M#'-><>;^;','>:'.-.^ -.■■:■*. .•■;:-• X:-.-; 
 
 (/>(TV 7.Vi V'.^.;'^-* -/r'iU- .'iC^ V/V • 
 
 'J^v 
 
 

 
 THE SHEINE 
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH 
 
 LAND OF GOSHEN 
 
 (1885).
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IRVINE 
 
 GIFT OF 
 EUGENE LORING 
 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL 
 OF DANCE
 
 THE SHEINE 
 
 OP 
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH 
 
 AND TUE 
 
 LAND OF GOSHEN 
 
 (1885) 
 
 EDOUARD^ NAVILLE 
 
 FIFTH MEMOIR OF 
 
 THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF TEE COMMITTEE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 MESSRS. TRiJBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. 
 
 1887.
 
 vr 
 
 L/.S'
 
 3^ ^On 
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 The jDresent Memoir embodies the results of my exploratory campaign during the 
 winter season of 1885. Of these results, I have already had the honour to present a 
 brief viva voce report, in the course of a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution 
 during the month of October in the same year. 
 
 The Members of the Egypt Exploration Fund may probably ask how it is that 
 they have not sooner received this work, and they may be justly surprised that a 
 memoir so moderate in length should have been in preparation for nearly two years. 
 I can only plead in reply the fact that I was under the necessity of first completing a 
 very heavy task begun several years before, which task is now finished. 
 
 The greater part of this Memoir is devoted to the interpretation of a monument 
 which has largely contributed to determine the position of the Land of Goshen ; a 
 subject especially within the domain of the Egypt Exploration Fund, in the service 
 of which Society I have thrice had the honour to be engaged. Priceless objects of 
 antiquity are daily disappearing in Egypt, and nowhere does the work of destruction 
 go on so rapidly as in the Delta. "While there is yet time — while still the kindly soil 
 preserves some store of unrifled treasure — let us endeavour not only to rescue these 
 invaluable relics, but to make use of them for the solution of those important 
 geographical and historical problems which confront the Archaeologist at every step. 
 Burned in the lime-kiln of the fellah, or broken up and sold piecemeal to the passing 
 tourist, the inscriijtions which contain the materials necessary to our studies will ere 
 long be wanting. 
 
 It may perhaps be said that there is not much in a name ; and I admit that the 
 shrine of Saft el Henneh presents fewer points of interest than the store-chambers 
 and inscriptions of Pithom. I nevertheless venture to hope that this Memoir, which 
 is the logical and historical sequel of the first, may receive some modest share of that 
 favour with which " Pithom " has been honoured. 
 
 EDOUARD Js^AVILLE. 
 Malagny, May, 1887.
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 Saf t el Henneh 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 
 The Thirtieth Dynasty 
 
 3 
 
 The Monuments discovered . . 
 
 5 
 
 Phacusa, Goshen, Ramses 
 
 14 
 
 Khataanah, Kantir 
 
 21 
 
 TellRotab 
 
 24 
 
 Appendix 
 
 26
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH. 
 
 Towards the close of December, 1884, while 
 exploring the sides of a canal which branches 
 off at Zagazig and joins the canal of Ismailieh, 
 I came to a large village called Saft el Henneli. 
 The country all around is peculiarly fruitful. 
 The luxuriant fields bear witness to the fertility 
 of the soil ; while the villages, which are among 
 the richest in Lower Egypt, are governed by 
 sheikhs who generally are men of large fortunes. 
 
 At the first glance, one sees that Saft el 
 Henneh stands on the site of an ancient city 
 of considerable extent. Close to the canal, a 
 large space is covered with mounds of decayed 
 bricks and broken pottery, indicating a Roman 
 settlement, where the direction of the streets is 
 still discernible. This space is bounded on the 
 south side by the remains of a wall built of 
 large, crude bricks, and about 36 feet in width. 
 The area of the old city does not end there. 
 Farther to the east, beyond a brackish pond, is 
 a high mound of ancient date, now used as a 
 cemetery. The whole village is constructed 
 on the ruins of old houses, many of which are 
 still to be seen on the south side. It is pro- 
 bable that some years ago, the mounds covered 
 a much larger space of ground than now ; but 
 as in the case of all these old Egyptian cities, 
 the mounds have been worked for sehaJch, and 
 thus have disappeared by degrees. 
 
 "Walking through the streets of the village, 
 one sees, built into the walls of the houses, 
 fragments of hard stone, diorite, porphyry, red 
 or black granite. Sometimes much larger pieces 
 are used for foundations. The mosque, which 
 is now the school, is supported by Greek 
 columns of grey marble, some with their capitals. 
 Another large fragment serves for the threshold 
 of what is called the old synagogue, where the 
 traditional well of Moses is shown. Among 
 
 this multitude of fragments I found only two 
 that were inscribed. One, an angular thick slab 
 of red granite, with sculptures on both sides; 
 now used as a corner-stone at the end of a 
 street. This monument is of a very fine style, 
 bearing the name of the first king: of the 
 thirtieth dynasty, Nel-Jithorheh, Kectanebo I. 
 (pi. viii. cl and C2). Another is the top of a 
 tablet of black granite, bearing the name of 
 Ptolemy Philadelphos (pi. viii. d) ; but it is 
 unfortunately in a most deplorable state, being 
 half sunk in a pond outside the village, where 
 for years, if not for centuries, it has been used 
 by the fellaheen women as a board on which 
 to wash their linen. 
 
 The most interesting place at Saft el Henneh 
 is a declivity which, starting from the large 
 brick wall, slopes down towards the fields. It 
 is partly occupied by a garden and a fiL4d of 
 henneh. When I went there first, I saw at a 
 distance of about a hundred and twenty yards 
 from the wall, a large hollow half full of water, 
 in which lay several blocks of basalt, and a 
 block of black granite inscribed with hiero- 
 glyphs. I soon perceived that this block formed 
 part of the monument to which must once have 
 belonged the two large fragments deposited 
 near the door of the Bulak Museum. These 
 monuments have been studied by Prof. Brugsch, 
 who read upon them the name of the nome of 
 Arabia. The stone which still lay on the spot 
 was a useful addition to the very imperfect 
 knowledge we had of that important district ; 
 the more so as I taw in the inscription a geo- 
 graphical name which does not occur in the 
 Bulak fragments. It was therefore desirable 
 to attempt excavations at Saft, but it could 
 not be done before the spring, when the water 
 would have sufficiently subsided.
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH. 
 
 My first object in excavating at Saft was to 
 recover as much as I could of the famous shrine 
 of Saft of the time of Nectanebo II., the last 
 of the Pharaohs, and thus to restore, at least 
 in part, this important monument, known only 
 from the fragments at Bulak. I began, there- 
 fore, to work round the granite block. I soon 
 found the walls of the temple (cf. pi. x.) which 
 originally contained the monolith ; but beyond 
 two more fragments of the naos, I discovered 
 no inscribed stones in the temple itself, but 
 only 142 basalt stones worked on one side, and 
 prepared either for a wall or a pavement. I 
 cleared the area of the temple down to the 
 sand. The enclosure is made of brick walls from 
 15 to 18 feet thick. The building originally stood 
 on the bank of a canal which followed nearly 
 the same course as the present Abu-1-Munagge, 
 and which certainly was the old Pelusiac branch. 
 The old bed may be traced as far as Belbeis. 
 Between the temple and the great city wall is a 
 space about 120 yards wide, which, judging 
 from the nature of the soil, must once have 
 been covered with houses. I there made several 
 soundings, and sank pits down to the natural 
 soil, but without result. The wall itself is 36 
 feet wide, and the bricks are more than 15 
 inches long. There are also traces of a less 
 massive wall in front of the temple, at right 
 angles with the city wall, which very likely en- 
 closed the temenos. Outside the temple, in the 
 direction of the village, I found in a corn-field 
 two fragments of a colossal statue of black 
 granite. The buckle on the belt bears the 
 cartouche of Rameses II. (pi. viii. a). I also 
 purchased from a fellah in the village a fine 
 broken statue of Nectanebo II., now in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 This certainly cannot be called a rich collec- 
 tion of monuments ; but after I had worked 
 there for a few days, I soon became convinced 
 that Saft el Henneh had already been robbed of 
 its choicest relics. It is a mine which has not 
 only been worked, but thoroughly ransacked. 
 
 and its most valuable monuments have either 
 been scattered or destroyed. "When the sheikh 
 on whose land 1 was excavating became re- 
 assured as to the object of my researches, he 
 told me that some twenty years ago a great 
 number of inscribed stones were unearthed on 
 that spot ; but since that time they had dis- 
 appeared, most of them having been used for 
 building purposes. The great number of broken 
 pieces which are built into the walls of the 
 houses prove that the sheikh spoke the truth. 
 It is possible that some of the dispersed monu- 
 ments have found their way to the museums of 
 Europe. There is no doubt, for instance, that 
 a basalt ichneumon which was shown to me by 
 the learned keeper of the Ambras Collection at 
 Vienna, Hitter von Bergmann, comes from Saft 
 el Henneh. It exactly resembles the ichneumon 
 represented on pi. vi., and the inscription is 
 
 nearly identical : (j v^ U | ^ o ffl ^^'"^' ^^^ 
 Ka of Eeliopolis, who resides in the house of 
 the sycamore. It is also likely that a fragment 
 in the Louvre, on which Professor Brugsch has 
 discovered a list of dekans,' came from the 
 same place. 
 
 The Avay in which the monuments of Saft 
 have been destroyed is very well illustrated by 
 what happened to the shrine. Twenty years 
 ago, when digging for agricultural purposes, 
 the fellaheen came across this splendid mono- 
 lith, covered with sculptures inside and outside. 
 A pacha who lives in the neighbourhood 
 immediately ordered that it should be broken in 
 pieces, thus acting in accordance with a super- 
 stition which prevails throughout Egypt, namely, 
 that the ancient monuments contain gold. The 
 first thing to do, therefore, is to break them up, 
 in order to arrive at the precious metal. Two 
 of the fragments were carried by the pacha to 
 his isbet (farm), where they remained until they 
 were taken to the Museum of Bulak (pi. i. 
 
 'Brugsch, Thes. Inscr. i. p. 179; Pierret, Inscr. du 
 Louvre, p. 73.
 
 THE THIRTIETH DYNASTY. 
 
 and iii. b. a, B. b). Several others Lave been 
 built into the bridges of Saft and Tabra, the 
 sculptured surfaces being first erased. My first 
 task was to collect all the fragments that I could 
 find, and to put together as much as I could 
 of this valuable monument. Besides the big 
 block which I saw on the occasion of my first 
 visit (s. a), I dug out three more at Saft (s. b, 
 s. c, s. d). On the side of the canal near the 
 isbet of Mustapha Pacha was an angular piece 
 (m), with part of two outside faces and a little 
 of the inside (pi. i., v., vi., vii.). Near that 
 spot, with the help of tackles, I dragged another 
 fragment out of the canal (c). I think there is 
 yet another close by, but the canal was so deep 
 that I could not reach it. This was all I 
 could recover of that fine monument, of which I 
 thus restored about one-half.' Judging from 
 these facts it is evident that Saft el Henneh has 
 been rich in precious objects of antiquity, and 
 that irreparable losses have been caused by the 
 vandalism of the inhabitants. 
 
 THE THIRTIETH DYNASTY. 
 
 Looking at the monuments of the two Necta- 
 nebos, it is impossible not to be struck by the 
 beauty of the workmanship as well as by the 
 richness of the material employed. Egyptian 
 art undergoes a new resurrection more complete 
 than under the twenty-sixth dynasty. There 
 is more vigour in the style than at the time of 
 the Psammetichi ; perhaps less delicacy than in 
 the works of the Saite kings, but a decided 
 tendency to revert to the stern beauty of the 
 works of the great Pharaohs. The hiero- 
 glyphs engraved on the tablet and shrine of 
 Saft, and on the cornices of Horbeit, are cer- 
 tainly among the most beautiful in Egypt. In 
 
 ' Since this was written, all the blocks have been brought 
 to the Museum of Bulak, with the exception of two, s.c, 
 which is still buried in the garden of the sheikh, and c, 
 which fell back into the canal. The present Director of the 
 Museum, M. Grebaut, had the blocks put together, and all 
 that remains of the shrine may be seen now at the entrance 
 of the Museum. (March, 1887.) 
 
 B 
 
 the proportions of the monuments there is also 
 manifested an ambition to rival the colossal 
 buildings of earlier dynasties. Thus the Nec- 
 tanebos did not cut up the colossi of former 
 kings, or engrave their names on monuments 
 which they had not erected ; they forbore to 
 follow the example of the kings of the twenty- 
 first and twenty-second dynasties. They again 
 worked the quarries of Aswan and Hamamat, 
 and brought thence the enormous blocks which 
 are found in several places in the Delta. For 
 their models, they seem to have chosen the 
 kings of the twelfth dynasty. It is to the art 
 of the Amenemhas and the TJsertesens that the 
 art of the Nectanebos may best be compared. 
 Nectanebo II. took for his coronation name the 
 first oval of Usertesen I. For kings who spent 
 the greater part of their lives in the Delta, it 
 was natural that those ancestors who seemed 
 worthiest of imitation, and who recalled to them 
 the most glorious traditions, should be the 
 kings of the twelfth dynasty, the builders of 
 Tanis and of several cities on the Pelusiac 
 branch of the Nile. 
 
