IB$$t V-!. JVo Division Range Shelf Received , P RESENTED Clje Stcrttitn) of llje Crea.surn ~~* -^ SMITHSOHIAlKf B. Corresponding works requested in return. DOCUMENT^ ? PRESENTED TO THE | Library nf tke University of talitaia,! / I* L&--14 L^v * ?> 1X*<0 !i >cr vr l~.-r* -J-- S STATISTICS OF THE FOREIGN Am DOMESTIC COMMERCE OP THE UNITED STATES; EMBRACING A HISTORICAL RETIEW AND ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN COMMERCE FROM THE BEGIN NING OF THE GOVERNMENT; THE PRESENT INTERNAL COMMERCE BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND ATLANTIC STATES; THE OVERLAND TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE PACIFIC STATES; THE PRODUCTIONS AND EXCHANGES OF THE GOLD AND SILVER DISTRICTS ; THE COMMERCE OF THE PACIFIC COAST, AND THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE NORTHERN FRON TIER OF THE UNITED STATES. COMMUNICATED BY THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, IN ANSWER TO A RESOLUTION OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, MARCH 12, 1863. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1864. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, June 29, 1864. Resolved, That the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, communicating (in compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 12th of March, 1863) a statistical and general report upon the value and condition of our foreign and domestic commerce, be printed ; that five thousand additional copies be printed for the use of the Senate, and that two thousand flva hundred additional copies be printed for the use of the Treasury Department. CONTENTS. Page. Letter of the Secretary, transmitting the report, with description and classification of contents 1 to 3 FOREIGV COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES TONNAGE AND TRADE 5 to 117 Introduction 5 American >nd foreign tonnage entered from foreign countries, 1789 to 1821, with the percentage of foreign. 6 American and foreign tonnage entered from foreign contries, 1821 to 1863, with the percentage of foreign 7 Tonnage in Canadian trade distinguished 7 Countries, the tonnage from winch ate \c~s in 1861 than in 1821 8 Countries, the imports from which, from 18:28 to i860, positively declined 8 Countries, the imports from whicli, from 1828 to 18liO, relatively declined 9 Countries, the imports from which, from 1828 to 186J, positively and relatively declined 9 Values of imports into the United States in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863 10 Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863.. 10 Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, for the quar- ter ending Septcmher 3>), 1833 11 Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, for the quarter ending December 31, 1 63 11 Imports from foreign countries, in American and foreign vessels, 1862- 63, countries, and values.... 12 Tonnage, American and foreign, entering the ports of the United States, third and fourth quarters 1863 13 Comparison of results ; 14 Histor. of the restrictive navigation laws of Europe, negotiation and countervailing acts of the United States H National character of tonnage entering the ports of the United States, 1829 to 1863 18 Comparison of American and British tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States. 1858 to 1863 18 TONNAGE AND TRADE, IN FIVE-YEAR PERIODS, 1821 TO 1863. 19 to 30 Tonnage entries of American and foreign vessels from all foreign countries, severally, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863, with the perceniage of foreign 20 Tonnage entries from foreign ports, distinguishing the Canadian, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863, with the percentage of foreign .... 24 Tonnage entries for corresponding years, from European countries distinctively, with the percentage of foreign 25 Tonna . 1 1 entries for corresponding years, from the West Indies, with the percentage of foreign 27 Tonnage entries for corresponding years, from Mexico and South America, with the percentage of foreign 27 Tonnase entries for corresponding years, from Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous places, with the per centage of foreign 27 Values of the imports and exports of the United States, with the percentage to and from each of the designated gi ographieal divisions, every fifth year, from 1821 to 1863 26 European trade, dis;inguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 28 West India trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 28 Detail of trade with the West Indies, for the year* 1860 and 1663 29 Canadian and British provincial trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863.. 29 Mexican and South American trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every filth year, 1821 to 1863... 30 Asiatic, African and miscellaneous trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 30 Statement of vessels built in the l/nitod States, 1822 to i863 30 American tonnage employed in foreign trade, coasting trade, fisheries, and steam navigation, re spectively, from 1815 to 1863 31 STATISTICS OF GENERAL TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN 32 to 55 British statement of exports to the United States, 1857 to 1863 32 Flax and hemp imported into Gruat Britain, 1857 to 1862 tons and value 33 Exports from Ei. gland of certain articles of foreign production, 1859 to 1863 34 Exports from England to the United States of certain articles of foreign production, 1860 and 1862.. 35 CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN PRODUCE IN UNITED STATES VESSELS 35 Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin exported from the United States, 1824 to 1828 36 Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin, exported from the United States, 1856 to 1863., 37 DIRECT TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN 37 to 55 Imports and exports fiom and to the United States, 1856 to 18_62, (British reports) .. 37 Imports and exports to and from the United Kingdom, 1855- 56 10 1862- 63, (United Stales official re turns) 37 Imp >ru and exports of the prccioua metals to and from the United States and Great Britain, re- specuvely, Ic56 to l862,(jfc>riit&A and American reports) 38 IV CONTENTS. Page. Comparison of rotton receipts in England, for 1861, with the statistics of export from the United States for the same year 39 Monthly receipts of cotton in England, from the United States, 1859 to 1861 40 Exports from Great Britain to the United States compared with the official returns of imports into the United States from Great Britain 41 Explanation of the deficiency in the British account 41 Statement of exchanges between Great Britain and the United States for the seven years, 1856 to lt6-2, (British record*} 42 Quantities and values of leading articles imported into England from the United States. 1861,1862, 1863 . 43 Imports from the United States into Great Britain for the seven years 1856 to 1862 quantities and values 44 Exports to the United States, the produce and manufacture of the United Kingdom, for the seven years 1856 to 1862 quantities and values 46 Exports to the United States of foreign and colonial produce and manufactures, for the seven years, 1856 to 1862 quantities and values 47 Exports to Great Britain, the produce of the United States, for the four fiscal years 1859- 60 to 1862- 63 quantities and values, ( from U. S. official records) . 49 Values of articles the export of which increased from 1860 to 1863 51 The petroleum trade 51 BRITISH TRADE WITH CALIFORNIA 52 Imports into England, the produce of California, 1856 to 1862 quantities and values, (from British official returns) 53 Exports to Califo-nia, the produce and manufacture of the United Kingdom, 1856 to 18fi2 quan tities and values, ( from British official return*) 54 Value of foreign and colonial produce exported from Great Britain to California, 1856 to 1862 55 STEAM TONNAGE IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES 55 to 78 Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Portland, Maine, 1855 to 1863 56 Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Philadelphia, 1851 to 1859 56 Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Boston, 1846 to 1863 57 American tteam tonnage from foreign countries entered at the port of New York, 1848 to 1863.... 57 Foreign steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at the port of New York, 1844 to 1863 58 General aggregate of steam tonn; ge entering the ocean ports of the United States, 1844 to 1863.... 58 Actual steam tonnage arriving from foreign ports, 1814 to 1863 59 Stearn tonnage entered at the port of San Francisco f om foreign countries, 1853- 54 to 1862- 63.... 60 Steam tonnage entered the port of Charleston from foreign countries, (831 to 1860 61 Steam tonnage entered at New Orleans from foreign countries, 1855 to Ib60 , 61 Steam tonnage entered at Castine, Maine, from foreign countiies, 1854- ! 55 to 1862- 63 61 Actual steam tonnage employed in the foreign trans-oceanic trade, 1859- 60 62 THE ISTHMUS TRADE 62 Values of cargoes entering Panama. 1860- 62 62 Values of cargoes leaving Panama, 1860- 62 ,. 62 Number and tonnage of vessels entered at Panama for the year ending September 30, 1662 .... 63 Travel and transportation over the Isthmus of Panama for the year ending September 30, 1862 63 REVIEW OF STEAMSHIP LINES ENGAGED IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY, 1864 64 to 72 STEAM SHIPPING AND TONNAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN 72 to 78 Summary of tonnage entering the ports of Great Britain from foreign countries,- 1859 and 1863 72 Number, tonnage, and nationality of vessels entering the ports of the United Kingdom for five cal endar years, 1859 to 1803 . 73 Number and tonnage of registered steam vessels under and over fifty tons, respectively, owned in England, 186U.1861, 1862 74 Number and tonnage of registered steam vessels owned in England, employed in the home and foreign trade, respectively," 18^0. 1861, 1852 74 Number and tcnnage of si earn vessels built in the United Kingdom, 1851 to 1862 75 Number, tonnage, and nationality of steam vessels entered and cleared a f ports of the United Kingdom, 1860,1861,1862 75 Number, tonnage, and nationality of steam vessels entered and cleared at ports of the United King dom in 1853 76 Entries of steam vessels at ports of the United Kingdom from the United States, 1853, 1860, 1861, 1862 77 Steam vessels entered and cleared at British ports from and to American countries, 1853, 1860, 1861. 1862 78 TRADE OF TUB UNITED STATES WITH CANADA AXD THE OTHER BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES 78toll7 Exports of Canadian produce through the United States to the other British North American prov inces 79 Exports and imports of wheat and wheat flour to and from Canada, 1861. 1862 80 Export* to Canada of wheat, flour, Indian corn, and meal, during the fi.>cnl years 1849 to 1863 81 Exports and imports of wheat and wheat flour to and from Canada, 1863 ..... 81 Exports to Canada, 1849 to 1863, (fiscal years) 83 Exports to the other British North American provinces, 1849 to 1863, (fiscal years) 83 Total exports and imports to and from Canada and the other British North American provinces, 1821 to 1863 83 Imports from Canada, 1850 to 1863 84 Impor s from British North American provinces, 1850 to 1863 85 Total imports from Canada arid the other British North American provinces, 1850 to 1863 85 CONTENTS. V Page, General table of values of imports from Canada into the United States free of duty under the reci procity treaty, for the half year to June 30, 1855, and tlie fiscal years 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 86 General table of imports from tho British North Am* rican provinces, other than Canada, free of duty under the reciprocity treaty, 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 88 General talile of imports from Canada into the United States paying duty, 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 90 Analysis of the general tables, averages of domestic exports to Canada 91 Averages of foreign exports to Canada 91 Table of aggregates paying duty in Canada, nine years 92 Table of aggregates paying duty in the United States, nine years 92 Table of values made free to Canada, by the reciprocity treaty, 1856 to It63 93 Table of values made free to the United States, 1856 to 1863 93 Canadian otlieial tables, three years exports to Canada , 93 Statement of the value of the imports into Canada from the United States, 1850 to 1863, with the amount of duties paid 94 Statement of the value of the exports from Canada to the United States, and the total trade, 1851 to!8o3 94 Imports into Canada from the United States, free of duty under the reciprocity treaty, 1855 to 1863. 95 Exp&rts to Canada, the produce and manufactures of the United States, 186ll- 61 to 1862- 63 97 Imports from Canada into United States, free by ordinary laws, 135 i- 56 to 1862- 63 99 Clearances and entrances from and into the lake ports of the United States and European ports, respectively 100 Movement of American produce in and through Canada 100 Value of transit trade through Canada via the St. Lawrence, to and from the United States 103 Value of imports from Canada passing through the United States under bond 103 Values of imports into C.inada via the United States and the St. Lawrence, respectively, 1855 to 1863 104 Export of United States manufactures to Canada * 104 Values of anicles, the manufacture of the United States, exported to Canada, paying duty, 1858- 59 to i86-j- 63 . ...;..: 105 Exports of wheat, flour, corn, and meal, fiom the United States to the British North American provinces, other than Canada, 1849 to 1863 quantities and values 106 Produce of the United States passing through Canadian canals, the points of origin and destination distingui.-lied, Ic61, 1662, anil 133 107 Transportation from American ports to Canada, up and down the St. Lawrence canals 109 Trade of the principal ports of the northern frontier with Canada, 1856 to 1863 110 Summaries of ira<le at the ports of the northern frontier, eastward and westward of Buffalo, respect ively, I853to 1853 113 Canadian fice ports. 113 Imports at the port of Gaspo from countries other th-.n Canada, 1861, 1862, and 1863 114 Ex ports from Hie port of Gaspo to BritUi and foreign ports 114 Imports at Sank St. Marie from British and foreign parts, 18^1, 1862, and 18(53 115 Exports from Sault St. Marie to Briii^h and foreign ports, 1861, 1862, and 18J3 115 INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND THE ATLANTIC STATES 117 to 181 DAT*. TREATMENT GENERAL RESULTS 117 tO 122 Definition of internal commerce 117 Total values exchanged 117 Internal commerce of Russia and United States, colonial trade of other nations 118 Statistics of domestic commerce, sources - 119 Basis of calculation 119 East and west transportation, Mississipoi river, and the coasting trade compared 119 Commerce by the grand thoroughfares traversing the meridian of the Alleghenies 120 Elements of Atlantic coasting trade 121 Marker, exchanges at the seaboard, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Lake Superior, northwest of St. Paul, of the plains west of the Missouri river, and at New Orleans 121 SPECIFIC CALCULATION OF THE EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST.. 122 to 181 WESTWARD FREIGHTS 122 to 135 Pennsylvania Central railroad, classification of tonnage 122 Westward freight through to Pittsburg ]24 Way freight from Philadelphia. 124 New York Central railroad, through tonnage 126 Way tonnage, total way and through , 126 Erie railroad, through and way tonnage 127 Erie canal, to Buffalo and Oswego, tonnage and values. 128 Erie canal, leading articles carried 129 Summary statement, tonnage and values transported westward by the five main lines 129 Population and consumption per capita, west of the Alleghenirs 130 Erie canal, leading articles of freight to the we tern States in 1862 132 Erie and Champlain canals, westward freight, 1836 to 1862 133 Transportation tonnage westward from tide-water, on the New York canals, 1852 to 1862 133 Canadian canals, transportation westward through Welland canal, articles, tonnage, and destination, 186t- 62 f 134 EASTWARD FREIGHTS 135 to 170 Valuations assumed and summary of the four railroads and the Erie canal. 136 Pennsylvania Central railroad, articles carried eastward, 1859 to 1863 138 Through from Pittsburg to Baltimore and Philadelphia , 138 Way stations to Philadelphia 138 From Pittsbnrg to way stations > 139 New York Central railroad, tonnage eastward, 1858 to 1863 140 Erie canal, tonnage to tide-water, produce of the western States and Canada, 1836 to 1862 141 Erie canal, way freights, produce of New York 141 Lake transportation eastward .... 142 Freight charge on wheat from Milwaukie and Chicago to Buffalo, from 1859 to 1863 142 YI CONTENTS. Page. Lnke trade, tonnage of United States vessels employed in, 1830 to 1863 143 Table showing the number, claps, tonnage, and valuation of vessels, American and Canadian, en gaged in the commerce of the lakes, 1856 to 1862 144 Tonnage of the lakes and the river St. Lawrence January 1, 1862 and 1863 115 Vessels owned at Buff.Uo, 1859 to 1862 145 Increase of the lake marine in 1862 145 Shipping of the pon of Milwaukie, 1862 and 1863 , 146 List of transpoitation lines on the lakes, 1863 ,. 146 TABLES OF PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM THE LAKE CITIES AND PORTS 147 to 158 Flour and grain sent from Chicago in 1865, with destination 148 Aggregates of flour and grain sent from Chicago for nine years 148 Summary of quantities to Canadian ports in 1862 148 Cattle, meats, provisions, wo.il, &c., sent from Chicago in 1862 149 Estimated values of produce sent from Chicago in 1862 150 Produce sent eastwaid from Milwaukie, flour and grain, fir ten years, 1854 to 1863 150 Summary of fl .ur and rain from all ports of Lake Michigan in 1833 150 Provisions, wool, whiskey, &c., sent from Milwaukie in 1862, with valuation of all classes of pro duce 151 Total valuation of Lake Michigan exports, 1862 151 Eastward freights on Wisconsin railroads, 1563 151 Westward freights on Wisconsin railroads, 1863 152 THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE: Transit of vessels through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, monthly, for 1862 .. .153 to 155 Value of outward shipments for 1852 , 153 Table of copper shipments, 1845 to 1862 154 Prod uction and export of iron and iron ore, eight years i 154 THE LAKE FISHERIES 154,155 Table of receipts of lake fish at Buffalo, 1854 to 1862 155 TRADE OF LAKE ERIE, EASTWARD , > 155 to 169 Tables of receipts of produce at Toledo, by various railroads 155 Lines of transportation eastward from Toledo, and quantities shipped in 1862 , 156 Valuation of produce shipped from Toledo in 1862 157 Trade of Detroit, eastward quantities for I860 to 1862 157 Valuation of Detroit exports for 1862 158 Detail of receipts and exports of flour and grain, 1858 to 1863 158 LAKE COMMERCE AT BUFFALO 159 to 169 Receipts of flour and grain at Bufftlo and all terminal lake ports for three years, 1850 to 1863 159 Summary of receipts at terminal lake port for If- rj2 , 160 Summary of receipts at New Yo k city, lh 60 to 1862 161 Receipts of flour and grain at Buffalo from 1836 to 1862 161 Rec< ipts and exports of provisions at Buffalo, 1849 to 1S62 162 Receipts and exports of whiskey at Buffalo, 1850 to 1862 162 Lumber trade of she lakes receipts and exports at Buffjlo, 1846 to 1862 163 Receipts of live stock by lake at Buffalo, 1851 to 1862 164 Receipts and exports of hides and leather, 1852 to 1862 - 165 Receipts and exports of wool at Buffalo, 1856 to 1862 , 165 Receipts of lake and other freights via Port Sarnia, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron railway, 1862... . 165 Detail of receipts at Buffalo by lake and railway, 1862 , ... 167 GENERAL EXCHANGES, EASTWARD AND WESTWARD, AT BUFFALO 168 to 172 Eastward freights by canal from Buffalo, 1854 to 1862 169 Receipts of westward freights at Buffalo, by canal, 1854 to 1862 169 Detail of exports eastward, by canal, 1860 to 1862 ., 170 Demil of receipt* at Btiftilo, by canal, 1860 to 1862 172 Comparison of grain and flour receipts of 1863 with 1862 172 LAKE TRADE AT TORONTO, CANADA : Exports of flour and grain, 1858 to 1862, with destination 173 PRODUCE AND GRAIN TRADE OF MONTREAL, CANADA 174 Receipts and shipments at Montreal, 1861 to 1863 175 PRODUCE AND GRAIN TRADE OF OSWEGO, 1862 and 1863 175 SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL MOVEMENT EASTWARD IN FLOUR AND GRAIN 176,177 Per cent, of receipts at the principal receiving points, 1857 to 1862, including the foregoing east ward movement 178 Variations in the eastward movement, 1856 to 1862 178 GENERAL TABLES OF THE TONNAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE ERIE CANAL 179 to 181 Capacity, passages, and aggregate carriage of Erie canal boats eastward 179 Quantities of flour, distinguishing western and New York, reaching tide-water through the Erie c.mal 179 Tonnage of wheat and flour eastward to the Hudson river on the Erie canal, points of shipment, and total value 180 Tonnage and value of merchandise going to other States by way of Buffalo and Oswego, in each year, 1836 to 1862 180 Estimated value ot p operty coming fro;n, and merchandise going to, other States than New York by way of Buffalo, Bwck Rock, Tonawanda, and Oswego, 1836 to 1862 181 CONTENTS. VII Pago. COMMERCE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 182 to 200 1. ThH Australian colonies of England 182 \J 2. The Par i fir States and TVrri lories of the United States. 186 y. The English colonies of Vancouver s island and British Columbia 19-2 4. I u i;i in America and Asia 195 5. The Sandwich islands . 196 *~ 6. Ttie old product of the Pacific coast 197 7. Movement of treasure to India and China .- 198 OVERLAND TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE PACIFIC COAST AND THE MISSISSiPri VALLEY 201 to 220 1. The silver production of Nevada 201 2. Agriculture and stock-raising in Utah 203 3. Colorado quartz mining; prospects of agriculture ; iron and coal 204 4. Traffic and transportation west oi the Missouri river 210 5. Union Pacific railroad ; elements of population and business for its support 212 6. Probable extensions of the railroad system of the United States to the Pacific coast: a. A southern Pacific railroad route 213 b. The northern or lake route 216 c. The international route 218 THE MINERAL WEALTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR 221 $7= A statistical map prepared in the Treasury Department to illustrate the text of the report, showing the boundaries of the new Territories at the date of the latest congressional legislation ; the railroad communica tions in operation, in progtess, intended, and in prospect between the Atlantic, Mississippi, interior, and Pacific States; the boundaries of the arable di>tricts of British North America upon the northwestern frontier of the United States; the population of all the States and Territories according to the census of I860, with estimates for the new Territories, at later dates; the areas of all the States and Territories furnished by the government Land Office ; and the several sites of the gold arid silver mines known and worked in the Rocky mountains. REPORT * OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, COMMUNICATING, In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the \2th of Marc7i, 1863, a sta tistical and general report upon the value and present condition of our for eign and domestic commerce. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, June 25, 18G4. SIR : The following resolution was adopted by the Senate of the United States on the 12th March, 1863 : " Rcsolrctl, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to have prepared and presented to the Senate a statistical and general report upon the value and present condition of our foreign and domestic commerce, including as well that of the Pacific coast ; and, further, to suggest what legislation, if any, is necessary to protect the important interests involved." In response to this resolution, the Secretary has caused to be prepared, and has the honor herewith to transmit, a series of statements covering the wide range of inquiry contemplated by the call of the Senate, as completely as the accessible sources of information have enabled him to do. The contents of this report may be generally described and classified as follows : First. A historical and analytic review of the foreign commerce of the United States from the beginning of the government. Second. An exhibit of the existing internal commerce between the Atlantic and Mississippi States. Third. The overland trade and communications with the Pacific States. Fourth. The foreign commerce of the Pacific coast. Fifth. The international relations of the northern frontier of the United States with British and Russian America. The first of these general divisions embraces a statement of the tonnage em ployed and the values exchanged in our foreign commerce generally, with the varying proportions of foreign and American tonnage. It exhibits a general view, historical and statistical, of the carrying trade of our international ex changes, distinguishing the trans-oceanic tonnage from that employed in trade with the British possessions in North America; the course of the carrying trade in the great geographical divisions of our foreign commerce ; its increase and decrease with the principal foreign countries ; the total value of the ex changes ; the international movement of the precious metals ; and the periodic 2 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. changes in the relative value of the imports from and the exports to the several customer countries ; to which is added the number, class, and tonnage of ves sels built in each year from 1822 to 1863, with the tonnage employed in the coasting trade, the whale, cod, and mackerel fisheries, respectively. The trade and navigation of the United States with Great Britain, compiled from the official reports of both countries, are given in general, and in sufficient detail to exhibit the extent and fluctuations of this branch of our commerce, the leading articles exchanged in direct and indirect trade, and the direct exchange of commodities, other than the precious metals, between Great Britain and California. The trade of the United States with Canada and the other British North American provinces is also specially presented, on the authority of both our own and Canadian official reports, showing the extent and character of the exchanges, the kind and value of the transit trade of the eastern and western States through Canada and the St. Lawrence to the ocean. A general exhibit is made of the steam tonnage engaged in our foreign com merce, and of the Panama Isthmus trade, vessels and cargoes, with a compara tive view of the steam shipping and tonnage of Great Britian, and a statement of the steam vessels engaged in American trade entered and cleared in British ports. The second division of the report, occupied with domestic commerce between the Atlantic and Mississippi States, embraces the quantities and values trans ported east and west by the great railways of the United States, by the lakes, and by the Welland, Erie, and Champlain canals, and the kind and extent of the shipping of the lakes. The tonnage was obtained from the reports of State commissioners of statistics, boards of trade of the principal cities, transporta tion companies, and other authoritative sources, and the values estimated by accepted commercial rules. The interruption of trade between the loyal and disloyal States of the Union, the suspension of the Mississippi river trade, and the non-intercourse of the northern with southern States since the commencement of the rebellion, have rendered the statistics of this large branch of domestic commerce unattainable. The existing records of prerious years are known to be both incomplete and unreliable, and no exhibit of it has therefore been attempted in this report. It will be observed that the data used in exhibiting the east and west trade of the States and Territories relate- mainly to the calendar year 1862, which is chosen because in that year its limits were well defined and its character well settled and ascertained. The third, fourth, and fifth general divisions exhibit the trade of the Pacific coast ; its commercial relations with Asia ; the movement of the precious metals to India and China ; statistics of the population, of mining, of agricultural productions, and of transportation in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, in reference to the construction and support of the Union Pacific railroad ; the like statistics of Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and Neosho, bearing prospectively upon a railroad from the States of the lower Mississippi to the Gulf of California; similar statistics of Idaho, Montana, and Dakota, with FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 3 reference to overland communication between the great lakes and the Columbia river ; the situation and prospects of an international route, passing through the northwestern States to the Pacific coast, in British Columbia; the progress of population, mineral wealth, and other material interests anticipated within the present century, in the several belts of interior States traversed by these over land routes to the Pacific ocean ; and the condition and prospects of the mining interests of the basin of Lake Superior. In reference to the existing necessity for the exhibit of our foreign commerce contemplated by the resolution of the Senate, the Secretary begs leave to say that hereafter the requirement, he believes, will be fully met by certain reforms in the annual report of commerce and navigation adopted by the department in the report for 1862- 63, as will be seen by the volume now in type and about to be issued. The statistics of the internal commerce of the country in the present condi tion of our national statistics must be gathered from sources that hold no official relations with the Treasury Department ; but a knowledge of them has always been required for public and private uses, and in the new condition of our domestic affairs has become more than ever important and necessary to the gov ernment and the people. A contribution to the fund of information demanded believed to be valuable was prepared in the Treasury Department and pub lished with the finance report of 1863, giving the range of prices of staple articles in the New York market at the beginning of each month of every year from 1825 to 1863. The labor and research bestowed upon the inquiry, the results of which are embodied in the papers now transmitted, will, at least, manifest an earnest endeavor to supply the required information, and the report is submitted as a step towards the more perfect execution of such a work. The Secretary is not prepared at present to express an opinion in regard to the legislation necessary to protect the important interests to which the Senate s resolution relates. The facts exhibited in the report will v doubtless indicate to the wisdom of Congress what measures will best accomplish that end. It is proper to add that the papers now submitted have been prepared under the direction of the Secretary by Messrs. William Elder, James W. Taylor, and Lorin Blodget, gentlemen whose known capacity for intelligent and accurate research and correct appreciation of results supplies a just ground for confidence in their statements and inferences. With great respect, S. P. CHASE, Secretary of the Treasury. lion. HANNIBAL HAMLIN, President of the Senate of the United States. FOREIGN COMMERCE or THE UNITED STATES. TONNAGE AND TRADE. The foreign commerce of the United States has undergone changes within the last forty years, in value, geographic distribution, and agencies employed, which are not indicated by the ordinary official publications with the clearness and force required for the direction of legislation concerning- it. The resolution of the Senate recognizes these deficiencies, and is understood to authorize what ever range of inquiry may be demanded for a better exhibition and explication of the history and present condition of our international trade. The United States began an extraordinarily extended and unusually success ful commercial career very soon after the establishment of the government. The condition of Europe for a long period was such that American shipping became of necessity the preferred channel for conducting far the larger share of the commerce of the world. We were not limited to the carriage of merchan dise of American production abroad and the return of foreign articles required in our own consumption, but for a series of years entered at, and again exported from our ports, a larger aggregate of values on account of foreign nations than for the entire use of the United States. It could not, of course, be expected that with the most rapid and successful development of the United States this ascendency in general commerce would be maintained, but the facilities obtained by a preoccupation of extensive and profitable lines of trade between countries possessing no commercial marine directly, and also between these and the commercial and manufacturing states which are their permanent natural markets, should have secured to the shipping of the United States an equal division of all trade between non-commercial states and a share of the carrying trade wherever exclusion by positive legislation does not exist. Still more decidedly should the control of all carrying trade to our own markets have been retained, and the increased consumption of the products of tropical countries necessarily attending on the growth and increasing wealth of the United States, might reasonably be supposed to give employment almost exclusively to American shipping. Crude products of the United States exported, and crude products of tropical latitudes imported for consumption here, constitute a permanent trade which need not pass from American hands. The statistics of shipping and tonnage, distinguishing the proportions of American and foreign, employed in the commerce of the United States, are the readiest and most directly available guide to the general course of trade from the beginning. Previous to 1821 the statements are designated the "ton nage engaged in the foreign trade," and subsequent to 1821 "the tonnage en tered and cleared at all the ports" are the specific statements given. It is probable that the first designation is so nearly identical with tho second that no modification of either is necessary in making a continuous comparison, but as a division is required for convenience simply, the first of the following tables bring FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. the series of years down to 1821, of "tonnage engaged in the foreign trade;" and the second gives the tonnage of vessels entered the several ports of the United States for each year of the period following, to 1863. The large values of foreign merchandise exported from the United States, which are given in detail in another place, necessarily imply the employment of a great amount of American tonnage, since very little of the carrying trade between neutral nations could be in the hands of any belligerent power, and nearly all Europe was long involved in war. Even after the peace of 1815 there were intervals of disturbance, and frequent occasions in which the carrying trade was largely resumed by our shipping. The magnitude of the interest we had in certain years is striking. Beginning at 605,513 tons, in 1790, the ton nage in foreign trade rose to 1,106,572 tons in 1801, and to 1,203,021 tons in 1807, of which but seven per cent, was foreign in the last-named year. The proportions of foreign tonnage to the total engaged in foreign trade for the average of periods of five years, from 3789 to 1821, is as follows: 1789 to 1793, 37.1 per cent.; 1794 to 1798, 10.6 per cent.; 1799 to 1803, 15.6 per cent.; 1804 to 1808, 8.9 per cent.; 1809 to 1813, 9.9 per cent.; 1814 to 1818, 22.1 per cent.; 1819 to 1821, 9.5 per cent. As a rule, the proportion of American tonnage increased directly with the absolute amount employed. In the two years of least trade, 1789 and 1814, nearly half the tonnage was foreign. In 1811, with nearly 1,000,000 tons en gaged, but 3.3 per cent, was foreign ; an exceptional state of affairs due to the violence of the European wars then waged. The following is the detail of each description of tonnage employed in the foreign commerce of the United States for each year, from 1789 to 1821, with the calculated proportion of foreign: American and foreign tonnage engaged in the foreign trade oftheUnited Slates, 1789 to 1821. Years. d I 1 Foreign, tons. I Por-centage of foreign. Years. American, tens. Foreign, tons. a _o "3 1 Per-centage of foreign. 1789 127 329 106 654 233 983 l 1806 1 044 005 91 OP4 i 135 089 8 1790 354 767 250 746 605 513 41.4 1807 1 116 241 86 780 1.203 021 7.2 1791 3tJ3 662 240 548 604 210 39 8 1808 538 749 47 674 586 423 8 1 1792 , 414 679 244 278 658, 957 37.0 1809 605 4T9 99* 205 704 684 12 6 1793 447 754 1U3 566 611 320 26 7 1810 908 713 80 316 989 029 8 1 1794 525, 649 82 974 608 623 13.6 1811 948* 247 33 202 981 449 3.3 1795 580 277 56 832 637 109 8 9 1812 668 317 47 098 715 415 6 5 179G 675 046 46 846 721 89 6 4 1813 237 501 113 8 -) 7 351 38 3 3 1797 . 608 078 72 757 680 835 io e 1814 59 786 48 301 108* 087 44 6 17 C >8 500 245 87 760 610 005 14 3 1815 700 500 217 413 917 913 23 6 1799 624 839 107 583 732 422 14 6 1816 877 4 62 258 724 1 136 186 22 7 1800 682 871 121 403 804 274 15 1817 780 136 21 166 <jqo 302 21 1801 849 302 157* 270 1 006 572 15.6 1818 . . 755* 101 161, 414 916 515 17.6 1802 7 C >8 805 145 519 944 34 15 4 1819 783 579 85 898 869 477 9 8 1803 7*7 424 163 714 951 138 17 2 1820 801 253 78 859 880 112 8.9 1804 821, 962 122,141 J 944, 103 12.9 1821 769, 084 82, 915 851, 999 9.7 1805 922, 298 87,842 1,010, 140 8.6 Averages of Jive-year periods. 1789 to 1793... 341, 638 201, 158 542, 796 37.06 1809 to 1813.. 673, 652 74, 729 748, 381 9.9 1794 to 1798... 582, 259 69, 433 651, 692 10.6 18 14 to 1818.. 634, 597 179, 603 814, 200 22.06 1799 to 1803... 748, 648 139, 098 887,746 15.6 1819 to 1821.. 784, 638 82,558 867, 196 9.5 1804 to 1808... 868, 651 87, 104 975, 755 8.9 Iii the next series of years, or from 1821 to 1837, the rapid increase of foreign tonnage is apparent, commencing most decidedly in 1831 and 1832. After this date, notwithstanding the aggregate increase is four-fold in 1849 and seven-fold FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 7 in 1863, as compared with the average of 1820 to 1 830, the proportion of foreign maintains its position at 36 to 40 per cent of the whole. In the tables as they stand a large aggregate of tonnage entering from Canada is included in the American, which is, to a considerable extent, mere ferry tonnage, and should be excluded from the comparison. The average to be BO excluded would be 250,000 tons annually for five years, previous to 1859, and 500,000 to 600,000 tons for each year from 1859 to 1863, inclusive. During this period of forty-two years there was no marked event in the his tory of the United States to affect the progressive advance in general trade. It is evident, however, that, not only was the foreign carrying trade steadily passing from our shipping to other hands, but also the direct commerce of the United States with all other countries was steadily encroached upon, each year adding a greater number of foreign than of American vessels to the general commercial marine. At the date of the introduction of steam in transatlantic commerce the accession of foreign tonnage was more marked than at any other time subsequent to 1832; and correcting the account to transatlantic commerce distinctively, by throwing out the trade with the Canadian border, the propor tion of foreign becomes greater. Aggregate of tonnage entering the ports of the United States from foreign coun tries, 1821 to 1863, with the proportion of foreign. Years. American, tons. Foreign, tons. 1 | h Per-centage of foreign. Years. American, tong. Foreign, tons. Total, tons. % o . be a K bfl ll 1821 ... 765,098 787,9(51 775,271 850,033 880,754 942,206 918.361 868,381 872.949 967.227 922 952 81,526 100, 54 L 119.468 102,367 92,927 105,654 137,589 150,223 130,743 131.900 281.948 393,038 496.705 568,052 641.310 680,213 765.703 592, 1 10 624,814 712,363 736.414 732,775 846.624 888,501 894,739 952,410 973,681 1,047,860 1,055,950 1,018,604 1,003,692 1,099,127 1,204.900 1,342,660 1,608,146 1,642,722 1,993,963 1,935,597 2,065,423 1.895,084 2,116,093 2,289,309 2,368.353 2,242.886 9.6 11.3 13.4 10.7 9.5 10.08 13.03 14.7 13.02 12.0 : 23.4 29.2 30.8 34.5 32.1 1 35.1 37.07 31.2 29.5 31.1 i 31.1 i 32. 6 i 1843, 9 mo s . 1844 1845 1,143,523 1,977,438 2,035,486 2,151,114 2,101,359 534,752 916,992 910.563 959,739 1,220,346 1,678,275 2,894,430 2,946,049 3.110,853 3,321.705 3.798,673 4,368.836 4,348,639 4,993.440 5,292.880 6.281,943 5.884,339 5.945,339 6.872.253 7.186,316 6.605.045 7,806,035 8,275,196 7,241,471 7. 362.953 7,255,076 31.8 31.6 30.9 30.8 36.7 36.9 39. 1 40.8 38.8 38.8 36.1 36.2 35. o.: 36.2 34. 3 33.4 32.5 28.4 30.6 30.6 36.4 1822 183 184 1846 1825 1847 186 1848 2,393,482 2,658,321 2.573.016 3,054,349 3,235,532 4,004,013 3,752,115 3,861,391 4,385.484 4,721,370 4,395,642 Si 265, 648 5.921,285 5,023,917 5,117,685 4,614,698 1,405,191 1,710,515 1,775,623 1,939,091 2,057,358 2,277,930 2,1:32,224 2.0S3.948 2.4H5.769 2.464,946 2.209,403 2.540,387 2.350,911 2,217.554 2.245,278 2,640,378 187 1849 1828 1850 1851 189 1830 1852 . 1831 1853 1854 1855 1856 1832 949,622 1,111.441 1,074.670 1,352,65-1 1.255.384 1,299.720 1,302.974 1,49 1.279 1,576,946 1,631.909 1,510,111 1833* . 1P34 1835 1836 1837 1838 1857 1858 1. 1859* I860 1839 1840 1861 1862 1863 1841 .. 1842 In 1S62 and 1863 the tonnage entered from Canada amounted to totals quite disproportionate to the commerce, it being : American. Foreign. 1862 tons . . 2,487,373 683,411 1863 tons . . 2,307,233 743,136 Excluding this, much of .which was steam ferry tonnage, the proportion of foreign shipping in the foreign trade of the United States in the fiscal year 1862- 63 was 45.1 per cent, of the whole :-VTonnage in foreign trade, 1862- 63, American, 2,307,465 tons; foreign, 1,897,242 tons. * A deduction of at least 600,000 tons from American tonnage should be made on this and each following year for the duplicated tormage of hteam ferry-boats at Buffalo chiefly, and iu less degree at Ogdonsburg and Cape Vincent. 8 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. During the fiscal year current, 1S63- G4, the reduction of American tonnage has been greatly accelerated from extraordinary and unusual causes, until the direct foreign trade conducted in American bottoms has been almost annihilated. In the preceding statements it has been the purpose to show the normal course of trade in periods of peace, and to prepare matter for a fair judgment of the state of affairs and the tendencies of trade abroad anterior to the war. It can not be doubted that there was a serious decline of the foreign trade properly belonging to the United States dating back at least to 1 832, and a change in progress, which is more fully disclosed by the statistics giving the values of im ports and exports. The following named countries sent us absolutely less tonnage, both American and foreign, in the year 1861 than in 1821, forty years previous: 1821. 1861. Russia tons . . 13,827 12,157 Prussia tons.. 726 400 Swedish West Indies tons.. 13,946 1,684 Sweden and Norway tons.. 13,381 13,330 Danish West Indies tons.. 41,096 14,919 Gibraltar and Malta tons.. 11,666 2,770 French West Indies tons . . 41,729 2,616 Canary islands tons.. 2,329 2,012 Portugal tons.. 20,693 7,417 Honduras and Campeachy tons . . 5,357 3,849 Hayti tons.. 50,119 39,640 Madeira islands tons . . 4,288 1,135 Cape Verde islands tons.. 5,038 2,360 These are comparatively unimportant countries, however, and the diversion of trade from direct channels is not so clearly shown by details of tonnage as by actual imports of merchandise. For the purpose of this comparison of values, two years better representing the periods may perhaps be selected 1828 and 1860 in both of which trade was healthy and importations full, but not ex cessive. No disturbance of the usual condition of any considerable foreign country existed in either year which could of itself divert trade from its accus tomed channels. The total imports in 1828 were $88,509,824, and in 1860 $362,163,941. The re-exports were 821,595,000 in the first-named year, and $26,933,000 in the last named. The following table classifies the details from each country, showing which have increased and which have declined, both positively and relatively: Countries from which the imports to the United States liave positively declined from 1828 to 1860. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Russia $2 788 362 $1 557 858 Gibraltar $666 578 $65 963 136 064 36 464 French West Indies 896 651 162 86 Sweden and Norway 1 570 788 514 191 Hayti 2, 163 585 2 062 723 Swedish West Indies 375 995 18 793 Canary islands 22 740 18 886 Denmark 117 946 16 509 Madeira 168 810 23, 773 Danish West Indies . . 2 256 123 200 416 Cape Verde islands 70 328 51 825 Dutch West Indies 478 397 396 644 Peru 921 235 308 45 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Countries from whicJi the imports have declined relatively to the total imports. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Holland Scotland - - . . $1, 308, 572 1, 624, 030 $2, 869, 959 4, 607, 187 Turkey, the Levant, and Egypt. $505, 913 $1, 176, 650 711 041 923 726 China 5, 339, 108 13, 556, 587 K Atl t 210 6^4 651 594 204 770 331 258 112 359 146,813 Chili 781,863 2, 072, 91:* 237 378 732 645 ; 1 607 417 4 734 518 Countries from which the imports have positively and relatively increased from 1828 to 1860. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Imports from In 1828. In 1860. Hamburg and Bremen $2,644 392 18 498 607 Philippine islands $60 381 $2 886 166 Dutch East Indies 113 462 882 808 Cuba 6 123 135 34 03" 276 England 30 476 139 1.33 065 571 Porto Rico 1 129 130 4 512 935 crsBritish East Indies 1 542,736 10 692 342 Azores 70 328 355 551 British West Indies 123; 296 447 669 1, 934, 549 23 851 381 New Granada and Vene zuela 1 484 856 6 77 032 France on Atlantic 8 486 427 39 450 865 Brazil 3 097 752 21 214 803 904 427 3 768 864 317 466 4 020 $48 Spain out Mediterranean. . . 421, 476 2, 395, 457 The proportions of general increase were a little more than four in 1860 to one in 1828, both being above the average of the general series, and represent ing two conspicuous points of full and legitimate trade. The countries from which importations have either positively or relatively de clined, are generally those which produce and export crude articles, the exceptions being the countries producing sugar, coffee, and tea. The produce of these last has been immensely stimulated by the growth of population in the United States and the ease of living, and consequent changed habits of the people. This maintains a demand so large that the carriage of supplies is not so easily di verted as in case of crude articles whidj are the elements of manufacture. It is these last which we are losing chiefly, and of which the loss is important for other reasons than the mere profit of the carrying trade. It must be observed that these statements refer only to the direct trade from the countries named, and include none of the importations of their products which reach us through other channels. A large and steadily increasing volume of such indirect trade has long existed. The products of Russia reach the United States by way of England and the German states, as do those of Sweden and Norway. Indeed, the tropical products and special exports of the entire list of countries with which our direct connexion appears to have declined, are now brought through the channels named in large proportions, as will be shown by the statements of imports which follow. As the proportion of foreign shipping engaged in the foreign trade of the United States, is believed to be directly associated with the limitation of our commerce, both direct and indirect, with the greater number of foreign countries, the statements bearing on both points have been introduced indiscriminately. The following summary of the values imported annually by each class of vessels is the natural successor of the detailed comparison of values from each country for 1828 and 1860. The imports have so far been taken as the best illustration of the relations held by the United States to foreign countries, because they 10 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. were made the basis of a large carrying trade, supplying other countries with merchandise not of our own production, and therefore not permanently within our control. In continuation, the condition of our export trade will be stated, showing to what extent that has undergone modifications similar to those ap parent iii the import trade. Value of imports of tlic United States in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863. Years. In American vessels. In foreign vessels. Total im ports. Years. In American vessels. In foreign Vessels. Total im ports. 1821 $58 025 906 $4 559 818 $62 585 724 1844 $94 174 673 $14 260 362 $108 435 035 1822 7ti 984 331 6 257 10 83 4 1 54 1 ]845 102 438 481 14 816 083 117 54 564 1823 71 5L1 541 6 067*726 77 579 267 1846 106 008.173 15 683 624 121 691 797 1824 75 265 054 5 283 953 80 549 007 1847 113 141 357 33 404 281 146 545 638 1825 91 902 512 4*437 563 96 340 075 1848 128 647,232 26. 351 696 154 998 928 1826. 80 778 120 4 196 357 84 974 477 1849 120 382 152 27 475 287 147 857 435> 1827 74 5)65 496 4 518 572 79 484 068 1850 139,657,043 38 4bl 275 178 138 318 1828 81 951 319 6 558 505 88 50 ( ) 8 4 1851 163 650 543 52 574 389 216 224 932 1829 6fi 325 552 5 166 975 74 492 527 1852 158 258 467 54.686,975 212.945 442 1830. 66 035 739 4 841 181 70 876 920 1863 191 688 325 76 290 322 267 978 647 1831 93962,110 9 229.014 103 191,124 1854 217 376 273 87 186 108 304,562.381 1832 90 2 )8 229 10 731 037 101 029 266 1855 . 202 149 340 59 233 620 261 3P2 9GO 1833 98060.772 10057,53 ) 108 118 311 1856 249,972,512 64 667.430 314,639 942 1834 113 700 174 12821 158 126 521 332 1857 . 259 116 170 101 773 971 360 890 141 1835 135.288.865 ]4,60(> 877 149895.742 1858 203.700,016 78,913,134 282.613.150 1836 171 656 442 18 3il3 593 18 ) 980 035 1859 216 123 428 122 644 702 338 768.130 1*37 122.177.193 18812.024 140 989 217 I860 228,164.855 134.001,399 362,166,254 1838 . 103087 448 1C 62 ( ) 956 113 717 404 1861 201 544 055 134,106 098 335 650 1 53 1839 143,874 252 18217 880 162.092.132 1862 92.274.100 113,497,620 205,771,729 1840 92 802 352 14 339 167 107 141 519 1863 109 744 580 143 175340 252.919,929 184L 1842 113,221.677 88 724 280 14,724.300 11 437 807 12*7,946,177 100 162 087 1863,3dqr.... 1863 4th qr 19.033,949 18 935 399 46,114.529 56,551,754 65,148,478 75587,153 1843, 9 months 49,971,875 14,781,924 64,753,799 Value of exports, the. produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863. Years. [n American vessels. In foreign vessels. Total ex ports. Years. In American vessels. In foreign vessels. Total ex ports. 3821 182 $34.465,272 39 931 913 $9,206,622 Q 940 ](]g $43.671.894 4 ( ) 874 07^ 1844 1845 $69,706,375 75 483 123 $30.008,804 23 816 653 $99,715,179 99 299.776 1823 39*074 562 8 080 846 47 155 408 1846 78,634,410 23 507.483 102.141.893 1824 43 444 619 7 204 881 50 649 50! 1847 97 514 472 527% 192 150 310 604 1825 58 31 6 095 8 628 650 66 944 745 1848 95 544.217 37,359,904 1:52.904.121 1826 46.199.528 6,856,182 53.055,710 1849 91,363308 41,303,647 132.666955 1827 50 1 On, 379 8 816 312 58,9^1 691 1850 89,616,742 47.33U.170 136,946.912 1828 41 130 106 9 53 ( ) 563 50 669 t) ti f > 1851 137 934 539 58 755 179 196689,718 1*29 1830 46.974.554 51 106 190 8,725,639 8 355 839 55,700,193 59 462 029 1852 1853 127,340,547 142 810 026 65,028.437 70 607 671 192,368,984 213,417.697 1831 49,671,239 11 605 818 61,277,057 1854 176.100,273 75.5*47.533 252.047,806 1832 46 925 890 16 211 580 63 137 470 1855 182 885 249 63 823 304 246 708,553 isai 52,985,446 17 332 252 70,317 698 1856 220. 2! 1 1,143 90,295, 187 310.586,330 1834 61 286 119 19 738 043 81 024 162 1 857 232 815 826 106 169239 333,985,00!5 1835 79.022,746 22,166 336 101,189 082 1858 221,958,732 71,799.547 293.758,279 1836 80 845 443 26 071 237 106 916 680 1859 234 322,727 101 571,658 335 894,385 1837 75,482,521 20 081,893 95,564,414 I860 262,586..">77 110.602,697 373,189.274 1838 79 855,599 16 178 222 96 033 821 1861 166,546 339 62 153 147 228,699.486 1839 1840 82.127,514 92,030.898 21,4<fi,377 21,864 736 103,533,891 113895 634 1862 1863 118,187.891 122,478,563 94,881,628 183 406,435 213,069,519 30">.884,998 1841 82 569 389 23 813 333 106 38 72 1863 3dqr 13 604 468 51 030,888 64 635 356 1842 71,467,634 21,502 362 92 969 9"6 1863 4th qr... 13,284,898 58,144,033 71,428,931 1843, 9 months 60,107,819 17,685,964 77,793,783 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 11 Exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels for the quarter ending September oO, 1863. Ports. American. Foreign, Total. $273,990 194,006 133, 898 $19,068 ]8,490 65,870 2,446 2,854 2,527,416 8,983 1,507 4, 596 42, 317, 769 $293, 064 212,496 199, 768 2, 446 45, 223 3,300,081 54, 927 23, 772 151,322 49, 393, 838 630, 705 1,032,098 103,890 1,726,132 2,238 32, 814 1,898,810 568 197, 641 461,048 103,936 962, 744 965, 986 2, 688, 397 18,555 132,859 Portland -. Portsmouth N H ... Salem 42, 369 772, 665 45,944 22, 265 146, 726 7, 076, 069 630, 705 239, 649 3,552 508, 341 2, 238 18,095 775, 482 Other ports of Massachusetts . .............. Ports of Rhode Island New Haven and ports of Connecticut Chaniplain .. ... .. ...... Lake ports of New York 792, 449 100, 338 1,217,791 Philadelphia Perth Arnboy N. J. . \Vilinington Delaware 14,719 1,123,328 568 149,407 362,615 39, 665 626, 982 844, 867 750, 956 "38," 264" Baltimore Key West New Orleans .. ........ 48,234 98, 431 64, 271 335, 762 121,119 1,937,441 18, 555 94, 655 Lake ports of Ohio Detroit Chicago. Milwaukie San Francisco Oregon . . Pu^et s Sound . . Total 13,604,468 I 51,030,888 64, 635, 356 oi ts, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels for the quarter ending December 31, 1863. Ports. American. Foreign. Total. $341,385 $9, 882 $351 267 Other ports of Maine 168 967 40 596 209 563 Portland 467 308 361 717 829 025 Portsmouth, N. H. 976 976 Salem, Massachusetts 19 072 1 582 20 654 Boston and Charlestowii . .... 1 177 810 2 955 863 4 133 673 Other ports of Massachusetts 66 740 68 850 135 590 Ports of Rhode Island 32,012 360 32 372 New Haven and ports of Connecticut -. 135,922 5 686 959 26, 582 47 000 409 162,504 52 687 368 Champlain 1,020,452 J 020 452 Lake ports of Now York ...... . .. 162 299 880 640 1 042 939 12 564 75 143 87 707 Philadelphia . 804 921 1 578 747 2 383 668 Ports of New Jersey ... 8 242 10 8 252 Wilmington, Delaware .. ,.. 2,083 11 387 13 470 491 290 1 703 992 2 195 282 Key W T est . . . 4 996 1 558 6 554 New Orleans 102 839 746 451 849 290 Li ike ports of Ohio 17 887 52 055 69, 942 Detroit 68 552 355 367 423 919 Chicago 156, 638 578, 318 734, 956 12 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Exports, the produce of the United States, Sfc. Continued. Ports. American. Foreign. Total. $6, 955 $284,916 $291,871 Ban Francisco .... .... ...... ...... 2 211 833 1 339 666 3,551 549 Oregon ... ...... 1C 594 16 594 Puffet s Sound 100 523 68 966 i 169 494 Total 13, 234, 893 58, 144, 033 71,428,931 Imports in American and foreign vessels from foreign countries, 1862 63, (fiscal year.) Countries. American. Foreign. Total. Russia on the Baltic . . $625 835 97 452 $723 287 Russia on tlie Black 109 680 116 251 225 931 Russian possessions in North America. 27, 836 11,912 39, 748 Prussia . . ...... 920 920 Sweden and Norway. 23 730 309 443 333, 173 Swedish \Vest Indies 17 313 14 990 32 303 Denmark ................ ...... ... .......... 107 107 Danish \Vest Indies ... 132 732 148 999 281,731 Hamburg 205 970 7 507 856 7 713 826 104, 240 5,664,323 5, 768, 563 Holland 253 501 1,293,013 1,546,514 Dutch West Indies 49 948 453 594 503, 542 Dutch Guiana 162 736 167 303 330 039 Dutch East Indies 230 676 172 076 402 752 Belsrium. . 691 156 1,800,816 2,491,972 England . .. ..... ..... ..... 24 785 786 85 679,841 110 465,627 Scotland 605 656 1 852 230 2 457 886 65, 104 148, 083 213, 187 Gibraltar 31 174 60, 628 91,802 Malta ... . 22 518 59 22, 577 Canada 14 964 716 3 849 124 18 813 840 Other British North American possessions 2, 407, 889 2, 799, 535 5, 207, 424 British West Indies 777 994 1,300,481 2, 078, 475 British Honduras . . .. ............ 119 624 253 800 373, 424 British Guiana 110 821 200 721 311 542 1 272,716 490, 432 1,763,148 British Australia .. . ...... ............ 3 744 12, 353 16, 097 British East Indies . .. ... 4 903 400 513 299 5 416 699 3,182,524 4,012,492 7, 195, 016 France on Mediterranean ...... ...... .......... 1,327,663 2, 068, 945 3, 396, 608 French North American possessions ..... ....... 44 254 44, 254 French \Vest Indies 4 382 17 923 22, 305 French Guiana 17 016 17 016 Spain on Atlantic *. ...... 150,350 342 154 492, 504 Spain on Mediterranean . . . 892 021 618 044 1 510 065 Canary islands 7 152 3 309 10 461 Philippine islands 1 806 279 76 980 1 883 259 Cuba 16,048,052 5 486 013 21 , 534, 065 944 578 2 732 476 Portugal ..... ..... 24 092 152 175 176 267 Madeira 9 524 9 524 13 050 13, 050 19 209 27 490 46,699 Sardinia . ......... .. 105 407 199 689 305, 096 Tuscany . . . 637 268 345 182 982 450 Papal States.., 21, 196 21,196 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 13 Imports in American and foreign vessels, fyc. Continued. Ports. American. Foreign. Total. Two Sicilies $1 122 522 $714 415 $1 836 937 Austria .. - 21,837 187,440 209 277 Greece 28 012 28 012 Turkey in Europe ...... . ...... 27 928 27 928 Turkey in Asia . . . .... 631 147 325 215 956 362 Other ports in Africa 1 193 460 316 629 1 510 089 Hayti 834 388 743 668 1 578 056 San Doniinf o - ... ..................... 98 993 201 288 300 281 Mexico . -.-.....---.. 2,052 415 2 477 169 4 529 584 Central Republic 142 707 41 838 184 545 New Granada 1 710 846 248 4;> 2 1 958 868 Venezuela . .................. ...... 654,221 874 870 1 529 091 Brazil 5 912 927 5 032 549 10 945 476 Uruguay or Cisplatine Republic 516 298 124 712 641 010 Buenos Avres, or Argentine Republic Chili 3, 733, 910 1,691,467 767,912 275 446 4,501,822 1 966 913 Peru 51 365 105 296 156 661 Sandwich Islands ..... 628 572 628 572 Other islands in Pacific 26 480 82 135 108 615 61 902 1 1 949 73 851 China . . .. ... . . 9 623 327 I 337 737 10 961 064 \Vhale fisheries . . . . 268 356 268 356 Uncertain places 103 103 Total 109 744 580 143 175 340 252 919 920 American and foreign tonnage entering the ports of the United States, third and fourth quarters of 1S63. Ports. THIRD QUARTER. FOURTH QUARTER. American. Foreign. American. Foreign. Eastport, Passarnaquoddy, Alaine ....... 25,967 11,299 5, 658 2,681 11,790 3,852 2, 090 158, 206 21,151 7,612 2, 242 165 2,981 24,410 3, 228 1,471 Portland, Maine .... Other ports of Maine Portsmouth New Hampshire Boston 49, 581 Other ports of Massachusetts 15, 944 4, 809 5, 056 218, 901 15, 898 8,699 2, 023 407, 505 15,144 2, 537 2, 987 178, 407 265, 108 10,862 4,251 1,688 371,809 192, 962 704 19,014 5,258 Providence and ports of Rhode Island New Haven and ports of Connecticut New York Lake ports of New York . Ports of New Jersey 173 32, 016 603 161 13,455 1,530 9, 930 45,911 40,075 28, 045 57, 474 714 14, 809 8,664 Philadelphia . 19,575 2, 822 197 9, 203 1,774 11,414 150,200 22,619 9, 196 58, 175 Wilmington, Delaware . 11,001 591 15,539 6, 223 31 , 237 16, 138 15,418 16, 920 2,166 6,046 60,700 17, 062 5, 003 15, 489 Key West Lake ports of Ohio Detroit Chicacro Milwaukie ... . Sail Francisco and Oregon 566,588 733, 078 780, 528 762, 044 14 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. In regard to the carnage of these exports, the above tables disclose some remarkable facts. Beginning with a proportion averaging less than one-fifth in foreign vessels for the first ten or twelve years, the proportion in 1862- 63 is three-fifths, and for the two remaining quarters, closing the calendar year 1863, the proportion is four-fifths of the whole carried in foreign vessels, and but one-fifth in American ; thus precisely reversing the relations of the two classes existing in 1821, and, indeed, continuing to exist to 1831. But it is important to separate the unusual state of affairs resulting from the war, from the course of events preceding it, and to distinguish the changes then attained, in order to decide upon all the questions involved. Taking the year 1860 as a fair representative of this previous period, the proportion of the total exports which was carried in foreign vessels was 29.6 per cent., and of the five years closing with I860, 29.5 per cent. For the first five years of the table, 1821 to 1825, the proportion was but 16.6 per cent, carried in foreign vessels. The change, therefore, is only in part due to the dangers at present incurred by American shipping. Not only are the absolute values large which fell to the hands of fore ; gn carriers previous to 1861, but the proportions are doubled over those existing in the period first stated in the above tables. Taking the com parison further back the disproportion is greater, large encroachments having been established even in 1821 upon the business of American shipping in the carriage of domestic produce to foreign markets. The imports exhibit a similar course of change from American to foreign hands. The average of the first five years was $5,300,000 in foreign vessels, out of a total of $80,000,000, only 6.6 per cent. In 1832 they had risen to 10 per cent, of the total; in 1848 and 1849 to an average of 20 per cent.; in 1853 to 30 per cent; and in 1859 and 1860 to 40 per cent. In the fiscal year 1861- 62 they exceeded the total in American vessels by twenty millions of dollars, and in 1862- 63 by thirty-four millions of dollars. In the last six months of the calendar year 1863 they were nearly three times the imports in American vessels, being as follows : In American vessels. In foreign vessels Quarter ending September 30, 1863 $19, 033, 949 $46, 114, 529 Quarter ending December 31, 1863 IS, 935, 399 56, 551, 754 Six months 37,969,348 102,666,283 The proportions at New York, the chief port of entry, for these two quarters were In American vessels. In foreign vessels. Quarter ending September 30 7, 829, 110 38, 210, 593 Quarter ending December 31 5, 994, 785 43, 321, 712 It may be stated that the loss of the great carrying trade conducted by American shipping during the European wars has more than once received earnest public attention. Two or three European States, and particularly France, almost immediately on the establishment of peace, built up a severe system of discriminations against all other shipping than their own. These discriminations were carried to a most injurious length, and were the subject of earnest remonstrance. The effect of the action of France is still seen in the remarkably limited amount of our present direct trade with that country, and for other states the results arc quite as striking. In a forcible memorial addressed to Congress by the Chamber of Commerce of New York in 1821, the first decisively adverse effects of the new policy of European states is thus stated: It is a lamentable fact that more than half the number of vessels lately arrived at this from foreign ports are dismantled, from the absolute absence of any advantageous object of commercial pursuit; and this state of commerce FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 15 seems the natural and necessary result of the new order of things which has prevailed since the pacification of Europe. Every restraint that lately shackled the navigation of the principal maritime nations of Europe has been removed, whilst the general trade and navigation of those states are, at the same time, regulated with a studious regard to the interests of their own subjects, so that the United States have not only ceased to be the carriers for Europe, but are deprived of the means of entering into a fair competition in the transportation to foreign countries of the principal products of their own soil." This is a just statement of the adverse action of France, more particularly, by which the United States shipping was first seriously curtailed of its due share of foreign trade. The discriminations then made by France were not iu the form of tonnage dues and port charges so much as in specific charges im posed upon American produce imported in American ships, which charges are stated in this memorial to be as follows : " The foreign or discriminating duties paid by American vessels importing the following articles into France are : 1*J cent per pound (French) on cotton ; 1^ cent per pound on tobacco ; 55 cents per 100 pounds on potashes ; which extra duties exceed the whole freight now paid for the transportation of those articles from the United States, whether in French or in American bottoms. To form an estimate of the practical result of these regulations it will be assumed that a vessel of 300 tons register will cany 560,000 pounds weight of tobacco, the difference of duty on which, at 1J cent per pound, would be $G,300, equivalent to twenty-one dollars per registered ton ; or, in a vessel of the same description carrying 280,000 pounds of cotton and 220,000 of potashes, the difference of duty at 1 J cent for the cotton is $4,200, and at 55 cents per 100 pounds on the ashes, is $1,200 together, $5,400 which is equivalent to eighteen dollars per registered ton. " The aggregate tonnage employed in the direct trade to France is estimated at 50,000 tons, in addition to which an indirect trade of considerable extent has been carried on by the circuitous channel of England, the saving in the duties by reshipping our cotton and tobacco thence to France in French vessels, in stead of shipping them direct from the United States in American vessels, being more than equivalent to the extra freight and charges attending the additional voyage." This apparently remote action is here cited because it was one of the events marking the beginning of a system of diversion of our own commerce from direct lines, which has continued to increase to the present time. The export of American produce passes through foreign distributing markets to a great extent, as will be subsequently shown, and the importation of the produce of tropical and non-commercial countries also comes to us at the hands of foreign carriers, and through foreign distributing markets. The action of the British government in the same direction was even more frequent and persistent, and though interrupted or in other ways rendered nuga tory previous to the peace of 1815, the purpose was frequently and distinctly declared. In January, 1791, the British Board of Trade, in a formal report on commercial relations with the United States, announced the policy of giving signal privileges in British home ports to American ships, but refusing all such equality in the ports of the colonies. " If Congress should propose that this principle of equality should be ex tended to the ports of our colonies and islands, and that the ships of the United States should be there treated as British ships, it should be answered that this demand cannot be admitted even as a subject of negotiation." 16 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. "Many vessels now go from the ports of Great Britain carrying Britisli manufactures to the United States ; there load with lumber and provisions for the British islands, and return with the produce of those islands to Great Britain. This whole branch of the trade may be regarded as a new acquisition, and was attained by your Majesty s orders in council before mentioned; which has operated to the increase of British navigation compared with the United States in a double ratio, but (since) it has taken from the United States more than it has added to Great Britain." Various countervailing acts of the United States aided to neutralize this policy, as has been said, until after the general peace of Europe in 1815. In a com mercial convention with England, concluded July 3, 1815, the United States conceded the chief point in controversy, trusting to the great development of our trade with the British colonies, and the energy with which it had been con ducted, to maintain it under any circumstances. The United States agreed to the equalization of all the conditions of their commerce with the British Euro pean ports, but left the regulations controlling trade with the Britisli West Indies and American colonies without stipulation. The consequences were soon felt. The British authorities re-established their old colonial policy and shut American shipping from the West Indian ports. Vigorous remonstrances were made, and in 1818 Congress enacted that the United States should thereafter be closed against British vessels coming from any British colony or territory that was closed against American vessels by any trade regulation. Again, in May, 1820, Congress further prohibited a circuitous trade that had grown up in evasion of the first act, bringing West India produce through Nova Scotia and Canada. The distress caused in the West Indies by these acts compelled the British Parliament to relax the policy which originated them, and for several years following an imperfect and variable succession of attempts to equalize the trade followed, the general policy of which was to preserve a fair share of it to the United States. In 1830 the British gained an important advantage, however, by the con struction placed on an act of Congress of May 20 of that year. It was claimed by the British and colonial organs that they could take, under this new order, the larger share of the carrying trade in American products away from us, and it is evident from the table of exports of domestic produce previously given that they did so. From 1830 to 1833 the exports in American vessels did not increase at all, while those in foreign vessels doubled. Year. In American vessels. In foreign vessels. Year. In American vessels. In foreign vessels. 1830 $51,106,190 $8 355 839 1832 $46, 925, 890 $16,211,580 1831. 49 671 239 11 605 818 1833 52 985 446 17 332 252 The increase of British tonnage in the American trade, resulting from this action, is shown in the tonnage entering the United States from the British West Indies and the provinces for the same years : FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 17 Tonnage from West Indies and British Provinces. . Year. Tonnage from West Indies. Tonnage from British provinces. American. British. American. British. 1830 22,428 38,04G 61,408 53, 537 37, 081 182 23, 700 27, 209 26, 638 18, 008 130, 527 92, 672 74, 001 209, 958 173,278 4,002 82, 557 108,671 208, 054 39, 984 1831 183-2 1833 1834 Total British tonnage entering United States ports : 1829. 86, 377 1830 89, 823 1831 211,270 1832 288,811 1833 383,487 1834 453,495 1835 529,922 Of the result of this change, Pitkin states that it gave to foreign carriers the first decided possession of the carrying trade in American staples. " This great increase in British shipping has been occasioned principally by the circuitous trade, so long the favorite object of British statesmen, and which the American government at last voluntarily yielded. This has thrown into the hands of the British a much greater proportion of the carrying trade of the United States, both in domestic and foreign articles, than they have ever before enjoyed, ex cept at the commencement of the general government. * * * * The cir cuitous trade thus yielded to the British has given them the carriage of no small proportion of the bulky articles of the south, particularly cotton." This was written in 1835, and it is evident that the point then made of the introduction of a large proportion of foreign shipping into the trade of the United States deserved all the attention it received. From that time forward no decided acts of either government appear to have modified the course of events. Great Britain relaxed the navigation laws at home in 1854, and by so much favored the employment of American shipping in the trade of the British islands. The great extent to which the entire foreign trade passed to British shipping, and the steady growth of their tonnage entering United States ports, is shown in the following table, which continues the comparison previously begun, from 1830 to 1863 : Ex. Doc. 55 2 18 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. National character of tonnage entering tlie ports of the United States 1829 to 1863. Year. American. British. French. jerman or Hanseatic. Total all countries. 1829 872 949 86 377 14 408 7,8J5 1,003 692 1830 967, 227 87, 231 11,256 9,940 1,099,127 1831 922, 952 215, 887 11,701 11,487 1,204,900 1832 949, 622 288, 841 22, 638 22, 351 1 , 342, 660 1833 1 111,441 383, 487 20 917 29, 859 1 608 146 1834 1 074 670 453 495 23 649 26 199 1 642 722 1835 1,352,653 529, 922 15, 457 29,490 1,993,963 1836 1,255,384 544, 774 19,519 43, 254 1 , 9;>5, 597 1837 .... 1 299,720 543, 020 26, 286 90, 528 2 065 423 1838 1 , 302, 974 484, 702 20, 570 40, 091 1,895,084 1839 1 49J 279 495 353 22 686 43 343 2 116 093 1840 1 , 576, 946 582, 424 30,701 42, 424 2, 289, 309 1841 1 631 909 615,623 17, 030 44,918 2 368 353 1842 1 510 111 599, 502 15 876 50 286 2 242 886 1843 1644 1,143,523 2, 010, 924 453, 894 766, 747 13,582 17 257 40,118 60, 222 1,678,275 2,917,738 1845 2 035,486 760, 095 11 536 54 962 2 946 049 1846 2 151 114 813,287 13 666 69 790 3 110 853 1847 2 101 359 993 210 30 704 9 > 291 3 321 705 1848 2, 393, 482 1 177, 104 24 970 92, 178 3, 798, 673 1849 2 658 321 1 482,707 31 466 78, 536 4 368,836 1850 r 2, 573, 016 1,450,539 30, 762 80, 131 4, 348, 639 1851 3 054 349 1 559 869 25 252 116 883 4 993 440 1852 3 235,522 ] 680, 712 25 992 143, 800 5, 292, 880 1853 4 004 013 1 871,210 28 813 163 801 6 281 943 1854 3 752 117 1 748,380 21 837 216 947 5 884 338 1855 3 861 391 1 738 123 18 236 195 576 5 945 339 1856 4 385,484 2 152,892 23, 935 152, 167 6 872,253 1857 1858 4,721,370 4 395 642 2, 070, 926 1 841,912 29, 397 16 416 201,478 200 741 7, 186, 316 6 605 043 1859 5 265 648 2 055 110 2-> 487 258 528 7 806 035 I860 5 921 285 1 918,494 23, 557 230, 828 8 275,196 1861 4 889 313 1 832,971 15 291 228, 336 7 151 355 1862 5 117 685 1 836 096 17 008 276 990 7 362 963 1863 4, 447, 261 2, 096, 612 22, 312 333, 354 7,511,284 To render tlie above comparison accurate as regards transoceanic commerce, a large reduction of the American tonnage should be made for the entries from Canada. For the ten years, 1854 to 1863, the American tonnage from Canada rose from 1,867,489 tons to 2,307,233 tons averaging 1,250,000 tons for the first five years, and over 2,000,000 tons for the last five years. The average of British tonnage was about 850,000 tons for the ten years, increasing less from year to year. The transatlantic trade would therefore compare, between American and British, as follows, taking out the actual entries of each class from Canada : American, British, tons entered. tons entered. 