
 I happened to fall upon the mere suggestion 
 of the idea of regenerating the vineyards by 
 means of seedlings. It appeared to me to 
 be so reasonable that I dwelt upon it with 
 some force. 
 
 I inquired everywhere I went, asking where 
 I could find authorities on the subject. It 
 surprised me that I was everywhere repulsed. 
 People, interested nominally in the problem 
 of fightiug the phylloxera, but really in ad- 
 vancing some pet notion, which promised, if 
 popular, to become profitable, seemed to 
 consider the idea as heretical in the extreme. 
 At Montpellier, I saw rows of seedlings of 
 French as well as American vines. I could 
 see no difference in the results, but I was 
 told curtly, without explanation or proof, 
 that the European seedlings would not resist. 
 It was true, no doubt, tha: many of them 
 would succumb to the plylloxera; it was 
 equally true of the American vines, for out 
 of hundreds of varieties of the latter, only 
 five or six are proof against the severe attack 
 of the pest. 
 
 Persisting in my inquiries, at the risk of 
 offending the savans, most of whom were 
 speculators in American vines, I was referred 
 to Mr. Bouschet, the noted pepirderlst, as one 
 who propagates by seeds is called. He told 
 me so positively that the seedlings were fail- 
 ures that I lost nearly all faith in the idea. 
 Since then I have learned that he, also, is a 
 trader in American vines. 
 
 Prof. Foex advanced an interesting theory 
 concerning the cause of the resistance of 
 American vines, viz: The physical consti- 
 tution of the roots affording protection on 
 account of structure. But a distinguished 
 naturalist here sagely remarks that Prof. 
 Foex has compared under the microscope 
 roots of young American with roots of old, 
 exhausted European vines. The conditions 
 of observation have not been the same. 
 
 The fact still remains that the European 
 vines are the product of cuttings, through 
 successive centuries, from vines, the original 
 germs of which were planted centuries ago. 
 If it is a sound doctrine that these vines 
 do not become exhausted in vitality by such 
 methods of multipiication, then k follows 
 that the primal law of nature has exceptions, 
 and that, without regeneration by seed, the 
 vine may be perpetuated forever. 
 
 I have, however, found some satisfaction 
 here in the consideration of what I think 
 may be properly termed the natural theory 
 of propagation. If this holds true, it does 
 much to establish the true theory of the 
 phylloxera, as disease, rather than as the 
 original cause of disease. Having found 
 that support, through amelioration of the 
 soil, aids the plant to resist, if amelioration 
 of the fconstitution of the plant by natural 
 means also adds to the resistance, the prob- 
 lem is practically solved. 
 
 But there are reasons for opposition to the 
 method of regeneration from the seed, which 
 must first be considered. The vine-growers 
 know that by seedlings the character of the 
 yield of the vines may be more or less 
 changed. He fears changes. He thinks he 
 knows that the roots of the American vine 
 will resist and will support grafts; hence he 
 is satisfied with the remedy. Every one can 
 plant seeds; hence there is not so much ad- 
 vantage in that method to the promoters, who 
 try to monopolize the field in selling new 
 cuttings and plants. Phylloxera is, in all 
 events, a disease, and the country is full of 
 quack doctors and patent medicine. In Cal- 
 ifornia we have not a million acres of dead 
 vines; two or three thousand million dead 
 plants to replace; hence we can afford to be 
 less excitable on the subject. We have new 
 vineyards to create, instead of old ones to 
 restore; hence we can well afford to begin 
 with sound principles of multiplication and 
 reproduction. We have no traditional vines 
 and wines to preserve; hence we need not 
 fear changes. We may, indeed, hope for 
 improvements, for the vine has improved 
 during past ages; the viticulturists of East- 
 ern States have improved the wild vines, and 
 we may do something, also, with the super- 
 ior vines that are suited to our climate. 
 But I am happy to say that the question 
 
13 
 
 is not entirely theoretical. It was, at first, 
 certain accidental growths of seedlings in in- 
 fected places that attracted attention to their 
 superior constitutions. Since then, notwith- 
 standing the opposition of quacks in phyl- 
 loxera medicines, the real scientists have 
 been making progress by beginning with 
 natural reproduction. 
 
 There have been, I now learu, several 
 experimental vineyards of seedlings com- 
 menced. 
 
 To begin with, I will explain some of the 
 fundamental principles. A cane, cut from a 
 vine, is well known to be hollow within. 
 When planted, to reproduce its kind, or, 
 rather, to continue its kind, it throws down 
 no central tap root. This, alone, is a source 
 of weakness, without considering the exhaus- 
 tion of vitality by such methods. I have 
 with me two samples of seedlings one a 
 year old; another two years old. Each has 
 a strong tap root, heavier, longer and thicker 
 than the wood made above ground. Such a 
 root, even if the phylloxera is not to be con- 
 sidered as a consequence of exhausted vines, 
 cannot easily be attacked by the insect. 
 Hence, seedlings may be the best stock to 
 replenish a vineyard, without recourse to 
 cuttings, just as fine fruit trees are grafted 
 on seedlings. 
 
 Experience is doubtful on the subject of 
 reproduction of varieties by seeds. It is, 
 no doubt, true that there are varieties which 
 can seldom be reproduced. The Delaware 
 grape is an instance of this. But this may 
 be true in a greater or less degree with dif- 
 ferent varieties, in proportion as such varie- 
 ties are more or less true to their parent plants 
 
 Seedlings, also, do not grow with equal 
 vigor; some are more delicate than others. 
 This is true of all reproduction. The child 
 is generally, but not always, destined to out- 
 live the parent, and the hybrids of races are 
 generally weak. A friend writes me that 
 " that seedling theory won't hold," because 
 the Catawba and Isabella yield to the disease, 
 and yet are new varieties, and, consequently, 
 young. In answer to this, first, those varie- 
 ties are said to be hybrids of 
 European witfc American vines, and, 
 perhaps, weak on that account; 
 second, it is not to be expected that all im- 
 proved varieties shall be vigorous, healthy 
 plants; third, there are instances in the 
 vicinity of Bordeaux where these varieties 
 succeeded in the midst of infected districts, 
 but no wine merchant has them for sale; 
 fourth, perhaps, after all, the superiority of 
 a seedling consists in the original plant, and 
 not in the after-reproductions by cuttings, 
 such as all the recent plantations of Catawbas 
 and Isabellas are. 
 
 
 But exceptions do not make, they only 
 prove rules. 
 
 The Viticultural Union of the Eutre-deux- 
 mers in this Department is experimenting 
 with all the proposed remedies. 
 The annual report gives the results of 
 insecticides, potash, and all kinds of manure, 
 cuttings and also seedlings. There are, side 
 by side, cuttings of the wild vines of France, 
 as well as of the vines of America, and seed- 
 lings of all varieties. The results of seed- 
 lings and wild vines, and the failures 
 generally of methods to protect old vines, 
 have led the Union to decide positively in 
 favor of seedlings, and to declare that the 
 phylloxera, as an epidemic, is the result of 
 several causes combined, chief among which 
 are exhaustion of soil, overproduction, and 
 exhaustion of the vine. 
 
 First, there Is the experiment analagous to 
 that of the American vine. Cuttings were 
 made from wild vines growing in this district. 
 Such vines were considered unfruitful and 
 useless. The young plants succeed, resist 
 the phylloxera equally with the American 
 vines, and this year, -the third of their growth, 
 have yielded abundantly not wild grapes, but 
 fine bunches, similar to the product of the 
 vines in the Medoc. 
 
 Two conclusions are drawn from this fact: 
 First, that the wild vines, being seedlings, 
 partake of the same vital vigor as the Ameri- 
 can vines, which are seedlings, or cuttings 
 made in recent years from seedlings. The 
 College at Montpellier has not extended its 
 operations seriously outside the range of the 
 stocks of vine speculators. There is no 
 sample of the wild vine of California (vitis 
 Calif ornica) in the collection there, notwith- 
 standing it is the vine of a country whose 
 climate agrees with the constitution of the 
 European varieties. The Union of the Entre- 
 deux-mers is desirous of procuring cuttings 
 from the California vine, seeds, etc., which I 
 have promised to forward. 
 
