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? PRESENTED TO THE
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L&--14 L^v * ?> 1X*<0 !i
>cr vr l~.-r* -J-- S
STATISTICS
OF THE
FOREIGN Am DOMESTIC COMMERCE
OP
THE UNITED STATES;
EMBRACING
A HISTORICAL RETIEW AND ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN COMMERCE FROM THE BEGIN
NING OF THE GOVERNMENT; THE PRESENT INTERNAL COMMERCE BETWEEN
THE MISSISSIPPI AND ATLANTIC STATES; THE OVERLAND TRADE
AND COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE PACIFIC STATES; THE
PRODUCTIONS AND EXCHANGES OF THE GOLD
AND SILVER DISTRICTS ; THE COMMERCE
OF THE PACIFIC COAST, AND THE
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
OF THE NORTHERN FRON
TIER OF THE UNITED
STATES.
COMMUNICATED BY
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
IN ANSWER TO
A RESOLUTION OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
MARCH 12, 1863.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1864.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, June 29, 1864.
Resolved, That the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, communicating (in compliance
with a resolution of the Senate of the 12th of March, 1863) a statistical and general report
upon the value and condition of our foreign and domestic commerce, be printed ; that five
thousand additional copies be printed for the use of the Senate, and that two thousand flva
hundred additional copies be printed for the use of the Treasury Department.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Letter of the Secretary, transmitting the report, with description and classification of contents 1 to 3
FOREIGV COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES TONNAGE AND TRADE 5 to 117
Introduction 5
American >nd foreign tonnage entered from foreign countries, 1789 to 1821, with the percentage of
foreign. 6
American and foreign tonnage entered from foreign contries, 1821 to 1863, with the percentage of
foreign 7
Tonnage in Canadian trade distinguished 7
Countries, the tonnage from winch ate \c~s in 1861 than in 1821 8
Countries, the imports from which, from 18:28 to i860, positively declined 8
Countries, the imports from whicli, from 1828 to 18liO, relatively declined 9
Countries, the imports from which, from 1828 to 186J, positively and relatively declined 9
Values of imports into the United States in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863 10
Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to 1863.. 10
Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, for the quar-
ter ending Septcmher 3>), 1833 11
Values of exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels, for the quarter
ending December 31, 1 63 11
Imports from foreign countries, in American and foreign vessels, 1862- 63, countries, and values.... 12
Tonnage, American and foreign, entering the ports of the United States, third and fourth quarters
1863 13
Comparison of results ; 14
Histor. of the restrictive navigation laws of Europe, negotiation and countervailing acts of the
United States H
National character of tonnage entering the ports of the United States, 1829 to 1863 18
Comparison of American and British tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States.
1858 to 1863 18
TONNAGE AND TRADE, IN FIVE-YEAR PERIODS, 1821 TO 1863. 19 to 30
Tonnage entries of American and foreign vessels from all foreign countries, severally, every fifth
year, 1821 to 1863, with the perceniage of foreign 20
Tonnage entries from foreign ports, distinguishing the Canadian, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863, with
the percentage of foreign .... 24
Tonnage entries for corresponding years, from European countries distinctively, with the percentage
of foreign 25
Tonna . 1 1 entries for corresponding years, from the West Indies, with the percentage of foreign 27
Tonnage entries for corresponding years, from Mexico and South America, with the percentage of
foreign 27
Tonnase entries for corresponding years, from Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous places, with the per
centage of foreign 27
Values of the imports and exports of the United States, with the percentage to and from each of
the designated gi ographieal divisions, every fifth year, from 1821 to 1863 26
European trade, dis;inguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 28
West India trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 28
Detail of trade with the West Indies, for the year* 1860 and 1663 29
Canadian and British provincial trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863.. 29
Mexican and South American trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every filth year, 1821 to 1863... 30
Asiatic, African and miscellaneous trade, distinguishing gold and silver, every fifth year, 1821 to 1863 30
Statement of vessels built in the l/nitod States, 1822 to i863 30
American tonnage employed in foreign trade, coasting trade, fisheries, and steam navigation, re
spectively, from 1815 to 1863 31
STATISTICS OF GENERAL TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN 32 to 55
British statement of exports to the United States, 1857 to 1863 32
Flax and hemp imported into Gruat Britain, 1857 to 1862 tons and value 33
Exports from Ei. gland of certain articles of foreign production, 1859 to 1863 34
Exports from England to the United States of certain articles of foreign production, 1860 and 1862.. 35
CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN PRODUCE IN UNITED STATES VESSELS 35
Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin exported from the United States, 1824 to 1828 36
Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin, exported from the United States, 1856 to 1863., 37
DIRECT TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN 37 to 55
Imports and exports fiom and to the United States, 1856 to 18_62, (British reports) .. 37
Imports and exports to and from the United Kingdom, 1855- 56 10 1862- 63, (United Stales official re
turns) 37
Imp >ru and exports of the prccioua metals to and from the United States and Great Britain, re-
specuvely, Ic56 to l862,(jfc>riit&A and American reports) 38
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Comparison of rotton receipts in England, for 1861, with the statistics of export from the United
States for the same year 39
Monthly receipts of cotton in England, from the United States, 1859 to 1861 40
Exports from Great Britain to the United States compared with the official returns of imports into
the United States from Great Britain 41
Explanation of the deficiency in the British account 41
Statement of exchanges between Great Britain and the United States for the seven years, 1856 to
lt6-2, (British record*} 42
Quantities and values of leading articles imported into England from the United States. 1861,1862,
1863 . 43
Imports from the United States into Great Britain for the seven years 1856 to 1862 quantities and
values 44
Exports to the United States, the produce and manufacture of the United Kingdom, for the seven
years 1856 to 1862 quantities and values 46
Exports to the United States of foreign and colonial produce and manufactures, for the seven years,
1856 to 1862 quantities and values 47
Exports to Great Britain, the produce of the United States, for the four fiscal years 1859- 60 to 1862-
63 quantities and values, ( from U. S. official records) . 49
Values of articles the export of which increased from 1860 to 1863 51
The petroleum trade 51
BRITISH TRADE WITH CALIFORNIA 52
Imports into England, the produce of California, 1856 to 1862 quantities and values, (from British
official returns) 53
Exports to Califo-nia, the produce and manufacture of the United Kingdom, 1856 to 18fi2 quan
tities and values, ( from British official return*) 54
Value of foreign and colonial produce exported from Great Britain to California, 1856 to 1862 55
STEAM TONNAGE IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES 55 to 78
Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Portland, Maine, 1855 to 1863 56
Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Philadelphia, 1851 to 1859 56
Steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at Boston, 1846 to 1863 57
American tteam tonnage from foreign countries entered at the port of New York, 1848 to 1863.... 57
Foreign steam tonnage from foreign countries entered at the port of New York, 1844 to 1863 58
General aggregate of steam tonn; ge entering the ocean ports of the United States, 1844 to 1863.... 58
Actual steam tonnage arriving from foreign ports, 1814 to 1863 59
Stearn tonnage entered at the port of San Francisco f om foreign countries, 1853- 54 to 1862- 63.... 60
Steam tonnage entered the port of Charleston from foreign countries, (831 to 1860 61
Steam tonnage entered at New Orleans from foreign countries, 1855 to Ib60 , 61
Steam tonnage entered at Castine, Maine, from foreign countiies, 1854- ! 55 to 1862- 63 61
Actual steam tonnage employed in the foreign trans-oceanic trade, 1859- 60 62
THE ISTHMUS TRADE 62
Values of cargoes entering Panama. 1860- 62 62
Values of cargoes leaving Panama, 1860- 62 ,. 62
Number and tonnage of vessels entered at Panama for the year ending September 30, 1662 .... 63
Travel and transportation over the Isthmus of Panama for the year ending September 30, 1862 63
REVIEW OF STEAMSHIP LINES ENGAGED IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY,
1864 64 to 72
STEAM SHIPPING AND TONNAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN 72 to 78
Summary of tonnage entering the ports of Great Britain from foreign countries,- 1859 and 1863 72
Number, tonnage, and nationality of vessels entering the ports of the United Kingdom for five cal
endar years, 1859 to 1803 . 73
Number and tonnage of registered steam vessels under and over fifty tons, respectively, owned in
England, 186U.1861, 1862 74
Number and tonnage of registered steam vessels owned in England, employed in the home and
foreign trade, respectively," 18^0. 1861, 1852 74
Number and tcnnage of si earn vessels built in the United Kingdom, 1851 to 1862 75
Number, tonnage, and nationality of steam vessels entered and cleared a f ports of the United
Kingdom, 1860,1861,1862 75
Number, tonnage, and nationality of steam vessels entered and cleared at ports of the United King
dom in 1853 76
Entries of steam vessels at ports of the United Kingdom from the United States, 1853, 1860, 1861,
1862 77
Steam vessels entered and cleared at British ports from and to American countries, 1853, 1860, 1861.
1862 78
TRADE OF TUB UNITED STATES WITH CANADA AXD THE OTHER BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN
PROVINCES 78toll7
Exports of Canadian produce through the United States to the other British North American prov
inces 79
Exports and imports of wheat and wheat flour to and from Canada, 1861. 1862 80
Export* to Canada of wheat, flour, Indian corn, and meal, during the fi.>cnl years 1849 to 1863 81
Exports and imports of wheat and wheat flour to and from Canada, 1863 ..... 81
Exports to Canada, 1849 to 1863, (fiscal years) 83
Exports to the other British North American provinces, 1849 to 1863, (fiscal years) 83
Total exports and imports to and from Canada and the other British North American provinces,
1821 to 1863 83
Imports from Canada, 1850 to 1863 84
Impor s from British North American provinces, 1850 to 1863 85
Total imports from Canada arid the other British North American provinces, 1850 to 1863 85
CONTENTS. V
Page,
General table of values of imports from Canada into the United States free of duty under the reci
procity treaty, for the half year to June 30, 1855, and tlie fiscal years 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 86
General table of imports from tho British North Am* rican provinces, other than Canada, free of
duty under the reciprocity treaty, 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 88
General talile of imports from Canada into the United States paying duty, 1855- 56 to 1862- 63 90
Analysis of the general tables, averages of domestic exports to Canada 91
Averages of foreign exports to Canada 91
Table of aggregates paying duty in Canada, nine years 92
Table of aggregates paying duty in the United States, nine years 92
Table of values made free to Canada, by the reciprocity treaty, 1856 to It63 93
Table of values made free to the United States, 1856 to 1863 93
Canadian otlieial tables, three years exports to Canada , 93
Statement of the value of the imports into Canada from the United States, 1850 to 1863, with the
amount of duties paid 94
Statement of the value of the exports from Canada to the United States, and the total trade, 1851
to!8o3 94
Imports into Canada from the United States, free of duty under the reciprocity treaty, 1855 to 1863. 95
Exp&rts to Canada, the produce and manufactures of the United States, 186ll- 61 to 1862- 63 97
Imports from Canada into United States, free by ordinary laws, 135 i- 56 to 1862- 63 99
Clearances and entrances from and into the lake ports of the United States and European ports,
respectively 100
Movement of American produce in and through Canada 100
Value of transit trade through Canada via the St. Lawrence, to and from the United States 103
Value of imports from Canada passing through the United States under bond 103
Values of imports into C.inada via the United States and the St. Lawrence, respectively, 1855 to 1863 104
Export of United States manufactures to Canada * 104
Values of anicles, the manufacture of the United States, exported to Canada, paying duty, 1858- 59
to i86-j- 63 . ...;..: 105
Exports of wheat, flour, corn, and meal, fiom the United States to the British North American
provinces, other than Canada, 1849 to 1863 quantities and values 106
Produce of the United States passing through Canadian canals, the points of origin and destination
distingui.-lied, Ic61, 1662, anil 133 107
Transportation from American ports to Canada, up and down the St. Lawrence canals 109
Trade of the principal ports of the northern frontier with Canada, 1856 to 1863 110
Summaries of ira<le at the ports of the northern frontier, eastward and westward of Buffalo, respect
ively, I853to 1853 113
Canadian fice ports. 113
Imports at the port of Gaspo from countries other th-.n Canada, 1861, 1862, and 1863 114
Ex ports from Hie port of Gaspo to BritUi and foreign ports 114
Imports at Sank St. Marie from British and foreign parts, 18^1, 1862, and 18(53 115
Exports from Sault St. Marie to Briii^h and foreign ports, 1861, 1862, and 18J3 115
INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND THE
ATLANTIC STATES 117 to 181
DAT*. TREATMENT GENERAL RESULTS 117 tO 122
Definition of internal commerce 117
Total values exchanged 117
Internal commerce of Russia and United States, colonial trade of other nations 118
Statistics of domestic commerce, sources - 119
Basis of calculation 119
East and west transportation, Mississipoi river, and the coasting trade compared 119
Commerce by the grand thoroughfares traversing the meridian of the Alleghenies 120
Elements of Atlantic coasting trade 121
Marker, exchanges at the seaboard, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Lake Superior, northwest of
St. Paul, of the plains west of the Missouri river, and at New Orleans 121
SPECIFIC CALCULATION OF THE EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST.. 122 to 181
WESTWARD FREIGHTS 122 to 135
Pennsylvania Central railroad, classification of tonnage 122
Westward freight through to Pittsburg ]24
Way freight from Philadelphia. 124
New York Central railroad, through tonnage 126
Way tonnage, total way and through , 126
Erie railroad, through and way tonnage 127
Erie canal, to Buffalo and Oswego, tonnage and values. 128
Erie canal, leading articles carried 129
Summary statement, tonnage and values transported westward by the five main lines 129
Population and consumption per capita, west of the Alleghenirs 130
Erie canal, leading articles of freight to the we tern States in 1862 132
Erie and Champlain canals, westward freight, 1836 to 1862 133
Transportation tonnage westward from tide-water, on the New York canals, 1852 to 1862 133
Canadian canals, transportation westward through Welland canal, articles, tonnage, and destination,
186t- 62 f 134
EASTWARD FREIGHTS 135 to 170
Valuations assumed and summary of the four railroads and the Erie canal. 136
Pennsylvania Central railroad, articles carried eastward, 1859 to 1863 138
Through from Pittsburg to Baltimore and Philadelphia , 138
Way stations to Philadelphia 138
From Pittsbnrg to way stations > 139
New York Central railroad, tonnage eastward, 1858 to 1863 140
Erie canal, tonnage to tide-water, produce of the western States and Canada, 1836 to 1862 141
Erie canal, way freights, produce of New York 141
Lake transportation eastward .... 142
Freight charge on wheat from Milwaukie and Chicago to Buffalo, from 1859 to 1863 142
YI CONTENTS.
Page.
Lnke trade, tonnage of United States vessels employed in, 1830 to 1863 143
Table showing the number, claps, tonnage, and valuation of vessels, American and Canadian, en
gaged in the commerce of the lakes, 1856 to 1862 144
Tonnage of the lakes and the river St. Lawrence January 1, 1862 and 1863 115
Vessels owned at Buff.Uo, 1859 to 1862 145
Increase of the lake marine in 1862 145
Shipping of the pon of Milwaukie, 1862 and 1863 , 146
List of transpoitation lines on the lakes, 1863 ,. 146
TABLES OF PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM THE LAKE CITIES AND PORTS 147 to 158
Flour and grain sent from Chicago in 1865, with destination 148
Aggregates of flour and grain sent from Chicago for nine years 148
Summary of quantities to Canadian ports in 1862 148
Cattle, meats, provisions, wo.il, &c., sent from Chicago in 1862 149
Estimated values of produce sent from Chicago in 1862 150
Produce sent eastwaid from Milwaukie, flour and grain, fir ten years, 1854 to 1863 150
Summary of fl .ur and rain from all ports of Lake Michigan in 1833 150
Provisions, wool, whiskey, &c., sent from Milwaukie in 1862, with valuation of all classes of pro
duce 151
Total valuation of Lake Michigan exports, 1862 151
Eastward freights on Wisconsin railroads, 1563 151
Westward freights on Wisconsin railroads, 1863 152
THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE:
Transit of vessels through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, monthly, for 1862 .. .153 to 155
Value of outward shipments for 1852 , 153
Table of copper shipments, 1845 to 1862 154
Prod uction and export of iron and iron ore, eight years i 154
THE LAKE FISHERIES 154,155
Table of receipts of lake fish at Buffalo, 1854 to 1862 155
TRADE OF LAKE ERIE, EASTWARD , > 155 to 169
Tables of receipts of produce at Toledo, by various railroads 155
Lines of transportation eastward from Toledo, and quantities shipped in 1862 , 156
Valuation of produce shipped from Toledo in 1862 157
Trade of Detroit, eastward quantities for I860 to 1862 157
Valuation of Detroit exports for 1862 158
Detail of receipts and exports of flour and grain, 1858 to 1863 158
LAKE COMMERCE AT BUFFALO 159 to 169
Receipts of flour and grain at Bufftlo and all terminal lake ports for three years, 1850 to 1863 159
Summary of receipts at terminal lake port for If- rj2 , 160
Summary of receipts at New Yo k city, lh 60 to 1862 161
Receipts of flour and grain at Buffalo from 1836 to 1862 161
Rec< ipts and exports of provisions at Buffalo, 1849 to 1S62 162
Receipts and exports of whiskey at Buffalo, 1850 to 1862 162
Lumber trade of she lakes receipts and exports at Buffjlo, 1846 to 1862 163
Receipts of live stock by lake at Buffalo, 1851 to 1862 164
Receipts and exports of hides and leather, 1852 to 1862 - 165
Receipts and exports of wool at Buffalo, 1856 to 1862 , 165
Receipts of lake and other freights via Port Sarnia, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron railway, 1862... . 165
Detail of receipts at Buffalo by lake and railway, 1862 , ... 167
GENERAL EXCHANGES, EASTWARD AND WESTWARD, AT BUFFALO 168 to 172
Eastward freights by canal from Buffalo, 1854 to 1862 169
Receipts of westward freights at Buffalo, by canal, 1854 to 1862 169
Detail of exports eastward, by canal, 1860 to 1862 ., 170
Demil of receipt* at Btiftilo, by canal, 1860 to 1862 172
Comparison of grain and flour receipts of 1863 with 1862 172
LAKE TRADE AT TORONTO, CANADA : Exports of flour and grain, 1858 to 1862, with destination 173
PRODUCE AND GRAIN TRADE OF MONTREAL, CANADA 174
Receipts and shipments at Montreal, 1861 to 1863 175
PRODUCE AND GRAIN TRADE OF OSWEGO, 1862 and 1863 175
SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL MOVEMENT EASTWARD IN FLOUR AND GRAIN 176,177
Per cent, of receipts at the principal receiving points, 1857 to 1862, including the foregoing east
ward movement 178
Variations in the eastward movement, 1856 to 1862 178
GENERAL TABLES OF THE TONNAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE ERIE CANAL 179 to 181
Capacity, passages, and aggregate carriage of Erie canal boats eastward 179
Quantities of flour, distinguishing western and New York, reaching tide-water through the Erie
c.mal 179
Tonnage of wheat and flour eastward to the Hudson river on the Erie canal, points of shipment,
and total value 180
Tonnage and value of merchandise going to other States by way of Buffalo and Oswego, in each
year, 1836 to 1862 180
Estimated value ot p operty coming fro;n, and merchandise going to, other States than New York
by way of Buffalo, Bwck Rock, Tonawanda, and Oswego, 1836 to 1862 181
CONTENTS. VII
Pago.
COMMERCE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 182 to 200
1. ThH Australian colonies of England 182 \J
2. The Par i fir States and TVrri lories of the United States. 186
y. The English colonies of Vancouver s island and British Columbia 19-2
4. I u i;i in America and Asia 195
5. The Sandwich islands . 196
*~ 6. Ttie old product of the Pacific coast 197
7. Movement of treasure to India and China .- 198
OVERLAND TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE PACIFIC COAST AND THE
MISSISSiPri VALLEY 201 to 220
1. The silver production of Nevada 201
2. Agriculture and stock-raising in Utah 203
3. Colorado quartz mining; prospects of agriculture ; iron and coal 204
4. Traffic and transportation west oi the Missouri river 210
5. Union Pacific railroad ; elements of population and business for its support 212
6. Probable extensions of the railroad system of the United States to the Pacific coast:
a. A southern Pacific railroad route 213
b. The northern or lake route 216
c. The international route 218
THE MINERAL WEALTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR 221
$7= A statistical map prepared in the Treasury Department to illustrate the text of the report, showing the
boundaries of the new Territories at the date of the latest congressional legislation ; the railroad communica
tions in operation, in progtess, intended, and in prospect between the Atlantic, Mississippi, interior, and Pacific
States; the boundaries of the arable di>tricts of British North America upon the northwestern frontier of the
United States; the population of all the States and Territories according to the census of I860, with estimates
for the new Territories, at later dates; the areas of all the States and Territories furnished by the government
Land Office ; and the several sites of the gold arid silver mines known and worked in the Rocky mountains.
REPORT
*
OF
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
COMMUNICATING,
In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the \2th of Marc7i, 1863, a sta
tistical and general report upon the value and present condition of our for
eign and domestic commerce.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, June 25, 18G4.
SIR : The following resolution was adopted by the Senate of the United
States on the 12th March, 1863 :
" Rcsolrctl, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to have prepared and presented
to the Senate a statistical and general report upon the value and present condition of our
foreign and domestic commerce, including as well that of the Pacific coast ; and, further, to
suggest what legislation, if any, is necessary to protect the important interests involved."
In response to this resolution, the Secretary has caused to be prepared, and
has the honor herewith to transmit, a series of statements covering the wide
range of inquiry contemplated by the call of the Senate, as completely as the
accessible sources of information have enabled him to do.
The contents of this report may be generally described and classified as
follows :
First. A historical and analytic review of the foreign commerce of the United
States from the beginning of the government.
Second. An exhibit of the existing internal commerce between the Atlantic
and Mississippi States.
Third. The overland trade and communications with the Pacific States.
Fourth. The foreign commerce of the Pacific coast.
Fifth. The international relations of the northern frontier of the United
States with British and Russian America.
The first of these general divisions embraces a statement of the tonnage em
ployed and the values exchanged in our foreign commerce generally, with the
varying proportions of foreign and American tonnage. It exhibits a general
view, historical and statistical, of the carrying trade of our international ex
changes, distinguishing the trans-oceanic tonnage from that employed in trade
with the British possessions in North America; the course of the carrying
trade in the great geographical divisions of our foreign commerce ; its increase
and decrease with the principal foreign countries ; the total value of the ex
changes ; the international movement of the precious metals ; and the periodic
2 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
changes in the relative value of the imports from and the exports to the several
customer countries ; to which is added the number, class, and tonnage of ves
sels built in each year from 1822 to 1863, with the tonnage employed in the
coasting trade, the whale, cod, and mackerel fisheries, respectively.
The trade and navigation of the United States with Great Britain, compiled
from the official reports of both countries, are given in general, and in sufficient
detail to exhibit the extent and fluctuations of this branch of our commerce,
the leading articles exchanged in direct and indirect trade, and the direct
exchange of commodities, other than the precious metals, between Great Britain
and California.
The trade of the United States with Canada and the other British North
American provinces is also specially presented, on the authority of both our
own and Canadian official reports, showing the extent and character of the
exchanges, the kind and value of the transit trade of the eastern and western
States through Canada and the St. Lawrence to the ocean.
A general exhibit is made of the steam tonnage engaged in our foreign com
merce, and of the Panama Isthmus trade, vessels and cargoes, with a compara
tive view of the steam shipping and tonnage of Great Britian, and a statement
of the steam vessels engaged in American trade entered and cleared in British
ports.
The second division of the report, occupied with domestic commerce between
the Atlantic and Mississippi States, embraces the quantities and values trans
ported east and west by the great railways of the United States, by the lakes,
and by the Welland, Erie, and Champlain canals, and the kind and extent of
the shipping of the lakes. The tonnage was obtained from the reports of State
commissioners of statistics, boards of trade of the principal cities, transporta
tion companies, and other authoritative sources, and the values estimated by
accepted commercial rules.
The interruption of trade between the loyal and disloyal States of the Union,
the suspension of the Mississippi river trade, and the non-intercourse of the
northern with southern States since the commencement of the rebellion, have
rendered the statistics of this large branch of domestic commerce unattainable.
The existing records of prerious years are known to be both incomplete and
unreliable, and no exhibit of it has therefore been attempted in this report.
It will be observed that the data used in exhibiting the east and west trade
of the States and Territories relate- mainly to the calendar year 1862, which is
chosen because in that year its limits were well defined and its character well
settled and ascertained.
The third, fourth, and fifth general divisions exhibit the trade of the Pacific
coast ; its commercial relations with Asia ; the movement of the precious metals
to India and China ; statistics of the population, of mining, of agricultural
productions, and of transportation in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, in
reference to the construction and support of the Union Pacific railroad ; the
like statistics of Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and Neosho, bearing
prospectively upon a railroad from the States of the lower Mississippi to the
Gulf of California; similar statistics of Idaho, Montana, and Dakota, with
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 3
reference to overland communication between the great lakes and the Columbia
river ; the situation and prospects of an international route, passing through the
northwestern States to the Pacific coast, in British Columbia; the progress of
population, mineral wealth, and other material interests anticipated within the
present century, in the several belts of interior States traversed by these over
land routes to the Pacific ocean ; and the condition and prospects of the mining
interests of the basin of Lake Superior.
In reference to the existing necessity for the exhibit of our foreign commerce
contemplated by the resolution of the Senate, the Secretary begs leave to say
that hereafter the requirement, he believes, will be fully met by certain reforms
in the annual report of commerce and navigation adopted by the department in
the report for 1862- 63, as will be seen by the volume now in type and about
to be issued.
The statistics of the internal commerce of the country in the present condi
tion of our national statistics must be gathered from sources that hold no official
relations with the Treasury Department ; but a knowledge of them has always
been required for public and private uses, and in the new condition of our
domestic affairs has become more than ever important and necessary to the gov
ernment and the people. A contribution to the fund of information demanded
believed to be valuable was prepared in the Treasury Department and pub
lished with the finance report of 1863, giving the range of prices of staple
articles in the New York market at the beginning of each month of every year
from 1825 to 1863. The labor and research bestowed upon the inquiry, the
results of which are embodied in the papers now transmitted, will, at least,
manifest an earnest endeavor to supply the required information, and the report
is submitted as a step towards the more perfect execution of such a work.
The Secretary is not prepared at present to express an opinion in regard to
the legislation necessary to protect the important interests to which the Senate s
resolution relates. The facts exhibited in the report will v doubtless indicate to
the wisdom of Congress what measures will best accomplish that end. It is
proper to add that the papers now submitted have been prepared under the
direction of the Secretary by Messrs. William Elder, James W. Taylor, and
Lorin Blodget, gentlemen whose known capacity for intelligent and accurate
research and correct appreciation of results supplies a just ground for confidence
in their statements and inferences.
With great respect,
S. P. CHASE,
Secretary of the Treasury.
lion. HANNIBAL HAMLIN,
President of the Senate of the United States.
FOREIGN COMMERCE
or
THE UNITED STATES.
TONNAGE AND TRADE.
The foreign commerce of the United States has undergone changes within
the last forty years, in value, geographic distribution, and agencies employed,
which are not indicated by the ordinary official publications with the clearness
and force required for the direction of legislation concerning- it. The resolution
of the Senate recognizes these deficiencies, and is understood to authorize what
ever range of inquiry may be demanded for a better exhibition and explication
of the history and present condition of our international trade.
The United States began an extraordinarily extended and unusually success
ful commercial career very soon after the establishment of the government.
The condition of Europe for a long period was such that American shipping
became of necessity the preferred channel for conducting far the larger share
of the commerce of the world. We were not limited to the carriage of merchan
dise of American production abroad and the return of foreign articles required
in our own consumption, but for a series of years entered at, and again exported
from our ports, a larger aggregate of values on account of foreign nations than
for the entire use of the United States.
It could not, of course, be expected that with the most rapid and successful
development of the United States this ascendency in general commerce would
be maintained, but the facilities obtained by a preoccupation of extensive and
profitable lines of trade between countries possessing no commercial marine
directly, and also between these and the commercial and manufacturing states which
are their permanent natural markets, should have secured to the shipping of
the United States an equal division of all trade between non-commercial states
and a share of the carrying trade wherever exclusion by positive legislation
does not exist. Still more decidedly should the control of all carrying trade
to our own markets have been retained, and the increased consumption of the
products of tropical countries necessarily attending on the growth and increasing
wealth of the United States, might reasonably be supposed to give employment
almost exclusively to American shipping. Crude products of the United States
exported, and crude products of tropical latitudes imported for consumption
here, constitute a permanent trade which need not pass from American hands.
The statistics of shipping and tonnage, distinguishing the proportions of
American and foreign, employed in the commerce of the United States, are the
readiest and most directly available guide to the general course of trade
from the beginning. Previous to 1821 the statements are designated the "ton
nage engaged in the foreign trade," and subsequent to 1821 "the tonnage en
tered and cleared at all the ports" are the specific statements given. It is
probable that the first designation is so nearly identical with tho second that no
modification of either is necessary in making a continuous comparison, but as a
division is required for convenience simply, the first of the following tables bring
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
the series of years down to 1821, of "tonnage engaged in the foreign trade;"
and the second gives the tonnage of vessels entered the several ports of the
United States for each year of the period following, to 1863.
The large values of foreign merchandise exported from the United States,
which are given in detail in another place, necessarily imply the employment
of a great amount of American tonnage, since very little of the carrying trade
between neutral nations could be in the hands of any belligerent power, and
nearly all Europe was long involved in war. Even after the peace of 1815
there were intervals of disturbance, and frequent occasions in which the carrying
trade was largely resumed by our shipping. The magnitude of the interest we
had in certain years is striking. Beginning at 605,513 tons, in 1790, the ton
nage in foreign trade rose to 1,106,572 tons in 1801, and to 1,203,021 tons in
1807, of which but seven per cent, was foreign in the last-named year. The
proportions of foreign tonnage to the total engaged in foreign trade for the average
of periods of five years, from 3789 to 1821, is as follows: 1789 to 1793, 37.1
per cent.; 1794 to 1798, 10.6 per cent.; 1799 to 1803, 15.6 per cent.; 1804 to
1808, 8.9 per cent.; 1809 to 1813, 9.9 per cent.; 1814 to 1818, 22.1 per cent.;
1819 to 1821, 9.5 per cent.
As a rule, the proportion of American tonnage increased directly with the
absolute amount employed. In the two years of least trade, 1789 and 1814,
nearly half the tonnage was foreign. In 1811, with nearly 1,000,000 tons en
gaged, but 3.3 per cent, was foreign ; an exceptional state of affairs due to the
violence of the European wars then waged. The following is the detail of each
description of tonnage employed in the foreign commerce of the United States
for each year, from 1789 to 1821, with the calculated proportion of foreign:
American and foreign tonnage engaged in the foreign trade oftheUnited Slates,
1789 to 1821.
Years.
d
I
1
Foreign, tons.
I
Por-centage of
foreign.
Years.
American, tens.
Foreign, tons.
a
_o
"3
1
Per-centage of
foreign.
1789
127 329
106 654
233 983
l
1806
1 044 005
91 OP4
i 135 089
8
1790
354 767
250 746
605 513
41.4
1807
1 116 241
86 780
1.203 021
7.2
1791
3tJ3 662
240 548
604 210
39 8
1808
538 749
47 674
586 423
8 1
1792 ,
414 679
244 278
658, 957
37.0
1809
605 4T9
99* 205
704 684
12 6
1793
447 754
1U3 566
611 320
26 7
1810
908 713
80 316
989 029
8 1
1794
525, 649
82 974
608 623
13.6
1811
948* 247
33 202
981 449
3.3
1795
580 277
56 832
637 109
8 9
1812
668 317
47 098
715 415
6 5
179G
675 046
46 846
721 89
6 4
1813
237 501
113 8 -) 7
351 38
3 3
1797 .
608 078
72 757
680 835
io e
1814
59 786
48 301
108* 087
44 6
17 C >8
500 245
87 760
610 005
14 3
1815
700 500
217 413
917 913
23 6
1799
624 839
107 583
732 422
14 6
1816
877 4 62
258 724
1 136 186
22 7
1800
682 871
121 403
804 274
15
1817
780 136
21 166
<jqo 302
21
1801
849 302
157* 270
1 006 572
15.6
1818 . .
755* 101
161, 414
916 515
17.6
1802
7 C >8 805
145 519
944 34
15 4
1819
783 579
85 898
869 477
9 8
1803
7*7 424
163 714
951 138
17 2
1820
801 253
78 859
880 112
8.9
1804
821, 962
122,141 J
944, 103
12.9
1821
769, 084
82, 915
851, 999
9.7
1805
922, 298
87,842
1,010, 140
8.6
Averages of Jive-year periods.
1789 to 1793...
341, 638
201, 158
542, 796
37.06
1809 to 1813..
673, 652
74, 729
748, 381
9.9
1794 to 1798...
582, 259
69, 433
651, 692
10.6
18 14 to 1818..
634, 597
179, 603
814, 200
22.06
1799 to 1803...
748, 648
139, 098
887,746
15.6
1819 to 1821..
784, 638
82,558
867, 196
9.5
1804 to 1808...
868, 651
87, 104
975, 755
8.9
Iii the next series of years, or from 1821 to 1837, the rapid increase of foreign
tonnage is apparent, commencing most decidedly in 1831 and 1832. After this
date, notwithstanding the aggregate increase is four-fold in 1849 and seven-fold
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 7
in 1863, as compared with the average of 1820 to 1 830, the proportion of foreign
maintains its position at 36 to 40 per cent of the whole. In the tables as they
stand a large aggregate of tonnage entering from Canada is included in the
American, which is, to a considerable extent, mere ferry tonnage, and should be
excluded from the comparison. The average to be BO excluded would be
250,000 tons annually for five years, previous to 1859, and 500,000 to 600,000
tons for each year from 1859 to 1863, inclusive.
During this period of forty-two years there was no marked event in the his
tory of the United States to affect the progressive advance in general trade.
It is evident, however, that, not only was the foreign carrying trade steadily
passing from our shipping to other hands, but also the direct commerce of the
United States with all other countries was steadily encroached upon, each year
adding a greater number of foreign than of American vessels to the general
commercial marine. At the date of the introduction of steam in transatlantic
commerce the accession of foreign tonnage was more marked than at any other
time subsequent to 1832; and correcting the account to transatlantic commerce
distinctively, by throwing out the trade with the Canadian border, the propor
tion of foreign becomes greater.
Aggregate of tonnage entering the ports of the United States from foreign coun
tries, 1821 to 1863, with the proportion of foreign.
Years.
American, tons.
Foreign, tons.
1
|
h
Per-centage of
foreign.
Years.
American, tong.
Foreign, tons.
Total, tons.
%
o .
be a
K bfl
ll
1821 ...
765,098
787,9(51
775,271
850,033
880,754
942,206
918.361
868,381
872.949
967.227
922 952
81,526
100, 54 L
119.468
102,367
92,927
105,654
137,589
150,223
130,743
131.900
281.948
393,038
496.705
568,052
641.310
680,213
765.703
592, 1 10
624,814
712,363
736.414
732,775
846.624
888,501
894,739
952,410
973,681
1,047,860
1,055,950
1,018,604
1,003,692
1,099,127
1,204.900
1,342,660
1,608,146
1,642,722
1,993,963
1,935,597
2,065,423
1.895,084
2,116,093
2,289,309
2,368.353
2,242.886
9.6
11.3
13.4
10.7
9.5
10.08
13.03
14.7
13.02
12.0 :
23.4
29.2
30.8
34.5
32.1 1
35.1
37.07
31.2
29.5
31.1 i
31.1 i
32. 6 i
1843, 9 mo s .
1844
1845
1,143,523
1,977,438
2,035,486
2,151,114
2,101,359
534,752
916,992
910.563
959,739
1,220,346
1,678,275
2,894,430
2,946,049
3.110,853
3,321.705
3.798,673
4,368.836
4,348,639
4,993.440
5,292.880
6.281,943
5.884,339
5.945,339
6.872.253
7.186,316
6.605.045
7,806,035
8,275,196
7,241,471
7. 362.953
7,255,076
31.8
31.6
30.9
30.8
36.7
36.9
39. 1
40.8
38.8
38.8
36.1
36.2
35. o.:
36.2
34. 3
33.4
32.5
28.4
30.6
30.6
36.4
1822
183
184
1846
1825
1847
186
1848
2,393,482
2,658,321
2.573.016
3,054,349
3,235,532
4,004,013
3,752,115
3,861,391
4,385.484
4,721,370
4,395,642
Si 265, 648
5.921,285
5,023,917
5,117,685
4,614,698
1,405,191
1,710,515
1,775,623
1,939,091
2,057,358
2,277,930
2,1:32,224
2.0S3.948
2.4H5.769
2.464,946
2.209,403
2.540,387
2.350,911
2,217.554
2.245,278
2,640,378
187
1849
1828
1850
1851
189
1830
1852 .
1831
1853
1854
1855
1856
1832
949,622
1,111.441
1,074.670
1,352,65-1
1.255.384
1,299.720
1,302.974
1,49 1.279
1,576,946
1,631.909
1,510,111
1833* .
1P34
1835
1836
1837
1838
1857
1858 1.
1859*
I860
1839
1840
1861
1862
1863
1841 ..
1842
In 1S62 and 1863 the tonnage entered from Canada amounted to totals quite
disproportionate to the commerce, it being :
American. Foreign.
1862 tons . . 2,487,373 683,411
1863 tons . . 2,307,233 743,136
Excluding this, much of .which was steam ferry tonnage, the proportion of
foreign shipping in the foreign trade of the United States in the fiscal year
1862- 63 was 45.1 per cent, of the whole :-VTonnage in foreign trade, 1862- 63,
American, 2,307,465 tons; foreign, 1,897,242 tons.
* A deduction of at least 600,000 tons from American tonnage should be made on this and each following
year for the duplicated tormage of hteam ferry-boats at Buffalo chiefly, and iu less degree at Ogdonsburg
and Cape Vincent.
8
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
During the fiscal year current, 1S63- G4, the reduction of American tonnage
has been greatly accelerated from extraordinary and unusual causes, until the
direct foreign trade conducted in American bottoms has been almost annihilated.
In the preceding statements it has been the purpose to show the normal course
of trade in periods of peace, and to prepare matter for a fair judgment of the
state of affairs and the tendencies of trade abroad anterior to the war. It can
not be doubted that there was a serious decline of the foreign trade properly
belonging to the United States dating back at least to 1 832, and a change in
progress, which is more fully disclosed by the statistics giving the values of im
ports and exports.
The following named countries sent us absolutely less tonnage, both American
and foreign, in the year 1861 than in 1821, forty years previous:
1821. 1861.
Russia tons . . 13,827 12,157
Prussia tons.. 726 400
Swedish West Indies tons.. 13,946 1,684
Sweden and Norway tons.. 13,381 13,330
Danish West Indies tons.. 41,096 14,919
Gibraltar and Malta tons.. 11,666 2,770
French West Indies tons . . 41,729 2,616
Canary islands tons.. 2,329 2,012
Portugal tons.. 20,693 7,417
Honduras and Campeachy tons . . 5,357 3,849
Hayti tons.. 50,119 39,640
Madeira islands tons . . 4,288 1,135
Cape Verde islands tons.. 5,038 2,360
These are comparatively unimportant countries, however, and the diversion
of trade from direct channels is not so clearly shown by details of tonnage as
by actual imports of merchandise. For the purpose of this comparison of
values, two years better representing the periods may perhaps be selected 1828
and 1860 in both of which trade was healthy and importations full, but not ex
cessive. No disturbance of the usual condition of any considerable foreign
country existed in either year which could of itself divert trade from its accus
tomed channels. The total imports in 1828 were $88,509,824, and in 1860
$362,163,941. The re-exports were 821,595,000 in the first-named year, and
$26,933,000 in the last named. The following table classifies the details from
each country, showing which have increased and which have declined, both
positively and relatively:
Countries from which the imports to the United States liave positively declined
from 1828 to 1860.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Russia
$2 788 362
$1 557 858
Gibraltar
$666 578
$65 963
136 064
36 464
French West Indies
896 651
162 86
Sweden and Norway
1 570 788
514 191
Hayti
2, 163 585
2 062 723
Swedish West Indies
375 995
18 793
Canary islands
22 740
18 886
Denmark
117 946
16 509
Madeira
168 810
23, 773
Danish West Indies . .
2 256 123
200 416
Cape Verde islands
70 328
51 825
Dutch West Indies
478 397
396 644
Peru
921 235
308 45
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Countries from whicJi the imports have declined relatively to the total imports.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Holland
Scotland - - . .
$1, 308, 572
1, 624, 030
$2, 869, 959
4, 607, 187
Turkey, the Levant, and
Egypt.
$505, 913
$1, 176, 650
711 041
923 726
China
5, 339, 108
13, 556, 587
K Atl t
210 6^4
651 594
204 770
331 258
112 359
146,813
Chili
781,863
2, 072, 91:*
237 378
732 645 ;
1 607 417
4 734 518
Countries from which the imports have positively and relatively increased from
1828 to 1860.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Imports from
In 1828.
In 1860.
Hamburg and Bremen
$2,644 392
18 498 607
Philippine islands
$60 381
$2 886 166
Dutch East Indies
113 462
882 808
Cuba
6 123 135
34 03" 276
England
30 476 139
1.33 065 571
Porto Rico
1 129 130
4 512 935
crsBritish East Indies
1 542,736
10 692 342
Azores
70 328
355 551
British West Indies
123; 296
447 669
1, 934, 549
23 851 381
New Granada and Vene
zuela
1 484 856
6 77 032
France on Atlantic
8 486 427
39 450 865
Brazil
3 097 752
21 214 803
904 427
3 768 864
317 466
4 020 $48
Spain out Mediterranean. . .
421, 476
2, 395, 457
The proportions of general increase were a little more than four in 1860 to
one in 1828, both being above the average of the general series, and represent
ing two conspicuous points of full and legitimate trade.
The countries from which importations have either positively or relatively de
clined, are generally those which produce and export crude articles, the exceptions
being the countries producing sugar, coffee, and tea. The produce of these last
has been immensely stimulated by the growth of population in the United States
and the ease of living, and consequent changed habits of the people. This
maintains a demand so large that the carriage of supplies is not so easily di
verted as in case of crude articles whidj are the elements of manufacture. It
is these last which we are losing chiefly, and of which the loss is important for
other reasons than the mere profit of the carrying trade.
It must be observed that these statements refer only to the direct trade from
the countries named, and include none of the importations of their products
which reach us through other channels. A large and steadily increasing volume
of such indirect trade has long existed. The products of Russia reach the
United States by way of England and the German states, as do those of Sweden
and Norway. Indeed, the tropical products and special exports of the entire
list of countries with which our direct connexion appears to have declined, are
now brought through the channels named in large proportions, as will be shown
by the statements of imports which follow.
As the proportion of foreign shipping engaged in the foreign trade of the
United States, is believed to be directly associated with the limitation of our
commerce, both direct and indirect, with the greater number of foreign countries,
the statements bearing on both points have been introduced indiscriminately.
The following summary of the values imported annually by each class of vessels
is the natural successor of the detailed comparison of values from each country
for 1828 and 1860. The imports have so far been taken as the best illustration
of the relations held by the United States to foreign countries, because they
10
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
were made the basis of a large carrying trade, supplying other countries with
merchandise not of our own production, and therefore not permanently within
our control. In continuation, the condition of our export trade will be stated,
showing to what extent that has undergone modifications similar to those ap
parent iii the import trade.
Value of imports of tlic United States in American and foreign vessels, 1821 to
1863.
Years.
In American
vessels.
In foreign
vessels.
Total im
ports.
Years.
In American
vessels.
In foreign
Vessels.
Total im
ports.
1821
$58 025 906
$4 559 818
$62 585 724
1844
$94 174 673
$14 260 362
$108 435 035
1822
7ti 984 331
6 257 10
83 4 1 54 1
]845
102 438 481
14 816 083
117 54 564
1823
71 5L1 541
6 067*726
77 579 267
1846
106 008.173
15 683 624
121 691 797
1824
75 265 054
5 283 953
80 549 007
1847
113 141 357
33 404 281
146 545 638
1825
91 902 512
4*437 563
96 340 075
1848
128 647,232
26. 351 696
154 998 928
1826.
80 778 120
4 196 357
84 974 477
1849
120 382 152
27 475 287
147 857 435>
1827
74 5)65 496
4 518 572
79 484 068
1850
139,657,043
38 4bl 275
178 138 318
1828
81 951 319
6 558 505
88 50 ( ) 8 4
1851
163 650 543
52 574 389
216 224 932
1829
6fi 325 552
5 166 975
74 492 527
1852
158 258 467
54.686,975
212.945 442
1830.
66 035 739
4 841 181
70 876 920
1863
191 688 325
76 290 322
267 978 647
1831
93962,110
9 229.014
103 191,124
1854
217 376 273
87 186 108
304,562.381
1832
90 2 )8 229
10 731 037
101 029 266
1855 .
202 149 340
59 233 620
261 3P2 9GO
1833
98060.772
10057,53 )
108 118 311
1856
249,972,512
64 667.430
314,639 942
1834
113 700 174
12821 158
126 521 332
1857 .
259 116 170
101 773 971
360 890 141
1835
135.288.865
]4,60(> 877
149895.742
1858
203.700,016
78,913,134
282.613.150
1836
171 656 442
18 3il3 593
18 ) 980 035
1859
216 123 428
122 644 702
338 768.130
1*37
122.177.193
18812.024
140 989 217
I860
228,164.855
134.001,399
362,166,254
1838 .
103087 448
1C 62 ( ) 956
113 717 404
1861
201 544 055
134,106 098
335 650 1 53
1839
143,874 252
18217 880
162.092.132
1862
92.274.100
113,497,620
205,771,729
1840
92 802 352
14 339 167
107 141 519
1863
109 744 580
143 175340
252.919,929
184L
1842
113,221.677
88 724 280
14,724.300
11 437 807
12*7,946,177
100 162 087
1863,3dqr....
1863 4th qr
19.033,949
18 935 399
46,114.529
56,551,754
65,148,478
75587,153
1843, 9 months
49,971,875
14,781,924
64,753,799
Value of exports, the. produce of the United States, in American and foreign
vessels, 1821 to 1863.
Years.
[n American
vessels.
In foreign
vessels.
Total ex
ports.
Years.
In American
vessels.
In foreign
vessels.
Total ex
ports.
3821
182
$34.465,272
39 931 913
$9,206,622
Q 940 ](]g
$43.671.894
4 ( ) 874 07^
1844
1845
$69,706,375
75 483 123
$30.008,804
23 816 653
$99,715,179
99 299.776
1823
39*074 562
8 080 846
47 155 408
1846
78,634,410
23 507.483
102.141.893
1824
43 444 619
7 204 881
50 649 50!
1847
97 514 472
527% 192
150 310 604
1825
58 31 6 095
8 628 650
66 944 745
1848
95 544.217
37,359,904
1:52.904.121
1826
46.199.528
6,856,182
53.055,710
1849
91,363308
41,303,647
132.666955
1827
50 1 On, 379
8 816 312
58,9^1 691
1850
89,616,742
47.33U.170
136,946.912
1828
41 130 106
9 53 ( ) 563
50 669 t) ti f >
1851
137 934 539
58 755 179
196689,718
1*29
1830
46.974.554
51 106 190
8,725,639
8 355 839
55,700,193
59 462 029
1852
1853
127,340,547
142 810 026
65,028.437
70 607 671
192,368,984
213,417.697
1831
49,671,239
11 605 818
61,277,057
1854
176.100,273
75.5*47.533
252.047,806
1832
46 925 890
16 211 580
63 137 470
1855
182 885 249
63 823 304
246 708,553
isai
52,985,446
17 332 252
70,317 698
1856
220. 2! 1 1,143
90,295, 187
310.586,330
1834
61 286 119
19 738 043
81 024 162
1 857
232 815 826
106 169239
333,985,00!5
1835
79.022,746
22,166 336
101,189 082
1858
221,958,732
71,799.547
293.758,279
1836
80 845 443
26 071 237
106 916 680
1859
234 322,727
101 571,658
335 894,385
1837
75,482,521
20 081,893
95,564,414
I860
262,586..">77
110.602,697
373,189.274
1838
79 855,599
16 178 222
96 033 821
1861
166,546 339
62 153 147
228,699.486
1839
1840
82.127,514
92,030.898
21,4<fi,377
21,864 736
103,533,891
113895 634
1862
1863
118,187.891
122,478,563
94,881,628
183 406,435
213,069,519
30">.884,998
1841
82 569 389
23 813 333
106 38 72
1863 3dqr
13 604 468
51 030,888
64 635 356
1842
71,467,634
21,502 362
92 969 9"6
1863 4th qr...
13,284,898
58,144,033
71,428,931
1843, 9 months
60,107,819
17,685,964
77,793,783
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
11
Exports, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels for
the quarter ending September oO, 1863.
Ports.
American.
Foreign,
Total.
$273,990
194,006
133, 898
$19,068
]8,490
65,870
2,446
2,854
2,527,416
8,983
1,507
4, 596
42, 317, 769
$293, 064
212,496
199, 768
2, 446
45, 223
3,300,081
54, 927
23, 772
151,322
49, 393, 838
630, 705
1,032,098
103,890
1,726,132
2,238
32, 814
1,898,810
568
197, 641
461,048
103,936
962, 744
965, 986
2, 688, 397
18,555
132,859
Portland -.
Portsmouth N H ...
Salem
42, 369
772, 665
45,944
22, 265
146, 726
7, 076, 069
630, 705
239, 649
3,552
508, 341
2, 238
18,095
775, 482
Other ports of Massachusetts . ..............
Ports of Rhode Island
New Haven and ports of Connecticut
Chaniplain .. ... .. ......
Lake ports of New York
792, 449
100, 338
1,217,791
Philadelphia
Perth Arnboy N. J. .
\Vilinington Delaware
14,719
1,123,328
568
149,407
362,615
39, 665
626, 982
844, 867
750, 956
"38," 264"
Baltimore
Key West
New Orleans .. ........
48,234
98, 431
64, 271
335, 762
121,119
1,937,441
18, 555
94, 655
Lake ports of Ohio
Detroit
Chicago.
Milwaukie
San Francisco
Oregon . .
Pu^et s Sound . .
Total
13,604,468 I 51,030,888
64, 635, 356
oi ts, the produce of the United States, in American and foreign vessels for
the quarter ending December 31, 1863.
Ports.
American.
Foreign.
Total.
$341,385
$9, 882
$351 267
Other ports of Maine
168 967
40 596
209 563
Portland
467 308
361 717
829 025
Portsmouth, N. H.
976
976
Salem, Massachusetts
19 072
1 582
20 654
Boston and Charlestowii . ....
1 177 810
2 955 863
4 133 673
Other ports of Massachusetts
66 740
68 850
135 590
Ports of Rhode Island
32,012
360
32 372
New Haven and ports of Connecticut -.
135,922
5 686 959
26, 582
47 000 409
162,504
52 687 368
Champlain
1,020,452
J 020 452
Lake ports of Now York ...... . ..
162 299
880 640
1 042 939
12 564
75 143
87 707
Philadelphia .
804 921
1 578 747
2 383 668
Ports of New Jersey ...
8 242
10
8 252
Wilmington, Delaware .. ,..
2,083
11 387
13 470
491 290
1 703 992
2 195 282
Key W T est . . .
4 996
1 558
6 554
New Orleans
102 839
746 451
849 290
Li ike ports of Ohio
17 887
52 055
69, 942
Detroit
68 552
355 367
423 919
Chicago
156, 638
578, 318
734, 956
12 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Exports, the produce of the United States, Sfc. Continued.
Ports.
American.
Foreign.
Total.
$6, 955
$284,916
$291,871
Ban Francisco .... .... ...... ......
2 211 833
1 339 666
3,551 549
Oregon ... ......
1C 594
16 594
Puffet s Sound
100 523
68 966 i
169 494
Total
13, 234, 893
58, 144, 033
71,428,931
Imports in American and foreign vessels from foreign countries, 1862 63,
(fiscal year.)
Countries.
American.
Foreign.
Total.
Russia on the Baltic . .
$625 835
97 452
$723 287
Russia on tlie Black
109 680
116 251
225 931
Russian possessions in North America.
27, 836
11,912
39, 748
Prussia . . ......
920
920
Sweden and Norway.
23 730
309 443
333, 173
Swedish \Vest Indies
17 313
14 990
32 303
Denmark ................ ...... ... ..........
107
107
Danish \Vest Indies ...
132 732
148 999
281,731
Hamburg
205 970
7 507 856
7 713 826
104, 240
5,664,323
5, 768, 563
Holland
253 501
1,293,013
1,546,514
Dutch West Indies
49 948
453 594
503, 542
Dutch Guiana
162 736
167 303
330 039
Dutch East Indies
230 676
172 076
402 752
Belsrium. .
691 156
1,800,816
2,491,972
England . .. ..... ..... .....
24 785 786
85 679,841
110 465,627
Scotland
605 656
1 852 230
2 457 886
65, 104
148, 083
213, 187
Gibraltar
31 174
60, 628
91,802
Malta ... .
22 518
59
22, 577
Canada
14 964 716
3 849 124
18 813 840
Other British North American possessions
2, 407, 889
2, 799, 535
5, 207, 424
British West Indies
777 994
1,300,481
2, 078, 475
British Honduras . . .. ............
119 624
253 800
373, 424
British Guiana
110 821
200 721
311 542
1 272,716
490, 432
1,763,148
British Australia .. . ...... ............
3 744
12, 353
16, 097
British East Indies . .. ...
4 903 400
513 299
5 416 699
3,182,524
4,012,492
7, 195, 016
France on Mediterranean ...... ...... ..........
1,327,663
2, 068, 945
3, 396, 608
French North American possessions ..... .......
44 254
44, 254
French \Vest Indies
4 382
17 923
22, 305
French Guiana
17 016
17 016
Spain on Atlantic *. ......
150,350
342 154
492, 504
Spain on Mediterranean . . .
892 021
618 044
1 510 065
Canary islands
7 152
3 309
10 461
Philippine islands
1 806 279
76 980
1 883 259
Cuba
16,048,052
5 486 013
21 , 534, 065
944 578
2 732 476
Portugal ..... .....
24 092
152 175
176 267
Madeira
9 524
9 524
13 050
13, 050
19 209
27 490
46,699
Sardinia . ......... ..
105 407
199 689
305, 096
Tuscany . . .
637 268
345 182
982 450
Papal States..,
21, 196
21,196
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
13
Imports in American and foreign vessels, fyc. Continued.
Ports.
American.
Foreign.
Total.
Two Sicilies
$1 122 522
$714 415
$1 836 937
Austria .. -
21,837
187,440
209 277
Greece
28 012
28 012
Turkey in Europe ...... . ......
27 928
27 928
Turkey in Asia . . . ....
631 147
325 215
956 362
Other ports in Africa
1 193 460
316 629
1 510 089
Hayti
834 388
743 668
1 578 056
San Doniinf o - ... .....................
98 993
201 288
300 281
Mexico . -.-.....---..
2,052 415
2 477 169
4 529 584
Central Republic
142 707
41 838
184 545
New Granada
1 710 846
248 4;> 2
1 958 868
Venezuela . .................. ......
654,221
874 870
1 529 091
Brazil
5 912 927
5 032 549
10 945 476
Uruguay or Cisplatine Republic
516 298
124 712
641 010
Buenos Avres, or Argentine Republic
Chili
3, 733, 910
1,691,467
767,912
275 446
4,501,822
1 966 913
Peru
51 365
105 296
156 661
Sandwich Islands .....
628 572
628 572
Other islands in Pacific
26 480
82 135
108 615
61 902
1 1 949
73 851
China . . .. ... . .
9 623 327
I 337 737
10 961 064
\Vhale fisheries . . . .
268 356
268 356
Uncertain places
103
103
Total
109 744 580
143 175 340
252 919 920
American and foreign tonnage entering the ports of the United States, third
and fourth quarters of 1S63.
Ports.
THIRD QUARTER.
FOURTH QUARTER.
American.
Foreign.
American.
Foreign.
Eastport, Passarnaquoddy, Alaine .......
25,967
11,299
5, 658
2,681
11,790
3,852
2, 090
158, 206
21,151
7,612
2, 242
165
2,981
24,410
3, 228
1,471
Portland, Maine ....
Other ports of Maine
Portsmouth New Hampshire
Boston
49, 581
Other ports of Massachusetts
15, 944
4, 809
5, 056
218, 901
15, 898
8,699
2, 023
407, 505
15,144
2, 537
2, 987
178, 407
265, 108
10,862
4,251
1,688
371,809
192, 962
704
19,014
5,258
Providence and ports of Rhode Island
New Haven and ports of Connecticut
New York
Lake ports of New York .
Ports of New Jersey
173
32, 016
603
161
13,455
1,530
9, 930
45,911
40,075
28, 045
57, 474
714
14, 809
8,664
Philadelphia .
19,575
2, 822
197
9, 203
1,774
11,414
150,200
22,619
9, 196
58, 175
Wilmington, Delaware .
11,001
591
15,539
6, 223
31 , 237
16, 138
15,418
16, 920
2,166
6,046
60,700
17, 062
5, 003
15, 489
Key West
Lake ports of Ohio
Detroit
Chicacro
Milwaukie ... .
Sail Francisco and Oregon
566,588
733, 078
780, 528
762, 044
14 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
In regard to the carnage of these exports, the above tables disclose some
remarkable facts. Beginning with a proportion averaging less than one-fifth
in foreign vessels for the first ten or twelve years, the proportion in 1862- 63
is three-fifths, and for the two remaining quarters, closing the calendar year
1863, the proportion is four-fifths of the whole carried in foreign vessels, and
but one-fifth in American ; thus precisely reversing the relations of the two
classes existing in 1821, and, indeed, continuing to exist to 1831.
But it is important to separate the unusual state of affairs resulting from the
war, from the course of events preceding it, and to distinguish the changes then
attained, in order to decide upon all the questions involved. Taking the year
1860 as a fair representative of this previous period, the proportion of the total
exports which was carried in foreign vessels was 29.6 per cent., and of the five
years closing with I860, 29.5 per cent. For the first five years of the table,
1821 to 1825, the proportion was but 16.6 per cent, carried in foreign vessels.
The change, therefore, is only in part due to the dangers at present incurred
by American shipping. Not only are the absolute values large which fell to the
hands of fore ; gn carriers previous to 1861, but the proportions are doubled over
those existing in the period first stated in the above tables. Taking the com
parison further back the disproportion is greater, large encroachments having
been established even in 1821 upon the business of American shipping in the
carriage of domestic produce to foreign markets.
The imports exhibit a similar course of change from American to foreign
hands. The average of the first five years was $5,300,000 in foreign vessels,
out of a total of $80,000,000, only 6.6 per cent. In 1832 they had risen to 10
per cent, of the total; in 1848 and 1849 to an average of 20 per cent.; in 1853
to 30 per cent; and in 1859 and 1860 to 40 per cent. In the fiscal year
1861- 62 they exceeded the total in American vessels by twenty millions of
dollars, and in 1862- 63 by thirty-four millions of dollars. In the last six
months of the calendar year 1863 they were nearly three times the imports in
American vessels, being as follows :
In American vessels. In foreign vessels
Quarter ending September 30, 1863 $19, 033, 949 $46, 114, 529
Quarter ending December 31, 1863 IS, 935, 399 56, 551, 754
Six months 37,969,348 102,666,283
The proportions at New York, the chief port of entry, for these two quarters
were
In American vessels. In foreign vessels.
Quarter ending September 30 7, 829, 110 38, 210, 593
Quarter ending December 31 5, 994, 785 43, 321, 712
It may be stated that the loss of the great carrying trade conducted by
American shipping during the European wars has more than once received
earnest public attention. Two or three European States, and particularly
France, almost immediately on the establishment of peace, built up a severe
system of discriminations against all other shipping than their own. These
discriminations were carried to a most injurious length, and were the subject of
earnest remonstrance. The effect of the action of France is still seen in the
remarkably limited amount of our present direct trade with that country, and
for other states the results arc quite as striking. In a forcible memorial addressed
to Congress by the Chamber of Commerce of New York in 1821, the first
decisively adverse effects of the new policy of European states is thus stated:
It is a lamentable fact that more than half the number of vessels lately
arrived at this from foreign ports are dismantled, from the absolute absence of
any advantageous object of commercial pursuit; and this state of commerce
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 15
seems the natural and necessary result of the new order of things which has
prevailed since the pacification of Europe. Every restraint that lately shackled
the navigation of the principal maritime nations of Europe has been removed,
whilst the general trade and navigation of those states are, at the same time,
regulated with a studious regard to the interests of their own subjects, so that
the United States have not only ceased to be the carriers for Europe, but are
deprived of the means of entering into a fair competition in the transportation to
foreign countries of the principal products of their own soil."
This is a just statement of the adverse action of France, more particularly,
by which the United States shipping was first seriously curtailed of its due
share of foreign trade. The discriminations then made by France were not iu
the form of tonnage dues and port charges so much as in specific charges im
posed upon American produce imported in American ships, which charges are
stated in this memorial to be as follows :
" The foreign or discriminating duties paid by American vessels importing
the following articles into France are : 1*J cent per pound (French) on cotton ;
1^ cent per pound on tobacco ; 55 cents per 100 pounds on potashes ; which
extra duties exceed the whole freight now paid for the transportation of those
articles from the United States, whether in French or in American bottoms. To
form an estimate of the practical result of these regulations it will be assumed
that a vessel of 300 tons register will cany 560,000 pounds weight of tobacco,
the difference of duty on which, at 1J cent per pound, would be $G,300,
equivalent to twenty-one dollars per registered ton ; or, in a vessel of the same
description carrying 280,000 pounds of cotton and 220,000 of potashes, the
difference of duty at 1 J cent for the cotton is $4,200, and at 55 cents per 100
pounds on the ashes, is $1,200 together, $5,400 which is equivalent to
eighteen dollars per registered ton.
" The aggregate tonnage employed in the direct trade to France is estimated
at 50,000 tons, in addition to which an indirect trade of considerable extent has
been carried on by the circuitous channel of England, the saving in the duties
by reshipping our cotton and tobacco thence to France in French vessels, in
stead of shipping them direct from the United States in American vessels, being
more than equivalent to the extra freight and charges attending the additional
voyage."
This apparently remote action is here cited because it was one of the events
marking the beginning of a system of diversion of our own commerce from
direct lines, which has continued to increase to the present time. The export
of American produce passes through foreign distributing markets to a great
extent, as will be subsequently shown, and the importation of the produce of
tropical and non-commercial countries also comes to us at the hands of foreign
carriers, and through foreign distributing markets.
The action of the British government in the same direction was even more
frequent and persistent, and though interrupted or in other ways rendered nuga
tory previous to the peace of 1815, the purpose was frequently and distinctly
declared. In January, 1791, the British Board of Trade, in a formal report
on commercial relations with the United States, announced the policy of giving
signal privileges in British home ports to American ships, but refusing all such
equality in the ports of the colonies.
" If Congress should propose that this principle of equality should be ex
tended to the ports of our colonies and islands, and that the ships of the United
States should be there treated as British ships, it should be answered that this
demand cannot be admitted even as a subject of negotiation."
16
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
"Many vessels now go from the ports of Great Britain carrying Britisli
manufactures to the United States ; there load with lumber and provisions for
the British islands, and return with the produce of those islands to Great Britain.
This whole branch of the trade may be regarded as a new acquisition, and was
attained by your Majesty s orders in council before mentioned; which has
operated to the increase of British navigation compared with the United States
in a double ratio, but (since) it has taken from the United States more than it
has added to Great Britain."
Various countervailing acts of the United States aided to neutralize this policy,
as has been said, until after the general peace of Europe in 1815. In a com
mercial convention with England, concluded July 3, 1815, the United States
conceded the chief point in controversy, trusting to the great development of
our trade with the British colonies, and the energy with which it had been con
ducted, to maintain it under any circumstances. The United States agreed to
the equalization of all the conditions of their commerce with the British Euro
pean ports, but left the regulations controlling trade with the Britisli West
Indies and American colonies without stipulation. The consequences were soon
felt. The British authorities re-established their old colonial policy and shut
American shipping from the West Indian ports. Vigorous remonstrances were
made, and in 1818 Congress enacted that the United States should thereafter
be closed against British vessels coming from any British colony or territory
that was closed against American vessels by any trade regulation. Again, in
May, 1820, Congress further prohibited a circuitous trade that had grown up
in evasion of the first act, bringing West India produce through Nova Scotia
and Canada. The distress caused in the West Indies by these acts compelled
the British Parliament to relax the policy which originated them, and for several
years following an imperfect and variable succession of attempts to equalize the
trade followed, the general policy of which was to preserve a fair share of it to
the United States.
In 1830 the British gained an important advantage, however, by the con
struction placed on an act of Congress of May 20 of that year. It was
claimed by the British and colonial organs that they could take, under this new
order, the larger share of the carrying trade in American products away from
us, and it is evident from the table of exports of domestic produce previously
given that they did so. From 1830 to 1833 the exports in American vessels
did not increase at all, while those in foreign vessels doubled.
Year.
In American
vessels.
In foreign
vessels.
Year.
In American
vessels.
In foreign
vessels.
1830
$51,106,190
$8 355 839
1832
$46, 925, 890
$16,211,580
1831.
49 671 239
11 605 818
1833
52 985 446
17 332 252
The increase of British tonnage in the American trade, resulting from this
action, is shown in the tonnage entering the United States from the British
West Indies and the provinces for the same years :
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 17
Tonnage from West Indies and British Provinces.
. Year.
Tonnage from West
Indies.
Tonnage from British
provinces.
American.
British.
American.
British.
1830
22,428
38,04G
61,408
53, 537
37, 081
182
23, 700
27, 209
26, 638
18, 008
130, 527
92, 672
74, 001
209, 958
173,278
4,002
82, 557
108,671
208, 054
39, 984
1831
183-2
1833
1834
Total British tonnage entering United States ports :
1829.
86, 377
1830 89, 823
1831 211,270
1832 288,811
1833 383,487
1834 453,495
1835 529,922
Of the result of this change, Pitkin states that it gave to foreign carriers the
first decided possession of the carrying trade in American staples. " This great
increase in British shipping has been occasioned principally by the circuitous
trade, so long the favorite object of British statesmen, and which the American
government at last voluntarily yielded. This has thrown into the hands of the
British a much greater proportion of the carrying trade of the United States,
both in domestic and foreign articles, than they have ever before enjoyed, ex
cept at the commencement of the general government. * * * * The cir
cuitous trade thus yielded to the British has given them the carriage of no
small proportion of the bulky articles of the south, particularly cotton."
This was written in 1835, and it is evident that the point then made of the
introduction of a large proportion of foreign shipping into the trade of the
United States deserved all the attention it received. From that time forward
no decided acts of either government appear to have modified the course of
events. Great Britain relaxed the navigation laws at home in 1854, and by so
much favored the employment of American shipping in the trade of the British
islands. The great extent to which the entire foreign trade passed to British
shipping, and the steady growth of their tonnage entering United States ports,
is shown in the following table, which continues the comparison previously
begun, from 1830 to 1863 :
Ex. Doc. 55 2
18
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
National character of tonnage entering tlie ports of the United States 1829
to 1863.
Year.
American.
British.
French.
jerman or
Hanseatic.
Total all
countries.
1829
872 949
86 377
14 408
7,8J5
1,003 692
1830
967, 227
87, 231
11,256
9,940
1,099,127
1831
922, 952
215, 887
11,701
11,487
1,204,900
1832
949, 622
288, 841
22, 638
22, 351
1 , 342, 660
1833
1 111,441
383, 487
20 917
29, 859
1 608 146
1834
1 074 670
453 495
23 649
26 199
1 642 722
1835
1,352,653
529, 922
15, 457
29,490
1,993,963
1836
1,255,384
544, 774
19,519
43, 254
1 , 9;>5, 597
1837 ....
1 299,720
543, 020
26, 286
90, 528
2 065 423
1838
1 , 302, 974
484, 702
20, 570
40, 091
1,895,084
1839
1 49J 279
495 353
22 686
43 343
2 116 093
1840
1 , 576, 946
582, 424
30,701
42, 424
2, 289, 309
1841
1 631 909
615,623
17, 030
44,918
2 368 353
1842
1 510 111
599, 502
15 876
50 286
2 242 886
1843
1644
1,143,523
2, 010, 924
453, 894
766, 747
13,582
17 257
40,118
60, 222
1,678,275
2,917,738
1845
2 035,486
760, 095
11 536
54 962
2 946 049
1846
2 151 114
813,287
13 666
69 790
3 110 853
1847
2 101 359
993 210
30 704
9 > 291
3 321 705
1848
2, 393, 482
1 177, 104
24 970
92, 178
3, 798, 673
1849
2 658 321
1 482,707
31 466
78, 536
4 368,836
1850 r
2, 573, 016
1,450,539
30, 762
80, 131
4, 348, 639
1851
3 054 349
1 559 869
25 252
116 883
4 993 440
1852
3 235,522
] 680, 712
25 992
143, 800
5, 292, 880
1853
4 004 013
1 871,210
28 813
163 801
6 281 943
1854
3 752 117
1 748,380
21 837
216 947
5 884 338
1855
3 861 391
1 738 123
18 236
195 576
5 945 339
1856
4 385,484
2 152,892
23, 935
152, 167
6 872,253
1857
1858
4,721,370
4 395 642
2, 070, 926
1 841,912
29, 397
16 416
201,478
200 741
7, 186, 316
6 605 043
1859
5 265 648
2 055 110
2-> 487
258 528
7 806 035
I860
5 921 285
1 918,494
23, 557
230, 828
8 275,196
1861
4 889 313
1 832,971
15 291
228, 336
7 151 355
1862
5 117 685
1 836 096
17 008
276 990
7 362 963
1863
4, 447, 261
2, 096, 612
22, 312
333, 354
7,511,284
To render tlie above comparison accurate as regards transoceanic commerce,
a large reduction of the American tonnage should be made for the entries from
Canada. For the ten years, 1854 to 1863, the American tonnage from Canada
rose from 1,867,489 tons to 2,307,233 tons averaging 1,250,000 tons for the
first five years, and over 2,000,000 tons for the last five years. The average
of British tonnage was about 850,000 tons for the ten years, increasing less
from year to year. The transatlantic trade would therefore compare, between
American and British, as follows, taking out the actual entries of each class
from Canada :
American, British,
tons entered. tons entered.
1858 3,050,925 928,992
1859.... . 3,283,062 991,544
1860 3,304,009 1,280,458
1861 2, 892, 427 1 , 148, 092
1862 .- 2,630,312 1,194,560
1863 2,140,028 1,353,476
In the foreign trade of the United States proper, therefore, British shipping
approaches much nearer to equality with our own than would appear without
the separation of this Canadian trade, a large share of which is really ferry
transit, ns has before been explained.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 19
TONNAGE AND TRADE IN FIVE-YEAR PERIODS, FROM 1821 TO 18G3.
The next following thirteen tables exhibit, respectively, the tonnage arrivals
from all foreign ports severally, every fifth year from 1821 to 1863, with the
per-centage of foreign to the total ; the total tonnage entered from all foreign
ports, exclusire of Canada and the other British North American possession s ;
the like exhibit of the shipping engaged in the United States trade with the
several countries of Europe, the West Indies, Mexico and South America,
Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous countries, and Canada, respectively ; and the
total value of the imports and exports, with the percentage of each of the
great geographical divisions of our foreign commerce, distinguishing the ex
changes of the precious metals from those of ordinary merchandise. These tables
are intended to exhibit the progress of our commerce during the last forty-two
years, the relative value of our trade with the several customer nations, and the
changed proportion of distribution ; in effect, a tabled history of our commerce
and navigation during the period embraced in the statements.
Two other tables are added : one showing the number, class, and tonnage of
vessels built in the United States since 1822, and the other giving their distri
bution among the various branches of our foreign and home commerce.
20
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
General statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriv
from 1801 to 1863, with the ^proportion of the for
1821.
1826.
Countries.
1
<5
Foreign.
Per cent, of foreign.
American.
Foreign.
Percent, of foreign.
1
4
Russia
13, 827
17, 342
8 931
1
76
100
294
207
41 3
700
\\
4
Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
Hamburg, Bremen, and other Ger-
12, 193
14 54
1,168
4 180
8.8
22 3
14, 781
14 537
1,974
4 859
11.8
5 05
11, 346
15 934
*;
25 851
1 403
5 1
26 902
4 076
(,
112 053
39 024
25 8
172 58d
39 375
18 5
23 345
^r
4 737
7 232
61 3
5 837
6 61
51 6
5 674
g
9 479
3 018
24 1
13 937
4 370
03 g
4 388
i)
France on the Atlantic
11, 431
11, 273
49.6
51 451
7 514
12 7
40 849
10
6 585
5 483
6 760
-\ 1
19 678
1,015
4.9
21 045
342
1 6
5 043
1
11 231
435
3 7
q 3i)8
3 599
I f
8 pain on the Mediterranean .
4 747
563
10.6
5 066
9 583
14
France on the Mediterranean
3,700
838
18.3
9,426
13 774
Iff
Italy, Sicily, and Malta
6,573
9. 095
12, 763
16
2 018
2 515
11 90
17
Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and the Le-
1 661
192
10 3
3 080
3 918
18
261
499
4 169
18
90
376
465
929
"1
Other portn in Africa
1,231
2, 825
242
7.8
2 511
.
2 287
1 721
660
99
Canary islands
2, 329
1, 931
1 963
0<
4 140
148
3.4
2 546
2 514
,
("ape de Verd islands
5 038
92
1.7
2,006
209
9 4
875
",
British East Indies
4,548
5,981
5, 342
w
Dutch East Indies
1, 597
4,236
2 533
98
China
5 622
10 432
4 316
29
Other Asiatic ports
1, 532
4, 439
1 171
M
742
1 41H
2 938
-;]
39
Other British colonies, including
Australia until 1841
796
151
53
6
248
33
Islands of the Pacific and the north-
375
l"l
35
Other British North American prov
inces, including Canada, unti
]g36
111, 269
405
0.3
74, 884
8,706
JO. 4
92 947
96
Cuba
106 826
4 478
4.02
122 600
2 808
2 2
132 830
17
Porto Hico -
14 536
63
0.3
12, 899
26 963
38
4<> 139
980
1.9
26 102
1 137
4 1
26 446
39
Swedish West Indies
13, 083
863
6.3
4, 284
4 793
10
Da n i^h West Indies
39 407
1 689
4.1
37 347
1 435
3 7
27 501
41
British West Indies and South
32 631
97 231
1
7 927
7 5
38 046
49
Dutch West Indies and American
16 468
400
2.5
13 591
1 277
8 6
11 296
French West Indies and American
41 729
|
37 724
5 442
12 6
26 704
1 1
22 870
1 053
1 4.4
r>
25 524
i 6 053
19 1
oo 377
; i i ;
5 111
246
4 6
1 4 r >6
<17
2, 940
2 821
48
17 014
3 804
18 2
q 174
49
Brazil
10 599
24, 590
1 496
5 7
29 855
VI
074
jj
3,054
9 652
BQ
Chili
4 446
3 7 -) 9
r-j
5 192
o 577
-, |
1 283
163
11 2
703
55
Whale fisheries
10, 643
9,866
29 581
v;
60
Total
765 098
81, 526
9.6
942, 206
105 654
10.08
922 952
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
21
ing from each foreign country every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually
tign to the total tonnage entered, at each period.