1858 3,050,925 928,992 1859.... . 3,283,062 991,544 1860 3,304,009 1,280,458 1861 2, 892, 427 1 , 148, 092 1862 .- 2,630,312 1,194,560 1863 2,140,028 1,353,476 In the foreign trade of the United States proper, therefore, British shipping approaches much nearer to equality with our own than would appear without the separation of this Canadian trade, a large share of which is really ferry transit, ns has before been explained. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 19 TONNAGE AND TRADE IN FIVE-YEAR PERIODS, FROM 1821 TO 18G3. The next following thirteen tables exhibit, respectively, the tonnage arrivals from all foreign ports severally, every fifth year from 1821 to 1863, with the per-centage of foreign to the total ; the total tonnage entered from all foreign ports, exclusire of Canada and the other British North American possession s ; the like exhibit of the shipping engaged in the United States trade with the several countries of Europe, the West Indies, Mexico and South America, Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous countries, and Canada, respectively ; and the total value of the imports and exports, with the percentage of each of the great geographical divisions of our foreign commerce, distinguishing the ex changes of the precious metals from those of ordinary merchandise. These tables are intended to exhibit the progress of our commerce during the last forty-two years, the relative value of our trade with the several customer nations, and the changed proportion of distribution ; in effect, a tabled history of our commerce and navigation during the period embraced in the statements. Two other tables are added : one showing the number, class, and tonnage of vessels built in the United States since 1822, and the other giving their distri bution among the various branches of our foreign and home commerce. 20 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. General statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriv from 1801 to 1863, with the ^proportion of the for 1821. 1826. Countries. 1 <5 Foreign. Per cent, of foreign. American. Foreign. Percent, of foreign. 1 4 Russia 13, 827 17, 342 8 931 1 76 100 294 207 41 3 700 \\ 4 Sweden, Norway, and Denmark Hamburg, Bremen, and other Ger- 12, 193 14 54 1,168 4 180 8.8 22 3 14, 781 14 537 1,974 4 859 11.8 5 05 11, 346 15 934 *; 25 851 1 403 5 1 26 902 4 076 (, 112 053 39 024 25 8 172 58d 39 375 18 5 23 345 ^r 4 737 7 232 61 3 5 837 6 61 51 6 5 674 g 9 479 3 018 24 1 13 937 4 370 03 g 4 388 i) France on the Atlantic 11, 431 11, 273 49.6 51 451 7 514 12 7 40 849 10 6 585 5 483 6 760 -\ 1 19 678 1,015 4.9 21 045 342 1 6 5 043 1 11 231 435 3 7 q 3i)8 3 599 I f 8 pain on the Mediterranean . 4 747 563 10.6 5 066 9 583 14 France on the Mediterranean 3,700 838 18.3 9,426 13 774 Iff Italy, Sicily, and Malta 6,573 9. 095 12, 763 16 2 018 2 515 11 90 17 Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and the Le- 1 661 192 10 3 3 080 3 918 18 261 499 4 169 18 90 376 465 929 "1 Other portn in Africa 1,231 2, 825 242 7.8 2 511 . 2 287 1 721 660 99 Canary islands 2, 329 1, 931 1 963 0< 4 140 148 3.4 2 546 2 514 , ("ape de Verd islands 5 038 92 1.7 2,006 209 9 4 875 ", British East Indies 4,548 5,981 5, 342 w Dutch East Indies 1, 597 4,236 2 533 98 China 5 622 10 432 4 316 29 Other Asiatic ports 1, 532 4, 439 1 171 M 742 1 41H 2 938 -;] 39 Other British colonies, including Australia until 1841 796 151 53 6 248 33 Islands of the Pacific and the north- 375 l"l 35 Other British North American prov inces, including Canada, unti ]g36 111, 269 405 0.3 74, 884 8,706 JO. 4 92 947 96 Cuba 106 826 4 478 4.02 122 600 2 808 2 2 132 830 17 Porto Hico - 14 536 63 0.3 12, 899 26 963 38 4<> 139 980 1.9 26 102 1 137 4 1 26 446 39 Swedish West Indies 13, 083 863 6.3 4, 284 4 793 10 Da n i^h West Indies 39 407 1 689 4.1 37 347 1 435 3 7 27 501 41 British West Indies and South 32 631 97 231 1 7 927 7 5 38 046 49 Dutch West Indies and American 16 468 400 2.5 13 591 1 277 8 6 11 296 French West Indies and American 41 729 | 37 724 5 442 12 6 26 704 1 1 22 870 1 053 1 4.4 r> 25 524 i 6 053 19 1 oo 377 ; i i ; 5 111 246 4 6 1 4 r >6 <17 2, 940 2 821 48 17 014 3 804 18 2 q 174 49 Brazil 10 599 24, 590 1 496 5 7 29 855 VI 074 jj 3,054 9 652 BQ Chili 4 446 3 7 -) 9 r-j 5 192 o 577 -, | 1 283 163 11 2 703 55 Whale fisheries 10, 643 9,866 29 581 v; 60 Total 765 098 81, 526 9.6 942, 206 105 654 10.08 922 952 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 21 ing from each foreign country every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually tign to the total tonnage entered, at each period. 1831. 183G. 1841. 1846. .1 Percent, of foreign. American. | 1 Per ceiit. of foreign. i -,. -TV- American. Foreign. Percent, of foreign. American. Foreign. Per cent, of foreign. 577 6.07 13, 944 341 1,607 274 10.3 44.5 18, 370 357 674 3.5 11, 145 419 319 1,375 2 7 76.6 1 o 2,999 12, 175 349 84, 324 11, 008 7, 020 8,666 ~"i,45i 20.9 43.3 1.4 27.4 65.9 61.5 17.5 22.3 8,645 9,908 14, jyi 235, 749 4.584 1,926 75, 217 7, 563 7, 435 3 433 10, 667 36, 567 9, 035 107, 972 20, 063 13, 798 12, 069 1, 713 2,819 324 55.2 78.3 38.7 31.4 81.4 87.7 13.8 18.4 27.5 8 6 7,407 15, 593 37, 012 307, 988 8, 049 781 109, 504 12, 387 13, 100 2 377 11, 888 35, 481 4, 033 124, 899 23, 118 17, 882 14,556 716 2,485 61.6 69.4 9.8 28.8 74.1 95.8 11.7 5.4 15.9 3,502 24, 872 34, 617 374, 137 10, 715 6, 940 103, 484 8,112 5, 128 2, 750 10, 219 61,656 1 1, 552 IBS, 373 28, 894 28, 279 10, 722 383 2,037 74.4 71.3 25. 02 34.6 72. 9 80.2 9.4 4.5 28.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13,841 2 778 16.7 14, 380 2 835 16.4 9,889 5,248 34.6 13 493 159 3.4 1.2 12, 166 21,222 6 426 \ 9, 661 4, 408 3 938 44.2 17.2 37 9 12, 230 26,542 5 259 4, 302 5,854 1 961 26. 02 18.06 27 1 10, 070 25, 974 5 019 2 992 6, 622 592 22.9 20.3 10.5 14 15 16 4 796 2 449 33 8 4 168 704 14 4 7 398 1,477 16.6 17 2 020 3 6 18 203 100 19 1,374 543 994 20 6 632 1 499 18 4 6 131 1 036 14 4 9 418 2 431 20.5 21 397 36.6 1,397 1,614 1, 612 202 11.1 22 2 577 192 6 9 2 161 1 428 39 8 1 683 791 32.0 23 1,696 242 12 3 2 504 148 5.6 1.060 396 27.2 24 157 926 107 sr> / 9,638 10 303 6,408 507 10, 684 3 226 26 P7 16, 445 11 986 18, 937 306 1.5 28 624 2 279 1 055 99 4,977 4 366 8,297 30 1 850 31 32 194 693 1 268 231 15 3 33 222 7G %> 233 560 51 1 38 685 60 110 44 34 83,293 19,639 3,117 699 262 47.2 12.8 10.3 2.5 5 1 55, 888 155, 572 4 1 , 996 27, 872 296 143, 963 10, 284 1, 196 832 72. 03 6.2 2.7 2.8 80, 070 199, 685 51, 162 35, 899 1 082 132, 501 11, 920 443 748 62.3 5.6 0.9 2.04 850, 784 15(5, 905 51, 395 30, 264 653 515, 879 3, 404 487 803 37.7 2.1 .9 2.5 35 36 37 38 3> 2, 827 23,760 31 9.3 38.4 2 6 22,040 51,308 15 010 1,351 25,739 76 5.7 33.4 5 23,667 71,197 17 34 2,957 52,543 939 ii.i 42.4 5 1 29, 018 97, 783 19 048 969 39, a32 3.2 28.9 40 41 49 2, 793 9.4 15, 696 6,572 29.5 14, 445 3,394 19.02 22,603 5,275 18.9 43 44 11, 498 600 33. 9 27.1 27, 403 6,804 1,502 5, 745 2,187 357 17.3 24.3 19 2 48, 786 4, 355 2 223 5,469 1, 030 145 10.08 19.1 6.1 44,318 5,359 2 423 7,598 64 107 14.6 1.1 4. 2 45 46 47 56 1,360 0.6 4.3 12, 484 39, 259 2 175 1,216 4,341 8.8 10.0 15, 251 41,034 4 427 2,380 4,503 540 13. 5 9.7 10 8 15, 069 61,014 1 214 1,399 4, 952 8.5 7.5 48 49 50 5, 201 208 3 8 13 7v!6 2,319 14.4 5,988 987 14.1 51 2,487 3, 072 300 8.1 6,560 2,281 25.8 52 94 3 5 605 19 496 53 736 214 605 73.8 54 51,349 36 832 47, 327 55 174 511 74 6 167 flfi * 281, 948 23.4 1, 255, 384 680, 213 35.1 1,631,909 736, 444 31.1 2,151,114 959, 739 30.8 22 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. General statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels 1851. 1856. Countries. American. 1 Per cent, of foreign. American. a i Per cent, of foreign. American. 9 817 3 66 05 o 7 874 769 8 8 10 fJCO 1 Prussia 262 704 72 8 1*091 389 26 3 4 Sweden. Norway, and Denmark. . . . Hamburg, Bremen, and other Ger- 2,669 1 734 25, 769 90 539 90.6 80 6 9*. 477 37 93 4,278 11 701 3L2 76 j 6,315 4 033 5 Ilolland itnd Belgium 27 905 25 786 47 9 56 56 23 983 9 7 40 904 411 611 39 9 1 006 405 350* 137 5 8 844 s Scotland 18 210 46 215 71.7 26 370 54 170 67 2 10 800 i 5 488 74 021 93 1 3 630 11 163 68 7 1 989 9 France on the Atlantic 135 606 26 498 16 3 211 353 04 743 10 4 236 46 9 940 5 547 35 8 17 06 3 530 17 1 16 ^56 1 1 Portugal 961 5 175 84 3 10 870 7 434 40 5 985 r 509 1 114 68 6 5 05 4 9 48 6 3 315 12 Spain on the Mediterranean 15 101 19 590 56 4 20 710 6 18 55 8 16 777 14 15 France on the Mediterranean Italv, Sicily, and Malta 7,146 32 856 14, 656 28 391 67.2 46.3 29. 957 108 055 7,062 34 807 19.1 24 3 23, 488 9 038 "i <; 814 6 281 88 5 4 087 2 78 40 5 2 460 17 Turkey, Greece. Egypt, and the Le- 7 757 2 109 21 3 17 768 4 809 1 3 10 Europe gene-rail v French African Possessions 5 182 90 1 23 238 16 3 5 30 403 8 4 13 950 2] 12 675 1 035 7 5 14 157 509 3 e oy 055 N 1 864 678 26 6 4 556 541 10 6 5 061 300 746 70 7 J 180 576 3 8 o 340 "1 Madeira 1 068 137 11.3 284 100 250 o- 111 2 696 1 307 3 6 2 885 British East Indies. . .-. 29 907 2 813 8.6 65 619 1 328 10 8 106 ? 7 V) 4 iV 7 Dutch East Indies . 3 320 150 4 3 9 169 373 3 9 6 61 -.v China 27 587 11 327 9 1 69 104 9 S81 1 6 Yl >1 Other Asiatic ports 545 l 601 " i Philippine islands q 1)33 o 549 4 04 ex)-} 2 11 8 29 142 M Australia 6 381 27 168 80 9 3 05 1 103 0(5 7 8 570 :j-j Other British colonies, including Australia, until 1641 33 Islands of the Pacific and the north- 21 676 4 255 16 4 17 774 1 09 5 8 33 507 ; J 1 013 75 514 383 33 6 1 191 716 1 17 71 50 5 35 Other British North American prov inces, including Canada, until 1836 62 458 362 218 85 2 187 754 40 441 68 2 184 06 M Cuba 355 515 53, 162 13.0 516 050 56 082 9 7 670 016 !~ Porto Rico 48 336 7 874 14 40 301 1 040 03 y 55* 708 38 Hay ti and San Domingo 39 940 7,820 16.3 46 776 6 620 12 4 40* 605 .,, 278 961 1 418 40 Danish West Indies 10, 386 5,052 32.7 13 451 2 163 13 8 14 908 41 British West Indies and South American colonies 61,134 44, 882 42.3 64 819 38 770 37 4 107 909 42 Dutch West Indies and American colonies 20,145 8, 426 29.4 12, 272 1 997 14 20 064 4:; French West Indies and American colonies 4,661 2,353 33.5 9 700 4 645 32 3 6 300 1 1 Spanish American colonies until 1824 4 -, 20 407 12 701 30 1 40 4Qi 8 387 17 40 7 British Honduras 3 055 2 524 45.2 5 173 2 718 34 4 10 147 49 Central America 8 550 209 2.3 85 544 796 9 2 451 New Granada and Venezuela 183 478 12 698 6.4 152 550 5 05 37 4 15 212 19 Bra7il 63 663 22 4x!8 26 05 100 ()~>4 1 688 11 2 115 019 50 Uruguay 154 1 992 92.8 i eoi 255 1 4 1 002 - 1 13 382 11 005 18 544 356 2 ? 23, 9(>6 55 Chili 30 068 23, 396 43. 7 15 266 3 536 18 8 17 4x?8 Peru 20 102 5 751 22 2 50 048 6 60 11 5 77 330 54 Other South American ports 1 214 1,849 60.3 l 062 55 Whale fisheries 52, 424 102 43, 331 67 492 1.1 36, 077 395 Total 3 054 349 ] 939 091 38.8 4 385 484 o 486 796 36 2 5 91 285 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 23 arriving from each foreign country every Jifth year, fyc. Continued. I860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1 o J 1 I $ | <J 1 c bo 1 < *0 *s 1 1 g s 1 | 1 g 1 ? | 1 1 < i 1 & i *0 & 3,141 310 18.6 100 8, 220 3, 9H7 400 32.4 100 6,848 2,701 28.3 6,504 4,778 42.3 1 3,678 170, 222 17, 305 507, 003 62, 485 28, 318 18, 785 3,015 2, P69 2,820 20, 451 19, 737 47, 429 3 730 36.8 95.9 29. 7 37.5 75. 9 93.4 7.3 15.4 74.4 45.9 54.9 45.6 33.8 60.2 8,460 8,298 41, 639 822, 685 31. 158 1,136 178, 187 9, 662 2, 268 221 21, 537 14, 276 72,514 3,274 6,273 161, 005 20, 883 479, 068 54, 724 54, 208 16,835 2,186 5, 149 1,291 11, 396 5, 289 20, 612 1,253 42.6 95.1 33.4 36.8 63.7 97.9 8.6 18.4 69.4 85.4 34. 6 27.03 22.1 27.6 1,916 7,361 54, 342 821,447 41, 589 25, 987 227, 703 23, 026 3,050 3, 831 18, 434 23, 572 80, 440 361 3,294 1S9, 604 36, 722 475, 029 27, 355 58, 506 30,610 5,508 8, 735 1,640 8, 232 1,627 17, 067 d3.2 96.2 40.3 36.6 39.7 69. 2 11.8 19.3 74.1 30.0 30.8 6.4 17.5 470 9,018 29, 816 720, 960 3!f, 139 25, 396 51, 402 14,410 6, 971 3, 385 21,310 15, 361 66, 017 7,528 179, 594 41,228 628, 435 4!), 204 7!), 647 29, 091 10,020 13, 171 3,804 11,556 17, 734 32, 926 3 130 94.3 95.2 58. 3 46.5 55. 6 75.8 36.1 41.0 65.4 52.9 35.1 53.6 33.2 100.0 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5,202 35.4 10,281 2,158 17.3 6 715 5 919 3 069 34.1 17 18 1, 474 22.1 288 553 563 50.4 19 4, 889 1, 960 1,415 1, 039 677 25. 9 8.8 21.8 30.7 27 6 10, 965 19,126 3, 800 1, 027 159 1, 137 2,256 504 985 976 9.3 10.5 11.7 48.9 86 10, 04 (i 13, 784 3,318 692 836 1, 715 552 480 7.6 11.06 14.3 40.9 10, 831 12,591 1,954 679 3 04 3 3, 020 4,246 1, 569 273 445 21.7 25. 2 44.5 28.6 12 07 20 21 22 23 4 1 6(50 36 5 1 239 1 11 47 7 1 647 1 17 1 435 56 25 8. 2U3 960 4, 213 3,774 7.4 12.8 5.1 70.2 68, 25!) 5,447 70, 295 2, 425 10, 322 2,570 5,655 13.1 32. 05 7.4 27, 405 1,216 41,900 1 751 2,874 430 19, 607 523 9.4 25.1 31.8 23 45, 854 2, 089 56, 382 1 819 3, 564 1,194 12, 137 7.2 36.3 17.7 26 27 28 W 1,286 12, 692 4.2 59.6 33, 452 4,078 1,070 6,905 3.4 62.8 13, 259 6,112 710 5, 206 5.1 46.0 25, 276 9,000 1,533 5,554 5.7 38.1 30 31 3 n 1,736 658, 036 475, 051 91, 796 15, 173 7,756 122 9,113 59, 544 7,483 5,415 4.8 20. 1 72.7 12. 03 21.4 16. 03 8.0 37.9 35.5 27.1 46.2 20, 031 1, 996, 892 196,709 61H, 785 52, 209 40, 727 1, 544 10,411 93, 684 21,297 2,966 1, 834 684, 879 465, 141 53, 1 10 9, 899 5, 460 140 3,105 53,835 12, 132 4,024 8.4 25.5 70.3 7.9 15.9 11.8 8.3 22.9 36.5 36.3 57.5 11, 809 2, 487, 373 246, 821 37!), 517 42, 377 30, 305 1,854 25, 039 69,201 7,905 2,680 593 683, 411 397, 702 68, 5:?3 21,360 23, 029 1,359 3,715 72, 724 7,812 2,839 4.8 21.5 61.7 15.3 33. 5 43.1 42.3 12.9 51.2 49,7 51.4 9,322 2, 307, 233 213, 251 388, 213 37, 294 30, 435 576 12, 641 79, 972 6,692 1,723 1,052 743, 136 420, 961 87, 466 17, 293 31, 524 527 11, 938 77,048 11,640 7, 426 10.1 24.3 66.3 18.4 31.7 50. 8 47.7 48.5 49.7 63.5 81.1 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 12, 748 2, 145 879 5, 090 33,444 417 20.5 17.4 26.4 2.3 22.5 5.0 27,241 3,] 65 3, 063 149, 309 83, 829 6 319 5, 509 684 414 2,441 22, 173 16.8 17.7 11.9 1.6 20.9 30, 284 1,563 1, 735 154, 857 70, 915 13 06 ( > 8, 074 2,871 1,703 9, 396 31, 425 677 20.7 64.7 49.5 5.7 30.7 4 9 42, 883 1, 308 12, 078 166, 742 46, :523 4 56 ) 1!), 646 4, 458 2, 193 13, 857 30, 229 1 00*) 31.4 77.3 15.3 7.6 39.5 IF 09 45 46 47 48 49 V) 3, 467 1,316 2,418 12.6 7.02 3.3 22, 667 2:, 268 153, 656 348 1,058 6,331 5,197 4.4 17.7 3.3 16, 177 15, 193 6,685 4,366 1,269 2,857 21.2 7.7 30.0 18,835 15, 738 5, 031 3, 772 3,078 1,654 16.6 16.3 24.7 51 52 53 54 34, 752 34, 095 26,363 55 957 191 56 2, 353, 911 28.4 ! 5, 023, 917 2, 217, 554 30.6 5, 117, 685 , 245, 278 30.5 1, 614, 698 >, 640, 378 36.4 24 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Statement exhibiting severally the tonnage of vessels from all foreign countries, exclusive of Canada and the other British North American possessions, from Canada and the other British North American possessions, and from all for eign countries, every fifth year, from 1821 to 1860, and annually from 1861 to 1863, with the per-centage of the total foreign tonnage entered at each period. 5 il 1 IJ a 2 1 1 "3 - 8 a & 1 1 1 | Years. o | 1 * 1 | 1 1 i "5*8 IM O !!? <4H o ro C3 d ^^ fcc O r$ O ,Sn O r^ ,_ g fl C 1 1 * fa a ^ C3 SH S3 e3 O a o & 2 C ^ <J g n o ^ J^ O ^ F <3 -S o o ^ F o H H H Hi 1821 734 950 11.3 111 674 0.3 846, 624 9.6 1826 964, 270 10.05 83, 590 10.4 1,047,860 10.08 1831 1 028 660 19 2 176 240 47.2 1,204,900 23.4 1836 1,279,424 23.6 656, 173 57.5 1,935,597 35.1 1841 1 566 987 21 9 801 366 48.9 2, 368, 353 31.1 1846 1,744,270 25.4 1,366,583 37.7 3,110,853 30.8 1851 3,041,106 31.6 1,952,334 44.9 4,993,440 38.8 1856 3, 872, 630 22.3 2, 999, 623 54.0 6, 872, 253 36.2 I860 4,340,771 28.1 3, 934, 425 28.8 8,275,196 28.4 1861 3, 897, 850 27.4 3, 343, 621 34.3 7,241,471 30.6 1862 3, 547, 646 32.8 3, 815, 307 28.3 7, 362, 953 30.5 1863 3, 570, 495 41.3 3, 684, 581 31.6 7,255,076 36.4 1^ ?p * 2 o"^ t. Ill rf S ^4 <V rH ^ 8 .! 3< "S 20 ^8 S; 45 I France on tho Atlantic. FOREIGN AND n3tajoj jo o3u^nooj.i j DOMESTIC (O t IQ 00 cJ ci t^ rj COMMERCE. -4 ci o i-: to -/_ CO ^ [ 5 8 g gf Q O L 1 " g 1 195,022 S 1 1" s- 1 1 a3iojoj jo 33u;uoDjo j i OD ITS Si G S5 00 G* 1 i 8 S o> g CJ CO 8 o3unno^ JEJOX i cf g 8 oo" ^-T g i co" e> ~ i 9 II i g V o" GO C Scotland. w,m* n CD O So 0) : CJ CJ t~- o CO I- d r, co 8 8 o3tjuao; \inox 1 CO C* S 8 cf co- S g CO 8" 3 S g o" cf QO OO i 8 5 " no" co" 03 England. uSpjoj jo oSBjnooaoj 00 O TJ< S cl CO CD 1 to S S 00 kO CO co o CO CO r- 1 i g g o g i g CO O CJ S 5 51 8 s s g S s a s Holland and Bol- gium. a3paoj joo3u^noojaj : j s oo CJ 8 * i i i i i oSuuno; {njoj, 1 8 3 CJ -V CJ C* 11 H Ci o s i dj s o- co- 00 1 i I CJ t- Hamburg, Bremen, audothcr Gorman ports. n3paoj jo o3c;aooao j ro Si O CO co CO i 3 <o " ! "2 CJ d ~ oo~ 1 - i i J 1 8j i 1 co" ccT Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. a ^o }i ^ a ^ 00 OO CJ ev CO CO ^ B 8 CJ 00 <o Ci CO d a J g s co" * CO pi cf g jj i g 1 [1 ^ i tl3pJOJ JO OSUJODOJOJ co * ! V) - j ! 00 CJ CO* O CJ O o 1 o3uuuo; rtj;o x -.1 S t- g 5 8 g 2 * s 4 I a3pjoj jooSBjnaojod ; ! cd n d m CO ** o oo co 5 i i oSuanoj prjox rf K cT a tri I cf ! n S i OQ- CO" g D[ !! I si cb oo < 00 S 7. A jj s i i 25 26 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. n3iojoj jo aaujuoDJOti ci S * Si S g ?3 E4 Total tonnage. uSlSJOJ P S g | S II S Cl 00 CO i-H mJOUaUIV 1 g g S i S co* co" co" to T 8 S S S 1 i 1 5 g 3 S Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and the- Levaiit. uStajoj jo o3n;uoojo j o loQO-r^c-n^o Ir-. : 8 S S S S S? 5 : Z o38uuoi rcjoj, 3 PJ o i? g! r-l rl C* CO g 1 E S 8 8 1 ?f v" cf to" co~ i r-l r-* cj ro o r- TJ- CO CI Austria. oSiajoj jo oSn^uoDaoj I . C5 r-l i i in ct to . o s si is n ci o3cuuo; IUJOJL c o c> K . SI CO rH LO O ^ " Cf JM t>T R .O^O^^M j j cj cj 5 i ; M ^ S 1 i CO 00 rH IO CJ CJ CO ?J rn" 2 CC j3 oScnao; rojoj. ^ f[ cl ?l gf s" cf cf co" i-" cc~ ^r CO Oi O Ci France on the Mediterranean. .^o^,,,^ CO -< CJ O cd \ ci *f <c |H J -^ CJ i i i 3 i ,, CO CO t- l^ C! 8 8 S S S S" ef 881 i co" 5" g" ct cf Gibraltar and Spain on the Mediterranean. uSiajoj jooSujaooaoj s | i s : S g S R i 8 i oSttunoj IHJOJ, -o" w" CT" c" cf M iH rl C< |H $ ISII! Portugal. n3pjoj jo o3u}aaoja j ^ r-5 C! f- LO c< c< M $ s i I t-" c" i pi i S i o" r-T T o rf Ci C< r-H r-i CO GO 5< t^- rH co" co" t-" r-T o" c ja nSpJoj jo aSn^naoaod : : |Vioi4me oo >o r7 t- LO CO C5 i i BO r- LO CO O tO C7 QD CO 05 Q <c" irf cs" ci" c?" 10 r- Cl QO 00" g g 1 S 1 8" S s ?{ S5" . 8 S g 8 S 00 CO g i i FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 27 Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from the West Indies every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually from 1861 to 1S63, with the proportion of the foreign to the total tonnage entered at each period. Yeurs. American. Foreign. Percentage of foreign. 1801 313 819 8 49") o g 1806 351 8<>8 20 06 5 3 1831 g<)4 579 53 409 15 3 1836 3 0( ) 7 )0 46 050 JO O 1H41 414 461 7 ( 44 14 9 1846. . 407 (j(j() 50 770 11 1851 540 3 l >8 120 569 1 ( > 3 1856. 704 030 ]Q-> J17 14 8 1860 917 828 106 402 17 6 1861 841 63 14 1 705 14 4 18(12 558 878 201 371 26 5 1863 557 546 44 8(J 30 5 Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from Mexico and South America every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually from 1861 to 1863, with the proportion of the foreign to the total tonnage entered at each period. Years. American. Foreign. Percentage of foreign. 1821... 30 879 1 or )9 3 18:26 84 04 3 11* 516 1 1831 go (jig 13 608 14 1 1836 . 97 00 14 054 13 4 1841 134 "389 16 686 11 1846. 14 (555 17* 9 ( )3 11 1851 353 073 94 553 7 1856 . . 466 3 53 41 41 8l 8 1 I860 518 817 6l" 44 30 6 1861 478 865 43 8 )7 8 3 1862 310 478 (! fi H 16 6 1863 313 507 OQ 3 Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous countries every fifth year from 1821 to 1860, and annually from 1861 to 1863, with the proportion of the foreign to the total tonnage entered at each period. Years. American. Foreign. Percentage of foreign. 1821 30 582 240 8 1826 48 135 504 1 1831 46 03$ 307 8 1836 107 r >37 o 444 o 2 1841 78 790 o i5 3 4 1846 105 <U5 4 357 3 9 185 If 8 589 51 046 23 2 1856 260 03 5 OQ | [ 7 2 I860 349 825 4i <) 18 11 6 1861 276 01 35 335 11 3 1862 167 513 33 56 16 6 1863 207 083 36 608 15 28 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Statement exhibiting the total imports and exports of the United States in the respective years given, and the proportions of the total trade with the several designated geographical divisions of the world. Percentage. Europe. West Indies. Canada, &c. Mexico and Asia, Africa, So. Amer and miscel Years. Imports. Exports. ica. laneous. j ri J 5 j g 3 I 1 s a | I I 1 1 1 S a H S u H S i 1821 $6 585 74 $64 074 38 64 53 23 18 8 3 3 4 9 2 22 1856 84974*477 77 5 r >5 322 55 55 18 18 0.8 3 13 18 13.2 6 1831 103 191 14 81 310 583 68 62 15 12 1 5 14 4 7 1836 189 980 035 128 6(53 040 71 11 11 1.3 o 9 9 7.7 3 1841 .. 1*27 946 177 121 851 803 65 72 14 11 1 5 5 13 9 6 5 3 1346 11 641 7 ( >7 113 4^8 516 66 69 1 1 1 5 7 11 9 q 5 3 1851 ... 216 224 c )32 218 388 Oil 69 78 11 7 3 6 11 6 6 3 1856 314639.942 326.964.908 63 75 10 5 7 9 12 7 8 4 1860 362,163,941 i 400,122.2% 60 78 12 6 6 6 12 5 10 5 1861 334,350.453 ; 249.344.913 60 68 12 10 7 9 12 7 9 6 1862.. . 205 819 823 229 790 280 56 69 14 10 8 9 1 7 8 5 1863 252,919,920 331,809,459 59 68 12 9 9 9 11 9 9 5 European trade. Years. Gold and silver. Trade, exclusive of gold and silver. Total. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1821 1826 $4, 380, 396 713, 036 321, 224 7,179,414 934, 771 614,256 1, 657, 976 638, 582 173. 172 37,403,715 12, 505, 044 254, 931 $1, 978, 180 912,748 5,974,751 207, 775 6, 974. 984 2, 263, 407 25,271,602 42, 835, 62? 60, 849, 153 23, 528, 342 30, 684, 483 54, 231, 231 $34, 986, 984 46, 023, 725 68. 964, G87 127, 094, 982 82, 589, 489 80. 092, 338 147,906,150 199,316, 132 217, 629, 483 167,031, J40 105, 054, 686 148, 956, 705 $32, 409, 408 42, 326, 403 44, 4:50, 445 96, 362, 578 80, 066, 439 76, 170, 569 145. 615, 280 204,833,941 249. 821, 763 147, 271, 941 127, 351. 991 173, 769, 807 $39, 367, 380 46, 736, 761 69,285,311 134, 274, 396 83, 524, 260 80, 706, 594 149, 564, 126 199,954,714 217, 802, 655 204, 434, 855 117,559,730 149,211,636 $34, 387, 588 43, 239, 151 50, 425, 19 96, 570, 353 87,041,423 78, 433, 976 170, 860, 882 247, 669, 568 310,670,916 170, 800, 283 158. 036, 474 228, 001, 038 1*31 1836 1841 1846 1S51 1856 I860 . 1861 1862 1863 India trade. Years. Gold and silver. Trade, exclumve of gold and silver. Total. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1821 1826 $3, 253, 083 1,613,518 1, 268, 364 538, 4. 77 703, 335 1, 504, 523 60(5, 095 167, 577 1,708,563 3, 376, 781 166, 573 638, 227 $318,203 426, 9!J3 410,571 1, 020, 487 417,173 546, 470 2,312,385 575, 107 1, 058, 321 3,411,999 2, 028, 51 9 2, 081, 744 $11,681,701 14,298,712 14, 464, 359 21, 344, 251 17, 882, 221 12,813,080 22 701,029 33,176,814 41,601, 134 38,216,569 28,395,091 28, 424, 998 $11,818,767 13, 730, 777 11, 236, 205 12, 240, 295 12, 500, 428 14, 056, 622 13, 163, 551 16, 757, 615 23, 5C6, 063 20,841,701 21, 923, 074 29, 526, 258 $14, 934, 784 15,912,230 15, 732, 723 21, 882, 708 18, 585, 556 14, 317, 603 23, 307, 124 33,344,391 43, 399, 697 41, 593, 350 528.561,664 29, 063, 225 $12, 136, 970 14, 157.710 11, 646, 776 13, 260, 782 12,917, (iOl 14, 603, 092 15,475,936 17. 332, 722 24, 584, :J84 24, 253, 700 23,951 593 31,608,002 1831 1836 1841 1846 JRjL 1856 I860 1861 1862 1863 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 29 Trade of the several West India islands in the years 1860 and 1863, showing the change of the balance of trade in the respective years. 1860. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Swedish West Indies $18 793 $97 218 Cuba $34 032 276 $1 38 P69 Danish West IndlM 200 416 1 263 424 4 f-,10 93. -j 1 781 750 British West Indies 1,934,459 5,368 47!) 1 Dutch West Indius 3% 644 303 431 French West Indies 18,353 544, 231 San Domingo 283 098 169 300 Ilayti 2 002 7123 2 673 68 Total .... 4 174 744 9 947 034 Total 39 4 953 14 637 350 Excess of exports, $5,772,290. Excess of imports, $24.587,603. Percentage of imports to total, 29 per cent Percentage of imports to total, 73 por cent. Percentage of total imports to total trado, 64 per cent. 1863. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Danish West Indies $281, 722 $1,214,612 Swedish West Indies $3 303 87 575 British West Indies 2 078 475 7 555 321 Dutch West Indies 503 54" 35 598 French West Indies 22, 305 901 244 Cuba.. 21 534 06") 14 811 89 Hayti 1 878 337 3 Q88 731 2 73 > 47U 2 217 7"3 300 281 480 340 Total 4, 561, 120 14, 140 258 Total 24 802 386 17 389 185 . Excess of exports, $9,579,138. Excess of imports, $7,413,201. Percentage of imports to total, 24 per cent. Percentage of imports to total, 58 per cent. Percentage of total imports to total trade, 48 per cent. Canadian and other British provincial trade. Year. Gold and silver. Trade, exclusive of gold and silver. Trado, inclusive of gold and silver. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Export*. 1821 89, 415 224, 994 277, 197 546, 474 475,891 623, 043 44, 677 33, 807 278, 585 338, 444 788, 970 6, 536, 478 $406, 027 428, 9.56 587, 712 1, 881, 097 1, 492, 296 1,314,674 6, 648, 445 21,276,614 23, 572, 796 22, 724, 489 ,18,511,025 17, 4d4, 786 $2, 010, 004 2, 126, 545 3, 079, 838 2, 586, 828 6, 458, 463 7, 154, 533 12, 014, 893 29, 025, 349 22, 6!)5, 928 22, 676, 513 2), 573, 070 27, 619, 814 $495, 442 653, 950 864, 909 2, 427, 571 1, 968, 187 1,937,717 6,693,122 21,310,421 23,851,381 23, 062, 933 19, 2:)D.:)!):. 24, 021, 264 $2, 010, 004 2, 588, 795 4, 061, 8.-J8 2,651,266 6, 656, 53 7, 406, 433 12, 014, 923 29, 029, 349 22, 706, 328 22,745,613 21,079,115 31, 281. 030 1826 $462, 250 982, 000 64, 438 198, 100 351, 900 30 4,000 10, 400 69, 100 5!)6, 045 3, 661, 216 ie:u 18:56 1841 1846 18.-)! 1836 I860 1861 1862 18(53 - NOTES. The reciprocity treaty between the United States and Great Britain, concluded 5th of June, 1854, went into operation in the trade with Canada, October 18, 1854 ; with New Brunswick, November 11, 1854 : with Prince Edward s island, November 17, 1854; with Newfoundland, November 14, 1855; and with regard to fish from all the provinces, on the llth of September, 1854. The aggregate exports (inclusive of specie and foreign merchandise) to Canada and the other British North American possessions for the three years 1852- 53- 54, amounting to $48,216,518, exceeded the aggregate imports 113.4 per cent. The aggregate exports of the five years, from the 30th of June, 1854. (which period covered the tirst four and a half years of the operation of the reciprocity treaty.) amounted to $132,903,752. exceeding the imports of the same period 4i 3 per cent. The aggregate imports of the two years, 1860 and 1661, imme period 4i 3 per diately preceding the rebellion, amounted to $46,914,314, exceeding the exports 3.2 per cent. In the year 1862, the tirst full fiscal year of the rebellion, the exports, amounting to $21,079,115, exceeded the imports 9.2 per cent; and in the year ending June 30, 1863, the exports ($31,261,030) exceeded the imports 30.2 per cent In the trade with the British North American possessions other than Canada, in the year 1851, the exportg amounted to $4,085,783, the imports to $1,736,651. This commerce had gradually grown to doublo these amounts in 1860; the exports and imports holding about the sa of the latter. In the year 1863 the exports were $10,998,505, the imports $ e ratio, say the former about double the value ,, imports $5\207,424. The Canada trade of 1851 amounted to $12,885.611, of which the exports were 61.5 per cent. In 1860 the total trade was $32,944,787, of which the exports were 43 per cent; in 1863 the total trade rose to $39,096,365, of which the exports were 52 per cent. In 1856, the year of the greatest trado with Canada previous to 1863, the total amount wan $38,371,438, of which the exports were 54 per cent 30 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Mexican and South American trade. Tears. Gold and silver. Trade, exclusive of gold and silver. Trade, inclusive of gold and silver. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1821 $229, 552 54-2, 716 5, 307, C04 5, 019, 922 2, 738, 863 973, 328 1, 692, 3C6 3, 160, 343 6, 154, 434 4, 744, 229 2, 641, 932 1 997 60(3 fcni, 892 373, 553 362, 283 1, 104, 223 481, 844 443, 359 1, 466, 370 1, 234, 580 1, 077. 030 550, 857 288, 153 308, 865 $1, 705, 760 9, 892, 453 5, 949, 604 12, 063, 237 13, 6G8, 858 12, 860, 702 21, 431, 31-0 32, 662, 769 37, 452, 523 32, 764, 003 22, 274. 904 25, 448, 385 $2,414,328 12, 581, 757 10, 996, 404 10, 696, 035 9, 561, 122 9, 020, 083 12,499,811 18, 974, 559 21, 513, 294 16, 349, 7G8 15, 205, 445 25, 888, 8S5 $1, 935, 318 10,435,169 11, 257, 268 17,083,159 16, 407, 721 13, 834, 030 23,123,696 35, 823, 112 43, 606, 957 37, 508, 232 24, 916, 836 27, 445, 991 $2, 626, 220 12, 9.15, 310 11, 358, 687 11,800,238 10, C42, 966 9, 463, 442 13, 966, 181 20,199,139 22, 500, 324 16, 900, 625 15, 493, 598 26, 197, 750 1826 1831 1836 ... . 1841 1846 1851 1856 1860 . 1861 1862 1863 Asiatic, African, and miscellaneous trade. Years. Gold and silver. Trade, exclusive of gold and silver. Trade, inclusive of gold and silver. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1821 $112, 444 3, 786, 702 131, 556 116,614 135, 873 62, 582 1, 452, 538 207, 323 145, 381 476, 442 312, 533 128, 406 $7, 969, 689 2, 529, 049 1, 285. 3-26 1,927,413 1, 962, 231 400, 132 422, 365 1, 106, 171 3, 551, 335 2, 231, 782 3, 379, 756 3, 873, 544 $5, 740, 356 7, 449, 665 5, 919, 357 14, 195, 587 7, 324, 580 10, 833. 271 12, 084, 326 23, 999, 981 33, 357, 870 27,274,641 15, 169, 065 22, 317, 065 $5,843,911 2, 125, 307 2, 532, 760 2, 452, 988 2, 407, 632 3,181,441 5, 621, 724 11, 627, 959 16,019,009 12, 412, 910 7, 849, 744 10, 848, 095 $5, 852, 800 11, 236. 367 3, 818, C86 14,312,201 7, 460, 453 10, 895, 853 13, 536, 864 24, 207, 304 33, 503, 251 27, 751, 083 15, 481. 5!>8 22, 445, 471 $13, 813, 6CO 4, 654, 356 6, 050, 913 4, 380, 401 4, 369, 863 3, 581, 573 6, 044, 8tf9 12, 734, 130 19, 570, 344 14, 644, 692 11, 229, 500 14, 721, 639 1826 1831 1836 1841 1846 ]851 1856 I860 1861 1862 1863 SHIPPING OF THE UNITED STATES. The number, class, and tonnage of vessels built in the United States, 1822 to 1863.* Years. Class of vessels. Total number of vessels. Total tonnage. Ships. 1 Brigs. Schooners. Sloops and canal boats. Steamers. 182 64 131 55 127 56 156 56 1!V7 71 187 55 153 73 108 44 58 25 56 72 95 132 143 144 169 98 ; 94 25 50 93 65 67 72 66 79 83 89 97 109 114 101 116 91 260 260 377 538 482 464 474 395 403 416 568 625 497 301 444 507 510 439 378 311 273 168 165 166 168 227 241 197 132 116 94 122 185 180 .100 164 168 1.53 122 224 157 404 ""is 26 35 45 38 33 43 37 34 100 65 88 30 124 135 90 125 63 73 137 623 622 781 994 1,012 934 885 672 637 711 1, 065 1, 188 957 507 890 949 898 858 871 7(51 1,021 75, 347 75,008 90, 939 119, 997 126, 43H 104,342 98, 375 72, 226 58, 084 85, 963 144, 539 161, 626 118, 330 46, 23fi 113,628 122, 987 113, 135 120, 96b 118,3f9 118. 8! (4 12i,le4 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 18-">9 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 - . 1841 1842... FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 31 The number, class, and tonnage of vessels, Sfc. Continued. Years. Class of vessels. Total number of vessels. Total tonnage. Ships. Brigs. Schooners. i Sloops and canal boats. Steamers. 1843 58 73 124 100 34 47 87 364 168 174 148 117 65 79 95 112 126 103 58 46 28 36 38 17 34 138 204 322 576 689 701 623 547 502 584 681 661 605 594 504 431 297 372 360 207 212 173 279 342 355 392 547 370 290 326 267 394 386 6fi9 479 258 400 284 289 371 397 1,113 79 163 163 225 l J8 175 208 159 233 259 271 281 253 221 263 226 172 264 264 183 367 482 766 1, 038 1, 420 1, 5 .:8 1, 851 1,547 1, 360 1, 367 1,444 1,710 1,774 2, 034 1,703 1, 334 1,225 870 1,071 1,143 864 1,823 63,618 103, 527 146,018 188,204 243, 7:33 318,076 256, 577 272,318 2118, 203 351,493 425,371 535,610 583, 450 469, 304 378. 805 242, 287 156,601 212,893 233, 149 175,076 310, 884 1844 1P45 1846 14*< 254 198 247 211 255 269 3. 14 381 306 251 122 89 110 110 60 97 184<) 1 830 1851 1 852 lg.>3 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1363 *For calendar years subsequently. to 1833, fiscal years ending September 30, from 1834 to 1843, and ending June 30 SHIPPING OF THE UNITED STATES. A comparative view of the registered and enrolled tonnage of the United States, showing the registered tonnage employed in the whale fishery, the proportion oj the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and the tonnage employed in steam navigation, from 1815 to 1863 inclusive. Years. Registered tonnage. Enrolled tonnage. Total tonnage. Registered tonnnge in the vvhalo fish ery. Tonnage employed in steam naviga tion. Enrolled tonnage in coasting trade uiid fisheries. .. i Tons. 18 r > 854, 294 800, 760 809, 725 6.06, 089 612, 930 619 047 513, 833 571, 458 590, 186 619, 095 647, 821 601,119 679, 062 696, 549 699, 645 729, 190 722, 323 796, 212 873, 437 928, 772 610,655 615,311 647, 394 752,461 856, 123 901, 4(59 939, 118 984,321 1, 086, 238 , 173, 047 1 262 234 1, 368, 127 ,372,218 ,399,911 ,225, 184 , 260, 751 ,280,166 , 298, 958 , 324, 699 , 336, 5t;<; ,389, 1C3 1,423,110 1,534,190 1, 620, 607 1,741,391 1,260,797 1,191,776 1, 267, 8J6 1,439.450 1, 606, 149 1, 758, 907 1, 824, 940 1,882,101 1, 896, 685 1, 995, 639 2, 096, 478 2, 180, 7(J4 2, 130, 744 2. 092. 390 462, 807 519,026 535, 798 562, 30fi 589, 287 600, 976 612,711 634, 618 634, 615 657, 822 657, 899 730, 408 807, 315 834, 050 610,654 615,299 649, 303 751,454 856, 123 899, 468 929, 118 1,001,329 1, 08(i, 238 1, 173,047 1,362,234 1,280 99U 1, 184,940 1. 117.0J1 1816 1817 4,871 16, 134 31, 700 35, 391 26, 070 45, 499 39,918 33, 166 35, 379 41, 757 45. 623 54, 621 57, 284 38,911 82, 315 72, 868 101, 158 108, 060 97, 640 144,680 127,242 119,629 131,845 136,926 157, 405 151. 621 H18 1819 1820 1821 619,896 628, 150 639, 921 669 973 1822 - 1823 28, 879 21,609 23, 061 34, 058 40, 197 39,418 54, 036 64, 471 34, 435 90, 813 101,849 122,815 122,815 145,556 154,7(i4 193,413 204, 938 201,339 175, 088 229. 661 1824 1825 700, 787 737, 978 747, 170 812,619 650, 142 576, 675 620, 452 686, 989 750, 026 857, 438 885, 822 897, 774 810, 447 822, 592 834 244 1826 187 1828 1829 ]830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839*. 1840 .. 845. 803 975. 359 , 280, 999 , 184, 941 1. 117. 031 1841 1842 . . . 32 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. A comparative view of the registered and enrolled tonnage, $c. Continued Years. Registered tonnage. Enrolled tonnago. Total tonnage. Registered tonnage in Ihe whale fish ery. Tonnage employed hi fiteam naviga tion. Enrolled tonnage in eoapting trade and libheries. 1 Tons. 1843 1, 009, 315 1, 068, 765 1, 095, 173 1, 130, 286 1,241,313 1, 360, 887 1, 438, 942 1, 585, 711 1, 726, 307 1. 899, 448 2, 103, 674 2, 333, 819 2, 535, 136 2, 491, 402 2, 463, 967 2, 499, 742 2, 507, 402 2, 546, 237 2, 642, 628 1, 149, 297 1,211,330 1, 321. 829 1, 431, 798 1, 597, 732 1, 793, 155 1, 895. 073 1, 949, 743 2, 046, 132 2. 238, 992 2, 303, 336 2, 469. C83 2, 676, 864 2, 380, 249 2, 476, 875 2, 555, 066 2, 637, 635 2, 807, 631 2, 897, 185 2, 820, 913 3, 125, 941 2,158,602 2, 280, 095 2, 417, 002 2, 562. 084 2, 839, 045 3, 154. 042 3,334,015 3, 535, 454 3, 772, 439 4,138,440 4, 407, 010 4,802,902 5, 212, 001 4, 871, 652 4, 940, 843 5, 049, 8!, 8 5, 145, 037 5. 353, 868 5, 539, 812 5,112,164 5, 155, 055 152, 374 168, 2P3 190. 605 169, 980 193, 858 192, 180 180, 186 146, 016 181,644 193, 798 193, 202 181, 901 186, 773 189, 213 195, 771 198, 593 15, 728 160, 841 145, 734 117,713 99, 225 226. 867 273, 179 3 26, ! 8 347, 693 404, 841 427, S Jl 4G2, 3 M 525, 946 S?3, 607 643, 240 514, 097 C76, 607 770, 285 673, 077 705, 784 7-29, 390 7G8, 436 867, 937 877, 203 710, 462 575, 518 1, 14", 2P8 1,211,331 1, 282, 344 1, 3! 9, 289 1, 554, 252 1, 747, 631 1, 847. 234 1, 899, 554 1, 983, 332 2, 183, 227 2, 303, 334 2,411,135 2, 515, 730 2, 3:>7. 885 2, 4:33. 370 2, 50 2, (;86 2, 628, 576 2, 807, 631 2, 839, 398 2, 772, 005 3, 128, 939 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 . 1849 1851 1852 . 1853 i 1854 . 1855 1856 1^57 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 2, 291, 251 2, 026, 114 1863 STATISTICS OF GENERAL TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. The great extent to which the course of foreign commerce has been diverted in recent years from direct lines to and from the countries of production and consumption gives a constantly increasing degree of importance to the statistics of trade with the countries in whose hands the carrying trade is being absorbed. The first and chief of these intervening countries is England. The statements annually published by that government are very full and comprehensive, and may be taken as the best available illustration of the commerce of the world. There are few articles the produce of any country which are not now largely carried through British ports, and whose quantities, values, and destination do not appear in the British statistics. In the year 1862 the total value of British exports to the United States was c19, 173, 907892, 801, 710, of .which more than one-fourth was articles wholly of " foreign and colonial produce," their value being 664,846,037, or $23,454,819. The manufactures designated as the produce of the United Kingdom were also made up in great degree of foreign staples, imported crude from the -countries of their origin. The comparison of British exports to the United States for several years, distinguishing those of foreign origin, strikingly illustrates the progress of this carrying trade. Exports from Great Britain to the United States. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Of the produce and manufac ture of the United Kingdom- 18,985,939 14,491.448 22,553,405 21,667,065 9,064,504 14,327,870 Of ibrdgn and colonial produce 1,090,956 1,302,253 1,864,487 1,240,016 1,961,179 4.846,037 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 33 In values of the United States. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Of the produce and manufac ture of the United Kingdom. Of foreign and colonial produce $91.891.945 5,280,237 $70.138.608 6,302,904 $109,158.480 9,024,117 $104,868,595 6,004.581 $4.1.872,199 9,492,106 $69,346.891 23,454,819 Totals 97 172 172 76,441,412 118,182,597 110,873,176 83,364,305 92,801,710 The increasing proportion of foreign articles to the total export in the last two years corresponds with the changed direction of commerce noted in the shipping accounts. For 1863 the value of foreign and colonial produce exported cannot be obtained, but the value of the produce of the United Kingdom sent to the United States is nearly the same as in 1S62 oC15,351,626, or $74,301,869. The crude staples of British manufactures are now in great proportion of foreign origin. Wool from South America, South Africa, Australia, and other colonies, and also from various continental states of Europe, is imported in immense quantities. Flax, undressed, from Russia, enters equally with the flax of Ireland into linen manufactures. The quantities of flax and hemp imported into England from Russia for six years amount to the following: Years. FLAX. HEMP. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 1857 ... 63, 745 46, 544 53,723 52, 482 47,628 61,728 $10,695,494 10, 070, 564 12,870.054 12,485,501 10,913,769 16, 367, 147 29, 035 30, 281 35,460 29, 472 23, 043 30, 450 $4, 633, 574 4, 264, 263 5,075,311 ,4, 35:}, 018 3,444,245 5, 394, 412 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 These are but single examples among many, showing the vast quantities of raw materials imported into England for manufacture, the final products of which constitute the exports designated as the " Produce and Manufactures of the United Kingdom." It is, therefore, but reasonable to estimate that a large share of those values are in a certain sense a portion of the indirect commerce between the real countries of production and those of consumption. The carriage of foreign produce not manufacture4 in this manner is tending towards concentration in a few hands with great rapidity, and England far exceeds the German states and all others combined in the volume of this business. Taking tropical articles, or staples of almost universal consumption, and particularly those produced by distant countries, such as were for twenty or thirty years from the commencement of the great European wars the especial commerce of vessels of the United States, the results become very decided and conspicuous. The following table compares the quantities of such articles re- exported by England for five years to 1863 : Ex. Doc. 55- 34 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Exports from England of certain articles of foreign production. Articles. 1859. I860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Cocoa.. . . Ibs.... 2. 819, 248 29, 586. 054 175, 137, 636 1, 948, 240 2, 421, 350 45,661,220 250, 428. 640 1, 878, 800 6, 648, 992 455, 392 2,189 699 1,048 97, 365 91, 596 20, 459 57, 481 42, 511 141,169 110,402 184,211 141, 459 28, 120 4, 508, 297 46, 800, 365 298, 287, 920 1, 691, 088 7, 552, 720 392, 896 3,847 1,578 973 63, 991 41, 848 12, 403 68, 958 89, 459 198, 598 88, 266 175, 070 218. 654 26, 880 20 78, 459 ]9, 173 1, 317, 039 1,722,188 18, 644 778, 376 614, 508 4, 096. 992 835 82, 870 134. 849 784; 977 8, 065, 954 636, 458 306, 057 170, 470 801, 360 2, 848, 560 471, 998 35, 918 105, 548 157, 650 12, 847, 026 7, 554, 218 1, 292, 080 1, 923, 255 44, 748, 508 9, 576, 962 1, 450, 814 56, 899, 830 214, 714. 640 2,037,616 5, 914, 496 Not given. do 6, 156, 100 71, 385, 233 241, 750, 992 2, 288, 560 6, 122, 256 Not given, do Coffee do Cotton do Cochineal - do Indigo do G, 442, 464 404, 7C8 3,733 324 765 117, 848 76, 377 28,381 Not given. do Logwood . tons - . - ....do do ....do do Cutcb do Currants cwts 102, 919 52, 851 16,224 73, 841 116, 638 220, 714 65, 671 231. 948 165! 778 20, 360 63, 860 173, 571 21, 668 1, 027, 393 1, 272, 049 78, 688 735, 224 246, 056 5, 205, 861 4, 228 137, 995 128, 854 813, 591 12, 623, 463 Not given. do 97,093 38, 988 7,076 104,018 168, 388 239, 744 79, 864 202, 169 197, 309 38,360 163, 480 125, 641 22, 701 1, 840, 658 1, 605, 701 26, 312 723, 976 476, 112 3, 852, 919 1,087 216, 903 77, 798 812, 533 10, 911, 684 Not given. do Guano tons Jute and the like.. do.... 144, 455 109, 814 156, 475 134, 748 30, G80 wet do. Oil palm do cocoa-nut . do . 47, 036 7, 908 2, 335, 936 1, 155, 075 100, 547 863, 616 1, 364, 272 2, 152, 327 1,505 254, 297 249, 360 703, 678 6, 651, 824 867, 799 893, 249 2 I 103 73, 516 10, 163 2, 364, 566 1, 173, 090 28,825 990, 592 955, 584 3, 153, 993 1,506 426, 866 112, 993 691, 816 9, 131, 827 619, 857 709, 854 64, 237 701, 456 2, 692, 816 286, 333 30, 839 49, 972 9,127 8, 388, 530 8,371,314 1, 482, 581 2, 275, 306 25, 854, 041 4, 882, 662 tin do Ouioksilver Ibs. . Kice cwts Saltpetre do.. Seeds flax and linseed bush Silk, raw Ibs.... "waste . . cwts . thrown Ibs. . . . manufactures of India pieces . . do . do . . 1, 131, 648 2 251 648 do do . . do . do . Sugar brown cwts.. 215, 937 68, 874 60, 150 6,783 6, 418, 794 11, 171, 184 1, 509, 319 2, 132, 738 20, 616, 278 8, 213, 702 241, 470 22, 711 51, 399 132, 851 27, 342, 603 12, 605. 155 946, 865 2, 110, 423 37, 441, 617 10, 653, 811 428, 360 26, 309 42, 206 33,554 26,219,654 10, 412, 328 2, 102, 531 2, 299, 773 49, 344, 277 14, 582, 540 Molasses do Tea Ibs manufactured - do.... Wines galls . . . "Wool* Ibs other do * Of British possessions. The designations of quantity given here to some extent mask the magnitude of a portion of the entries sugar, rice, oils, dried fruits, tallow, and many other items, being designated in hundred-weights and tons, instead of pounds and gallons. In coffee, sugar, cocoa, indigo, wool, and others, the increase in 1863 is very great even over 1862, and the quantities are more than twice as great as those carried in 1859. In 1863, 41,842,311 pounds of wool were re-exported to the United States. In 1862 the following items are conspicuous among the foreign exports to the United States, which may also be found in the general table of exports of foreign and colonial produce, which follows in another place. They are here contrasted with 1860: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 35 Articles. 1860. 1862. Coffee ..Ibs. 1,991 902, 354 Ibs. 73, 808 21,507 360 Ibs. 186, 592 1,435 392 Hemp ................. cwts- 304 31 440 Indigo ...... Ibs 529 648 1 722 000 Rice Ibs. 58, 912 24, 147, 200 Silk, raw Ibs 66,994 101, 128 Ibs 3 808 277 312 Skins sroftt ...... . . . No 171 555 385 893 Ten Ibs. 89, 820 2, 539, 508 Tobacco manufactured Ibs 3 392 20 864 \Vool Ibs 2 841 200 11 578 426 The corresponding quantities for 1863 cannot be obtained, except for wool and one or two other items. Many other articles increase in greater or less degree, as can be seen by reference to the general table of exports of foreign produce to the United States. Before proceeding to the general statistics of British trade with the United States, as prepared from the official publications of that government, the relation of the United States to the distant tropical carrying trade, and to the carrying trade generally, may be further illustrated. The India trade was for a long time in American hands, and most cargoes arriving from the east for any port of the Atlantic markets broke bulk first in our own ports, and were re-exported in United States vessels to the west of Europe. This India trade also laid the foundation of many manufactures, among them those of morocco leather, silk spinning and silk finishing of piece goods, dyeing, &c. The Calcutta trade continued longest in the possession of United States vessels, being first for a long period carried to Philadelphia with the China trade, and for the last ten years controlled at Boston. It ceased nearly with the breaking up of sailing lines in the east, in 1862 and 1863, through the piracies conducted in the interest of the rebellion. CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN PRODUCE BY THE UNITED STATES. Of the total value of the exports of the United States, a proportion varying from one-half in the earlier years to one-fifteenth in 1860 was of articles of foreign origin. For fifteen years, from 1796 to 1810, the exports of domestic produce and of foreign produce were nearly the same; the aggregate for this- period being $547,525,900 of domestic and $514,489,291 of foreign exports. In some single years the value of foreign articles carried became very large : in 1799, $45,500,000; in 1801, $46,642,000; in 1806, $60,283,000, and in 1807, 859,643,000. The average for periods of five years each, from 1796 to 1860, shows a large excess in the early periods over those of recent years : Annual average, 1796 to 1800 $34,190,775 1801 to 1805 37,084,476 1806 to 1810 35,622,607 1811 to 1815 6,818,860 1816 to 1820 18,619,327 1821 to 1825 25,812,023 1826 to 1830 20,114,944 1831 to 1835 21,542,608 1836 to 1840 18,347,791 1841 to 1845 ,.. . 12,115,013 36 FOREIGN AXD DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Annual average, 1846 to 1850 $13,705,293 1851 to 1855 21,968,924 1856 to 1860 23,813,687 Single year 1861 , 21,145,427 Single year 1862 16,809,641 Single year 1863 25,959,248 Average of first ten years $35,637,626 Average of last ten years 22,891,306 A previous table snows the leading articles of foreign produce exported from Great Britain, and approximately the extent of the present carrying trade of that country. The same articles now mako up the chief part of the trade of the United States in articles of foreign origin exported, and they have been the conspicuous elements of that trade from the beginning. A rapid increase in the quantities carried by England is observable, and a decline in those carried by the United States. To illustrate this tendency fully, as regards the United States, a comparison of periods of four or five years each, separated by a con siderable interval of time, may be made, the first period being from 1824 to 1828, and the last five years ending with I860. The first division of articles embraces crude staples of tropical or semi-tropical origin, with a few manufac tures peculiar to remote countries, and subsequently a list of leading articles not of tropical origin is given: Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin exported from the United States. Articles. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. Cocoa $377 936 $495 082 $419 577 $441 21 $345 874 Coffee 2 923 079 3 254 936 1 44 C > 022 2 324 784 1 497 097 Cotton 30,311 88, 360 28 852 9 875 22 810 Cotton manufactures of India* Dye-woods 321,204 545 391 443,271 884 448 336, 295 459 600 230, 448 350 448 324, 274 419 981 Fruits 36,813 55,713 29, 522 54, 739 39 204 Indigo 513,271 891,974 712 080 864 951 362 768 Opiumt. 394 290 139 799 Silk raw 1 407 21 639 132 295 181 150 47 277 Silk manufactures of India.. Silk manufactures, all other. . Spices 1,816,325 not named. 600 171 1,380,237 1,235,399 705 120 1,651,492 1, 583, 228 578 729 891,975 814,676 363 129 713,610 512, 974 181 307 Spirits, West India 210,951 263, 857 253, 626 208, 836 241,773 Sugar . 999, 093 1,614,697 1 742 034 1 191 506 828 499 Tea 562, 109 1,482 141 1 308 694 772 443 672 924 Cigars Havana 41 336 33 175 41 466 49 c )77 39 945 Sulphur 2, 653 3,704 696 1 512 4 311 \Vines ...... ... ...... ... 328, 453 448, 955 366 485 342 356 327 806 * " Nankeens" only. t Opium was not named previous to 1827. It was undoubtedly largely carried. The following table gives the values of the same class of articles exported in eight years, ending with 1863. The contrast between the years of the first series in cocoa, cofiee, silk, and indigo, and those of the second series, is great: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 37 Exports of foreign articles. Articles. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Cocoa $83 766 $52, 801 $167, 060 $168 432 $271 987 $195 246 $144 009 $61 717 Coffee 1, 252, 416 2, 616, 904 1, 589, 970 1, 823, 750 2, 268, 691 777, 485 1, 382, 070 1 081 462 Cotton 18, 908 10, 400 8 720 16 647 771 007 Dye-woods 662, 767 878, 143 591,351 320, 500 316,806 306, 59a 389, 119 485 536 Fruits 128, 626 137, 237 187,416 152, 765 261, 645 193, 215 120, 576 207 489 Indigo 71, 670 62, 178 390, 050 10, 348 48, 175 34, 453 117,202 125, 943 45 038 178 236 29 7 1 ! 48 450 10 870 20, 128 43 549 22 943 13 465 31 432 52* 046 38 815 Silk raw 4,255 4, 163 94, 092 19, 978 176, 589 124, 104 21,412 14 112 Silk, manufactures of. - Spices Spirits, West India Sugar Tea 574, 5:39 475, 502 56, 992 1,243,499 1 682 611 157, 186 366, 548 42, 055 1, 180, 263 1,430 212 254, 959 416, 763 40, 808 4, 490, 050 1, 384, 428 249, 598 189, 845 49, 406 2, 233, 281 2, 461, 563 299, 326 489, 070 116, 807 2, 150, 839 1, 985 203 2i>8, 704 386, 146 44, 496 3,755,781 1,556 630 201, 109 112, 317 38, 428 1, 307, 743 638 006 276, 785 232, 404 32, 335 1, 504, 272 1 032 723 Cijrars 180, 742 227, 143 166,002 226, 234 273, 663 175, 993 138, 869 146,219 167 910 129, 815 172, 764 2U6, 013 165, 280 181 318 170 801 174 490 In view of the general advance of trade in these articles, the entire list must be regarded as having declined from the first to the second period. DIRECT TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. The British official tables of trade and navigation give the following values of imports from and exports to the United States for seven years, ending with 1862 ; the values being changed to their equivalent in money of the United States : Years. Imports from United States. Exports to United States. 1856 $174,471 221 $109 465 684 1857 162 852 578 97 172 172 1858 165,804 920 76 441,513 1859 165,975 066 118 182.597 I860 216 600 657 110 873 176 1861 239 046 158 53 364 306 ]862 134,141,360 92,801,710 Our own account of this trade is made up for fiscal years ending June 30, and it can therefore be compared definitely only in periods. It is impracticable to divide the fiscal year of the United States, and to reconstruct the summaries for calendar years. EXPORT S TO GREAT I 5RITAIN. IMPORTS FROM Years. Domestic. Foreign. Total. GR T BRITAIN. 1855- 56 $160 742 372 $1 618 435 $16 360 807 $122 266 082 1856- 57 182 650 472 3, 195,312 185 845,784 130 803, 093 1857- 58 156 005 200 12 089 648 168 094 848 95 720,658 1858- 59 172 155 786 2 790 067 174 945 853 125 754 421 1859- 60 197 260 756 6 080 165 203 340 921 138 596 484 1860- 61 116 583,955 3, 951 , 968 120 535 923 139, 206, 377 1861- 62 105 898 554 4 699 602 110 598 156 86,481,430 1862- 63 111 436 229 9 181 577 120 617 806 113 136 700 38 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The British account does not include gold and silver bullion or coin, while the account of the United States does. The total value of specie and bullion sent to Great Britain among our exports in the seven years ending with June, 1862, was $236,751,778, and the total received from Great Britain in the same period was $55,894,096. The detail of this exchange of specie was as follows, as given in the United States record for fiscal years the British statistics being for calendar years : Exports to England. Imports from England, 1855- 56 $34, 161, 062 $421, 771 1856- 57 50, 890, 268 4, 069, 054 lS57- f>S 39,636,001 6,754,357 1858- 59 41, 760, 051 147, 383 1S59- 60 33,380,575 101,371 1860- 61 12, 174, 820 32, 678, 440 1861- 62 24, 729, 001 11, 721, 720 1S62- G3 50, 339, 267 238, 499 British account. Imports into England Exports to United 1 roiu United States. Slates. 1856 Not given <96, 227 1857 Not given 859,110 1858 .4, 811, 772 202, 567 1859 9, 672, 981 14, 342 1860 4, 792, 582 1, 727, 220 1861... 66,683 7,381,953 1862 10, 064, 162 37, 528 1863 8, 147, 524 54, 195 KOTE. The importations of gold and silver coin and bullion were exempted by law from entry inwards at the custom-house until the passing of the act of 20 & 21 Viet., cap. G2, in the year 1857. Changing these to United States values they become : Imports into England. 1856 1857 1858 $23, 288, 976 1859 46, 817, 228 I860 23, 197, 306 1861 322,745 1862 48, 710, 544 1863 39, 434, 016 Exports to United States, $465, 738 4, 642, 092 980, 424 69, 4L5 8, 359, 448 35, 728, 652 181,635 263, 303 The account of exports to the United States made up from British records is tout $50,690,707 for eight years, against $56,132,595 recorded in the United States as imported from Great Britain, a difference of near five and a half mil lions of dollars. As the years 1856 and 1863 embrace very small exports, the correction of the United States account to calendar years would not remove the discrepancy. The account of imports into England is also short in British records as compared with our own. Taking the six years fully reported, the total by the British tables is $181,170,815 ; and by American, for fiscal years* $202,019,715, a difference of $20,848,910. This difference is also too large to be explained by the differences in the years. It is to be noticed, however, thai the British entry was by ounces both for gold and silver, with a computed valup FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 39 "at the market price at the time of entry." This is probably the chief cause of the discrepancy. Another and important point to be observed in the general comparison of the statistics is the incompleteness of the return of United States exports in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1861. For the last three quarters of that year cer tain ports of the southern States failed to make returns of the commerce trans acted, which in most cases continued under the flag of the United States veiy nearly to the close of the fiscal year. At Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, the transactions of three entire quarters were not returned to the Treasury De partment, and at all the other ports south of Norfolk two entire quarters were not returned. These ports were the channels through which nearly all the cotton, rice, and other staples of the south were exported, and the shipment of these was unprecedentedly active in the first months of 1861, and quite down to June of that year. In the original publication of the statistics of that year no correction was made for these omitted returns, and the effect is shown in the previous table of the total values exported to England as given by the two authorities. That country credits the United States with $239,046,158 in value of exports, while the return, uncorrected for the omission of southern ports, is but $116,583,955. To make the best correction practicable in the case, it is assumed, as a mini mum, that the exports at these ports for quarters not returned were at least equal to the transactions of the corresponding quarters of the previous year. The total value of the exports of those ports during the like period of the preceding year was $161,011,950 of domestic produce, and about $500,000 in value of foreign produce. This correction of the general aggregates cannot so readily be applied to the detail of countries. The great bulk of values was of cotton, and of this but a small proportion was to other countries than England. The evidence afforded by the British statistics is conclusive that the general sum assumed is too small, since the excess admitted by them is $170,000,000 in the three years 1860, 1861, and 1862 * The British account of cotton alone received from the United States during the year ending with June, 1861, would show near a hundred millions of dollars worth beyond the quantity officially returned in the United States as having been exported, the last-named aggregate being 207,342,265 pounds, value $22,651,923. The British report, which can in this case be made to conform in time to our fiscal year, credits the United States with 968,006,928 pounds, value $140,961,448. Pounds. Value, British , 968,006,928 $140,961,448 American. . . . .207,342,265 22,651,923 Difference 760,664,663 118,309,525 This statement of differences in one article for the period of one year proves that if all the exports were embraced in the correction, a total not less than twenty millions greater would be required for the entire correction. The fol lowing table of monthly receipts of cotton in England from the United States shows the course of this trade for three years, and the enormous proportions it reached in 1861, for which year the United States records fail to show what it was: This correction was adopted in the finance report of the Secretary of the Treasury of December, 1863, increasing the total of domestic exports for the fiscal year 1860-MU to $389,711,391, and the foreign to $21,145,427, the aggregate exports being $410,856,818. 40 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Monthly receipts of cotton in England from the United States. Month. 18 59. 18 60. 18 81. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. January Cwts. 177 554 Pounds, 580 010 Cuts. 316 895 Pounds. 998 ;) 19 Cuts. 17 05 Pounds. 57 8 February 992 468 3 184 255 1 204 091 3 792 887 939 l )70 3 I M 835 March 711 316 2 448 113 I 6oi) 98 4 940 OQ4 1 494 51 4 969 0> v5 April 600 312 2 061 506 1 000 U 8 3 033 631 1 354 65 4 gf Q ] -,-, May . . 708 956 2 21 534 1 33 749 3 814 741 985 51 3 6 -) l 7 ( )0 1 525 547 4 983 454 ] 810 704 5 069 971 97 813 3 4f>3 tfTS Half year 4 725 153 15 469 872 7 194 835 21 651 653 5 874 635 20 706 00 July 1 199 967 4 059 888 701 182 1 98 SI 840 064 q oQ O=tf) August . . 437 S" 1 ! 1 47 l ) 501 660 274 1 893 449 448 061 1 881 857 351 6-~>6 I 189 668 179 344 544 010 657 867 October 204 148 678 792 130 73 405 Oil 3 630 19 058 November 221 690 750 051 5 70 175 234 86 1 485 December 1 446 797 4 641 $07 1 044 "50 3 47 111 4 09 68 Half year 3, 861, 519 12, 799, 707 2 768, 484 8 418 066 1 442 534 5 864 199 Year 8 586 672 28 269 579 9 963 319 30 069 719 7 317 169 6 670 399 Converting these into the quantities and values of the United States, the receipts of cotton in England for the three calendar years became : Pounds. Value. 1859 961,707,264 $136,824,762 1860 1,115,891,728 145,537,340 1861 819,522,928 129,084,731 Even after the first of July, when the ports of the United States were closed to all legal trade, and for which no estimate has been made, the quantity of American cotton received in England was very great, amounting to 161,563,808 pounds, value $28,382,723. Probably the larger share of that received in England in July was cleared from southern ports before the last of June, and therefore it properly belongs with the additions made to correct that account in comparison with our own. Recurring to the summaries of exports and imports between the two countries, compared on a previous page, we may assume a correction of the export values of United States records given for 1860- 6 1 and 1861- 62, equal to the two values of cotton shown to be in excess in this last calculation, namely: $118,309,525 in 1860- 61, and $28,382,723 in 1861- 62. More clearly, these are corrections on the first and second half years of 1861 ; and whatever may be the deduction from them on account of the later months of 1861 is fully made up by the export of other articles of which no account has been taken. The addition to the United States is therefore the sum of $146,692,248, still leaving a small deficit in the difference between this sum and $170,000,000 before shown to be the British excess for three years, exclusive of the foreign exports. These foreign exports amount to $14,731,735, leaving the actual difference about ten millions of dollars. The other portions of the series agree very well with each other. There is reason to believe, however, that the United States record is generally short of the full values as regards produce actually lauded for consumption in England. Many cargoes of provisions, grain, and flour clear for Iri/?h or Channel ports for orders j and this was more frequently the case in 1861, 1862, and 1863, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 41 tlian in previous years. Apparently being cleared for British ports, and so recorded at United States ports, they do not enter at those ports, and do not appear in their imports. During the year 1862 one hundred vessels touched at Cork for orders, of which a considerable share ultimately proceeded to conti nental ports. It is, moreover, established beyond doubt that there are large deficiencies iu the report of outward cargoes, particularly at the port of New York. There being no outward inspection, and clearance being always given on the oath of the shipper or agent, a degree of inaccuracy has grown up, which is mainly the consequence of haste. Undervaluations and imperfect schedules of cargo occur where no intent to evade the law exists, particularly as no questions of revenue are involved. Clearance only on the verification of cargo by an outward inspector, as in nearly every European state, would be the only practicable measure for correcting these omissions, and for securing an absolutely full report of exports. COMPARISON OF EXPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE UNITED STATES WITH THE REPORTED IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES RECORDS. The chief fact disclosed by these comparisons is the gigantic character of the trade conducted through British ports for other nations, and for the general markets of the world, from which our direct shipping is being withdrawn. Either in the crude form in which they were imported, or in partial or complete transformation as manufactures, vast quantities of the staple products of the United States pass through England to other markets of final consumption in every year. Taking the aggregates exchanged for six years preceding the war, or inclu ding one year of partial disturbance, each single year of the series gives a similar result, and confirms the general conclusion. The British record is short, comparing calendar with the nearest corresponding fiscal years, as follows : British stntement British statement deficient. in excess. 1856 $12,800,398 1857 , 33,630,921 1858 19,279,145 1859 7,571,824 860 , 27,723,308 ,861 , 85,842,071 1862.. $6,320,280 The exports of British produce and manufactures are reported at the " de clared real value," or on the statement of the exporter, while the exports of foreign and colonial produce are at "computed real value" a value determined upon the reported quantities by the officers of the customs. It can scarcely be believed that the values reported when entering United States ports are in excess, nor does there appear any probable correction of these entered values which will remove the discrepancy. The solution is undoubtedly to be found in the account of remittances in the form of bills of exchange drawn against the exports of United States produce, the extent of which remittances can only be inferred from the debt of the United States held abroad, in connexion with other causes. According to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury, made to the Senate in 1854, the amount of American stocks and loans reported to be held by for eigners June 30, 1853, was two hundred and twenty-two millions of dollars. Large sums were also known to exist of which no report could be obtained, estimated at a total nearly equal to that reported. The increase accruing in 42 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. the next seven years we do not stop to estimate. French authorities have esti mated the capital held by foreigners in United States national, State, and municipal stocks, including bank and railroad stocks, at a total sum of five hundred millions. Dividends and interest paid on this sum, averaging six per cent, per annum, would require remittances to the extent of thirty millions, for which sum there would of course be no commercial equivalent, either in com modities or in money. To this must be added the expenditures of travellers and the remittances of emigrants, together not less than five millions annually. The sum of thirty-five millions, therefore, is in all probability remitted in bills of exchange to Europe, and the excess of our exports over imports in recent years is to this extent accounted for ; and whatever remains of the apparent excess of exports to Great Britain over imports may be balanced by the payment there of excesses of importation over exportation with certain other countries with whom our accounts are to some extent settled in England, amounting in 1861 to fifty one millions of dollars, due from us on our trade with the West Indies, South America, Asia, Africa, &c. The extent of the annual differences appearing on the face of the commercial statements is large, and it does not appear to have attracted the attention its importance deserves. Taking the aggregates exchanged for six years preceding the war, or including one year of partial interruption or disturbance, 1861, as given in the British account, and exclusive of specie, the nominal balance ap pears highly favorable to the United States. The two sums, 1856 to the close of 1861, are: Imports into Great Britain $1,124,750,600 Exports from Great Britain 683,783,700 Difference 440,966,900 Or an average of $73,494,483 annually. Deducting the excess of specie sent to England, for which we must take the statement of the United States, and which was 8167,750,401, or $27,958,400 yearly, the balance still remaining is $45,536,083 yearly in favor of the United States. After all consideration has been given to the account of remittances just referred to, the general state of these gigantic exchanges is less unfavorable to the United States than lias generally been supposed. TABULAR STATEMENTS OF EXCHANGES BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN ANT) THE UNITED STATES, FOR SEVEN YEARS, 1856 TO 1862, FROM BRITISH RECORDS. The following tabular statements of the entire exchanges of the United States with Great Britain in detail is copied from the last annual volume of British Trade and Navigation Reports, for 1862. For 1863 only a few specific articles can be obtained, the monthly publications of the British government distin guishing countries only in a few leading articles. The first table embodies such as are so stated by countries, comparing the three years 1861 to 1863 only, and converting the values and quantities to like terms with those of the United States. This preliminary table shows the enormous development of the petroleum trade within three years, and that grain, flour, and petroleum, have to some ex tent supplied the place of cotton as the basis of exchange on England. The sum of values of these leading articles is sustained in a most unexpected degree. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 43 Quantities of leading articles. Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Cotton Petrole Wheat Wheat Indian Wheat Wheat pounds 819,500,523 139, 608 20,061,952 1,897,433 24,722,816 20, 279, 608 1, 929, 281 13, 524, 224 4,074,588 29,798,160 2, 249, 767 21,830,328 30,155,848 2,287,110 6, 394, 080 8, 447, 292 16,071,664 1,265,911 23,774,976 16,281,488 1,278,411 am . pallons . . . - bushels flour barrels corn . bushels Entered for consumption. bushels flour . . barrels Values of leading articles. Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Cotton $128 500 630 C;3 117 i(j3 &O AW* lf)K Petroleum . . 8 383 68 904 2 7MH 4Q.1 Wheat 29 354 411 41 380 514 20 371 ^0 Flour 13 234 535 15 471 442 7 562 2 %> 4 Indian corn 22 172 927 16 751 085 in oofi 774 Indian corn, known to be nearly all from the United States, is not distin guished as to countries ; but it is assumed as approximately correct. Other staple exports, as of cured meats, lard, tallow, butter and cheese, and tobacco, are not separately stated in the British reports. They will be found in detail in the comparative table following those taken from the British records, pre pared for fiscal years from the United States returns. - ,A - > - i~ FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. ii :| ill! 1 iQO>^ooooo^ *<r7^^coc5C^co^cJO5i2f5>-O5i -<cr3CJ ^ < r; < i re cr. -r t- t- c> -* crs ^SSS^SSllggslsslSsflsfil^slllsS^gS^cl :cl :S 3 v 0" Ofsrfr-T C~. t- LI CC -^i O O CJ rM * LO" CT; C5 O C& CS* < 1/7 n CJ 05 t CO C^ i t- 1C -0 TO f. J . -- V. CJ T =~. ^< r- t- "^ O rid POrH t-LO^rHrH CJ |IO >*t"iJ" ino3) ttt^n i-"cj ro Tf"-o"r-roD" "xfirT -in* i co co cj OD c< c J CJ o ->r - 1 cr> i CJ 10 co co J> cj" r-Tro K i-T f3S5St?,68S8SSS coiomcjfocococjoio r-T rHC" O S i S cf"" 8 2 J. .QOOOt-- J . o -01^ o oo ,-S S. l <?;W M ll - : i"fi I Ilii o Ibs. wt qrs . wt :& ?^--Ssis- I 3 MII21 .S er fu llfiJifH t!ll r- o j|^8 i"f-i| i olio s x<52 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE, 45 rf i- I A oo2ao>5;ii-s5cSimi$$e!l <*; S c< $* gtf**K^***tftf* gg gSf g g I a& gil8ig|g8iSi8iS"SSS8" I cfjf-oogjngcs^g-^- g-ggj.- gg{o J cl x S S i^ j^ TJ ;f ^ S Ri S S S *"* ? l I S i S _Jt. pi! illS iSp^siil^ 2 ilSS .^ | CJ ^ c"fo~ !o *";" rt rf7<t- ^f3f irfKoo o r-r : p--r ^ - ^S ft^3S I Ct ?- & 7i -~ ?i ?j S o ; P 8 8 i irs i-T ri" 06 v 4<i4<@4^ i iijlill] iliiJII 1jM| ySifiltii U! ill lIllN ^ fihEaE c S ||g||| |||^I||I| 4G FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. S 8 3 p 3 3 S 5 S~ 8 55 00 m r-l C"3 - r* r-T r-Tcf r-T g1[?|"^^ S3 ill f ^-T aTcf r-T aTcf r-Tof . r c< ^ ^ SiMI t-rnJ" I ccfcT I cf^ cf " ;-S .>n^< J8*I^r- C*5<O .r-lr-( .r-irH(MI^ - : : n CJ?7r-lr-lrHr-l pH-ef cf 8 :55 138 :3 : :S : :S :5 :8 :S8S :8 CO 1 00 ; O -O iH * Ci O O ncgri si rn" oT cs~ o~ ^jTccTt^ -T :2^ :^_ : |8 : :% j5 j |!38S |S : :s" : :^~ : : : : : Jff i tfi ,_! . . CO << QC t LI Tf _- . o t rr 1 O ^^ o oo ci c ir: o i C3 TT CS I- C*D -i-i SS :S :S*: n 72 5 TT *lll<5 1 ill 1 I ii ^ 111!!! N^| | b i.i isjS is.liis Is I 111 j !llglllli=-ll^!!i.sll KOKMJH)HJMSO^MCcJica:a2E-iH^? FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 47 .-r-r-r-rccf i- t- t- go" ! COOC^t^OCOf id* < I s - Ci CC "*< Cl * tt O< <QQCOC>*OO3^ O i I -^ Cl O CO O CO O i^ O C pliils w si5JiS5i8l Sg3?5g8 II jsSsSisSSl Hsi qi"-"S"5fgf ^^ ^""^"S a^ ^gg S" :S" :S 5""SS"^ r -" j 3 rt< LO O C3 CO 4O OO CTCi O^ *9< OQ C t*- Ci O Cj"cVo *"r* Ct O l 3 8 .l8Ss93!$S8i..i8 sis isssi CQ 1 * r sS s I 1 |gg : :|g : |||| iSlBili t-"r-"^-"o" 0"<0~ ! Cf Q0"n"cf a" r-Tcf v pfcf Cf 00" : :^^^fc? j j jH oTcfjrf" cf ilsggS cj Tf 05 c t~ ic to 2< o oj in 05 s- f " s" it-t . c oo ou w t- i^ tc K ?- ! ? S ci ; ;^^ : ;M ; 1 1~ i i-i 1 1^ cs f-t -o co oo" ! oi" tnsf r-T i i~" ! iH~ (Hese^Pwses of !|i rt "s" iss^s" df^tstf s" :s :S8 :& :2 :S5R - .c* -i^rj. i aS .o .oc/oo f ! cf ufnT 1 ! TT : oo sc" * r-l CO t^ i-H ; o :S 2-s I 1!a W W - , g,S4f5Sc: al^ 5 w S. v; B i> g . Cif^lilfi* :| o-rSo^csis^Ss-^ -S rf3<*f Bj"b- B J^S ? i* die 111 i ISI 5&-B a * p ill ill .32 S u u 48 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. lilf ilSli 05 " 3 8 I "- gf 5 t^ c* ^ S s s Cl f- CJ CO s s M " g M SI ill 00 ! 2 i K ^ O .J5^0 CC K l-~ rn" of CO" no* r-l CJ OJ TJ< l^CC - ^ -r-CTtO IC ifO t- t^ ic o m .co n -<t< oo co i-" co~ <o~ i-T o"cfcT * "" I] 111 !|iHiilp!il i^ i ;ll I :lll 1 II *a o "I I S :<3 H H H FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 49 I I- O n i-O Ol rf Vf Of of .<& : : : : : -H . .Cl .00 . .-<}. . :? :S :S88 oSsS -<N i3|Sf ^O . p,. oo" oo n "-^ - SS S^ J "^J* ^ tC O C; 7> i i i <N rH Cf tS :28 :S :$ : :^c5 l-H TJ< .00 rH . fO i r 1 1^~ t-^* ! i . :S5^ . . ,S .SJ SSfggi i CJ C^ I- ^ O 00 Cl i- (N ri rt I- -^<" 1.0" I r-Tao" ^ w . iJJsS !fi 3S, !|| II HI j- s --: X , TJ oe a x ^S S 5 - sii 5 4) S-2 III leg u ; 1 : : 2 "1 1 is,; E^-^ il 5 .= -3 "E- a ^53 CO Ex. Doc. 55 4 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. QcT^r-TcTcf i^TcTf^fXf L^f TjT 4 tO* c* c* * Q ssiisiissi ss 1 O5 IO TT 00 CO C5 CO r-i CJ ( O5 ^J CO W^ OJ ^H C5 ( sillS T C7 O i 1 * *^5 O ia"ff TfcoOriccao Gfsf ef ao of i-T 1=1 : :| f|| -si a Srf|?|l| If | ^: 3 * o C 3 .^ c > S. 5.5 "scEo K?5>5 *$> c: cs cs o C s - o >> E,"5.5 s cs o OPH^PH^O > 222hHH ^^^ FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 51 This table of exports is uncorrected for the omitted record of cotton exported to England, which has previously been shown to be near $ 129,084,731 for the fiscal year 18GO- 61 ; and several other items, hides, rice, rosin, spirits of turpentine and tobacco particularly, would add several millions of dollars in value. The increase in the value of certain exports from 1860 forward has been referred to in connexion with the British statistics, but the records of the United States exhibit the fact in a still more striking manner. Butter, cheese, hops, hams and bacon, lard, petroleum and lard oil, tallow and tobacco, are quite as remarkably increased as is flour or wheat. A comparison of 1860 with 1862 and 1863 shows the fact. The year 1861, having no especial relation to the point under consideration, is not given. Articles. % 1860. 1862. 1863. Butter $439, 460 $3, 077, 066 $5,159,871 Cheese 1,192,458 2, 226, 047 3 655 119 757 574 867 1 577 670 ] lams tiinl bacon ...... ...... ... ... ..... 