 The second conclusion is that good fruit 
 may be obtained from wild vines, when cul- 
 tivated, sometimes, at least. The American 
 vine-growers have demonstrated the possi- 
 bility of improving; the product of wild vines. 
 The wild vines of this region are, perhaps, 
 only accidental seedlings of the cultivated 
 vines. If this be true, the result demon- 
 strates the possibility of reproduction by 
 seed. For this reason, I have arranged to 
 procure seeds of the principal varieties grown 
 here. After all, it may be that these Medoc 
 vines are native grapes. Their history goes 
 back to the days of the Romans, and they 
 bear local names in the patois of the country. 
 They have been reproduced by cuttings so 
 long that longevity is certain, and it is a rule 
 to select seeds of vines from plants, the vari- 
 
14 
 
 eties of which have been the longest known. 
 Having demonstrated thus far the superi- 
 ority of cuttings of different vines near to 
 the original seedling, the next question in 
 this direction is that of simple seedlings. At 
 the experimental vineyard of the Union men- 
 tioned, there are thousands of seedlings, from 
 one to three years old, the products of seeds 
 of all the well-known varieties of this coun- 
 try, as well as of American and French wild 
 vines. These seedlings are in a nourishing 
 condition. 
 
 I have had several long consultations with 
 Mr. Triinoulet, the Vice President of the 
 Union and the especial advocate of the seed- 
 ling theory. He has given me copies of his 
 pamphlets and reports of the Union. He 
 thinks that generally, when seeds are taken 
 from vines, where the varieties are not mixed, 
 the new plants will reproduce the original. 
 But here he stops, and, as it appears to me, 
 suggests a plan very much superior to that of 
 the, American vine .advocates. He advises 
 the planting of seeds, taking care to select 
 from fruit which has not been exposed to 
 accidental hybridization. This can be done 
 as easily as carrot seeds can be planted, and 
 in about the same way. Improved methods 
 may be suggested for the careful and experi- 
 enced seed-gardener. The soil needs to be 
 light and well drained. At the end of one 
 year, select only the vigorous plants and set 
 them out in the vineyard, which, if once in- 
 fected by phylloxera, should be first disin- 
 fected. The vine-grower can, in the spring, 
 after the second year, graft these seedlings, 
 and so have old varieties preserved on kind- 
 red and healthy roots, or he can leave them 
 to develop to the time of fruiting, which 
 takes place on the fourth or fifth year. He 
 can then select those he wishes to retain for 
 the sake of fruit, and graft the rest. From 
 strong and vigorous productive vines he can 
 have superior grafting material. Or he may 
 graft the young plants in the second year, 
 immediately upon removing them from the 
 nursery, and obtain fruit in the third or 
 fourth year. 
 
 This method, if pursued, would in a gener- 
 ation cause the complete regeneration of vine- 
 yards. The reader should remember that 
 the best grapes ^for wine-making are not such 
 as he is accustomed to see in California fruit 
 stalls. The best wine grapes are not attrac- 
 tive to the palate, and seldom to the eye. 
 Hence, the product of a seedling must not be 
 judged by the first appearance of its fruit. 
 
 In the reports of the French Department 
 of Agriculture for July of this year, on the 
 subject of phylloxera, I find, among others, 
 one which treats in part of seedlings, as ex- 
 perimented with in another district. These 
 reports of the Department contain epitomized 
 
 statements from all the different sections. 
 The reporter in this instance refers to two 
 classes of objectors first, those who say that 
 seedlings of European vines do not resist 
 phylloxera better than the vines from which 
 the seeds come; second, those who complain 
 that seedlings are slow in fructification. The 
 answer to the first is that all seedlings have 
 not the same vigor, and it is necessary to 
 select the strongest. The answer to the 
 second is that the seedlings may be used to 
 graft upon, and may be obtained cheaper than 
 American vines. 
 
 "However," he says, "a vine, two years 
 old from the seed, may, by the English graft, 
 be grafted upon in the Spring, and will bear 
 fruit the next year, just as vines from cut- 
 tings. Indeed, this operation of grafting in 
 the Spring, which follows the plantation in 
 place of young seedlings of one year, is 
 practiced by Mons. Duclaux, pepiuierist at 
 Draguignan, with almost constant success. 
 As to the resistance of the seedlings to phyl- 
 loxera, here is the interesting experiment, 
 which is due to Doctor Dugat, of Orange: 
 
 "His field of experiments, surrounded by 
 vines attacked by phylloxera, was divided 
 into four parts in 1872. 
 
 ".The first, planted in vines of the district 
 (cuttings), perfectly healthy. 
 
 "The second, with cuttings of wild vines 
 collected on tue banks of the Khone. 
 
 "The third with seedlings. 
 
 "The fourth with sarments (cuttings rooted 
 before separation from the vine) from the 
 hillsides of the Hermitage. 
 
 "In 1877, the first portion had a mortality of 
 1 plant in 8; the second, lini; the third, 1 in 
 50; the fourth, 1 in 10. 
 
 "The victory remains, then, after six years, 
 to the seedlings, which show a mortality of 
 only two per cent." 
 
 It is perhaps true that by means of cut- 
 tings from European vines we cannot expect 
 to obtain plants thoroughly acclimated in 
 California. What may we not expect by 
 propagating from the seed which European 
 cuttings bear in our climate? 
 
 I have suggested the idea of a change of 
 seed to Mr. Trimoulet, who is now anxious 
 to experiment with seeds of European vines 
 grown in California. Our climate has had 
 good effects upon the eggs of silk worms; 
 perhaps it may produce a constitutional re- 
 juvenation of the vine through the seeds. 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 The opinions expressed in the foregoing 
 paragraphs relatingto the phylloxera , I have 
 no reason to change now, although I might 
 easily modify them, as I have done in the 
 first part of this article. I submit them 
 altogether for the careful study of our viti- 
 
15 
 
 culturists, hoping only that the general line 
 of the argument may be in the right direc- 
 tion. 
 
 HOW TO SEPARATE DEFECTIVE SEEDS. 
 
 Since writing the foregoing article, I have 
 found that about one-half the wild vine seeds, 
 which have been collected for me are "lights," 
 or dead. These may be separated from the 
 sound seeds by immersing them all together 
 in water, to which some salt has been added. 
 The "lights" will float and can be taken off 
 and thrown away. The sound seeds sink to 
 the bottom. I have, by careful count, found 
 that there is an average of four thousand 
 sound seeds to the pound; hence by careful 
 sowing the estimate of twenty pounds to the 
 acre for a nursery need not be changed. The 
 "lights" include the coffee-brown, reddish 
 and yellowish seeds, having less distinctive 
 peculiarities among the sound seeds to judge 
 varieties by. CHAS. A. WETMORE. 
 
 Professor Hilgard on Propagation of 
 the Wild Vine. 
 
 UNIVERSITY or CALIFORNIA, i 
 Feb. 23, 1880. J 
 
 EDITOR MERCHANT: I have read with great 
 interest, in your issue of 20th inst., the able 
 article by Mr. C. A. Wetmore, on the propa- 
 gation of the vine, and the question of ren- 
 dering our vineyards proof against the attacks 
 of the phylloxera. Mr. Wetmore grapples 
 with the problem from a point of view which 
 has been too much neglected in the eager 
 search for a remedy of the allopathic sort, 
 that would secure the prize offered by the 
 French Government; while the study of the 
 possible causes of the exemption of certain 
 kinds, has been attempted only by the least 
 promising line of approach the microscope. 
 
 Of the two main points upon which Mr. 
 Wetmore bases his recommendations, one, 
 viz: the resistance of wild vines, and of va- 
 rieties not far removed from them, is incon- 
 testable, and is the cornerstone of the plan 
 for the regeneration of the devastated vine- 
 yards of France, now being rapidly put into 
 practice in that country. His identification 
 of the "Zinfandels" as essentially "sylvan" 
 varieties, is most interesting and important. 
 Although the grape variety known by that 
 name^ in California is not proof against the 
 attacks of the parasite, it is certainly not as 
 susceptible as the Mission and Muscat; more- 
 over, it may itself be not altogether a pure, 
 uiihybridized stock. 
 
 However this may be, the well-known ten- 
 dency of seedlings to revert toward the orig- 
 inal wild stock, would alone serve as a strong 
 
 recommendation for their use in the propaga- 
 tion of vines intended to be grafted on other 
 roots. The additional point made by Mr. 
 W., that seedlings as a rule have stronger 
 and healthier roots than cuttings, and will 
 on that account alone offer greater resistance 
 to attacks of all kinds, involves a principle 
 that a priori will seem reasonable to every 
 one familiar with the business of propagation 
 of woody plants by the several possible 
 modes. 
 