1831.
183G.
1841.
1846.
.1
Percent, of foreign.
American.
|
1
Per ceiit. of foreign.
i -,. -TV-
American.
Foreign.
Percent, of foreign.
American.
Foreign.
Per cent, of foreign.
577
6.07
13, 944
341
1,607
274
10.3
44.5
18, 370
357
674
3.5
11, 145
419
319
1,375
2 7
76.6
1
o
2,999
12, 175
349
84, 324
11, 008
7, 020
8,666
~"i,45i
20.9
43.3
1.4
27.4
65.9
61.5
17.5
22.3
8,645
9,908
14, jyi
235, 749
4.584
1,926
75, 217
7, 563
7, 435
3 433
10, 667
36, 567
9, 035
107, 972
20, 063
13, 798
12, 069
1, 713
2,819
324
55.2
78.3
38.7
31.4
81.4
87.7
13.8
18.4
27.5
8 6
7,407
15, 593
37, 012
307, 988
8, 049
781
109, 504
12, 387
13, 100
2 377
11, 888
35, 481
4, 033
124, 899
23, 118
17, 882
14,556
716
2,485
61.6
69.4
9.8
28.8
74.1
95.8
11.7
5.4
15.9
3,502
24, 872
34, 617
374, 137
10, 715
6, 940
103, 484
8,112
5, 128
2, 750
10, 219
61,656
1 1, 552
IBS, 373
28, 894
28, 279
10, 722
383
2,037
74.4
71.3
25. 02
34.6
72. 9
80.2
9.4
4.5
28.4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13,841
2 778
16.7
14, 380
2 835
16.4
9,889
5,248
34.6
13
493
159
3.4
1.2
12, 166
21,222
6 426 \
9, 661
4, 408
3 938
44.2
17.2
37 9
12, 230
26,542
5 259
4, 302
5,854
1 961
26. 02
18.06
27 1
10, 070
25, 974
5 019
2 992
6, 622
592
22.9
20.3
10.5
14
15
16
4 796
2 449
33 8
4 168
704
14 4
7 398
1,477
16.6
17
2 020
3 6
18
203
100
19
1,374
543
994
20
6 632
1 499
18 4
6 131
1 036
14 4
9 418
2 431
20.5
21
397
36.6
1,397
1,614
1, 612
202
11.1
22
2 577
192
6 9
2 161
1 428
39 8
1 683
791
32.0
23
1,696
242
12 3
2 504
148
5.6
1.060
396
27.2
24
157
926
107
sr>
/
9,638
10 303
6,408
507
10, 684
3 226
26
P7
16, 445
11 986
18, 937
306
1.5
28
624
2 279
1 055
99
4,977
4 366
8,297
30
1 850
31
32
194
693
1 268
231
15 3
33
222 7G %>
233 560
51 1
38 685
60 110
44
34
83,293
19,639
3,117
699
262
47.2
12.8
10.3
2.5
5 1
55, 888
155, 572
4 1 , 996
27, 872
296
143, 963
10, 284
1, 196
832
72. 03
6.2
2.7
2.8
80, 070
199, 685
51, 162
35, 899
1 082
132, 501
11, 920
443
748
62.3
5.6
0.9
2.04
850, 784
15(5, 905
51, 395
30, 264
653
515, 879
3, 404
487
803
37.7
2.1
.9
2.5
35
36
37
38
3>
2, 827
23,760
31
9.3
38.4
2 6
22,040
51,308
15 010
1,351
25,739
76
5.7
33.4
5
23,667
71,197
17 34
2,957
52,543
939
ii.i
42.4
5 1
29, 018
97, 783
19 048
969
39, a32
3.2
28.9
40
41
49
2, 793
9.4
15, 696
6,572
29.5
14, 445
3,394
19.02
22,603
5,275
18.9
43
44
11, 498
600
33. 9
27.1
27, 403
6,804
1,502
5, 745
2,187
357
17.3
24.3
19 2
48, 786
4, 355
2 223
5,469
1, 030
145
10.08
19.1
6.1
44,318
5,359
2 423
7,598
64
107
14.6
1.1
4. 2
45
46
47
56
1,360
0.6
4.3
12, 484
39, 259
2 175
1,216
4,341
8.8
10.0
15, 251
41,034
4 427
2,380
4,503
540
13. 5
9.7
10 8
15, 069
61,014
1 214
1,399
4, 952
8.5
7.5
48
49
50
5, 201
208
3 8
13 7v!6
2,319
14.4
5,988
987
14.1
51
2,487
3, 072
300
8.1
6,560
2,281
25.8
52
94
3 5
605
19
496
53
736
214
605
73.8
54
51,349
36 832
47, 327
55
174
511
74 6
167
flfi
*
281, 948
23.4
1, 255, 384
680, 213
35.1
1,631,909
736, 444
31.1
2,151,114
959, 739
30.8
22 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
General statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels
1851.
1856.
Countries.
American.
1
Per cent, of foreign.
American.
a
i
Per cent, of foreign.
American.
9 817
3 66
05 o
7 874
769
8 8
10 fJCO
1
Prussia
262
704
72 8
1*091
389
26
3
4
Sweden. Norway, and Denmark. . . .
Hamburg, Bremen, and other Ger-
2,669
1 734
25, 769
90 539
90.6
80 6
9*. 477
37 93
4,278
11 701
3L2
76 j
6,315
4 033
5
Ilolland itnd Belgium
27 905
25 786
47 9
56 56
23 983
9 7
40 904
411 611
39 9
1 006 405
350* 137
5 8
844
s
Scotland
18 210
46 215
71.7
26 370
54 170
67 2
10 800
i
5 488
74 021
93 1
3 630
11 163
68 7
1 989
9
France on the Atlantic
135 606
26 498
16 3
211 353
04 743
10 4
236 46
9 940
5 547
35 8
17 06
3 530
17 1
16 ^56
1 1
Portugal
961
5 175
84 3
10 870
7 434
40 5
985
r
509
1 114
68 6
5 05
4 9
48 6
3 315
12
Spain on the Mediterranean
15 101
19 590
56 4
20 710
6 18
55 8
16 777
14
15
France on the Mediterranean
Italv, Sicily, and Malta
7,146
32 856
14, 656
28 391
67.2
46.3
29. 957
108 055
7,062
34 807
19.1
24 3
23, 488
9 038
"i <;
814
6 281
88 5
4 087
2 78
40 5
2 460
17
Turkey, Greece. Egypt, and the Le-
7 757
2 109
21 3
17 768
4 809
1 3
10
Europe gene-rail v
French African Possessions
5 182
90
1 23
238
16 3
5 30
403
8 4
13 950
2]
12 675
1 035
7 5
14 157
509
3 e
oy 055
N
1 864
678
26 6
4 556
541
10 6
5 061
300
746
70 7
J 180
576
3 8
o 340
"1
Madeira
1 068
137
11.3
284
100
250
o-
111
2 696
1 307
3 6
2 885
British East Indies. . .-.
29 907
2 813
8.6
65 619
1 328
10 8
106 ? 7 V) 4
iV 7
Dutch East Indies .
3 320
150
4 3
9 169
373
3 9
6 61
-.v
China
27 587
11 327
9 1
69 104
9 S81
1 6
Yl >1
Other Asiatic ports
545
l 601
" i
Philippine islands
q 1)33
o 549
4
04 ex)-}
2 11
8
29 142
M
Australia
6 381
27 168
80 9
3 05
1 103
0(5 7
8 570
:j-j
Other British colonies, including
Australia, until 1641
33
Islands of the Pacific and the north-
21 676
4 255
16 4
17 774
1 09
5 8
33 507
; J
1 013 75
514 383
33 6
1 191 716
1 17 71
50 5
35
Other British North American prov
inces, including Canada, until
1836
62 458
362 218
85 2
187 754
40 441
68 2
184 06
M
Cuba
355 515
53, 162
13.0
516 050
56 082
9 7
670 016
!~
Porto Rico
48 336
7 874
14
40 301
1 040
03 y
55* 708
38
Hay ti and San Domingo
39 940
7,820
16.3
46 776
6 620
12 4
40* 605
.,,
278
961
1 418
40
Danish West Indies
10, 386
5,052
32.7
13 451
2 163
13 8
14 908
41
British West Indies and South
American colonies
61,134
44, 882
42.3
64 819
38 770
37 4
107 909
42
Dutch West Indies and American
colonies
20,145
8, 426
29.4
12, 272
1 997
14
20 064
4:;
French West Indies and American
colonies
4,661
2,353
33.5
9 700
4 645
32 3
6 300
1 1
Spanish American colonies until 1824
4 -,
20 407
12 701
30 1
40 4Qi
8 387
17
40 7
British Honduras
3 055
2 524
45.2
5 173
2 718
34 4
10 147
49
Central America
8 550
209
2.3
85 544
796
9
2 451
New Granada and Venezuela
183 478
12 698
6.4
152 550
5 05
37 4
15 212
19
Bra7il
63 663
22 4x!8
26 05
100 ()~>4
1 688
11 2
115 019
50
Uruguay
154
1 992
92.8
i eoi
255
1 4
1 002
- 1
13 382
11 005
18 544
356
2 ?
23, 9(>6
55
Chili
30 068
23, 396
43. 7
15 266
3 536
18 8
17 4x?8
Peru
20 102
5 751
22 2
50 048
6 60
11 5
77 330
54
Other South American ports
1 214
1,849
60.3
l 062
55
Whale fisheries
52, 424
102
43, 331
67
492
1.1
36, 077
395
Total
3 054 349
] 939 091
38.8
4 385 484
o 486 796
36 2
5 91 285
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 23
arriving from each foreign country every Jifth year, fyc. Continued.
I860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1
o
J
1
I
$
|
<J
1
c
bo
1
<
*0
*s
1
1
g
s
1
|
1
g
1
?
|
1
1
<
i
1
&
i
*0
&
3,141
310
18.6
100
8, 220
3, 9H7
400
32.4
100
6,848
2,701
28.3
6,504
4,778
42.3
1
3,678
170, 222
17, 305
507, 003
62, 485
28, 318
18, 785
3,015
2, P69
2,820
20, 451
19, 737
47, 429
3 730
36.8
95.9
29. 7
37.5
75. 9
93.4
7.3
15.4
74.4
45.9
54.9
45.6
33.8
60.2
8,460
8,298
41, 639
822, 685
31. 158
1,136
178, 187
9, 662
2, 268
221
21, 537
14, 276
72,514
3,274
6,273
161, 005
20, 883
479, 068
54, 724
54, 208
16,835
2,186
5, 149
1,291
11, 396
5, 289
20, 612
1,253
42.6
95.1
33.4
36.8
63.7
97.9
8.6
18.4
69.4
85.4
34. 6
27.03
22.1
27.6
1,916
7,361
54, 342
821,447
41, 589
25, 987
227, 703
23, 026
3,050
3, 831
18, 434
23, 572
80, 440
361
3,294
1S9, 604
36, 722
475, 029
27, 355
58, 506
30,610
5,508
8, 735
1,640
8, 232
1,627
17, 067
d3.2
96.2
40.3
36.6
39.7
69. 2
11.8
19.3
74.1
30.0
30.8
6.4
17.5
470
9,018
29, 816
720, 960
3!f, 139
25, 396
51, 402
14,410
6, 971
3, 385
21,310
15, 361
66, 017
7,528
179, 594
41,228
628, 435
4!), 204
7!), 647
29, 091
10,020
13, 171
3,804
11,556
17, 734
32, 926
3 130
94.3
95.2
58. 3
46.5
55. 6
75.8
36.1
41.0
65.4
52.9
35.1
53.6
33.2
100.0
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
5,202
35.4
10,281
2,158
17.3
6 715
5 919
3 069
34.1
17
18
1, 474
22.1
288
553
563
50.4
19
4, 889
1, 960
1,415
1, 039
677
25. 9
8.8
21.8
30.7
27 6
10, 965
19,126
3, 800
1, 027
159
1, 137
2,256
504
985
976
9.3
10.5
11.7
48.9
86
10, 04 (i
13, 784
3,318
692
836
1, 715
552
480
7.6
11.06
14.3
40.9
10, 831
12,591
1,954
679
3 04 3
3, 020
4,246
1, 569
273
445
21.7
25. 2
44.5
28.6
12 07
20
21
22
23
4
1 6(50
36 5
1 239
1 11
47 7
1 647
1 17
1 435
56
25
8. 2U3
960
4, 213
3,774
7.4
12.8
5.1
70.2
68, 25!)
5,447
70, 295
2, 425
10, 322
2,570
5,655
13.1
32. 05
7.4
27, 405
1,216
41,900
1 751
2,874
430
19, 607
523
9.4
25.1
31.8
23
45, 854
2, 089
56, 382
1 819
3, 564
1,194
12, 137
7.2
36.3
17.7
26
27
28
W
1,286
12, 692
4.2
59.6
33, 452
4,078
1,070
6,905
3.4
62.8
13, 259
6,112
710
5, 206
5.1
46.0
25, 276
9,000
1,533
5,554
5.7
38.1
30
31
3 n
1,736
658, 036
475, 051
91, 796
15, 173
7,756
122
9,113
59, 544
7,483
5,415
4.8
20. 1
72.7
12. 03
21.4
16. 03
8.0
37.9
35.5
27.1
46.2
20, 031
1, 996, 892
196,709
61H, 785
52, 209
40, 727
1, 544
10,411
93, 684
21,297
2,966
1, 834
684, 879
465, 141
53, 1 10
9, 899
5, 460
140
3,105
53,835
12, 132
4,024
8.4
25.5
70.3
7.9
15.9
11.8
8.3
22.9
36.5
36.3
57.5
11, 809
2, 487, 373
246, 821
37!), 517
42, 377
30, 305
1,854
25, 039
69,201
7,905
2,680
593
683, 411
397, 702
68, 5:?3
21,360
23, 029
1,359
3,715
72, 724
7,812
2,839
4.8
21.5
61.7
15.3
33. 5
43.1
42.3
12.9
51.2
49,7
51.4
9,322
2, 307, 233
213, 251
388, 213
37, 294
30, 435
576
12, 641
79, 972
6,692
1,723
1,052
743, 136
420, 961
87, 466
17, 293
31, 524
527
11, 938
77,048
11,640
7, 426
10.1
24.3
66.3
18.4
31.7
50. 8
47.7
48.5
49.7
63.5
81.1
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
12, 748
2, 145
879
5, 090
33,444
417
20.5
17.4
26.4
2.3
22.5
5.0
27,241
3,] 65
3, 063
149, 309
83, 829
6 319
5, 509
684
414
2,441
22, 173
16.8
17.7
11.9
1.6
20.9
30, 284
1,563
1, 735
154, 857
70, 915
13 06 ( >
8, 074
2,871
1,703
9, 396
31, 425
677
20.7
64.7
49.5
5.7
30.7
4 9
42, 883
1, 308
12, 078
166, 742
46, :523
4 56 )
1!), 646
4, 458
2, 193
13, 857
30, 229
1 00*)
31.4
77.3
15.3
7.6
39.5
IF 09
45
46
47
48
49
V)
3, 467
1,316
2,418
12.6
7.02
3.3
22, 667
2:, 268
153, 656
348
1,058
6,331
5,197
4.4
17.7
3.3
16, 177
15, 193
6,685
4,366
1,269
2,857
21.2
7.7
30.0
18,835
15, 738
5, 031
3, 772
3,078
1,654
16.6
16.3
24.7
51
52
53
54
34, 752
34, 095
26,363
55
957
191
56
2, 353, 911
28.4 !
5, 023, 917
2, 217, 554
30.6
5, 117, 685
, 245, 278
30.5
1, 614, 698
>, 640, 378
36.4
24
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Statement exhibiting severally the tonnage of vessels from all foreign countries,
exclusive of Canada and the other British North American possessions, from
Canada and the other British North American possessions, and from all for
eign countries, every fifth year, from 1821 to 1860, and annually from 1861
to 1863, with the per-centage of the total foreign tonnage entered at each
period.
5
il 1
IJ
a 2
1 1
"3 - 8
a
&
1 1 1
|
Years.
o |
1
* 1
|
1 1 i
"5*8
IM
O
!!?
<4H
o
ro C3
d ^^
fcc
O r$
O ,Sn
O r^ ,_
g
fl C 1 1
* fa a
^ C3 SH
S3 e3 O
a o &
2
C ^ <J
g
n o ^
J^
O ^ F
<3 -S
o
o ^ F
o
H
H
H
Hi
1821
734 950
11.3
111 674
0.3
846, 624
9.6
1826
964, 270
10.05
83, 590
10.4
1,047,860
10.08
1831
1 028 660
19 2
176 240
47.2
1,204,900
23.4
1836
1,279,424
23.6
656, 173
57.5
1,935,597
35.1
1841
1 566 987
21 9
801 366
48.9
2, 368, 353
31.1
1846
1,744,270
25.4
1,366,583
37.7
3,110,853
30.8
1851
3,041,106
31.6
1,952,334
44.9
4,993,440
38.8
1856
3, 872, 630
22.3
2, 999, 623
54.0
6, 872, 253
36.2
I860
4,340,771
28.1
3, 934, 425
28.8
8,275,196
28.4
1861
3, 897, 850
27.4
3, 343, 621
34.3
7,241,471
30.6
1862
3, 547, 646
32.8
3, 815, 307
28.3
7, 362, 953
30.5
1863
3, 570, 495
41.3
3, 684, 581
31.6
7,255,076
36.4
1^
?p *
2
o"^ t.
Ill
rf S
^4
<V rH ^
8
.! 3<
"S 20 ^8
S;
45
I
France on tho
Atlantic.
FOREIGN AND
n3tajoj jo o3u^nooj.i j
DOMESTIC
(O t IQ 00
cJ ci t^ rj
COMMERCE.
-4 ci o i-:
to
-/_
CO ^ [
5 8
g
gf
Q O
L
1
"
g
1
195,022
S 1
1" s-
1
1
a3iojoj jo 33u;uoDjo j
i
OD ITS
Si G
S5
00
G*
1
i
8 S
o>
g
CJ CO
8
o3unno^ JEJOX
i
cf
g 8
oo" ^-T
g
i
co"
e>
~ i
9
II
i g
V o"
GO C
Scotland.
w,m*
n
CD O
So
0)
:
CJ CJ
t~- o
CO I-
d
r, co
8 8
o3tjuao; \inox
1
CO C*
S 8
cf co-
S
g
CO
8"
3
S g
o" cf
QO OO
i
8
5 "
no" co"
03
England.
uSpjoj jo oSBjnooaoj
00
O TJ<
S cl
CO
CD
1
to
S
S
00 kO
CO
co o
CO CO
r-
1 i
g
g
o
g
i
g
CO O
CJ S
5
51 8
s
s
g
S
s a
s
Holland and Bol-
gium.
a3paoj joo3u^noojaj
: j
s
oo
CJ
8
*
i i
i
i i
oSuuno; {njoj,
1
8 3
CJ -V
CJ C*
11
H
Ci
o
s
i
dj
s
o- co-
00
1
i I
CJ t-
Hamburg, Bremen,
audothcr Gorman
ports.
n3paoj jo o3c;aooao j
ro
Si
O CO
co
CO
i
3
<o
" !
"2
CJ d
~
oo~
1 -
i
i
J
1
8j
i 1
co" ccT
Sweden, Norway,
and Denmark.
a ^o }i ^ a ^
00
OO CJ
ev
CO
CO
^
B
8
CJ 00
<o
Ci CO
d a
J
g s
co" *
CO
pi
cf
g
jj
i
g 1
[1
^
i
tl3pJOJ JO OSUJODOJOJ
co
* !
V)
-
j
!
00
CJ
CO* O
CJ O
o
1
o3uuuo; rtj;o x
-.1
S t-
g
5
8
g 2
*
s
4
I
a3pjoj jooSBjnaojod
;
! cd
n
d
m
CO
**
o
oo co
5
i i
oSuanoj prjox
rf
K cT
a
tri
I
cf
!
n
S i
OQ- CO"
g
D[
!!
I
si
cb oo
<
00
S
7.
A
jj
s
i i
25
26
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
n3iojoj jo aaujuoDJOti
ci S * Si S g ?3 E4
Total tonnage.
uSlSJOJ
P S g | S
II
S Cl 00 CO i-H
mJOUaUIV
1 g g S i
S
co* co" co" to T
8 S S S
1 i 1 5 g
3 S
Turkey, Greece,
Egypt, and the-
Levaiit.
uStajoj jo o3n;uoojo j
o loQO-r^c-n^o Ir-.
: 8 S
S S
S S? 5 : Z
o38uuoi rcjoj,
3 PJ o i? g!
r-l rl C* CO
g 1
E S 8 8 1
?f v" cf to" co~
i r-l r-*
cj ro o r- TJ-
CO CI
Austria.
oSiajoj jo oSn^uoDaoj
I . C5 r-l
i i
in ct to . o
s si is
n ci
o3cuuo; IUJOJL
c o c> K . SI
CO rH LO O ^
" Cf JM t>T
R
.O^O^^M
j j cj cj 5
i ; M ^ S
1 i
CO 00 rH IO CJ
CJ CO ?J rn" 2
CC j3
oScnao; rojoj.
^ f[ cl ?l
gf s"
cf cf co" i-" cc~
^r CO Oi O Ci
France on the
Mediterranean.
.^o^,,,^
CO -< CJ O
cd \ ci *f <c
|H J -^ CJ
i
i i 3 i
,,
CO CO t- l^ C!
8 8 S S S
S" ef
881 i
co" 5" g" ct cf
Gibraltar and
Spain on the
Mediterranean.
uSiajoj jooSujaooaoj
s | i s :
S g
S R i 8 i
oSttunoj IHJOJ,
-o" w" CT" c" cf
M iH rl C< |H
$
ISII!
Portugal.
n3pjoj jo o3u}aaoja j
^ r-5 C! f- LO
c< c< M
$ s
i I
t-" c"
i pi i S i
o" r-T T o rf
Ci C< r-H r-i
CO GO 5< t^- rH
co" co" t-" r-T o"
c
ja
nSpJoj jo aSn^naoaod
: : |Vioi4me
oo >o
r7
t- LO CO C5 i i
BO
r-
LO CO O tO C7
QD CO 05 Q
<c" irf cs" ci" c?"
10 r-
Cl QO
00"
g g 1 S 1
8" S s ?{ S5"
.
8 S g 8 S
00 CO
g i i
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
27
Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from
the West Indies every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually from 1861
to 1S63, with the proportion of the foreign to the total tonnage entered at each
period.
Yeurs.
American.
Foreign.
Percentage of
foreign.
1801
313 819
8 49")
o g
1806
351 8<>8
20 06
5 3
1831
g<)4 579
53 409
15 3
1836
3 0( ) 7 )0
46 050
JO O
1H41
414 461
7 ( 44
14 9
1846. .
407 (j(j()
50 770
11
1851
540 3 l >8
120 569
1 ( > 3
1856.
704 030
]Q-> J17
14 8
1860
917 828
106 402
17 6
1861
841 63
14 1 705
14 4
18(12
558 878
201 371
26 5
1863
557 546
44 8(J
30 5
Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from
Mexico and South America every fifth year from 1821 to I860, and annually
from 1861 to 1863, with the proportion of the foreign to the total tonnage
entered at each period.
Years.
American.
Foreign.
Percentage of
foreign.
1821...
30 879
1 or )9
3
18:26
84 04 3
11* 516
1
1831
go (jig
13 608
14 1
1836 .
97 00
14 054
13 4
1841
134 "389
16 686
11
1846.
14 (555
17* 9 ( )3
11
1851
353 073
94 553
7
1856 . .
466 3 53
41 41 8l
8 1
I860
518 817
6l" 44
30 6
1861
478 865
43 8 )7
8 3
1862
310 478
(! fi H
16 6
1863
313 507
OQ 3
Statement exhibiting the tonnage of American and foreign vessels arriving from
Asia, Africa, and miscellaneous countries every fifth year from 1821 to 1860,
and annually from 1861 to 1863, with the proportion of the foreign to the
total tonnage entered at each period.
Years.
American.
Foreign.
Percentage of
foreign.
1821
30 582
240
8
1826
48 135
504
1
1831
46 03$
307
8
1836
107 r >37
o 444
o 2
1841
78 790
o i5
3 4
1846
105 <U5
4 357
3 9
185
If 8 589
51 046
23 2
1856
260 03 5
OQ | [
7 2
I860
349 825
4i <) 18
11 6
1861
276 01
35 335
11 3
1862
167 513
33 56
16 6
1863
207 083
36 608
15
28
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Statement exhibiting the total imports and exports of the United States in the
respective years given, and the proportions of the total trade with the several
designated geographical divisions of the world.
Percentage.
Europe.
West Indies.
Canada, &c.
Mexico and
Asia, Africa,
So. Amer
and miscel
Years.
Imports.
Exports.
ica.
laneous.
j
ri
J
5
j
g
3
I
1
s
a
|
I
I
1
1
1
S
a
H
S
u
H
S
i
1821
$6 585 74 $64 074 38
64
53
23
18
8
3
3
4
9 2
22
1856
84974*477 77 5 r >5 322
55
55
18
18
0.8
3
13
18
13.2
6
1831
103 191 14 81 310 583
68
62
15
12
1
5
14
4
7
1836
189 980 035 128 6(53 040
71
11
11
1.3
o
9
9
7.7
3
1841 ..
1*27 946 177 121 851 803
65
72
14
11
1 5
5
13
9
6 5
3
1346
11 641 7 ( >7 113 4^8 516
66
69
1
1
1 5
7
11
9
q 5
3
1851 ...
216 224 c )32 218 388 Oil
69
78
11
7
3
6
11
6
6
3
1856
314639.942 326.964.908
63
75
10
5
7
9
12
7
8
4
1860
362,163,941 i 400,122.2%
60
78
12
6
6
6
12
5
10
5
1861
334,350.453 ; 249.344.913
60
68
12
10
7
9
12
7
9
6
1862.. .
205 819 823
229 790 280
56
69
14
10
8
9
1
7
8
5
1863
252,919,920
331,809,459
59
68
12
9
9
9
11
9
9
5
European trade.
Years.
Gold and silver.
Trade, exclusive of gold and
silver.
Total.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
1821
1826
$4, 380, 396
713, 036
321, 224
7,179,414
934, 771
614,256
1, 657, 976
638, 582
173. 172
37,403,715
12, 505, 044
254, 931
$1, 978, 180
912,748
5,974,751
207, 775
6, 974. 984
2, 263, 407
25,271,602
42, 835, 62?
60, 849, 153
23, 528, 342
30, 684, 483
54, 231, 231
$34, 986, 984
46, 023, 725
68. 964, G87
127, 094, 982
82, 589, 489
80. 092, 338
147,906,150
199,316, 132
217, 629, 483
167,031, J40
105, 054, 686
148, 956, 705
$32, 409, 408
42, 326, 403
44, 4:50, 445
96, 362, 578
80, 066, 439
76, 170, 569
145. 615, 280
204,833,941
249. 821, 763
147, 271, 941
127, 351. 991
173, 769, 807
$39, 367, 380
46, 736, 761
69,285,311
134, 274, 396
83, 524, 260
80, 706, 594
149, 564, 126
199,954,714
217, 802, 655
204, 434, 855
117,559,730
149,211,636
$34, 387, 588
43, 239, 151
50, 425, 19
96, 570, 353
87,041,423
78, 433, 976
170, 860, 882
247, 669, 568
310,670,916
170, 800, 283
158. 036, 474
228, 001, 038
1*31
1836
1841
1846
1S51
1856
I860 .
1861
1862
1863
India trade.
Years.
Gold and silver.
Trade, exclumve of gold and
silver.
Total.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
1821
1826
$3, 253, 083
1,613,518
1, 268, 364
538, 4. 77
703, 335
1, 504, 523
60(5, 095
167, 577
1,708,563
3, 376, 781
166, 573
638, 227
$318,203
426, 9!J3
410,571
1, 020, 487
417,173
546, 470
2,312,385
575, 107
1, 058, 321
3,411,999
2, 028, 51 9
2, 081, 744
$11,681,701
14,298,712
14, 464, 359
21, 344, 251
17, 882, 221
12,813,080
22 701,029
33,176,814
41,601, 134
38,216,569
28,395,091
28, 424, 998
$11,818,767
13, 730, 777
11, 236, 205
12, 240, 295
12, 500, 428
14, 056, 622
13, 163, 551
16, 757, 615
23, 5C6, 063
20,841,701
21, 923, 074
29, 526, 258
$14, 934, 784
15,912,230
15, 732, 723
21, 882, 708
18, 585, 556
14, 317, 603
23, 307, 124
33,344,391
43, 399, 697
41, 593, 350
528.561,664
29, 063, 225
$12, 136, 970
14, 157.710
11, 646, 776
13, 260, 782
12,917, (iOl
14, 603, 092
15,475,936
17. 332, 722
24, 584, :J84
24, 253, 700
23,951 593
31,608,002
1831
1836
1841
1846
JRjL
1856
I860
1861
1862
1863
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
29
Trade of the several West India islands in the years 1860 and 1863, showing
the change of the balance of trade in the respective years.
1860.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Swedish West Indies
$18 793
$97 218
Cuba
$34 032 276
$1 38 P69
Danish West IndlM
200 416
1 263 424
4 f-,10 93. -j
1 781 750
British West Indies
1,934,459
5,368 47!)
1 Dutch West Indius
3% 644
303 431
French West Indies
18,353
544, 231
San Domingo
283 098
169 300
Ilayti
2 002 7123
2 673 68
Total ....
4 174 744
9 947 034
Total
39 4 953
14 637 350
Excess of exports, $5,772,290. Excess of imports, $24.587,603.
Percentage of imports to total, 29 per cent Percentage of imports to total, 73 por cent.
Percentage of total imports to total trado, 64 per cent.
1863.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Danish West Indies
$281, 722
$1,214,612
Swedish West Indies
$3 303
87 575
British West Indies
2 078 475
7 555 321
Dutch West Indies
503 54"
35 598
French West Indies
22, 305
901 244
Cuba..
21 534 06")
14 811 89
Hayti
1 878 337
3 Q88 731
2 73 > 47U
2 217 7"3
300 281
480 340
Total
4, 561, 120
14, 140 258
Total
24 802 386
17 389 185
.
Excess of exports, $9,579,138. Excess of imports, $7,413,201.
Percentage of imports to total, 24 per cent. Percentage of imports to total, 58 per cent.
Percentage of total imports to total trade, 48 per cent.
Canadian and other British provincial trade.
Year.
Gold and silver.
Trade, exclusive of gold and
silver.
Trado, inclusive of gold and
silver.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Export*.
1821
89, 415
224, 994
277, 197
546, 474
475,891
623, 043
44, 677
33, 807
278, 585
338, 444
788, 970
6, 536, 478
$406, 027
428, 9.56
587, 712
1, 881, 097
1, 492, 296
1,314,674
6, 648, 445
21,276,614
23, 572, 796
22, 724, 489
,18,511,025
17, 4d4, 786
$2, 010, 004
2, 126, 545
3, 079, 838
2, 586, 828
6, 458, 463
7, 154, 533
12, 014, 893
29, 025, 349
22, 6!)5, 928
22, 676, 513
2), 573, 070
27, 619, 814
$495, 442
653, 950
864, 909
2, 427, 571
1, 968, 187
1,937,717
6,693,122
21,310,421
23,851,381
23, 062, 933
19, 2:)D.:)!):.
24, 021, 264
$2, 010, 004
2, 588, 795
4, 061, 8.-J8
2,651,266
6, 656, 53
7, 406, 433
12, 014, 923
29, 029, 349
22, 706, 328
22,745,613
21,079,115
31, 281. 030
1826
$462, 250
982, 000
64, 438
198, 100
351, 900
30
4,000
10, 400
69, 100
5!)6, 045
3, 661, 216
ie:u
18:56
1841
1846
18.-)!
1836
I860
1861
1862
18(53 -
NOTES. The reciprocity treaty between the United States and Great Britain, concluded 5th of June, 1854,
went into operation in the trade with Canada, October 18, 1854 ; with New Brunswick, November 11, 1854 :
with Prince Edward s island, November 17, 1854; with Newfoundland, November 14, 1855; and with regard
to fish from all the provinces, on the llth of September, 1854.
The aggregate exports (inclusive of specie and foreign merchandise) to Canada and the other British North
American possessions for the three years 1852- 53- 54, amounting to $48,216,518, exceeded the aggregate imports
113.4 per cent. The aggregate exports of the five years, from the 30th of June, 1854. (which period covered
the tirst four and a half years of the operation of the reciprocity treaty.) amounted to $132,903,752. exceeding
the imports of the same period 4i 3 per cent. The aggregate imports of the two years, 1860 and 1661, imme
period 4i 3 per
diately preceding the rebellion, amounted to $46,914,314, exceeding the exports 3.2 per cent. In the year 1862,
the tirst full fiscal year of the rebellion, the exports, amounting to $21,079,115, exceeded the imports 9.2 per
cent; and in the year ending June 30, 1863, the exports ($31,261,030) exceeded the imports 30.2 per cent
In the trade with the British North American possessions other than Canada, in the year 1851, the exportg
amounted to $4,085,783, the imports to $1,736,651. This commerce had gradually grown to doublo these
amounts in 1860; the exports and imports holding about the sa
of the latter. In the year 1863 the exports were $10,998,505, the imports $
e ratio, say the former about double the value
,, imports $5\207,424. The Canada trade of 1851
amounted to $12,885.611, of which the exports were 61.5 per cent. In 1860 the total trade was $32,944,787, of
which the exports were 43 per cent; in 1863 the total trade rose to $39,096,365, of which the exports were 52
per cent. In 1856, the year of the greatest trado with Canada previous to 1863, the total amount wan
$38,371,438, of which the exports were 54 per cent
30
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Mexican and South American trade.
Tears.
Gold and silver.
Trade, exclusive of gold and
silver.
Trade, inclusive of gold and
silver.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
1821
$229, 552
54-2, 716
5, 307, C04
5, 019, 922
2, 738, 863
973, 328
1, 692, 3C6
3, 160, 343
6, 154, 434
4, 744, 229
2, 641, 932
1 997 60(3
fcni, 892
373, 553
362, 283
1, 104, 223
481, 844
443, 359
1, 466, 370
1, 234, 580
1, 077. 030
550, 857
288, 153
308, 865
$1, 705, 760
9, 892, 453
5, 949, 604
12, 063, 237
13, 6G8, 858
12, 860, 702
21, 431, 31-0
32, 662, 769
37, 452, 523
32, 764, 003
22, 274. 904
25, 448, 385
$2,414,328
12, 581, 757
10, 996, 404
10, 696, 035
9, 561, 122
9, 020, 083
12,499,811
18, 974, 559
21, 513, 294
16, 349, 7G8
15, 205, 445
25, 888, 8S5
$1, 935, 318
10,435,169
11, 257, 268
17,083,159
16, 407, 721
13, 834, 030
23,123,696
35, 823, 112
43, 606, 957
37, 508, 232
24, 916, 836
27, 445, 991
$2, 626, 220
12, 9.15, 310
11, 358, 687
11,800,238
10, C42, 966
9, 463, 442
13, 966, 181
20,199,139
22, 500, 324
16, 900, 625
15, 493, 598
26, 197, 750
1826
1831
1836 ... .
1841
1846
1851
1856
1860 .
1861
1862
1863
Asiatic, African, and miscellaneous trade.
Years.
Gold and silver.
Trade, exclusive of gold and
silver.
Trade, inclusive of gold and
silver.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
1821
$112, 444
3, 786, 702
131, 556
116,614
135, 873
62, 582
1, 452, 538
207, 323
145, 381
476, 442
312, 533
128, 406
$7, 969, 689
2, 529, 049
1, 285. 3-26
1,927,413
1, 962, 231
400, 132
422, 365
1, 106, 171
3, 551, 335
2, 231, 782
3, 379, 756
3, 873, 544
$5, 740, 356
7, 449, 665
5, 919, 357
14, 195, 587
7, 324, 580
10, 833. 271
12, 084, 326
23, 999, 981
33, 357, 870
27,274,641
15, 169, 065
22, 317, 065
$5,843,911
2, 125, 307
2, 532, 760
2, 452, 988
2, 407, 632
3,181,441
5, 621, 724
11, 627, 959
16,019,009
12, 412, 910
7, 849, 744
10, 848, 095
$5, 852, 800
11, 236. 367
3, 818, C86
14,312,201
7, 460, 453
10, 895, 853
13, 536, 864
24, 207, 304
33, 503, 251
27, 751, 083
15, 481. 5!>8
22, 445, 471
$13, 813, 6CO
4, 654, 356
6, 050, 913
4, 380, 401
4, 369, 863
3, 581, 573
6, 044, 8tf9
12, 734, 130
19, 570, 344
14, 644, 692
11, 229, 500
14, 721, 639
1826
1831
1836
1841
1846
]851
1856
I860
1861
1862
1863
SHIPPING OF THE UNITED STATES.
The number, class, and tonnage of vessels built in the United States, 1822 to 1863.*
Years.
Class of vessels.
Total number
of vessels.
Total tonnage.
Ships. 1 Brigs.
Schooners.
Sloops and
canal boats.
Steamers.
182
64 131
55 127
56 156
56 1!V7
71 187
55 153
73 108
44 58
25 56
72 95
132 143
144 169
98 ; 94
25 50
93 65
67 72
66 79
83 89
97 109
114 101
116 91
260
260
377
538
482
464
474
395
403
416
568
625
497
301
444
507
510
439
378
311
273
168
165
166
168
227
241
197
132
116
94
122
185
180
.100
164
168
1.53
122
224
157
404
""is
26
35
45
38
33
43
37
34
100
65
88
30
124
135
90
125
63
73
137
623
622
781
994
1,012
934
885
672
637
711
1, 065
1, 188
957
507
890
949
898
858
871
7(51
1,021
75, 347
75,008
90, 939
119, 997
126, 43H
104,342
98, 375
72, 226
58, 084
85, 963
144, 539
161, 626
118, 330
46, 23fi
113,628
122, 987
113, 135
120, 96b
118,3f9
118. 8! (4
12i,le4
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
18-">9
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840 - .
1841
1842...
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
31
The number, class, and tonnage of vessels, Sfc. Continued.
Years.
Class of vessels.
Total number
of vessels.
Total tonnage.
Ships.
Brigs. Schooners.
i
Sloops and
canal boats.
Steamers.
1843
58
73
124
100
34
47
87
364
168
174
148
117
65
79
95
112
126
103
58
46
28
36
38
17
34
138
204
322
576
689
701
623
547
502
584
681
661
605
594
504
431
297
372
360
207
212
173
279
342
355
392
547
370
290
326
267
394
386
6fi9
479
258
400
284
289
371
397
1,113
79
163
163
225
l J8
175
208
159
233
259
271
281
253
221
263
226
172
264
264
183
367
482
766
1, 038
1, 420
1, 5 .:8
1, 851
1,547
1, 360
1, 367
1,444
1,710
1,774
2, 034
1,703
1, 334
1,225
870
1,071
1,143
864
1,823
63,618
103, 527
146,018
188,204
243, 7:33
318,076
256, 577
272,318
2118, 203
351,493
425,371
535,610
583, 450
469, 304
378. 805
242, 287
156,601
212,893
233, 149
175,076
310, 884
1844
1P45
1846
14*<
254
198
247
211
255
269
3. 14
381
306
251
122
89
110
110
60
97
184<)
1 830
1851
1 852
lg.>3
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1363
*For calendar years
subsequently.
to 1833, fiscal years ending September 30, from 1834 to 1843, and ending June 30
SHIPPING OF THE UNITED STATES.
A comparative view of the registered and enrolled tonnage of the United States,
showing the registered tonnage employed in the whale fishery, the proportion oj
the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the coasting trade and fisheries,
and the tonnage employed in steam navigation, from 1815 to 1863 inclusive.
Years.
Registered tonnage.
Enrolled tonnage.
Total tonnage.
Registered tonnnge
in the vvhalo fish
ery.
Tonnage employed
in steam naviga
tion.
Enrolled tonnage
in coasting trade
uiid fisheries.
.. i
Tons.
18 r >
854, 294
800, 760
809, 725
6.06, 089
612, 930
619 047
513, 833
571, 458
590, 186
619, 095
647, 821
601,119
679, 062
696, 549
699, 645
729, 190
722, 323
796, 212
873, 437
928, 772
610,655
615,311
647, 394
752,461
856, 123
901, 4(59
939, 118
984,321
1, 086, 238
, 173, 047
1 262 234
1, 368, 127
,372,218
,399,911
,225, 184
, 260, 751
,280,166
, 298, 958
, 324, 699
, 336, 5t;<;
,389, 1C3
1,423,110
1,534,190
1, 620, 607
1,741,391
1,260,797
1,191,776
1, 267, 8J6
1,439.450
1, 606, 149
1, 758, 907
1, 824, 940
1,882,101
1, 896, 685
1, 995, 639
2, 096, 478
2, 180, 7(J4
2, 130, 744
2. 092. 390
462, 807
519,026
535, 798
562, 30fi
589, 287
600, 976
612,711
634, 618
634, 615
657, 822
657, 899
730, 408
807, 315
834, 050
610,654
615,299
649, 303
751,454
856, 123
899, 468
929, 118
1,001,329
1, 08(i, 238
1, 173,047
1,362,234
1,280 99U
1, 184,940
1. 117.0J1
1816
1817
4,871
16, 134
31, 700
35, 391
26, 070
45, 499
39,918
33, 166
35, 379
41, 757
45. 623
54, 621
57, 284
38,911
82, 315
72, 868
101, 158
108, 060
97, 640
144,680
127,242
119,629
131,845
136,926
157, 405
151. 621
H18
1819
1820
1821
619,896
628, 150
639, 921
669 973
1822 -
1823
28, 879
21,609
23, 061
34, 058
40, 197
39,418
54, 036
64, 471
34, 435
90, 813
101,849
122,815
122,815
145,556
154,7(i4
193,413
204, 938
201,339
175, 088
229. 661
1824
1825
700, 787
737, 978
747, 170
812,619
650, 142
576, 675
620, 452
686, 989
750, 026
857, 438
885, 822
897, 774
810, 447
822, 592
834 244
1826
187
1828
1829
]830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839*.
1840 ..
845. 803
975. 359
, 280, 999
, 184, 941
1. 117. 031
1841
1842 . . .
32
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
A comparative view of the registered and enrolled tonnage, $c. Continued
Years.
Registered tonnage.
Enrolled tonnago.
Total tonnage.
Registered tonnage
in Ihe whale fish
ery.
Tonnage employed
hi fiteam naviga
tion.
Enrolled tonnage
in eoapting trade
and libheries.
1
Tons.
1843
1, 009, 315
1, 068, 765
1, 095, 173
1, 130, 286
1,241,313
1, 360, 887
1, 438, 942
1, 585, 711
1, 726, 307
1. 899, 448
2, 103, 674
2, 333, 819
2, 535, 136
2, 491, 402
2, 463, 967
2, 499, 742
2, 507, 402
2, 546, 237
2, 642, 628
1, 149, 297
1,211,330
1, 321. 829
1, 431, 798
1, 597, 732
1, 793, 155
1, 895. 073
1, 949, 743
2, 046, 132
2. 238, 992
2, 303, 336
2, 469. C83
2, 676, 864
2, 380, 249
2, 476, 875
2, 555, 066
2, 637, 635
2, 807, 631
2, 897, 185
2, 820, 913
3, 125, 941
2,158,602
2, 280, 095
2, 417, 002
2, 562. 084
2, 839, 045
3, 154. 042
3,334,015
3, 535, 454
3, 772, 439
4,138,440
4, 407, 010
4,802,902
5, 212, 001
4, 871, 652
4, 940, 843
5, 049, 8!, 8
5, 145, 037
5. 353, 868
5, 539, 812
5,112,164
5, 155, 055
152, 374
168, 2P3
190. 605
169, 980
193, 858
192, 180
180, 186
146, 016
181,644
193, 798
193, 202
181, 901
186, 773
189, 213
195, 771
198, 593
15, 728
160, 841
145, 734
117,713
99, 225
226. 867
273, 179
3 26, ! 8
347, 693
404, 841
427, S Jl
4G2, 3 M
525, 946
S?3, 607
643, 240
514, 097
C76, 607
770, 285
673, 077
705, 784
7-29, 390
7G8, 436
867, 937
877, 203
710, 462
575, 518
1, 14", 2P8
1,211,331
1, 282, 344
1, 3! 9, 289
1, 554, 252
1, 747, 631
1, 847. 234
1, 899, 554
1, 983, 332
2, 183, 227
2, 303, 334
2,411,135
2, 515, 730
2, 3:>7. 885
2, 4:33. 370
2, 50 2, (;86
2, 628, 576
2, 807, 631
2, 839, 398
2, 772, 005
3, 128, 939
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848 .
1849
1851
1852 .
1853 i
1854 .
1855
1856
1^57
1858
1859
I860
1861
1862
2, 291, 251
2, 026, 114
1863
STATISTICS OF GENERAL TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
The great extent to which the course of foreign commerce has been diverted
in recent years from direct lines to and from the countries of production and
consumption gives a constantly increasing degree of importance to the statistics
of trade with the countries in whose hands the carrying trade is being absorbed.
The first and chief of these intervening countries is England. The statements
annually published by that government are very full and comprehensive, and
may be taken as the best available illustration of the commerce of the world.
There are few articles the produce of any country which are not now largely
carried through British ports, and whose quantities, values, and destination do
not appear in the British statistics.
In the year 1862 the total value of British exports to the United States was
c19, 173, 907892, 801, 710, of .which more than one-fourth was articles wholly
of " foreign and colonial produce," their value being 664,846,037, or $23,454,819.
The manufactures designated as the produce of the United Kingdom were also
made up in great degree of foreign staples, imported crude from the -countries
of their origin. The comparison of British exports to the United States for
several years, distinguishing those of foreign origin, strikingly illustrates the
progress of this carrying trade.
Exports from Great Britain to the United States.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Of the produce and manufac
ture of the United Kingdom-
18,985,939
14,491.448
22,553,405
21,667,065
9,064,504
14,327,870
Of ibrdgn and colonial produce
1,090,956
1,302,253
1,864,487
1,240,016
1,961,179
4.846,037
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
33
In values of the United States.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Of the produce and manufac
ture of the United Kingdom.
Of foreign and colonial produce
$91.891.945
5,280,237
$70.138.608
6,302,904
$109,158.480
9,024,117
$104,868,595
6,004.581
$4.1.872,199
9,492,106
$69,346.891
23,454,819
Totals
97 172 172
76,441,412
118,182,597
110,873,176
83,364,305
92,801,710
The increasing proportion of foreign articles to the total export in the last
two years corresponds with the changed direction of commerce noted in the
shipping accounts. For 1863 the value of foreign and colonial produce exported
cannot be obtained, but the value of the produce of the United Kingdom
sent to the United States is nearly the same as in 1S62 oC15,351,626, or
$74,301,869.
The crude staples of British manufactures are now in great proportion of
foreign origin. Wool from South America, South Africa, Australia, and other
colonies, and also from various continental states of Europe, is imported in
immense quantities. Flax, undressed, from Russia, enters equally with the
flax of Ireland into linen manufactures. The quantities of flax and hemp
imported into England from Russia for six years amount to the following:
Years.
FLAX.
HEMP.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
1857 ...
63, 745
46, 544
53,723
52, 482
47,628
61,728
$10,695,494
10, 070, 564
12,870.054
12,485,501
10,913,769
16, 367, 147
29, 035
30, 281
35,460
29, 472
23, 043
30, 450
$4, 633, 574
4, 264, 263
5,075,311
,4, 35:}, 018
3,444,245
5, 394, 412
1858
1859
I860
1861
1862
These are but single examples among many, showing the vast quantities of
raw materials imported into England for manufacture, the final products of
which constitute the exports designated as the " Produce and Manufactures of
the United Kingdom." It is, therefore, but reasonable to estimate that a large
share of those values are in a certain sense a portion of the indirect commerce
between the real countries of production and those of consumption.
The carriage of foreign produce not manufacture4 in this manner is tending
towards concentration in a few hands with great rapidity, and England far
exceeds the German states and all others combined in the volume of this
business. Taking tropical articles, or staples of almost universal consumption,
and particularly those produced by distant countries, such as were for twenty
or thirty years from the commencement of the great European wars the especial
commerce of vessels of the United States, the results become very decided and
conspicuous. The following table compares the quantities of such articles re-
exported by England for five years to 1863 :
Ex. Doc. 55-
34
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Exports from England of certain articles of foreign production.
Articles.
1859.
I860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Cocoa.. . . Ibs....
2. 819, 248
29, 586. 054
175, 137, 636
1, 948, 240
2, 421, 350
45,661,220
250, 428. 640
1, 878, 800
6, 648, 992
455, 392
2,189
699
1,048
97, 365
91, 596
20, 459
57, 481
42, 511
141,169
110,402
184,211
141, 459
28, 120
4, 508, 297
46, 800, 365
298, 287, 920
1, 691, 088
7, 552, 720
392, 896
3,847
1,578
973
63, 991
41, 848
12, 403
68, 958
89, 459
198, 598
88, 266
175, 070
218. 654
26, 880
20
78, 459
]9, 173
1, 317, 039
1,722,188
18, 644
778, 376
614, 508
4, 096. 992
835
82, 870
134. 849
784; 977
8, 065, 954
636, 458
306, 057
170, 470
801, 360
2, 848, 560
471, 998
35, 918
105, 548
157, 650
12, 847, 026
7, 554, 218
1, 292, 080
1, 923, 255
44, 748, 508
9, 576, 962
1, 450, 814
56, 899, 830
214, 714. 640
2,037,616
5, 914, 496
Not given.
do
6, 156, 100
71, 385, 233
241, 750, 992
2, 288, 560
6, 122, 256
Not given,
do
Coffee do
Cotton do
Cochineal - do
Indigo do
G, 442, 464
404, 7C8
3,733
324
765
117, 848
76, 377
28,381
Not given.
do
Logwood . tons - . -
....do
do
....do
do
Cutcb do
Currants cwts
102, 919
52, 851
16,224
73, 841
116, 638
220, 714
65, 671
231. 948
165! 778
20, 360
63, 860
173, 571
21, 668
1, 027, 393
1, 272, 049
78, 688
735, 224
246, 056
5, 205, 861
4, 228
137, 995
128, 854
813, 591
12, 623, 463
Not given.
do
97,093
38, 988
7,076
104,018
168, 388
239, 744
79, 864
202, 169
197, 309
38,360
163, 480
125, 641
22, 701
1, 840, 658
1, 605, 701
26, 312
723, 976
476, 112
3, 852, 919
1,087
216, 903
77, 798
812, 533
10, 911, 684
Not given.
do
Guano tons
Jute and the like.. do....
144, 455
109, 814
156, 475
134, 748
30, G80
wet do.
Oil palm do
cocoa-nut . do .
47, 036
7, 908
2, 335, 936
1, 155, 075
100, 547
863, 616
1, 364, 272
2, 152, 327
1,505
254, 297
249, 360
703, 678
6, 651, 824
867, 799
893, 249
2 I 103
73, 516
10, 163
2, 364, 566
1, 173, 090
28,825
990, 592
955, 584
3, 153, 993
1,506
426, 866
112, 993
691, 816
9, 131, 827
619, 857
709, 854
64, 237
701, 456
2, 692, 816
286, 333
30, 839
49, 972
9,127
8, 388, 530
8,371,314
1, 482, 581
2, 275, 306
25, 854, 041
4, 882, 662
tin do
Ouioksilver Ibs. .
Kice cwts
Saltpetre do..
Seeds flax and linseed bush
Silk, raw Ibs....
"waste . . cwts .
thrown Ibs. . . .
manufactures of India pieces . .
do .
do . .
1, 131, 648
2 251 648
do
do .
. do .
do .
Sugar brown cwts..
215, 937
68, 874
60, 150
6,783
6, 418, 794
11, 171, 184
1, 509, 319
2, 132, 738
20, 616, 278
8, 213, 702
241, 470
22, 711
51, 399
132, 851
27, 342, 603
12, 605. 155
946, 865
2, 110, 423
37, 441, 617
10, 653, 811
428, 360
26, 309
42, 206
33,554
26,219,654
10, 412, 328
2, 102, 531
2, 299, 773
49, 344, 277
14, 582, 540
Molasses do
Tea Ibs
manufactured - do....
Wines galls . . .
"Wool* Ibs
other do
* Of British possessions.
The designations of quantity given here to some extent mask the magnitude
of a portion of the entries sugar, rice, oils, dried fruits, tallow, and many other
items, being designated in hundred-weights and tons, instead of pounds and
gallons. In coffee, sugar, cocoa, indigo, wool, and others, the increase in 1863
is very great even over 1862, and the quantities are more than twice as great as
those carried in 1859. In 1863, 41,842,311 pounds of wool were re-exported
to the United States. In 1862 the following items are conspicuous among the
foreign exports to the United States, which may also be found in the general
table of exports of foreign and colonial produce, which follows in another place.
They are here contrasted with 1860:
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
35
Articles.
1860.
1862.
Coffee
..Ibs.
1,991
902, 354
Ibs.
73, 808
21,507 360
Ibs.
186, 592
1,435 392
Hemp .................
cwts-
304
31 440
Indigo ......
Ibs
529 648
1 722 000
Rice
Ibs.
58, 912
24, 147, 200
Silk, raw
Ibs
66,994
101, 128
Ibs
3 808
277 312
Skins sroftt ...... .
. . No
171 555
385 893
Ten
Ibs.
89, 820
2, 539, 508
Tobacco manufactured
Ibs
3 392
20 864
\Vool
Ibs
2 841 200
11 578 426
The corresponding quantities for 1863 cannot be obtained, except for wool
and one or two other items. Many other articles increase in greater or less
degree, as can be seen by reference to the general table of exports of foreign
produce to the United States.
Before proceeding to the general statistics of British trade with the United
States, as prepared from the official publications of that government, the relation
of the United States to the distant tropical carrying trade, and to the carrying
trade generally, may be further illustrated. The India trade was for a long
time in American hands, and most cargoes arriving from the east for any port
of the Atlantic markets broke bulk first in our own ports, and were re-exported
in United States vessels to the west of Europe. This India trade also laid the
foundation of many manufactures, among them those of morocco leather, silk
spinning and silk finishing of piece goods, dyeing, &c. The Calcutta trade
continued longest in the possession of United States vessels, being first for a
long period carried to Philadelphia with the China trade, and for the last ten
years controlled at Boston. It ceased nearly with the breaking up of sailing
lines in the east, in 1862 and 1863, through the piracies conducted in the interest
of the rebellion.
CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN PRODUCE BY THE UNITED STATES.
Of the total value of the exports of the United States, a proportion varying
from one-half in the earlier years to one-fifteenth in 1860 was of articles of
foreign origin. For fifteen years, from 1796 to 1810, the exports of domestic
produce and of foreign produce were nearly the same; the aggregate for this-
period being $547,525,900 of domestic and $514,489,291 of foreign exports.
In some single years the value of foreign articles carried became very large : in
1799, $45,500,000; in 1801, $46,642,000; in 1806, $60,283,000, and in 1807,
859,643,000. The average for periods of five years each, from 1796 to 1860,
shows a large excess in the early periods over those of recent years :
Annual average, 1796 to 1800 $34,190,775
1801 to 1805 37,084,476
1806 to 1810 35,622,607
1811 to 1815 6,818,860
1816 to 1820 18,619,327
1821 to 1825 25,812,023
1826 to 1830 20,114,944
1831 to 1835 21,542,608
1836 to 1840 18,347,791
1841 to 1845 ,.. . 12,115,013
36
FOREIGN AXD DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Annual average, 1846 to 1850 $13,705,293
1851 to 1855 21,968,924
1856 to 1860 23,813,687
Single year 1861 , 21,145,427
Single year 1862 16,809,641
Single year 1863 25,959,248
Average of first ten years $35,637,626
Average of last ten years 22,891,306
A previous table snows the leading articles of foreign produce exported from
Great Britain, and approximately the extent of the present carrying trade of
that country. The same articles now mako up the chief part of the trade of
the United States in articles of foreign origin exported, and they have been the
conspicuous elements of that trade from the beginning. A rapid increase in the
quantities carried by England is observable, and a decline in those carried by
the United States. To illustrate this tendency fully, as regards the United
States, a comparison of periods of four or five years each, separated by a con
siderable interval of time, may be made, the first period being from 1824 to
1828, and the last five years ending with I860. The first division of articles
embraces crude staples of tropical or semi-tropical origin, with a few manufac
tures peculiar to remote countries, and subsequently a list of leading articles
not of tropical origin is given:
Articles of tropical or semi-tropical origin exported from the United States.
Articles.
1824.
1825.
1826.
1827.
1828.
Cocoa
$377 936
$495 082
$419 577
$441 21
$345 874
Coffee
2 923 079
3 254 936
1 44 C > 022
2 324 784
1 497 097
Cotton
30,311
88, 360
28 852
9 875
22 810
Cotton manufactures of India*
Dye-woods
321,204
545 391
443,271
884 448
336, 295
459 600
230, 448
350 448
324, 274
419 981
Fruits
36,813
55,713
29, 522
54, 739
39 204
Indigo
513,271
891,974
712 080
864 951
362 768
Opiumt.
394 290
139 799
Silk raw
1 407
21 639
132 295
181 150
47 277
Silk manufactures of India..
Silk manufactures, all other. .
Spices
1,816,325
not named.
600 171
1,380,237
1,235,399
705 120
1,651,492
1, 583, 228
578 729
891,975
814,676
363 129
713,610
512, 974
181 307
Spirits, West India
210,951
263, 857
253, 626
208, 836
241,773
Sugar .
999, 093
1,614,697
1 742 034
1 191 506
828 499
Tea
562, 109
1,482 141
1 308 694
772 443
672 924
Cigars Havana
41 336
33 175
41 466
49 c )77
39 945
Sulphur
2, 653
3,704
696
1 512
4 311
\Vines ...... ... ...... ...
328, 453
448, 955
366 485
342 356
327 806
* " Nankeens" only. t Opium was not named previous to 1827. It was undoubtedly largely carried.
The following table gives the values of the same class of articles exported in
eight years, ending with 1863. The contrast between the years of the first
series in cocoa, cofiee, silk, and indigo, and those of the second series, is great:
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
37
Exports of foreign articles.
Articles.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Cocoa
$83 766
$52, 801
$167, 060
$168 432
$271 987
$195 246
$144 009
$61 717
Coffee
1, 252, 416
2, 616, 904
1, 589, 970
1, 823, 750
2, 268, 691
777, 485
1, 382, 070
1 081 462
Cotton
18, 908
10, 400
8 720
16 647
771 007
Dye-woods
662, 767
878, 143
591,351
320, 500
316,806
306, 59a
389, 119
485 536
Fruits
128, 626
137, 237
187,416
152, 765
261, 645
193, 215
120, 576
207 489
Indigo
71, 670
62, 178
390, 050
10, 348
48, 175
34, 453
117,202
125, 943
45 038
178 236
29 7 1 !
48 450
10 870
20, 128
43 549
22 943
13 465
31 432
52* 046
38 815
Silk raw
4,255
4, 163
94, 092
19, 978
176, 589
124, 104
21,412
14 112
Silk, manufactures of. -
Spices
Spirits, West India
Sugar
Tea
574, 5:39
475, 502
56, 992
1,243,499
1 682 611
157, 186
366, 548
42, 055
1, 180, 263
1,430 212
254, 959
416, 763
40, 808
4, 490, 050
1, 384, 428
249, 598
189, 845
49, 406
2, 233, 281
2, 461, 563
299, 326
489, 070
116, 807
2, 150, 839
1, 985 203
2i>8, 704
386, 146
44, 496
3,755,781
1,556 630
201, 109
112, 317
38, 428
1, 307, 743
638 006
276, 785
232, 404
32, 335
1, 504, 272
1 032 723
Cijrars
180, 742
227, 143
166,002
226, 234
273, 663
175, 993
138, 869
146,219
167 910
129, 815
172, 764
2U6, 013
165, 280
181 318
170 801
174 490
In view of the general advance of trade in these articles, the entire list must
be regarded as having declined from the first to the second period.
DIRECT TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
The British official tables of trade and navigation give the following values
of imports from and exports to the United States for seven years, ending with
1862 ; the values being changed to their equivalent in money of the United
States :
Years.
Imports from United
States.
Exports to United
States.
1856
$174,471 221
$109 465 684
1857
162 852 578
97 172 172
1858
165,804 920
76 441,513
1859
165,975 066
118 182.597
I860
216 600 657
110 873 176
1861
239 046 158
53 364 306
]862
134,141,360
92,801,710
Our own account of this trade is made up for fiscal years ending June 30,
and it can therefore be compared definitely only in periods. It is impracticable
to divide the fiscal year of the United States, and to reconstruct the summaries
for calendar years.
EXPORT
S TO GREAT I
5RITAIN.
IMPORTS FROM
Years.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Total.
GR T BRITAIN.
1855- 56
$160 742 372
$1 618 435
$16 360 807
$122 266 082
1856- 57
182 650 472
3, 195,312
185 845,784
130 803, 093
1857- 58
156 005 200
12 089 648
168 094 848
95 720,658
1858- 59
172 155 786
2 790 067
174 945 853
125 754 421
1859- 60
197 260 756
6 080 165
203 340 921
138 596 484
1860- 61
116 583,955
3, 951 , 968
120 535 923
139, 206, 377
1861- 62
105 898 554
4 699 602
110 598 156
86,481,430
1862- 63
111 436 229
9 181 577
120 617 806
113 136 700
38
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The British account does not include gold and silver bullion or coin, while
the account of the United States does. The total value of specie and bullion
sent to Great Britain among our exports in the seven years ending with June,
1862, was $236,751,778, and the total received from Great Britain in the same
period was $55,894,096. The detail of this exchange of specie was as follows,
as given in the United States record for fiscal years the British statistics being
for calendar years :
Exports to England. Imports from England,
1855- 56 $34, 161, 062 $421, 771
1856- 57 50, 890, 268 4, 069, 054
lS57- f>S 39,636,001 6,754,357
1858- 59 41, 760, 051 147, 383
1S59- 60 33,380,575 101,371
1860- 61 12, 174, 820 32, 678, 440
1861- 62 24, 729, 001 11, 721, 720
1S62- G3 50, 339, 267 238, 499
British account.
Imports into England Exports to United
1 roiu United States. Slates.
1856 Not given <96, 227
1857 Not given 859,110
1858 .4, 811, 772 202, 567
1859 9, 672, 981 14, 342
1860 4, 792, 582 1, 727, 220
1861... 66,683 7,381,953
1862 10, 064, 162 37, 528
1863 8, 147, 524 54, 195
KOTE. The importations of gold and silver coin and bullion were exempted by law from
entry inwards at the custom-house until the passing of the act of 20 & 21 Viet., cap. G2,
in the year 1857.
Changing these to United States values they become :
Imports into England.
1856
1857
1858 $23, 288, 976
1859 46, 817, 228
I860 23, 197, 306
1861 322,745
1862 48, 710, 544
1863 39, 434, 016
Exports to United States,
$465, 738
4, 642, 092
980, 424
69, 4L5
8, 359, 448
35, 728, 652
181,635
263, 303
The account of exports to the United States made up from British records is
tout $50,690,707 for eight years, against $56,132,595 recorded in the United
States as imported from Great Britain, a difference of near five and a half mil
lions of dollars. As the years 1856 and 1863 embrace very small exports, the
correction of the United States account to calendar years would not remove the
discrepancy. The account of imports into England is also short in British
records as compared with our own. Taking the six years fully reported, the
total by the British tables is $181,170,815 ; and by American, for fiscal years*
$202,019,715, a difference of $20,848,910. This difference is also too large to
be explained by the differences in the years. It is to be noticed, however, thai
the British entry was by ounces both for gold and silver, with a computed valup
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 39
"at the market price at the time of entry." This is probably the chief cause of
the discrepancy.
Another and important point to be observed in the general comparison of the
statistics is the incompleteness of the return of United States exports in the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1861. For the last three quarters of that year cer
tain ports of the southern States failed to make returns of the commerce trans
acted, which in most cases continued under the flag of the United States veiy
nearly to the close of the fiscal year. At Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans,
the transactions of three entire quarters were not returned to the Treasury De
partment, and at all the other ports south of Norfolk two entire quarters were
not returned. These ports were the channels through which nearly all the
cotton, rice, and other staples of the south were exported, and the shipment of
these was unprecedentedly active in the first months of 1861, and quite down
to June of that year. In the original publication of the statistics of that year
no correction was made for these omitted returns, and the effect is shown in the
previous table of the total values exported to England as given by the two
authorities. That country credits the United States with $239,046,158 in value
of exports, while the return, uncorrected for the omission of southern ports, is
but $116,583,955.
To make the best correction practicable in the case, it is assumed, as a mini
mum, that the exports at these ports for quarters not returned were at least equal
to the transactions of the corresponding quarters of the previous year. The
total value of the exports of those ports during the like period of the preceding
year was $161,011,950 of domestic produce, and about $500,000 in value of
foreign produce. This correction of the general aggregates cannot so readily be
applied to the detail of countries. The great bulk of values was of cotton, and of
this but a small proportion was to other countries than England. The evidence
afforded by the British statistics is conclusive that the general sum assumed is
too small, since the excess admitted by them is $170,000,000 in the three years
1860, 1861, and 1862 *
The British account of cotton alone received from the United States during
the year ending with June, 1861, would show near a hundred millions of
dollars worth beyond the quantity officially returned in the United States as
having been exported, the last-named aggregate being 207,342,265 pounds,
value $22,651,923. The British report, which can in this case be made to
conform in time to our fiscal year, credits the United States with 968,006,928
pounds, value $140,961,448.
Pounds. Value,
British , 968,006,928 $140,961,448
American. . . . .207,342,265 22,651,923
Difference 760,664,663 118,309,525
This statement of differences in one article for the period of one year proves
that if all the exports were embraced in the correction, a total not less than
twenty millions greater would be required for the entire correction. The fol
lowing table of monthly receipts of cotton in England from the United States
shows the course of this trade for three years, and the enormous proportions it
reached in 1861, for which year the United States records fail to show what
it was:
This correction was adopted in the finance report of the Secretary of the Treasury of
December, 1863, increasing the total of domestic exports for the fiscal year 1860-MU to
$389,711,391, and the foreign to $21,145,427, the aggregate exports being $410,856,818.
40
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Monthly receipts of cotton in England from the United States.
Month.
18
59.
18
60.
18
81.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
January
Cwts.
177 554
Pounds,
580 010
Cuts.
316 895
Pounds.
998 ;) 19
Cuts.
17 05
Pounds.
57 8
February
992 468
3 184 255
1 204 091
3 792 887
939 l )70
3 I M 835
March
711 316
2 448 113
I 6oi) 98
4 940 OQ4
1 494 51
4 969 0> v5
April
600 312
2 061 506
1 000 U 8
3 033 631
1 354 65
4 gf Q ] -,-,
May . .
708 956
2 21 534
1 33 749
3 814 741
985 51
3 6 -) l 7 ( )0
1 525 547
4 983 454
] 810 704
5 069 971
97 813
3 4f>3 tfTS
Half year
4 725 153
15 469 872
7 194 835
21 651 653
5 874 635
20 706 00
July
1 199 967
4 059 888
701 182
1 98 SI
840 064
q oQ O=tf)
August . .
437 S" 1 !
1 47 l ) 501
660 274
1 893 449
448 061
1 881 857
351 6-~>6
I 189 668
179 344
544 010
657 867
October
204 148
678 792
130 73
405 Oil
3 630
19 058
November
221 690
750 051
5 70
175 234
86
1 485
December
1 446 797
4 641 $07
1 044 "50
3 47 111
4 09
68
Half year
3, 861, 519
12, 799, 707
2 768, 484
8 418 066
1 442 534
5 864 199
Year
8 586 672
28 269 579
9 963 319
30 069 719
7 317 169
6 670 399
Converting these into the quantities and values of the United States, the
receipts of cotton in England for the three calendar years became :
Pounds. Value.
1859 961,707,264 $136,824,762
1860 1,115,891,728 145,537,340
1861 819,522,928 129,084,731
Even after the first of July, when the ports of the United States were closed
to all legal trade, and for which no estimate has been made, the quantity of
American cotton received in England was very great, amounting to 161,563,808
pounds, value $28,382,723. Probably the larger share of that received in
England in July was cleared from southern ports before the last of June, and
therefore it properly belongs with the additions made to correct that account in
comparison with our own.
Recurring to the summaries of exports and imports between the two countries,
compared on a previous page, we may assume a correction of the export values
of United States records given for 1860- 6 1 and 1861- 62, equal to the two values
of cotton shown to be in excess in this last calculation, namely: $118,309,525
in 1860- 61, and $28,382,723 in 1861- 62. More clearly, these are corrections
on the first and second half years of 1861 ; and whatever may be the deduction
from them on account of the later months of 1861 is fully made up by the
export of other articles of which no account has been taken. The addition
to the United States is therefore the sum of $146,692,248, still leaving a
small deficit in the difference between this sum and $170,000,000 before shown
to be the British excess for three years, exclusive of the foreign exports. These
foreign exports amount to $14,731,735, leaving the actual difference about ten
millions of dollars.
The other portions of the series agree very well with each other. There is
reason to believe, however, that the United States record is generally short of
the full values as regards produce actually lauded for consumption in England.
Many cargoes of provisions, grain, and flour clear for Iri/?h or Channel ports
for orders j and this was more frequently the case in 1861, 1862, and 1863,
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 41
tlian in previous years. Apparently being cleared for British ports, and so
recorded at United States ports, they do not enter at those ports, and do
not appear in their imports. During the year 1862 one hundred vessels touched
at Cork for orders, of which a considerable share ultimately proceeded to conti
nental ports.
It is, moreover, established beyond doubt that there are large deficiencies iu
the report of outward cargoes, particularly at the port of New York. There
being no outward inspection, and clearance being always given on the oath of
the shipper or agent, a degree of inaccuracy has grown up, which is mainly the
consequence of haste. Undervaluations and imperfect schedules of cargo occur
where no intent to evade the law exists, particularly as no questions of revenue
are involved. Clearance only on the verification of cargo by an outward
inspector, as in nearly every European state, would be the only practicable
measure for correcting these omissions, and for securing an absolutely full report
of exports.
COMPARISON OF EXPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE UNITED STATES WITH
THE REPORTED IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES RECORDS.
The chief fact disclosed by these comparisons is the gigantic character of the
trade conducted through British ports for other nations, and for the general
markets of the world, from which our direct shipping is being withdrawn.
Either in the crude form in which they were imported, or in partial or complete
transformation as manufactures, vast quantities of the staple products of the
United States pass through England to other markets of final consumption in
every year.
Taking the aggregates exchanged for six years preceding the war, or inclu
ding one year of partial disturbance, each single year of the series gives a
similar result, and confirms the general conclusion. The British record is short,
comparing calendar with the nearest corresponding fiscal years, as follows :
British stntement British statement
deficient. in excess.
1856 $12,800,398
1857
, 33,630,921
1858
19,279,145
1859
7,571,824
860
, 27,723,308
,861
, 85,842,071
1862..
$6,320,280
The exports of British produce and manufactures are reported at the " de
clared real value," or on the statement of the exporter, while the exports of
foreign and colonial produce are at "computed real value" a value determined
upon the reported quantities by the officers of the customs. It can scarcely be
believed that the values reported when entering United States ports are in
excess, nor does there appear any probable correction of these entered values
which will remove the discrepancy. The solution is undoubtedly to be found
in the account of remittances in the form of bills of exchange drawn against
the exports of United States produce, the extent of which remittances can only
be inferred from the debt of the United States held abroad, in connexion with
other causes.
According to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury, made to the Senate
in 1854, the amount of American stocks and loans reported to be held by for
eigners June 30, 1853, was two hundred and twenty-two millions of dollars.
Large sums were also known to exist of which no report could be obtained,
estimated at a total nearly equal to that reported. The increase accruing in
42 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
the next seven years we do not stop to estimate. French authorities have esti
mated the capital held by foreigners in United States national, State, and
municipal stocks, including bank and railroad stocks, at a total sum of five
hundred millions. Dividends and interest paid on this sum, averaging six per
cent, per annum, would require remittances to the extent of thirty millions, for
which sum there would of course be no commercial equivalent, either in com
modities or in money. To this must be added the expenditures of travellers and
the remittances of emigrants, together not less than five millions annually. The
sum of thirty-five millions, therefore, is in all probability remitted in bills of
exchange to Europe, and the excess of our exports over imports in recent years
is to this extent accounted for ; and whatever remains of the apparent excess
of exports to Great Britain over imports may be balanced by the payment there
of excesses of importation over exportation with certain other countries with
whom our accounts are to some extent settled in England, amounting in 1861
to fifty one millions of dollars, due from us on our trade with the West Indies,
South America, Asia, Africa, &c.
The extent of the annual differences appearing on the face of the commercial
statements is large, and it does not appear to have attracted the attention its
importance deserves. Taking the aggregates exchanged for six years preceding
the war, or including one year of partial interruption or disturbance, 1861, as
given in the British account, and exclusive of specie, the nominal balance ap
pears highly favorable to the United States. The two sums, 1856 to the close
of 1861, are:
Imports into Great Britain $1,124,750,600
Exports from Great Britain 683,783,700
Difference 440,966,900
Or an average of $73,494,483 annually. Deducting the excess of specie sent
to England, for which we must take the statement of the United States, and
which was 8167,750,401, or $27,958,400 yearly, the balance still remaining is
$45,536,083 yearly in favor of the United States. After all consideration has
been given to the account of remittances just referred to, the general state of
these gigantic exchanges is less unfavorable to the United States than lias
generally been supposed.
TABULAR STATEMENTS OF EXCHANGES BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN ANT)
THE UNITED STATES, FOR SEVEN YEARS, 1856 TO 1862, FROM BRITISH
RECORDS.
The following tabular statements of the entire exchanges of the United States
with Great Britain in detail is copied from the last annual volume of British
Trade and Navigation Reports, for 1862. For 1863 only a few specific articles
can be obtained, the monthly publications of the British government distin
guishing countries only in a few leading articles. The first table embodies such
as are so stated by countries, comparing the three years 1861 to 1863 only, and
converting the values and quantities to like terms with those of the United
States.