1,589,528 8, 894, 606 15, 044, 991 Lard J, 811, 418 4,455 685 6,059 986 Lard oil 1 566 82 782 835 290 Tallow 901 , 371 2,515,914 3, 093, 592 pork 502, 138 759, 895 650, 562 4, 664, 042 2, 984, 232 6, 483, 921 11,102,738 25,571,094 42,561,002 The increase on the articles here named, none of which are distinguished in the British return before quoted, is thus $14,470,000 in 1862 over 1860, and in 1863 the very large excess of $31,460,000. The important article, petroleum, was unfortunately not distinguished in the quarterly returns until July, 1863, the commencement of the fiscal year 1863- 64. The largest proportion of the sum assigned to unenumerated articles for 1862- 63 was for petroleum, which may be approximately stated at $1,000,000 for 1861- 62, and $4,000,000 in 1862- 63. In view of the omission of cotton and rice almost altogether from the exports to England in the last two years, the general aggregate at which these exports are maintained is remarkable. In 1860, with very large values for these staples, the total was less than thirty millions in excess of 1863, fiscal years. Values of 1860. Cotton $134, 928, 780 Rice o. 346, 576 Rosin and turpentine 964, 666 136, 240, 022 Comparing this with the difference of 1860 and 1863 in the aggregates, it ap pears that the increase of northern staples supplied $106,250,000 of i.his loss in cotton, and this during a period of unprecedented trial to the national resources, and of vastly increased domestic consumption. Some account of the difference in specie exports is due, however, in the above comparison; the exports of specie and bullion to England being $45,000,000 in 1862- 63, against $31,635,000 in 1S59- 60. But the production of gold, and the great import of foreign gold from England in 161 and 1862, had produced a surplus leading naturally to exportation. 52 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. BRITISH TRADE WITH CALIFORNIA. The British official records distinguish the trade with California from that conducted with other parts of the United States. The tables previously given cover the entire trade, California included, and those that here follow are of California alone. The annual values of this trade converted into terms of the United States are as follows : Imports from California. Exports to California. 1856 $162, 827 $2, 226, 937 1857 5 2, 185, 260 1858 70, 581 2, 523, 411 1859 139, 760 2, 224, 570 1860 90,455 3,024,985 1861 3, 414, 968 2, 085, 691 1862 1, 722, 294 1, 817, 236 It is apparent that the direct trade of England with the Pacific coast of the United States is relatively less than with other sections. That trade is a coast ing trade to vessels of the United States, and is protected by the laws relating to the coasting trade generally. Clearance to California direct from European ports is far more difficult than transhipment at the Isthmus of Panama. The direct trade of San Francisco with foreign countries is, therefore, larger with the East Indies and China than with European countries. The magnitude of the trade with the Pacific States opens an inviting field to foreign occupation, but its peculiar circumstances have so far protected it. They may continue to do so in a great* degree, if the quality of coasting trade and the laws which preserve it to vessels of the United States are rigidly maintained ; but if these were yielded, a very little time would suffice to displace United States shipping in as great a degree in the Pacific as in the Atlantic. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 53 S g g | 8 ^2 1 i c* o" 2" S c " 5" , g a C*3 CO 1 g S i 1 i s (O 00 00 d g B I o i 1 4 * H If -f Values. f i oT S rH Uf ! !f I fi 8 t j 1 03 04* 00 o ^ i | g ^ H c^ 3 ft -yj- 5 i - hff: ; r 5 3 i i i ^ ^ 1 S" of t : : j s ? g . c i 3 8 S i li I 1 i S ! ? 5" a ? ; H r H j H s ^p "5 ^J i \ 1 i ! d - j f i :> o r F i ^ . | % ^ s c r- 4 i *< < 1 cf S .g eo : 8 9 s B : o | 1 * j " s ^ 1 ; ; * ; ; 1 cf <0 M \ I 1 ! ! s i III : Articles. 1 a o wheat, meal, and Guano Nitre, cubic KicaragTin wood 6 > c- Silver ore Wood and timber Wool . . . All other articles j 54 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. o to rH^r ~ - foo Tirr-raro o"<o"o" r- ti^^rHCMr-I cs t~ ao o.i si t- coVTr-T *%** woo cT-v O r- OJ OC^O ofo~ afcTofaf 8 M " 9f rr-Too ofcfcfr-TcT g i^"^r?-H irTo O3O<CpCpS?-J OOte2kt|-; Q* o< co o o T co c; to m co oTr-T pfofof ofo arr-TccT ^ c> rf i-i rTcf irTccf aTco irfcT O CO r-t [^S^^S^S co cfo cb" co~ :8 : : , rH , . TJ* Tj< ,co ! ! f-n QO tf v- K ^* :8 s <jfqpq ip^ist^ 3.KbH birf 10 *" -5 S*s^I :f| j fe ^-C*-a>2_-c0 _S C- ill ! ooc) fiKOKA^^SP^P^Soocoob^ .-< FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 55 Values of foreign and colonial produce exported from Great Britain to California. Articles Computed real value. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. . . & 150 . . 200 . 1,375 &. 350 360 55 65 914 130 17 2,101 520 8 2,496 4, 207 3,387 Rice, not in htisk 168 1, 605 3 138 8,142 1, 104 2,561 120 "S,565 564 3, 424 3, 343 2,668 2, 932 1,255 900 3,680 1,890 Tea iffl 9,779 207 6, 189 92 10, 161 765 10, 914 139 5,444 Wine 2, 588 1,166 2, fill) All other articles 6,265 8,297 5,530 7,814 7,795 Totals 18, 132 460, 111 18, 418 451, 500 24, 733 521, 366 22,589 459, 622 30, 591 624, 997 12, 446 430, 928 18,668 375, 462 Totals of British and for n produce STEAM TONNAGE IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES, Steamships were introduced into the foreign commerce of the United States in 1840, but they were of little importance for the carriage of merchandise until nearly ten years later, when the establishment of American lines to Europe, competing with the British, developed the capacity of steam transportation, and prepared the way for its general introduction into the transatlantic trade. For two or three years previous to 1850 the aggregates of steam tonnage entering the ports of the United States swelled the volume of foreign shipping very Bensibly. At a later period, and with large vessels, the increase of this tonnage haa been rapid, until it has reached proportions nearly equal to the sailing tonnage of all classes coming from the two or three leading commercial countries of Europe. The system was, in fact, suddenly and almost completely built up in 1848, 1849, and 1850; American lines to Havre, to Bremen and Southamp ton, and to Liverpool, across the Atlantic, being established simultaneously with one to Havana from Charleston, and the vast, half-foreign California and Isthmus lines. The tonnage of all these goes to swell the aggregate of tonnage published in official reports as arriving from foreign ports ; but the entire Isthmus and California trade, including all that touching at Vera Cruz and Havana, either to and from the Isthmus or to and from New Orleans, should properly be sepa rated from that crossing the Atlantic. It is so separated in the following state ments, and the effect is to greatly reduce the proportion of American steamship tonnage appearing to be employed in foreign trade. Technically, clearances from Panama for San Francisco are from foreign countries, but, in fact, little or no commerce with foreign countries is represented. Little or none is represented in arrivals at New York from Chagres or Panama, or in arrivals from Cuba of steamers merely touching at that port on their way from Mexico or the Isthmus. The statistics of steam tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States, therefore, require to be stated with several discriminations, to be properly understood. In the aggregate, the proportions of American and foreign appear nearly equal; but when the distinctions just referred to are made, and the absolute foreign trade only is considered, the amount of American tonnage is 56 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. greatly reduced. For several years, however, or from 1851 to 1857, the Amer ican transatlantic steam lines had great success, and attained an ascendency in that trade that appears favorably in the statistics. The arrivals at New York alone were over 120,000 tons for each of several years, and this against an average of about 80,000 tons of foreign. The Isthmus and Cuban arrivals of United States steamers, entered as foreign, amounted to 160,000 tons more at New York, yet the merchandise traffic by them from any foreign country was very small in amount, and the statements should be kept distinct. There is also a large local trade conducted by steamers with Canada on the great lakes, the tonnage of which is technically classed with that entering from foreign ports, yet which does not represent any considerable trade strictly to be designated foreign. The annual arrivals of this tonnage are 2,300,000 tons or more,* but its character is more nearly that of ferry and passenger transit than anything else. The amount is so little significant of commerce such as the transatlantic trade always must be, whether conducted by steamers or sailing vessels, that it has not been compiled to illustrate the relation of steam to foreign commerce generally. With the British provinces of the Atlantic coast there has been for many years a moderately active traffic in small steamers. They sometimes come down to Boston or New York, but generally run only between the ports of Maine and Halifax, or elsewhere in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. When running regularly, the amount of this tonnage is separately stated in the follow ing tables : Steam tonnage entered at Portland, Maine, from foreign countries. Fiscal year ending June 30 FOREIGN VESSELS. From Great Britain. From British N. American provinces. Total. 1855 Tons. 2,907 Tons. Tons. 2,907 166 1>794 12,392 4,984 34, 797 32,267 39, 874 18,562 1 856 166 1857 . . 12, 794 5,538 4, 924 25, 075 32, 267 37,071 18, 328 1858 6,854 60 9, 722 1859 I860 * 1861 .... 1862 2,803 234: 1863 There were no entries of American steamers in the foreign trade. Steam tonnage of foreign vessels entered at Philadelphia from foreign countries. Tons. Fiscal year ending June 30, 1851 3, 261 Do 1852 ,... 19,734 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 734 1853 22,484 1854 19,423 1855 8,682 1856 4,648 .1857 20,056 .1858 None. Do 1859 1,415 There were no entries of American steamers. * No distinct separation of the steam and sailing tonnage of the lakes having been made for years previous to 1863, it is impracticable to state the exact figures, but it is assumed that more than two-thirds of the arrivals are steam. Probably the proportion is nearly three- fourths. The American arrivals of all sorts at lake ports in 1860 were 2,617,276 tons, and of British tonnage 658,036 tons; together, 3,275,312 tons. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 57 Stecnn tonnage entered at the port of Boston from foreign countries. FOREIGN VESSELS. AMKRICAN VESSELS. Total From Great Britain. From British Am. provinces. From British Am. provinces. tons. 1846 11 941 3 204 15 145 1847 .. 11 719 396 12 115 1848 14 655 184 14 839 1849 16, 000 16 000 1850 . . 20, 000 20 000 1851 22 000 22 000 1852 2(5 449 26 449 1853 28, 572 11 780 40 352 1854 * 53 667 53 667 1855 .. . . 58 114 1 610 59 714 1856 57 833 10 632 68 465 1857 54 945 7 980 62*925 1858. 58 624 6 580 385 65 589 1859 58 979 6 445 65 424 1860 56 530 7 249 6*5 779 1861 67 283 6 120 73 403 1862 >. 54 141 2 838 56 979 1863 57 305 57 305 The entry of steam tonnage at Boston began with the establishment of the Cunard line in 1840, and the arrivals previous to 1846 were 12,000 to 15,000 tons annually ; but the exact quantities cannot be obtained. American steam tonnage entered at the port of New York from foreign countries. Fiscal year ending- From British ports. From Havre. From Bremen and Hamburg. 44 o^ 11 ill fr Total tons. June 30 1848 823 1 857 9 934 920 1Q rioj 1849 L. 5 571 15 230 7 207 28 008 1850 1851 3,951 54 785 9 549 15, 230 12 528 54, 452 108 172 73,633 185 034 1852 63 359 23* 592 13 248 157 186 2 r )7* 3P r 1853 73, 314 26, 183 18,508 170,021 288 026 1854 75 302 18 917 13 494 147 227 254 940 1855 66 092 14 929 1 5 402 152 347 246 770 1856 71 578 45 032 22, 373 162 409 301 392 1857 48 649 30 648 23 409 145 236 247 942 1858 33 431 54 213 19 747 103 010 215 401 1859 2 989 51 484 9 069 111 343 174 885 1860 68 564 170 641 239 205 1861 68 8*0 150 534 219 414 1862 15,884 94! 561 110,445 1863 125 015 125,015 Third quarter, 1863 33 995 33, 995 Fourth quarter, 1 863 5 923 43 299 49, 222 58 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Foreign steam tonnage entered at the port of New York from foreign countries. Fiscal year ending British, from Eng land. British, colonial. S p vJ 82 iJ* 1 Bremen. Hamburg. S So Spanish and Cuban. Total tons. June 30, 1844. 3 780 % 792 4 572 1845. 3 780 3 780 1846. 13, 351 13 351 1847. 9, 121 9 121 1848. 19 828 6.050 640 26 518 1849. 53 897 .. 53 897 1850 48 065 758 1 639 50 462 1851 41 889 1 293 758 43 940 1852. 59, 554 59 554 1853. 81 388 81 388 1854 78 256 78 256 1855 33 650 4 642 *4 357 6 158 48 805 1856. 39 185 4,915 1,876 1,282 46 123 1857 137 678 15, 125 5,612 17, 846 11,551 186 812 1858 141 903 5, 402 22, 612 3,764 3 183 176 864 1859. 183, 354 3,916 34, 299 37,654 540 4, 972 264 735 1860 221 724 23,358 50, 951 3, 276 2^9 309 1861 256 857 30, 324 46,615 333 796 1862 231 043 33 617 52, 252 3,973 1 426 327 731 1863 290 490 4 724 1 006 38 388 55 737 397 247 Half year to Dec ., 1863.. Calendar year, 1883 . . 237,452 401,210 4,540 7,264 686 686 34,122 56, 692 28,678 53, 200 1,425 1,425 681 681 307, 584 521 158 In part of British ships for this and the two following years. General aggregate of steam tonnage entering the ocean ports of the United States from 1844 to 1863. Fiscal year ending- American. Foreign. Total tons. Fiscal year ending American. Foreign. Total tons. June 30 1844 4 572 4 572 June 30 1854 100 442 151 346 251 788 1845 3 780 3 780 1855 346 901 120 108 467 009 1846 28,496 28, 496 1856 397,410 120, 645 518, 055 1847 21 236 21 236 1857 333,243 282 875 616 118 1848 1849 13, 534 28 008 41,357 69 897 54.K91 97 905 1858 1859 289, 296 311, 764 254, 748 339 016 544, 044 650, 780 1850 73 633 70, 462 144, 095 1860 384, 899 391, 016 775, 915 1851 193 960 69 201 263 161 1861 313,903 439 945 753, 848 1852 264,081 105, 737 369, 818 1862 212, 675 424, 584 637, 259 1853. 299 806 132 444 432 250 1863 247, 009 477, 923 724, 932 For the fiscal years 1841, 1842, and 1843, an average of about four thousand tons of foreign arrived at New York. The actual proportion of the tonnage recorded as in the foreign trade of the United States resulting from the entry of steam vessels is very large, both of American and of foreign vessels, but, as has been said, much of it is in fact not what the record appears to make it. The Isthmus trade is really coastwise rather than foreign, and therefore all, or nearly all, the American steam tonnage entering at San Francisco and New Orleans, with the Isthmus arrivals at New FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 59 York, should be struck off. The entries at both New York and New Orleans from Cuba and Mexico are in a great degree of steamers merely touching at Havana and Vera Cruz for passengers and mails, and carrying very little freight. A more legitimate trade was for several years conducted by the steamer Isabel, from Havana to Charleston. On the North Atlantic coast, again, the steamships touching at Portland and Boston appear in some cases to have been regularly entered there, as well as at New York, in most cases, probably, bringing cargo for both ports. The Canard line had its original terminus at Boston, however, and steamers have constantly fully discharged at Boston and Portland both, when running as part of the regular lines, or as extra ships on them, from Liverpool. The lake steamer tonnage is, of course, entirely excluded, and the direct transatlantic trade is therefore reduced to the arrivals at Portland, Boston, New York, and Philadel phia. Stating this separately, the following is the result: Actual steam tonnage arriving in foreign trade. Fiscal year ending American. Foreign. Total. June 30, 1844 Tons. Tons. 4 572 Tows. 4 572 1845 3 780 3 780 1846 28 496 28 496 1847 21 236 21 236 1848 12 414 41 357 53 771 1849 20 801 (j<) ^97 90 698 1850 19 181 70 462 89 642 1851 80 123 69 201 149 324 1852 100 199 105 739 205 938 1853 118 005 144*224 262 229 1854 107 713 151 346 259 059 1&55 94 423 120* 108 204 531 1856 138 983 1 1 9 236 258 219 1857 102 706 28 V> 587 385 293 1858 112 391 254 845 367 236 1859 63 542 336 558 400 100 1860 68 564 387 885 456 449 1861 68 880 439 466 508 346 1862 15 884 424 579 440 463 1863 473 114 473 114 To include Charleston, the American totals would be increased about twenty thousand tons annually from 1851 to 1861; but this could not be considered transatlantic trade in the sense represented above, being wholly from Havana. 60 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Steam tonnage entered at the port of San Francisco from foreign countries. Fiscal years by quarters. AMERICAN VESSELS. FOREIGN VESSELS. Aggregate tonnage. From Isth mus am Nicaragua From Bri ish colo nial ports Total American From Eng land, colo nial ports 1853- 54 3d quarter 1 853 17, 585 19,178 4th quarter 1853 1 st quarter 1854 19,861 21,501 19,500 20, 280 19, 500 19, 864 17, 563 18,441 22, 916 15, 894 17, 949 17,435 15,672 12, 328 12, 158 13,031 12, 609 14, 702 11,928 11,944 12,609 14,854 21,311 20,912 21,751 15,102 12, 842 17, 880 13, 956 19,374 16, 572 16, 484 18, 794 19, 563 19,140 21,522 21,698 23, 175 2d quarter 1854 78,125 78,125 1854- 55 3d quarter 1 854 4th quarter 1854 1st quarter 1855 2d quarter 1855 79, 644 79,644 1 855- 56 3d quarter 1 855 354 745 144 4th quarter 1855 1st quarter 1856 2d quarter 1856 74,814 76,057 1856- 57 3d quarter 1856 4th quarter 1856 144 144 1st quarter 1857. 2d quarter 1857. 63,384 63,672 1857- 58 3d quarter 1 857 4th quarter 1857 144 144 1st quarter 1858 ~~52,~788 2d quarter 1858 1858- 59 3d quarter 1858. 20, 383 14, 958 10, 697 12,722 10, 961 11,995 9, 830 13,538 10, 567 7,979 5,441 8,450 3,738 4,012 10,416 12, 701 7,213 7,750 10, 546 10, 950 52, 500 4th quarter 1858 1st quarter 1859 144 2,314 1 995 2d quarter 1859. . 110,095 110,553 1859- 60 3d quarter 1859 4th quarter 1859 1 136 1st quarter 1860 2d quarter 1860 125,400 128,531 1860- 61 3d quarter 1860 4th quarter 1860 1st quarter 1861 2d quarter 1861 94, 489 479 94,968 1861- 62 3d quarter 1861 . 4th quarter 1861 1st quarter 1862 2d quarter 1862 . 102, 230 102,230 1862- 63 3d quarter 1862 1 411 4th quarter 1862 1 411 1st quarter 1863 . 1,277 710 2d quarter 1863 . 121,994 126,803 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 61 Steam tonnage entered at the port of Charleston from foreign countries. American vessels only. Tons. Fiscal year ending June 30, 1851 14,926 1852 18,696 1853 22,000 1854 22,317 1855 20,487 1856 21,204 18,57 21,917 1858 21,010 1859 26,781 1860 26,990 Half year to December, 1860 1 1,604 For the first three years the entries are in part estimated, the record for one or more quarters of each being lost. All the entries were from Havana. The steam tonnage arriving at New Orleans from foreign ports was techni cally large from the commencement of the Isthmus trade to the close of I860, and all in American vessels. Estimating for the record of two or three quar ters, the following is the tonnage, about one-half of which is from Havana, Cuba, and the other half from the Isthmus, Central America, and Mexico. The years 1855, 1856, 1857, and 1860 are complete: Tons. Fiscal year ending June 30, 1855 60,868 1856 64,571 1857 76,514 1858 75,000 1859 78,000 1860 88,530 The New York line touching at Havana was mainly a coasting and passen ger trade, and this makes up more than half the total. The arrivals from the Isthmus and Mexico were much the same. At Mobile there were a few arrivals of American steamers from foreign ports, but their amount in any year was small. On the northeastern frontier, entering at Castine, Maine, (district of Passama- quoddy,) there is a large aggregate of tonnage accumulated by the frequent trips of small American steamers plying to New Brunswick and Halifax. The average of such arrivals amounts to over 60,000 tons annually since 1853, being in the fiscal years Tows. 1854- 55 64,219 1855- 56 67,401 1856- 57 53,178 1860- 61 55,423 1861- 62 75,324 1862- 63 61,444 The intervening years are not readily distinguished. This was all tonnage of American vessels. The swelled volume of tonnage arriving from foreign countries during the last ten or fifteen years is more largely due to steam than would at first appear, in consequence of the introduction of the items above described. Taking the 62 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. fiscal year 1S59- GO as an example, the total tonnage reported as arriving in the foreign trade is of American vessels toni. . 5,921,285 Foreign vessels tons.. 2,253,911 Total. . . tons. . 8,175,196 Excluding the tonnage from Canada, the American is reduced to 3,304,009 tons, and the foreign to 1,594,575 tons. Deducting, further, for the California and Isthmus trade in American steam vessels For entries at New York For entries at New Orleans For entries at San Francisco For entries at Castine, Maine tons.. 170,641 tons.. 88, 530 tons.. 125, 400 tons.. 55,000 Total tons. . 439, 571 The tonnage actually entering in the foreign trans-oceanic trade is reduced to 2,864,438 tons. The peculiar conditions attending the technical statements of tonnage and shipping have thus, to a great extent, concealed the injuries which have been suffered in general ocean commerce, misleading to the impression that large accessions were being made to the shipping so enployed, when, in fact, great a"nd most injurious reductions were taking place. THE ISTHMUS TRADE. The peculiar character of the trade passing the Isthmus of Panama, the ton nage of which appears as entered and cleared for foreign countries, but which, for reasons before stated, is taken as almost exclusively coastwise, is best ex plained in the consular reports from Panama, from which the following state ments are taken. These statements do not distinguish the values from each country entered for consumption only the total values from all countries. Values of cargoes entering Panama. Year ending For consump tion. In transit for the U. States. In transit for Europe. Total. September 30 1860 $1 375 814 $36 846 939 $14 925 250 $53 148 000 1861 ] 145 310 50 146 345 13 056 250 64 347 905 1862 2, 443, 815 28, 232, 400 27 000 244 *57 826 620 Including $144,160 in transit for the South Pacific coast. Values of cargoes from Panama. Year ending Exports of Panama. In transit from U. S. In transit from Europe. Total. September 30, 1860 $129 000 $8, 325, 000 $4,400 000 $12 784,000 1861 250 000 10 169 225 2 205 625 12 624 850 1862 , 2, 8b 9, 857 11,647,596 5,113,394 24, 795, 426 In 1860 there was, also, of merchandise exported, in thirty-one British vessels, to the South Pacific coast $3,500,000, and in vessels of other nations $1,200,000. In 1862 there is included in the outward total the following items: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 63 Value of cargoes from Central America to South Pacific $66, 000 Value of cargoes from South Pacific to Central America 76, 250 Value of cargoes from Europe and elsewhere (treasure) 4, 444, 268 Value of cargoes from Europe and the. United States (jewelry). .. 578, 062 The total values inward and outward are therefore Years. Inward. Outward. Total. In 1859 $57 679 9 >5 $13 857 000 $71 536 95 In I860 53, 148 004 17 484 000 70 632 004 In 1861 64,347 905 12 624 850 76 97 755 In 1802 57 826 620 24 795 428 82 622 049 The very small proportion of trade for consumption in Panama, and of out ward exports, the produce of Panama, is decisive that the tonnage of United States steamships on that line cannot properly be regarded as in the foreign trade. In 1862 further statements of tonnage arrived and cleared are given as fol lows: Vessels arrived at Panama, and their tonnage for the year ending September 30, 1862. Arrived inward. No. Tonnage. Outward bound. No. Tonnage. American ships 60 42 2 2 70 89, 184 30,611 475 536 3,350 57 42 2 2 70 86, 578 30,611 475 536 3,350 English ships English ships Spanish ships. ... .... Spanish ships French ships New Granadian and all other. Total N. Granadian and all other. . Total 176 124, 156 173 121, 550 The value of cargoes in American bottoms, inward and outward, in 1862 was $59,671,194. The following statement of the transit of treasure and freight over the Isthmus of Panama in 1862, towards the Pacific and towards the Atlantic, is also from the consular report for 1862 of Alexander McKee, United States consul at Panama. Travel and transportation over the Isthmus of Panama for the year ending September 30, 1862. Towards the Pacific. Towards the Atlantic. Total. Passengers ......... . . number 21 456 9 yog Q1 IfJO Gold value $4 444 268 $34 605*467 <tt*}o nia 7{fi Silver do $14 2R r > Q i^ $114 % 2^ r > <YV\ Jewelry do $578 062 s~>?S OfiO 232 886 31 964 )Q4 $50 English mails. .do 35 565 10 127 45 692 Extra bafiffifitcre do 345 547 217 901 r )(V"l 448 do 54 758 378 20 061 601 74 81Q Q1Q Freight by measure. feet 737, 684 33, 279 770, 963 64 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Of the treasure carried towards the Atlantic there was : Gold to the United States $26,401,693 Silver to the United States 16,513 Gold to England 8,091,032 Silver to England , 14,198,008 REVIEW OF STEAMSHIP LINES. As the tonnage accounts appear in the official records the various ocean steam ship lines are but imperfectly disclosed. First, after the experimental trip of the Sirius, in 1838, the Great Western ran for several years 1840 to 1846 almost alone to New York. In 1842 and 1843 there were three or four arrivals of the British Queen from Antwerp ; but the principal opening of the steamer trade was made by the Cunard line, established in 1840 and 1841, from Liver pool, via Halifax, to Boston. There were several of these vessels, the Columbia, the Acadia, the Caledonia, and Britannia, the first four of the line. The Colum bia was lost in 1843, and was succeeded by the Hibernia and the Cambria,* to which were added, on the extension of the line to New York, in 1848, the Niagara, Europa, Canada, America, and the Trent and Severn, of the West India line, occasionally came to New York. The Cunard line was the pioneer as a commericial venture strictly. It always carried a larger share of merchandise than other British lines, and larger also than the American line afterwards established to British ports. A French line from Havre appears in the arrivals at New York in 1847, three or four steamers of about 600 tons each, but they disappear in 1848.t In 1848, simultaneously with the extension of the Cunard line to New York, and its enlargement to a total of 55,000 tons arriving in the fiscal year 184S- 49, there was an American line to Bremen established. The Washington and Herr mann, and a large steamer, the United States, made several trips to and from Havre. The Isthmus lines were begun nearly at the same time, expanding rapidly in 1850 and 1851, and, as they touched at Vera Cruz and Havana fre quently, their tonnage appears as foreign arrivals, entering from Mexico and Cuba, though conducting little actual foreign commerce. In 1850 the first ar rivals of the Collins line were reported at New York the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Baltic. The tonnage by these ships rose to 75,000 tons annually in 1S53 and 1854, but the line was abruptly discontinued in 1857. An interruption of the Cunard line to New York occurred in 1855, amount ing to an absolute discontinuance for the entire year, but it was fully resumed in 1856. The tabular statement preceding being for fiscal years, does not show the fact of discontinuance during the calendar year 1855. The line ran to Bos ton, however, as usual. In 1856 a French line from Havre was started to New York, composed of the Barcelone, the Lyonnaise, the Alma, and Cadiz, but they made a few trips only. Several British steamers the Jason, Etna, Alps, &c. made a few trips also from Havre to New York in 1856 and 1857, but they were not afterwards continued. % From Bremen the Hansa, a Bremen vessel, in 1856 and 1857, made a few trips to New York, and the Jason and Argo, British, after the withdrawal of the * In the tonnage of arrivals at Boston the capacity of these vessels is given at a much lower figure, than when, in 1848, they were reported at New York ; the Cambria being at Boston 760 tons, and at New York 1,334 tons; the Hibernia 791 and 1,324 tons; the Acadia 612 and 1,300 tons; the Britannia 609 and 1,161 tons; the Caledonia 615 and 1,116 tons. Nosufficient reason appears for the discrepancy ; but as it was admitted in the original calculations of tonnage, the materials for this statement must now be made up in the same manner. This decrepancy in the tonnage of the same steamships recorded at Boston and New York con tinues to the close of the employment of the first line of ships in 1862. t Entered as the Union, 704 tons; the Philadelphia, 593 tons; the New York, 586 tons; and the Missouri, 599 tons. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 65 Hermann and Washington, American. A line of Belgian steamers was also started in 1856 the Leopold, the Belgique, and Constitution but soon with drew. The Hamburg steamers Bornesia and Hamraonia, and the Bremen line, before referred to, continued in successful operation, between the North German ports and New York, from their beginning in 1856. In 1859 and subsequent years they received the addition of two or three heavy steamers the Teutonia, Bavaria, and Saxonia, from Hamburg, and the Bremen and New York, from Bremen. Together the amount of this tonnage from Hamburg and Bremen rose rapidly from 1858 forward, amounting to 109,892 tons in the calendar year 1863. The success of the line has been so decided as to lead to a large diver sion of the trade of continental Europe through the ports of Bremen and Ham burg, ranking them next to England in the general amount of trade with the United States. The trade with France, largely carried by the American line of steamers to Havre from 1857 to the close of 1861, is now received through a British-built line, just making its first passages in June, 1864, and a second line of new foreign steamers is also started between Liverpool and New York. The effect of the establishment of the Bremen and Hamburg lines of foreign steamers on the trade of the United States with those countries is so striking as to require notice here. The following is a comparison, beginning with 1855, of the proportion of American and foreign vessels engaged in the trade of the United States with those ports : Vessels and tonnage entered tJie ports of the United States from Hamburg and Bremen. Period. AMERICAN VESSELS. FOREIGN VES SELS. No. Tons. No. Tons. Fiscal year 1854- 55 50 38 36 30 9 5 12 10 9 39,525 37, 2l3 37,411 91,300 11,223 4. 033 8, *98 7, 3(51 9,018 236 214 264 218 193 181 196 183 159, 807 1*21,498 171,844 169,060 186,599 170, 222 161,005 189,604 179, 5<>5 1855- 56 1856 57 1857- 58 1858- 59 1859- 60 1 860-61 1861- <)2 1862- 63 The conduct of this trade has, therefore, almost wholly passed to other than United States vessels. The value of the trade has also increased beyond all proportion to the tonnage. In 1859- 60 the imports from the two ports were $18,498,607, and the exports $18,378,703 a total trade of $36,877,310, a very little, indeed, of which was carried by American vessels. PRESENT CONDITION OF FOREIGN STEAM LINES (JUNE, 1864.) The present condition of the foreign steam lines to the United States is ehown in the following table, first embodied in a memorial to Congress by the Chamber of Commerce of New York : Ex. Doc. 55 5 66 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Foreign steam lines to the United States, January, 1864. Line. Route. Name of steamer. Tonnage of each steamer. Total tonnage. Remarks. Liverpool to New Scotia 4 137 York, and Liv Persia 3 688 erpool to Bos Australasian 2 663 ton. China 2 522 Arabia 2,285 Africa 2 088 Asia 2 051 1 751 America 2, 030 Niagara 1 824 1 831 26 870 <5 V 1 68 Hecla 1 684 Olympia . 1 666 Sciota 1 704 fi fiR o 560 , . . York. City of New York 2,560 Philadelphia to City of Baltimore 2 367 New York in City of Washington City of Manchebter City of Cork 2,380 2,109 1, 545 1857. City of Limerick 1 540 Etna 2 215 Edinburgh 2 197 1 874 Bosphorus Branch 448 1 962 03 757 London and New York Bellona 1 703 Cella 1 683 3 386 Unica ) Avoca > Una ) Britannia 1 274 1 265 United Kingdom 1 155 3 694 Montreal ocean steam- St. George 1 426 St Andrew 1 393 St. Patrick Adriatic 4 000 2,819 2 000 6 000 National Steam Naviga tion Company. Louisiana Virginia 2,271 2 747 Carolina 410 7 428 Hamburg Ameri n Pack Saxouia . 2 500 et Company. Hammonia 2 100 2 400 2 100 Germania 2 600 11 700 North German Lloyds America New York 2, 509 2 366 Fine ve&sela. 2 88 Bremen 2 398 10 155 Jamaica, Hayti, Nassau, Saladin 518 and Havana. Corsica . . . 1 04 1 560 Aggregate tonnage. 104 051 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 67 The Adriatic, here named as one of the Gal way line, and now owned abroad, was originally built for the Collins line, and is the only steamer of American build which crosses the ocean. To the list above given, from January to June, 1864, the following have been added : The General Transatlantic Company s line between New York and Havre. Washington, 3,204 tons 900 horse power. Lafayette, 3,204 tons 900 horse power. Eugenie, (afloat) 900 horse power. France, (building) 900 horse power. Napoleon III, (building,) 1, 100 horse power. The National Steam Navigation Company s line, New York to Liverpool. Virginia 2, SVG tons. Pennsylvania 2, 972 tons. Louisiana 2,166 tons. "Westminster Queen 3, 612 tons, (building.) Eriu 3, 215 tons, (building.) Ontario 3, 212 tons, (building.) Helvetia 3, 209 tons, (building.) Various propositions for the establishment of new American steam lines to foreign countries have been made during the last year, and it has been claimed that the aid of the government should be accorded to any lines which should be opened, at least to the extent of the aid regularly accorded by the British government in like cases. The circumstances surrounding any such enterprises at the present time are decidedly adverse, unless aid of some decided character is afforded. The national and semi-official character attached to European steamer lines by the governments supporting them undoubtedly goes far toward securing them precedence in passenger carriage, in important and valuable freights, and in every element of security, with the advantages it brings the consideration of chief importance now in distant voyages. A system of official recognition similar to that which has so long characterized the royal mail steamer lines of Great Britain is urgently needed for the United States. At the instance of the promoters of a new steam line to Brazil, among others. Congress has just passed an act extending aid in the form of guaranteed pay ments for postal service. The following very valuable statements and tables from the memorial of the Chamber of Commerce of New York, before referred to, prepared by John Austin Stevens, jr., esq., secretary, are by permission reproduced here. They cover the several points to which they relate so completely as to render the prepa ration of similar tables unnecessary, while it would be scarcely possible to equal them in force and completeness. The principal table of existing steamer lines previously copied is given at the close of a history of American steam lines, from which the statement of passages which here follow are taken. 68 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Average passages of iJie Cunarcl steamers in 1859. (From the report to Parlia ment of the select committee in I860.) LIVERPOOL AND BOSTON. 11 Average time of S3 Average time of passages. is passages. > n 111 Names of Bteamers. ^sl X t 1 nsS . "* 1 > H K 5 *s g 1 d-J 1 I Q t-4 a fc Q 9 3 15 4 3 11 11 33 g 12 1 ( ) 17 6 10 7 g 5 14 20 6 R 11 14 20 7 14 4 30 G 11 o 50 6 13 3 5 10 15 15 27 13 1 20 53 26 10 23 21 LIVERPOOL AND NEW YORK. Names of steamers. No. of passages from Liverpool to New York.t Average time of passages. No. of passages from New York to Liverpool. Average time of passages. ! Hours. Minutes. >> Hours. Minutes. Persia . 7 8 7 3 1 11 13 13 15 15 11 7 4 13 12 49 34 39 55 7 8 8 3 9 10 10 11 16 20 00 23 57 57 20 5 Reducing Boston to Now York distance, the aver- 26 53 .13 13 Avera 3 23 ge as a 20 bove. 26 53 10 11 12 16 5 14 40 Average passages of the Collins steamers at several periods. NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL. 11 v Average time of [ Average time of 5 "0 passages. ^S pauaages. Names of steamers. ^fc K|| c rf = 1 . 2 1 r^ I I ^ g ^ 1 .1 1856 BflticS 7 4 12 11 12 13 7 4 11 10 8 12 :::::! NEW YORK AND SOUTH AMPTON.j Name of steamer. 1 Average time of passages. No. of pfigsnges from N. York to Southampton. Average time of passages. 1 Hours. Minutes. f i 1 3 a 3J 1860 Adriatic 5 10 2 20 5 9 19 *2>S23 nautical miles. t3,013 nautical miles. + One trip. /The shortest passage across the Atlantic wns by the Baltic in 1854 ; time, 9 days, 16 hours, nnd 5 .) minutes. (I Distance to Southampton exceeds that to Liverpool 59 miles. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. An estimate of the correspondence conveyed by the British American packets (Cunardline) in one year, 1859; of the total British postage thereon; of certain deductions to be made from the total British postage ; of the British sea postage remaining after making those deductions ; of the cost of sea con veyance^ and of the difference between the cost of sea conveyance and the amount of sea postage. (From the report of the select committee on postal and telegraph contracts made to the House of Commons in May, I860.) 1 3i "3 t British postage on letters. No. of packages of printed mat ter. British postage on printed matter. Between the United Kingdom and the United States 4, 810, 000 243, 800 82, 500 6,000 1, 758, 000 *471, 800 7,500 1, 60G Between the United Kingdom and the rest of British North 135, 700 14,550 J164, 920 <570 Between the United Kingdom and Havana, Mexico, and California 46,000 2,750 34, 400 140 2 700 Cannot be Between the continent of Europe and North America, In stated. 115 300 5,620 stated. 104 000 460 290 500 ozs 17 950 321 000 ozs 530 10 100 122 070 Total British postage on letters and printed matter. . 132, 970 Deduct for British inland rate \\d. per letter on the whole number of letters in the number column 11,000 Deduet half the postage on the printed matter, with the exception of the 1 centime on the 20 970 112 000 Cost of sea conveyance. For conveyance of mails between Liverpool and to Halifax and Boston, and between Liverpool and New York 173 300 For conveyance of mails between New York and NaBnait 3 000 For conveyance of mails between Halifax and Bermuda and St. Thomas, and between Hali fax aud St. John s, Newfoundland 14, TOO 191 000 Loss on the service, viz., difference between sea postage 79,000 * Of this number only 384,000 (which were despatched from the United Kingdom) produced any British postage. t Including 1.500 for postage on official letters. J Of this number the papers received in the United Kingdom produced no British postage. 70 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. United States mail service abroad, October 1, 1852. No. of route. I Points. Distance. No. of trips. Contractors. Am t of pny. Contract. Miles. 1... New York, by Soutbamp- 1 ton, England, to Bremen- Haven, Germany. 3,760 Once n month. Ocean Steam Naviga tion Company. C. H. Sand. $200, 000 With Postmaster Gen eral, act of Congress March 3, 1845. o Charleston, So. Carolina, 689 Twice n 11. C. Mordecai. ... 50, 000 With Postmaster Gen by Savannah, Georgia, mouth. eral, acts of Congress and Key West, Florida, March 3, 1847, and to Havana, Cuba. July 10, 1848. 3*.. New York to Aspinvrall, 2,000 New Granada, direct. New Orleans, Louisiana, to Aspinwall, New Gran ada, direct. 1,400 Twice n month. George Law, M. O. Robert*, and B. K. ilcllvaine. 290, 000 Under contract with Secretary of Navy, acts of Congress New York, via Havana, to 2 000 March 3, 1847, and New Orleans, Louisiana. March 3, 1851. 4... Astoria, Oregon, vrith sun 4,200 Twice a Pacific MailSteamship 848, 250 Contract with Secre dry stoppages. month. Company. tary of Navy and Postmaster General, acts of March 3, 1847, and March 3,1851. 5... New York to Liverpool. . . 3,109 26p ryear E. K. Collins & Co.... 858, 000 Contract with Secre tary of Navy, March 3, 1847, and July 21, 1852. 6... New York, by Cowcs, to 3,270 Once a Ocean Steam Naviga 150, 000 Contract with Post Havre, France. month. tion Company. M. master General, Livingston. March 3, 1847. f Aspinwall to Pauamu CO Twice H 50, 436 Service of Panama n 2,446,686 railroad under tem porary arrangement, ; . ict of Congress Mar. 3, 1851, fit 22 cents - per pound. Table showing the foreign steam communication of Great Britain and the gov crnmcnt subsidies. (From the report of the Postmaster General, 1862.) a *o JL 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17 Destination. Number of trips. Companies. Date of contract. Subsidy per annum. Southampton, Vigo, Oporto, and Lisbon. Southampton to Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria. Marseilles, Malta, and Alex- andria. Suez and Bombay ....... Three times a month > Four times a month > Twice a month Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Co. do Admiralty, Janu- uary 0,1852. 5,000 > 249,625 134, 672 176, 340 14,700 S 270,000 25,006 30, 000 33,060 do. ... ( Admiralty, Jan- < uary 1, 1853, ( July 7, 1854. Post office, April 16, 1861. Admiralty, June 24, 1858. July 1,1854 JulyS, 1850 January 1, 1851 .. April 1,1862 Sept. 24, 1858.... Sept. 12,1852.... Suez and Calcutta Bombay and China > Once a mouth . do Point deGalle and Sydney. Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston. Liverpool and New York. . Halifax, Bermuda, and St. Thomas. West Indies . ( Weekly ... . Sir S Cunard Once a month do Twice a month Once a month Royal Mail Stcampacket Co. do Pacific Steam N^iviga- tiou Co. African Steamship Co.. Union Steamship Co 18.. 19.. 90.. Brazil and River Plate Pacific West Coast of Africa Cape of Good Hope Once a month, to touch at Madeira, Teneriffe, Sierra Leone, &c. Once a mouth * Of these lines, Nos. 3, 4, and 7 are now in operation all the ocean lines being withdrawn. t The preceding numbers are of domestic lines or lines to the continent. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 71 Table showing comparative subsidies to American and British lines in 1857. AMERICAN. Line. Trips. Distances. Subsidy. Grose post age. Total miles. Pay per mile. Colling 29 3 100 $3^ 000 $415 867 134 000 Bremen 13 3 700 12* 5 <)37 lt* 937 96 000 1 34 Havre 13 3 270 K- 484 8*3 464 85 00 Aspinwall 24 3 200 200 000 13 ) CIO 153 600 1 KH Pacific 24 4 200 348 2 r >0 JQ-J O JQ 201 600 Havana 24 ceo 60*000 6 >0 88 3 I J 1 8Gi Vera Cruz 04 00 oy Q(JO r. JJ^JQ 43 200 Total 1,329 733 *1 035 740 *75 73 tl 80J * The slight errors in these footings occur in the original. BRITISH. t Average. Line. Trips. Distances. Subsidy. Gross postage. Total miles. Pay per mile. 5 3 100 173 340 143 G67 10 04 000 Rovul Mail . 24 11 40 70 000 106 905 00 547 296 M 10 46 Peninsula and Oriental 24 244 000 178 186 11 796 637 6 01 J 1 5 ty A tut rail Kb 12 14 000 185 000 33 281 1 * 336 (XX) 11 00 2 75 Bermuda and St. Thomas 24 2,042 14,700 98 000 3 00 75 Panama and Valparaiso 24 2 718 j ooo 5 715 00 130 434 3 10 ( )6 Went Coast of Africa 12 6 245 23 250 3 1% 149 880 06 6*** French, Belgian, and Dutch postage. Channel Islands 156 132 74 430 08 41 184 Holvhead and Kingston 780 64 36 158 09 93* 440 Liverpool and Inle of Man 112 70 10,032 15 14 560 52 200 20 800 Total 1 06 797 591 573 07 o 530 231 97 2 39~ Total average per mile, $2 10|. Average of four principal lines, $2 39. These subsidies have been gradually increasing from the year 1850, and additions made as new services were required from the lines, growing out of the increased commerce which followed their establishment; and in times of com mercial distress, as well as in prosperity, the same sustaining and unfaltering protection has always been afforded by the sagacious and far-seeing policy of the British government. 72 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. STEAM SHIPPING AND TONNAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN. The steam marine of Great Britain is intimately related to that of the United States so far as foreign trade is concerned. The increase of foreign shipping of all classes conducting the foreign trade of the United States is almost wholly British, and the successful lines of steamers newly established, as well as those which have at any time taken the place of American lines, are also nearly all British. The statistics of British shipping are, therefore, essential to the proper consideration of the changes in progress directly affecting American shipping. The first table which follows shows the tonnage of all classes entering British ports for five years to the close of 1863, the steam tonnage not being separated. The most conspicuous fact apparent in this table is the increase of the aggre gate of British tonnage, the fixed position of foreign tonnage, and the decline in tonnage of the United States. Summary of tonnage entering ports of Great Britain. In 1859. In 1863. British 5, 388, 953 7, 299, 417 All foreign 3, 700, 597 3, 838, 529 United States 1,077,948 692,337 The increase of British is near 2,000,000 tons, while that of the United States declines 385,611 tons in five years. A still greater decline is apparent when the maximum year 1861 is compared with 1863, the first giving a total of 1,647,076 tons, and the decline to 1863 being, therefore, 944,739 tons. This decline is undoubtedly due to the immense number of American vessels sold abroad in 1861, 1862 and 1863, the great majority of which were purchased by the British. Thus the increase of steam vessels, which is wholly foreign, com bines with the loss of the magnificent fleet of sailing ships, long the pride of United States commerce, to expel the United States Sag from the chief centres of foreign commerce. It is noticeable that France and the German, as well as other continental states conduct a relatively small trade with British ports. The largest item of tonnage is Norwegian, the next Prussian ; yet the largest is but a tenth part of the British tonnage; and the total belonging to all other countries is, in 1863, reduced to about half the aggregate of arrivals. The progress made toward the entire control of the British trade by British shipping during the five years covered by the table is very extraordinary, and it is probably mainly due to the rapid development of steam transportation in every line of commerce, and in the carriage of heavy and crude tropical products as well as in the exchanges between states producing the most valuable classes of goods. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 73 I I 1 5 1 s- "i 1 I 8? S I 22 CO 1 z I : CO t** 81 J^ CO O i-O 25 J r-i t-l 1C W Tl * O OD SV TO i I -CS JO Wl- CM W !-t E St >. ^H -^ 1^. C5 V!?JCOC?l CMi- i-T of S5 co" -r v:f cT o" co" o" -1-" i>T i>T t>T ^t \ ^ :o uo co x ci d ci ;o ?> T co O "O t>. t>- l>. TJ< O 11 O O -i uO O ^D O O s - rMi- r- o X O >O >-" gco x^i.ot^^ O Ncow MO ^^^xo c>aot.ijt * fr *S2 ^ United Kingdom euci Foreig | 1 ? c 3 I ? I 1 1 S 1 1 S f ^| ^ "I J J 5^I^S^SS^a^^ccccc2<o6o 74 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The statistics of British steam tonnage in foreign trade are somewhat difficult of access. The distinction between registered and enrolled vessels is not there, as in the United States, a general line of separation between the class of ship ping in foreign trade and that in the coasting trade. Very narrow seas separate England from several distinct foreign powers, and the most positive form of papers establishing the nationality of a vessel are necessary as well as conve nient, therefore. Of the registered steam vessels belonging in England in I860 and 1S61 a large proportion were under fifty tons, as follows : Years. STEAM VKSSELS OF 50 TONS OR LESS. STEAM VESSELS OVER 50 TONS. No. Tons. No. Tons. In I860 802 854 898 18,471 19,683 20, 8G4 1,186 1,268 1,319 433, 831 485,015 515, 270 1H61 1862 The employment of British registered steam vessels, not including colonial, as divided between the home and foreign trade in I860, 1861 and 1862, was as follows, exclusive of river steamers : Years. IN HOME TRADE. PAUT HAVRE AND TART FOREIGN. IN FOREIG.V TRADE. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. In 1860 . 402 448 434 92, 254 102, 795 104, 020 80 72 89 29, 803 24, 924 29, 463 447 477 510 277, 437 313,465 328, 310 1861 1862 Total in all, other than river trade. Years. No. Tons. In 1860 ooq <?QQ 404 1861 997 441 184 1862 .. . 1 03 3 461 793 The number of steam vessels built and registered in the United Kingdom from 1853 to 1861 was large, and three-fourths or more were built of iron. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 75 Number and tonnage of steam vessels built in the United Kingdom. Years. No. of iron. Whole No. Tonnage. 1853 117 153 48 215 1854 152 174 64 255 1855 195 233 81 018 1856 175 229 57 573 1857 155 228 52 918 1858 112 153 53 150 1859 106 150 38 003 I860 149 198 53 796 1861 159 201 70 869 1862 .... . . 181 221 77 338 The preponderance of iron in steamship building began in 1853, and i* is noticeable how completely that material has controlled since that time. In the ten years of the table there were 1,501 steam vessels built of iron, out of a total, of all dimensions, o-f 1,940 only, leaving but 439 built of timber. The proportion to which foreign-built steam vessels enter into the home or foreign trade of England is relatively smaller than the sailing tonnage, not withstanding the opening of the coasting trade to foreign bottoms in 1853. The German states and the French have a moderate share in that trade small, indeed, rather than moderate while the United States have now absolutely none. The united tonnage belongiug to all foreign nations is not one-sixth of the whole. Number and tonnage of steam vessels of each nation entered and cleared at ports of the United Kingdom in 1860, 1861, and 1862. VESSELS ENTERED. Nationalities. I860. 18G1. 1 362. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. British 6 631 2 144 736 7 229 2 375 856 7 754 2 64 *> 12fi United States 2 2 818 5 7 778 ] 618 Russian 24 11 671 23 14 ]58 21 13 491 Swedish 33 8 190 20 4 914 34 10 624 19 9 262 17 6 647 18 6 965 Danish .. 6? 15 149 34 8 765 35 10 591 Prussian .... . .. 64 16 456 46 12 461 51 14 557 Hanoverian 26 4 637 22 3 603 22 * 408 Oldenburg and Mecklenburg. Hamburg 22 197 4,686 99 503 21 176 4,473 95 708 20 00 4,494 110 354 Bremen 144 69 188 131 69 297 152 87 743 Lubcc 11 3 816 4 1 532 3 i 040 Dutch 269 60 059 297 64 650 266 67 939 Belgian 137 33 984 226 49 096 215 49 121 French 216 29 494 352 45 081 r.rr 71 497 Spanish 58 19 265 89 34 831 118 5 r > 1 32 Portuguese 11 14 677 3 2 552 Austrian . .... 1 300 1 341 Turkish 2 930 Italian 1 618 Total entries 7 929 2 548 911 8 696 2 801 743 9 466 3 153 440 76 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Nationalities. VESSELS CLEARED. 1860. 1861. 1862. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. British 6,146 4 28 35 18 61 62 22 25 187 139 11 284 75 49 56 11 2,041,884 5, 991 10, 935 7,975 8,853 14,6e5 15, 960 3,652 5,409 95, 924 66,014 4,364 63,183 24, 865 14,531 18,071 12, 825 6,818 8 29 19 18 39 45 22 20 184 135 7 305 74 61 87 3 1 2,284,888 10, 896 14, 009 4, 872 6,707 10,591 11,899 3, 603 4,360 100, 046 70, 722 2, 670 66, 252 24, 877 17, 354 35,697 1,304 341 7,447 1 26 33 18 36 50 23 23 201 151 5 278 80 80 118 1 2, 594, 367 449 13,656 11,771 6,630 10, 853 14, 380 3,657 5,107 113,836 85, 366 1,956 70, 433 29, 882 27,168 57, 102 146 United States Ivilss lull ......... Swedish - - . .... Norwegian Prussian . Hanoverian Oldenburg and Mecklenburg-. Hamburg . . Bremen . Lubcc Dutch . . . Belgian French Spanish .... Portuguese ... Austrian . Turkish and Greek 5 4 2,672 1,065 Other countries 3 1,356 17 6,201 Total entries 7 9 22 2, 418, 562 7,878 2, 672, 444 8,588 3, 052, 960 The contrast exhibited in these three years with the proportion of American steam tonnage employed in trade reaching British ports in 1S53 is very striking : Number and tonnage of steam vessels of each nation entered and cleared at ports of the United Kingdom in 1853.* Nationalities. ENTERED. CLEARED. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. British - 3,984 2 2 17 12 116 184 125 14 14 1, 176, 850 190 145 4,471 2,788 32, 457 38, 566 28, 888 1,526 3,085 3,668 1,090,000 Swedish Norwegian ...... .... .. Danish 18 10 117 185 121 14 13 1 38 4, 734 2,350 31,365 38,434 27,858 1,526 2,929 206 51,347 Prussian Other German states ...... ...... ...... .... Dutch .. .. Belgian French Spanish Portuguese American, United States 35 46, 670 Totals 4,505 j 1,335,636 4, 185 1,250,749 _ *From the valuable memorial of the Chamber of Commerce before referred to. The va rious statements and explanations of that memorial cover almost exactly the ground here embraced, and the statistics are necessarily nearly identical. The entire matter of the me morial is extremely compact and clear in its illustration of the present position of British steam vessels in general foreign commerce. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 77 The total tonnage and the number of vessels is more than double in 1862 over 1853, and the increase is almost wholly British, the American almost wholly disappearing in 1862, although creditably large in 1853. The steam ifarine of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the north of Europe generally, fhows a very fair development from 1853 to 1861. The French and Spanish share in the increase; and, on the whole, the development of European states in this respect indicates a purpose in each not to be left behind in the progress of ocean commerce. The British statements of trade in steam vessels to American countries north and south are worthy of attention : Entrances of steam vessels at ports of the United Kingdom from the United States for 18^3, 1860, 1861, and 1862. Years. BRITISH. AMERICAN. OTHER COUNTRIES. TOTAL. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 1853 86 154 152 152 89,293 197, 520 206, 075 227, 408 23 32, 955 109 156 156 157 122,248 200, 546 21 1 , 561 233, 402 1860 2 3 4 3, 026 3, 586 5,316 1861 1 1 2, 100 618 1862 While, as this table shows, there are now very few entries of steam vessels from the United States at British ports except the British, there are many entrances and clearances of steamers of other countries to and from other ports of the continent southward. Steamers of Spain, France, and Germany are already in the carrying and passenger trade of the tropical countries of this continent. From Cuba one Spanish steamer entered and cleared at a British port in 1860, and three in 1861. From Brazil, twenty-four steam vessels entered in 1853, twenty -four in 1860, and twelve in 1861 sixteen being Brit ish and eight of other countries in the ten years first named. In 1861 all but one were British. From St. Thomas (Danish West Indies) there were twenty- four to twenty-eight each year, nearly all British ; from New Granada five to seven, and clearances of one or more to almost every American State. This point is of especial importance, since it invades a trade hitherto belonging in great part to the United States. The following table gives the number of these entrances and clearances, with their tonnage, without distinction of nationality : Steam vessels entered at British ports from American countries. Nationalities. 1853. I860. 1861. 1 862. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. United States 109 122 243 156 200, 546 156 21 1 , 6(51 157 233, 402 (Juba - 1 687 3 2, 027 St. Thomas, (Dan. W. I.)- 27 44, 037 26 5 43, (-29 1 , 982 28 7 49, 138 3, 502 26 4c! f 938 3, 288 Brazil 24 22,61d 24 32, 259 12 17,292 13 7,654 1 673 Jt. 3 1,775 78 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Steam vessels cleared from British ports for American countries. Nationalities. 1853. 1860. 1861. 1362. * No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Unitnd States..... Ill 129,113 200 1 27 263", 151 687 46,303 190 4 27 2 13 7 2 1 1 267,505 2,645 46,965 1,052 6,934 3,588 331 468 904 179 8 28 291,975 4, 468 48, 349 C u ba . . St. Thomas, (Dun.W. I.)- 25 1 22 40,603 212 21,473 21 3 1 30,235 1,524 164 13 6 2 10 17, 925 2,512 380 3,992 Montevideo and B. Ayres. Chili 1 224 The nationality of these vessels has been in great part stated. None are United States vessels except those trading from the United States, and but four or five of these in 1860 and 1861. Further statistics of this sort, being obtainable only in the British annual volumes of Trade and Navigation, cannot be given for the year 1863. The statements for 1863 undoubtedly develop and extend the changes which the comparison of 1853 with 1860, 1861, and 1862 shows to be in progress. Great numbers of vessels have been built to add to the British steam marine in the last year, and their various lines have been very active in American trade, north and south. As shown previously, the number of steam vessels built in England in 1862 was 221, with a tonnage of 77,388 tons a greater number than in any previous year. TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CANADA AND THE OTHER BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES, The trade of the United States on the northern frontier with Canada, and on the North Atlantic coast with the British provinces other than Canada, is very closely connected with the internal trade in many respects. The exchanges between the east and the west, to and from United States markets, in many cases pass through Canada, as the transit tonnage of the Wclland canal shows. Great quantities of wheat, flour, and other produce enter Canada at Detroit, to return again to the United States at Buffalo and Oswego, and also for export to foreign countries and European markets through the St. Lawrence, and over the railroad line to Portland, Maine. The technical exports and imports of the United States to and from Canada are, for these reasons, much modified when reduced to the facts of actual exchange between the respective markets ; but it is not easy to separate the quantities and values so as clearly to disclose these facts, but some evidence in regard to the magnitude of this indirect trade may be obtained from the statistics subsequently given of American produce exported by way of the St. Lawrence ; of that carried in both directions on the Welland canal ; of the exports to Canada at Detroit, and the imports from Canada at Buffalo, Niagara, Oswego, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent, on the St. Lawrence, Champlain, and Vermont. The trade with the British Atlantic provinces is less subject to modification, and has little connexion with the internal exchanges of the United States. The FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 79 exports are principally flour, breadstuff s, and provisions, and the imports are coal, fish, oats, stone, and lumber. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1855, no less than 81,280,000 in value of flour, grain, and other produce of Canada, was exported through United States ports to these provinces a trade which was large for several years, but which ceased in 1859. Exports of Canadian produce through the United States to other British provinces. WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Fiscal years ending Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. June 30, 1849 3,773 34,758 69, 830 119,816 152,389 151,711 135, 552 7,387 1,677 1,754 267 $20,433 186,789 346, 895 563, 821 835, 896 1,230,865 1,270,057 66, 898 14,449 10, 348 1,770 1850 24,932 $26,762 23,132 1,344 16,618 2,961 3,683 1851 24, 259 1,C80 17,571 2,408 1,545 1852 ]853 ]854 1855 1856 ]857 ]858 1859 In view of the length of time during which the St. Lawrence river is annually closed by ice, and the great facilities afforded by the railroads leading from Canada to Portland, Maine, this channel of exchanges between the provinces and Canada might reasonably be relied upon as a permanent one. Possibly the discontinuance is due to the relative excess of breadstuff s in the United States, and their export in such quantities as fully to occupy the market the Atlantic provinces afford. The exports of wheat, flour, and breadstuff s average more than half the total of United States produce sent to the provinces annually, rising to more than five millions of dollars in value in the year ending June 30, 1S63. This trade is evidently for consumption only, and not in transit to any other market, as is the case with much of the wheat and flour export to Canada. It is also all cleared from ports of the Atlantic coast, and does not pass through Canadian channels. The important relation held by both Canada and the provinces to the export trade in breadstuff s of the United States, and the connexion the trade in them to Canada has with the general internal exchanges of the United States, as before referred to, requires a statement of their quantities and values at the outset of the statistics of general trade on the northern frontier. The export to the provinces is seen to be in the regular and natural increase belonging to a consuming market, while that to Canada is irregular, apparently bearing no relation to any consumption in Canada. Probably the very large export of Indian corn was, however, for consumption in the form of distillation, and is therefore an exception. As an illustration of the trade appearing to exist to and from Canada in wheat and flour, but which is in fact to a great extent a transit trade, the following citations of the transactions of the fiscal years ending June 30, 1861 and 1662, are made: 80 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Exports to Canada, 1861. Places. WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. 9,777 3, 044, 337 673, 359 $9,777 2,769,410 035, 141 7,6GO 22, 566 22, 108 $38, 300 104, 056 99, 696 Chicago .... ....... .......... Milwaukie .... ............ 3, 727, 473 3, 414, 334 52, 334 242, 052 Imports from Canada, 1861. . FLOUR AND I 5IIEADSTUFFS. Places. Barrels. Value. 142, 998 $982, 061 92, 883 489, 381 Niagara ... ....... ... .. ............ 93,116 500, 746 Buft alo . 96, 159 523 967 61,573 307, 842 \ 485,729 2, 803, 997 Exports to Canada, 1862. Places, WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. P em 349,372 408, 428 1,987,276 1,567,657 $333, 523 408, 826 1,589,634 1,265,616 992 19,671 26, 585 30, 359 $4, 303 96, 621 90, 643 125,037 Detroit Chicago . 4,312,733 3, 597, 599 77, 547 316, 604 Imports from Canada, 1862. Places. WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. At Genesee ...... .... . . . . 42, 425 1,257,364 39,617 761,840 83, 100 659, 884 226, 512 41,524 $48, 280 1,260,229 39, 524 748, 701 43,357 673, 375 231,334 43, 357 532 76, 583 140, 800 82, 500 79, 200 152, 895 21,778 14,222 $2, 772 367,732 515, 258 468, 777 459, 305 921,718 109, 255 75,710 Oswe^o. Buffalo Ogdensburg Vermont Cape Vincent ChanipUun . ........... . 3,112,266 3, 088, 157 568,510 2, 920, 527 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 81 Exports to Canada of wheat, flour, Indian corn, and meal, for the fiscal years 1849 to 1863, inclusive. Yearg. Wheat Wheat flour. Indian corn. Meal, rye, &c., value. Totul value. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. Buhel8. Value. 1849 140,696 78,610 208. 130 360,405 40,134 125,525 240,874 991,648 1,655.641 2,673,947 1,352,252 1,120,975 4,148,029 4,538.472 6,512,801 $1 12,086 58.968 150,288 238.808 26,835 155,635 365. 772 1,370.971 1,867,457 2,082.648 1,178,560 1,010.681 3.871,233 3.801,515 6,717,093 19,127 29,138 51,716 38,888 46,535 82.028 58,993 102.611 118.857 326,045 287.772 246,359 83,617 118,643 232,160 $78.129 132,509 191,750 127, 068 175.648 472,274 494.081 1,341.743 717.245 1,681,072 1,666.546 1,253,278 444,803 536.756 1,103,171 49,621 89,604 8H.808 98.8l>8 151,416 1,206.207 1,074,869 1,736,131 1,161,088 486,999 663.918 827,621 1,891,740 3,218,438 4,211,897 $20,265 42,113 39. 153 38,681 72,462 729,927 708,426 1,057 222 673,989 298.879 439,125 522.693 810,346 1,010,243 1,622,825 $5,355 3,813 6.H73 8.684 303 17,107 30,761 110,lo2 160,185 135683 226.407 12*;. 487 46,206 68,33 J 145,301 *2lf>X;5 5237,403 387, 7i i4 4 13! 241 275,248 1,374,973 1,599, 140 3,880,C ( J8 3,418,846 4,198,282 3.:.ltUi38 2,:il3.K ,9 5,172.;)88 S^lMitf 9,588,390 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857. . 1858 185J 18(50 1861 1862 18(53 In the Canadian trade reports for 1855 it is stated that the trade in flour of the United States was, previous to the reciprocity treaty of 1854, mainly for exporta tion. Not being entered for consumption, it was bonded, -and paid no actual duty. The detail of imports for 1861 is not given, because it is imperfect, wheat not being distinguished in returns from other grain, and therefore that item not being available for comparison. That for 1863, following, sustains the course of trade apparent in the two previous years : Exports to Canada, 1863. Places. WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. From lake ports of Ohio 1,428,511 345, 075 1,510,396 2, 880, 791 $1,505,015 363,746 1,502,575 3, 029, 649 895 39, 059 78, 749 40, 069 $3, 769 220, 940 340,860 172, 020 Detroit Milwaukee . ............ .. 6, 173, 773 6, 400, 985 158, 772 737, 579 Imports from Canada, 1863. Places. * WHEAT. WHEAT FLOUR. Bushels. Value. Barrels. Value. At Vermont 26, 739 17,877 135, 628 75, 521 360, 405 54, 104 20, 652 267, 328 $27,691 18,120 133, 933 78,651 375, 308 60, 544 21,076 291,896 112,557 11,585 15, 993 46,718 47, 303 52 81,822 93, 323 $590, 741 53, 641 90, 998 249, 298 248, 081 264 383,267 557, 189 Capo Vincent ........ O^densburcr Gynosco ........... Buftalo 958, 254 1,007,219 393, 360 2, 173, 479 Ex. Doc. 82 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Summary of values exchanged, 1862 and 1863. Value of wheat Value of wheat and flour and flour to Canada. from Canada 1862 $3, 914,2U3 |6,8G8,684 1863 7,138,564 3,18U,698 It is known that considerable shipments of wheat from Chicago and Milwau- kie, in 1863, though cleared for Canada, were really destined for expo it through the St. Lawrence to Europe. In the Canadian trade reports the value of "goods in transitu from the United States," exported seaward by the way of the St. Lawrence annually, is given, but this is not necessarily distinctive of the produce of the United States actually taking that route to other foreign markets. Flour made in Canada of American wheat may be exported, and even grain, passing in and out without payment of duty, may first be placed in Canadian markets, and again be withdrawn for export abroad. In the tables just given, showing the exchange of wheat and flour for three years, it will be seen that the largest values are of wheat exported and of flour imported. All the exports are at ports west of Buffalo, and all the imports at Buffalo and eastward. The railroad lines terminating at Buffalo, Niagara, and Vermont, carry large quantities of flour, much of it made in Canada from wheat of the United States imported from the upper lake ports. In any case, the volume imported at all the ports of the border does not differ much from the volume exported; the trade, therefore, being one of convenience in transit, rather than one between producing and consuming markets, so far as wheat and flour are concerned. The modification of the aggregates exchanged between the United States and Canada is, therefore, for the three years, nearly five and a quarter millions of dollars reduction on both exports and imports, or ten and a half millions in the sum total of exchanges for each year. There are other elements of the trade to Canada in which the movement is similarly indirect, in comparison with other departments of foreign commerce, but none of them are of much importance. The export trade to Canada has undergone many changes since the enactment of the reciprocity treaty, in 1854, the chief of which is the decline of manufactured articles, and the swelling of the general volume with wheat, flour, corn, pork, and salt. In the following tables the exchange of these articles is distinguished, as far as may be done, by the aid of both the American and Canadian records, and separate state ments are made of the imports and exports of articles made free of duty by the reciprocity treaty. The distinction between Canada and the provinces was not made in the export or import returns of the United States previous to 1849, but as the trade with Canada was conducted solely at ports of the northern frontier inland, and that with the coast provinces wholly at Atlantic ports, the compilation has been completed by assuming this division as correct. All the statistics of the trade under the reciprocity treaty were originally reported without separating Canada from the remaining provinces, and the division of values has necessarily been made on the basis just named. In a very few instances small values may have gone from Canada out at the St. Lawrence to enter at Atlantic ports, and similar instances of articles sent from the provinces of the coast inland may have taken place, but the total of such trade in either case would be very small for any single year, or for the aggregate of the series of years. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE 83 Exports to Canada. Fiscal year ending Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. June 30 1849 $2 320 323 $1 914,401 $1 234 724 1850 4 641 451 1 2^9 370 5 390 821 1851 5 835 834 2 093 306 7 929 140 1852 4 004 963 2 712 097 6 717 060 1853 4 005 512 3 823 587 7 Q2 ( J 099 1854 10 510 373 6 790 333 17 300 706 1855 9, 950, 764 8 769,580 18 720,344 1856 15 194 788 5 688 453 20 883 241 1857 13 024 708 3 550 187 16 574 895 1858 1859 13,663,465 13 439 667 3,365,789 5 501,125 17, 029, 254 18 940 792 1860 11 164 590 2 918 524 14 083 114 1861 11,749,981 2, 61 1 , 877 14,361,858 1862 11 282, 107 1,560,397 12, 842, 504 1863 *18 430 605 1 468 113 19 698 718 * Including $3,502,180 of unusual export of gold coin. NOTE. Previous to 1849 the trade with Canada is not distinguished from the total to all British North American colonies. Exports to oilier Provinces. Fiscal year ending Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. June 30 1849 $3 611 783 $257 760 $3 869 543 1850 . . 3 116 840 501 374 3 618 214 1851 3, 224, 553 861,230 4 085 783 1852 2,650 134 1 141 822 3 791 956 1853 3 398 575 1 912 968 5 311 543 1854 . -. 4 693 771 2 57 -> 383 7 266 154 1855 5, 855, 878 3 229 798 9 085 676 1856 7,519 909 626 199 8 146 108 1857 .... 6 911 405 776 182 7 637 587 1858 5, 975, 494 646, 979 6 622,473 1859 1860 8, 329, 960 7 502 839 883, 422 1 120 375 9,213,832 8 623 214 1861 7 133 734 1 250 021 8 383 755 1862 7 369 905 866 706 8 236 611 1863 10 198 505 1 183 807 11 382 312 Exports to both Canada and tlie Provinces, with the total of imports from both. Fiscal year ending Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total ex ports. Imports. Sept. 30,1821 1822 $2, 009, 336 1 881 273 $455 16 286 $2, 009, 791 1 897 559 $490, 704 526 817 1823 1 818 113 3 347 1 821 460 463 374 184 . . 1 773 107 2 617 1 775 724 705 931 1825 2, 538, 224 1 740 2 539 964 610 788 1826... 2, 564, 165 24,384 2,588,549 650, 316 84 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Exports to both Canada, $c.. Continued. Fiscal year ending Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total ex ports. Imports. Sept 30 1827 $2, 797, 014 1,618,288 2,724,104 3, 650, 031 4, 026, 392 3, 569, 302 4, 390, 081 3,477,709 3, 900, 545 2, 456. 415 2, 992, 474 2, 484, 987 3,418,770 5, 895, 966 6, 292, 290 5, 950, 143 2,617,005 5,361,186 4, 844, 966 6, 042, 666 5,819,667 6, 399, 959 5, 932, 106 7, 758, 291 $33, 660 56, 386 40, 805 136, 342 35, 446 45, 083 81,003 57, 567 147, 343 194, 851 296,512 238, 504 144,684 204, 035 364, 273 240, 166 107,417 1,354,717 1,209,260 1,363,767 2,165,876 1,982,696 2, 172, 161 1,790,774 2, 954, 536 3, 853, 919 5, 736, 555 9, 362, 716 11,999,378 6, 314, 652 4, 326, 369 4, 012, 768 6, 384, 547 4, 038, 899 3,861,898 2,427,103 2,651,920 $2, 830, 674 1,674,674 2, 764, 909 3, 786, 373 4,061,838 3,614,385 4,471,084 3, 535, 276 4, 047, 888 2,651,266 3, 288, 986 2, 723, 491 3, 563, 454 6, 100, 001 6, 656, 563 6, 190, 309 2, 724, 422 6,715,903 6, 054, 226 7, 406, 433 7, 985, 543 8, 382, 655 8,104,267 9, 549, 035 12,014,923 10,509,016 13, 140, 642 24, 556, 860 27, 806, 020 29, 029, 349 24, 262, 482 23,651,727 28, 154, 174 22, 706, 328 22,745,613 21,079,115 31,281,030 $445,118 447,669 577, 452 650, 303 864,909 1,229,526 1,793,393 1,548,733 1,435,168 2,427,571 2, 359, 263 1,555,570 2, 155, 146 2,007,767 1,968,187 1,762,001 857, 696 1,465,715 2, 020, 065 1,937,717 2, 343, 9-37 3, 646, 467 2, 826, 880 5, 644, 462 6, 693, 122 6,110,299 7,550,718 8, 927, 560 15, 136, 734 21,310,421 22,124,296 15, 806, 519 19,727,551 23,851,381 23, 062, 933 19,299,995 24, 025, 423 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 June 30 1 843 . ... 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 9, 060, 387 6, 655, 097 7, 404, 087 15,204,144 15, 806, 642 22,714,697 19,936,113 19, 638, 959 21,769,627 18, 667, 429 18, 883, 715 18, 652, 012 28,629,110 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 Imports from Canada. Year ending Free by ordi nary laws. Free by reci procity tre ty. Total free. Paying duty. Total im ports. June 30, 1850 $636, 454 $636 454 $3 649 016 $4 285 470 1851 1,529 685 1 509 685 3 426 786 4 956 471 1852 761 571 761 571 3 88 398 4 589 969 1853 1,179,682 1 179,682 4 098 434 5 278 116 1854 380, 041 380 041 6 341 498 6 721 539 1855 760 359 $6 116 137 6 876 496 r. onr: QIC 12 182 314 1856 887 972 15 950 850 16 487 822 (540 17 s * 17 488 107 1857 868 753 16 731 984 17 600 737 691 097 18 291 834 1858 367 450 10 900 168 11 267 618 313 953 11 581 571 1859 1 396 377 12 307 371 13 703 748 F >04 QfiO 14 208 717 1860 .. 2 208 374 16 218 767 18 427 141 4X4 ^ -?*2 18 861 673 1861 1 959 393 16 327 84 18 287 217 or^ 940 18 64 "i 4"V7 1862 730 531 14 295 562 15 0^6 093 227 059 15 25 J 152 1863 *5 442 968 12 807 354 18 250 322 567 677 18 816 909 * Of this amount the sum of $4,892,195 in gold and silver coin was entered at Champlain. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 85 Imports from other British North American Provinces. Year ending Free by or dinary laws. Free by reciprocity treaty. Total free. Pay ing duty. Total imports. June 30 1850 $151, 145 $151, 145 $1,207,847 $1,35^,992 J851 160, 267 160 367 1 576 284 1 736 650 185*2 218 718 218 718 1 301 612 1 520 330 18:>3 1854 238, 568 251), 102 238, 568 259, 102 2, 034, 034 1,946,919 2,672,602 2,206,021 1855 146 427 $1 081 200 1 227 627 1 726 793 2 954,420 1^56 193 639 3 447 236 3 610 875 181 349 3 822,224 1857 147 589 3 548 226 3 695 815 136 647 3 832 462 1858 195,082 3 852,087 4, 047, J69 177,779 4 224,948 1859 1 213 043 4 077 045 5 290 088 228 746 5 518 834 1860 526 Oil 4 227 819 4 753 830 235 878 4 989 708 1861 535 604 3 719 701 4 255 305 162 171 4 417 476 1862 887, 654 2 8U6 990 3, 744, 644 302,199 4.046,843 1863 1 839 605 2 958 209 4 797 814 409 610 5,207 424 Total imports from Canada and the Provinces. Year ending Free by or dinary laws. Free by reciprocity treaty. Total free. Paying duty. Total imports. June 30, 1850 1851 $787,599 1 690 052 $787, 599 1,690 052 $4, 856, 863 5 003 070 $5,644,462 6 693 122 1852 980 289 980 289 5 130 010 6 110 299 1853 1 418,250 1,418,250 6,132,468 7,550,718 1854 639, 143 639, 143 8,288,417 8,927,560 1855 906 786 $7 197 337 8 104 123 7 032 611 15 136 734 1856 1 081,611 19 407 086 20,483 697 821 724 21 310 421 1857 1,016,342 20, 280, 210 21,296,552 827, 744 22,124,296 1858 562 532 14, 752, 255 15,314,787 491,732 15,806,519 1859 2 609 420 16,384 416 18, 933, 836 733, 715 19 727 551 1860 1861 2, 734, 385 2, 494, 997 20, 446, 586 20, 047, 525 23, 180, 971 22, 542, 522 670,411 520,411 23,851,331 23,062,933 1862 1,618, 185 17, 152, 552 18,770,737 529, 258 19,299,995 1863 *7 282 573 15, 765, 563 23,048 136 977, 287 24,025,423 * Including |6, 555, 485 of gold coin. 86 c 1 * FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. rJetof of . . n o :S38 "JaOrH <N af-H~ ef of of . > w * f > < i^ < ; 7; ?> I I-H t rr^ cfr-T O Tr CO OJ Oi O n lO CJ t sisss* * i i $3 ;S ^fCi Of t- inoo co cc gj ef Si;:!! l: l igll ijfifg : -r 5-i & r-icsor rSSSS G* I5J r s rf i illfJ e o i j 111 11 : . * ft 00 i ij iJj , pickled and other, in 1 dry and other, by weij H w a-e iia a> OD * lei fr-- Vef :SSS : R : :g : : : :S 111 ;ga "S 3 030 Ijjlj Kj*?.i iltfiilli ia *ifti 18 I s ! ij 1 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 8T of ^"pi" T^f r-T - cf to co" cj c s cTcT (O 1C " * O 71 O r-lr-l I Ol OOO O 00 : : : ;S i i* :?, =? :S S I ^> S V O C5 o" w" IS s " f i~ " !|| ! !i ) r^ e> & ~^> Ifffcf 7> i> 10 CJ i o >-H I -- . f O O rH J- t- O 30 r-i >-H I i o t-- TJ r-. -H -o cj r-i - - < ci c QO i o g g w o o P.O. ,...2 iii-i ^a t< x3 ^a s ^3 ^^1 Bfil *i+i a a ii 1 II >, z?^z*~^**- r i 5 !-s1bJliJl sis na " gyS-s *^ C.^: C -- 3 S *- B s^^ o 5 i i~ - cas^So^^; ~ & o o S 3 !j .= "3 I?K O -2 88 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. <o~ m <o o n n o oc o> F- o OD c3 cc so wr- ici^sfQDsfofc^sc t; PoiO^OlftSoKMOJifSS t^ r-t roo o i-r of of to" o cxTrf erf kO pH rr TCO : : i led" S?]i :SS5S ^"^5" :7 = SS : : :8 if-05^ . CC ^ r-l -r-l QO n -v t- o> o d _ o riu > C 5^ "S-o 4 i i i -I: : : : : IHJiMJII :::: : I i i i i j i 1(11 :::::::::: : : : : : ! i i ! ! j 1 : i : j : I : : : : : :x : : : : : i j j j ! i j 38 C er and cheese - . JII 1 j 1 :.l ifa : ;3| * 2= S S" g i!| ! U il iPl : l il firfllS^-ifi Ililllil IlllillilliPIlilllllI FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 89 General table of imports from the provinces other tlian Canada, fyv. Continued. 1862- G3. a "3 cj rvo oo r? ci ITS ci o ?} ^ j c; rt ~t 7* <7? i^ ~H c- o < cs i^* op cc <?} o QOOOJ -ss 1 el ^ C^CT^t^ -?* C/tC 77 00 >"xT 00 ^J* cc cTcT rO r-i OO -H l* 1 O 1 ! !iof2 lls 5 ^^ ^ !o3? I I I 12^*" I !e5 g : : : n : : : : : : : :::::: 1 I r 2.857,582 1 * "i^^sr-r asa s -sij 1 a . .c?^?^ !?j o ?? .c-7^30 -rsc? -n : :s i : : : : : : : : : :::::::: 3 I "3 c5 rHrH 5H " f Sg of co" 2 i; 9 ! i!!J i!!|! ! i i! s i! Hi" I iii II 81 s 1 g8|SlllilSS|g| IliiiSiSslisis S3S Oi rH <*<" Si -3 T r-T 1 ! MM" ifiitlj*! Articles imported. < 1 i ! Ijj I if jlij :*j : ^ 3 ; 1 t j :&: i Jat: 5 o, : : i : : : : : : : : i 2 | iil Hilill]!! i ! ; III! * ?j 1 I-i : i|f| Mil !t| l!i ill j"l||||lilll|||| 1 HI ill 90 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Imports from Canada paying duty, from 1855- 56 to 1S62- G3. Articles imported. 1855- 56. 1856- 57. 1857- 58. 1858- 59. Quantity. I c o> j3 "3 > Quantity. 3 Quantity. 1 Iron, pig tons . . railroad do. 1,350 93,542 $23. 695 388, 687 18 865 467 10, 597 $10, 293 443, 530 2 892 661 1,813 $12, 324 115, 162 2 986 388 5,852 $5, 783 209, 673 2,258 19,883 o 951 bar, sheet, chains, &c manufactures, not specified Steel and steel manufactures, cutlery, and arms 7,652 1 379 14,148 357 22, 882 4 600 16, 293 765 25, 187 4,556 1,444 683 454 787 4,531 627 1, 192 Old iron tons 2,008 25, 475 5,677 2 491 2,358 6,752 63. 671 7.204 2, 220 1, 225 830 1,518 7,712 5,054 1,310 1,090 696 8.246 554 3,560 14, 193 593 348 1,705 14, 244 248 505 132 36, 650 972 3,146 Woollen manufactures 3 32 Silk manufactures .... 1 271 1,763 915 92 7, 622 28, 980 2,913 2. 725 2, 030 2 484 Linens : flax and hemp manufactures . . 2, 88 138 5,262 1 690 Laces, buttons^ and cloth shoes Straw bonnets, hats, &c India-rubber, and manufactures of Clothing 1, 627 631 435 Furs 615 701 Boots and shoe 5 leather Leather, and all other manufactures of. Hair manufactures and brushes 5 681 3,614 133 4 697 615 1 661 466 6 482 Books 123 45 982 1,062 219 Paper and manufactures of paper 29 214 1,065 Musical instruments 157 62 Watches, jewelry, gold and silver manufactures 355 2.478 1, C27 535 869 158 China and plated ware 7,108 . 680 753 853 41, 896 1 396 Glasswares Tin, lead, and zinc manufactures 2 346 626 Copper and brass manufactures 3,374 137 21, 980 511 692 175 329 Wood manufactures, and wood not specified Drugs, dyes, and spices 27, 575 455 122 Oils, palm and other foreign. . .gallons. . tish and petroleum do 420 587 120 678 69 4,133 623 39, 056 7,552 8, 522 1,651 7,116 6 12 1,405 623 2,405 21 610 647 36, 909 1,438 9,161 686 5,689 587 354 3,044 883 5 33, 137 395 15. 231 4^365 18, 579 3, 588 7,058 204 Salt bushels.. Wines gallons . . Brandy .. do 202, 875 11, 187 4, 626 2,718 28, 317 18 113 45, 170 174 23,180 191, 298 1,055 5,040 1. 330 24, 365 4, 726 3, 543 62, 279 401 30 128, 258 1,534 5,490 4,747 25, 514 40 20, 878 2,188 13, 973 4,011 5, 476 28 95, 170 2,543 8,760 7,512 35, 472 537 Spirits do Beer and ale . do Tea ., pounds . . Coffee do Sugar do 14,228 411 976 728 90, 228 1,605 4.974 3,225 Coal . .. tons Wool pounds.. All other articles 41, 434 29, 456 Total .. . ] 640 375 691, 097 313, 953 504, 969 Imports from Canada paying duty, fyc. Continued. 1859-60. 1860- 61. 1861-62. 1862- 63. Articles imported. ^ ~c jj ~a o> 1 s5 3 "at 3 "3 9 "3 3 "3 C O" ^ <y C? > Iron, pig tons . . 580 $7, 996 1,076 $14,791 173 $2,942 40 $780 railroad , do 4,665 170,665 507 14, 244 269 14.215 bar, sheet, chains, &c 4,420 2, 597 5,291 10, 467 34 607 12 736 5 122 6 2t3 Steel and steel manufactures, cutlery, and arms 2,665 9,435 2,648 5,325 Old iron tons. . 42, 115 29, 758 i.iii 21,168 995 18, 206 2,483 46. 322 Woollen manufactures 4,402 988 5, 552 2 182 10,806 20 461 16, 890 60 379 Silk manufactures . . . 2,338 1,815 328 2,752 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 91 Imports from Canada paying duty, fyc. Continued. Articles imported. 1859- 60. 1860- 61. 1861- 62. 1862- 63. to, "5 1 d 3 3 > j*. 1 O 1 -J 1 f> Quantity. | > Quantity. 1 $1, 857 460 3 728 $2, 444 266 6 7 l )l $2,318 $18, 777 49 4,190 13,303 2,156 938 2,493 27,912 2,105 538 11,113 903 58, 378 749 Furs 1 724 683 1,260 1,466 2 238 Leather, and all other manufactures of. 5 092 3,908 196 3, 80(5 56 216 13, 783 2,215 6,292 88 235 317 3, 242 492 308 3, 732 668 60 790 655 11, 631 374 1, 692 470 24, 407 108 *2, 119 5, 895 520 Books 478 Til . l"- H . IP 280 7 255 Watches, jewelry, gold and silver 656 18, 726 992 824 26, 409 616 7,916 4, 872 19,292 518 876 2, 056 81 37,415 2,206 4,516 1,454 872 China and plated wares 13, 300 450 1,720 174 48, 212 89 3, 240 4,570 974 9, 026 4,689 12, 252 4,036 1,115 117 108 1 113 3 690 Wood manufactures, and wood not specified 19. 340 1,619 1,129 7, 042 68 19, 865 1,950 3, 923 3,352 852 1, 123 801 Oils, palm and other foreign. . .gallons. . tish and petroleum do 3,549 4,957 187 7,059 534 8,999 721 9,282 Salt bushels 68,102 1,848 6, 435 5, 680 40, 108 488 451 228, 290 1, 980 3,817 8,641 11, 582 32, 101 2, 067 7, 297 4,388 2,436 158,841 1,753 1, 600 4, 764 1,817 8, 300 1, 742 198, 464 1,239 1,7<8 1,800 1,685 Wines i .gallons . . Brandy do Spirits . do Boer and ale do. Molasses do Tea pounds . . Coffee do 1,256 517 12,241 10 77, 343 93 37, 779 8,081 2 3,719 590 15, 405 71,956 Sugar do.. 26, 169 448 1,315 1,017 33,490 39, 290 808 309, 039 1,951 3,678 61, 732 32, 075 25, 700 271 51 1,357 639 18 29, 452 Wool pounds . . All other articles Total 434, 532 358, 240 227, 059 425, 135 Of this value $1,819 is essential oil. t Of this, 15,069 pounds, $1,053, is wool waste. ANALYSIS OF THE FOREGOING TABLES. The first general tables given above show an average export trade to Canada of 816,826,797 for eight fiscal years following the enactment of the reciprocity treaty, of which $13,493,739 was the value of domestic produce, and $3,333,058 was the value of foreign goods. There is no marked increase in the exports at the beginning of this period of eight years, the total for 1854 being above the average of the succeeding years, including an unusual export of $3,500,,000 of gold coin in 1863. The average for the last four years is $12,933,000 in value of domestic produce exported, against an average of $14,300,000 for the four previous years, which were the first of the full operation of the treaty. The general volume of domestic export trade to Canada has, therefore, declined under its operation. The foreign exports show a marked decline during the eight years, falling off from 86,790,333 in 1854, and $8,769,580 in 1855, to $1,560,397 in 1862, and $1,468,113 in 1863. It is obvious that the Canadian supply of foreign goods is no longer purchased in the importing cities of the United States, as before the 92 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. treaty; and the statistics of goods entering Canada/ through the United States, under bond, show that to be the mode of receipt substituted for the former. These bonded goods nearly all enter at Portland, and pass over the railroads through Vermont. Of the exports to Canada, both domestic produce and foreign merchandise, the United States records give no distinction as to those which pay duty and those received free of duty ; but the Canadian official tables show that for eight calendar years to 1862, an average of $9,335,865 of these exports paid duty, while an average of $10,720,000 was admitted free of duty. As the record in this case is for calendar years, the annual values cannot be exactly compared with those made up for our fiscal years. The Canadian values are larger gene rally a fact to be accounted for by their more rigid inspection of imports than ours of exports, and by the valuation they make of "settlers goods," "vehicles in use," and a large class of personal effects not usually cleared at our custom houses. The imports from Canada show an average value of $16,643,825 for the last eight fiscal years, of which an average of $467,238 only paid duty on entering the United States. The average sum of $16,176,337 entered free of duty, of which $14,443,000 was under the reciprocity treaty, and $1,732,725 was free under other laws. The following are the values admitted free to each country, respectively, contrasted for each year : Paying duty in Canada. Calendar years. Amount. 1855 , $11,449,472 1856 12,770,923 1857 9,966,430 1858 8,473,607 1859 9,032,861 1860 8,526,230 1861 8,338,620 1862 6,128,783 1863 3,974,396 Average of 8 years 8,401,481 Paying duty in the United States. Fiscal years. Amount. 1854- 55 $5,305,818 1855- 56 640,375 1856- 57 691,097 1S57- 5S 313,953 185S- 59 504,969 1859- 60 434,532 1860- 6i 358,240 1861- 62 227,059 1862- 63 567,677 Average of 8 years 467,238 Under the reciprocity treaty, therefore, duty is paid on goods of the United States entering Canada of the average annual value of $7,934,241 more than the values of duty-paying goods entering the United States from Canada. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 93 The respective values made free by the reciprocity treaty were, from 1856 to 1861, nearly twice as great from Canada, or of Canadian produce, as from the United States, or of United States produce. In 1862 and 1863, in consequence of the enormous increase in the shipments of wheat, flour, and grain nominally to Canada, but really through Canada to other markets, the values became nearly equal. Reciprocity imports into Canada from the United States. Calendar years. Amount. 1856 $8,082,820 1857 8,642,044 1858 5,564,615 1859 7,106,116 I860 7,069,098 1861 9,980,937 1862 14,430,626 1863.. 12,339,367 Total, 8 yenrs 73,215,623 Reciprocity imports into the United States from Canada. Fiscal years. Amount. 1855- 56 , $15,959,850 1856- 57 16,731.984 1S57- 5S 10,900,168 185S- 59 , 12,307,371 1859- 60 16,218,767 1860- 61 , 16,327,824 1861- 62 14,295,562 1862- 63 12,807,354 Total, 8 years 115,548,880 The treaty has, therefore, released from duty a total sum of $42,333,257 in value of goods of Canada more than of goods the produce of the United States. The decline in value of American and foreign goods paying duty on entering Canada from the United States, in 1862 and 1863, is due to the decline of trade in all fabrics and manufactures, not to any change in the proportions of free and dutiable, through which our exports are relieved from taxation. CANADIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS, WITH DETAILED TABLES OF EXPORTS TO CANADA. As the distinction between goods entering Canada free and dutiable cannot be derived from the United States returns, the following table is limited to three years, and the Canadian statistics are taken complete for the illustration of that side of the trade. These tables are very full and valuable, furnishing a clear illustration of the character of that trade as it enters Canadian markets. The Canadian tables that here follow are general tables corresponding to those before given from United States records, and these, with various tables cited elsewhere, are all taken from the annual volumes on the Trade and Navi gation of Canada, published by that government. 94 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Statement of tJie value of tlie imports into Canada from the United States for 14 years, from 1850 to 1863 inclusive, witli amount of duties paid. [From Canadian official reports.] Calendar years. Value of free goods. Value of duty-paying goods. Total imports. Amount of duties paid. Rate per cent. 1850 $791 128 $5 803 732 $6 594 860 $1 069 814 18 43 1851 1,384,030 6,981,735 8, 365 765 1,274 762 18 26 3852 864 690 7 613 003 8 477 693 1 433 195 18 82 1853 1,125 565 1C) 656 582 11 787 147 1 805 812 16 94 1854 2 083 757 13 449 341 15 533 098 2 209 173 16 42 1855. 9 379 204 11 440 472 20 88 676 1 786 032 15 60 1856 9 933 856 12 770 923 2 9 704 509 2 059 826 16 13 1857 10 258 221 9 966 430 20 224 651 1 605 164 16 10 1858 7 161 958 8 473 607 15 635 565 1 611 711 19 02 1859 8 560 055 9 032 861 17 592 916 1 825 135 20 20 1860 8 746 799 8 526 230 17 273 029 1 759 928 20 64 1861 12 730 768 8 338 620 21 069 388 1*584 892 19 60 1862 19 044 374 6 128 783 25 173 157 1863 19 134 966 3 974 396 23 109 362 Of the value of free goods here stated, there was of coin and bullion the following sums: In 1S61 $863,308 1862 2,530,297 1863 4,651,679 The values exported, as reported in the United States records, are elsewhere stated for fiscal years, and therefore not directly comparable with these, which are from Canadian reports. Statement of the value of the exports from Canada to the United States, and the total trade. [From Canadian official reports.] Calendar years. Exports to United States. Imports from United States. Amount of the whole trade. 1851 $4 071 544 $3 365 764 $12 437 308 1852 6 284 520 8 477 693 14 762 213 1853 8, 936, 380 11*782 144 20 718 524 1854 8, 649, 000 15 533 096 24 182 090 1855 16 737 276 20 828 676 37 ^fi^ 05*2 1856 17 979 752 22 704 508 40 684 260 1857 13 206 436 20 224 648 33 431 084 1858 11,930,094 15 635 565 27 565 659 1859 13,922 314 17 592 916 31 515 230 I860 18 427 968 17 273 09 35 700 997 1861 14 386 427 21 069 388 35 455 815 1862 15 063 730 25 173 157 40 236 887 1863 22, 534, 074 23 109 362 45 643,436 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 95 Imports into Canada from the United States, 1855 to 1863, free of duty under the rccijjrocity treaty. (Prepared from (fficial documents of Canada.) 18i 5. 18C >6. 185 r. Quantity. Value. . Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Animals . number. 7 470 $207 586 16 700 8473 8^7 19 530 $456 029 2, 939 7 1D7 18, 128 Bark cords 3 268 608 2 205 1 299 5 504 28 191 30 303 32 870 21 190 17 807 16 666 Butter pounds - 147, 840 25, 799 257, 600 44 967 218, 848 39, 897 1 064 000 103 983 1 545 600 153 660 1 629 600 152 269 Coal .. tons . 80,000 326, 512 84, 000 385, 361 94, 816 400, 297 15 803 17 534 3 516 18 595 25 814 16 64 1 829 10 572 18 578 Fish 109 478 152 531 120 615 oil gallons 204 155 148 105 283, 158 249 191 199, 299 193 571 4 271 290 40 Firewood cords 30 984 24 717 60 462 31,472 64 218 12 591 46 062 32 0% 140 925 137 584 157 244 Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu- 69 170 81 083 75 427 Flour barrels. 198, 210 1,615,746 138, 100 797, 281 212, 640 1,251,034 Furs skins and tails not dressed 27 690 54 829 88 823 Grain, all kinds bushels . 2 469,965 2,711,952 3, 453, 211 2, 703, 503 3, 726, 816 3 836 1:.^ 12 054 6 243 7 r )5 60 000 80 000 100 000 j^ard pounds 91 538 142 132 58 740 Manures . ... 11,994 11, 100 16, 435 Meal . . .barrels 8 600 40 094 9 900 36 715 14 200 52 696 Meat of all kinds cwt. 109,096 1, 019, 714 158, 800 1, 417, 771 90, 327 903, 264 436 5 952 11 922 3 ^00 10 457 7 859 2 353 8 267 Puiut-! and shrubs 37 807 63 359 51 149 1 739 6 941 8 045 1 201 871 3 935 Rice pounds . 843, 696 42, 475 929,600 40,171 621, 600 121 128 67 705 123 4 15 fliato 29, 594 20, 002 17, 122 St-iue and marble . unwrought 57 145 63 791 72 258 Tallow . . . pounds 346, 531 355, 521 3, 578 680 357, 57i) 108 414 133 687 226 880 Tobacco, unmanufactured IDS 719, 632 69, 779 2 882 536, 138 106, 960 28 959, 896 120, 134 Vegetables \Vool 11, 735 7 659 34, 059 20 821 65, 908 40 069 7 725 572 8 082 80 8 642 044 it All other free goods t 1 , 653, 632 1, 850, 766 I 616 177 Total free of duty 9, 379, 204 9, 933, 586 10, 258, 221 Imports into Canada from the United States, Sfc. Continued. Articles imported. 1858. 1859. 1860. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 10, 170 $240, 186 23, 369 2,117 30, 872 13,528 7, 037 90, 045 242, 700 11,238 28,545 10, 487 ""eoo" $234,677 12, 826 2, 570 30, 301 14, 383 40, 3:?5 93, 499 237, 776 17, 207 52. 209 14,923 ""528" $239, 094 21,642 2, 130 63, 404 15,499 29,422 82, M9 304, C7!> 25,627 43. 408 Ashes 525 Butter . .. pounds 43,420 1, 091, 672 70,097 246,719 791,410 78,557 175,392 742, 000 79, 886 Coal . ....... tons. Dyeatuffs * Specie not distinguished until after 1857. t An average value of $500,000 annually, is of articles of foreign origin. 96 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Imports into Canada from the United States, 8fc. Continued. 18 58. 18 59. 18b 0. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Eggs $2 487 fl 893 $1 075 Fish 78 030 108 884 139 413 oil . . gallons. 95 000 78 936 129 983 73 098 172 000 86 071 708 553 Firewood cords. 24 605 47 657 19 803 40 810 21 307 38 753 Fruit, dried 29,922 35 414 43 192 not dried 89 071 215 609 241 335 Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu factured 46 372 57 301 87 106 Flour barrels 192 250 750 580 387 062 2 090 683 167 038 856 074 FurH skin* and tails, not dressed. 37 568 114 532 10J 659 Grain all kinds . bushels 3 031 725 2 078 464 1 790 835 1 709 077 3 439 963 2 895 533 Gypsum 5 337 11 763 9 767 125 000 250 000 220 000 Lard pounds. 347 963 41 209 275, 205 33 049 216 332 22 723 Manures 12 134 12 721 9 595 Meal barrels. 6.492 21 064 33, 964 125 902 7 250 24 787 Meat of all kinds cwt 93 600 544 366 66 730 601 454 54 152 566 991 9 038 2 3P9 11 020 Pitch and tar barrels 2 308 6 204 3 345 8 472 4 370 10 071 28 647 24 43 37 254 Poul try 1 582 1 054 4 070 Rags 943 3 87 5 955 Rice pounds 482 160 18 142 600 254 18 562 200 480 8 021 goods 78 356 82 111 141 , 895 Slate 15 830 12 763 3 700 51 469 49 065 6 623 3 999 904 40l 860 - 2 976 216 309 039 3,362 216 329 502 115 3l 97 435 64 782 Tobacco, unmanufactured. . . .Ibs. 1, 390, 074 135, 025 31 1, 964, 488 146, 974 1, 987, 433 124,115 14 IP 614 66 109 11, 363 Wool 11,101 66, 175 79, 822 5 564 615 7 106 116 7 069 098 Specie "and bullion 15 14 444 All other free goods* 1, 597, 328 1, 453, 939 1, 663. 257 Total free of duty 7 161 958 8 560 055 8 746 7 J9 Imports into Canada from the United States, fyc. Continued. 18 61. 18 62. 186 3. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Animals number. 19 800 $333 519 23 110 $347 936 35 300 $520 835 Ashes 30 042 24 477 17 549 Bark cords. 920 3 693 1,010 4 113 1 650 6 670 50 887 32 299 34 Q87 Burr and grindstones 16 199 15 088 13 793 541 854 68 545 815 500 104 082 644 547 97 171 Cheese do ... 2, 152, 200 171 561 177, 776 458 665 1,937.010 105 905 174, 456 437 391 2, 907. 680 103 547 294, 327 548 846 55 406 56 460 29 923 Dye stuffs 53* 739 60 976 69 176* Eggs .. 1 156 1,259 4.654 Fish 145 833 158 415 108 570 oil gallons. 121 015 65 061 226, 450 109, 630 125, 345 112, 285 products of. ... 127 168 gq 052 57 012 24 098 47 232 19 384 36 599 Fruit, dried 64, 932 61,113 71,945 not dried Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu- 244, 924 75 416 370, 511 106 666 379, 170 75,464 Flour barrels. 148 096 701 713 239 130 1 088 679 235, 439 898, 029 Furs skins and tails not dressed 103 295 119 896 61,896 7 3 758 5 408 183 10 998 720 7 87(j 919 6 122 692 5 062 610 Gypsum... 11, 742 1S| 333 13,829 * An average value of $500,000 annually, is of articles of foreign origin. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 97 Imports into Canada from the United States, <$r. Continued. 18< 31. 18< >2. iser . Quantity. Value. Qnantity. Value. Quantity. Value. $230 000 $350 000 $384 951 I.rii .l pounds. 152 918 14 881 582 200 53 381 922 676 81 757 7 512 9 t)18 7,848 Meal barrels. 6 664 17 114 21 OPS 44 5f>3 10 000 28 603 Meat of all kinds cwt. 52, 320 500, 991 137, 270 1, 040, 2(i9 182, 850 l,y2H,!23 5 021 12 516 12 505 Pitch and tar barrels. 2 930 8 639 3,006 13 925 2,863 11,158 63 561 93 605 93 539 2 214 3 852 4, 659 RagB 10 7 ( )3 8 ( ) )l 11 333 Rice pounds. 156 010 5 259 98, 560 2,746 88 Seeds 108 155 80 348 2 044 87, 545 Slate 5 058 1 819 1,914 69 858 43 267 57 076 Tallow .. ..pouuds. 3 045 122 242 474 1, 445, 000 129,516 1, 668, 831 152, 268 171 232" 91 772 62 241 Tobacco, unmanufactured Ibfl. 1, 898, 270 163, 549 59 6, 369, 840 842, 364 8, 769, 224 1, 327, 810 64 Vegetables 28 807 61,218 47, 729 Wool 197 895 333 570 208 858 Free by reciprocity treaty Specie and bullion 9, 980, 937 863 308 14, -130, 62t5 2 530, 297 12,339,367 4, 651, 679 All other free goods* 1 878 510 2 083 451 2 J43 920 Total free of duty 12, 722, 755 19,044,374 19, 134, 966 * An averago value of $500,000 annually is of articles of foreign origin. Exports, the produce and manufactures of the United States, to Canada for three years, 1860- 61 to 1862- 63. Articles exported. 1860- 61. 1861- 62. 1862- 63. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Animals : horses and mules number. 215 153 4 $17, 967 3,991 20 2 650 253 1,103 1,868 $23,131 22,788 13, 5<W 1, 753 329 1, 100 8,466 $27, 144 41,252 89, 976 1, 432 127, 458 8, 771 10, 306 2,310 22,832 35, 164 32,380 78, 718 8,653 1,269 11,501 :>-,. :>4 16, 847 400, H64 50, 874 66, 920 64, 495 110,546 8,244 :w, 34-j . 7, 732 3, OLH) 6, 225 ?, 372 87, 032 3,502 180 sheep Apples barrels. 29,610 311 48, Oil! 37, 863 1,574 2,04i 1 764 88,717 10, 701 10, 497 3,729 1,656 62, 838 26, 205 71,472 11, 994 3, 009 35, 054 86, 870 5,738 371, 001 32,238 77. 839 1,260 iie 25, 143 1,718 2, 733 106, 324 6 561 374 12, 445 194 99, 363 Peer and ale gallons. Books 67, 784 2,474 45, 552 8,847 30, 178 6, 133 11,117 37, 945 10, 013 253, 054 16, 909 13,214 403, 591 69, 350 12, 347 26,817 5,856 1,965 543, 585 869 20, 075 ""eei eei 1,376 98, 846 684, 940 602 12,110 " ibhl fiU 3, 416 82, 606 Cheese pounds . 383, 767 2,645 73, 242 Clover seed . .... bushels Coal tons . Copper and brass manufactures . .. 136, 620 ""5*686 809 52, 915 " : "8,"o76 972 11. 712 246, 442 95, 698 12, 147 20, 819 5, 127 2,700 146, 851 Cotton manufactures Drugs and medicines Earthenware ""7" 033 1,191) pickled barrels. I 4,150 Furo 25, 428 83, 95C 35, 774 121, 381 225 300 2,029 50, 170 3, 497, 36, 12? 4, 568; 310, 581 79 016: 3,612 19, 828 49 505 9,772 805, 580 1,325 63, 570 14,078 14, 957 Hemp tons. 130 8, 608 97 5, 027 140 Ex. Doc. 55 7 98 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Exports, the produce and manufacture of t7ie United States, ^.--Continued. Articles exported. 1860- 61. 1861- 62. 1862- 63. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.* Quantity. Value. $13, 486 179,691 12, 344 124, 250 $4, 384 187,636 18, 765 188, 829 $1,912 l^i) t)3g Hided Hops pounds. House furniture - 60,350 157, 993 87, 612 12, 520 66,718 528 1, 622, 825 25,521 19, 797 9,OH3 18, 328 6,076 362, 446 5, 044 40, 572 6,648 2,473 60, 487 22, 860 4,611 48, 293 10,158 810,346 5, 536 20, 289 8, 522 31,654 8,494 790 751 1,151 1, 010, 243 10, .074 32, 532 23, 051 18,121 ft, 380 723 82Q 1,891,740 2,385 481 166 300 193,559 3, 218, 438 3, 964 1,270 403 214 216, 255 4,211,897 9,474 719 148 329 126, 424 Itur in meal - barrels |_, ar do nails pounds manufactures not specified Jewelry 12, 954 11,040 Lard - pounds . 40, 851 2, 032 4, 723 97, 898 95, 203 4,486 1, 975 435 29,510 106, 648 763, 032 2,377 29,439 143, -393 73, 991 70, 799 1,771 2,732 51, 098 66, 770 1,295 403, 375 7,406 29, 600 163. 706 21, 965 oil gallons Lead pounds. Levher . .do boota and shoes pairs. morocco leather Marble and stone manufactures 97, 977 97, 002 Musical instruments 122, 800 100, 907 4,000 67, 445 9,340 1,767 50, 309 2,733 30, 094 55,171 670, 433 6, 766 1,260 20 17, 672 119, 780 257, 136 1,159 6, 726 545 16, 449 4,712 103, 338 582, 600 3,074 76, 026 2,002 1,135 6, 717, 093 1, 103, 171 85, 595 58,302 65, 808 800, (XW Oil-cako Oil linseed gallons 14, 232 109, 972 10,718 114, 748 945 2, 327 104, 161 1, 676 98, 252 595 39 646 1,848 59, 412 39, 903 74 79 72 376 Pork barrels 10, 541 1,580 165, 745 614 5, 534 3, 858 53, 617 40, 670 128, 952 3, 424 11,187 2. 906 241,010 32, 693 90, 860 50, 469 7.003 683, 875 1,816 15 3, 871, 233 444, 803 66, 750 36, 593 51,410 17, 392 559,184 7,373 4 259 54, 162 14, 041 217 12, 459 103 5, 794 ""356," 489 23, 499 30, 633 2,924 1, 182, 627 32,910 1. 528, 553 1,204 12,356 577, 755 14,741 3, 000 4, 538, 472 118,643 411, 042 2, 438 28, 800 57, 365 214, 682 1,574 7,576 3,479 85, 063 15, 179 144, 062 75, 331 3, 924 203, 681 2,321 1,317 3,801,515 536, 756 138, 958 49, 061 1 1,992 " 533, 919 13, 696 11,167 310 198, 180 13, 203 1, 040, 767 5,401 13,587 225,081 14, 905 7, 960 6, 512, 801 232, 160 185, 492 Itosiu tar pitch and turpentine do.. Salt bushels 471, 722 30,809 21, 666 4,825 2, 491, 564 61,520 956, 612 1,375 17, 628 2, 435, 520 10, 681) 50 4, 148, 029 83, 617 221, 700 Soap pounds. Spirits of turpentine do... Sugar pounds Tallow pounds Tobacco, not manufactured hogsheads, snuff pounds. Vinogar . . gallons . Wheat bushels. Wheat flour barrels. Wool ...pounds. Wood manufactures 35, 544 1, 090, 156 70, 345 652, 848 Total 11 749 981 11,282,107 18, 430, 605 .... The detail of imports from Canada which pay duty during the period of the re ciprocity treaty shows that very few of such imports are the produce or manufacture of Canada originally. The chief articles are iron, salt, foreign spirits and wines, beer and ale, and foreign dry goods. It is not easy to identify any item of consequence produced in Canada, other than "manufactures of wood," which is an item made up of local products in part, at least. The detail of imports free by ordinary laws exhibits a very irregular trade of this sort. The chief values are of articles of the United States brought back, personal effects, and unusual movements of coin and bullion. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 9 Imports from Canada free ly ordinary laws. Articles. 1855- 56. 1856- 57. 1857- 58. 1858- 59. 1859- 60. 1860- 61. 1861- 62. 1862-63. Produce of the United States returned $549, 734 282, 574 3,040 $460, 601 3D9, 979 1,070 $03. 248 232, 858 4,672 $430, 129 205, 187 600, !i04 9 000 $736, 659 271,<5(i3 1, 142, 717 11,418,258 194, 430 305, 919 $430, 687 220, 433 2,612 4,156 39, 675 $173,888 271, 085 965 4,792, 1H5 53 Seeds und trees ....... 40, 088 5, 804 3, 358 2,009 65, 313 28,042 45, 890 2 320 27, 695 2,330 20, 171 2,648 T^I ^-I 553 393 1,733 40 3, 449 p . / 500 10,094 8,963 23, 390 743 14, 481 1 900 400 10,686 Shinple and slate bolts. Produce of American 6,071 3,6i)0 Other articles 1,374 824 3, 408 307, 450 10,186 7,281 *33, 017 t45, 896 Total 687, 1)72 j 868, 753 1,396,377 2, 2C8, 373 1,959,393 736, 831 5, 287, 772 * Including 9,410 pounds indigo, $8.428. t Including 13,766 pounds tea, $10,247 ; 20,763 pounds indigo, $14,429. The detail of imports from the Provinces other than Canada, free by other laws than the treaty, is also shown to be mainly of United States produce returned and specie in small amount. The following are the items : Years. Specie. Produce of U. S. re turned. Gypsum. Animals living. Other ar ticles. 18 r >4 55 $14 651 $103 226 $ 375 $28 175 1855- 56 $33 807 14 248 109 974 431 35 179 18o6-T>7 ... . 14 930 25 956 88 314 638 17 751 185/~ 58 21 683 28 539 80 484 3 518 60 8 ."3 1858-59 18 847 673 567 78 600 6 660 23 230 1859- 60 4 018 110 096 97 954 5 442 37 952 1860 61 83 651 84 510 80 832 4 521 3 711 1861 - 62 28, 391^ 83 523 9 425 l25 9,767 1862- 63 5,542 92 257 20 093 10 500 The import trade from the British Atlantic provinces is very small in actually free articles other than those affected by the reciprocity treaty. On the Pacific coast there is a receipt of bullion from Victoria at San Francisco, the value of which is given in the published commerce and navigation reports as imports from British North American provinces. It has been separated from the above state ment, though in other statements of trade with the provinces the small trade of San Francisco with British Columbia in duty-paying articles has not been separated. The bullion brought to San Francisco from British Columbia began in 1850, and was, in 18;>l- 62, $756,423, and in lS62- 63, $1,663,642. The record of imports and exports at United States ports of the lake district almost invariably confines the transactions to Canada, the exceptions being only one outward shipment from Milwaukie to England in 1861, value $46,061, and one similar shipment in 1863, value $3,381. It has therefore been neces sary to consider all the trade of the lake district as conducted with Canada, although the registered entries and clearances of vessels show frequent trans actions direct with English ports. The following is the detail of actual entrances and clearances at these lake ports for European ports, through the St. Lawrence, from the official returns : 100 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Fiscal years. No. Clearances. Tons. No. Entrances, Tons. 1855- 56 ior.fi >ry7 I Chicajro to Enjrland 379 1 Chicago to England 123 1 England to Chicago. .. 123 9 S Cleveland to England Detroit to England 3,244 987 1 1 England to C levelaud . . England to Detroit 382 382 1858- 59 16 Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland to England. .. Same ports to Hamburg 5,761 633 7 England to same ports. 2,401 1 343 IP^Q.- fiO 5 To England and Scotl d 1 436 10 From England 3, 575 I860 Cl s To England and Ireland. . 1,791 8 From England 2, 836 1861 62 3 From England 1,168 186*2 63 1 To England 394 1 - From England ...... 394 Undoubtedly the outward shipments by these vessels were considerable, and a few imports are specified in the statistics of soda ash, iron, salt, &c. But the trade is not a permanent one in any sense. In the last fiscal year but a single vessel cleared and entered, and it can therefore scarcely be necessary to make a distinct and precise account of it as of a permanent trade. This practical neglect of the St. Lawrence river as an outlet to western produce of the United States, under the circumstances controlling that route for the last four or five years, is particularly significant, and decisive as to the channels this trade prefers. Not only the treaty of reciprocity, but the careful and inviting legis lation of Canada in regard to tolls and tonnage duties, have united to remove all obstacles to the free employment of this route for the export of breadstuff? and provisions from the western States. Great hopes were entertained in Canada of the commerce that would be thus developed, but the united efforts of the two governments have proved of little effect in opening a channel preferable to that made up of the lakes, the canals, and railroads of the United States. The statistics of downward freight through the Wclland canal show that most American produce entering that canal returns again to American ports. The tables of this Welland canal tonnage, given here from the official Canadian reports, are particularly instructive on the point of the destination of both upward and downward freight. The following extracts from the report of the Hon. \V. P. Rowland, finance minister of Canada in 1862, state very compactly and forcibly the principal facts connected with the expected occupation of the St. Lawrence river as a line of outward transit for produce of the western States. They are from the Cana dian Trade and Navigation report for 1862: Movement of American produce in and through Canada. The movement of property on the provincial canals shows a steady increase. On the Welland canal the movement was: Tons property. In 1859 709,611 1860 944 084 1861 1,020,483 1862 1,243,774 And on the St. Lawrence canals the movement was: In 1859, 1860. 1861. 1862. 631.769 733,596 886,908 964,394 Tonnage of vessels. 856,918 1,238 509 1.327,672 1,476,842 765,636 824,465 1,009,469 I,0i9,230 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 101 The movement on the Welland canal has, therefore, increased 7 per cent, in 1861 over 1860, and in 1862 15 per cent over 1861. Whilst on the St. Lawrence canals the move ment of tonnage has increased in 18t!l by 22 per cent, over 1860, and in 1862 by 6 per cent, over 1861. In this connection I propose to consider the effect which tho removal of the toll* from the St. Lawrence canals, and the reduction of those on tho Wellaud, has had on the move ment of property through those works. That the movement of property by the St. Lawrence route has been greatly augmented during the past three years is sufficiently apparent from the figures above given, and we may congratulate tho country thereon; but th:it this increase has been due to the remission of the tolls is not to bo assumed without taking into account other circumstances which have mainly influenced the direction of trade. First among these circumstances may be stated the greatly increased production of cereals in the western States, and the figures presently introducer! will show that in pro portion to that increase, and to the whole volume of agricultural produce moved from Lakes Erie and Michigan to tide-water, we have not obtained so large a traffic since tho removal of the tolls as we obtainci prior to the adoption of that policy. The following statement shows the quantity of grain sent eastward from the lake regions, including Canada, during the last seven years : Years. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Other grain. All reduced to bushels. 1856 Barrels. 3 865 442 Bmhcls. 19 505 358 Bushels. 14 28 1 -? 632 Bushels. 4 592 .">69 57 707 769 1857 3 397 954 16 763 285 8 779 832 2 256 944 44 7W 851 1858 4 499,613 2 J, 843, 859 10,495,554 5, 035, 097 59, 872, r-66 1859 3 760 274 16,865,708 4 423 006 4 264 051 44, 354, 225 I860 4, 106, 057 3^, 334, 391 18, 075, 778 7,712,032 78, 652, 486 1861 .. 6, 533, 839 46,334, 44 29 524,628 10,686,115 119,264,233 1862 8,359,910 50,699,130 32, 985, 923 10, 844, 939 136, 329, 542 The following statement shows the proportion of wheat and flour which has passed from the western States to tide-water by the St. Lawrence and Eric canals, respectively, during the same period, (all being reduced to bushels of wheat:) Movement of American brcadstuffs. Years. Down the St. Lawrence. Through Erie canal. Total to tide water. 1856 209 612 15 31 833 16 551 415 1857 . .. 930 280 10 601 532 ]> 5i] 8 12 1858 185^ , 876, 933 988 759 13,757,283 10 3/1 966 1 5,6:14 ,21 15 ]> jgo 725 I860 846 462 23 9;" 000 25 758 46 386 1 3 103 153 34 407 goO 37 ">30 953 1862 5 320 054 39 240 131 44 560 185 NOTE. Tho aho-c ntat<?ment is computed by adding to tho importations from United Sta os ports, at Kingston the quantities sent down ;ho St Lawremv canals from tho United S:tites to tho Canadian pors, and i is assumed that a 1 tht- imports at Kingston were sr:r d nvn he St. Lawrence canals. Thi movement on the Eric can.i. during th> first s x years is taken from the canal auditors reports; that for 1862 is from "Hunt s Merchants Magazine." The statement relates only to wheat and flour. Hence it appears that of tho whole quantity of western wheat and flonr which was transported to tide-water through the New York and Canadian canals during the p.ist seven years, w<^ obtained for the St. Lawrence route, in 185fi, 7.3 per cent.; 1857, 15 4 percent ; 1858, 12.01 percent.; 1859, 16.08 per cent.; 1860, 7.16 percent.; 1861, 8.26 per cent.; 1862, 11.4 per cent. 102 FOREIGN AND, DOMESTIC COMMERCE. These are the principal commodities which have heretofore passed through the St. Law rence canal. If we include with them the Indian corn, which figures so largely in the Welland and Erie canal returns, the percentage will become still less favorable to us, and the proportions will be still further reduced by bringing into the comparison the cereal products of the western States which are carried to tide- water by the -several railroads converging at the Atlantic ports. While we have failed to obtain so large a proportion of the western trade, since the removal of the tolls, as we obtained in 1859 and the preceding years, the tolls levied on that (the Erie) canal which is the chief competitor with the St. Lawrence route have been materially increased, as the following comparison of tolls on the three principal articles will show: Toll per 1,000 pounds per mile. 1860 and previous years. 1862. On corn.... 2 mills. 2 A mills. Onflour , 2 " 3 " On wheat 2 " 3 " This increase is equivalent to an advance of seventy cents per ton on wheat and flour from Buffalo to tide-water, and of forty cents per ton from Oswego to tide-water ; whilst the advance on corn is equivalent to thirty-five cents per ton from Buffalo, and to twenty cents per ton from Oswego. The rates of freight have also increased by the Erie canal, and they have increased in a still greater ratio by the St. Lawrence. During the four years next preceding 1859 the average freight for flour from Lake Ontario ports to Montreal was $1 84| per ton. In 1860, the year in which the tolls were removed from the St. Lawrence canals, the rate of freight was $2 11 per ton; in 1861 it was $2 56J ; in 1862 it was $2 61 f so that the increase over the average of the four years preceding 1859 was seventy-two cents in 1860, eeventy-two in 1861, and eighty-one in 1862. If we add to these figures the tolls remitted, we find that the forwarder received over the average rates which they obtained in the four years above alluded to, in 1860, forty-nine cents per ton; in 1861, ninety-four cents, and in 1862, one dollar and three cents per ton, together with the tolls on the tonnage of his shipping. Comparing in a similar manner the rates of freight obtained for carrying wheat, we have a still more striking example of the advanced rates which the forwarders h;ive been able to exact. The average freight rates for wheat from Lake Ontario ports to Montreal, in 1855, 1856, 1857, and 1858, was $1 81 per ton; in 1860,$! 21; in 1861, $2 72, and in 1862 it was $271 per ton. Thus the advance over the average rate during the four years first named was, in 1860, $1 21; in 1861, $1 13; in 1862, $1 13. Adding the tolls relin quished by the province, it will be seen that the advance obtained by the forwarder has been, in 1860, $1 43, and in 1861 and 1862, $1 35 par ton, together with the tolls due to the tonnage of his vessels. Whatever else may be urged in favor of free canals, it certainly cannot be said that tho policy of 1860 has been productive of benefit, either to the prolucer or consumer of western breadstuffs ; and from the advance which has taken place in the freights by the St. Lawrence route, as well as in both tolls and freight by the competing route to tide water at Albany, it is abundantly manifest that the forwarder can pay a moderate toll without unduly trenching on his profits. It can be shown from reliable data that, in so far as the actual cost of transportation (including therein the canal tolls recently imposed) is concerned, western produce can be carried to tide- water much cheaper by the St. Lawrence than by any competing route ; and we must trace our failure to obtain for our canals a greater proportion of the western trade to other causes than the charges heretofore imposed for the use of thos^ works. I am per suaded that the chief cause of that failure lies in the absence of sufficient com petition among forwarders engaged in the St. Lawrence trade ; in the financial relations between shippers engaged in the western trade and the capitalists of New York ; and, finally and chiefly, in the lower rates of ocean freights from New York to Europe, occasioned by the greater competition at that port than is to be found at Quebec or Montreal It is gratifying to know that the Canadian forwarder has been able to obtain the advanced rates above quoted, but we cannot find therein a justification of that policy which, in addition to othei advantages, would give him the free use of costly works which complete the grandest system of inland navigation in the world, and have not been constructed without imposing heavy burdens on the country. If it could be shown that the tolls remitted had gone in mitigation of the comparatively high rate of ocean freight to which our trade is subject, we might find in that fact some reason for making our canals absolutely free. ;But it has been shown that this has not been the result. The tolls have gone to enhance the profits of the forwarder whose freight tariff has been regulated, not by the cost of doing his work, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 103 but by the competition with which he has had to contend. There is but one course open fof securing that quota of the western trade which the advantages of tho St. Lawrence route gives us reason to anticipate. If we can give to the owners of the largest vessels now profitably engaged in the trade of Lxke Michigan the option of trading to Kingston and the St. Lawrence, or to Buffalo, as may be found most profitable, we shall have thrown down the barrier which now forces the main current of trade into the Erie canal. We shall have more than balanced the greater insurance and freights charged from our sea ports to Europe over the corresponding charges from New York, and we may thereafter expert Quebec and Montreal to take rank amongst the greatest grain marts of this conti nent. All of which is respectfully submitted. W. T. ROWLAND, Minister of Finance. QUEBEC, May 12, 1862. This very full and impartial statement has been copied at length because of its decisive bearing on the question which was, a few years since, considered a great and practical one for the western producing States, namely : whether they were to anticipate relief to the pressure of their export trade when the St. Law rence should be fully opened to them. The transit trade through Canada, inward and outward, by way of the St. Lawrence, is incompletely given in the Canadian trade reports, as follows : Statement of the transit trade through Canada, via the St. Lawrence, to and from the United States. [From Canadian authorities.] Calendar years. Values to the U. States. Values from the U. States. 1854 $495 327 1855 18 015 1856 13 493 1857 183,790 1858 26,916 1859 76,314 1860 21 505 1861 522,514 $3,505,511 1862 490,293 5, 198.920 1863 512,245 2,997,818 The transit trade through the United States to Canada is another important element of the mutual exchanges, one of which the volume is unexpectedly large, larger than the export of United States produce by way of the St. Lawrence. It is conducted almost wholly over the railroads leading from Portland, Maine, to the frontier of Vermont, and makes up the larger half of the business of the sub-port of entry of Island Pond, Vermont. Value of imports into Canada passing through the United States under land. 1855 $4,463, 774 1856 4, 926, 922 1857 5, 582, 643 1858 2, 057, 024 1859 4, 546, 491 1860 3, 041, 877 1861 5, 688, 952 1862 * 5, 508, 427 1863 6, 172, 483 104 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The rapid increase of this traffic is remarkable. It affords a channel for steamer freight that appears to be preferred to the slower course by way of the St. Lawrence. The comparison of the use by Canada of tfie two channels of im ports is as follows : showing that more than a third of the import trade of Canada enters now at United States ports, and is transported over our railroads under bond. Imports via United States Imports via St. Lawrence. 1855 $4, 463, 774 $12, 738, 373 1856 4, 926, 922 16, 989, 513 1857 5, 582, 643 14, 378, 094 1858 2,057,024 10,768,161 1859 4,546,491 11,472,754 1860 3,0-11,877 13,527,160 1861 5, 688, 952 16, 726, 541 1862 5,508,427 17,601,019 1863 6, 172, 483 16, 439, 930 Evidently the advantages of unrestricted transit to and from sea are quite as valuable to the business of Canada as to that of the United States. The pre ponderance of steamship traffic in the carriage of all classes of merchandise is increasing the transportation of railroad lines such as these from Portland and Boston to Canada. EXPORT OF UNITED STATES MANUFACTURES TO CANADA. The reduction in the value of manufactured articles of the United States ex ported to Canada in recent years as compared with an earlier period has been referred to. In the following table the extent of this reduction and its relation to particular articles is shown, the comparison being for the years 1858 to 1863. Undoubtedly this decline cannot be a natural result between two countries in such proximity maintaining open and equal commercial relations. Especial causes only could produce such a decline in the face of the very great increase of manufactures in the United States during these years, and their development in superior fabrics of every sort. The Canadian tariffs are chiefly levied ad valorem on the invoice values of goods at the point of purchase for importation into Canada, whether that be in the United States or in Europe, and the consequence is a practical difference against purchasing in the United States which increases with every accession to prices here, and has now attained to the full nominal measure of the duty levied. The increase in the price of fabrics, caused by the successive tariff acts of the United States and by the internal duties levied, has steadily increased this difference, in connection with the higher rates of ad valorem duty levied in Canada, until it now amounts very nearly to a prohibi tion of purchases in the United States of duty-paying articles. A duty of twenty per cent, on invoices made in England, can scarcely foil now to amount to two such percentages when the same or similar goods are purchased in the United States, simply through the duplication of prices attained here. Efforts have been made in Canada to obviate the difficulty in some measure by admitting United States invoices at a reduction to gold values, but nothing has been settled on. While these conditions continue, the trade to Canada in articles not covered by the reciprocity treaty, or otherwise free, will remain very small, and that market for manufactures will practically cease to exist. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 105 Values of manufactured articles of the United States exported to Canada, and paying duty. ^ - Articles. 1858- 59. 1859- 60. 1860- 61. 1861- 62. 1862- 63. $303 01 G $314 491 $403 591 $246 442 $64 495 Hemp manufactures, (including cordage. ) Iron manufactures, (all other than pi-) Leather boots and shoes. .. ... 32, 762 761,619 211,147 21,971 716,597 137, 475 43, 664 839, 421 106,648 16,378 773, 381 66, 770 10,565 395,907 22, 860 Tobacco manufactured ... 1,205,684 863, 934 683, 875 203, 681 76, 026 85, 232 77,061 83, 950 121,381 87, 032 Earthenware ... ...... ...... 9, 350 11,151 12, 347 12,147 8,244 House furniture 136, 765 123,251 124, 250 188,829 66,718 India-rubber manufactures 13,217 20 449 5,936 109 419 10, 158 11 117 1,151 35 054 528 11 501 Books. 154, 034 79, 134 106, 324 62, 838 25, 164 Paper and stationery 78, 825 61,433 74, 272 72, 376 55, 171 Jewelry 15 960 5 760 12 954 11 046 5 044 Hats 116 150 90 100 79 016 49 5t)5 14 078 Tin manufactures ......... ... 15,451 20, 565 4, 362 1 , 375 Marble and stone manufactures. .. Trunks and umbrellas 53, 883 5 470 109, 009 1 575 97,977 2 577 97, 002 1 967 48, 293 1 434 Clothing 9 373 16, 655 11,163 8,494 1, 328 "Wood manufactures ...... 45, 146 49, 547 36, 593 49, 061 58, 302 Candles and soap 11 450 8 079 9 558 4 583 2 428 Paints and varnish 27 193 32 521 39 903 39 646 30 094 Copper and brass manufactures. . . Musical instruments 60,511 104 534 49, 658 91 732 16,909 122, 8UO 32,238 100 907 50, 874 67, 445 Printin^ materials ,.. 1,771 3, 437 5, 534 4,259 1,260 Other enumerated 21,990 5,595 12,776 8,190 4,7H4 Unenumerated manufactures 624, 534 542, 028 549,903 388, 229 401 , 227 Total 4 185 516 3 548 114 3 501 642 2 596 930 1 510 802 PREPARED PROVISIONS, ETC., EXPORTED FREE OP DUTY. Beef 26 506 78 637 1,718 3,729 2,310 Pork 542 972 477 336 165 745 559 184 670 433 Hams and bacon 68 394 53 470 4 568 19 828 63 570 Butter 15 256 40, 154 5,847 71,472 78,718 Cheese 50 126 38, 896 37, 945 86, 870 55, 394 Lard 69 642 183 723 4 486 70 799 40 572 Tallow 113,013 136, 893 90, 860 144, 062 103, 338 Vinegar 6,845 3, 726 1,816 2, 321 2,002 SPIRITS AND LIQUORS PAYING DUTY. Spirits 33 80 68 341 11 187 7 576 6 726 Beer and ale . 2 707 1,924 2, 733 1,656 22 832 The exports of prepared provisions, being nearly all free of duty, are fairly maintained. That of liquors has nearly ceased, and an enormous stimulus has been given to distillation in Canada of corn imported free from the United States. The export of wheat and flour to the coast provinces has been referred to as a large and direct trade to a market for consumption. It constituted the chief part of the export trade previous to the enactment of the reciprocity treaty, breadstuff s having always been admitted free of duty into the colonial ports of the Atlantic coast. 106 FOEEIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. t ft Q i 4 (O %> s ss 4. I FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 107 The fisheries of the coast provinces constitute a large natural market for provisions and breadstuff s which can never bo supplied BO cheaply from Canada as from the United States. The average imports from them are scarcely half the exports, as will be seen by comparing the annual totals of trade with the provinces, and but a very small proportion of these imports pay duty on entering the. United States. The average annual value paying duty is $21(,172, for the eight years of the operation of the treaty, while for the live years pre ceding, the average paying duty was 81,750,000. Tulle of trade through the Canadian canals in produce of the United Stales, distinguishing the points of origin and destination, for ike years 1861, 1862, and 1863. EASTWARD OH DOWNWARD TRADE THROUGH THE WELLAND CANAL. 18 31. 18 32. 186 3. From United States ports. To Canadian ports. 8 3 O 2 o >_ ." O a & P To Canadian ports. CO o j5 m r" /" 1 9 5 ~ H co c c-< c 2 G EH to u 3 OQ T3 o T* .t: o P o H Agricultural implements, castings, &c Ashes, pot and pearl Apples, fruits, aud cider. Bark Tows. 4 6 193 Tons. 26 121 185 Tons. 6 9 39 164 Tows. 19 79 132 * Tons. 2 219 368 170 Tons. 6 63 35 Barley 728 G 3 329 Beef, pork, bains, and bacon ...... 7G4 2,132 460| 6, 1604 3, 509 8,429 Butter and cheese . . 12 129 23 3951 33 5 6 122 124 338 Coal 53 GG3 1 582 47 818 1 31 41 57 1 629 Corn a,nd corn meal . . . 39, 836 113, 793 65, 402 93, 648 355 Cotton 126 1 Fish 7 53 11| 241 g 13 Flour ...... ...... 1,265 41,812 1,809 48,616 17, 900 53, 246 Furniture - .... 7 90 3 71 15 69 Hemp and flax 17 130 69 85 Hides 13 175 381 93 195 25 49 15 18 Horses and cattle 1 13 7 1 9 Iron and nails ..... .... 32 376 1 532| 83 593 Lard and tallow .... .... 23 417 141 1,056* 223 1,322 15 35 Oats 1 873 1 , 373 2,1421 89 Oils (all) 625 615 757 340* 1 *;>3 160 39:5 439 300 33 Orps 262 ] 2 533 Potatoes 2 541 40 Hay and broomeorn 18 118 48 16 n l?acr S 1 80 49 44 24 Kyc and rye meal ...... 361 1,960 2, 476 1 , 301 878 1,049 Salt 40 471 21 119 101 761 7:u 52 107 8,166 555 2, 135 122 6, 149 147 Tobacco, (mostly nmnu- 502 17H 32 Wheat.. 105, 993 236, 3.18 161,2241 286, 4781 118,983 233, 100 108 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Table of trade through the Canadian canals, <$r. Continued. 18 51. 18 32. 186 3. From United States ports. To Canadian ports. 03 9 jjj CO II 5 ~ P o EH To Canadian ports. 1 ~S OQ r II P O H To Canadian ports. 35 O QQ ^ 2 11 Whiskey Tons. Tons. 1 249 Tons. 164 Tons. Tows. 31 Tows. 1 528 \Vqol 133 2534 352 All other articles 54 534 53| 5644. 8 191 776 Total 211 210 404 634 283 9^14 447 2(34-1 4) 03 653 306 865 Lumber and timber. 6,713 22, 887 1,2104 24,257 94,783 134 997 Total all classes 217,892 427, 52] 285, 192 471,5214 298, 436 441, 62 WESTWARD OR UPWARD TRADE THROUGH THE WELLAND CANAL. Agricultural implements, tools & c .... 2 295 54 199 5 205 Apples &c 7 255 7 303 139 481 Beef, pork, hams, &c. . . Bricks, cement, lime, 4 76 11 4 09 28 1214 1 4 78-^ 32 209 5 5 8^9 Butter and cheese o 43 4 42 16 72 Chalk and whitinf 171 505 ] 162 Coal 1,568 12, 331 1,7444 7 038 2, 055 24, 552 Coffee 631 3944 302 Copperas 24 5 Q Corn Cotton 3, 029 17 6 3,049 27, 487 3 72,979 23 Pycs 3 204 195 Earthware and glass ware ] 556 1,208 78 1,161 Fish 2 1,234 3 2 360 53 5 79 Flour 5 5 244 4 339 129 Furniture 5 714 74 5574 19 1,501 Gypsum 2 39 4 687 55 999 Hemp 271 333 ] 341 Horses cattle and ^heep o 305 29 6 223 Iron, nails, and spikes .. Junk and oakum 57 5 9, 558 52 214 34 14,0814 1654 1,274 10 40, 622 122 Leather 13 24 1331 8 Mahogany 8 19 50 Marble... . . ... 8 916 5 960 346 3, 085 Molasses . 809 1 346 G 2 726 Oats 4 114 3 Oils 1 620 114 433 61 384 Ores (iron) . 2 976 6 340 21 889 Paints 1 338 JL 6(39 10 636 Pitch, tar, and turpen tine ....... 6 75 ] 73 20 96 T? ve 253 618 501 Salt 1 935 72 672 2 1554 112 9 >)O 2 6(>8 102, 909 47 278 3 372 Soda ash 308 784^ 14 615 Su^ar . ........ 5 2 140 107 3 79Ji 265 3,892 Tin and steel . . 325 5714 14 584 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 109 Table of trade through the Canadian canals, fyc. Continued. 18 31. 18 32. 186 3. From United States ports. To Canadian ports. tn o ~s3 QQ ji To Canadian ports. 1 n It To Canadian ports. D 5 OQ o "tJ 5 ft" p Tobacco Tons. 1 Tons. 39 Tows. Tows. 1904. Tows. 15 Ions. 17 Wheat 3, 596 2 5,307 18,106 "Whiskey . 39 9 5 366 14 "Window glass 122 79 32 193 Other articles 45 4,293 75 9, 3934. 4,203 ]9,fiSO Lumber . . 136 200 1 , 4434. 981 5, 063 10,497 Total 10 185 116 240 14 908^ 171 6734. 67 478 323 244 Transportation by tlie St. Laicrcnce Canal from American ports to Canada, (down and up.) [From Canadian official reports] Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Ashes tons 9 99 100 Apples and vegetables ............ do 12 3 027^ 6 101 lieer cider and vinecrar do 186 Uutter aud cheese do 120 753 Cement, lime, and bricks do . 233 83 847 Coal . do 3 216 3, 472 423 Corn, barlev, and grain do 3,221 3,857 300 Cotton do 9 Flour do 3O> 3 417 1 167 G vpsurn . .......... . ... ...... do 187 11 Hemp ... do 28 80 Hides do 10 34 20 Iron do gui 08 Lard and lard oil. do 34A 471 Live stock do 24 23 22 Ores do 114 2 658 1 276 Pitch, tar, and rosin do 158 42H 241 Pork do 66 684 889 Salt . do 27 121 22 Sugar do 457 381 102 Molasses do 1 160 124 Tobacco do 40 1744 10 Wheat do. 5 143 j"*l 3 254 7 667 do 60 56 16 Stone do 557 385 Lumber and staves do. .. 1 66 145 563 Firewood do 1 509 381 Other articles ... . do 413 489 777 Total I 16,537 22,691 I 23,118 I 110 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Summaries of the trade of the principal ports of the northern frontier witfi Canada. Exports and imports for eight years, 1856 to 1863 inclusive, as reported from the following collection districts : Vermont : Ports of Burlington and Island Pond, Yt. Champlain : Rouse s Point and Plattsburg, N. Y. Oswegatchie : Ogdensburg, N. Y. Cape Vincent : Including Sackett s Harbor with Cape Vincent, N. Y. Oswego : Port of Oswego only. Genesee : Rochester. Niagara : Niagara and Suspension Bridge, N. Y. Buffalo Creek : Buffalo. Presque Isle : Erie, Perm. Cuyahoga : Cleveland, Ohio. Sandusky and Miami : Sandusky and Toledo, Ohio. Detroit. Mackinaw, Mich. Mil- waukie, Wis. Chicago. District and period. Domestic exports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. Imports. DISTRICT OF VERMONT. (Eurling- ton and Island Pond. ) Year ending 1 June 30, 1856 $350, 607 $680, 843 $1,031,450 $1 560 118 1857. 283, 009 365, 461 648 470 2 709 193 1858 237, 686 727 949 965 665 2 J96 083 ]859 295 649 840 905 *1 136 505 1 802 688 I860 257, 083 526,619 783, 702 2 731,857 1861 . 244, C57 514 416 809 073 3 477 811 1862 197 603 441 584 639 387 3 163 794 1863 195, 303 541,358 736,661 2 567 892 DISTRICT OF CHAMPLAIN. (Rouse s Point and Plattsburg.) Year ending June 30, 1856. . . 2,354,795 1,164 009 3,518 804 1 718 413 1857 1,076,135 1 240 927 2 317 062 2 334 402 1858 853 928 1 138 531 1 992 459 1 559 896 1859 2,150,431 2, 352, 209 4,502,640 2 360 984 1860 .. 997, 296 912 963 1 910 259 2 538 982 1861 819,671 740 244 1 559 915 2 187 675 1862 752, 956 898, 976 1 , 651 , 932 1,621,284 1863 *4, 553, 680 606 088 5, 159, 718 7 642 279 DISTRICT OF OSWEGATCHIE. (Og densburg, N. Y.) Year ending June 30, 1 856 1857 774, 605 941 115 739, 676 45 400 1,514,281 986 515 1,808,805 2 452 840 1858. 487, 043 197, 163 684, 206 961,116 1859.. . . 356, 251 71, 455 427, 706 1 017 281 1860 223, 705 20 810 244 515 974 153 1861 179, 343 18 840 198 183 675 917 1862. 144, 292 15, 687 159,979 1,131,810 1863 344, 464 344, 464 703 404 DISTRICT OF CAPE VINCENT. (In cluding Sacketfs Harbor, N. Y.) Year ending June 30, 1856 666, 696 298, 669 965, 365 1,605 473 1857 506, 685 221 , 632 728 317 1 291 457 1858 465, 807 267 505 733 312 1 233 423 1859 351 833 199 059 550 892 890, 698 1860 181 220 160 238 341 458 847 007 1861 205 393 117 362 322 755 768 500 1862 389 416 119 515 518 931 708 902 1863.. 269. 836 105.744 375. 580 416. 786 * Including an unusual export of $3.376,977 of gold and silver coin. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Ill Summaries of the trade of the principal ports, Sfc. Continued. District and period. Domestic exports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. Imports. DISTRICT OF OSWEGO. $4,787,750 3, 059, 527 $686, 357 476, 531 197, 163 358,813 137, 450 275, 265 69, 903 712 $5,474,107 3, 536, 058 2, 040, 952 2,091,395 1,625,676 2,351,160 1,429,561 1,269,322 757,910 185, 579 172, 021 174,040 239,012 245, 254 275, 424 310, 352 1,069,605 1,718,330 1,414,138 2,394,528 2, 343, 760 2,594,818 1,436,937 368, 304 949, 529 941,970 762, 203 920, 195 705, 125 642,932 533, 801 524, 280 88, 084 49, 276 49, 160 30, 121 30, 060 37,019 104,067 120, 406 764,690 585, 449 297. 515 $5,321,278 3, 76-2, 969 1,870,774 3,637,709 4, 875, 989 5,864,130 3, 557, 403 2,653,533 / 1,117,391 968,734 272, 047 353, 795 719,451 337,467 177,303 158, 827 1,055,740 1,531,357 916, 969 1,049,944 2,172,615 1,900,271 1,560,795 1,286,544 1,837,239 1,601.419 1 , 380, 624 1,669,845 2, 677, 739 2, 573, 322 2, 584, 078 2,220,432 4,360 4,619 1,846 2,789 7,478 2, 700 4, 701 11,449 434,719 231,347 180.819 1857 1858. . . 1.849,789 1,732,582 1 , 488, 226 2, 075, 895 1,359,598 1,268,610 757,910 185J) I860 1801 1862 1863 DISTRICT OFGENESEE. (Rochester, N. Y.) Year endin^ June 30, 1856 1857 . 174,611 157, 469 166,156 236,710 245, 254 273, 844 310,352 674,892 1,540,774 1,140,587 1,734,405 1,636,755 2, 084, 444 1,266,759 358, 857 868, 664 869,371 681,603 773,312 616,100 573, 877 517, 948 497,686 88, 084 49, 276 49, 160 30, 121 30, 060 37,019 104, 067 120, 406 764,690 585, 449 297,515 10,968 14, 552 7,884 2,302 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1,580 1863 DISTRICT OF NIAGARA. (Niagara and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.) Year cudin <r Juno 30 1856 194,713 177,556 273, 551 660, 123 657, 005 510,374 170, 178 9,447 80, 865 72, 599 80, 600 146,883 89, 025 69,105 15, 853 26,594 18/>7 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862. .. 1863 DISTRICT OF BUFFALO. Ycur endiu fr June 30 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 DISTRICT OF PRESQUE ISLE. (Erie, Pa.) Year endin^ June 30, 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1861 1862 1863 DISTRICT OF CUYAIIOGA. (Cleve land, Ohio.) Year endin & June 30, 1 856 1857 1858.., 112 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Summaries of the trade of the principal ports, <$r Continued. District and period. Domestic exports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. Imports. Year cndincr June 30 1859 $310,996 $210,996 $161,934 3860 387,412 387 412 236 991 3861 1862 369, 390 288, 021 369, 390 288, 021 383,273 317,195 1863 653,431 653,411 330, 083 DISTRICTS OF SANDUSKY AND MI AMI. (Sandusky and Toledo, O. ) Year endin * June 30 1856 280, 362 280 362 28, 754 1857 348 540 348 540 35 938 1858 42 046 42 046 38 474 1859 52 015 52 015 105 912 1860 97 398 97 398 22, 593 1861 313 805 313 805 62 333 1862 613,369 613,369 47, 229 1863 *995, 444 995, 444 94, 864 DISTRICT OF DETROIT. 895,624 895, 624 845, 288 1 857 1,487,223 $15,383 1,502,606 1,018,308 1858 5,168,031 20, 676 5, 188, 707 663, 001 1859 3,924 624 3, 624, 624 1,048,027 1860 3 826 932 3 826,932 900, 589 1861 330, 752 330, 752 542, 853 1862 1,631,612 325,803 1,757,515 528, 021 1863 1 928, 302 80 298 2, 008, 600 740, 958 DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. Year ending June 30, 3 856 1857 , 345, 223 , 585, 096 " 308 3,345,223 3 , 585, 404 277, 404 326, 325 1858 713 077 3 713 077 222, 930 1859 , 269, 385 3,269,385 93, 588 3860 1861 3862 1863 DISTRICT OF MILWAUKIE. ,165,183 3, 522, 343 2, 303, 275 3, 544, 085 345, 493 1,165,183 3, 522, 343 2, 303, 275 3, 544, 085 345, 493 60,214 77, 348 61,383 134, 204 27, 694 1857 522, 044 522, 044 5,817 1858 543, 280 543, 280 106,604 1859 699, 088 699, 088 28, 946 1860 3861 187,133 785 832 187, in 785 832 3, 425 8, 230 3862 1,425,088 1,425,088 5,819 1863 DISTRICT OF MACKINAW, MICH. Year ending June 30 1856 3, 323, 637 3, 323, 637 24, 479 35, 400 1857 250 3858 9, 833 3859 39,312 3860. . . . 35,590 1861 33,863 3862 3, 334 1863 , 31 , 268 Nearly nil this amount was exported in the quarter ending September 30, 18G2, at Toledo. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 113 Summary at ports eastward of Buffalo, including Buffalo. Year. Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. Imports. 1856 $11 435 919 $3 845 13 $15 231 051 $16 074 457 1857 8 451 227 2 611 074 11 06 1 * 301 16 65^ 371 1858 5 873 912 2 897 044 8 770 956 10 390 937 1859 7 560 6 39 4 (J37 3;32 12 197 961 12 78 924 1860 5 687 095 2 506 41^ 8 19 5 507 17 538 793 1861 6 4 23 534 2 295 606 8 724 140 17 785 093 186-2 ... 4 912 616 1 733 336 6 645 952 14 505 374 1863 *7 795 738 1 289 943 9 088 681 17 649 697 * Including an unusual export of $3,376,977, at the district of Champlain, of gold and silver coin. Summary at ports westward of Buffalo. Year. Domestic ex ports. Foreign ex ports. Total exports. Imports. 1856... $3,619,476 $3,619,476 $1 , 653, 619 1857 4 577 628 $15 691 4 593 319 1 622 584 1858 7 813 109 20 676 7 8 -) 4 785 1 203 507 1859 , 1860 5, 886, 221) 5, 494, 096 5, 886, 229 5, 494, 093 1,460,508 1,306,880 1861 . 5 359 141 5 3y) ]4i 890 600 1862 6 365 532 125 803 6 491 335 767 687 1863 10 565 285 80 298 10 645 583 1 167 302 CANADIAN FREE PORTS. By an act of the Canadian legislature which went into operation November 30, I860, the harbor and district of Gasps Basin, iu the Gulf of St. Lawrence, waa constituted a free port into which goods of every description might be imported, either for consumption or for re-exportation, without the payment of duties. An extended line of coast was embraced in this district, with Anticosti island and the Magdalen islands, the whole area of territory being quite large, but the number of inhabitants small. The district itself is incapable of much development, and the consequences as to making it a depot of trade for re-export do not appear to be important. It is mainly used as a point of outward ship ment of fish and lumber, and of importation of spirits, groceries, and manufac tured goods. These imports are not, however, apparently much beyond the consumption of the islands and fisheries of the vicinity. The countries from which they come are evidently transatlantic mainly, and not in great proportion from the United States. Whatever may be the advantages conferred on the fisheries and local interests of the vicinity, there does not appear to be any general importance attaching to the establishment of this as a free port. Ex. Doc. 55 8 114 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Imports at the port of Gaspe from countries other than Canada. Articles 18 31. 18 52. 186 3. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Wines and spirits . . galls . Coffee Ibs 30,913 11 133 $20, 125 1 464 38, 740 17 766 $20, 382 3 348 61,301 39 516 $33,226 6 316 Sujrar Ibs 121 489 8 226 244 582 13 635 14 676 9 031 Molasses .... galls . 62, 897 15,953 111,722 21,988 87 699 19 932 Tea Ibs. 77,655 24 339 98 868 35 617 103 783 32 108 Tobacco Ibs 62 000 11 452 53 667 17 207 50 995 15 964 Clothino" 13 263 16 991 ]> 106 ManuFs and dry goods. - 126, 835 126, 024 119 854 Other dutiable articles . . . Free goods 48,543 104, 529 57, 828 107, 060 61,815 118,271 Totals.: 374, 729 420,180 428, 623 Exports of tJie port of Gaspe to British and foreign ports. 18 31. 18 52. 186 3. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Fish dry cwt 142 021 $415 549 184 676 $560 948 180 964 )803 347 pickled bbls. oil galls . 75, 037 42, 499 161,203 18, 876 2Cy252 78, 115 35, 067 43, 298 39, 969 58, 3GO 59, 754 36 957 Furs and skins. 5,360 17 933 7 820 Timber and lumber 19 262 19 609 31 675 Butter lard and pork 1 477 3 160 6 157 Wheat, flour, and grain . . 2,615 2, 564 3 238 Other articles 6,135 8,491 5,904 Totals 630 477 691 075 754 852 A second and more important free port, as regards the commerce of the United States, was at the same time established at Sault Ste. Marie, and em bracing the whole Canadian coast of Lake Superior and Lake Huron. The district has 400 miles of lake coast, and the adjacent islands are also included. Very little practical importance has resulted from the opening of this port up to the close of 1863; but its proximity to a rapidly developing country on both sides of the boundary indicates that it will interfere materially with the com merce of other districts should it continue a free port. The following were the imports for the three years of its establishment j but it is impossible to say what proportion was from the United States : FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 115 Imports into Sault Ste. Marie from British and foreign ports. 1861 1862 1863 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Spirits 10 245 gals $3 177 8 718 gals $3 002 r > 078 n-ilq *R2 r >Pfl Coffee 131 Ibs. 26 399 Ibs 73 3 556 Ibs 690 Tea 8 748 Ibs. 4 648 6 3:59 Ibs 3 406 14 5 U Ibs 8 331 Tobacco 3 561 Ibs 963 1 286 Ibs 571 7 371 llm fir 4 Spices 50 Ibs. 25 44 Ibs 7 115 Ibs 24 Fruits, dry 638 Ibs 113 5 845 Ibs 385 7 287 Ibs 733 Sugar 33 831 Ibs 2 882 44 371 }]j S 2 922 100 304 Ibs 8 902 Molasses 214 c-als. 92 163 gals 78 Soap Malt liquors 7, 103 Ibs. 1 042 gals 410 297 3, 035 Ibs. 5 488 gals 185 1 259 7, 310 Ibs. 366 o-ils 516 147 Wines 174 srals. 365 413 gals 628 605 gals 1 009 Clothing 2 227 4 037 13 415 Woollens 25,118 22, 293 16 834 Cottons . 5 719 6,675 7 042 Leather manufactures \ 101 1 482 3 190 Hardware 2, 672 5; 432 4,711 Glass and earthenware 255 91 677 Machinery 1 048 781 394 Iron and steel 3 098 1 375 634 Gunpowder . 4,885 4,992 4,306 Candles 1 299 1 442 675 Hay . . 47 tons 503 47 tons 660 28 tons 465 Otlier articles 5 616 5 418 13 457 Total dutiable Free goods 66,515 26, 189 67, 587 22, 833 88, 566 27, 306 Total imports 92 704 90 420 115 872 Exports of the port of Sault Ste. Marie to British and foreign ports. Articles 18 51. 18 52. 186 3. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Copper ....... .. tons 1 495 $125 176 Copper ore ...... tons 3 129 $210 471 3 114 $250 468 3 038 245 394 Fish pickled bbls 1 210 5 066 50 228 299 1 479 Knees, planks, &c. ..... 1,401 4, 250 Other wood ............ 125 3, 020 1 839 Animals horses, &c. 160 420 360 Furs Maple su^ar and ve^ tab s ----- 17, 000 532 46, 764 421 56, 029 Indian bark work. ...... 761 287 29 Other articles ...... 242 Totals 235, 516 305,858 430, 543 116 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The trade of this port or district is evidently limited altogether to the local consumption and production of the few inhabitants at present occupying it. Its exports of copper and copper ore are the chief productions, and are three times the value of its imports. The trade of the same port with Canada is very small, the imports and exports being in Imports. Exports. 1861 $39,179 $95 1862 41, 743 74 1863 57,199 253 The chief product, copper and copper ore, comes to the United States. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 117 INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND THE ATLANTIC STATES. DATA TREATMENT GENERAL RESULTS. In the division of this report relating to internal commerce it is assumed that the exchanges conducted within the limits of the United States have attained to a magnitude entitling them to the designation of commerce in the broadest and fullest sense of the term, and to the care and regard of the national authorities as commerce is with foreign countries. Though these exchanges pass through no official record of valuation it is still assumed that the statistics of the transportation lines afford the basis of a reasonably close approximation to a calculation of their value. It is Assumed that the carriage of produce or manufactures the average dis tance of three hundred miles from the producing point to the market of con sumption, entitles such quantities and values to be ranked with the general mass of exchanges defined as internal commerce. This is limited, however, to trans portation east and west, since that, more definitely than in other directions, repre sents natural movements from producers to consumers. As a measure of this exchange between the east and the west, all quantities are taken which pass the line of the Alleghanies in either direction, including the extension of their line, or meridian, through Upper Canada. And an addition is made to the quantities reported as carried in through freight across this line, of one-half the way freight of the five great carriers eastward of the Alleghauies to tide-water. These carriers are the Erie canal, the New York Central and Erie railroads, the Pennsylvania railroad, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Assigning values to the quantities so taken, which are the quantities and market values of 1862, it is found that the aggregate value of westward com merce in that year, including the deliveries of merchandise of all classes at a distance of 300 miles from the Atlantic seaboard, was nearly the sum of $616,000,000 ; and that the return freight, eastward, of inland produce and mer chandise passing the line of the Alleghanies, attained the value of $522,000,000. The total trade is, therefore, $1,138,000,000. As a general check on the calculation, it is estimated that a population of ten millions west of the Alleghanies is supplied with most of its merchandise by this westward carriage, and that they have taken, under circumstances of unusual activity and ability to supply themselves, fifty dollars in value each of all classes of articles and representatives of value. To represent this internal movement in such manner that an independent judgment may be formed of it by every one, the statistics of quantities trans ported in both directions are given in condensed form from the reports of the various transportation authorities, yet with enough detail to show precisely what the exchange is. The commerce of the lakes is stated in the fullest manner from the trade reports of the cities on its borders. Their immense fleet of vessels, with the recent increase and present tonnage ; the lines of propellers of recent estab lishment, and their railroad connections in transit and at the east, with the 118 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. statistics of shipment at western ports and of receipt at eastern terminal points, are embodied very fully. Calculations of value based on the quantities iden tified in this way, appear to sustain the calculations applied directly to the tonnage of the great roads and the Erie canal which complete the transportation from the west. The receipts and shipments of all leading articles of produce are given at the chief ports and cities of the lake district, including Toronto and Montreal, in Canada. The data used relate mainly to the year 1862. N earlier year is taken to represent our internal or domestic commerce proper; because, before the rebellion the import and export trade of the United States to a considerable extent traversed the southern ports ; because it was a full year, but not excessive ; and because in that year there was a very complete severance of the domestic com merce of the north from that of the south and from the foreign. The occasional comparisons with other years are made for specific and subordinate purposes. The "year" intended in this division is the calendar; and the values are at the prices ruling in 1862, before any extraordinary rise had taken place. INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The extent of the territory of the United States is so great, and the diversity of production in its various parts so much beyond the ordinary diversity be longing to any single or continental government, that the exchanges conducted within its limits rise to the full measure of importance which belongs ito com merce in its general sense. The articles exchanged are carried to great dis tances, and they are of the natural surplus of the districts from which they are taken, supplying a natural want in the districts to which they are carried. Sub tropical staples are exchanged for the field crops and forest products of the coolest belt of the temperate latitudes in one direction ; and in another the extremes of maritime and of continental interior climates are exchanged. Trade of this comprehensive character must be regarded as permanent, and as entitled to rank next to the highest in national interest and importance. If possible, it should be as regularly stated and as definitely known through authentic statis tics, as the external trade of the country in imports and exports is known. Russia alone, of European states, conducts a trade analogous to that of the United States between its various districts. Great efforts have at all times been made by that government to foster and encourage those inland exchanges, and much of the strength and of the display of accumulated resources which occa sions have at various times developed in Russia, may undoubtedly be ascribed to its command of the products of an entire continental zone, and to its con stant, though almost silent, interchange of these products from all points within the widely separated coasts that constitute its boundary. The other European states exchange very largely with their colonies, and almost wholly by sea ; the statistics of this trade being regularly given as a branch of their foreign commerce. Strike from the commerce of England, France, Spain, and Holland, the trade they conduct with their own colonies, near and remote, and the volume would be greatly reduced. During the last twenty years the development of the interior of this continent, and of the new territorial area of the United States, has drawn a large share of the means, the energy, and activity which in European states finds its proper field of activity in foreign commerce, to the hitherto unnoted trade of the plains, the interior, and the Pacific coast. The district of the great lakes is alone a vast field for this display of commercial energy, and the Mississippi valley has long constituted another, and almost equal field. The railroad system connecting the Atlantic cities with the interior has recently developed the same general character, and has risen to gigantic import ance as an agent in actual exchanges of merchandise. The tonnage movement of the great railroads from the interior eastward to the Atlantic cities in 1863 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 119 was little, if at all, inferior to the tonnage delivered by transatlantic shipping arriving at the ports of the entire Atlantic coast. The railroad freight tonnage reached a total of nearly 3,500,000 tons, and deducting from the shipping arri vals of the Atlantic ports a small proportion for that which came from American ports north or south of the United States in transit to Europe, the total remain ing does not largely exceed the amount just stated.