 When, in addition, we consider the possi- 
 bility that among cultivated seedlings of the 
 California vine, we are quite as likely to dis- 
 cover choice wine grafts as among those from 
 which the Norton, Taylor and Isabella were 
 selected, th*e importance of testing thoroughly 
 the behavior of the native vine of California 
 under cultivation, becomes obvious, and I 
 shall consider these experiments, now inaug- 
 urated with seed kindly supplied by Mr. Wet- 
 more, as among the most important on our 
 experimental grounds. Unfortunately, we 
 are unable to fruit any vine at Berkeley in 
 the open air; hence the question of the qual- 
 ity of fruit produced must be tested else- 
 where, by careful and reliable viticulturists 
 to whom the seedlings will ultimately be dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 I have heretofore repeatedly urged upon 
 the afflicted wine growers of the Sonoma Val- 
 ley, the importance of using the native vine 
 as grafting stock for the vineyards of the fu- 
 ture. I can but emphasize that recommenda- 
 tion at this time, with the hope that all who 
 can will aid in carrying out in the several 
 sections of the State, the important experi- 
 ments suggested by Mr. Wetmore. 
 
 E. W. HILGARD. 
 
 Arpad Haraszthy on the Wild Vine, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, March 3, 1880. 
 CHAS. A. WETMORE, ESQ. Dear Sir: I 
 have read with great interest an article on 
 the vine emanating from you, and published 
 in the San Francisco MERCHANT on the 20th 
 of February, with a very well executed plate 
 illustrating the differences in growth between 
 seedlings and cuttings, and also showing a 
 splendid cut of the seedling of a wild vine 
 which for so long a time hung up in my 
 office. The matter of seedlings, and es- 
 pecially of seedlings of wild vines, in view 
 of the phyollxera, is one of the greatest im- 
 portance as well as interest to all interested in 
 viticulture. And from our present knowledge, 
 based upon the unhappy experiences of our 
 French neighbors in their effort to exterminate 
 or even restrict the ravages of this insect, it 
 would seem that in view of the high cost of 
 
16 
 
 remedies and preventatives, there is but one 
 feasible, practical method left to secure 
 ourselves against the ravages of the phyllox- 
 era, and that is by the planting of seedlings 
 from the wild grape. It is therefore, 
 of the utmost interest that as many experi- 
 ments be made in this direction as possible 
 throughout the State, and more especially in 
 Sonoma valley, where the phylloxera is now 
 carrying on its ravages, quietly and slowly, 
 but surely. And I consider that you have 
 accomplished a great good, and one that will 
 last, in the successful efforts you have made 
 to gather seeds of our wild vine for public 
 distribution. As far as I am concerned I 
 confess to having become an entire convert 
 to the value of seedlings over that of cut- 
 tings in the planting of new vineyards, and 
 especially in phylloxera infected districts. 
 And everything tends to demonstrate that 
 our wild vine is not injured by the phylloxera. 
 In the valley of Sonoma, as we together had 
 occasion to observe in numerous instances 
 last Fall, the wild vine grows in the utmost 
 luxuriance right alongside of the in- 
 fected cultivated varieties, not only along 
 the creeks, but also along the fences, 
 almost entwining its branches with those 
 of its cultivated and dying neighbors. 
 Though this, as you mentioned in your 
 article on the propagation of the vine, 
 may not be positive proof against the 
 ravages of the phylloxera, still it has a 
 strong leaning that way. But outside of the 
 chances of discovering a vine that may resist 
 this terrible scourge, through propagation 
 from the seeds of the wild vine, there is a 
 very great likelihood of discovering new and 
 valuable qualities for wine-making. And 
 from the three samples of red wine you have 
 submitted to me, made from the grapes of 
 the wild vine, by Mr. C. Mattier, I am thor- 
 oughly convinced that this will be accom- 
 plished as soon as the seeds you have gratu- 
 itously distributed will bring forth their 
 product. Of the three samples you sub- 
 mitted to me, two of them, the red and the 
 dark brown red, have an excellent body, a 
 good clear astringence, a very mild sub- 
 acid and a strongly marked port taste. I think 
 if after cultivation they retain these quali- 
 ties, they will become valuable for the pro- 
 duction of native port and sherry wines. 
 But the gem of the three was the last the 
 beautiful rich violet, purple colored sample. 
 This was one of the very prettiest clarets I 
 have ever tasted, of its age, in any country. It 
 had a remarkable resemblance to the new, 
 pure red wines of the Medoc at a similar 
 age as I remember them. Like them it had 
 a fine free and subacid flavor, the first giving 
 a freshness to their taste, and the latter a 
 
 lasting sensation the body just light enough 
 a fine strong but agreeable astringency 
 which always assures great keeping and good 
 traveling qualities. The color was identical, 
 only several tones deeper. And like the 
 good medoc wines when new, the flavor was 
 almost neutral. There appeared after care- 
 ful tasting but one difference, and that was 
 the faintest suspicion of a porty taste, which I 
 believe would not exist after the vine is culti- 
 vated, and which I attribute entirely to the 
 great proportion which the seeds occupied in 
 the fermenting mass. I think this vine will 
 in the future be placed side by side with the 
 noble Zinfandel as a claret grape, and think 
 you have done California an inestimable ser- 
 vice in its discovery. 
 
 As to grafting upon the wild vine or its 
 seedlings, I need not say anything further on 
 that head. I advocated that plan in an arti- 
 cle published in the Overland Monthly in 
 1871-1872, with the purpose of securing a 
 greater production and still retaining the 
 quality desired. 
 
 In conclusion let me say that I will en- 
 deavor in every manner in my power tb assist 
 you in having experiments made in this 
 direction. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 ABPAD HAKASZTHY, 
 President State Vinicultural Society. 
 
 The Wild Vine. 
 
 We hardly need call attention to the mag- 
 nificent lithograph which we present with 
 this week's MERCHANT to our subscribers. 
 The exhaustive article by Charles A. Wet- 
 more, Esq., on the propagation of the vine, 
 which accompanies it, is the most valuable 
 contribution this gentleman has yet made to 
 the literature of viticulture in the United 
 States, and will be immensely appreciated in 
 France, where hundreds of costly volumes 
 have been published on the vine. It is the 
 first extended notice or illustration of the 
 wild vine of California that has been pub- 
 lished in any country. The chapter on the 
 Zinfandel, now the most popular grape in 
 California, is entirely new. It appears that 
 our Zinfandel is of comparatively recent wild 
 origin. The tradition is that it wa,s first ob- 
 tained from the seed of a wild grape found in 
 the woods of Central Europe. Mr. Wetmore 
 has gathered at great expense a quantity of 
 seed of the wild vine of California and placed 
 some of it in our hands, in half and one 
 pound packages, for distribution. On appli- 
 cation to this office a package will be sent 
 free by express to any address, express 
 charges collectable on delivery. Any farmer 
 in any part of the State who will send for a 
 
17 
 
 package and distribute a few seeds among his 
 neighbors for planting, will do himself and 
 his section of the country a great benefit. 
 Subscribers should preserve the plate, as it 
 will prove of great value to persons who are 
 cultivating vines and have no access to more 
 pretentious works. For the convenience of 
 those who desire to frame one, we have had 
 a number struck off on superior paper. Cop- 
 ies of the latter will be sent by mail, postage 
 paid, securely packed in a pasteboard cone, 
 to any address, on receipt of fifty cents in 
 postage stamps. 
 
 
 The Physical and Moral Influence of 
 the Vine. 
 
 [From the Californian.] 
 
 The progress of viniculture in California 
 invites us to consider two important ques- 
 tions: What are to be its effects upon indus- 
 try and commerce? What are to be its 
 influences upon our people? 
 
 We must first estimate the extent to which 
 this industry may be profitably developed 
 before we can speculate upon its social re- 
 sults. That it will be developed to a great 
 extent, if profitable, we have no reason to 
 doubt. 
 
 Fortunately, we do not need to question 
 the practicability of producing grapes abun- 
 dantly, and as cheaply as in any country that 
 might become our rival for the new markets 
 which we may desire to supply. The vine 
 flourishes in all parts of our State. Its fruit 
 matures to perfection throughout an extent 
 of country from San Diego on the south to 
 Shasta on the north, and from the Coast 
 Kange to the Sierra Nevada. The possibili- 
 ties of production are almost incalculable. 
 It has been common to estimate our viticul- 
 tural area, in rough figures, as being equal to 
 that of France, where about six million acres 
 have been cultivated. This guess, however, 
 is based only upon rough estimates of choice 
 vineyard lands. If, however, the demand for 
 the culture of the vine should be increased in 
 this State relatively in proportion to the de- 
 mand in France, where lands are pressed into 
 this service without regard to their especial 
 fitness for it, we could easily select thirty mil- 
 lion acres which would produce better aver- 
 age crops than are produced in France. 
 Fiance during the decade of 1868-77 produced 
 an average annual crop of wine amounting to 
 one billion five hundred million gallons. If we 
 had sufficient population and demands for 
 wine, we might produce, before exhausting 
 our soils, eight or ten billion gallons of wine 
 annually. 
 