This preliminary table shows the enormous development of the petroleum
trade within three years, and that grain, flour, and petroleum, have to some ex
tent supplied the place of cotton as the basis of exchange on England. The
sum of values of these leading articles is sustained in a most unexpected degree.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
43
Quantities of leading articles.
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Cotton
Petrole
Wheat
Wheat
Indian
Wheat
Wheat
pounds
819,500,523
139, 608
20,061,952
1,897,433
24,722,816
20, 279, 608
1, 929, 281
13, 524, 224
4,074,588
29,798,160
2, 249, 767
21,830,328
30,155,848
2,287,110
6, 394, 080
8, 447, 292
16,071,664
1,265,911
23,774,976
16,281,488
1,278,411
am . pallons
. . . - bushels
flour barrels
corn . bushels
Entered for consumption.
bushels
flour . . barrels
Values of leading articles.
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Cotton
$128 500 630
C;3 117 i(j3
&O AW* lf)K
Petroleum . .
8 383
68 904
2 7MH 4Q.1
Wheat
29 354 411
41 380 514
20 371 ^0
Flour
13 234 535
15 471 442
7 562 2 %> 4
Indian corn
22 172 927
16 751 085
in oofi 774
Indian corn, known to be nearly all from the United States, is not distin
guished as to countries ; but it is assumed as approximately correct. Other
staple exports, as of cured meats, lard, tallow, butter and cheese, and tobacco,
are not separately stated in the British reports. They will be found in detail
in the comparative table following those taken from the British records, pre
pared for fiscal years from the United States returns.
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FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
51
This table of exports is uncorrected for the omitted record of cotton exported
to England, which has previously been shown to be near $ 129,084,731 for the fiscal
year 18GO- 61 ; and several other items, hides, rice, rosin, spirits of turpentine
and tobacco particularly, would add several millions of dollars in value.
The increase in the value of certain exports from 1860 forward has been
referred to in connexion with the British statistics, but the records of the United
States exhibit the fact in a still more striking manner. Butter, cheese, hops,
hams and bacon, lard, petroleum and lard oil, tallow and tobacco, are quite as
remarkably increased as is flour or wheat. A comparison of 1860 with 1862
and 1863 shows the fact. The year 1861, having no especial relation to the
point under consideration, is not given.
Articles.
%
1860.
1862.
1863.
Butter
$439, 460
$3, 077, 066
$5,159,871
Cheese
1,192,458
2, 226, 047
3 655 119
757
574 867
1 577 670
] lams tiinl bacon ...... ...... ... ... .....
1,589,528
8, 894, 606
15, 044, 991
Lard
J, 811, 418
4,455 685
6,059 986
Lard oil
1 566
82 782
835 290
Tallow
901 , 371
2,515,914
3, 093, 592
pork
502, 138
759, 895
650, 562
4, 664, 042
2, 984, 232
6, 483, 921
11,102,738
25,571,094
42,561,002
The increase on the articles here named, none of which are distinguished in
the British return before quoted, is thus $14,470,000 in 1862 over 1860, and in
1863 the very large excess of $31,460,000.
The important article, petroleum, was unfortunately not distinguished in the
quarterly returns until July, 1863, the commencement of the fiscal year 1863- 64.
The largest proportion of the sum assigned to unenumerated articles for 1862- 63
was for petroleum, which may be approximately stated at $1,000,000 for 1861- 62,
and $4,000,000 in 1862- 63.
In view of the omission of cotton and rice almost altogether from the exports
to England in the last two years, the general aggregate at which these exports
are maintained is remarkable. In 1860, with very large values for these staples,
the total was less than thirty millions in excess of 1863, fiscal years.
Values of 1860.
Cotton $134, 928, 780
Rice o. 346, 576
Rosin and turpentine 964, 666
136, 240, 022
Comparing this with the difference of 1860 and 1863 in the aggregates, it ap
pears that the increase of northern staples supplied $106,250,000 of i.his loss in
cotton, and this during a period of unprecedented trial to the national resources,
and of vastly increased domestic consumption.
Some account of the difference in specie exports is due, however, in the above
comparison; the exports of specie and bullion to England being $45,000,000 in
1862- 63, against $31,635,000 in 1S59- 60. But the production of gold, and
the great import of foreign gold from England in 161 and 1862, had produced
a surplus leading naturally to exportation.
52 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
BRITISH TRADE WITH CALIFORNIA.
The British official records distinguish the trade with California from that
conducted with other parts of the United States. The tables previously given
cover the entire trade, California included, and those that here follow are of
California alone.
The annual values of this trade converted into terms of the United States are
as follows :
Imports from California. Exports to California.
1856 $162, 827 $2, 226, 937
1857 5 2, 185, 260
1858 70, 581 2, 523, 411
1859 139, 760 2, 224, 570
1860 90,455 3,024,985
1861 3, 414, 968 2, 085, 691
1862 1, 722, 294 1, 817, 236
It is apparent that the direct trade of England with the Pacific coast of the
United States is relatively less than with other sections. That trade is a coast
ing trade to vessels of the United States, and is protected by the laws relating
to the coasting trade generally. Clearance to California direct from European
ports is far more difficult than transhipment at the Isthmus of Panama. The
direct trade of San Francisco with foreign countries is, therefore, larger with the
East Indies and China than with European countries.
The magnitude of the trade with the Pacific States opens an inviting field to
foreign occupation, but its peculiar circumstances have so far protected it. They
may continue to do so in a great* degree, if the quality of coasting trade and the
laws which preserve it to vessels of the United States are rigidly maintained ;
but if these were yielded, a very little time would suffice to displace United
States shipping in as great a degree in the Pacific as in the Atlantic.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
53
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Wood and timber
Wool . . .
All other articles
j
54
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
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FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
55
Values of foreign and colonial produce exported from Great Britain to California.
Articles
Computed real value.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
.
.
&
150
.
.
200
.
1,375
&.
350
360
55
65
914
130
17
2,101
520
8
2,496
4, 207
3,387
Rice, not in htisk
168
1, 605
3
138
8,142
1, 104
2,561
120
"S,565
564
3, 424
3, 343
2,668
2, 932
1,255
900
3,680
1,890
Tea
iffl
9,779
207
6, 189
92
10, 161
765
10, 914
139
5,444
Wine
2, 588
1,166
2, fill)
All other articles
6,265
8,297
5,530
7,814
7,795
Totals
18, 132
460, 111
18, 418
451, 500
24, 733
521, 366
22,589
459, 622
30, 591
624, 997
12, 446
430, 928
18,668
375, 462
Totals of British and for n produce
STEAM TONNAGE IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES,
Steamships were introduced into the foreign commerce of the United States
in 1840, but they were of little importance for the carriage of merchandise until
nearly ten years later, when the establishment of American lines to Europe,
competing with the British, developed the capacity of steam transportation, and
prepared the way for its general introduction into the transatlantic trade. For
two or three years previous to 1850 the aggregates of steam tonnage entering
the ports of the United States swelled the volume of foreign shipping very
Bensibly. At a later period, and with large vessels, the increase of this tonnage
haa been rapid, until it has reached proportions nearly equal to the sailing
tonnage of all classes coming from the two or three leading commercial countries
of Europe. The system was, in fact, suddenly and almost completely built up
in 1848, 1849, and 1850; American lines to Havre, to Bremen and Southamp
ton, and to Liverpool, across the Atlantic, being established simultaneously with
one to Havana from Charleston, and the vast, half-foreign California and Isthmus
lines. The tonnage of all these goes to swell the aggregate of tonnage published
in official reports as arriving from foreign ports ; but the entire Isthmus and
California trade, including all that touching at Vera Cruz and Havana, either
to and from the Isthmus or to and from New Orleans, should properly be sepa
rated from that crossing the Atlantic. It is so separated in the following state
ments, and the effect is to greatly reduce the proportion of American steamship
tonnage appearing to be employed in foreign trade. Technically, clearances
from Panama for San Francisco are from foreign countries, but, in fact, little or
no commerce with foreign countries is represented. Little or none is represented
in arrivals at New York from Chagres or Panama, or in arrivals from Cuba of
steamers merely touching at that port on their way from Mexico or the Isthmus.
The statistics of steam tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United
States, therefore, require to be stated with several discriminations, to be properly
understood. In the aggregate, the proportions of American and foreign appear
nearly equal; but when the distinctions just referred to are made, and the
absolute foreign trade only is considered, the amount of American tonnage is
56
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
greatly reduced. For several years, however, or from 1851 to 1857, the Amer
ican transatlantic steam lines had great success, and attained an ascendency in
that trade that appears favorably in the statistics. The arrivals at New York
alone were over 120,000 tons for each of several years, and this against an
average of about 80,000 tons of foreign. The Isthmus and Cuban arrivals of
United States steamers, entered as foreign, amounted to 160,000 tons more at
New York, yet the merchandise traffic by them from any foreign country was
very small in amount, and the statements should be kept distinct.
There is also a large local trade conducted by steamers with Canada on the
great lakes, the tonnage of which is technically classed with that entering from
foreign ports, yet which does not represent any considerable trade strictly to be
designated foreign. The annual arrivals of this tonnage are 2,300,000 tons or
more,* but its character is more nearly that of ferry and passenger transit than
anything else. The amount is so little significant of commerce such as the
transatlantic trade always must be, whether conducted by steamers or sailing
vessels, that it has not been compiled to illustrate the relation of steam to foreign
commerce generally.
With the British provinces of the Atlantic coast there has been for many
years a moderately active traffic in small steamers. They sometimes come
down to Boston or New York, but generally run only between the ports of
Maine and Halifax, or elsewhere in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. When
running regularly, the amount of this tonnage is separately stated in the follow
ing tables :
Steam tonnage entered at Portland, Maine, from foreign countries.
Fiscal year ending June 30
FOREIGN VESSELS.
From Great Britain.
From British N.
American provinces.
Total.
1855
Tons.
2,907
Tons.
Tons.
2,907
166
1>794
12,392
4,984
34, 797
32,267
39, 874
18,562
1 856
166
1857 . .
12, 794
5,538
4, 924
25, 075
32, 267
37,071
18, 328
1858
6,854
60
9, 722
1859
I860 *
1861 ....
1862
2,803
234:
1863
There were no entries of American steamers in the foreign trade.
Steam tonnage of foreign vessels entered at Philadelphia from foreign countries.
Tons.
Fiscal
year ending June 30, 1851 3, 261
Do 1852 ,... 19,734
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
734
1853 22,484
1854 19,423
1855 8,682
1856 4,648
.1857 20,056
.1858 None.
Do 1859 1,415
There were no entries of American steamers.
* No distinct separation of the steam and sailing tonnage of the lakes having been made
for years previous to 1863, it is impracticable to state the exact figures, but it is assumed
that more than two-thirds of the arrivals are steam. Probably the proportion is nearly three-
fourths. The American arrivals of all sorts at lake ports in 1860 were 2,617,276 tons, and of
British tonnage 658,036 tons; together, 3,275,312 tons.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
57
Stecnn tonnage entered at the port of Boston from foreign countries.
FOREIGN
VESSELS.
AMKRICAN
VESSELS.
Total
From
Great Britain.
From British
Am. provinces.
From British
Am. provinces.
tons.
1846
11 941
3 204
15 145
1847 ..
11 719
396
12 115
1848
14 655
184
14 839
1849
16, 000
16 000
1850 . .
20, 000
20 000
1851
22 000
22 000
1852
2(5 449
26 449
1853
28, 572
11 780
40 352
1854 *
53 667
53 667
1855 .. . .
58 114
1 610
59 714
1856
57 833
10 632
68 465
1857
54 945
7 980
62*925
1858.
58 624
6 580
385
65 589
1859
58 979
6 445
65 424
1860
56 530
7 249
6*5 779
1861
67 283
6 120
73 403
1862 >.
54 141
2 838
56 979
1863
57 305
57 305
The entry of steam tonnage at Boston began with the establishment of the
Cunard line in 1840, and the arrivals previous to 1846 were 12,000 to 15,000
tons annually ; but the exact quantities cannot be obtained.
American steam tonnage entered at the port of New York from foreign countries.
Fiscal year ending-
From British ports.
From Havre.
From Bremen and
Hamburg.
44
o^
11
ill
fr
Total
tons.
June 30 1848
823
1 857
9 934
920
1Q rioj
1849 L.
5 571
15 230
7 207
28 008
1850
1851
3,951
54 785
9 549
15, 230
12 528
54, 452
108 172
73,633
185 034
1852
63 359
23* 592
13 248
157 186
2 r )7* 3P r
1853
73, 314
26, 183
18,508
170,021
288 026
1854
75 302
18 917
13 494
147 227
254 940
1855
66 092
14 929
1 5 402
152 347
246 770
1856
71 578
45 032
22, 373
162 409
301 392
1857
48 649
30 648
23 409
145 236
247 942
1858
33 431
54 213
19 747
103 010
215 401
1859
2 989
51 484
9 069
111 343
174 885
1860
68 564
170 641
239 205
1861
68 8*0
150 534
219 414
1862
15,884
94! 561
110,445
1863
125 015
125,015
Third quarter, 1863
33 995
33, 995
Fourth quarter, 1 863
5 923
43 299
49, 222
58
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Foreign steam tonnage entered at the port of New York from foreign countries.
Fiscal year
ending
British, from Eng
land.
British, colonial.
S
p
vJ
82
iJ*
1
Bremen.
Hamburg.
S
So
Spanish and Cuban.
Total
tons.
June 30, 1844.
3 780
%
792
4 572
1845.
3 780
3 780
1846.
13, 351
13 351
1847.
9, 121
9 121
1848.
19 828
6.050
640
26 518
1849.
53 897
..
53 897
1850
48 065
758
1 639
50 462
1851
41 889
1 293
758
43 940
1852.
59, 554
59 554
1853.
81 388
81 388
1854
78 256
78 256
1855
33 650
4 642
*4 357
6 158
48 805
1856.
39 185
4,915
1,876
1,282
46 123
1857
137 678
15, 125
5,612
17, 846
11,551
186 812
1858
141 903
5, 402
22, 612
3,764
3 183
176 864
1859.
183, 354
3,916
34, 299
37,654
540
4, 972
264 735
1860
221 724
23,358
50, 951
3, 276
2^9 309
1861
256 857
30, 324
46,615
333 796
1862
231 043
33 617
52, 252
3,973
1 426
327 731
1863
290 490
4 724
1 006
38 388
55 737
397 247
Half year to
Dec ., 1863..
Calendar year,
1883 . .
237,452
401,210
4,540
7,264
686
686
34,122
56, 692
28,678
53, 200
1,425
1,425
681
681
307, 584
521 158
In part of British ships for this and the two following years.
General aggregate of steam tonnage entering the ocean ports of the United
States from 1844 to 1863.
Fiscal year ending-
American.
Foreign.
Total
tons.
Fiscal year ending
American.
Foreign.
Total
tons.
June 30 1844
4 572
4 572
June 30 1854
100 442
151 346
251 788
1845
3 780
3 780
1855
346 901
120 108
467 009
1846
28,496
28, 496
1856
397,410
120, 645
518, 055
1847
21 236
21 236
1857
333,243
282 875
616 118
1848
1849
13, 534
28 008
41,357
69 897
54.K91
97 905
1858
1859
289, 296
311, 764
254, 748
339 016
544, 044
650, 780
1850
73 633
70, 462
144, 095
1860
384, 899
391, 016
775, 915
1851
193 960
69 201
263 161
1861
313,903
439 945
753, 848
1852
264,081
105, 737
369, 818
1862
212, 675
424, 584
637, 259
1853.
299 806
132 444
432 250
1863
247, 009
477, 923
724, 932
For the fiscal years 1841, 1842, and 1843, an average of about four thousand
tons of foreign arrived at New York.
The actual proportion of the tonnage recorded as in the foreign trade of the
United States resulting from the entry of steam vessels is very large, both of
American and of foreign vessels, but, as has been said, much of it is in fact not
what the record appears to make it. The Isthmus trade is really coastwise
rather than foreign, and therefore all, or nearly all, the American steam tonnage
entering at San Francisco and New Orleans, with the Isthmus arrivals at New
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
59
York, should be struck off. The entries at both New York and New Orleans
from Cuba and Mexico are in a great degree of steamers merely touching at
Havana and Vera Cruz for passengers and mails, and carrying very little freight.
A more legitimate trade was for several years conducted by the steamer Isabel,
from Havana to Charleston.
On the North Atlantic coast, again, the steamships touching at Portland and
Boston appear in some cases to have been regularly entered there, as well as at
New York, in most cases, probably, bringing cargo for both ports. The Canard
line had its original terminus at Boston, however, and steamers have constantly
fully discharged at Boston and Portland both, when running as part of the
regular lines, or as extra ships on them, from Liverpool. The lake steamer
tonnage is, of course, entirely excluded, and the direct transatlantic trade is
therefore reduced to the arrivals at Portland, Boston, New York, and Philadel
phia. Stating this separately, the following is the result:
Actual steam tonnage arriving in foreign trade.
Fiscal year ending
American.
Foreign.
Total.
June 30, 1844
Tons.
Tons.
4 572
Tows.
4 572
1845
3 780
3 780
1846
28 496
28 496
1847
21 236
21 236
1848
12 414
41 357
53 771
1849
20 801
(j<) ^97
90 698
1850
19 181
70 462
89 642
1851
80 123
69 201
149 324
1852
100 199
105 739
205 938
1853
118 005
144*224
262 229
1854
107 713
151 346
259 059
1&55
94 423
120* 108
204 531
1856
138 983
1 1 9 236
258 219
1857
102 706
28 V> 587
385 293
1858
112 391
254 845
367 236
1859
63 542
336 558
400 100
1860
68 564
387 885
456 449
1861
68 880
439 466
508 346
1862
15 884
424 579
440 463
1863
473 114
473 114
To include Charleston, the American totals would be increased about twenty
thousand tons annually from 1851 to 1861; but this could not be considered
transatlantic trade in the sense represented above, being wholly from Havana.
60
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Steam tonnage entered at the port of San Francisco from foreign countries.
Fiscal years by quarters.
AMERICAN VESSELS.
FOREIGN
VESSELS.
Aggregate
tonnage.
From Isth
mus am
Nicaragua
From Bri
ish colo
nial ports
Total
American
From Eng
land, colo
nial ports
1853- 54 3d quarter 1 853
17, 585
19,178
4th quarter 1853
1 st quarter 1854
19,861
21,501
19,500
20, 280
19, 500
19, 864
17, 563
18,441
22, 916
15, 894
17, 949
17,435
15,672
12, 328
12, 158
13,031
12, 609
14, 702
11,928
11,944
12,609
14,854
21,311
20,912
21,751
15,102
12, 842
17, 880
13, 956
19,374
16, 572
16, 484
18, 794
19, 563
19,140
21,522
21,698
23, 175
2d quarter 1854
78,125
78,125
1854- 55 3d quarter 1 854
4th quarter 1854
1st quarter 1855
2d quarter 1855
79, 644
79,644
1 855- 56 3d quarter 1 855
354
745
144
4th quarter 1855
1st quarter 1856
2d quarter 1856
74,814
76,057
1856- 57 3d quarter 1856
4th quarter 1856
144
144
1st quarter 1857.
2d quarter 1857.
63,384
63,672
1857- 58 3d quarter 1 857
4th quarter 1857
144
144
1st quarter 1858
~~52,~788
2d quarter 1858
1858- 59 3d quarter 1858.
20, 383
14, 958
10, 697
12,722
10, 961
11,995
9, 830
13,538
10, 567
7,979
5,441
8,450
3,738
4,012
10,416
12, 701
7,213
7,750
10, 546
10, 950
52, 500
4th quarter 1858
1st quarter 1859
144
2,314
1 995
2d quarter 1859. .
110,095
110,553
1859- 60 3d quarter 1859
4th quarter 1859
1 136
1st quarter 1860
2d quarter 1860
125,400
128,531
1860- 61 3d quarter 1860
4th quarter 1860
1st quarter 1861
2d quarter 1861
94, 489
479
94,968
1861- 62 3d quarter 1861 .
4th quarter 1861
1st quarter 1862
2d quarter 1862 .
102, 230
102,230
1862- 63 3d quarter 1862
1 411
4th quarter 1862
1 411
1st quarter 1863 .
1,277
710
2d quarter 1863 .
121,994
126,803
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 61
Steam tonnage entered at the port of Charleston from foreign countries.
American vessels only. Tons.
Fiscal year ending June 30, 1851 14,926
1852 18,696
1853 22,000
1854 22,317
1855 20,487
1856 21,204
18,57 21,917
1858 21,010
1859 26,781
1860 26,990
Half year to December, 1860 1 1,604
For the first three years the entries are in part estimated, the record for one
or more quarters of each being lost. All the entries were from Havana.
The steam tonnage arriving at New Orleans from foreign ports was techni
cally large from the commencement of the Isthmus trade to the close of I860,
and all in American vessels. Estimating for the record of two or three quar
ters, the following is the tonnage, about one-half of which is from Havana,
Cuba, and the other half from the Isthmus, Central America, and Mexico.
The years 1855, 1856, 1857, and 1860 are complete:
Tons.
Fiscal year ending June 30, 1855 60,868
1856 64,571
1857 76,514
1858 75,000
1859 78,000
1860 88,530
The New York line touching at Havana was mainly a coasting and passen
ger trade, and this makes up more than half the total. The arrivals from the
Isthmus and Mexico were much the same.
At Mobile there were a few arrivals of American steamers from foreign ports,
but their amount in any year was small.
On the northeastern frontier, entering at Castine, Maine, (district of Passama-
quoddy,) there is a large aggregate of tonnage accumulated by the frequent
trips of small American steamers plying to New Brunswick and Halifax. The
average of such arrivals amounts to over 60,000 tons annually since 1853, being
in the fiscal years
Tows.
1854- 55 64,219
1855- 56 67,401
1856- 57 53,178
1860- 61 55,423
1861- 62 75,324
1862- 63 61,444
The intervening years are not readily distinguished. This was all tonnage
of American vessels.
The swelled volume of tonnage arriving from foreign countries during the
last ten or fifteen years is more largely due to steam than would at first appear,
in consequence of the introduction of the items above described. Taking the
62
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
fiscal year 1S59- GO as an example, the total tonnage reported as arriving in
the foreign trade is of
American vessels toni. . 5,921,285
Foreign vessels tons.. 2,253,911
Total. . . tons. . 8,175,196
Excluding the tonnage from Canada, the American is reduced to 3,304,009
tons, and the foreign to 1,594,575 tons. Deducting, further, for the California
and Isthmus trade in American steam vessels
For entries at New York
For entries at New Orleans
For entries at San Francisco
For entries at Castine, Maine
tons.. 170,641
tons.. 88, 530
tons.. 125, 400
tons.. 55,000
Total tons. . 439, 571
The tonnage actually entering in the foreign trans-oceanic trade is reduced to
2,864,438 tons. The peculiar conditions attending the technical statements of
tonnage and shipping have thus, to a great extent, concealed the injuries which
have been suffered in general ocean commerce, misleading to the impression that
large accessions were being made to the shipping so enployed, when, in fact,
great a"nd most injurious reductions were taking place.
THE ISTHMUS TRADE.
The peculiar character of the trade passing the Isthmus of Panama, the ton
nage of which appears as entered and cleared for foreign countries, but which,
for reasons before stated, is taken as almost exclusively coastwise, is best ex
plained in the consular reports from Panama, from which the following state
ments are taken. These statements do not distinguish the values from each
country entered for consumption only the total values from all countries.
Values of cargoes entering Panama.
Year ending
For consump
tion.
In transit for
the U. States.
In transit for
Europe.
Total.
September 30 1860
$1 375 814
$36 846 939
$14 925 250
$53 148 000
1861
] 145 310
50 146 345
13 056 250
64 347 905
1862
2, 443, 815
28, 232, 400
27 000 244
*57 826 620
Including $144,160 in transit for the South Pacific coast.
Values of cargoes from Panama.
Year ending
Exports of
Panama.
In transit
from U. S.
In transit
from Europe.
Total.
September
30, 1860
$129 000
$8, 325, 000
$4,400 000
$12 784,000
1861
250 000
10 169 225
2 205 625
12 624 850
1862 ,
2, 8b 9, 857
11,647,596
5,113,394
24, 795, 426
In 1860 there was, also, of merchandise exported, in thirty-one British vessels,
to the South Pacific coast $3,500,000, and in vessels of other nations $1,200,000.
In 1862 there is included in the outward total the following items:
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
63
Value of cargoes from Central America to South Pacific $66, 000
Value of cargoes from South Pacific to Central America 76, 250
Value of cargoes from Europe and elsewhere (treasure) 4, 444, 268
Value of cargoes from Europe and the. United States (jewelry). .. 578, 062
The total values inward and outward are therefore
Years.
Inward.
Outward.
Total.
In 1859
$57 679 9 >5
$13 857 000
$71 536 95
In I860
53, 148 004
17 484 000
70 632 004
In 1861
64,347 905
12 624 850
76 97 755
In 1802
57 826 620
24 795 428
82 622 049
The very small proportion of trade for consumption in Panama, and of out
ward exports, the produce of Panama, is decisive that the tonnage of United States
steamships on that line cannot properly be regarded as in the foreign trade.
In 1862 further statements of tonnage arrived and cleared are given as fol
lows:
Vessels arrived at Panama, and their tonnage for the year ending September
30, 1862.
Arrived inward.
No.
Tonnage.
Outward bound.
No.
Tonnage.
American ships
60
42
2
2
70
89, 184
30,611
475
536
3,350
57
42
2
2
70
86, 578
30,611
475
536
3,350
English ships
English ships
Spanish ships. ... ....
Spanish ships
French ships
New Granadian and all other.
Total
N. Granadian and all other. .
Total
176
124, 156
173
121, 550
The value of cargoes in American bottoms, inward and outward, in 1862 was
$59,671,194.
The following statement of the transit of treasure and freight over the Isthmus
of Panama in 1862, towards the Pacific and towards the Atlantic, is also from
the consular report for 1862 of Alexander McKee, United States consul at
Panama.
Travel and transportation over the Isthmus of Panama for the year ending
September 30, 1862.
Towards the
Pacific.
Towards the
Atlantic.
Total.
Passengers
......... . . number
21 456
9 yog
Q1 IfJO
Gold
value
$4 444 268
$34 605*467
<tt*}o nia 7{fi
Silver
do
$14 2R r > Q i^
$114 % 2^ r > <YV\
Jewelry
do
$578 062
s~>?S OfiO
232 886
31 964
)Q4 $50
English mails.
.do
35 565
10 127
45 692
Extra bafiffifitcre
do
345 547
217 901
r )(V"l 448
do
54 758 378
20 061 601
74 81Q Q1Q
Freight by measure.
feet
737, 684
33, 279
770, 963
64 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Of the treasure carried towards the Atlantic there was :
Gold to the United States $26,401,693
Silver to the United States 16,513
Gold to England 8,091,032
Silver to England , 14,198,008
REVIEW OF STEAMSHIP LINES.
As the tonnage accounts appear in the official records the various ocean steam
ship lines are but imperfectly disclosed. First, after the experimental trip of
the Sirius, in 1838, the Great Western ran for several years 1840 to 1846
almost alone to New York. In 1842 and 1843 there were three or four arrivals
of the British Queen from Antwerp ; but the principal opening of the steamer
trade was made by the Cunard line, established in 1840 and 1841, from Liver
pool, via Halifax, to Boston. There were several of these vessels, the Columbia,
the Acadia, the Caledonia, and Britannia, the first four of the line. The Colum
bia was lost in 1843, and was succeeded by the Hibernia and the Cambria,* to
which were added, on the extension of the line to New York, in 1848, the
Niagara, Europa, Canada, America, and the Trent and Severn, of the West India
line, occasionally came to New York. The Cunard line was the pioneer as a
commericial venture strictly. It always carried a larger share of merchandise
than other British lines, and larger also than the American line afterwards
established to British ports. A French line from Havre appears in the arrivals
at New York in 1847, three or four steamers of about 600 tons each, but they
disappear in 1848.t
In 1848, simultaneously with the extension of the Cunard line to New York,
and its enlargement to a total of 55,000 tons arriving in the fiscal year 184S- 49,
there was an American line to Bremen established. The Washington and Herr
mann, and a large steamer, the United States, made several trips to and from
Havre. The Isthmus lines were begun nearly at the same time, expanding
rapidly in 1850 and 1851, and, as they touched at Vera Cruz and Havana fre
quently, their tonnage appears as foreign arrivals, entering from Mexico and
Cuba, though conducting little actual foreign commerce. In 1850 the first ar
rivals of the Collins line were reported at New York the Atlantic, Pacific,
Arctic, and Baltic. The tonnage by these ships rose to 75,000 tons annually
in 1S53 and 1854, but the line was abruptly discontinued in 1857.
An interruption of the Cunard line to New York occurred in 1855, amount
ing to an absolute discontinuance for the entire year, but it was fully resumed
in 1856. The tabular statement preceding being for fiscal years, does not show
the fact of discontinuance during the calendar year 1855. The line ran to Bos
ton, however, as usual.
In 1856 a French line from Havre was started to New York, composed of
the Barcelone, the Lyonnaise, the Alma, and Cadiz, but they made a few trips
only. Several British steamers the Jason, Etna, Alps, &c. made a few trips
also from Havre to New York in 1856 and 1857, but they were not afterwards
continued.
% From Bremen the Hansa, a Bremen vessel, in 1856 and 1857, made a few
trips to New York, and the Jason and Argo, British, after the withdrawal of the
* In the tonnage of arrivals at Boston the capacity of these vessels is given at a much
lower figure, than when, in 1848, they were reported at New York ; the Cambria being at Boston
760 tons, and at New York 1,334 tons; the Hibernia 791 and 1,324 tons; the Acadia 612 and
1,300 tons; the Britannia 609 and 1,161 tons; the Caledonia 615 and 1,116 tons. Nosufficient
reason appears for the discrepancy ; but as it was admitted in the original calculations of
tonnage, the materials for this statement must now be made up in the same manner. This
decrepancy in the tonnage of the same steamships recorded at Boston and New York con
tinues to the close of the employment of the first line of ships in 1862.
t Entered as the Union, 704 tons; the Philadelphia, 593 tons; the New York, 586 tons;
and the Missouri, 599 tons.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
65
Hermann and Washington, American. A line of Belgian steamers was also
started in 1856 the Leopold, the Belgique, and Constitution but soon with
drew. The Hamburg steamers Bornesia and Hamraonia, and the Bremen line,
before referred to, continued in successful operation, between the North German
ports and New York, from their beginning in 1856. In 1859 and subsequent
years they received the addition of two or three heavy steamers the Teutonia,
Bavaria, and Saxonia, from Hamburg, and the Bremen and New York, from
Bremen. Together the amount of this tonnage from Hamburg and Bremen
rose rapidly from 1858 forward, amounting to 109,892 tons in the calendar year
1863. The success of the line has been so decided as to lead to a large diver
sion of the trade of continental Europe through the ports of Bremen and Ham
burg, ranking them next to England in the general amount of trade with the
United States.
The trade with France, largely carried by the American line of steamers to
Havre from 1857 to the close of 1861, is now received through a British-built
line, just making its first passages in June, 1864, and a second line of new
foreign steamers is also started between Liverpool and New York.
The effect of the establishment of the Bremen and Hamburg lines of foreign
steamers on the trade of the United States with those countries is so striking
as to require notice here. The following is a comparison, beginning with 1855,
of the proportion of American and foreign vessels engaged in the trade of the
United States with those ports :
Vessels and tonnage entered tJie ports of the United States from Hamburg and
Bremen.
Period.
AMERICAN
VESSELS.
FOREIGN VES
SELS.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
Fiscal year 1854- 55
50
38
36
30
9
5
12
10
9
39,525
37, 2l3
37,411
91,300
11,223
4. 033
8, *98
7, 3(51
9,018
236
214
264
218
193
181
196
183
159, 807
1*21,498
171,844
169,060
186,599
170, 222
161,005
189,604
179, 5<>5
1855- 56
1856 57
1857- 58
1858- 59
1859- 60
1 860-61
1861- <)2
1862- 63
The conduct of this trade has, therefore, almost wholly passed to other than
United States vessels. The value of the trade has also increased beyond all
proportion to the tonnage. In 1859- 60 the imports from the two ports were
$18,498,607, and the exports $18,378,703 a total trade of $36,877,310, a very
little, indeed, of which was carried by American vessels.
PRESENT CONDITION OF FOREIGN STEAM LINES (JUNE, 1864.)
The present condition of the foreign steam lines to the United States is
ehown in the following table, first embodied in a memorial to Congress by the
Chamber of Commerce of New York :
Ex. Doc. 55 5
66
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Foreign steam lines to the United States, January, 1864.
Line.
Route.
Name of steamer.
Tonnage of each
steamer.
Total tonnage.
Remarks.
Liverpool to New
Scotia
4 137
York, and Liv
Persia
3 688
erpool to Bos
Australasian
2 663
ton.
China
2 522
Arabia
2,285
Africa
2 088
Asia
2 051
1 751
America
2, 030
Niagara
1 824
1 831
26 870
<5 V
1 68
Hecla
1 684
Olympia .
1 666
Sciota
1 704
fi fiR
o 560
, . .
York.
City of New York
2,560
Philadelphia to
City of Baltimore
2 367
New York in
City of Washington
City of Manchebter
City of Cork
2,380
2,109
1, 545
1857.
City of Limerick
1 540
Etna
2 215
Edinburgh
2 197
1 874
Bosphorus Branch
448
1 962
03 757
London and New York
Bellona
1 703
Cella
1 683
3 386
Unica )
Avoca >
Una )
Britannia
1 274
1 265
United Kingdom
1 155
3 694
Montreal ocean steam-
St. George
1 426
St Andrew
1 393
St. Patrick
Adriatic
4 000
2,819
2 000
6 000
National Steam Naviga
tion Company.
Louisiana
Virginia
2,271
2 747
Carolina
410
7 428
Hamburg Ameri n Pack
Saxouia .
2 500
et Company.
Hammonia
2 100
2 400
2 100
Germania
2 600
11 700
North German Lloyds
America
New York
2, 509
2 366
Fine ve&sela.
2 88
Bremen
2 398
10 155
Jamaica, Hayti, Nassau,
Saladin
518
and Havana.
Corsica . . .
1 04
1 560
Aggregate tonnage.
104 051
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 67
The Adriatic, here named as one of the Gal way line, and now owned abroad,
was originally built for the Collins line, and is the only steamer of American
build which crosses the ocean. To the list above given, from January to June,
1864, the following have been added :
The General Transatlantic Company s line between New York and Havre.
Washington, 3,204 tons 900 horse power.
Lafayette, 3,204 tons 900 horse power.
Eugenie, (afloat) 900 horse power.
France, (building) 900 horse power.
Napoleon III, (building,) 1, 100 horse power.
The National Steam Navigation Company s line, New York to Liverpool.
Virginia 2, SVG tons.
Pennsylvania 2, 972 tons.
Louisiana 2,166 tons.
"Westminster
Queen 3, 612 tons, (building.)
Eriu 3, 215 tons, (building.)
Ontario 3, 212 tons, (building.)
Helvetia 3, 209 tons, (building.)
Various propositions for the establishment of new American steam lines to
foreign countries have been made during the last year, and it has been claimed
that the aid of the government should be accorded to any lines which should
be opened, at least to the extent of the aid regularly accorded by the British
government in like cases. The circumstances surrounding any such enterprises
at the present time are decidedly adverse, unless aid of some decided character
is afforded. The national and semi-official character attached to European
steamer lines by the governments supporting them undoubtedly goes far toward
securing them precedence in passenger carriage, in important and valuable
freights, and in every element of security, with the advantages it brings the
consideration of chief importance now in distant voyages. A system of official
recognition similar to that which has so long characterized the royal mail
steamer lines of Great Britain is urgently needed for the United States.
At the instance of the promoters of a new steam line to Brazil, among others.
Congress has just passed an act extending aid in the form of guaranteed pay
ments for postal service.
The following very valuable statements and tables from the memorial of the
Chamber of Commerce of New York, before referred to, prepared by John Austin
Stevens, jr., esq., secretary, are by permission reproduced here. They cover
the several points to which they relate so completely as to render the prepa
ration of similar tables unnecessary, while it would be scarcely possible to equal
them in force and completeness. The principal table of existing steamer lines
previously copied is given at the close of a history of American steam lines,
from which the statement of passages which here follow are taken.
68
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Average passages of iJie Cunarcl steamers in 1859. (From the report to Parlia
ment of the select committee in I860.)
LIVERPOOL AND BOSTON.
11
Average time of
S3
Average time of
passages.
is
passages.
> n
111
Names of Bteamers.
^sl
X
t
1
nsS .
"* 1 >
H
K
5
*s
g
1
d-J
1
I
Q
t-4
a
fc
Q
9
3
15
4
3
11
11
33
g
12
1 ( )
17
6
10
7
g
5
14
20
6
R
11
14
20
7
14
4
30
G
11
o
50
6
13
3
5
10
15
15
27
13 1 20
53
26
10
23
21
LIVERPOOL AND NEW YORK.
Names of steamers.
No. of passages
from Liverpool
to New York.t
Average time of
passages.
No. of passages
from New York
to Liverpool.
Average time of
passages.
!
Hours.
Minutes.
>>
Hours.
Minutes.
Persia .
7
8
7
3
1
11
13
13
15
15
11
7
4
13
12
49
34
39
55
7
8
8
3
9
10
10
11
16
20
00
23
57
57
20
5
Reducing Boston to Now York distance, the aver-
26
53
.13
13
Avera
3
23
ge as a
20
bove.
26
53
10
11
12
16
5
14
40
Average passages of the Collins steamers at several periods.
NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL.
11 v
Average time of
[
Average time of
5 "0
passages.
^S
pauaages.
Names of steamers.
^fc
K||
c
rf
=
1
.
2
1
r^
I
I
^
g ^
1
.1
1856 BflticS
7
4
12
11
12
13
7
4
11
10
8
12
:::::!
NEW YORK AND SOUTH AMPTON.j
Name of steamer.
1
Average time of
passages.
No. of pfigsnges
from N. York to
Southampton.
Average time of
passages.
1
Hours.
Minutes.
f
i
1
3
a
3J
1860 Adriatic
5
10
2
20
5
9
19
*2>S23 nautical miles. t3,013 nautical miles. + One trip.
/The shortest passage across the Atlantic wns by the Baltic in 1854 ; time, 9 days, 16 hours, nnd 5 .) minutes.
(I Distance to Southampton exceeds that to Liverpool 59 miles.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
An estimate of the correspondence conveyed by the British American packets
(Cunardline) in one year, 1859; of the total British postage thereon; of
certain deductions to be made from the total British postage ; of the British
sea postage remaining after making those deductions ; of the cost of sea con
veyance^ and of the difference between the cost of sea conveyance and the
amount of sea postage. (From the report of the select committee on postal and
telegraph contracts made to the House of Commons in May, I860.)
1
3i
"3
t
British postage on
letters.
No. of packages
of printed mat
ter.
British postage on
printed matter.
Between the United Kingdom and the United States
4, 810, 000
243, 800
82, 500
6,000
1, 758, 000
*471, 800
7,500
1, 60G
Between the United Kingdom and the rest of British North
135, 700
14,550
J164, 920
<570
Between the United Kingdom and Havana, Mexico, and
California
46,000
2,750
34, 400
140
2 700
Cannot be
Between the continent of Europe and North America, In
stated.
115 300
5,620
stated.
104 000
460
290 500 ozs
17 950
321 000 ozs
530
10 100
122 070
Total British postage on letters and printed matter. .
132, 970
Deduct for British inland rate \\d. per letter on
the whole number of letters in the number
column 11,000
Deduet half the postage on the printed matter,
with the exception of the 1 centime on the
20 970
112 000
Cost of sea conveyance.
For conveyance of mails between Liverpool and
to Halifax and Boston, and between Liverpool
and New York 173 300
For conveyance of mails between New York
and NaBnait 3 000
For conveyance of mails between Halifax and
Bermuda and St. Thomas, and between Hali
fax aud St. John s, Newfoundland 14, TOO
191 000
Loss on the service, viz., difference between sea postage
79,000
* Of this number only 384,000 (which were despatched from the United Kingdom) produced any British
postage.
t Including 1.500 for postage on official letters.
J Of this number the papers received in the United Kingdom produced no British postage.
70
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
United States mail service abroad, October 1, 1852.
No. of route. I
Points.
Distance.
No. of trips.
Contractors.
Am t of pny.
Contract.
Miles.
1...
New York, by Soutbamp-
1 ton, England, to Bremen-
Haven, Germany.
3,760
Once n
month.
Ocean Steam Naviga
tion Company. C.
H. Sand.
$200, 000
With Postmaster Gen
eral, act of Congress
March 3, 1845.
o
Charleston, So. Carolina,
689
Twice n
11. C. Mordecai. ...
50, 000
With Postmaster Gen
by Savannah, Georgia,
mouth.
eral, acts of Congress
and Key West, Florida,
March 3, 1847, and
to Havana, Cuba.
July 10, 1848.
3*..
New York to Aspinvrall,
2,000
New Granada, direct.
New Orleans, Louisiana,
to Aspinwall, New Gran
ada, direct.
1,400
Twice n
month.
George Law, M. O.
Robert*, and B. K.
ilcllvaine.
290, 000
Under contract with
Secretary of Navy,
acts of Congress
New York, via Havana, to
2 000
March 3, 1847, and
New Orleans, Louisiana.
March 3, 1851.
4...
Astoria, Oregon, vrith sun
4,200
Twice a
Pacific MailSteamship
848, 250
Contract with Secre
dry stoppages.
month.
Company.
tary of Navy and
Postmaster General,
acts of March 3, 1847,
and March 3,1851.
5...
New York to Liverpool. . .
3,109
26p ryear
E. K. Collins & Co....
858, 000
Contract with Secre
tary of Navy, March
3, 1847, and July 21,
1852.
6...
New York, by Cowcs, to
3,270
Once a
Ocean Steam Naviga
150, 000
Contract with Post
Havre, France.
month.
tion Company. M.
master General,
Livingston.
March 3, 1847.
f
Aspinwall to Pauamu
CO
Twice H
50, 436
Service of Panama
n
2,446,686
railroad under tem
porary arrangement,
;
. ict of Congress Mar.
3, 1851, fit 22 cents
-
per pound.
Table showing the foreign steam communication of Great Britain and the gov
crnmcnt subsidies. (From the report of the Postmaster General, 1862.)
a
*o
JL
12..
13..
14..
15..
16..
17
Destination.
Number of trips.
Companies.
Date of contract.
Subsidy per
annum.
Southampton, Vigo, Oporto,
and Lisbon.
Southampton to Gibraltar,
Malta, and Alexandria.
Marseilles, Malta, and Alex-
andria.
Suez and Bombay .......
Three times a month
> Four times a month
> Twice a month
Peninsula and Oriental
Steam Navigation Co.
do
Admiralty, Janu-
uary 0,1852.
5,000
> 249,625
134, 672
176, 340
14,700
S 270,000
25,006
30, 000
33,060
do. ...
( Admiralty, Jan-
< uary 1, 1853,
( July 7, 1854.
Post office, April
16, 1861.
Admiralty, June
24, 1858.
July 1,1854
JulyS, 1850
January 1, 1851 ..
April 1,1862
Sept. 24, 1858....
Sept. 12,1852....
Suez and Calcutta
Bombay and China
>
Once a mouth .
do
Point deGalle and Sydney.
Liverpool, Halifax, and
Boston.
Liverpool and New York. .
Halifax, Bermuda, and St.
Thomas.
West Indies .
( Weekly ... .
Sir S Cunard
Once a month
do
Twice a month
Once a month
Royal Mail Stcampacket
Co.
do
Pacific Steam N^iviga-
tiou Co.
African Steamship Co..
Union Steamship Co
18..
19..
90..
Brazil and River Plate
Pacific
West Coast of Africa
Cape of Good Hope
Once a month, to
touch at Madeira,
Teneriffe, Sierra
Leone, &c.
Once a mouth
* Of these lines, Nos. 3, 4, and 7 are now in operation all the ocean lines being withdrawn.
t The preceding numbers are of domestic lines or lines to the continent.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
71
Table showing comparative subsidies to American and British lines in 1857.
AMERICAN.
Line.
Trips.
Distances.
Subsidy.
Grose post
age.
Total miles.
Pay per
mile.
Colling
29
3 100
$3^ 000
$415 867
134 000
Bremen
13
3 700
12* 5 <)37
lt* 937
96 000
1 34
Havre
13
3 270
K- 484
8*3 464
85 00
Aspinwall
24
3 200
200 000
13 ) CIO
153 600
1 KH
Pacific
24
4 200
348 2 r >0
JQ-J O JQ
201 600
Havana
24
ceo
60*000
6 >0 88
3 I J
1 8Gi
Vera Cruz
04
00
oy Q(JO
r. JJ^JQ
43 200
Total
1,329 733
*1 035 740
*75 73
tl 80J
* The slight errors in these footings occur in the original.
BRITISH.
t Average.
Line.
Trips.
Distances.
Subsidy.
Gross postage.
Total miles.
Pay per mile.
5
3 100
173 340
143 G67 10
04 000
Rovul Mail .
24
11 40
70 000
106 905 00
547 296
M 10 46
Peninsula and Oriental
24
244 000
178 186 11
796 637
6 01 J 1 5 ty
A tut rail Kb
12
14 000
185 000
33 281 1 *
336 (XX)
11 00 2 75
Bermuda and St. Thomas
24
2,042
14,700
98 000
3 00 75
Panama and Valparaiso
24
2 718
j ooo
5 715 00
130 434
3 10 ( )6
Went Coast of Africa
12
6 245
23 250
3 1%
149 880
06 6***
French, Belgian,
and Dutch
postage.
Channel Islands
156
132
74 430 08
41 184
Holvhead and Kingston
780
64
36 158 09
93* 440
Liverpool and Inle of Man
112
70
10,032 15
14 560
52
200
20 800
Total
1 06 797
591 573 07
o 530 231
97 2 39~
Total average per mile, $2 10|. Average of four principal lines, $2 39.
These subsidies have been gradually increasing from the year 1850, and
additions made as new services were required from the lines, growing out of the
increased commerce which followed their establishment; and in times of com
mercial distress, as well as in prosperity, the same sustaining and unfaltering
protection has always been afforded by the sagacious and far-seeing policy of
the British government.
72 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
STEAM SHIPPING AND TONNAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN.
The steam marine of Great Britain is intimately related to that of the United
States so far as foreign trade is concerned. The increase of foreign shipping
of all classes conducting the foreign trade of the United States is almost wholly
British, and the successful lines of steamers newly established, as well as those
which have at any time taken the place of American lines, are also nearly all
British. The statistics of British shipping are, therefore, essential to the proper
consideration of the changes in progress directly affecting American shipping.
The first table which follows shows the tonnage of all classes entering British
ports for five years to the close of 1863, the steam tonnage not being separated.
The most conspicuous fact apparent in this table is the increase of the aggre
gate of British tonnage, the fixed position of foreign tonnage, and the decline
in tonnage of the United States.
Summary of tonnage entering ports of Great Britain.
In 1859. In 1863.
British 5, 388, 953 7, 299, 417
All foreign 3, 700, 597 3, 838, 529
United States 1,077,948 692,337
The increase of British is near 2,000,000 tons, while that of the United
States declines 385,611 tons in five years. A still greater decline is apparent
when the maximum year 1861 is compared with 1863, the first giving a total
of 1,647,076 tons, and the decline to 1863 being, therefore, 944,739 tons. This
decline is undoubtedly due to the immense number of American vessels sold
abroad in 1861, 1862 and 1863, the great majority of which were purchased by
the British. Thus the increase of steam vessels, which is wholly foreign, com
bines with the loss of the magnificent fleet of sailing ships, long the pride of
United States commerce, to expel the United States Sag from the chief centres
of foreign commerce.
It is noticeable that France and the German, as well as other continental
states conduct a relatively small trade with British ports. The largest item of
tonnage is Norwegian, the next Prussian ; yet the largest is but a tenth part of
the British tonnage; and the total belonging to all other countries is, in 1863,
reduced to about half the aggregate of arrivals. The progress made toward
the entire control of the British trade by British shipping during the five years
covered by the table is very extraordinary, and it is probably mainly due to the
rapid development of steam transportation in every line of commerce, and in
the carriage of heavy and crude tropical products as well as in the exchanges
between states producing the most valuable classes of goods.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
73
I
I
1
5
1
s-
"i
1
I
8?
S I
22
CO
1 z
I
:
CO t**
81
J^ CO O i-O 25
J r-i t-l 1C W Tl
* O OD SV TO i I
-CS JO Wl- CM
W !-t E St
>.
^H -^ 1^. C5
V!?JCOC?l CMi-
i-T of
S5
co" -r v:f cT o" co" o" -1-" i>T i>T t>T
^t \ ^ :o uo co x ci d ci ;o ?> T co
O "O t>. t>- l>. TJ< O 11 O O -i uO O ^D
O
O
s
- rMi- r- o
X O >O >-"
gco x^i.ot^^ O Ncow MO ^^^xo
c>aot.ijt * fr *S2 ^
United Kingdom
euci
Foreig
| 1 ? c 3 I ? I 1 1 S 1 1 S f ^| ^ "I J J
5^I^S^SS^a^^ccccc2<o6o
74
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The statistics of British steam tonnage in foreign trade are somewhat difficult
of access. The distinction between registered and enrolled vessels is not there,
as in the United States, a general line of separation between the class of ship
ping in foreign trade and that in the coasting trade. Very narrow seas separate
England from several distinct foreign powers, and the most positive form of
papers establishing the nationality of a vessel are necessary as well as conve
nient, therefore. Of the registered steam vessels belonging in England in I860
and 1S61 a large proportion were under fifty tons, as follows :
Years.
STEAM VKSSELS OF
50 TONS OR LESS.
STEAM VESSELS OVER
50 TONS.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
In I860
802
854
898
18,471
19,683
20, 8G4
1,186
1,268
1,319
433, 831
485,015
515, 270
1H61
1862
The employment of British registered steam vessels, not including colonial,
as divided between the home and foreign trade in I860, 1861 and 1862, was as
follows, exclusive of river steamers :
Years.
IN HOME TRADE.
PAUT HAVRE AND
TART FOREIGN.
IN FOREIG.V TRADE.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
In 1860 .
402
448
434
92, 254
102, 795
104, 020
80
72
89
29, 803
24, 924
29, 463
447
477
510
277, 437
313,465
328, 310
1861
1862
Total in all, other than river trade.
Years.
No.
Tons.
In 1860
ooq
<?QQ 404
1861
997
441 184
1862 .. .
1 03 3
461 793
The number of steam vessels built and registered in the United Kingdom
from 1853 to 1861 was large, and three-fourths or more were built of iron.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 75
Number and tonnage of steam vessels built in the United Kingdom.
Years.
No. of
iron.
Whole
No.
Tonnage.
1853
117
153
48 215
1854
152
174
64 255
1855
195
233
81 018
1856
175
229
57 573
1857
155
228
52 918
1858
112
153
53 150
1859
106
150
38 003
I860
149
198
53 796
1861
159
201
70 869
1862 .... . .
181
221
77 338
The preponderance of iron in steamship building began in 1853, and i*
is noticeable how completely that material has controlled since that time. In
the ten years of the table there were 1,501 steam vessels built of iron, out of a
total, of all dimensions, o-f 1,940 only, leaving but 439 built of timber.
The proportion to which foreign-built steam vessels enter into the home or
foreign trade of England is relatively smaller than the sailing tonnage, not
withstanding the opening of the coasting trade to foreign bottoms in 1853. The
German states and the French have a moderate share in that trade small, indeed,
rather than moderate while the United States have now absolutely none. The
united tonnage belongiug to all foreign nations is not one-sixth of the whole.
Number and tonnage of steam vessels of each nation entered and cleared at
ports of the United Kingdom in 1860, 1861, and 1862.
VESSELS ENTERED.
Nationalities.
I860.
18G1.
1
362.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
British
6 631
2 144 736
7 229
2 375 856
7 754
2 64 *> 12fi
United States
2
2 818
5
7 778
]
618
Russian
24
11 671
23
14 ]58
21
13 491
Swedish
33
8 190
20
4 914
34
10 624
19
9 262
17
6 647
18
6 965
Danish ..
6?
15 149
34
8 765
35
10 591
Prussian .... . ..
64
16 456
46
12 461
51
14 557
Hanoverian
26
4 637
22
3 603
22
* 408
Oldenburg and Mecklenburg.
Hamburg
22
197
4,686
99 503
21
176
4,473
95 708
20
00
4,494
110 354
Bremen
144
69 188
131
69 297
152
87 743
Lubcc
11
3 816
4
1 532
3
i 040
Dutch
269
60 059
297
64 650
266
67 939
Belgian
137
33 984
226
49 096
215
49 121
French
216
29 494
352
45 081
r.rr
71 497
Spanish
58
19 265
89
34 831
118
5 r > 1 32
Portuguese
11
14 677
3
2 552
Austrian . ....
1
300
1
341
Turkish
2
930
Italian
1
618
Total entries
7 929
2 548 911
8 696
2 801 743
9 466
3 153 440
76
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Nationalities.
VESSELS CLEARED.
1860.
1861.
1862.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
British
6,146
4
28
35
18
61
62
22
25
187
139
11
284
75
49
56
11
2,041,884
5, 991
10, 935
7,975
8,853
14,6e5
15, 960
3,652
5,409
95, 924
66,014
4,364
63,183
24, 865
14,531
18,071
12, 825
6,818
8
29
19
18
39
45
22
20
184
135
7
305
74
61
87
3
1
2,284,888
10, 896
14, 009
4, 872
6,707
10,591
11,899
3, 603
4,360
100, 046
70, 722
2, 670
66, 252
24, 877
17, 354
35,697
1,304
341
7,447
1
26
33
18
36
50
23
23
201
151
5
278
80
80
118
1
2, 594, 367
449
13,656
11,771
6,630
10, 853
14, 380
3,657
5,107
113,836
85, 366
1,956
70, 433
29, 882
27,168
57, 102
146
United States
Ivilss lull .........
Swedish - - . ....
Norwegian
Prussian .
Hanoverian
Oldenburg and Mecklenburg-.
Hamburg . .
Bremen .
Lubcc
Dutch . . .
Belgian
French
Spanish ....
Portuguese ...
Austrian .
Turkish and Greek
5
4
2,672
1,065
Other countries
3
1,356
17
6,201
Total entries
7 9 22
2, 418, 562
7,878
2, 672, 444
8,588
3, 052, 960
The contrast exhibited in these three years with the proportion of American
steam tonnage employed in trade reaching British ports in 1S53 is very striking :
Number and tonnage of steam vessels of each nation entered and cleared at
ports of the United Kingdom in 1853.*
Nationalities.
ENTERED.
CLEARED.
Vessels.
Tons.
Vessels.
Tons.
British -
3,984
2
2
17
12
116
184
125
14
14
1, 176, 850
190
145
4,471
2,788
32, 457
38, 566
28, 888
1,526
3,085
3,668
1,090,000
Swedish
Norwegian ...... .... ..
Danish
18
10
117
185
121
14
13
1
38
4, 734
2,350
31,365
38,434
27,858
1,526
2,929
206
51,347
Prussian
Other German states ...... ...... ...... ....
Dutch .. ..
Belgian
French
Spanish
Portuguese
American, United States
35
46, 670
Totals
4,505 j 1,335,636
4, 185
1,250,749
_ *From the valuable memorial of the Chamber of Commerce before referred to. The va
rious statements and explanations of that memorial cover almost exactly the ground here
embraced, and the statistics are necessarily nearly identical. The entire matter of the me
morial is extremely compact and clear in its illustration of the present position of British
steam vessels in general foreign commerce.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
77
The total tonnage and the number of vessels is more than double in 1862
over 1853, and the increase is almost wholly British, the American almost
wholly disappearing in 1862, although creditably large in 1853. The steam
ifarine of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the north of Europe generally,
fhows a very fair development from 1853 to 1861. The French and Spanish
share in the increase; and, on the whole, the development of European states
in this respect indicates a purpose in each not to be left behind in the progress
of ocean commerce.
The British statements of trade in steam vessels to American countries north
and south are worthy of attention :
Entrances of steam vessels at ports of the United Kingdom from the United
States for 18^3, 1860, 1861, and 1862.
Years.
BRITISH.
AMERICAN.
OTHER COUNTRIES.
TOTAL.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
1853
86
154
152
152
89,293
197, 520
206, 075
227, 408
23
32, 955
109
156
156
157
122,248
200, 546
21 1 , 561
233, 402
1860
2
3
4
3, 026
3, 586
5,316
1861
1
1
2, 100
618
1862
While, as this table shows, there are now very few entries of steam vessels
from the United States at British ports except the British, there are many
entrances and clearances of steamers of other countries to and from other ports
of the continent southward. Steamers of Spain, France, and Germany are
already in the carrying and passenger trade of the tropical countries of this
continent. From Cuba one Spanish steamer entered and cleared at a British
port in 1860, and three in 1861. From Brazil, twenty-four steam vessels
entered in 1853, twenty -four in 1860, and twelve in 1861 sixteen being Brit
ish and eight of other countries in the ten years first named. In 1861 all but
one were British. From St. Thomas (Danish West Indies) there were twenty-
four to twenty-eight each year, nearly all British ; from New Granada five to
seven, and clearances of one or more to almost every American State. This
point is of especial importance, since it invades a trade hitherto belonging in
great part to the United States. The following table gives the number of these
entrances and clearances, with their tonnage, without distinction of nationality :
Steam vessels entered at British ports from American countries.
Nationalities.
1853.
I860.
1861.
1
862.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
United States
109
122 243
156
200, 546
156
21 1 , 6(51
157
233, 402
(Juba -
1
687
3
2, 027
St. Thomas, (Dan. W. I.)-
27
44, 037
26
5
43, (-29
1 , 982
28
7
49, 138
3, 502
26
4c! f 938
3, 288
Brazil
24
22,61d
24
32, 259
12
17,292
13
7,654
1
673
Jt.
3
1,775
78 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Steam vessels cleared from British ports for American countries.
Nationalities.
1853.
1860.
1861.
1362. *
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
Unitnd States.....
Ill
129,113
200
1
27
263", 151
687
46,303
190
4
27
2
13
7
2
1
1
267,505
2,645
46,965
1,052
6,934
3,588
331
468
904
179
8
28
291,975
4, 468
48, 349
C u ba . .
St. Thomas, (Dun.W. I.)-
25
1
22
40,603
212
21,473
21
3
1
30,235
1,524
164
13
6
2
10
17, 925
2,512
380
3,992
Montevideo and B. Ayres.
Chili
1
224
The nationality of these vessels has been in great part stated. None are
United States vessels except those trading from the United States, and but four
or five of these in 1860 and 1861. Further statistics of this sort, being obtainable
only in the British annual volumes of Trade and Navigation, cannot be given
for the year 1863. The statements for 1863 undoubtedly develop and extend
the changes which the comparison of 1853 with 1860, 1861, and 1862 shows
to be in progress. Great numbers of vessels have been built to add to the
British steam marine in the last year, and their various lines have been very
active in American trade, north and south. As shown previously, the number
of steam vessels built in England in 1862 was 221, with a tonnage of 77,388
tons a greater number than in any previous year.
TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CANADA AND THE OTHER
BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES,
The trade of the United States on the northern frontier with Canada, and on
the North Atlantic coast with the British provinces other than Canada, is very
closely connected with the internal trade in many respects. The exchanges
between the east and the west, to and from United States markets, in many
cases pass through Canada, as the transit tonnage of the Wclland canal shows.
Great quantities of wheat, flour, and other produce enter Canada at Detroit, to
return again to the United States at Buffalo and Oswego, and also for export
to foreign countries and European markets through the St. Lawrence, and over
the railroad line to Portland, Maine. The technical exports and imports of the
United States to and from Canada are, for these reasons, much modified when
reduced to the facts of actual exchange between the respective markets ; but it
is not easy to separate the quantities and values so as clearly to disclose these
facts, but some evidence in regard to the magnitude of this indirect trade may
be obtained from the statistics subsequently given of American produce exported
by way of the St. Lawrence ; of that carried in both directions on the Welland
canal ; of the exports to Canada at Detroit, and the imports from Canada at
Buffalo, Niagara, Oswego, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent, on the St. Lawrence,
Champlain, and Vermont.
The trade with the British Atlantic provinces is less subject to modification,
and has little connexion with the internal exchanges of the United States. The
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
79
exports are principally flour, breadstuff s, and provisions, and the imports are
coal, fish, oats, stone, and lumber. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1855,
no less than 81,280,000 in value of flour, grain, and other produce of Canada,
was exported through United States ports to these provinces a trade which
was large for several years, but which ceased in 1859.
Exports of Canadian produce through the United States to other British
provinces.
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Fiscal years ending
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
June 30, 1849
3,773
34,758
69, 830
119,816
152,389
151,711
135, 552
7,387
1,677
1,754
267
$20,433
186,789
346, 895
563, 821
835, 896
1,230,865
1,270,057
66, 898
14,449
10, 348
1,770
1850
24,932
$26,762
23,132
1,344
16,618
2,961
3,683
1851
24, 259
1,C80
17,571
2,408
1,545
1852
]853
]854
1855
1856
]857
]858
1859
In view of the length of time during which the St. Lawrence river is annually
closed by ice, and the great facilities afforded by the railroads leading from
Canada to Portland, Maine, this channel of exchanges between the provinces
and Canada might reasonably be relied upon as a permanent one. Possibly
the discontinuance is due to the relative excess of breadstuff s in the United
States, and their export in such quantities as fully to occupy the market the
Atlantic provinces afford. The exports of wheat, flour, and breadstuff s average
more than half the total of United States produce sent to the provinces annually,
rising to more than five millions of dollars in value in the year ending June 30,
1S63. This trade is evidently for consumption only, and not in transit to any
other market, as is the case with much of the wheat and flour export to Canada.
It is also all cleared from ports of the Atlantic coast, and does not pass through
Canadian channels.
The important relation held by both Canada and the provinces to the export
trade in breadstuff s of the United States, and the connexion the trade in them
to Canada has with the general internal exchanges of the United States, as
before referred to, requires a statement of their quantities and values at the
outset of the statistics of general trade on the northern frontier. The export
to the provinces is seen to be in the regular and natural increase belonging to
a consuming market, while that to Canada is irregular, apparently bearing no
relation to any consumption in Canada. Probably the very large export of
Indian corn was, however, for consumption in the form of distillation, and is
therefore an exception. As an illustration of the trade appearing to exist to
and from Canada in wheat and flour, but which is in fact to a great extent a
transit trade, the following citations of the transactions of the fiscal years
ending June 30, 1861 and 1662, are made:
80
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Exports to Canada, 1861.
Places.
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
9,777
3, 044, 337
673, 359
$9,777
2,769,410
035, 141
7,6GO
22, 566
22, 108
$38, 300
104, 056
99, 696
Chicago .... ....... ..........
Milwaukie .... ............
3, 727, 473
3, 414, 334
52, 334
242, 052
Imports from Canada, 1861.
.
FLOUR AND I
5IIEADSTUFFS.
Places.
Barrels.
Value.
142, 998
$982, 061
92, 883
489, 381
Niagara ... ....... ... .. ............
93,116
500, 746
Buft alo .
96, 159
523 967
61,573
307, 842
\
485,729
2, 803, 997
Exports to Canada, 1862.
Places,
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
P em
349,372
408, 428
1,987,276
1,567,657
$333, 523
408, 826
1,589,634
1,265,616
992
19,671
26, 585
30, 359
$4, 303
96, 621
90, 643
125,037
Detroit
Chicago .
4,312,733
3, 597, 599
77, 547
316, 604
Imports from Canada, 1862.
Places.
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
At Genesee ...... .... . . . .
42, 425
1,257,364
39,617
761,840
83, 100
659, 884
226, 512
41,524
$48, 280
1,260,229
39, 524
748, 701
43,357
673, 375
231,334
43, 357
532
76, 583
140, 800
82, 500
79, 200
152, 895
21,778
14,222
$2, 772
367,732
515, 258
468, 777
459, 305
921,718
109, 255
75,710
Oswe^o.
Buffalo
Ogdensburg
Vermont
Cape Vincent
ChanipUun . ........... .
3,112,266
3, 088, 157
568,510
2, 920, 527
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
81
Exports to Canada of wheat, flour, Indian corn, and meal, for the fiscal years
1849 to 1863, inclusive.
Yearg.
Wheat
Wheat flour.
Indian corn.
Meal, rye, &c.,
value.
Totul value.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
Buhel8.
Value.
1849
140,696
78,610
208. 130
360,405
40,134
125,525
240,874
991,648
1,655.641
2,673,947
1,352,252
1,120,975
4,148,029
4,538.472
6,512,801
$1 12,086
58.968
150,288
238.808
26,835
155,635
365. 772
1,370.971
1,867,457
2,082.648
1,178,560
1,010.681
3.871,233
3.801,515
6,717,093
19,127
29,138
51,716
38,888
46,535
82.028
58,993
102.611
118.857
326,045
287.772
246,359
83,617
118,643
232,160
$78.129
132,509
191,750
127, 068
175.648
472,274
494.081
1,341.743
717.245
1,681,072
1,666.546
1,253,278
444,803
536.756
1,103,171
49,621
89,604
8H.808
98.8l>8
151,416
1,206.207
1,074,869
1,736,131
1,161,088
486,999
663.918
827,621
1,891,740
3,218,438
4,211,897
$20,265
42,113
39. 153
38,681
72,462
729,927
708,426
1,057 222
673,989
298.879
439,125
522.693
810,346
1,010,243
1,622,825
$5,355
3,813
6.H73
8.684
303
17,107
30,761
110,lo2
160,185
135683
226.407
12*;. 487
46,206
68,33 J
145,301
*2lf>X;5
5237,403
387, 7i i4
4 13! 241
275,248
1,374,973
1,599, 140
3,880,C ( J8
3,418,846
4,198,282
3.:.ltUi38
2,:il3.K ,9
5,172.;)88
S^lMitf
9,588,390
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857. .
1858
185J
18(50
1861
1862
18(53
In the Canadian trade reports for 1855 it is stated that the trade in flour of the
United States was, previous to the reciprocity treaty of 1854, mainly for exporta
tion. Not being entered for consumption, it was bonded, -and paid no actual duty.
The detail of imports for 1861 is not given, because it is imperfect, wheat not
being distinguished in returns from other grain, and therefore that item not
being available for comparison. That for 1863, following, sustains the course of
trade apparent in the two previous years :
Exports to Canada, 1863.
Places.
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
From lake ports of Ohio
1,428,511
345, 075
1,510,396
2, 880, 791
$1,505,015
363,746
1,502,575
3, 029, 649
895
39, 059
78, 749
40, 069
$3, 769
220, 940
340,860
172, 020
Detroit
Milwaukee . ............ ..
6, 173, 773
6, 400, 985
158, 772
737, 579
Imports from Canada, 1863.
Places.
*
WHEAT.
WHEAT FLOUR.
Bushels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
At Vermont
26, 739
17,877
135, 628
75, 521
360, 405
54, 104
20, 652
267, 328
$27,691
18,120
133, 933
78,651
375, 308
60, 544
21,076
291,896
112,557
11,585
15, 993
46,718
47, 303
52
81,822
93, 323
$590, 741
53, 641
90, 998
249, 298
248, 081
264
383,267
557, 189
Capo Vincent ........
O^densburcr
Gynosco ...........
Buftalo
958, 254
1,007,219
393, 360
2, 173, 479
Ex. Doc.
82 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Summary of values exchanged, 1862 and 1863.
Value of wheat Value of wheat
and flour and flour
to Canada. from Canada
1862 $3, 914,2U3 |6,8G8,684
1863 7,138,564 3,18U,698
It is known that considerable shipments of wheat from Chicago and Milwau-
kie, in 1863, though cleared for Canada, were really destined for expo it through
the St. Lawrence to Europe. In the Canadian trade reports the value of
"goods in transitu from the United States," exported seaward by the way of
the St. Lawrence annually, is given, but this is not necessarily distinctive of
the produce of the United States actually taking that route to other foreign
markets. Flour made in Canada of American wheat may be exported, and
even grain, passing in and out without payment of duty, may first be placed in
Canadian markets, and again be withdrawn for export abroad.
In the tables just given, showing the exchange of wheat and flour for three
years, it will be seen that the largest values are of wheat exported and of flour
imported. All the exports are at ports west of Buffalo, and all the imports at
Buffalo and eastward. The railroad lines terminating at Buffalo, Niagara, and
Vermont, carry large quantities of flour, much of it made in Canada from wheat
of the United States imported from the upper lake ports. In any case, the
volume imported at all the ports of the border does not differ much from the
volume exported; the trade, therefore, being one of convenience in transit,
rather than one between producing and consuming markets, so far as wheat
and flour are concerned. The modification of the aggregates exchanged between
the United States and Canada is, therefore, for the three years, nearly five and
a quarter millions of dollars reduction on both exports and imports, or ten and
a half millions in the sum total of exchanges for each year.
There are other elements of the trade to Canada in which the movement is
similarly indirect, in comparison with other departments of foreign commerce,
but none of them are of much importance. The export trade to Canada has
undergone many changes since the enactment of the reciprocity treaty, in 1854,
the chief of which is the decline of manufactured articles, and the swelling of
the general volume with wheat, flour, corn, pork, and salt. In the following
tables the exchange of these articles is distinguished, as far as may be done,
by the aid of both the American and Canadian records, and separate state
ments are made of the imports and exports of articles made free of duty by the
reciprocity treaty.
The distinction between Canada and the provinces was not made in the export
or import returns of the United States previous to 1849, but as the trade with
Canada was conducted solely at ports of the northern frontier inland, and that
with the coast provinces wholly at Atlantic ports, the compilation has been
completed by assuming this division as correct. All the statistics of the trade
under the reciprocity treaty were originally reported without separating Canada
from the remaining provinces, and the division of values has necessarily been
made on the basis just named. In a very few instances small values may have
gone from Canada out at the St. Lawrence to enter at Atlantic ports, and similar
instances of articles sent from the provinces of the coast inland may have taken
place, but the total of such trade in either case would be very small for any
single year, or for the aggregate of the series of years.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE
83
Exports to Canada.
Fiscal year ending
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total exports.
June 30 1849
$2 320 323
$1 914,401
$1 234 724
1850
4 641 451
1 2^9 370
5 390 821
1851
5 835 834
2 093 306
7 929 140
1852
4 004 963
2 712 097
6 717 060
1853
4 005 512
3 823 587
7 Q2 ( J 099
1854
10 510 373
6 790 333
17 300 706
1855
9, 950, 764
8 769,580
18 720,344
1856
15 194 788
5 688 453
20 883 241
1857
13 024 708
3 550 187
16 574 895
1858
1859
13,663,465
13 439 667
3,365,789
5 501,125
17, 029, 254
18 940 792
1860
11 164 590
2 918 524
14 083 114
1861
11,749,981
2, 61 1 , 877
14,361,858
1862
11 282, 107
1,560,397
12, 842, 504
1863
*18 430 605
1 468 113
19 698 718
* Including $3,502,180 of unusual export of gold coin.
NOTE. Previous to 1849 the trade with Canada is not distinguished from the total to all
British North American colonies.
Exports to oilier Provinces.
Fiscal year ending
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total exports.
June 30 1849
$3 611 783
$257 760
$3 869 543
1850 . .
3 116 840
501 374
3 618 214
1851
3, 224, 553
861,230
4 085 783
1852
2,650 134
1 141 822
3 791 956
1853
3 398 575
1 912 968
5 311 543
1854 . -.
4 693 771
2 57 -> 383
7 266 154
1855
5, 855, 878
3 229 798
9 085 676
1856
7,519 909
626 199
8 146 108
1857 ....
6 911 405
776 182
7 637 587
1858
5, 975, 494
646, 979
6 622,473
1859
1860
8, 329, 960
7 502 839
883, 422
1 120 375
9,213,832
8 623 214
1861
7 133 734
1 250 021
8 383 755
1862
7 369 905
866 706
8 236 611
1863
10 198 505
1 183 807
11 382 312
Exports to both Canada and tlie Provinces, with the total of imports from both.
Fiscal year ending
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total ex
ports.
Imports.
Sept.
30,1821
1822
$2, 009, 336
1 881 273
$455
16 286
$2, 009, 791
1 897 559
$490, 704
526 817
1823
1 818 113
3 347
1 821 460
463 374
184 . .
1 773 107
2 617
1 775 724
705 931
1825
2, 538, 224
1 740
2 539 964
610 788
1826...
2, 564, 165
24,384
2,588,549
650, 316
84
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Exports to both Canada, $c.. Continued.
Fiscal year ending
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total ex
ports.
Imports.
Sept 30 1827
$2, 797, 014
1,618,288
2,724,104
3, 650, 031
4, 026, 392
3, 569, 302
4, 390, 081
3,477,709
3, 900, 545
2, 456. 415
2, 992, 474
2, 484, 987
3,418,770
5, 895, 966
6, 292, 290
5, 950, 143
2,617,005
5,361,186
4, 844, 966
6, 042, 666
5,819,667
6, 399, 959
5, 932, 106
7, 758, 291
$33, 660
56, 386
40, 805
136, 342
35, 446
45, 083
81,003
57, 567
147, 343
194, 851
296,512
238, 504
144,684
204, 035
364, 273
240, 166
107,417
1,354,717
1,209,260
1,363,767
2,165,876
1,982,696
2, 172, 161
1,790,774
2, 954, 536
3, 853, 919
5, 736, 555
9, 362, 716
11,999,378
6, 314, 652
4, 326, 369
4, 012, 768
6, 384, 547
4, 038, 899
3,861,898
2,427,103
2,651,920
$2, 830, 674
1,674,674
2, 764, 909
3, 786, 373
4,061,838
3,614,385
4,471,084
3, 535, 276
4, 047, 888
2,651,266
3, 288, 986
2, 723, 491
3, 563, 454
6, 100, 001
6, 656, 563
6, 190, 309
2, 724, 422
6,715,903
6, 054, 226
7, 406, 433
7, 985, 543
8, 382, 655
8,104,267
9, 549, 035
12,014,923
10,509,016
13, 140, 642
24, 556, 860
27, 806, 020
29, 029, 349
24, 262, 482
23,651,727
28, 154, 174
22, 706, 328
22,745,613
21,079,115
31,281,030
$445,118
447,669
577, 452
650, 303
864,909
1,229,526
1,793,393
1,548,733
1,435,168
2,427,571
2, 359, 263
1,555,570
2, 155, 146
2,007,767
1,968,187
1,762,001
857, 696
1,465,715
2, 020, 065
1,937,717
2, 343, 9-37
3, 646, 467
2, 826, 880
5, 644, 462
6, 693, 122
6,110,299
7,550,718
8, 927, 560
15, 136, 734
21,310,421
22,124,296
15, 806, 519
19,727,551
23,851,381
23, 062, 933
19,299,995
24, 025, 423
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
June 30 1 843 . ...