* The difficulty of assigning definite quantities and values to these internal exchanges is great, since there is no uniform system of record through which they pass. The railroads and canals are, with one exception, private corpo rations; and though they usually report with great fulness the quantities of the leading articles transported, values are given only in the case of the New York State canals. In many things these reports of the transportation companies are sufficiently full and clear for the purpose of calculating the values exchanged, and it is only necessary to institute a system of estimates, based on the known prices of leading articles. These are readily determined, and there appears no insuperable difficulty in making up calculated total values which will attain a reasonable approximation to accuracy. On the New York canals the precedent of estimating values per pound for freight of all kinds has been set for years in the official reports of the auditor general, and the results of such estimates have been accepted without question. As a basis for the calculation, it is assumed that goods carried the distance of three hundred miles from the place of production to the place of consumption should be included in the account of domestic or internal commerce. Very large quantities of produce and of manufactured goods are carried much further than this in the United States, as in the very heavy shipments from New York and other Atlantic cities to Chicago, St. Louis, and other points on the Missis sippi and Missouri rivers. Probably the assumption of three hundred miles as the minimum of distance would raise the average distance to five hundred miles, in consequence of the preponderance of freights of eight hundred to one thousand miles ; so that it would be reasonable to assume two hundred miles as the mini mum, and to include all transportation for this last-named distance in the general account. In regard to manufactured goods, domestic and foreign, sent west ward, the average distance for those sent to the entire region west of the Alle- ghanies is little, if at all, short of eight hundred miles. The return trade eastward has a somewhat shorter line. The calculation of values for this internal exchange must be made from the commercial statements voluntarily put forth by the transporting companies, or compiled by Boards of Trade for commercial information. These sources of information are much more abundant and uniform for the trade between the Atlantic coast and the interior, than for that between the northern and southern States, and along the Mississippi river and valley, north and south. The lines of transportation north and south are neither so regular nor so much pressed with constant business as those leading east and west. Vast as the freights were which were carried on the Mississippi, outward and inward, they were subject to great variations in successive years, and no trustworthy record of them has been preserved. At the cast, the coasting trade was always the chief The total tonnage entered in all the ports of the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1863, was 7,255,076 tous. Deducting an aggregate of 3,050,309 tons arriving from Canada, (the larger share of which is mere ferry tonnage,) and also 273,635 tons arriving at San Francisco and other Faciiic ports, there remain 3,931,072 tons as the total arriving from all quarters at all the Atlantic ports. During the calendar year 1863 the Pennsylvania railroad delivered 704, 17J tons at its eastern terminus, while in 1862 the New York Central delivered 1,064,128 tons, and the Eric 1)71,332 tons. Adding to the last two an. advance of 15 per cent, reported in 1863 over 1862, and the three sum up 3,044,960 tons. Adding 50 J, 000 tons for all other roads, the total exceeds 3,500,000 tons. 120 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. reliance for carriage, and this was also subject to great and irregular variations. No entrances or clearances of cargo being ever required, the best that can be done is to roughly estimate it by the tonnage capacity of the shipping through which it was conducted. With the progress of the age in perfecting railroads, the contrast between land and water carriage has been steadily reduced to smaller and smaller pro portions, until even the lakes and rivers lying in the direct line of east and west carriage have become merely the equals of the railroad lines. They are but portions of the general lines, and are preferred or rejected at intervals, according to the temporary exigencies of business. The more important mass of this internal commerce is over the broad northern belt occupied by the great railroad lines, and in which the great lakes, the New York canals, and the Ohio river now only divide the transportation with these roads. All these cross a natural line of geographical division between the east and the west at the Alleghanies, and the continuation of their line from the point where they cease as mountains, due northward, across the Erie canal, the New York Central railroad, and the Canadian lines of transportation, may be taken as of the same geographical significance. There is no line equally well defined in any other part of the United States over which the entire volume of natural exchanges now passes between the two sections. The trade of the Mississippi river has been, and must always remain, much less definite, since an alternative is offered at each extremity for transportation by other modes of conveyance. The outlet for western produce to foreign tropical markets geographically near the mouth of the Mississippi, is now in many respects more convenient by lake and railroad first to the Atlantic coast, than by the most unrestricted use of the Mississippi and the New Orleans markets. The calculation of transportation east and west may be simplified by taking the entire carriage of the great leading lines, and rejecting that of the subordi nate lines. In the entire carriage of the Erie canal the trade passing over Lake Ontario is embraced. A small proportion of the lake trade, which has been estimated by the best Canadian authorities at not more than ten per cent., passes northward of Lake Ontario, or goes out at other ports or outlets than the New York canals, or by railroad to Portland, Maine. This proportion can be taken directly from Canadian statistics, or can be added simply as a percentage on the total values of the lake trade otherwise made up. As there are lateral roads and canals, as well as intermediate lake ports, which represent fragments of the general trade east and west, and which deliver or receive their freight at points on the great roads far along their line from either terminus, it is a necessary and just simplification to take the entire business of the great lines, and reject the smaller ones altogether, as has been said. Thus the New York and Erie road has tributary lines on the north connecting it with Buffalo, with Lake Ontario, and with the Hudson river; on the south it has a great tributary leading from Central Ohio ; the business of all being conducted between markets really separated by an average distance not less than three hundred miles. For the measure of the trade between the east and the west, therefore, it is proposed to take the entire freight carriage of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the Pennsylvania railroad, the Erie and Central railroads, in New York, the Erie canal, the Welland canal, and the Grand Trunk railroad of Canada; or to estimate for such transportation on these last named as properly belongs to the trade entering from the United States, and again returning, as has been stated above, viz: ten per cent, of the carriage of the Eric canal. Before proceeding to give the statement of values so exchanged between the west and the east across the Alleghanies and their line continued northward, it may be proper to state at what other points this domestic commerce should be noted in order to obtain an adequate account of it. The coastwise trade of the Atlantic coast in part belongs to it, as does also -the barge transportation FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 121 through the New Jersey canals, and through the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. But there are no railroad lines in the eastern States whose traffic would be included, beyond the amount which would be reached at the eastern extrem ities of the great lines before named. That which is local, or may be carried but fifty or one hundred miles on the eastern end of either of the great roads or canals, is again taken up by minor roads and carried to cities along the coast a distance sufficient to make up the distance assumed as the minimum. No eastern roads need, therefore, be taken into the account, if the entire movement on the great lines before named is considered. The coastwise trade is, in ordinary times, made up of elements that may be estimated with a fair approximation to accuracy. The coal of Pennsylvania is carried coastwise to the extent of near one-fourth the annual production. The products of the fisheries are, to the extent of two-thirds their total in quantity and value, also carried in the coastwise trade, embracing in this calculation the produce of the whale fisheries. The lumber of the southern States is carried northward, that of the Susquehanna eastward, and that of the coast of Maine southward, each in quantities and proportions which may be estimated. Naval stores, rice, and cotton were carried from the planting States in large quantities, as they undoubtedly will be again. Grain and flour from the James river, the Chesapeake, and the coasts of Maryland and Delaware, have been carried to the eastern States in great quantities. Lastly, the manufactures and machinery produced in all the New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jer sey, Delaware, and Maryland, have been carried coastwise to the entire south, from the Delaware bay to Texas. The value of these manufactures has always been large; and though the trade is now greatly checked, it constitutes a traffic which will revive promptly, and will attain far greater proportions hereafter than it has at any previous time. In the west there are at least three central points at which exchanges are conducted rising to the full dignity of commerce. Cincinnati is the first of these, as a point of exchange between the States north of the Ohio, and those producing many things essentially distinct south of the Ohio. The hemp and tobacco of Kentucky are not, however, fully noted in the statistics of trade at Cincinnati. The cotton and iron of Tennessee come to the Ohio river only in small quan tities also. St. Louis is the next general commercial centre the trade of which is not em braced in the account of exchanges between the east and the west. The entire trade of St. Louis, and of such points southward to the mouth of the Ohio river as are now increasing in trade through the Illinois Central railroad or other- 1 wise, should be taken into the exhibit of domestic commerce. Chicago is a large receiving point, and a larger distributor both of agricul tural produce and of manufactured goods than either of the cities first named, but a large share of its exchanges will be noted in the statistics of trade over the great railroad and lake lines. The exchanges here conducted are so exten sive, however, that they should be given separately, subsequently estimating what proportion may be taken as included or not included in other statements of internal exchanges. The Lake Superior trade, now only at the moderate proportions of ten or twelve million dollars in value shipped outward, and twelve millions (including mining machinery) shipped inward, is a distinct and notable item of trade. The copper nd iron produced there are largely smelted and wrought at Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, and Buffalo, but a small share of its products being shipped direct to the Atlantic cities. There is a considerable lumber trade of the upper lakes, and a trade in the salt, fish and local products of the State of Michigan which occupies a class of lake coasting vessels in a profitable and important business, which does not go much beyond the cities of the lake shores. Beyond all these is the trade of Saint Paul and the northwestern border, and of Leaven worth and the great plains to the gold region ; which constitutes a distinct 122 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. and very important division, not only for what it now is, but in view of its rapid expansion, and the enormous development it is soon to attain. At the south, New Orleans was always a focal point for extensive domestic exchanges, conducted both coastwise and by the Mississippi river. We can now merely state to what these exchanges attained before the disturbances which have destroyed that trade for the time, and which leave it doubtful to what extent and in what time they will be resumed. SPECIFIC CALCULATION OF THE EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST. I. WESTWARD FREIGHTS. The reports of the Pennsylvania railroad are more full and complete as re gards the details of articles carried than those of any other line of transporta tion so extensive, and they may therefore be taken as the best to initiate the calculation of values proposed. Prices may be assigned to almost every article in detail, if desired, and the total value may be so deduced, or an average may be taken with less labor which will closely approximate the same result. The general classification into which these articles are thrown is the same as that employed in describing the freight of the New York and Erie and the New York Central roads, and therefore a classified price, calculated to agree with the total derived from the average of all articles in detail, could be used with safety for all similar statements of freight aggregates. Thus the detailed list of articles appears to show that one third of the tonnage carried westward on the Pennsylvania road is properly described as dry goods, another third as drugs and groceries, and the remaining third as iron and heavy goods. If this division is correct, it is not material whether the values assigned per pound to each be absolutely correct, so that their total does not exceed the total deduced by a calculation of values for each article. For the year 1862 the westward freight of this road was as follows : From Philadelphia to Pittsburg 256, 204, 920 pounds, or 123, 102 tons. From Baltimore to Pittsburg 34, 206, 488 pounds, or 17, 1 03 tons. Totals 290, 411, 408 pounds, or 145, 205 tons. The schedule of articles shows a large preponderance of dry goods, drugs, medicines and dyes, groceries, boots, shoes, and hats, and similar articles of high relative value. It is well known that the maximum often assumed by car riers as the limit of value at which they will compensate shippers for goods lost in their care, is usually insisted upon by losers as being below their true value. This maximum is one dollar per pound ; but as it is usually applied to other goods than those here distinguished as the third class, or heavy goods, it is but an incidental proof favoring an increase of the general average of prices. It is proposed to assume an average value of forty-three and one-third cents per pound for this westward freight ; and in dividing it into three equal portions, to assign one dollar per pound to the dry goods, or highest class, twenty cents per pound to the drugs and groceries, and ten cents per pound to the iron and heavy goods. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 123 1 . Dry goods 90, 803, 803 pounds, at $1 per pound $96, 803, 803 2. Drugs and groceries 96, 803, 803 pounds, at 20 cents per pound. . . 19, 360, 761 3. Iron and heavy goods 96, 803, 80*2 pounds, at 10 cents per pound ... 9, 680, 381 Totals 290, 41 1 , 408 pounds, at 43 cents per pound . . 125, 844, 945 This is of through freight only, and that which, being carried farthest, may be presumed to average the highest value per pound. During the year 1862 the price of many descriptions of dry goods had largely increased as com pared with 1860, and this was particularly true of the classes most largely carried to the interior markets cotton and cotton-mixed goods, coarse woollens, and leather manufactures. It is, in fact, probable that the values here assumed are too low, and that a total value higher by some millions would be more nearly correct for the year 1862; but as this year is exceptional as compared with former years, it may be better to retain a relatively low rate one certainly not requiring abatements for over-estimate. Next, the quantities carried locally on the Pennsylvania road from its eastern terminus to points along its line require to be considered. For reasons else where stated it is assumed that these freights passing through, or departing from, each terminus, belong in the general account, since there is nothing taken for the freights of other roads connected with, and continuing the business of, the great lines. The record of the local freight of the Pennsylvania road is in complete, in consequence of the employment on it of "cars of individual trans porters," who do not make return of their business in the statements of the company, merely paying tonnage rates or mileage rates for their cars in bulk. For 1862 the total reported as carried by cars of the company from the eastern terminus westward, but not through to Pittsburg, is 91,565,194 pounds, to which may be added for the individual transporters at least enough to raise the aggre gate to 100,000,000 pounds, or 5,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds each. Of this freight about one-eighth is dry goods, one-fourth groceries, and the remainder, five-eighths, heavy goods. For groceries and heavy goods it is perhaps neces sary to reduce the prices taken in the former case, as follows : 1. Dry goods 12, 500, 000 pounds, at ,$1 per pound $12, 500, 000 2. Groceries, &c 25, 000, 000 pounds, at 15 cents per pound ... 3, 750, 000 3. Heavy goods 62, 500, 000 pounds, at 6 cents per pound 3, 750, 000 Totals 100, 000, 000 pounds, at 20 cents per pound ... 20, 000, 000 These are minimum quantities and values, which should not be excluded from the account of movements westward. Probably the larger share of the articles have already been brought from points averaging a hundred miles beyond the eastern terminus of the road New York and the New England States and they are to be carried at least a hundred miles further, on the average, before being distributed to consumers. The detailed tables which follow are given for their general value in illus trating the trade of the east with the interior. Were such details accessible for the great roads of New ,York, a similar diversity and corresponding general divisions would undoubtedly appear. The Central road of New York carries a larger proportion of light and valuable goods, and^ the Erie road a larger pro portion of heavy goods, the two together averaging very nearly the same in classification and in values with the Pennsylvania road. 124 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles carried westward on the Pennsylvania railroad. 1. THROUGH TO PITTSBURG, FROM PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE. Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. . 1862. 1863. Pounds. 225 592 Pounds. 51 035 Pounds. 38 907 Pounds. 215 393 Pounds. 105 443 Agricultural products, not specified. 1, 838, 887 ICO 771 338, 690 90 085 567, 346 26 830 340, 682 178 237 1,395, 198 3 355 34 160 1 870 157 5 670 f> 3 15 74 187 2 476 417 1 329 651 715 866 669 073 1 046 125 Boots, shoes and hats 8, 615, 496 8 782 194 4 891 408 4 697 429 5 903 451 8 278 049 3 529 048 6 926 !62 4 689 95 1 428 234 90 085 6 830 178 37 9T7 64 Cedar and willow ware 105 073 189 196 119 323 54 289 258 215 Coffee 10 615 235 6 781 574 14 566 908 7 6 55 703 7 908 753 Confectionery and foreign fruits 3, 580, 979 2 076 608 2, 739, 882 5 057 33 2, 784, 837 3 567 48 435, 930 2 70 r >69 1. 678, 155 7 360 764 Cotton - .. 109 721 323 910 968* 310 21 800 Dry goods Drugs medicines and dyes 57, 297, 296 9 413 469 61, 472, 760 12 837 228 43, 225, 689 12 541 640 73,291.468 21 336 263 50, 338, 433 11 375 625 Earthenware and queensware Feathers furs and t-kius 5, 170, 240 6,620,087 5 770 3, 305, 229 6, 260, 364 77 805 7, 922, 857 28 590 399 251 75 063 Flour and meal . . .. ; 64 655 20 3 ;9 2 625 2 453 364 2 789 863 549 391 2 360 48 o 546 576 Glass and glassware 1 191 785 1 047 644 548 878 809 127 500 933 Grain of all kinds 2 (PO 335 6 890 043 g-y> 60 75-^ Grass and other seeds 276 456 52 864 143 376 173 870 75 638 214 465 89 078 86 960 3 I9 103 3 718 288 Groceries, except coffee 19, 286, 909 172 159 22, 850, 097 17 370 27, 184^ 460 65, 107. 825 18 21 64, 854, 635 10 299 10 890 368 10 734 309 10 024 622 9 192 983 21 500 527 1 96 499 2 718 632 1 574 400 1 095 513 1 285 653 Hides and hair . 206 482 183 112 121 412 328 155 265 948 Iron, pig and blooms 14 250 655 627 155 320 rolled ... 1 220 102 1 877 535 1 898 189 2 591 217 3 417 202 4 46 895 987 210 35 19 1 945 408 1 613 169 Leather . 3 617 383 860 268 2 684 536 2 434 852 741 732 40 857 33! 848 405 732 363 458 4 763 265 1 211 656 9 074 107 11 896 913 15 829 4% 2 499 250 2 506 359 2 036 545 2 183 337 5 845 654 Malt and malt liquors 174 185 111 097 99 30 385 586 112 205 272 073 134 597 ogo OOQ oo] g()7 566 875 Oil, (not coal or petroleum) Oysters 2 69 272 369* 001 2, 226, 555 319 710 1, 544, 998 799 853 1,477,852 1 756 070 753, 230 2 044 538 2 849 384 3 275 046 2 012 527 1 635 6 u ) 1 367 514 685 081 5 975 !5 7 603 04 Salt 1, 284, 325 5 76 160 1. 908, 192 4 544 560 3, 561, 278 3 349 024 5, 803, 964 11 84 3 -) 7 655, 374 5 5 366 Soda-ash, (pot and pearl) 17, 228, 845 36 3 689 10,916,453 290 04 5, 066, 895 191 137 15 701,119 310 194 15, 745, 830 297 701 Tobacco and ci ars 3 65 t 796 2 806 571 2 725 801 2 454 705 2 643 452 1 037 648 1 813 038 45 899 1 177 053 417 171 4 621 154 3 842 798 2 010 596 1 049 598 131 306 358 005 19 50 30 81 2 g-->i ()>.-> 1 857 383 Woollen yarns . 378 436 259 203 393 953 374 439 155 758 1 179 82 797 280 24 000 24 752 260 866 Government goods . . , 1 11 9 986 I Total pounds 207 677 029 199 493 368 179 835 833 290 441 408 277 656 350 Total tons 103 839 99 747 89 918 145 2u6 13^ 828 Articles carried westward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued. 2. TO WAY STATIONS, FROM PHILADELPHIA. Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Pounds. 510 196 Pounds. 24 8 >8 Pounds. r>5 475 Pounds. 137 233 Pounds. 150, P87 Agricultural products,not specified. 2,204,396 143 156 1, 212, 315 10 495 864, 504 2 450 399, 4 19 11 335 6JO. 765 1,430 Boots shoen and hats 961 870 831 559 755 991 2 226 803 951,046 206 845 214 419 136 894 4:!7 382 138, 449 Carriages . . . 129, 555 1. 984, OU5 145, 159 101, 735 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 125 Articles carried westward on tlie Pennsylvania railroad Continued. 2. TO WAY STATIONS, FROM PHILADELPHIA. Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Cedar ware Pounds. 164, 222 Pounds. 192 682 Pounds. 193, 968 Pounds. 213 197 Pounds. 283 890 Coffee . ... 4 864 813 3 134 597 2 243 281 1 256 331 400 763 Confectionery and fruits 1, 322, 815 1,343 511 917 498 323, 235 265 975 Coal 50 277 775 29 004 600 24 965 400 15 689 1 178 455 979 47 ) 480 868 43 37 1 288 153 Cotton 3 435 105 4 045 264 353 785 78 662 85 334 8 440 136 9 557 632 7 817 107 9 508 609 7 46 163 2 120 975 2 720 544 2 151 144 2 212 420 1 400 121 Earthenware and queenswure 1, 343, 382 26 573 1. 353, 262 872, 734 2 316 1, 086, 4-18 66 030 1, 173, 072 73 639 Flour 66 6 853 196 487 503 44 193 410 408 875 42 294 200 578 553 961 511 582 556 496 Furniture 1. 162, 129 1. 227, 535 943 628 1 562 2)4 785 249 676 767 862 195 542 417 298 284 402 547 Grain of all kinds 798 166 469, 697 386 937 7 059 334 916 957 31 522 50 937 53 494 65 974 1 030 Groceries, except coffee 29 806,037 26 752 162 15 330 775 14 565 927 23 9G4 692 Guuno and phoaphiite of lime 458, 162 4 22 81 520, 906 3 870 895 689, 736 2 675 481 264, 424 3 7 l i6 848 421, 740 6 38 060 Hides and hair 2* 684 8 18 2 038 860 2 575 501 1 681 103 2 066 815 6I!0 654 654 352 134 169 48 39 198 683 Iron pig--* and bloom 4 577 929 1 921 438 2 660 843 7 138 12 2 288 928 rolled 6 313 083 4 81 794 2 384 477 5 549 369 10 444 511 railroad *1 103 324 716 155 437 097 2 599 362 096*718 Leather 531 957 539 269 751 19 404 7(ji 348 962 Lime and plaster . 1 098 8 >8 816 507 2 398 147 1114 509 735 430 786 700 1 140 015 415 615 *997 0>0 Lard lard oil and tallow . 528 673 18 543 14 168 50 431 59 155 Lumber and timber 978 439 1 083 081 1 362 840 354 125 613 067 Machinery and castings . . 4 003 670 3 901 548 3 058 830 5 560 790 7 868 548 Marble aud cement 4 541 786 4 658 529 585 550 2 999 678 3 880 611 Malt aud malt liquors 1 077 621 1 115 094 3 037 113 491 993 997 959 535 81 497* 908 311 61 1 040 7 l> 8 Oil petroleum *o, oo. 30*015 6l 837 376 974 637 355 1 94 755 98 411 176 616 01 312 Oysters 442 230 255 071 249 852 160 539 399 834 3 102 244 2 153 130 1 235 125 1 197 467 1 75 873 Powder 252 635 530 185 88 344 Salt. 7 ogg g(;8 5 900 581 8 796 116 4 40 OT3 6 383 55 Salt meats aud fish 6 296 887 4 937 215 5 575 495 3 902 300 4 948 (!40 Soap and caudles 6 349 700 57 679 l27 019 177 763 Soda-ash 509 005 196 807 57 470 221 174 389 869 1 047 98 863 777 704 975 770 786 761 844 Tar, pitch, and rosin 652 3- 7 615 141 237 254 71 3G9 43 652 Wines and liquors, foreign 1 295 971 927 093 1,207 518 1 059 126 141,750 Whiskey and alcohol 666 700 886 381 68 700 807 388 1 908 246 Wool and woollen yarn 427 739 495 135 217 722 1431,230 228 299 Miscellaneous 7 971 828 3 227 907 23 680 266 252 002 452 417 Government goods 2 241 636 Totul pounds 173 733 029 134 604 840 128 267 Q04 91 565 194 100 900 069 Total tons 86 866 67 302 64 134 45 782 50 049 The local freight taken up at all points of the line for carriage beyond the mountains is unnoted in the previous calculation of through freights. This was in 1861 and 1862 as follows: 1861. Coal, 23,947 tons; other merchandise, 114,126,409 pounds. 1862. Coal, 5,701 tons; other merchandise, 207,484,614 pounds. The portion of this taken up at stations east of the mountains may safely be assumed to be one- half, 2 iving a value, at a minimum of five cents per pound, of over $5,000,000. From the calculation of both branches of the local freight carried, that de parting from the east to way stations, and that arriving at Pittsburg from way stations, it is clear that a sum not less than $10,000,000 might be assumed as the value of that carried an average distance of three hundred miles from pro ducer to consumer, and of $5,000,000 for that crossing the line of the Allegha- nies in the general east and west exchange. 126 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Next in accessibility and fulness are the statistics of transportation over the New York Central road. Specific articles are named only in a very few in stances, but a classification is adopted which distinguishes "Products of the For est," " Products of Animals," " Vegetable Food," " Other Agricultural Products," "Manufactures," and "Merchandise" terms too vague, as at present applied, to correspond with any commercial or financial usage. In the traffic westward the terms " Merchandise" and "Manufactures" largely predominate, and in that sent eastward the chief amounts are of vegetable food and products of the forest and of animals. For the freight going westward it is scarcely possible to separate, and distinguish articles at all. The following table comprises the tonnage of such trade, as given in the reports of the company, for six years : Through tonnage westward over the New York Central railroad. Articles. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Products of the forest Tons. 180 Tows. 88 Tons. 97 Tons. 43 Tows. 62 TONS. 71 Products of animals ...... 410 673 972 873 385 1 108 Vegetable food 2 924 5 13 14 1 Other agricultural products Manufactures - .... .... 1,071 2,580 1,414 2,737 1,077 2,215 863 3 245 1,078 3 951 1,335 16 574 Merchandise 74 266 102 001 108 488 104 750 146 834 183 490 Other articles ... .... .... 4, 624 6,001 6, 143 6, 154 8,689 11,215 Totals 83 133 113, 838 118, 977 115,941 161 013 213 794 Way tonnage westward over the New York Central railroad. Articles. 3858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Products of the forest Products of animals Tons. 4,788 5 090 Tons. 7, 264 9 297 Tons. 6, 832 10 958 Tons. 5, 794 10 014 Tons. 6, 955 8 585 Tows. 10, 744 1 108 4 956 10 IfiQ. 19 423 11 691 ft I M 17 7 fin Other agricultural products Manufactures 3, 628 13 942 5, 238 15 772 7, 789 23 543 7, 899 21 854 5,792 24 761 8,717 24 852 50 282 63 089 71 571 63* 327 67 387 76 414 Other articles 20 538 29 526 44 955 44 754 40 278 43 769 Totals 103 224 149 554 178 9^8 170 333 162 292 191 551 Totals way and through. Manufactures . . 16 522 18 509 25 758 25 099 28 712 41 246 Merchandise 124 548 165 090 180 059 173 077 214 221 259 904 All other classes 45 287 79 793 91 108 88 098 80 372 104 015 Aggregates 186 357 263 392 297 925 286 274 323 305 405 345 As this road runs parallel with the Erie canal, and is further relieved of heavy and cheap freight by other canals and by Lake Ontario, no necessity appears to exist for a reduction of values for either division of the freight below the averages assumed for the through and way freight of the Pennsylvania road. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 127 Under the assumption that way freights are properly included, for reasons before stated, the two totals of freights westward may be divided in three equal parts, to which the values before taken for dry goods, groceries, and heavy goods, respectively, may be applied. When put together, the "merchandise" amounts to two-thirds of the whole, or to 214,221 tons, out of 323,305 tons, which is sufficient proof of the generally high grade of the goods carried. Values of through freight westward. 53, 671 tons, at $2,000 $117, 342, 000 53, 671 tons, at $400 21, 408, 400 53, 671 tons, at $200 ?.. 10,734, 200 161, 013 tons. Total value , , 149, 544, 600 Values of way freight westward. 20, 286 J tons, at $2,000 $40, 573, 000 40, 573" tons, at $300 12, 171, 900 101, 432 J tons, at $120 12, 171, 900 162,293 tons. Total value 64,916,800 By the calculation here assumed the total value of the westward freight of this road in 1862 was $214,461,400 a sum which appears excessive. Yet the elements of the calculation are sustained by all the facts that can be ^obtained bearing on the quality and value of the goods sent westward by such mode of conveyance. The westward tonnage of the Erie canal, the associate of this line of transportation, which must, from the nature of the case, carry the larger share of cheap and heavy freight, has for years been officially estimated at the average value of 18 cents per pound. The total values here given for railroad freight average on all the classes about forty- cents per pound a liitle more than twice the rate assumed for canal freight. When the advance in values existing in 1862 is considered, this average price cannot be considered excessive. Westward transportation on the Erie railroad. The westward freight of the Erie railroad is not classified in the reports of that company, although the eastward freight is, sufficiently for all practical purposes. It is undoubtedly altogether similar to the business of the other roads, so far as the through freight is concerned. The way or local traffic is probably more exclusively or distinctively a local tr^de, and a greater portion of heavy and low-priced goods is carried. It is proposed, therefore, t o take the same divisions applied to the other roads in valuing the through tonnage, and to assume for the local tonnage a classification and prices lower than those applied to the Pennsylvania line. The tonnage westward for three years is stated as follows in the report : Year. Through. Way. Total. 1861 Pounds. 175 5(57 350 Pounds. 845 567 060 Pounds. 1 %> 1 Jo4 410 1862 299,793 230 1 ]Q(5 oil 030 1 4(J5 804 260 1863 339,840 1JO 1 233 210 350 1 573 050 460 128 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Applying the calculation assumed for through freight, we have : 99, 931, 077 pounds, at $1 $99, 931, 077 99, 931, 077 pounds, at 20 cents 19, 986, 215 99, 931, 077 pounds, at 10 cents 9, 993, 107 299, 793, 230 pounds. Total value 129, 910, 399 The way tonnage of this road undoubtedly requires a reduction to lower classes and values than those before employed. It reaches a very large aggre gate for the year 1862, not less than 553,005 tons of 2,000 pounds. Of what chief articles this immense amount is made up the reports of the company do not state; but it may perhaps embrace some considerable amounts of coal, stone, wood, or other freights of the lowest class, carried between points along its line. Assuming that 300,000 tons of the way freight is of this class, and not properly of goods exchanged between remote points of production and consumption, the remaining 253,005 tons may be taken as similar to the way freights before considered one eighth being of goods worth one dollar per pound, one-fourth being worth 15 cents per pound, and the remainder six cents per pound, viz : 31, 626 tons, at $2,000 per ton $63, 252, 000 63, 252 tons, at $300 per ton 18, 975, 600 158, 127 tons, at $120 per ton 18, 975, 240 253, 005 tons. Total value , , . 101, 202, 840 Stone, "lumber, and coal, for local consumption, being thus excluded, the proportion of goods of a general character assumed to be carried, both for con sumption along the line and for further distribution by the lateral roads connect ing with Buffalo on the north and with Pennsylvania and Ohio on the south, does not appear unduly large. The values are large in the aggregate, it is true, but the business is enormous in comparison with any other interior line of land carriage in the world. There remain to be considered the carriage of merchandise by the Erie canal, and such small portion as the Canadian lines carry westward this last being really so small in tonnage westward that it hardly need be embraced at all. In eastward tonnage it is important, for many reasons which do not apply to goods going westward. The Erie canal carried the following aggregates of freight westward for fourteen years to 1862, inclusive: Year. To Buffalo. To Oswego. Total. Value at 18 cts. per Ib. 1849 Tons. 68, 020 Tons. 20, 287 Tons. 88 315 $31 793 400 1850 79 405 35 091 144 495 41 218 560 1851 99,918 74, 981 174, 899 62, 963, 640 1852 143,787 76, 012 219 799 79 127,640 1853 163, 192 98, 560 261 752 94 230 720 1854 167 550 64 329 231 879 83 476 440 1855 145 530 74 936 220 466 79 367 7CO 1856 114,696 68,817 183,513 66, 064, 680 1857 74, 7 JB 43, 393 118 126 42 525,300 1858 47 350 29 540 76 890 27 680,400 J859 72 767 26 109 98 876 35 595,360 1860 72 030 47 652 119 682 43 085 520 1861 . . 35, 278 17 184 52, 4(52 18, 886, 320 1862 52, 945 18 094 71 039 25, 574, 040 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 129 The valuation here made is that of the auditor general in the annual reports of the "Trade, Tolls, and Tonnage of the Canals of New York," the table just given being copied from that report for the year 1862. It is apparent from this table that the business of the canal rose to higher proportions as a carrier of merchandise westward before the completion of the railroad than since that time. The railroads of that vicinity were first consoli dated in a single organization and adapted to the purposes of successful freight business in 1853 and 1854 not completely until the latter year. The quan tities and values attain their maximum, therefore, in 1853, and after this date they steadily decline from $94,230,000 to $25,574,000. No change in the price per pound assigned to this freight is made in the series of years of which TVC nere take account. It may be of interest to cite the values taken in earlier years, which were in 183(5, 37, and 38, 12 J cents per pound; in 1839, 15 cents; in 1840, 16 cents; in 1841, 18 cents; in 1842, 15 cents; and from 1843 to 1846, inclusive, 17 cents. All subsequent to 1847, and including that year, was estimated, as in the table copied, at 18 cents per pound. A list of articles constituting the tonnage in 1862 is given, from which it is evident that the valuation per pound should be increased for that year. It appears that the chief articles are sugar, molasses, coffee, crockery, iron, iron manufactures, and general merchandise, the proportions of which are as follows : Sugar 16,230 tons of 2,000 pounds. Molasses 4,598 " " Coffee 1,005 " Iron and steel 2,198 " " Railroad iron 2,553 " " Nails !.. 984 " " Crockery 2,535 " " Merchandise 40,576 " " It is evident that these articles made up the bulk of the traffic in previous years as well as in 1862, and that the average value per pound was greater in that year than in I860. No more direct effect of the increased duties on imports and the high internal taxes levied could be produced than upon the staples named above, and undoubtedly the 18 cents average of 1860 should be 22 or 23 cents at least in 1862. Assuming it at 23 cents, there is added to the value of the entire carriage of the canal the sum of $7,103,900, making the total $32,077,940, instead of $25,574,040. The general summary of quantities and values deduced from these several calculations presents the following aggregates, embracing only the three chief railroads and the Erie canal, and taking no account of various lines which carry a less proportion westward than they do eastward. A small estimate should be added for the business of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, which is usually one of the large carrying lines, but which, in consequence of the interruption of its business then, caused by the war, had very little through trade westward during the year 1862: Tons. Value. Pennsylvania railroad Through 145, 205 $125, 844, 94 r > Way 50,000 20,000,000 Erie railroad Through 14 ( J, 896 129, 910, 399 Way 253, 005* 101, 202, 840 New York Central railroad Through 161, 013 149, 544, 600 Way 162, 293 64, 916, 800 Erie canal Through 71,039 25, 574, 040 Totals 992, 451 616, 993, 624 c Exclusive of 300,000 tons rejected as being merely local. Ex. Doc. 55 9 130 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Adding a small estimate for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, we have, approx imately, 1,000,000 tons of merchandise carried westward from the seaboard to the interior, exclusive of merely local consumption, and of all deliveries not more than fifty miles from the eastern terminal points of the several great lines, and a value for this commerce of more than $600,000,000. It must be borne in mind, in considering whether these quantities and values are excessive or not, that several important partial or lateral outlets of this trade have not been noticed at all. The railroad from Portland, Maine* to Canada is one of these, the Champlain canal another, and the railroads of northern New York also add something, together furnishing a moderately large amount which, being shipped through Canada, reaches some port of the lakes to enter the States south or west of the lakes for consumption. The proportions of this trade are, under any aspect of the case, and with any abatements from these quantities and values which the best corrected judgment may make, so vast that they cannot fail of due appreciation after being once brought to attention. It is apparent that in this calculation quantities and values are embraced which do not pass the meridian of the Alleghanies for the exclusive consumption of the population beyond that line. Even if the limit of distance assumed were 300 miles, there would be from fifty to one hundred miles of the length of each of the New York lines east of this assumed meridian that would be supplied by a carriage far enough to constitute a part of the general trade. By making a deduction for such portion of, say twenty millions of dollars, the preceding estimates may be verified by another and wholly distinct test, namely, by computing the consumption per capita of the entire population of the Trans- Alleghany States and parts of States. Portions of New York and of Pennsyl vania, portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, and all the remaining northwestern States this side the Rocky mountains, received their supplies of both foreign and domestic merchandise wholly through these lines during the year under consideration. The population of these States in I860 was as follows : Ohio 2, 339, 511 Michigan 749, 113 Indiana 1, 350, 428 Illinois 1, 711, 951 Wisconsin 775, 881 Iowa 674, 913 Minnesota 172, 123 Kansas 107, 206 Missouri 1, 182, 012 Nebraska 28, 841 Estimate for other Territories 200, 000 Parts of New York and Pennsylvania 350, 000 " " Kentucky and Pennsylvania 250, 000 9,891,979 The natural increase on the reported population of 1860 would add something more, and it may safely be assumed that the population supplied beyond the Alleghanies in that year was in round numbers ten millions. The estimated value of the merchandise of all classes supplied to this population we have re- duce d to $597,000,000, from which should farther be taken an amount of special war material and public property probably above 15 millions in value, as here computed from its tonnage. The sum remaining to apply to individual consumption would then be near 580 millions of dollars, or fifty-eight dollars per capita of the population FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 131 This i^, of course, the consumption of both domestic and foreign merchandise, and it places upon the personal consumption of the people all the usual demand of valuable goods for ordinary public uses. Tiie circumstances existing in all parts of the country for that year greatly stimulated the demand for articles required for other than ordinary personal use, for which it would be reasonable to make a deduction in comparing consumption with that of ordinary times. It has been shown by the comparison of imports and population for a series of years, that the average annual consumption of foreign goods per capita in the United States has attained to ten dollars, for a period of ten years preceding the war. Year. Imports con sumed. Population. Consumption per capita. 1852 $195 656 060 24 604 261 7 0* 1853 250 420 187 25 342 388 9 88 1854 279 712 187 26 102 659 10 71 1855 233 020 227 26 8^5 738 8 67 1856 298 261 364 27 692 310- 10 77 1857 336 914 524 28 523 079 11 81 1858 251 727 008 29 378 771 8 57 1859 317 873 053 30 260 134 10 5Q 1*60 335 220 919 31 429 891 10 > 1861 315, 004, 728 32, 373, 388 9 73 Average of ten years 9 92 This consumption was calculated upon the basis of the entire population of the United States, of course including three and a half to four millions of slaves of the southern States. Excluding the slaves, and taking only the active popu lation, such as are embraced in the northeastern States, the consumption per capita would be increased at least one half. And again, the previous calculation is based upon the entry or invoice value of imports only, not including duties paid, or the cost of handling and shipment. The values assigned to the freight carried are, of course, in excess, so far as they relate to foreign articles, being those which actually attach to the goods at the line of transit to their western consumers. For both the reasons here named it would be safe to assume that sixteen dollars for each inhabitant would represent the goods of foreign origin transported. The greater portion of the goods carried, are, however, of the produce and manufacture of the eastern States. As some guide to the proportion of these, the census estimate of $2,000,000,000 of domestic manufactures in I860 may be taken. Deducting from this aggregate $45,000,000 exported to foreign countries, there remains an amount consumed by 31,000,000 of inhabitants of $1,955,000,000, or $153 for each person. Here, again, the contrast between the slave and the free population requires an addition when applied to the people of the northwestern States, increasing the same to 870 or $75. Of this sum of $75 worth of movable goods, of the classes usually exchanged from one State to another, it is probable that not more than one-third were mad-j or produced in the section beyond the Alleghanies, and that two-thirds were sent there from the manufacturing east. Nearly all textile fabrics, cordage and leather manufactures, were carried from the east. Drugs, medicines, chemi cals, iron, steel, and the finer manufactures of machinery, tools and cutlery, book*, paper and paper manufactures, brass and copper manufactures, and manufactured clothing of all classes. Taking these proportions as correct, there are more than $30 worth of all these domestic products consumed, and the division of values will be as follows : 132 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Value of foreign produce consumed t $160, 000, 000 Value of domestic produce and manufactures 350, 000, 000 Value of public property included IS, 546, 000 528, 546, 000 This classification of values consumed is only intended to aid the discussion by such light as may in this way be thrown upon it. There are no settled rules applicable to such cases, and the circumstances are in the present case, for many reasons, peculiar. The activity of trade and exchanges increases far more rapidly than the population has done for the past twenty years, a result in part due to the increased power of consumption and command of means by the peo ple, and in part to the greater cheapness and promptness of transportation. The proportion of foreign values transported by these lines to the western States for consumption is largely increafied in 1862 by the necessity to obtain sugar and coffee almost wholly from the Atlantic cities, instead of the Mississippi river, as in former years. The loss of New Orleans sugar is an important item, as the heavy tonnage of these articles in the following statement shows : Tonnage of leading articles on the Erie canal, in 1862, to the several western States. States, &c. Sugar. Molasses. Coffee. Iron man ufactures. Crock ry& glassware. Other mer chandise. To Ohio Tons. 2 363 Tons. 759 Tons. 194 Tons. 536 Tons. 487 Tows. 10 430 Michigan 2 387 759 172 502 289 4 173 Illinois 7 750 1 807 418 1 477 1 029 13 %9 Wisconsin . . 1,980 1,017 174 2, 372 440 5,756 Indiana ... ... . 104 263 8 42 58 634 Minnesota . . . 66 29 5 6 28 Iowa 101 53 15 331 95 640 Kentucky ...... ...... 28 60 1 438 Missouri 12 13 350 36 1 641 Canada 1 301 210 20 40 78 1 679 Total to other States.. Left in New York 16, 230 11,407 4,958 4, 592 1,005 630 5,735 10,294 2,535 1,550 40, 576 3(>, 258 Total moved from tide-water 27, 637 9,550 1,635 16, 029 4,085 76, 834 For this large way tonnage no estimate has been made to represent the general westward commerce, though by the most rigid rules of classification there would be a share of it coming within the definitions properly applying to these exchanges. Actual deliveries to consumers at points three hundred to five hundred miles from the seaboard would probably cover one-third of the way freight above described as being left in New York. The Champlain canal is also a channel foi large shipments to Canada, and in some cases for western localities through Canada. In the following table the entire movement of merchandise from tide-water by both the Erie and Cham- plain canals is given, distinguishing that going out of the State from that left within its limits, and giving also the internal movement westward on these lines, from one point to another along them. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 133 Movement of merchandise westward on the New York canals. Year. TONNAGE GOING WESTWARD FROM TIDE-WATER. Internal movement westward. By Erie canal. By^Champlain canal. Total from tide- water. To western States. Left in N. York. To Vt, and Canada. Left in N. York. 1836... 38,893 25,291 34, 629 34, 197 22, 055 31,040 24,063 37, 335 42, 415 49,618 58, 330 75, 883 84,872 87, 899 115,045 177, 623 219,799 261,752 331,879 220, 466 183,513 108, 125 76, 890 98, 876 119,682 52, 462 71,039 67, 637 51,799 71,287 75,910 70, 979 85, 866 59, 755 63, 199 78, 557 77, 883 85, 582 115, 787 124, 896 122, 444 112,446 143,410 153, 182 134,932 112, 366 104,257 139, 104 60,815 61,176 56,648 66, 247 46,818 61, 503 5,165 4,573 5, 631 7, 291 5,981 6,813 4,996 6,709 7,930 8, 837 10,611 12,475 14,520 17, 086 15,882 17,124 14,248 13, 227 6,583 4,473 5,810 11,603 5,621 6,582 11,537 8, 096 3, 598 6, 194 4,821 6, 402 7,177 6, 945 9, 122 5, 399 6,443 6,714 8,404 8, 602 11,040 18,374 9, 406 13,126 11,073 X 8,858 16,490 21,084 13, 766 19, 498 7,616 5,999 7, 558 8,071 10,225 10,086 117,886 86, 484 117,949 124, 575 105, 960 132,844 94,213 113,686 135,616 144,742 163, 125 215,185 242, 661 236, 835 256, 499 349, 230 396, 087 426, 401 371,912 342, 962 347, 925 188, 160 149, 686 169, 664 205, 537 117,601 146, 226 10, 006 8, 293 6,341 7,711 6, 061 8,213 7,233 5, 523 6,314 6, 708 6, 674 9, 705 18,797 18,620 12,871 16,174 24, 208 31,926 34,110 31 , 440 23, 883 34, 794 38, 755 41,518 44, 823 17,495 21,701 1837 1838 1839 1^40 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 . . . . 1860 18131 1862 .. Tonnage of " Manufactures" "Merchandise" and "Other articles" (not mer chandise,) going westward from tide-wafer. Year. Manufactures. Merchandise. Other articles. 1852 34,371 396, 087 92, 969 1353 39 571 426, 401 118, 169 1^54 40 262 371 912 137 660 1855 40 147 342 962 132 608 1856 54, 775 347, 925 1 96, 395 1857 31 , 820 188, 160 167,0^4 1858 25 047 149 6-<6 126 216 1859 22, 602 169,664 137,290 I860 32, 030 205, 537 16*, 198 1861 19, 520 117,601 223, 135 1862 65,340 146 226 271 397 Westward transportation on the. Canadian canals. The westward movement on the Canadian canals is at present a part of the general carriage of merchandise from eastern to western markets within the United States. For reasons before stated, it is not proposed to calculate values 134 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. for tliis tonnage and add them to the totals previously made up, the way busi ness of the great roads and of the canal being in. part taken to cover these values. A large business is done on the Welland canal in articles originally from the United States and destined to markets south of the lakes. The fol lowing is the Canadian official account of the 4 Westward or upward trade through the Welland canal . From United States ports. 1861. 1862. To Canadian ports. oa -2 _:3 QQ ro | 1 P O H To Canadian ports. S 1| m r? |! g Agricultural implements pnd tools Tons. 2 7 4 76 2 Tows. 295 255 11 4,029 43 171 12, 331 631 24 "~G" Tons. 5* 28 12H 1 Tons. 199 303 4,278* 42 505 7,o:38 394* 5 Apples and green fruit. .... ... .. ....... Beef pork find beans Brick 1 * cement lime clay and slate Butter and cheese Coal 1,568 1,744* Cotfee Corn . . 3,029 17 3,049 Cotton Dves 3 204 1,208 2,360 Earthenware and glassware ...... ... .. 1 2 5 5 2 556 1,234 5 714 39 271 305 9,558 52 13 8 916 809 Fish 3 24* 7* 4 Flour Furniture 557* 687 333 29 14, 081* 165* 133* 19 960 1,346 Gvpsum ...... ... ... ....... Horses cattle and sheep 2 57 5 I i"on, nails, and spikes .... .... ...... ...... iii 3* 2l Junk and oakum Leather SVIabogany Marble . . .... 8 5 Molasses Oats 4 1 114 Hi Oils . 620 2,976 433 6, 340 669 73 Ores of iron . ..... Paints 1 6 253 1,935 338 75 i 618 2,155* Rye. .. Salt 72,672 47 308 2,140 325 39 2 9 122 4, 293 200 112,922 278 784* 3,791* 571* 190* Ship stores Soda ash Sugar . 5 107 Iron and steel Tobacco . . 1 3,596 39 Wheat 5,307 Whiskey 5 79 9, 393* 981 1 75 1,443* 45 136 Total 10,815 116,240 14, 908* 171,673* FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 135 Some portion of this tonnage is of articles of low value per ton, the least valuable being coal, iron ore, lumber, and salt. Iron ore is taken from minos in Canada near Kingston, and the salt is mainly the product of the works of central New York. As this table gives the entire upward or westward trade of the Welland canal, it affords a striking proof of the preponderance of trade on that canal in articles carried from one market in the United States to another. The return trade eastward exhibits the same excess of freights destined to United States markets, as will aopear in the table corresponding to this, illustrating transportation eastward. II. TRANSPORTATION EASTWARD. The eastward freight over these great lines of transportation is in some respects better known and more readily determined as to both quantities and values than that carried westward. The chief items that compose it are well known staples of agricultural produce, each of which has been carefully calcu lated at all the points of shipment at the west, and of receipt at the east. For the last eight or tea years, however, the quantity of miscellaneous freight has been rapidly increasing, including a share of manufactured goods. The tables of the Pennsylvania road are again the best to illustrate the present condition of the trade, and a table of articles carried for five years to 1863 is here given, corresponding to the table of articles carried westward. By a careful analysis of values of the specified articles of western freight sent eastward over the Pennsylvania railroad in 1862, it appears that the average, exclusive of coal, is very nearly ten cents per pound. The New York canal freight is estimated by the auditor of the canal department, in his annual reports to average two cents per pound in value ; an average which is applied there only to the lowest grad* s of western freight. Railroad freight is unques tionably far more valuable per ton than that now carried on the Erie canal. The freight carried over the chief New York roads is not stated in detail in their reports. The Erie road in part classifies the freight sent eastward from Dunkirk, but not its entire eastern business. Evidently the proportion of fourth-class freight is larger than on any other road, but as a great share of this is live stock, pork, beef and meats, the value is not so low as if grain was carried. Some of these weights and quantities are as follows, for 1862 : Live stock 46, 989 cattle, "J Pounds. 258, 089 hogs, J 21, 454 sheep, > ",0ol,9. 4, 306 horses, Fourth-class freight .". 343,943,694 Miscellaneous freight 58, 116, 982 Flour, 1,078,102 bbls 215, 620, 400 Total pounds 728, 732, 994 This is all from Dunkirk. The freight received from the Atlantic and Great Western should be included also, but it is placed in the aggregate of " way freight," and it is believed to be a just division to take one-half the way freight eastward as the proper associate of that classed as " through." The totals are therefore as follows : Through eastward 942, 627, 210 Way eastward (one-half of 1,002,037,030) 501, 018, 510 1, 443, 645, 720 136 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The value of this, at ten cents per pound, is $144,364,572. The freight carried over the two great railroads of New York is not specified in detail in the reports of those roads. That of the New York central road is in part classified as products of the forest, of animals, vegetable food, and manufactures ; but such distinctions are now only general and do not suffice to base estimates of value on. The division made in that report of aggregate tonnage eastward in the year ending September 30, 1862, is as follows : Tons. Products of the forest 32, 462 Of animals 350, 050 Vegetable food 461, 337 Other agricultural products 38, 375 Manufactures 63,411 Merchandise 28, 884 Other articles : 89, 609 Total tons ~ . _.^ _., 1,064,128 or pounds 212,825,600. This distribution indicates a generally high grade of value. Products of animals cannot be less than twelve cents per pound on an average, and the remaining classes, other than vegetable food, going much higher. The average cannot be less than ten cents per pound. Taking from the above aggregate one-half the way freight eastward, there remain Through freight 616, 177 tons. One-half way freight 223, 975 tons. Total 840, 152 tons. or 1,680,304,000 pounds; at ten cents, value $168,030,400. The several great railroad lines, therefore, carried an estimated value of freight eastward, across an assumed line of division between the west and the east, as follows : The New York Central $168, 030, 400 New York and Erie 144, 364, 572 Pennsylvania 113, 000, 000 Baltimore and Ohio, (estimated) 25, 000, 000 Total, four roads.. . 450,394,972 With these total values of eastward freight by the great railroad lines should be connected the value of the eastward freight of the Erie canal, the details of which are given in subsequent tables. That value is officially stated by the auditor general for the year 1862 at $72,131,136 for " property coming from other States" alone. The way freight is not taken into account. The sum mary of values transported eastward thus becomes : By the four railroads $450, 394, 972 By the Erie Canal 72, 131, 136 Grand total. . 522, 526, 108 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 137 The various railroads of Canada carried a portion of the western produce of the United States sent eastward to markets within the United States and for export ; but as the account of way tonnage taken on the New York roads 13 large, it may be considered as merely covering the amount so carried by Cana dian lines. Certain branches of the Central railroad of New York probably bring to it portions of the freight going by way of the Welland canal and Lake Ontario, and leaving that lake at Oswego. Some moderate amount is carried to the New York and Erie by its connecting roads to Buffalo. Together, the minor avenues of railroad carriage eastward, north of Pennsylvania, will com plete the account, and sustain the aggregates above given under any possible diminution the calculation might require for the leading roads. The following tables give the detail of eastward freight in very full and satisfactory form over the Pennsylvania road, which has been taken as the basis of the calculation. Values approximating as nearly as could be estimated from current prices were computed in detail on each of the items of this freight, the result being an average on the whole amount a fraction less than ten cents per pound. Possibly the resulting values are too great; but as the freights of these roads have been taken as representativequantities, and as much miscellaneous carriage of produce and merchandise eastward occurs which cannot be noted on either of them, the final sum of values is believed to be too small, rather than too large. Among the larger unnoted items is the freight of all kinds through Canada which returns to the United States at Oswego, Cape Vincent, Ogdcnsburg, through the canal to Lake Champlain, and over the railroads leading into Ver mont from Canada. Again, there are lateral roads carrying from various points to connect as way freight on some one of the great lines. The Erie road receives immense accessions in this way. Cattle, sheep, horses, and all descriptions of live stock, also continue to be driven in large numbers from every part of the West, and over all the common roads of the country, from the Maryland line to Lake Erie. The aggregate of their value is less now than formerly, so many take the railroads in preference ; yet the total value of animals so moved cannot be less than two or three millions of dollars annually. The calculation of eastward freights on the great lakes is given at length, and with the fulness which that most important trade demands, in the following separate section. From the statements of the total movement eastward, with which it closes, another estimate of values may bo made, covering the business in flour and grain in 1862 : Flour barrels . . 8,3-59,91 0, value, estimated $50, 159, 460 Wheat bushels. .50,699,130, value, estimated 63, 373, 912 Corn bushels. .32,985,922, value, estimated 16, 492, 961 Other grain bushels . . 10,844,939, value, estimated 5, 422, 470 Total 135, 448, 803 It is difficult to make any further calculation on specific articles provisions, metals, textile raw materials, or the very large value of animals. 138 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles carried eastward on the .Pennsylvania railroad. 1. THROUGH FROM PITTSBURG TO PHILADELPHIA (AND BALTIMORE.) Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Pounds. ]Q { 5Qg Pounds. 115 05 Pounds. . 93 755 Pounds. 2 810 Pou7ids. 88 536 Agricultural products, not specified. 15 irk oak 1. 629, 361 3 555 1, 403, 260 4 330 21, 069, Oil 1, 421. 468 9 67 268, 997 3 3^0 393 344 46 050 170 078 474 059 4 675 13 140 3 295 160 9-16 81 061 Brotvn sheetings and bagging 64 279 6 245 173 315 1 009 770 141 00 6 457 506 9 135 46 1 510 840 20 178 76 7 366 58 8 3 () 5 877 767 506 958 f>\ 410 28 141 5 965 3 150 460 683 8 60 Coal 907 Q05 421 500 Coffee 1 095 P3 488 6 740 Copper tin and !cad. ...... .... 1 63 104 1 206 057 3 426 235 1 554 184 1 674 74 Cotton 17 897 569 28 673 305 23 7 ) 849 14 91 387 19 63fi 070 Dru^s and medicines 738 491 1 345 775 1 614 243 1 249 814 31 541 50 503 674 185 3 601 003 4 3(54 50 769 83 3 Furtiienware 399 772 58 220 271 155 3^7 854 174 404 454 443 2 43 847 3 467 69 4 664 }30 7 615 177 Feathers furs and skins 356 487 699 835 381 111 81 27 64 64 65 65 352 948 979 055 186 6 963 109 435 850 Furniture - 488, 095 520 218 560 875 846 469 419 336 245 991 44 078 1 796 960 1 61 105 1 1(34 8 122 134 100 388 95 440 79 340 29 J81 2 555 716 3 345 637 o 777 061 4 511 971 5 657 408 Grain all kinds not specified 14 550 235 34 754 447 95 983 853 79 260 660 70 504 0(13 1 98 33 6 453 516 6 428 8^ 8 143 310 9 gyi &.(() Groceries not coffee 1 424 105 2 101 721 1 239 283 5 953 375 5 002 037 258 595 506 219 588 764 531 860 4 36 164 528 972 608 948 678 756 1 906 427 950 347 785 484 795 163 1 373 756 4 250 ^7 4 83 043 Hides and hair 2 674 210 1 838 378 1 827 959 1 010 704 2 773 032 16 913 4 607 rolled 176 217 410 941 747 015 9 ?66 520 13 686 173 10 486 567 17 290 731 28 755 069 57 020 395 34 oq4 o<> c) Leather 1, 703, Ml 1. 759! 689 2. 686, 835 2, 293. 587 1.830,(;33 Livestock Lumber and timber 65, 103, 756 568 989 67, 254, 680 680 425 152, 199, 358 605 755 226, 892, Oil 970 290 270,713,390 2 230 P;K) 838 195 1 211 656 6 3*9 665 6 233 630 586 301 Malt and malt liquors 1, 166, 124 439, 871 1,953 342 2,687 191 2 443 5 :Q 374 683 306 587 183 225 390 167 408 335 25 884 17 900 3.31 634 348 r 14 448 860 13 262 674 28 513 591 140 908 276 196 487 75 other 354 638 1 307 048 191 414 2 453 070 2 573 737 1 028 455 1 124 873 2 675 358 Pot and pearl ashes 655, 247 587, 461 408, 973 541,481 328 145 174 886 3 093 138 3 88 211 Si-It meats -- 31, 199, 251 42, 068, 444 64, 692, 007 109, 189,476 89 054 734 1,404 535 969 218 2 221 232 4 488 747 3 107 535 1, 028, 615 273, 020 553 824 25 255 30 000 202 875 2 466 170 Tobacco 4, 192, 776 8,259,413 46. 463 895 49 615,202 57,301,066 166 922 2 914 097 3 428,887 401 165 \Vhiskev and alcohol . . . 11, 990, 226 25. 364, 584 34.200,619 33 712, 244 28 353. 141 335 365 5,678 520 9 321 144 5 343 711 5 444 ( >84 Miscellaneous 277, 790 232, 763 37, 741 275, 601 391, 586 259 533 638 352 014 718 772 878 216 1 005 767 988 973 618 81 Total tons 129 767 176, 007 386 439 502 884 486 810 2, FROM WAY STATIONS TO PHILADELPHIA. Arficles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 18C3. Agricultural products, not specified . Pounds. 1.234.150 4 650 307 Pounds. 2, 927, 484 5 541 536 Pounds. 2, 210, 179 5 135 34 Pounds. 251,145 7 ^64 55 Pounds. 7, 646, 984 3 84 6l>4 Bark 1 495 595 5 73 257 2 825 8.58 1 668 044 1 532 037 91 56 ) 14 483 517 4*9 316 75 335 --5 Coal 218,8.53.843 (jo 474 244,56-. , 139 "9 295 220, 310, 372 305, 102, 941 41 263 367,93:. . !>7 980 85) 43 089 164 <>->5 74 976 36 961 290 213 Dry goods boots and Bhoes 2 131 001 1 2% 847 87 380 966 079 840. 752 3D 396 464 49 718 700 51 077 947 45 477 686 65 324 571) Feathers and furs ... 33,665 6\ 443 6,258 2T 233 9,679 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 139 Articles carried eastward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued. 2. FROM WAY STATIONS TO PHILADELPHIA. Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Pounds. 203 700 Pounds. 86 6">6 Pounds. 4">8 598 Pounds. 277 60 Pounds. goo r ,07 2 r )7 077 6 " 017 i<;<; h7,-< 142 665 5 150 782 !-y) 77) 60 608 344 001 439 909 >~> 7 ;7 1 244 163 8<t-> 0"3 651 348 1 422* 144 862 263 34* 4G8 15 148 r > 66 1.7) 15 674 47 441 7;!4 45 037 736 39 425 9IC 68 160 045 43 299 742 Grass and other needs 1, 859, 331 377 f,44 2, 473, 039 67 *)42 1.206,505 216 37(5 2, 271, 139 396 414 2, 961, 873 11 266 845 1 075 911 438 091 393 6 955 6 6 1 545 370 07 (J3g 27 365 11<) 616 27 422 188 863 Hides and hair 81 0-44 146 507 15 47 33 342 81 892 5 17 488 2 73(i 2 5 3 614 736 7 477 326 4 38o : -7 rolled 6 861 486 14 483 531 13, 009, 505 17, 432, 981 21,288 ! 30 158 596 5 663 807 5 210 450 53 458 machinery and castings 586 617 675 085 432, 661 1, 107, 146 1, 017, KG Lard and tallow . . 341 352 294 049 491 384 450 411 405 121 Leather 3 451 951 3,572 548 3, 269, 997 3, 055, 798 4, 077, 553 Live stock 33 731 504 26 999 143 25 999 770 35,203 327 36 871 940 57 891 445 60 078 974 44 200 390 68 099 656 97 0-27 l. r >4 Marble and cement 1 962 2. <9 l 142* 767 3 315 56 585 10, 5")fi 2? I 23 254 63 758 21 535 168 056 1 993 009 Marketing 1 1 794 557 1 373 729 3 301 146 1 349 639 3 246 958 856 715 ( )i.-) on- 1 1 184 359 Paper and rags 1 670 674 2 17 q 217 1 351 846 1,417 213 2, 180, 177 53 303 438 127 Salt meats 195 240 346 548 111 965 nil 7,- <; 1,578 896 141 460 1 657 65 135 450 348 070 627 170 Tobacco 813 679 1 303 007 998 016 2,073 988 3, 899, 757 181,451 11,178 181 800 173 00 44 603 34 845 604 5!4 i 176 716 \Vhiskeyandalcohol 8 137 567 ft 21 5 533 1,967 706 3,932 584 2, 936, 380 r >8 618 294 703 994 876 59 771 2 230 f 69 Miscellaneous 2 509 260 4 004 824 522 607 72, 251 990, 819 Total pounds 446 793 507 497 122 713 430 110 438 582.232, 162 710.4C6 856 TotfU tons 223 397 248 561 215 055 291 116 355 213 3. FROM PITTSBURG TO WAY STATIONS. Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Agricultural implements pounds. 666 938 Pounds. 375 029 Pounds. 211 464 1 96") i07 47 50 21 614 Books, &c 29 561 21 649 44 800 41 08 6"> "t 6 og 707 Butter and eggs . ... . . 1 474 21 448 1 503 150 935 6 414 67 i lO Cedar-ware .... 19 498 157 11 236 036 Coal oil petroleum .. 1 587 979 6 407 311 4 i4(; (;o9 Coffee 346 767 124 303 144 465 Confectionery and foreign fruit 94 062 69 518 82 043 Copper, tin, and lead 154 388 156 227 17") 12 Cotton 8 100 074 509 187 778 Drugs, medicines, and dyes 4 .">."> 4s 239 904 119 "67 Dry goods 6 ( >7 184 689 393 318 960 Karthenware and China . 167 207 211 984 121 C65 Feathers and furs 6 567 11,716 5 573 Flour . 6 06 710 6 163 337 5 169 (>74 Fresh meats and poultry 39 993 23 76!) 116 757 Furniture . "<;<; -HI 608 879 786 7*6 Fruits, green and dry 338 072 197 776 948 5^6 Glass and glassware 4 ->4 740 449 793 738 076 Grain of all kinds 1 428 960 1 883 85 5 701 6: 9 Grass and other seeds ! Cli~> 27 374 241 197 Groceries, except coffee 3 087 078 2 589 259 3 704 :;43 565 014 578 451 2 068 541 Hemp and cordage . ... 261 285 31 926 44 776 Hides and hair. ... 1 079 916 r >fi-> <t(il ] 652 284 Iron, pig and blooms .. .. 593 026 7i:.-t TilH 120 486 rolled .. >. 2 145 058 3 173 328 3 655 P<0 railroad 9! 486! 083 6, 215, 300 11. 101, 072 140 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles carried eastward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued. 3. FROM PITTSBURG TO WAY STATIONS. Articles. 1861. 1862. 18G3. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 2 ( M7 01Q 178 666 33 887 815 8 37 494 98 119 47 7<a 89 940, 900 76, 545, 8c6 83, 4 ( J8, 462 50 184 20 100 29 4(56 3 017 70 3 893 291 2 506 658 i-jMnoer an< 1 056 034 1 113 135 1 335 39 1 054 075 835 727 1 643 777 Marble ami ce men . M j 606 34 37 930 40 1 037 463 851 2(52 1 166 893 67 393 18 739 23,009 991 426 32 474 797 8 )7 i, i , b i 5 u 76 547 8 140 19 784 3 270 523 gait 754, 276 218 208 346, 135 2 567 907 3 044 513 2 877 9(8 490 665 224 992 269, 589 358 474 444 363 994 743 137 330 7 68 14 362 4 775 373 6 303 586 8,566 7 ( > ) 85 961 43 413 61 446 108 686 131 358 43 556 139 754 173 128 476 311 154 3,-r 1 8-J8 69 877 64, 238 77, 194 Through tonnage eastward over the New York Central railroad. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Products of the forest Tons. 1 709 Tons. 2 14 Tons. o 408 Tons. OQl Tons. 2 141 Tons. 1 86 Products of animals 104, 257 114 03 112, 210 101 88 133, 241 133 988 166] (578 3 179 254, 994 287 31 285, 318 241 036 1 818 8 171* 5 668 15 054 959 35 541 3 733 3 817 6 6^8 14 683 17 4 ( )7 13 910 Merchandise . 361 1 458 2 837 2 808 5 536 22 062 Other articles 3 365 5 155 8 759 11 353 8 819 11 240 Total 229 275 234 241 293 59 435 956 616 177 610 933 Way tonnage eastward over the New York Central road. Products of the forest 17 691 25, 660 32, 968 31 272 30 321 40 188 62 319 81 987 78 191 74 399 95 056 100 161 Vegetable food 182. 517 128, 171 190 456 206 679 175 106 146 577 Other agricultural products 11 856 15 273 24 635 23 55 17 416 26 774 27 684 34 710 44 870 40 815 45 914 33 629 Merchandise 9 573 12 234 18 691 16 698 23 348 28 309 Other articles 38, 135 38. 651 46,918 51, 684 60 790 57,588 Total 349 775 336 686 436 729 445 07 447 951 433 36 Totals way and through. Manufacture** 31 417 38 527 51 498 55 498 63 411 47,539 9 934 13 69 21 528 19 506 28 884 50 371 537 699 518 708 657 3 806 04 971 833 946 349 579 050 570 97 730 258 881 028 1 064 128 1 044 259 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 141 EASTWARD FREIGHT OVER THE ERIE CANAL. Tons arriving at tide-water by way of the Erie, canal, the produce of the western States or Canada. Year. Products of the forest. Products of Agriculture. Manu factures. Other articles. Total. 1836 5,400 48, 000 654 165 54,219 1837 7,637 47, 546 471 60-1 56 255 1838 9, 231 72, 972 500 530 84,233 1839 28, 644 91 , 369 801 857 121,671 1840 21,241 134,600 1,267 1,040 158 14S 1841 45 398 173,437 3, 702 1 639 224 176 1842 31,068 185, 898 2, 659 1,851 221,477 1843 36, 775 214,655 2,077 2,869 256 376 1844 68, 088 236, 155 853 2, 929 308 025 1845 91 235 206, 422 2 565 4 320 304 551 184G 87 010 410,111 2 926 6 873 506 830 1847 117, 323 683, 138 5,508 6, 871 812, 840 1848 142, 433 489, 478 5,560 12,683 650 154 1849 214 259 535, 538 6 146 12 716 768 659 1850 328 062 491 810 7 848 22 519 850 239 1851 368, 752 687, 694 14,471 15, 375 , 086, 292 1852 . 336 892 778, 818 21 642 14 626 151 978 1853 444 080 727, 655 23 355 18 600 213 690 1854 380 677 677 695 10 640 25 37 C ) 094 391 1855 348,215 709, 653 10, 239 24,769 092 876 1856 835 797 856, 147 2 851 17 755 212 550 1857 436 604 548 374 10 078 24 942 019 998 1858 391 139 833 929 19 085 28 946 273 ( )9 ]859 550, 405 420, 897 8 598 54 863 034 763 I860 647 705 1 177 001 5 808 66 461 896 975 Ifc61 325 230 1 761 932 18 248 53 015 2 158 4- 5 1862 563, 346 1,968,441 14 170 48^ 880 2 594,837 WAY FREIGHT EASTWARD OVER THE ERIE CANAL. Tons arriving at tide-water, the 2 } yoduce of New York, by way of the Erie canal, including the contributions of the lateral canals. Year. Products of the forest. Products of Agriculture. Manu factures. Other articles. Total. 1836 208 769 *]? 870 10 152 28 105 364 )01 1837 * 174, 207 98 172 7, 879 51,193 331,251 1838 189, 733 101 053 6, 729 38, 501 336 016 1839 .... 157 075 63 713 5,885 37,914 264 596 1840 119 352 159 823 5 1388 24 613 309 J67 1841 192 121 92 483 9 076 14 663 308 344 1842 125, 623 102 030 7, 746 23, 273 258 672 1843 202 810 124 313 21,465 30, 381 378 969 1844 288 786 135 171 27, 579 40 255 491 791 1845 328 955 004 032 40 619 61 433 655 039 1846 320, 8:>8 202, 474 31,857 45, 493 600, 662 1847 328, 652 192 224 20, 937 76 596 618,412 1848 264 549 184 714 19, 250 65 668 531 183 1849 227 847 200 471 18 399 51 348 498 068 1850 269 894 200 493 15 217 35 56(3 521 620 1851 183, 593 168, 433 15,401 54, 958 422, 385 1852 290, 574 136 549 14,232 51,366 452,728 1853... 391,224 168.017 20. 045 58, 462 637. 7 U 142 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Tons arriving at tide-water, the produce of New York, fa. Continued. Year. Products of the forest. Products of Agriculture. Manu factures. Other articles. Total. 1654 357, 690 148, 330 16, 440 79, 707 602, 167 1855 . .. 