 It is impossible to estimate the probable 
 
 consumption of wine of the whole world in 
 the future. Consumption is not now the 
 measure of probable demand; it measures 
 only present production, which is not equal 
 to the demands of consumers. The culture 
 of the vine is limited to certain countries, 
 whose capacity in this direction appears to be, 
 in the Old World, practically tested in the 
 fullest degree. We cannot tell how much 
 greater the consumption might become if 
 there were a largely increased production. 
 The average annual production of wine in 
 Europe was estimated a few years ago as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Countries. American Wine Gallons. 
 
 France 1,505,000,000 
 
 Italy , 810,650,000 
 
 Austro-Hungary 575,300,000 
 
 Spain 523,000,000 
 
 Germany 156,900,000 
 
 Portugal 130,750,000 
 
 Kussia and Turkey 52,300,000 
 
 Greece and Cyprus 26,150,000 
 
 Eoumania : 15,690,000 
 
 Switzerland . 10,460,000 
 
 Total 3,836,200,000 
 
 Only a comparatively small portion of this 
 product is exported to countries not produ- 
 cing wine. Wine producers appear to de- 
 velop their markets principally among their 
 immediate neighbors. The rapidity with 
 which the home markets increase in consum- 
 ing power indicates, possibly, the rapidity 
 with which wine supplants all other bever- 
 ages, wherever it becomes abundant and 
 eheap. 
 
 There may be several reasons for the very 
 small ratio that the increase in exportation 
 bears to the increase in home consumption. 
 The expense of transportation must be con- 
 sidered; but this does not appear to be the 
 controlling obstacle to exportation. Nations 
 generally prefer some national beverage 
 which is produced at home. Wine appears to 
 be the most popular, where it can be obtained 
 in sufficient quantities to satisfy popular de- 
 mands. The home market, therefore, mo- 
 nopolizes its use in a great degree, and 
 wherever the home demand equals the sup- 
 ply, there is little inducement toward edu- 
 cating popular tastes in foreign lands. Wine 
 which is ordinaire at home, and a staple arti- 
 cle of diet, is suffered to remain an article of 
 luxury abroad. There is another very impor- 
 tant obstacle to an increased exportation 
 the non-transportability of the greater por- 
 tion of European wines. Only a few of the 
 products of France, Spain, Portugal and 
 Italy can be transported, through changes of 
 
18 
 
 temperature and varying climates, without 
 fortification with alcohol. 
 
 It is impossible to determine, even ap- 
 proximately, to what extent France might 
 increase her foreign markets for wine, if she 
 produced more and consumed less; but the 
 rapidity with which cheap table wines become 
 popular in new countries, whenever the sup- 
 ply is forced upon them in an abundant 
 manner, goes to show that if there were 
 more wine there would be more consumers. 
 To be popular in everyday use, it must cease 
 to be an exceptional luxury, which can hap- 
 pen only when enough is furnished to effect- 
 ually supplant other beverages. The increased 
 consumption of beer in America- illustrates 
 this principle. Popular things must be plen- 
 tiful. 
 
 During the, decade 1829-38, France pro- 
 duced an average wine crop annually of 
 890,000,300 gallons. This was increased in 
 forty years to 1,505,000,000 gallons, or nearly 
 doubled in quantity. - The increase in home 
 consumption was enormous equal to 740,- 
 000,000 gallons, or at the rate of 18,500,000 
 gallons increase for each successive year. 
 Exportations increased from 33,000,000 gal- 
 lons to 68,000,000 gallons, or at the rate of 
 less than 1,000,000 gallons for each succes- 
 sive year. Meanwhile, the importations have 
 increased from 56,800 to 40,000,000 gallons; 
 also, the quantity distilled and converted into 
 vinegar decreased to an extent two and a half 
 times greater than the increase of exporta- 
 tions. The price of wine also increased 
 steadily. These facts show how rapidly wine 
 may grow in favor as a popular beverage. 
 The demands of foreign markets have been 
 the least to cause the vast progress of French 
 viniculture. The home demand has really 
 been greater than the supply, and we have, 
 therefore, no facts to indicate to what extent 
 foreign markets for wine might have been 
 developed if the supply had been sufficiently 
 abundant. 
 
 Spain can only, with few exceptions, send 
 her natural light wines toward the north. 
 They find a market during the winter in 
 Paris and other parts of France. The alco- 
 holized wines of Spain and Portugal are too 
 spirituous ever to become popular beverages 
 for daily use, and we cannot, therefore, de- 
 duce anything from the commerce in them to 
 show the possible limit of the exportation of 
 natural table wines. We observe, however, 
 that whenever pure natural wine is plentiful 
 it becomes popular, and the consumption 
 generally equals the supply. We have seen 
 the supply becoming abundant in California, 
 and at the same time consumption has in- 
 creased in a few years, so that now more 
 wine -is consumed here by a population of 
 
 less than a million than is imported into the 
 whole United States from France. The 
 abundant supply is the educator. 
 
 From a study of all the facts bearing on 
 this subject, it seems probable that if Cali- 
 fornia should increase her production to 
 1,000,000,000 gallons annually, markets 
 would open themselves as fast as her abun- 
 dance was ready to supply them. California 
 wines have a superior commercial value. 
 They are transportable into and through all 
 climates, without requiring adulteration with 
 alcohol. We can, therefore, produce the 
 merchandise in abundance and find markets 
 for it. This view of our vinicultural indus- 
 try is flattering to our ideas of future impor- 
 tance and encouraging to the farmer. Our 
 vineyards may be increased one hundred fold 
 at least with safety, provided reasonable 
 methods of culture be pursued, and the re- 
 quisite skill in wine making acquired. 
 
 We have, however, taken no note of the 
 vines that will be required by raisin produ- 
 cers. More brandy would be distilled iii 
 France, if there were wine to spare. We can 
 always have wine to spare if we cultivate suf- 
 ficiently, because we have an abundance of 
 suitable land. The time may possibly come 
 when syrup made from grape juice will be a 
 popular article of diet. These things prom- 
 ise increase to the vineyards. Kapid trans- 
 portation promises a great market among our 
 Eastern tellow citizens for fresh grapes. 
 Surely there is no danger of over-production. 
 Our people will soon realize this, and the 
 rush of the Argonauts of 1849 will be 
 distanced by the rush to the shrine of the 
 wine god in the near future. 
 
 The results which this agricultural devel- 
 opment will show in our industrial and com- 
 mercial life will be amazing. The gold of the 
 Sierra did not build cities as surely as will 
 the vines of its foothills. One million fami- 
 lies, as proprietors of vineyards, will produce 
 one billion gallons of wine. Another million 
 families will obtain support in the industries 
 and mercantile pursuits which will rest on 
 this production. Fleets of ships will come 
 and go, and add spirit to the busy scene. Viti- 
 culture will increase the population of the 
 cities around the Golden Gate one million 
 souls. Most notable will be the effect upon 
 the country towns. The vine makes homes 
 in the country attractive, and develops 
 village growth. Already we see this tendency 
 in our new State. Los Angeles, San Gabriel, 
 Anaheim, Sonoma, St. Helena, Mission San 
 Jose how beautifully they grow! Village 
 life is the secret of French prosperity. The 
 country is all utilized and labor economized. 
 The vine and industry intertwine wherever 
 the people are industrious. The one nour- 
 
19 
 
 ishes and supports the other, and makes life 
 tolerable both to the peasant and to the fac- 
 tory hand. Our villagers will tend vines, pick 
 and crush grapes, nurse wines; and among 
 them there will live coopers, wagoners, 
 kitchen gardeners, dairymen, silk spinners 
 and the pressers of the sacred olive oil. 
 Shepherds and herdsmen will come down 
 from the hilltops to sleep in vineclad cot- 
 tages. We know what viticulture has done 
 elsewhere; we can predict what it will do 
 here. 
 