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
9, 060, 387
6, 655, 097
7, 404, 087
15,204,144
15, 806, 642
22,714,697
19,936,113
19, 638, 959
21,769,627
18, 667, 429
18, 883, 715
18, 652, 012
28,629,110
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
I860
1861
1862
1863
Imports from Canada.
Year ending
Free by ordi
nary laws.
Free by reci
procity tre ty.
Total free.
Paying duty.
Total im
ports.
June 30, 1850
$636, 454
$636 454
$3 649 016
$4 285 470
1851
1,529 685
1 509 685
3 426 786
4 956 471
1852
761 571
761 571
3 88 398
4 589 969
1853
1,179,682
1 179,682
4 098 434
5 278 116
1854
380, 041
380 041
6 341 498
6 721 539
1855
760 359
$6 116 137
6 876 496
r. onr: QIC
12 182 314
1856
887 972
15 950 850
16 487 822
(540 17 s *
17 488 107
1857
868 753
16 731 984
17 600 737
691 097
18 291 834
1858
367 450
10 900 168
11 267 618
313 953
11 581 571
1859
1 396 377
12 307 371
13 703 748
F >04 QfiO
14 208 717
1860 ..
2 208 374
16 218 767
18 427 141
4X4 ^ -?*2
18 861 673
1861
1 959 393
16 327 84
18 287 217
or^ 940
18 64 "i 4"V7
1862
730 531
14 295 562
15 0^6 093
227 059
15 25 J 152
1863
*5 442 968
12 807 354
18 250 322
567 677
18 816 909
* Of this amount the sum of $4,892,195 in gold and silver coin was entered at Champlain.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
85
Imports from other British North American Provinces.
Year ending
Free by or
dinary laws.
Free by
reciprocity
treaty.
Total free.
Pay ing duty.
Total
imports.
June 30 1850
$151, 145
$151, 145
$1,207,847
$1,35^,992
J851
160, 267
160 367
1 576 284
1 736 650
185*2
218 718
218 718
1 301 612
1 520 330
18:>3
1854
238, 568
251), 102
238, 568
259, 102
2, 034, 034
1,946,919
2,672,602
2,206,021
1855
146 427
$1 081 200
1 227 627
1 726 793
2 954,420
1^56
193 639
3 447 236
3 610 875
181 349
3 822,224
1857
147 589
3 548 226
3 695 815
136 647
3 832 462
1858
195,082
3 852,087
4, 047, J69
177,779
4 224,948
1859
1 213 043
4 077 045
5 290 088
228 746
5 518 834
1860
526 Oil
4 227 819
4 753 830
235 878
4 989 708
1861
535 604
3 719 701
4 255 305
162 171
4 417 476
1862
887, 654
2 8U6 990
3, 744, 644
302,199
4.046,843
1863
1 839 605
2 958 209
4 797 814
409 610
5,207 424
Total imports from Canada and the Provinces.
Year ending
Free by or
dinary laws.
Free by
reciprocity
treaty.
Total free.
Paying duty.
Total
imports.
June 30, 1850
1851
$787,599
1 690 052
$787, 599
1,690 052
$4, 856, 863
5 003 070
$5,644,462
6 693 122
1852
980 289
980 289
5 130 010
6 110 299
1853
1 418,250
1,418,250
6,132,468
7,550,718
1854
639, 143
639, 143
8,288,417
8,927,560
1855
906 786
$7 197 337
8 104 123
7 032 611
15 136 734
1856
1 081,611
19 407 086
20,483 697
821 724
21 310 421
1857
1,016,342
20, 280, 210
21,296,552
827, 744
22,124,296
1858
562 532
14, 752, 255
15,314,787
491,732
15,806,519
1859
2 609 420
16,384 416
18, 933, 836
733, 715
19 727 551
1860
1861
2, 734, 385
2, 494, 997
20, 446, 586
20, 047, 525
23, 180, 971
22, 542, 522
670,411
520,411
23,851,331
23,062,933
1862
1,618, 185
17, 152, 552
18,770,737
529, 258
19,299,995
1863
*7 282 573
15, 765, 563
23,048 136
977, 287
24,025,423
* Including |6, 555, 485 of gold coin.
86
c 1
*
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
rJetof of
. . n o
:S38
"JaOrH
<N af-H~
ef
of of
. > w * f
> < i^ <
; 7; ?>
I I-H t
rr^ cfr-T
O Tr CO OJ Oi O n lO CJ
t sisss*
* i i $3
;S
^fCi
Of
t- inoo co cc
gj
ef
Si;:!!
l: l igll
ijfifg
: -r
5-i
&
r-icsor
rSSSS
G*
I5J
r s rf
i illfJ
e o
i
j
111
11
: .
* ft
00 i
ij iJj
, pickled and other, in 1
dry and other, by weij
H
w a-e
iia
a> OD *
lei
fr-- Vef
:SSS : R : :g : : : :S
111
;ga
"S 3
030
Ijjlj
Kj*?.i
iltfiilli
ia *ifti
18
I s !
ij
1
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
8T
of
^"pi" T^f r-T - cf to co" cj c s cTcT
(O 1C " * O 71 O r-lr-l I
Ol OOO O 00
: : :
;S i i*
:?, =? :S S
I
^>
S
V
O C5
o" w"
IS
s " f i~ " !|| ! !i
) r^ e> & ~^>
Ifffcf
7> i> 10 CJ
i o >-H I --
. f O O rH J- t- O 30 r-i
>-H I i o t-- TJ r-. -H -o cj r-i
- -
< ci c
QO i
o g g
w o o
P.O.
,...2
iii-i
^a t< x3 ^a
s
^3 ^^1
Bfil
*i+i a a
ii
1
II
>,
z?^z*~^**- r i 5
!-s1bJliJl sis
na "
gyS-s *^
C.^: C -- 3 S *- B
s^^ o 5 i i~ -
cas^So^^;
~ &
o o
S 3 !j .= "3 I?K O -2
88
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
<o~
m <o o n n o oc
o> F- o OD c3 cc
so wr- ici^sfQDsfofc^sc t;
PoiO^OlftSoKMOJifSS t^ r-t
roo o i-r of of to" o cxTrf erf
kO pH rr
TCO
: : i
led"
S?]i
:SS5S
^"^5"
:7 = SS : : :8
if-05^ . CC ^ r-l -r-l
QO n -v t- o> o d _ o
riu
> C 5^ "S-o 4
i i i -I:
: : : :
IHJiMJII
:::: :
I i i i i j i
1(11
::::::::::
: : : : :
! i i ! ! j 1
: i : j
: I : : : : : :x
: : : : :
i j j j ! i j
38
C
er and cheese - .
JII 1 j
1
:.l ifa
: ;3|
* 2= S S"
g
i!| ! U il
iPl : l il
firfllS^-ifi
Ililllil IlllillilliPIlilllllI
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
89
General table of imports from the provinces other tlian Canada, fyv. Continued.
1862- G3.
a
"3
cj rvo oo r? ci ITS ci o ?} ^ j c; rt ~t 7* <7? i^ ~H c- o < cs i^* op cc <?} o
QOOOJ
-ss
1
el
^ C^CT^t^ -?* C/tC 77 00 >"xT 00 ^J* cc cTcT rO r-i OO -H l*
1
O 1
! !iof2 lls 5 ^^ ^ !o3? I I I 12^*" I !e5
g
: : : n : : : : : : : ::::::
1
I
r
2.857,582 1
* "i^^sr-r asa s -sij
1
a
. .c?^?^ !?j o ?? .c-7^30 -rsc? -n
: :s
i : : : : : : : : : ::::::::
3
I
"3
c5 rHrH 5H " f Sg
of co"
2
i;
9
! i!!J i!!|! ! i i!
s i! Hi" I iii II
81
s
1
g8|SlllilSS|g|
IliiiSiSslisis
S3S
Oi rH
<*<"
Si
-3
T
r-T
1
! MM" ifiitlj*!
Articles imported.
< 1 i ! Ijj I if jlij
:*j :
^ 3 ;
1
t
j :&: i Jat: 5
o, :
: i : : : : : : : :
i
2
|
iil
Hilill]!! i
! ; III! *
?j 1 I-i : i|f|
Mil !t| l!i ill
j"l||||lilll||||
1 HI ill
90
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Imports from Canada paying duty, from 1855- 56 to 1S62- G3.
Articles imported.
1855- 56.
1856- 57.
1857- 58.
1858- 59.
Quantity.
I
c
o>
j3
"3
>
Quantity.
3
Quantity.
1
Iron, pig tons . .
railroad do.
1,350
93,542
$23. 695
388, 687
18 865
467
10, 597
$10, 293
443, 530
2 892
661
1,813
$12, 324
115, 162
2 986
388
5,852
$5, 783
209, 673
2,258
19,883
o 951
bar, sheet, chains, &c
manufactures, not specified
Steel and steel manufactures, cutlery,
and arms
7,652
1 379
14,148
357
22, 882
4 600
16, 293
765
25, 187
4,556
1,444
683
454
787
4,531
627
1, 192
Old iron tons
2,008
25, 475
5,677
2 491
2,358
6,752
63. 671
7.204
2, 220
1, 225
830
1,518
7,712
5,054
1,310
1,090
696
8.246
554
3,560
14, 193
593
348
1,705
14, 244
248
505
132
36, 650
972
3,146
Woollen manufactures
3 32
Silk manufactures ....
1 271
1,763
915
92
7, 622
28, 980
2,913
2. 725
2, 030
2 484
Linens : flax and hemp manufactures . .
2, 88
138
5,262
1 690
Laces, buttons^ and cloth shoes
Straw bonnets, hats, &c
India-rubber, and manufactures of
Clothing
1, 627
631
435
Furs
615
701
Boots and shoe 5 leather
Leather, and all other manufactures of.
Hair manufactures and brushes
5 681
3,614
133
4 697
615
1 661
466
6 482
Books
123
45
982
1,062
219
Paper and manufactures of paper
29
214
1,065
Musical instruments
157
62
Watches, jewelry, gold and silver
manufactures
355
2.478
1, C27
535
869
158
China and plated ware
7,108
. 680
753
853
41, 896
1 396
Glasswares
Tin, lead, and zinc manufactures
2 346
626
Copper and brass manufactures
3,374
137
21, 980
511
692
175
329
Wood manufactures, and wood not
specified
Drugs, dyes, and spices
27, 575
455
122
Oils, palm and other foreign. . .gallons. .
tish and petroleum do
420
587
120
678
69
4,133
623
39, 056
7,552
8, 522
1,651
7,116
6
12
1,405
623
2,405
21 610
647
36, 909
1,438
9,161
686
5,689
587
354
3,044
883
5
33, 137
395
15. 231
4^365
18, 579
3, 588
7,058
204
Salt bushels..
Wines gallons . .
Brandy .. do
202, 875
11, 187
4, 626
2,718
28, 317
18
113
45, 170
174
23,180
191, 298
1,055
5,040
1. 330
24, 365
4, 726
3, 543
62, 279
401
30
128, 258
1,534
5,490
4,747
25, 514
40
20, 878
2,188
13, 973
4,011
5, 476
28
95, 170
2,543
8,760
7,512
35, 472
537
Spirits do
Beer and ale . do
Tea ., pounds . .
Coffee do
Sugar do
14,228
411
976
728
90, 228
1,605
4.974
3,225
Coal . .. tons
Wool pounds..
All other articles
41, 434
29, 456
Total
.. . ] 640 375
691, 097
313, 953
504, 969
Imports from Canada paying duty, fyc. Continued.
1859-60.
1860- 61.
1861-62.
1862- 63.
Articles imported.
^
~c
jj
~a
o>
1
s5
3
"at
3
"3
9
"3
3
"3
C
O"
^
<y
C?
>
Iron, pig tons . .
580
$7, 996
1,076
$14,791
173
$2,942
40
$780
railroad , do
4,665
170,665
507
14, 244
269
14.215
bar, sheet, chains, &c
4,420
2, 597
5,291
10, 467
34 607
12 736
5 122
6 2t3
Steel and steel manufactures, cutlery,
and arms
2,665
9,435
2,648
5,325
Old iron tons. .
42, 115
29, 758
i.iii
21,168
995
18, 206
2,483
46. 322
Woollen manufactures
4,402
988
5, 552
2 182
10,806
20 461
16, 890
60 379
Silk manufactures . . .
2,338
1,815
328
2,752
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
91
Imports from Canada paying duty, fyc. Continued.
Articles imported.
1859- 60.
1860- 61.
1861- 62.
1862- 63.
to,
"5
1
d
3
3
>
j*.
1
O 1
-J
1
f>
Quantity.
|
>
Quantity.
1
$1, 857
460
3 728
$2, 444
266
6 7 l )l
$2,318
$18, 777
49
4,190
13,303
2,156
938
2,493
27,912
2,105
538
11,113
903
58, 378
749
Furs
1 724
683
1,260
1,466
2 238
Leather, and all other manufactures of.
5 092
3,908
196
3, 80(5
56
216
13, 783
2,215
6,292
88
235
317
3, 242
492
308
3, 732
668
60
790
655
11, 631
374
1, 692
470
24, 407
108
*2, 119
5, 895
520
Books
478
Til . l"- H . IP
280
7 255
Watches, jewelry, gold and silver
656
18, 726
992
824
26, 409
616
7,916
4, 872
19,292
518
876
2, 056
81
37,415
2,206
4,516
1,454
872
China and plated wares
13, 300
450
1,720
174
48, 212
89
3, 240
4,570
974
9, 026
4,689
12, 252
4,036
1,115
117
108
1 113
3 690
Wood manufactures, and wood not
specified
19. 340
1,619
1,129
7, 042
68
19, 865
1,950
3, 923
3,352
852
1, 123
801
Oils, palm and other foreign. . .gallons. .
tish and petroleum do
3,549
4,957
187
7,059
534
8,999
721
9,282
Salt bushels
68,102
1,848
6, 435
5, 680
40, 108
488
451
228, 290
1, 980
3,817
8,641
11, 582
32, 101
2, 067
7, 297
4,388
2,436
158,841
1,753
1, 600
4, 764
1,817
8, 300
1, 742
198, 464
1,239
1,7<8
1,800
1,685
Wines i .gallons . .
Brandy do
Spirits . do
Boer and ale do.
Molasses do
Tea pounds . .
Coffee do
1,256
517
12,241
10
77, 343
93
37, 779
8,081
2
3,719
590
15, 405
71,956
Sugar do..
26, 169
448
1,315
1,017
33,490
39, 290
808
309, 039
1,951
3,678
61, 732
32, 075
25, 700
271
51
1,357
639
18
29, 452
Wool pounds . .
All other articles
Total
434, 532
358, 240
227, 059
425, 135
Of this value $1,819 is essential oil.
t Of this, 15,069 pounds, $1,053, is wool waste.
ANALYSIS OF THE FOREGOING TABLES.
The first general tables given above show an average export trade to Canada
of 816,826,797 for eight fiscal years following the enactment of the reciprocity
treaty, of which $13,493,739 was the value of domestic produce, and $3,333,058
was the value of foreign goods. There is no marked increase in the exports at
the beginning of this period of eight years, the total for 1854 being above the
average of the succeeding years, including an unusual export of $3,500,,000 of
gold coin in 1863. The average for the last four years is $12,933,000 in value
of domestic produce exported, against an average of $14,300,000 for the four
previous years, which were the first of the full operation of the treaty. The
general volume of domestic export trade to Canada has, therefore, declined
under its operation.
The foreign exports show a marked decline during the eight years, falling off
from 86,790,333 in 1854, and $8,769,580 in 1855, to $1,560,397 in 1862, and
$1,468,113 in 1863. It is obvious that the Canadian supply of foreign goods
is no longer purchased in the importing cities of the United States, as before the
92 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
treaty; and the statistics of goods entering Canada/ through the United States,
under bond, show that to be the mode of receipt substituted for the former.
These bonded goods nearly all enter at Portland, and pass over the railroads
through Vermont.
Of the exports to Canada, both domestic produce and foreign merchandise,
the United States records give no distinction as to those which pay duty and
those received free of duty ; but the Canadian official tables show that for eight
calendar years to 1862, an average of $9,335,865 of these exports paid duty,
while an average of $10,720,000 was admitted free of duty. As the record in
this case is for calendar years, the annual values cannot be exactly compared
with those made up for our fiscal years. The Canadian values are larger gene
rally a fact to be accounted for by their more rigid inspection of imports than
ours of exports, and by the valuation they make of "settlers goods," "vehicles
in use," and a large class of personal effects not usually cleared at our custom
houses.
The imports from Canada show an average value of $16,643,825 for the last
eight fiscal years, of which an average of $467,238 only paid duty on entering
the United States. The average sum of $16,176,337 entered free of duty, of
which $14,443,000 was under the reciprocity treaty, and $1,732,725 was free
under other laws. The following are the values admitted free to each country,
respectively, contrasted for each year :
Paying duty in Canada.
Calendar years. Amount.
1855 , $11,449,472
1856 12,770,923
1857 9,966,430
1858 8,473,607
1859 9,032,861
1860 8,526,230
1861 8,338,620
1862 6,128,783
1863 3,974,396
Average of 8 years 8,401,481
Paying duty in the United States.
Fiscal years. Amount.
1854- 55 $5,305,818
1855- 56 640,375
1856- 57 691,097
1S57- 5S 313,953
185S- 59 504,969
1859- 60 434,532
1860- 6i 358,240
1861- 62 227,059
1862- 63 567,677
Average of 8 years 467,238
Under the reciprocity treaty, therefore, duty is paid on goods of the United
States entering Canada of the average annual value of $7,934,241 more than
the values of duty-paying goods entering the United States from Canada.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 93
The respective values made free by the reciprocity treaty were, from 1856 to
1861, nearly twice as great from Canada, or of Canadian produce, as from the
United States, or of United States produce. In 1862 and 1863, in consequence
of the enormous increase in the shipments of wheat, flour, and grain nominally
to Canada, but really through Canada to other markets, the values became
nearly equal.
Reciprocity imports into Canada from the United States.
Calendar years. Amount.
1856 $8,082,820
1857 8,642,044
1858 5,564,615
1859 7,106,116
I860 7,069,098
1861 9,980,937
1862 14,430,626
1863.. 12,339,367
Total, 8 yenrs 73,215,623
Reciprocity imports into the United States from Canada.
Fiscal years. Amount.
1855- 56 , $15,959,850
1856- 57 16,731.984
1S57- 5S 10,900,168
185S- 59 , 12,307,371
1859- 60 16,218,767
1860- 61 , 16,327,824
1861- 62 14,295,562
1862- 63 12,807,354
Total, 8 years 115,548,880
The treaty has, therefore, released from duty a total sum of $42,333,257 in
value of goods of Canada more than of goods the produce of the United States.
The decline in value of American and foreign goods paying duty on entering
Canada from the United States, in 1862 and 1863, is due to the decline of trade
in all fabrics and manufactures, not to any change in the proportions of free and
dutiable, through which our exports are relieved from taxation.
CANADIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS, WITH DETAILED TABLES OF EXPORTS TO
CANADA.
As the distinction between goods entering Canada free and dutiable cannot
be derived from the United States returns, the following table is limited to three
years, and the Canadian statistics are taken complete for the illustration of that
side of the trade. These tables are very full and valuable, furnishing a clear
illustration of the character of that trade as it enters Canadian markets.
The Canadian tables that here follow are general tables corresponding to
those before given from United States records, and these, with various tables
cited elsewhere, are all taken from the annual volumes on the Trade and Navi
gation of Canada, published by that government.
94
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Statement of tJie value of tlie imports into Canada from the United States for
14 years, from 1850 to 1863 inclusive, witli amount of duties paid.
[From Canadian official reports.]
Calendar years.
Value of
free goods.
Value of
duty-paying
goods.
Total
imports.
Amount of
duties paid.
Rate
per
cent.
1850
$791 128
$5 803 732
$6 594 860
$1 069 814
18 43
1851
1,384,030
6,981,735
8, 365 765
1,274 762
18 26
3852
864 690
7 613 003
8 477 693
1 433 195
18 82
1853
1,125 565
1C) 656 582
11 787 147
1 805 812
16 94
1854
2 083 757
13 449 341
15 533 098
2 209 173
16 42
1855.
9 379 204
11 440 472
20 88 676
1 786 032
15 60
1856
9 933 856
12 770 923
2 9 704 509
2 059 826
16 13
1857
10 258 221
9 966 430
20 224 651
1 605 164
16 10
1858
7 161 958
8 473 607
15 635 565
1 611 711
19 02
1859
8 560 055
9 032 861
17 592 916
1 825 135
20 20
1860
8 746 799
8 526 230
17 273 029
1 759 928
20 64
1861
12 730 768
8 338 620
21 069 388
1*584 892
19 60
1862
19 044 374
6 128 783
25 173 157
1863
19 134 966
3 974 396
23 109 362
Of the value of free goods here stated, there was of coin and bullion the
following sums:
In 1S61 $863,308
1862 2,530,297
1863 4,651,679
The values exported, as reported in the United States records, are elsewhere
stated for fiscal years, and therefore not directly comparable with these, which
are from Canadian reports.
Statement of the value of the exports from Canada to the United States, and
the total trade.
[From Canadian official reports.]
Calendar years.
Exports
to United
States.
Imports
from United
States.
Amount
of the
whole trade.
1851
$4 071 544
$3 365 764
$12 437 308
1852
6 284 520
8 477 693
14 762 213
1853
8, 936, 380
11*782 144
20 718 524
1854
8, 649, 000
15 533 096
24 182 090
1855
16 737 276
20 828 676
37 ^fi^ 05*2
1856
17 979 752
22 704 508
40 684 260
1857
13 206 436
20 224 648
33 431 084
1858
11,930,094
15 635 565
27 565 659
1859
13,922 314
17 592 916
31 515 230
I860
18 427 968
17 273 09
35 700 997
1861
14 386 427
21 069 388
35 455 815
1862
15 063 730
25 173 157
40 236 887
1863
22, 534, 074
23 109 362
45 643,436
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
95
Imports into Canada from the United States, 1855 to 1863, free of duty under
the rccijjrocity treaty. (Prepared from (fficial documents of Canada.)
18i
5.
18C
>6.
185
r.
Quantity.
Value. .
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Animals . number.
7 470
$207 586
16 700
8473 8^7
19 530
$456 029
2, 939
7 1D7
18, 128
Bark cords
3 268
608
2 205
1 299
5 504
28 191
30 303
32 870
21 190
17 807
16 666
Butter pounds -
147, 840
25, 799
257, 600
44 967
218, 848
39, 897
1 064 000
103 983
1 545 600
153 660
1 629 600
152 269
Coal .. tons .
80,000
326, 512
84, 000
385, 361
94, 816
400, 297
15 803
17 534
3 516
18 595
25 814
16 64
1 829
10 572
18 578
Fish
109 478
152 531
120 615
oil gallons
204 155
148 105
283, 158
249 191
199, 299
193 571
4 271
290
40
Firewood cords
30 984
24 717
60 462
31,472
64 218
12 591
46 062
32 0%
140 925
137 584
157 244
Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu-
69 170
81 083
75 427
Flour barrels.
198, 210
1,615,746
138, 100
797, 281
212, 640
1,251,034
Furs skins and tails not dressed
27 690
54 829
88 823
Grain, all kinds bushels .
2 469,965
2,711,952
3, 453, 211
2, 703, 503
3, 726, 816
3 836 1:.^
12 054
6 243
7 r )5
60 000
80 000
100 000
j^ard pounds
91 538
142 132
58 740
Manures . ...
11,994
11, 100
16, 435
Meal . . .barrels
8 600
40 094
9 900
36 715
14 200
52 696
Meat of all kinds cwt.
109,096
1, 019, 714
158, 800
1, 417, 771
90, 327
903, 264
436
5 952
11 922
3 ^00
10 457
7 859
2 353
8 267
Puiut-! and shrubs
37 807
63 359
51 149
1 739
6 941
8 045
1 201
871
3 935
Rice pounds .
843, 696
42, 475
929,600
40,171
621, 600
121 128
67 705
123 4 15
fliato
29, 594
20, 002
17, 122
St-iue and marble . unwrought
57 145
63 791
72 258
Tallow . . . pounds
346, 531
355, 521
3, 578 680
357, 57i)
108 414
133 687
226 880
Tobacco, unmanufactured IDS
719, 632
69, 779
2 882
536, 138
106, 960
28
959, 896
120, 134
Vegetables
\Vool
11, 735
7 659
34, 059
20 821
65, 908
40 069
7 725 572
8 082 80
8 642 044
it
All other free goods t
1 , 653, 632
1, 850, 766
I 616 177
Total free of duty
9, 379, 204
9, 933, 586
10, 258, 221
Imports into Canada from the United States, Sfc. Continued.
Articles imported.
1858.
1859.
1860.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
10, 170
$240, 186
23, 369
2,117
30, 872
13,528
7, 037
90, 045
242, 700
11,238
28,545
10, 487
""eoo"
$234,677
12, 826
2, 570
30, 301
14, 383
40, 3:?5
93, 499
237, 776
17, 207
52. 209
14,923
""528"
$239, 094
21,642
2, 130
63, 404
15,499
29,422
82, M9
304, C7!>
25,627
43. 408
Ashes
525
Butter . .. pounds
43,420
1, 091, 672
70,097
246,719
791,410
78,557
175,392
742, 000
79, 886
Coal . ....... tons.
Dyeatuffs
* Specie not distinguished until after 1857.
t An average value of $500,000 annually, is of articles of foreign origin.
96 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Imports into Canada from the United States, 8fc. Continued.
18
58.
18
59.
18b
0.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Eggs
$2 487
fl 893
$1 075
Fish
78 030
108 884
139 413
oil . . gallons.
95 000
78 936
129 983
73 098
172 000
86 071
708
553
Firewood cords.
24 605
47 657
19 803
40 810
21 307
38 753
Fruit, dried
29,922
35 414
43 192
not dried
89 071
215 609
241 335
Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu
factured
46 372
57 301
87 106
Flour barrels
192 250
750 580
387 062
2 090 683
167 038
856 074
FurH skin* and tails, not dressed.
37 568
114 532
10J 659
Grain all kinds . bushels
3 031 725
2 078 464
1 790 835
1 709 077
3 439 963
2 895 533
Gypsum
5 337
11 763
9 767
125 000
250 000
220 000
Lard pounds.
347 963
41 209
275, 205
33 049
216 332
22 723
Manures
12 134
12 721
9 595
Meal barrels.
6.492
21 064
33, 964
125 902
7 250
24 787
Meat of all kinds cwt
93 600
544 366
66 730
601 454
54 152
566 991
9 038
2 3P9
11 020
Pitch and tar barrels
2 308
6 204
3 345
8 472
4 370
10 071
28 647
24 43
37 254
Poul try
1 582
1 054
4 070
Rags
943
3 87
5 955
Rice pounds
482 160
18 142
600 254
18 562
200 480
8 021
goods
78 356
82 111
141 , 895
Slate
15 830
12 763
3 700
51 469
49 065
6 623
3 999 904
40l 860
- 2 976 216
309 039
3,362 216
329 502
115 3l
97 435
64 782
Tobacco, unmanufactured. . . .Ibs.
1, 390, 074
135, 025
31
1, 964, 488
146, 974
1, 987, 433
124,115
14
IP 614
66 109
11, 363
Wool
11,101
66, 175
79, 822
5 564 615
7 106 116
7 069 098
Specie "and bullion
15
14 444
All other free goods*
1, 597, 328
1, 453, 939
1, 663. 257
Total free of duty
7 161 958
8 560 055
8 746 7 J9
Imports into Canada from the United States, fyc. Continued.
18
61.
18
62.
186
3.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Animals number.
19 800
$333 519
23 110
$347 936
35 300
$520 835
Ashes
30 042
24 477
17 549
Bark cords.
920
3 693
1,010
4 113
1 650
6 670
50 887
32 299
34 Q87
Burr and grindstones
16 199
15 088
13 793
541 854
68 545
815 500
104 082
644 547
97 171
Cheese do ...
2, 152, 200
171 561
177, 776
458 665
1,937.010
105 905
174, 456
437 391
2, 907. 680
103 547
294, 327
548 846
55 406
56 460
29 923
Dye stuffs
53* 739
60 976
69 176*
Eggs ..
1 156
1,259
4.654
Fish
145 833
158 415
108 570
oil gallons.
121 015
65 061
226, 450
109, 630
125, 345
112, 285
products of. ...
127
168
gq 052
57 012
24 098
47 232
19 384
36 599
Fruit, dried
64, 932
61,113
71,945
not dried
Flax, hemp, and tow, not manu-
244, 924
75 416
370, 511
106 666
379, 170
75,464
Flour barrels.
148 096
701 713
239 130
1 088 679
235, 439
898, 029
Furs skins and tails not dressed
103 295
119 896
61,896
7 3 758
5 408 183
10 998 720
7 87(j 919
6 122 692
5 062 610
Gypsum...
11, 742
1S| 333
13,829
* An average value of $500,000 annually, is of articles of foreign origin.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 97
Imports into Canada from the United States, <$r. Continued.
18<
31.
18<
>2.
iser
.
Quantity.
Value.
Qnantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
$230 000
$350 000
$384 951
I.rii .l pounds.
152 918
14 881
582 200
53 381
922 676
81 757
7 512
9 t)18
7,848
Meal barrels.
6 664
17 114
21 OPS
44 5f>3
10 000
28 603
Meat of all kinds cwt.
52, 320
500, 991
137, 270
1, 040, 2(i9
182, 850
l,y2H,!23
5 021
12 516
12 505
Pitch and tar barrels.
2 930
8 639
3,006
13 925
2,863
11,158
63 561
93 605
93 539
2 214
3 852
4, 659
RagB
10 7 ( )3
8 ( ) )l
11 333
Rice pounds.
156 010
5 259
98, 560
2,746
88
Seeds
108 155
80 348
2 044
87, 545
Slate
5 058
1 819
1,914
69 858
43 267
57 076
Tallow .. ..pouuds.
3 045 122
242 474
1, 445, 000
129,516
1, 668, 831
152, 268
171 232"
91 772
62 241
Tobacco, unmanufactured Ibfl.
1, 898, 270
163, 549
59
6, 369, 840
842, 364
8, 769, 224
1, 327, 810
64
Vegetables
28 807
61,218
47, 729
Wool
197 895
333 570
208 858
Free by reciprocity treaty
Specie and bullion
9, 980, 937
863 308
14, -130, 62t5
2 530, 297
12,339,367
4, 651, 679
All other free goods*
1 878 510
2 083 451
2 J43 920
Total free of duty
12, 722, 755
19,044,374
19, 134, 966
* An averago value of $500,000 annually is of articles of foreign origin.
Exports, the produce and manufactures of the United States, to Canada for three
years, 1860- 61 to 1862- 63.
Articles exported.
1860- 61.
1861- 62.
1862- 63.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Animals : horses and mules number.
215
153
4
$17, 967
3,991
20
2 650
253
1,103
1,868
$23,131
22,788
13, 5<W
1, 753
329
1, 100
8,466
$27, 144
41,252
89, 976
1, 432
127, 458
8, 771
10, 306
2,310
22,832
35, 164
32,380
78, 718
8,653
1,269
11,501
:>-,. :>4
16, 847
400, H64
50, 874
66, 920
64, 495
110,546
8,244
:w, 34-j
. 7, 732
3, OLH)
6, 225
?, 372
87, 032
3,502 180
sheep
Apples barrels.
29,610
311
48, Oil! 37, 863
1,574 2,04i
1 764
88,717
10, 701
10, 497
3,729
1,656
62, 838
26, 205
71,472
11, 994
3, 009
35, 054
86, 870
5,738
371, 001
32,238
77. 839
1,260
iie
25, 143
1,718
2, 733
106, 324
6 561
374
12, 445
194
99, 363
Peer and ale gallons.
Books
67, 784
2,474
45, 552
8,847
30, 178
6, 133
11,117
37, 945
10, 013
253, 054
16, 909
13,214
403, 591
69, 350
12, 347
26,817
5,856
1,965
543, 585
869
20, 075
""eei eei
1,376
98, 846
684, 940
602
12,110
" ibhl fiU
3, 416
82, 606
Cheese pounds .
383, 767
2,645
73, 242
Clover seed . .... bushels
Coal tons .
Copper and brass manufactures . ..
136, 620
""5*686
809
52, 915
" : "8,"o76
972
11. 712
246, 442
95, 698
12, 147
20, 819
5, 127
2,700
146, 851
Cotton manufactures
Drugs and medicines
Earthenware
""7" 033
1,191)
pickled barrels.
I
4,150
Furo
25, 428
83, 95C
35, 774
121, 381
225 300
2,029
50, 170
3, 497, 36, 12?
4, 568; 310, 581
79 016:
3,612
19, 828
49 505
9,772
805, 580
1,325
63, 570
14,078
14, 957
Hemp tons.
130
8, 608 97 5, 027
140
Ex. Doc. 55 7
98 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Exports, the produce and manufacture of t7ie United States, ^.--Continued.
Articles exported.
1860- 61.
1861- 62.
1862- 63.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.*
Quantity.
Value.
$13, 486
179,691
12, 344
124, 250
$4, 384
187,636
18, 765
188, 829
$1,912
l^i) t)3g
Hided
Hops pounds.
House furniture -
60,350
157, 993
87, 612
12, 520
66,718
528
1, 622, 825
25,521
19, 797
9,OH3
18, 328
6,076
362, 446
5, 044
40, 572
6,648
2,473
60, 487
22, 860
4,611
48, 293
10,158
810,346
5, 536
20, 289
8, 522
31,654
8,494
790 751
1,151
1, 010, 243
10, .074
32, 532
23, 051
18,121
ft, 380
723 82Q
1,891,740
2,385
481
166
300
193,559
3, 218, 438
3, 964
1,270
403
214
216, 255
4,211,897
9,474
719
148
329
126, 424
Itur in meal - barrels
|_, ar do
nails pounds
manufactures not specified
Jewelry
12, 954
11,040
Lard - pounds .
40, 851
2, 032
4, 723
97, 898
95, 203
4,486
1, 975
435
29,510
106, 648
763, 032
2,377
29,439
143, -393
73, 991
70, 799
1,771
2,732
51, 098
66, 770
1,295
403, 375
7,406
29, 600
163. 706
21, 965
oil gallons
Lead pounds.
Levher . .do
boota and shoes pairs.
morocco leather
Marble and stone manufactures
97, 977
97, 002
Musical instruments
122, 800
100, 907
4,000
67, 445
9,340
1,767
50, 309
2,733
30, 094
55,171
670, 433
6, 766
1,260
20
17, 672
119, 780
257, 136
1,159
6, 726
545
16, 449
4,712
103, 338
582, 600
3,074
76, 026
2,002
1,135
6, 717, 093
1, 103, 171
85, 595
58,302
65, 808
800, (XW
Oil-cako
Oil linseed gallons
14, 232
109, 972
10,718
114, 748
945
2, 327
104, 161
1, 676
98, 252
595
39 646
1,848
59, 412
39, 903
74 79
72 376
Pork barrels
10, 541
1,580
165, 745
614
5, 534
3, 858
53, 617
40, 670
128, 952
3, 424
11,187
2. 906
241,010
32, 693
90, 860
50, 469
7.003
683, 875
1,816
15
3, 871, 233
444, 803
66, 750
36, 593
51,410
17, 392
559,184
7,373
4 259
54, 162
14, 041
217
12, 459
103
5, 794
""356," 489
23, 499
30, 633
2,924
1, 182, 627
32,910
1. 528, 553
1,204
12,356
577, 755
14,741
3, 000
4, 538, 472
118,643
411, 042
2, 438
28, 800
57, 365
214, 682
1,574
7,576
3,479
85, 063
15, 179
144, 062
75, 331
3, 924
203, 681
2,321
1,317
3,801,515
536, 756
138, 958
49, 061
1
1,992
" 533, 919
13, 696
11,167
310
198, 180
13, 203
1, 040, 767
5,401
13,587
225,081
14, 905
7, 960
6, 512, 801
232, 160
185, 492
Itosiu tar pitch and turpentine do..
Salt bushels
471, 722
30,809
21, 666
4,825
2, 491, 564
61,520
956, 612
1,375
17, 628
2, 435, 520
10, 681)
50
4, 148, 029
83, 617
221, 700
Soap pounds.
Spirits of turpentine do...
Sugar pounds
Tallow pounds
Tobacco, not manufactured hogsheads,
snuff pounds.
Vinogar . . gallons .
Wheat bushels.
Wheat flour barrels.
Wool ...pounds.
Wood manufactures
35, 544
1, 090, 156
70, 345
652, 848
Total
11 749 981
11,282,107
18, 430, 605
....
The detail of imports from Canada which pay duty during the period of the re
ciprocity treaty shows that very few of such imports are the produce or manufacture
of Canada originally. The chief articles are iron, salt, foreign spirits and wines,
beer and ale, and foreign dry goods. It is not easy to identify any item of
consequence produced in Canada, other than "manufactures of wood," which is
an item made up of local products in part, at least.
The detail of imports free by ordinary laws exhibits a very irregular trade
of this sort. The chief values are of articles of the United States brought back,
personal effects, and unusual movements of coin and bullion.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
9
Imports from Canada free ly ordinary laws.
Articles.
1855- 56.
1856- 57.
1857- 58.
1858- 59.
1859- 60.
1860- 61.
1861- 62.
1862-63.
Produce of the United
States returned
$549, 734
282, 574
3,040
$460, 601
3D9, 979
1,070
$03. 248
232, 858
4,672
$430, 129
205, 187
600, !i04
9 000
$736, 659
271,<5(i3
1, 142, 717
11,418,258
194, 430
305, 919
$430, 687
220, 433
2,612
4,156
39, 675
$173,888
271, 085
965
4,792, 1H5
53
Seeds und trees .......
40, 088
5, 804
3, 358
2,009
65, 313
28,042
45, 890
2 320
27, 695
2,330
20, 171
2,648
T^I ^-I
553
393
1,733
40
3, 449
p . /
500
10,094
8,963
23, 390
743
14, 481
1 900
400
10,686
Shinple and slate bolts.
Produce of American
6,071
3,6i)0
Other articles
1,374
824
3, 408
307, 450
10,186
7,281
*33, 017
t45, 896
Total
687, 1)72 j 868, 753
1,396,377
2, 2C8, 373
1,959,393
736, 831
5, 287, 772
* Including 9,410 pounds indigo, $8.428.
t Including 13,766 pounds tea, $10,247 ; 20,763 pounds indigo, $14,429.
The detail of imports from the Provinces other than Canada, free by other
laws than the treaty, is also shown to be mainly of United States produce
returned and specie in small amount. The following are the items :
Years.
Specie.
Produce of
U. S. re
turned.
Gypsum.
Animals
living.
Other ar
ticles.
18 r >4 55
$14 651
$103 226
$ 375
$28 175
1855- 56
$33 807
14 248
109 974
431
35 179
18o6-T>7 ... .
14 930
25 956
88 314
638
17 751
185/~ 58
21 683
28 539
80 484
3 518
60 8 ."3
1858-59
18 847
673 567
78 600
6 660
23 230
1859- 60
4 018
110 096
97 954
5 442
37 952
1860 61
83 651
84 510
80 832
4 521
3 711
1861 - 62
28, 391^
83 523
9 425
l25
9,767
1862- 63
5,542
92 257
20 093
10 500
The import trade from the British Atlantic provinces is very small in actually
free articles other than those affected by the reciprocity treaty. On the Pacific
coast there is a receipt of bullion from Victoria at San Francisco, the value of
which is given in the published commerce and navigation reports as imports from
British North American provinces. It has been separated from the above state
ment, though in other statements of trade with the provinces the small trade of
San Francisco with British Columbia in duty-paying articles has not been
separated. The bullion brought to San Francisco from British Columbia began
in 1850, and was, in 18;>l- 62, $756,423, and in lS62- 63, $1,663,642.
The record of imports and exports at United States ports of the lake district
almost invariably confines the transactions to Canada, the exceptions being
only one outward shipment from Milwaukie to England in 1861, value $46,061,
and one similar shipment in 1863, value $3,381. It has therefore been neces
sary to consider all the trade of the lake district as conducted with Canada,
although the registered entries and clearances of vessels show frequent trans
actions direct with English ports. The following is the detail of actual entrances
and clearances at these lake ports for European ports, through the St. Lawrence,
from the official returns :
100
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Fiscal years.
No.
Clearances.
Tons.
No.
Entrances,
Tons.
1855- 56
ior.fi >ry7
I
Chicajro to Enjrland
379
1
Chicago to England
123
1
England to Chicago. ..
123
9
S
Cleveland to England
Detroit to England
3,244
987
1
1
England to C levelaud . .
England to Detroit
382
382
1858- 59
16
Chicago, Detroit, and
Cleveland to England. ..
Same ports to Hamburg
5,761
633
7
England to same ports.
2,401
1
343
IP^Q.- fiO
5
To England and Scotl d
1 436
10
From England
3, 575
I860 Cl
s
To England and Ireland. .
1,791
8
From England
2, 836
1861 62
3
From England
1,168
186*2 63
1
To England
394
1
- From England ......
394
Undoubtedly the outward shipments by these vessels were considerable, and
a few imports are specified in the statistics of soda ash, iron, salt, &c. But the
trade is not a permanent one in any sense. In the last fiscal year but a single
vessel cleared and entered, and it can therefore scarcely be necessary to make
a distinct and precise account of it as of a permanent trade. This practical
neglect of the St. Lawrence river as an outlet to western produce of the United
States, under the circumstances controlling that route for the last four or five
years, is particularly significant, and decisive as to the channels this trade
prefers. Not only the treaty of reciprocity, but the careful and inviting legis
lation of Canada in regard to tolls and tonnage duties, have united to remove
all obstacles to the free employment of this route for the export of breadstuff?
and provisions from the western States. Great hopes were entertained in Canada
of the commerce that would be thus developed, but the united efforts of the two
governments have proved of little effect in opening a channel preferable to that
made up of the lakes, the canals, and railroads of the United States. The
statistics of downward freight through the Wclland canal show that most
American produce entering that canal returns again to American ports. The
tables of this Welland canal tonnage, given here from the official Canadian
reports, are particularly instructive on the point of the destination of both
upward and downward freight.
The following extracts from the report of the Hon. \V. P. Rowland, finance
minister of Canada in 1862, state very compactly and forcibly the principal
facts connected with the expected occupation of the St. Lawrence river as a line
of outward transit for produce of the western States. They are from the Cana
dian Trade and Navigation report for 1862:
Movement of American produce in and through Canada.
The movement of property on the provincial canals shows a steady increase. On the
Welland canal the movement was:
Tons property.
In 1859 709,611
1860 944 084
1861 1,020,483
1862 1,243,774
And on the St. Lawrence canals the movement was:
In 1859,
1860.
1861.
1862.
631.769
733,596
886,908
964,394
Tonnage of vessels.
856,918
1,238 509
1.327,672
1,476,842
765,636
824,465
1,009,469
I,0i9,230
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
101
The movement on the Welland canal has, therefore, increased 7 per cent, in 1861 over
1860, and in 1862 15 per cent over 1861. Whilst on the St. Lawrence canals the move
ment of tonnage has increased in 18t!l by 22 per cent, over 1860, and in 1862 by 6 per
cent, over 1861.
In this connection I propose to consider the effect which tho removal of the toll* from
the St. Lawrence canals, and the reduction of those on tho Wellaud, has had on the move
ment of property through those works.
That the movement of property by the St. Lawrence route has been greatly augmented
during the past three years is sufficiently apparent from the figures above given, and we
may congratulate tho country thereon; but th:it this increase has been due to the remission
of the tolls is not to bo assumed without taking into account other circumstances which
have mainly influenced the direction of trade.
First among these circumstances may be stated the greatly increased production of
cereals in the western States, and the figures presently introducer! will show that in pro
portion to that increase, and to the whole volume of agricultural produce moved from
Lakes Erie and Michigan to tide-water, we have not obtained so large a traffic since tho
removal of the tolls as we obtainci prior to the adoption of that policy.
The following statement shows the quantity of grain sent eastward from the lake
regions, including Canada, during the last seven years :
Years.
Flour.
Wheat.
Corn.
Other grain.
All reduced
to bushels.
1856
Barrels.
3 865 442
Bmhcls.
19 505 358
Bushels.
14 28 1 -? 632
Bushels.
4 592 .">69
57 707 769
1857
3 397 954
16 763 285
8 779 832
2 256 944
44 7W 851
1858
4 499,613
2 J, 843, 859
10,495,554
5, 035, 097
59, 872, r-66
1859
3 760 274
16,865,708
4 423 006
4 264 051
44, 354, 225
I860
4, 106, 057
3^, 334, 391
18, 075, 778
7,712,032
78, 652, 486
1861 ..
6, 533, 839
46,334, 44
29 524,628
10,686,115
119,264,233
1862
8,359,910
50,699,130
32, 985, 923
10, 844, 939
136, 329, 542
The following statement shows the proportion of wheat and flour which has passed from
the western States to tide-water by the St. Lawrence and Eric canals, respectively, during
the same period, (all being reduced to bushels of wheat:)
Movement of American brcadstuffs.
Years.
Down the St.
Lawrence.
Through Erie
canal.
Total to tide
water.
1856
209 612
15 31 833
16 551 415
1857 . ..
930 280
10 601 532
]> 5i] 8 12
1858
185^
, 876, 933
988 759
13,757,283
10 3/1 966
1 5,6:14 ,21 15
]> jgo 725
I860
846 462
23 9;" 000
25 758 46
386 1
3 103 153
34 407 goO
37 ">30 953
1862
5 320 054
39 240 131
44 560 185
NOTE. Tho aho-c ntat<?ment is computed by adding to tho importations from United Sta os ports, at
Kingston the quantities sent down ;ho St Lawremv canals from tho United S:tites to tho Canadian pors, and
i is assumed that a 1 tht- imports at Kingston were sr:r d nvn he St. Lawrence canals. Thi movement on the
Eric can.i. during th> first s x years is taken from the canal auditors reports; that for 1862 is from "Hunt s
Merchants Magazine." The statement relates only to wheat and flour.
Hence it appears that of tho whole quantity of western wheat and flonr which was
transported to tide-water through the New York and Canadian canals during the p.ist seven
years, w<^ obtained for the St. Lawrence route, in 185fi, 7.3 per cent.; 1857, 15 4 percent ;
1858, 12.01 percent.; 1859, 16.08 per cent.; 1860, 7.16 percent.; 1861, 8.26 per cent.;
1862, 11.4 per cent.
102 FOREIGN AND, DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
These are the principal commodities which have heretofore passed through the St. Law
rence canal. If we include with them the Indian corn, which figures so largely in the
Welland and Erie canal returns, the percentage will become still less favorable to us, and
the proportions will be still further reduced by bringing into the comparison the cereal
products of the western States which are carried to tide- water by the -several railroads
converging at the Atlantic ports.
While we have failed to obtain so large a proportion of the western trade, since the
removal of the tolls, as we obtained in 1859 and the preceding years, the tolls levied on
that (the Erie) canal which is the chief competitor with the St. Lawrence route have been
materially increased, as the following comparison of tolls on the three principal articles
will show:
Toll per 1,000 pounds per mile. 1860 and previous years. 1862.
On corn.... 2 mills. 2 A mills.
Onflour , 2 " 3 "
On wheat 2 " 3 "
This increase is equivalent to an advance of seventy cents per ton on wheat and flour
from Buffalo to tide-water, and of forty cents per ton from Oswego to tide-water ; whilst
the advance on corn is equivalent to thirty-five cents per ton from Buffalo, and to twenty
cents per ton from Oswego.
The rates of freight have also increased by the Erie canal, and they have increased in a
still greater ratio by the St. Lawrence. During the four years next preceding 1859 the
average freight for flour from Lake Ontario ports to Montreal was $1 84| per ton. In
1860, the year in which the tolls were removed from the St. Lawrence canals, the rate of
freight was $2 11 per ton; in 1861 it was $2 56J ; in 1862 it was $2 61 f so that the
increase over the average of the four years preceding 1859 was seventy-two cents in 1860,
eeventy-two in 1861, and eighty-one in 1862. If we add to these figures the tolls remitted,
we find that the forwarder received over the average rates which they obtained in the four
years above alluded to, in 1860, forty-nine cents per ton; in 1861, ninety-four cents, and
in 1862, one dollar and three cents per ton, together with the tolls on the tonnage of his
shipping.
Comparing in a similar manner the rates of freight obtained for carrying wheat, we have
a still more striking example of the advanced rates which the forwarders h;ive been able to
exact. The average freight rates for wheat from Lake Ontario ports to Montreal, in 1855,
1856, 1857, and 1858, was $1 81 per ton; in 1860,$! 21; in 1861, $2 72, and in 1862 it
was $271 per ton. Thus the advance over the average rate during the four years first
named was, in 1860, $1 21; in 1861, $1 13; in 1862, $1 13. Adding the tolls relin
quished by the province, it will be seen that the advance obtained by the forwarder has
been, in 1860, $1 43, and in 1861 and 1862, $1 35 par ton, together with the tolls due to
the tonnage of his vessels.
Whatever else may be urged in favor of free canals, it certainly cannot be said that tho
policy of 1860 has been productive of benefit, either to the prolucer or consumer of
western breadstuffs ; and from the advance which has taken place in the freights by the
St. Lawrence route, as well as in both tolls and freight by the competing route to tide
water at Albany, it is abundantly manifest that the forwarder can pay a moderate toll
without unduly trenching on his profits.
It can be shown from reliable data that, in so far as the actual cost of transportation
(including therein the canal tolls recently imposed) is concerned, western produce can be
carried to tide- water much cheaper by the St. Lawrence than by any competing route ; and we
must trace our failure to obtain for our canals a greater proportion of the western trade to
other causes than the charges heretofore imposed for the use of thos^ works. I am per
suaded that the chief cause of that failure lies in the absence of sufficient com petition
among forwarders engaged in the St. Lawrence trade ; in the financial relations between
shippers engaged in the western trade and the capitalists of New York ; and, finally and
chiefly, in the lower rates of ocean freights from New York to Europe, occasioned by the
greater competition at that port than is to be found at Quebec or Montreal It is gratifying
to know that the Canadian forwarder has been able to obtain the advanced rates above
quoted, but we cannot find therein a justification of that policy which, in addition to othei
advantages, would give him the free use of costly works which complete the grandest
system of inland navigation in the world, and have not been constructed without imposing
heavy burdens on the country. If it could be shown that the tolls remitted had gone in
mitigation of the comparatively high rate of ocean freight to which our trade is subject,
we might find in that fact some reason for making our canals absolutely free. ;But it has
been shown that this has not been the result. The tolls have gone to enhance the profits
of the forwarder whose freight tariff has been regulated, not by the cost of doing his work,
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
103
but by the competition with which he has had to contend. There is but one course open
fof securing that quota of the western trade which the advantages of tho St. Lawrence
route gives us reason to anticipate. If we can give to the owners of the largest vessels
now profitably engaged in the trade of Lxke Michigan the option of trading to Kingston
and the St. Lawrence, or to Buffalo, as may be found most profitable, we shall have thrown
down the barrier which now forces the main current of trade into the Erie canal. We
shall have more than balanced the greater insurance and freights charged from our sea
ports to Europe over the corresponding charges from New York, and we may thereafter
expert Quebec and Montreal to take rank amongst the greatest grain marts of this conti
nent. All of which is respectfully submitted.
W. T. ROWLAND, Minister of Finance.
QUEBEC, May 12, 1862.
This very full and impartial statement has been copied at length because of
its decisive bearing on the question which was, a few years since, considered a
great and practical one for the western producing States, namely : whether they
were to anticipate relief to the pressure of their export trade when the St. Law
rence should be fully opened to them.
The transit trade through Canada, inward and outward, by way of the St.
Lawrence, is incompletely given in the Canadian trade reports, as follows :
Statement of the transit trade through Canada, via the St. Lawrence, to and
from the United States.
[From Canadian authorities.]
Calendar years.
Values to the U.
States.
Values from the
U. States.
1854
$495 327
1855
18 015
1856
13 493
1857
183,790
1858
26,916
1859
76,314
1860
21 505
1861
522,514
$3,505,511
1862
490,293
5, 198.920
1863
512,245
2,997,818
The transit trade through the United States to Canada is another important
element of the mutual exchanges, one of which the volume is unexpectedly large,
larger than the export of United States produce by way of the St. Lawrence.
It is conducted almost wholly over the railroads leading from Portland, Maine,
to the frontier of Vermont, and makes up the larger half of the business of the
sub-port of entry of Island Pond, Vermont.
Value of imports into Canada passing through the United States under land.
1855 $4,463, 774
1856 4, 926, 922
1857 5, 582, 643
1858 2, 057, 024
1859 4, 546, 491
1860 3, 041, 877
1861 5, 688, 952
1862 * 5, 508, 427
1863 6, 172, 483
104 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The rapid increase of this traffic is remarkable. It affords a channel for
steamer freight that appears to be preferred to the slower course by way of the St.
Lawrence. The comparison of the use by Canada of tfie two channels of im
ports is as follows : showing that more than a third of the import trade of Canada
enters now at United States ports, and is transported over our railroads under
bond.
Imports via United States Imports via St. Lawrence.
1855 $4, 463, 774 $12, 738, 373
1856 4, 926, 922 16, 989, 513
1857 5, 582, 643 14, 378, 094
1858 2,057,024 10,768,161
1859 4,546,491 11,472,754
1860 3,0-11,877 13,527,160
1861 5, 688, 952 16, 726, 541
1862 5,508,427 17,601,019
1863 6, 172, 483 16, 439, 930
Evidently the advantages of unrestricted transit to and from sea are quite as
valuable to the business of Canada as to that of the United States. The pre
ponderance of steamship traffic in the carriage of all classes of merchandise is
increasing the transportation of railroad lines such as these from Portland and
Boston to Canada.
EXPORT OF UNITED STATES MANUFACTURES TO CANADA.
The reduction in the value of manufactured articles of the United States ex
ported to Canada in recent years as compared with an earlier period has been
referred to. In the following table the extent of this reduction and its relation
to particular articles is shown, the comparison being for the years 1858 to 1863.
Undoubtedly this decline cannot be a natural result between two countries in
such proximity maintaining open and equal commercial relations. Especial
causes only could produce such a decline in the face of the very great increase of
manufactures in the United States during these years, and their development in
superior fabrics of every sort. The Canadian tariffs are chiefly levied ad valorem
on the invoice values of goods at the point of purchase for importation into
Canada, whether that be in the United States or in Europe, and the consequence
is a practical difference against purchasing in the United States which increases
with every accession to prices here, and has now attained to the full nominal
measure of the duty levied. The increase in the price of fabrics, caused by the
successive tariff acts of the United States and by the internal duties levied, has
steadily increased this difference, in connection with the higher rates of ad
valorem duty levied in Canada, until it now amounts very nearly to a prohibi
tion of purchases in the United States of duty-paying articles. A duty of
twenty per cent, on invoices made in England, can scarcely foil now to amount
to two such percentages when the same or similar goods are purchased in the
United States, simply through the duplication of prices attained here.
Efforts have been made in Canada to obviate the difficulty in some measure
by admitting United States invoices at a reduction to gold values, but nothing
has been settled on. While these conditions continue, the trade to Canada in
articles not covered by the reciprocity treaty, or otherwise free, will remain
very small, and that market for manufactures will practically cease to exist.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
105
Values of manufactured articles of the United States exported to Canada,
and paying duty.
^ -
Articles.
1858- 59.
1859- 60.
1860- 61.
1861- 62.
1862- 63.
$303 01 G
$314 491
$403 591
$246 442
$64 495
Hemp manufactures, (including
cordage. )
Iron manufactures, (all other than
pi-)
Leather boots and shoes. .. ...
32, 762
761,619
211,147
21,971
716,597
137, 475
43, 664
839, 421
106,648
16,378
773, 381
66, 770
10,565
395,907
22, 860
Tobacco manufactured ...
1,205,684
863, 934
683, 875
203, 681
76, 026
85, 232
77,061
83, 950
121,381
87, 032
Earthenware ... ...... ......
9, 350
11,151
12, 347
12,147
8,244
House furniture
136, 765
123,251
124, 250
188,829
66,718
India-rubber manufactures
13,217
20 449
5,936
109 419
10, 158
11 117
1,151
35 054
528
11 501
Books.
154, 034
79, 134
106, 324
62, 838
25, 164
Paper and stationery
78, 825
61,433
74, 272
72, 376
55, 171
Jewelry
15 960
5 760
12 954
11 046
5 044
Hats
116 150
90 100
79 016
49 5t)5
14 078
Tin manufactures ......... ...
15,451
20, 565
4, 362
1 , 375
Marble and stone manufactures. ..
Trunks and umbrellas
53, 883
5 470
109, 009
1 575
97,977
2 577
97, 002
1 967
48, 293
1 434
Clothing
9 373
16, 655
11,163
8,494
1, 328
"Wood manufactures ......
45, 146
49, 547
36, 593
49, 061
58, 302
Candles and soap
11 450
8 079
9 558
4 583
2 428
Paints and varnish
27 193
32 521
39 903
39 646
30 094
Copper and brass manufactures. . .
Musical instruments
60,511
104 534
49, 658
91 732
16,909
122, 8UO
32,238
100 907
50, 874
67, 445
Printin^ materials ,..
1,771
3, 437
5, 534
4,259
1,260
Other enumerated
21,990
5,595
12,776
8,190
4,7H4
Unenumerated manufactures
624, 534
542, 028
549,903
388, 229
401 , 227
Total
4 185 516
3 548 114
3 501 642
2 596 930
1 510 802
PREPARED PROVISIONS, ETC., EXPORTED FREE OP DUTY.
Beef
26 506
78 637
1,718
3,729
2,310
Pork
542 972
477 336
165 745
559 184
670 433
Hams and bacon
68 394
53 470
4 568
19 828
63 570
Butter
15 256
40, 154
5,847
71,472
78,718
Cheese
50 126
38, 896
37, 945
86, 870
55, 394
Lard
69 642
183 723
4 486
70 799
40 572
Tallow
113,013
136, 893
90, 860
144, 062
103, 338
Vinegar
6,845
3, 726
1,816
2, 321
2,002
SPIRITS AND LIQUORS PAYING DUTY.
Spirits
33 80
68 341
11 187
7 576
6 726
Beer and ale .
2 707
1,924
2, 733
1,656
22 832
The exports of prepared provisions, being nearly all free of duty, are fairly
maintained. That of liquors has nearly ceased, and an enormous stimulus has
been given to distillation in Canada of corn imported free from the United States.
The export of wheat and flour to the coast provinces has been referred to as
a large and direct trade to a market for consumption. It constituted the chief
part of the export trade previous to the enactment of the reciprocity treaty,
breadstuff s having always been admitted free of duty into the colonial ports of
the Atlantic coast.
106
FOEEIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
t
ft
Q
i
4
(O
%>
s
ss
4.
I
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
107
The fisheries of the coast provinces constitute a large natural market for
provisions and breadstuff s which can never bo supplied BO cheaply from
Canada as from the United States. The average imports from them are scarcely
half the exports, as will be seen by comparing the annual totals of trade with
the provinces, and but a very small proportion of these imports pay duty on
entering the. United States. The average annual value paying duty is $21(,172,
for the eight years of the operation of the treaty, while for the live years pre
ceding, the average paying duty was 81,750,000.
Tulle of trade through the Canadian canals in produce of the United Stales,
distinguishing the points of origin and destination, for ike years 1861, 1862,
and 1863.
EASTWARD OH DOWNWARD TRADE THROUGH THE WELLAND CANAL.
18
31.
18
32.
186
3.
From United States
ports.
To Canadian ports.
8
3
O 2
o >_
." O
a &
P
To Canadian ports.
CO
o
j5
m
r" /"
1 9
5 ~
H
co
c
c-<
c
2
G
EH
to
u
3
OQ
T3
o T*
.t: o
P
o
H
Agricultural implements,
castings, &c
Ashes, pot and pearl
Apples, fruits, aud cider.
Bark
Tows.
4
6
193
Tons.
26
121
185
Tons.
6
9
39
164
Tows.
19
79
132
*
Tons.
2
219
368
170
Tons.
6
63
35
Barley
728
G
3 329
Beef, pork, bains, and
bacon ......
7G4
2,132
460|
6, 1604
3, 509
8,429
Butter and cheese . .
12
129
23
3951
33
5
6
122
124
338
Coal
53 GG3
1 582
47 818
1 31
41 57
1 629
Corn a,nd corn meal . . .
39, 836
113, 793
65, 402
93, 648
355
Cotton
126
1
Fish
7
53
11|
241
g
13
Flour ...... ......
1,265
41,812
1,809
48,616
17, 900
53, 246
Furniture - ....
7
90
3
71
15
69
Hemp and flax
17
130
69
85
Hides
13
175
381
93
195
25
49
15
18
Horses and cattle
1
13
7
1
9
Iron and nails ..... ....
32
376
1
532|
83
593
Lard and tallow .... ....
23
417
141
1,056*
223
1,322
15
35
Oats
1
873
1 , 373
2,1421
89
Oils (all)
625
615
757
340*
1 *;>3
160
39:5
439
300
33
Orps
262
]
2 533
Potatoes
2
541
40
Hay and broomeorn
18
118
48
16
n
l?acr S
1
80
49
44
24
Kyc and rye meal ......
361
1,960
2, 476
1 , 301
878
1,049
Salt
40
471
21
119
101
761
7:u
52
107
8,166
555
2, 135
122
6, 149
147
Tobacco, (mostly nmnu-
502
17H
32
Wheat..
105, 993
236, 3.18
161,2241
286, 4781
118,983
233, 100
108
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Table of trade through the Canadian canals, <$r. Continued.
18
51.
18
32.
186
3.
From United States
ports.
To Canadian ports.
03
9
jjj
CO
II
5 ~
P
o
EH
To Canadian ports.
1
~S
OQ
r
II
P
O
H
To Canadian ports.
35
O
QQ
^ 2
11
Whiskey
Tons.
Tons.
1 249
Tons.
164
Tons.
Tows.
31
Tows.
1 528
\Vqol
133
2534
352
All other articles
54
534
53|
5644.
8 191
776
Total
211 210
404 634
283 9^14
447 2(34-1
4) 03 653
306 865
Lumber and timber.
6,713
22, 887
1,2104
24,257
94,783
134 997
Total all classes
217,892
427, 52]
285, 192
471,5214
298, 436
441, 62
WESTWARD OR UPWARD TRADE THROUGH THE WELLAND CANAL.
Agricultural implements,
tools & c ....
2
295
54
199
5
205
Apples &c
7
255
7
303
139
481
Beef, pork, hams, &c. . .
Bricks, cement, lime,
4
76
11
4 09
28
1214
1
4 78-^
32
209
5
5 8^9
Butter and cheese
o
43
4
42
16
72
Chalk and whitinf
171
505
]
162
Coal
1,568
12, 331
1,7444
7 038
2, 055
24, 552
Coffee
631
3944
302
Copperas
24
5
Q
Corn
Cotton
3, 029
17
6
3,049
27, 487
3
72,979
23
Pycs
3
204
195
Earthware and glass
ware
]
556
1,208
78
1,161
Fish
2
1,234
3
2 360
53
5 79
Flour
5
5
244
4 339
129
Furniture
5
714
74
5574
19
1,501
Gypsum
2
39
4
687
55
999
Hemp
271
333
]
341
Horses cattle and ^heep
o
305
29
6
223
Iron, nails, and spikes ..
Junk and oakum
57
5
9, 558
52
214
34
14,0814
1654
1,274
10
40, 622
122
Leather
13
24
1331
8
Mahogany
8
19
50
Marble... . . ...
8
916
5
960
346
3, 085
Molasses .
809
1 346
G
2 726
Oats
4
114
3
Oils
1
620
114
433
61
384
Ores (iron) .
2 976
6 340
21 889
Paints
1
338
JL
6(39
10
636
Pitch, tar, and turpen
tine .......
6
75
]
73
20
96
T? ve
253
618
501
Salt
1 935
72 672
2 1554
112 9 >)O
2 6(>8
102, 909
47
278
3
372
Soda ash
308
784^
14
615
Su^ar . ........
5
2 140
107
3 79Ji
265
3,892
Tin and steel . .
325
5714
14
584
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
109
Table of trade through the Canadian canals, fyc. Continued.
18
31.
18
32.
186
3.
From United States
ports.
To Canadian ports.
tn
o
~s3
QQ
ji
To Canadian ports.
1
n
It
To Canadian ports.
D
5
OQ
o "tJ
5 ft"
p
Tobacco
Tons.
1
Tons.
39
Tows.
Tows.
1904.
Tows.
15
Ions.
17
Wheat
3, 596
2
5,307
18,106
"Whiskey .
39
9
5
366
14
"Window glass
122
79
32
193
Other articles
45
4,293
75
9, 3934.
4,203
]9,fiSO
Lumber . .
136
200
1 , 4434.
981
5, 063
10,497
Total
10 185
116 240
14 908^
171 6734.
67 478
323 244
Transportation by tlie St. Laicrcnce Canal from American ports to Canada,
(down and up.)
[From Canadian official reports]
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Ashes
tons
9
99
100
Apples and vegetables ............
do
12
3 027^
6 101
lieer cider and vinecrar
do
186
Uutter aud cheese
do
120
753
Cement, lime, and bricks
do .
233
83
847
Coal .
do
3 216
3, 472
423
Corn, barlev, and grain
do
3,221
3,857
300
Cotton
do
9
Flour
do
3O>
3 417
1 167
G vpsurn . .......... . ... ......
do
187
11
Hemp ...
do
28
80
Hides
do
10
34
20
Iron
do
gui
08
Lard and lard oil.
do
34A
471
Live stock
do
24
23
22
Ores
do
114
2 658
1 276
Pitch, tar, and rosin
do
158
42H
241
Pork
do
66
684
889
Salt
. do
27
121
22
Sugar
do
457
381
102
Molasses
do
1 160
124
Tobacco
do
40
1744
10
Wheat
do.
5 143
j"*l
3 254
7 667
do
60
56
16
Stone
do
557
385
Lumber and staves
do. ..
1 66
145
563
Firewood
do
1 509
381
Other articles
... . do
413
489
777
Total I 16,537
22,691 I 23,118
I
110
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Summaries of the trade of the principal ports of the northern frontier witfi
Canada.
Exports and imports for eight years, 1856 to 1863 inclusive, as reported from
the following collection districts : Vermont : Ports of Burlington and Island
Pond, Yt. Champlain : Rouse s Point and Plattsburg, N. Y. Oswegatchie :
Ogdensburg, N. Y. Cape Vincent : Including Sackett s Harbor with Cape
Vincent, N. Y. Oswego : Port of Oswego only. Genesee : Rochester.
Niagara : Niagara and Suspension Bridge, N. Y. Buffalo Creek : Buffalo.
Presque Isle : Erie, Perm. Cuyahoga : Cleveland, Ohio. Sandusky and
Miami : Sandusky and Toledo, Ohio. Detroit. Mackinaw, Mich. Mil-
waukie, Wis. Chicago.
District and period.
Domestic
exports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total
exports.
Imports.
DISTRICT OF VERMONT. (Eurling-
ton and Island Pond. )
Year ending 1 June 30, 1856
$350, 607
$680, 843
$1,031,450
$1 560 118
1857.
283, 009
365, 461
648 470
2 709 193
1858
237, 686
727 949
965 665
2 J96 083
]859
295 649
840 905
*1 136 505
1 802 688
I860
257, 083
526,619
783, 702
2 731,857
1861 .
244, C57
514 416
809 073
3 477 811
1862
197 603
441 584
639 387
3 163 794
1863
195, 303
541,358
736,661
2 567 892
DISTRICT OF CHAMPLAIN. (Rouse s
Point and Plattsburg.)
Year ending June 30, 1856. . .
2,354,795
1,164 009
3,518 804
1 718 413
1857
1,076,135
1 240 927
2 317 062
2 334 402
1858
853 928
1 138 531
1 992 459
1 559 896
1859
2,150,431
2, 352, 209
4,502,640
2 360 984
1860 ..
997, 296
912 963
1 910 259
2 538 982
1861
819,671
740 244
1 559 915
2 187 675
1862
752, 956
898, 976
1 , 651 , 932
1,621,284
1863
*4, 553, 680
606 088
5, 159, 718
7 642 279
DISTRICT OF OSWEGATCHIE. (Og
densburg, N. Y.)
Year ending June 30, 1 856
1857
774, 605
941 115
739, 676
45 400
1,514,281
986 515
1,808,805
2 452 840
1858.
487, 043
197, 163
684, 206
961,116
1859.. . .
356, 251
71, 455
427, 706
1 017 281
1860
223, 705
20 810
244 515
974 153
1861
179, 343
18 840
198 183
675 917
1862.
144, 292
15, 687
159,979
1,131,810
1863
344, 464
344, 464
703 404
DISTRICT OF CAPE VINCENT. (In
cluding Sacketfs Harbor, N. Y.)
Year ending June 30, 1856
666, 696
298, 669
965, 365
1,605 473
1857
506, 685
221 , 632
728 317
1 291 457
1858
465, 807
267 505
733 312
1 233 423
1859
351 833
199 059
550 892
890, 698
1860
181 220
160 238
341 458
847 007
1861
205 393
117 362
322 755
768 500
1862
389 416
119 515
518 931
708 902
1863..
269. 836
105.744
375. 580
416. 786
* Including an unusual export of $3.376,977 of gold and silver coin.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. Ill
Summaries of the trade of the principal ports, Sfc. Continued.
District and period.
Domestic
exports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total
exports.
Imports.
DISTRICT OF OSWEGO.
$4,787,750
3, 059, 527
$686, 357
476, 531
197, 163
358,813
137, 450
275, 265
69, 903
712
$5,474,107
3, 536, 058
2, 040, 952
2,091,395
1,625,676
2,351,160
1,429,561
1,269,322
757,910
185, 579
172, 021
174,040
239,012
245, 254
275, 424
310, 352
1,069,605
1,718,330
1,414,138
2,394,528
2, 343, 760
2,594,818
1,436,937
368, 304
949, 529
941,970
762, 203
920, 195
705, 125
642,932
533, 801
524, 280
88, 084
49, 276
49, 160
30, 121
30, 060
37,019
104,067
120, 406
764,690
585, 449
297. 515
$5,321,278
3, 76-2, 969
1,870,774
3,637,709
4, 875, 989
5,864,130
3, 557, 403
2,653,533
/
1,117,391
968,734
272, 047
353, 795
719,451
337,467
177,303
158, 827
1,055,740
1,531,357
916, 969
1,049,944
2,172,615
1,900,271
1,560,795
1,286,544
1,837,239
1,601.419
1 , 380, 624
1,669,845
2, 677, 739
2, 573, 322
2, 584, 078
2,220,432
4,360
4,619
1,846
2,789
7,478
2, 700
4, 701
11,449
434,719
231,347
180.819
1857
1858. . .
1.849,789
1,732,582
1 , 488, 226
2, 075, 895
1,359,598
1,268,610
757,910
185J)
I860
1801
1862
1863
DISTRICT OFGENESEE. (Rochester,
N. Y.)
Year endin^ June 30, 1856
1857 .
174,611
157, 469
166,156
236,710
245, 254
273, 844
310,352
674,892
1,540,774
1,140,587
1,734,405
1,636,755
2, 084, 444
1,266,759
358, 857
868, 664
869,371
681,603
773,312
616,100
573, 877
517, 948
497,686
88, 084
49, 276
49, 160
30, 121
30, 060
37,019
104, 067
120, 406
764,690
585, 449
297,515
10,968
14, 552
7,884
2,302
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1,580
1863
DISTRICT OF NIAGARA. (Niagara
and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.)
Year cudin <r Juno 30 1856
194,713
177,556
273, 551
660, 123
657, 005
510,374
170, 178
9,447
80, 865
72, 599
80, 600
146,883
89, 025
69,105
15, 853
26,594
18/>7
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862. ..
1863
DISTRICT OF BUFFALO.
Ycur endiu fr June 30 1856
1857
1858
1859
I860
1861
1862
1863
DISTRICT OF PRESQUE ISLE. (Erie,
Pa.)
Year endin^ June 30, 1856
1857
1858
1859
I860
1861
1862
1863
DISTRICT OF CUYAIIOGA. (Cleve
land, Ohio.)
Year endin & June 30, 1 856
1857
1858..,
112 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Summaries of the trade of the principal ports, <$r Continued.
District and period.
Domestic
exports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total
exports.
Imports.
Year cndincr June 30 1859
$310,996
$210,996
$161,934
3860
387,412
387 412
236 991
3861
1862
369, 390
288, 021
369, 390
288, 021
383,273
317,195
1863
653,431
653,411
330, 083
DISTRICTS OF SANDUSKY AND MI
AMI. (Sandusky and Toledo, O. )
Year endin * June 30 1856
280, 362
280 362
28, 754
1857
348 540
348 540
35 938
1858
42 046
42 046
38 474
1859
52 015
52 015
105 912
1860
97 398
97 398
22, 593
1861
313 805
313 805
62 333
1862
613,369
613,369
47, 229
1863
*995, 444
995, 444
94, 864
DISTRICT OF DETROIT.
895,624
895, 624
845, 288
1 857
1,487,223
$15,383
1,502,606
1,018,308
1858
5,168,031
20, 676
5, 188, 707
663, 001
1859
3,924 624
3, 624, 624
1,048,027
1860
3 826 932
3 826,932
900, 589
1861
330, 752
330, 752
542, 853
1862
1,631,612
325,803
1,757,515
528, 021
1863
1 928, 302
80 298
2, 008, 600
740, 958
DISTRICT OF CHICAGO.
Year ending June 30, 3 856
1857
, 345, 223
, 585, 096
" 308
3,345,223
3 , 585, 404
277, 404
326, 325
1858
713 077
3 713 077
222, 930
1859
, 269, 385
3,269,385
93, 588
3860
1861
3862
1863
DISTRICT OF MILWAUKIE.
,165,183
3, 522, 343
2, 303, 275
3, 544, 085
345, 493
1,165,183
3, 522, 343
2, 303, 275
3, 544, 085
345, 493
60,214
77, 348
61,383
134, 204
27, 694
1857
522, 044
522, 044
5,817
1858
543, 280
543, 280
106,604
1859
699, 088
699, 088
28, 946
1860
3861
187,133
785 832
187, in
785 832
3, 425
8, 230
3862
1,425,088
1,425,088
5,819
1863
DISTRICT OF MACKINAW, MICH.
Year ending June 30 1856
3, 323, 637
3, 323, 637
24, 479
35, 400
1857
250
3858
9, 833
3859
39,312
3860. . . .
35,590
1861
33,863
3862
3, 334
1863
,
31 , 268
Nearly nil this amount was exported in the quarter ending September 30, 18G2, at Toledo.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 113
Summary at ports eastward of Buffalo, including Buffalo.