 From the Greek writers we derive much in- 
 formation concerning the kings of the thirtieth 
 dynasty. "We perhaps know more about them 
 than we know of any others of the Pharaohs. 
 Judging, however, from the monuments which 
 they erected, they must have been much more 
 powerful than might be gathered from the 
 narrative of Diodorus Siculus. He describes 
 them as constantly engaged in resisting the 
 invasions of the Persians ; and if one of them 
 succeeded in holding his ground against the 
 armies of the great king, the second of his suc- 
 cessors was fated to lose his throne. This being 
 the case, how could they find time and means to 
 raise the great buildings of which there are so 
 many ruins in the Delta? Certain it is, that in 
 the whole course of my Delta explorations, the 
 names of the two Nectanebos are among those 
 which I found most frequently, as weU as those 
 of Rameses II. and Ptolemy Philadelphos. 
 2
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH. 
 
 I have mentioned and described elsewhere ^ 
 the gilt pillar bearing the name of Nekhthorheb 
 which I discovered at Plthom. I can adduce 
 other instances in which I came across the name 
 of this king. In a small village called Taivila, 
 north of Tell el Kebir, the people told me that 
 in one of the houses there was a stone block 
 which was said to be inscribed. I dug in the 
 soil at the place which was pointed out to me, 
 and I soon found a large block of red granite, 
 broken at both ends. It was 12 ft. 2 in. long, 
 3 ft. 3 in. wide, and 20 in. thick. It was 
 originally twice as thick, for on the narrow side 
 there is a vertical inscription, and portions of the 
 characters with the side line of a cartouche which 
 belonged to another inscription running parallel 
 to the first. The inscription in large hieroglyphs 
 very deeply cut is the beginning of the name 
 of Nekhthorheb (pi. is. h.). This stone formed 
 part of a pillar originally belonging to some large 
 edifice. It had been sawn in two, and one of the 
 halves had been brought there, I imagine, to 
 make an oil-press. Two square holes had been 
 carved in the stone for planting wooden posts, 
 and between them there was a small furrow in 
 the form of a quadrangle, with a gullet for the 
 flowing out of the liquid. How came this 
 block to a place where it is quite isolated, and 
 where there are no traces of ruins? I think it 
 must have come from a tell called Tell el 
 Ahmar, about four miles higher up than Tawila 
 on the side of the same canal. I there saw an 
 old settlement, and a capital of basalt. 
 
 I will but mention Beliheit el Hngar, near 
 Mansura, the colossal ruins of which have 
 often been described. It was probably tlie 
 birthplace of Nekhthorheb, who there founded 
 a temple which was enlarged by Ptolemy Phil- 
 adelphos. There also the name of Rameses II. 
 is found. His cartouche is inscribed on the 
 base of a column close to the house of the 
 sheikh el beled. 
 
 ' " The Stoie City of Pithom," p. 12. 
 
 Near the station of Abu Kebir, N.E. of 
 Zagazig, is the locality called Horbelt, generally 
 considered as the site of the old Pharbaethus. 
 I visited the extensive area covered with the 
 ruins of the ancient city ; and in the village 
 itself, in a small courtyard between two houses, 
 I saw three enormous granite blocks, such as 
 are seldom met with in Egypt. They are 
 fragments of a ceiling ; one of them is sunk 
 in the soil, making an acute angle with the 
 ground ; and the part which is buried must evi- 
 dently go down to a great depth, so as to support 
 the enormous weight of that which is above 
 the soil, and which is some 21 feet in length. I 
 should not wonder if the whole block were 
 twice that length. We thus gain some idea 
 of the proportions of the temple. Here also 
 Nekhthorheb is the author of these gigantic 
 monuments, and here again I saw the name of 
 Rameses II. on a cornice built into a wall. 
 
 At Saft el Henneh, if we observe chrono- 
 logical order, we find Rameses II., then the two 
 Nectanebos, and then Ptolemy Philadelphos. 
 It is not extraordinary that the kings of the 
 thirtieth dynasty should have attached special 
 importance to the eastern part of the Delta, and 
 have multiplied great structures in that part of 
 the country ; for I cannot help thinking that 
 these Egyptian temples, surrounded by thick 
 walls built sometimes of bricks and sometimes 
 of granite, and communicating with the outside 
 world through but one door, or two, were capable 
 of being employed for purposes of defence, and 
 of being turned to the same uses as the Temple 
 of Jerusalem, or the fortified convents of the 
 Middle Ages. A small garrison well provided 
 with food could easily hold out for some time 
 in an Egyptian temple, and undoubtedly it was 
 the place in which the people of the city de- 
 posited their valuables in times of war or 
 insurrection. The Nectanebos were constantly 
 exposed to invasions from the east. They had 
 again and again to fight the armies of the 
 Persians ; therefore they built these temples
 
 THE MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. 
 
 wliicla were primarily religious buildings, but 
 which could also be converted into military 
 forts, and thus help in the defeuce of the 
 country. This double usefulness of the temple 
 has, I believe, occasioned the ruin of many. It 
 was not iconoclasts only who so thoroughly 
 destroyed the temple of Tanis. Such a com- 
 plete overthrow demands too mucli time and 
 labour to be the work of a fanatical mob. 
 It is far more probable that in some of the 
 numerous wars which were waged in the Eastern 
 Delta, whether under the Roman Empire or 
 later,^ this well-built stronghold was purposely 
 destroyed, that it might not fall into the hands 
 of an enemy. 
 
 Further explorations in the Delta will pi'O- 
 bably bring to light other monuments of the 
 Thirtieth Dynasty, which, considering all the 
 works still remaining, must certainly have been 
 more powerful than would appear from the 
 writings of the Greek authors. It is also pos- 
 sible that the conquest of Egypt by the Per- 
 sians was less easy and complete than as 
 described in Diodorus. Several circumstances 
 lead i;s to question the correctness of the Greek 
 historian when he says ^ that Nectanebo, after 
 his defeat, gave up Egypt as lost, gathered his 
 treasures, and fled to Ethiopia. Probably he 
 was buried in Egypt. On the shrine of Saft 
 there is unfortunately no date left. Thei'e are 
 but a few doubtful signs (pi. iii. 4) which may 
 be the remains of one. The contents of the in- 
 scription seem, however, to point to a long 
 reign, at the end of which Nectanebo may have 
 become vassal or tributary of the great king. 
 
 THE MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. 
 
 I will describe the monuments of Saft in 
 chronological order. The first which occiirs is 
 the colossal statue in black granite of Rameses 
 
 ' For instance, in the Biicolic war under M. Aurelius. 
 Cf. Flinders Petrie, "Tanis," i. p. 41. 
 'Lib. xvi. 51. 
 
 II. There were two fragments in a corn-field 
 a short way in front of the temple near the 
 village. One is a foot with part of the leg, the 
 other is the waist with part of the apron (pi. 
 viii. a). On the buckle of the girdle is engraved 
 the cartouche of Rameses II. The buckle is 
 8 inches in length, which gives some idea of the 
 size of the statue. Such a monument could only 
 belong to a temple of some importance. We 
 learn from these scanty remains that Rameses II. 
 erected at Saft a building of large proportions. 
 From the nineteenth dynasty we pass over to 
 the thirtieth, and to its first prince Nekhthorheb, 
 to whom belongs the granite slab used as a 
 corner-stone. It is part of a large stele, or of a 
 wall inscribed on both sides with religious texts 
 (pi. viii. c. 1 and c. 2). The sculptures were 
 executed in several registers. The king is seen 
 in the attitude of worship, with raised arms, 
 and there are fragments of his two cartouches. 
 On one side there is reference made to putting 
 
 somebody, very likely a god, on the "TJ 111 t^-^ 
 neferu, which is the usual name of the sacred 
 boats. The style of this fragment, and espe- 
 cially of the hieroglyphs of the large cartouche, 
 is remarkably beautiful. 
 
 Then follow the monuments of Nectanebo 
 II., Kheperkara NeJchtnebef. I begin with the 
 broken statue which I purchased with great 
 difiiculty from a reluctant fellah in the village. 
 It is now in the British Museum. It is all that 
 remains of a standing statue ; head and feet 
 have been broken off, perhaps intentionally. 
 On the back of the pillar by which the statue 
 is supported, is an inscription in two columns, 
 the signs of which are placed face to face (pi. 
 viii. b). On the right side, are the names and 
 titles of the king ; on the left, those of the deity 
 to whom Nectanebo had dedicated his own 
 statue. That deity was the god of Saft el 
 Henneh, Svj^t or Soptal-Jiem . 
 
 The attribute which the king assumes on his 
 
 standard is ^, Thema (pi. i. 1, ii. 1, iv. 1),
 
 SAFT EL IIEXNEH. 
 
 which can only mean " The Destroyer." Ilorus the 
 Destroyer, or simply " The Destroyer," was a title 
 adopted by other kings before Ncctanebo; User- 
 tesen II., for instance, when he appears before 
 Sopt in a tablet of Wadi Gasus.^ In a later age 
 it was assumed by the Emperor Tiberius. Nec- 
 tanebo II. calls himself Eorthema, a warlike 
 god, another form of the god Anhur, translated 
 as Ares by the Greeks, and one of the divinities 
 of the Sebennyte norae, the birthplace of the 
 Nectanebos. Nekhthorheb put Anhur in his 
 coronation name; and Nectanebo IT. put 
 Horthema in his standard. Horthema is gene- 
 rally represented bearing a lance,^ as it is said 
 in the inscription of pi. i. 1. 4 ; but in the temple 
 of Medinet Habu, Raraeses III. takes that name 
 at the moment when, armed with a mace, he 
 smites his enemies.' The other titles of Nec- 
 tanebo are only common formulas which are 
 nearly identical for all the kings. It is said 
 that he loves Sopt, the lord of the East, Har- 
 mal-his the great god, the lord of the mountain of 
 BaJchu, the prince, the king of the nine gods.* 
 
 By far the most important monument of Saft 
 is the shrine of Nectanebo II., found quite 
 fortuitously about twenty years ago. I have 
 already related the misfortunes which befell this 
 magnificent monolith, one of the largest of its 
 kind. Its thickness is 6 feet 8 1 inches, its width 
 G feet; as for the height, it is not possible to 
 determine it exactly, but it could not have been 
 less than 7 feet 3 inches. The four faces were 
 covered with inscriptions, as well as the inside 
 and the ceiling. I have given (pi. i. and pi. iii.) 
 a restoration of the monument, both front view 
 and back view, with an indication of the way in 
 which the remaining blocks fit into each other. 
 It shows that the back and the right side are 
 
 ' Zeitschr. 1882, p. 204. 
 
 - Lanzone, Dizion. Mtt. pi. xv. p. 678. 
 
 ' Leps. Denkm. iii. 209 and 210. 
 
 ' ©^ "YX] '^^^ Jp ^^^^ ** determinative for number 
 nine, is frequently met with in inscriptions of that time. 
 Cf. pi. iii. 1, and Golenischeff, Stele Metternich, p. 14. 
 
 fairly well preserved, while the greater part of 
 the left side and of the front has disappeared. 
 These parts probably lie in the foundations of 
 the bridge of Saft. On all four faces the lower 
 part is occupied by three hnes of an inscription 
 in large characters, which I will call the dedi- 
 catory, or historical, inscription. In front, tlie 
 two doorposts are covered with two similar 
 vertical inscriptions of nine lines each, containing 
 hymns recited in honour of Sopt by the king 
 himself, who is represented on the right as 
 king of Lower Egypt, of which he wears the 
 crown, and on the left as king of Upper Egypt. 
 Of this last, there are but a few signs left. 
 On the other faces, above the dedicatory in- 
 scription, are six horizontal registers containing 
 inscriptions and mythological representations. 
 The cornice at the top was adorned with hawks 
 spreading their wings over the cartouches of 
 Nectanebo. 
 
 The translation of the dedicatory inscription 
 is not easy, on account of the many abbrevia- 
 tions which occur in it. The scribe seems to 
 have been afraid lest he might not have room 
 enough, and so contracted the inscription as 
 much as he could. 
 
 On the front side it consists of the name of 
 the king repeated three times, and preceded by 
 one of the three qualities which are generally 
 united in his title. He is said to love the local 
 god who is called Sopt, the lord of the East ; the 
 spirit of the East, ^^ r and the hawh, or 
 Horus of the East ^V 4- . Above, are the 
 hymns pronounced by the king speaking as the 
 god Thoth, to whom the hymns are attributed 
 (pl.i.). 
 
 Upper horizontal lines. ..." praise to Sopt 
 given by tho good god, the lord of the world 
 Kheperkara ; the son of Ra the lord of diadems 
 . . . (made) by Thoth himself, once when he 
 celebrated this venerable god. 
 