 The Department of the Gironde in France 
 affords ample proof for the assertion that 
 "the vine is the friend of man." That de- 
 partment, in which the trade of Bordeaux 
 springs to life, contains 2,520,000 acres, of 
 which about one-half is wooded, desert or 
 swamp. The greater portion of the arable 
 iaiid is covered with vines. The area of vine- 
 yards was computed in 1873 at 471,000 acres. 
 The population in 1876 was 735,242. Of 
 this Bordeaux had 215,000. Viticulture is its 
 chief support. What it has done for this sec- 
 tion of France, it can and will do for the 
 counties of Napa and Sonoma in California. 
 Those two counties will yet sustain as much 
 population as the entire State does now. 
 Vallejo may yet have a population of two 
 hundred thousand. Edouard Feret, in his 
 Statistique Generate, says: "The development 
 of population in a great number of rural com- 
 munes of our department (the Gironde) 
 seems everywhere to coincide, or rather to be 
 the consequence of, the progress of viticul- 
 ture, which forms, without doubt, the basis 
 of our public fortune." Equal marvels of 
 the sustaining power of the vine are to be 
 seen in other parts of France; but in the Bor- 
 deaux district they are less complicated with 
 other industrial forces than elsewhere. Cette, 
 on the Mediterranean, has grown from 10,000 
 to 40,000 inhabitants during the last twenty- 
 five years, its support being chiefly the prep- 
 aration of imitation wines. The Bordeaux 
 district (the Gironde) produces about 80,- 
 000,000 gallons of wine annually. This pro- 
 duct will be equaled in California before 
 many years have passed away. This growth, 
 by its own vitalizing force, will support 
 metropolitan life equal to that of Bordeaux. 
 People do not like to leave their "vine and 
 fig tree." No other homes are more charm- 
 ing than their own. Viticulture and vinicul- 
 ture establish communities and check rovers. 
 The vineyardist not only loves his occupation, 
 but he becomes enthusiastic in it. He is the 
 truest patriot who loves his home life most. 
 The vine is therefore not only "the friend of 
 man," but it also makes him more loyal to 
 his country. It exerts a material influence 
 upon the State, and leads to industry. Viti- 
 
 culture will inspire men with the spirit of 
 industry and bless them with contentment; 
 it will check the feverish spirit of speculation 
 and gambling. 
 
 And here we begin to think of the moral, 
 as well as the material, influence of the vine 
 upon our growing population . Those directly 
 engaged in this industry, whether as farmers, 
 wine makers, raisin dryers, brokers, coopers 
 or merchants, will feel securely settled in 
 permanent occupations. The vine grower 
 will not be as unsettled in mind as the potato 
 grower; his crops have world- wide markets, 
 and may rest, if converted into wine vinegar, 
 brandy or raisins, until markets are ready for 
 them. This condition of industry must 
 necessarily exert a powerful influence upon 
 his character and disposition. Security will 
 make him contented and genial. His occu- 
 pation is such that he becomes satisfied with 
 a comparatively small farm, and surrounds 
 himself with agricultural laborers, whose 
 lives are not dependent upon precarious 
 harvest demands. The work about vineyards 
 and wine cellars requires trained men; raw 
 recruits from intelligence offices or the Indian 
 reservations will not do for the vineyard, as 
 they may for the dreary wheat farms. Coun- 
 try life, under the influence of viticulture, 
 becomes compact; villages spring into exist- 
 ence and society organizes. The p*-oprietor 
 becomes proud of his success, and looks upon 
 his products with the sensitive affection of 
 the artist. Each vine growing section swears 
 by i^s own wine. In France the Bordelais 
 never tires of singing the praises of his own 
 wine, and stoutly maintains that his is the 
 best and that all others are trash. He is 
 content with his lot. The Maconais with 
 equal zeal rejoices in his warm and generous 
 wine, and denounces the Bordelais claret as 
 cold and rough. So, too, with vignerons of 
 the Landes, of Languedoc and of the Marne. 
 And so, too, does the Spaniard boast of his 
 vino del pals. The German thinks that he 
 only knows how to nurse wine; that the 
 Frenchman knows how to "doctor" it. The 
 Hungarian looks upon his wine and his 
 country as inseparable; treason to one is 
 treason to the other. So proud is he of his 
 product that he er nobles those who obtain 
 honor for it in foreign lands. 
 
 Not many years ago, the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Vienna encouraged Mr. Max Greger 
 to endeavor to make known in England Hun- 
 garian wines, which in many respects re- 
 semble those of California. He labored with 
 zeal to do this, attacking old prejudices in 
 London with courage and persistence, and 
 succeeded finally in breaking down the 
 monopoly of public favor enjoyed by the 
 trade in port, sherry and French claret. He 
 
20 
 
 began ninth on the list of large importers into 
 England and last year stood the second. Hun- 
 garian pride was touched and gratified. This 
 wine merchant was considered as a great 
 patriot. He was honored with the order of the 
 "Golden Cross of Merit with the Crown." 
 In 1875, the Emperor of Austria conferred 
 upon him the title of "Knight of the Imperial 
 Order of Franz Josef." And still further, he 
 was raised to the nobility, with rank to de- 
 scend to his children. The Crown Prince of 
 Austria, in 1878, when visiting England, 
 found among the notable places he was in- 
 structed to visit, the cellars of Mr. Max Gre- 
 ger, which he inspected in a public manner 
 most gratifying to his countrymen. 
 
 No other industry begets so much local and 
 national pride. It inspires laudable ambi- 
 tion, rather than avarice. We have seen 
 much of this industry among the pioneers in 
 our own State. Agoston Haraszthy began to 
 think of it, and the more he thought the 
 more did his self-interest sink out of sight in 
 the grand idea to be the promoter of vinicul- 
 ture. He traveled throughout Europe, nom- 
 inally as a StateCommissioner from California 
 but in fact at his own expense, and gathered 
 not only information but thousands of vines 
 of many hundred varieties, wiiich he culti- 
 vated at Sonoma, and upon the success of 
 which has been based the many experiments 
 which have so successfully proved the value 
 of our new industry. Among his greatest 
 successes was the culture of the Zinfandel, a 
 Hungarian grape heretofore little known in 
 viniculture, but which is destined to lift Cali- 
 fornia wine cellars into successful rivalry 
 with the boasted cellars of Bordeaux. His 
 son, Arpad Haraszthy, was educated to pur- 
 sue this work. The father realized how much 
 there was to learn; his son caught the spirit 
 and devoted several years to study in the 
 Civil Polytechnic School at Paris, to appren- 
 ticeship in the champagne district, and to 
 practical work in the vineyards and cellars of 
 Bordeaux. Our pioneer vineyardists risked 
 everything, and struggled for years against 
 shy capital, creditors and a prejudiced public; 
 very few of them lost their faith, even when 
 oppressed by disaster and debt. The vine is 
 a spring of hope, promising gladness. Now 
 the battle has been won against capital, 
 against inexperience and the mistakes of 
 judgment and against popular prejudice. It 
 is pleasant to know that of the pioneers in 
 this industry fewer have failed, notwithstand- 
 ing their inexperience and the hazards ot ex- 
 perimenting, than are recorded in the history 
 of other efforts to make this State habitable. 
 Such vitality is the promise of grand successes 
 in the not distant future. 
 
 Now, as to the consequences. California 
 
 is becoming a community of wine drinkers. 
 This means a great deal. We can foresee 
 the time when pure, natural light wines will 
 become a part of the daily food of the major- 
 ity of our people. How will this affect their 
 social dispositions and their habits ? Care- 
 fully prepared statistics show that the dispo- 
 sition toward alcoholic excesses, and the 
 dyspeptic predisposition to dipsomania, are 
 scarcely appreciable in places where pure 
 natural wine particularly red wine, of the 
 claret or Burgundy types are substituted as 
 popular beverages for other stimulants. 
 Dyspepsia and liver troubles are scarcely 
 known among regular wine drinkers, while 
 they are common even among the most care- 
 ful teetotalers. Where wine is produced, the 
 people know enough to avoid alcoholic com- 
 pounds, such as port and sherry, as prepared 
 for foreign markets. Pure wine does not in- 
 clude port and sherry, as known to us, for 
 they contain an addition of distilled spir- 
 its. Old fashioned English and American 
 physicians prescribe port and sherry; a 
 French physician knows better; he pres- 
 cribes a ripened, pure, dry claret, as a tonic 
 beverage and regulator of the digestive and 
 assimilating organs. France manufactures 
 great quantities of ports and sherries, but 
 she refuses to drink them. Our people, 
 with an abundance of pure table wine, will 
 reject heavy beer, whisky, bar-room and club 
 tippling, and all the abominations of com- 
 pounded and alcoholized wines. A proper, 
 well-fermented wine, used habitually as an 
 accompaniment of meals, rapidly exhausts 
 the common thirst for a stimulant, which is 
 now the cause of frequent tippling. The 
 "pint" of pure wine is grape-juice, in which 
 its sugar has been converted into fermented, 
 not distilled, spirit, and in which certain 
 etherial parts become ripened into natural 
 bouquets and aromas, which bring quiet to 
 restless -nerves and content to the mind. It 
 contains also the natural acids of the fruit. 
 The wine drinker, therefore, eats fruit regu- 
 larly at his meals, and has no trouble with 
 his stomach and his liver. The wine brings 
 him health, and the world looks bright to 
 him, because he is not "bilious." The revo- 
 lutionists of France are not the wine drink- 
 ers; it is absinthe, beet-root spirits, and 
 wretched adulterations, that give life to the 
 restless, complaining, and brutal commune. 
 A fruit diet, such as wine drinkers reason- 
 ably and regularly indulge in, cures dyspep- 
 sia and a bilious temper. They need little 
 fresh fruit; they take it bottled, as some take 
 it canned. 
 