Year.
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total exports.
Imports.
1856
$11 435 919
$3 845 13
$15 231 051
$16 074 457
1857
8 451 227
2 611 074
11 06 1 * 301
16 65^ 371
1858
5 873 912
2 897 044
8 770 956
10 390 937
1859
7 560 6 39
4 (J37 3;32
12 197 961
12 78 924
1860
5 687 095
2 506 41^
8 19 5 507
17 538 793
1861
6 4 23 534
2 295 606
8 724 140
17 785 093
186-2 ...
4 912 616
1 733 336
6 645 952
14 505 374
1863
*7 795 738
1 289 943
9 088 681
17 649 697
* Including an unusual export of $3,376,977, at the district of Champlain, of gold and silver coin.
Summary at ports westward of Buffalo.
Year.
Domestic ex
ports.
Foreign ex
ports.
Total exports.
Imports.
1856...
$3,619,476
$3,619,476
$1 , 653, 619
1857
4 577 628
$15 691
4 593 319
1 622 584
1858
7 813 109
20 676
7 8 -) 4 785
1 203 507
1859 ,
1860
5, 886, 221)
5, 494, 096
5, 886, 229
5, 494, 093
1,460,508
1,306,880
1861 .
5 359 141
5 3y) ]4i
890 600
1862
6 365 532
125 803
6 491 335
767 687
1863
10 565 285
80 298
10 645 583
1 167 302
CANADIAN FREE PORTS.
By an act of the Canadian legislature which went into operation November
30, I860, the harbor and district of Gasps Basin, iu the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
waa constituted a free port into which goods of every description might be
imported, either for consumption or for re-exportation, without the payment of
duties. An extended line of coast was embraced in this district, with Anticosti
island and the Magdalen islands, the whole area of territory being quite large,
but the number of inhabitants small. The district itself is incapable of much
development, and the consequences as to making it a depot of trade for re-export
do not appear to be important. It is mainly used as a point of outward ship
ment of fish and lumber, and of importation of spirits, groceries, and manufac
tured goods. These imports are not, however, apparently much beyond the
consumption of the islands and fisheries of the vicinity. The countries from
which they come are evidently transatlantic mainly, and not in great proportion
from the United States. Whatever may be the advantages conferred on the
fisheries and local interests of the vicinity, there does not appear to be any
general importance attaching to the establishment of this as a free port.
Ex. Doc. 55 8
114
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Imports at the port of Gaspe from countries other than Canada.
Articles
18
31.
18
52.
186
3.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Wines and spirits . . galls .
Coffee Ibs
30,913
11 133
$20, 125
1 464
38, 740
17 766
$20, 382
3 348
61,301
39 516
$33,226
6 316
Sujrar Ibs
121 489
8 226
244 582
13 635
14 676
9 031
Molasses .... galls .
62, 897
15,953
111,722
21,988
87 699
19 932
Tea Ibs.
77,655
24 339
98 868
35 617
103 783
32 108
Tobacco Ibs
62 000
11 452
53 667
17 207
50 995
15 964
Clothino"
13 263
16 991
]> 106
ManuFs and dry goods. -
126, 835
126, 024
119 854
Other dutiable articles . . .
Free goods
48,543
104, 529
57, 828
107, 060
61,815
118,271
Totals.:
374, 729
420,180
428, 623
Exports of tJie port of Gaspe to British and foreign ports.
18
31.
18
52.
186
3.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Fish dry cwt
142 021
$415 549
184 676
$560 948
180 964
)803 347
pickled bbls.
oil galls .
75, 037
42, 499
161,203
18, 876
2Cy252
78, 115
35, 067
43, 298
39, 969
58, 3GO
59, 754
36 957
Furs and skins.
5,360
17 933
7 820
Timber and lumber
19 262
19 609
31 675
Butter lard and pork
1 477
3 160
6 157
Wheat, flour, and grain . .
2,615
2, 564
3 238
Other articles
6,135
8,491
5,904
Totals
630 477
691 075
754 852
A second and more important free port, as regards the commerce of the
United States, was at the same time established at Sault Ste. Marie, and em
bracing the whole Canadian coast of Lake Superior and Lake Huron. The
district has 400 miles of lake coast, and the adjacent islands are also included.
Very little practical importance has resulted from the opening of this port up
to the close of 1863; but its proximity to a rapidly developing country on both
sides of the boundary indicates that it will interfere materially with the com
merce of other districts should it continue a free port. The following were
the imports for the three years of its establishment j but it is impossible to say
what proportion was from the United States :
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
115
Imports into Sault Ste. Marie from British and foreign ports.
1861
1862
1863
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Spirits
10 245 gals
$3 177
8 718 gals
$3 002
r > 078 n-ilq
*R2 r >Pfl
Coffee
131 Ibs.
26
399 Ibs
73
3 556 Ibs
690
Tea
8 748 Ibs.
4 648
6 3:59 Ibs
3 406
14 5 U Ibs
8 331
Tobacco
3 561 Ibs
963
1 286 Ibs
571
7 371 llm
fir 4
Spices
50 Ibs.
25
44 Ibs
7
115 Ibs
24
Fruits, dry
638 Ibs
113
5 845 Ibs
385
7 287 Ibs
733
Sugar
33 831 Ibs
2 882
44 371 }]j S
2 922
100 304 Ibs
8 902
Molasses
214 c-als.
92
163 gals
78
Soap
Malt liquors
7, 103 Ibs.
1 042 gals
410
297
3, 035 Ibs.
5 488 gals
185
1 259
7, 310 Ibs.
366 o-ils
516
147
Wines
174 srals.
365
413 gals
628
605 gals
1 009
Clothing
2 227
4 037
13 415
Woollens
25,118
22, 293
16 834
Cottons .
5 719
6,675
7 042
Leather manufactures
\ 101
1 482
3 190
Hardware
2, 672
5; 432
4,711
Glass and earthenware
255
91
677
Machinery
1 048
781
394
Iron and steel
3 098
1 375
634
Gunpowder .
4,885
4,992
4,306
Candles
1 299
1 442
675
Hay . .
47 tons
503
47 tons
660
28 tons
465
Otlier articles
5 616
5 418
13 457
Total dutiable
Free goods
66,515
26, 189
67, 587
22, 833
88, 566
27, 306
Total imports
92 704
90 420
115 872
Exports of the port of Sault Ste. Marie to British and foreign ports.
Articles
18
51.
18
52.
186
3.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Copper ....... .. tons
1 495
$125 176
Copper ore ...... tons
3 129
$210 471
3 114
$250 468
3 038
245 394
Fish pickled bbls
1 210
5 066
50
228
299
1 479
Knees, planks, &c. .....
1,401
4, 250
Other wood ............
125
3, 020
1 839
Animals horses, &c.
160
420
360
Furs
Maple su^ar and ve^ tab s
-----
17, 000
532
46, 764
421
56, 029
Indian bark work. ......
761
287
29
Other articles ......
242
Totals
235, 516
305,858
430, 543
116 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The trade of this port or district is evidently limited altogether to the local
consumption and production of the few inhabitants at present occupying it.
Its exports of copper and copper ore are the chief productions, and are three
times the value of its imports.
The trade of the same port with Canada is very small, the imports and exports
being in
Imports. Exports.
1861 $39,179 $95
1862 41, 743 74
1863 57,199 253
The chief product, copper and copper ore, comes to the United States.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 117
INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE
BETWEEN THE
MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND THE ATLANTIC STATES.
DATA TREATMENT GENERAL RESULTS.
In the division of this report relating to internal commerce it is assumed that
the exchanges conducted within the limits of the United States have attained to
a magnitude entitling them to the designation of commerce in the broadest and
fullest sense of the term, and to the care and regard of the national authorities
as commerce is with foreign countries.
Though these exchanges pass through no official record of valuation it is still
assumed that the statistics of the transportation lines afford the basis of a
reasonably close approximation to a calculation of their value.
It is Assumed that the carriage of produce or manufactures the average dis
tance of three hundred miles from the producing point to the market of con
sumption, entitles such quantities and values to be ranked with the general mass
of exchanges defined as internal commerce. This is limited, however, to trans
portation east and west, since that, more definitely than in other directions, repre
sents natural movements from producers to consumers.
As a measure of this exchange between the east and the west, all quantities
are taken which pass the line of the Alleghanies in either direction, including
the extension of their line, or meridian, through Upper Canada. And an addition
is made to the quantities reported as carried in through freight across this line,
of one-half the way freight of the five great carriers eastward of the Alleghauies
to tide-water. These carriers are the Erie canal, the New York Central and
Erie railroads, the Pennsylvania railroad, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.
Assigning values to the quantities so taken, which are the quantities and
market values of 1862, it is found that the aggregate value of westward com
merce in that year, including the deliveries of merchandise of all classes at a
distance of 300 miles from the Atlantic seaboard, was nearly the sum of
$616,000,000 ; and that the return freight, eastward, of inland produce and mer
chandise passing the line of the Alleghanies, attained the value of $522,000,000.
The total trade is, therefore, $1,138,000,000.
As a general check on the calculation, it is estimated that a population of ten
millions west of the Alleghanies is supplied with most of its merchandise by
this westward carriage, and that they have taken, under circumstances of
unusual activity and ability to supply themselves, fifty dollars in value each of
all classes of articles and representatives of value.
To represent this internal movement in such manner that an independent
judgment may be formed of it by every one, the statistics of quantities trans
ported in both directions are given in condensed form from the reports of the
various transportation authorities, yet with enough detail to show precisely
what the exchange is.
The commerce of the lakes is stated in the fullest manner from the trade
reports of the cities on its borders. Their immense fleet of vessels, with the
recent increase and present tonnage ; the lines of propellers of recent estab
lishment, and their railroad connections in transit and at the east, with the
118 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
statistics of shipment at western ports and of receipt at eastern terminal points,
are embodied very fully. Calculations of value based on the quantities iden
tified in this way, appear to sustain the calculations applied directly to the
tonnage of the great roads and the Erie canal which complete the transportation
from the west.
The receipts and shipments of all leading articles of produce are given at the
chief ports and cities of the lake district, including Toronto and Montreal, in
Canada.
The data used relate mainly to the year 1862. N earlier year is taken to
represent our internal or domestic commerce proper; because, before the rebellion
the import and export trade of the United States to a considerable extent
traversed the southern ports ; because it was a full year, but not excessive ; and
because in that year there was a very complete severance of the domestic com
merce of the north from that of the south and from the foreign. The occasional
comparisons with other years are made for specific and subordinate purposes.
The "year" intended in this division is the calendar; and the values are at
the prices ruling in 1862, before any extraordinary rise had taken place.
INTERNAL OR DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The extent of the territory of the United States is so great, and the diversity
of production in its various parts so much beyond the ordinary diversity be
longing to any single or continental government, that the exchanges conducted
within its limits rise to the full measure of importance which belongs ito com
merce in its general sense. The articles exchanged are carried to great dis
tances, and they are of the natural surplus of the districts from which they are
taken, supplying a natural want in the districts to which they are carried. Sub
tropical staples are exchanged for the field crops and forest products of the
coolest belt of the temperate latitudes in one direction ; and in another the
extremes of maritime and of continental interior climates are exchanged. Trade
of this comprehensive character must be regarded as permanent, and as entitled
to rank next to the highest in national interest and importance. If possible, it
should be as regularly stated and as definitely known through authentic statis
tics, as the external trade of the country in imports and exports is known.
Russia alone, of European states, conducts a trade analogous to that of the
United States between its various districts. Great efforts have at all times been
made by that government to foster and encourage those inland exchanges, and
much of the strength and of the display of accumulated resources which occa
sions have at various times developed in Russia, may undoubtedly be ascribed
to its command of the products of an entire continental zone, and to its con
stant, though almost silent, interchange of these products from all points within
the widely separated coasts that constitute its boundary. The other European
states exchange very largely with their colonies, and almost wholly by sea ;
the statistics of this trade being regularly given as a branch of their foreign
commerce. Strike from the commerce of England, France, Spain, and Holland,
the trade they conduct with their own colonies, near and remote, and the volume
would be greatly reduced. During the last twenty years the development of
the interior of this continent, and of the new territorial area of the United
States, has drawn a large share of the means, the energy, and activity which in
European states finds its proper field of activity in foreign commerce, to the
hitherto unnoted trade of the plains, the interior, and the Pacific coast. The
district of the great lakes is alone a vast field for this display of commercial
energy, and the Mississippi valley has long constituted another, and almost equal
field. The railroad system connecting the Atlantic cities with the interior has
recently developed the same general character, and has risen to gigantic import
ance as an agent in actual exchanges of merchandise. The tonnage movement
of the great railroads from the interior eastward to the Atlantic cities in 1863
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 119
was little, if at all, inferior to the tonnage delivered by transatlantic shipping
arriving at the ports of the entire Atlantic coast. The railroad freight tonnage
reached a total of nearly 3,500,000 tons, and deducting from the shipping arri
vals of the Atlantic ports a small proportion for that which came from American
ports north or south of the United States in transit to Europe, the total remain
ing does not largely exceed the amount just stated.*
The difficulty of assigning definite quantities and values to these internal
exchanges is great, since there is no uniform system of record through which
they pass. The railroads and canals are, with one exception, private corpo
rations; and though they usually report with great fulness the quantities of the
leading articles transported, values are given only in the case of the New York
State canals. In many things these reports of the transportation companies are
sufficiently full and clear for the purpose of calculating the values exchanged,
and it is only necessary to institute a system of estimates, based on the known
prices of leading articles. These are readily determined, and there appears no
insuperable difficulty in making up calculated total values which will attain a
reasonable approximation to accuracy. On the New York canals the precedent
of estimating values per pound for freight of all kinds has been set for years in
the official reports of the auditor general, and the results of such estimates have
been accepted without question.
As a basis for the calculation, it is assumed that goods carried the distance of
three hundred miles from the place of production to the place of consumption
should be included in the account of domestic or internal commerce. Very
large quantities of produce and of manufactured goods are carried much further
than this in the United States, as in the very heavy shipments from New York
and other Atlantic cities to Chicago, St. Louis, and other points on the Missis
sippi and Missouri rivers. Probably the assumption of three hundred miles as
the minimum of distance would raise the average distance to five hundred miles,
in consequence of the preponderance of freights of eight hundred to one thousand
miles ; so that it would be reasonable to assume two hundred miles as the mini
mum, and to include all transportation for this last-named distance in the general
account. In regard to manufactured goods, domestic and foreign, sent west
ward, the average distance for those sent to the entire region west of the Alle-
ghanies is little, if at all, short of eight hundred miles. The return trade eastward
has a somewhat shorter line.
The calculation of values for this internal exchange must be made from the
commercial statements voluntarily put forth by the transporting companies, or
compiled by Boards of Trade for commercial information. These sources of
information are much more abundant and uniform for the trade between the
Atlantic coast and the interior, than for that between the northern and southern
States, and along the Mississippi river and valley, north and south. The lines
of transportation north and south are neither so regular nor so much pressed
with constant business as those leading east and west. Vast as the freights
were which were carried on the Mississippi, outward and inward, they were
subject to great variations in successive years, and no trustworthy record of
them has been preserved. At the cast, the coasting trade was always the chief
The total tonnage entered in all the ports of the United States during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1863, was 7,255,076 tous. Deducting an aggregate of 3,050,309 tons
arriving from Canada, (the larger share of which is mere ferry tonnage,) and also 273,635
tons arriving at San Francisco and other Faciiic ports, there remain 3,931,072 tons as the
total arriving from all quarters at all the Atlantic ports.
During the calendar year 1863 the Pennsylvania railroad delivered 704, 17J tons at its
eastern terminus, while in 1862 the New York Central delivered 1,064,128 tons, and the
Eric 1)71,332 tons. Adding to the last two an. advance of 15 per cent, reported in 1863
over 1862, and the three sum up 3,044,960 tons. Adding 50 J, 000 tons for all other
roads, the total exceeds 3,500,000 tons.
120 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
reliance for carriage, and this was also subject to great and irregular variations.
No entrances or clearances of cargo being ever required, the best that can be
done is to roughly estimate it by the tonnage capacity of the shipping through
which it was conducted.
With the progress of the age in perfecting railroads, the contrast between
land and water carriage has been steadily reduced to smaller and smaller pro
portions, until even the lakes and rivers lying in the direct line of east and west
carriage have become merely the equals of the railroad lines. They are but
portions of the general lines, and are preferred or rejected at intervals, according
to the temporary exigencies of business.
The more important mass of this internal commerce is over the broad northern
belt occupied by the great railroad lines, and in which the great lakes, the New
York canals, and the Ohio river now only divide the transportation with these
roads. All these cross a natural line of geographical division between the east
and the west at the Alleghanies, and the continuation of their line from the
point where they cease as mountains, due northward, across the Erie canal, the
New York Central railroad, and the Canadian lines of transportation, may be
taken as of the same geographical significance. There is no line equally well
defined in any other part of the United States over which the entire volume of
natural exchanges now passes between the two sections. The trade of the
Mississippi river has been, and must always remain, much less definite, since an
alternative is offered at each extremity for transportation by other modes of
conveyance. The outlet for western produce to foreign tropical markets
geographically near the mouth of the Mississippi, is now in many respects more
convenient by lake and railroad first to the Atlantic coast, than by the most
unrestricted use of the Mississippi and the New Orleans markets.
The calculation of transportation east and west may be simplified by taking
the entire carriage of the great leading lines, and rejecting that of the subordi
nate lines. In the entire carriage of the Erie canal the trade passing over Lake
Ontario is embraced. A small proportion of the lake trade, which has been
estimated by the best Canadian authorities at not more than ten per cent., passes
northward of Lake Ontario, or goes out at other ports or outlets than the New
York canals, or by railroad to Portland, Maine. This proportion can be taken
directly from Canadian statistics, or can be added simply as a percentage on the
total values of the lake trade otherwise made up. As there are lateral roads
and canals, as well as intermediate lake ports, which represent fragments of the
general trade east and west, and which deliver or receive their freight at points
on the great roads far along their line from either terminus, it is a necessary
and just simplification to take the entire business of the great lines, and reject
the smaller ones altogether, as has been said. Thus the New York and Erie
road has tributary lines on the north connecting it with Buffalo, with Lake
Ontario, and with the Hudson river; on the south it has a great tributary
leading from Central Ohio ; the business of all being conducted between markets
really separated by an average distance not less than three hundred miles.
For the measure of the trade between the east and the west, therefore, it is
proposed to take the entire freight carriage of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad,
the Pennsylvania railroad, the Erie and Central railroads, in New York, the
Erie canal, the Welland canal, and the Grand Trunk railroad of Canada; or to
estimate for such transportation on these last named as properly belongs to the
trade entering from the United States, and again returning, as has been stated
above, viz: ten per cent, of the carriage of the Eric canal.
Before proceeding to give the statement of values so exchanged between the
west and the east across the Alleghanies and their line continued northward,
it may be proper to state at what other points this domestic commerce should
be noted in order to obtain an adequate account of it. The coastwise trade of
the Atlantic coast in part belongs to it, as does also -the barge transportation
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 121
through the New Jersey canals, and through the Chesapeake and Delaware
canal. But there are no railroad lines in the eastern States whose traffic would
be included, beyond the amount which would be reached at the eastern extrem
ities of the great lines before named. That which is local, or may be carried
but fifty or one hundred miles on the eastern end of either of the great roads
or canals, is again taken up by minor roads and carried to cities along the coast
a distance sufficient to make up the distance assumed as the minimum. No
eastern roads need, therefore, be taken into the account, if the entire movement
on the great lines before named is considered.
The coastwise trade is, in ordinary times, made up of elements that may be
estimated with a fair approximation to accuracy. The coal of Pennsylvania is
carried coastwise to the extent of near one-fourth the annual production. The
products of the fisheries are, to the extent of two-thirds their total in quantity
and value, also carried in the coastwise trade, embracing in this calculation the
produce of the whale fisheries. The lumber of the southern States is carried
northward, that of the Susquehanna eastward, and that of the coast of Maine
southward, each in quantities and proportions which may be estimated. Naval
stores, rice, and cotton were carried from the planting States in large quantities,
as they undoubtedly will be again. Grain and flour from the James river, the
Chesapeake, and the coasts of Maryland and Delaware, have been carried to
the eastern States in great quantities. Lastly, the manufactures and machinery
produced in all the New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jer
sey, Delaware, and Maryland, have been carried coastwise to the entire south,
from the Delaware bay to Texas. The value of these manufactures has always
been large; and though the trade is now greatly checked, it constitutes a traffic
which will revive promptly, and will attain far greater proportions hereafter
than it has at any previous time.
In the west there are at least three central points at which exchanges are
conducted rising to the full dignity of commerce. Cincinnati is the first of these,
as a point of exchange between the States north of the Ohio, and those producing
many things essentially distinct south of the Ohio. The hemp and tobacco of
Kentucky are not, however, fully noted in the statistics of trade at Cincinnati.
The cotton and iron of Tennessee come to the Ohio river only in small quan
tities also.
St. Louis is the next general commercial centre the trade of which is not em
braced in the account of exchanges between the east and the west. The entire
trade of St. Louis, and of such points southward to the mouth of the Ohio river
as are now increasing in trade through the Illinois Central railroad or other- 1
wise, should be taken into the exhibit of domestic commerce.
Chicago is a large receiving point, and a larger distributor both of agricul
tural produce and of manufactured goods than either of the cities first named,
but a large share of its exchanges will be noted in the statistics of trade over
the great railroad and lake lines. The exchanges here conducted are so exten
sive, however, that they should be given separately, subsequently estimating
what proportion may be taken as included or not included in other statements
of internal exchanges.
The Lake Superior trade, now only at the moderate proportions of ten or twelve
million dollars in value shipped outward, and twelve millions (including mining
machinery) shipped inward, is a distinct and notable item of trade. The copper
nd iron produced there are largely smelted and wrought at Detroit, Cleveland,
Pittsburg, and Buffalo, but a small share of its products being shipped direct
to the Atlantic cities. There is a considerable lumber trade of the upper lakes,
and a trade in the salt, fish and local products of the State of Michigan which
occupies a class of lake coasting vessels in a profitable and important business,
which does not go much beyond the cities of the lake shores.
Beyond all these is the trade of Saint Paul and the northwestern border, and of
Leaven worth and the great plains to the gold region ; which constitutes a distinct
122 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
and very important division, not only for what it now is, but in view of its
rapid expansion, and the enormous development it is soon to attain.
At the south, New Orleans was always a focal point for extensive domestic
exchanges, conducted both coastwise and by the Mississippi river. We can
now merely state to what these exchanges attained before the disturbances
which have destroyed that trade for the time, and which leave it doubtful to
what extent and in what time they will be resumed.
SPECIFIC CALCULATION OF THE EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE
EAST AND THE WEST.
I. WESTWARD FREIGHTS.
The reports of the Pennsylvania railroad are more full and complete as re
gards the details of articles carried than those of any other line of transporta
tion so extensive, and they may therefore be taken as the best to initiate
the calculation of values proposed. Prices may be assigned to almost every
article in detail, if desired, and the total value may be so deduced, or an
average may be taken with less labor which will closely approximate the same
result. The general classification into which these articles are thrown is the
same as that employed in describing the freight of the New York and Erie and
the New York Central roads, and therefore a classified price, calculated to agree
with the total derived from the average of all articles in detail, could be used
with safety for all similar statements of freight aggregates. Thus the detailed
list of articles appears to show that one third of the tonnage carried westward
on the Pennsylvania road is properly described as dry goods, another third as
drugs and groceries, and the remaining third as iron and heavy goods. If this
division is correct, it is not material whether the values assigned per pound to
each be absolutely correct, so that their total does not exceed the total deduced
by a calculation of values for each article. For the year 1862 the westward
freight of this road was as follows :
From Philadelphia to Pittsburg 256, 204, 920 pounds, or 123, 102 tons.
From Baltimore to Pittsburg 34, 206, 488 pounds, or 17, 1 03 tons.
Totals 290, 411, 408 pounds, or 145, 205 tons.
The schedule of articles shows a large preponderance of dry goods, drugs,
medicines and dyes, groceries, boots, shoes, and hats, and similar articles of
high relative value. It is well known that the maximum often assumed by car
riers as the limit of value at which they will compensate shippers for goods lost
in their care, is usually insisted upon by losers as being below their true
value. This maximum is one dollar per pound ; but as it is usually applied to
other goods than those here distinguished as the third class, or heavy goods,
it is but an incidental proof favoring an increase of the general average of prices.
It is proposed to assume an average value of forty-three and one-third cents
per pound for this westward freight ; and in dividing it into three equal portions,
to assign one dollar per pound to the dry goods, or highest class, twenty cents
per pound to the drugs and groceries, and ten cents per pound to the iron and
heavy goods.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 123
1 . Dry goods 90, 803, 803 pounds, at $1 per pound $96, 803, 803
2. Drugs and groceries 96, 803, 803 pounds, at 20 cents per pound. . . 19, 360, 761
3. Iron and heavy goods 96, 803, 80*2 pounds, at 10 cents per pound ... 9, 680, 381
Totals 290, 41 1 , 408 pounds, at 43 cents per pound . . 125, 844, 945
This is of through freight only, and that which, being carried farthest, may
be presumed to average the highest value per pound. During the year 1862
the price of many descriptions of dry goods had largely increased as com
pared with 1860, and this was particularly true of the classes most largely
carried to the interior markets cotton and cotton-mixed goods, coarse woollens,
and leather manufactures. It is, in fact, probable that the values here assumed
are too low, and that a total value higher by some millions would be more
nearly correct for the year 1862; but as this year is exceptional as compared
with former years, it may be better to retain a relatively low rate one certainly
not requiring abatements for over-estimate.
Next, the quantities carried locally on the Pennsylvania road from its eastern
terminus to points along its line require to be considered. For reasons else
where stated it is assumed that these freights passing through, or departing
from, each terminus, belong in the general account, since there is nothing taken
for the freights of other roads connected with, and continuing the business of,
the great lines. The record of the local freight of the Pennsylvania road is in
complete, in consequence of the employment on it of "cars of individual trans
porters," who do not make return of their business in the statements of the
company, merely paying tonnage rates or mileage rates for their cars in bulk.
For 1862 the total reported as carried by cars of the company from the eastern
terminus westward, but not through to Pittsburg, is 91,565,194 pounds, to which
may be added for the individual transporters at least enough to raise the aggre
gate to 100,000,000 pounds, or 5,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds each. Of this
freight about one-eighth is dry goods, one-fourth groceries, and the remainder,
five-eighths, heavy goods. For groceries and heavy goods it is perhaps neces
sary to reduce the prices taken in the former case, as follows :
1. Dry goods 12, 500, 000 pounds, at ,$1 per pound $12, 500, 000
2. Groceries, &c 25, 000, 000 pounds, at 15 cents per pound ... 3, 750, 000
3. Heavy goods 62, 500, 000 pounds, at 6 cents per pound 3, 750, 000
Totals 100, 000, 000 pounds, at 20 cents per pound ... 20, 000, 000
These are minimum quantities and values, which should not be excluded from
the account of movements westward. Probably the larger share of the articles
have already been brought from points averaging a hundred miles beyond the
eastern terminus of the road New York and the New England States and
they are to be carried at least a hundred miles further, on the average, before
being distributed to consumers.
The detailed tables which follow are given for their general value in illus
trating the trade of the east with the interior. Were such details accessible for
the great roads of New ,York, a similar diversity and corresponding general
divisions would undoubtedly appear. The Central road of New York carries a
larger proportion of light and valuable goods, and^ the Erie road a larger pro
portion of heavy goods, the two together averaging very nearly the same in
classification and in values with the Pennsylvania road.
124
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles carried westward on the Pennsylvania railroad.
1. THROUGH TO PITTSBURG, FROM PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE.
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
. 1862.
1863.
Pounds.
225 592
Pounds.
51 035
Pounds.
38 907
Pounds.
215 393
Pounds.
105 443
Agricultural products, not specified.
1, 838, 887
ICO 771
338, 690
90 085
567, 346
26 830
340, 682
178 237
1,395, 198
3 355
34 160
1 870 157
5 670 f> 3
15 74 187
2 476 417
1 329 651
715 866
669 073
1 046 125
Boots, shoes and hats
8, 615, 496
8 782 194
4 891 408
4 697 429
5 903 451
8 278 049
3 529 048
6 926 !62
4 689 95
1 428 234
90 085
6 830
178 37
9T7 64
Cedar and willow ware
105 073
189 196
119 323
54 289
258 215
Coffee
10 615 235
6 781 574
14 566 908
7 6 55 703
7 908 753
Confectionery and foreign fruits
3, 580, 979
2 076 608
2, 739, 882
5 057 33
2, 784, 837
3 567 48
435, 930
2 70 r >69
1. 678, 155
7 360 764
Cotton - ..
109 721
323 910
968* 310
21 800
Dry goods
Drugs medicines and dyes
57, 297, 296
9 413 469
61, 472, 760
12 837 228
43, 225, 689
12 541 640
73,291.468
21 336 263
50, 338, 433
11 375 625
Earthenware and queensware
Feathers furs and t-kius
5, 170, 240
6,620,087
5 770
3, 305, 229
6, 260, 364
77 805
7, 922, 857
28 590
399 251
75 063
Flour and meal . . ..
; 64 655
20 3 ;9
2 625
2 453 364
2 789 863
549 391
2 360 48
o 546 576
Glass and glassware
1 191 785
1 047 644
548 878
809 127
500 933
Grain of all kinds
2 (PO 335
6 890
043 g-y>
60 75-^
Grass and other seeds
276 456
52 864
143 376
173 870
75 638
214 465
89 078
86 960
3 I9 103
3 718 288
Groceries, except coffee
19, 286, 909
172 159
22, 850, 097
17 370
27, 184^ 460
65, 107. 825
18 21
64, 854, 635
10 299
10 890 368
10 734 309
10 024 622
9 192 983
21 500 527
1 96 499
2 718 632
1 574 400
1 095 513
1 285 653
Hides and hair .
206 482
183 112
121 412
328 155
265 948
Iron, pig and blooms
14 250
655 627
155 320
rolled ...
1 220 102
1 877 535
1 898 189
2 591 217
3 417 202
4 46 895
987 210
35 19
1 945 408
1 613 169
Leather .
3 617 383
860 268
2 684 536
2 434 852
741 732
40 857
33! 848
405 732
363 458
4 763 265
1 211 656
9 074 107
11 896 913
15 829 4%
2 499 250
2 506 359
2 036 545
2 183 337
5 845 654
Malt and malt liquors
174 185
111 097
99 30
385 586
112 205
272 073
134 597
ogo OOQ
oo] g()7
566 875
Oil, (not coal or petroleum)
Oysters
2 69 272
369* 001
2, 226, 555
319 710
1, 544, 998
799 853
1,477,852
1 756 070
753, 230
2 044 538
2 849 384
3 275 046
2 012 527
1 635 6 u )
1 367 514
685 081
5 975 !5
7 603 04
Salt
1, 284, 325
5 76 160
1. 908, 192
4 544 560
3, 561, 278
3 349 024
5, 803, 964
11 84 3 -) 7
655, 374
5 5 366
Soda-ash, (pot and pearl)
17, 228, 845
36 3 689
10,916,453
290 04
5, 066, 895
191 137
15 701,119
310 194
15, 745, 830
297 701
Tobacco and ci ars
3 65 t 796
2 806 571
2 725 801
2 454 705
2 643 452
1 037 648
1 813 038
45 899
1 177 053
417 171
4 621 154
3 842 798
2 010 596
1 049 598
131 306
358 005
19 50
30 81
2 g-->i ()>.->
1 857 383
Woollen yarns .
378 436
259 203
393 953
374 439
155 758
1 179 82
797 280
24 000
24 752
260 866
Government goods . . ,
1 11 9 986
I
Total pounds
207 677 029
199 493 368
179 835 833
290 441 408
277 656 350
Total tons
103 839
99 747
89 918
145 2u6
13^ 828
Articles carried westward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued.
2. TO WAY STATIONS, FROM PHILADELPHIA.
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Pounds.
510 196
Pounds.
24 8 >8
Pounds.
r>5 475
Pounds.
137 233
Pounds.
150, P87
Agricultural products,not specified.
2,204,396
143 156
1, 212, 315
10 495
864, 504
2 450
399, 4 19
11 335
6JO. 765
1,430
Boots shoen and hats
961 870
831 559
755 991
2 226 803
951,046
206 845
214 419
136 894
4:!7 382
138, 449
Carriages . . .
129, 555
1. 984, OU5
145, 159
101, 735
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 125
Articles carried westward on tlie Pennsylvania railroad Continued.
2. TO WAY STATIONS, FROM PHILADELPHIA.
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Cedar ware
Pounds.
164, 222
Pounds.
192 682
Pounds.
193, 968
Pounds.
213 197
Pounds.
283 890
Coffee . ...
4 864 813
3 134 597
2 243 281
1 256 331
400 763
Confectionery and fruits
1, 322, 815
1,343 511
917 498
323, 235
265 975
Coal
50 277 775
29 004 600
24 965 400
15 689
1 178 455
979 47 )
480 868
43 37
1 288 153
Cotton
3 435 105
4 045 264
353 785
78 662
85 334
8 440 136
9 557 632
7 817 107
9 508 609
7 46 163
2 120 975
2 720 544
2 151 144
2 212 420
1 400 121
Earthenware and queenswure
1, 343, 382
26 573
1. 353, 262
872, 734
2 316
1, 086, 4-18
66 030
1, 173, 072
73 639
Flour
66 6 853
196 487
503 44
193 410
408 875
42 294
200 578
553 961
511 582
556 496
Furniture
1. 162, 129
1. 227, 535
943 628
1 562 2)4
785 249
676 767
862 195
542 417
298 284
402 547
Grain of all kinds
798 166
469, 697
386 937
7 059 334
916 957
31 522
50 937
53 494
65 974
1 030
Groceries, except coffee
29 806,037
26 752 162
15 330 775
14 565 927
23 9G4 692
Guuno and phoaphiite of lime
458, 162
4 22 81
520, 906
3 870 895
689, 736
2 675 481
264, 424
3 7 l i6 848
421, 740
6 38 060
Hides and hair
2* 684 8 18
2 038 860
2 575 501
1 681 103
2 066 815
6I!0 654
654 352
134 169
48 39
198 683
Iron pig--* and bloom
4 577 929
1 921 438
2 660 843
7 138 12
2 288 928
rolled
6 313 083
4 81 794
2 384 477
5 549 369
10 444 511
railroad
*1 103 324
716 155
437 097
2 599 362
096*718
Leather
531 957
539 269
751 19
404 7(ji
348 962
Lime and plaster .
1 098 8 >8
816 507
2 398 147
1114 509
735 430
786 700
1 140 015
415 615
*997 0>0
Lard lard oil and tallow .
528 673
18 543
14 168
50 431
59 155
Lumber and timber
978 439
1 083 081
1 362 840
354 125
613 067
Machinery and castings . .
4 003 670
3 901 548
3 058 830
5 560 790
7 868 548
Marble aud cement
4 541 786
4 658 529
585 550
2 999 678
3 880 611
Malt aud malt liquors
1 077 621
1 115 094
3 037 113
491 993
997 959
535 81
497* 908
311 61
1 040 7 l> 8
Oil petroleum
*o, oo.
30*015
6l 837
376 974
637 355
1 94 755
98 411
176 616
01 312
Oysters
442 230
255 071
249 852
160 539
399 834
3 102 244
2 153 130
1 235 125
1 197 467
1 75 873
Powder
252 635
530 185
88 344
Salt.
7 ogg g(;8
5 900 581
8 796 116
4 40 OT3
6 383 55
Salt meats aud fish
6 296 887
4 937 215
5 575 495
3 902 300
4 948 (!40
Soap and caudles
6 349 700
57 679
l27 019
177 763
Soda-ash
509 005
196 807
57 470
221 174
389 869
1 047 98
863 777
704 975
770 786
761 844
Tar, pitch, and rosin
652 3- 7
615 141
237 254
71 3G9
43 652
Wines and liquors, foreign
1 295 971
927 093
1,207 518
1 059 126
141,750
Whiskey and alcohol
666 700
886 381
68 700
807 388
1 908 246
Wool and woollen yarn
427 739
495 135
217 722
1431,230
228 299
Miscellaneous
7 971 828
3 227 907
23 680 266
252 002
452 417
Government goods
2 241 636
Totul pounds
173 733 029
134 604 840
128 267 Q04
91 565 194
100 900 069
Total tons
86 866
67 302
64 134
45 782
50 049
The local freight taken up at all points of the line for carriage beyond the
mountains is unnoted in the previous calculation of through freights. This
was in 1861 and 1862 as follows:
1861. Coal, 23,947 tons; other merchandise, 114,126,409 pounds.
1862. Coal, 5,701 tons; other merchandise, 207,484,614 pounds.
The portion of this taken up at stations east of the mountains may safely be
assumed to be one- half, 2 iving a value, at a minimum of five cents per pound,
of over $5,000,000.
From the calculation of both branches of the local freight carried, that de
parting from the east to way stations, and that arriving at Pittsburg from way
stations, it is clear that a sum not less than $10,000,000 might be assumed as
the value of that carried an average distance of three hundred miles from pro
ducer to consumer, and of $5,000,000 for that crossing the line of the Allegha-
nies in the general east and west exchange.
126
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Next in accessibility and fulness are the statistics of transportation over the
New York Central road. Specific articles are named only in a very few in
stances, but a classification is adopted which distinguishes "Products of the For
est," " Products of Animals," " Vegetable Food," " Other Agricultural Products,"
"Manufactures," and "Merchandise" terms too vague, as at present applied, to
correspond with any commercial or financial usage. In the traffic westward the
terms " Merchandise" and "Manufactures" largely predominate, and in that sent
eastward the chief amounts are of vegetable food and products of the forest and
of animals. For the freight going westward it is scarcely possible to separate,
and distinguish articles at all. The following table comprises the tonnage of
such trade, as given in the reports of the company, for six years :
Through tonnage westward over the New York Central railroad.
Articles.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Products of the forest
Tons.
180
Tows.
88
Tons.
97
Tons.
43
Tows.
62
TONS.
71
Products of animals ......
410
673
972
873
385
1 108
Vegetable food
2
924
5
13
14
1
Other agricultural products
Manufactures - .... ....
1,071
2,580
1,414
2,737
1,077
2,215
863
3 245
1,078
3 951
1,335
16 574
Merchandise
74 266
102 001
108 488
104 750
146 834
183 490
Other articles ... .... ....
4, 624
6,001
6, 143
6, 154
8,689
11,215
Totals
83 133
113, 838
118, 977
115,941
161 013
213 794
Way tonnage westward over the New York Central railroad.
Articles.
3858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Products of the forest
Products of animals
Tons.
4,788
5 090
Tons.
7, 264
9 297
Tons.
6, 832
10 958
Tons.
5, 794
10 014
Tons.
6, 955
8 585
Tows.
10, 744
1 108
4 956
10 IfiQ.
19 423
11 691
ft I M
17 7 fin
Other agricultural products
Manufactures
3, 628
13 942
5, 238
15 772
7, 789
23 543
7, 899
21 854
5,792
24 761
8,717
24 852
50 282
63 089
71 571
63* 327
67 387
76 414
Other articles
20 538
29 526
44 955
44 754
40 278
43 769
Totals
103 224
149 554
178 9^8
170 333
162 292
191 551
Totals way and through.
Manufactures . .
16 522
18 509
25 758
25 099
28 712
41 246
Merchandise
124 548
165 090
180 059
173 077
214 221
259 904
All other classes
45 287
79 793
91 108
88 098
80 372
104 015
Aggregates
186 357
263 392
297 925
286 274
323 305
405 345
As this road runs parallel with the Erie canal, and is further relieved of
heavy and cheap freight by other canals and by Lake Ontario, no necessity
appears to exist for a reduction of values for either division of the freight below
the averages assumed for the through and way freight of the Pennsylvania road.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
127
Under the assumption that way freights are properly included, for reasons before
stated, the two totals of freights westward may be divided in three equal parts,
to which the values before taken for dry goods, groceries, and heavy goods,
respectively, may be applied. When put together, the "merchandise" amounts
to two-thirds of the whole, or to 214,221 tons, out of 323,305 tons, which is
sufficient proof of the generally high grade of the goods carried.
Values of through freight westward.
53, 671 tons, at $2,000 $117, 342, 000
53, 671 tons, at $400 21, 408, 400
53, 671 tons, at $200 ?.. 10,734, 200
161, 013 tons. Total value , , 149, 544, 600
Values of way freight westward.
20, 286 J tons, at $2,000 $40, 573, 000
40, 573" tons, at $300 12, 171, 900
101, 432 J tons, at $120 12, 171, 900
162,293 tons. Total value 64,916,800
By the calculation here assumed the total value of the westward freight of
this road in 1862 was $214,461,400 a sum which appears excessive. Yet the
elements of the calculation are sustained by all the facts that can be ^obtained
bearing on the quality and value of the goods sent westward by such mode of
conveyance. The westward tonnage of the Erie canal, the associate of this
line of transportation, which must, from the nature of the case, carry the larger
share of cheap and heavy freight, has for years been officially estimated at the
average value of 18 cents per pound. The total values here given for railroad
freight average on all the classes about forty- cents per pound a liitle more than
twice the rate assumed for canal freight. When the advance in values existing
in 1862 is considered, this average price cannot be considered excessive.
Westward transportation on the Erie railroad.
The westward freight of the Erie railroad is not classified in the reports of
that company, although the eastward freight is, sufficiently for all practical
purposes. It is undoubtedly altogether similar to the business of the other
roads, so far as the through freight is concerned. The way or local traffic is
probably more exclusively or distinctively a local tr^de, and a greater portion
of heavy and low-priced goods is carried. It is proposed, therefore, t o take
the same divisions applied to the other roads in valuing the through tonnage,
and to assume for the local tonnage a classification and prices lower than those
applied to the Pennsylvania line.
The tonnage westward for three years is stated as follows in the report :
Year.
Through.
Way.
Total.
1861
Pounds.
175 5(57 350
Pounds.
845 567 060
Pounds.
1 %> 1 Jo4 410
1862
299,793 230
1 ]Q(5 oil 030
1 4(J5 804 260
1863
339,840 1JO
1 233 210 350
1 573 050 460
128
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Applying the calculation assumed for through freight, we have :
99, 931, 077 pounds, at $1 $99, 931, 077
99, 931, 077 pounds, at 20 cents 19, 986, 215
99, 931, 077 pounds, at 10 cents 9, 993, 107
299, 793, 230 pounds. Total value 129, 910, 399
The way tonnage of this road undoubtedly requires a reduction to lower
classes and values than those before employed. It reaches a very large aggre
gate for the year 1862, not less than 553,005 tons of 2,000 pounds. Of what
chief articles this immense amount is made up the reports of the company do
not state; but it may perhaps embrace some considerable amounts of coal, stone,
wood, or other freights of the lowest class, carried between points along its line.
Assuming that 300,000 tons of the way freight is of this class, and not properly
of goods exchanged between remote points of production and consumption, the
remaining 253,005 tons may be taken as similar to the way freights before
considered one eighth being of goods worth one dollar per pound, one-fourth
being worth 15 cents per pound, and the remainder six cents per pound, viz :
31, 626 tons, at $2,000 per ton $63, 252, 000
63, 252 tons, at $300 per ton 18, 975, 600
158, 127 tons, at $120 per ton 18, 975, 240
253, 005 tons. Total value , , . 101, 202, 840
Stone, "lumber, and coal, for local consumption, being thus excluded, the
proportion of goods of a general character assumed to be carried, both for con
sumption along the line and for further distribution by the lateral roads connect
ing with Buffalo on the north and with Pennsylvania and Ohio on the south,
does not appear unduly large. The values are large in the aggregate, it is true,
but the business is enormous in comparison with any other interior line of land
carriage in the world.
There remain to be considered the carriage of merchandise by the Erie canal,
and such small portion as the Canadian lines carry westward this last being
really so small in tonnage westward that it hardly need be embraced at all. In
eastward tonnage it is important, for many reasons which do not apply to goods
going westward.
The Erie canal carried the following aggregates of freight westward for
fourteen years to 1862, inclusive:
Year.
To Buffalo.
To Oswego.
Total.
Value at 18
cts. per Ib.
1849
Tons.
68, 020
Tons.
20, 287
Tons.
88 315
$31 793 400
1850
79 405
35 091
144 495
41 218 560
1851
99,918
74, 981
174, 899
62, 963, 640
1852
143,787
76, 012
219 799
79 127,640
1853
163, 192
98, 560
261 752
94 230 720
1854
167 550
64 329
231 879
83 476 440
1855
145 530
74 936
220 466
79 367 7CO
1856
114,696
68,817
183,513
66, 064, 680
1857
74, 7 JB
43, 393
118 126
42 525,300
1858
47 350
29 540
76 890
27 680,400
J859
72 767
26 109
98 876
35 595,360
1860
72 030
47 652
119 682
43 085 520
1861 . .
35, 278
17 184
52, 4(52
18, 886, 320
1862
52, 945
18 094
71 039
25, 574, 040
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 129
The valuation here made is that of the auditor general in the annual reports
of the "Trade, Tolls, and Tonnage of the Canals of New York," the table just
given being copied from that report for the year 1862.
It is apparent from this table that the business of the canal rose to higher
proportions as a carrier of merchandise westward before the completion of the
railroad than since that time. The railroads of that vicinity were first consoli
dated in a single organization and adapted to the purposes of successful freight
business in 1853 and 1854 not completely until the latter year. The quan
tities and values attain their maximum, therefore, in 1853, and after this date
they steadily decline from $94,230,000 to $25,574,000. No change in the price
per pound assigned to this freight is made in the series of years of which TVC
nere take account. It may be of interest to cite the values taken in earlier
years, which were in 183(5, 37, and 38, 12 J cents per pound; in 1839, 15
cents; in 1840, 16 cents; in 1841, 18 cents; in 1842, 15 cents; and from 1843
to 1846, inclusive, 17 cents. All subsequent to 1847, and including that year,
was estimated, as in the table copied, at 18 cents per pound. A list of articles
constituting the tonnage in 1862 is given, from which it is evident that the
valuation per pound should be increased for that year. It appears that the
chief articles are sugar, molasses, coffee, crockery, iron, iron manufactures, and
general merchandise, the proportions of which are as follows :
Sugar 16,230 tons of 2,000 pounds.
Molasses 4,598 " "
Coffee 1,005 "
Iron and steel 2,198 " "
Railroad iron 2,553 " "
Nails !.. 984 " "
Crockery 2,535 " "
Merchandise 40,576 " "
It is evident that these articles made up the bulk of the traffic in previous
years as well as in 1862, and that the average value per pound was greater in
that year than in I860. No more direct effect of the increased duties on imports
and the high internal taxes levied could be produced than upon the staples
named above, and undoubtedly the 18 cents average of 1860 should be 22 or
23 cents at least in 1862. Assuming it at 23 cents, there is added to the value
of the entire carriage of the canal the sum of $7,103,900, making the total
$32,077,940, instead of $25,574,040.
The general summary of quantities and values deduced from these several
calculations presents the following aggregates, embracing only the three chief
railroads and the Erie canal, and taking no account of various lines which carry
a less proportion westward than they do eastward. A small estimate should be
added for the business of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, which is usually one
of the large carrying lines, but which, in consequence of the interruption of its
business then, caused by the war, had very little through trade westward during
the year 1862:
Tons. Value.
Pennsylvania railroad Through 145, 205 $125, 844, 94 r >
Way 50,000 20,000,000
Erie railroad Through 14 ( J, 896 129, 910, 399
Way 253, 005* 101, 202, 840
New York Central railroad Through 161, 013 149, 544, 600
Way 162, 293 64, 916, 800
Erie canal Through 71,039 25, 574, 040
Totals 992, 451 616, 993, 624
c Exclusive of 300,000 tons rejected as being merely local.
Ex. Doc. 55 9
130 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Adding a small estimate for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, we have, approx
imately, 1,000,000 tons of merchandise carried westward from the seaboard to
the interior, exclusive of merely local consumption, and of all deliveries not more
than fifty miles from the eastern terminal points of the several great lines, and
a value for this commerce of more than $600,000,000.
It must be borne in mind, in considering whether these quantities and values
are excessive or not, that several important partial or lateral outlets of this trade
have not been noticed at all. The railroad from Portland, Maine* to Canada is
one of these, the Champlain canal another, and the railroads of northern New
York also add something, together furnishing a moderately large amount which,
being shipped through Canada, reaches some port of the lakes to enter the States
south or west of the lakes for consumption. The proportions of this trade are,
under any aspect of the case, and with any abatements from these quantities
and values which the best corrected judgment may make, so vast that they
cannot fail of due appreciation after being once brought to attention.
It is apparent that in this calculation quantities and values are embraced
which do not pass the meridian of the Alleghanies for the exclusive consumption
of the population beyond that line. Even if the limit of distance assumed were
300 miles, there would be from fifty to one hundred miles of the length of each
of the New York lines east of this assumed meridian that would be supplied by
a carriage far enough to constitute a part of the general trade. By making a
deduction for such portion of, say twenty millions of dollars, the preceding
estimates may be verified by another and wholly distinct test, namely, by
computing the consumption per capita of the entire population of the Trans-
Alleghany States and parts of States. Portions of New York and of Pennsyl
vania, portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, and all the remaining northwestern
States this side the Rocky mountains, received their supplies of both foreign
and domestic merchandise wholly through these lines during the year under
consideration. The population of these States in I860 was as follows :
Ohio 2, 339, 511
Michigan 749, 113
Indiana 1, 350, 428
Illinois 1, 711, 951
Wisconsin 775, 881
Iowa 674, 913
Minnesota 172, 123
Kansas 107, 206
Missouri 1, 182, 012
Nebraska 28, 841
Estimate for other Territories 200, 000
Parts of New York and Pennsylvania 350, 000
" " Kentucky and Pennsylvania 250, 000
9,891,979
The natural increase on the reported population of 1860 would add something
more, and it may safely be assumed that the population supplied beyond the
Alleghanies in that year was in round numbers ten millions. The estimated
value of the merchandise of all classes supplied to this population we have re-
duce d to $597,000,000, from which should farther be taken an amount of
special war material and public property probably above 15 millions in value,
as here computed from its tonnage. The sum remaining to apply to individual
consumption would then be near 580 millions of dollars, or fifty-eight dollars
per capita of the population
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
131
This i^, of course, the consumption of both domestic and foreign merchandise,
and it places upon the personal consumption of the people all the usual demand
of valuable goods for ordinary public uses. Tiie circumstances existing in all
parts of the country for that year greatly stimulated the demand for articles
required for other than ordinary personal use, for which it would be reasonable
to make a deduction in comparing consumption with that of ordinary times.
It has been shown by the comparison of imports and population for a series
of years, that the average annual consumption of foreign goods per capita in
the United States has attained to ten dollars, for a period of ten years preceding
the war.
Year.
Imports con
sumed.
Population.
Consumption
per capita.
1852
$195 656 060
24 604 261
7 0*
1853
250 420 187
25 342 388
9 88
1854
279 712 187
26 102 659
10 71
1855
233 020 227
26 8^5 738
8 67
1856
298 261 364
27 692 310-
10 77
1857
336 914 524
28 523 079
11 81
1858
251 727 008
29 378 771
8 57
1859
317 873 053
30 260 134
10 5Q
1*60
335 220 919
31 429 891
10 >
1861
315, 004, 728
32, 373, 388
9 73
Average of ten years
9 92
This consumption was calculated upon the basis of the entire population of
the United States, of course including three and a half to four millions of slaves
of the southern States. Excluding the slaves, and taking only the active popu
lation, such as are embraced in the northeastern States, the consumption per
capita would be increased at least one half.
And again, the previous calculation is based upon the entry or invoice value
of imports only, not including duties paid, or the cost of handling and shipment.
The values assigned to the freight carried are, of course, in excess, so far as
they relate to foreign articles, being those which actually attach to the goods at
the line of transit to their western consumers. For both the reasons here
named it would be safe to assume that sixteen dollars for each inhabitant would
represent the goods of foreign origin transported.
The greater portion of the goods carried, are, however, of the produce and
manufacture of the eastern States. As some guide to the proportion of these,
the census estimate of $2,000,000,000 of domestic manufactures in I860 may
be taken. Deducting from this aggregate $45,000,000 exported to foreign
countries, there remains an amount consumed by 31,000,000 of inhabitants of
$1,955,000,000, or $153 for each person. Here, again, the contrast between the
slave and the free population requires an addition when applied to the people of
the northwestern States, increasing the same to 870 or $75.
Of this sum of $75 worth of movable goods, of the classes usually exchanged
from one State to another, it is probable that not more than one-third were
mad-j or produced in the section beyond the Alleghanies, and that two-thirds
were sent there from the manufacturing east. Nearly all textile fabrics, cordage
and leather manufactures, were carried from the east. Drugs, medicines, chemi
cals, iron, steel, and the finer manufactures of machinery, tools and cutlery, book*,
paper and paper manufactures, brass and copper manufactures, and manufactured
clothing of all classes. Taking these proportions as correct, there are more
than $30 worth of all these domestic products consumed, and the division of
values will be as follows :
132
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Value of foreign produce consumed t $160, 000, 000
Value of domestic produce and manufactures 350, 000, 000
Value of public property included IS, 546, 000
528, 546, 000
This classification of values consumed is only intended to aid the discussion
by such light as may in this way be thrown upon it. There are no settled
rules applicable to such cases, and the circumstances are in the present case, for
many reasons, peculiar. The activity of trade and exchanges increases far more
rapidly than the population has done for the past twenty years, a result in part
due to the increased power of consumption and command of means by the peo
ple, and in part to the greater cheapness and promptness of transportation.
The proportion of foreign values transported by these lines to the western
States for consumption is largely increafied in 1862 by the necessity to obtain
sugar and coffee almost wholly from the Atlantic cities, instead of the Mississippi
river, as in former years. The loss of New Orleans sugar is an important item,
as the heavy tonnage of these articles in the following statement shows :
Tonnage of leading articles on the Erie canal, in 1862, to the several western
States.
States, &c.
Sugar.
Molasses.
Coffee.
Iron man
ufactures.
Crock ry&
glassware.
Other mer
chandise.
To Ohio
Tons.
2 363
Tons.
759
Tons.
194
Tons.
536
Tons.
487
Tows.
10 430
Michigan
2 387
759
172
502
289
4 173
Illinois
7 750
1 807
418
1 477
1 029
13 %9
Wisconsin . .
1,980
1,017
174
2, 372
440
5,756
Indiana ... ... .
104
263
8
42
58
634
Minnesota . . .
66
29
5
6
28
Iowa
101
53
15
331
95
640
Kentucky ...... ......
28
60
1
438
Missouri
12
13
350
36
1 641
Canada
1 301
210
20
40
78
1 679
Total to other States..
Left in New York
16, 230
11,407
4,958
4, 592
1,005
630
5,735
10,294
2,535
1,550
40, 576
3(>, 258
Total moved from tide-water
27, 637
9,550
1,635
16, 029
4,085
76, 834
For this large way tonnage no estimate has been made to represent the general
westward commerce, though by the most rigid rules of classification there would
be a share of it coming within the definitions properly applying to these
exchanges. Actual deliveries to consumers at points three hundred to five
hundred miles from the seaboard would probably cover one-third of the way
freight above described as being left in New York.
The Champlain canal is also a channel foi large shipments to Canada, and in
some cases for western localities through Canada. In the following table the
entire movement of merchandise from tide-water by both the Erie and Cham-
plain canals is given, distinguishing that going out of the State from that left
within its limits, and giving also the internal movement westward on these
lines, from one point to another along them.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 133
Movement of merchandise westward on the New York canals.
Year.
TONNAGE GOING WESTWARD FROM TIDE-WATER.
Internal movement
westward.
By Erie canal.
By^Champlain canal.
Total from
tide- water.
To western
States.
Left in N.
York.
To Vt, and
Canada.
Left in N.
York.
1836...
38,893
25,291
34, 629
34, 197
22, 055
31,040
24,063
37, 335
42, 415
49,618
58, 330
75, 883
84,872
87, 899
115,045
177, 623
219,799
261,752
331,879
220, 466
183,513
108, 125
76, 890
98, 876
119,682
52, 462
71,039
67, 637
51,799
71,287
75,910
70, 979
85, 866
59, 755
63, 199
78, 557
77, 883
85, 582
115, 787
124, 896
122, 444
112,446
143,410
153, 182
134,932
112, 366
104,257
139, 104
60,815
61,176
56,648
66, 247
46,818
61, 503
5,165
4,573
5, 631
7, 291
5,981
6,813
4,996
6,709
7,930
8, 837
10,611
12,475
14,520
17, 086
15,882
17,124
14,248
13, 227
6,583
4,473
5,810
11,603
5,621
6,582
11,537
8, 096
3, 598
6, 194
4,821
6, 402
7,177
6, 945
9, 122
5, 399
6,443
6,714
8,404
8, 602
11,040
18,374
9, 406
13,126
11,073 X
8,858
16,490
21,084
13, 766
19, 498
7,616
5,999
7, 558
8,071
10,225
10,086
117,886
86, 484
117,949
124, 575
105, 960
132,844
94,213
113,686
135,616
144,742
163, 125
215,185
242, 661
236, 835
256, 499
349, 230
396, 087
426, 401
371,912
342, 962
347, 925
188, 160
149, 686
169, 664
205, 537
117,601
146, 226
10, 006
8, 293
6,341
7,711
6, 061
8,213
7,233
5, 523
6,314
6, 708
6, 674
9, 705
18,797
18,620
12,871
16,174
24, 208
31,926
34,110
31 , 440
23, 883
34, 794
38, 755
41,518
44, 823
17,495
21,701
1837
1838
1839
1^40
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859 . . . .
1860
18131
1862 ..
Tonnage of " Manufactures" "Merchandise" and "Other articles" (not mer
chandise,) going westward from tide-wafer.
Year.
Manufactures.
Merchandise.
Other articles.
1852
34,371
396, 087
92, 969
1353
39 571
426, 401
118, 169
1^54
40 262
371 912
137 660
1855
40 147
342 962
132 608
1856
54, 775
347, 925
1 96, 395
1857
31 , 820
188, 160
167,0^4
1858
25 047
149 6-<6
126 216
1859
22, 602
169,664
137,290
I860
32, 030
205, 537
16*, 198
1861
19, 520
117,601
223, 135
1862
65,340
146 226
271 397
Westward transportation on the. Canadian canals.
The westward movement on the Canadian canals is at present a part of the
general carriage of merchandise from eastern to western markets within the
United States. For reasons before stated, it is not proposed to calculate values
134
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
for tliis tonnage and add them to the totals previously made up, the way busi
ness of the great roads and of the canal being in. part taken to cover these
values. A large business is done on the Welland canal in articles originally
from the United States and destined to markets south of the lakes. The fol
lowing is the Canadian official account of the
4
Westward or upward trade through the Welland canal .
From United States ports.
1861.
1862.
To Canadian ports.
oa
-2
_:3
QQ
ro
| 1
P
O
H
To Canadian ports.
S
1|
m
r?
|!
g
Agricultural implements pnd tools
Tons.
2
7
4
76
2
Tows.
295
255
11
4,029
43
171
12, 331
631
24
"~G"
Tons.
5*
28
12H
1
Tons.
199
303
4,278*
42
505
7,o:38
394*
5
Apples and green fruit. .... ... .. .......
Beef pork find beans
Brick 1 * cement lime clay and slate
Butter and cheese
Coal
1,568
1,744*
Cotfee
Corn . .
3,029
17
3,049
Cotton
Dves
3
204
1,208
2,360
Earthenware and glassware ...... ... ..
1
2
5
5
2
556
1,234
5
714
39
271
305
9,558
52
13
8
916
809
Fish
3
24*
7*
4
Flour
Furniture
557*
687
333
29
14, 081*
165*
133*
19
960
1,346
Gvpsum ...... ... ... .......
Horses cattle and sheep
2
57
5
I i"on, nails, and spikes .... .... ...... ......
iii
3*
2l
Junk and oakum
Leather
SVIabogany
Marble . . ....
8
5
Molasses
Oats
4
1
114
Hi
Oils .
620
2,976
433
6, 340
669
73
Ores of iron . .....
Paints
1
6
253
1,935
338
75
i
618
2,155*
Rye. ..
Salt
72,672
47
308
2,140
325
39
2
9
122
4, 293
200
112,922
278
784*
3,791*
571*
190*
Ship stores
Soda ash
Sugar .
5
107
Iron and steel
Tobacco . .
1
3,596
39
Wheat
5,307
Whiskey
5
79
9, 393*
981
1
75
1,443*
45
136
Total
10,815
116,240
14, 908*
171,673*
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 135
Some portion of this tonnage is of articles of low value per ton, the least
valuable being coal, iron ore, lumber, and salt. Iron ore is taken from minos in
Canada near Kingston, and the salt is mainly the product of the works of
central New York.
As this table gives the entire upward or westward trade of the Welland canal,
it affords a striking proof of the preponderance of trade on that canal in articles
carried from one market in the United States to another. The return trade
eastward exhibits the same excess of freights destined to United States markets, as
will aopear in the table corresponding to this, illustrating transportation eastward.
II. TRANSPORTATION EASTWARD.
The eastward freight over these great lines of transportation is in some
respects better known and more readily determined as to both quantities and
values than that carried westward. The chief items that compose it are well
known staples of agricultural produce, each of which has been carefully calcu
lated at all the points of shipment at the west, and of receipt at the east. For
the last eight or tea years, however, the quantity of miscellaneous freight has
been rapidly increasing, including a share of manufactured goods. The tables
of the Pennsylvania road are again the best to illustrate the present condition
of the trade, and a table of articles carried for five years to 1863 is here given,
corresponding to the table of articles carried westward.
By a careful analysis of values of the specified articles of western freight
sent eastward over the Pennsylvania railroad in 1862, it appears that the average,
exclusive of coal, is very nearly ten cents per pound. The New York canal
freight is estimated by the auditor of the canal department, in his annual reports
to average two cents per pound in value ; an average which is applied
there only to the lowest grad* s of western freight. Railroad freight is unques
tionably far more valuable per ton than that now carried on the Erie canal.
The freight carried over the chief New York roads is not stated in detail
in their reports. The Erie road in part classifies the freight sent eastward
from Dunkirk, but not its entire eastern business. Evidently the proportion
of fourth-class freight is larger than on any other road, but as a great share
of this is live stock, pork, beef and meats, the value is not so low as if grain
was carried. Some of these weights and quantities are as follows, for 1862 :
Live stock 46, 989 cattle, "J Pounds.
258, 089 hogs, J
21, 454 sheep, > ",0ol,9.
4, 306 horses,
Fourth-class freight .". 343,943,694
Miscellaneous freight 58, 116, 982
Flour, 1,078,102 bbls 215, 620, 400
Total pounds 728, 732, 994
This is all from Dunkirk. The freight received from the Atlantic and Great
Western should be included also, but it is placed in the aggregate of " way
freight," and it is believed to be a just division to take one-half the way freight
eastward as the proper associate of that classed as " through." The totals are
therefore as follows :
Through eastward 942, 627, 210
Way eastward (one-half of 1,002,037,030) 501, 018, 510
1, 443, 645, 720
136 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The value of this, at ten cents per pound, is $144,364,572.
The freight carried over the two great railroads of New York is not specified
in detail in the reports of those roads. That of the New York central road is
in part classified as products of the forest, of animals, vegetable food, and
manufactures ; but such distinctions are now only general and do not suffice to
base estimates of value on. The division made in that report of aggregate
tonnage eastward in the year ending September 30, 1862, is as follows :
Tons.
Products of the forest 32, 462
Of animals 350, 050
Vegetable food 461, 337
Other agricultural products 38, 375
Manufactures 63,411
Merchandise 28, 884
Other articles : 89, 609
Total tons ~ . _.^ _., 1,064,128
or pounds 212,825,600.
This distribution indicates a generally high grade of value. Products of
animals cannot be less than twelve cents per pound on an average, and the
remaining classes, other than vegetable food, going much higher. The average
cannot be less than ten cents per pound.
Taking from the above aggregate one-half the way freight eastward, there
remain
Through freight 616, 177 tons.
One-half way freight 223, 975 tons.
Total 840, 152 tons.
or 1,680,304,000 pounds; at ten cents, value $168,030,400.
The several great railroad lines, therefore, carried an estimated value of freight
eastward, across an assumed line of division between the west and the east, as
follows :
The New York Central $168, 030, 400
New York and Erie 144, 364, 572
Pennsylvania 113, 000, 000
Baltimore and Ohio, (estimated) 25, 000, 000
Total, four roads.. . 450,394,972
With these total values of eastward freight by the great railroad lines should
be connected the value of the eastward freight of the Erie canal, the details of
which are given in subsequent tables. That value is officially stated by the
auditor general for the year 1862 at $72,131,136 for " property coming from
other States" alone. The way freight is not taken into account. The sum
mary of values transported eastward thus becomes :
By the four railroads $450, 394, 972
By the Erie Canal 72, 131, 136
Grand total. . 522, 526, 108
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 137
The various railroads of Canada carried a portion of the western produce of
the United States sent eastward to markets within the United States and for
export ; but as the account of way tonnage taken on the New York roads 13
large, it may be considered as merely covering the amount so carried by Cana
dian lines. Certain branches of the Central railroad of New York probably
bring to it portions of the freight going by way of the Welland canal and Lake
Ontario, and leaving that lake at Oswego. Some moderate amount is carried
to the New York and Erie by its connecting roads to Buffalo. Together, the
minor avenues of railroad carriage eastward, north of Pennsylvania, will com
plete the account, and sustain the aggregates above given under any possible
diminution the calculation might require for the leading roads.
The following tables give the detail of eastward freight in very full and
satisfactory form over the Pennsylvania road, which has been taken as the basis
of the calculation. Values approximating as nearly as could be estimated from
current prices were computed in detail on each of the items of this freight, the
result being an average on the whole amount a fraction less than ten cents per
pound. Possibly the resulting values are too great; but as the freights of these
roads have been taken as representativequantities, and as much miscellaneous
carriage of produce and merchandise eastward occurs which cannot be noted
on either of them, the final sum of values is believed to be too small, rather
than too large.
Among the larger unnoted items is the freight of all kinds through Canada
which returns to the United States at Oswego, Cape Vincent, Ogdcnsburg,
through the canal to Lake Champlain, and over the railroads leading into Ver
mont from Canada. Again, there are lateral roads carrying from various points
to connect as way freight on some one of the great lines. The Erie road receives
immense accessions in this way.
Cattle, sheep, horses, and all descriptions of live stock, also continue to be
driven in large numbers from every part of the West, and over all the common
roads of the country, from the Maryland line to Lake Erie. The aggregate of
their value is less now than formerly, so many take the railroads in preference ;
yet the total value of animals so moved cannot be less than two or three millions
of dollars annually.
The calculation of eastward freights on the great lakes is given at length,
and with the fulness which that most important trade demands, in the following
separate section. From the statements of the total movement eastward, with
which it closes, another estimate of values may bo made, covering the business
in flour and grain in 1862 :
Flour barrels . . 8,3-59,91 0, value, estimated $50, 159, 460
Wheat bushels. .50,699,130, value, estimated 63, 373, 912
Corn bushels. .32,985,922, value, estimated 16, 492, 961
Other grain bushels . . 10,844,939, value, estimated 5, 422, 470
Total 135, 448, 803
It is difficult to make any further calculation on specific articles provisions,
metals, textile raw materials, or the very large value of animals.
138 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles carried eastward on the .Pennsylvania railroad.
1. THROUGH FROM PITTSBURG TO PHILADELPHIA (AND BALTIMORE.)
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Pounds.
]Q { 5Qg
Pounds.
115 05
Pounds. .
93 755
Pounds.
2 810
Pou7ids.
88 536
Agricultural products, not specified.
15 irk oak
1. 629, 361
3 555
1, 403, 260
4 330
21, 069, Oil
1, 421. 468
9 67
268, 997
3 3^0
393 344
46 050
170 078
474 059
4 675
13 140
3 295
160 9-16
81 061
Brotvn sheetings and bagging
64 279
6 245
173 315
1 009 770
141 00
6 457 506
9 135 46
1 510 840
20 178 76
7 366 58
8 3 () 5
877 767
506 958
f>\ 410
28 141
5 965
3 150
460 683
8 60
Coal
907 Q05
421 500
Coffee
1 095
P3 488
6 740
Copper tin and !cad. ...... ....
1 63 104
1 206 057
3 426 235
1 554 184
1 674 74
Cotton
17 897 569
28 673 305
23 7 ) 849
14 91 387
19 63fi 070
Dru^s and medicines
738 491
1 345 775
1 614 243
1 249 814
31 541
50 503
674 185
3 601 003
4 3(54 50
769 83 3
Furtiienware
399 772
58 220
271 155
3^7 854
174 404
454 443
2 43 847
3 467 69
4 664 }30
7 615 177
Feathers furs and skins
356 487
699 835
381 111
81 27
64 64 65
65 352 948
979 055
186 6 963
109 435 850
Furniture -
488, 095
520 218
560 875
846 469
419 336
245 991
44 078
1 796 960
1 61 105
1 1(34 8
122 134
100 388
95 440
79 340
29 J81
2 555 716
3 345 637
o 777 061
4 511 971
5 657 408
Grain all kinds not specified
14 550 235
34 754 447
95 983 853
79 260 660
70 504 0(13
1 98 33
6 453 516
6 428 8^
8 143 310
9 gyi &.(()
Groceries not coffee
1 424 105
2 101 721
1 239 283
5 953 375
5 002 037
258 595
506 219
588 764
531 860
4 36 164
528 972
608 948
678 756
1 906 427
950 347
785 484
795 163
1 373 756
4 250 ^7
4 83 043
Hides and hair
2 674 210
1 838 378
1 827 959
1 010 704
2 773 032
16 913
4 607
rolled
176 217
410 941
747 015
9 ?66 520
13 686 173
10 486 567
17 290 731
28 755 069
57 020 395
34 oq4 o<> c)
Leather
1, 703, Ml
1. 759! 689
2. 686, 835
2, 293. 587
1.830,(;33
Livestock
Lumber and timber
65, 103, 756
568 989
67, 254, 680
680 425
152, 199, 358
605 755
226, 892, Oil
970 290
270,713,390
2 230 P;K)
838 195
1 211 656
6 3*9 665
6 233 630
586 301
Malt and malt liquors
1, 166, 124
439, 871
1,953 342
2,687 191
2 443 5 :Q
374 683
306 587
183 225
390 167
408 335
25 884
17 900
3.31 634
348 r 14
448 860
13 262 674
28 513 591
140 908 276
196 487 75
other
354 638
1 307 048
191 414
2 453 070
2 573 737
1 028 455
1 124 873
2 675 358
Pot and pearl ashes
655, 247
587, 461
408, 973
541,481
328 145
174 886
3 093 138
3 88 211
Si-It meats --
31, 199, 251
42, 068, 444
64, 692, 007
109, 189,476
89 054 734
1,404 535
969 218
2 221 232
4 488 747
3 107 535
1, 028, 615
273, 020
553 824
25 255
30 000
202 875
2 466 170
Tobacco
4, 192, 776
8,259,413
46. 463 895
49 615,202
57,301,066
166 922
2 914 097
3 428,887
401 165
\Vhiskev and alcohol . . .
11, 990, 226
25. 364, 584
34.200,619
33 712, 244
28 353. 141
335 365
5,678 520
9 321 144
5 343 711
5 444 ( >84
Miscellaneous
277, 790
232, 763
37, 741
275, 601
391, 586
259 533 638
352 014 718
772 878 216
1 005 767 988
973 618 81
Total tons
129 767
176, 007
386 439
502 884
486 810
2, FROM WAY STATIONS TO PHILADELPHIA.
Arficles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
18C3.
Agricultural products, not specified .
Pounds.
1.234.150
4 650 307
Pounds.
2, 927, 484
5 541 536
Pounds.
2, 210, 179
5 135 34
Pounds.
251,145
7 ^64 55
Pounds.
7, 646, 984
3 84 6l>4
Bark
1 495 595
5 73 257
2 825 8.58
1 668 044
1 532 037
91 56 )
14 483
517 4*9
316 75
335 --5
Coal
218,8.53.843
(jo 474
244,56-. , 139
"9 295
220, 310, 372
305, 102, 941
41 263
367,93:. . !>7
980 85)
43 089
164 <>->5
74 976
36 961
290 213
Dry goods boots and Bhoes
2 131 001
1 2% 847
87 380
966 079
840. 752
3D 396 464
49 718 700
51 077 947
45 477 686
65 324 571)
Feathers and furs ...
33,665
6\ 443
6,258
2T 233
9,679
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 139
Articles carried eastward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued.
2. FROM WAY STATIONS TO PHILADELPHIA.
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Pounds.
203 700
Pounds.
86 6">6
Pounds.
4">8 598
Pounds.
277 60
Pounds.
goo r ,07
2 r )7 077
6 " 017
i<;<; h7,-<
142 665
5 150 782
!-y) 77)
60 608
344 001
439 909
>~> 7 ;7
1 244 163
8<t-> 0"3
651 348
1 422* 144
862 263
34* 4G8
15 148
r > 66
1.7)
15 674
47 441 7;!4
45 037 736
39 425 9IC
68 160 045
43 299 742
Grass and other needs
1, 859, 331
377 f,44
2, 473, 039
67 *)42
1.206,505
216 37(5
2, 271, 139
396 414
2, 961, 873
11 266 845
1 075 911
438 091
393 6
955 6 6
1 545 370
07 (J3g
27 365
11<) 616
27 422
188 863
Hides and hair
81 0-44
146 507
15 47
33 342
81 892
5 17 488
2 73(i 2 5
3 614 736
7 477 326
4 38o : -7
rolled
6 861 486
14 483 531
13, 009, 505
17, 432, 981
21,288 ! 30
158 596
5 663 807
5 210 450
53 458
machinery and castings
586 617
675 085
432, 661
1, 107, 146
1, 017, KG
Lard and tallow . .
341 352
294 049
491 384
450 411
405 121
Leather
3 451 951
3,572 548
3, 269, 997
3, 055, 798
4, 077, 553
Live stock
33 731 504
26 999 143
25 999 770
35,203 327
36 871 940
57 891 445
60 078 974
44 200 390
68 099 656
97 0-27 l. r >4
Marble and cement
1 962 2. <9
l 142* 767
3 315
56 585
10, 5")fi 2? I
23 254
63 758
21 535
168 056
1 993 009
Marketing 1
1 794 557
1 373 729
3 301 146
1 349 639
3 246 958
856 715
( )i.-) on- 1
1 184 359
Paper and rags
1 670 674
2 17 q 217
1 351 846
1,417 213
2, 180, 177
53 303
438 127
Salt meats
195 240
346 548
111 965
nil 7,- <;
1,578 896
141 460
1 657 65
135 450
348 070
627 170
Tobacco
813 679
1 303 007
998 016
2,073 988
3, 899, 757
181,451
11,178
181 800
173 00
44 603
34 845
604 5!4
i 176 716
\Vhiskeyandalcohol
8 137 567
ft 21 5 533
1,967 706
3,932 584
2, 936, 380
r >8 618
294 703
994 876
59 771
2 230 f 69
Miscellaneous
2 509 260
4 004 824
522 607
72, 251
990, 819
Total pounds
446 793 507
497 122 713
430 110 438
582.232, 162
710.4C6 856
TotfU tons
223 397
248 561
215 055
291 116
355 213
3. FROM PITTSBURG TO WAY STATIONS.
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Agricultural implements
pounds.