 1. ..." in his house . . . against his enemies. 
 He came and killed Apophis ; and opened the
 
 THE MONUMENTS DISCOVERKD. 
 
 good year ; ' the gods and goddesses are re- 
 joicing and exultant in his sanctuary for lie 
 chained the enemy with his wings. 
 
 2. . . . " the divine hawk. The land of the 
 East is in joy ; he has killed his enemies.^ 
 Maunu is in delight ; when this spirit has 
 ascended and goes over his horizon, his ene- 
 mies are cut to pieces. When he has crossed the 
 sky with favourable winds, he reaches the good 
 Ament, the inhabitants of the "West are in joy ; 
 
 3. " seeing he comes near them their limbs 
 tremble in seeing him ; he is always in their 
 mouths f none of them dare to rise ; their 
 limbs are stretched before him ; he is the only 
 one, he who chooses (?) where he will approach 
 the mountain of Bakhu. When he rises 
 
 4. " on that mountain, all the quadrupeds of 
 the land are shouting to him ; his rays and his 
 splendour are upon them ; he brings on the 
 noon, when the mysterious hour has passed in 
 Nut ; the stars of the North and South * have 
 no rest. Horthema, his arms carry the lance; 
 he slays Apophis 
 
 5. " in front of his boat ; Horus takes hold of 
 the helm in order to steer the great boat. The 
 mighty Safekh, the lady of writing, utters her 
 sacred formulas in his divine barge. He came 
 and smote his adversaries in his form of Ahti.^ 
 
 G. " He himself causes his body to increase ^ 
 
 ^_ -I Q i he opened the good year. I believe 
 
 the whole line has reference to astronomy. Brugsch, The- 
 saurus, i. p. 77. 
 
 O © Ml 
 
 _>Wi 
 
 There are four instances in 
 
 this hymn iu which after a verb we find the two signs O 
 which should be read Ea, where we expect to find only the 
 
 jjionoun *<-=.-. The other instances are : 1. 1 I X / 
 
 CS] , . <J=^ O . „ A "tk O _ L, 
 
 ^n 
 
 1. 2 e 
 
 £ I 
 
 1. 
 
 ft 
 
 ^ They are incessantly praising him. 
 * linigsch, Thes. i. p. 30 and 32. 
 
 ' S X. \\ v' This name appears only once in an inscrip- 
 tion of Roman time, as that of a goddess. I suppose it 
 means, he who holds the string or the net. 
 
 « Cf. Todt. 87, 1. 3. 
 
 in his name of Horus Sopt ; he completes it iu 
 the appointed hour in his name of Mahes ; he 
 himself provides it with his limbs in his name 
 
 7. " of Horus of the East. He smote them 
 (his enemies) by the heat which is in his body 
 in his name of Horthema. He pierced them in 
 one blow ; (their bodies) are thrown to the East 
 and to Bakhu. He smote them 
 
 8. " on the mountain of the East, their limbs 
 are consumed by fire. He feels the good wind 
 every day in his name of the victorious Horus. 
 He increases every day in his name of Hor Sopt. 
 Hail to thee to the hmits of the sky, Sopt 
 Harmachis who is . . . 
 
 9. . . . " gods and goddesses ... of joy, 
 every day are united pleasure and joy, spirit of 
 the East, hawk of the East who is Ra in Bakhu, 
 he crosses the sky himself ... on the East of 
 his boat every day." 
 
 This hymn was the first text which presented 
 itself to the eye of the spectator. We here 
 find the repetitions which are so common in 
 religious texts, and which often make them so 
 tedious to the reader. Besides there are the 
 singular etymologies where a proper name is 
 derived from a word having a quite different 
 meaning, but which sounds alike. The most 
 striking example of those quibbles, for which the 
 Egyptians seem to have had a great taste, is in 
 I.e. The god is called mahes, a lion ; and why ? 
 Because he completed mahsii (his body) him- 
 self; mahsu is thus the origin of mahes, for no 
 other reason than a similarity in the sound of 
 the two words. 
 
 The characteristic feature of the god on whicli 
 the author of the hymn dwells at greatest 
 length, is his warlike frame. He is a fighting 
 god, as we shall see further when we study the 
 difi'erent forms which he assumes. 
 
 I pass on now to the texts on the other sides 
 of the naos, and first of all to the inscriptions in 
 large characters which I have called dedicatory. 
 I begin on the left side (pi. ii.), where it is
 
 SAFT EL IIENXEH. 
 
 related under what circumstances the shrine 
 was raised to the god. Part of the translation 
 is conjectural, owing to the number of abbrevia- 
 tions in the words. 
 
 1. " The good god, the very brave, the de- 
 stroyer w'ho drives back . . . ; the wise and in- 
 telligent who fights for Egypt against the rebels 
 of the provinces, who treads under his feet the 
 Asiatics, who delivers his abode from their 
 violence ; the firm heart ; he who goes forth and 
 never falls back* one instant; who shoots with 
 his bow at the right time; who provides temples 
 by his great intelhgence ; what he says ^ takes 
 place immediately, as what cnmes forth from 
 the mouth of Ra, the king of Upper and Lower 
 Egypt, Kheperkara, the son of Ra Nekht- 
 nebef . . . 
 
 2. " This venerable god Sopt, the lord of the 
 East, remembers his goodwill towards his 
 majesty ; and all the gods, when he (the king) 
 comes before them, are celebrating him in order 
 that he take care of the divine bodies (images 
 of the gods) during his hfetime and until many 
 years afterwards When tbe king desired to 
 pay special honours ^ to this god (Sopt) in a 
 secret sanctuary which was not known to the 
 priests, and wdiere all the gods of the province 
 hid their bodies, the god put in the heart of the 
 king to cause to be seen . . . 
 
 3. " (after) many years, without knowing 
 howit happened, they saw him distinctly, how he 
 was raised u|)on his couch ; * then there was joy 
 
 
 I believe here the 
 
 to be au abbrevia- 
 
 tion of the masc. pron. ^ ^ (cf. Todt. 17, vav. to 1. 7, 11, 
 18 &c) We find several instances of the same kind : 
 
 in this last instance the following words indicate that it is 
 a god who is meant. We find also, pi. i. 1. 6, |^ 1 1 ^= <= i 
 
 for ^= 
 
 abljrev. for 
 
 Cf. 
 
 3-, 
 I read this expression : 
 
 This is one of the most difficult parts 
 
 A 
 
 O I 
 el 
 
 saying: The prince has appeared in the East; 
 he has adorned the world with his rays, thou 
 art raised very high to be the victorious lord. 
 Then the good god (the king) embellished his 
 sanctuary, and made it the Amen kheperu (the 
 hiding-place) of the lord of the East for his 
 own body ; and all the gods who follow him are 
 on his riglit, and all the gods in his place are 
 on the left, and when be comes forth all his 
 gods are before him like Ra when he appears 
 on the horizon, and the like when he rests in 
 his sanctnary every day." 
 
 Thus it was in commemoration of a miracle 
 of some kind that the shrine was erected. It 
 is most unfortunate that the end of the second 
 line should be destroyed, as we do not know 
 exactly what happened. However, it is clear 
 that either the priests did not know where the 
 abode of the god was, or (which I think is more 
 likely) that it was a place to which they had no 
 access. The king decided that something in 
 respect to those gods should be done ; but we do 
 not see what it w'as, because of the gap in the 
 stone. The result was that, after many years, 
 a god whom I believe to be Sopt, is seen sud- 
 denly raised on his couch. It was the cause of 
 great rejoicing in the land, and Nectanebo named 
 the sanctuary, " the likllng-place of Sojit." Such 
 
 been quoted byBrugsch in the second jiart of his Dictionary 
 (p. 1266), but not quite correctly, aud without translation. 
 
 6 U j^^^ is a rare word which Brugsch considers as a 
 different form of Zj"^/!^^-^ to look at. I think 
 that this second verb adds to the word °°^ the idea of 
 seeing clearhj, distinclli/. I already referred to the pron. 
 
 — M — employed instead of 1 y^ in the masculine sense (1. 1). 
 tl:e phonetic reading is given in 
 
 This sentence has 
 
 As for the word LTI 
 the Todt. 168 b H 
 
 The word 
 
 Km 
 
 \\ m nema I V^ (J 
 
 m 
 
 en 
 
 a bed with a 
 
 nema means a couch 
 
 lion's or a ram's head, exactly like that on which the hawk 
 Sopt is sitting. The god whose body was hidden, suddenly 
 appeared raised on his couch, I suppose in the form of a 
 hawk, as we see him, pi. ii. 5, or as he appears in the ideo- 
 graphic name of Sopt, pi. iii. 1.
 
 THE MONDMEXTS DISCOVERED. 
 
 are the few facts to be gathered from the re- 
 dundant style of the inscription. 
 
 On tlie back, the inscription in large cha- 
 racters does not contain anything historical; 
 it is purely laudatory, praising the high deeds 
 and the qualities of the king (pi. iv.). 
 
 1. "... of the East, the destroyer, the issue 
 of Horus of the Bast, the firstborn son of the 
 god of the horizons, the only one, the strong- 
 hold (?) of Egypt, who consumes the evildoer 
 in the land and the rebellious around it,' the 
 king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Kheperkara, 
 the son of Ra, Nekhtnebef living eternally. 
 
 2. . . . the god of the horizon, who rises on 
 the horizon, his yellow rays shine . . . all the 
 human beings live in seeing the splendour of 
 Horus on Bakliu ; all the gods celebrate him 
 when they see him. 
 
 3. . . . thy throne, as victorious lord. The 
 two worlds in all their extent leap for joy when 
 thou risest on the horizon of Bakhu ... lie 
 threw the mountains in their valleys. It is he 
 who protects Egypt, the eye of Ra,- and who 
 watches over the bodies of the gods. I have 
 enriched thy temple whh all good things ; give 
 me as reward the victory as to Ra, eternally." 
 
 The inscription on the right side is far more 
 interesting (pi. vi.). 
 
 1. " The king of Egypt, Kheperkara, the sou 
 of Ra. Nekhtuebef, has made monuments to his 
 
 s s 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 The begiir.ing of tliis sentence has been translated twice by 
 Brugsch (Diet. Part 2), once as: Ddmpfer der Mordthaten 
 im Lande tind der Rebcllionen in scinem Uiuh-eise (p. 934), 
 and again: damp/end den Zermabner im Lande (p. 1344). 
 I believe it is more ir accordance with the determinative of 
 
 and its usual sense to translate it as consume, 
 
 Ta,t\\6r ih&n dampfen, choice ov quell. After J^ Q I supply 
 tlie determinative A the transgressor or the evildoer. I 
 quite iigree with Brugsch that r^ is hire a variant for 5^?^ 
 
 cf. ,^-. 2 : ^ -g^/ 
 
 ' 5Q a name for Egypt ; cf. pi. vi. 6. Brugsch, Diet. 
 Purl 2, p. 1339. 
 
 father Sopt, the lord of the East, this shrine in 
 black stone of granite. The doors which are in 
 front are in black bronze adorned with gold ; 
 and the image which is on it, of . . . and all 
 that is (written) on the leather roll has been 
 made of good work lasting eternally. As 
 reward he has received a long reign, and all the 
 nations bowed down under his feet. He lives 
 like Ra eternally. 
 
 2, The good god, the kiug, ordered these 
 things to be made of his own will himself, in 
 order to preserve the divine body^ in its abode, 
 after his majesty had come to Kes in order to 
 make oflFerings to this venerable god Sopt, the 
 lord of the East, on his throne, as the victorious 
 lord. Thus, after periods of years they will 
 see . . . His majesty has chosen his abode in 
 the lifetime of Kheperkara, his son who loves 
 him, Nekhtnebef, living eternally. 
 
 3. It is the king who himself ordered to raise 
 the images to the gods of Kes on this shrine in 
 the lifetime of his majesty ; all the gods are at 
 their places, and they are as it is (written) on 
 the leather I'oll, as well as all the sacred cere- 
 monies ;* lie provided that it should be cared for 
 exactly without any negligence (?) in it, wlien 
 . . . Thoth like a follower of the god of HcsKii ' 
 according to the number of panegyrics, living 
 like Ra eternally." 
 
 This is in fact the most important inscription 
 on the sanctuary ; it informs us that the place 
 where Nectanebo erected the slirine was called 
 in his time Kes. We shall revert in another 
 chapter to this new geographical datum. 
 
 The inscriptions in small character either 
 
 3 ^T\ for I ^^ the divine hody, the statue or image 
 
 of the god, which is called also pi. ii. 2, iv. 3. 
 
 1 «^^ t I ^~^ 11 all their ceremonies sacred ; (I 
 
 a rare form of '^^ Brugsch, Diet. Part 2 p. 134. 
 
 ' Mythological locality considered as the residence of 
 Thoth. 
 

 
 10 
 
 SAFT EL HENNEH. 
 
 describe what is engraved underneath or relate 
 what the gods have done to reward the king 
 for his benefits. It is not possible to recognize 
 the rule Tvhich the engravers have followed in 
 the choice of their representations. 
 
 Among these, we will first consider the god to 
 whom the shrine is dedicated, and the different 
 forms given to him. 
 