 The habit of wine drinking at meals, be- 
 sides conducing to a general healthful action 
 of the digestive and assimilating organs of 
 
21 
 
 life, and producing a cheerful temper, pro- 
 motes many social reforms. After hard la- 
 bor, man's nature seeks relaxation, restora- 
 tion from exhaustion, and a pleasurable 
 reward. It is useless to moralize about it, 
 unless we recognize this want of his system. 
 We have two antagonistic schools of moral- 
 ists who treat upon the subject of intemper- 
 ance. Intemperance results simply from 
 illtimed, excessive, careless, unreasonable, or 
 compulsory habits of dieting. What one 
 drinks is part of his diet. There are those 
 whose docrine is, that man should obtain 
 the least possible physical enjoyment from 
 the greatest possible exertion. Others think 
 that the greatest possible resonable and 
 sane enjoyment should be the reward of 
 labor. The latter do not affect to consider 
 physical enjoyment as degrading; they do 
 not think it beneath their dignity to discuss 
 what they eat and drink, as critics; they re- 
 joice in an invention which causes twenty- 
 five cents to produce a more agreeable sen- 
 sation to the palate and a greater comfort in 
 digestion. The true cook is an inventor who 
 endeavors, not to procure the greatest amount 
 of enjoyment at unlimited cost, but the 
 greatest from a given and limited expendi- 
 ture. He is an eclectic; he rejects woody 
 radishes, rank water-cress, and heavy wines, 
 and selects young and tender esculents, and 
 dry tonic wines, with bouquets that make 
 the lips smack before they touch the glass. 
 
 Wine is a civilizer in the family. It makes 
 the dinner eventful, and prolongs its period 
 of enjoyment. It brings man and wife into 
 full sympathy, and lets the woman into the 
 man's most entertaining moods. He does not 
 save his wit and smiles for the bar-room and 
 club. It brings a sense of satisfaction, peace 
 and comfort, and invites to repose, and not 
 to excitement. Wine drinking families are 
 not divorced every evening. Their enjoy- 
 ments are in close communion with freedom, 
 frankness and congeniality. Home is better 
 than any club or bar-room, and the bachelors 
 seek such homes to visit. Pater familias 
 does not need to seek the bachelor at the 
 club or the saloon. Moreover, his luxuries 
 become cheap and economical in this way, 
 and he becomes hospitable. The bottle of 
 wine makes the table cheerful; the tired and 
 over-anxious wife is not troubled about what 
 she has to offer her guest. Such tables offer 
 no apologies, and need none. 
 
 Wein, weib, gesang; these are the results. 
 Wine is not jealous, nor timid. It unites 
 man and wife, and they sing; their hearts 
 sing if their voices cannot. Without wine, 
 stimulus comes from behind doors and 
 screeens. It is secretive and ashamed of it- 
 self. Whisky, and even beer, to a great ex- 
 
 tent, divorce the family relations, destroy 
 home society, become ill-timed and unrea- 
 sonable, and lead to discord and complaint. 
 A man leaves an ill digested and poorly en- 
 joyed silent dinner, to wander in seach of 
 some relaxation. He ceases then to control 
 his actions, because other houses and places 
 are not under his control. He ceases to 
 know what he drinks, and is imposed upon. 
 He goes home relaxed, perhaps jolly; he 
 forgets that his wife has not had the same 
 relaxation, and his jolly temper is turned 
 acid by her habitual tired expressions and 
 coolness. Women fight the saloons partly 
 from fear, partly from jealousy; neither hab- 
 itual fear nor habitual jealousy are promot- 
 ers of peace, good will and contentment. The 
 women then begin to think of rights of all 
 kinds, and women's rights in particular. 
 Wine at the table would make it all right. 
 
 When we talk of "wine and women," too 
 many think only of champagne and hilarity. 
 This is not what we mean by wine drinking. 
 Champagne is an exceptional luxury; but 
 natural wines, such as sound dry Zinfandel, 
 or Riesling, are never boisterous. They lead 
 to no more excesses than tea or coffee, and 
 are rarely as dangerous to the stomach. The 
 condition of the stomach and liver rules the 
 head. Avoid distilled spirits, regarding them 
 as drugs, useful when intelligently pre- 
 scribed; avoid alcoholized wines and heavy 
 beers; and there will be no danger of intem- 
 perance. Let prohibitory legislation reform 
 itself. Seek out specific dangers, and re- 
 strain them, as the sale of drugs is restricted. 
 Punish adulterations and adulterers, and 
 society will be very safe and happy. The 
 vine has been called "the friend of man;" it 
 should be called the mutual friend of man 
 and wife. It is an anti-divorce prescription. 
 
 There has never yet been a good opportu- 
 nity to observe the effect of habitual wine- 
 drinking upon an Anglo-Saxon community. 
 No country mainly composed of Anglo-Sax- 
 ons has yet been a wine producer, to the ex- 
 tent of providing sufficient to supplant spirits 
 as a beverage. We are to test the question 
 in this State, and perhaps in the United 
 States. The studenj; of temperaments, how- 
 ever, has much to base opinions upon. The 
 Frenchman and the Irishman, when judged 
 on equal terms, differ mainly in their hab- 
 its, which control thought and sentiment. 
 What might not wine have done for Ireland? 
 What might not whisky have done for 
 France? There are wine-drinking English- 
 men (not the port and sherry drinkers), 
 Irishmen, Germans, and Americans. Ob- 
 serve, then, their family life, their gentleness 
 and gentility, their affections, and their unity. 
 American topers go to France and come back 
 
22 
 
 cured come back gentlemen. Wine makes "Grog" means all that goes with and sur- 
 
 gentlemen, as grog makes brutes. Wine rounds it all that surrounds its consumer, 
 
 makes a polite tongue; whisky makes a foul- The vine will build up our State and enrich 
 
 mouthed blackguard. Wine carries with it and comfort our people. Wine will cure 
 
 the associations with which it is served; dyspepsia, change a bilious temper, repair a 
 
 whisky does likewise. Man is a machine broken hearth, relieve woman's lonesome- 
 
 unimpressible, unteachable, while at work ness, and mend our manners, 
 
 his ideas flow and he receives impressions Moral: plant vines, and make a home; 
 
 when relaxed. How can a man become a drink wine, and become a gentleman, 
 
 gentleman who gets his relaxation in grog? CHARLES A. WETMOBE. 
 
Since the publication of the first edition of 
 this pamphlet, I have received numerous let- 
 ters concerning the wild vine in California 
 (vitis Calif ornica) . I take pleasure now in 
 publishing them as an addition to those of 
 Prof. Hilgard and Mr. Arpad Hararzthy. 
 
 Professor HUSUIIUD of the U diversity of 
 Missouri wrote me as follows: 
 
 University of the State of Missouri. 
 Columbia, MX, March 29, 1880. 
 
 CHAS. A. WETMOKE, ESQ. : Dear Sir I 
 have just recived a copy of the San Francisco 
 MEKCHANT of February 20th, containing your 
 interesting paper and illustration of seed- 
 lings, we., of Vitis Calif ornica. 
 
 I believe with you that such a course as 
 you advise will ultimately lead to two results, 
 viz : 1st, establishing a race of phylloxera- 
 proof vines ; 2d, obtaining fruit with enough 
 of coloring matter and tannin to make good 
 old wines. 
 
 I know,, from correspondence with several 
 of your leading grape growers, that the latter 
 is a desideratum of primary importance. I 
 cannot see, however, how the Vitis Calif or- 
 nica, if it really produces such superior fruit, 
 has so long been overlooked and ignored. I 
 would have thought that it would have at- 
 tracted attention at once, even before the 
 phylloxera raid. My friend, H. W. Crabb, 
 of Oakville, has long been experimenting 
 with varieties of our vines here, which I had 
 to send him, for the purpose of finding the 
 true red wine grape. 
 