666 938
Pounds.
375 029
Pounds.
211 464
1 96") i07
47 50
21 614
Books, &c
29 561
21 649
44 800
41 08
6"> "t 6
og 707
Butter and eggs . ... . .
1 474
21 448
1 503
150 935
6 414
67 i lO
Cedar-ware ....
19 498
157 11
236 036
Coal oil petroleum ..
1 587 979
6 407 311
4 i4(; (;o9
Coffee
346 767
124 303
144 465
Confectionery and foreign fruit
94 062
69 518
82 043
Copper, tin, and lead
154 388
156 227
17") 12
Cotton
8 100
074 509
187 778
Drugs, medicines, and dyes
4 .">."> 4s
239 904
119 "67
Dry goods
6 ( >7 184
689 393
318 960
Karthenware and China .
167 207
211 984
121 C65
Feathers and furs
6 567
11,716
5 573
Flour .
6 06 710
6 163 337
5 169 (>74
Fresh meats and poultry
39 993
23 76!)
116 757
Furniture .
"<;<; -HI
608 879
786 7*6
Fruits, green and dry
338 072
197 776
948 5^6
Glass and glassware
4 ->4 740
449 793
738 076
Grain of all kinds
1 428 960
1 883 85
5 701 6: 9
Grass and other seeds
! Cli~>
27 374
241 197
Groceries, except coffee
3 087 078
2 589 259
3 704 :;43
565 014
578 451
2 068 541
Hemp and cordage . ...
261 285
31 926
44 776
Hides and hair. ...
1 079 916
r >fi-> <t(il
] 652 284
Iron, pig and blooms .. ..
593 026
7i:.-t TilH
120 486
rolled .. >.
2 145 058
3 173 328
3 655 P<0
railroad
9! 486! 083
6, 215, 300
11. 101, 072
140 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles carried eastward on the Pennsylvania railroad Continued.
3. FROM PITTSBURG TO WAY STATIONS.
Articles.
1861.
1862.
18G3.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
2 ( M7 01Q
178 666
33 887
815 8
37 494
98 119
47 7<a
89 940, 900
76, 545, 8c6
83, 4 ( J8, 462
50 184
20 100
29 4(56
3 017 70
3 893 291
2 506 658
i-jMnoer an<
1 056 034
1 113 135
1 335 39
1 054 075
835 727
1 643 777
Marble ami ce men .
M j 606
34 37
930 40
1 037 463
851 2(52
1 166 893
67 393
18 739
23,009
991 426
32 474
797 8 )7
i, i , b i 5 u
76 547
8 140
19 784
3 270 523
gait
754, 276
218 208
346, 135
2 567 907
3 044 513
2 877 9(8
490 665
224 992
269, 589
358 474
444 363
994 743
137 330
7 68
14 362
4 775 373
6 303 586
8,566 7 ( > )
85 961
43 413
61 446
108 686
131 358
43 556
139 754 173
128 476 311
154 3,-r 1 8-J8
69 877
64, 238
77, 194
Through tonnage eastward over the New York Central railroad.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Products of the forest
Tons.
1 709
Tons.
2 14
Tons.
o 408
Tons.
OQl
Tons.
2 141
Tons.
1 86
Products of animals
104, 257
114 03
112, 210
101 88
133, 241
133 988
166] (578
3 179
254, 994
287 31
285, 318
241 036
1 818
8 171*
5 668
15 054
959
35 541
3 733
3 817
6 6^8
14 683
17 4 ( )7
13 910
Merchandise .
361
1 458
2 837
2 808
5 536
22 062
Other articles
3 365
5 155
8 759
11 353
8 819
11 240
Total
229 275
234 241
293 59
435 956
616 177
610 933
Way tonnage eastward over the New York Central road.
Products of the forest
17 691
25, 660
32, 968
31 272
30 321
40 188
62 319
81 987
78 191
74 399
95 056
100 161
Vegetable food
182. 517
128, 171
190 456
206 679
175 106
146 577
Other agricultural products
11 856
15 273
24 635
23 55
17 416
26 774
27 684
34 710
44 870
40 815
45 914
33 629
Merchandise
9 573
12 234
18 691
16 698
23 348
28 309
Other articles
38, 135
38. 651
46,918
51, 684
60 790
57,588
Total
349 775
336 686
436 729
445 07
447 951
433 36
Totals way and through.
Manufacture**
31 417
38 527
51 498
55 498
63 411
47,539
9 934
13 69
21 528
19 506
28 884
50 371
537 699
518 708
657 3
806 04
971 833
946 349
579 050
570 97
730 258
881 028
1 064 128
1 044 259
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
141
EASTWARD FREIGHT OVER THE ERIE CANAL.
Tons arriving at tide-water by way of the Erie, canal, the produce of the
western States or Canada.
Year.
Products of
the forest.
Products of
Agriculture.
Manu
factures.
Other
articles.
Total.
1836
5,400
48, 000
654
165
54,219
1837
7,637
47, 546
471
60-1
56 255
1838
9, 231
72, 972
500
530
84,233
1839
28, 644
91 , 369
801
857
121,671
1840
21,241
134,600
1,267
1,040
158 14S
1841
45 398
173,437
3, 702
1 639
224 176
1842
31,068
185, 898
2, 659
1,851
221,477
1843
36, 775
214,655
2,077
2,869
256 376
1844
68, 088
236, 155
853
2, 929
308 025
1845
91 235
206, 422
2 565
4 320
304 551
184G
87 010
410,111
2 926
6 873
506 830
1847
117, 323
683, 138
5,508
6, 871
812, 840
1848
142, 433
489, 478
5,560
12,683
650 154
1849
214 259
535, 538
6 146
12 716
768 659
1850
328 062
491 810
7 848
22 519
850 239
1851
368, 752
687, 694
14,471
15, 375
, 086, 292
1852 .
336 892
778, 818
21 642
14 626
151 978
1853
444 080
727, 655
23 355
18 600
213 690
1854
380 677
677 695
10 640
25 37 C )
094 391
1855
348,215
709, 653
10, 239
24,769
092 876
1856
835 797
856, 147
2 851
17 755
212 550
1857
436 604
548 374
10 078
24 942
019 998
1858
391 139
833 929
19 085
28 946
273 ( )9
]859
550, 405
420, 897
8 598
54 863
034 763
I860
647 705
1 177 001
5 808
66 461
896 975
Ifc61
325 230
1 761 932
18 248
53 015
2 158 4- 5
1862
563, 346
1,968,441
14 170
48^ 880
2 594,837
WAY FREIGHT EASTWARD OVER THE ERIE CANAL.
Tons arriving at tide-water, the 2 } yoduce of New York, by way of the Erie
canal, including the contributions of the lateral canals.
Year.
Products of
the forest.
Products of
Agriculture.
Manu
factures.
Other
articles.
Total.
1836
208 769
*]? 870
10 152
28 105
364 )01
1837 *
174, 207
98 172
7, 879
51,193
331,251
1838
189, 733
101 053
6, 729
38, 501
336 016
1839 ....
157 075
63 713
5,885
37,914
264 596
1840
119 352
159 823
5 1388
24 613
309 J67
1841
192 121
92 483
9 076
14 663
308 344
1842
125, 623
102 030
7, 746
23, 273
258 672
1843
202 810
124 313
21,465
30, 381
378 969
1844
288 786
135 171
27, 579
40 255
491 791
1845
328 955
004 032
40 619
61 433
655 039
1846
320, 8:>8
202, 474
31,857
45, 493
600, 662
1847
328, 652
192 224
20, 937
76 596
618,412
1848
264 549
184 714
19, 250
65 668
531 183
1849
227 847
200 471
18 399
51 348
498 068
1850
269 894
200 493
15 217
35 56(3
521 620
1851
183, 593
168, 433
15,401
54, 958
422, 385
1852
290, 574
136 549
14,232
51,366
452,728
1853...
391,224
168.017
20. 045
58, 462
637. 7 U
142 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Tons arriving at tide-water, the produce of New York, fa. Continued.
Year.
Products of
the forest.
Products of
Agriculture.
Manu
factures.
Other
articles.
Total.
1654
357, 690
148, 330
16, 440
79, 707
602, 167
1855 . ..
2-20, 865
43, 624
22, 320
41,030
327, 839
1856
173, 608
118, 164
24,725
58, 083
374, 580
1857
66, 824
68, 381
13,747
48, 249
197 201
1858
147,511
23, 421
17,843
34, 813
223, 588
1859
226, 450
84,107
14, 920
85, 917
311,394
I860
166, 687
120,226
15, 135
77, 038
379, 086
1861
104,094
109,791
7,516
69, 783
291,184
1862
143 246
118 906
5 419
54 686
322, 257
TRANSPORTATION EASTWARD ON THE GREAT LAKES.
The commerce of the great lakes might of itself be taken as the measure of
the internal exchanges of the northern States east and west, adding to its
quantities about half the freight of the Erie railroad, and the whole carried on
the Pennsylvania Central and the Baltimore and Ohio roads. But as the busi
ness of the Erie canal and the New York railroads is somewhat more definitely
stated, and as nearly all the produce and merchandise moved on the lakes goes
finally over one or the other of these lines, the calculations of lake commerce
which here follow are regarded as duplications of the quantities and values
previously given. It will be seen that they sustain the aggregates first taken,
and furnish evidence that cannot reasonably be doubted that these exchanges
between the east and the west constitute the most gigantic system of internal
commerce the world has known.
The shipping employed on the great lakes has had various alternations of
fortune, being sometimes highly profitable, and therefore stimulated to great
development in both sailing and steam vessels. It first began to be conspicuous
in 1833, and rose rapidly in the five years succeeding to 50,000 tons. In 1843
an increase again began, which, with but one or two partial reverses, as in
1857, has continued to the present time. An immense and highly profitable
business has been done by lake shipping in the carriage of grain and Hour
during the last four years, beginning with the fall trade of 1800, the conse
quence of which was a great increase of building in all classes of vessels
adapted to the trade. The following table shows the high prices paid for
freight on wheat from Milwaukie and Chicago to Buffalo during the months of
navigation from 1859 to 1863. It is taken from the report of the Chamber of
Commerce of Mil \vaukic for 1863.
Table slioicing the monthly range of freights on wheat to Buffalo, in cents per
bushel.
Months.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
April ........... ....
6 a 8
10 a 8
9 7
Muv
Cirt 10
10 a 5
8 a 9
~ Ai v
7-^ u 54-
5|alO
ll 4-a 8
J U ly
(j$a 4
fc ^a 10
7 (i 4
Au ust .- ..........
5 a 13
5 a 9
4 a (J
17 a 14
11 a J5
14 a 8
6 a 7
7i (i 6-1
13 a2U
ICAa ->4
8 a 17
6-V <i 1 24-
November .... .............
10 6
12alO
14^ a 20
14 a 15
9^a b
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
143
Those prices are much above the average in previous years, and they have
developed the lake shipping to an unprecedented extent. The following table
is the official record of tonnage existing at all the ports of the lakes and St.
Lawrence river at the close of each year from 1830 forward:
TONNAGE OF VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES, OF ALL CLASSES, EMPLOYED
IN THE LAKE TRADE.
The annual totals of registered and enrolled tonnage at all tlie lake j)orts,
officially reported to the Treasury Department.
Tons.
1847 134,659
1848 160,250
1849 177,077
1850 186,790
1851 200,507
1852 221,235
1853 251,492
1854 286,564
1855 339,193
1^56 369,950
1857 398,709
1858 395,140
1859 422,381
1860 450, 726
1861 475,678
1862 547,165
1863 611,398
The tonnage here recorded includes all descriptions of enrolled tonnage in
river and canal trade, and it therefore exceeds the amount actually employed in
east and west transportation. There is also a small abatement to be made on
account of the character of the official record, the law requiring the name and
tonnage of each vessel to be retained until official notice of its loss or transfer
is received. On this account perhaps fifty thousand tons is of vessels lost or
transferred to other districts, the exchange of papers in regard to which is
incomplete.
Perhaps the best record of the vessels and tonnage actually employed in this
trade is that made up by the western Boards of Trade, great care being taken to
perfect this record at Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Buffalo,
and Oswego. The Chicago Board of Trade make the following report of both
American and Canadian shipping in the lake trade in their report for 1862:
Tons.
1830 ....
7,728
1831 ...
8,879
1832 . . .
12,738
1833 ...
15,226
1834 ...
19,044
1835 ...
29,709
1836 . . .
32, 000
1837 ...
37,480
1838 ...
49, 159
1839 ...
46, 935
1840 ...
48,262
1841 ..
54, 5G9
1842 ...
58,808
1843 ...
66, 938
1844 ...
73, 124
1845 ...
86,071
1846 ...
101,545
144
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
TaUc showing tlic number, class, tonnage, and valuation of vessels, American
and Canadian, engaged in the commerce of the lakes, 1858 to 1862.
Class.
AMERICAN.
CANADIAN.
Xo.
Tonnage.
Valuation.
No.
Tonnage.
Valuation.
1858 Steamers . ......
72
113
69
129
830
48, 031
56, 994
6, 366
42, 592
177, 170
67
14
5
37
212
24, 784
4,197
415
10, 793
32, 959
Propellers . .
Tno-s
Barks and bri^s
Schooners . ......
Total
1,213 331,153
335
73, 148
1859 Steamers
68
118
72
. 32
64
833
46, 240
55, 657
7,779
9,666
30, 452
173, 362
$1,779,900
2,217,100
456, 500
482, 800
456, 000
4, 378, 900
54
36
17
15
14
197
21,402
4, 127
2,921
5,720
3, 295
32, 198
$989, 200
140,500
184,800
134, 000
78, 400
778, 300
Propellers
Tuo-s
Barks
Bri^s
Schooners
Total
1,198
323, 156
9,811,200
313
69, 663
2, 305, 200
13GO Steamers . .
75
190
44
76
831
47, 333
57,210
17,929
21,505
172, 526
2,439,840
3, 250, 390
584, 540
484,250
5, 233, 085
77
27
23
16
217
25, 939
7,289
7,882
3,815
31,792
1,499,680
407, 290
246, 480
94, 380
898, 560
Propellers
Barks
Brif s
Schooners
Total
1,216
316, 503
11,992,105
360
76,717
3, 146, 390
lg(3i Steamers
65
107
91
48
75
843
42,683
50,018
9,155
19,616
22, 124
180, 357
1,489,800
2, 123, 000
565, 700
469, 000
435, 900
4, 525, 000
63
15
22
19
15
222
21,107
4,562
4, 842
7,153
4, 223
33, 771
1,019,200
176, 000
202, 300
188,500
101,000
822, 300
Propellers..... ......
Tuo-s
Barks
Bri^s- .
Schooners
Total
1,229
323, 953
9, 608, 400
356
75, 658
2, 509, 300
1862 Steamers
66
122
132
60
75
908
43, 683
52, 932
17,280
26, 555
22, 124
199, 423
1,403,800
2, 344, 800
922,200
786, 800
466, 700
5, 439, 800
64
J6
22
22
14
229
28, 104
5,154
8,482
7,871
4, 223
35, 062
1,020,200
181,000
202, 300
224, 500
107,000
872, 500
Propellers
Tug-s
Burks . . ...
Briers
Schooners
Total
1,363
361,997
11,364,100
367
88, 896
2, 607, 500
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
145
At Buffalo the report of E. P. Dorr, secretary of the Board of Lake Under
writers for 1862, shows the following numbers, tonnage, classes, and value of
vessels engaged in the lake trade :
Comparative statement of the tonnage of the northwestern lakes and the river
St. Lawrence on the first day of January, 1862 and 1863.
1862
1863.
Class of vessels.
No.
Tonnage.
Value.
No.
Tonnage.
Value.
Steamers ..... ...... ....
147
64, 669
$2, 668, 900
143
53, 622
$2,190,300
Propellejs
203
60, 951
2,814,900
254
70 253
3,573 300
Barks
62
25 118
621 800
74
33 203
982 900
Briers -
86
25, 871
501,100
85
24, 831
526, 200
Schooners ......
989
204, 900
5, 248, 900
1,068
227, 831
5, 955, 550
Sloops . . .
15
2,800
11,850
16
667
12 770
Barges
3
3 719
17 000
Totals
1,502
383, 309
11, 862, 450
1,643
413, 026
13, 257, 020
The following are the numbers and tonnage of each class owned and regis
tered in the district of Buffalo :
Class of vessels.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
Steamers
12
10 198
13
10 266
o
7 598
9
5 753
Propellers
49
29 046
r i7
33 255
48
28 565
57
34 556
Tuo-s .. .
30
2 810
3
2 774
36
2 613
66
4 760
Barks .
3
4 Q45
10
4 834
9
4 261
18
7 674
Brigs
17
5 611
18
5 555
19
5 663
15
5 090
Schooners
133
34 668
135
33 475
118
29 454
134
34 334
Sloops, &c
9
3,438
Scows
330
216
Totals
249
86 378
285
90 159
239
78 055
3117
96 156
The following is the increase of the lake marine in 1862, distinguishing
American and Canadian vessels, as reported by the same authority :
Class of vessels.
UNITED STATES VESSELS BUILDING.
CANADIAN VESSELS BUILDING.
No.
Tonnage.
Value.
No.
Tonnage.
Value.
Steamers . . .
3
5
8
2
38
1,114
3,815
1, 194
1,037
15, 546
$83, 550
276, 125
89, 550
46, 665
654,570
2
6
970
1,960
$72, 750
147, 000
Propellers
Propeller tugs
Barks
6
10
19
2, 690
3,100
6,600
121,050
139,500
198, 000
Schooners
Totals
56
21,706
1,150,455
43
15,320
678, 800
Ex. Doc.
146
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
SUMMARY.
Aggregate tonnage.
5 steamboats 2,084
11 propellers 3,775
8 steam tugs 1,194
8 barks 3,727
48 schooners 17, 646
19 barges 6,600
99 vessels building total tonnage 37,026
The Milwaukie Chamber of Commerce reports, as engaged in the trade of
that port alone, the following number and tonnage of vessels in 1862 and
1803:
Class of vessels.
1862.
1863.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
Steamers
7
2 546
8
5 353
Propellers . . ....
69
38 541
Barks
8
3 487
70
28 883
Brigs
8
2 481
20
6 2 >;) 5
Schooners
107
19, 330
405
81 769
No explanation is given of the sudden and great increase in propellers and
schooners in 1863 over 1862, but it is probably due to the connecting of lines
regularly at Milwaukie in 1863 which did not previously connect there. The
names of several propeller lines of recent establishment are given in the report,
however, the eastern connections of which indicate the destination of their
freight.
1. The People s Line and Western Transportation Co.: Twelve propellers to
Buffalo, Erie railroad and Erie canal.
2. The New York Central Line: Ten propellers to Buffalo, New York
Central road and Erie canal.
3. The Grand Trunk Line: Eight propellers to Sarnia, Canada, Grand Trunk
railroad.
4. Evans s Line: Seven propellers to Buffalo, New York Central and Erie
canal.
5. Northern Transportation Citizens Line : Eight propellers to Oswego and
New York canals.
6. Great Western Railway Line : Seven propellers to Sarnia, Canada, Great
Western railroad.
7. Detroit and Milwaukie Jlailroad Line: Two steamships to Grand Haven,
Michigan.
8. Montreal Propeller Line : Five propellers weekly, to Montreal, Canada.
It will be observed that three of these lines are to Canada, and that two,
having 15 propellers, connect with railroads of Canada at Port Sarnia, nearly
opposite Detroit. This is the point in Canada at which the large quantities of
western produce enter in transit to eastern markets of the United States. Though
appearing in the statistics as exports to Canada, they are not such in fact,
merely taking that as a shorter route at certain seasons to the markets of the
Atlantic seaboard.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 147
The Detroit statistics compare 1857 with 1860 and 1862, as follow :
1857
1860
1862.
No.
Tons.
Value.
No.
Tons.
Value.
No.
Tons.
Value.
Sail vessels
Steam propellers
849
117
225.419
59, 891
$7, 599, 700
2, 959, 500
581
77
173, 736
43, 390
$4, 352, 600
1, 690, 900
851
120
355, 101
65, 458
$8, 356, 470
3, 228, 500
Total
9G6
285, 310
10, 559, 200
658
217, 126
6, 043, 500
971
420 559
11 584 970
This statement shows a greater decline in 1858 to 1860 than is apparent from
other evidence, but it also shows the decline to have been more than recovered
in 1862. While the commerce of the lakes was undoubtedly much depressed
in 1858 and 1859, the subsequent high prices of freight, and the vast amount
of produce forwarded, restored it to the fullest proportions that could have been
anticipated under any circumstances.
The Chicago statement copied above shows that 1,730 vessels, with an aggre
gate capacity of 450,893 tons, were engaged in lake commerce of a general
character, east and west, in 1862, of which one-fifth was Canadian, or foreign.
Undoubtedly the business of 1863 was enlarged by 50,000 tons in addition,
making 500,000 tons as the capacity for that year. We have now to obtain an
approximate estimate of the produce and merchandise actually moved by this
large fleet. Unfortunately the tonnage reported as entered and cleared at the
several ports is an imperfect guide to the business in consequence of the absence
of discrimination between vessels entering with passengers and in ballast from,
those arriving with cargoes. At Detroit, Buffalo, and several other ports, an
immense tonnage arrival is reported which is merely ferry and passenger
transit, having very little significance in the carriage of merchandise either
between domestic ports, or between the United States and Canada.
GRAIN, FLOUR, AND PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM THE LAKE CITIES AND
PORTS.
Chicago is the chief exporting city of the lakes in most agricultural staples,
though Milwaukie ,at present exceeds it in the amount of wheat shipped east
ward. The business of Chicago is enormous in a great number of articles, of
provisions as well as of grain, and its commercial reports have for many years
been clear and accurate as to all the conditions of its trade, the receipts and
exports by all lines of transportation. The following is a statement of the flour
and grain forwarded in detail for 1862, and the totals for nine years, as given
in the Board of Trade report of that city for 1862 :
148
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Flour and grain forwarded to all points from Chicago in 1862.
Forwarded
Flour. | Wheat
Corn.
Oats.
Rye.
Barley.
Parrels. Bushrlf.
6-18 345 7 535 396
Bushels.
21 948 ^67
Bushels.
o nq 9 - }()
Bufhels.
587 741
Bushels.
6 831
1208 2613784
1 411 747
115 025
58 650
38 5 r >0
64 869 75 GOO
531 644
600
525
6858
8 310
38 550
Cleveland by lake
9.800
45.925
Cape Vincent by lake
| 102500
199 118
! 3 500
8 OQ8
2 050
Other United States ports by lake
4294, 27,114
185,960
37 948
1 000
3 65
199 753 83 200
498 687
36 329
48 169
9 044
Port Colborne Canada by lake
953 508,050
1.984,860
35 450
46 900
59 625
14 634 1 415 650
1 764 010
800
50 050
291 6^7
50 311
18 85
6 876 63 425
88 000
..........
Sarnia Canada by lake -
28.466 351,146
640,679
13 778
1 475
168 938 562 67?
683 278
34 362
4 412
1 775
9 150
85 925
Prescott Canada by lake
358 16.550
39.250
6 500
2,650
8,050
3 025
TV lleville Canada bv lake
566
7,150
690
238 749
347
857
1 750
4 165
Illinois Central railroad
3 772 5,892
34 272
9 630
15 931
]38 1 426
5 943
456
47,542
Chicago and Alton railroad
1
59.494
3.172 45,062
31.229
9.399
13 572
Michigan Southern railroad
285,034 87.836
32,075
113,759
5,049
4.986
174.354 159 933
31,187
109 922
4,167
36 985
Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne, and Chicago railroad
213,573 42,444
61,900
133,770
3,300
49.669
1 739 849 13 808 898
29 452 610
{ 3 112 366
871 796
532 195
In this table seven lines leading inland or northward along the lake shore
are included, which together took 9,085 barrels of flour, 52,380 bushels wheat,
and 465,000 bushels of other grains. These quantities are so small that they
will not practically reduce the following aggregates for nine years, in which
they cannot be distinguished.
Total quantities of flour and grain forwarded to eastern markets from Chicago
for nine years.
Forwarded
Flour.
Wheat.
Corn.
Oats.
Rye.
Barley.
1854
Barrels.
Ill 67
Bushels.
2 306 925
Bushels.
6 66 054
Bushels.
3 229 987
Bushels.
Bushels.
147, 811
1855
163 419
6 298 155
7 517 65
1 888 538
92 Oil
1856
216 389
8 364 420
11 129 663
1 014 637
::::::::::::
19, O. J.
1857
2">9 648
q g46 052
6 814 615
506 778
17 993
1838 . . .
470 402
8 850 257
7 726 264
1, 519 069
7, 569
132. 020
185Q
686 351
7 166 608
4 349 360
1 185 703
134 404
486 218
1860... .
608 132
12 402 197
13 700 113
1 091,698
156, 642
267, 449
1661
1 603 90
15 835 953
24 372 725
3 633 237
393 813
226 534
1862
l 739 849
13 608* 898
29 452, 610
3, 112, 366
871, 796
532, 195
The destination of this movement is very largely to Canada, Collingwood,
Goderich, Sarnia, Kingston, Port Colborne, Montreal and Toronto being the
points. The quantities so sent in 1862 were: flour, 420,544 barrels; wheat,
3,098,424 bushels; corn, 6,005,661 bushels; oats, 157,252 bushels; rye, 200 : 659
bushels; barley, 71,919 bushels. These were nearly one-fourth the total quan
tities sent eastward, except in oats and barley.
The quantity of flour sent eastward by railroad is very great, amounting to
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
149
672,961 barrels, or more than one-third of the whole. Of this a portion pro
bably took the lake again at Detroit or Toledo, one-half or more being carried
entirely through by railroad.
The shipments or transportation of other articles from Chicago eastward is
somewhat difficult of calculation, lake and railroad carnage being to a great
extent blended in the statements. The trade in provisions outward is largely
increasing, particularly in fresh pork products. The Board of Trade report for
1862 says : " The progress made in pork -packing in Chicago during the past
two years is without a parallel in the history of any other city in the United
States. During the past two seasons a large proportion of the hogs cut have
been made up into English middles, for the Liverpool and London markets.
In the early part of this season nearly every packing house in the city was
engaged in this branch of the business. The favor with which Chicago brands
have been received in the leading markets of England warrants us in the belief
that the trade will be one of permanence."
From this statement it may be reasonably inferred that the statement follow
ing of hogs, cattle, and cut meats forwarded is mainly to eastern markets,
whether by railroad or by lake.
Cattle, /togs, meats, whiskey, wool, lead, &c., sent from Chicago, 1862.
Cattle.
Hogs,
live.
Hogs,
dressed.
Beef.
Pork.
Cut meats.
Lard.
By lake
735
1,338
30,637
23,837
52,757
449
2,190
141,617
97,688
204,481
Bbls.
22,345
Bbls.
108.735
Lbs.
225.000
47.642
24,586,533
22,52,2,794
24,458.828
Lbs.
34,120
20.1XX
21,669,941
20,112,178
12010.184
Chicago and Milwaukie railroad
51
11,481
24,446
8,631
Michigan Southern railroad
29,598
86,238
11,657
42,498
29,431
11,885
Michigan Central railroad
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago
railroad
Total
109,304
446,425
44,609
149,838
192,549 I 71,840,797
54,476,42J
Cattle, hogs, meats, whiskey, wool, lead, S^c., sent from Chicago, 1862 Continued.
Tallow.
Hides.
High wines
or whiskey.
Wool.
Lead.
Set-da.
By lake
Lbs.
365 000
Lbs.
4 851 90
Bbls.
17 551
Lbs.
132 480
Lbs.
1 378 000
Lbs.
1 459 875
Chicago and Milwaukie railroad
32000
142 5-50
11 915
67 151
4 ) 160
Michigan Southern railroad
Michigan Central railroad
2,431.rt ,>3
4,657 753
2, 898! 751
2 258 153
12.907
27 964
371,603
660 374
846,111
918.764
2 3 } 061
Pittsburg. Fort Wayne, and Chicago
965 855
5 061 55
14 747
918 67
3 880 486
1 133 "66
Total....
8 460 531
15 12 69
85 084
o 0g3 084
6 17 L 748
5 990 4 G
The preponderance of railroad carriage in these articles is very great; barrelled
pork, beef, whiskey, hides, wool, and lead being largely carried by lake, and
pork only in excess over the carriage by railroads.
A rough estimate of values may be affixed to these quantities deduced from
the prices current reported in Chicago in 1862, but the conditions are subject
to so much change that it will be but a rough estimate.
150
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles.
Quantity.
Price.
Amount.
Flour.
bbls.
1 , 730, 800
$5 00
$8, 654, 000
Wheat .
bush.
13, 756, 000
95
13,068 200
Corn ... .... .--
do..
29,000 000
32
9,280 000
Oats
do
3,000 000
32
960 000
Rye
do..
870, 000
50
435, 000
do..
500, 000
75
375, 000
Cattle
No.
109 304
30 00
3 279 120
Hogs live - ...
No.
446 425
7 50
3 248 188
Hogs dressed
No
44 609
8 00
356 872
Beef
bbls.
149,838
12 00
1,758,056
Pork
do..
192,549
10 00
1,925,490
Cut meats . ... .... -
Ibs.
71,840 797
6
4,310 448
Lard
... do.
54,476 423
8
4 358 114
Tallow
do
8 460 531
9
761 446
Hides
do
15 212 629
14
2 129 768
Whiskey
bbls.
85 ,-084
12 50
1 , 063, 550
Wool
Ibs.
2,083 084
50
1 041 542
Lead
do
6 171 748
6
570 305
Seeds
do
5 990 426
8
479 234
Total estimated value. ..... ....
57,854 334
PRODUCE SENT EASTWARD FROM MILWAUKIE.
The produce sent from Milwaukie is next to that of Chicago in amount atid
value. The following are the shipments eastward, nearly all by lake through
out, though a part crossing Michigan by railroad in 1861, 1862, and 1863, for
ten years, to 1863 inclusive :
Exports of flour and grain from Milwaukie.
Year.
Flour.
Wheat.
Oats.
Corn.
Barley.
Rye.
1854
Barrels.
145, 032
Bushels.
1,809,452
Bushels.
404, 999
Bushels.
164, 900
Bushels.
331, 3o9
Bush Is.
113,443
1855
181,568
2,641,746
13, 833
112, 132
63, 379
20, 030
1856
188, 455
2,761,979
5, 443
218
10 398
1857
228 442
2 581 311
2 775
472
800
1858
298, 688
3,994,213
562, 067
43, 958
63,178
5,378
1859
282, 956
4, 732, 957
299, 002
41,364
53,216
11,577
I860
457 343
7,568 608
64 682
37, 204
28 056
9 735
1861
674, 474
13, 300, 495
1,200
1,485
5, 220
29,810
1862
711,405
14,915,680
79, 094
9,489
44, 800
126, 301
1863
603, 526
12, 837, 620
831,600
88, 989
133, 449
84 047
The exports of flour and grain from all the lake ports in 1863 were as follows :
Flour.
Wheat.
Oats.
Corn.
Barley.
Rye.
Racine .
Barrels.
12, 457
Bushels.
747, 898
Bushels.
2,148
Bushels.
69, 085
Bushels.
Bushels.
Kenosha ...... . ..
122 470
5,210
13, 790
400
Sheboypran .
19 Oil
255 436
9 701
560
Port Washington
Green Bay
4,164
140 397
76, 880
586 805
3,443
50
4,109
2,560
Mttwaokie
603, 526
1,536,691
12, 837, 620
10 389 381
831,690
5 564,650
88, 989
25 674 082
133,447
668, 735
84, 047
835, 133
Total in 1863 . ...
2,301,664
24 751 673
6 416 842
25 832 206
816, 133
919,712
FOKEIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
151
The shipment of provisions eastward from Milwaukie in 1862 -was large:
Beef, 33,174 barrels, 3,217 tierces, equal to 7, 599, 900 pounds.
Pork, 56,434 barrels, equal to* 11, 286, 800 pounds.
Bacon, 12,665 boxes, equal to 5, 382, 625 pounds-
Lard, 20,897 .barrels and kegs, equal to 5,177, 593 pounds.
Tallow, 4,750 barrels, equal to 1, 106, 750 pounds.
Other produce shipments were:
Butter, 1,068,967 pounds, value $138, 965
Wool, 1,314,210 pounds, value 657, 105
Hides, No. 32,941, value 98, 823
Seeds, 8,684 pounds, value 26, 052
Whiskey, estimated 20,000 barrels, value 180, 000
The value of the produce of all classes shipped at Milwaukie is approximately
as follows, for 1862:
Flour $3, 557, 020
Wheat 14, 169, 896
Other grains 126, 278
Beef 436, 692
Pork 564, 340
Bacon , 322,958
Lard 41 4, 207
Tallow 95, 000
Butter, wool, &c 1, 000, 945
Total 20, 787, 336
To which may be added, for grain and flour shipped from Racine, Kenosha,
Sheboygan, and Green Bay, $2,590,685, giving an aggregate approximately as
follows :
Chicago $57, 854, 333
Milwaukie 20, 787, 336
Other ports of Lake Michigan 2, 590, 685
Total value 81, 232, 354
Eastward freights on the Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien and the Milwaukie
and La Crosse railways in 1863.
Articles.
Milwaukie and
Prairie du Chien.
Milwaukie and
La Crosse.
Flour barrels .
Wheat bushels.
Rye bushels.
Barley bushels.
Oats bushels .
Corn bushels.
Beans bushels.
Grass seeds bushels .
Live hogs No.
Dressed hogs pounds.
Cattle No.
Eggs pounds .
106, 201
4, 502, 197
85,943
132,877
786,216
106, 638
11,275
8,344
55, 027
19, 780, 205
22,112
277, 418
2a5, 623
5, 764, 325
41,041
118,157
103, 500
3, 336
2,513
350
5, 993
9,407,769
4,325
172, 171
152
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Eastward freights, fye. Continued.
Articles.
Mihvaukie and
Prairie du Chien.
Mihvaukie and
La Crosse.
Butter
1,300,580
563, 084
Lard
pounds .
1,774,8-24
12,015
Tallow
. . pounds.
216,604
117,948
\Vool
. ... pounds.
440,691
280 980
Hides
pounds .
1,722,529
2, 308, 826
bushels
27 623
Pork a 1 1 1 1 beef ...... .... ...... .... ....
barrels .
t
1,045
Farm products not specified ...... ....
. . pounds .
300 573
Horses
P No
1 193
Barrels empty
No
9 432
Staves
pieces
436 300
Lumber . .. ...............
feet.
2,651 192
Pier iron . . ...
pounds
3 450 165
Ice
.... tons
560
Agricultural implements
pounds
251 914
Shingles - .................
bunches.
...
5 993
Stave bolts ....... . ..
cords
150
Merchandise
. ..pounds
2 770 496
Machinery
pounds
]]Q 080
Mi scellaneous , ..
pounds .
8,054 684
Westward freight over the Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien and the Mil wait
kie and St. Paul railroads in 1863.
Articles.
Milwaukie and
Prairie du Chien.
Milwaukie and
St. Paul.
Merchandise
pounds
47,101,026
397, 957
3, 598, 650
9, 706, 468
9, 056, 673
5,981,250
976, 745
16,371
349, 942
76, 508, 426
982, 691
2,191,156
9, 059, 1 37
5, 679, 050
3, 333
182, 080
190, OOG
386, 000
215
2,958
278
80, 000
219
18
45, 282
4, 492
8,093
1,425
1,969
9, 238
10,112
2, 043
3,650
15, 308
1,034,718
Machinery ..
pounds
Agricultural implements .
pounds
Miscellaneous
pounds
Lumber
feet
No
Lathes
feet
Hoops ...... . . .
No
Staves
pieces
Hides
Coal
tons
5,328
80
Pier iron ..
tons
Bark
pounds
Bricks .
M
780
Stone ..
Salt
55, 107
3, 099
2, 054
724
Cement
barrels
High wines
barrels
Flour
Wheat
Barrels, empty ..
No
14,486
7,317
Horses, cattle, and sheep
No
Pork and beef
..." barrels
Corn
Wool
Farm products, not specified. .
pounds
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
153
There are various minor products of the vicinity of Lake Michigan which
constituted items of noticeable value in these exports in the Milwaukie trade
reports cranberries, beans, eggs, staves, shingles, brick, &c. but their aggregate
value is small. At ports of the lake further northward there are furs, fish,
lumber and wood in large amount. The fisheries of the straits are extensive
and profitable, and though great quantities are now sea* west, for consumption
in Illinois, Wisconsin, and the vicinity, there is a more considerable portion
going eastward to all parts of the lake district. From all miscellaneous
sources, however, not more than two or three millions of dollars in value would
be added to the outward or eastward trade of the Lake Michigan district.
THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE.
The next important accession to the lake trade going eastward is the export
trade of Lake Superior, mainly the product of its copper and iron mines. The
following statement of the superintendent of the ship canal at the Falls of the
Sault Ste. M?rie shows the transit of vessels through that canal monthly for 1862 :
Months.
SCHOONERS.
PROPELLERS.
STEAMERS.
TOTAL.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
Tons.
In April
1
20
18
18
21
22
14
7
744
10, 698
9,834
9, 960
11,677
10, 849
7,549
3,813
1
28
27
25
24
29
23
17
786
19, 991
18,812
17, 686
17,537
20, 109
16, 198
12, 776
1,530
37,345
77, 982
56, 739
71,820
63,808
32, 4*9
17,899
May
28
146
100
135
100
29
5
6,856
49, 336
29, 093
42, 608
32, 850
8,742
1,310
June
July
Alioriist . . ......
September
October
November .... .... ......
Total ....
543
175, 595
121
65,124
174
124, 833
359,612
The character of this trade is such that this movement would necessarily
represent an equal number of vessels and amount of tonnage each way, as all
vessels that go up return again the same season unless lost. The eastward
movement of the year 1862 would therefore be:
271 schooners tons . . 82, 797
60 propellers tons . . 32, 561
87 steamers tons.. 62, 416
Or 418 vessels of all classes , ,...,. .tons.. 177, 774
The shipments outward for 1862 were estimated by the same authority to be
150,000 tons of iron and iron ore, and 9,300 tons of pure or native copper,
valued together at $12,000,000. Very little else was shipped outward a few-
furs, copper ore from the Canadian side, and minor articles. The inward or
westward shipments of merchandise, machinery for working mines, supplies to
miners, &c., are estimated to have been of the value of $10,000,000 for the
same year.
The following statement of the production and shipment of copper from the
opening of the mines in 1845 will show the development already attained:
154
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Aggregate shipments of copper from Lake Superior from 1845 to 1862.
Value.
Shipments in 1 845 pounds . . 1,300 $290
1846 tons . . 29 2,6 1 9
1847 tons.. 239 107,550
1848 tons. . 516 206,400
1849 tons.. 750 301,200
1850 tons.. 640 266,000
1851 tons.. 872 348,800
1852 tons.. 887 300,450
1853 tons.. 1,452 508,200
1854 tons. . 2,300 805,000
1855 tons . . 3,196 1,437,000
1856 tons.. 5,726 2,400,100
1857. . tons. . 5,759 2,015,650
1858 tons. . 5,896 1,610,000
1859 tons . . 6,041 1,932,000
1860 tons . . 8,614 2,520,000
1861 tons.-. 10,347 3,180,000
1862 tons. . 10,000* 4,000,000
Shipments of the copper districts four years.
1859. I860. 1861. 1862.
Keweenaw district 1,910.3 1,910.8 2,151.9 2,726.8*
Portage lake 1,533.1 3,064.6 4,708.6 4,288.9*
Ontonagon 2,597.6 3,610.7 3,476.7 2,706.1
Carp lake 20.5 7.1
Sundry mines , 7.6
The production of iron and the export of iron ore in the Lake Superior
region were as follows:
Tone ore. Tons pig. Value.
1855 1,445 $14,470
1856 11,597 92,776
1857 26,184 209,472
1858 31, 035 1, 627 249, 269
1859 65,679 7,258 575,521
1860 116.998 5,660 736,490
1861 45,430 7,970 410,460
1862 115,721 8,590 984,976
The destination of the copper shipped is to Buffalo and eastward, hut the
iron and iron ore go in part to Cleveland and Pittsburg. Copper is also smelted
at Pittsburg to some extent. A very large trade with Lake Superior is con
ducted at Cleveland, at which point many of these products are first received.
THE LAKE FISHERIES.
The lake fisheries are described in the Buffalo trade report as being located
and successful at a great number of points : *
"In the Sandusky bay, in the Manmee bay and Maumee river, in the Monroe bay, in
the Detroit river, in the St. Clair river and rapids, in Lake Huron from Huron to Point
aux Barque, in the Au Sable river, in Thunder bay nbove Au Sable river, including Sugar
island, in Saginaw bay and river, in Tawos bay, between Thunder bay and Mackinac,
* Estimated.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
155
including Hammond s bay, in and about Mackinac at Boavcr island and its surroundings,
between the De Tour and the Sault, along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, in Green
bay in WT-cousiu and Michigan, at Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, in Superior s numerous
bays and inl :ts, are found the principal fishing grounds of the lakes, and the annual catch
ranges from sixty to one hundred thousand barrels, valued at four to six hundred thousand
dollars The lake fisheries are only second to the cod fisheries off the Atlantic coast, from
Cape Cod bay to Cape Breton, and are a source of very considerable wealth."
The receipts offish at Buffalo only are fully stated, and the decline apparent
in the proceeds of the fisheries received there results from the increased demand
for them in the western States generally, and their wider distribution.
Lake imports of fisli at Buffalo.
Years. Barrels.
1854 11,752
1855 7,241
1856 6,250
1857 5,290
1858 4,203
Years. Barrels.
1859 13,391
1860 26,655
1861 8,313
1862 8,647
TRADE OF LAKE ERIE EASTWARD
Toledo.
Toledo has within a few years become a point of very extensive shipment of
grain and produce eastward. The country adjacent to it, and westward to Lake
Michigan, is extremely productive, sending a large annual surplus to distant
markets, and the Michigan Southern railroad brings large quantities of flour
from Chicago to take water transportation further eastward. In five years,
closing with 1862, this road delivered the following extraordinarily large quan
tities of flour, grain, and other produce, at Toledo:
Articles.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Flour barrels .
253, 158
379, 610
394 542
752 309
882 576
\Vheat ...... bushels
940, 393
1 024 026
1 949 893
2 4. ; >0 320
2 850 694
Corn do.. .
Oats, barley, and rye. .
Pork barrels
266, 229
132, 630
51,212
190,219
88, 006
80, 279
831,372
179,625
62 880
200, 440
22, 925
91 738
258, 300
187, 345
55 813
Beef . . do
47 185
17 829
32 225
Cattle number
1 552
1 253
1 641
2 281
1 803
Hogs, live do. . .
1,552
962
1,397
1,482
3,006
Hogs, dressed. pounds .
Pork boxes do
3, 277, 415
4,728,175
3,714,567
5, 515, 077
6,345,224
17 506 50 i
It will be seen that the new product of cut pork for European markets appears
largely in 1862, evidently in greater part from Chicago.
The Dayton and Michigan railroad, leading from the southwest, in western
Ohio, also brought a large amount of produce in 1862 :
Flour barrels.. 158,257
Wheat bushels . . 1,277,006
Corn bushels . . 98,422
Pork barrels . . 21,639
Beef
Pork in boxes
Dressed hogs .
, ..ban-els.. 4,662
. .pounds.. 5,972,836
..pounds.. 529,081
The Toledo and "YVabash railroad brought from central Indiana :
Flour barrels . . 247,389
Wheat bushels . . 2,565,958
Corn bushels. .2,678,327
Oats and rye bushels . . 60,239
Pork barrels
Beef barrels .
Dressed hogs pounds
. 60,978
33,124
4,302,078
Cut pork pounds . . 1,549,267
156
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The Wabash and Erie and Miami and Erie canals delivered at Toledo in 1862 :
Flour barrels . . 217,860
Wheat bushels . . 3,007,204
Cora bushels . . 738,863
Oats and rye bushels . . 5,621
Pork barrels . . 28,898
Beef barrels . . 3,469
Whiskey barrels . . ^ 1 ,906
Bacon pounds. .2,431,371
Together these lines sum a large aggregate of receipts at Toledo, of which
only a small portion has before been noted as leaving Chicago eastward by the
Michigan Southern railroad. The total quantities received are :
Flour barrels . . 1,585,325
Wheat bushels . . 9,827,629
Cora bushels.. 3,813,709
Pork , barrels . . 167,328
Beef barrels . . 73,480
Lard pounds.. 125,800
Pork in boxes,and bacon,lbs.27,450,067
Whiskey barrels. . 157,115
Hides pounds . . 6,300,000
Hogs number.. 327,680
Cattle number . . 74,840
Sheep .... ... .number. . 17,400
Cloverseed bushels . . 60,540
Dressed hogs pounds . . 11,1 76,383
The following is a summary of the receipts of flour and grain at Toledo for
three years :
I860. 1861. 1862.
Flour barrels.. 807,768 1,406,676 1,585,325
Wheat bushels.. 5,341,190 6,277,407 9,827,629
Corn bushels.. 5, 386, 951 5,312,038 3,813,709
Oats bushels . . 129, 689 41, 423 234, 759
Barley bushels.. 115, 992 12, 064 63, 038
Bye bushels.. 37,787 31, 193 44,368
Total grain 11, Oil, 609 11, 674, 130 13, 983, 593
The lines of shipment eastward from Toledo are two propeller lines of six
to ten vessels each, one connecting with the New York central railroad at Buf
falo, and one with the Erie railroad at Dunkirk. There are also vessels running
to Oswego, Ogdensburg, Port Colburne, Canada, and other points. The Cleve
land and Toledo railroad takes a large amount of flour on the south shore of
the lake to Cleveland.
Table showing the shipments of flour, wheat, and corn from Toledo in 1862.
Ports.
Flour.
Wheat.
Corn.
To Buffalo
Barrels.
836, 762
Bushels.
5 063,216
Bushels.
1,471,218
Dunkirk
488, 905
65, 050
111,436
5,818
3, 146, 824
741,233
Cape Vincent - - - -
35, 250
69, 750
Osrden^ljurcr
38,706
382,335
341 709
Sa^inaw and Port Huron
550
41,, 600
Cleveland
13 500
45 080
Eric ... . ... .. .
33,160
Montreal . . .
142, 506
164, 174
Kingston
5CO 814
188,717
Toronto
7::, 470
Port Colborne
174, 279
208, 910
Other Canadian ports
2, 1*7
50, 020
By Cleveland und Toledo railroad **
174, 397
17,533
157, 336
Total
] 547 325
9 402,327
3, 697, 808
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
157
This is fill, therefore, the proper eastward trade of the belt embraced in the
general calculation, and it is mainly lake commerce strictly. The larger share
of the shipments eastward from Chicago by railroad here return to the lake,
though they again take the railroads in New York, the Erie at Dunkirk and
the Central at Buffalo. The shipments eastward of other produce, pork, beef
and provisions, are not given in the trade report* from which the preceding
statistics have been taken, but it is assumed that the shipments are at least equal
to the receipts. Of pork, beef, lard, tallow, &c., they are undoubtedly much
greater than the receipts by railroads and canals, since there is no considerable
consumption at Toledo, and a lage number of hogs are packed in the city.
Live stock, hogs, cattle and sheep, were sent eastward mainly by the Cleveland
and Toledo railroad. The numbers by railroads and by lake were :
Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.
By lake 4, 093 14, 945 1, 156
By railroad 85,370 341,640 34,800
Total sent east 1862 89, 463
356, 585
35, 956
The value of this produce
leaving Toledo eastward is, approximately
Flour
$7, 736, 625
Wheat
9, 402, 327
Corn
1, 479, 123
Pork
1, 840, 608
Beef
891, 760
Whiskey
1,571,150
Hides
630, 000
Hogs
2, 600, 440
Cattle
2, 245, 200
Sheep
35,000
Cloverseed
240, 000
Pork in boxes and bacon
1, 647, 004
Dressed hogs
670, 583
Total value 30, 989, 820
THE TRADE OF DETROIT EASTWARD.
The position of Detroit is one of extensive transit of produce brought by the
rnilroads crossing the State from Lake Michigan, as well as one of importance
as a primary market of the produce of the State of Michigan. The Michigan
Central railroad carries largely of freight from Chicago, which has once been
noted in the statistics of eastward-bound produce. The various branches of this
and the other roads in the State make the chief market of their surplus at Detroit.
The receipts of flour and grain for three years from all sources were as follows :
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Flour
862 175
1 321 140
1 543 876
Wheat
1 809 523
O KHK i i i
o j).r.U 940
Com
do
638 698
1 036 506
583 861
Oats
do
319 598
388 986
402 247
Barley
do
124 882
c;q 7 ?4
16*1 200
Rve
do
30 843
Ifi 981
18 807
* "The Toledo Blade s annual statement of the trade and commerce of Toledo," pub
lished by the Toledo Board of Trade.
158
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The detail of other produce is not at hand for incorporation in this statement.
It is known to embrace large quantities of miscellaneous produce wool, butter,
hides, pork, beef and provisions, lard, tallow, seeds, &c. The flour and grain
stated above would reach a large valuation, which may be stated at the following
approximate sums :
Flour $9, 000, 000
Wheat 3, 250, 000
Corn 500, 000
Oats 160, 000
Barley and rye 175, 000
Estimating five millions of dollars as a minimum value of other produce
finding its primary market here, the total value is $18,085,000 furnished at
this point to the lake commerce destined for eastern markets.
We find in a late number of the Detroit Tribune a carefully prepared state
ment of the flour and grain trade of that city for 1863, from which we makeup
the following table :
FLOUR.
Receipts bbls. Shipments bbls.
1858 592,387 505,917
1859 605, 640 478, 918
1860 862, 175 809, 515
1861 1, 321, 149 1, 261, 289
1862 1, 543, 886 1, 445, 458
3863 1,143,148 1,033,150
WHEAT.
Bushels. Bushels.
3858 886, 613 791, 870
1859 858, 037 739, 236
1860 1,814,951 1,607,757
1861 3, 005, 111 2, 705, 067
1862 3,593,242 3,419,942
1863 2,174,726 1,862,901
CORN.
1858 236, 612 182, 587
1859 403, 055 132, 487
1860 638, 698 592, 044
1861 1,036,506 989,309
1862 608, 861 342, 887
1863 352, 295 139, 616
OATS.
(1858 not given.)
1859 173, 364 24, 816
I860 399,598 319,205
1861 319, 986 253, 157
1862 407, 247 151, 204
1863 662, 926 465, 057
TOTAL RECEIPTS OF FLOUR AND GRAIN REDUCED TO BUSHELS.
1859 4,177,856
1860 6,441,639
1861 10, 514, 286
1862 11, 827, 000
1863 8,527,666
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 159
LAKE COMMERCE AT BUFFALO.
From the preceding review of the sources of lake freight and its general
shipment eastward, it is apparent that it takes many different routes of actual
transit. While the chief one is to Buffalo, connecting there with the Erie canal
and the New York Central railroad, there is, first, a large diversion by southern
routes; the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad, the Southern Michigan,
and the Cleveland and Toledo railroads, all carrying in part to the Pennsylvania
Central road, and the two last named to the New York and Erie railroad. Next
are other railroads, and several propeller lines terminating at Dunkirk, for ship
ment over the New York and Erie road ; and on the north there are several
Canadian lines which draw off large quantities of produce either to Canadian
markets, or for transit through Canada to Niagara, Oswego, or other points in
the United States eastward. Extensive shipments also take the Wellarid canal
for Lake Ontario without touching at Canadian ports.
The freight passing over the Pennsylvania railroad can only be calculated
in the business of that road. Those of the Erie road also have no statistical
statement at the point of receipt, and it is only at Buffalo that any definite
account of receipts by lake, or from the lake district, can be taken. At this
point the statistics are full and satisfactory, and in the very valuable report of
the Buffalo Board of Trade for 1862 they are given for a series of years to
1862, inclusive. Here are also definite statements of many items of lake
exports fish, copper, iron, &c., which could not be stated in detail from western
sources.
Buffalo is a point of the receipt and shipment equally of quantities coming
from other primary or producing markets and destined to other markets of con
sumption. Oswego, Dunkirk, Ogdensburg, and Cape Vincent are the same for
the lake trade. Detroit and Toledo are such in part only. The following
statements of receipts may therefore be considered as equivalent to shipments
also, and may be grouped as exhibiting the receipts at the eastern extremity of
the lakes of the proper trade of the lake district :
BUFFALO.
1860. 1861. 1862.
Flour barrels. . 1, 122, 335 2, 159, 591 2, 846, 022
Wheat bushels.. 18,502,649 27,105,219 30,435,381
Corn bushels.. 11,386,217 21,024,657 24,288,627
Oats bushels. . 1, 209, 594 1, 797, 905 2, 624, 932
Barley bushels.. 262,158 313,757 423,124
Rye bushels.. 80,822 337,764 791,564
Total grain 31,441,440 50,597,302 58,564,078
OSWEGO.
I860. 1861. 1862.
Flour barrels.. 121,399 ] 19, 056 235,382
Wheat bushels. . 9, 651, 564 10, 121, 446 10, 982, 132
Corn bushels... 5, 019, 400 4, 642, 262 4, 528, 962
Oats bushels.. 388,416 116,384 187,284
Barley bushels. . 1, 326, 915 1, 173, 551 1, 050, 364
Rye bushels.. 244,311 381,687 130,175
Total grain 16,630,606 16,435,330 16,878,917
160 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
DUNKIRK.
1860. 1861. 1862.
Flour barrels. . 542, 765 736, 529 1, 095, 364
Wheat bushels.. 500,888 604,561 112,061
Cora bushels.. 644,081 230,400 149,654
Oats and rye bushels.. 8,843 7,175 10,173
Total grain 1,153,812 842,136 271,888
OGDENSBURG.
1860. 1861. 1862.
Flour barrels. . 248, 200 411, 888 576, 394
Wheat bushels. . 565, 022 677, 386 6S9, 930
Corn bushels.. 867,014 1,119,594 1,120,176
Oats bushels.. 28,242 2,365 3,336
Barley . bushels. . 7, 105 15, 151 15, 529
Rye bushels . . 3, 050 3, 888
Total grain 1, 470, 433 1,818, 384 1, 828, 974
CAPE VINCEI^T.
1860. 1861. 1862.
Flour . . . .barrels. . 28, 940 65, 407 48, 576
Wheat bushels. . 208, 878 276, 610 316, 403
Corn bushels.. 73,300 124,411 219,369
Oats bushels.. 27,299 2,994 1,030
Barley bushels. . 90, 614 53, 877 31, 265
Rye... bushels.. 20,616 23,365 762
Total grain 415, 707 481, 257 598, 829
Summary of receipts at terminal lake ports, 1862.
Flour, barrels. Grain, bushels.
Buffalo 2, 846, 022 58, 564, 078
Dunkirk 1, 095, 364 271, 888
Oswego 235, 382 16, 878, 917
Ogdensburg 576, 394 1, 828, 974
Cape Vincent 48, 576 598, 829
Total.. 4,801,738 -78,142,686
It is clear that this does not cover the total lake trade, not to mention that of
the districts of the west south of its proper line, since the receipts at New York
alone are larger than the total. The following statement of receipts at New York
is from the Buffalo trade report for 1862:
Flour
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
I860.
barrels.. 3,892,358
1861.
5,013,053
161
18G2.
5,379,417
Wheat bushels.. 18,089,384 28,749,909 28,897,110
Com bushels.. 12,999,659 23,189,469 18,409,465
Oats bushels . . 4, 358, 824 4, 031, 395 4, 832, 330
Barley bushels . . 1, 168, 065 1, 742, 895 1, 627, 790
Rye bushels.. 143,927 659,368 923,016
Total grain 36, 759, 864 58, 373, 036 54, 689, 711
The flour and grain trade of Buffalo has been large for many years, and
until about 1854 it constituted the sole statistical return of that class of trade
on the lakes. The following statement of receipts at Buffalo of flour and the
several kinds of grain shows the growth of the trade from 1836 to 1862, and
that at no time has its increase been so rapid as from 1860 to 1862:*
Receipts of flour and grain at Buffalo from the west from 1836 to 1862.
Years.
Flour.
Wheat.
Corn.
Oats.
Barley.
Rye.
1836
Barrels.
139, 178
Bushels.
304, 090
Bushels.
204, 355
Bushels.
28, 640
Bushels.
4,876
Bushels.
1,500
1837
126 805
450 350
94 490
2 553
3 267
1838
277, 620
933,117
34, 148
6,577
909
1*39
294 125
1 117 262
1840
597 142
1 004 5G1
71 327
1841
730, 040
1,635,000
201,031
14,144
2,150
1842
734 308
1 555 420
454 530
4,710
1,2CS
1843
917 517
1 827 24]
223 963
2 489
1 332
1844
915, 030
2, 177, 500
137,978
18,017
1,617
456
1845
746, 750
1 770,740
54, 200
23, JOO
1846
, 374, 529
4 744,184
1 455 258
218 300
47, 350
28, 250
1847
857 000
6 489 100
2 862 300
44(j ooo
70 77
1848
, 249, 000
4,520,117
2,298 000
5GO, 000
6
17, 889
1849
, 207, 435
4, 943, 978
3 321 651
362, 384
1850
, 103, 039
3 681,347
2 593 378
357 580
3 600
1851
, 258, 224
4, 167, 121
5, 988, 775
1,140,340
142, 773
10,652
185-2
1, 299, 513
5, 549, 778
5,136,746
2, 596, 231
497, 913
112,251
1853
975, 557
5, 420, 043
8 065 793
1 580 655
401,098
107,152
1854
1855
739, 756
936, 761
3, 510, 792
8,022,126
10, 108, 983
9,711,430
4,401,739
2, 693, 222
313,885
62, 304
177,066
299,591
1856
1857 ... .
1, 126, 048
845, 953
8, 465, 671
8 334 179
9,633,277
5 713 611
1,738,382
1 214 760
46,327
37, 844
245, 810
48 536
1858
1 536 109
10 671 550
6 621 668
2 278 241
308 371
125 214
1859
1 420 333
9 234 65
3 113 653
2 394 502
361 560
124 693
I860
1,122,335
18,502,649
11,386 217
1 209,594
262, 158
80 822
1861
2, 159, 591
27 105 219
21 024 657
1 797 905
313 757
337 764
1862
2 846 022
30 435 831
24 288 627
2 624 932
423 124
991 564
* The following incidents connected with the origin of this vast trade are from the Board
of Trade report of Buffalo for 1862 :
"The history of the produce trade of Buffalo, which is now of such vast magnitude, dates
back but a few years, and is in fact the history of the produce trade of the Great West.
Previous to 1839 there was very little, if any, grain received at this port for sale. The grain
received prior to this date was mostly purchased by millers from the interior of this State, who
made their purchases in Ohio and shipped it to place of destination, but the quantities were
insignificant as compared with our present grain trade.
" In the fall of 1838 the steamer Great Western brought to this port from Chicago thirty-
nine bags of wheat consigned to a miller in Otsego county, which was the first grain ship
ment from Lake Michigan ports, and the only shipment made during that year.
Ex. Doc. 55 11
1G2
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The trade of Buffalo in pork, beef, bacon, and provisions generally, is as
greatly extended in 1862 over former years as is that in flour and grain. The
following table gives the total of receipts and the shipments by canal eastward
for fourteen years. The shipments by railroads eastward are large, but they
cannot be distinguished, being simply classed with other freight:*
Receipts of
provisions
by lake for fo
urteen years.
Canal oxp
orts of pnr
Tluons for fot
rteen years.
Years.
Pork.
Beef.
Bacon.
Lard.
Pork.
Beef.
Bacon.
Lard oil and
lard.
1849
Barrels.
59, 954
Barrels.
61, 998
Pounds.
5, 193, 996
Pounds.
5, 311, 037
Barrels.
41, 978
Barrels.
58, 978
Pounds.
4, 322, 664
Pounds.
4,421,614
1850
40 249
84, 719
6 562 808
5,093 512
27, 517
78,853
7, 791, 466
5,864, 187
1851
32, 169
73, 074
7, 951, 030
4, 798, 500
23,680
61,773
6, 146, 000
4, 339, 000
1852
50 699
70 679
9 696, 590
7, 164, 672
71, 863
55, 615
9, 364, 458
10, 060, 237
1853
102 548
69 779
23 075 645
8 Ife5 305
86 085
49, 346
15 474 367
8 75 L ) 456
1854
147 898
56 997
20, 455, 400
13, 575, 660
123, 255
26, 750
18, 702, 326
14, 613, 246
1855
106 682
97 804
10 74> 3 399
10 357 130
72 278
34 925
6 794 919
5 165) 128
1656
60 477
33 320
9, 220, 932
5, 337, 502
28, 032
4,843
3, 948, 307
3, 905, 702
1857
20 283
59 911
3 612 519
643 006
9 195
5 256
2, 112 093
710 435
1858
60 482
122 945
5, 189, 1 76
4, 916, 520
38,602
72, 503
3, 009, 548
3, 830, 619
18.">9
76 619
81 875
5 953 000
5 379 150
35 782
30 358
1.518 147
3, 150, 502
I860
16,330
37, 522
1,651,600
1, 618, 303
5,466
6,460
4,452
106,660
1861
46 363
52 187
2 347 825
3 941 998
4 290
17, 341
212,416
682, 778
1862
171, 552
123, 301
25, 687, 657
22, 471, 204
126, 421
53,826
4,242,483
6, 549, 454
The receipts by lake and the exports by canal of whiskey at Buffalo for
thirteen years are as follows :
Years. Imported by lake. Exported by canal.
1850 barrels . . 30,189 19,844
1851 barrels.. 76,524 60,300
1852 barrels.. 79,306 73,398
1853 barrels. . 66,707 45,693
1854 barrels. . 50,287 24,757
1855 barrels. . 27,087 18,989
1856 barrels. . 36,009 5,501
" In October, 1839, the brig Oceola brought from Chicago, for Durfee & Kingman, then
millers at Black Rock, 1,678 bushels of wheat, which was the first grain shipment in bulk
from Lake Michigan ports. In 1840 a small schooner called the General Harrison, of about
100 tons burden, was laden at Chicago with 3,000 bushels of wheat, for Buffalo, which is
said to be the first full cargo of grain exported from Lake Michigan. During the same year
the schooner Gazelle brought from Chicago 3,000 bushels of wheat, the brig Erie 2,000 bushels
of wheat, and the schooners Major Oliver and Illinois each a small cargo. Such was the be-
f inning of the grain trade of the upper lakes which has now grown to such vast magnitude,
"rom this period to the opening of tiie Illinois canal, 1848, the trade was slowly progressive.
In the year 1844 Charles Walker, of Chicago, was said to have had at one time five vessels afloat,
loaded with wheat, destined for Buffalo, and this was then considered to be of great magni
tude, while, during the season just passed, it has been no unusual event to have two to two
and one-half million bushels of grain afloat on the lakes, destined for this port, mostly from
Lake Michigan. Previous to 1843 the only grain coming from Lake Michigan Avas wheat,
and it was not until 1848 that any corn worthy of notice was received from Illinois, and what
little there was brought to Buffalo came from Ohio."
I
* Note appended to this table in the Buffalo Trade report :
"It will be seen from the foregoing table of canal exports from 1849 to 1855, that there was
a gradual augmentation of the movement by canal.
"After the consolidation of the roads composing the New York Central, and the opening of
the New York and Erie railway, these roads divided the business with the canals, taking the
lion s share, but the subsequent action of the canal board in adjusting the rates of toll lias
gained to the canals a larger share than under the higher rates of toll. If the revenues of
the State are to be augmented, a lower rate of toll than the present would secure to the canals
a larger tonnage from pork, beef, lard, and bacon than is now carried by the several railway
lines. "
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
163
1857 barrels.. 42,140 20,900
1858 barrels. . 59,446 51,180
1859 barrels. . 16,211 15,930
I860 barrels.. 49,204 15,282
1861 barrels.. 111,372 45,759
1862 barrels.. 113,253 38,007
Staves and lumber from the lakes are principally received at Buffalo, so far
as they are designed for the market there and eastward. Chicago is a great
market for supply of the interior of Illinois, but no port of Lake Michigan ex
ports staves or lumber eastward. The Buffalo Board of Trade report speaks of
this trade as follows :
"The lumber and stave trade constitutes a very large portion of the freight
carried on the lakes and canals, and is only second to grain. The larger por
tion of the eastward movement usually take place in mid-summer, when low
rates of transportation rule. The principal sources of supply are the States of
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Canada West, and Pennsylvania, of which more than
fifty per cent, is from Michigan alone. In the northern peninsula of that State,
in and around Saginaw, at Port Huron, on St. Clair river, are the largest and
finest lumber districts in the west and northwest.
"The supply of staves is derived from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Canada West, of which more than eighty per cent, of the receipts at this
port come from these States first named."
The table of comparison of receipts by lake at Buffalo and of exports by
canal is for fourteen years.
LAKE IMPORTS.
Years.
Staves, No.
Lumber, feet.
1846 10,762,500 34,536,000
1847 8,800,000 18,313,000
1848 8,091,000 21,425,000
1849 14,183,902 33,935,768
1850 18,652,890 53,076,000
1851 10,696,006 68,006,000
1852 12,998,614 72,337,225
1853 9,215,240 89,294,000
1854 15,464,554 67,407,003
1855 16,421,568 72*026,651
1856 18,556,039 60,584,812
1857 23,024,213 68,283,319
1858 15,119,019 67,059,173
1859 23,277,028 111,072,476
1860 22,307,839 111,094,496
1861 25,228,978 58,082,713
1862 30,410,252 125,289,971
CANAL EXPORTS.
Years. Staves, tons. Lumber, feet.
1849 62,127 40,694,095
1850 79,740 45,791,525
1851 37,964 55,881,000
1852 41,565 63,424,388
1853 38,033 61,885,663
1854 60,157 59,109,520
1855 74,606 48,989,289
1856 72,932 38,617,501
1857 , 92,961 43,727,523
164 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
1858 77,521 31,991,057
1859 111,469 94,364 597
1860 132,420 91,612,507
1861 117,380 33,343,470
1862 148,679 88,3^7,976
The receipts at Buffalo given in the above tables as from the west are alto
gether by lake, and do not include the carriage by two important railroads the
Lake Shore road, from the southwest, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls road.
Nor do they include the large amount of flour taken over the Niagara river at
Suspension Bridge.
The receipts at Buffalo by lake of many other articles are important. Live
stock, transported both by lake and railroad, at that point are stated as follows
in the trade report from which we quote:
The following will show the receipt of live stock by lake from 1850 to 1862,
inclusive:
Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.
1851 number.. 8,211 89,120
1852 number.. 15,926 171,223 16,590
1853 number.. 20,466 114,952 20,466
1854 number.. 19,047 74,276 19,441
1855 number.. 14,049 54,954 26,508
1856 number.. 25,283 72,713 41,467
1857 number.. 39,799 75,174 44,972
1858 number.. 32,522 136,849 41,354
1859 number.. 17,606 42,476 23,695
1860 number.. 18,266 33,350 34,685
1861 number.. 32,275 43,243 39,630
1862 number.. 18,938 25,024 29,033
The sources of supply are Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Canada West.
This does not show the extent of the trade in live stock, as a large number
are daily coming here by the different railways converging at this point.
The following exhibit of the totals of receipts at the different yards for sev
eral years will more nearly approximate to the true state of the trade in live
stock. The receipts by lake include the imports by the Buffalo and Lake
Huron railway, jsoth of which being deducted from the total receipts at the
several yards in each year, will show more nearly the receipts of live stock by
the Lake Shore railway for the several years indicated :
Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.
1857 number.. 108,203 307,549 117,468
1858 number.. 13b,043 345,731 92,194
1859 number.. 103,337 189,579 73,619
1860 number.. 150,972 145,354 85,770
1861 number.. 141,629 238,952 101,679
1862 number.. 129,433 524,916 105,671
Cattle. HogH. Sheep.
1862. Receipts number. . 129, 433 524, 976 105, 671
Less by lake number.. 18,938 35,024 29,033
By State Line railroad number. . 110, 495 489, 952 76, 638
1861. By State Line railroad... number.. 109,354 195,709 64,049
Increase.. ..number.. 1,141 294,243 12,589
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
165
It will be seen by the foregoing statement that of the totals of receipts at the
different yards 110,495 cattle, 4S9,952 hogs, and 76,638 sheep were received
by the Buffalo and State Line and Niagara Falls railways, nearly all of which
came by the former road.
The magnitude of the trade in live stock when expressed by the valuation in
money will be about the following estimate, viz :
129,433 cattle, at $50 $6, 471, 650
524,976 hogs, at $7 3, 674, 832
105,671 sheep, at $3 317, 013
Total valuation 10, 463, 495
The valuation of this report is in excess of those before assumed as regards
cattle, but otherwise somewhat less. It cannot be far from correct.
Hides were imported by lake as follows :
No.
No.
1852 95,452 1858 148,950
1853 98,008 1859 148,046
1854 67,427 1860 78,837
1855 90,964 1861 59,993
1S56 111,856 1862 268,685
1857 139,051
The imports and exports of hides by the Erie canal were as follows :
Received. Shipped.
1856 pounds . . 442,525 469,465
1857 pounds . . 130,500 780,855
1858 pounds.. 573,904 569,312
1859 pounds . . 386,789 342,029
1860 .pounds . . 137,345 79,431
1861 pounds. . 173,441 189,258
1862 pounds . . 193,503 486,003
The following will show the receipts by lake and canal from 1855 to 1862,
inclusive :
Receipts by lake. Receipts by canal.
lloll, No. pounds.
1855 2,265 1,886,236
1856 2,326 1,603,057
1857 2,513 714,135
1858 4,291 800,863
1859 5,342 1,172,260
I860 1,508 1,172,417
1861 3,778 (*)
1862 3,159 1,108,883
The following will show the lake imports and canal exports of wool from
1856 to 1862, inclusive:
Lake imports. Canal exports.
Wool, bales. Wool, Ibs.
1856 _, 41,592 2,009,497
1857 35,613 1,325,289
1858 31,485 1,736,883
No report of receipts by canal in 1861.
166
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
1859 32,480 1,747,556
1860 32,108 1,079,942
1861 32,480 1,288,394
1862 42,619 1,371,098
There is a very considerable amount of wool received here by rail, of which
we are unable to obtain any accurate account, which will augment the receipts
as given above.
Since the opening of the five great through lines of railway the transportation
of this commodity has been divided between these railway lines and the New
York canals, the former taking nearly the whole amount moved to eastern
markets.
The following table shows the miscellaneous receipts at Buffalo by a compa
ratively new line the Buffalo and Lake Huron railroad connecting with Port
Sarnia, at the outlet of Lake Huron :
Statement showing the receipts at
railway for the year
Articles. Quantity.
Apples, dried barrels.. 367
Ashes casks . . 142
Alcohol . barrels . . 250
Buckwheat bushels . . 10
Beef barrels. . 5,181
Bacon pounds . . 7,508,660
Barley bushels . . 112,122
Butter pounds . . 224,237
Boat knees number . . 664
Beans bushels.. 5,346
Bladders barrels . . 19
Broom-corn bales . . 138
Barrels, empty number.. 900
Buffalo robes bales . . 82
Beeswax pounds . . 100
Copper barrels . . 2,096
Cheese pounds . . 16,650
Copper plates number . . 570
Corn meal barrels.. 1,926
Cloverseed bushels . . 2,845
Cattle number.. 16,215
Copper tons . . 544
Corn bushels . . 109,209
Cotton bales.. 521
Candles boxes . . 361
Cranberries barrels . . 28
Cedar posts number.. 100
Deer, dressed number.. 32
Eggs barrels . . 1,046
Flour barrels . . 187,402
Fish barrels. . 129
Flax pounds. . 7,925
Flaxseed bushels . . 56
Furs packages.. 64
Feathers sacks . . 43
Grease pounds . . 264,400
"by the Buffalo and Lake Huion
December 31, 1862.
Articles.
Ginseng casks .
Glassware package .
Horses number .
Hogs, live number.
Hides number.
Hoop-poles number .
Hogs, dressed number.
Hemp bales .
Hops bales .
Iron pounds .
Lumber feet .
Lard pounds .
Lath pieces .
Leather rolls .
Lead pounds .
Mill feed pounds .
Molasses barrels .
Nails kegs .
Nuts barrels .
Oatmeal barrels .
Oats bushels .
Oil barrels .
Onions bushels .
Pork barrels .
Peas bushels .
Potatoes bushels .
Piles number .
Pelts bundles .
Rags sacks .
Railroad ties number .
Rye bushels .
Staves number .
Stave bolts cords .
Sheep number .
Skins bundles .
Sundries pounds .
Quantity.
10
1
313
. 22,687
4,700
.2,969,300
4,383
109
2
. 668,302
.3,985,300
.4,920,740
. 437,200
7
. 19,600
. 161,400
2
16
. . 59
90
4,852
42
3
. 11,969
. 12,387
71
2,340
161
1,314
2,600
2,314
. 274,800
. . ; 94
. 23,140
973
. 458,900
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
167
Shingles number. .
Sheep, dressed . . . number . .
Sheep-pelts bundles . .
Stone boxes . .
Tallow pounds . .
Tow bales . .
Timothy seed bushels . .
Tobacco barrels . .
Tails bales . .
The preponderance of through freights is large, apparently, though it is
impossible to distinguish that originating in Canada from that shipped by lake
to Port Sarnia, and thence taking the railroad to Buffalo.
The following is a table of general receipts at Buffalo from the lake in 1862,
including the Lake Huron railroad, and it embraces the greatest attainable quan
tities of miscellaneous western freight sent eastward from the lakes exclusively :
165,500
Timber .
feet .
9,250
127
165
Turnips .
Tobacco
bushels . .
hogsheads
2
31
SO
Tobacco.
boxes
162
249,720
43
Whiskey
Wool
barrels . .
2,998
1 415
3,877
Wheat . .
bushels . .
600,719
5
Wood
cords
144
19
Articles.
Ashes, casks
Alcohol, barrels
Apples, dried, barrels. .
Ale, barrels
Buckwheat, bushels . . .
Bones, sacks
Bones, hogsheads
Bones, tons
Boat knees, No
Beeswax, packages .....
Bread, boxes and barrels
Beans, bushels
Barrels, empty, No
Barley, bushels
Beef, barrels
Bacon, pounds
Butter, pounds
Broomcorn, bales
Brick, No
Buffalo robes, No
Bladders, barrels
Barytes, barrels
Broom-handles, No. . . .
Copper, barrels
Copper, tons
Cedar posts, No
Candles, boxes
Corn, bushels
Corn meal, barrels ....
Coal, tons
Cattle, No
Cheese, pounds
Cotton, bales
Clover seed, bushels . . .
Copper bars, No
Copper, plates
Clay, barrels.
Quantity.
3,046
]5,580
846
16
10
5,073
134
225
901
114
70, 361
21,048
5,345
423, 124
123, 301
25, 687, 657
4, 119, 173
8,839
5,000
82
19
86
5,750
9,077
2,373
991
9,995
24, 288, 627
34, 268
84, 523
18,938
1,313,030
7, 282
5,047
458
1, ]79
492
Articles.
Cider, barrel
Cranberries, barrels .
Copper, packages
Deer, dressed, No . . .
Eggs, barrels
Flour, barrels
Fish, barrels
Feathers, sacks
Flax, pounds
Furs, boxes
Flax seed, bushels . .
Glassware, packages
Glass, tons
Grease, pounds
Glue, packages
Grindstones, No ....
Gunstocks, tons ....
Gunstocks, barrels . .
Gunstocks, No ,
Gunstocks, boxes . . .
Ginseng, packages . .
Horses, No
Hogs, live, No
Hogs, dressed, No . .
Hoop-poles, No ,
Hoops, No
Hides, No
Hemp, bales
Hair, bales
Horns, sacks
Hay, bales
Hops, bales
Iron, pounds ,
Iron, pig, tons
Iron ore, tons
Junk, pounds
Lead, pounds
Quantity.
1
13S
44
32
14, 173
2,846,022
8,647
247
7, 925
66
36, 812
6,441
35
1,421,594
1, 090
1,631
3, 106
972
35, 399
59
, 136
445
35, 024
7, 600
5, 867, 290
7,977,137
268, 685
2,301
835
5,545
28
316
8,329,811
3, 168
10,027
28, 780
8, 535, 992
168
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles.
Lird, pounds
Quantity.
22, 471,204
Articles.
Rafts, No
Quantity.
1
Lumber, feet
125, 289, 971
Staves, No
30, 410, 252
Leather, rolls
3, 159
Sundries, pounds .
6, 889, 009
Lath, packs
959, 750
Shingles, No
21, 782, 680
Molasses, barrels . .
2
Shocks, bundles
61, 875
Moss, bales
50
Skins, bundles
1, 822
Malt, bushels
6, 750
Stone, tons
336
Mill feed, pounds
247, 300
Ship-knees, No. ...
1,662
Nails, . kegs
1C, 490
Ship-knees, tons
693
Nuts, barrels
184
Sheep, No
29, 033
Oats, bushels
2, 624, 932
Steel, pounds
100, 220
Oatmeal, barrels & bags
Onions, bushels
133
221
Sand, tons
Starch, packages . .
540
9, 842
Oil-cake, sacks
46, 798
Soap, boxes
972
Oil-cake, tons
1, 446
Stave-bolts, cords.
411
Oil-cake, barrels
459
Saw logs, No
280
Oars, No
288
Salt, barrels
118
114 820
Sheep, dressed, No .
127
Oil, barrels
9,862
Stearine, barrels
72
1, 075, 650
Stone, boxes
80
Potatoes, bushels
18 409
Stone pipe, pieces . ...
299
Peas bushels
78, 266
Tallow, pounds
4 363 884
Peaches, ba^s
31
Tobacco, hogsheads
5, 269
Provisions, bbls. & t c s
6,809
Tobacco, barrels ......
1, 026
Pork, barrels
171, 552
Tobacco, boxes ,
7,261
Paint, barrels
154
Tobacco, casks ,
1, 498
Pickets, No
5, 490
Tobacco, buts
785
Plaster, tons
275
Tails, bales
J9
Pelts, bundles
524
Timber, cubic feet . . .
83, 000
Piles, No
24, 036
Timothy seed, bushels.
51, 278
Paper, bundles
4, 167
Tow, bales .
401
Pike-poles No
70
Wool, bales
42, 619
Paraffine, boxes
165
Wheat, bushels
30, 435, 831
Rye, bushels
791, 564
W^ood, cords . .
11, 978
8, 965
Whiskey, barrels
97,673
Railroad ties, No .
33,615
W^ine, packages
25
Rack-sticks, No . .
186.000
THE EXCHANGE OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE EASTWARD AND WESTWARD AT
BUFFALO.
The exchanges at Buffalo, conducted at the terminus of the Erie canal, can
only be stated from the form of records kept on the canals, indefinitely classified
as "products of the forest," "products of animals," &c. The following is the
general statement in this form :
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
169
Statement showing the eastward movement of freight from Buffalo, by the Erie
canal, for nine years.
1
3
o
14
d
<
< o-
*s
2
SI
E
I
1
Years.
it
3
B 2
1
s
\
1"
a a
i
1*2
i
g
1
i
"S
3
6
3
H
Tons.
Tons.
rona.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
1854
154 816
42 750
457, 153
5 874
5,505
1,992
23, 226
6!H,216
$26, 936, 702
1855
151, 994
25, 628
481, 0-14
2,418
7,149
4,457
19, 254
688, 107
29, 258, 437
1856
137 851
10 611
493, 132
992
1,962
1,040
16, 650
662, 238
21,970, 119
1857
166, 780
4,868
367, 529
827
6,804
521
24, 191
571, 520
16, 956, 740
1858
165 597
23 588
529, 649
2,093
18, 184
3,888
23, 497
776, 496
24, 267, 171
1859
28 J 664
14 232
296 447
1 372
9 553
2 909
53,363
659 540
16,236 .V.I I
I860
293, 048
3, 106
755 549
289
6,012
3,982
51, 768
1,113,754
24,412.883
1861
176 325
4 708
1 323 658
491
18 118
2 456
53,989
1 579,745
33,300 920
1862
301 219
35, 256
1, 575, 4C8
1,163
16, 130
5,224
46, 522
1, 980, 982
53, 424, 992
Statement showing tlie receipts of westward moving freight at Buffalo, by the
Erie canal, for nine years.
Years.
S)
.d
sl
3"-"
I
1
*jl
I 1
Vegetable food.
Other agricultu
ral products.
Manufactures.
4
3
Other articles.
3
1
Merchandise go
ing to weytern
States and Can
ada.
1854
Tons.
48 105
Tons.
509
Tons.
2 212
Tons.
108
Tons.
59 116
Tons.
190 459
Tons.
80 263
Tons.
380 772
Tons.
167 550
1855
58, 536
367
8 221
109
87,709
171, 176
77, 991
404, 108
145, 530
1856
67 798
300
10 347
203
61 473
149 769
85 314
375 204
114, 696
1857
76, 046
85
5 473
311
51, 062
85, 766
100, 206
318, 949
74, 733
1858
46 699
297
4 872
516
55 610
56 301
54 670
218 965
47 350
1859
26 853
281
7 749
340
67, 396
85, 668
60, 983
249,271
72, 767
1860
26 033
93
4 871
206
60 199
84 152
69 730
246 184
72 030
1861
16 015
103
4,779
93
90,068
42, 096
86, 732
239, 883
35, 278
1862
23 094
100
4 859
124
120 705
63 212
141 328
353 422
The shipments of flour and grain by canal, it will be seen, cover the greater
share of the receipts before stated, confirming the position assumed, that the re
ceipts and shipments of western produce may be considered as substantially
identical.
The following comparative statement shows the shipments of flour and grain
by canal from Buffalo for four seasons :
Flour . . . . barrels . .
1862.
451,814
1861.
306, 236
I860.
180, 853
1859.
220, 48G
Wheat bushels.. 27,751,786 23,713,713 13,951,458 6,168,068
Corn bushels.. 22,487,185 19,112,125 10,306,048 2,159,538
Oats bushels . .
Barley bushels . .
Kye bushels . .
2,164,778
201,744
653, 480
1, 705, 395
134,341
337,764
1,282,646
130, 189
80, 822
953, 169
308, 526
124,693
Totals 53,258,973 45,003,338 25,751,163 9,713,994
The commercial statements prepared at Buffalo supply the deficiency only
for a limited period.
170
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The following is a statement of the quantities of produce of all distinguisha
ble articles sent eastward by the Erie canal from Buffalo :
General exports from Buffalo eastward by canal.
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Ashes
casks
1,366
1,156
1 059
Lumber
feet
91,602,567
33 343 470
88 3^7 978
Timber ..... hundred
cubic feet. .
47, "262
]9 401
14 570
Staves
pounds
264 838 920
234 760 766
297 357 5 7 7
Pork
barrels
5 466
4 290
126 421
Beef
do
6 460
17 341
53 8" J 6
Bacon .
pounds. ...
4 452
212 416
4 242 4P3
Cheese . - . ....
do
754 289
58 955
80 238
Butter
do
169 418
80 671
103 807
Lard
do
106 660
682 778
6 549 454
Wool
do
1,079 942
1,288 394
1 371 098
Hides
do
79 431
173 441
486 003
Flour
do
180 853
306 236
451 814
Wheat
. .bushels
13,951,458
23,713,713
27 751 786
ETC
do
50 804
282 724
653 480
Corn
...-do
13 306 048
19 112 125
22 487 185
Barley
do
130 189
134 341
201 744
Oats
do
1 282 646
1 705 395
2 164 778
Bran & c. . ...
pounds
3 921 731
5, 195, 149
5 299 674
Peas and beans
bushels
62 205
69 974
58 682
Dried fruit
pounds
3 534
602 966
11 770
Cotton
do
2 320
Potatoes .
. bushels. ..
117
19 601
1 250
Tobacco
pounds
21 153
761 663
680 550
do
96 412
10 325
Seed
do
158,839
122, 455
473, 981
Flax seed
do
295 328
86, 906
1 170 819
Hops
do
5 382
2 212
357
Domestic spirits
gallons
631,186
1,831,560
1,520,280
Leather . .........
pounds
30, 172
44, 297
14,429
Furniture
.do
332 175
206 456
238 474
Lead
do
6 159 988
10 359 626
Piff iron
do
4 000
708 000
9 551 666
Bloom and bar iron ... . .
do
2, 700, 921
Castings &c -- ....
do
79 234
128, 961
368, 907
Domestic salt
do
16 700
12 560
12 600
do
2 493 ^45
2 377 118
6 147 357
Railroad iron
do
317 838
Crockery and glassware
All other merchandise
do
do
298, 675
1 390 414
120,277
1 177 002
141,304
1 418 776
do
146 543
2 841 676
9 185 376
Coal . . .. ...
do
71,972 850
76, 060, 650
57,894,000
Copper ore
do
5 587 812
6,486 546
6, 283, 308
Sundries
do
18 840 172
22 589 534
19 675 081
do
10,196,705
7,214, 119
... do
155,500
1,843
Nails spikes &c
do
1,079,101
2,731,638
The following approximate calculation of values for this eastward freight sus
tains the estimate of total values made in the report of the State auditor of
New York. That report gives the sum of $72,131,136 as the value of property
"from other States" going eastward on the canal m 1862. It is here shown
that nearly the sum of $60,000,000 in value left Buffalo, and it is clear that
the other points of receipts of canal freight Tonawanda, Black Rock, and
Oswego would add $12,000,000 to $15,000,000 in addition.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 171
Calculation of values of eastward freight by canal from Buffalo in 1862.
Ashes, casks, 1,059, at $10 per cask $10, 590
Lumber, feet, 88,327,978, at $15 per M 1, 324, 920
Timber, cubic feet, 1,475,000, at $20 per M 29, 500
Staves, tons, 148,678, at $30 per ton 4, 460, 340
Pork, barrels, 126,421, at $15 per barrel 1, 896, 315
Beef, barrels, 53,826, at $10 per barrel 538, 260
Bacon, pounds, 4,242,483, at 10 cents per pound 424, 248
Cheese, pounds, 80,238, at 10 cents per pound 8, 023
Butter, pounds, 103,807, at 15 cents per pound 15, 571
Lard, pounds, 6,549,454, at 10 cents per pound 654, 945
Wool, pounds, 1,371,098, at 60 cents per pound 822, 659
Hides, pounds, 486,003, at 10 cents per pound 48, 600
Flour, barrels, 451,814, at $6 per barrel 2, 710, 884
Wheat, bushels, 27,751,786, at $1 10 per bushel 30, 526, 964
Eye, bushels, 653,480, at 70 cents per bushel 477, 436
Corn, bushels, 22,487,185, at 50 cents per bushel 11, 243, 592
Barley, bushels, 201,744, at $1 per bushel 201, 744
Oats, bushels, 2,164,778, at 45 cents per bushel 974, 150
Bran, bushels, 5,299,674, at 20 cents per bushel 1, 059, 935
Peas and beans, bushels, 58,682, at $1 per bushel 58, 682
Dried fruit, pounds, 11,770, at 10 cents per pound 1, 177
Cotton, pounds, 2,320, at 60 cents per pound 1, 392
Potatoes, bushels, 1,250, at 50 cents per bushel 625
Tobacco, pounds, 680,550, at 25 cents per pound 170, 140
Seeds, pounds, 473,891, at $3 per bushel 23, 694
Flax seed, pounds, 1,170,819, at 4 cents per pound 46, 233
Hops, pounds, 357, at 25 cents per pound 90
Spirits, gallons, 1,520,280, at 33 cents per gallon 506, 760
Leather, pounds, 14,429, Ht 25 cents per pound 3, 607
Furniture, pounds, 238,474 10, 000
Pig iron, pounds, 9,551,666, at $50 per ton 238, 791
Bloom and bar iron, pounds, 2,700,921, at $70 per ton 94, 538
Castings, pounds, 368,907, at 5 cents per pound 18, 445
Salt, pounds, 12,600 200
Iron and eteel, pounds, 6,147,357, at 10 cents per pound 614, 735
Crockery, pounds, 141,304, at 10 cents per pound 14, 130
Merchandise, pounds, 1,418,776, at 20 cents per pound 283, 755
Stone, lime, and clay, tons, 4,593, at $10 per ton 45, 930
Coal, tons, 28,947, at $7 per ton 192, 629
Copper ore, pounds, 6,283,308, at 5 cents per pound 314, 165
Sundries, pounds, 19,675,081, at 10 cents per pound 1, 9(57, 508
Oil-cake, tons, 3,607, at $50 per ton 180, 350
Molasses, pounds, 1,843, at 10 cents per pound 184
Nails and spikes, pounds, 2,731,638, at 10 cents per pound 273, 164
Total value. . 62, 489, 543
172
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The following statement gives the detail of articles brought westward to
Buffalo by the Erie canal for three years :
Imports into Buffalo ly the Erie canal, 1860 to 1862.
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Lumber
feet
277, 055
29,288
691,000
9,075
4,660
137, 843
3,957
24, 198
24, 115
64, 823
24, 208
8,734
111,500
448
10,237
261, 354
385, 864
302,200
12,414
1,285,857
13, 798, 369
11,425,929
5,065
92, 949, 269
112,563
31,179,468
16, 159, 122
2, 848, 048*
2, 772, 372
13,621,569
3, 803, 897
4, 265, 601
93, 652, 751
42, 838, 446
573, 550
68, 259, 212
27,785, 110
381,381
11,470
1,101,000
5,214
650
189, 258
2,788
49, 942
5,416
80, 760
3,900
2, 732
370, 000
119,797
145, 881
Timber hundr(
}d cubic feet
pounds
Staves
Wood
cords
5,743
916
193, 503
521
3,108
Cheese
pounds
Hides
do
Flour
barrels
Wheat
bushels
Rye. .
do
Corn
do .
403
Barley
do
Oats
do
Bran, &c
pounds
222,526
Beans and peas
bushels
Potatoes
do
3,368
2,667
108, 740
161,547
18, 630
1,367,473
9,272,612
9, 596, 758
7,374
250,311
84,449
11,853
1,108,883
1,894,764
13, 970, 075
12,251,942
660, 236
177, 620, 435
32,901,873
27,581,579
8, 452, 769
1,979,114
2,OJ5,039
4, 862, 421
6, 747, 043
4, 824, 801
69, 959, 473
26, 659, 528
Dried fruit
pounds
Hops
do .
Domestic spirits
gallons
Leather
pounds
Furniture ......
do
Pjnr iron
do
Castings &c
do
Domestic cottons
do
Domestic salt ..
do- . .
159,191,278
46,615
11,518,606
5, 059, 570
2, 029, 795
1,217,783
6, 294, 029
1,594,353
3, 053, 329
49,488,661
25,655,619
302,700
134, 788, 746
12,710,181
Foreign salt .... ..
do.
Sufirar
do
Molasses
do
Cofiee
do
Nails, spikes &c
do
Iron and steel
do
Railroad iron
do
Crockery and glassware
All other merchandise
do
do
do
Gypsurn ....
do
Coal
do... .
193,544,612
18, 248, 172
46, 198, 633
Sundries
do
do
The following is an addendum comparing the grain receipts at Buffalo for
1863 with 1862:
Deficiency in wheat, as compared with 1862 9, 195, 483 bushels.
" corn, " " 1862 4,201,675 "
rye,
Increase in 1863 in flour, "
1862 369,275 "
1862 132, 067 barrels.
1861 818,498
Deficiency in totals of grain, as compared with 1862 8, 190, 498 bushels.
1861 3,208,433 "
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
173
LAKE TRADE AT TORONTO, CANADA.
The relation held by towns and ports of Canada to the general lake trade,
and particularly to the movement of flour, grain and produce eastward, is one
of the most interesting and important branches of inquiry into its character.
The statistics of many of these points are, however, difficult, if not impossible
of collection. The trade is irregular as well as large, and it is .often through
points of mere transit, along new lines of railroad, or of propeller shipment on the
lakes. The principal feature apparent at the outset is the general tendency to
return to the United States markets all along the frontier, and even from Montreal.
The following table gives the quantities and destination of the leading exports
from Toronto for a series of years :
Exports of flour and wheat from Toronto, and destination.
18,
)7.
18
58.
18,
>9.
Flour.
Wheat.
Flour.
Wheat.
Flour.
Wheat.
Oswego
Barrels.
27 769
Bushels.
163 398
Barrels.
15 160
Bushels.
")7 068
Barrels.
16 OT7
Bushels.
r )80 200
Ogdensburg
35 721
120 550
8 596
100 156
19 327
109 353
Cape Viuceut
17 169
102 261
843
103 261
1 448
14") 49
Rochester
8 236
39 644
] 992
31 604
h7 903
38 571
0() f )() o
79 845
67 557
29 310
I l 570
Quebec
11 400
6 825
9 270
11 010
1 955
8 778
23 621
44 3
15 060
16 817
4 f,55
05 621
Total
16 478
505 622
114 66
579 833
7 612
970 564
Exports of flour and wheat from Toronto, and destination Continued.
18
30.
18
51.
18
32.
Flour.
Wheat.
Flour.
Wheat.
Flour.
Wheat.
Oswego
Barrels.
24 212
Bushels.
514 108
Barrels.
30 528
Bushels.
3 f )5 112
Barrels.
10 627
Bushels.
273 383
20 540
80 146
26 479
C8 015
8 385
7 586
Cape Vincent
4 788
141 961
3 877
70 220
2*824
106 232
67 266
179
6 362
450
8 05
Montreal
49 341
234 171
89 391
587 470
70 839
483 977
7 00
5 68
6 834
22 274
645
17 743
Other ports
72 429
149 129
6 021
119 176
12 404
36 329
Total
178 510
1 192 417
163 737
1 268 629
106 174
933 275
The following is a more detailed statement for 1862.
Destination.
Flour.
Wheat.
Barley.
Peaa.
Barrels.
10 67
Bufkels.
073 383
Bushels.
19 147
Bushels.
7 J85
Cape Vincent
2 824
106 2.^2
12 04
450
8 0-*5
Ogdensburg
8 385
7 586
4 847
70 839
483 977
1 570
Quebec
645
17 743
1 000
Other ports
12 404
36 39
466
Total
106 19
9T3 75
19 147
4J- 3go
Total 1861
163 737
1 268 6 -) 9
280 806
liO 810
57 518
335 354
61 659
7 428
Total 1860
178 510
1 19 417
; 34 144
148 836
174 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
It is apparent that the larger amounts, up to the close of I860, were sent to
United States ports, from Rochester to Cape Vincent, since which year Montrea
was the leading destination. As an average, the division is nearly equal
between the United States and Canada, outward.
The origin of these quantities is not clearly stated, but it is probable that a
share was western State produce, previously entering Canada at Sarnia, the
Welland canaj or elsewhere, since Toronto appears as a point of destination in
many of the statements for western shipping cities.
MONTREAL.
The produce and grain trade of Montreal also exhibits return shipments to
the United States at Portland and Boston, though probably all for further export
across the Atlantic. The imports to Montreal of flour and grain in 1862, and
the exports to all points, are given in the following statement by the trade and
commerce report of that city :
Imports of flour by Grand Trunk railroad 405, 553 barrels
" " Montreal and Champlain 196 "
" Lachine canal 735, 529 "
Total 1, 141, 278 "
Milled in the city 220,981 "
Total receipts for the year 1,362,259 "
Shipments of flour direct from Montreal 626, 070 barrels.
" via Portland and Boston 66, 123
Exports down the river 226,177 "
Total exports 918, 370 ".
*
The exports of wheat show a still larger proportionate diversion to Portland
and Boston, undoubtedly for foreign export.
Imports of wheat by Grand Trunk railroad 673, 779 bushels
" " " Lachine canal 7,952,782 "
Total 8, 826, 561 "
Exports of wheat via St. Lawrence 6, 538, 053 bushels
" " " Portland and Boston 478,595
" " to river ports 199,482 "
Total exports 7, 216, 030 "
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
175
[The Montreal Herald s annual review of the trade and commerce of Montreal for I860.]
Exports of flour, grain, and produce from Montreal.
Articles.
SHIPMENTS IN 1861.
SHIPMENTS IN 1862.
By river St.
Lawrence.
By
Lachine
canal.
Total.
By river St.
Lawrence.
By
Lachine
canal.
Total.
Flour barrels .
G05, 492
5, 584, 727
1,589,536
2, 472
276, 375
25, 158
1,477,114
22, 147
49, 546
626
178
1,618
112
10,341
17,044
2, 029
105
2,800
616,283
5,601,771
1,531,165
2, 577
279, 175
25, 158
1,478,114
22, 391
49, 522
3,303
178
1,618
140
597, 477
6, 500, 796
711, 192
373
8, 072
4,040
1,774,546
23,135
59,804
3, 225
455
222
154
28,593
37,257
1,626
84
16,716
963
626, 070
6, 538, 053
712,818
457
24,788
5,003
1,774,546
23, 835
59, 804
7,806
472
222
189
Wheat bushels.
Peas do...
Barley do ...
Oats do...
Oatmeal barrels .
Corn bushels.
Ashes . barrels
"244"
176
2,677
700
"*4,~58i"
17
Butter kejjs
Pork barrels
Lard do
Beef.-tcs. and bbls.
Tallow barrels
28
35
Flour and grain trade of Montreal compared for three years, 1861 to 1863.
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Receipts.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
\Yheat bushels
7,829,684
1,565,477
122,399
1,409,859
132,749
24,812
1,081,160
21,221
5,900,100
1,477,114
287,877
1,409,859
2, 457
8,529,622
1,661,611
96,792
534,679
236,930
82,665
168,174
2,426
6,945,815
1,774,347
8,072
727,277
373
200
632,052
4,039
5,506,324
855,328
373,463
3,806,306
635,387
3,001,766
Corn do...
Otfts do...
Peas do
Barley . do
294,524
32,278
1,173,096
1,789
640,380
170
692,868
9,353
Eye do...
Flour barrels .
654,966
32,015
Meal, oat and corn. do .
RECEIPTS AT OSWEGO.
The receipts of flour and grain at Oswego have been very large for many
years, but no great quantity of provisions or miscellaneous western produce
arrives there from the lakes. The following are the receipts of grain, in totals,
by each of the leading routes bringing freight to that port, for 1862 and 1863 :
Total receipts of grain at Oswego in 1862 and 1863.
1862.
1863.
Welland canal
Bushels.
11,367,609
Bushels.
9, 045, 613
2,071,914
1,717,371
Buffalo and Lake Huron railway
1,296,601
292, 635
257, 273
130, 957
1, 885, 517
2, 654, 385
176
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The following is the detail of different grains received by different routes in
1863:
Routes.
Wheat,
Cora.
Oats.
Barley.
Rye.
By Welland canal
Bushels.
7, 037, 233
Bushels.
I 808 800
Busho. i.
48 515
Bushels.
93 837
Bushels.
52 192
\Velland railway .
909 053
720 460
58 600
29 258
Lake Huron and Buffalo
railway
161,984
123 533
7 118
107, 508
23 449
Canadian lines
8 215 778
2 676 242
107 151
123 095
59 310
Lake Ontario
569 647
125
325 996
1 791 572
57 045
Total receipts
8, 785, 425
2 676 367
433 147
1 824 667
116 355
SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL MOVEMENT EASTWARD OF FLOUR AND GRAIN.
The summary of movement eastward in flour and grain having been made up
with care in the Buffalo Board of Trade Report for 1862, for years preceding as
well as including that particularly examined in this report, that statement will
first be considered. It includes several points at which no regular reports have
been made in any published or accessible form, and there is reason to accept
them in most cases as sufficiently close approximations.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
177
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178
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The percentage of the total carried by each of the several lines is given by
the same authority, as follows :
Table showing the percent, of receipts at the principal receiving points for six
years from 1857 to 1862, inclusive of the foregoing eastward movement.
Locality.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Buffalo
44.8
e
47.1
50.0
47.2
51.5
53.4
18.3
19.2
17.1
21.7
15.5
13.3
Montreal ...... ...... ....
11.8
9.2
8.7
9.2
12.6
12.3
W Ter B & O R. R.
5.3
6.5
5.7
2.4
3.0
2.9
6 9
6.0
5.8
3.5
3.4
3.4
West Ter Pa C R R
4 3
4.3
4.2
3.9
4.1
4.4
Dunkirk .. ...............
4.4
3.4
5.6
4.2
3.8
4.3
Suspension Bridge . ..........
2.3
2.0
0.7
6.5
5.4
5.3
1.9
1.8
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
The following is a comparison of total quantities of flour and grain moved
eastward for seven years, to 1862:
Table showing the variations in the movement eastward from 1856 to 1862.
Flour.
Wheat.
Corn.
Other grain.
1856
3 865 442
19 505,358
14,282 632
4 592 569
1857
3 397 954
16 763,285
8 779 832
2 256 914
1858 ^
4,499,613
21 , 843, 850
10, 495, 554
5, 035, 097
1859
3 760 274
16,865,708
4,423 096
5 264 051
1860
4 j()6 057
32 334 391
18 075 778
7 712 032
1861
6, 533, 869
46,384,144
29,524,628
10 656,116
1862
8 359 910
50, 699, 130
32 935 923
10 844 939
Reducing the flour to bushels of wheat, the following table will show the total
eastward movement, in bushels, and the receipts at Buffalo for the years indicated :
8
<
~ i
fe **
&
S o
>
u
t S
|3^
rs
fa
8
3 O S
H
W
n
1856
57, 707, 769
26,239,791
45 5
1857
44,789 851
20, 052, 689
44 8
1858
59 872 566
28,219,855
47 1
1859
44,354,225
22, 215, 425
50
I860
78, 652, 486
37 133,461
47 2
1861
119 264,233
61,460,601
51 5
1862
136 329 542
72,794,188
53 4
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
179
GENERAL TABLES OF. THE TONNAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE ERIE CANAL.
Capacity, passages, and aggregate carriage of Erie canal boats eastward.
Years.
Average cargo
of boat.
Days time be
tween Buffalo
and Albany.
S S
.^3
*S
<$
S3 C
Tons delivered
at tide-water
from the Erie
canal.
1841
41
9
$0 71
532 520
1844
49
7*
60
799 816
1847
67
104
77
431 252
1848 . .
71
9
58
184 337
1849
63
fit
56
266 724
1850
76
9
58
554 675
1851 ... . . . . ..
78
8*
49
508 677
1852
80
9
53
644 699
1853
84
9
56
851 438
1854
94
8
52
702 693
1855
92
8i
52
420 7J5
1856
100
84
60
587 130
1857
100
84-
46
117 199
1858
126
84-
34
496 687
1859
143
2
31
451 333
I860
140
84
42
2 276 061
1861 . .
157
84
46
2 449 609
1862
107
84
48
2 917 094
Quantities of flour, distinguishing western and New York reaching tide-water
through the Erie canal.
Years.
Barrels from
west u States.
Barrels from
New York.
Barrels arri
ving at tide
water.
Price.
1837
284 902
747 676
1 O tt* r i78
r(\
1838
552 283
637 036
1 189 319
8 50
1839
683 509
425 544
1 109 053
6 50
1840
066 615
1 080 084
2 146 699
4 84
1841
232 987
596 657
1 829 644
6 00
1842
146 292
543 064
1 776 051
5 18
1843
568 645
670 532
2 >39 177
4 56
1844
727 714
746 939
2 474 653
4 50
1845
553 740
1 288 tl
2 84 ;) 156
5 57
1846
2 723 474
929 330
3 65 804
5 05
1847
3 989 232
791 106
4 780 3 W
. A. 04
1848
2 983 688
770 114
3 753 802
5 58
1849
2 842 821
886 938
3 739 759
5 00
1850
3* 084* 959
905 277
3 990 236
5 00
1851
3 495 734
495 467
3 991 201
4 00
1852
3 937 366
877 731
4 8J5 097
4 53
1853
3 992*289
957 984
4 950*273
5 77
1854
1 586 961
367 252
1 954 213
9 25
1855
2 5 ( )6 780
2 375 415
9 75
1856
3 209 741
276 034
3 485 775
7 60
1857
2 227 092
*
1 988 226
6 53
1858 T.
3 778 069
#
3 563 901
5 50
1859
I860
2,210,620
4 344 387
*
737 321
1^.925,402
5 081 708
5 70
5 75
1861
6 712 233
745 022
7 467 255
5 50
1862
7,516 397
843 685
8 360 082
6 00
* The arrival at tide-water in these years, being less than the quautity from western .States, is proof of one
of two thing* either that noue of the surplus product of this State came by the canal in thoae yearn, or that,
if it did, its place was bupplied from the west.
180
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Tonnage of wheat and flour eastward to tlie Hudson river on the Erie canal,
with the points of shipment, and the total value.
Years.
From Buf
falo.
From Black
Rock and
Tonawanda.
From Os-
wego.
From way
stations.
Total ton
nage.
Total value.
1837
Tons.
27, 206
Tons.
Tons.
7, 429
Tows.
81,856
116,491
$9 640 156
1838
57, 977
10,010
65, 093
133 080
9 883 586
1839
60, 082
7,697
15,108
41,796
124, 683
7,217,841
1840
95, 573
12, 825
15, 075
121,389
244, 862
10,362,862
1841
106,271
24, 843
16, 677
53, 569
201 , 360
10 165 355
1842
107, 522
13, 035
14, 338
63, 336
198, 231
9, 284, 778
1843
146, 126
12, 882
25, 858
63,914
248, 780
10,283,454
1844
145,510
15, 669
42, 293
74, 391
277, 863
11 211,677
1845
118,614
17, 066
44, 560
140, 223
320, 463
15 962 950
1846
247, 860
16, 564
63, 905
9J , 037
419, 366
18,836,412
1847
380, 053
18, 489
87, 329
65,334
551,205
32, 890, 938
1848
1849
253, 325
229, 983
19, 376
22, 196
90,411
119,201
68, 529
63, 064
431,641
434, 444
21,148,421
19, 308, 595
1850
205, 457
38, 071
133, 473
84 780
461,781
20,218,188
1851
229, 526
48, 773
146, 204
33, 121
457, 624
16, 487, 652
1852
246, 362
65, 208
182, 434
82, 772
576, 772
22, 564, 256
1853
219, 868
68, 401
227,631
97, 958
613,858
30, 034, 571
1854
115 468
18,457
72, 975
33, 755
240, 655
18,482,377
1855
219 111
15, 169
124, 004
302, 125
23,163,681
1856
233, 200
4,573
222, 542
15, 070
475, 385
29, 098, 973
1857
209 727
4,097
104,322
263, 141
14,043,581
1858
332 174
8,051
172, 674
454, 831
19, 632, 087
1859
208 854
8 970
93 345
250 872
9, 970, 409
1860
438 076
29,915
249, 069
710,138
29, 027, 837
1861 . . ..
744, 484
10,571
277, 679
21,561
1,054,295
42, 200, 199
1862
88] , 350
2, 174
276, 237
17,538
1,177,299
50,160,517
Statement of the tonngae and value of merchandise going to other States by way
of Buffalo and Oswego, in each year, from 1836 to 1862, both inclusive.
Years.
Value.
Buffalo.
Oswego.
Total.
Value.
1836
Per Ib.
SO 124-
Tons.
30, 874
Tons.
8 019
Tons.
38, 893
$9, 723, 250
1837
124
22, 230
3,061
25, 291
6, 322, 750
1838
124-
32, 087
2, 542
34, 629
8, 657, 250
1839 - -
15
29, 699
4,498
34, 197
10, 259, 100
1840
16
18, 863
3, 192
22, 050
7, 057, 600
1841 . ..n
18
25, 551
5,489
31,040
11,174,400
1842
15
20, 525
3,538
24, 063
7,218,900
1843
174-
32, 798
4,537
37, 335
13, 067, 250
1844
174-
32, 767
9,648
42,415
14, 485, 250
1845
174-
37,713
11*905
49,618
17,366,300
1846
174^
44, 487
18,540
58, 330
20, 415, 506
1847
18
57, 290
18,843
75, 830
27, 298, 800
1848
18
64, 428
20, 444
84, 872
30, 553, 920
1849
18
68, 020
20, 287
88, 315
31,793,400
1850
18
79, 405
35, 091
144, 496
41,218,560
1851
18
99,918
74, 981
174, 899
62, 963, 640
1852 .
18
143, 787
76,012
219, 799
79,127,640
1853
18
163, 192
98, 560
261,752
94, 230, 720
1854
18
167, 550
64, 329
231,879
83, 476, 440
1855
18
145, 530
74, 936
220, 466
79, 367, 760
1856
18
114,696
68,817
183,513
66, 064, 680
1857
18
74, 733
43, 393
118, 126
42, 525, 360
1858
18
47, 350
29, 540
76, 890
27, 680, 400
1859
18
72, 767
26, 1{J9
98, 876
35, 595, 360
I860
18
72, 030
47, 652
119,682
43, 085, 520
1861
18
35,278
17, 184
52, 462
18,886,320
1862
18
52, 945
18,094
71,039
25, 574, 040
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
181
Statement of the estimated value of property coming from, and merchandise
going to, other States than New York, by way of Bvjfalo. Black Rock, Ton-
awanda, and Oswego,from 1836 to 18G2, both inclusive.
Years.
Products
comiiig from.
Merchandise
going to.
Total.
1836
$5,493,816
$9, 723, 250
$15,217 066
1837
4,813,626
6, 322, 750
11 13(5 :>7f>
1838
6 369 645
8 657 250
15 026 895
1839 ,
7, 258, 968
10,259, 100
17,518,068
1840
7 877 358
7 057 600
14 934 958
1841 . .
11,889,273
11 174,400
23 063 673
184*2
9,215 808
7 218 900
1(> 434 708
1843
11 937 943
13 067 250
25 005 193
1844
15,875,558
14,844,250
27 720 808
1845
14, J62 239
17 366 300
31 520 539
1846
20 471 939
20 415 500
40 887 439
1847
32 666 324
27 298 800
59 965 124
1848
23,245 353
30,553 920
53 799 273
1849
26 713 796
31 793 400
58 50? 196
1850, Tonawanda included
25 539 605
41 272 491
66 812 096
1851
27 007 J42
63 659 440
90 666 582
1852 :
37, 04 1 , 380
79, 127, 640
116,169,020
1253
42 367 564
94 230 720
136 589 284
1854
39 346 283
83 476 440
122 82 4> 723
1855
43,555 243
79* 879 680
123 434 923
1856
38,043,813
66, 064, 680
104,108,493
1857
26 466 121
42 55 360
68 991 481
1858
36, J82 405
29 891 063
66 073 468
1859
24 428 412
35 595 360
60 023 772
I860
4 915 046
45 154 114
98 069 160
J861 .. .
49 405 375
18 886 320
68 291 695
1862 . ...
72, 131 136
25 574 040
97 705 176
182 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
COMMERCE OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
Since the era of gold discovery in the mountain ranges which girdle the
whole Pacific coast, the United States, England, and Russia have made nearly
equal advances in colonization in that quarter of the world. England is firmly
planted in the Australian colonies and British Columbia ; Russia has annexed
Manchooria and the island of Saghalien, which, with her possessions in America,
almost constitute a dominion of the North Pacific ocean ; California and Oregon,
with the settlements converging to the harbors of San Francisco and Puget s
sound, have become an important section of the United States ; and France
probably finds a motive for Mexican intervention in the circumstance that her
power in the New Pacific World is limited to the Society Islands and the recent
successful crusade in Cochin China.
A review of these results of Pacific colonization will be the best illustration
of existing and prospective commerce.
THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES OF ENGLAND.
The statistics of the Australian colony of Victoria and of the State of Cali
fornia present many analogies.
At the commencement of the golden era in Victoria, 1851, the wool-created
colony of Victoria contained 77, 345 people who owned 6,032,783 sheep, 378,806
head of cattle, and 21,219 horses, and the wool-created city of Melbourne had a
population of 25,000 souls. In eleven years the population of Victoria, under
the gold impulse, has increased to 550,000 ; the average exports and imports
are, respectively, 12, 000,000, and the population of the city and suburbs of
Melbourne has increased to 138,000.
In 1849 California had a population not exceeding 75,000 ; its industry and
production were pastoral, the chief export being the hides of cattle ; and San
Francisco was an insignificant seaport. In 1864 the population of California
and its colony, the Territory of Nevada, cannot be less than 500,000, and the
average exports and imports are, respectively, $55,000,000 per annum.
The average annual exports of treasure from Victoria and California since
1854 have closely approximated, being nearly $40,000,000 annually. In both
countries the aggregates have decreased with the diversion of labor to agricul
ture and manufactures. In Victoria, the culminating point was in 1856, when
the export of gold was 2,985,696 ounces, of the value of <12,000,000 ; and the
least export has been during 1863, viz., 1,634,377 ounces, of the value of
<6,537,508. In California, the greatest annual export was, in 1853, $57,331,034,
while, for the last two years, California alone has not exported more than
$35,000,000 per annum.
The entire gold product of Australia and New Zealand stood, in 1862, as
follows :
Victoria ?. 1,71 1,508 ounces.
New South Wales 584,519 ounces.
New Zealand ... 445,902 ounces.
2,741,929 ounces.
Or nearly as much as Victoria alone produced in 1856. So with California.
When credited with the production of Nevada, Oregon and British Columbia,
which the course of trade brings to California for exportation to different parts
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 183
of the world, the aggregate retains and even exceeds the amount recorded in
1853 ; but California, like Victoria, has found more productive industries than
gold mining.
Both countries now produce an immense number of consumable articles
which they used formerly to import and pay for with gold. A summary of
these new sources of value in Victoria is compiled from the London Statistical
Journal, for December, 1863. In 1856, the year of the greatest production of
gold, the colony had only 115,135 acres in cultivation ; in 1862, 540,000 acres.
The crop of wheat has increased from 1,148,011 bushels in 1856, to 4,152,000
bushels in 1862, with a saving of 60 per cent, in price. Oats increased from
614,679 to 2,633,692 bushels, with a gain in reduction of price of ,400,000.
The same comparison extends to all agricultural productions the local supply
now effecting a saving of gold export in lesser articles of <5,000, 000.
Great changes may be anticipated from the success of the vine and tobacco
cultivation. In 1843 four acres were planted by a Swiss vigneron, near Gee-
long. In 1862 there were 1,464 acres planted with 3,818,335 vines, (one-half
only in bearing condition,) from which 16,972 cwt. of grapes were sold, and
47,568 gallons of wine manufactured. In 1862, 220 acres were planted to
tobacco, yielding 2,552 cwt.
The successful manufactures of Victoria are machinery for mines, carriages,
refined sugar, spirits, woollens, ale, furniture, soap, candles, biscuits, brick and
tiles, cement and lime, leather, hats and caps, iron rolling mills, jewelry, paper
bags and pasteboard boxes for tradesmen.
The bank circulation for 1862 was ,1,605,253.
In railroad construction Victoria is in advance of California. At the close
of 1863 the colony had 351 miles of railroad in operation, constructed by the
government, and yielding a revenue of ,433,615, against <297,949 in 1862,
when the total mileage m operation was only 220 miles. Mr. H S. Chapman,
of Melbourne, one year ago, (in January, 1863,) wrote as follows on this inter
esting subject (see London Statistical Journal for 1863, p. 439 :) "In the early
part of 1862, the railway from Geelong to Ballurat was opened, but the double
line not being completed, the department was not in a condition to carry goods
to any extent. In October the Melbourne and Murray River line was opened
to Sandhurst. The distance of the two is, in round numbers, 200 miles. There
are also short railways having their termini at, and radiating from, Melbourne,
constructed by four distinct companies. These connect the surrounding sub
urbs with the city, and are of great convenience to the inhabitants; but it is
only one of these (that which connects Hudson s Bay with the metropolis)
which is of great importance. The total extent of railways in operation is 221
miles, [351 in January, 1864.] The government has in its hands the means of
completing the northern line to Echuca, on the banks of the Murray, where the
Camtaspe empties itself into that river. The embouchure of the Goulboumc is
only a little to the eastward. This line measures a trifle over fifty miles.
These government lines have been constructed with borrowed money, as every
body knows, c7,000,000 raised in England, 1,000,000 raised in Victoria.
There was a premium of c385,000, and they would have been constructed for
some hundreds of thousands less than the original estimates had not the gov
ernment obtained the sanction of the legislature to purchase the Geelong line
of a private company, which, with the repairs to that, line, will require about
c300,000, or perhaps c400,000 in addition. This the government have author
ity to raise in the colony. Upoa these loans the annual charge is half a million.
It is not easy as yet to ascertain what the Met revenue from the government lines
will be. They are scarcely yet in a condition to do all the work they will ulti
mately be capable of, and undoubtedly the revenue will be greatly increased when
the line is open to Echuca. The revenue at present is <45,000 per month, and
is increasing. This will give c540,000 for the year. The working expenses
184 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
are roughly estimated at one-half, but I am informed they will not exceed, and
will probably be kept below, c250,000. In round numbers we may call the
net revenue .300,000 for the year 1863, [it was <433,615.] to go towards the
payment of the interest which is charged on the consolidated revenue. This
net revenue is 3| per cent, on the capital. I do not think there can be any
reasonable doubt that in two or three years the net revenue will be worked up
to the interest, or 6 per cent. I am not, however, upon conjecture or specula
tion, but upon the facts as I find them: and the fact with which I am now to
deal is a deficiency of c200,000, which the people of the colony now have to
meet by taxation. Not that we should care to be taxed less if that were not
the case, but we should have ,200,000 more to expend on other improvements.
Is that <.00,000 a loss to the community? I answer it is not. It is in the
nature of a guarantee premium, to secure the great economical gain to the coun
try from the cheapness of transport generated by these railways. There is no
country in the world which has illustrated, and still illustrates, this so perfectly
as Victoria. Our existence has been of such short duration, and our progress
so rapid, that everything may be said to have passed before the eyes of every
body. We can all recollect our roads in the condition in which General Wade
is said to have found them in the north of England. In 1852- 53 we saw these
roads "before they were made" 1854- 5S was the era of macadamization
1859- 62 that of railways. The revolution from the second to the third period
was not so marked as from the first to the second. More than 66100 per ton
has been paid for the carriage of goods to Bendigo ; c40 and c50 was not
uncommon. As MacAdam moved, Melbourne cartage got down to <18, then
to 12, and latterly to <5 and c6 per ton. We now think that enormous.
The government charge is 50*. to Sandhurst, and 42s. to Ballarat, and in pro
portion for shorter distances, and the public are actually agitating for reduced
rates. At present I have not data to make an exact calculation of the gain,
but I can make one which will certainly be on the safe side. At present, as I
have said, the goods traffic is in its infancy; but if we take the twelve months
at no more than the first two months, the number of tons conveyed will be, on
the Sandhurst line, 128,073; on the Ballarat line, 72,840; on both, 200,913.
Deducting one-third for short distances, it is equal to 134,000 tons carried the
whole way. In I860 the winter rate of cartage to Bendigo was <6 10*., the
summer rate ,5 10*.; mean rate <6 per ton, and even then the carriers had
the benefit of twenty miles of railway. In 1861 the winter rate was <5, the
summer rate <4 5*.; mean, c4 12*. Gd. This makes an average saving of 2
6*. 6d. per ton, or a total of <31 1,550 gain, against the revenue deficiency of
<200,000. In this calculation nothing is allowed for the superior condition of
the goods when delivered, nothing for time, nothing for the absence of depre
dation, which used to be considerable ; nothing for passengers and their conve
nience ; and nothing for the revenue of the Echuca line, when completed, for
the c200,000 is charged on the whole. Taking all these into account, I do not
doubt that the economical advantage distributed over the whole country is at
least half a million, secured at a guarantee or insurance charge of .200,000 ;
and as the charge is not subject to increase, but may be reduced as the traffic
extends, the advantage must be deemed progressive. The Echuca line will
add a fourth to the length of the lines, and ought, consequently, to add one-
fourth to the net revenue; that will reduce the deficiency to .125,000; but it
will also add one-fourth to the sum of economical advantages. Englishmen,
who only know the change from our four-horse coaches, so splendidly appointed
and worked, to the railway, can form no conception of the revolution which we
have experienced. It is a change from misery to comfort a sudden jump
from the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century."
This extract is given without paraphrase, on account of its suggestiveness in re
gard to the indispensable internal improvements of mining districts. California
has recently opened fifty miles of railroad eastward of San Francisco.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 185
The leading statistics of the Australian group of English colonies arc as follows:
Colonies, &c.
Area, square
miles.
Population ac
cording to
latest return.
Revenue raised
iu the
colony in I860.
COMMERCE IN I860.
Value of im
ports.
Vafue of ex
ports.
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
New Zealand. .
323, 437
86, 831
678, 000
383, 328
978, 000
26,215
106, 259
3G5, 635
548, 944
56, 000
126, 830
15,691
90,211
155, 070
1,309, COO
3, 039, GOO
179, 000
439, 000
61,000
268, 000
465, 000
7,519,
15,094,
742,
1,640,
169,
1,006,
1,548,
000
000
COO
u:<)
000
COO
000
5,
12,
1,
1,
072, 000
903,000
710,000
784,000
89, 000
025,000
589, 000
2, 582, 070
1,358,381
5, 760, 000
27,718,000
22,232,000
The revenue of Victoria since 18GO has been nearly <3, 000,000. In 1863
it was reduced to 2,722,299, but will reach the former point in 1864. The
sources of the revenue for the year ending with December, 1863, are thus pre
sented by the Melbourne Argus of January 25, 1864 :
J Customs* Rate of impost Revenue for 1836.
Spirits 10*. per gallon. oC494,045
Wine 3s. per gallon. 44,073
Beer 6 d. per gallon. 53,537
Tobacco, manufactured 2s. per pound. ) 1 ~ ^OA
Tobacco, unmanufactured 1*. per pound. }
Cigars 5*. per pound. 10,118
Tea 6d. per pound. 92,780
Sugar 6s. per cwt. 118,736
Coffee 2d. per pound. 11,918
Opium 10*. per pound. 23,644
Rice 2$. per cwt. 15,560
Dried fruits 10s. per cwt. 16,633
Hops 2d. per pound. 5,525
Malt 6 d. per bushel. 8,445
Sheepwash tobacco 3d. per pound. 5,218
Registration fees, ("unit of entry") 2d. per package. 28,026
Total from customa -*.......*.. 1,048,586
II. Excise :
Spirits distilled in Victoria c6,181
Publicans licenses 54,625
Spirit merchants licenses 14,123
Auctioneers licenses 4,350
Brewers 978
AH other licenses 9,144
Total from excise 89,403
III. Income from public works :
Railways ,433,615
Electric telegraph "24,222
Total from public works 457,837
186
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
IV. Territorial :
Sales and leases of lands, miners rights, &c 750,603
Export duty on gold, 1*. Gd. per oz 121,508
Total territorial,
872,111
V. Post office <117,664
VI. Ports and harbors :
Tonnage, pilotage, &c ,20,453
VII. Miscellaneous :
Fees, fines, and forfeitures, &c <116,240
Grand total <2,722,299
The expenditure of Victoria covers the whole field of what in the United
States is divided into national and state expenditure. Taxation of the entire
population of the United States in equal measure would produce a revenue of
$800,000,000.
Hittell, in his Resources of California, (1SG2,) estimates that the inhabitants
of Nevada, Oregon, Washington, the western part of New Mexico, (now organ
ized as Arizona,) the northwestern part of Mexico, British Columbia, Vancou
ver s island, and the Hawaiian islands, are an aggregate population of 1,700,000,
and destined to an identity of commercial interests.
San Francisco and California hold the same relation to this Pacific population
which Melbourne and Victoria bear to the 1,400,000 inhabitants of the Aus
tralian group of English colonies. Omitting further comparative statements, it
is now proposed to exhibit the present nature and relations of the Pacific trade
which concentrates at the city of San Francisco. This will be done chiefly by
compilations from the San Francisco Mercantile Gazette, showing the transac
tions and situation of 1863.
THE TRADE OF SAN FRANCISCO.
The following table shows the destination and value of exports from San
Francisco, exclusive of the precious metals, during the past three years :
To
1861.
1862.
1863.
New York
$1 605 034
$2 245,633
$2 736 435
Boston . .
98 345
1 192 489
1 505 690
Great Britain
2, 838, 004
1,355,217
1 , 697, 822
Australia.
1 , 056, 401
332, 335
487, 685
British Columbia ........... .. ..
1, 177,152
2 195 903
1,746 801
Mexico .
1 094 930
1 014 639
] 819 652
Peru ..
163 264
271 251
216 206
China
711,841
722, 229
1 , fc46, 254
Hawaiian islands
288, 877
293 370
357, 369
Japan. ......... .
15 577
21 598
43 901
838, 647
920, 630
920, 584
9, 888, 072
10,565,294
12,877,399
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
187
This table includes the productions of Oregon, British Columbia, and north
ern Mexico, as well as of California.
The Gazette adds the following comparative statement of the value of differ
ent articles of California produce exported during the past three years :
Articles.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Barley
$361,452
$131,282
$65,044
10,214
40, 599
11,608
1,984
5,400
171
1,131
3,061
1,871
64,892
69, 805
65,290
135,240
370, 200
719,300
Fi ...
21,828
21,868
11,285
Flour . ...
858, 425
688, 234
767, 270
Glue
7, 320
1,240
930
Hav
4,683
10,998
H 914
Hides
444, 995
947, 253
924, 567
Horns ...... ...... ...... .... .... ....
2,350
2, 484
1,807
Leather . .......... ....
3,605
11,040
3,773
357
968
2 463
Lumber
69 931
149 560
123 084
M us t ;ird seed .... .... ...... ...... .... ...
1,857
2,417
1 1 , 230
Oats .
156 879
72 045
130 602
Potatoes
23 016
12 936
21 828
1, 079, 850
1,138,961
1,073,078
Skins
36, 652
25 Oil
56,338
Silver ores
211 345
34 740
118 109
Tnllow
35 658
37 740
80 170
Wheat
2, 702, 434
1,372,572
1 754 116
\Vine ....
8,000
25 836
80 141
Wool
519 577
1 009 194
1 119 098
Sundries of manufacture
27, 145
23, 843
45, 565
Sundries of agriculture .. .. ............
4 936
2 496
7 637
6, 795, 758
6,211,788
7,208,289
The destinations of these California products were classified as follows :
To
b
1861.
1862.
1863.
New York and Boston
$1 283 381
$2 465 831
$2 879 897
Great Britain. ..........
2 744 537
1 296 889
1 620 812
Australia. .
1 078 118
287 975
398 018
jChina
56(5 860
589 907
1 010 931
453 953
5;>9 927
560 312
Peru
158 774
216 276
16 9 094
42 527
47, 135
66 930
71 315
373 611
260 746
396 283
394 237
249 449
Total
6 795 758
6 211 788
7 208 289
188
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Including exports of treasure, the entire exports of California productions
during three years, may be classified as follows :
1861.
1862.
1863.
[Products of the mine ......
$42, 103, 193
3,265,471
1,041,217
69, 931
21,828
962, 876
8,000
$44,105,662
1,645,350
2, 027, 082
149, 560
21,868
798, 191
25,836
$47, 082, 398
2,013,975
2,182,155
134,086
11,285
873, 854
81,456
Products of n^riculture
Products of the herd
Products of the forest .............. .........
Products of the sea ......
Products of nianufacture .
Total
47,472,217
48, 773, 549
53, 280, 209
The following table shows the value and destination of treasure shipments
from San Francisco during the years 1354 to 1863 :
Years.
To eastern
ports.
To England.
To China.
To Pana
ma.
To other
countries.
Total.
1854
$46, 533, 166
$3,781 080
$965 887
$204 592
$560 908
$52 045 633
1855
38, 730, 564
5, 182, 156
889, 675
230 207
128, 129
45, 161,731
1856 .
39, 895, 294
8, 666, 289
1 308 852
258 268
573 732
50, 697, 4134
1857
35,531,778
9, 347, 743
2 993 264
410 929
692 978
48 976 697
1858
35,891,236
9, 265, 739
1,916,007
299, 265
175, 779
47, 548, 026
1859
40, 146,437
3,910,930
3, 100 756
279 949
202, 390
47, 640, 462
1860
35,719,296
2, 672, 936
3 374 680
300 819
258 185
42, 325, 916
1861
32,628,011
4,061 779
3 541 279
349 769
95 920
40 676 758
1862
26,194,035
12,950,140
2, 660, 754
434, 508
322, 324
42,561,761
1863
10,389,330
28, 467, 256
4, 206, 370
I 503 296
505, 667
46,071,920
Total
341,659,147
88, 306, 054
24,957,524
5,267,602
3,516,010
463, 706, 338
The imports, answering to these exports, are, in some measure, indicated by
the following statement of the tonnage which arrived at San Francisco during
the year 1863 :
From
No. of
vessels.
Tons.
102
114,963
Domestic Pacific ports .......................... .. .....
1 414
253, 017
Great Britain
30
22, 827
Panama New Granada
39
84, 871
13
5,628
Hamburg .. ....... . .
11
4,115
28
13,962
China .
44
32, 888
3
893
7
5,752
Calcutta
3
1,335
3
981
Malaga ...........
1
295
Rio J aneiro ......... .
4
1,034
Chili
4
1,751
Peru
11
2,977
66
20,845
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
STATEMENT Continued.
189
From
No. of
vessels.
Tons.
West Indies
800
44
46, 605
Hawaiian Islands ...... ..... . ..................
18
6, 5-20
13
y, 176
Central America
13
3,771
Russian Possessions northwest coast
9
3,146
Russian Possessions, Asia. ........ ....... ...
4
737
\Vlialin fr Voyages ... . .. . ..
13
4,504
Total arrivals
1 899
641,393
Recapitulation for the year 1863.
No. of
vessels.
Tons.
American vessels arrived from domestic ports
1,516
238
12
1
132
367, 980
214,655
4, 304
200
54, 254
American vessels arrived from whaling voyages ... . . .
Foreign vessels arrived from whaling voyages
Total
1,891)
641,393
By a return from the Register s office of the Treasury Department, the total
value of foreign imports at San Francisco for the year ending June 30, 1863,
was as follows: In American vessels, $7,348,969; in foreign vessels, $3,333,173 ;
total, $10,682,142. To which add for the third quarter of 1863, in American
vessels, $1,937,441; in foreign vessels, $750,956; making an aggregate for the
period of fifteen months ending September 30, 1863, of $13,370^539. During
the same period of fifteen months the value of foreign imports to Oregon are
stated on the same authority at $79,764. There is no return from Puget s Sound
district, though estimated to import at least $100,000 yearly. These custom-
bouse returns indicate an annual importation on the Pacific coast of $10,826,957.
The present tendencies of the Pacific trade in regard to different countries
are worthy of observation.
To New York and Boston the leading articles of export are hides, wool, and
even copper:
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Copper ore ...... ...
. . sks
11 155
72 938
109 470
Hides
No
200 1 1 6
177 998
315 751
308 189
Wool
H767
H791
21 911
16 078
The exportation of wheat, which in I860 was 203,528 bags, fell to 19,288
in 1861, and is not reported for the last two years.
To Great Britain the exports from California chiefly consist of wheat and
flour, as follows :
100
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Flour
. .. .. ..... . barrels
36, 375
70 945
8 582
12 200
Wheat
bags
458 495
1 022 664
590 485
844 022
To the Sandwich Islands and Mexico, lumber is the leading export, amount
ing in 18G3 to 772,794 feet for the Sandwich Islands, and 1,152,350 feet for
Mexico.
The export of lumher to Peru reached 1,936,156 feet in 1862, and 890,009
feet in 18G3.
China is also a considerable market for the lumber of the Pacific coast, re
ceiving 2,659,190 feet in 1862, and 2,709,733 feet in 1863. The San Fran
cisco Mercantile Gazette of January 12 remarks : " The shipments of Califor
nia products to China during the year just ended have been very much greater
than ever before. Flour, wheat, lumber, bacon, butter, cheese, lard, wine, veg
etables, &c., have all been sent forward in quantities that indicate a rapidly
expanding market. The people of that country who have lived among us
these many years, much to the disgust of certain political classes, and in spite
of the most determined efforts to drive them away, have done us a great service
in teaching their countrymen at home the use and value of our products, and in
overcoming their ancient prejudices against barbarian diet. The trade re
quires judicious management, and is in good hands. We regard its present
aspect as perhaps the most important feature in our outward commerce which
4he past year has developed. Its progress may be comparatively slow for some
time to come, and may yet undergo many vicissitudes ; but once fairly inaugu
rated, as indeed it now seems to be, the wants of a population almost illimitable
give assurance of a market for any surplus we may have to spare at prices rea
sonably remunerative."
To Australia and New Zealand the leading export is lumber ; the former
demand for breadstuff s being much below the exportation of 1861.
The East Indies send to California coffee, sugar, rice, hemp, spices, &c., but
take little in return except gold and silver.
The exports of California produce to British Columbia, New Granada, Chili,
Society Islands, Manilla, Japan, France, Cape of Good Hope, Central America,
and Russian possessions, are reported by the San Francisco Gazette as follows :
Articles.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Barley
. bags
99.243
291
92,814
4,883
25
1,098
36
58
1,513
39, 034
8,980
27,303
3,074
Beans
))}jer
Bran. . .
. tons .
B ran
. . baf s
5,806
5,762
75
28
1,044
289
518
59, 170
3,709
vr "
Bread
bbls.
205
1,753
50
2,327
96
Bread
cwt
Bread
packages .
362
21,480
Flour
bbls
33,577
57,634
Furs
packages.
.... bales
Hay
7,318
3, 002
10
5,400
68
1,531,505
3, 542
216. 000
5, 524
6,103
Hide cuttings .... .. .
packages .
Leather
packages .
feet
61
1,740,575
1,426
490. 000
77
2, 897, 752
704
450. 000
87
940, 899
366
boards bundles and
packages .
..No.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
STATEMENT Continued.
191
Articles.
I860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
411
400
pickets. ..... ...
No.
2,000
5,000
pickets ..... .
.....bundles.
400
No.
1,000
bbls.
220
30
310
Oats
bao-s.
3,198
2 504
7 78*
6 483
Potatoes . . . .
,
. . . . ... DUCTS -
351
4 935
4 514
6 222
. . flasks
1 497
2 392
2 240
702
bbls.
236
73
235
37
Salmon . .......
. . cwts.
17
6
60
Tallow . .
Dackaeres
1,484
327
423
251
Wheat
bags .
37,357
4,184
5,118
27 297
Wool
3
546
The table of treasure shipments indicates a great change of destination since
1861. Then the shipments to our Atlantic cities reached $32,628,011, while
during 1863 they amounted to only $10,389,330. The treasure shipments to
England increased from $4,061,779 in 1861 to $28,467,256 in 1863.
The attention to wool-growing on the Pacific coast during the last five or six
years has resulted in a very rapid increase of the crop in California. In 1857
the whole product of the State was only 1,000,000 pounds; now it is estimated
at 7,600,000 pounds. The shipments of wool from San Francisco have been
as follows for the last four years :
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
To New York
Bales.
11 767
Bales.
13 244
Bales.
13 l *7
Bales.
9 862
To Boston
1 547
8 784
6 216
315
1 1 ( )3
78
319
3
62(j
Total
12 082
15 987
2 615
16 398
The export of the important article of quicksilver for the past six years is
shown by the following table :
To
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
New York and Boston
3 559
250
400
600
265
95
Great Britain .......... ..........
2 500
1 500
1 062
Mexico ....... ........
12, 901
103
3,886
12 061
14 778
11 590
China ....
4 132
1 068
2 715
13 788
8 725
8 889
Peru
2 000
571
750
2 804
3 4 i9
3 376
Chili
1 364
930
1 040
2 059
1 746
500
Central America ..................
110
40
40
Japan .......... ...
50
25
Australia . .
325
100
1 050
800
300
133
135
57
424
120
186
19
327
IK;
5
42
Total flasks ...
24, 142
3 399
9 348
35 995
33 749
26 014
192 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The manufactures of California are unexpectedly prosperous, and materially
reduce importations. Cordage, cement, blankets, white and colored flannels,
cloths and cassimeres, gunpowder, leather, malt liquors, tar, rosin, turpentine,
paper, soap, wine, are now manufactured with a degree of success which will
probably control the home market.
The California supply of coal, chiefly from the Mount Diablo mines, is on
the increase, reaching 37,0^0 tons in 1863 ; but the demand is so great as to
warrant shipments from Vancouver island, Bellingham Bay, and Chili, and
even from England and Australia. The monthly consumption from the Diablo
mines during the last three months of 1863 was fully 6,000 tons per month.
The product of gold and silver on the Pacific coast is estimated at $55,000,000
for 1863, of which fully $7,000,000 was received from British Columbia. The
total coinage at the San Francisco mint during the year 1863 was$20,251,417 97.
It is contended by the commercial journals of San Francisco that the cur
rency of California, which is mostly coin, is more abundant in proportion to
population and wealth than that of the Atlantic States. The Mercantile Ga
zette of February 12, 1864, represents the amount in circulation on the Pacific
coast as $25,000,000 ; that the population of California with adjoining State (of
Oregon) and Territories is 600,000, which gives forty-one dollars and sixty-six
cents per capita. The total value of real and personal property on the Pacific
coast is estimated by the Gazette to be $340,000,000, of which $25,000,000 is
about seven per cent. The currency of the loyal States east of the mountains,
notwithstanding its expansion to meet the exigencies of the nation, is below
those ratio s to population and property. The population of the loyal States
and of the insurrectionary districts which are held by the army (in June, 1864)
is 24,000,000. If the currency was at the California standard $4] per capita
its aggregate would be $984,000,000, and a proportion of 7 per cent, upon the
total valuation of property would give an equal aggregate.
VANCOUVER S ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Except Australia, British Columbia, and the islands adjacent to its coast,
would be the only important colonial occupation of the Pacific coast by Great
Britain Mauritius, Hong Kong, and Labuan having their chief significance in
the convenience of the mercantile marine. The station of England on the
northwest coast of North America will prove of great value in the future strug
gle for commercial, if not political, ascendancy in the Orient.
The island of Vancouver, with its excellent harborage in Puget s sound, is in
the latitude, and is not unlike the climate, of Ireland. The coldest weather of
the year is in December ; but little snow falls, disappearing usually in a few
days. The frosts which precede and follow penetrate the soil but a few inches,
and the lakes are covered with ice sufficiently strong to bear the skater only
during a few weeks. The climate is mild and equable, but warmer in summer
than in England. Cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs are seldom housed. Probably
not more than half the surface of the island is adapted to agriculture, but the
soil is of excellent quality, and all other conditions favorable. Wheat, oats,
barley, hay, and vegetables are produced, and the almost evergreen turf is well
suited to grazing. The section of country now in course of agricultural settle
ment is within sixty miles of Victoria, the leading town of the island, and is
known as the district of Cowichan. The conditions on which land may be
taken there, as elsewhere in Vancouver s island, are easy. A single man may
pre-empt one hundred and fifty acres ; a married man, with his wife in the
colony, two hundred acres ; and for each child under ten years of age, ten acres
additional. The government price for the land is one dollar an acre. If un-
eurveyed land be pre-empted, the settler lias to pay for it when surveyed. If
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 193
surveyed, he has three years in which to pay the purchase money. Another
condition makes it incumbent on the pre-emptor to occupy and improve his
claim. "When two dollars an acre is expended in improvements the government
will make a title ; but not so unless the settler has resided on his claim two
years.
Vancouver s island is the naval station of England in the North Pacific. The
harbor of Esquimalt, three miles from Victoria, and near the Straits of San Juan,
is a magnificent haven, fit to shelter a whole navy in safety. The forests of the
island are an inexhaustible resource for ship-building, while the coal mines at
Nanaimo, sixty miles from Victoria, on the sheltered navigation of the Gulf of
Georgia, are of the best possible quality bituminous and extensive. The scams
now worked at Nanaimo are, respectively, three feet ten inches, five feet, and
two feet five inches, and have been traced to the northwest extremity of the
island, where Johnson s straits furnish excellent land-locked harbors. Up to
1858 the Hudson Bay Company had, in nine years, taken 63,000 tons ; but,
during 1863, 22,000 tons have been exported to San Francisco alone, where it
found a remunerative sale, though the price at the pit-mouth is six dollars per
ton. Behind Nanaimo a remarkable natural cleft known as Albeoni canal
leads into Barclay sound, where a London firm have established saw-mills,
which, during nine months of 1863, cut and exported 15,000,000 superficial feet
of the finest planking from the Douglas and other pines. These details of the
coal and lumber trade indicate the great advantages of Vancouver for the con
struction, repair, and coaling of vessels.
Northward of Puget s sound the coast of British Columbia is so broken with
fiords or inlets, and sheltered by islands, as to present the greatest possible
advantages for fisheries and a coasting trade. The salmon, herring, and other
fisheries of this region will equal those of Norway.
British Columbia, in respect to capacity for agriculture, may be compared
with Scotland, while its mineral resources are destined to a development fully
equal to the gold product of the colony of Victoria.
The progress of the colony of British Columbia, during the first four years of
its organization, will be illustrated by a statement of revenue which is raised
almost entirely by customs duties levied at New Westminster, or the mouth of
Frazer river, and by a mining license of twenty shillings per year for each man.
During the first year of the existence of British Columbia as a colony that is,
to the 3lst of December, 1859 the customs duties amounted to c18,464, the
receipts from other sources being quite trifling. In the succeeding year, 1860,
the customs receipts reached d30,416, and those from other sources, such as
land sales, port and harbor duties, licenses, &c., nearly c23,000 more. In 1S61
the receipts from customs were .41,177; from other sources, c38,192. In
1862 the customs receipts were estimated by Governor Douglas at c58,9SO ;
other sources, d47,050. One-third of the gross revenue is devoted to the con
struction of roads and bridges, which are objects of first necessity in a rugged
mining country. By the improvement of the roads from the mouth of the Frazer
river to stations three hundred miles distant, the cost of transport has been
reduced to about twenty shillings a ton, which is 300 per cent, less than in 1860.
The land system of British Columbia is identical with that of Vancouver s
island, the price of land being 4s. 2d. per acre on easy terms of payment.
The mineral wealth of British Columbia, especially the interior district called
Cariboo, which parts the waters of the Columbia, Frazer, Saskatchewan, Atha
basca, and Peace rivers to every point of the compass, has lately been attested
by papers read at the London Geographical Society, and is confirmed by the
returns of treasure exports at New Westminster and Victoria.
Allen Francis, esq., United States consul at Victoria, Vancouver s island,
states that the export of gold .from that port during the year 1863, as obtained
from reliable sources, amounted to 2,935,170 16, and he computes that an
Ex. Doc. 55 13
194
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
equ.il amount has been taken away in private Lands, or about $6,000,000 as
the total export.
Mr. Francis communicates the following statistical tables :
Table of imports to Victoria, Vancouver s Island, for the years 1861, 1862, and
1863.
18G1.
1862.
1S63.
From San Francisco
From Washington Territory and Puget s sound . . .
From Oregon
$1,288,359
228, 350
216,603
$2, 345, 066
224, 793
75, 370
$1,880,117
242,781
108, 603
Total
1,733,212 2,645,229 \ 2,230,501
From Sandwich Islands,
From British Columbia.
From China
From Melbourne
From Valparaiso
516,041
54, 382
31,454
694, 278
112,108
32, 424
22, 268
32, 170
17, 000
1,432,521
113,486
65, 870
45, 434
Total I 601,877 910,248 1,657,311
Statement of exports from the port of Victoria, Vancouver s Island, during the
six months ending December 31, 1863.
To what place. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total.
___________^_______^ ________ j i
San Francisco $20,673 $25,015 $16,650 $28,112 !$23,217 $25,456 $139,123
Port Angeles 5,970 6,804 6,187 8,863 3,988 10,412 42,024
Astoria 945 1,727 637 4,208 2,586 361 10,464
New York 349 349
Total 27,588 33,895 23,474 40,983 29,791 36,229 191,960
Statement of the export of gold from Victoria, Vancouver s Island, from 1S58
to 1863, inclusive.
1858. Wells, Fargo & Co $337,765 17
1859. Wells, Fargo & Co 823,488 41
1860. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,298,466 00
1861. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,340,395 72
1862. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,573,096 J6
1863. Wells, Fargo & Co 1,373,443 39
McDonald & Co. from 1858 to 31st December, 1861.. . 1,207,656 00
1862. Not included in Wells, Fargo & Co. s statement 335,379 00
1863. Bank of British North America 585,617 85
1863. Bank of British Columbia 824,876 92
Hudson Bay Company and others from 1858 to 1863, in
clusive, approximate 500,000 00
10,200,184 64
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
195
Shipment of gold by express and on freight during the year
18G3. . $2,935,170 16
Same for the year 1862 $2,167,183 18
Statement of tlie tonnage of shipping entered and cleared at Victoria, Vancou
vcr s Island, from 1st July to 31st December > 1863.
Nationality.
Tonnage entered.
No. crew.
Tonnage cleared.
No. crew.
American m
47,075
2 412
46,057
2,344
Foroi^n .
43,800
1,516
47,048
1,711
RUSSIA IN ASIA.
In 1858, before the English and French fleet had reached the Pei Ho, the
Russians appropriated the best results of the campaign. In May of that year
General Mouravieff concluded a convention at Algoor with the Chinese author
ities, which enlarged Siberia almost to the absorption of Manchooria securing
to Russia a region abounding with the elements of commerce. Along the
Amoor river, fed by numerous navigable tributaries and capacious enough to
admit steam vessels two thousand miles from its mouth, the Russo-Chinese
treaty fixed the dividing line of the two empires, only varying from its channel
by a line running to the tide-waters of the Pacific at a point which gives to
Russia the best harbors on the sea of Japan. The territory thus acquired can
hardly be estimated under three hundred thousand square miles, rich in the
products of the forest and in mineral wealth. In securing Manchooria, or the
best half of the native land of the tribes, whose dynasty is dominant in China,
Russia has virtually pushed her frontier to the wall of China.
In the wilderness of Central Asia, west and northwest of China proper,
Russia is constantly making territorial acquisitions. Even Khiva, Kokand and
Khorassan are dependencies of the Czar. Indeed, the desert of Gobi on the
east, and the Himalayan range and the frontiers of Afghanistan and Persia on
the south, are natural boundaries within which Russian influence is paramount.
Mongolia, Thibet, Turkestan, are at this moment less members of the Chinese
than of the Russian Empire. This portion of Asia, known historically as the
birthplace and scene of empire of Genghis Khan, has a considerable capacity
for commerce. Stretching from the Suliman range to Siberia, from the Caspian,
to the sea of Okhotsk, it certainly contains a considerable population, possibly
a large one, which wants clothes, weapons, iron instruments most of the ap
pliances and some of the luxuries of civilization and can give in exchange
hides, horns, goats wool, camels hair, tallow, silk, borax, gems, metals, drugs,
and all that wealth which is sure to be discovered in very wide tracts of earth.
" Englishmen think of the provinces of Central and Northern Asia," observes- the
London Economist, " as if they were covered with desert, .but they comprise
every kind of climate, and contain every variety of mineral, while over half
their extent fat grapes grow in the open air, and every traveller records the
luxurious quality of their fruits."
Upon the question of practical communications with Central Asia, the same
authority reaches conclusions which demonstrate the value of the Amoor river
and its tributaries. " The true route towards these countries," continues the
writer in the Economist, " is through Russia and China, for it is the only one on
which we have much help from water communication. By following the
196
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Yangtsee and Hoangho to the utmost limit of navigation, we bring ourselves to
points from whence the Chinese merchants have traded with the people east of
the Himalayas points from which traffic in wheeled carriages may begin. In
northern Asia, the true access is by the Amoor, a river which, if travellers
may be trusted, is navigable for more than two thousand miles, and cleaves into
the very heart of that secluded region. The western division, which we call
Central Asia, as if Thibet were not more central, is cloven by the Jihon, which
flows from Bokhara to the Caspian, and the navigation of which has never been
fairly tried. * * * The notion of opening the Amoor has been repeatedly
entertained at St. Petersburgh, and if all sovereign rights were fully reserved,
and the advantages of such a course to the revenue made quite clear, the gov
ernment might be disposed to go gradually much further. To enfranchise the
great eastern Asiatic rivers by agreement with St. Petersburgh and Pekin
should be the line to which our efforts ought to be directed."
Proceeding upon such a commercial policy in 1858, Lord Elgin, who was
fully conscious of the advantages gained in the Russian treaty of May, obtained
from the Chinese government concessions of free travel through the empire and
of a port of Shingking, at a point easily attainable from Shanghae and open to
the importation of foreign manufactures. These concessions have been extended
to American traders.
Russia has followed the initiative of 1S5S with extraordinary vigor. The
telegraph already connects St. Petersburgh with Irkoutsk, a distance of 5,000
miles, and will be extended to the Pacific coast during 1865. The colonization
of the valley of the Amoor has been undertaken, and already eighty steam
vessels are employed in the trade with the Russian possessions of the North
Pacific, while the government of St. Petersburgh extends all possible encourage
ment to the enterprise projected by English and American capitalists to unite
the telegraph lines of the United States and British America with the Russo-
Siberian line now advancing to a junction across the Bearing straits and through
Russian America.
COMMERCE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.
The Hawaiian islands should not be omitted from the consideration of the
great commercial changes which the contact of European and Asiatic civilization
is destined to produce. In 1863 the external commerce of the islands had
reached an aggregate of $2,201,345, and its progress is indicated by the follow
ing table :
Years.
Domestic pro
duce exported.
For n merchan
dise exported.
Total exports.
Total imports.
1846
$301 625
$62 35
$363 750
$598 38
1856
466 278
204 546
670 824
1 156 423
I860
480 526
326 932
807 459
1 23 749
1861 . . .
476 872
182 902
659 774
761 109
1862
586 542
251,882
838 424
998 239
1863
744 413
281,439
1,025 852
1 175 493
The official returns of 1863 are classified as follows by the Honolulu Com
mercial Advertiser :
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 197
Paying duty. Bonded.
Imports from United States, Pacific side $304, 502 $36, 617
" " Atlantic side 122, 770 . 40, 827
Bremen 194, 429 62, 851
Great Britain 63, 400 9, 227
Vancouver s island 32, 210
Sea 6,291
Islands of Pacific 6, 457
Sitka, (Russian America)
730,061 341,308
Of articles exported, 3,512 pounds of cotton were sent to the United States,
and the exports of sugar increased from 3,000,000 pounds in 1862 to 5,292,000
pounds in J863.
THE GOLD PRODUCT OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
The extension of English and American settlement since 1850, expressed by
the foregoing statistics of Australia, California, and British Columbia, is the
result of gold discovery. The London Economist estimates the production of
gold from the islands and coast of the Pacific during the fifteen years 1849- 63
at c350,000,000 sterling, or equal to 58 per cent, upon the total computed stock
of c600,000,000 sterling of gold existing in various forms in Europe and
America in 1848, and conjectures that the following numerical distribution of
these d350,000,000 has taken place:
Employed and absorbed in Great Britain <60, 000, 000
France 110, 000, 000
" United States 50, 000, 000
c220, 000,000
Australia 30, 000, 000
" " California 20, 000, 000
" Turkey and East 40, 000, 000
" " Brazil, Egypt, Spain,
Portugal, &c 40, 000, 000
130,000,000
350, 000, 000
The cheapening of the price of quicksilver, and the large discoveries of silver
in Nevada and Arizona, have increased the annual supplies of that metal, but
only to a small extent compared with gold.
Upon the question, now elaborately discussed, of the effect of this gold pro
duction upon its exchangeable value, the London Economist of February 20,
1864, calls attention to the evidence afforded by comparing the average annual
rates from 1841 to 1863 of the foreign exchange between England, using a gold
standard, and Paris, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, using a silver standard, and
according to this statement the fall in the value of gold as compared with silver
(the be^t available test at present) in no case exceeds 2J per cent.
The result of this comparison adds, if possible, to the force and significance
of the following language by an eminent English writer:*
OTooke, History of Prices, vi, 235, published in 1857.
198
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
" Set at work and sustained by the production year by year of largo quantities of now
gold, there is at work a vast and increasing number of causes all conducing to augment the
real wealth and resources of the world all conducing to stimulate and foster tmde, enter
prise, discovery, and production and therefore all conducing with greater and greater
force to neutralize, by extensions of the surface to be covered, and by multiphing indefi
nitely the number and magnitude of the dealings to be carried on, the a priori tendency of
an increase of metallic money to raise prices by mere force of enlarged volume. Already the
boundaries within which capital and enterprise can be applied, with the assurance and
knowledge alone compatible with durable success, have been extended over limits which tea
or even five years ago would have been regarded as unattainable. There have come into
play influences by which it seems to be the special purpose to contribute, by the aid of the
gold discoveries and by the aid of the concurrent advance of knowledge, to the removal
or mitigation of many chronic evils against which past generations have striven almost
in vain."
It has been estimated that the populations of China and India, when the
benefit of a strong and stable government is assured, will develop a commerce
fully equal to the proportions now witnessed in France. The beginning of
such a state of things, attested by the movement thither of the precious metals,
is a fruitful topic of discussion, and will be briefly considered.
THE DRAIN OF SILVER TO THE EAST.
The absorption of silver in Asia has never been so great as since the gold
discoveries of California and Australia. With the increase of bullion Europe
ceased to regard with apprehension the oriental demand for silver in exchange
for silks, teas, indigo, and other staples of eastern production. When it was
known that the Pacific gold stream was yearly increasing in volume, and could
readily fill any vacuum which the shipment of silver to India and China might
produce, a great expansion of trade to Asia followed. The precious metals came
to be regarded as merchandise, and it was deemed wholly unessential whether
payment was made for eastern products in the coin or the manufactures of
Europe.
The following table of the imports of Indian products into England in a
series of years indicates the nature of this increase of trade :*
Imports from British India value.
Articles.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
Cotton
2,241,979
3 530 410
5 416,883
2 898 779
Hemp, jute, and other articles
504, 264
638, 300
610,913
685, 948
1,518,097
2, 190, 131
1,791,644
1,997,511
Seeds
1,968,501
2, 545, 372
1,326,336
1,774,558
Silk
559, 319
565, 405
188, 697
509, 561
Sugar
1 043 480
1 871,279
1 928 006
1 059 291
Tea
25, 661
82, 903
147, 989
9J , 152
Wool
490, 977
576, 944
673, 493
490, 521
8,352,268
12, 000, 544
12, 083, 961
9,507,321
<*See an article in Hunt s Merchants Magazine, August, 1863, on " Silver : its Produc
tion, Coinage, and Value."
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
Imports from British India value Continued.
199
Articles.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
Cotton
3,901,109
3, 339, 076
9,334,115
21,933 774
Hemp juto find other articles ....
837 167
671,176
729, 172
906 834
Indigro
1 619 604
2 220 119
2 605 634
1 784 554
Seeds
2, 344, 898
2, 075, 274
1,971,449
1,751,003
Silk
29(5, 263
60, 895
136,505
438 572
Suerar
1 101,716
939 026
821 , 458
368 493
Tea
132 255
231) 064
165 964
161 7G8
Wool
462 100
699 861
614 999
742 807
10, 695, 108
10, 235, 491
16,379,286
28, 087, 805
The steady rise in value to an aggregate of $60,000,000 in 1857, producing
a drain of silver, was one of the causes of the revulsion in that year. Since
then the purchases of Indian produce, mostly cotton, have risen to $90,000,000
in 1862, while in 1863 England imported cotton from India to the enormous
value of $200,000,000.
The quantity of silver annually exported from England and the Mediterranean
to Asia has been as follows, per English official reports :
Year.
England.
Mediterranean.
Total.
1851
$3, 362, 500
$8, 362, 500
1852 ..
12,116,210
12,116,210
1853
23 550 000
$4 240 000
27, 790, 000
1854
15, 555, 000
7, 255, 000
22,821,000
1855
32, 075, 000
7, 620, 000
39, 695, 000
1856
60, 590, 000
9, 950, 000
70, 540, 000
1857
86 477 170
10 180 291
96 657 461
1858
25, 444, 250
16,150,000
31,594,250
1859
33, 298, 120
7, 340, 280
40, 638, 400
1860
40, 620, 182
8, 120 204
48, 740, 386
1861
36 399 175
7 980 000
44,379 175
1862
53,551,045
9,150,000
61,701,045
1863 six months .- .. .......
21,256,514
11,737,271
32, 993, 781
450, 306, 162
88,723,046
539, 029, 203
France, although the richest country of the world in the precious metals, has
eince 1848 parted with $165,947,253 of silver, and taken in exchange gold.
This is the case with England, Russia, and the United States, who no longer
hesitate to encourage and extend their trade with the non-importing population
of Asia, although at tbo hazard of a drain of silver coin. The trade of Cali
fornia with China is more reciprocal, owing, it is supposed, to the new demands
for American provisions and manufactures, which the Chinese immigrants,
attracted by the mines to our Pacific coast, carry back with them to China.
But in India, notwithstanding a century of British occupation, the apathy of
the natives their aversion to any exchange except for silver seems unbroken.
To this condition of the market ethre has been added, during the last ten years,
an investment of c50,000,000 of English capital in the lailroads of Hindostau,
which has greatly contributed to the influx of silver.*
See the Bankers Magazine, Journal of the Money Market, and Commercial Digest,
January, 1864, London, p. 19.
200 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
From the time of imperial Rome bullion has flowed from west to east, and
Pliny complained that India was the "sink" of the precious metals. Gibbon
has also observed that this continuous drain was "a complaint worthy of the
gravity of the senate;" and Humboldt, estimating the produce of the South
American mines in the beginning of this century at 843,000,000, states that
$25,000,000 were sent to Asia. The tendency to hoard the precious metals
partakes of the proverbial immobility of the Asiatic character. Silver is less
used in India for purposes of luxury and ornament than in Europe ; and it is
probable that silver, and perhaps gold, will continue to be the leading article of
import until the whole Asiatic world, with its population of six hundred millions
of souls, shall be in possession of the same money supply relatively which is
found in European or American states. This proportion between population
and its industry on the one hand, and the medium of commerce recognized by the
world, once established, then, and perhaps not before, will the oriental torpidity
be succeeded by new and more advanced modes of traffic. The population of
Great Britain is computed at 30,000,000, with an amount of gold and silver
in circulation assumed to be c80,000,000 ; and this amount is found essential,
notwithstanding the great extension of paper substitutes for coin. The circu
lating medium of India in 1857 was about dSO,000,000, but the population of
India is 180,000,000, or sixfold that of Great Britain. India can, therefore,
absorb c400,GOO,000 in addition to the amount she is now supposed to hold
before she will exceed the monetary level of Great Britain.
France affords a more impressive illustration of the inevitable absorption of the
precious metals by Asia before the monetary equilibrium will be adjusted between
the Orient and the Occident. The population of France is, in round numbers,
36,000,000; its specie supply 6,600,000,000 francs, or about 6^64,000,000.
The population of India will therefore require ^1,320,000,000 to reach a circu
lation of coin proportionate to that of France.
But this is not all. It is estimated that there are 600,000,000 Asiatics, fully
equal as to industrial capacity to the people of India ; many of them the Japan
ese and Chinese especially superior to the Hindostanese. Before the orien
tals reach the monetary level of England, they must be in possession of
cl, 600, 000, 000, while to attain an equality with France no less than an aggre
gate of c4,400,000,000 must be permanently absorbed by the 600,000,000
Asiatics, who are soon to be brought into close commercial relation with Christ
endom.
The capital and industry of Europe and America were never so active as
now. How immeasurable, under the impulse of machinery, is the energy and
the amount of production. Fully proportionate is the exigency of distribution
and the development of commerce; and as money is the grand instrument both
of production and distribution, it must be permitted to diffuse itself proportion
ately. Until every land is saturated to the full standard of Europe and thy
United States, there will be no excess of supply from the mines of all the con
tinents. The golden age is here, but we stand only on its threshold.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 201
OVERLAND TRADE AND COMMUNICATIONS
BETWEEN THE
PACIFIC COAST AND THE MISSISSIPPI STATES.
Having considered the external commerce of the United States, mostly con
centrated on the Atlantic seaboard, and the volume of internal trade between
the Mississippi States and the cities and communities east of the Allcghanies,
the grand result of nearly three centuries of American civilization, and having
also anticipated, from less than twenty years of similar colonization on the Pa
cific coast, a still more remarkable phenomenon of social and material progress,
it remains to consider the situation and prospects of those interior American
States which are destined to connect the two great oceans by a railway across
the American continent, itself the precursor of other communications of the
kind.
The California division of the Union Pacific railroad consists of three sec
tions, under the control of three companies : First, the San Francisco and San
Jose Railroad Company, which has a section of fifty miles between these two
places; secondly, the Western Pacific Railroad Company, which has a section
of one hundred and fifteen miles from San Jose to Sacramento ; thirdly, the
Central Pacific Railroad Company, which has the section from Sacramento to
the eastern boundary, in Truckee valley , t a distance of one hundred miles.
The first section, from San Francisco to San Jose, is completed and in opera
tion. The further distance to Sacramento is rapidly advancing to completion.
With the aid of the California legislature there is a probability that the rail
way will be pushed to the eastern boundary of the State sooner than the lines
west of the Missouri river will be constructed for an equal mileage.
When recently the people of Nevada Territory were represented in a conven
tion to frame a State constitution, there was no dissent from the proposition that
the credit of the State to the amount of $3,000,000 might be applied to aid
the construction of a Pacific railway, all other loans of credit for internal im
provements being prohibited. This provision will doubtless be inserted in the
constitution soon to be presented. Utah, Colorado, and Kansas will also co
operate with efficiency.
But the surest guarantee will be the resources, present and prospective, of the
organizations named, which will now be considered in geographical sequence.
NEVADA.
The population of Nevada Territory by the census of I860 was 6,857. At
the close of 1863 it had reached 60,000, of which nearly 20,000 was concen
trated at Virginia City, the centre of the most productive silver district. Within
four years $5,000,000 have been expended in erecting quartz mills and reduc
tion works ; another $5,000,000 have been laid out in opening the mines, and
three times as much in various kinds of improvement. In wagon roads alone,
leading into and through the Territory, $500,000 have been spent, an invest
ment that has paid from forty to eighty per cent, per annum. The tolls col
lected on these roads during the year 1863 reached at least the sum of $200,000.
The money paid on freights coming into the Territory from the Pacific coast
amounted to fully $3,000,000. About 3,000 teams of various kinds arc em
ployed in this business, besides numerous pack trains.
202 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The argentiferous lodes of Nevada, first known as the Washoe silver mines,
are not confined to the neighborhood of the first discoveries, although none
have elsewhere been met with carrying so large a body of rich ores as the origi
nal Comstock, at Virginia City. Some claiming to be equally rich, but com
paratively small, have been found at other points. The localities of the other
principal mines of Nevada, naming them in the order of their discovery, are the
Esmeralda mines, a little over one hundred miles south-southeast of Virginia
City ; the Humboldt, one hundred and sixty miles northeast ; the Silver Moun
tain, sixty miles south; the Peavine District, thirty miles north; and the Reese
River Country, one hundred and seventy miles east-northeast, embracing, like
the other sections named, many districts, and flanked by two of more than ordi
nary promise the Cortez, seventy miles north, and the San Antonio, one hun
dred miles south of Austin, now the principal town in the Reese River region.
Besides these, there are many isolated districts in various parts of the country,
all advancing claims to great mineral wealth.
Extensive districts of California, along the course of the Sierra Nevada, are
argentiferous. On both the California and Arizona sides of the Colorado river
silver lodes of manifest value are met with. In Utah Territory silver-bearing
ledges, not unlike those found in the vicinity of Reese river, are numerous, and
similar discoveries in the Boise country and other portions of Idaho have been
made; but Nevada as yet sustains her pre-eminence as the silver-bearing region
of the United States.
There are now more than a hundred quartz mills in operation in the Territory
of Nevada. These carry from five to forty stamps each, and have been erected
at a cost ranging from $10,000 to 6100,000, three or four at least having ex
ceeded the latter sum. The Gould and Curry mill, with its surrounding im
provements, has already involved an expenditure of $1,200,000. About three-
fourths of these mills are driven by steam, and the balance by water. Of the
entire number in the Territory, seven-eighths are in the vicinity of Virginia
City, the most remote being not over fifteen miles distant.
It is calculated that every stamper will crush a ton of rock in 24 hours.
Supposing 100 mills to be in constant operation, carrying an average of 10
stamps each, 1,000 tons of ore are crushed daily. This ore will yield at the
rate of $50 per ton, giving a daily product of $50,000 for the Territory, or a
total, allowing 300 working days for the year, of $15,000,000 per annum.
With proper allowance for the increased production of 1864, the estimate of
$20,000,000 for the current year will not seem an exaggeration.
The colony of Victoria, in Australia, had a population in 1861 of 540,322,
about equal to that of California and Nevada. The total number of persona
residing within the mining districts of Victoria is given as 233,501, of which
90,364 are returned as directly employed " in the extraction by washing, crush
ing or other mode, of gold." Upon this basis the colony of Victoria has under
taken and constructed 351 miles of railway at a cost of c35,000 per mile;
while society in the gold-fields, under the necessity of co-operation imposed by
quartz mining, has been transformed from the violence of the first epoch of gold
discovery to a remarkable condition of order and sobriety. Heavy and expen
sive machinery employed on works which extend over a period of several
years have obliged the miner to adopt a settled mode of life. Attractive home
steads are everywhere seen, and flourishing cities are founded almost in a day.
The same results are soon to be observed in Nevada perhaps are already
visible. Virginia City (in the language of the Edinburgh Review, describing the
populous towns of Victoria) "contains as many as 20,000 or 30, 000 inhabitants,
with streets well metalled and paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with water,
with churches, three daily newspapers, and other public institutions." The
construction of 300 miles of railway will soon be added to the analogy of com
parative progress.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 203
UTAH.
The settlements of Great Salt Lake City, and elsewhere in Utah Territory,
have directed their industry exclusively to agriculture and domestic manufac
tures. Their ecclesiastical rulers, by giving such a direction to the labor of the
people, have shown great sagacity, for not only is society organized on surer
foundations than in mining districts, but the demand for all tiie products of Utah
has been so constant and remunerative as to furnish an advantageous borne
market. Simultaneously with the first settlement at SaJt Lake the overland
emigration to California commenced, and has increased from year to year until
in 1863 it meets a return column of adventurers who are pushing eastward and
northward to the gold-fields of Colorado, Idaho, and Montana. The consump
tion by the crowds in transit, both east and west, sustains the prices of provis
ions and manufactures at rates which encourage population and accumulate
wealth.
By the census of 1860 the population of Utah was 40,273, an increase of
253.89 per cent, since 1850. The total valuation of property was $986,083 in
1850, and $5,596,118 in I860, or an increase of 467.50 per cent. If these
proportions continue during the present decade, the population of Utah will be
142,525, and the valuation of property $31,757,966 in 1870.
Most of Utah is barren ; perhaps one-fiftieth of the surface, with the aid of
irrigation, is available for agriculture ; but over other and more extensive districts
grazing and wool-growing will reward industry. The native grasses, especially
the bunch grass, are heavily seeded, fattening cattle like grain, and giving
great consistence and richness to the milk of cows. This concentration of nutri
ment is a result of the arid climate, and to the same cause may be attributed
the health of sheep, and the fine quality of their fleeces.*
Iron and copper mines, which have been discovered in the Wahsatch moun
tains of Utah, have received more attention from the Mormons than the indica
tions of gold and silver, but the time is at hand when the precious metals will
be mined as successfully as in Nevada.
The present population of Utah is variously stated by Peter A. D>y, esq.,
engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, at 75,000 ; by Firzhugh
Ludlow, esq., in the Atlantic Monthly Magazine, at 80,000 ; and by Hon. J.
F. Kiuney, delegate from Utah to Congress, at 100,000. They are producing,
besides fruits and creals, wool, cotton, silk, paper, leather, iron, lead, copper
and salt, having introduced machinery for manufactures.
c The following paragraph from the San Francisco Bulletin relates to the subject :
THE PASTURES OF THE GREAT BASIN. These are generally found abundant on the eleva
tions and rounded hills from 500 to 5,000 feet above the foot plains and level deserts
coming west from the Salt Lake ranges. Hay is made from wild rye and barley, with
many other grasses unknown heretofore to our hay-makers, and mostly undescribed in
science. In several p*rts a species of wheat has beeu met with, aud also several varieties
of clover have long been used by passing emigrants, since 1846. Brush and shrub pines,
and oaks not over one or two yards high, and covered with acorns and nuts, are common in
many districts, and make excellent food for stock animals, being also necessary articles of
the Papute cuisine ; the dwarf oak acorns being particularly nutritious. An American
gambusino, who had tramped up and down Arizona and Nevada in 1S62- G3, lately stated
to a correspondent of the Bulletin that the grasses of the eastern slope, or the other pas
tures with which they are mixed, have the property, when a little advanced in the season,
of making the milk of domestic cows much thicker and more like the consistence of warm
cream, and very rich in making cheese. It is many times more sustentativc than that of
the coast, and much more sweet and toothsome, though less in quantity, these being its
usual peculiarities at all seasons A variety of stiff, short grass is found in these places,
not over a foot high, which is full of fine seeds and is greedily eaten by cattle and horses,
and keeps them in excellent condition.
204 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
The late F. W. Lander, in a communication to the Secretary of the Interior,
dated February 13, 1858, speaks of the inhabitants of Utah in the following
terms : " Having been much exposed in the passes of the central mountains
during two protracted explorations, with very small parties of men, and especially
the last season, when the Mormons were expecting attacks from the government
military forces, I wish, in this connexion, to place on record my own opinion
and that of my party in favor of the masses of the Utah population. Often
reduced to great straits for provisions and supplies, I was uniformly relieved,
and in several instances most kindly and hospitably entertained by that distant
class of our fellow-citizens. It cannot be denied that among this peculiar people
exists as much thorough push, practical energy and determined movement, as
are found in the republic. Both in founding the colonies of Salt Lake and
throwing open that arid, desolate section to settlement, they have overcome
gome of the most remarkable obstacles of nature. In fact, the initiative steps
taken by this singular people first gave great impetus to our own overland
emigration, by imparting knowledge of the resources of travel, and by furnish
ing supplies." Again, in a subsequent communication, Colon el Lander remarks:
" The existence of this Mormon population, and the supplies they are enabled to
furnish, is a most important matter in making estimates for any public work to
be carried on in that section of country. They are very excellent laborers,
many of them Cornish miners, who understand all sorts of ledge work, masonry,
&c. The majority of the lower classes are trained in the use of implements of
excavation, from the amount of picking and digging which is required in the
building of the great irrigating ditches, and in the erection of the earth and rock
fences by which the farms of the country are separated. They will prove of
remarkable service should the proposed line of the Pacific railroad pass any
where in the vicinity of their settlements. Ex-Governor Young told me that
he would engage to find laborers and mechanics to build that portion of a Pacific
railroad which should extend across the Territory of Utah."
COLORADO.
Colorado Territory, with a white population of 34,231 in 1860, and an esti
mated area of 100,000 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres, has nearly doubled in
population during the first three years of the current decade. The population
in January, 1864, may be fairly stated at 60,000. The production of gold in
1862 was $10,000,000, which will probably reach $15,000,000 during 1864.
A message of honorable John Evans, governor of Colorado, to the Territorial
legislature, delivered February 3, 1864, indicates quite distinctly the future
situation of the State in regard to agriculture, grazing, and mining. He esti
mates that not over one-half of the supplies of provisions for the Territory are
yet produced from the soil, and anticipates that this relation between supply
and demand will be maintained for years to come. He admits that " the arable
lands of Colorado, except for purposes of grazing, are limited exactly by the
quantity of water that may be found applicable to purposes of irrigation," while
claiming that lands are very productive when irrigated. The governor presents
the following comparison between the returns of agriculture in Colorado and
Illinois :
Colorado. 1 man s labor 10 acres corn, 15 acres wheat.
10 acres corn, 40 bushels per acre 400 bushels, at $3 $1, 200 00
15 acres wheat, 30 bushels per acre 450 bushels, at $3 1, 350 00
Corn fodder from 10 acres, at $10 per acre 100 "00
Wheat straw from 15 acres 20 tons, at $10 200 00
Total.. 2,850 00
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 205
Illinois. 1 man s labor 30 acres corn, 15 acres wheat.
30 acres corn, 60 bushels per acre 1,800 bushels, at 30 cents. . $360 00
15 acres wheat, 15 bushels per acre 225 bushels, at 75 cents. . 168 75
Straw and fodder, estimated 100 00
Total 628 75
Profits in Colorado over those in Illinois on the annual labor of
one man $2, 221 25
Even more significant than these extraordinary prices of corn and wheat in
Colorado is the suggestion by Governor Evans, that one claim of each quartz
lode discovered hereafter shall be reserved, by act of Congress, for the purpose
of creating a school fund, " as the usual grant of school-lands by the general
government will be comparatively valueless for such a purpose in Colorado"
Governor Evans alludes to the progress of quartz mining in the following
terms :
" The improvement in the modes of saving gold from the ores of our mines
that have been made during the past year have given a new impulse to mining
operations. By these new processes, ores that paid $25 per ton by the old
process are readily made to yield 8100 per ton, while many varieties produce
much more largely, and this without greatly increasing the expenses."
The improvements here alluded to are chemical as well as mechanical, and
are thus described by a writer in the New York Commercial Advertiser :
" The gold in the quartz is associated with iron pyrites ; it is held very tena
ciously, as if combined itself with the sulphur always present. The old plan,
after drawing off the sulphur, was to pulverize very fine and then apply quick
silver, which united with all the gold free, forming a part, which, exposed to
heat, lost the quicksilver in vapor, leaving the gold pure. By this process
much gold was lost because it adhered to the pyrites and passed off in the
tailings. A new process of roasting at a certain heat drives off the sulphur
without adding to the cohesion of the pyrites or causing the gold to volatilize.
This process increases the product threefold. In other cases, where the ores
are finely pulverized, the gold becomes so fine as to float in the air, thus es
caping the quicksilver. This difficulty has been met by heating the quicksilver
into vapor enclosed in a cylinder, into which the dust penetrates. The vapor
thus fixes the floating particles of gold, and the yield has been raised in the
proportion of two to five."
On the western slope of the Snowy mountains, in Colorado, extensive silver
mines have been discovered. Iron, lead, quicksilver, and coal have also been
found in the Territory, and have already attracted capital. With the ratio of
increase since 1860, the population of Colorado will be 200,000 in 1870.
The .discoveries and development of the Gregory district is the sole basis,
hitherto, for the settlement of Colorado. This district extends from Gold Hill
to Empire City, about thirty miles along the base of the Snowy range, and is,
on the average, about ten miles in width an area of three hundred square
miles of gold-producing mountains, in which a hundred quartz mills are now in
operation.
Governor Evans, in his message of July 17, 1862, thus describes the mines
and the manner of mining in the Gregory district :
" The veins of quartz are found within an average distance of one hundred
feet of each other. They are by the mining laws divided into claims of one
hundred feet in extent, making surface enough on quartz lodes in this region
alone for over eight hundred thousand claims. These veins are from six inches
206 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
to nine feet in thickness, and vary even more in their quality from those that
will not pay at all, to those that produce the richest ore that has been found in
any part of the world."
He estimates that ore yielding $12 per ton pays all expenses, and that the
average result of quartz mining in Colorado is $36 per ton.
Intelligent observers express the conviction that the range of the gold-bearing
quartz is not limited to the Gregory district, but is as extensive as the Snowy
range itself; and that recent discoveries in the vicinity of the South Park, and
along Clear and Boulder creeks and their branches, are but the precursors of
developments in the mountain chain that separates the three parks that will,
in a very few years, yield a greater amount of treasure than is now furnished
by California, building up important points north as well as south of the present
centre.
Professor James T. Hodge, geologist of the Union Pacific railroad, reports
the existence of iron and coal near Fort Laramie and the Cheyenne Pass
localities north of Colorado. The Black Hills and Medicine Bow mountains
contain these minerals, while the Laramie plains, in the vicinity, will be availa
ble for agricultural settlement. In the vicinity of Denver City, Colorado,
Professor Hodge visited coal-beds which present a thickness of five feet ten
inches pure coal, with no mixture of slate, and thus describes its appearance
and quality :
" The coal is of a brilliant jet black, and is easily mined in large lumps,
which appear to be firm and sound, but are said to crumble after exposure for
a few weeks to the air. It contains but little bitumen, burning with little
smoke, no unpleasant odor, and a yellow flame. It does not melt or coke, and,
however high the draught, produces no clinker. The ashes of most of the
beds are usually white and bulky. A welding heat in a forge is obtained with
difficulty. Sulphur is observed in it, in small quantity, in the form of exceed
ingly thin disks of iron pyrites disseminated through the seams. Particles of
mineral rosin are much more abundant, scattered through the coal of the size
of pin-heads."
Another coal-bed, worked for the supply of the Denver market, is in the
hills along South Boulder creek, only two and a half miles from the base of the
Rock} 7 " mountains. This locality also affords an abundance of iron ores, and
has been selected for the establishment of the first blast furnace erected in the
Territory, which went into operation in March, 1864. " The principal coal-
bed is opened a few rods southeast from the furnace, and has been worked one
hundred feet down a slope of about ten degrees from the horizontal toward the
east. The bed is twelve feet thick, almost uniform in quality, with no inter
mixture of elate, and presents a beautiful appearance in the brilliant lustre of
the coal. A little sulphur (pyrites) may here be detected in the seams." Two
other beds are described, one of them affording coal of a firmer quality than the
others.
These specimens of coal were submitted to Professor John Torrey, who, after
analysis, describes them as belonging to the class of lignites not technically a
bituminous coal, neither cannel nor an anthracite. " Still, in common parlance,
it will be regarded as coal. In calorific power the Rocky mountain coal may
be placed between dry wood and bituminous coa!, and therefore it is a most
valuable fuel. It may be used for the smelting of iron and other ores. For
locomotives it could be employed to advantage, with some modification of the
fireplace. The ash is so small in quantity, and so light, that most of it would
be carried off by the blast of the furnace. The coal bums freely in a small
Btove, making a hot and clear fire, and leaving no clinkers. The specimens,
that were examined had a tendency to break up and crumble after being soaked
with water and allowed to dry; hence the necessity of protection from moisture."
The iron ore found at the eastern base of the mountains, near Denver City,
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 207
is characterized by Professor Torrey as " lemonite, a compact variety derived
from carbonate of iron, and commonly known by the name of brown hematite
or brown iron ore." "It is found," continues Professor Hodge, "in irregular
deposits, scattered over the summits, ends, and slopes of many of the ridges
which border South Boulder creek and Rock creek. These deposits extend to
a depth of only one to three feet, and, as they evidently do not form a part of
the strata in the hills, it is impossible to make any estimate of the quantity of
ore they will afford. One can judge, only from seeing numbers of acres thus
covered, that supplies may be obtained for one or more blast furnaces for sev
eral years ; but extended observations would be -necessary before positively
asserting that large works could be supported from this source. The ore is
found in pieces of all sizes up to masses of half a ton weight, and large quanti
ties of it are so fine that it would have to be collected for the furnace by
screening. There is scarcely any intermixture of foreign stony materials in
these deposits. The quality of the ore is generally pretty good, though the
larger masses are not so fine-grained and pure as the smaller ore. I should
judge that an average of three tons would be required to make a ton of iron.
The ore is in excellent condition for the blast furnace, its long exposure at the
surface having prepared it for smelting almost as thoroughly as if it had been
roasted. Its unusual mode of occurrence, unconnected with the strata in the
hills, was for some time a source of perplexity ; and it seemed necessary to ex
plain it correctly in order to judge better of the probability of the ore being
found in large quantities in other places on the range of these formations. On
examining the country up to the base of the mountains I discovered what I
believe is the true explanation. At the distance of two and a half miles from
the mines the marginal ridge, already noticed, rises suddenly with a very steep
face and dip of its strata. The surface at its foot is covered with large rounded
boulders from the granite rocks of the mountains. Some, also, are of the red
sandstones and conglomerates of the outer ridge. They decrease in size and
numbers towards the east, indicating the movement in that direction of vast
bodies of water or ice. These, together with the evidences of denudation I
had observed further north, evidently not referable to the diluvial or drift forma
tion, appeared to me as more strongly marked evidences of glacial action than
I had ever before seen. The extension of this over the hills near the furnace
must have excavated the soft beds, of which they are in great part composed ;
and the light clayey materials of the strata containing the iron ores being swept
away by currents of water, these, by their weight, were left behind, and are
now found spread over the surface of the hills. By long exposure they have
been oxidized and converted from the clay iron stone, or blue case iron as-<
it is here called, into the shelly hematite. Such a derivation of the ore, if cor
rect, must itself make the quantity in any locality always uncertain. Found as
it is, it is collected and delivered at the furnace at a cost of $3 per ton, making
about $9 to the ton of iron."
"The furnace, owned by Messrs. Langford, Lee, and Marshall, is a very small
stack, of daily capacity of only four or five tons of pig iron. It is twenty feet
square at base, twenty-two feet high, and seven feet diameter at the boshes
The hearth is five feet high and eighteen inches diameter. It is intended to
work the furnace with cold-blast, and the consumption of charcoal will probably
be from two hundred and fifty to three hundred bushels to the ton of iron. The
cost of charcoal at the furnace is ten cents per bushel, making the cost of fuel
from $25 to $30 per ton, while that of ore, as above stated, may be rated at *!).
The cost of the limestone for flux will probably not exceed fifty cents, and the
remaining items of labor, repairs, &c., may be estimated at about 87. The total
cost will probably be about $45 per ton of pig metal. In large establishments
the expenses should be less, especially if the raw mineral coal could be substi-
208 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
tuted, wholly or in part, for the charcoal. The quantity of fuel, too, would be
diminished by the use of the hot-blast."
The prospects of agriculture are thus considered by Professor Hodge: "The
agricultural resources of the prairies are somewhat limited by the extreme dryness
of the climate. Rain seldom falls, and were it not for the never-failing supplies
of water in the numerous streams running from the snowy central range of the
Rocky mountains, the country would be an uninhabitable desert. Yet the soil
is in great part fertile, warm, and mellow, and abounds in gypsum and salts of
soda, which appear upon the surface in the form of an incrustation resembling
frost. This is particularly abundant about the edges of dried-lip ponds. The
alkaline salts affect the waters of many of the wells, rendering them nauseous
to the taste and unwholesome, and mixed with the dust<of the roads, this is said
to be, in the summer season, very injurious to the eyes of travellers. It is re
markable that, notwithstanding the want of rain, no great trouble is experienced
over the plains for the want of water at the ranches and stations along the roads.
I crossed the Platte river at Fort Kearney in October, over its dry, sandy bed,
and yet the wells along the valley contained abundant water, and, in general,
they were not twenty feet deep, their bottoms not reaching to the level of the
stream. It is difficult to explain from whence these supplies are derived. The
dryness of the soil renders irrigation necessary for its successful cultivation, and
this is already practiced to a considerable extent in Colorado, after the system
of the Mexicans, which consists in the excavation of accquias or ditches, often
several miles in length, by which the water of the streams, taken out at an upper
level, is carried at this elevation past the farming lands, over which it is let out,
as occasion requires, by tapping the acequias at any desired points. The culti
vation is thus limited to lands lying below the level of the acequias, and such
lands are met with of considerable extent along most of the streams, spreading
out to great width, even before these have fairly emerged from the mountains.
Very productive and extensive farms thus situated are seen running ap among
the basaltic hills, or Clear creek, and similar improvements extend all along this
stream to its mouth, below Denver. The streams north of it, so far as and in
cluding the Cache d Poudrc, afford the same advantage for cultivation of the
soil, and along most of them the lands are occupied in continuous lines of farms.
In the newness of the country, which has been occupied only two or three years,
the crops are limited to a few of the most necessary articles. Flour being sup
plied to the Territory from the States and New Mexico, the cultivation of wheat
is not so important as of the more bulky articles, which will not pay for trans
portation from such distances. Some wheat, however, is raised, and the crop is
a successful one. But attention is chiefly directed to procuring the large sup
plies of hay, corn, oats, and vegetables, required by the numerous gold-mining
population in the mountains. The hay being made from the wild prairie grass,
its supply is limited only by the amount of labor employed in cutting and stack
ing it ; still, owing to an overstock of it the previous year, the quantity put up
in 1863 has proved too small for the demands of the country, increased as they
are by the extraordinary accumulations of snow, which, covering the plains, cut
off the herds of cattle and horses, with which the country is abundantly stocked,
from their accustomed support by grazing during the winter. This, together
with the obstructed condition of the roads, caused the price of hay in December
last to rise to $105 per ton at the gold mines. Corn, which is a good crop, and
may be raised to any extent along the streams, was worth at the same time nine
or ten cents per pound. Potatoes are produced in abundance, as also onions,
cabbages, and many other vegetables ; but in this unpropitious season the prices
of all these range high. Onions are raised with scarcely any of the labor at
tending their cultivation in the States, yet they were from ten to twelve cents a
pound. They grow so luxuriantly that a single one often weighs more than a
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 209
pound. Such prices cannot be sustained in a favorable season, and particularly
when the country is supplied with a more numerous agricultural population.
" It is an important question whether the cultivation of these prairies is always
to be limited to those portions capable of being irrigated only by the system now
in use. The mountains, it appears, are abundantly provided with water, derived
chiefly from the melting of the snows in the great central range. A large part
of this, without doubt, penetrates under the stratified rocks, which on both sides
dip away from the mountains. These waters probably flow in underground
channels far from the mountains, and if tapped by artesian wells sunk down to
them, they might reasonably be expected to rise to the surface in never-failing
springs. The stratification of the country is certainly remarkably encouraging
to such an enterprise; and another inducement to its prosecution would be the
discovery of the mineral beds, whatever they may be, beneath the surface. This
would be a certain and most economical method of determining the existence or
non-existence of beds of coal in localities where it might be especially desirable to
obtain this fuel. Artesian wells must at some time be exceedingly useful at
Laramie plains, which are not so well watered as the country east of the mount
ains. These plains, hitherto entirely uncultivated, afford, in places, good pas
turage, and a considerable amount of prairie- grass hay, for the use of the over
land stage line and of emigrants." : . .
The Laramie plains and the mountain valleys of the Black hills and the
Medicine Bow chain are mentioned by Professor Hodge as rcpositoiies of iron
and coal, and having the constituents of agriculture with the aid of irrigation.
These statements were anticipated by Lieutenant (now General) G. K. Warren
in his report, as topographical engineer, upon Nebraska Territory, published in
1858-59, (Executive Documents, volume 2, part 2, p. 643,) from which an ex
tract is given:
" In the mountain formations which border the great plains on the west are
to be found beautiful flowing streams and small, rich valleys, covered over with
fino grass for hay, and susceptible of cultivation by means of irrigation. Fine
timber for fuel and lumber, limestone and good stone for building purposes, are
here abundant. Gold has been found in places in valuable quantities, and,
without doubt, the more common and useful minerals will be discovered when
more minute examinations are made. I think it exceedingly desirable that
something should be done to encourage settlements in the neighborhood of Fort
Laramie. The wealth of that country is not properly valued, and the Indian
title not being extinguished, there is no opportunity to settle it. Those who
live there now support themselves by trade with the Indians, which being al
ready overdone, it is to their interest to keep others away. If the Indian title
were extinguished and the protection of a territorial government extended there
BO as to be effectual, there would soon spring up a settlement that would rival
that of Great Salt lake. The Laramie river is a beautiful stream, with a fine,
fertile valley, and there are such everywhere along the base of the mountains.
Pine timber of the finest quality in abundance grows there, easy of access,
from which the finest lumber can be made. Building-stone of good quality
abound. The establishment of the military post and the constant passing of
emigrants have driven away the game, so that the Indians do not set a high
value on the land, and it could be easily procured from them.
" The people now on the extreme frontiers of Nebraska and Kansas are
near the western limit of the fertile portions of the prairie lands, and a desert
space separates them from the fertile and desirable region in the western
mountains. They are, as it were, on the shore of a sea, up to which population
and agriculture may advance, and no further. But this gives them much of the
value of places along the Atlantic frontier in view of the future settlements to
be formed in the mountains, between which and the present frontier a most
valuable trade would exist. The western frontier has always been looking to
Ex. Doc. 55 14
210 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
the east for a market, but as soon as the wave of emigration has passed over
the desert portion of the plains to which the discoverers of gold have already-
given an impetus that will propel it to the fertile valleys of the Rocky
mountains, then will the present frontier of Kansas and Nebraska become the
starting point for all the products of the Mississippi valley which the popula
tion of the mountains will require. We see the effects of it in the benefits
which the western frontier of Missouri has received from the Santa Fe trade,
and still more plainly in the impetus given to Leavenworth by the operations
of the army of Utah in the interior region. This flow of products has, in the
last instance, been only in one direction, but when those mountains become
settled, as they eventually must, then there will be a reciprocal trade materially
beneficial to both.
" These settlements in the mountains cannot be agricultural to the same ex
tent as those in the Mississippi valley, but must depend greatly upon the rais
ing of stock. The remarkable freedom here from sickness is one of the at
tractive features of the region, and will, in this respect, go far to reconcile the
settler from the Mississippi valley for his loss in the smaller amount of products
that can be taken from the soil."
The late General F. W. Lander, while employed in the exploration of the
Rocky mountains, (1858,) thus indicated the prospects of grazing in the
northern valleys of the mountains, (Executive Documents, 1st session 35th Con
gress, volume 9, No. 70 :) "From the arable grounds of the Salt Lake valley,
through the numerous valleys and timbered regions of the Wahsatch mountains
toward the head of Wind river, to the Beaver Head and to the St. Mary s valley
of the north, occur available and peculiarly favorable locations for settlements*
There are the numerous herding grounds of the Indians and mountaineers, and
here are recruited and fattened, in the open air and during winter, the worn-
down cattle, mules, and horses bought up by traders from the later overland
emigration. The half-breed horses raised by the mountaineers from a cross be
tween the larger animals of the settlements and the Indian pony, reared in the
open air and without forage, are some of the finest animals I have ever seen.
Durham short-horned cattle, a delicate breed, and not usually thought adapted
to exposure, are raised here and wintered without shelter upon the nat
ural grass of the mountains. Hay is never cut by the mountaineers, yet
this celebrated stock, fattened upon the bunch-grass, grows larger than any I
have seen in the States. John Grant, a well-known trader, who has raised a
large stock of Durham milch cows and steers and American horses, winters
yearly in the great valleys of the mountains with no shelter out the common
Indian lodge of dressed elk or buffalo skin."
KANSAS AND NEBRASKA.
The census of 1860 returned the population of the interior districts, which,
are connected with the overland trade west of the Missouri river, as follows :
New Mexico 83,009
Colorado . . 34,277
Utah 40,273
157,559
In 1860 a special correspondent of the New York Herald furnished the fol
lowing statement :
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
211
Table showing the amount of freight forwarded across the plains from the
various ports on the Missouri river during the year 1860, with the required
outfit.
Where from.
Pounds.
Men.
Horses.
Mules.
Oxen.
%
Wagons.
16,439,134
7,084
464
6,149
27,920
3,033
5 656 082
1,216
206
10,925
1,003
Atchison
6, 097, 943
1,591
472
13,640
1,280
St Joseph
1 , 672, 000
490
520
3, 980
418
5 496,000
896
113
11,118
916
Omaha City . .......
713,00%
324
377
114
340
272
Grand total
36, 074, 159
11,601
841
7,574
67, 950
6, 922
In 1863 a population of 60,000 in Nevada employs for the transportation of
machinery, merchandise, provisions, &c., from the Pacific coast, a number of
men, animals, and wagons fully half as great as the foregoing exhibit of over
land transportation west of Kansas and Nebraska. That this table is inade
quate to express the traffic of 1864 may also be inferred from the consideration
of the present population of the mountain Territories, viz :
New Mexico, (no increase) 83,009
Colorado 60,000
Utah 80,000
Montana 12,000
235,009
It is not an excessive estimate that the present transportation is 50,000,000
pounds, employing 10,000 trains, and at a cost of $5,000,000 annually. In
consequence of the war and other causes, a considerable diversion of the traffic
across the plains has taken place in favor of the northern points of departure
from the Missouri river; Kansas city by no means leading in the degree indi
cated in 1860. Whether the traffic will resume its former proportions, depends
altogether upon the railway construction of the next twelve months.
Kansas and Nebraska, for an average distance of one hundred and fifty miles
west of the Missouri river, are as well adapted to agriculture as the States of
Missouri and Iowa, but beyond that limit agriculture is dependent upon irriga
tion. Hence, as shown by Lieutenant Warren, a steady and remunerative
market for breadstuff s and other agricultural products is at the door of the
farmer in Kansas and Nebraska, which will divert all his surplus from the
Atlantic coast. The foregoing review of the Territories east of the Sierra
Nevada of California suggests a permanent deficiency of agricultural production,
while their mineral resources will concentrate a large population. Grazing and
wool-growing are future interests, which, with domestic manufactures, will diver
sify industry and occupy labor at no distant stage of progress; but for the next
decade of years, manufactures, and even meats, will be largely imported across
the Sierra Nevada from the west, and across the plains from the Missouri river.
The spring of 1864 witnesses an exodus of population from the western
borders of Missouri and Iowa to the mining districts of Colorado and Montana,
which far exceeds that of 1860. Peter A. Dey, esq., engineer of the Union
Pacific railroad, writing from Omaha, under date of May 17, 1864, says: "Four
thousand wagons and six thousand tons of freight have crossed the Missouri
212 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
river at Omaha since April first. There is now a daily movement of two hundred
teams, three hundred tons freight, and one thousand persons. The teams are
equally divided into those drawn by four horses, and those drawn by five yoke
of cattle. No emigration has ever been known to bear any comparison to this.
The line of teams waiting ferriage reaches nearly to Council Bluffs, or three
miles in length. This rush will undoubtedly continue to the middle of June.
The ferry -J)oat runs night and day. This does not include government trans
portation."
The statistics of the spring emigration of 18G4, on the basis of this state
ment, are 75,000 men, 22,500 tons of freight, 30,000 horses and mules, and
75,000 cattle. It is probable that similar aggregates represent the emigra
tion from other points on the Missouri river, and in that case 150,000 will be
added to the population of the mountain^ from the Mississippi States during
1864.
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD.
That the overland trade on the average latitude of 40 degrees north has already
reached proportions which assure the prosperity of the Central Pacific railway
from the way business alone, as soon as constructed, is a probability which can
be made to appear from the general railroad statistics of the country.
Take the proportion of mileage to population. In 1860 the population of the
States, not including the Territories, was 31,148,047, and the number of miles
of railroads in operation was 30,592. The population on the 1st of January,
1861, is estimated at 31,615,267; while on that date official reports show that
there were 31,168 miles of railroad constructed in the United States, at an ag
gregate cost of $1,777,993,818, or $37,794 97 per mile. Thus, the proportion
of one mile of railroad to every thousand of population seems to be established
as a practical law of railroad progress by the American people. This ratio is
exceeded in many of the States. For instances: Ohio, in I860, had a popula
tion of 2,339,511, and 2,900 miles of railroad in operation; Illinois, 1,711,951
of population to 2,867 miles of railroad; Massachusetts, 1,231,066 population to
1,272 miles of railroad; while the most advanced southern States were, Virginia,
1,596,318 of population to 1,771 miles of railroad; Tennessee, 1,109,801 to
1,197; Georgia, 1,057,286 to 1,404.
If the Union Pacific railroad, assured by the extent of overland traffic, and
aided by the land grant and credit of the general government, should organize
measures for the completion of a central trunk line through California, Nevada,
Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, by the year 1870, the census of that year would
doubtless return populations exceeding the ratio of one thousand per mile.
During the decennial period of 1850- 60, the population of those Territories
increased five-fold. Connect by railroad the agricultural districts of the Pacific
coast and the Mississippi valley with the varied consumption and commerce of
the interior mining regions, arid the ensuing six years, or the period occupied in
effecting that connexion, would probably witness an advance of population three
fold the aggregates which appear in 1864, viz:
1850. 1860. 1864. 1870.
-California 92,597 365,439 500,000 1,500,000
Nevada 6,857 60,000 180,000
Utah 11,380 40,273 80,000 240,000
Colorado 34,271 60, 006 180,000
Kansas 107,206 120,000 360,000
103,957 554,052 820,000 2,460,000
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 213
A comparison of the statistics of the English colony of Victoria and the State
of California has already been presented, and is instructive. Victoria, in April,
1861, had a total population of 540,322, almost equally divided between the
mining districts and the remainder of the colony. Including the Washoe district,
now Nevada, California had a population in 1861, nearly equal to Victoria, and
which was divided in the same proportion. San Francisco and Melbourne are
cities of equal commercial importance. The California revenue for State pur
poses is SI, 462,690; for national treasury, $7,128,399; total. $8,591,089, or
about $17 per capita. The provincial revenue of Victoria was, in 1862,
$15,123,465; in 1863, $13,968,510, or an average per capita of $29. California
has only 75 miles of railroad in operation, while Victoria has 351 miles, con
structed at an expense of c35,000 per mile, from which the Victoria govern
ment received an income in 1863 of c433,615.* The first section of the Cali
fornia Central railroad, which was opened in January from San Francisco to
San Jos<>, a distance of 49 T ^ miles, was constructed at a cost of $40,000 per
mile. If we suppose the next 600 miles across the Sierra Nevada, and the
State of Nevada, to cost $80,000 per mile, the expenditure will not exceed the
cost of the Victoria railroads, which connect the city of Melbourne with the
Ballaret and Bendigo gold fields, and with the wool-growing districts of the river
Murray.
There is abundant evidence that the mountain valleys are favorable to stock-
raising, and that animals and their products will largely contribute to the return
business of the Pacific railroad, in addition to the movements of Asiatic mer
chandise, and of the precious metals. As far north as the sources of the Colum
bia, the Missouri, and the Saskatchewan rivers, cattle and horses require no
winter shelter, but are found in the spring in the best health and condition.
For many years the emigrant trains will take to the mountains a multitude of
domestic animals. The climate and natural grasses are favorable to their in
crease, and if the cattle of Texas have been profitably transported to the New
York market, it is possible that the Mississippi and Atlantic States may yet
receive a considerable portion of their consumption of meats from the llocky
mountains. Wool and dry hides are a considerable export from New Mexico
and Colorado; and the San Francisco Mercantile Gazette of March 2, 1864,
reports the departure of 1,500 head of beef cattle to the gold mines of Montana,
or the sources of the Missouri, which cost but $6 per head in California. They
can be produced in every Rocky mountain district at as low a figure.
The construction of a continental telegraph from the Missouri river to San
Francisco, three years since, was regarded as premature; but its successful
operation has justified the enterprise. So will it be with the Union Pacific rail
road. California alone is better able to carry its construction to the Missouri
river than New York was competent, by the resources and credit of the State
in 1824, to undertake the Erie canal. As its sections advance westward and
eastward, a population will attend fully able to sustain the investment by divi
dends ; nor is it improbable that the perforation of the llocky mountains and the
Sierra Nevada by tunnels will prove the most successful and gigantic traverse
of gold and silver lodes ever yet developed in the annals of quartz mining.
A SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD ROUTE.
A route from the Lower Mississippi States to the Gulf of California and San
Diego on the^Pacific coast, which should be a trunk for communications with
Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans, is a measure which only awaits the re-
^Ibcieturns for the first quarter of 1864, as reported in the London Times, make it
certain that the net profits of the Australian railways will henceforth discharge an interest
of six per cent, on the entire cost of construction.
214 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
storation of the federal authority in all the gulf States, to be favorably consid
ered by the country.
There are two events which will direct attention to the latitude of 35 as a
scene of rapid settlement and overland communication. The first is the agri
cultural advantages of the Neosho district, or the country due west of Arkansas,
which was conceded by treaties to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw
and Seminole Indian?; and in the second place, the new discoveries of mineral
wealth in the central and northern districts of Arizona Territory. Neosho, on
the east, will soon equal Kansas ; while the San Francisco mountains of Ari
zona, situated geographically south of Nevada, will doubtless be the scene of
similar excitement and development as have attended the settlement of the
Washoe silver district. It is proposed to compile the latest intelligence of the
agricultural region of the east, and the mineral district of the west, under the
average latitude of 35.
It was observed in a report presented by the territorial committee of the
United States Senate, in 1854, that the country occupied by the Cherokee In
dians is as rich and beautiful, as well watered and healthy, as the finest por
tions of Iowa and Wisconsin, and as lovely in its prairie scenery, as the choicest
parts of Texas. It consists of 13,000,000 acres, mostly lying within latitudes
36 and 37. One Indian agent represents the staple productions of the peo
ple to be corn, wheat and oats ; that the country is well adapted to apples,
peaches, plums, and similar fruits ; that stone-coal, iron, and salt-springs are
abundant and profitable ; and that the country is admirably adapted for grazing
cattle, of which the Indians have extensive stocks. In consequence of the cli
mate, only a portion of the country, resembling the northern part of Alabama,
is suited for the cultivation of cotton; tobacco and hemp flourish as in Kentucky.
The Creeks occupy 13,140,000 acres, except a small tract assigned to the
Seminoles, on the deep fork of the Arkansas, in latitude 97. The Creek coun
try lies immediately west of Fort Gibson, extending from the Canadian river to
the 36th parallel of latitude. It is noticed by James Logan, who was an In
dian agent in 1847, as "a country of abundant extent, well timbered and wa
tered, of fertile soil, and of comparative healthfnlness, offering every facility for
the raising of stock." The scene of Washington Irving s " Tour of the Prairies"
is comprised in the Creek district.
The Choctaw country, of which the western half has been assigned to the
Chickasaws and some smaller bands of Indians, extends from the Red river to
the Canadian, and from the western boundary of Arkansas to the 100th meri
dian of longitude. Between longitude 94 and 97 degrees, or the Choctaw terri
tory, as reduced in 1854, cotton has been grown near Red river, but corn and
wheat are the prominent crops. An Indiaa agent wrote in 1S51: " The soil
produces the finest of wheat, weighing sixty-five to seventy pounds to the
bushel ; as a grazing community it is likewise unsurpassed, the extensive prai
ries, clothed with luxuriant grass, being capable of sustaining innumerable flocks
and herds throughout the year." In 1854, Mr. A. J. Smith, Chickasaw agent,
described some medicinal or " oil" springs on the Washita river, as very effica
cious. Coal, copper and salt are found in ample quantities.
In the " Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in 1852," by Captain (now
Brigadier General) R. B. Marcy, the Chickasaw district, between longitude 97
and 100, is described as about one hundred and eighty miles in length, and
fifty in width, containing 9,000 square miles of valuable arid productive lands,
or 1,000 square miles more than the State of Massachusetts. Various portions
of this country are more specifically described. Captain Marcy speaks of
" charming landscapes ; of soil remarkable for fertility ; vegetation in old Indian
cornfields twelve feet high ; of beautiful springs and streams ; of natural mead
ows covered with luxuriant grasses; broad and level bottomlands, covered with
dense crops of wild rice, and of excellent timber, large and abundant." He
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 215
adds : " Indeed, I have never visited any country that, in my opinion, possessed
greater natural local advantages for agriculture than this."
There is no reason for doubt that the valleys of the Red River of the South,
the Arkansas and the Canadian, for a distance of four hundred miles west of
the State of Arkansas, are fertile, well watered and timbered, and supplied
with coal and iron comparing favorably with Kentucky and Tennessee in
these respects. The colonization of this district will no longer be postponed,
but will follow the termination of the war, and a reasonable adjustment of the
interests of its Indian occupants.
Ten degrees of longitude west of the Neosho district, in the northern por
tions of the Territory of Arizona, recent discoveries of gold have occurred,
which arc attracting population and capital from San Francisco nnd southern
California. This gold district is near the line of the 34th parallel of latitude,
and west of the 110th degree of longitude, and is approached from the Gulf of
California by steamboat navigation on the Colorado. The San Francisco
mountains on the route of Captain A. W. Whipple s Pacific railroad survey are
its central landmark. The Colorado river is navigable for a distance of 500
miles to latitude 36 06 , or to the mouth of the Rio Virgen, by a class of stern-
wheel steamers, described as follows by Lieut. J. C. Ives, topographical engi
neer: " 100 feet long, 22 feet beam, built full, and with a perfectly flat bot
tom, having a large boiler and powerful high-pressure engine, and drawing,
when light, but twelve inches." The miners of Northern Arizona will be sup
plied from the Pacific coast by this navigation.*
The silver mines of southern Arizona, in the valley of the Gila, have been
well known for several years. They are not less rich, and will be as produc
tive as those of Nevada.
With peace restored, Indian hostility suppressed, and individual title to min
eral lands assured, Neosho, (as the country west of Arkansas has been called,)
western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, may be expected to follow the cen
tral cordon of States in the increase of population and wealth ; and if o, and
whenever so, a great central highway of commercial communication will be
opened. When that period of development shall arrive, the Union Pacific rail
road, like the Union Pacific telegraph, will have vindicated all the intervention
by the national government in its behalf, and a great impulse will be given to
the construction of a more southern line.
When, in 1853, the initiative of Pacific railroad exploration was presented to
the United States Senate, resulting in* a congressional appropriation of $150,000
for the purpose, attention was directed to three routes the northern, the cen
tral, and the southern. Legislation has followed in behalf of one the central -
not so much from any demonstration of greater feasibility, but because tho min
eral discoveries of the interior, followed by population, suggested the selection.
The same causes are now active on the two other routes. Discoveries, not only
of gold and silver, but of coal, iron, lead, and salt, diversify the map of the
Rocky mountain region everywhere within our boundaries ; arid an emigration
from the Pacific coast meets the Atlantic column even upon the great plains,
which arc drained by the Missouri, the Platte, and the Rio Grande.
The necessity of more than one route between the Mississippi States and the
Pacific coast will appear from an enumeration of the railroad lines which are
indispensable to the commerce between the Atlantic and interior States. These
A San Franci?co paper says, under date of March 2, 1864 : "The discovery of valua
ble Jcdges of gold and silver ore is now reported in such numbers, of such richness,
and so well authenticated, that if any doubt has existed in regird to the vast miaeral
wealth of Arizona, it must soon be di^sipited. One of the great drawbacks to the pros
pects of that region for mining enterprises has been the scarcity of fuel; but late advices
announce the discovery of coal near La Paz, on the Colorado.
216 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
are seven well-defined thoroughfares : (1) From Portland, by the Grand Trunk?
to Detroit, and thence, with a traverse of the State and Lake of Michigan, to
Milwaukie and La Crosse ; (2; by the New York Central, the Great Western,
of Canada, and the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, to Prairie du Chien ; (3)
by the New York and Erie, the lines of Ohio and Indiana south of the great
lakes, and the Illinois Central, to Galena; (4) the Pennsylvania Central, and
its western connexions, to Rock Island; (5) the Baltimore and Ohio, by way
of Cincinnati, to St. Louis ; (6) from Richmond, through the Cumberland valley,
to Memphis; and (7) from Charleston and Savannah, traversing the States of
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, to Vicksburg and New Orleans. All these
highways are thronged and prosperous, and, Avith the wonderful impulse to colo
nization and commerce induced by mining investments, a period of twenty-five
years will probably witness the completion of four great continental communi
cations within the limits of the north temperate zone, and upon the following
lines :
1. Through the southern tier of States, on or near the parallel of 35, which
is central to the region of cotton, the sugar cane, and the vine, and which will
be supported by the populations of Louisiana, Arkansas, Neosho, (or the Terri
tory occupied by the Cherokee and Choctaw Indians,) Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, Sonora, and southern California. This may be called the Gulf route,
from its relation to the Gulfs of Mexico and California.
2. The central, which is now in course of construction, on the average lati
tude of 40. With its present prestige and aid from the federal government,
soon to be increased by the intervention of State governments in its behalf, the
speedy construction of this road may be anticipated. If in operation at the
present moment, the road would be financially successful. All the resources of
Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and, in a great degree, of Missouri
and California, are pledged to such a result.
3. The lake route, hitherto designated in congressional debates as the North
ern Pacific route, connecting the western coast of the great lakes, and the navi
gable channel of the Columbia river, by the most direct and feasible communi
cation with which the Territories and future States of Dakota, Montana, Idaho,
and Washington, as well as the States of Minnesota and Oregon, are identified.
4. The international route, or an extension of the Canadian railway system
across the Peninsula of Michigan, and through Wisconsin and Minnesota, to the
English colony of Selkirk in latitude 50, and thence, through the valleys of
the Saskatchewan and upper Frazer rivers, to the Pacific coast in latitude 54.
The prediction is hazarded that the year 1890 will witness the consummation
of the 8,000 miles of interior railroad above indicated. A more accurate state
ment would be, that whenever, along either of these routes, a population shall
be assembled of two millions of souls, then will follow, by an irresistible social
law, the construction and support of two thousand miles of railroad. The proba
bility of that aggregate of population by the year 1870 has been considered on
the central line. The situation of the more southern communication has been
also referred to, and some space will now be given to the probabilities that, by
the year 1890, the great lakes will be connected by railroad with the Columbia
river and Puget s sound, while 1880 is likely to witness the completion of the
international railroad upon the average latitude of 52 north.
THE NORTHERN OR LAKE ROUTE.
The latitude of 45 north, extended west of Minnesota, is not only central to
the lake coast and the railroads of northern Illinois and Iowa, Wisconsin and
Minnesota, but in its traverse of the Great Plains and the Rocky mountains it is
most accessible from the mining districts now developed, or soon to be occupied,
in the Territories of Dakota, Montana and Idaho. Other conditions being favor-
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 217
able, the future emigrant route will follow the parallel of 45 or 46, and when
population warrants, that will be the general direction of the northern or lake
railroad route.
Explorations by officers of the general government, and publications of their
reports, have made the general features of this route quite familiar. Fully nine-
tenths of the area between the 100th meridian of longitude and the Cascade
range of Oregon will never be available for agriculture, although districts far
more extensive will support herds and flocks. The climate, owing to the reduced
altitude, is not more severe than in the corresponding districts of Colorado and
Utah. The Great Plains are characterized geologically by a development ot
the cretaceous formation, which is observed over large Asiatic areas, and con
curring with aridity, constitutes the American desert. Population would have
been slowly attracted to those localities, except for the discovery of gold. The
" northern mines," as they are termed, upon the sources of the Columbia and
Missouri, were discovered not more than two years since, and now have a popu
lation of 30,000, of which 12,000 are cast of the mountains. In addition to the
Salmon river mines of Idaho, and the Missouri arid Yellowstone mines of Mon
tana, under the average longitude of 108, it is now wel! ascertained that the
Black hills of Dakota Territory, situated on the 44th parallel of latitude, and
between the 103d and 105th meridians of longitude, are rich in gold and silver,
as well as coal, iron, copper, and pine forests. With the pacification of the Sioux
nation, and the establishment of emigrant roads, Dakota will be the scene ol
great mining excitement, as the gold field of the Black hills is within two hun
dred miles of the steamboat navigation of the Missouri river, at the intersection
of its channel with the forty-fifth parallel of latitude. Admitting the general
sterility of the Great Plains, and the physical difficulties of the mountains, yet
the great productiveness of the northern mines warrants the opinion that the
Territories of Idaho, Montana and Dakota will advance in population in a ratio
fully equal to that observed in Nevada and Colorado since their first settlement.
The discoveries at Washoe and Pike s Peak date from 1859. Five years is the
whole period of the settlement and progress of Nevada and Colorado, and within
that period each Territory has reached a permanent population of 60,000. Both
have been subject to the mutations of a mining population, but each has increased
at the rate of twelve thousand souls per annum. So with the Salmon river dis
trict, twenty months of productive gold-mining having assembled 20,000 people,
while east Idaho, or Montana, at the expiration of twelve months from the first
discovery of gold on the Jefferson fork of the Missouri, had a population of
12,000. If such a rate of accretion is accepted, the result in the year 1890 will
be indicated as follows :
1863. 1870. 1830. 1890.
Idaho 20,000 104,000 224,000 344,000
Montana 12,000 96,000 216,000 336,000
Dakota 10,000 94,000 214,000 334,000
42, 000 294, 000 654, 000 1, 009, 000
An estimate of the increase of population in Oregon and Washington is an
nexed. Oregon in 1850 had a population of 13,294, which was increased in
1860 to 52,465, or a ratio of increase of 294.65. Assuming a ratio of increase
from 1860 to 1870 of 200 per cent. ; for the decade closing with 1880, of 100 per
cent., and of 50 per cent, from 1880 to 1890, the population of Oregon during
and at the expiration of twenty-seven years will be as follows :
218 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
I860 52, 465
1870 157, 395
1880 314, 490
1890 . . 472, 185
The population of Washington is estimated on the hypothesis that the ratio
of increase during the first decade will be 300 per cent., (or about the same as
that of Oregon from 1850 to 1860 ;) then 200 per cent, for ten years closing with
1880, and 100 per cent, for the decade of 1890, as follows:
I860 (by census) . 11, 168
1870 (assumed) 44, 672
1880 " , 134, 016
1890 ^68, 032
The ratio of increase registered as to Michigan and Wisconsin, from 1830 to
I860, far exceeds these estimates.
1830. 1840. 1850. I860.
Michigan 31,639 211,560 397,654 749,113
Wisconsin 30,945 305,391 775,881
An American railroad from the west border of Minnesota to the Columbia
river may be anticipated by the year 1890, on the following basis of population,
ascertained as above :
Dakota 334, 000
Montana 336, 000
Idaho , 344, 000
Oregon 472, 185
Washington 268, 032
1,754,217
THE INTERNATIONAL ROUTE.
Public sentiment in Canada and England has long demanded measures for
the colonization of Central British America, as that fertile belt of territory is
now called, which extends from Canada and Lake Superior to the Rocky moun
tains. It includes the valleys of the Red River of the North and the Sas
katchewan river, which belong to the hydrographical system of Hudson s bay,
and are covered by the charter of the Hudson Bay Company.
1 Selkirk settlement, on the Red River of the North, was founded in 1812, and
has a population of 10,000 an industrious, moral, and well-ordered community.
Fort Garry, in this settlement, is the North American headquarters of the
Hudson Bay Company. The posts of this company, more than fifty in number,
occupy very commanding situations over the immense area, bounded by Hud-
eon s bay and Lake Superior on the east, the Rocky mountains on the west,
and the Arctic ocean on the north. The fur trade of this immense territory
concentrates its annual product on the Red River of the North, at Fort Garry,
from which point, by the annual voyages of brigades of batteaux, merchandise
and supplies are distributed to the most distant post. Prior to 1858, the imports
and exports of the Hudson Bay Company were principally transported by the
difficult and dangerous route of Hudson s bay and Nelson s river, or over the
numerous obstacles intervening from Lake Superior to Red river, on the British
Bide of the international line. In 1858, however, materials were transported
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 219
from the navigable waters of the Mississippi river to construct a steamer on the
Red river, and in 1862 two such vessels navigated that stream. The trade
previously existing between St. Paul and Selkirk has been greatly increased in
consequence. The imports of Central British America for the use of the Hud
son Bay Company and the Selkirk settlers amount to $500,000 annually, while
the average annual exports, almost exclusively furs, amount to $1,000,000.
It is now well known that, northwest of Minnesota, the country reaching from
the Selkirk settlement to the Rocky mountains, and from latitude 49 to 53 on
the longitude of 94, and to latitude 53 on the Pacific coast, is as favorable to
grain and animal production as any of the northern States; that the mean tem
perature for spring, summer and autumn observed on the 42dand43d parallels,
in New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, has been accurately traced through
Fort Snelling and the valley of the Saskatchewan to latitude 55 on the Pacific
coast, and that from the northwest boundary of Minnesota this whole district
of British America is threaded in all directions by the navigable water-lines
which converge to Lake Winnipeg.
These facts, however favorable to agricultural settlement, would have failod
to revolutionize the policy of the Hudson Bay Company, except for the violent
excitement of gold discovery. The year 1858 directed a column of adventurers
to the channel and sources of Frazcr river : the organization of British Columbia
followed, and it was soon ascertained that the richest and most extensive gold
fields of northwest British America the Cariboo mines are so far within the
Rocky mountains, so far up to the utmost sources of Frazer river, as to be
practicably more accessible from Selkirk than from the coast of Puget s sound.
At length, in 1862, the tributaries of the Saskat^iewan and Peace rivers, on
the eastern flank of the Rocky mountains, were discovered to be auriferous ;
while eastward stretched, towards Canada and Lake Superior, not less than
100,000,000 acres of fertile lands destined to cereal cultivation, whenever
reached by emigration. English and Canadian exploration also established, in
favor of this district, that its average elevation above the sea was far less than
in American territory; that the Rocky mountains were diminished in width,
while the passes were not difficult; that the supply of rain was more abundant,
and the carboniferous and silurian formations were of greater extent than further
south; and, owing to the greater influence of the Pacific winds through the moun
tain gorges and the reduced altitude, that the climate was no material obstacle to
civilized occupation.
The Hudson Bay Company, in 1S63, was reorganized to meet the exigencies
of imperial and provincial policy in Central British America, "in accordance (to
quote the circular of the new directory) with the industrial spirit of the age,
and the rapid advancement which colonization has made in the countries adja
cent to the Hudson s Bay territories."
While the present most effective organization of the fur trade will be con
tinued and even extended, the company now proposes to avail itself of all
possible agencies for the rapid colonization of the Saskatchewan basin and the
gold districts at the sources of the Columbia, Frazer, Saskatchewan and Peace
rivers. A telegraph line from St. Paul to Pembina, and thence through Selkirk
and the Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast, is first announced as the special
enterprise of 1864. Then a connexion of the Selkirk settlement by railroad
with St. Paul, and by a direct emigrant road with Fort William, on the British
coast of Lake Superior, will receive effective aid, concurrently with the prose
cution of American and Canadian enterprises. Steamboat navigation is to be
extended upon Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan river. The systems of
land survey and gratuitous allotments of land to colonists which prevail in the
United States are proposed, the company reserving alternate blocks or sections
to support future railroad construction, since, at the earliest practicable moment,
a railroad will be undertaken traversing the colonies of Central British America
220 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
and British Columbia. It is in the power of the modernized Hudson Bay
Company, arid it is its well-defined purpose, to connect Lake Superior and the
Pacific coast by a cordon of settlements, and to carry forward the construction
of two thousand miles of railroad simultaneously with the advent of population,
and as the sure means to encourage the settlement of Northwest British America,
or the interval which separates the lake coast of Canada from the coast of the
North Pacific ocean.
This international railroad (as it may properly be called, until the develope
ment of British America warrants a direct communication with Canada) will be
the favorite object of English capitalists on this continent, as the Union Pacific
railroad will combine in its behalf the energies of the government and citizens
of the United States. These two enterprises will therefore precede the con
struction of railroads on the gulf and lake routes, but only by a decade of
years. All four routes will be demanded by the wants of 8,000,000 of people,
which the next twenty-five years will witness permanently seatetl on the average
latitudes of 35, 40, 45 and 50, between longitude 95 and the Pacific ocean.
STATISTICAL MAP.
To illustrate the communications, present and future, between the Atlantic,
Mississippi, Interior and Pacific States, a map ia annexed, which has been pre
pared for publication in this connexion, and which also indicates the boundaries
of the Territories at the close of the congressional session of 1863- 4. The
statements of population are from the census of 1860, except the estimates for
later dates. The map has been extended beyond the northern frontier of the
United States, that the arable districts of British America, as shown by their
respective northern boundary lines, may be studied with reference to the rail
way and commercial movements on the continent.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 221
THE MINERAL WEALTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR-
The whole basin of Lake Superior indicates the presence of iron incl copper
The mountains which divide the waters of Lake Michigan to the southeast, of
the Mississippi river and its tributaries to the southwest and west, of the Rainy
Lake river to the northwest, and of Hudson s bay to the north and northeast
the outer rim of the Superior basin are found, wherever explored, to contain
iron ore. The mines at Marquette, Michigan, have been successfully worked,
in consequence of the construction of a railroad from the harbor of Marquette
to the Iron mountain, eighteen miles distant ; but iron deposits in the same
mineral range are situated at no greater distance south of Bayfield and Supe
rior, in Wisconsin, and thence have been traced around the north shore of the
lake, in Minnesota and in Canada.
Nearer the lake coast, and apparently a lower formation, are the copper dis
tricts. The only locality on the southern shore which has attracted attention
is a district extending from Keweenaw Point to the Montreal river, 100 miles
in length by four to twenty miles in width. On the north shore of the lake, in
Minnesota, near the western extremity of the lake, and in Canada for a dis
tance of 200 miles northwest from the Sault St. Marie, are well-defined copper
regions which are now attracting the attention of capitalists, and will probably
prove as productive as the Keweenaw, Portage Lake, Ontonagon, and Carp
Lake districts, as the subdivisions of the Michigan copper-bearing territory are
termed.
During the year 1863 discoveries were made in the vicinity of Marquette,
which suggest that Michigan is destined to become, at an early day, a great sil
ver-yielding State.* The newly-discovered district is known as the granite
range, lying between the schistose or iron range and Lake Superior, and is
from ten to twenty miles in breadth and about fifty miles in length. Lodes of
argentiferous galena have been found in this region, yielding from ten to thirty
pounds of silver to the ton of metal. Assays made on some of the ores have
discovered gold in them to the value of $60 to $240. If these statements are
confirmed, the silver district of Lake Superior will exceed in value either of the
ranges now yielding copper and iron.
Under the impulse of the present demand for iron and copper, the Minnesota
district, extending from Fond-du-Lac to the Grand Portage at the mouth of
Pigeon river, has been thoroughly explored with satisfactory results ; while
Canada has taken effective measures for the encouragement of mining enter
prises on the remainder of the northern shore. Title to mineral lands on Lake
Superior can now be acquired from Canada at one dollar per acre, subject to a
tax of one dollar per ton of ore. This order will have the effect to transfer
English capital to the Nepigon, Pic and Michipicoton districts of Lake Superior,
as it is now admitted that the copper mines of Great Britain have lately failed
of their former productiveness. A correspondent of the London Mining Journal
states that " the very rich mines of Cornwall and Devon are limited in the
222 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
present day, arid that some thirty or forty of the greatest and richest mines in
those countries are exhausted, at least for copper." There were, in March,
1864, more than fifty bills before the Canadian Parliament to incorporate com
panies for mining gold, silver, lead, antimony, iron, and copper.
Similar and greater activity prevails in all the American districts of Lake
Superior. The total amount of capital invested in the fee-simple and develop
ment of the copper mines now worked in Michigan, not including the value of
the metal produced, is estimated at $6,000,000, while their stocks are worth
over, $15,000,000. The aggregate amount of copper produced in 1863 was
not less than 9,000 tons of stamp work, barrel and mass, or about 7,500
tons of ingot, worth at its present value over $6,000,000; but as the largest
portion was probably sold at an average of 35 cents per pound, the aggregate
receipts of sales will not be much over $5,000,000. The products of the Mar-
quette iron mines for 1863 are reported as 185,000 gross tons of ore, and 13,732
gross tons of pig iron. In 1855 the product of the same mines was only 1,447
tons of iron ore, with no production of pig iron; in 1858, 31,035 tons of iron
ore and 1,627 tons of pig iron.
The exports, of all values, for 1863, from Lake Superior, will amount to
$10,000,000, imports $12,000,000, consisting, in addition to provisions and
merchandise for the mining villages, of shipments of machinery and other mate
rials for permanent improvements.
In the same vicinity, the Huron mountains are reported to be gold-bearing, and at the
latest date (June 13, 1864) there is a probability that the discoveries and production of
gold in this district of the Lake Superior basin will fully equal the facts in regard to silver.
14 DAY USE
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
DOCUMENTS DEPT.
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
642-2569
" : : .:
//
LD 21-20m-8, 61
(Cl795slO)476
General Library
University of California
Berkeley
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES
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