2-20, 865 43, 624 22, 320 41,030 327, 839 1856 173, 608 118, 164 24,725 58, 083 374, 580 1857 66, 824 68, 381 13,747 48, 249 197 201 1858 147,511 23, 421 17,843 34, 813 223, 588 1859 226, 450 84,107 14, 920 85, 917 311,394 I860 166, 687 120,226 15, 135 77, 038 379, 086 1861 104,094 109,791 7,516 69, 783 291,184 1862 143 246 118 906 5 419 54 686 322, 257 TRANSPORTATION EASTWARD ON THE GREAT LAKES. The commerce of the great lakes might of itself be taken as the measure of the internal exchanges of the northern States east and west, adding to its quantities about half the freight of the Erie railroad, and the whole carried on the Pennsylvania Central and the Baltimore and Ohio roads. But as the busi ness of the Erie canal and the New York railroads is somewhat more definitely stated, and as nearly all the produce and merchandise moved on the lakes goes finally over one or the other of these lines, the calculations of lake commerce which here follow are regarded as duplications of the quantities and values previously given. It will be seen that they sustain the aggregates first taken, and furnish evidence that cannot reasonably be doubted that these exchanges between the east and the west constitute the most gigantic system of internal commerce the world has known. The shipping employed on the great lakes has had various alternations of fortune, being sometimes highly profitable, and therefore stimulated to great development in both sailing and steam vessels. It first began to be conspicuous in 1833, and rose rapidly in the five years succeeding to 50,000 tons. In 1843 an increase again began, which, with but one or two partial reverses, as in 1857, has continued to the present time. An immense and highly profitable business has been done by lake shipping in the carriage of grain and Hour during the last four years, beginning with the fall trade of 1800, the conse quence of which was a great increase of building in all classes of vessels adapted to the trade. The following table shows the high prices paid for freight on wheat from Milwaukie and Chicago to Buffalo during the months of navigation from 1859 to 1863. It is taken from the report of the Chamber of Commerce of Mil \vaukic for 1863. Table slioicing the monthly range of freights on wheat to Buffalo, in cents per bushel. Months. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. April ........... .... 6 a 8 10 a 8 9 7 Muv Cirt 10 10 a 5 8 a 9 ~ Ai v 7-^ u 54- 5|alO ll 4-a 8 J U ly (j$a 4 fc ^a 10 7 (i 4 Au ust .- .......... 5 a 13 5 a 9 4 a (J 17 a 14 11 a J5 14 a 8 6 a 7 7i (i 6-1 13 a2U ICAa ->4 8 a 17 6-V <i 1 24- November .... ............. 10 6 12alO 14^ a 20 14 a 15 9^a b FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 143 Those prices are much above the average in previous years, and they have developed the lake shipping to an unprecedented extent. The following table is the official record of tonnage existing at all the ports of the lakes and St. Lawrence river at the close of each year from 1830 forward: TONNAGE OF VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES, OF ALL CLASSES, EMPLOYED IN THE LAKE TRADE. The annual totals of registered and enrolled tonnage at all tlie lake j)orts, officially reported to the Treasury Department. Tons. 1847 134,659 1848 160,250 1849 177,077 1850 186,790 1851 200,507 1852 221,235 1853 251,492 1854 286,564 1855 339,193 1^56 369,950 1857 398,709 1858 395,140 1859 422,381 1860 450, 726 1861 475,678 1862 547,165 1863 611,398 The tonnage here recorded includes all descriptions of enrolled tonnage in river and canal trade, and it therefore exceeds the amount actually employed in east and west transportation. There is also a small abatement to be made on account of the character of the official record, the law requiring the name and tonnage of each vessel to be retained until official notice of its loss or transfer is received. On this account perhaps fifty thousand tons is of vessels lost or transferred to other districts, the exchange of papers in regard to which is incomplete. Perhaps the best record of the vessels and tonnage actually employed in this trade is that made up by the western Boards of Trade, great care being taken to perfect this record at Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Oswego. The Chicago Board of Trade make the following report of both American and Canadian shipping in the lake trade in their report for 1862: Tons. 1830 .... 7,728 1831 ... 8,879 1832 . . . 12,738 1833 ... 15,226 1834 ... 19,044 1835 ... 29,709 1836 . . . 32, 000 1837 ... 37,480 1838 ... 49, 159 1839 ... 46, 935 1840 ... 48,262 1841 .. 54, 5G9 1842 ... 58,808 1843 ... 66, 938 1844 ... 73, 124 1845 ... 86,071 1846 ... 101,545 144 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. TaUc showing tlic number, class, tonnage, and valuation of vessels, American and Canadian, engaged in the commerce of the lakes, 1858 to 1862. Class. AMERICAN. CANADIAN. Xo. Tonnage. Valuation. No. Tonnage. Valuation. 1858 Steamers . ...... 72 113 69 129 830 48, 031 56, 994 6, 366 42, 592 177, 170 67 14 5 37 212 24, 784 4,197 415 10, 793 32, 959 Propellers . . Tno-s Barks and bri^s Schooners . ...... Total 1,213 331,153 335 73, 148 1859 Steamers 68 118 72 . 32 64 833 46, 240 55, 657 7,779 9,666 30, 452 173, 362 $1,779,900 2,217,100 456, 500 482, 800 456, 000 4, 378, 900 54 36 17 15 14 197 21,402 4, 127 2,921 5,720 3, 295 32, 198 $989, 200 140,500 184,800 134, 000 78, 400 778, 300 Propellers Tuo-s Barks Bri^s Schooners Total 1,198 323, 156 9,811,200 313 69, 663 2, 305, 200 13GO Steamers . . 75 190 44 76 831 47, 333 57,210 17,929 21,505 172, 526 2,439,840 3, 250, 390 584, 540 484,250 5, 233, 085 77 27 23 16 217 25, 939 7,289 7,882 3,815 31,792 1,499,680 407, 290 246, 480 94, 380 898, 560 Propellers Barks Brif s Schooners Total 1,216 316, 503 11,992,105 360 76,717 3, 146, 390 lg(3i Steamers 65 107 91 48 75 843 42,683 50,018 9,155 19,616 22, 124 180, 357 1,489,800 2, 123, 000 565, 700 469, 000 435, 900 4, 525, 000 63 15 22 19 15 222 21,107 4,562 4, 842 7,153 4, 223 33, 771 1,019,200 176, 000 202, 300 188,500 101,000 822, 300 Propellers..... ...... Tuo-s Barks Bri^s- . Schooners Total 1,229 323, 953 9, 608, 400 356 75, 658 2, 509, 300 1862 Steamers 66 122 132 60 75 908 43, 683 52, 932 17,280 26, 555 22, 124 199, 423 1,403,800 2, 344, 800 922,200 786, 800 466, 700 5, 439, 800 64 J6 22 22 14 229 28, 104 5,154 8,482 7,871 4, 223 35, 062 1,020,200 181,000 202, 300 224, 500 107,000 872, 500 Propellers Tug-s Burks . . ... Briers Schooners Total 1,363 361,997 11,364,100 367 88, 896 2, 607, 500 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 145 At Buffalo the report of E. P. Dorr, secretary of the Board of Lake Under writers for 1862, shows the following numbers, tonnage, classes, and value of vessels engaged in the lake trade : Comparative statement of the tonnage of the northwestern lakes and the river St. Lawrence on the first day of January, 1862 and 1863. 1862 1863. Class of vessels. No. Tonnage. Value. No. Tonnage. Value. Steamers ..... ...... .... 147 64, 669 $2, 668, 900 143 53, 622 $2,190,300 Propellejs 203 60, 951 2,814,900 254 70 253 3,573 300 Barks 62 25 118 621 800 74 33 203 982 900 Briers - 86 25, 871 501,100 85 24, 831 526, 200 Schooners ...... 989 204, 900 5, 248, 900 1,068 227, 831 5, 955, 550 Sloops . . . 15 2,800 11,850 16 667 12 770 Barges 3 3 719 17 000 Totals 1,502 383, 309 11, 862, 450 1,643 413, 026 13, 257, 020 The following are the numbers and tonnage of each class owned and regis tered in the district of Buffalo : Class of vessels. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. Steamers 12 10 198 13 10 266 o 7 598 9 5 753 Propellers 49 29 046 r i7 33 255 48 28 565 57 34 556 Tuo-s .. . 30 2 810 3 2 774 36 2 613 66 4 760 Barks . 3 4 Q45 10 4 834 9 4 261 18 7 674 Brigs 17 5 611 18 5 555 19 5 663 15 5 090 Schooners 133 34 668 135 33 475 118 29 454 134 34 334 Sloops, &c 9 3,438 Scows 330 216 Totals 249 86 378 285 90 159 239 78 055 3117 96 156 The following is the increase of the lake marine in 1862, distinguishing American and Canadian vessels, as reported by the same authority : Class of vessels. UNITED STATES VESSELS BUILDING. CANADIAN VESSELS BUILDING. No. Tonnage. Value. No. Tonnage. Value. Steamers . . . 3 5 8 2 38 1,114 3,815 1, 194 1,037 15, 546 $83, 550 276, 125 89, 550 46, 665 654,570 2 6 970 1,960 $72, 750 147, 000 Propellers Propeller tugs Barks 6 10 19 2, 690 3,100 6,600 121,050 139,500 198, 000 Schooners Totals 56 21,706 1,150,455 43 15,320 678, 800 Ex. Doc. 146 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. SUMMARY. Aggregate tonnage. 5 steamboats 2,084 11 propellers 3,775 8 steam tugs 1,194 8 barks 3,727 48 schooners 17, 646 19 barges 6,600 99 vessels building total tonnage 37,026 The Milwaukie Chamber of Commerce reports, as engaged in the trade of that port alone, the following number and tonnage of vessels in 1862 and 1803: Class of vessels. 1862. 1863. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. Steamers 7 2 546 8 5 353 Propellers . . .... 69 38 541 Barks 8 3 487 70 28 883 Brigs 8 2 481 20 6 2 >;) 5 Schooners 107 19, 330 405 81 769 No explanation is given of the sudden and great increase in propellers and schooners in 1863 over 1862, but it is probably due to the connecting of lines regularly at Milwaukie in 1863 which did not previously connect there. The names of several propeller lines of recent establishment are given in the report, however, the eastern connections of which indicate the destination of their freight. 1. The People s Line and Western Transportation Co.: Twelve propellers to Buffalo, Erie railroad and Erie canal. 2. The New York Central Line: Ten propellers to Buffalo, New York Central road and Erie canal. 3. The Grand Trunk Line: Eight propellers to Sarnia, Canada, Grand Trunk railroad. 4. Evans s Line: Seven propellers to Buffalo, New York Central and Erie canal. 5. Northern Transportation Citizens Line : Eight propellers to Oswego and New York canals. 6. Great Western Railway Line : Seven propellers to Sarnia, Canada, Great Western railroad. 7. Detroit and Milwaukie Jlailroad Line: Two steamships to Grand Haven, Michigan. 8. Montreal Propeller Line : Five propellers weekly, to Montreal, Canada. It will be observed that three of these lines are to Canada, and that two, having 15 propellers, connect with railroads of Canada at Port Sarnia, nearly opposite Detroit. This is the point in Canada at which the large quantities of western produce enter in transit to eastern markets of the United States. Though appearing in the statistics as exports to Canada, they are not such in fact, merely taking that as a shorter route at certain seasons to the markets of the Atlantic seaboard. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 147 The Detroit statistics compare 1857 with 1860 and 1862, as follow : 1857 1860 1862. No. Tons. Value. No. Tons. Value. No. Tons. Value. Sail vessels Steam propellers 849 117 225.419 59, 891 $7, 599, 700 2, 959, 500 581 77 173, 736 43, 390 $4, 352, 600 1, 690, 900 851 120 355, 101 65, 458 $8, 356, 470 3, 228, 500 Total 9G6 285, 310 10, 559, 200 658 217, 126 6, 043, 500 971 420 559 11 584 970 This statement shows a greater decline in 1858 to 1860 than is apparent from other evidence, but it also shows the decline to have been more than recovered in 1862. While the commerce of the lakes was undoubtedly much depressed in 1858 and 1859, the subsequent high prices of freight, and the vast amount of produce forwarded, restored it to the fullest proportions that could have been anticipated under any circumstances. The Chicago statement copied above shows that 1,730 vessels, with an aggre gate capacity of 450,893 tons, were engaged in lake commerce of a general character, east and west, in 1862, of which one-fifth was Canadian, or foreign. Undoubtedly the business of 1863 was enlarged by 50,000 tons in addition, making 500,000 tons as the capacity for that year. We have now to obtain an approximate estimate of the produce and merchandise actually moved by this large fleet. Unfortunately the tonnage reported as entered and cleared at the several ports is an imperfect guide to the business in consequence of the absence of discrimination between vessels entering with passengers and in ballast from, those arriving with cargoes. At Detroit, Buffalo, and several other ports, an immense tonnage arrival is reported which is merely ferry and passenger transit, having very little significance in the carriage of merchandise either between domestic ports, or between the United States and Canada. GRAIN, FLOUR, AND PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM THE LAKE CITIES AND PORTS. Chicago is the chief exporting city of the lakes in most agricultural staples, though Milwaukie ,at present exceeds it in the amount of wheat shipped east ward. The business of Chicago is enormous in a great number of articles, of provisions as well as of grain, and its commercial reports have for many years been clear and accurate as to all the conditions of its trade, the receipts and exports by all lines of transportation. The following is a statement of the flour and grain forwarded in detail for 1862, and the totals for nine years, as given in the Board of Trade report of that city for 1862 : 148 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Flour and grain forwarded to all points from Chicago in 1862. Forwarded Flour. | Wheat Corn. Oats. Rye. Barley. Parrels. Bushrlf. 6-18 345 7 535 396 Bushels. 21 948 ^67 Bushels. o nq 9 - }() Bufhels. 587 741 Bushels. 6 831 1208 2613784 1 411 747 115 025 58 650 38 5 r >0 64 869 75 GOO 531 644 600 525 6858 8 310 38 550 Cleveland by lake 9.800 45.925 Cape Vincent by lake | 102500 199 118 ! 3 500 8 OQ8 2 050 Other United States ports by lake 4294, 27,114 185,960 37 948 1 000 3 65 199 753 83 200 498 687 36 329 48 169 9 044 Port Colborne Canada by lake 953 508,050 1.984,860 35 450 46 900 59 625 14 634 1 415 650 1 764 010 800 50 050 291 6^7 50 311 18 85 6 876 63 425 88 000 .......... Sarnia Canada by lake - 28.466 351,146 640,679 13 778 1 475 168 938 562 67? 683 278 34 362 4 412 1 775 9 150 85 925 Prescott Canada by lake 358 16.550 39.250 6 500 2,650 8,050 3 025 TV lleville Canada bv lake 566 7,150 690 238 749 347 857 1 750 4 165 Illinois Central railroad 3 772 5,892 34 272 9 630 15 931 ]38 1 426 5 943 456 47,542 Chicago and Alton railroad 1 59.494 3.172 45,062 31.229 9.399 13 572 Michigan Southern railroad 285,034 87.836 32,075 113,759 5,049 4.986 174.354 159 933 31,187 109 922 4,167 36 985 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne, and Chicago railroad 213,573 42,444 61,900 133,770 3,300 49.669 1 739 849 13 808 898 29 452 610 { 3 112 366 871 796 532 195 In this table seven lines leading inland or northward along the lake shore are included, which together took 9,085 barrels of flour, 52,380 bushels wheat, and 465,000 bushels of other grains. These quantities are so small that they will not practically reduce the following aggregates for nine years, in which they cannot be distinguished. Total quantities of flour and grain forwarded to eastern markets from Chicago for nine years. Forwarded Flour. Wheat. Corn. Oats. Rye. Barley. 1854 Barrels. Ill 67 Bushels. 2 306 925 Bushels. 6 66 054 Bushels. 3 229 987 Bushels. Bushels. 147, 811 1855 163 419 6 298 155 7 517 65 1 888 538 92 Oil 1856 216 389 8 364 420 11 129 663 1 014 637 :::::::::::: 19, O. J. 1857 2">9 648 q g46 052 6 814 615 506 778 17 993 1838 . . . 470 402 8 850 257 7 726 264 1, 519 069 7, 569 132. 020 185Q 686 351 7 166 608 4 349 360 1 185 703 134 404 486 218 1860... . 608 132 12 402 197 13 700 113 1 091,698 156, 642 267, 449 1661 1 603 90 15 835 953 24 372 725 3 633 237 393 813 226 534 1862 l 739 849 13 608* 898 29 452, 610 3, 112, 366 871, 796 532, 195 The destination of this movement is very largely to Canada, Collingwood, Goderich, Sarnia, Kingston, Port Colborne, Montreal and Toronto being the points. The quantities so sent in 1862 were: flour, 420,544 barrels; wheat, 3,098,424 bushels; corn, 6,005,661 bushels; oats, 157,252 bushels; rye, 200 : 659 bushels; barley, 71,919 bushels. These were nearly one-fourth the total quan tities sent eastward, except in oats and barley. The quantity of flour sent eastward by railroad is very great, amounting to FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 149 672,961 barrels, or more than one-third of the whole. Of this a portion pro bably took the lake again at Detroit or Toledo, one-half or more being carried entirely through by railroad. The shipments or transportation of other articles from Chicago eastward is somewhat difficult of calculation, lake and railroad carnage being to a great extent blended in the statements. The trade in provisions outward is largely increasing, particularly in fresh pork products. The Board of Trade report for 1862 says : " The progress made in pork -packing in Chicago during the past two years is without a parallel in the history of any other city in the United States. During the past two seasons a large proportion of the hogs cut have been made up into English middles, for the Liverpool and London markets. In the early part of this season nearly every packing house in the city was engaged in this branch of the business. The favor with which Chicago brands have been received in the leading markets of England warrants us in the belief that the trade will be one of permanence." From this statement it may be reasonably inferred that the statement follow ing of hogs, cattle, and cut meats forwarded is mainly to eastern markets, whether by railroad or by lake. Cattle, /togs, meats, whiskey, wool, lead, &c., sent from Chicago, 1862. Cattle. Hogs, live. Hogs, dressed. Beef. Pork. Cut meats. Lard. By lake 735 1,338 30,637 23,837 52,757 449 2,190 141,617 97,688 204,481 Bbls. 22,345 Bbls. 108.735 Lbs. 225.000 47.642 24,586,533 22,52,2,794 24,458.828 Lbs. 34,120 20.1XX 21,669,941 20,112,178 12010.184 Chicago and Milwaukie railroad 51 11,481 24,446 8,631 Michigan Southern railroad 29,598 86,238 11,657 42,498 29,431 11,885 Michigan Central railroad Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad Total 109,304 446,425 44,609 149,838 192,549 I 71,840,797 54,476,42J Cattle, hogs, meats, whiskey, wool, lead, S^c., sent from Chicago, 1862 Continued. Tallow. Hides. High wines or whiskey. Wool. Lead. Set-da. By lake Lbs. 365 000 Lbs. 4 851 90 Bbls. 17 551 Lbs. 132 480 Lbs. 1 378 000 Lbs. 1 459 875 Chicago and Milwaukie railroad 32000 142 5-50 11 915 67 151 4 ) 160 Michigan Southern railroad Michigan Central railroad 2,431.rt ,>3 4,657 753 2, 898! 751 2 258 153 12.907 27 964 371,603 660 374 846,111 918.764 2 3 } 061 Pittsburg. Fort Wayne, and Chicago 965 855 5 061 55 14 747 918 67 3 880 486 1 133 "66 Total.... 8 460 531 15 12 69 85 084 o 0g3 084 6 17 L 748 5 990 4 G The preponderance of railroad carriage in these articles is very great; barrelled pork, beef, whiskey, hides, wool, and lead being largely carried by lake, and pork only in excess over the carriage by railroads. A rough estimate of values may be affixed to these quantities deduced from the prices current reported in Chicago in 1862, but the conditions are subject to so much change that it will be but a rough estimate. 150 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles. Quantity. Price. Amount. Flour. bbls. 1 , 730, 800 $5 00 $8, 654, 000 Wheat . bush. 13, 756, 000 95 13,068 200 Corn ... .... .-- do.. 29,000 000 32 9,280 000 Oats do 3,000 000 32 960 000 Rye do.. 870, 000 50 435, 000 do.. 500, 000 75 375, 000 Cattle No. 109 304 30 00 3 279 120 Hogs live - ... No. 446 425 7 50 3 248 188 Hogs dressed No 44 609 8 00 356 872 Beef bbls. 149,838 12 00 1,758,056 Pork do.. 192,549 10 00 1,925,490 Cut meats . ... .... - Ibs. 71,840 797 6 4,310 448 Lard ... do. 54,476 423 8 4 358 114 Tallow do 8 460 531 9 761 446 Hides do 15 212 629 14 2 129 768 Whiskey bbls. 85 ,-084 12 50 1 , 063, 550 Wool Ibs. 2,083 084 50 1 041 542 Lead do 6 171 748 6 570 305 Seeds do 5 990 426 8 479 234 Total estimated value. ..... .... 57,854 334 PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM MILWAUKIE. The produce sent from Milwaukie is next to that of Chicago in amount atid value. The following are the shipments eastward, nearly all by lake through out, though a part crossing Michigan by railroad in 1861, 1862, and 1863, for ten years, to 1863 inclusive : Exports of flour and grain from Milwaukie. Year. Flour. Wheat. Oats. Corn. Barley. Rye. 1854 Barrels. 145, 032 Bushels. 1,809,452 Bushels. 404, 999 Bushels. 164, 900 Bushels. 331, 3o9 Bush Is. 113,443 1855 181,568 2,641,746 13, 833 112, 132 63, 379 20, 030 1856 188, 455 2,761,979 5, 443 218 10 398 1857 228 442 2 581 311 2 775 472 800 1858 298, 688 3,994,213 562, 067 43, 958 63,178 5,378 1859 282, 956 4, 732, 957 299, 002 41,364 53,216 11,577 I860 457 343 7,568 608 64 682 37, 204 28 056 9 735 1861 674, 474 13, 300, 495 1,200 1,485 5, 220 29,810 1862 711,405 14,915,680 79, 094 9,489 44, 800 126, 301 1863 603, 526 12, 837, 620 831,600 88, 989 133, 449 84 047 The exports of flour and grain from all the lake ports in 1863 were as follows : Flour. Wheat. Oats. Corn. Barley. Rye. Racine . Barrels. 12, 457 Bushels. 747, 898 Bushels. 2,148 Bushels. 69, 085 Bushels. Bushels. Kenosha ...... . .. 122 470 5,210 13, 790 400 Sheboypran . 19 Oil 255 436 9 701 560 Port Washington Green Bay 4,164 140 397 76, 880 586 805 3,443 50 4,109 2,560 Mttwaokie 603, 526 1,536,691 12, 837, 620 10 389 381 831,690 5 564,650 88, 989 25 674 082 133,447 668, 735 84, 047 835, 133 Total in 1863 . ... 2,301,664 24 751 673 6 416 842 25 832 206 816, 133 919,712 FOKEIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 151 The shipment of provisions eastward from Milwaukie in 1862 -was large: Beef, 33,174 barrels, 3,217 tierces, equal to 7, 599, 900 pounds. Pork, 56,434 barrels, equal to* 11, 286, 800 pounds. Bacon, 12,665 boxes, equal to 5, 382, 625 pounds- Lard, 20,897 .barrels and kegs, equal to 5,177, 593 pounds. Tallow, 4,750 barrels, equal to 1, 106, 750 pounds. Other produce shipments were: Butter, 1,068,967 pounds, value $138, 965 Wool, 1,314,210 pounds, value 657, 105 Hides, No. 32,941, value 98, 823 Seeds, 8,684 pounds, value 26, 052 Whiskey, estimated 20,000 barrels, value 180, 000 The value of the produce of all classes shipped at Milwaukie is approximately as follows, for 1862: Flour $3, 557, 020 Wheat 14, 169, 896 Other grains 126, 278 Beef 436, 692 Pork 564, 340 Bacon , 322,958 Lard 41 4, 207 Tallow 95, 000 Butter, wool, &c 1, 000, 945 Total 20, 787, 336 To which may be added, for grain and flour shipped from Racine, Kenosha, Sheboygan, and Green Bay, $2,590,685, giving an aggregate approximately as follows : Chicago $57, 854, 333 Milwaukie 20, 787, 336 Other ports of Lake Michigan 2, 590, 685 Total value 81, 232, 354 Eastward freights on the Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien and the Milwaukie and La Crosse railways in 1863. Articles. Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien. Milwaukie and La Crosse. Flour barrels . Wheat bushels. Rye bushels. Barley bushels. Oats bushels . Corn bushels. Beans bushels. Grass seeds bushels . Live hogs No. Dressed hogs pounds. Cattle No. Eggs pounds . 106, 201 4, 502, 197 85,943 132,877 786,216 106, 638 11,275 8,344 55, 027 19, 780, 205 22,112 277, 418 2a5, 623 5, 764, 325 41,041 118,157 103, 500 3, 336 2,513 350 5, 993 9,407,769 4,325 172, 171 152 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Eastward freights, fye. Continued. Articles. Mihvaukie and Prairie du Chien. Mihvaukie and La Crosse. Butter 1,300,580 563, 084 Lard pounds . 1,774,8-24 12,015 Tallow . . pounds. 216,604 117,948 \Vool . ... pounds. 440,691 280 980 Hides pounds . 1,722,529 2, 308, 826 bushels 27 623 Pork a 1 1 1 1 beef ...... .... ...... .... .... barrels . t 1,045 Farm products not specified ...... .... . . pounds . 300 573 Horses P No 1 193 Barrels empty No 9 432 Staves pieces 436 300 Lumber . .. ............... feet. 2,651 192 Pier iron . . ... pounds 3 450 165 Ice .... tons 560 Agricultural implements pounds 251 914 Shingles - ................. bunches. ... 5 993 Stave bolts ....... . .. cords 150 Merchandise . ..pounds 2 770 496 Machinery pounds ]]Q 080 Mi scellaneous , .. pounds . 8,054 684 Westward freight over the Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien and the Mil wait kie and St. Paul railroads in 1863. Articles. Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien. Milwaukie and St. Paul. Merchandise pounds 47,101,026 397, 957 3, 598, 650 9, 706, 468 9, 056, 673 5,981,250 976, 745 16,371 349, 942 76, 508, 426 982, 691 2,191,156 9, 059, 1 37 5, 679, 050 3, 333 182, 080 190, OOG 386, 000 215 2,958 278 80, 000 219 18 45, 282 4, 492 8,093 1,425 1,969 9, 238 10,112 2, 043 3,650 15, 308 1,034,718 Machinery .. pounds Agricultural implements . pounds Miscellaneous pounds Lumber feet No Lathes feet Hoops ...... . . . No Staves pieces Hides Coal tons 5,328 80 Pier iron .. tons Bark pounds Bricks . M 780 Stone .. Salt 55, 107 3, 099 2, 054 724 Cement barrels High wines barrels Flour Wheat Barrels, empty .. No 14,486 7,317 Horses, cattle, and sheep No Pork and beef ..." barrels Corn Wool Farm products, not specified. . pounds FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 153 There are various minor products of the vicinity of Lake Michigan which constituted items of noticeable value in these exports in the Milwaukie trade reports cranberries, beans, eggs, staves, shingles, brick, &c. but their aggregate value is small. At ports of the lake further northward there are furs, fish, lumber and wood in large amount. The fisheries of the straits are extensive and profitable, and though great quantities are now sea* west, for consumption in Illinois, Wisconsin, and the vicinity, there is a more considerable portion going eastward to all parts of the lake district. From all miscellaneous sources, however, not more than two or three millions of dollars in value would be added to the outward or eastward trade of the Lake Michigan district. THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE. The next important accession to the lake trade going eastward is the export trade of Lake Superior, mainly the product of its copper and iron mines. The following statement of the superintendent of the ship canal at the Falls of the Sault Ste. M?rie shows the transit of vessels through that canal monthly for 1862 : Months. SCHOONERS. PROPELLERS. STEAMERS. TOTAL. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Tons. In April 1 20 18 18 21 22 14 7 744 10, 698 9,834 9, 960 11,677 10, 849 7,549 3,813 1 28 27 25 24 29 23 17 786 19, 991 18,812 17, 686 17,537 20, 109 16, 198 12, 776 1,530 37,345 77, 982 56, 739 71,820 63,808 32, 4*9 17,899 May 28 146 100 135 100 29 5 6,856 49, 336 29, 093 42, 608 32, 850 8,742 1,310 June July Alioriist . . ...... September October November .... .... ...... Total .... 543 175, 595 121 65,124 174 124, 833 359,612 The character of this trade is such that this movement would necessarily represent an equal number of vessels and amount of tonnage each way, as all vessels that go up return again the same season unless lost. The eastward movement of the year 1862 would therefore be: 271 schooners tons . . 82, 797 60 propellers tons . . 32, 561 87 steamers tons.. 62, 416 Or 418 vessels of all classes , ,...,. .tons.. 177, 774 The shipments outward for 1862 were estimated by the same authority to be 150,000 tons of iron and iron ore, and 9,300 tons of pure or native copper, valued together at $12,000,000. Very little else was shipped outward a few- furs, copper ore from the Canadian side, and minor articles. The inward or westward shipments of merchandise, machinery for working mines, supplies to miners, &c., are estimated to have been of the value of $10,000,000 for the same year. The following statement of the production and shipment of copper from the opening of the mines in 1845 will show the development already attained: 154 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Aggregate shipments of copper from Lake Superior from 1845 to 1862. Value. Shipments in 1 845 pounds . . 1,300 $290 1846 tons . . 29 2,6 1 9 1847 tons.. 239 107,550 1848 tons. . 516 206,400 1849 tons.. 750 301,200 1850 tons.. 640 266,000 1851 tons.. 872 348,800 1852 tons.. 887 300,450 1853 tons.. 1,452 508,200 1854 tons. . 2,300 805,000 1855 tons . . 3,196 1,437,000 1856 tons.. 5,726 2,400,100 1857. . tons. . 5,759 2,015,650 1858 tons. . 5,896 1,610,000 1859 tons . . 6,041 1,932,000 1860 tons . . 8,614 2,520,000 1861 tons.-. 10,347 3,180,000 1862 tons. . 10,000* 4,000,000 Shipments of the copper districts four years. 1859. I860. 1861. 1862. Keweenaw district 1,910.3 1,910.8 2,151.9 2,726.8* Portage lake 1,533.1 3,064.6 4,708.6 4,288.9* Ontonagon 2,597.6 3,610.7 3,476.7 2,706.1 Carp lake 20.5 7.1 Sundry mines , 7.6 The production of iron and the export of iron ore in the Lake Superior region were as follows: Tone ore. Tons pig. Value. 1855 1,445 $14,470 1856 11,597 92,776 1857 26,184 209,472 1858 31, 035 1, 627 249, 269 1859 65,679 7,258 575,521 1860 116.998 5,660 736,490 1861 45,430 7,970 410,460 1862 115,721 8,590 984,976 The destination of the copper shipped is to Buffalo and eastward, hut the iron and iron ore go in part to Cleveland and Pittsburg. Copper is also smelted at Pittsburg to some extent. A very large trade with Lake Superior is con ducted at Cleveland, at which point many of these products are first received. THE LAKE FISHERIES. The lake fisheries are described in the Buffalo trade report as being located and successful at a great number of points : * "In the Sandusky bay, in the Manmee bay and Maumee river, in the Monroe bay, in the Detroit river, in the St. Clair river and rapids, in Lake Huron from Huron to Point aux Barque, in the Au Sable river, in Thunder bay nbove Au Sable river, including Sugar island, in Saginaw bay and river, in Tawos bay, between Thunder bay and Mackinac, * Estimated. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 155 including Hammond s bay, in and about Mackinac at Boavcr island and its surroundings, between the De Tour and the Sault, along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, in Green bay in WT-cousiu and Michigan, at Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, in Superior s numerous bays and inl :ts, are found the principal fishing grounds of the lakes, and the annual catch ranges from sixty to one hundred thousand barrels, valued at four to six hundred thousand dollars The lake fisheries are only second to the cod fisheries off the Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod bay to Cape Breton, and are a source of very considerable wealth." The receipts offish at Buffalo only are fully stated, and the decline apparent in the proceeds of the fisheries received there results from the increased demand for them in the western States generally, and their wider distribution. Lake imports of fisli at Buffalo. Years. Barrels. 1854 11,752 1855 7,241 1856 6,250 1857 5,290 1858 4,203 Years. Barrels. 1859 13,391 1860 26,655 1861 8,313 1862 8,647 TRADE OF LAKE ERIE EASTWARD Toledo. Toledo has within a few years become a point of very extensive shipment of grain and produce eastward. The country adjacent to it, and westward to Lake Michigan, is extremely productive, sending a large annual surplus to distant markets, and the Michigan Southern railroad brings large quantities of flour from Chicago to take water transportation further eastward. In five years, closing with 1862, this road delivered the following extraordinarily large quan tities of flour, grain, and other produce, at Toledo: Articles. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels . 253, 158 379, 610 394 542 752 309 882 576 \Vheat ...... bushels 940, 393 1 024 026 1 949 893 2 4. ; >0 320 2 850 694 Corn do.. . Oats, barley, and rye. . Pork barrels 266, 229 132, 630 51,212 190,219 88, 006 80, 279 831,372 179,625 62 880 200, 440 22, 925 91 738 258, 300 187, 345 55 813 Beef . . do 47 185 17 829 32 225 Cattle number 1 552 1 253 1 641 2 281 1 803 Hogs, live do. . . 1,552 962 1,397 1,482 3,006 Hogs, dressed. pounds . Pork boxes do 3, 277, 415 4,728,175 3,714,567 5, 515, 077 6,345,224 17 506 50 i It will be seen that the new product of cut pork for European markets appears largely in 1862, evidently in greater part from Chicago. The Dayton and Michigan railroad, leading from the southwest, in western Ohio, also brought a large amount of produce in 1862 : Flour barrels.. 158,257 Wheat bushels . . 1,277,006 Corn bushels . . 98,422 Pork barrels . . 21,639 Beef Pork in boxes Dressed hogs . , ..ban-els.. 4,662 . .pounds.. 5,972,836 ..pounds.. 529,081 The Toledo and "YVabash railroad brought from central Indiana : Flour barrels . . 247,389 Wheat bushels . . 2,565,958 Corn bushels. .2,678,327 Oats and rye bushels . . 60,239 Pork barrels Beef barrels . Dressed hogs pounds . 60,978 33,124 4,302,078 Cut pork pounds . . 1,549,267 156 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The Wabash and Erie and Miami and Erie canals delivered at Toledo in 1862 : Flour barrels . . 217,860 Wheat bushels . . 3,007,204 Cora bushels . . 738,863 Oats and rye bushels . . 5,621 Pork barrels . . 28,898 Beef barrels . . 3,469 Whiskey barrels . . ^ 1 ,906 Bacon pounds. .2,431,371 Together these lines sum a large aggregate of receipts at Toledo, of which only a small portion has before been noted as leaving Chicago eastward by the Michigan Southern railroad. The total quantities received are : Flour barrels . . 1,585,325 Wheat bushels . . 9,827,629 Cora bushels.. 3,813,709 Pork , barrels . . 167,328 Beef barrels . . 73,480 Lard pounds.. 125,800 Pork in boxes,and bacon,lbs.27,450,067 Whiskey barrels. . 157,115 Hides pounds . . 6,300,000 Hogs number.. 327,680 Cattle number . . 74,840 Sheep .... ... .number. . 17,400 Cloverseed bushels . . 60,540 Dressed hogs pounds . . 11,1 76,383 The following is a summary of the receipts of flour and grain at Toledo for three years : I860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels.. 807,768 1,406,676 1,585,325 Wheat bushels.. 5,341,190 6,277,407 9,827,629 Corn bushels.. 5, 386, 951 5,312,038 3,813,709 Oats bushels . . 129, 689 41, 423 234, 759 Barley bushels.. 115, 992 12, 064 63, 038 Bye bushels.. 37,787 31, 193 44,368 Total grain 11, Oil, 609 11, 674, 130 13, 983, 593 The lines of shipment eastward from Toledo are two propeller lines of six to ten vessels each, one connecting with the New York central railroad at Buf falo, and one with the Erie railroad at Dunkirk. There are also vessels running to Oswego, Ogdensburg, Port Colburne, Canada, and other points. The Cleve land and Toledo railroad takes a large amount of flour on the south shore of the lake to Cleveland. Table showing the shipments of flour, wheat, and corn from Toledo in 1862. Ports. Flour. Wheat. Corn. To Buffalo Barrels. 836, 762 Bushels. 5 063,216 Bushels. 1,471,218 Dunkirk 488, 905 65, 050 111,436 5,818 3, 146, 824 741,233 Cape Vincent - - - - 35, 250 69, 750 Osrden^ljurcr 38,706 382,335 341 709 Sa^inaw and Port Huron 550 41,, 600 Cleveland 13 500 45 080 Eric ... . ... .. . 33,160 Montreal . . . 142, 506 164, 174 Kingston 5CO 814 188,717 Toronto 7::, 470 Port Colborne 174, 279 208, 910 Other Canadian ports 2, 1*7 50, 020 By Cleveland und Toledo railroad ** 174, 397 17,533 157, 336 Total ] 547 325 9 402,327 3, 697, 808 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 157 This is fill, therefore, the proper eastward trade of the belt embraced in the general calculation, and it is mainly lake commerce strictly. The larger share of the shipments eastward from Chicago by railroad here return to the lake, though they again take the railroads in New York, the Erie at Dunkirk and the Central at Buffalo. The shipments eastward of other produce, pork, beef and provisions, are not given in the trade report* from which the preceding statistics have been taken, but it is assumed that the shipments are at least equal to the receipts. Of pork, beef, lard, tallow, &c., they are undoubtedly much greater than the receipts by railroads and canals, since there is no considerable consumption at Toledo, and a lage number of hogs are packed in the city. Live stock, hogs, cattle and sheep, were sent eastward mainly by the Cleveland and Toledo railroad. The numbers by railroads and by lake were : Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. By lake 4, 093 14, 945 1, 156 By railroad 85,370 341,640 34,800 Total sent east 1862 89, 463 356, 585 35, 956 The value of this produce leaving Toledo eastward is, approximately Flour $7, 736, 625 Wheat 9, 402, 327 Corn 1, 479, 123 Pork 1, 840, 608 Beef 891, 760 Whiskey 1,571,150 Hides 630, 000 Hogs 2, 600, 440 Cattle 2, 245, 200 Sheep 35,000 Cloverseed 240, 000 Pork in boxes and bacon 1, 647, 004 Dressed hogs 670, 583 Total value 30, 989, 820 THE TRADE OF DETROIT EASTWARD. The position of Detroit is one of extensive transit of produce brought by the rnilroads crossing the State from Lake Michigan, as well as one of importance as a primary market of the produce of the State of Michigan. The Michigan Central railroad carries largely of freight from Chicago, which has once been noted in the statistics of eastward-bound produce. The various branches of this and the other roads in the State make the chief market of their surplus at Detroit. The receipts of flour and grain for three years from all sources were as follows : Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour 862 175 1 321 140 1 543 876 Wheat 1 809 523 O KHK i i i o j).r.U 940 Com do 638 698 1 036 506 583 861 Oats do 319 598 388 986 402 247 Barley do 124 882 c;q 7 ?4 16*1 200 Rve do 30 843 Ifi 981 18 807 * "The Toledo Blade s annual statement of the trade and commerce of Toledo," pub lished by the Toledo Board of Trade. 158 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The detail of other produce is not at hand for incorporation in this statement. It is known to embrace large quantities of miscellaneous produce wool, butter, hides, pork, beef and provisions, lard, tallow, seeds, &c. The flour and grain stated above would reach a large valuation, which may be stated at the following approximate sums : Flour $9, 000, 000 Wheat 3, 250, 000 Corn 500, 000 Oats 160, 000 Barley and rye 175, 000 Estimating five millions of dollars as a minimum value of other produce finding its primary market here, the total value is $18,085,000 furnished at this point to the lake commerce destined for eastern markets. We find in a late number of the Detroit Tribune a carefully prepared state ment of the flour and grain trade of that city for 1863, from which we makeup the following table : FLOUR. Receipts bbls. Shipments bbls. 1858 592,387 505,917 1859 605, 640 478, 918 1860 862, 175 809, 515 1861 1, 321, 149 1, 261, 289 1862 1, 543, 886 1, 445, 458 3863 1,143,148 1,033,150 WHEAT. Bushels. Bushels. 3858 886, 613 791, 870 1859 858, 037 739, 236 1860 1,814,951 1,607,757 1861 3, 005, 111 2, 705, 067 1862 3,593,242 3,419,942 1863 2,174,726 1,862,901 CORN. 1858 236, 612 182, 587 1859 403, 055 132, 487 1860 638, 698 592, 044 1861 1,036,506 989,309 1862 608, 861 342, 887 1863 352, 295 139, 616 OATS. (1858 not given.) 1859 173, 364 24, 816 I860 399,598 319,205 1861 319, 986 253, 157 1862 407, 247 151, 204 1863 662, 926 465, 057 TOTAL RECEIPTS OF FLOUR AND GRAIN REDUCED TO BUSHELS. 1859 4,177,856 1860 6,441,639 1861 10, 514, 286 1862 11, 827, 000 1863 8,527,666 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 159 LAKE COMMERCE AT BUFFALO. From the preceding review of the sources of lake freight and its general shipment eastward, it is apparent that it takes many different routes of actual transit. While the chief one is to Buffalo, connecting there with the Erie canal and the New York Central railroad, there is, first, a large diversion by southern routes; the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad, the Southern Michigan, and the Cleveland and Toledo railroads, all carrying in part to the Pennsylvania Central road, and the two last named to the New York and Erie railroad. Next are other railroads, and several propeller lines terminating at Dunkirk, for ship ment over the New York and Erie road ; and on the north there are several Canadian lines which draw off large quantities of produce either to Canadian markets, or for transit through Canada to Niagara, Oswego, or other points in the United States eastward. Extensive shipments also take the Wellarid canal for Lake Ontario without touching at Canadian ports. The freight passing over the Pennsylvania railroad can only be calculated in the business of that road. Those of the Erie road also have no statistical statement at the point of receipt, and it is only at Buffalo that any definite account of receipts by lake, or from the lake district, can be taken. At this point the statistics are full and satisfactory, and in the very valuable report of the Buffalo Board of Trade for 1862 they are given for a series of years to 1862, inclusive. Here are also definite statements of many items of lake exports fish, copper, iron, &c., which could not be stated in detail from western sources. Buffalo is a point of the receipt and shipment equally of quantities coming from other primary or producing markets and destined to other markets of con sumption. Oswego, Dunkirk, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent are the same for the lake trade. Detroit and Toledo are such in part only. The following statements of receipts may therefore be considered as equivalent to shipments also, and may be grouped as exhibiting the receipts at the eastern extremity of the lakes of the proper trade of the lake district : BUFFALO. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels. . 1, 122, 335 2, 159, 591 2, 846, 022 Wheat bushels.. 18,502,649 27,105,219 30,435,381 Corn bushels.. 11,386,217 21,024,657 24,288,627 Oats bushels. . 1, 209, 594 1, 797, 905 2, 624, 932 Barley bushels.. 262,158 313,757 423,124 Rye bushels.. 80,822 337,764 791,564 Total grain 31,441,440 50,597,302 58,564,078 OSWEGO. I860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels.. 121,399 ] 19, 056 235,382 Wheat bushels. . 9, 651, 564 10, 121, 446 10, 982, 132 Corn bushels... 5, 019, 400 4, 642, 262 4, 528, 962 Oats bushels.. 388,416 116,384 187,284 Barley bushels. . 1, 326, 915 1, 173, 551 1, 050, 364 Rye bushels.. 244,311 381,687 130,175 Total grain 16,630,606 16,435,330 16,878,917 160 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. DUNKIRK. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels. . 542, 765 736, 529 1, 095, 364 Wheat bushels.. 500,888 604,561 112,061 Cora bushels.. 644,081 230,400 149,654 Oats and rye bushels.. 8,843 7,175 10,173 Total grain 1,153,812 842,136 271,888 OGDENSBURG. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour barrels. . 248, 200 411, 888 576, 394 Wheat bushels. . 565, 022 677, 386 6S9, 930 Corn bushels.. 867,014 1,119,594 1,120,176 Oats bushels.. 28,242 2,365 3,336 Barley . bushels. . 7, 105 15, 151 15, 529 Rye bushels . . 3, 050 3, 888 Total grain 1, 470, 433 1,818, 384 1, 828, 974 CAPE VINCEI^T. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour . . . .barrels. . 28, 940 65, 407 48, 576 Wheat bushels. . 208, 878 276, 610 316, 403 Corn bushels.. 73,300 124,411 219,369 Oats bushels.. 27,299 2,994 1,030 Barley bushels. . 90, 614 53, 877 31, 265 Rye... bushels.. 20,616 23,365 762 Total grain 415, 707 481, 257 598, 829 Summary of receipts at terminal lake ports, 1862. Flour, barrels. Grain, bushels. Buffalo 2, 846, 022 58, 564, 078 Dunkirk 1, 095, 364 271, 888 Oswego 235, 382 16, 878, 917 Ogdensburg 576, 394 1, 828, 974 Cape Vincent 48, 576 598, 829 Total.. 4,801,738 -78,142,686 It is clear that this does not cover the total lake trade, not to mention that of the districts of the west south of its proper line, since the receipts at New York alone are larger than the total. The following statement of receipts at New York is from the Buffalo trade report for 1862: Flour FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. I860. barrels.. 3,892,358 1861. 5,013,053 161 18G2. 5,379,417 Wheat bushels.. 18,089,384 28,749,909 28,897,110 Com bushels.. 12,999,659 23,189,469 18,409,465 Oats bushels . . 4, 358, 824 4, 031, 395 4, 832, 330 Barley bushels . . 1, 168, 065 1, 742, 895 1, 627, 790 Rye bushels.. 143,927 659,368 923,016 Total grain 36, 759, 864 58, 373, 036 54, 689, 711 The flour and grain trade of Buffalo has been large for many years, and until about 1854 it constituted the sole statistical return of that class of trade on the lakes. The following statement of receipts at Buffalo of flour and the several kinds of grain shows the growth of the trade from 1836 to 1862, and that at no time has its increase been so rapid as from 1860 to 1862:* Receipts of flour and grain at Buffalo from the west from 1836 to 1862. Years. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. 1836 Barrels. 139, 178 Bushels. 304, 090 Bushels. 204, 355 Bushels. 28, 640 Bushels. 4,876 Bushels. 1,500 1837 126 805 450 350 94 490 2 553 3 267 1838 277, 620 933,117 34, 148 6,577 909 1*39 294 125 1 117 262 1840 597 142 1 004 5G1 71 327 1841 730, 040 1,635,000 201,031 14,144 2,150 1842 734 308 1 555 420 454 530 4,710 1,2CS 1843 917 517 1 827 24] 223 963 2 489 1 332 1844 915, 030 2, 177, 500 137,978 18,017 1,617 456 1845 746, 750 1 770,740 54, 200 23, JOO 1846 , 374, 529 4 744,184 1 455 258 218 300 47, 350 28, 250 1847 857 000 6 489 100 2 862 300 44(j ooo 70 77 1848 , 249, 000 4,520,117 2,298 000 5GO, 000 6 17, 889 1849 , 207, 435 4, 943, 978 3 321 651 362, 384 1850 , 103, 039 3 681,347 2 593 378 357 580 3 600 1851 , 258, 224 4, 167, 121 5, 988, 775 1,140,340 142, 773 10,652 185-2 1, 299, 513 5, 549, 778 5,136,746 2, 596, 231 497, 913 112,251 1853 975, 557 5, 420, 043 8 065 793 1 580 655 401,098 107,152 1854 1855 739, 756 936, 761 3, 510, 792 8,022,126 10, 108, 983 9,711,430 4,401,739 2, 693, 222 313,885 62, 304 177,066 299,591 1856 1857 ... . 1, 126, 048 845, 953 8, 465, 671 8 334 179 9,633,277 5 713 611 1,738,382 1 214 760 46,327 37, 844 245, 810 48 536 1858 1 536 109 10 671 550 6 621 668 2 278 241 308 371 125 214 1859 1 420 333 9 234 65 3 113 653 2 394 502 361 560 124 693 I860 1,122,335 18,502,649 11,386 217 1 209,594 262, 158 80 822 1861 2, 159, 591 27 105 219 21 024 657 1 797 905 313 757 337 764 1862 2 846 022 30 435 831 24 288 627 2 624 932 423 124 991 564 * The following incidents connected with the origin of this vast trade are from the Board of Trade report of Buffalo for 1862 : "The history of the produce trade of Buffalo, which is now of such vast magnitude, dates back but a few years, and is in fact the history of the produce trade of the Great West. Previous to 1839 there was very little, if any, grain received at this port for sale. The grain received prior to this date was mostly purchased by millers from the interior of this State, who made their purchases in Ohio and shipped it to place of destination, but the quantities were insignificant as compared with our present grain trade. " In the fall of 1838 the steamer Great Western brought to this port from Chicago thirty- nine bags of wheat consigned to a miller in Otsego county, which was the first grain ship ment from Lake Michigan ports, and the only shipment made during that year. Ex. Doc. 55 11 1G2 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The trade of Buffalo in pork, beef, bacon, and provisions generally, is as greatly extended in 1862 over former years as is that in flour and grain. The following table gives the total of receipts and the shipments by canal eastward for fourteen years. The shipments by railroads eastward are large, but they cannot be distinguished, being simply classed with other freight:* Receipts of provisions by lake for fo urteen years. Canal oxp orts of pnr Tluons for fot rteen years. Years. Pork. Beef. Bacon. Lard. Pork. Beef. Bacon. Lard oil and lard. 1849 Barrels. 59, 954 Barrels. 61, 998 Pounds. 5, 193, 996 Pounds. 5, 311, 037 Barrels. 41, 978 Barrels. 58, 978 Pounds. 4, 322, 664 Pounds. 4,421,614 1850 40 249 84, 719 6 562 808 5,093 512 27, 517 78,853 7, 791, 466 5,864, 187 1851 32, 169 73, 074 7, 951, 030 4, 798, 500 23,680 61,773 6, 146, 000 4, 339, 000 1852 50 699 70 679 9 696, 590 7, 164, 672 71, 863 55, 615 9, 364, 458 10, 060, 237 1853 102 548 69 779 23 075 645 8 Ife5 305 86 085 49, 346 15 474 367 8 75 L ) 456 1854 147 898 56 997 20, 455, 400 13, 575, 660 123, 255 26, 750 18, 702, 326 14, 613, 246 1855 106 682 97 804 10 74> 3 399 10 357 130 72 278 34 925 6 794 919 5 165) 128 1656 60 477 33 320 9, 220, 932 5, 337, 502 28, 032 4,843 3, 948, 307 3, 905, 702 1857 20 283 59 911 3 612 519 643 006 9 195 5 256 2, 112 093 710 435 1858 60 482 122 945 5, 189, 1 76 4, 916, 520 38,602 72, 503 3, 009, 548 3, 830, 619 18.">9 76 619 81 875 5 953 000 5 379 150 35 782 30 358 1.518 147 3, 150, 502 I860 16,330 37, 522 1,651,600 1, 618, 303 5,466 6,460 4,452 106,660 1861 46 363 52 187 2 347 825 3 941 998 4 290 17, 341 212,416 682, 778 1862 171, 552 123, 301 25, 687, 657 22, 471, 204 126, 421 53,826 4,242,483 6, 549, 454 The receipts by lake and the exports by canal of whiskey at Buffalo for thirteen years are as follows : Years. Imported by lake. Exported by canal. 1850 barrels . . 30,189 19,844 1851 barrels.. 76,524 60,300 1852 barrels.. 79,306 73,398 1853 barrels. . 66,707 45,693 1854 barrels. . 50,287 24,757 1855 barrels. . 27,087 18,989 1856 barrels. . 36,009 5,501 " In October, 1839, the brig Oceola brought from Chicago, for Durfee & Kingman, then millers at Black Rock, 1,678 bushels of wheat, which was the first grain shipment in bulk from Lake Michigan ports. In 1840 a small schooner called the General Harrison, of about 100 tons burden, was laden at Chicago with 3,000 bushels of wheat, for Buffalo, which is said to be the first full cargo of grain exported from Lake Michigan. During the same year the schooner Gazelle brought from Chicago 3,000 bushels of wheat, the brig Erie 2,000 bushels of wheat, and the schooners Major Oliver and Illinois each a small cargo. Such was the be- f inning of the grain trade of the upper lakes which has now grown to such vast magnitude, "rom this period to the opening of tiie Illinois canal, 1848, the trade was slowly progressive. In the year 1844 Charles Walker, of Chicago, was said to have had at one time five vessels afloat, loaded with wheat, destined for Buffalo, and this was then considered to be of great magni tude, while, during the season just passed, it has been no unusual event to have two to two and one-half million bushels of grain afloat on the lakes, destined for this port, mostly from Lake Michigan. Previous to 1843 the only grain coming from Lake Michigan Avas wheat, and it was not until 1848 that any corn worthy of notice was received from Illinois, and what little there was brought to Buffalo came from Ohio." I * Note appended to this table in the Buffalo Trade report : "It will be seen from the foregoing table of canal exports from 1849 to 1855, that there was a gradual augmentation of the movement by canal. "After the consolidation of the roads composing the New York Central, and the opening of the New York and Erie railway, these roads divided the business with the canals, taking the lion s share, but the subsequent action of the canal board in adjusting the rates of toll lias gained to the canals a larger share than under the higher rates of toll. If the revenues of the State are to be augmented, a lower rate of toll than the present would secure to the canals a larger tonnage from pork, beef, lard, and bacon than is now carried by the several railway lines. " FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 163 1857 barrels.. 42,140 20,900 1858 barrels. . 59,446 51,180 1859 barrels. . 16,211 15,930 I860 barrels.. 49,204 15,282 1861 barrels.. 111,372 45,759 1862 barrels.. 113,253 38,007 Staves and lumber from the lakes are principally received at Buffalo, so far as they are designed for the market there and eastward. Chicago is a great market for supply of the interior of Illinois, but no port of Lake Michigan ex ports staves or lumber eastward. The Buffalo Board of Trade report speaks of this trade as follows : "The lumber and stave trade constitutes a very large portion of the freight carried on the lakes and canals, and is only second to grain. The larger por tion of the eastward movement usually take place in mid-summer, when low rates of transportation rule. The principal sources of supply are the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Canada West, and Pennsylvania, of which more than fifty per cent, is from Michigan alone. In the northern peninsula of that State, in and around Saginaw, at Port Huron, on St. Clair river, are the largest and finest lumber districts in the west and northwest. "The supply of staves is derived from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada West, of which more than eighty per cent, of the receipts at this port come from these States first named." The table of comparison of receipts by lake at Buffalo and of exports by canal is for fourteen years. LAKE IMPORTS. Years. Staves, No. Lumber, feet. 1846 10,762,500 34,536,000 1847 8,800,000 18,313,000 1848 8,091,000 21,425,000 1849 14,183,902 33,935,768 1850 18,652,890 53,076,000 1851 10,696,006 68,006,000 1852 12,998,614 72,337,225 1853 9,215,240 89,294,000 1854 15,464,554 67,407,003 1855 16,421,568 72*026,651 1856 18,556,039 60,584,812 1857 23,024,213 68,283,319 1858 15,119,019 67,059,173 1859 23,277,028 111,072,476 1860 22,307,839 111,094,496 1861 25,228,978 58,082,713 1862 30,410,252 125,289,971 CANAL EXPORTS. Years. Staves, tons. Lumber, feet. 1849 62,127 40,694,095 1850 79,740 45,791,525 1851 37,964 55,881,000 1852 41,565 63,424,388 1853 38,033 61,885,663 1854 60,157 59,109,520 1855 74,606 48,989,289 1856 72,932 38,617,501 1857 , 92,961 43,727,523 164 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 1858 77,521 31,991,057 1859 111,469 94,364 597 1860 132,420 91,612,507 1861 117,380 33,343,470 1862 148,679 88,3^7,976 The receipts at Buffalo given in the above tables as from the west are alto gether by lake, and do not include the carriage by two important railroads the Lake Shore road, from the southwest, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls road. Nor do they include the large amount of flour taken over the Niagara river at Suspension Bridge. The receipts at Buffalo by lake of many other articles are important. Live stock, transported both by lake and railroad, at that point are stated as follows in the trade report from which we quote: The following will show the receipt of live stock by lake from 1850 to 1862, inclusive: Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. 1851 number.. 8,211 89,120 1852 number.. 15,926 171,223 16,590 1853 number.. 20,466 114,952 20,466 1854 number.. 19,047 74,276 19,441 1855 number.. 14,049 54,954 26,508 1856 number.. 25,283 72,713 41,467 1857 number.. 39,799 75,174 44,972 1858 number.. 32,522 136,849 41,354 1859 number.. 17,606 42,476 23,695 1860 number.. 18,266 33,350 34,685 1861 number.. 32,275 43,243 39,630 1862 number.. 18,938 25,024 29,033 The sources of supply are Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Canada West. This does not show the extent of the trade in live stock, as a large number are daily coming here by the different railways converging at this point. The following exhibit of the totals of receipts at the different yards for sev eral years will more nearly approximate to the true state of the trade in live stock. The receipts by lake include the imports by the Buffalo and Lake Huron railway, jsoth of which being deducted from the total receipts at the several yards in each year, will show more nearly the receipts of live stock by the Lake Shore railway for the several years indicated : Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. 1857 number.. 108,203 307,549 117,468 1858 number.. 13b,043 345,731 92,194 1859 number.. 103,337 189,579 73,619 1860 number.. 150,972 145,354 85,770 1861 number.. 141,629 238,952 101,679 1862 number.. 129,433 524,916 105,671 Cattle. HogH. Sheep. 1862. Receipts number. . 129, 433 524, 976 105, 671 Less by lake number.. 18,938 35,024 29,033 By State Line railroad number. . 110, 495 489, 952 76, 638 1861. By State Line railroad... number.. 109,354 195,709 64,049 Increase.. ..number.. 1,141 294,243 12,589 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 165 It will be seen by the foregoing statement that of the totals of receipts at the different yards 110,495 cattle, 4S9,952 hogs, and 76,638 sheep were received by the Buffalo and State Line and Niagara Falls railways, nearly all of which came by the former road. The magnitude of the trade in live stock when expressed by the valuation in money will be about the following estimate, viz : 129,433 cattle, at $50 $6, 471, 650 524,976 hogs, at $7 3, 674, 832 105,671 sheep, at $3 317, 013 Total valuation 10, 463, 495 The valuation of this report is in excess of those before assumed as regards cattle, but otherwise somewhat less. It cannot be far from correct. Hides were imported by lake as follows : No. No. 1852 95,452 1858 148,950 1853 98,008 1859 148,046 1854 67,427 1860 78,837 1855 90,964 1861 59,993 1S56 111,856 1862 268,685 1857 139,051 The imports and exports of hides by the Erie canal were as follows : Received. Shipped. 1856 pounds . . 442,525 469,465 1857 pounds . . 130,500 780,855 1858 pounds.. 573,904 569,312 1859 pounds . . 386,789 342,029 1860 .pounds . . 137,345 79,431 1861 pounds. . 173,441 189,258 1862 pounds . . 193,503 486,003 The following will show the receipts by lake and canal from 1855 to 1862, inclusive : Receipts by lake. Receipts by canal. lloll, No. pounds. 1855 2,265 1,886,236 1856 2,326 1,603,057 1857 2,513 714,135 1858 4,291 800,863 1859 5,342 1,172,260 I860 1,508 1,172,417 1861 3,778 (*) 1862 3,159 1,108,883 The following will show the lake imports and canal exports of wool from 1856 to 1862, inclusive: Lake imports. Canal exports. Wool, bales. Wool, Ibs. 1856 _, 41,592 2,009,497 1857 35,613 1,325,289 1858 31,485 1,736,883 No report of receipts by canal in 1861. 166 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 1859 32,480 1,747,556 1860 32,108 1,079,942 1861 32,480 1,288,394 1862 42,619 1,371,098 There is a very considerable amount of wool received here by rail, of which we are unable to obtain any accurate account, which will augment the receipts as given above. Since the opening of the five great through lines of railway the transportation of this commodity has been divided between these railway lines and the New York canals, the former taking nearly the whole amount moved to eastern markets. The following table shows the miscellaneous receipts at Buffalo by a compa ratively new line the Buffalo and Lake Huron railroad connecting with Port Sarnia, at the outlet of Lake Huron : Statement showing the receipts at railway for the year Articles. Quantity. Apples, dried barrels.. 367 Ashes casks . . 142 Alcohol . barrels . . 250 Buckwheat bushels . . 10 Beef barrels. . 5,181 Bacon pounds . . 7,508,660 Barley bushels . . 112,122 Butter pounds . . 224,237 Boat knees number . . 664 Beans bushels.. 5,346 Bladders barrels . . 19 Broom-corn bales . . 138 Barrels, empty number.. 900 Buffalo robes bales . . 82 Beeswax pounds . . 100 Copper barrels . . 2,096 Cheese pounds . . 16,650 Copper plates number . . 570 Corn meal barrels.. 1,926 Cloverseed bushels . . 2,845 Cattle number.. 16,215 Copper tons . . 544 Corn bushels . . 109,209 Cotton bales.. 521 Candles boxes . . 361 Cranberries barrels . . 28 Cedar posts number.. 100 Deer, dressed number.. 32 Eggs barrels . . 1,046 Flour barrels . . 187,402 Fish barrels. . 129 Flax pounds. . 7,925 Flaxseed bushels . . 56 Furs packages.. 64 Feathers sacks . . 43 Grease pounds . . 264,400 "by the Buffalo and Lake Huion December 31, 1862. Articles. Ginseng casks . Glassware package . Horses number . Hogs, live number. Hides number. Hoop-poles number . Hogs, dressed number. Hemp bales . Hops bales . Iron pounds . Lumber feet . Lard pounds . Lath pieces . Leather rolls . Lead pounds . Mill feed pounds . Molasses barrels . Nails kegs . Nuts barrels . Oatmeal barrels . Oats bushels . Oil barrels . Onions bushels . Pork barrels . Peas bushels . Potatoes bushels . Piles number . Pelts bundles . Rags sacks . Railroad ties number . Rye bushels . Staves number . Stave bolts cords . Sheep number . Skins bundles . Sundries pounds . Quantity. 10 1 313 . 22,687 4,700 .2,969,300 4,383 109 2 . 668,302 .3,985,300 .4,920,740 . 437,200 7 . 19,600 . 161,400 2 16 . . 59 90 4,852 42 3 . 11,969 . 12,387 71 2,340 161 1,314 2,600 2,314 . 274,800 . . ; 94 . 23,140 973 . 458,900 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 167 Shingles number. . Sheep, dressed . . . number . . Sheep-pelts bundles . . Stone boxes . . Tallow pounds . . Tow bales . . Timothy seed bushels . . Tobacco barrels . . Tails bales . . The preponderance of through freights is large, apparently, though it is impossible to distinguish that originating in Canada from that shipped by lake to Port Sarnia, and thence taking the railroad to Buffalo. The following is a table of general receipts at Buffalo from the lake in 1862, including the Lake Huron railroad, and it embraces the greatest attainable quan tities of miscellaneous western freight sent eastward from the lakes exclusively : 165,500 Timber . feet . 9,250 127 165 Turnips . Tobacco bushels . . hogsheads 2 31 SO Tobacco. boxes 162 249,720 43 Whiskey Wool barrels . . 2,998 1 415 3,877 Wheat . . bushels . . 600,719 5 Wood cords 144 19 Articles. Ashes, casks Alcohol, barrels Apples, dried, barrels. . Ale, barrels Buckwheat, bushels . . . Bones, sacks Bones, hogsheads Bones, tons Boat knees, No Beeswax, packages ..... Bread, boxes and barrels Beans, bushels Barrels, empty, No Barley, bushels Beef, barrels Bacon, pounds Butter, pounds Broomcorn, bales Brick, No Buffalo robes, No Bladders, barrels Barytes, barrels Broom-handles, No. . . . Copper, barrels Copper, tons Cedar posts, No Candles, boxes Corn, bushels Corn meal, barrels .... Coal, tons Cattle, No Cheese, pounds Cotton, bales Clover seed, bushels . . . Copper bars, No Copper, plates Clay, barrels. Quantity. 3,046 ]5,580 846 16 10 5,073 134 225 901 114 70, 361 21,048 5,345 423, 124 123, 301 25, 687, 657 4, 119, 173 8,839 5,000 82 19 86 5,750 9,077 2,373 991 9,995 24, 288, 627 34, 268 84, 523 18,938 1,313,030 7, 282 5,047 458 1, ]79 492 Articles. Cider, barrel Cranberries, barrels . Copper, packages Deer, dressed, No . . . Eggs, barrels Flour, barrels Fish, barrels Feathers, sacks Flax, pounds Furs, boxes Flax seed, bushels . . Glassware, packages Glass, tons Grease, pounds Glue, packages Grindstones, No .... Gunstocks, tons .... Gunstocks, barrels . . Gunstocks, No , Gunstocks, boxes . . . Ginseng, packages . . Horses, No Hogs, live, No Hogs, dressed, No . . Hoop-poles, No , Hoops, No Hides, No Hemp, bales Hair, bales Horns, sacks Hay, bales Hops, bales Iron, pounds , Iron, pig, tons Iron ore, tons Junk, pounds Lead, pounds Quantity. 1 13S 44 32 14, 173 2,846,022 8,647 247 7, 925 66 36, 812 6,441 35 1,421,594 1, 090 1,631 3, 106 972 35, 399 59 , 136 445 35, 024 7, 600 5, 867, 290 7,977,137 268, 685 2,301 835 5,545 28 316 8,329,811 3, 168 10,027 28, 780 8, 535, 992 168 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles. Lird, pounds Quantity. 22, 471,204 Articles. Rafts, No Quantity. 1 Lumber, feet 125, 289, 971 Staves, No 30, 410, 252 Leather, rolls 3, 159 Sundries, pounds . 6, 889, 009 Lath, packs 959, 750 Shingles, No 21, 782, 680 Molasses, barrels . . 2 Shocks, bundles 61, 875 Moss, bales 50 Skins, bundles 1, 822 Malt, bushels 6, 750 Stone, tons 336 Mill feed, pounds 247, 300 Ship-knees, No. ... 1,662 Nails, . kegs 1C, 490 Ship-knees, tons 693 Nuts, barrels 184 Sheep, No 29, 033 Oats, bushels 2, 624, 932 Steel, pounds 100, 220 Oatmeal, barrels & bags Onions, bushels 133 221 Sand, tons Starch, packages . . 540 9, 842 Oil-cake, sacks 46, 798 Soap, boxes 972 Oil-cake, tons 1, 446 Stave-bolts, cords. 411 Oil-cake, barrels 459 Saw logs, No 280 Oars, No 288 Salt, barrels 118 114 820 Sheep, dressed, No . 127 Oil, barrels 9,862 Stearine, barrels 72 1, 075, 650 Stone, boxes 80 Potatoes, bushels 18 409 Stone pipe, pieces . ... 299 Peas bushels 78, 266 Tallow, pounds 4 363 884 Peaches, ba^s 31 Tobacco, hogsheads 5, 269 Provisions, bbls. & t c s 6,809 Tobacco, barrels ...... 1, 026 Pork, barrels 171, 552 Tobacco, boxes , 7,261 Paint, barrels 154 Tobacco, casks , 1, 498 Pickets, No 5, 490 Tobacco, buts 785 Plaster, tons 275 Tails, bales J9 Pelts, bundles 524 Timber, cubic feet . . . 83, 000 Piles, No 24, 036 Timothy seed, bushels. 51, 278 Paper, bundles 4, 167 Tow, bales . 401 Pike-poles No 70 Wool, bales 42, 619 Paraffine, boxes 165 Wheat, bushels 30, 435, 831 Rye, bushels 791, 564 W^ood, cords . . 11, 978 8, 965 Whiskey, barrels 97,673 Railroad ties, No . 33,615 W^ine, packages 25 Rack-sticks, No . . 186.000 THE EXCHANGE OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE EASTWARD AND WESTWARD AT BUFFALO. The exchanges at Buffalo, conducted at the terminus of the Erie canal, can only be stated from the form of records kept on the canals, indefinitely classified as "products of the forest," "products of animals," &c. The following is the general statement in this form : FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 169 Statement showing the eastward movement of freight from Buffalo, by the Erie canal, for nine years. 1 3 o 14 d < < o- *s 2 SI E I 1 Years. it 3 B 2 1 s \ 1" a a i 1*2 i g 1 i "S 3 6 3 H Tons. Tons. rona. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1854 154 816 42 750 457, 153 5 874 5,505 1,992 23, 226 6!H,216 $26, 936, 702 1855 151, 994 25, 628 481, 0-14 2,418 7,149 4,457 19, 254 688, 107 29, 258, 437 1856 137 851 10 611 493, 132 992 1,962 1,040 16, 650 662, 238 21,970, 119 1857 166, 780 4,868 367, 529 827 6,804 521 24, 191 571, 520 16, 956, 740 1858 165 597 23 588 529, 649 2,093 18, 184 3,888 23, 497 776, 496 24, 267, 171 1859 28 J 664 14 232 296 447 1 372 9 553 2 909 53,363 659 540 16,236 .V.I I I860 293, 048 3, 106 755 549 289 6,012 3,982 51, 768 1,113,754 24,412.883 1861 176 325 4 708 1 323 658 491 18 118 2 456 53,989 1 579,745 33,300 920 1862 301 219 35, 256 1, 575, 4C8 1,163 16, 130 5,224 46, 522 1, 980, 982 53, 424, 992 Statement showing tlie receipts of westward moving freight at Buffalo, by the Erie canal, for nine years. Years. S) .d sl 3"-" I 1 *jl I 1 Vegetable food. Other agricultu ral products. Manufactures. 4 3 Other articles. 3 1 Merchandise go ing to weytern States and Can ada. 1854 Tons. 48 105 Tons. 509 Tons. 2 212 Tons. 108 Tons. 59 116 Tons. 190 459 Tons. 80 263 Tons. 380 772 Tons. 167 550 1855 58, 536 367 8 221 109 87,709 171, 176 77, 991 404, 108 145, 530 1856 67 798 300 10 347 203 61 473 149 769 85 314 375 204 114, 696 1857 76, 046 85 5 473 311 51, 062 85, 766 100, 206 318, 949 74, 733 1858 46 699 297 4 872 516 55 610 56 301 54 670 218 965 47 350 1859 26 853 281 7 749 340 67, 396 85, 668 60, 983 249,271 72, 767 1860 26 033 93 4 871 206 60 199 84 152 69 730 246 184 72 030 1861 16 015 103 4,779 93 90,068 42, 096 86, 732 239, 883 35, 278 1862 23 094 100 4 859 124 120 705 63 212 141 328 353 422 The shipments of flour and grain by canal, it will be seen, cover the greater share of the receipts before stated, confirming the position assumed, that the re ceipts and shipments of western produce may be considered as substantially identical. The following comparative statement shows the shipments of flour and grain by canal from Buffalo for four seasons : Flour . . . . barrels . . 1862. 451,814 1861. 306, 236 I860. 180, 853 1859. 220, 48G Wheat bushels.. 27,751,786 23,713,713 13,951,458 6,168,068 Corn bushels.. 22,487,185 19,112,125 10,306,048 2,159,538 Oats bushels . . Barley bushels . . Kye bushels . . 2,164,778 201,744 653, 480 1, 705, 395 134,341 337,764 1,282,646 130, 189 80, 822 953, 169 308, 526 124,693 Totals 53,258,973 45,003,338 25,751,163 9,713,994 The commercial statements prepared at Buffalo supply the deficiency only for a limited period. 170 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The following is a statement of the quantities of produce of all distinguisha ble articles sent eastward by the Erie canal from Buffalo : General exports from Buffalo eastward by canal. Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. Ashes casks 1,366 1,156 1 059 Lumber feet 91,602,567 33 343 470 88 3^7 978 Timber ..... hundred cubic feet. . 47, "262 ]9 401 14 570 Staves pounds 264 838 920 234 760 766 297 357 5 7 7 Pork barrels 5 466 4 290 126 421 Beef do 6 460 17 341 53 8" J 6 Bacon . pounds. ... 4 452 212 416 4 242 4P3 Cheese . - . .... do 754 289 58 955 80 238 Butter do 169 418 80 671 103 807 Lard do 106 660 682 778 6 549 454 Wool do 1,079 942 1,288 394 1 371 098 Hides do 79 431 173 441 486 003 Flour do 180 853 306 236 451 814 Wheat . .bushels 13,951,458 23,713,713 27 751 786 ETC do 50 804 282 724 653 480 Corn ...-do 13 306 048 19 112 125 22 487 185 Barley do 130 189 134 341 201 744 Oats do 1 282 646 1 705 395 2 164 778 Bran & c. . ... pounds 3 921 731 5, 195, 149 5 299 674 Peas and beans bushels 62 205 69 974 58 682 Dried fruit pounds 3 534 602 966 11 770 Cotton do 2 320 Potatoes . . bushels. .. 117 19 601 1 250 Tobacco pounds 21 153 761 663 680 550 do 96 412 10 325 Seed do 158,839 122, 455 473, 981 Flax seed do 295 328 86, 906 1 170 819 Hops do 5 382 2 212 357 Domestic spirits gallons 631,186 1,831,560 1,520,280 Leather . ......... pounds 30, 172 44, 297 14,429 Furniture .do 332 175 206 456 238 474 Lead do 6 159 988 10 359 626 Piff iron do 4 000 708 000 9 551 666 Bloom and bar iron ... . . do 2, 700, 921 Castings &c -- .... do 79 234 128, 961 368, 907 Domestic salt do 16 700 12 560 12 600 do 2 493 ^45 2 377 118 6 147 357 Railroad iron do 317 838 Crockery and glassware All other merchandise do do 298, 675 1 390 414 120,277 1 177 002 141,304 1 418 776 do 146 543 2 841 676 9 185 376 Coal . . .. ... do 71,972 850 76, 060, 650 57,894,000 Copper ore do 5 587 812 6,486 546 6, 283, 308 Sundries do 18 840 172 22 589 534 19 675 081 do 10,196,705 7,214, 119 ... do 155,500 1,843 Nails spikes &c do 1,079,101 2,731,638 The following approximate calculation of values for this eastward freight sus tains the estimate of total values made in the report of the State auditor of New York. That report gives the sum of $72,131,136 as the value of property "from other States" going eastward on the canal m 1862. It is here shown that nearly the sum of $60,000,000 in value left Buffalo, and it is clear that the other points of receipts of canal freight Tonawanda, Black Rock, and Oswego would add $12,000,000 to $15,000,000 in addition. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 171 Calculation of values of eastward freight by canal from Buffalo in 1862. Ashes, casks, 1,059, at $10 per cask $10, 590 Lumber, feet, 88,327,978, at $15 per M 1, 324, 920 Timber, cubic feet, 1,475,000, at $20 per M 29, 500 Staves, tons, 148,678, at $30 per ton 4, 460, 340 Pork, barrels, 126,421, at $15 per barrel 1, 896, 315 Beef, barrels, 53,826, at $10 per barrel 538, 260 Bacon, pounds, 4,242,483, at 10 cents per pound 424, 248 Cheese, pounds, 80,238, at 10 cents per pound 8, 023 Butter, pounds, 103,807, at 15 cents per pound 15, 571 Lard, pounds, 6,549,454, at 10 cents per pound 654, 945 Wool, pounds, 1,371,098, at 60 cents per pound 822, 659 Hides, pounds, 486,003, at 10 cents per pound 48, 600 Flour, barrels, 451,814, at $6 per barrel 2, 710, 884 Wheat, bushels, 27,751,786, at $1 10 per bushel 30, 526, 964 Eye, bushels, 653,480, at 70 cents per bushel 477, 436 Corn, bushels, 22,487,185, at 50 cents per bushel 11, 243, 592 Barley, bushels, 201,744, at $1 per bushel 201, 744 Oats, bushels, 2,164,778, at 45 cents per bushel 974, 150 Bran, bushels, 5,299,674, at 20 cents per bushel 1, 059, 935 Peas and beans, bushels, 58,682, at $1 per bushel 58, 682 Dried fruit, pounds, 11,770, at 10 cents per pound 1, 177 Cotton, pounds, 2,320, at 60 cents per pound 1, 392 Potatoes, bushels, 1,250, at 50 cents per bushel 625 Tobacco, pounds, 680,550, at 25 cents per pound 170, 140 Seeds, pounds, 473,891, at $3 per bushel 23, 694 Flax seed, pounds, 1,170,819, at 4 cents per pound 46, 233 Hops, pounds, 357, at 25 cents per pound 90 Spirits, gallons, 1,520,280, at 33 cents per gallon 506, 760 Leather, pounds, 14,429, Ht 25 cents per pound 3, 607 Furniture, pounds, 238,474 10, 000 Pig iron, pounds, 9,551,666, at $50 per ton 238, 791 Bloom and bar iron, pounds, 2,700,921, at $70 per ton 94, 538 Castings, pounds, 368,907, at 5 cents per pound 18, 445 Salt, pounds, 12,600 200 Iron and eteel, pounds, 6,147,357, at 10 cents per pound 614, 735 Crockery, pounds, 141,304, at 10 cents per pound 14, 130 Merchandise, pounds, 1,418,776, at 20 cents per pound 283, 755 Stone, lime, and clay, tons, 4,593, at $10 per ton 45, 930 Coal, tons, 28,947, at $7 per ton 192, 629 Copper ore, pounds, 6,283,308, at 5 cents per pound 314, 165 Sundries, pounds, 19,675,081, at 10 cents per pound 1, 9(57, 508 Oil-cake, tons, 3,607, at $50 per ton 180, 350 Molasses, pounds, 1,843, at 10 cents per pound 184 Nails and spikes, pounds, 2,731,638, at 10 cents per pound 273, 164 Total value. . 62, 489, 543 172 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The following statement gives the detail of articles brought westward to Buffalo by the Erie canal for three years : Imports into Buffalo ly the Erie canal, 1860 to 1862. Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. Lumber feet 277, 055 29,288 691,000 9,075 4,660 137, 843 3,957 24, 198 24, 115 64, 823 24, 208 8,734 111,500 448 10,237 261, 354 385, 864 302,200 12,414 1,285,857 13, 798, 369 11,425,929 5,065 92, 949, 269 112,563 31,179,468 16, 159, 122 2, 848, 048* 2, 772, 372 13,621,569 3, 803, 897 4, 265, 601 93, 652, 751 42, 838, 446 573, 550 68, 259, 212 27,785, 110 381,381 11,470 1,101,000 5,214 650 189, 258 2,788 49, 942 5,416 80, 760 3,900 2, 732 370, 000 119,797 145, 881 Timber hundr( }d cubic feet pounds Staves Wood cords 5,743 916 193, 503 521 3,108 Cheese pounds Hides do Flour barrels Wheat bushels Rye. . do Corn do . 403 Barley do Oats do Bran, &c pounds 222,526 Beans and peas bushels Potatoes do 3,368 2,667 108, 740 161,547 18, 630 1,367,473 9,272,612 9, 596, 758 7,374 250,311 84,449 11,853 1,108,883 1,894,764 13, 970, 075 12,251,942 660, 236 177, 620, 435 32,901,873 27,581,579 8, 452, 769 1,979,114 2,OJ5,039 4, 862, 421 6, 747, 043 4, 824, 801 69, 959, 473 26, 659, 528 Dried fruit pounds Hops do . Domestic spirits gallons Leather pounds Furniture ...... do Pjnr iron do Castings &c do Domestic cottons do Domestic salt .. do- . . 159,191,278 46,615 11,518,606 5, 059, 570 2, 029, 795 1,217,783 6, 294, 029 1,594,353 3, 053, 329 49,488,661 25,655,619 302,700 134, 788, 746 12,710,181 Foreign salt .... .. do. Sufirar do Molasses do Cofiee do Nails, spikes &c do Iron and steel do Railroad iron do Crockery and glassware All other merchandise do do do Gypsurn .... do Coal do... . 193,544,612 18, 248, 172 46, 198, 633 Sundries do do The following is an addendum comparing the grain receipts at Buffalo for 1863 with 1862: Deficiency in wheat, as compared with 1862 9, 195, 483 bushels. " corn, " " 1862 4,201,675 " rye, Increase in 1863 in flour, " 1862 369,275 " 1862 132, 067 barrels. 1861 818,498 Deficiency in totals of grain, as compared with 1862 8, 190, 498 bushels. 1861 3,208,433 " FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 173 LAKE TRADE AT TORONTO, CANADA. The relation held by towns and ports of Canada to the general lake trade, and particularly to the movement of flour, grain and produce eastward, is one of the most interesting and important branches of inquiry into its character. The statistics of many of these points are, however, difficult, if not impossible of collection. The trade is irregular as well as large, and it is .often through points of mere transit, along new lines of railroad, or of propeller shipment on the lakes. The principal feature apparent at the outset is the general tendency to return to the United States markets all along the frontier, and even from Montreal. The following table gives the quantities and destination of the leading exports from Toronto for a series of years : Exports of flour and wheat from Toronto, and destination. 