 I am very sorrow that I did not see your 
 communication in time to embody an extract 
 from it in my book now in press, " American 
 Grape Growing and Wine Making, " which 
 contains already several communications 
 from California. I have shipped a great 
 many phylloxera-proof vines and cuttings to 
 France, and also some to Messrs. Dresel and 
 Gundlach & Co. in your State. I am deeply 
 interested in this, as well as all questions re- 
 lating to grape culture, but so far, knew 
 hardly of existence of Vitis Calif ornica, and 
 did not suppose it produced any valuable 
 fruit. I should be very much obliged to you 
 for a small package of seeds, as also, if yet in 
 time, of a few cuttiugs of some desirable va- 
 rities for grafting, to be tried in our experi- 
 mental vineyard here. If you desire it I can 
 reciprocate with some cuttings of Newton 
 Pearl, Black Taylor and Transparent, which 
 you will find described in our catalogue, which 
 I send, and shall be glad to correspond with 
 you at any time. Hoping to hear from you 
 soon, I remain yours truly, GEO. HUSMANN. 
 
 A package of seeds was sent by me to Prof 
 Foex, of the National School of Agriculture 
 at Montpellier, France, at which institution 
 are growing all the well known varieties of 
 American vines. The Professor kindly re- 
 sponded as follows: 
 
 Department Agriculture and Commerce, 
 National School Agriculture of Montpellier 
 Viticultural Station. 
 
 MONTPELLIER, Apiil 6, 1880. 
 
 DEAR SIR Permit me to thank you for 
 your kindness in sending me seeds of the 
 Vitis Calif ornica. I am infinitely obliged to 
 you for having remembered my request, for we 
 (Prof. Planchon and myself) have had a great 
 desire to possess this variety, which has not 
 before this been imported into Europe. 
 Thanks to your kindness, we are going to 
 have an opportunity to study it. 
 
 The tendency toward the plantation of 
 American vines becomes more and more es- 
 tablished with us, by reason of the failure of 
 insecticides in places which have been for a 
 long time attacked by phylloxera. The types 
 which we prefer are, for the sake of their 
 fruits, the Jacquez (or Ohio, Cigar-box, etc.), 
 Herbemont (or Warren), and the Black [uly 
 (or Devereux Lenoir). For grafting stock we 
 prefer the wild Vitis Riparia, which is sent to 
 us from Missouri, Iowa and Kansas, and the 
 Vitis Rupestris, from Texa*. 
 
 I take the liberty in addressing to you by 
 this same mail a little pamphlet containing a 
 resume of practical lessons in grafting Amer- 
 ican vines, which I gave a month ago at the 
 College of Agriculture. 
 
 Accept, dear sir, my kindest regards, etc., 
 
 G. FOEX. 
 
 CHAS A. Wetmore, 3an Francisco, Cal. 
 
 The publication of a notice in the SAN 
 FRANCISCO MERCHANT offering to distribute 
 gratis packages of the seed brought to the ed- 
 itor of that paper and to myself a great num- 
 ber of applications. The entire collection 
 which I had made amounting to three hun- 
 dred and twenty five pounds of seeds, have 
 been distributed in parcels from a half pound 
 in weight upwards. Accidentally, a complete 
 list of the names to whom these were sent 
 was lost, but the following names are remem- 
 bered; Professor E. W. Hilgard, California 
 State University; John L. Beard, Centerville, 
 Alameda Co; Chas. Kohler, Sonora; Gund- 
 lach & Co, Sonoma; Chas. Krug, St. Helena, 
 Napa County; Hon. S. C. Hastings, Kuther- 
 ford, Napa County; C. T. Hopkins, for Los 
 Angeles County; Jas. H. Drummond, Glen 
 
24 
 
 Ellen, Sonoma Connty; Oliver Halden, 
 Fresno; J. A. Drinkhouse, Sacramento; H. 
 E. Hitchcock, Oakland; M. Keller, Los An- 
 geles; Mrs. W. B. Bourne, St. Helena; Miss 
 Lulu Littleton, Alameda; E. H. Bifford, San 
 Francisco; Howe & Hall, San Francisco; Mr. 
 Hillon, Sec'y, Natoma W. M. Co., Folsom; 
 J. B. Whitney, San Jose; J. B. Pierce, Santa 
 Clara; Wellman, Peck & Co, San Francisco; 
 Dr. F. Wrightson, Napa; Hon. H. M. Street- 
 er, Biverside; E. Brierly, Biverside; Fred. I. 
 Huse, San Diego; Miss Hannah Millard, 
 Lake County. 
 
 Packages have been sent out of this State 
 to the following: Professor Husmann, Univer- 
 sity of Missouri; Leonard Casper, Saratoga 
 Sprints, New York; Hawaiian Commercial 
 Co, Honolulu; Professor Foex, National 
 School of Agriculture, Montpellier, France; 
 A. H. Trimoulet, Vice President Viticultural 
 Union of the Entre-deux-Mers, Bordeaux; 
 to Italy by the Italian Consul; to Spain by 
 Mess. Hellman Bros & Co. 
 
 I have recently received letters from Win. 
 C. Mattier, of Harbins Springs, Lake County, 
 who is pursuing his studies of this vine with 
 great zeal and care. This year hip seedlings 
 will be two years old. He 'finds differences 
 in bark, roots and leaves among the wild 
 vines, as well as in the wine. I have receiv- 
 ed from him samples of wine he made for 
 me last year which will soon be examined 
 by experts It is now old enough to study. 
 
 At my suggestion he has waived his right 
 to name these seedlings and has adopted the 
 name I mentioned to him, which is Matilda 
 seedling or as he uses it in his native lan- 
 guage la Matilde. For convenience in refer- 
 ing to these seedlings, which will differ in 
 some respects no doubt from seedlings of 
 other wild vines of this State, I respectfully 
 request that this name may be generally 
 adopted by those who have used the seeds, 
 which I have distributed. I feel assured 
 that this promising plant will honor the 
 memory of my mother in generations to 
 come, after she whose beloved name it bears 
 shall have left this world in which she has 
 been a true vine fruitful in all that is good 
 and strong in her womanly power of love 
 and kindness. 
 
 PKOGREtS OF THE MATILDA SEEDLINGS. 
 
 The seeds, which have been distributed 
 have been germinated in many parts of the 
 State, with varying results. At Oakland, I 
 have experimented with them for * he purpose 
 of ascertaining their germinating power. 
 About one half of the seeds, I found to be 
 dead, killed mostly by a small worm. These 
 dead seeds were easily separated by floating 
 them off in water. Counting samples of the 
 sound seeds, I found that they averaged 
 about four thousand to the pound. Among 
 the wild grapes were many which were at- 
 tacked by insects common to the places where 
 they grew which are generally in creek bottoms 
 among dense foliage of oaks and and other 
 
 trees. These insects probably produced the 
 worms, which vere found in one half the 
 seeds. By carefully sowing small numbers 
 of the sound seeds in boxes and pots, I found 
 at Oakland, even during the past unfavorable 
 spring, that about ninrty per cent, germina- 
 ted successfully. It is evident from what I 
 have seen that between three and four thous- 
 and plants can be obtained from a pound of 
 seed. 
 
 My observations, and also those of Mr. 
 Mattier at Harbin's Springs, prove that the 
 Vitis Californica is very late in bursting its 
 buds, or germinating from the seed. Al- 
 though I sowed seeds early in March, and 
 others in April, none germinated before the 
 1st of May, and from that tirna until the first 
 week in June they came up rapidly. It 
 seems, probably, that experience will prove 
 that the proper time to sow them is in April. 
 
 Most of my seeds were first soaked twenty- 
 four hours, and this probably would be best 
 usually for field sowing; but I have observed 
 no especial advantage when the Spring rains 
 were late. Shallow sowing is better than 
 otherwise. They have succeeded very well 
 with me when lightly covered with sandy 
 loam. Manured soils breed insects, which 
 trouble the young plants. 
 
 Mr. C. Mattier phmted seeds in April. One 
 of his seedlings, six months and a half from 
 the seed, is the same that was illustrated by 
 the MEKCHANT a little less than one-half the 
 natural size. This year he writes me that 
 his seedlings one year old were very late 
 in coming into leaf, but they have already 
 grown amazingly in the short time since the 
 buds have burst. On the 4th of June some 
 of them had new cones five feet long. 
 The most remarkable feature of this 
 culture of the wild vine is the 
 vigor of the young growth. The leaves 
 of the wild vines in their wild state are gen- 
 erally small; but these seedlings have, on 
 their second year, leaves that measure four 
 inches across bj six inches in length. It is 
 safe to presume that the fruit will corre- 
 spondingly increase in size. The ateness of 
 their growth will enable them to escape 
 spring frosts. 
 