 The most usual form of Sopt is that of a 
 hawk, bare-headed (pi. v. 4), or wearing two 
 feathers (pi. ii. 5); he is crouching either on a 
 couch (pi. ii. 5) or on a stone base (id.); he 
 may have before him the triangle A which 
 reads " Sopt," and which is his name. This form 
 we fine in the hieroglyph by which the name of 
 the nome is spelt. The hawk is the ordinary, 
 but not the most ancient, form of Sopt in the 
 time of Nectanebo, and consequently bears his 
 full titles : Sopt, the spirit of the East, the hawlc 
 or the Hams of the East (pi. iv. 6). Another 
 hardly less usual at that time, is that of an ugly 
 dwarf with large head and beard, wearing 
 feathers, with outstretched arms and wings, 
 having a knife in each hand. Thus represented, 
 he IS very like the god Bes. This form is called 
 Srq^t who smites the Asiatics (pi, ii. 6, &c.). A 
 third form is that of a man having instead of a 
 human head, the wing and head of a hawk with 
 two feathers. The body is crouched on a 
 pedestal; the left arm is raised like that of 
 Amon ; the right holds a bow and arrows. He 
 is called " Sojyt Shu, the son of Ea " (pi. ii. 6); 
 and on another monument, in the Louvre, " the 
 lord of war." 
 
 Sopt Hor differs only slightly from Sopt Shu ; 
 it is a hawk's upper part on the body of a sitting 
 man (pi. v. 4). 
 
 Tlie counterpart to this form is that of a 
 standing man, with the tail and wings of a hawk, 
 holding a knife in the left hand and the sign of 
 life •¥■ in the right. He is called " Sopt, the 
 master of faces, most terrible" (pi. ii. 5, orpl. v. 4). 
 
 Sopt may also be figured in human form, 
 wearing two feathers, with a long sceptre in 
 
 one hand, and various emblems in the other. 
 Thus represented, he is very lik3 the god Anhur. 
 This variety is very ancient. We have an 
 early example in a stele from Wadi Gasus, now 
 at Alnwick Castle, datinor from the reig^n of 
 Usertesen II. ;' another in a sculpture of Wadi 
 Maghara of the eighteenth dynasty,^ and another 
 under Rameses II.' I am inclined to think that 
 it is the oldest form of the god. He is then 
 always called " the lord of the East." 
 
 He is undoubtedly a warlike god. To him 
 belongs the East ; namely, the provinces of the 
 Eastern Delta as far as the Syrian frontier, as 
 well as the district between the Nile and the 
 Red Sea. He rises on the mountain of Bakhu, 
 which is synonymous with the East ; and it is 
 he who defends Egypt against the Eastern 
 invaders, the Mentl or the Fenkhii as they are 
 called here, meaning of course the Persians, 
 who were the most dangerous enemies of 
 ISTectanebo. 
 
 Sopt is generally accompanied by one or 
 several goddesses bearing the name of Khonset 
 (pi. V. 3 and 4) ; as well as by various forms of 
 Horus (Hormer, or Hor Si Isis), and by Amon 
 represented under different forms, often with 
 the body of a bird (pi. ii. 5). Among his 
 attendants, one of the most usual is the lion 
 Makes, who is generally represented as gnawing 
 the head of a prisoner (pi. iii. 3, vi. 6, vii. 5) ; 
 sometimes also as a man with a lion's head 
 (pi. ii. 6, iii. 4). 
 
 An inquiry into the rank which Sopt occupies 
 in the Egyptian religion would here be out of 
 place ; but I may say that from even a purely 
 mythological point of view, the shrine of Saft, 
 like other inscribed monuments of the Thirtieth 
 Dynasty, is rich in valuable information.* I 
 believe that a careful study of the texts relating 
 
 ' Erman, Zeitschr. 1882 p 204. 
 ■ Leps., Denkm. iii. 28. 
 ^ Ibid., iii. 144. 
 
 * For instance, the identity of Amon and Harmakhi.s 
 (pi. ii. 1. 5, pi. V. 1. 4).
 
 THE MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. 
 
 II 
 
 to the god Sopt would lead us to the conclusion 
 that it is not the rising sun which he figures, 
 but rather one of the planets — Venus, as the 
 morning star. 
 
 On the left side of the shrine, as far as we 
 can judge from what remains, were represented 
 various sacred arks which were deposited in the 
 temple before the god. 
 
 We first see the arks of Bast and Thoth 
 (pi. ii. 4) ; it being always added that they are 
 " before Soj^t." Underneath was perhaps the ark 
 of Amon (ii. 5), and that of Sopt Shu. Then 
 comes the ark of Sopt the smiter of the Asiatics 
 (6), and on the same line occur the four prin- 
 cipal forms of Sopt, to whom, as well as to 
 Hormer and Khonset, Nectanebo is making an 
 offering. The inscriptions of 1. 4 and 1. 5 are 
 very much alike. They only mention that 
 these arks are " engraved ' according to the tvill 
 of Nectaneho " with his usual titles. 
 
 1. 6. " As a reward for all this which is ac- 
 cording to the will of their son [_of the son of the 
 godsl who loves them, hing Nectaneho, it is given 
 to him the dignity of Ba . . . of Seb ; he is 
 brave as they [the gods] are brave; all the land 
 leaps for joy, as the hearts are delighted in seeing 
 their beauty ; his love extends all over the world 
 as Ua ivhen he rises on Bahhu^ because of his 
 great piety toivards all the gods." 
 
 On the back (pi. iii. and iv.) are long pro- 
 cessions of divinities. There we find the four 
 names of the locality, some of which occur 
 repeatedly. 
 
 1. The ideographic name ^^ which is written, 
 
 1. 1, over two goddesses. 
 
 ' The ■word which I translate engrave or sculpture is 
 ft Jj ^^ ; . Jj"^ |(Brugsch,Dict.Part2,p.l267) 
 
 is to draw. The word A '•'^^^ adds the same idea as in 
 French " rapporter ;" to draw or to engrave from a model, 
 which in this case is a leather roll. I believe that |\ 
 alone (pi. iv. 6) is for J^ | ^ ;]. 
 
 2. n A the house of Sopt ; pi. iii. 1. 
 4 and 1. 6. 
 
 3. Y '^ the abode of the sycamore, 1. 2. 
 
 4. [M the house of the sycamore, 1. G. 
 
 PI. iii. 1. 1, at the end, celebrates the victories 
 of the kiugf over various nations : Tlie barbarians 
 are struck under his feet, his hand is brave 
 among the chiefs of the Greeks.^ 
 
 1. 2. We here find mention made of a book 
 which is again quoted further on, and from 
 which the designs on the shrine appear to have 
 been copied. " Chosen from the book, these 
 images were made on this shrine ; they ivere 
 engraved by the ivill * of king Nectanebo." 
 
 In 1. 3 is a subject which will be found again 
 almost identical, pi. vi. 1. 6. It is explained in 
 the following manner : " These gods who reside 
 in the shrine of Unt,^ on her right and her left, 
 are standing on their abodes, in the house of the 
 sycamore; they are engraved by the will of Icing 
 Nectaneho, living eternally ; as reward were 
 given him panegyrics in great member; the 
 mountains and the sand {the plain) are bowing 
 before him." The shrine of Uut here mentioned, 
 containing the same gods, is seen in pi. vi. 1. 6. 
 There are two goddesses called Unt, one of the 
 South, and one of the North. 
 
 1. 4 speaks in the same way of the gods of 
 the shrine of Sopt, the smiter of the Asiatics : 
 " These gods loho reside in the shrine of Sopt, 
 the smiter of the Asiatics, on his right and his 
 left, and tvho stand in their places in Pa Sopt, 
 are engraved by the will, ^r." They are the 
 same we saw (pi. ii. 6) accompanying the 
 
 reads here | (] () nebs, pi. v. 2 and 3. 
 
 3 ^TP V^ -^::z^ "i I Ilaunehu, a word which, under the 
 
 eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties, has a much wider 
 meaning, but which afterwards especially refers to the 
 Greeks. 
 
 * y ^ y ' Sec, by the will or the command of 
 
 His Majesty. This formula occurs repeatedly. 
 5 Deity of one of the divisions of Egypt. 
 
 C ii
 
 12 
 
 SAFT EL HEXNEII. 
 
 sliriue in which they reside. On pi. iii. 1. 4, 
 Nectanebo is making an offering to four animals 
 over which is written : " Thou art valiant and 
 brave, thy hand is grown to smite those who give 
 trouble (?) to Egi/pt." Here probably followed 
 a date, which has disappeared. 
 
 PI. iv. 1. 5. These gods who stand on their 
 abodes, another secret place was found for them 
 ill tin', hohj space of the home of the sycamore. 
 They are engraved according to the will oj 
 ling Nectanebo. Eis majesty iviahed to pay 
 special honour to his fathers, sanctifying their 
 images; each god is at his lylace, their images 
 are on this shrine. 
 
 1. 6 begins with the king worshipping four 
 gods ; Another place was found inside of the 
 temple chosen for them; they are engraved, ^c. 
 
 And further: Engraved from another leather 
 roll of the temple ichich is a book in sacred 
 writing [Jiieroglyphics'\, they are engraved accord- 
 ing to the book by the will of king Nectanebo ; his 
 majesty directed these holy ceremonies to be done, 
 he made them in the house of his father Sopt, the 
 lord of the East; when he raised the gods in 
 ihcir abode ■when they chose their abode in his 
 lifetime. The throne of his viajesty is established 
 among the living as firm as the sky every day. 
 
 In the dedicatory inscription wc have already 
 found mention made of the other leather roll, 
 the sacred book containing the canou according 
 to \vhi( h all the ceremonies were instituted. 
 
 On the right side (pi. v. and vi.) we find the 
 
 sycamore which is called j [1 Q nebs, and from 
 
 which the temple derived one of its names. 
 
 \. 2. ... to his fathers the lords of the abode 
 of the sycamore. The sycamore is green, its 
 boughs put forth their green leaves, the land is 
 green in all its extent, the residence of this god, 
 is green every day ; it puts forth its blossoms 
 and all the good things ; the land of Kes is green 
 in order that it may be radiant in his lifetime. 
 
 In this line the sj'camore is represented 
 with the god TTorus, who is considered as its 
 inhabitant ; as in line 4 Shu and Tefnut, and 
 
 in 1. 3 Hathor, are thus represented. The 
 picture of the house of the sycamore is in 1. 3 ; 
 we there see the tree inhabited by Sopt and 
 Harmachis ; behind them are three different 
 forms of Khonset ; before the tree arc two 
 serpents called tlie doorkeepers of the hall ; and 
 in front of the hall is another vestibule occupied 
 by two serpents, the doorkeepers of the vestibule 
 on the loay to the house of the sycamore. 
 
 The inscription above reads thus : When the 
 king Kheperknra, the image of Rn, the issue of the 
 haivk of the East, tJie Sopt Shu of the temples, 
 the great builder^ (came to) this nome in order 
 to make offerings to his fathers, the lords of the 
 abode of the sycamore, perfecting Egypt in its 
 appearance, renewing the abode of the sycamore, 
 making it wholly afresh, all the land, was in joy 
 about it, everybody was delighted, for it was made 
 according to the books of Ra ; when Ba joins the 
 Rekhiu,^ they cause the house of the sycamore to 
 prosper. 
 
 In 1. 4 we again see numerous forms of 
 Sopt. The inscription appeals to the gods : 
 " Come and see all that has been done to you 
 by your son who loves you, king Nectanebo 
 who lives eternally; all the gods and goddesses 
 . . . when Ri joins them, the Rekhiu smell the 
 excellent things which he has done in the abode 
 of Bakhu ; he caused your table to abound iu 
 all good offerings ; he renewed Mennu ^ without 
 interruption ; the field is excellent enriching 
 your altars ; give him as reward to be lord of 
 the two parts of Egypt which are bowing to his 
 will like Ra eternally." 
 
 1. 5. " His majesty directed all these sacred 
 
 f^'^^ Q 
 
 p \^ lltt, tlie great of the butldingp, tlie 
 
 1 ^^=t 
 
 great builder. 1. C : ^i^ Q the able builder. It is 
 
 thus that we mii?t understand tlie inscription on the belt 
 buckle of one of the colossal statues of Ranieses II. at Tanis 
 (Flinders Petiie, Tanis, i. pi. v. 3-5 c) . Rameses the great 
 builder. 
 
 2 Genii of the horizon, the nature of whom is not yet 
 well known. 
 
 ^ Proper name not identified, \ eij likely another name 
 of Sopt.
 
 THE MONUMENTS DISCOVERED. 
 
 13 
 
 tbhigs to be doDc ; [tlie gods] see what lias 
 been done in their house by their son who is on 
 their throne, king Nectanebo living eternally ; 
 as reward that he constructed their temples, he 
 receives paneg^'ries as Totunen,' and he is 
 crowned as king of the world ; the human 
 beings and the Rekhiu celebrate him; all the 
 land is bowing before his majesty because of 
 his great power over them ; the water rises 
 in its season, and is excellent through its 
 benefits, because he pleased their hearts in 
 truth, and the land lives by it [the water] 
 every day." 
 
 1. 6. " Come and see what his majesty has 
 done towards you, lords of the abode of the 
 sycamore ; reward him with the dignity of Turn 
 aud the duration of Ra as prince of the living 
 beings ; all their hearts cling to him, all the 
 foreign lands . . . by his lance, their chiefs ai'e 
 protecting Egypt and guarding the Eye of Ra 
 against those who bring trouble into it. Khe- 
 perkara is himself its child who watches over 
 the temples of all the gods for ever, for he is 
 your son who loves you, the able builder in 
 t'le house of the sycamore, the sou of Ra, 
 Nekhtnebef living eternally like Ra." 
 
 In line 6 we see Turn, or as his name is spelt 
 hore, Atum, in the form of an ichneumon. We 
 find the same god again, pi. vii. 1 ; he resides 
 (pi. vi. 1. 6) in one of six different shrines which 
 probably were in the temple with the rest. 
 The gods who surround Unt occur also for the 
 second time. It is to be observed that from 
 line 3 and below, the inscription mentions of 
 what material the statue of the god or the 
 emblem was made, and indicates its height. 
 We see, for instance, 1. 3, that the standing 
 statue of Sopt is of gold and one cubit high, 
 w^ile the standing Horus behind the crouching 
 Sopt, is of gilt sycamore wood and 5 palms 
 
 • Common designation of Ptah, 
 
 high. In line 5 and line 6 several of the gods 
 are said to be made of granite stone. 
 
 The inner part of the shrine was also com- 
 pletely decorated with sculptures ; there remains 
 only part of one side on two blocks, one of which 
 is at Bulak, the other at the isbet of Mustapha 
 Pacha. They have been put together in pjl. vii., 
 in order to show how they correspond, but 
 there is more space lost than is indicated on 
 the plate. Most of the sculptures of the inside 
 of the shrine are repetitions of the external 
 decoration. The first line mentions the name 
 of " the hiding-place " (cf. pi. ii. 3), which, as 
 we have seen, was given to the sanctuary by 
 king Nectanebo after the miracle occurred. 
 
 We must also notice the name of <$.^ the 
 
 <f ® 
 
 territory of Uk,- which we shall find elsewhere. 
 
 The last monument which I found at Saft is 
 the stele, reproduced on pi. viii. d, a monument 
 which no doubt would be very valuable, were 
 it not in so bad r. state. Despite all my 
 attempts to copy it, aud notwithstanding that 
 I took several rubbings of it, I could get no 
 more details than are given in the plate. The 
 tablet was erected by Ptolemy Philadelphos, 
 when he had reigned somewhat more than 
 I twenty -two years ; at that time he had already 
 instituted the worship of his wife Arsinoe, who 
 is seen enthroned among the gods to whom the 
 king brings offerings. It was dedicated to 
 Sopt, the lord of the East, and to the gods who 
 accompany him, and whom we saw on the naos. 
 The first goddess sitting behind Sopt is, doubt- 
 less, Khonset ; then comes a god who is ob- 
 literated, and two forms of Horus, between 
 whom Hathor is sitting. The series ends with 
 Arsinoe. Besides the ideographic name which 
 occurs twice, we find as the residence of Hathor 
 the place Uk, which is mentioned inside the naos. 
 
 * UuiJentificd place.
 
 PHACUSA, GOSHEN, KAMSES. 
 
 It was Prof. Bnigsch who, in bis earlier geo- 
 graphical writings,' first identified the noma of 
 Sopt or Soptakhem with that which Pliny and 
 Ptolemy, as well as the coins, call the nome of 
 Arabia. All the more recently discovered texts 
 have tended to confirm this identification ; and 
 altliougb I differ from Professor Brugscb on 
 several points, it is upon the previous works 
 of this eminent Egyptologist that the results at 
 which I have arrived ai-e chiefly based. 
 
 We will first consider what the hieroglyphic 
 lists engraved on the walls of the temples of 
 Edfoo Denderah and Philae record about the 
 noma of Arabia, the twentieth in the list of 
 Lower Egypt. In those lists we shall find all 
 the names which occur on the naos. 
 
 The nome itself is called tiS^ or J^ 
 
 It 
 
 is doubtful whether it must not be read Soj^t 
 Alihem,, the crouching hawk being a phonetic 
 sign, and not only ideographic. The name of 
 EUTAKSIM,^ which is found on certain coins of 
 the time of Hadrian, would rather point to the 
 second reading. Sopt Akhem figures appa- 
 rently in connection with Asia ; for in two 
 texts of Denderah,* the king says to the 
 goddess Hathor : " I bring thee Sopt Akhem 
 containing its magazines filled with all the 
 good things of Asia." 
 
 The capital of the nome, i.e. the religious 
 capital — forwe mustnot forget that the lists have 
 
 ' Cf. Geogr. vol. i. passim ; Zeitsclir. fiir Aeg. Spr., 1881, 
 p. 15, Geogr. Dictionaiy. 
 
 - J. (le Rouge, lufcr. d'Edfou, pi. 148. The second 
 printed character does not correspond exactly to the 
 original ; the hawk should have two feathers on its head. 
 
 ' J. de Rouge, Monnaies des Notnes de I'Egypte, p. 41. 
 
 * Duemichen, Geogr. Inschr. i. pi. 72; iv. pi. 126. 
 
 chiefly a religious character — was Pa Sopt 
 
 (pi. iii. 4), "^^ P ° A- ^^^^ name occurs in 
 the inscription of Piankhi ' as the residence of 
 one of the princes who reigned over Lower 
 Egypt. It is also mentioned in the Assyrian 
 inscription of Assurbanipal,^ under the name of 
 Pi Saptu or Sap to, as the residence of another 
 of these minor kings. 
 
 The god who gives his name to the nome is 
 also, as on the shrine, " Sopt, the lord of the 
 East * ivho smites the Asiatics." ^ 
 
 The sanctuary is called either the abode of the 
 
 sycamore, 100"'^ ^° which is the vene- 
 
 rated tree, or the Amenkheperu (the hiding-place) 
 ^ There is also another name 
 
 Q. 
 
 ® 
 
 which we have not found on the naos, ^ 
 
 ® 
 
 " the temple of the victorious," which corresponds 
 
 to the title r^ l_Neb Makherii] which is given 
 
 to the god (pi. iv. 3). 
 
 Comparing the data of the lists with the 
 inscriptions on the shrine, and with the facts 
 there mentioned, we cannot doubt that the 
 sanctuary which Nectanebo built or repaired, 
 and in which he erected the naos, was Amen- 
 kheperu, the hiding-place of the god. It is 
 equally certain that this shrine actually stood 
 
 " Duemichen, Geogr. Inschr. i. 99, 26 ; ii. 29, 4. 
 
 ' Ibid., i. pl. 77. 
 
 ' E. de Rouge, 1. 115. 
 
 * Oppert, Mem. sur les Rapports de I'Egypte et de 
 I'Assyrie, p. 81 et 90. 
 
 ' Duem. Geogr. Inschr. i. pl. 87 ; iv. pl. 51. 
 ' Rouge, Edfou, pl. 148. 
 
 * Rouge, 1. 1. 
 
 » Duem. Geogr. Inschr. i. 99, 26; ii. 29, 4; iii. 25. 
 
 * Ibid., i. 99, 26.
 
 PHACUSA. GOSHEN, RAMSES. 
 
 15 
 
 in I A the capital of the nome of Arabia. 
 
 Thus we may boldly assert that Saft el Henneh 
 is the site of the capital of the twentieth nome 
 of Lower Egypt. Considering what the Greek 
 authors say of the nome of Arabia, this is 
 very important. 
 
 The geographer Ptolemy ' says that on the 
 east of the Bubastite branch, between the Bu- 
 bastite and Sethroite nomes, is the nome of 
 Arabia with its metropolis Fhacusa. "We thus 
 learn the Greek name for the capital of the 
 nome. Phacusa is also mentioned by Stephanus 
 Byzantinus, who says that it is a Kw/xr; between 
 Egypt and the Red Sea. The same name 
 occurs as Phaguse in the " Geographer of 
 Eavenna " and in the map of Peutinger. It was 
 also one of the episcopal sees of Egypt. The 
 most important statement about Phacusa is 
 found in Strabo,^ who says that the canal 
 which runs from the Nile to the Red Sea 
 branches off from the river at Phacusa. Most 
 modern authors (Le Pere, ChampoUion, Ebers, 
 Brugsch), struck by the great likeness between 
 the name of Phacusa and that of the present 
 village of Fakoos, have supposed that Phacusa 
 was to be looked for on the site of the village. 
 In that case, the statement of Strabo would 
 be erroneous. No canal ever started from 
 Fakoos towards the Red Sea ; there are no 
 traces of any such canal in the desert, the level 
 of which would also have presented an insu- 
 perable obstacle to a work of the kiud. We 
 were, therefore, obliged to admit that the Greek 
 geographer was in error. He had placed the 
 starting-point of the canal about fifteen miles 
 distant from the place where it left the Nile, 
 and we were quite unable to account for this 
 misstatement. But we now see clearly that 
 there is none. Strabo is absolutely correct ; he 
 
 ' 1. iv. 5, 53. See the remaikable chapter of Mr. 
 Flimlers Petiie (Nauciatis, p. 91), " On the Geographia of 
 Ptolemy," which entirely confirms the site here assigned to 
 I'liacusa. 
 
 - i<. 805. 
 
 mentioned a place in the valley where the canal 
 had always been since the time of Rameses II., 
 and where it now runs at this present time. 
 
 His statement corresponds very closely with 
 that of Herodotos, who says that the canal 
 leaves the Nile a little above Bubastis (Tell 
 Basta, Zagazig). The canal very probably 
 crossed several branches of the great river, as 
 it does now ; and while Herodotos mentions 
 the western or Bubastite branch as the head of 
 this canal, so Strabo makes it start from a 
 more eastward source, deriving its waters from 
 the Pelusiac branch ; however, the two state- 
 ments refer clearly to the same canal following 
 the same direction. 
 
 The inscriptions engraved upon the shrine
 
 16 
 
 TKACUSA, GOSHEN, KA.Mt^ES. 
 
 give US the origin of the Greek name of 
 Phacusa. The Dutch scholar Van der Ilardt ^ 
 had already remarked that this name must be 
 considered as being composed of two parts, 
 the name itself being cvsa, preceded by the 
 syllable Pa or Pha, which may be cither the 
 definite article, (ir the word " Pa," moaning 
 " house " or " temple." ChampoUion - fully 
 endorsed this view, adding that the Coptic 
 name was Kojc. Brugsch and Ebers' have 
 also advocated the correctness of this interpre- 
 tation. Now we have the exact transcript of 
 
 the Coptic Kcjc in the name of Kes ^ ^^ 
 which is twice found on the shrine, and 
 whicli, with the article, would be " Pa Ees," 
 or Phacusa, the capital of the Arabian nome. 
 
 The strongest objection to this identification 
 lies in the resemblance between the names of 
 Fakoos and Phacusa. It may be that Fakoos is 
 
 the site of the Egyptian city of tt y^ © {Pkci<), 
 
 which has not yet been identified ; besides, it 
 not unfrequently happens that a name is shifted 
 from one place to another, the former j.lace 
 being more or less abandoned. We know two 
 %'illagos of Beni Hassan, two villages of Korein, 
 and it is not impossible that there may have 
 been two Kcuc in Lower Egypt, as there are 
 several in Upper Egypt. 
 
 "Wiien Van der Hardt interpreted the word 
 Phacusa, it was not only the Egyptian form of 
 the name which he discovered, but also the origin 
 of the famous name of fiot-Jicit. He considered 
 cHsa as the equivalent of the first syllable of 
 the name ]'f-3, which is read by the Greeks recre^, 
 Fecreu, Kaia^rdi, Kearcrdu. In fact, it was near 
 Phacusa that the land of Goshen was to be 
 looked for. The Septuagint* call it Tecre/x'^pa- 
 pios, Gesem of Arabia, and the Coptic translator 
 
 ' Apuil Jablonski Op. ii. p. 89. Vid. also Prof. Paiue la 
 "The Indepeudenf," July, 1885. 
 
 * L'Egypte sous les Pliaraons, ii. p. 7G. 
 
 ' Durch Goseu zuui Siuai, 2ud ed. p. 519. 
 
 ♦ Gen. x!v. 10. 
 
 makes it nKA.g,l ff receJU HTe TA-pA^iA.. 
 The name of TApAfilA., Tarabia, in Coptic 
 corresponds to what the Arabs call the HatifY 
 i.e. the land between the Nile and the Red 
 Sea, which constitutes the present province of 
 Sharkieh, and where the nome of Arabia was 
 situate. Tradition has always located Goshen 
 in that part of the country, giving to the laud 
 that was granted to the Israelites an extent 
 which varies according to the authors. In my 
 opinion, most scholars have given it too large 
 an area. Pecreju. '^pa/3ta? I consider as having 
 a definite meaning : Gesem wliich is in, the nome 
 of Arabia; it may have applied to the whole 
 country occupied by the Israelites, but, pro- 
 perly speaking, the name referred to a limited 
 district. 
 
 This district we find in the Temple-lists. In 
 
 the Denderah list we see the god who bears on 
 
 his head the name of Sopt, of whom it is said: 
 
 ftpTT 3 l\ °^4^'^,« "he brings thee 
 
 Kesem of the East ;" Kesem being here written 
 with the determinative of a land. In the geo- 
 graphical lists of Edfoo it is written p^ > 
 
 with the determinative of a city, and the texf, 
 which is only fragmentary, adds that it con- 
 tains the statue of " the god first born," which 
 as we have seen was one of the titles of S ipt. 
 
 Hence it is clear that ^^^^ is only another 
 
 form of the word ^ ^^ which is on the 
 — »— ® 
 
 shrine, and I consider it as the civil name of 
 the district and city in which was the temple 
 of Sopt. I thus believe that we have dis- 
 covered what was properly the land and town 
 of Goshen, viz. the country around Saft, within 
 the triangle formed by the village of Saft, 
 Belbeis, and Tell el Kebir. 
 
 That Goshen was the nome of Arabia is still 
 further proved by the recent discovery of the 
 nan-ative of a pilgrimage made by a woman 
 
 ' Cliampollion, 1. 1. p. To. 
 
 ° Duem. Geo''!'. Iiiscr. iii. 25.
 
 PHACDSA, GOSHEX, EAMSES. 
 
 17 
 
 through Palestine and Egypt in the fourth 
 century a.d/ In this interesting documeBt, 
 which was found at Arezzo by Mr. Gamurrini, 
 occurs the following passage : ^ " Desiderii 
 ergo fuit ut de Clesma ad terram Gesse exire- 
 mus, id est ad civitatem quae appellatur Arabia. 
 Que civitas in terra Gesse est. Nam inde 
 ipsurn territorium sic appellatur, id est terra 
 Arabia, terra Gesse que tanien terra Egypti 
 pars est." (Our desire was to go from Clusma 
 to the land of Goshen, that is to the city of 
 Arabia ; this city is in the land of Goshen, 
 and the territory itself derives its name from it, 
 namely, the land of Arabia, the land of Goshen, 
 which, however, is part of Egyjjt.) Elsewhere 
 the narrative again mentions the identity of 
 Goshen and Arabia. I shall have occasion to 
 return to this document, which must, however, 
 be accepted with the caution which such narra- 
 tives always require. The repeated mention of 
 the fact that Ai'abia and Goshen are the same, 
 proves, however, that it was a well-established 
 tradition at the time when this pilgrim under- 
 took her pious journey. 
 
 We will now refer to other sources, and espe- 
 cially to the Arabic authors. Here we find, 
 first, the two translators of Genesis, Saadiah 
 and Aboo Said, who for Goshen invariably 
 employ Sadir. The French scholars, Silvestre 
 de Sacy and Quatremere,' have determined this 
 place to be a region about Abbasseh, which 
 corresponds exactly to the district of Saft. 
 Macrizi points nearly to the same place when 
 he says that Belbeis is the land of Goshen 
 which is mentioned in the Pentateuch.^ Belbeis 
 
 ' Gamurrini, I Mysteri e gl' Inni di San Ilario ed una 
 Peregrinazioue ai Luoghi Santi uel quarto Secolo. 
 
 ' I owe this unpublished quotation to the great courtesy 
 of Mr. Gamurrini. 
 
 ^ Qiiatremerp, ^lem. Geogr. sur I'Egypte, i. pp. 61, 62 ; 
 ib. Memoire sur le Lieu ou les Israelites traverserent la Mer 
 Rouge; Acad, des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, t. xix. 1st part, 
 p. 458; and the authorities quoted by Dillmann, Genesis, 
 p. 425. 
 
 * Quatremere, Mem. Geogr. i. 53. 
 
 being at that time the principal city of the 
 Hauf, which, as we have seen, corresponds to 
 the Arabia of the Copts, the geographer very 
 naturally cannot describe the region better than 
 from the name of its capital. This opinion is 
 shared by the famous Italian traveller, Pietro 
 della Yalle, who gives it as the Jewish tradition.* 
 
 Others, and among them the famous Rabbi 
 Benjamin of Tudela, have considered the land 
 of Goshen to be what was called Ain el Scheras, 
 " the Spring of the Sun." This name has gene- 
 rally been considered as synonymous with Helio- 
 polis, the " city of the sun," near which was a 
 spring, still to be seen in the village of Matarieh. 
 Many authors have connected the abode of the 
 Israelites in Egypt with the country round 
 Heliopolis ; a view which was entertained as 
 early as the time of the Septuagint, who, men- 
 tioning the cities constructed by the Israelites, 
 add to Ramses and Pithom of the Hebrew text : 
 " On which is Heliopolis."^ We shall presently 
 see how the origin of tliis connection may be 
 traced in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. 
 
 Before going further it is necessary to state 
 that I fully agree with the great majority of 
 Bibhcal scholars' on the equivalence of the 
 name of Goshen and Ramses, with this slight 
 difference — I consider Ramses as coverinsT a 
 larger area than Goshen. I believe it is not 
 without reason that the Septuagint, writing 
 of Heroopolis, say that it is in the land of 
 Ramses, not Goshen. The name of " the land 
 of Ramses " is evidently a vague name, and 
 refers to a region called after this king either 
 because of the great deeds he accomplished 
 there, or because of the great buildings he 
 erected, or because it was his favourite resort. 
 It is not an administrative name. Now, at the 
 time when the Septuagint made their transla- 
 tion, Kesem was a definite district of the nome 
 of Arabia ; a nome to which Heroopohs did not 
 
 ' Apud Jablonski, Op. ii. p. 87. ' E.\. i. 11. 
 
 ' Jablonski, Dillmann (Genesis, p. 424), &c. 
 
 D
 
 18 
 
 PHACUSA, GOSHEN, RAMSES. 
 
 belong. Thus, while the Hebrew text is vague 
 and says : " Jacob sent Judah before him unto 
 Joseph, to shoiv the tcay before him unto Goshen" 
 the Septuagint are more precise. They desire 
 to record the tradition of their time, and to fix 
 the place wliere father and son met together.^ 
 This place is Heroopolis, which might be said 
 to belong to the land of Ramses, for we know 
 how much Raraeses II. had done for Pithom 
 Heroopolis. If, on the contrary, the Septuagint 
 had said that it was in the land of recre/x, they 
 would have made a topographical error, for 
 FeaeiJi would not have accorded with the ad- 
 ministrative division of the Delta in their time. 
 We have next to consider what the land of 
 Goshen was in the time of the Israelites, and 
 under the 2sineteenth Dynasty. The first im- 
 portant fact to be noted is that in the most 
 ancient extant lists of nomes, which are those 
 of the time of Seti I.,^ the noma of Arabia does 
 not occur ; also we find only fifteen nomes of 
 Lower Egypt, instead of twenty-two, as under 
 the Ptolemies.^ The lists of Seti I. end with 
 the nonie of Heliopolis, and do not mention 
 either the Bubastite (Zagazig) or the Athribite 
 (Benha) nome — a circumstance which shows 
 that this part of the kingdom was then not yet 
 organized in provinces with a settled adminis- 
 tration, each nome having its capital and its 
 govei'nment. Instead of nomes we find names 
 of branches of the Nile, or of marsh-lands. We 
 may therefore conclude that at the time when 
 
 ' Tov Bi 'lov'Sai' aTTfCTTtiXev i/XTrpocrOev avrov irpos 'Iwai^tf), 
 avvavT^ (rai aiTiZ Ka6' ijpuiiov ttoXiv, eis y>)>' 'Pa/iecro^. Gen. 
 xlvi. 28. 
 
 " Duena. Geogr. Inschr. L 92. 
 
 ^ Diodonis (i. 54) says that the king Sesoosis (Sesostris) 
 I'ivided Egypt into thirly-six nomes, and established a 
 governor over eacli. Whether we are here to consider 
 Sesoosis as meaning Rameses II. or not, it is a fact that 
 under the reign of his father, Seti I., Egypt was divided 
 into thirty-seven nomes ; and that from that time to the reign 
 of the Ptolemies and the Romans, the number of the nomes 
 of Lower Egypt varied, and were increased to twenty-two or 
 twenty-three, according to the time, making for the whole 
 of Egypt forty-four or forty -fi\e. 
 
 the Israelites settled in Egypt under the last 
 Hyksos kings, the land of Goshen was an 
 uncultivated district, not divided among Egyp- 
 tian inhabitants regularly settled and governed ; 
 but probably a kind of waste land, sufficiently 
 watered to produce good pasturage. Thus it 
 was a district which might be assigned to 
 foreigners without despoiling the inhabitants of 
 the country. Like the east in general, Goshen 
 was under the protection of Sopt. 
 
 That Rameses II. was a devotee of Sopt, and 
 that he gave to this god a very high place 
 among the divinities of Egypt, is also a well- 
 established fact. On a wall in the temple of 
 Karnak,^ there is a bas-relief sculpture which 
 represents Rameses II., with uplifted mace, 
 striking down a number of foreign captives 
 which are brought to hira by two gods, Amon, 
 who is of colossal proportions, being the god of 
 Thebes, and Sopt, the Lord of the East. Know- 
 ing, as we do, the magnificence of Rameses II., 
 and his taste for large buildings, we may 
 reasonably conclude that he did for Sopt what 
 he did for Amon, and that he erected in his 
 honour a temple and a city which afterwards 
 became Phacusa. This seems all the more 
 probable, since there still remain upon the spot 
 some fragments of a colossal statue of Rameses, 
 indicating a construction of importance. 
 
 That the country for some distance around 
 Sopt should be called Ramses, whether he 
 organized the nomes or not, is not extra- 
 ordinary. This part of Egypt seems, in fact, 
 to have been the favourite residence of the great 
 Pharaoh. We have seen that his cartouche 
 is found in most parts of the Eastern Delta. 
 Tanis, Pithom, Sopt, Bubastis, Heliopolis, and 
 the sites now occupied by the Tells of Kantir, 
 Khataanah, Fakoos, Horbeit, and Rotab, all 
 bear witness to that ambition of an earthly 
 immortality which caused him to sculpture his 
 name throughout this part of the country. 
 
 * Leps. Denkm. iii. 144.
 
 PHACUSA, GOSHEN, RAMSES. 
 
 19 
 
 Hence the land miglit well be called " the 
 Land of Ramses." 
 
 Two important questions next arise : — By 
 what name were Goshen and its environs known 
 before the time of Rameses II. ; and does this 
 name appear in the lists of Seti I., which, 
 instead of the names of nomes, gives only the 
 names of canals or marsh-lands ? I believe it 
 is found in the lists of Abydos under the name 
 
 of 
 
 
 sa 
 
 the vmter of Ra ; and 
 
 that we have proof of it in the Great Harris 
 Papyrus of the time of Rameses III. Enume- 
 rating the benefits which the king confers on 
 various localities, it mentions : — 
 
 1. " The cattle which he offered to his motber. 
 Bast, heads 1533. 
 
 2. The servants which he gave to the temple 
 
 of Bast, the lady of Bailos J ^^ <==> n ^ 
 5Q in the water of Ba, 169. 
 
 AA/VS/>A 
 AAAA/>A 
 
 3. ThehouseofRamesesHikOn(RamesesIII.) 
 in the temple of Sutekh, in the house of Rameses 
 Mer-Amon (Rameses II.) (servants ?), 106." 
 
 Then comes (1. 4) the cattle consecrated to his 
 father, the god Horus of Athribis (Benha). 
 
 Bailos ' has been identified by Brugsch with 
 Belbeis, which belonged to the land of Goshen. 
 We have seen how often the goddess Bast is 
 represented on the shrine of Nectanebo, which 
 shows that she was one of the principal divini- 
 ties of th.e country. The first line, in which the 
 king speaks of his mother Bast, refers most 
 likely to the great temple of Bubastis towards 
 the north. Line 4 mentions Athribis (Benha), 
 which bounded the district on the west, so that 
 our identification of "the water of Ra" with 
 Goshen, and of Bailos with Belbeis, would 
 meet the requirements of the text. Curiously 
 enough, this expression, " the water of Ea," 
 might be the origfin of the name of Ain Shems 
 before mentioned, and which later authors 
 unanimously apply to the city of HeliopoHs on 
 
 ' See the Appendix. 
 
 account of the spring of Matarith. It may be 
 that this identification of Ain Shems with 
 Heliopolis arose from the fact that the original 
 meaning of the expression was lost. The con- 
 fusion was, at all events, the more easy because 
 Heliopolis and Goshen are closely connected. 
 We have seen that the old list of nomes comes 
 to an end with the nome of Heliopolis ; but if 
 we examine the more recent lists, we End that 
 the marsh-land {Pehu) of Phacusa bears the 
 same name as the canal belonging to the Helio- 
 polite nome. The water of Phacusa came from 
 the canal of Heliopolis ; therefore the district 
 of Sopt must have been to a certain degree a 
 dependency of Heliopolis for so long as it was 
 not separately organized. This I believe to be 
 the reason why so many ancient writers, from 
 the Septuagint downwards, connect the site 
 occupied by the Israelites with Heliopolis. 
 
 In the meanwhile, it may be asked. Where 
 was the city of Ramses ? To that question I 
 am not as yet prepared to give a definite answer. 
 Is it Phacusa, where we found the colossal 
 statue of the king ? I am inclined to think so, 
 although the position of Phacusa does not 
 answer to the position of Ramses in the extract 
 made by ]\Ir. Gamurrini from the before-men- 
 tioned Pilgrimage. The good woman relates 
 that on leaving Heroopolis she went to the land 
 of Gosben, which was sixteen miles distant, 
 and that she passed through Ramses, which was 
 only four miles distant from the capital of Arabia. 
 This city, which had been built by the Israelites 
 during their captivity, was then entirely de- 
 stroyed. She there beheld a great mass of 
 ruins, and amid them a large stone, like the 
 great stones of Thebes, on which were sculp- 
 tured two colossal figiu-es. The people of the 
 place said that these figures represented Moses 
 and Aaron. There also she saw a small syca- 
 more-tree, said to have been planted by the 
 patriarchs, and called "the Tree of Truth." 
 This she was told by the Bishop of Arabia, who 
 came to meet her. 
 2
 
 PHACUSA, GOSHEN, RAMSES. 
 
 In this narrative there are, I beheve, but two 
 facts to be accepted. "We learn, in tlic first 
 place, that the people of the fourth century still 
 believed Ramses to have been in the nome of 
 Arabia ; and in the second place, Ave find that 
 the tradition of the sycamore-tree of Sopt was 
 yet surviving, though clothed in Christian garb. 
 It was no longer the tree of the god. It is a 
 tree ^^lanted by the patriarchs, and called the 
 Tree of Truth. As for the site which our tra- 
 veller assigns to Ramses, I do not believe that 
 Ave can place confidence in it, or in the distances 
 which she gives. The monks who were her 
 guides, passing the site of a ruined city, were 
 but too likely to speak of it as the scene of some 
 remarkable event, and the good woman Avho had 
 journeyed all the way from Gaul to see these 
 famous places was, of course, eager to believe 
 whatever she was told. 
 
 More important by far is the line already 
 quoted from the Great Harris Papyrus, which 
 I transcribe in full : 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 eyi^Hs 
 
 " The house of Rameses Hik On (Rameses III.) 
 in the temple of Sutekh, in the house of Rameses 
 Mer-Amon (Rameses II.)." It comes between 
 line 2, mentioning Bailos, and line 4, mentioning 
 
 Athribis (Benha), and it shows that in this 
 region there was a city called the house of 
 Rameses Meri Amon (Rameses II.), containing a 
 temple of Sutekh, where Rameses III. built a 
 temple to his own name. It is difficult not to 
 regard this Rameses as the city which is spoken 
 of in connection with the land of Goshen. 
 
 To sum up, I submit that Goshen, properly 
 speaking, Avas the land Avhich afterwards became 
 the Arabian nome, viz. the country round Saft 
 el Henneh east of the canal Abu-1-Munagge, a 
 district comprising Belbeis and Abbaseh, and 
 probably extending further north than the Wadi 
 Tumilat. The capital of the nome was Pa Sopt, 
 called by the Greeks Phacusa, now Saft el 
 Henneh. At the time when the Israelites 
 occupied the land, the term " Goshen " belonged 
 to a region which as yet had no definite boun- 
 daries, and which extended with the increase of 
 the people over the tei'ritory they inhabited. 
 The term " land of Ramses " applies to a larger 
 area, and co\'ers that part of the Delta which 
 lies to the eastward of the Tanitic branch ; a 
 country which Rameses II. enriched with in- 
 numerable works of architecture, and Avhich 
 corresponds with the present province of Shar- 
 kieh. As for the city of Ramses, it was situate 
 in the Arabian nome. Probably it was Phacusa ; 
 but the identification cannot be regarded as an 
 established fact.
 
 KHATAANAH, KANTIE. 
 
 About two miles towards the north-east of the 
 present station of Fakoos, is a large village 
 called Dedamoon. Following the course of the 
 Bahr Fakoos, one presently reaches the small 
 village of Khataanah, close to which is an isbet 
 (farm) belonging to a high dignitary.' On this 
 farm are three mounds, which I partly ex- 
 cavated during the winter of 1885. They all 
 three lie within the area of a city which must 
 have been large, for the land is covered with 
 fragments of pottery for a considerable distance 
 around. The largest of these mounds, to the 
 southward, stands on the edge of the desert, 
 and on the verge of the cultivated land just 
 opposite Khataanah. On the top are some 
 ruins of a large enclosure of crude bricks, in- 
 side which the soil consists of debris of houses, 
 stones, and pottery. Along the western side 
 of this enclosure, the ground is covered with 
 chips of calcareous stone, which clearly indicates 
 that lime-burning has there been actively carried 
 on. In Lower Egypt, where stone is scarce, 
 every piece of limestone is at once taken and 
 burnt for lime, which accounts for the destruc- 
 tion of a vast number of monuments, and espe- 
 cially of those which, like many temples of the 
 twelfth dynasty, were not made of hai-d stone. 
 I worked for more than a month with about a 
 hundred labourers in the area of the enclosure, 
 and especially towards the western side, and 
 went down as far as the water allowed. I 
 found evidences of the site of a temple. On 
 one side I uncovered the bases of six columns 
 of calcareous stone ; on the other, a pavement 
 upon which had probably stood a granite shrine ; , 
 l:)ut I found no inscriptions of any kind, except 
 
 ' Cf. the report of M. Maspero, Zeitschr. 1885, p. 12. 
 
 one stone bearing the two cartouches of Scti 
 (pi. ix. ii). One of the cartouches of this 
 Pharaoh I also found upon a piece of enamelled 
 pottery, which is now in the British Museum. 
 I also discovered the lower part of the two 
 cartouches of Si Amen (pi. ix. e), a king who 
 seems to have exercised great authority in 
 Lower Egypt, whose name is often found at 
 Tanis, and whom I consider to be the usurper 
 Herhor, the founder of the dynasty of priest- 
 kings.^ 
 
 In the centre of the enclosure, and on the 
 top of the highest mound, is a sphinx of black 
 granite, the head being brokeu off, and a much- 
 erased inscription between the fore-paws. Al- 
 though I made several squeezes of the inscrip- 
 tion, and looked at it in all possible lights, I 
 am not certain that my i-eading is cori-ect ; but 
 it seems to me to be the name of Sebekneferu, 
 of tlie Thirteenth Dynasty. All around this 
 sphinx I sunk very deep pits ; and at a depth 
 of about ten feet, I found a few lai'ge oval 
 urns containing ashes, pieces of charcoal, and 
 bones. Some of the bones were decidedly those 
 of animals, while others might be human. In 
 and around each of these urns, I found a 
 number of small pots of black and red earthen- 
 ware, and some small cups and saucers. These 
 pots seem to have been made for oil and per- 
 fumes ; and some are so shaped that they cannot 
 stand upright. Also, round about the urns, I 
 found a few scarabs, two bronze knives, and 
 some small flints. The little black and red 
 pots are of an entirely new type ; but the ware 
 of which they are made, as also the cups found 
 with them, exactly resembles what is found at 
 
 ' Cf. Naville, Inscr. de Pinotem, p. 16.
 
 22 
 
 KHATAANAH, KANTIR. 
 
 Abydos in tombs of the Tliirteentli D3^nast3'. 
 The evidence of tlie scarabs is, however, con- 
 clusive, since one of them is inscribed with the 
 name of a king of that period. We have thus 
 a burial-place of the Thirteenth Dynasty, which 
 corresponds with the name I deciphered on 
 the sphinx, and is consequently anterior to the 
 time of the Hyksos kings. I found but a few 
 of these urns ; all were broken in many pieces, 
 and I could not discover whether the fragments 
 of bones which they contained were human 
 or not. If human, it would be important to 
 know that the dead were sometimes burnt 
 under the Thirteenth Dynasty, and not always 
 mnmmified. This would be a most curious 
 discovery in a country where so much care 
 was taken to presei've the bodies of the 
 dead. 
 
 The isbet or farm of Khataanah is situate 
 about half a mile farther north, in the direction 
 of the Bahr Fakoos. Two years ago, the fella- 
 been, when digging for sebakh, came across a 
 very large block of red granite, which had 
 formed the lintel-stone of a doorway, possibly 
 leading to the temple. This lintel was sup- 
 ported by two pillars also of granite, one of 
 which is yet extant, but broken in two. The 
 presence of water, and the necessity of not 
 endangering the neighbouring houses, pre- 
 vented me from digging as much as I should 
 have desired, and I could not turn the lintel, 
 because of its enormous weight. However, I 
 dag down to the original pavement of the door- 
 way, and I contrived to turn the fragments of 
 the pillar. These fragments were inscribed 
 with the names of three kings of the Twelfth 
 Dynasty : Amenemha I. on the lintel (pi. ix. a 1); 
 on one of the sides of the pillar, Usertesen III. 
 (a 3) ; and another Amenemha, who must be 
 Amenemha III., as it is said that he renewed 
 what his father, Usertesen, had made. To the 
 previous dynasty, the eleventh, must be attri- 
 buted a statuette of black granite found also on 
 the land of the ishet, and which belonged to a 
 
 queen called Sent, whose name is preceded by 
 the usual titles (pi. ix. b). 
 
 Further north, but still within the area of 
 the old city, is another mound called Tell Ahoo 
 el Feloos. I here found nothing but Eoman 
 pottery. The place is distinctly an old Roman 
 settlement. Between the Tell and the Bahr 
 Fakoos are two wells of cement, which are also 
 undoubtedly' Roman. 
 
 No geographical name has turned up ; we 
 therefore do not know how this city was called, 
 though it must have been a large and important 
 place, and have lasted a long time, considering 
 that it contains relics dating as early as the 
 Twelfth Dynasty, and others as late as the 
 Twenty-first. "When this city was abandoned, 
 we know not. Perhaps the Romans themselves 
 contributed to its deatruction when they occu- 
 pied Tell Aboo el Feloos, which possibly was 
 only a camp situate on the Pelusiac branch, the 
 bed of which is easily traceable at the foot of 
 the mound. It may, perhaps, be one of those 
 military stations mentioned in the " Notitia 
 Dignitatum," of which only a very small number 
 have been identified.' 
 
 Under the Nineteenth Dynasty, when the 
 temple of Khataanah was yet standing, another 
 had been built, about three miles further north, 
 on the site of the present village of Kautir. 
 I had been told of a great granite block there, 
 and I went over to look at it. It is the base 
 of a large column bearing the ovals of Rameses 
 II. All around this village are cultivated fields, 
 and the people told me that they often came 
 across antiquities. For instance, they brought 
 me a small broken tablet which is now at the 
 Bulak Museum (pi. ix. f). A fellah showed 
 me in his field a basalt base inscribed with 
 beautiful hieroglyphs of Rameses II. That some 
 important buildings had once occupied this site 
 was, however, conclusively proved in the course 
 of a visit which I paid to an old bey who 
 
 ' Cf. Parthey, Zur Erdkunde Aegyptens, pi. 8.
 
 KHATAAXAH, KANTIR. 
 
 23 
 
 is one of tlie great landowners of Kantir. He 
 offered to show me some inscribed stones which 
 he had at his house, and I followed Lim to a 
 small chamber in the farmyard, where there lay 
 a heap of stones, the remains of a much greater 
 number which the bey had found in his garden, 
 and which had been burnt for lime. Among 
 them were parts of the side-pillars of a door, 
 inscribed with the cartouche of Eameses II., 
 followed by the words which ended the inscrip- 
 tion, ^^^[\f "the living god." Other 
 fragments, also of limestone, were scattered in 
 various parts of the farm. The slab which 
 formed the lintel of the door was covered with 
 manure, and when cleansed, it disclosed the 
 name of Raraeses II. (pi. ix. G 1). The base of 
 a column was used as a step to get into one of 
 the rooms ; it bears an inscription which speaks 
 of the king as " tlie good god icho is a lion 
 against the Phoenicians, and ivho loves Set " 
 (pi. ix. G 2). When I went first to Kantir, at 
 the end of January, the water was too near the 
 surface of the soil to permit of any attempt at 
 excavation. I went again in the month of April, 
 with Mr. Petrie. The harvest had not yet 
 been gathered, and it was not possible to work. 
 
 "We attempted to secure the inscribed stones 
 which we saw in the farm of the old bey, but 
 although we offered a very high price, he would 
 not part from them, and it is only too likely 
 that they now have shared the fate of the rest. 
 We may, however, conclude from the^e scanty 
 remains that at Kantir there must have been 
 a temple built by Rameses II., and, judging 
 from the size of the granite block still extant, 
 that it must have been of some importance. 
 Although I most carefully examined all the 
 fragments in the farmyard, I could not discover 
 any geographical name. We see, however, that 
 Raraeses was called the " good god," and that 
 he worshipped Set. The tablet which I pur- 
 chased at Kantir (pi. ix. f) indicates that Amon 
 was also worshipped there, with the peculiar 
 title, " he who finds the tvay " or " the far re- 
 moved." At first sight the name of the kinsr 
 seems to indicate Rameses III. ; it is not. how- 
 ever, impossible that it may be Rameses II., who 
 in several instances attribiited to himself the 
 title of Prince of On,^ which afterwards became 
 the distinctive name of Eameses III. 
 
 ' Lcps. Kouigsbuch, pL 33.
 
 TELL PiOTAB. 
 
 In the "Wadi Tumilat, on the border of the 
 desert, one mile south of the lock of Kassassin, 
 stands the mound called Tell Rotab (pi. xi.). 
 It is situate near the remains of the ancient 
 canal, and consists of a brick enclosure which, 
 except on the north side, is nearly perfect. 
 The enclosed area is about 400 metres long 
 and 150 wide. The ground rises very con- 
 siderably towards the middle, and on the top 
 stands a rough granite block without any in- 
 scription. The large bricks with which the 
 enclosure is built, cause it to look very like 
 that of Tell el Maskhutah, with this difference, 
 that, instead of being carefully built with cement, 
 the bricks seem to have been piled over one 
 another in great haste, at least in that part of 
 the enclosure which is above the sand (pi. xi., 
 section). Being anxious to identify the sites 
 of the Wadi Tumilat, I made an attempt to 
 excavate at Tell Rotab, which was entirely un- 
 successful. The great number of fragments of 
 hard stone which bestrew the mound, the 
 numerous remains of brick houses, and the 
 large granite block, caused me to hope that 
 something interesting might perhaps be dis- 
 covered; but this, unfortunately, was not the 
 case. I cut trenches and sunk pits more than 
 30 feet deep, as indicated on the map ; but the 
 result was very trifling. I found two other 
 granite blocks as large as the first, but without 
 inscriptions ; a fragment of limestone with the 
 second cartouche of Rameses II.; abronze sword, 
 or rather an Egyptian ^ j) Ichopsh, now in the 
 British Museum; and a piece of a blue enamelled 
 saucer-bearing this inscription written in cha- 
 racters of the style of the Saite period (pi. ix. i) : 
 " in his elevation : the chief of the prophets of 
 the aods, the lords of" . . . Despite a most 
 
 careful search, I could never find the other 
 fragments ; and although no very trustworthy 
 e^ddence might be derived from a small frag- 
 ment, the geographical name which ought to 
 have followed exactly where the saucer is 
 broken, might perhaps have given us a clue for 
 the identification, I also found a few scarabs; 
 one inscribed with the name of Rameses II., 
 and another with a name which seems to be Si 
 Amen. 
 
 The resemblance of this place to Tell el Mas- 
 khutah induced me to begin on the western side, 
 where I supposed the temple would have been ; 
 but I there found, as elsewhere throughout the 
 Tell, only a bed of black soil interspersed with 
 layers of lime and charred ashes. At the top 
 I found a few large jars, each with a smaller 
 one inside, containing ashes. This must have 
 been a burial-place of later time. Brick walls 
 and remains of houses are also extant on the 
 Tell ; but it contains no storehouses like those 
 of Pithom. The place seems to have been in- 
 habited during a long period ; the scanty re- 
 mains discovered showing that it was occupied 
 under the Nineteenth Dynasty. The houses 
 were built and rebuilt on the same spot during 
 so many centuries that their ruins have caused 
 an accumulation of more than thirty feet of 
 artificial soil, which I had to cut through before 
 I reached the natural soU. The houses after a 
 time stood higher than the enclosure wall, which 
 they entirely covered on the northern side. 
 
 The most interesting part of the work was 
 when cutting through the enclosure, which I 
 did on three sides. I thus discovered that the 
 original enclosure on the southern and eastern 
 sides was below the present soil, and of the 
 best workmanship. The bricks are among the
 
 TELL EOTAB. 
 
 largest I saw in Egypt, being more tlian 16 
 inches long, -Rliicli indicates tLe time of the 
 Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties.' The 
 gi'ound having risen inside, the enclosure was 
 perhaps not sufficiently high, and the inhabi- 
 tants were compelled to build another. They 
 did not, however, take pains to build the second 
 wall as well as the first; they merely took the 
 old bricks and put them roughly together, 
 making it considerably wider than at first. On 
 the eastern side, they built it partly on the 
 /old enclosure and partly on the soil, which is 
 there perfectly cltau sand. On the southern 
 ^ide, they built it on the sand inside the old 
 wall, which is still perfect, and where one sees 
 <i recessinof of the brick-work which must have 
 .been a pathway used for the defence. Curiously, 
 ithe eastern side is made of bricks of two different 
 desciiptions, the upper ones being made of the 
 /)rdinary Nile mud, while the lower are of a 
 ^ind of bluish sand which has become as hard 
 
 ' Petric, The Domestic Ren:ains of Ancient Egvpt, p. 16. 
 
 as the mud. These last are even larger than 
 the upper ones, for they exceed 17 inches in 
 length. On the west side, where the original 
 enclosure seems to have been destroved, the 
 workmen or soldiers who built the second wall 
 made up for good workmanship by great thick- 
 ness. 
 
 The whole place indicates a camp, probably 
 of late Roman time. It must have been one of 
 the military stations posted along the course of 
 the canal leading to the Red Sea, and it may 
 have been another of the garrisons mentioned 
 in the " Xotitia Dignitatum." From the 
 quantity of sling stones which are on the Tell, 
 one may gather that it was a camp of slingers. 
 No Roman inscription was found. The map 
 shows all the trenches and pits which I made 
 at Tell Rotab. Further excavations might 
 lead to the discovery of some inscribed 
 fragment, but it would be quite fortuitous ; 
 and there are no external indications to direct 
 the excavator to one place rather than to 
 another.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Ih-^i 
 
 BAILOS. 
 
 It is most desirable tliat the site of tliis city 
 should be identified from monuments found on 
 the spot. Our documentary knowledge of it is 
 founded upon two texts only ; i.e. the passage 
 from the Great Harris Papyrus quoted above, 
 and another from the famous inscription of 
 Menephtah, whom I believe to be the king of 
 the Exodus, and who repelled an invasion of 
 foreign nations in the fifth year of his reign. 
 
 The passage from the inscription of Meneph- 
 tah at Thebes reads thus in Dr. Duemichen's 
 edition (Hist. Inschr. i. pi. 2, 1. 7) : 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 AA/WSA 
 
 AA/V\AA > ^ 
 
 A/VWW 
 
 
 Brugsch translates from this reading (Geogr. 
 Diet. p. 77): 
 
 . . . their tents in front of the city of Pi 
 Bailos, near the canal Shalcana, on the north of 
 the canal Ati {of Heliopolis). 
 
 Dj Rouge's version (Tnscr. Hier. 
 shows the followino: differences : — 
 
 pi. 180) 
 
 ra 
 w 
 
 mi 
 
 The end of the sentence he translates : making a 
 well (?) to draro loater . . . (Pierret, Lex. p. GOT). 
 A revision which I made myself in 18G9 from 
 Duemichen's copy confirms De Rough's version, 
 especially in the groujD ^^ where the c^> is 
 quite distinct. Thus it cannot be " north ;" 
 while De Rouge's translation " draw " is corro- 
 borated. Whatever discrepancy there has been 
 in the translations, the two copies agree as to 
 the last word, which Brugsch considers as the 
 name (which occurs elsewhere) of the canal of 
 Heliopolis (Brugsch, Diet. Geog. p. 76). I 
 need only point to the great interest of the 
 line following, written, it is to be remembered, 
 in the time of Menephtah. It says that " the 
 country aronnd was not cultivated, but left as 
 pasture for cattle because of the strangers. It 
 was abandoned since the time of the ancestors" 
 (cf. Rougd, Mem. sur les Attaques dirigdes 
 centre I'Egypte, p. 39; Brugsch, Gesch. Aeg. 
 p. 569).
 
 
 
 a. 
 > 
 
 O 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 UP 
 
 t?' 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J?!. 
 
 "^ 
 
 ri- 
 
 
 \\\ 
 
 □ 5" 
 
 ■^i=! 
 
 ^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 P.r, 
 
 .^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 t^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >? 
 
 
 t 
 
 vr 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ;^z:^ 
 
 -M 
 
 '£5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^> 
 
 3 
 
 1J 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 UP 
 
 --.s. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 _J 
 
 Ul! 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ;v 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 !r1 
 
 
 *W 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 f\ 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Si J
 
 
 H^m 
 
 I 11 ill' 
 
 s. 
 
 
 h 'vJ , h 11 ^^f k Sfc^ 
 n ■£?.mt, s^ia ?3 r.i mm 

 
 
 H^^t^znUlfy'lLi^TJlfli^^iM'^Z^'^^^l^^m'^iLltliZim^ 
 
 
 iiAfx 
 
 
 Ji lL 
 
 m it J- 
 
 K^/'X- 
 
 rMMM^^^f^-'^^'i '^JS 22 
 
 
 
 M'M 
 
 
 ti3 vlfiof 3{. i^l^l^s 1.5^^^ s5^§li 
 
 f(( ?^f ft !i> ? lliig !:iS Sf:jm 11:1 S i=l 

 
 3 
 
 pi.m 
 
 ri.iY 
 
 r^fA 
 
 mM:ir'ie\7l 
 

 
 ■ * ^f-'f'^''^ 
 
 
 
 {.iipmEm 
 
 ^^\m)^\^^Lm~Mi'\^~:r.f£m:-MrMmi-m, 
 
 m^ 
 
 luroiu-Fi^ ^usm^.mm I 
 
 -i^SiPiri 
 
 llW 
 
 
 c
 
 
 
 '4- 
 
 M. 
 
 u . 
 
 \M^VA. TS^~:Mmif
 
 ^ 
 
 £ i.
 
 --Vru^^^^jj 
 
 t // 'S<V**,(\ 
 
 i-N^^ii^a¥fflag»\ . 
 
 
 ^53^^ 
 
 ° ^J. ° ' ^® ^® ^ '^^^ 9 ®£.T^'^->L' ^> 
 
 ^I1i 
 
 J^^^lSM^fiJiJ 
 
 
 -nxxUllU^Lv ,_^P 5> 
 
 "\UlJ 
 
 nmki^:. ^iCv? siot|'&' 
 
 '•■•' Ji'O 
 
 X\ "A>,-, ^g\i 
 
 1 r i r 
 
 5
 
 o 
 
 3 I 
 
 
 
 VfKiffl 
 
 ^^,jij bjj 
 
 ^m^vi 
 
 LyjJL,?3 
 
 ■^-|.A^' 
 
 
 ^i r^r?^^^S)g?dcm££g!S-igZ^-jEfj^gi>':gg^^:v^">\^F5 
 
 .Efl^il 
 
 Ij|o)fS&» 
 
 ^ Jf^iwlil^tiil 
 
 ./^./•i^ 
 
 N= 
 
 •mm 
 
 
 MiI^l!Al^fs#fwsyi« 
 
 
 ^^~S-o_,t 
 
 !i^^i5a^:^i3gfr^f 
 
 # 
 
 D
 
 7
 
 S'
 
 
 U 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 u 
 
 a . 
 
 3> 
 
 
 
 '/' 
 
 
 
 
 
 -4^^;^' 
 
 
 <"y 
 
 
 3 
 
 A 3 
 
 1=1 iL I " — 
 
 uu 
 
 
 jr 
 
 o 
 
 © 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 5!, 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 // 
 
 w 
 
 
 4: 
 
 
 h-^ 
 
 
 ml 1 
 
 
 'ul 
 
 , 
 
 /^I 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^:-^-- 
 
 
 >U 111 
 
 
 °-^ 
 
 
 klj 
 
 1 
 
 ^jmim^y 
 
 I 
 
 C / 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 'W 
 
 
 
 
 
 M^!?^v 
 
 .::i ^=>
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 ■%? 
 
 Q- 
 < 
 
 
 X 
 
 (/) 
 
 Ld 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 1- 
 
 UJ 
 
 < 
 
 -c 
 
 > 
 
 
 < 
 
 J__ 
 
 o 
 
 < -J 
 
 X 
 
 Ul 
 
 Ld 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1- 
 
 I 
 
 L. 
 
 1- 
 
 < 
 
 
 CO 
 
 #
 
 Map of the Excavations at Tel-el Rotab. 
 
 // 
 
 _-*(S«W5«S*»«w«'--: <-*"'? 
 
 i^::S*aSK: 
 
 ill ivo Mcl 
 
 Section of the South Wall 
 (A.B ON THE Map) 
 
 CLAY BKICKS 
 
 SANDBKICHS 
 
 Section of the East Wall 
 (CD ON THE Map. ) 
 
 Section of the West wall 
 
 ( E. F ON the m ap.) 
 
 Scale. 
 
 J I ■•; J a (; 7 » a lOMet.
 
 ^^
 
 llli!iiM;iN.liiJJiiiiiilliillllililllillll 
 
 3 1970 00813 8759 
 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
 
 MAV 1 
 
 1QQ1 
 
 
 
 
 MMT i 
 
 133 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAVLORD 
 
 
 
 rniNTCDINU 5 A