18, )7. 18 58. 18, >9. Flour. Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Oswego Barrels. 27 769 Bushels. 163 398 Barrels. 15 160 Bushels. ")7 068 Barrels. 16 OT7 Bushels. r )80 200 Ogdensburg 35 721 120 550 8 596 100 156 19 327 109 353 Cape Viuceut 17 169 102 261 843 103 261 1 448 14") 49 Rochester 8 236 39 644 ] 992 31 604 h7 903 38 571 0() f )() o 79 845 67 557 29 310 I l 570 Quebec 11 400 6 825 9 270 11 010 1 955 8 778 23 621 44 3 15 060 16 817 4 f,55 05 621 Total 16 478 505 622 114 66 579 833 7 612 970 564 Exports of flour and wheat from Toronto, and destination Continued. 18 30. 18 51. 18 32. Flour. Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Oswego Barrels. 24 212 Bushels. 514 108 Barrels. 30 528 Bushels. 3 f )5 112 Barrels. 10 627 Bushels. 273 383 20 540 80 146 26 479 C8 015 8 385 7 586 Cape Vincent 4 788 141 961 3 877 70 220 2*824 106 232 67 266 179 6 362 450 8 05 Montreal 49 341 234 171 89 391 587 470 70 839 483 977 7 00 5 68 6 834 22 274 645 17 743 Other ports 72 429 149 129 6 021 119 176 12 404 36 329 Total 178 510 1 192 417 163 737 1 268 629 106 174 933 275 The following is a more detailed statement for 1862. Destination. Flour. Wheat. Barley. Peaa. Barrels. 10 67 Bufkels. 073 383 Bushels. 19 147 Bushels. 7 J85 Cape Vincent 2 824 106 2.^2 12 04 450 8 0-*5 Ogdensburg 8 385 7 586 4 847 70 839 483 977 1 570 Quebec 645 17 743 1 000 Other ports 12 404 36 39 466 Total 106 19 9T3 75 19 147 4J- 3go Total 1861 163 737 1 268 6 -) 9 280 806 liO 810 57 518 335 354 61 659 7 428 Total 1860 178 510 1 19 417 ; 34 144 148 836 174 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. It is apparent that the larger amounts, up to the close of I860, were sent to United States ports, from Rochester to Cape Vincent, since which year Montrea was the leading destination. As an average, the division is nearly equal between the United States and Canada, outward. The origin of these quantities is not clearly stated, but it is probable that a share was western State produce, previously entering Canada at Sarnia, the Welland canaj or elsewhere, since Toronto appears as a point of destination in many of the statements for western shipping cities. MONTREAL. The produce and grain trade of Montreal also exhibits return shipments to the United States at Portland and Boston, though probably all for further export across the Atlantic. The imports to Montreal of flour and grain in 1862, and the exports to all points, are given in the following statement by the trade and commerce report of that city : Imports of flour by Grand Trunk railroad 405, 553 barrels " " Montreal and Champlain 196 " " Lachine canal 735, 529 " Total 1, 141, 278 " Milled in the city 220,981 " Total receipts for the year 1,362,259 " Shipments of flour direct from Montreal 626, 070 barrels. " via Portland and Boston 66, 123 Exports down the river 226,177 " Total exports 918, 370 ". * The exports of wheat show a still larger proportionate diversion to Portland and Boston, undoubtedly for foreign export. Imports of wheat by Grand Trunk railroad 673, 779 bushels " " " Lachine canal 7,952,782 " Total 8, 826, 561 " Exports of wheat via St. Lawrence 6, 538, 053 bushels " " " Portland and Boston 478,595 " " to river ports 199,482 " Total exports 7, 216, 030 " FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 175 [The Montreal Herald s annual review of the trade and commerce of Montreal for I860.] Exports of flour, grain, and produce from Montreal. Articles. SHIPMENTS IN 1861. SHIPMENTS IN 1862. By river St. Lawrence. By Lachine canal. Total. By river St. Lawrence. By Lachine canal. Total. Flour barrels . G05, 492 5, 584, 727 1,589,536 2, 472 276, 375 25, 158 1,477,114 22, 147 49, 546 626 178 1,618 112 10,341 17,044 2, 029 105 2,800 616,283 5,601,771 1,531,165 2, 577 279, 175 25, 158 1,478,114 22, 391 49, 522 3,303 178 1,618 140 597, 477 6, 500, 796 711, 192 373 8, 072 4,040 1,774,546 23,135 59,804 3, 225 455 222 154 28,593 37,257 1,626 84 16,716 963 626, 070 6, 538, 053 712,818 457 24,788 5,003 1,774,546 23, 835 59, 804 7,806 472 222 189 Wheat bushels. Peas do... Barley do ... Oats do... Oatmeal barrels . Corn bushels. Ashes . barrels "244" 176 2,677 700 "*4,~58i" 17 Butter kejjs Pork barrels Lard do Beef.-tcs. and bbls. Tallow barrels 28 35 Flour and grain trade of Montreal compared for three years, 1861 to 1863. Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Receipts. Shipments. Receipts. Shipments. Receipts. Shipments. \Yheat bushels 7,829,684 1,565,477 122,399 1,409,859 132,749 24,812 1,081,160 21,221 5,900,100 1,477,114 287,877 1,409,859 2, 457 8,529,622 1,661,611 96,792 534,679 236,930 82,665 168,174 2,426 6,945,815 1,774,347 8,072 727,277 373 200 632,052 4,039 5,506,324 855,328 373,463 3,806,306 635,387 3,001,766 Corn do... Otfts do... Peas do Barley . do 294,524 32,278 1,173,096 1,789 640,380 170 692,868 9,353 Eye do... Flour barrels . 654,966 32,015 Meal, oat and corn. do . RECEIPTS AT OSWEGO. The receipts of flour and grain at Oswego have been very large for many years, but no great quantity of provisions or miscellaneous western produce arrives there from the lakes. The following are the receipts of grain, in totals, by each of the leading routes bringing freight to that port, for 1862 and 1863 : Total receipts of grain at Oswego in 1862 and 1863. 1862. 1863. Welland canal Bushels. 11,367,609 Bushels. 9, 045, 613 2,071,914 1,717,371 Buffalo and Lake Huron railway 1,296,601 292, 635 257, 273 130, 957 1, 885, 517 2, 654, 385 176 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The following is the detail of different grains received by different routes in 1863: Routes. Wheat, Cora. Oats. Barley. Rye. By Welland canal Bushels. 7, 037, 233 Bushels. I 808 800 Busho. i. 48 515 Bushels. 93 837 Bushels. 52 192 \Velland railway . 909 053 720 460 58 600 29 258 Lake Huron and Buffalo railway 161,984 123 533 7 118 107, 508 23 449 Canadian lines 8 215 778 2 676 242 107 151 123 095 59 310 Lake Ontario 569 647 125 325 996 1 791 572 57 045 Total receipts 8, 785, 425 2 676 367 433 147 1 824 667 116 355 SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL MOVEMENT EASTWARD OF FLOUR AND GRAIN. The summary of movement eastward in flour and grain having been made up with care in the Buffalo Board of Trade Report for 1862, for years preceding as well as including that particularly examined in this report, that statement will first be considered. It includes several points at which no regular reports have been made in any published or accessible form, and there is reason to accept them in most cases as sufficiently close approximations. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 177 $P i s 1 M. Sta g eJQD or v *& CO -H t*- ! . 01 c* o co of .-<" CO O5 5 to ift o cf o o ci co~ CO CO C l~ 05 CO l- r-it-rHlOr--<rt-CJ 0~ C0~ r-T oo r-i o 10 *rfQo "^ "Qo " SSS QO" - ! | .2 ! SI : Jio- :e-o- OOGOT/CTCC os lOGim G^> 1O O i IS Hi " Ex. Doc. 1 S fl II o 3 * OS . * PH- eofrn iii iSSIS -T OfcfrH" r4 CO f-H i QO IO < IQ Ol ^ r; co ct o ! rjJ irf ! a?t~<ooo O O O e~ t- O OJ co <-< QO co 01 co 1.0 _J y__ 42 o o >h irs 05 1 :i5s^ ^"^g^ I O t- 1-1 t^- i-H V O3 Otb .coco .05 ooi-H of S d a - a Ow rH I-l 03 CO Cl 01 _ S co rt o co :* r. ". g ! .5 S : : a - 60 : "3 n^ tjfiii *ii-S5g*a>88 H it *- t* wS 178 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The percentage of the total carried by each of the several lines is given by the same authority, as follows : Table showing the percent, of receipts at the principal receiving points for six years from 1857 to 1862, inclusive of the foregoing eastward movement. Locality. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Buffalo 44.8 e 47.1 50.0 47.2 51.5 53.4 18.3 19.2 17.1 21.7 15.5 13.3 Montreal ...... ...... .... 11.8 9.2 8.7 9.2 12.6 12.3 W Ter B & O R. R. 5.3 6.5 5.7 2.4 3.0 2.9 6 9 6.0 5.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 West Ter Pa C R R 4 3 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.4 Dunkirk .. ............... 4.4 3.4 5.6 4.2 3.8 4.3 Suspension Bridge . .......... 2.3 2.0 0.7 6.5 5.4 5.3 1.9 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The following is a comparison of total quantities of flour and grain moved eastward for seven years, to 1862: Table showing the variations in the movement eastward from 1856 to 1862. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Other grain. 1856 3 865 442 19 505,358 14,282 632 4 592 569 1857 3 397 954 16 763,285 8 779 832 2 256 914 1858 ^ 4,499,613 21 , 843, 850 10, 495, 554 5, 035, 097 1859 3 760 274 16,865,708 4,423 096 5 264 051 1860 4 j()6 057 32 334 391 18 075 778 7 712 032 1861 6, 533, 869 46,384,144 29,524,628 10 656,116 1862 8 359 910 50, 699, 130 32 935 923 10 844 939 Reducing the flour to bushels of wheat, the following table will show the total eastward movement, in bushels, and the receipts at Buffalo for the years indicated : 8 < ~ i fe ** & S o > u t S |3^ rs fa 8 3 O S H W n 1856 57, 707, 769 26,239,791 45 5 1857 44,789 851 20, 052, 689 44 8 1858 59 872 566 28,219,855 47 1 1859 44,354,225 22, 215, 425 50 I860 78, 652, 486 37 133,461 47 2 1861 119 264,233 61,460,601 51 5 1862 136 329 542 72,794,188 53 4 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 179 GENERAL TABLES OF. THE TONNAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE ERIE CANAL. Capacity, passages, and aggregate carriage of Erie canal boats eastward. Years. Average cargo of boat. Days time be tween Buffalo and Albany. S S .^3 *S <$ S3 C Tons delivered at tide-water from the Erie canal. 1841 41 9 $0 71 532 520 1844 49 7* 60 799 816 1847 67 104 77 431 252 1848 . . 71 9 58 184 337 1849 63 fit 56 266 724 1850 76 9 58 554 675 1851 ... . . . . .. 78 8* 49 508 677 1852 80 9 53 644 699 1853 84 9 56 851 438 1854 94 8 52 702 693 1855 92 8i 52 420 7J5 1856 100 84 60 587 130 1857 100 84- 46 117 199 1858 126 84- 34 496 687 1859 143 2 31 451 333 I860 140 84 42 2 276 061 1861 . . 157 84 46 2 449 609 1862 107 84 48 2 917 094 Quantities of flour, distinguishing western and New York reaching tide-water through the Erie canal. Years. Barrels from west u States. Barrels from New York. Barrels arri ving at tide water. Price. 1837 284 902 747 676 1 O tt* r i78 r(\ 1838 552 283 637 036 1 189 319 8 50 1839 683 509 425 544 1 109 053 6 50 1840 066 615 1 080 084 2 146 699 4 84 1841 232 987 596 657 1 829 644 6 00 1842 146 292 543 064 1 776 051 5 18 1843 568 645 670 532 2 >39 177 4 56 1844 727 714 746 939 2 474 653 4 50 1845 553 740 1 288 tl 2 84 ;) 156 5 57 1846 2 723 474 929 330 3 65 804 5 05 1847 3 989 232 791 106 4 780 3 W . A. 04 1848 2 983 688 770 114 3 753 802 5 58 1849 2 842 821 886 938 3 739 759 5 00 1850 3* 084* 959 905 277 3 990 236 5 00 1851 3 495 734 495 467 3 991 201 4 00 1852 3 937 366 877 731 4 8J5 097 4 53 1853 3 992*289 957 984 4 950*273 5 77 1854 1 586 961 367 252 1 954 213 9 25 1855 2 5 ( )6 780 2 375 415 9 75 1856 3 209 741 276 034 3 485 775 7 60 1857 2 227 092 * 1 988 226 6 53 1858 T. 3 778 069 # 3 563 901 5 50 1859 I860 2,210,620 4 344 387 * 737 321 1^.925,402 5 081 708 5 70 5 75 1861 6 712 233 745 022 7 467 255 5 50 1862 7,516 397 843 685 8 360 082 6 00 * The arrival at tide-water in these years, being less than the quautity from western .States, is proof of one of two thing* either that noue of the surplus product of this State came by the canal in thoae yearn, or that, if it did, its place was bupplied from the west. 180 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Tonnage of wheat and flour eastward to tlie Hudson river on the Erie canal, with the points of shipment, and the total value. Years. From Buf falo. From Black Rock and Tonawanda. From Os- wego. From way stations. Total ton nage. Total value. 1837 Tons. 27, 206 Tons. Tons. 7, 429 Tows. 81,856 116,491 $9 640 156 1838 57, 977 10,010 65, 093 133 080 9 883 586 1839 60, 082 7,697 15,108 41,796 124, 683 7,217,841 1840 95, 573 12, 825 15, 075 121,389 244, 862 10,362,862 1841 106,271 24, 843 16, 677 53, 569 201 , 360 10 165 355 1842 107, 522 13, 035 14, 338 63, 336 198, 231 9, 284, 778 1843 146, 126 12, 882 25, 858 63,914 248, 780 10,283,454 1844 145,510 15, 669 42, 293 74, 391 277, 863 11 211,677 1845 118,614 17, 066 44, 560 140, 223 320, 463 15 962 950 1846 247, 860 16, 564 63, 905 9J , 037 419, 366 18,836,412 1847 380, 053 18, 489 87, 329 65,334 551,205 32, 890, 938 1848 1849 253, 325 229, 983 19, 376 22, 196 90,411 119,201 68, 529 63, 064 431,641 434, 444 21,148,421 19, 308, 595 1850 205, 457 38, 071 133, 473 84 780 461,781 20,218,188 1851 229, 526 48, 773 146, 204 33, 121 457, 624 16, 487, 652 1852 246, 362 65, 208 182, 434 82, 772 576, 772 22, 564, 256 1853 219, 868 68, 401 227,631 97, 958 613,858 30, 034, 571 1854 115 468 18,457 72, 975 33, 755 240, 655 18,482,377 1855 219 111 15, 169 124, 004 302, 125 23,163,681 1856 233, 200 4,573 222, 542 15, 070 475, 385 29, 098, 973 1857 209 727 4,097 104,322 263, 141 14,043,581 1858 332 174 8,051 172, 674 454, 831 19, 632, 087 1859 208 854 8 970 93 345 250 872 9, 970, 409 1860 438 076 29,915 249, 069 710,138 29, 027, 837 1861 . . .. 744, 484 10,571 277, 679 21,561 1,054,295 42, 200, 199 1862 88] , 350 2, 174 276, 237 17,538 1,177,299 50,160,517 Statement of the tonngae and value of merchandise going to other States by way of Buffalo and Oswego, in each year, from 1836 to 1862, both inclusive. Years. Value. Buffalo. Oswego. Total. Value. 1836 Per Ib. SO 124- Tons. 30, 874 Tons. 8 019 Tons. 38, 893 $9, 723, 250 1837 124 22, 230 3,061 25, 291 6, 322, 750 1838 124- 32, 087 2, 542 34, 629 8, 657, 250 1839 - - 15 29, 699 4,498 34, 197 10, 259, 100 1840 16 18, 863 3, 192 22, 050 7, 057, 600 1841 . ..n 18 25, 551 5,489 31,040 11,174,400 1842 15 20, 525 3,538 24, 063 7,218,900 1843 174- 32, 798 4,537 37, 335 13, 067, 250 1844 174- 32, 767 9,648 42,415 14, 485, 250 1845 174- 37,713 11*905 49,618 17,366,300 1846 174^ 44, 487 18,540 58, 330 20, 415, 506 1847 18 57, 290 18,843 75, 830 27, 298, 800 1848 18 64, 428 20, 444 84, 872 30, 553, 920 1849 18 68, 020 20, 287 88, 315 31,793,400 1850 18 79, 405 35, 091 144, 496 41,218,560 1851 18 99,918 74, 981 174, 899 62, 963, 640 1852 . 18 143, 787 76,012 219, 799 79,127,640 1853 18 163, 192 98, 560 261,752 94, 230, 720 1854 18 167, 550 64, 329 231,879 83, 476, 440 1855 18 145, 530 74, 936 220, 466 79, 367, 760 1856 18 114,696 68,817 183,513 66, 064, 680 1857 18 74, 733 43, 393 118, 126 42, 525, 360 1858 18 47, 350 29, 540 76, 890 27, 680, 400 1859 18 72, 767 26, 1{J9 98, 876 35, 595, 360 I860 18 72, 030 47, 652 119,682 43, 085, 520 1861 18 35,278 17, 184 52, 462 18,886,320 1862 18 52, 945 18,094 71,039 25, 574, 040 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 181 Statement of the estimated value of property coming from, and merchandise going to, other States than New York, by way of Bvjfalo. Black Rock, Ton- awanda, and Oswego,from 1836 to 18G2, both inclusive. Years. Products comiiig from. Merchandise going to. Total. 1836 $5,493,816 $9, 723, 250 $15,217 066 1837 4,813,626 6, 322, 750 11 13(5 :>7f> 1838 6 369 645 8 657 250 15 026 895 1839 , 7, 258, 968 10,259, 100 17,518,068 1840 7 877 358 7 057 600 14 934 958 1841 . . 11,889,273 11 174,400 23 063 673 184*2 9,215 808 7 218 900 1(> 434 708 1843 11 937 943 13 067 250 25 005 193 1844 15,875,558 14,844,250 27 720 808 1845 14, J62 239 17 366 300 31 520 539 1846 20 471 939 20 415 500 40 887 439 1847 32 666 324 27 298 800 59 965 124 1848 23,245 353 30,553 920 53 799 273 1849 26 713 796 31 793 400 58 50? 196 1850, Tonawanda included 25 539 605 41 272 491 66 812 096 1851 27 007 J42 63 659 440 90 666 582 1852 : 37, 04 1 , 380 79, 127, 640 116,169,020 1253 42 367 564 94 230 720 136 589 284 1854 39 346 283 83 476 440 122 82 4> 723 1855 43,555 243 79* 879 680 123 434 923 1856 38,043,813 66, 064, 680 104,108,493 1857 26 466 121 42 55 360 68 991 481 1858 36, J82 405 29 891 063 66 073 468 1859 24 428 412 35 595 360 60 023 772 I860 4 915 046 45 154 114 98 069 160 J861 .. . 49 405 375 18 886 320 68 291 695 1862 . ... 72, 131 136 25 574 040 97 705 176 182 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. COMMERCE OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Since the era of gold discovery in the mountain ranges which girdle the whole Pacific coast, the United States, England, and Russia have made nearly equal advances in colonization in that quarter of the world. England is firmly planted in the Australian colonies and British Columbia ; Russia has annexed Manchooria and the island of Saghalien, which, with her possessions in America, almost constitute a dominion of the North Pacific ocean ; California and Oregon, with the settlements converging to the harbors of San Francisco and Puget s sound, have become an important section of the United States ; and France probably finds a motive for Mexican intervention in the circumstance that her power in the New Pacific World is limited to the Society Islands and the recent successful crusade in Cochin China. A review of these results of Pacific colonization will be the best illustration of existing and prospective commerce. THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES OF ENGLAND. The statistics of the Australian colony of Victoria and of the State of Cali fornia present many analogies. At the commencement of the golden era in Victoria, 1851, the wool-created colony of Victoria contained 77, 345 people who owned 6,032,783 sheep, 378,806 head of cattle, and 21,219 horses, and the wool-created city of Melbourne had a population of 25,000 souls. In eleven years the population of Victoria, under the gold impulse, has increased to 550,000 ; the average exports and imports are, respectively, 12, 000,000, and the population of the city and suburbs of Melbourne has increased to 138,000. In 1849 California had a population not exceeding 75,000 ; its industry and production were pastoral, the chief export being the hides of cattle ; and San Francisco was an insignificant seaport. In 1864 the population of California and its colony, the Territory of Nevada, cannot be less than 500,000, and the average exports and imports are, respectively, $55,000,000 per annum. The average annual exports of treasure from Victoria and California since 1854 have closely approximated, being nearly $40,000,000 annually. In both countries the aggregates have decreased with the diversion of labor to agricul ture and manufactures. In Victoria, the culminating point was in 1856, when the export of gold was 2,985,696 ounces, of the value of <12,000,000 ; and the least export has been during 1863, viz., 1,634,377 ounces, of the value of <6,537,508. In California, the greatest annual export was, in 1853, $57,331,034, while, for the last two years, California alone has not exported more than $35,000,000 per annum. The entire gold product of Australia and New Zealand stood, in 1862, as follows : Victoria ?. 1,71 1,508 ounces. New South Wales 584,519 ounces. New Zealand ... 445,902 ounces. 2,741,929 ounces. Or nearly as much as Victoria alone produced in 1856. So with California. When credited with the production of Nevada, Oregon and British Columbia, which the course of trade brings to California for exportation to different parts FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 183 of the world, the aggregate retains and even exceeds the amount recorded in 1853 ; but California, like Victoria, has found more productive industries than gold mining. Both countries now produce an immense number of consumable articles which they used formerly to import and pay for with gold. A summary of these new sources of value in Victoria is compiled from the London Statistical Journal, for December, 1863. In 1856, the year of the greatest production of gold, the colony had only 115,135 acres in cultivation ; in 1862, 540,000 acres. The crop of wheat has increased from 1,148,011 bushels in 1856, to 4,152,000 bushels in 1862, with a saving of 60 per cent, in price. Oats increased from 614,679 to 2,633,692 bushels, with a gain in reduction of price of ,400,000. The same comparison extends to all agricultural productions the local supply now effecting a saving of gold export in lesser articles of <5,000, 000. Great changes may be anticipated from the success of the vine and tobacco cultivation. In 1843 four acres were planted by a Swiss vigneron, near Gee- long. In 1862 there were 1,464 acres planted with 3,818,335 vines, (one-half only in bearing condition,) from which 16,972 cwt. of grapes were sold, and 47,568 gallons of wine manufactured. In 1862, 220 acres were planted to tobacco, yielding 2,552 cwt. The successful manufactures of Victoria are machinery for mines, carriages, refined sugar, spirits, woollens, ale, furniture, soap, candles, biscuits, brick and tiles, cement and lime, leather, hats and caps, iron rolling mills, jewelry, paper bags and pasteboard boxes for tradesmen. The bank circulation for 1862 was ,1,605,253. In railroad construction Victoria is in advance of California. At the close of 1863 the colony had 351 miles of railroad in operation, constructed by the government, and yielding a revenue of ,433,615, against <297,949 in 1862, when the total mileage m operation was only 220 miles. Mr. H S. Chapman, of Melbourne, one year ago, (in January, 1863,) wrote as follows on this inter esting subject (see London Statistical Journal for 1863, p. 439 :) "In the early part of 1862, the railway from Geelong to Ballurat was opened, but the double line not being completed, the department was not in a condition to carry goods to any extent. In October the Melbourne and Murray River line was opened to Sandhurst. The distance of the two is, in round numbers, 200 miles. There are also short railways having their termini at, and radiating from, Melbourne, constructed by four distinct companies. These connect the surrounding sub urbs with the city, and are of great convenience to the inhabitants; but it is only one of these (that which connects Hudson s Bay with the metropolis) which is of great importance. The total extent of railways in operation is 221 miles, [351 in January, 1864.] The government has in its hands the means of completing the northern line to Echuca, on the banks of the Murray, where the Camtaspe empties itself into that river. The embouchure of the Goulboumc is only a little to the eastward. This line measures a trifle over fifty miles. These government lines have been constructed with borrowed money, as every body knows, c7,000,000 raised in England, 1,000,000 raised in Victoria. There was a premium of c385,000, and they would have been constructed for some hundreds of thousands less than the original estimates had not the gov ernment obtained the sanction of the legislature to purchase the Geelong line of a private company, which, with the repairs to that, line, will require about c300,000, or perhaps c400,000 in addition. This the government have author ity to raise in the colony. Upoa these loans the annual charge is half a million. It is not easy as yet to ascertain what the Met revenue from the government lines will be. They are scarcely yet in a condition to do all the work they will ulti mately be capable of, and undoubtedly the revenue will be greatly increased when the line is open to Echuca. The revenue at present is <45,000 per month, and is increasing. This will give c540,000 for the year. The working expenses 184 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. are roughly estimated at one-half, but I am informed they will not exceed, and will probably be kept below, c250,000. In round numbers we may call the net revenue .300,000 for the year 1863, [it was <433,615.] to go towards the payment of the interest which is charged on the consolidated revenue. This net revenue is 3| per cent, on the capital. I do not think there can be any reasonable doubt that in two or three years the net revenue will be worked up to the interest, or 6 per cent. I am not, however, upon conjecture or specula tion, but upon the facts as I find them: and the fact with which I am now to deal is a deficiency of c200,000, which the people of the colony now have to meet by taxation. Not that we should care to be taxed less if that were not the case, but we should have ,200,000 more to expend on other improvements. Is that <.00,000 a loss to the community? I answer it is not. It is in the nature of a guarantee premium, to secure the great economical gain to the coun try from the cheapness of transport generated by these railways. There is no country in the world which has illustrated, and still illustrates, this so perfectly as Victoria. Our existence has been of such short duration, and our progress so rapid, that everything may be said to have passed before the eyes of every body. We can all recollect our roads in the condition in which General Wade is said to have found them in the north of England. In 1852- 53 we saw these roads "before they were made" 1854- 5S was the era of macadamization 1859- 62 that of railways. The revolution from the second to the third period was not so marked as from the first to the second. More than 66100 per ton has been paid for the carriage of goods to Bendigo ; c40 and c50 was not uncommon. As MacAdam moved, Melbourne cartage got down to <18, then to 12, and latterly to <5 and c6 per ton. We now think that enormous. The government charge is 50*. to Sandhurst, and 42s. to Ballarat, and in pro portion for shorter distances, and the public are actually agitating for reduced rates. At present I have not data to make an exact calculation of the gain, but I can make one which will certainly be on the safe side. At present, as I have said, the goods traffic is in its infancy; but if we take the twelve months at no more than the first two months, the number of tons conveyed will be, on the Sandhurst line, 128,073; on the Ballarat line, 72,840; on both, 200,913. Deducting one-third for short distances, it is equal to 134,000 tons carried the whole way. In I860 the winter rate of cartage to Bendigo was <6 10*., the summer rate ,5 10*.; mean rate <6 per ton, and even then the carriers had the benefit of twenty miles of railway. In 1861 the winter rate was <5, the summer rate <4 5*.; mean, c4 12*. Gd. This makes an average saving of 2 6*. 6d. per ton, or a total of <31 1,550 gain, against the revenue deficiency of <200,000. In this calculation nothing is allowed for the superior condition of the goods when delivered, nothing for time, nothing for the absence of depre dation, which used to be considerable ; nothing for passengers and their conve nience ; and nothing for the revenue of the Echuca line, when completed, for the c200,000 is charged on the whole. Taking all these into account, I do not doubt that the economical advantage distributed over the whole country is at least half a million, secured at a guarantee or insurance charge of .200,000 ; and as the charge is not subject to increase, but may be reduced as the traffic extends, the advantage must be deemed progressive. The Echuca line will add a fourth to the length of the lines, and ought, consequently, to add one- fourth to the net revenue; that will reduce the deficiency to .125,000; but it will also add one-fourth to the sum of economical advantages. Englishmen, who only know the change from our four-horse coaches, so splendidly appointed and worked, to the railway, can form no conception of the revolution which we have experienced. It is a change from misery to comfort a sudden jump from the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century." This extract is given without paraphrase, on account of its suggestiveness in re gard to the indispensable internal improvements of mining districts. California has recently opened fifty miles of railroad eastward of San Francisco. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 185 The leading statistics of the Australian group of English colonies arc as follows: Colonies, &c. Area, square miles. Population ac cording to latest return. Revenue raised iu the colony in I860. COMMERCE IN I860. Value of im ports. Vafue of ex ports. New South Wales Victoria Queensland South Australia Western Australia Tasmania New Zealand. . 323, 437 86, 831 678, 000 383, 328 978, 000 26,215 106, 259 3G5, 635 548, 944 56, 000 126, 830 15,691 90,211 155, 070 1,309, COO 3, 039, GOO 179, 000 439, 000 61,000 268, 000 465, 000 7,519, 15,094, 742, 1,640, 169, 1,006, 1,548, 000 000 COO u:<) 000 COO 000 5, 12, 1, 1, 072, 000 903,000 710,000 784,000 89, 000 025,000 589, 000 2, 582, 070 1,358,381 5, 760, 000 27,718,000 22,232,000 The revenue of Victoria since 18GO has been nearly <3, 000,000. In 1863 it was reduced to 2,722,299, but will reach the former point in 1864. The sources of the revenue for the year ending with December, 1863, are thus pre sented by the Melbourne Argus of January 25, 1864 : J Customs* Rate of impost Revenue for 1836. Spirits 10*. per gallon. oC494,045 Wine 3s. per gallon. 44,073 Beer 6 d. per gallon. 53,537 Tobacco, manufactured 2s. per pound. ) 1 ~ ^OA Tobacco, unmanufactured 1*. per pound. } Cigars 5*. per pound. 10,118 Tea 6d. per pound. 92,780 Sugar 6s. per cwt. 118,736 Coffee 2d. per pound. 11,918 Opium 10*. per pound. 23,644 Rice 2$. per cwt. 15,560 Dried fruits 10s. per cwt. 16,633 Hops 2d. per pound. 5,525 Malt 6 d. per bushel. 8,445 Sheepwash tobacco 3d. per pound. 5,218 Registration fees, ("unit of entry") 2d. per package. 28,026 Total from customa -*.......*.. 1,048,586 II. Excise : Spirits distilled in Victoria c6,181 Publicans licenses 54,625 Spirit merchants licenses 14,123 Auctioneers licenses 4,350 Brewers 978 AH other licenses 9,144 Total from excise 89,403 III. Income from public works : Railways ,433,615 Electric telegraph "24,222 Total from public works 457,837 186 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. IV. Territorial : Sales and leases of lands, miners rights, &c 750,603 Export duty on gold, 1*. Gd. per oz 121,508 Total territorial, 872,111 V. Post office <117,664 VI. Ports and harbors : Tonnage, pilotage, &c ,20,453 VII. Miscellaneous : Fees, fines, and forfeitures, &c <116,240 Grand total <2,722,299 The expenditure of Victoria covers the whole field of what in the United States is divided into national and state expenditure. Taxation of the entire population of the United States in equal measure would produce a revenue of $800,000,000. Hittell, in his Resources of California, (1SG2,) estimates that the inhabitants of Nevada, Oregon, Washington, the western part of New Mexico, (now organ ized as Arizona,) the northwestern part of Mexico, British Columbia, Vancou ver s island, and the Hawaiian islands, are an aggregate population of 1,700,000, and destined to an identity of commercial interests. San Francisco and California hold the same relation to this Pacific population which Melbourne and Victoria bear to the 1,400,000 inhabitants of the Aus tralian group of English colonies. Omitting further comparative statements, it is now proposed to exhibit the present nature and relations of the Pacific trade which concentrates at the city of San Francisco. This will be done chiefly by compilations from the San Francisco Mercantile Gazette, showing the transac tions and situation of 1863. THE TRADE OF SAN FRANCISCO. The following table shows the destination and value of exports from San Francisco, exclusive of the precious metals, during the past three years : To 1861. 1862. 1863. New York $1 605 034 $2 245,633 $2 736 435 Boston . . 98 345 1 192 489 1 505 690 Great Britain 2, 838, 004 1,355,217 1 , 697, 822 Australia. 1 , 056, 401 332, 335 487, 685 British Columbia ........... .. .. 1, 177,152 2 195 903 1,746 801 Mexico . 1 094 930 1 014 639 ] 819 652 Peru .. 163 264 271 251 216 206 China 711,841 722, 229 1 , fc46, 254 Hawaiian islands 288, 877 293 370 357, 369 Japan. ......... . 15 577 21 598 43 901 838, 647 920, 630 920, 584 9, 888, 072 10,565,294 12,877,399 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 187 This table includes the productions of Oregon, British Columbia, and north ern Mexico, as well as of California. The Gazette adds the following comparative statement of the value of differ ent articles of California produce exported during the past three years : Articles. 1861. 1862. 1863. Barley $361,452 $131,282 $65,044 10,214 40, 599 11,608 1,984 5,400 171 1,131 3,061 1,871 64,892 69, 805 65,290 135,240 370, 200 719,300 Fi ... 21,828 21,868 11,285 Flour . ... 858, 425 688, 234 767, 270 Glue 7, 320 1,240 930 Hav 4,683 10,998 H 914 Hides 444, 995 947, 253 924, 567 Horns ...... ...... ...... .... .... .... 2,350 2, 484 1,807 Leather . .......... .... 3,605 11,040 3,773 357 968 2 463 Lumber 69 931 149 560 123 084 M us t ;ird seed .... .... ...... ...... .... ... 1,857 2,417 1 1 , 230 Oats . 156 879 72 045 130 602 Potatoes 23 016 12 936 21 828 1, 079, 850 1,138,961 1,073,078 Skins 36, 652 25 Oil 56,338 Silver ores 211 345 34 740 118 109 Tnllow 35 658 37 740 80 170 Wheat 2, 702, 434 1,372,572 1 754 116 \Vine .... 8,000 25 836 80 141 Wool 519 577 1 009 194 1 119 098 Sundries of manufacture 27, 145 23, 843 45, 565 Sundries of agriculture .. .. ............ 4 936 2 496 7 637 6, 795, 758 6,211,788 7,208,289 The destinations of these California products were classified as follows : To b 1861. 1862. 1863. New York and Boston $1 283 381 $2 465 831 $2 879 897 Great Britain. .......... 2 744 537 1 296 889 1 620 812 Australia. . 1 078 118 287 975 398 018 jChina 56(5 860 589 907 1 010 931 453 953 5;>9 927 560 312 Peru 158 774 216 276 16 9 094 42 527 47, 135 66 930 71 315 373 611 260 746 396 283 394 237 249 449 Total 6 795 758 6 211 788 7 208 289 188 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Including exports of treasure, the entire exports of California productions during three years, may be classified as follows : 1861. 1862. 1863. [Products of the mine ...... $42, 103, 193 3,265,471 1,041,217 69, 931 21,828 962, 876 8,000 $44,105,662 1,645,350 2, 027, 082 149, 560 21,868 798, 191 25,836 $47, 082, 398 2,013,975 2,182,155 134,086 11,285 873, 854 81,456 Products of n^riculture Products of the herd Products of the forest .............. ......... Products of the sea ...... Products of nianufacture . Total 47,472,217 48, 773, 549 53, 280, 209 The following table shows the value and destination of treasure shipments from San Francisco during the years 1354 to 1863 : Years. To eastern ports. To England. To China. To Pana ma. To other countries. Total. 1854 $46, 533, 166 $3,781 080 $965 887 $204 592 $560 908 $52 045 633 1855 38, 730, 564 5, 182, 156 889, 675 230 207 128, 129 45, 161,731 1856 . 39, 895, 294 8, 666, 289 1 308 852 258 268 573 732 50, 697, 4134 1857 35,531,778 9, 347, 743 2 993 264 410 929 692 978 48 976 697 1858 35,891,236 9, 265, 739 1,916,007 299, 265 175, 779 47, 548, 026 1859 40, 146,437 3,910,930 3, 100 756 279 949 202, 390 47, 640, 462 1860 35,719,296 2, 672, 936 3 374 680 300 819 258 185 42, 325, 916 1861 32,628,011 4,061 779 3 541 279 349 769 95 920 40 676 758 1862 26,194,035 12,950,140 2, 660, 754 434, 508 322, 324 42,561,761 1863 10,389,330 28, 467, 256 4, 206, 370 I 503 296 505, 667 46,071,920 Total 341,659,147 88, 306, 054 24,957,524 5,267,602 3,516,010 463, 706, 338 The imports, answering to these exports, are, in some measure, indicated by the following statement of the tonnage which arrived at San Francisco during the year 1863 : From No. of vessels. Tons. 102 114,963 Domestic Pacific ports .......................... .. ..... 1 414 253, 017 Great Britain 30 22, 827 Panama New Granada 39 84, 871 13 5,628 Hamburg .. ....... . . 11 4,115 28 13,962 China . 44 32, 888 3 893 7 5,752 Calcutta 3 1,335 3 981 Malaga ........... 1 295 Rio J aneiro ......... . 4 1,034 Chili 4 1,751 Peru 11 2,977 66 20,845 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. STATEMENT Continued. 189 From No. of vessels. Tons. West Indies 800 44 46, 605 Hawaiian Islands ...... ..... . .................. 18 6, 5-20 13 y, 176 Central America 13 3,771 Russian Possessions northwest coast 9 3,146 Russian Possessions, Asia. ........ ....... ... 4 737 \Vlialin fr Voyages ... . .. . .. 13 4,504 Total arrivals 1 899 641,393 Recapitulation for the year 1863. No. of vessels. Tons. American vessels arrived from domestic ports 1,516 238 12 1 132 367, 980 214,655 4, 304 200 54, 254 American vessels arrived from whaling voyages ... . . . Foreign vessels arrived from whaling voyages Total 1,891) 641,393 By a return from the Register s office of the Treasury Department, the total value of foreign imports at San Francisco for the year ending June 30, 1863, was as follows: In American vessels, $7,348,969; in foreign vessels, $3,333,173 ; total, $10,682,142. To which add for the third quarter of 1863, in American vessels, $1,937,441; in foreign vessels, $750,956; making an aggregate for the period of fifteen months ending September 30, 1863, of $13,370^539. During the same period of fifteen months the value of foreign imports to Oregon are stated on the same authority at $79,764. There is no return from Puget s Sound district, though estimated to import at least $100,000 yearly. These custom- bouse returns indicate an annual importation on the Pacific coast of $10,826,957. The present tendencies of the Pacific trade in regard to different countries are worthy of observation. To New York and Boston the leading articles of export are hides, wool, and even copper: Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Copper ore ...... ... . . sks 11 155 72 938 109 470 Hides No 200 1 1 6 177 998 315 751 308 189 Wool H767 H791 21 911 16 078 The exportation of wheat, which in I860 was 203,528 bags, fell to 19,288 in 1861, and is not reported for the last two years. To Great Britain the exports from California chiefly consist of wheat and flour, as follows : 100 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Flour . .. .. ..... . barrels 36, 375 70 945 8 582 12 200 Wheat bags 458 495 1 022 664 590 485 844 022 To the Sandwich Islands and Mexico, lumber is the leading export, amount ing in 18G3 to 772,794 feet for the Sandwich Islands, and 1,152,350 feet for Mexico. The export of lumher to Peru reached 1,936,156 feet in 1862, and 890,009 feet in 18G3. China is also a considerable market for the lumber of the Pacific coast, re ceiving 2,659,190 feet in 1862, and 2,709,733 feet in 1863. The San Fran cisco Mercantile Gazette of January 12 remarks : " The shipments of Califor nia products to China during the year just ended have been very much greater than ever before. Flour, wheat, lumber, bacon, butter, cheese, lard, wine, veg etables, &c., have all been sent forward in quantities that indicate a rapidly expanding market. The people of that country who have lived among us these many years, much to the disgust of certain political classes, and in spite of the most determined efforts to drive them away, have done us a great service in teaching their countrymen at home the use and value of our products, and in overcoming their ancient prejudices against barbarian diet. The trade re quires judicious management, and is in good hands. We regard its present aspect as perhaps the most important feature in our outward commerce which 4he past year has developed. Its progress may be comparatively slow for some time to come, and may yet undergo many vicissitudes ; but once fairly inaugu rated, as indeed it now seems to be, the wants of a population almost illimitable give assurance of a market for any surplus we may have to spare at prices rea sonably remunerative." To Australia and New Zealand the leading export is lumber ; the former demand for breadstuff s being much below the exportation of 1861. The East Indies send to California coffee, sugar, rice, hemp, spices, &c., but take little in return except gold and silver. The exports of California produce to British Columbia, New Granada, Chili, Society Islands, Manilla, Japan, France, Cape of Good Hope, Central America, and Russian possessions, are reported by the San Francisco Gazette as follows : Articles. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. Barley . bags 99.243 291 92,814 4,883 25 1,098 36 58 1,513 39, 034 8,980 27,303 3,074 Beans ))}jer Bran. . . . tons . B ran . . baf s 5,806 5,762 75 28 1,044 289 518 59, 170 3,709 vr " Bread bbls. 205 1,753 50 2,327 96 Bread cwt Bread packages . 362 21,480 Flour bbls 33,577 57,634 Furs packages. .... bales Hay 7,318 3, 002 10 5,400 68 1,531,505 3, 542 216. 000 5, 524 6,103 Hide cuttings .... .. . packages . Leather packages . feet 61 1,740,575 1,426 490. 000 77 2, 897, 752 704 450. 000 87 940, 899 366 boards bundles and packages . ..No. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. STATEMENT Continued. 191 Articles. I860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 411 400 pickets. ..... ... No. 2,000 5,000 pickets ..... . .....bundles. 400 No. 1,000 bbls. 220 30 310 Oats bao-s. 3,198 2 504 7 78* 6 483 Potatoes . . . . , . . . . ... DUCTS - 351 4 935 4 514 6 222 . . flasks 1 497 2 392 2 240 702 bbls. 236 73 235 37 Salmon . ....... . . cwts. 17 6 60 Tallow . . Dackaeres 1,484 327 423 251 Wheat bags . 37,357 4,184 5,118 27 297 Wool 3 546 The table of treasure shipments indicates a great change of destination since 1861. Then the shipments to our Atlantic cities reached $32,628,011, while during 1863 they amounted to only $10,389,330. The treasure shipments to England increased from $4,061,779 in 1861 to $28,467,256 in 1863. The attention to wool-growing on the Pacific coast during the last five or six years has resulted in a very rapid increase of the crop in California. In 1857 the whole product of the State was only 1,000,000 pounds; now it is estimated at 7,600,000 pounds. The shipments of wool from San Francisco have been as follows for the last four years : 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. To New York Bales. 11 767 Bales. 13 244 Bales. 13 l *7 Bales. 9 862 To Boston 1 547 8 784 6 216 315 1 1 ( )3 78 319 3 62(j Total 12 082 15 987 2 615 16 398 The export of the important article of quicksilver for the past six years is shown by the following table : To 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. New York and Boston 3 559 250 400 600 265 95 Great Britain .......... .......... 2 500 1 500 1 062 Mexico ....... ........ 12, 901 103 3,886 12 061 14 778 11 590 China .... 4 132 1 068 2 715 13 788 8 725 8 889 Peru 2 000 571 750 2 804 3 4 i9 3 376 Chili 1 364 930 1 040 2 059 1 746 500 Central America .................. 110 40 40 Japan .......... ... 50 25 Australia . . 325 100 1 050 800 300 133 135 57 424 120 186 19 327 IK; 5 42 Total flasks ... 24, 142 3 399 9 348 35 995 33 749 26 014 192 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The manufactures of California are unexpectedly prosperous, and materially reduce importations. Cordage, cement, blankets, white and colored flannels, cloths and cassimeres, gunpowder, leather, malt liquors, tar, rosin, turpentine, paper, soap, wine, are now manufactured with a degree of success which will probably control the home market. The California supply of coal, chiefly from the Mount Diablo mines, is on the increase, reaching 37,0^0 tons in 1863 ; but the demand is so great as to warrant shipments from Vancouver island, Bellingham Bay, and Chili, and even from England and Australia. The monthly consumption from the Diablo mines during the last three months of 1863 was fully 6,000 tons per month. The product of gold and silver on the Pacific coast is estimated at $55,000,000 for 1863, of which fully $7,000,000 was received from British Columbia. The total coinage at the San Francisco mint during the year 1863 was$20,251,417 97. It is contended by the commercial journals of San Francisco that the cur rency of California, which is mostly coin, is more abundant in proportion to population and wealth than that of the Atlantic States. The Mercantile Ga zette of February 12, 1864, represents the amount in circulation on the Pacific coast as $25,000,000 ; that the population of California with adjoining State (of Oregon) and Territories is 600,000, which gives forty-one dollars and sixty-six cents per capita. The total value of real and personal property on the Pacific coast is estimated by the Gazette to be $340,000,000, of which $25,000,000 is about seven per cent. The currency of the loyal States east of the mountains, notwithstanding its expansion to meet the exigencies of the nation, is below those ratio s to population and property. The population of the loyal States and of the insurrectionary districts which are held by the army (in June, 1864) is 24,000,000. If the currency was at the California standard $4] per capita its aggregate would be $984,000,000, and a proportion of 7 per cent, upon the total valuation of property would give an equal aggregate. VANCOUVER S ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. Except Australia, British Columbia, and the islands adjacent to its coast, would be the only important colonial occupation of the Pacific coast by Great Britain Mauritius, Hong Kong, and Labuan having their chief significance in the convenience of the mercantile marine. The station of England on the northwest coast of North America will prove of great value in the future strug gle for commercial, if not political, ascendancy in the Orient. The island of Vancouver, with its excellent harborage in Puget s sound, is in the latitude, and is not unlike the climate, of Ireland. The coldest weather of the year is in December ; but little snow falls, disappearing usually in a few days. The frosts which precede and follow penetrate the soil but a few inches, and the lakes are covered with ice sufficiently strong to bear the skater only during a few weeks. The climate is mild and equable, but warmer in summer than in England. Cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs are seldom housed. Probably not more than half the surface of the island is adapted to agriculture, but the soil is of excellent quality, and all other conditions favorable. Wheat, oats, barley, hay, and vegetables are produced, and the almost evergreen turf is well suited to grazing. The section of country now in course of agricultural settle ment is within sixty miles of Victoria, the leading town of the island, and is known as the district of Cowichan. The conditions on which land may be taken there, as elsewhere in Vancouver s island, are easy. A single man may pre-empt one hundred and fifty acres ; a married man, with his wife in the colony, two hundred acres ; and for each child under ten years of age, ten acres additional. The government price for the land is one dollar an acre. If un- eurveyed land be pre-empted, the settler lias to pay for it when surveyed. If FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 193 surveyed, he has three years in which to pay the purchase money. Another condition makes it incumbent on the pre-emptor to occupy and improve his claim. "When two dollars an acre is expended in improvements the government will make a title ; but not so unless the settler has resided on his claim two years. Vancouver s island is the naval station of England in the North Pacific. The harbor of Esquimalt, three miles from Victoria, and near the Straits of San Juan, is a magnificent haven, fit to shelter a whole navy in safety. The forests of the island are an inexhaustible resource for ship-building, while the coal mines at Nanaimo, sixty miles from Victoria, on the sheltered navigation of the Gulf of Georgia, are of the best possible quality bituminous and extensive. The scams now worked at Nanaimo are, respectively, three feet ten inches, five feet, and two feet five inches, and have been traced to the northwest extremity of the island, where Johnson s straits furnish excellent land-locked harbors. Up to 1858 the Hudson Bay Company had, in nine years, taken 63,000 tons ; but, during 1863, 22,000 tons have been exported to San Francisco alone, where it found a remunerative sale, though the price at the pit-mouth is six dollars per ton. Behind Nanaimo a remarkable natural cleft known as Albeoni canal leads into Barclay sound, where a London firm have established saw-mills, which, during nine months of 1863, cut and exported 15,000,000 superficial feet of the finest planking from the Douglas and other pines. These details of the coal and lumber trade indicate the great advantages of Vancouver for the con struction, repair, and coaling of vessels. Northward of Puget s sound the coast of British Columbia is so broken with fiords or inlets, and sheltered by islands, as to present the greatest possible advantages for fisheries and a coasting trade. The salmon, herring, and other fisheries of this region will equal those of Norway. British Columbia, in respect to capacity for agriculture, may be compared with Scotland, while its mineral resources are destined to a development fully equal to the gold product of the colony of Victoria. The progress of the colony of British Columbia, during the first four years of its organization, will be illustrated by a statement of revenue which is raised almost entirely by customs duties levied at New Westminster, or the mouth of Frazer river, and by a mining license of twenty shillings per year for each man. During the first year of the existence of British Columbia as a colony that is, to the 3lst of December, 1859 the customs duties amounted to c18,464, the receipts from other sources being quite trifling. In the succeeding year, 1860, the customs receipts reached d30,416, and those from other sources, such as land sales, port and harbor duties, licenses, &c., nearly c23,000 more. In 1S61 the receipts from customs were .41,177; from other sources, c38,192. In 1862 the customs receipts were estimated by Governor Douglas at c58,9SO ; other sources, d47,050. One-third of the gross revenue is devoted to the con struction of roads and bridges, which are objects of first necessity in a rugged mining country. By the improvement of the roads from the mouth of the Frazer river to stations three hundred miles distant, the cost of transport has been reduced to about twenty shillings a ton, which is 300 per cent, less than in 1860. The land system of British Columbia is identical with that of Vancouver s island, the price of land being 4s. 2d. per acre on easy terms of payment. The mineral wealth of British Columbia, especially the interior district called Cariboo, which parts the waters of the Columbia, Frazer, Saskatchewan, Atha basca, and Peace rivers to every point of the compass, has lately been attested by papers read at the London Geographical Society, and is confirmed by the returns of treasure exports at New Westminster and Victoria. Allen Francis, esq., United States consul at Victoria, Vancouver s island, states that the export of gold .from that port during the year 1863, as obtained from reliable sources, amounted to 2,935,170 16, and he computes that an Ex. Doc. 55 13 194 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. equ.il amount has been taken away in private Lands, or about $6,000,000 as the total export. Mr. Francis communicates the following statistical tables : Table of imports to Victoria, Vancouver s Island, for the years 1861, 1862, and 1863. 18G1. 1862. 1S63. From San Francisco From Washington Territory and Puget s sound . . . From Oregon $1,288,359 228, 350 216,603 $2, 345, 066 224, 793 75, 370 $1,880,117 242,781 108, 603 Total 1,733,212 2,645,229 \ 2,230,501 From Sandwich Islands, From British Columbia. From China From Melbourne From Valparaiso 516,041 54, 382 31,454 694, 278 112,108 32, 424 22, 268 32, 170 17, 000 1,432,521 113,486 65, 870 45, 434 Total I 601,877 910,248 1,657,311 Statement of exports from the port of Victoria, Vancouver s Island, during the six months ending December 31, 1863. To what place. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. ___________^_______^ ________ j i San Francisco $20,673 $25,015 $16,650 $28,112 !$23,217 $25,456 $139,123 Port Angeles 5,970 6,804 6,187 8,863 3,988 10,412 42,024 Astoria 945 1,727 637 4,208 2,586 361 10,464 New York 349 349 Total 27,588 33,895 23,474 40,983 29,791 36,229 191,960 Statement of the export of gold from Victoria, Vancouver s Island, from 1S58 to 1863, inclusive. 1858. Wells, Fargo & Co $337,765 17 1859. Wells, Fargo & Co 823,488 41 1860. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,298,466 00 1861. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,340,395 72 1862. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,573,096 J6 1863. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,373,443 39 McDonald & Co. from 1858 to 31st December, 1861.. . 1,207,656 00 1862. Not included in Wells, Fargo & Co. s statement 335,379 00 1863. Bank of British North America 585,617 85 1863. Bank of British Columbia 824,876 92 Hudson Bay Company and others from 1858 to 1863, in clusive, approximate 500,000 00 10,200,184 64 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 195 Shipment of gold by express and on freight during the year 18G3. . $2,935,170 16 Same for the year 1862 $2,167,183 18 Statement of tlie tonnage of shipping entered and cleared at Victoria, Vancou vcr s Island, from 1st July to 31st December > 1863. Nationality. Tonnage entered. No. crew. Tonnage cleared. No. crew. American m 47,075 2 412 46,057 2,344 Foroi^n . 43,800 1,516 47,048 1,711 RUSSIA IN ASIA. In 1858, before the English and French fleet had reached the Pei Ho, the Russians appropriated the best results of the campaign. In May of that year General Mouravieff concluded a convention at Algoor with the Chinese author ities, which enlarged Siberia almost to the absorption of Manchooria securing to Russia a region abounding with the elements of commerce. Along the Amoor river, fed by numerous navigable tributaries and capacious enough to admit steam vessels two thousand miles from its mouth, the Russo-Chinese treaty fixed the dividing line of the two empires, only varying from its channel by a line running to the tide-waters of the Pacific at a point which gives to Russia the best harbors on the sea of Japan. The territory thus acquired can hardly be estimated under three hundred thousand square miles, rich in the products of the forest and in mineral wealth. In securing Manchooria, or the best half of the native land of the tribes, whose dynasty is dominant in China, Russia has virtually pushed her frontier to the wall of China. In the wilderness of Central Asia, west and northwest of China proper, Russia is constantly making territorial acquisitions. Even Khiva, Kokand and Khorassan are dependencies of the Czar. Indeed, the desert of Gobi on the east, and the Himalayan range and the frontiers of Afghanistan and Persia on the south, are natural boundaries within which Russian influence is paramount. Mongolia, Thibet, Turkestan, are at this moment less members of the Chinese than of the Russian Empire. This portion of Asia, known historically as the birthplace and scene of empire of Genghis Khan, has a considerable capacity for commerce. Stretching from the Suliman range to Siberia, from the Caspian, to the sea of Okhotsk, it certainly contains a considerable population, possibly a large one, which wants clothes, weapons, iron instruments most of the ap pliances and some of the luxuries of civilization and can give in exchange hides, horns, goats wool, camels hair, tallow, silk, borax, gems, metals, drugs, and all that wealth which is sure to be discovered in very wide tracts of earth. " Englishmen think of the provinces of Central and Northern Asia," observes- the London Economist, " as if they were covered with desert, .but they comprise every kind of climate, and contain every variety of mineral, while over half their extent fat grapes grow in the open air, and every traveller records the luxurious quality of their fruits." Upon the question of practical communications with Central Asia, the same authority reaches conclusions which demonstrate the value of the Amoor river and its tributaries. " The true route towards these countries," continues the writer in the Economist, " is through Russia and China, for it is the only one on which we have much help from water communication. By following the 196 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Yangtsee and Hoangho to the utmost limit of navigation, we bring ourselves to points from whence the Chinese merchants have traded with the people east of the Himalayas points from which traffic in wheeled carriages may begin. In northern Asia, the true access is by the Amoor, a river which, if travellers may be trusted, is navigable for more than two thousand miles, and cleaves into the very heart of that secluded region. The western division, which we call Central Asia, as if Thibet were not more central, is cloven by the Jihon, which flows from Bokhara to the Caspian, and the navigation of which has never been fairly tried. * * * The notion of opening the Amoor has been repeatedly entertained at St. Petersburgh, and if all sovereign rights were fully reserved, and the advantages of such a course to the revenue made quite clear, the gov ernment might be disposed to go gradually much further. To enfranchise the great eastern Asiatic rivers by agreement with St. Petersburgh and Pekin should be the line to which our efforts ought to be directed." Proceeding upon such a commercial policy in 1858, Lord Elgin, who was fully conscious of the advantages gained in the Russian treaty of May, obtained from the Chinese government concessions of free travel through the empire and of a port of Shingking, at a point easily attainable from Shanghae and open to the importation of foreign manufactures. These concessions have been extended to American traders. Russia has followed the initiative of 1S5S with extraordinary vigor. The telegraph already connects St. Petersburgh with Irkoutsk, a distance of 5,000 miles, and will be extended to the Pacific coast during 1865. The colonization of the valley of the Amoor has been undertaken, and already eighty steam vessels are employed in the trade with the Russian possessions of the North Pacific, while the government of St. Petersburgh extends all possible encourage ment to the enterprise projected by English and American capitalists to unite the telegraph lines of the United States and British America with the Russo- Siberian line now advancing to a junction across the Bearing straits and through Russian America. COMMERCE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. The Hawaiian islands should not be omitted from the consideration of the great commercial changes which the contact of European and Asiatic civilization is destined to produce. In 1863 the external commerce of the islands had reached an aggregate of $2,201,345, and its progress is indicated by the follow ing table : Years. Domestic pro duce exported. For n merchan dise exported. Total exports. Total imports. 1846 $301 625 $62 35 $363 750 $598 38 1856 466 278 204 546 670 824 1 156 423 I860 480 526 326 932 807 459 1 23 749 1861 . . . 476 872 182 902 659 774 761 109 1862 586 542 251,882 838 424 998 239 1863 744 413 281,439 1,025 852 1 175 493 The official returns of 1863 are classified as follows by the Honolulu Com mercial Advertiser : FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 197 Paying duty. Bonded. Imports from United States, Pacific side $304, 502 $36, 617 " " Atlantic side 122, 770 . 40, 827 Bremen 194, 429 62, 851 Great Britain 63, 400 9, 227 Vancouver s island 32, 210 Sea 6,291 Islands of Pacific 6, 457 Sitka, (Russian America) 730,061 341,308 Of articles exported, 3,512 pounds of cotton were sent to the United States, and the exports of sugar increased from 3,000,000 pounds in 1862 to 5,292,000 pounds in J863. THE GOLD PRODUCT OF THE PACIFIC COAST. The extension of English and American settlement since 1850, expressed by the foregoing statistics of Australia, California, and British Columbia, is the result of gold discovery. The London Economist estimates the production of gold from the islands and coast of the Pacific during the fifteen years 1849- 63 at c350,000,000 sterling, or equal to 58 per cent, upon the total computed stock of c600,000,000 sterling of gold existing in various forms in Europe and America in 1848, and conjectures that the following numerical distribution of these d350,000,000 has taken place: Employed and absorbed in Great Britain <60, 000, 000 France 110, 000, 000 " United States 50, 000, 000 c220, 000,000 Australia 30, 000, 000 " " California 20, 000, 000 " Turkey and East 40, 000, 000 " " Brazil, Egypt, Spain, Portugal, &c 40, 000, 000 130,000,000 350, 000, 000 The cheapening of the price of quicksilver, and the large discoveries of silver in Nevada and Arizona, have increased the annual supplies of that metal, but only to a small extent compared with gold. Upon the question, now elaborately discussed, of the effect of this gold pro duction upon its exchangeable value, the London Economist of February 20, 1864, calls attention to the evidence afforded by comparing the average annual rates from 1841 to 1863 of the foreign exchange between England, using a gold standard, and Paris, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, using a silver standard, and according to this statement the fall in the value of gold as compared with silver (the be^t available test at present) in no case exceeds 2J per cent. The result of this comparison adds, if possible, to the force and significance of the following language by an eminent English writer:* OTooke, History of Prices, vi, 235, published in 1857. 198 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. " Set at work and sustained by the production year by year of largo quantities of now gold, there is at work a vast and increasing number of causes all conducing to augment the real wealth and resources of the world all conducing to stimulate and foster tmde, enter prise, discovery, and production and therefore all conducing with greater and greater force to neutralize, by extensions of the surface to be covered, and by multiphing indefi nitely the number and magnitude of the dealings to be carried on, the a priori tendency of an increase of metallic money to raise prices by mere force of enlarged volume. Already the boundaries within which capital and enterprise can be applied, with the assurance and knowledge alone compatible with durable success, have been extended over limits which tea or even five years ago would have been regarded as unattainable. There have come into play influences by which it seems to be the special purpose to contribute, by the aid of the gold discoveries and by the aid of the concurrent advance of knowledge, to the removal or mitigation of many chronic evils against which past generations have striven almost in vain." It has been estimated that the populations of China and India, when the benefit of a strong and stable government is assured, will develop a commerce fully equal to the proportions now witnessed in France. The beginning of such a state of things, attested by the movement thither of the precious metals, is a fruitful topic of discussion, and will be briefly considered. THE DRAIN OF SILVER TO THE EAST. The absorption of silver in Asia has never been so great as since the gold discoveries of California and Australia. With the increase of bullion Europe ceased to regard with apprehension the oriental demand for silver in exchange for silks, teas, indigo, and other staples of eastern production. When it was known that the Pacific gold stream was yearly increasing in volume, and could readily fill any vacuum which the shipment of silver to India and China might produce, a great expansion of trade to Asia followed. The precious metals came to be regarded as merchandise, and it was deemed wholly unessential whether payment was made for eastern products in the coin or the manufactures of Europe. The following table of the imports of Indian products into England in a series of years indicates the nature of this increase of trade :* Imports from British India value. Articles. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. Cotton 2,241,979 3 530 410 5 416,883 2 898 779 Hemp, jute, and other articles 504, 264 638, 300 610,913 685, 948 1,518,097 2, 190, 131 1,791,644 1,997,511 Seeds 1,968,501 2, 545, 372 1,326,336 1,774,558 Silk 559, 319 565, 405 188, 697 509, 561 Sugar 1 043 480 1 871,279 1 928 006 1 059 291 Tea 25, 661 82, 903 147, 989 9J , 152 Wool 490, 977 576, 944 673, 493 490, 521 8,352,268 12, 000, 544 12, 083, 961 9,507,321 <*See an article in Hunt s Merchants Magazine, August, 1863, on " Silver : its Produc tion, Coinage, and Value." FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Imports from British India value Continued. 199 Articles. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Cotton 3,901,109 3, 339, 076 9,334,115 21,933 774 Hemp juto find other articles .... 837 167 671,176 729, 172 906 834 Indigro 1 619 604 2 220 119 2 605 634 1 784 554 Seeds 2, 344, 898 2, 075, 274 1,971,449 1,751,003 Silk 29(5, 263 60, 895 136,505 438 572 Suerar 1 101,716 939 026 821 , 458 368 493 Tea 132 255 231) 064 165 964 161 7G8 Wool 462 100 699 861 614 999 742 807 10, 695, 108 10, 235, 491 16,379,286 28, 087, 805 The steady rise in value to an aggregate of $60,000,000 in 1857, producing a drain of silver, was one of the causes of the revulsion in that year. Since then the purchases of Indian produce, mostly cotton, have risen to $90,000,000 in 1862, while in 1863 England imported cotton from India to the enormous value of $200,000,000. The quantity of silver annually exported from England and the Mediterranean to Asia has been as follows, per English official reports : Year. England. Mediterranean. Total. 1851 $3, 362, 500 $8, 362, 500 1852 .. 12,116,210 12,116,210 1853 23 550 000 $4 240 000 27, 790, 000 1854 15, 555, 000 7, 255, 000 22,821,000 1855 32, 075, 000 7, 620, 000 39, 695, 000 1856 60, 590, 000 9, 950, 000 70, 540, 000 1857 86 477 170 10 180 291 96 657 461 1858 25, 444, 250 16,150,000 31,594,250 1859 33, 298, 120 7, 340, 280 40, 638, 400 1860 40, 620, 182 8, 120 204 48, 740, 386 1861 36 399 175 7 980 000 44,379 175 1862 53,551,045 9,150,000 61,701,045 1863 six months .- .. ....... 21,256,514 11,737,271 32, 993, 781 450, 306, 162 88,723,046 539, 029, 203 France, although the richest country of the world in the precious metals, has eince 1848 parted with $165,947,253 of silver, and taken in exchange gold. This is the case with England, Russia, and the United States, who no longer hesitate to encourage and extend their trade with the non-importing population of Asia, although at tbo hazard of a drain of silver coin. The trade of Cali fornia with China is more reciprocal, owing, it is supposed, to the new demands for American provisions and manufactures, which the Chinese immigrants, attracted by the mines to our Pacific coast, carry back with them to China. But in India, notwithstanding a century of British occupation, the apathy of the natives their aversion to any exchange except for silver seems unbroken. To this condition of the market ethre has been added, during the last ten years, an investment of c50,000,000 of English capital in the lailroads of Hindostau, which has greatly contributed to the influx of silver.* See the Bankers Magazine, Journal of the Money Market, and Commercial Digest, January, 1864, London, p. 19. 200 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. From the time of imperial Rome bullion has flowed from west to east, and Pliny complained that India was the "sink" of the precious metals. Gibbon has also observed that this continuous drain was "a complaint worthy of the gravity of the senate;" and Humboldt, estimating the produce of the South American mines in the beginning of this century at 843,000,000, states that $25,000,000 were sent to Asia. The tendency to hoard the precious metals partakes of the proverbial immobility of the Asiatic character. Silver is less used in India for purposes of luxury and ornament than in Europe ; and it is probable that silver, and perhaps gold, will continue to be the leading article of import until the whole Asiatic world, with its population of six hundred millions of souls, shall be in possession of the same money supply relatively which is found in European or American states. This proportion between population and its industry on the one hand, and the medium of commerce recognized by the world, once established, then, and perhaps not before, will the oriental torpidity be succeeded by new and more advanced modes of traffic. The population of Great Britain is computed at 30,000,000, with an amount of gold and silver in circulation assumed to be c80,000,000 ; and this amount is found essential, notwithstanding the great extension of paper substitutes for coin. The circu lating medium of India in 1857 was about dSO,000,000, but the population of India is 180,000,000, or sixfold that of Great Britain. India can, therefore, absorb c400,GOO,000 in addition to the amount she is now supposed to hold before she will exceed the monetary level of Great Britain. France affords a more impressive illustration of the inevitable absorption of the precious metals by Asia before the monetary equilibrium will be adjusted between the Orient and the Occident. The population of France is, in round numbers, 36,000,000; its specie supply 6,600,000,000 francs, or about 6^64,000,000. The population of India will therefore require ^1,320,000,000 to reach a circu lation of coin proportionate to that of France. But this is not all. It is estimated that there are 600,000,000 Asiatics, fully equal as to industrial capacity to the people of India ; many of them the Japan ese and Chinese especially superior to the Hindostanese. Before the orien tals reach the monetary level of England, they must be in possession of cl, 600, 000, 000, while to attain an equality with France no less than an aggre gate of c4,400,000,000 must be permanently absorbed by the 600,000,000 Asiatics, who are soon to be brought into close commercial relation with Christ endom. The capital and industry of Europe and America were never so active as now. How immeasurable, under the impulse of machinery, is the energy and the amount of production. Fully proportionate is the exigency of distribution and the development of commerce; and as money is the grand instrument both of production and distribution, it must be permitted to diffuse itself proportion ately. Until every land is saturated to the full standard of Europe and thy United States, there will be no excess of supply from the mines of all the con tinents. The golden age is here, but we stand only on its threshold. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 201 OVERLAND TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE PACIFIC COAST AND THE MISSISSIPPI STATES. Having considered the external commerce of the United States, mostly con centrated on the Atlantic seaboard, and the volume of internal trade between the Mississippi States and the cities and communities east of the Allcghanies, the grand result of nearly three centuries of American civilization, and having also anticipated, from less than twenty years of similar colonization on the Pa cific coast, a still more remarkable phenomenon of social and material progress, it remains to consider the situation and prospects of those interior American States which are destined to connect the two great oceans by a railway across the American continent, itself the precursor of other communications of the kind. The California division of the Union Pacific railroad consists of three sec tions, under the control of three companies : First, the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad Company, which has a section of fifty miles between these two places; secondly, the Western Pacific Railroad Company, which has a section of one hundred and fifteen miles from San Jose to Sacramento ; thirdly, the Central Pacific Railroad Company, which has the section from Sacramento to the eastern boundary, in Truckee valley , t a distance of one hundred miles. The first section, from San Francisco to San Jose, is completed and in opera tion. The further distance to Sacramento is rapidly advancing to completion. With the aid of the California legislature there is a probability that the rail way will be pushed to the eastern boundary of the State sooner than the lines west of the Missouri river will be constructed for an equal mileage. When recently the people of Nevada Territory were represented in a conven tion to frame a State constitution, there was no dissent from the proposition that the credit of the State to the amount of $3,000,000 might be applied to aid the construction of a Pacific railway, all other loans of credit for internal im provements being prohibited. This provision will doubtless be inserted in the constitution soon to be presented. Utah, Colorado, and Kansas will also co operate with efficiency. But the surest guarantee will be the resources, present and prospective, of the organizations named, which will now be considered in geographical sequence. NEVADA. The population of Nevada Territory by the census of I860 was 6,857. At the close of 1863 it had reached 60,000, of which nearly 20,000 was concen trated at Virginia City, the centre of the most productive silver district. Within four years $5,000,000 have been expended in erecting quartz mills and reduc tion works ; another $5,000,000 have been laid out in opening the mines, and three times as much in various kinds of improvement. In wagon roads alone, leading into and through the Territory, $500,000 have been spent, an invest ment that has paid from forty to eighty per cent, per annum. The tolls col lected on these roads during the year 1863 reached at least the sum of $200,000. The money paid on freights coming into the Territory from the Pacific coast amounted to fully $3,000,000. About 3,000 teams of various kinds arc em ployed in this business, besides numerous pack trains. 202 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The argentiferous lodes of Nevada, first known as the Washoe silver mines, are not confined to the neighborhood of the first discoveries, although none have elsewhere been met with carrying so large a body of rich ores as the origi nal Comstock, at Virginia City. Some claiming to be equally rich, but com paratively small, have been found at other points. The localities of the other principal mines of Nevada, naming them in the order of their discovery, are the Esmeralda mines, a little over one hundred miles south-southeast of Virginia City ; the Humboldt, one hundred and sixty miles northeast ; the Silver Moun tain, sixty miles south; the Peavine District, thirty miles north; and the Reese River Country, one hundred and seventy miles east-northeast, embracing, like the other sections named, many districts, and flanked by two of more than ordi nary promise the Cortez, seventy miles north, and the San Antonio, one hun dred miles south of Austin, now the principal town in the Reese River region. Besides these, there are many isolated districts in various parts of the country, all advancing claims to great mineral wealth. Extensive districts of California, along the course of the Sierra Nevada, are argentiferous. On both the California and Arizona sides of the Colorado river silver lodes of manifest value are met with. In Utah Territory silver-bearing ledges, not unlike those found in the vicinity of Reese river, are numerous, and similar discoveries in the Boise country and other portions of Idaho have been made; but Nevada as yet sustains her pre-eminence as the silver-bearing region of the United States. There are now more than a hundred quartz mills in operation in the Territory of Nevada. These carry from five to forty stamps each, and have been erected at a cost ranging from $10,000 to 6100,000, three or four at least having ex ceeded the latter sum. The Gould and Curry mill, with its surrounding im provements, has already involved an expenditure of $1,200,000. About three- fourths of these mills are driven by steam, and the balance by water. Of the entire number in the Territory, seven-eighths are in the vicinity of Virginia City, the most remote being not over fifteen miles distant. It is calculated that every stamper will crush a ton of rock in 24 hours. Supposing 100 mills to be in constant operation, carrying an average of 10 stamps each, 1,000 tons of ore are crushed daily. This ore will yield at the rate of $50 per ton, giving a daily product of $50,000 for the Territory, or a total, allowing 300 working days for the year, of $15,000,000 per annum. With proper allowance for the increased production of 1864, the estimate of $20,000,000 for the current year will not seem an exaggeration. The colony of Victoria, in Australia, had a population in 1861 of 540,322, about equal to that of California and Nevada. The total number of persona residing within the mining districts of Victoria is given as 233,501, of which 90,364 are returned as directly employed " in the extraction by washing, crush ing or other mode, of gold." Upon this basis the colony of Victoria has under taken and constructed 351 miles of railway at a cost of c35,000 per mile; while society in the gold-fields, under the necessity of co-operation imposed by quartz mining, has been transformed from the violence of the first epoch of gold discovery to a remarkable condition of order and sobriety. Heavy and expen sive machinery employed on works which extend over a period of several years have obliged the miner to adopt a settled mode of life. Attractive home steads are everywhere seen, and flourishing cities are founded almost in a day. The same results are soon to be observed in Nevada perhaps are already visible. Virginia City (in the language of the Edinburgh Review, describing the populous towns of Victoria) "contains as many as 20,000 or 30, 000 inhabitants, with streets well metalled and paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with water, with churches, three daily newspapers, and other public institutions." The construction of 300 miles of railway will soon be added to the analogy of com parative progress. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 203 UTAH. The settlements of Great Salt Lake City, and elsewhere in Utah Territory, have directed their industry exclusively to agriculture and domestic manufac tures. Their ecclesiastical rulers, by giving such a direction to the labor of the people, have shown great sagacity, for not only is society organized on surer foundations than in mining districts, but the demand for all tiie products of Utah has been so constant and remunerative as to furnish an advantageous borne market. Simultaneously with the first settlement at SaJt Lake the overland emigration to California commenced, and has increased from year to year until in 1863 it meets a return column of adventurers who are pushing eastward and northward to the gold-fields of Colorado, Idaho, and Montana. The consump tion by the crowds in transit, both east and west, sustains the prices of provis ions and manufactures at rates which encourage population and accumulate wealth. By the census of 1860 the population of Utah was 40,273, an increase of 253.89 per cent, since 1850. The total valuation of property was $986,083 in 1850, and $5,596,118 in I860, or an increase of 467.50 per cent. If these proportions continue during the present decade, the population of Utah will be 142,525, and the valuation of property $31,757,966 in 1870. Most of Utah is barren ; perhaps one-fiftieth of the surface, with the aid of irrigation, is available for agriculture ; but over other and more extensive districts grazing and wool-growing will reward industry. The native grasses, especially the bunch grass, are heavily seeded, fattening cattle like grain, and giving great consistence and richness to the milk of cows. This concentration of nutri ment is a result of the arid climate, and to the same cause may be attributed the health of sheep, and the fine quality of their fleeces.* Iron and copper mines, which have been discovered in the Wahsatch moun tains of Utah, have received more attention from the Mormons than the indica tions of gold and silver, but the time is at hand when the precious metals will be mined as successfully as in Nevada. The present population of Utah is variously stated by Peter A. D>y, esq., engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, at 75,000 ; by Firzhugh Ludlow, esq., in the Atlantic Monthly Magazine, at 80,000 ; and by Hon. J. F. Kiuney, delegate from Utah to Congress, at 100,000. They are producing, besides fruits and creals, wool, cotton, silk, paper, leather, iron, lead, copper and salt, having introduced machinery for manufactures. c The following paragraph from the San Francisco Bulletin relates to the subject : THE PASTURES OF THE GREAT BASIN. These are generally found abundant on the eleva tions and rounded hills from 500 to 5,000 feet above the foot plains and level deserts coming west from the Salt Lake ranges. Hay is made from wild rye and barley, with many other grasses unknown heretofore to our hay-makers, and mostly undescribed in science. In several p*rts a species of wheat has beeu met with, aud also several varieties of clover have long been used by passing emigrants, since 1846. Brush and shrub pines, and oaks not over one or two yards high, and covered with acorns and nuts, are common in many districts, and make excellent food for stock animals, being also necessary articles of the Papute cuisine ; the dwarf oak acorns being particularly nutritious. An American gambusino, who had tramped up and down Arizona and Nevada in 1S62- G3, lately stated to a correspondent of the Bulletin that the grasses of the eastern slope, or the other pas tures with which they are mixed, have the property, when a little advanced in the season, of making the milk of domestic cows much thicker and more like the consistence of warm cream, and very rich in making cheese. It is many times more sustentativc than that of the coast, and much more sweet and toothsome, though less in quantity, these being its usual peculiarities at all seasons A variety of stiff, short grass is found in these places, not over a foot high, which is full of fine seeds and is greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and keeps them in excellent condition. 204 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. The late F. W. Lander, in a communication to the Secretary of the Interior, dated February 13, 1858, speaks of the inhabitants of Utah in the following terms : " Having been much exposed in the passes of the central mountains during two protracted explorations, with very small parties of men, and especially the last season, when the Mormons were expecting attacks from the government military forces, I wish, in this connexion, to place on record my own opinion and that of my party in favor of the masses of the Utah population. Often reduced to great straits for provisions and supplies, I was uniformly relieved, and in several instances most kindly and hospitably entertained by that distant class of our fellow-citizens. It cannot be denied that among this peculiar people exists as much thorough push, practical energy and determined movement, as are found in the republic. Both in founding the colonies of Salt Lake and throwing open that arid, desolate section to settlement, they have overcome gome of the most remarkable obstacles of nature. In fact, the initiative steps taken by this singular people first gave great impetus to our own overland emigration, by imparting knowledge of the resources of travel, and by furnish ing supplies." Again, in a subsequent communication, Colon el Lander remarks: " The existence of this Mormon population, and the supplies they are enabled to furnish, is a most important matter in making estimates for any public work to be carried on in that section of country. They are very excellent laborers, many of them Cornish miners, who understand all sorts of ledge work, masonry, &c. The majority of the lower classes are trained in the use of implements of excavation, from the amount of picking and digging which is required in the building of the great irrigating ditches, and in the erection of the earth and rock fences by which the farms of the country are separated. They will prove of remarkable service should the proposed line of the Pacific railroad pass any where in the vicinity of their settlements. Ex-Governor Young told me that he would engage to find laborers and mechanics to build that portion of a Pacific railroad which should extend across the Territory of Utah." COLORADO. Colorado Territory, with a white population of 34,231 in 1860, and an esti mated area of 100,000 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres, has nearly doubled in population during the first three years of the current decade. The population in January, 1864, may be fairly stated at 60,000. The production of gold in 1862 was $10,000,000, which will probably reach $15,000,000 during 1864. A message of honorable John Evans, governor of Colorado, to the Territorial legislature, delivered February 3, 1864, indicates quite distinctly the future situation of the State in regard to agriculture, grazing, and mining. He esti mates that not over one-half of the supplies of provisions for the Territory are yet produced from the soil, and anticipates that this relation between supply and demand will be maintained for years to come. He admits that " the arable lands of Colorado, except for purposes of grazing, are limited exactly by the quantity of water that may be found applicable to purposes of irrigation," while claiming that lands are very productive when irrigated. The governor presents the following comparison between the returns of agriculture in Colorado and Illinois : Colorado. 1 man s labor 10 acres corn, 15 acres wheat. 10 acres corn, 40 bushels per acre 400 bushels, at $3 $1, 200 00 15 acres wheat, 30 bushels per acre 450 bushels, at $3 1, 350 00 Corn fodder from 10 acres, at $10 per acre 100 "00 Wheat straw from 15 acres 20 tons, at $10 200 00 Total.. 2,850 00 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 205 Illinois. 1 man s labor 30 acres corn, 15 acres wheat. 30 acres corn, 60 bushels per acre 1,800 bushels, at 30 cents. . $360 00 15 acres wheat, 15 bushels per acre 225 bushels, at 75 cents. . 168 75 Straw and fodder, estimated 100 00 Total 628 75 Profits in Colorado over those in Illinois on the annual labor of one man $2, 221 25 Even more significant than these extraordinary prices of corn and wheat in Colorado is the suggestion by Governor Evans, that one claim of each quartz lode discovered hereafter shall be reserved, by act of Congress, for the purpose of creating a school fund, " as the usual grant of school-lands by the general government will be comparatively valueless for such a purpose in Colorado" Governor Evans alludes to the progress of quartz mining in the following terms : " The improvement in the modes of saving gold from the ores of our mines that have been made during the past year have given a new impulse to mining operations. By these new processes, ores that paid $25 per ton by the old process are readily made to yield 8100 per ton, while many varieties produce much more largely, and this without greatly increasing the expenses." The improvements here alluded to are chemical as well as mechanical, and are thus described by a writer in the New York Commercial Advertiser : " The gold in the quartz is associated with iron pyrites ; it is held very tena ciously, as if combined itself with the sulphur always present. The old plan, after drawing off the sulphur, was to pulverize very fine and then apply quick silver, which united with all the gold free, forming a part, which, exposed to heat, lost the quicksilver in vapor, leaving the gold pure. By this process much gold was lost because it adhered to the pyrites and passed off in the tailings. A new process of roasting at a certain heat drives off the sulphur without adding to the cohesion of the pyrites or causing the gold to volatilize. This process increases the product threefold. In other cases, where the ores are finely pulverized, the gold becomes so fine as to float in the air, thus es caping the quicksilver. This difficulty has been met by heating the quicksilver into vapor enclosed in a cylinder, into which the dust penetrates. The vapor thus fixes the floating particles of gold, and the yield has been raised in the proportion of two to five." On the western slope of the Snowy mountains, in Colorado, extensive silver mines have been discovered. Iron, lead, quicksilver, and coal have also been found in the Territory, and have already attracted capital. With the ratio of increase since 1860, the population of Colorado will be 200,000 in 1870. The .discoveries and development of the Gregory district is the sole basis, hitherto, for the settlement of Colorado. This district extends from Gold Hill to Empire City, about thirty miles along the base of the Snowy range, and is, on the average, about ten miles in width an area of three hundred square miles of gold-producing mountains, in which a hundred quartz mills are now in operation. Governor Evans, in his message of July 17, 1862, thus describes the mines and the manner of mining in the Gregory district : " The veins of quartz are found within an average distance of one hundred feet of each other. They are by the mining laws divided into claims of one hundred feet in extent, making surface enough on quartz lodes in this region alone for over eight hundred thousand claims. These veins are from six inches 206 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. to nine feet in thickness, and vary even more in their quality from those that will not pay at all, to those that produce the richest ore that has been found in any part of the world." He estimates that ore yielding $12 per ton pays all expenses, and that the average result of quartz mining in Colorado is $36 per ton. Intelligent observers express the conviction that the range of the gold-bearing quartz is not limited to the Gregory district, but is as extensive as the Snowy range itself; and that recent discoveries in the vicinity of the South Park, and along Clear and Boulder creeks and their branches, are but the precursors of developments in the mountain chain that separates the three parks that will, in a very few years, yield a greater amount of treasure than is now furnished by California, building up important points north as well as south of the present centre. Professor James T. Hodge, geologist of the Union Pacific railroad, reports the existence of iron and coal near Fort Laramie and the Cheyenne Pass localities north of Colorado. The Black Hills and Medicine Bow mountains contain these minerals, while the Laramie plains, in the vicinity, will be availa ble for agricultural settlement. In the vicinity of Denver City, Colorado, Professor Hodge visited coal-beds which present a thickness of five feet ten inches pure coal, with no mixture of slate, and thus describes its appearance and quality : " The coal is of a brilliant jet black, and is easily mined in large lumps, which appear to be firm and sound, but are said to crumble after exposure for a few weeks to the air. It contains but little bitumen, burning with little smoke, no unpleasant odor, and a yellow flame. It does not melt or coke, and, however high the draught, produces no clinker. The ashes of most of the beds are usually white and bulky. A welding heat in a forge is obtained with difficulty. Sulphur is observed in it, in small quantity, in the form of exceed ingly thin disks of iron pyrites disseminated through the seams. Particles of mineral rosin are much more abundant, scattered through the coal of the size of pin-heads." Another coal-bed, worked for the supply of the Denver market, is in the hills along South Boulder creek, only two and a half miles from the base of the Rock} 7 " mountains. This locality also affords an abundance of iron ores, and has been selected for the establishment of the first blast furnace erected in the Territory, which went into operation in March, 1864. " The principal coal- bed is opened a few rods southeast from the furnace, and has been worked one hundred feet down a slope of about ten degrees from the horizontal toward the east. The bed is twelve feet thick, almost uniform in quality, with no inter mixture of elate, and presents a beautiful appearance in the brilliant lustre of the coal. A little sulphur (pyrites) may here be detected in the seams." Two other beds are described, one of them affording coal of a firmer quality than the others. These specimens of coal were submitted to Professor John Torrey, who, after analysis, describes them as belonging to the class of lignites not technically a bituminous coal, neither cannel nor an anthracite. " Still, in common parlance, it will be regarded as coal. In calorific power the Rocky mountain coal may be placed between dry wood and bituminous coa!, and therefore it is a most valuable fuel. It may be used for the smelting of iron and other ores. For locomotives it could be employed to advantage, with some modification of the fireplace. The ash is so small in quantity, and so light, that most of it would be carried off by the blast of the furnace. The coal bums freely in a small Btove, making a hot and clear fire, and leaving no clinkers. The specimens, that were examined had a tendency to break up and crumble after being soaked with water and allowed to dry; hence the necessity of protection from moisture." The iron ore found at the eastern base of the mountains, near Denver City, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 207 is characterized by Professor Torrey as " lemonite, a compact variety derived from carbonate of iron, and commonly known by the name of brown hematite or brown iron ore." "It is found," continues Professor Hodge, "in irregular deposits, scattered over the summits, ends, and slopes of many of the ridges which border South Boulder creek and Rock creek. These deposits extend to a depth of only one to three feet, and, as they evidently do not form a part of the strata in the hills, it is impossible to make any estimate of the quantity of ore they will afford. One can judge, only from seeing numbers of acres thus covered, that supplies may be obtained for one or more blast furnaces for sev eral years ; but extended observations would be -necessary before positively asserting that large works could be supported from this source. The ore is found in pieces of all sizes up to masses of half a ton weight, and large quanti ties of it are so fine that it would have to be collected for the furnace by screening. There is scarcely any intermixture of foreign stony materials in these deposits. The quality of the ore is generally pretty good, though the larger masses are not so fine-grained and pure as the smaller ore. I should judge that an average of three tons would be required to make a ton of iron. The ore is in excellent condition for the blast furnace, its long exposure at the surface having prepared it for smelting almost as thoroughly as if it had been roasted. Its unusual mode of occurrence, unconnected with the strata in the hills, was for some time a source of perplexity ; and it seemed necessary to ex plain it correctly in order to judge better of the probability of the ore being found in large quantities in other places on the range of these formations. On examining the country up to the base of the mountains I discovered what I believe is the true explanation. At the distance of two and a half miles from the mines the marginal ridge, already noticed, rises suddenly with a very steep face and dip of its strata. The surface at its foot is covered with large rounded boulders from the granite rocks of the mountains. Some, also, are of the red sandstones and conglomerates of the outer ridge. They decrease in size and numbers towards the east, indicating the movement in that direction of vast bodies of water or ice. These, together with the evidences of denudation I had observed further north, evidently not referable to the diluvial or drift forma tion, appeared to me as more strongly marked evidences of glacial action than I had ever before seen. The extension of this over the hills near the furnace must have excavated the soft beds, of which they are in great part composed ; and the light clayey materials of the strata containing the iron ores being swept away by currents of water, these, by their weight, were left behind, and are now found spread over the surface of the hills. By long exposure they have been oxidized and converted from the clay iron stone, or blue case iron as-< it is here called, into the shelly hematite. Such a derivation of the ore, if cor rect, must itself make the quantity in any locality always uncertain. Found as it is, it is collected and delivered at the furnace at a cost of $3 per ton, making about $9 to the ton of iron." "The furnace, owned by Messrs. Langford, Lee, and Marshall, is a very small stack, of daily capacity of only four or five tons of pig iron. It is twenty feet square at base, twenty-two feet high, and seven feet diameter at the boshes The hearth is five feet high and eighteen inches diameter. It is intended to work the furnace with cold-blast, and the consumption of charcoal will probably be from two hundred and fifty to three hundred bushels to the ton of iron. The cost of charcoal at the furnace is ten cents per bushel, making the cost of fuel from $25 to $30 per ton, while that of ore, as above stated, may be rated at *!). The cost of the limestone for flux will probably not exceed fifty cents, and the remaining items of labor, repairs, &c., may be estimated at about 87. The total cost will probably be about $45 per ton of pig metal. In large establishments the expenses should be less, especially if the raw mineral coal could be substi- 208 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. tuted, wholly or in part, for the charcoal. The quantity of fuel, too, would be diminished by the use of the hot-blast." The prospects of agriculture are thus considered by Professor Hodge: "The agricultural resources of the prairies are somewhat limited by the extreme dryness of the climate. Rain seldom falls, and were it not for the never-failing supplies of water in the numerous streams running from the snowy central range of the Rocky mountains, the country would be an uninhabitable desert. Yet the soil is in great part fertile, warm, and mellow, and abounds in gypsum and salts of soda, which appear upon the surface in the form of an incrustation resembling frost. This is particularly abundant about the edges of dried-lip ponds. The alkaline salts affect the waters of many of the wells, rendering them nauseous to the taste and unwholesome, and mixed with the dust<of the roads, this is said to be, in the summer season, very injurious to the eyes of travellers. It is re markable that, notwithstanding the want of rain, no great trouble is experienced over the plains for the want of water at the ranches and stations along the roads. I crossed the Platte river at Fort Kearney in October, over its dry, sandy bed, and yet the wells along the valley contained abundant water, and, in general, they were not twenty feet deep, their bottoms not reaching to the level of the stream. It is difficult to explain from whence these supplies are derived. The dryness of the soil renders irrigation necessary for its successful cultivation, and this is already practiced to a considerable extent in Colorado, after the system of the Mexicans, which consists in the excavation of accquias or ditches, often several miles in length, by which the water of the streams, taken out at an upper level, is carried at this elevation past the farming lands, over which it is let out, as occasion requires, by tapping the acequias at any desired points. The culti vation is thus limited to lands lying below the level of the acequias, and such lands are met with of considerable extent along most of the streams, spreading out to great width, even before these have fairly emerged from the mountains. Very productive and extensive farms thus situated are seen running ap among the basaltic hills, or Clear creek, and similar improvements extend all along this stream to its mouth, below Denver. The streams north of it, so far as and in cluding the Cache d Poudrc, afford the same advantage for cultivation of the soil, and along most of them the lands are occupied in continuous lines of farms. In the newness of the country, which has been occupied only two or three years, the crops are limited to a few of the most necessary articles. Flour being sup plied to the Territory from the States and New Mexico, the cultivation of wheat is not so important as of the more bulky articles, which will not pay for trans portation from such distances. Some wheat, however, is raised, and the crop is a successful one. But attention is chiefly directed to procuring the large sup plies of hay, corn, oats, and vegetables, required by the numerous gold-mining population in the mountains. The hay being made from the wild prairie grass, its supply is limited only by the amount of labor employed in cutting and stack ing it ; still, owing to an overstock of it the previous year, the quantity put up in 1863 has proved too small for the demands of the country, increased as they are by the extraordinary accumulations of snow, which, covering the plains, cut off the herds of cattle and horses, with which the country is abundantly stocked, from their accustomed support by grazing during the winter. This, together with the obstructed condition of the roads, caused the price of hay in December last to rise to $105 per ton at the gold mines. Corn, which is a good crop, and may be raised to any extent along the streams, was worth at the same time nine or ten cents per pound. Potatoes are produced in abundance, as also onions, cabbages, and many other vegetables ; but in this unpropitious season the prices of all these range high. Onions are raised with scarcely any of the labor at tending their cultivation in the States, yet they were from ten to twelve cents a pound. They grow so luxuriantly that a single one often weighs more than a FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 209 pound. Such prices cannot be sustained in a favorable season, and particularly when the country is supplied with a more numerous agricultural population. " It is an important question whether the cultivation of these prairies is always to be limited to those portions capable of being irrigated only by the system now in use. The mountains, it appears, are abundantly provided with water, derived chiefly from the melting of the snows in the great central range. A large part of this, without doubt, penetrates under the stratified rocks, which on both sides dip away from the mountains. These waters probably flow in underground channels far from the mountains, and if tapped by artesian wells sunk down to them, they might reasonably be expected to rise to the surface in never-failing springs. The stratification of the country is certainly remarkably encouraging to such an enterprise; and another inducement to its prosecution would be the discovery of the mineral beds, whatever they may be, beneath the surface. This would be a certain and most economical method of determining the existence or non-existence of beds of coal in localities where it might be especially desirable to obtain this fuel. Artesian wells must at some time be exceedingly useful at Laramie plains, which are not so well watered as the country east of the mount ains. These plains, hitherto entirely uncultivated, afford, in places, good pas turage, and a considerable amount of prairie- grass hay, for the use of the over land stage line and of emigrants." : . . The Laramie plains and the mountain valleys of the Black hills and the Medicine Bow chain are mentioned by Professor Hodge as rcpositoiies of iron and coal, and having the constituents of agriculture with the aid of irrigation. These statements were anticipated by Lieutenant (now General) G. K. Warren in his report, as topographical engineer, upon Nebraska Territory, published in 1858-59, (Executive Documents, volume 2, part 2, p. 643,) from which an ex tract is given: " In the mountain formations which border the great plains on the west are to be found beautiful flowing streams and small, rich valleys, covered over with fino grass for hay, and susceptible of cultivation by means of irrigation. Fine timber for fuel and lumber, limestone and good stone for building purposes, are here abundant. Gold has been found in places in valuable quantities, and, without doubt, the more common and useful minerals will be discovered when more minute examinations are made. I think it exceedingly desirable that something should be done to encourage settlements in the neighborhood of Fort Laramie. The wealth of that country is not properly valued, and the Indian title not being extinguished, there is no opportunity to settle it. Those who live there now support themselves by trade with the Indians, which being al ready overdone, it is to their interest to keep others away. If the Indian title were extinguished and the protection of a territorial government extended there BO as to be effectual, there would soon spring up a settlement that would rival that of Great Salt lake. The Laramie river is a beautiful stream, with a fine, fertile valley, and there are such everywhere along the base of the mountains. Pine timber of the finest quality in abundance grows there, easy of access, from which the finest lumber can be made. Building-stone of good quality abound. The establishment of the military post and the constant passing of emigrants have driven away the game, so that the Indians do not set a high value on the land, and it could be easily procured from them. " The people now on the extreme frontiers of Nebraska and Kansas are near the western limit of the fertile portions of the prairie lands, and a desert space separates them from the fertile and desirable region in the western mountains. They are, as it were, on the shore of a sea, up to which population and agriculture may advance, and no further. But this gives them much of the value of places along the Atlantic frontier in view of the future settlements to be formed in the mountains, between which and the present frontier a most valuable trade would exist. The western frontier has always been looking to Ex. Doc. 55 14 210 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. the east for a market, but as soon as the wave of emigration has passed over the desert portion of the plains to which the discoverers of gold have already- given an impetus that will propel it to the fertile valleys of the Rocky mountains, then will the present frontier of Kansas and Nebraska become the starting point for all the products of the Mississippi valley which the popula tion of the mountains will require. We see the effects of it in the benefits which the western frontier of Missouri has received from the Santa Fe trade, and still more plainly in the impetus given to Leavenworth by the operations of the army of Utah in the interior region. This flow of products has, in the last instance, been only in one direction, but when those mountains become settled, as they eventually must, then there will be a reciprocal trade materially beneficial to both. " These settlements in the mountains cannot be agricultural to the same ex tent as those in the Mississippi valley, but must depend greatly upon the rais ing of stock. The remarkable freedom here from sickness is one of the at tractive features of the region, and will, in this respect, go far to reconcile the settler from the Mississippi valley for his loss in the smaller amount of products that can be taken from the soil." The late General F. W. Lander, while employed in the exploration of the Rocky mountains, (1858,) thus indicated the prospects of grazing in the northern valleys of the mountains, (Executive Documents, 1st session 35th Con gress, volume 9, No. 70 :) "From the arable grounds of the Salt Lake valley, through the numerous valleys and timbered regions of the Wahsatch mountains toward the head of Wind river, to the Beaver Head and to the St. Mary s valley of the north, occur available and peculiarly favorable locations for settlements* There are the numerous herding grounds of the Indians and mountaineers, and here are recruited and fattened, in the open air and during winter, the worn- down cattle, mules, and horses bought up by traders from the later overland emigration. The half-breed horses raised by the mountaineers from a cross be tween the larger animals of the settlements and the Indian pony, reared in the open air and without forage, are some of the finest animals I have ever seen. Durham short-horned cattle, a delicate breed, and not usually thought adapted to exposure, are raised here and wintered without shelter upon the nat ural grass of the mountains. Hay is never cut by the mountaineers, yet this celebrated stock, fattened upon the bunch-grass, grows larger than any I have seen in the States. John Grant, a well-known trader, who has raised a large stock of Durham milch cows and steers and American horses, winters yearly in the great valleys of the mountains with no shelter out the common Indian lodge of dressed elk or buffalo skin." KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. The census of 1860 returned the population of the interior districts, which, are connected with the overland trade west of the Missouri river, as follows : New Mexico 83,009 Colorado . . 34,277 Utah 40,273 157,559 In 1860 a special correspondent of the New York Herald furnished the fol lowing statement : FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 211 Table showing the amount of freight forwarded across the plains from the various ports on the Missouri river during the year 1860, with the required outfit. Where from. Pounds. Men. Horses. Mules. Oxen. % Wagons. 16,439,134 7,084 464 6,149 27,920 3,033 5 656 082 1,216 206 10,925 1,003 Atchison 6, 097, 943 1,591 472 13,640 1,280 St Joseph 1 , 672, 000 490 520 3, 980 418 5 496,000 896 113 11,118 916 Omaha City . ....... 713,00% 324 377 114 340 272 Grand total 36, 074, 159 11,601 841 7,574 67, 950 6, 922 In 1863 a population of 60,000 in Nevada employs for the transportation of machinery, merchandise, provisions, &c., from the Pacific coast, a number of men, animals, and wagons fully half as great as the foregoing exhibit of over land transportation west of Kansas and Nebraska. That this table is inade quate to express the traffic of 1864 may also be inferred from the consideration of the present population of the mountain Territories, viz : New Mexico, (no increase) 83,009 Colorado 60,000 Utah 80,000 Montana 12,000 235,009 It is not an excessive estimate that the present transportation is 50,000,000 pounds, employing 10,000 trains, and at a cost of $5,000,000 annually. In consequence of the war and other causes, a considerable diversion of the traffic across the plains has taken place in favor of the northern points of departure from the Missouri river; Kansas city by no means leading in the degree indi cated in 1860. Whether the traffic will resume its former proportions, depends altogether upon the railway construction of the next twelve months. Kansas and Nebraska, for an average distance of one hundred and fifty miles west of the Missouri river, are as well adapted to agriculture as the States of Missouri and Iowa, but beyond that limit agriculture is dependent upon irriga tion. Hence, as shown by Lieutenant Warren, a steady and remunerative market for breadstuff s and other agricultural products is at the door of the farmer in Kansas and Nebraska, which will divert all his surplus from the Atlantic coast. The foregoing review of the Territories east of the Sierra Nevada of California suggests a permanent deficiency of agricultural production, while their mineral resources will concentrate a large population. Grazing and wool-growing are future interests, which, with domestic manufactures, will diver sify industry and occupy labor at no distant stage of progress; but for the next decade of years, manufactures, and even meats, will be largely imported across the Sierra Nevada from the west, and across the plains from the Missouri river. The spring of 1864 witnesses an exodus of population from the western borders of Missouri and Iowa to the mining districts of Colorado and Montana, which far exceeds that of 1860. Peter A. Dey, esq., engineer of the Union Pacific railroad, writing from Omaha, under date of May 17, 1864, says: "Four thousand wagons and six thousand tons of freight have crossed the Missouri 212 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. river at Omaha since April first. There is now a daily movement of two hundred teams, three hundred tons freight, and one thousand persons. The teams are equally divided into those drawn by four horses, and those drawn by five yoke of cattle. No emigration has ever been known to bear any comparison to this. The line of teams waiting ferriage reaches nearly to Council Bluffs, or three miles in length. This rush will undoubtedly continue to the middle of June. The ferry -J)oat runs night and day. This does not include government trans portation." The statistics of the spring emigration of 18G4, on the basis of this state ment, are 75,000 men, 22,500 tons of freight, 30,000 horses and mules, and 75,000 cattle. It is probable that similar aggregates represent the emigra tion from other points on the Missouri river, and in that case 150,000 will be added to the population of the mountain^ from the Mississippi States during 1864. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD. That the overland trade on the average latitude of 40 degrees north has already reached proportions which assure the prosperity of the Central Pacific railway from the way business alone, as soon as constructed, is a probability which can be made to appear from the general railroad statistics of the country. Take the proportion of mileage to population. In 1860 the population of the States, not including the Territories, was 31,148,047, and the number of miles of railroads in operation was 30,592. The population on the 1st of January, 1861, is estimated at 31,615,267; while on that date official reports show that there were 31,168 miles of railroad constructed in the United States, at an ag gregate cost of $1,777,993,818, or $37,794 97 per mile. Thus, the proportion of one mile of railroad to every thousand of population seems to be established as a practical law of railroad progress by the American people. This ratio is exceeded in many of the States. For instances: Ohio, in I860, had a popula tion of 2,339,511, and 2,900 miles of railroad in operation; Illinois, 1,711,951 of population to 2,867 miles of railroad; Massachusetts, 1,231,066 population to 1,272 miles of railroad; while the most advanced southern States were, Virginia, 1,596,318 of population to 1,771 miles of railroad; Tennessee, 1,109,801 to 1,197; Georgia, 1,057,286 to 1,404. If the Union Pacific railroad, assured by the extent of overland traffic, and aided by the land grant and credit of the general government, should organize measures for the completion of a central trunk line through California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, by the year 1870, the census of that year would doubtless return populations exceeding the ratio of one thousand per mile. During the decennial period of 1850- 60, the population of those Territories increased five-fold. Connect by railroad the agricultural districts of the Pacific coast and the Mississippi valley with the varied consumption and commerce of the interior mining regions, arid the ensuing six years, or the period occupied in effecting that connexion, would probably witness an advance of population three fold the aggregates which appear in 1864, viz: 1850. 1860. 1864. 1870. -California 92,597 365,439 500,000 1,500,000 Nevada 6,857 60,000 180,000 Utah 11,380 40,273 80,000 240,000 Colorado 34,271 60, 006 180,000 Kansas 107,206 120,000 360,000 103,957 554,052 820,000 2,460,000 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 213 A comparison of the statistics of the English colony of Victoria and the State of California has already been presented, and is instructive. Victoria, in April, 1861, had a total population of 540,322, almost equally divided between the mining districts and the remainder of the colony. Including the Washoe district, now Nevada, California had a population in 1861, nearly equal to Victoria, and which was divided in the same proportion. San Francisco and Melbourne are cities of equal commercial importance. The California revenue for State pur poses is SI, 462,690; for national treasury, $7,128,399; total. $8,591,089, or about $17 per capita. The provincial revenue of Victoria was, in 1862, $15,123,465; in 1863, $13,968,510, or an average per capita of $29. California has only 75 miles of railroad in operation, while Victoria has 351 miles, con structed at an expense of c35,000 per mile, from which the Victoria govern ment received an income in 1863 of c433,615.* The first section of the Cali fornia Central railroad, which was opened in January from San Francisco to San Jos<>, a distance of 49 T ^ miles, was constructed at a cost of $40,000 per mile. If we suppose the next 600 miles across the Sierra Nevada, and the State of Nevada, to cost $80,000 per mile, the expenditure will not exceed the cost of the Victoria railroads, which connect the city of Melbourne with the Ballaret and Bendigo gold fields, and with the wool-growing districts of the river Murray. There is abundant evidence that the mountain valleys are favorable to stock- raising, and that animals and their products will largely contribute to the return business of the Pacific railroad, in addition to the movements of Asiatic mer chandise, and of the precious metals. As far north as the sources of the Colum bia, the Missouri, and the Saskatchewan rivers, cattle and horses require no winter shelter, but are found in the spring in the best health and condition. For many years the emigrant trains will take to the mountains a multitude of domestic animals. The climate and natural grasses are favorable to their in crease, and if the cattle of Texas have been profitably transported to the New York market, it is possible that the Mississippi and Atlantic States may yet receive a considerable portion of their consumption of meats from the llocky mountains. Wool and dry hides are a considerable export from New Mexico and Colorado; and the San Francisco Mercantile Gazette of March 2, 1864, reports the departure of 1,500 head of beef cattle to the gold mines of Montana, or the sources of the Missouri, which cost but $6 per head in California. They can be produced in every Rocky mountain district at as low a figure. The construction of a continental telegraph from the Missouri river to San Francisco, three years since, was regarded as premature; but its successful operation has justified the enterprise. So will it be with the Union Pacific rail road. California alone is better able to carry its construction to the Missouri river than New York was competent, by the resources and credit of the State in 1824, to undertake the Erie canal. As its sections advance westward and eastward, a population will attend fully able to sustain the investment by divi dends ; nor is it improbable that the perforation of the llocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada by tunnels will prove the most successful and gigantic traverse of gold and silver lodes ever yet developed in the annals of quartz mining. A SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD ROUTE. A route from the Lower Mississippi States to the Gulf of California and San Diego on the^Pacific coast, which should be a trunk for communications with Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans, is a measure which only awaits the re- ^Ibcieturns for the first quarter of 1864, as reported in the London Times, make it certain that the net profits of the Australian railways will henceforth discharge an interest of six per cent, on the entire cost of construction. 214 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. storation of the federal authority in all the gulf States, to be favorably consid ered by the country. There are two events which will direct attention to the latitude of 35 as a scene of rapid settlement and overland communication. The first is the agri cultural advantages of the Neosho district, or the country due west of Arkansas, which was conceded by treaties to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole Indian?; and in the second place, the new discoveries of mineral wealth in the central and northern districts of Arizona Territory. Neosho, on the east, will soon equal Kansas ; while the San Francisco mountains of Ari zona, situated geographically south of Nevada, will doubtless be the scene of similar excitement and development as have attended the settlement of the Washoe silver district. It is proposed to compile the latest intelligence of the agricultural region of the east, and the mineral district of the west, under the average latitude of 35. It was observed in a report presented by the territorial committee of the United States Senate, in 1854, that the country occupied by the Cherokee In dians is as rich and beautiful, as well watered and healthy, as the finest por tions of Iowa and Wisconsin, and as lovely in its prairie scenery, as the choicest parts of Texas. It consists of 13,000,000 acres, mostly lying within latitudes 36 and 37. One Indian agent represents the staple productions of the peo ple to be corn, wheat and oats ; that the country is well adapted to apples, peaches, plums, and similar fruits ; that stone-coal, iron, and salt-springs are abundant and profitable ; and that the country is admirably adapted for grazing cattle, of which the Indians have extensive stocks. In consequence of the cli mate, only a portion of the country, resembling the northern part of Alabama, is suited for the cultivation of cotton; tobacco and hemp flourish as in Kentucky. The Creeks occupy 13,140,000 acres, except a small tract assigned to the Seminoles, on the deep fork of the Arkansas, in latitude 97. The Creek coun try lies immediately west of Fort Gibson, extending from the Canadian river to the 36th parallel of latitude. It is noticed by James Logan, who was an In dian agent in 1847, as "a country of abundant extent, well timbered and wa tered, of fertile soil, and of comparative healthfnlness, offering every facility for the raising of stock." The scene of Washington Irving s " Tour of the Prairies" is comprised in the Creek district. The Choctaw country, of which the western half has been assigned to the Chickasaws and some smaller bands of Indians, extends from the Red river to the Canadian, and from the western boundary of Arkansas to the 100th meri dian of longitude. Between longitude 94 and 97 degrees, or the Choctaw terri tory, as reduced in 1854, cotton has been grown near Red river, but corn and wheat are the prominent crops. An Indiaa agent wrote in 1S51: " The soil produces the finest of wheat, weighing sixty-five to seventy pounds to the bushel ; as a grazing community it is likewise unsurpassed, the extensive prai ries, clothed with luxuriant grass, being capable of sustaining innumerable flocks and herds throughout the year." In 1854, Mr. A. J. Smith, Chickasaw agent, described some medicinal or " oil" springs on the Washita river, as very effica cious. Coal, copper and salt are found in ample quantities. In the " Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in 1852," by Captain (now Brigadier General) R. B. Marcy, the Chickasaw district, between longitude 97 and 100, is described as about one hundred and eighty miles in length, and fifty in width, containing 9,000 square miles of valuable arid productive lands, or 1,000 square miles more than the State of Massachusetts. Various portions of this country are more specifically described. Captain Marcy speaks of " charming landscapes ; of soil remarkable for fertility ; vegetation in old Indian cornfields twelve feet high ; of beautiful springs and streams ; of natural mead ows covered with luxuriant grasses; broad and level bottomlands, covered with dense crops of wild rice, and of excellent timber, large and abundant." He FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 215 adds : " Indeed, I have never visited any country that, in my opinion, possessed greater natural local advantages for agriculture than this." There is no reason for doubt that the valleys of the Red River of the South, the Arkansas and the Canadian, for a distance of four hundred miles west of the State of Arkansas, are fertile, well watered and timbered, and supplied with coal and iron comparing favorably with Kentucky and Tennessee in these respects. The colonization of this district will no longer be postponed, but will follow the termination of the war, and a reasonable adjustment of the interests of its Indian occupants. Ten degrees of longitude west of the Neosho district, in the northern por tions of the Territory of Arizona, recent discoveries of gold have occurred, which arc attracting population and capital from San Francisco nnd southern California. This gold district is near the line of the 34th parallel of latitude, and west of the 110th degree of longitude, and is approached from the Gulf of California by steamboat navigation on the Colorado. The San Francisco mountains on the route of Captain A. W. Whipple s Pacific railroad survey are its central landmark. The Colorado river is navigable for a distance of 500 miles to latitude 36 06 , or to the mouth of the Rio Virgen, by a class of stern- wheel steamers, described as follows by Lieut. J. C. Ives, topographical engi neer: " 100 feet long, 22 feet beam, built full, and with a perfectly flat bot tom, having a large boiler and powerful high-pressure engine, and drawing, when light, but twelve inches." The miners of Northern Arizona will be sup plied from the Pacific coast by this navigation.* The silver mines of southern Arizona, in the valley of the Gila, have been well known for several years. They are not less rich, and will be as produc tive as those of Nevada. With peace restored, Indian hostility suppressed, and individual title to min eral lands assured, Neosho, (as the country west of Arkansas has been called,) western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, may be expected to follow the cen tral cordon of States in the increase of population and wealth ; and if o, and whenever so, a great central highway of commercial communication will be opened. When that period of development shall arrive, the Union Pacific rail road, like the Union Pacific telegraph, will have vindicated all the intervention by the national government in its behalf, and a great impulse will be given to the construction of a more southern line. When, in 1853, the initiative of Pacific railroad exploration was presented to the United States Senate, resulting in* a congressional appropriation of $150,000 for the purpose, attention was directed to three routes the northern, the cen tral, and the southern. Legislation has followed in behalf of one the central - not so much from any demonstration of greater feasibility, but because tho min eral discoveries of the interior, followed by population, suggested the selection. The same causes are now active on the two other routes. Discoveries, not only of gold and silver, but of coal, iron, lead, and salt, diversify the map of the Rocky mountain region everywhere within our boundaries ; arid an emigration from the Pacific coast meets the Atlantic column even upon the great plains, which arc drained by the Missouri, the Platte, and the Rio Grande. The necessity of more than one route between the Mississippi States and the Pacific coast will appear from an enumeration of the railroad lines which are indispensable to the commerce between the Atlantic and interior States. These A San Franci?co paper says, under date of March 2, 1864 : "The discovery of valua ble Jcdges of gold and silver ore is now reported in such numbers, of such richness, and so well authenticated, that if any doubt has existed in regird to the vast miaeral wealth of Arizona, it must soon be di^sipited. One of the great drawbacks to the pros pects of that region for mining enterprises has been the scarcity of fuel; but late advices announce the discovery of coal near La Paz, on the Colorado. 216 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. are seven well-defined thoroughfares : (1) From Portland, by the Grand Trunk? to Detroit, and thence, with a traverse of the State and Lake of Michigan, to Milwaukie and La Crosse ; (2; by the New York Central, the Great Western, of Canada, and the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, to Prairie du Chien ; (3) by the New York and Erie, the lines of Ohio and Indiana south of the great lakes, and the Illinois Central, to Galena; (4) the Pennsylvania Central, and its western connexions, to Rock Island; (5) the Baltimore and Ohio, by way of Cincinnati, to St. Louis ; (6) from Richmond, through the Cumberland valley, to Memphis; and (7) from Charleston and Savannah, traversing the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, to Vicksburg and New Orleans. All these highways are thronged and prosperous, and, Avith the wonderful impulse to colo nization and commerce induced by mining investments, a period of twenty-five years will probably witness the completion of four great continental communi cations within the limits of the north temperate zone, and upon the following lines : 1. Through the southern tier of States, on or near the parallel of 35, which is central to the region of cotton, the sugar cane, and the vine, and which will be supported by the populations of Louisiana, Arkansas, Neosho, (or the Terri tory occupied by the Cherokee and Choctaw Indians,) Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora, and southern California. This may be called the Gulf route, from its relation to the Gulfs of Mexico and California. 2. The central, which is now in course of construction, on the average lati tude of 40. With its present prestige and aid from the federal government, soon to be increased by the intervention of State governments in its behalf, the speedy construction of this road may be anticipated. If in operation at the present moment, the road would be financially successful. All the resources of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and, in a great degree, of Missouri and California, are pledged to such a result. 3. The lake route, hitherto designated in congressional debates as the North ern Pacific route, connecting the western coast of the great lakes, and the navi gable channel of the Columbia river, by the most direct and feasible communi cation with which the Territories and future States of Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Washington, as well as the States of Minnesota and Oregon, are identified. 4. The international route, or an extension of the Canadian railway system across the Peninsula of Michigan, and through Wisconsin and Minnesota, to the English colony of Selkirk in latitude 50, and thence, through the valleys of the Saskatchewan and upper Frazer rivers, to the Pacific coast in latitude 54. The prediction is hazarded that the year 1890 will witness the consummation of the 8,000 miles of interior railroad above indicated. A more accurate state ment would be, that whenever, along either of these routes, a population shall be assembled of two millions of souls, then will follow, by an irresistible social law, the construction and support of two thousand miles of railroad. The proba bility of that aggregate of population by the year 1870 has been considered on the central line. The situation of the more southern communication has been also referred to, and some space will now be given to the probabilities that, by the year 1890, the great lakes will be connected by railroad with the Columbia river and Puget s sound, while 1880 is likely to witness the completion of the international railroad upon the average latitude of 52 north. THE NORTHERN OR LAKE ROUTE. The latitude of 45 north, extended west of Minnesota, is not only central to the lake coast and the railroads of northern Illinois and Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, but in its traverse of the Great Plains and the Rocky mountains it is most accessible from the mining districts now developed, or soon to be occupied, in the Territories of Dakota, Montana and Idaho. Other conditions being favor- FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 217 able, the future emigrant route will follow the parallel of 45 or 46, and when population warrants, that will be the general direction of the northern or lake railroad route. Explorations by officers of the general government, and publications of their reports, have made the general features of this route quite familiar. Fully nine- tenths of the area between the 100th meridian of longitude and the Cascade range of Oregon will never be available for agriculture, although districts far more extensive will support herds and flocks. The climate, owing to the reduced altitude, is not more severe than in the corresponding districts of Colorado and Utah. The Great Plains are characterized geologically by a development ot the cretaceous formation, which is observed over large Asiatic areas, and con curring with aridity, constitutes the American desert. Population would have been slowly attracted to those localities, except for the discovery of gold. The " northern mines," as they are termed, upon the sources of the Columbia and Missouri, were discovered not more than two years since, and now have a popu lation of 30,000, of which 12,000 are cast of the mountains. In addition to the Salmon river mines of Idaho, and the Missouri arid Yellowstone mines of Mon tana, under the average longitude of 108, it is now wel! ascertained that the Black hills of Dakota Territory, situated on the 44th parallel of latitude, and between the 103d and 105th meridians of longitude, are rich in gold and silver, as well as coal, iron, copper, and pine forests. With the pacification of the Sioux nation, and the establishment of emigrant roads, Dakota will be the scene ol great mining excitement, as the gold field of the Black hills is within two hun dred miles of the steamboat navigation of the Missouri river, at the intersection of its channel with the forty-fifth parallel of latitude. Admitting the general sterility of the Great Plains, and the physical difficulties of the mountains, yet the great productiveness of the northern mines warrants the opinion that the Territories of Idaho, Montana and Dakota will advance in population in a ratio fully equal to that observed in Nevada and Colorado since their first settlement. The discoveries at Washoe and Pike s Peak date from 1859. Five years is the whole period of the settlement and progress of Nevada and Colorado, and within that period each Territory has reached a permanent population of 60,000. Both have been subject to the mutations of a mining population, but each has increased at the rate of twelve thousand souls per annum. So with the Salmon river dis trict, twenty months of productive gold-mining having assembled 20,000 people, while east Idaho, or Montana, at the expiration of twelve months from the first discovery of gold on the Jefferson fork of the Missouri, had a population of 12,000. If such a rate of accretion is accepted, the result in the year 1890 will be indicated as follows : 1863. 1870. 1830. 1890. Idaho 20,000 104,000 224,000 344,000 Montana 12,000 96,000 216,000 336,000 Dakota 10,000 94,000 214,000 334,000 42, 000 294, 000 654, 000 1, 009, 000 An estimate of the increase of population in Oregon and Washington is an nexed. Oregon in 1850 had a population of 13,294, which was increased in 1860 to 52,465, or a ratio of increase of 294.65. Assuming a ratio of increase from 1860 to 1870 of 200 per cent. ; for the decade closing with 1880, of 100 per cent., and of 50 per cent, from 1880 to 1890, the population of Oregon during and at the expiration of twenty-seven years will be as follows : 218 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. I860 52, 465 1870 157, 395 1880 314, 490 1890 . . 472, 185 The population of Washington is estimated on the hypothesis that the ratio of increase during the first decade will be 300 per cent., (or about the same as that of Oregon from 1850 to 1860 ;) then 200 per cent, for ten years closing with 1880, and 100 per cent, for the decade of 1890, as follows: I860 (by census) . 11, 168 1870 (assumed) 44, 672 1880 " , 134, 016 1890 ^68, 032 The ratio of increase registered as to Michigan and Wisconsin, from 1830 to I860, far exceeds these estimates. 1830. 1840. 1850. I860. Michigan 31,639 211,560 397,654 749,113 Wisconsin 30,945 305,391 775,881 An American railroad from the west border of Minnesota to the Columbia river may be anticipated by the year 1890, on the following basis of population, ascertained as above : Dakota 334, 000 Montana 336, 000 Idaho , 344, 000 Oregon 472, 185 Washington 268, 032 1,754,217 THE INTERNATIONAL ROUTE. Public sentiment in Canada and England has long demanded measures for the colonization of Central British America, as that fertile belt of territory is now called, which extends from Canada and Lake Superior to the Rocky moun tains. It includes the valleys of the Red River of the North and the Sas katchewan river, which belong to the hydrographical system of Hudson s bay, and are covered by the charter of the Hudson Bay Company. 1 Selkirk settlement, on the Red River of the North, was founded in 1812, and has a population of 10,000 an industrious, moral, and well-ordered community. Fort Garry, in this settlement, is the North American headquarters of the Hudson Bay Company. The posts of this company, more than fifty in number, occupy very commanding situations over the immense area, bounded by Hud- eon s bay and Lake Superior on the east, the Rocky mountains on the west, and the Arctic ocean on the north. The fur trade of this immense territory concentrates its annual product on the Red River of the North, at Fort Garry, from which point, by the annual voyages of brigades of batteaux, merchandise and supplies are distributed to the most distant post. Prior to 1858, the imports and exports of the Hudson Bay Company were principally transported by the difficult and dangerous route of Hudson s bay and Nelson s river, or over the numerous obstacles intervening from Lake Superior to Red river, on the British Bide of the international line. In 1858, however, materials were transported FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 219 from the navigable waters of the Mississippi river to construct a steamer on the Red river, and in 1862 two such vessels navigated that stream. The trade previously existing between St. Paul and Selkirk has been greatly increased in consequence. The imports of Central British America for the use of the Hud son Bay Company and the Selkirk settlers amount to $500,000 annually, while the average annual exports, almost exclusively furs, amount to $1,000,000. It is now well known that, northwest of Minnesota, the country reaching from the Selkirk settlement to the Rocky mountains, and from latitude 49 to 53 on the longitude of 94, and to latitude 53 on the Pacific coast, is as favorable to grain and animal production as any of the northern States; that the mean tem perature for spring, summer and autumn observed on the 42dand43d parallels, in New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, has been accurately traced through Fort Snelling and the valley of the Saskatchewan to latitude 55 on the Pacific coast, and that from the northwest boundary of Minnesota this whole district of British America is threaded in all directions by the navigable water-lines which converge to Lake Winnipeg. These facts, however favorable to agricultural settlement, would have failod to revolutionize the policy of the Hudson Bay Company, except for the violent excitement of gold discovery. The year 1858 directed a column of adventurers to the channel and sources of Frazcr river : the organization of British Columbia followed, and it was soon ascertained that the richest and most extensive gold fields of northwest British America the Cariboo mines are so far within the Rocky mountains, so far up to the utmost sources of Frazer river, as to be practicably more accessible from Selkirk than from the coast of Puget s sound. At length, in 1862, the tributaries of the Saskat^iewan and Peace rivers, on the eastern flank of the Rocky mountains, were discovered to be auriferous ; while eastward stretched, towards Canada and Lake Superior, not less than 100,000,000 acres of fertile lands destined to cereal cultivation, whenever reached by emigration. English and Canadian exploration also established, in favor of this district, that its average elevation above the sea was far less than in American territory; that the Rocky mountains were diminished in width, while the passes were not difficult; that the supply of rain was more abundant, and the carboniferous and silurian formations were of greater extent than further south; and, owing to the greater influence of the Pacific winds through the moun tain gorges and the reduced altitude, that the climate was no material obstacle to civilized occupation. The Hudson Bay Company, in 1S63, was reorganized to meet the exigencies of imperial and provincial policy in Central British America, "in accordance (to quote the circular of the new directory) with the industrial spirit of the age, and the rapid advancement which colonization has made in the countries adja cent to the Hudson s Bay territories." While the present most effective organization of the fur trade will be con tinued and even extended, the company now proposes to avail itself of all possible agencies for the rapid colonization of the Saskatchewan basin and the gold districts at the sources of the Columbia, Frazer, Saskatchewan and Peace rivers. A telegraph line from St. Paul to Pembina, and thence through Selkirk and the Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast, is first announced as the special enterprise of 1864. Then a connexion of the Selkirk settlement by railroad with St. Paul, and by a direct emigrant road with Fort William, on the British coast of Lake Superior, will receive effective aid, concurrently with the prose cution of American and Canadian enterprises. Steamboat navigation is to be extended upon Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan river. The systems of land survey and gratuitous allotments of land to colonists which prevail in the United States are proposed, the company reserving alternate blocks or sections to support future railroad construction, since, at the earliest practicable moment, a railroad will be undertaken traversing the colonies of Central British America 220 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. and British Columbia. It is in the power of the modernized Hudson Bay Company, arid it is its well-defined purpose, to connect Lake Superior and the Pacific coast by a cordon of settlements, and to carry forward the construction of two thousand miles of railroad simultaneously with the advent of population, and as the sure means to encourage the settlement of Northwest British America, or the interval which separates the lake coast of Canada from the coast of the North Pacific ocean. This international railroad (as it may properly be called, until the develope ment of British America warrants a direct communication with Canada) will be the favorite object of English capitalists on this continent, as the Union Pacific railroad will combine in its behalf the energies of the government and citizens of the United States. These two enterprises will therefore precede the con struction of railroads on the gulf and lake routes, but only by a decade of years. All four routes will be demanded by the wants of 8,000,000 of people, which the next twenty-five years will witness permanently seatetl on the average latitudes of 35, 40, 45 and 50, between longitude 95 and the Pacific ocean. STATISTICAL MAP. To illustrate the communications, present and future, between the Atlantic, Mississippi, Interior and Pacific States, a map ia annexed, which has been pre pared for publication in this connexion, and which also indicates the boundaries of the Territories at the close of the congressional session of 1863- 4. The statements of population are from the census of 1860, except the estimates for later dates. The map has been extended beyond the northern frontier of the United States, that the arable districts of British America, as shown by their respective northern boundary lines, may be studied with reference to the rail way and commercial movements on the continent. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 221 THE MINERAL WEALTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR- The whole basin of Lake Superior indicates the presence of iron incl copper The mountains which divide the waters of Lake Michigan to the southeast, of the Mississippi river and its tributaries to the southwest and west, of the Rainy Lake river to the northwest, and of Hudson s bay to the north and northeast the outer rim of the Superior basin are found, wherever explored, to contain iron ore. The mines at Marquette, Michigan, have been successfully worked, in consequence of the construction of a railroad from the harbor of Marquette to the Iron mountain, eighteen miles distant ; but iron deposits in the same mineral range are situated at no greater distance south of Bayfield and Supe rior, in Wisconsin, and thence have been traced around the north shore of the lake, in Minnesota and in Canada. Nearer the lake coast, and apparently a lower formation, are the copper dis tricts. The only locality on the southern shore which has attracted attention is a district extending from Keweenaw Point to the Montreal river, 100 miles in length by four to twenty miles in width. On the north shore of the lake, in Minnesota, near the western extremity of the lake, and in Canada for a dis tance of 200 miles northwest from the Sault St. Marie, are well-defined copper regions which are now attracting the attention of capitalists, and will probably prove as productive as the Keweenaw, Portage Lake, Ontonagon, and Carp Lake districts, as the subdivisions of the Michigan copper-bearing territory are termed. During the year 1863 discoveries were made in the vicinity of Marquette, which suggest that Michigan is destined to become, at an early day, a great sil ver-yielding State.* The newly-discovered district is known as the granite range, lying between the schistose or iron range and Lake Superior, and is from ten to twenty miles in breadth and about fifty miles in length. Lodes of argentiferous galena have been found in this region, yielding from ten to thirty pounds of silver to the ton of metal. Assays made on some of the ores have discovered gold in them to the value of $60 to $240. If these statements are confirmed, the silver district of Lake Superior will exceed in value either of the ranges now yielding copper and iron. Under the impulse of the present demand for iron and copper, the Minnesota district, extending from Fond-du-Lac to the Grand Portage at the mouth of Pigeon river, has been thoroughly explored with satisfactory results ; while Canada has taken effective measures for the encouragement of mining enter prises on the remainder of the northern shore. Title to mineral lands on Lake Superior can now be acquired from Canada at one dollar per acre, subject to a tax of one dollar per ton of ore. This order will have the effect to transfer English capital to the Nepigon, Pic and Michipicoton districts of Lake Superior, as it is now admitted that the copper mines of Great Britain have lately failed of their former productiveness. A correspondent of the London Mining Journal states that " the very rich mines of Cornwall and Devon are limited in the 222 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. present day, arid that some thirty or forty of the greatest and richest mines in those countries are exhausted, at least for copper." There were, in March, 1864, more than fifty bills before the Canadian Parliament to incorporate com panies for mining gold, silver, lead, antimony, iron, and copper. Similar and greater activity prevails in all the American districts of Lake Superior. The total amount of capital invested in the fee-simple and develop ment of the copper mines now worked in Michigan, not including the value of the metal produced, is estimated at $6,000,000, while their stocks are worth over, $15,000,000. The aggregate amount of copper produced in 1863 was not less than 9,000 tons of stamp work, barrel and mass, or about 7,500 tons of ingot, worth at its present value over $6,000,000; but as the largest portion was probably sold at an average of 35 cents per pound, the aggregate receipts of sales will not be much over $5,000,000. The products of the Mar- quette iron mines for 1863 are reported as 185,000 gross tons of ore, and 13,732 gross tons of pig iron. In 1855 the product of the same mines was only 1,447 tons of iron ore, with no production of pig iron; in 1858, 31,035 tons of iron ore and 1,627 tons of pig iron. The exports, of all values, for 1863, from Lake Superior, will amount to $10,000,000, imports $12,000,000, consisting, in addition to provisions and merchandise for the mining villages, of shipments of machinery and other mate rials for permanent improvements. In the same vicinity, the Huron mountains are reported to be gold-bearing, and at the latest date (June 13, 1864) there is a probability that the discoveries and production of gold in this district of the Lake Superior basin will fully equal the facts in regard to silver. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED DOCUMENTS DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 642-2569 " : : .: // LD 21-20m-8, 61 (Cl795slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES ;: ;: iilli}iiMi V . K ^v^.^W V-;- :v|; r - illlSi iWSII ^^>fe^d3? iv/^< . <X/- v j#-/ . f ^, *$$$(&. WM