 Mr. Mattier is constantly pursuing these 
 investigations. He finds by an examination 
 of roots and wood that his opinion that there 
 are distinct varieties of the wild vine is sup- 
 ported by other proofs. Boots, barks, color, 
 etc., vary. 
 
 The samples of wine, which he made for 
 me, and which were tasted by Mr. Haraszthy 
 and referred to in his letter heretofore pub- 
 lished, are now older, and will soon be care- 
 fully examined and analyzed. When that is 
 done a further report will be made public. 
 
 Enough, however, has been learned already 
 to demonstrate that these seedlings are en- 
 dowed with superior vitality and vigor; that 
 they grow rapidly in the open field; and that 
 they take the graft easily. The bark is tough 
 
25 
 
 and probably as useful, if not more so, as the 
 other American wild stocks for defense 
 against the phylloxera. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Since the above was put in type : 
 
 I have had an opportunity to obtain scienti- 
 fic examination of the samples of wine of the 
 wild grape which were fermented last Fall by 
 Mr. C. Mattier at Harbins Springs. 
 
 Unfortunately Mr. Mattier had no facilities 
 to ferment more than very small quantities, 
 and in keeping them he was obliged to mix 
 the best claret-like sample with the brownish 
 wine. 
 
 Professor Federico Pohndorff, of this city, 
 and Monsieur A. de Lacretelle, of the French 
 Society of Agriculturists, examined the wine 
 together. Subsequently it was also examined 
 by Dr. John I. Bleasdale, Secretary of the 
 Board of State Viticultural Commissioners. 
 
 Prof. Pohndorff and Monsieur de Lacre- 
 telle agreed that it was important to experi- 
 ment with the seedlings of this vine, for the 
 purpose of ascertaining its value for grafting 
 stock. 
 
 Prof. Pohndorff was decidedly of the opin- 
 ion that the wine of the wild vine would be 
 ound to be a useful addition to our wine 
 product. He has given me the following re- 
 port: 
 
 "Samples of red wine made from the wild 
 grape (vitis Calif arnica) . 
 
 "Oolor brownish hue, lively and tinting 
 power; not a correct color for a red wine. 
 The mode of making the wine not having 
 been stated, it is difficult to guess the reason 
 of the brownish color, but the sample grapes 
 seen will allow me to infer that green, unripe 
 grapes joined to the mature ones in the press 
 have caused it in part; the coloring matter in 
 the ripe grapes may in the sylvan state of the 
 grape be of a composition which has not the 
 effect of communicating a more perfect tinge 
 of wine-red to the juice. A surplus tannin in 
 the seeds may likewise have affected the color, 
 turning it. The soil it grew in finally may 
 have influenced it. 
 
 "Taste Of a dry wine, well fermented 
 astringent, of a fruity nondescript but vinous, 
 liquid, very acid, but certainly not in any 
 way acetic, hence sound; nearest fruit analogy 
 in taste to currants. 
 
 "Aroma Vinous, resembling the flavor of 
 raspberries, being for the comparative want of 
 character as a wine in its taste, rather pro- 
 nounced alcoholic. Strength test of one tested 
 example, 10.9 per cent. 
 
 "Acids Free acids of one of the samples 
 9.7 per thousand. Fruit acids predominant. 
 Tannin still united considerably. 
 
 "Is it probable that by cultivating the vine 
 these wines were made of, a more perfect 
 wine would result? Certainly. 
 ^ "Will the improved wine be of the nature of 
 light wines? No; the amount of alcohol 
 would show a proportion of about 22 per 
 cent of saccharine; the acids are considerable. 
 
 Thus the result of cultivation would probably 
 be a wine of similar parts as the ordinary 
 grape vines of the state contain, and the wine 
 be then one between cold and hot wines. The 
 flavor of a fruit like raspberry, with proper 
 proportioning of acids, would indicate a form 
 which might come near to that of an ordinary 
 Bordeaux; but a good deal of cultivation 
 would be required for this object. 
 
 "Would it be right to advise the propagation 
 and cultivation of the wild grape? Undoubt- 
 edly it Would be, for the reason that a sound 
 wine, however ordinary, can be made from 
 it that from the standpoint of protecting 
 nobler vines from the inroads of the phyllox- 
 era, it is useful, hence advisable that no 
 harm but only good can result from planting 
 even larger tracts of land with it, as there is 
 value rendered, for the wine, if by itself de- 
 fective, can be employed anyhow, either for 
 blending or by being blended into a well- 
 tasting wine that it will present an object 
 for practically studying how ito make in the 
 press a good wine, rightly proportioned of 
 it that even if no wine of any quality will 
 be rendered by the grape, it yields its rich 
 content of alcohol, which for distilling it in- 
 to Brandy or Spirit, will always pay the in- 
 vestment in wild vines in a plantation and 
 lastly that the brandy distilled from it, having, 
 as shown by a test distillate, both the taste 
 and flavor of fruit of grape, will form prob- 
 ably a good type of brandy. 
 
 F. POHNDOKFF. 
 
 San Francisco, June 18, 1880. 
 p. s. 
 
 "The alcoholic strength surprised me; such 
 an amount of sugar the wild grape has, would 
 indicate that by ennobling it through cultiva- 
 tion it might be brought to a level with the 
 sweetest grapes in the state. 
 
 "Mr. de Lacretelle supposed phenic acid to 
 overrule the acids of one of the examples. 
 An analysis of that part of the composition 
 of the acids of the wine, which can be found 
 by reagents, will show if this supposition 
 is right. My test of the free acids with caus- 
 tic alkali was a hasty superficial one. The 
 wine is certainly susceptible of being rightly 
 trained and after a few years of cultivation 
 showing us a distinct form, perfected and 
 valuable. Soil and situation of the vineyard 
 will influence this greatly. 
 
 June 19th. F. POHNDOBFF. 
 
 "Dr. Bleasdale has completed a partial anal- 
 ysis of one sample with the following result: 
 
 "Vitis Calif ornica; produced at Harbins 
 Springs, Lake county, Cal.; specific gravity 
 of wine, 1.0840; temperature, 60 F.; specific 
 grayity of distillate, .98495; percentage of B 
 proof spirit, 20.003; alcohol, 11.428; tannin, 
 per cent, 0;812; extractive matters, 0.2134. 
 
 "N. B. Tannic acid was determined ac- 
 cording to Wittstein's formula. J. J. B." 
 
 CHAS. A. WETMOEE. 
 Ill Leidesdorff street, San Francisco, June 9, 
 
 1880. 
 
TO VINICULTURISTS. 
 
 THE SAN FRANCISCO MERCHANT, 
 
 A WEEKLY TRADE PAPER. 
 PUBLISHED EVERY FJK IDA Y MORNING, 
 
 DEVOTED TO THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE 
 
 Productions, Manufactures and Commerce of the Pacific Coast 
 
 ESPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO 
 
 TIE HITICUL1UUL INTERESTS OF CIUFOIIU, 
 
 ORGAN OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE VINICULTURAL SOCIETY 
 ABLE -EDITORIALS ON ALL LIVE TOPICS. 
 
 Newsy comments on affairs appertaining to finance and 
 business. The fullest and most reliable market reports 
 and the liveliest and most entertaining trade paper pub- 
 lished in the United States. Subscription, Three Dollars a 
 year, in advance (postage included). Should be remitted 
 in Post Office orders, note or postage stamps, to A. D. Bell f 
 office San Francisco Merchant, 323 Front St., San Fran- 
 cisco, Cat. 
 
 SAMPLE COPIES OF THE MERCHANT MAILED FREE. 
 
 Of THE 
 UNIVPDQITV 
 
Charles A. Wetmore, 
 
 111 LEIDESDORFF STREET. 
 
 ^A / 
 . 
 
 Adjoining London and S. F. Brink, San Francisco, CaL \ 
 
 Choice Vineyard Lands selected, bought, sold and exchanged 
 
 Vintages sold on commission. Choicest selections 
 
 made for private cellars. Experts employed. 
 
 Cuttings and Rooted Vines, Seedlings 
 
 and Seeds for sale. Vineyards- ' 
 
 planted for new beginners. 
 
 Special attention given to legal practice in connection with 
 settlement of land titles, and to the business of viticul- 
 turists and viniculturists in this State and 
 in the Department of the- U. S. Govern- 
 ment at Washington, D. C. 
 
 N. B. No lands offered for vineyard purposes which are 
 not recommended by well-known and experienced experts. 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 2 70ct'5?GB 
 
 LD 21-100m-2,'55 
 (B139s22)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley